Skip to main content

Full text of "Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland"

See other formats 


- - ~- 
7 -—- ~~ = 208) aM 
Aa md oy ar a oe “.* 
_ = 3: . ® mee - oo mle het 1H ree yee gs ‘ -< 
~ 4c ame pam 4 aa ee ~~ 49 1802. eb UF (een bein 
ao , = A * 7 oe ey * ~* 4 Ow eer ay Tt 
a “oe @ © ft Ow w&e 4 e—6 - ' “te _ - -” Pers (4 ra 
+v0 0 Oe ‘wae it gn @ on a ee ° - 2 “i * 7 oe . a ee ee ® . 
a ‘ . en ee . : ‘ ov 6 ihe me om et ew ou 
Aaah @ 7 a - ~ ee re - * 7 ye ee a ee Cie ee * a. 
ea me O & HG BL So hee bs : - - - ee ota 
: i dined "2a" Wes « 40% @ -* 7 id Fe Pe wast) 8» ate se ¢@ *s . 
Vow * Sie et eee = Pa Sta ® ~~. ~- = awe 7 7 os 
Le 8 Ate Nae fares oe on oe Sy ee -= wf « ee ee wo ae sel Raph a ae - . ‘ 
* *% a -* “~ aee © Fy . 7 
w= 4. @ a _ i ae - . - 
a Pa he — )» ee —a ee = o- fpwret nn 
= v- © 7" © —— oe 
HIE et Beg a roe - a ae Se ee = rd a - 
8 6° O26 ow ~§ : eh ey .=- vo J 2 mre 
‘ eal al) ho hoe - eo - 
ot eer . ee - ao i - Dior ciad _ = » - 
‘ Ptbonm as 7 A 7 . ava o 7 * - . 
- . ** => s ‘ “ te eee . _ 
re a 8 7 ~— . 7 7 
= = ‘ “ - s . 
ee deed re] «7 7 D ” + : ' . 
ale ~ Saad 7 - > - 
7 +o 7 2 hand > a 
a id ° : : 
« * - 
* é - 
‘ 
e - - . 7 
‘ ‘ ‘ ’ . 
a . - 
- s is _ : 
« - — 
; 4 ' « 
-* “ ~~ « - = ww 7 . 
-* . ” - - ‘ -: . 7 « 
- ; - - 7 Pi 
a 7 ‘ 
+ - . . — . : 
‘ + 7 
-~¢ ‘ -> - : 
» : . J ‘ . - bs 
¥ ‘ 
> * ¥ « 
- r - A 7 
é ‘ 7 j i . 
. a - - . ‘ . 
‘ . - . 7 ‘ 
‘ . ; - 
- 7 » i« - he ’ 
i . ‘ , 7 
* ~ 
. ~*~ ’ 
. rd . 
- ‘ s é : 
~ 5 os ‘ 
¥ : 7m - . 4 
' i ' 
’ ~ = ‘. 
Li - a 
. 
= . * -_ ' 
‘ ome e ~ 7 
- - ——— a ow 
' Oe a ee . 
- r - 
’ ‘ 
‘ a ' 
‘ + 
‘ 
. ‘ 4 
‘ 
* ' . 
' ‘ » 
‘ 
: ° 7 . 
« . 
: . 
aa . 
7 ‘ 
. 
4 ’ 
* 
cn 
. 
” 7 . . 
. 
, 
‘ 
. , i : 
* » a 
. 
' 
4 - 
* ' 
. ' 
1 - 
7 . 
' . 
- . 
1 . : 7 
o a 
: . 
' 
' ~ 7 4 . 
bd - * ~ eka ow a 7 . . ie -_ -_ 
° on" gee oe 4 J -.% we ee he ettenti me eek 
=A RP bb beter bet @ SS oi ee i - 7 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY 


i 
a Wy 


LIBRARY 


OF THE 
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 
SOAR 


Ev oforgy 


> 


{ 
f 
h 


* 
SEP 7° 1933 
Ss 
. + 
THE 
POST} | 


PROCHEDINGS 


ROYAL SOCIETY 


QU HRHNSLAN D. 


1889. 


VWVOLWUDE WK. 


Brisbane : 
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY 
ALEX. MUIR AND MORCOM, 221 QUEEN STREET. 


1890. 


os 


ERRATA. 


Page 220—/for Northern colonies, read Southern colonies. 


” 


221—/or 


222—/for 


224— for 


225—/for 


5. — for 


3 Jor 
5, —/or 
5 —/for 
231—/or 
232—for 
yy —/for 


233—/or 


nutral fins, read ventral fins, 

Harpodon nehereus, read Harpodon neherens. 
Mullusca, read Mollusca. 

constantly afforded, read courteously afforded 
abundant in, read abundant on. 


Dubicola, read Tubicola; and for equally, read 
specially. 


I. votellus, read H, botellus. 

in their native, read on their native. 
actively work, read actively at work. 
as a Holothuria, read of a Holothuria. 
in the Barrier, read on the Barrier. 
write out, read work out. 


reprisal, read reprisals. 


Ablepharus boutonii - 
Acanthiza reguloides . 
Acanthiza squamata : 
Acanthurus anaularis - 
Actinurus neptunius - 
Adansonia gregorii 


Additions to the Lichen Flora of Queensland, od 
Additions to the list of Fossil Birds, by C. W. de Vis, M.A. 


. Shirley, B. Sc. 115 


- 237 


249 
a 248 
239 


i 72 


233 
55 


A further account of Prionudura newtoniana, by C. W. de Vis, M.A 245 


A list of Queensland ipiiimana by ¥, GT Thorpe, B.N., MC.8. 


Amblyopus niger 

Amblyopus roseus - 
Amblyopus rubrilineatus - 
Amblyopus rubristriatus = 
Amphiloma debanense - 
Amphiloma glaucescens : 
Amphiloma gossypinum - 
Amphiprion tricolor - 


Anatomical notes on the Helicidx, by C. 


Annelobia lunaata - 
Antennarius urophthalmus . 
Anurea aculeata - 


Arca - - 


Archizonurus securus” - 
Apaustus agraulia - 
Apaustus lascivia - 


Apaustus minimus - 


Artamus leucopygialis = - 
Artamaus melanops - 
Arthonia cinnabarina~ - 


Arthonia cinereo-argentea : 


Arthonia delicatula - 
Arthonia gracilenta : 
Arthonia gracillima - 


Arthonia nympheoides - 


Arthonia ricasoliz - 


Arthonia thozetiana - 


Arthonia vulgaris - 


Arius gagorides” - - 


Arius thalassinus & 


Arrhamphus sclerolepis - 


Asplanchna orightwelli - 
Assiminea affiinis - 


Bancroft, T, A., M.B., On Gites cf bird 


Belone melanotus - - 
Biatora plumbea : 
Biatorinopsis lutea - 
Biziura exhumata - 


8 


Hedley, F.L'S 


62, 103, 


70 


= 223 


223 
223 
235, 240 


: 137 


i, INDEX. 


Blastenia coccinea - - 
Blennius - = 
Bonellia - - - 
Borrera stellaris - 5 
Brachionus bakeri - = : 
Brachionus militaris - = 
Bregmaceros macclellandii 3 
Bryological notes, by C. a: Wild - 3 
Buellia modesta - 
Buellia recobarina = 
Bulimus mastersi . a 
Bulla australis - E = 
Byssocaulon filamentosum - - 
Calicium glebosum - - 
Calicium svictarum . : 
Callopisma aurantiacum - . 
Callopisma capense - - 
Callopisma cinnabarinum - = 
Callopisma sanguinolentum - : 
Candellaria concolor - . 
Cantharus fumosus : - 
Caranx nobilis - - 
Caranx pooloso - - 
Carcharias gangeticus - - 
Cathypna luna - - 
Cerberus australis c = 
Cerithidea obtusa - = 5 
Cerithium aluco - - 
Cerithium asper - . 
Cerithium morus - 3 
Cerithium nodulosum~ - 3 : 
Cerithium obeliscus : t 
Cerithium vertagus - - 
Cheetodon aurofasciatus : E 


Charopa delta - - - 
Chatoessus erebi - - - - 
Chelmo rostratus - - - 
Chelmo truncatus - - - 
Chibea bracteata - - . 
Chiloscylium ocellatum - - . 
Chiodecton effusum - - - 


Chiodecton farinaceum - - 
Chiodecton,hypoleucum - - - 
Chiodecton ochraceo-fuscescens - - - 


Chiodecton rubrocinctum = 2 
Chiodecton spherale : ‘ < 
Chiodecton stromaticum - : - 
Chiodecton sublevigatum - : * 
Chiodectou trypethelioides - < 
Chirocentrus dorab . : * 
Chiton - . - - 
Chorinemus lysan - " co 
Chosornus preteritus + - og 
Cladina aggregata - - ‘ 3 
Cladina retipora - 5 2 
Cladonia ceratophylla 7 ° : 


Cladonia cervicornis - - 


Cladonia corymbescens 


Cladonia degenerans 
Cladonia diffissa - 
Cladonia elegantula 
Cladonia fimbriata 
Cladonia floerkiana 
Cladonia furcata - 
Cladonia lepidula 
Cladonia macilenta 
Cladonia muscigena 
Cladonia neglecta - 
Cladonia ochrochlora 
Cladonia perlactina 
Cladonia pityrea 
Claconia pyxidata 
Cladonia squamosa 
Cladonia verticillata 
Clupea tembang 
Ceelopustenuior - 


Coenogonium botryosum 


INDEX, 


Cocenogonium interplexum - 
Ccenogonium interpositum - 


Ccenogonium linkii 


Ccenovonium rigidulum 
Coccocarpia aurantiaca 
Coccocarpia molybdza 


Coccocarpia pellita 
Coccocarpia plumbea 


Coccocarpia sm aragdina 


Collema leve 
Collema leucocarpum 
Colluricincla boweri 
Colluricincla sibila 
Columbella fulgerans 
Columbella rugosa 
Colurus amblytelus 
Conus anemone - 
Conus generalis 
Conus magus - 
Conus textile 

Copeus pachyurus 
Cornicularia crocea 
Cornicularia flavicans 
Corvus australis 


Coxen, Mrs., M.R.M.S,, 


Cracticus rufescens 
Cracticus torquatus 
Cucumaria 

Cuscus procuscus - 
Cuseus orientalis 
Cyprea arabica - 
Cyprza carneola 
Cyprea cylindrica 
Cyprza errones 
Cyprea felina - 
Cyprea staphytea 
Cyprza subviridis 


Meteorological notes 


ili. 


- 89 
89 

- 90, 115 
$0 

- 90 
90: 

- 90 
90 

= YO 
90 

- 90 
90 

- 240 
73 

- 186 
185: 

- 185. 
185: 

- 92, pets 


lv. INDEX. 


Cypreea tigris . - - - 241 
Danis albistola  - 155, 156 
Description of an Acanthiza from. Herberton, by C. W. de Vis, M.A, 248 
Descriptions of new birds from Herberton, by C. W de Vis, M. ‘A. > 242 
Descriptions of some new species of Australian Hesperile, by W. 

H. Miskin, F.E.S. - : 146 
De Vis. C. W., M.A.—Additions to the list of fossil birds - 55 
De Vis, C. W., M.A.—A further account of Prionudura newtoniana 245 


De Vis, C. w, M.A.—Dascription of an Acanthiza from Herberton 248 
De Vis, C. W., M.A.—Descriptions of new birds from Herberton - 242 


De Vis, C. W., M.A.—On a bone of an extinct eagle - 161 
De Vis, C. W., M.A, —On Megalania and its allies - - 93 
De Vis, C. W., M. A.—On_ the Phalangistidee a the post tertiary 

periol i in Queensland - - 105 
De Vis, C.W., M.A. Mek oy address - - I 
Dichonéma irpicinum - - 53, 80 
Dicezum hirundinaceum - - - - 236 
Dicranum sieberianum - - - 79 
Diglena biraphis . - - - a 
Diplois daviesiz - . - - 74 
Diplomphalus vinitincta - - - - 102 
Diporophora australis . - - 237 
Ditropis beidomei - - - - 101 
Ditropis macleayi - - - © SOT 
Dolium pomum - - - - 241 
Drepane punctata - - - 239 
Echeneis naucrates - - - - 239 
Elva rapida - : - . 100 
Elodina perdita - - - - 263 
Hlodina parthia - - - . 263 
Endocarpon rodatum ; - aor - 93 
Endocarpon speireun - - - 167 
Endocarpon wightii - - - . 192 
Entomyza cyanotis - - ; - 61 
Ephebe pubescens - : - - 89 
Ephebe tasmanica - - - - 89 
Equula edentula - - : - 239 
Erythrauchen humeralis - - - 236 
Kuchlanis triquetra : - - - 74 
Kumitria baileyi - - - - 90 
Eurystomus pacificus - - - - 61 
Evernia flavicans - - - 39 
Field naturalists’ excursions - 64, 65, 123, 3: WA, 252, 255 
Fierasfer* . - - 240 
Filaria attenuata - - - - 
Filaria hominis” - - - . - 
Floscularia coronetta — - - aie ed - 
Furcularia longiseta - - i - 
Genyoroge notata . - - - 
Geocichla cuneata - - : tt 
Geocichla heinii - 5 7 ; a 
Georissa multilineata - - Oh tar eg 
Glyphis favulosa - : °-, if <: 
Glyphis colliculosa - - : 4 _ . 
Glyphis confluens - - - ‘a ain 
Glyphis cyclospora - - - 116, 215 


Giyphis graphica - - feat ‘ avg 


Glyphis kirtoniana 
Glyphis labyrinthica 
Glyphis medusulina 
Glyphis verrucosa 
Grallina picata 
Graphina brachyspora 
Graphina fisso-furcata 


Graphina hartmanniana 
Graphina olivacco-lutea 


Graphina palmicola 
Graphiua pertenella 
Graphina platycarpa 
Graphina polyclades 


Giaphina pulverulenta 


Graphina repleta 
Graphina saxicola 
Graphina scripta - 
Graphina sophistica 
Graphina subtartarea 
Graphis afzelii 
Graphis anfractuosa 
Graphis argopholis 
Graphis assimilis - 
Graphis aulothecia 
Graphis aurita . 
Graphis circumfusa 
Graphis condaminea 
Graphis comma 
Graphis compressa 
Graphis crassilabra 
Graphis duplicata 
Graphis elzina 
Graphis flindersia 
Graphis glaucoderma 
Graphis-herpetica 
Graphis hypoglauca 
Graphisinnata~ - 
Graphis intricata 
Graphis leptuclada 
Graphis lineola 
Graphis lojkanum 
Graphis malacodes 
Graphis mucrenata 
Giaphis nivea 
Graphis parmeliarum 
Graphis persuleata 
Graphis polyclades 
Graphis propinqua 


Graphis pulverulenta - 


Graphis rimulosa 
Graphis saxicola - 
Graphis sayeri 
Graphis scripta - 
Graphis sophistica 
Graphis striatula 
Grapais subintricata 
Graphis subtartarea 


vi. INDEX, 


Graphis subtenella - - : 
Graphis subtricosa - . 
Graphis subvirginea - : : 
Grapnis tenella - - s 
Graphis venosa - ° < 
Graphis vermifera - ‘ 
Gyrophora cylindrica - - . 
Gymnorrhina tibicen : - 
Hadra blomfieldi - 4 
Hadra fraseri - - i. 
Halcion pyrrhopygius” - . K 
Harpa conoidalis - - : 
Harpodon neherens - - . 


Harpodon translucens - - 
Hedley, C., F.L.S.—Anatomical notes on the Helicide 
Hedley, C., F.L.S.— Notes on Queensland land-shells 


Helicina fulgurata - - - 

Helicina fulgoror - " 

Helix aridorum - - - 

Helix arthuriana - - 

Helix aureedensis - - - 

Helix bala - : ‘ 

Helix banneri - - . 

Helix challisi - - - 

Helix circumcincta - - : 

Helix coxeni - - - 

Helix curtisiana : - ° 

Helix delta - 2 

Helix janelli - - : 

Helix lightfooti  - - - 

Helix macleayi - - - 

Helix mulgravei - - . 

Helix odontina - ° rare 

Helix pachystyla - : - 

Helix palmensis - : - 

Helix perinflata - . 

Helix porteri - ; 3 

Helix prunum~ - : : 

Helix rainbirdi - - - 

Helix sardilabiata - : 

Helix similaris . - 3 - 

Helix stephensoniana - ° 

Helminthocarpon lojkanum - . 

Hemirhamphus quoyi - - 

Hesperilla atro-macula_ - . ‘ 

Hesperilla croceus - - 

Hesperilla doubledayti - - P 

Hesperilla fulgidus - . 

Hesperilla humilis : - : 
esperilla scepticalis . “ 

Hesperilla tasmanicus - . 


Heterodea muelleri 
Heteronota derbiana - 


Himantopus leucocephalus - . 
Holacanthus darwiniensis - ¥ 
Holacanthus duboulayi - < 


Holacanthus sexstriatus - : 


- 222, 234, 240 


62, 103, 120, 


249 
100 
100 
100 
100 
102 
‘102 
101 


a 


Holothuria aculeata 
Holothuria atra 
Holothuria botellus 
Holothuria scabra 
Hydrophis - 


Hydrophila angustifolia - 


Hypochnus rubrocinctus 


Talmenus ictinus 
Ialmenus illidgei 
Imbricaria ccerulescens 


Isopterygium teysmanni 


Koalemus ingens 
Kurtus gulliveri - 
Labrichthys punctulata 
Lates calcarifer - 
Lecania punicea 
Lecanora albella - 
Lecanora angulosa 
Lecanora atra - 
Lecanora babbingtonii 
Lecanora bibula - 
Lecanora cinnabarina 
Lecanora conizea 
Lecanora continua 
Lecanora corysta - 
Lecanora domingensis 
Lecanora exigua - 
Lecanora ferruginea 
Lecanora galactina 
Lecanora granulosa 
Lecanora hematomma 
Lecanora hyalescens 
Lecanora levissima 
Lecanora lepida 


Lecanora melanommata 


Lecanora pallescens 
Lecanora parella 
Lecanora phzocarpa 
Lecanora pinguis 
Lecanora plumosa 
Lecanora pulverata 
Lecanora punicea 
Lecanora queenslandiz 
Lecanora rimosa 
Lecanora sarcopsis 
Lecanora sophodes 
Lecanora sordida 
Lecanora sorediifera 
Lecanora sprucei 
Lecanora subfusca 
Lecanora subpallida 
Lecanora subpiniperda 
Lecanora subundulata 
Lecanora symmicta 
Lecanora tartarea 
Lecanora thiomela 
Lecanora umbrina 


NDEX, 


91, 


vil. 


132, 135 


80, 131 


Vill. 


Lecanora vitellina 


Lecanora xanthostigmoides 


Lecidea aberrata 
Lecidea alutacea 
Lecidea aspidula 
Lecidea atro-alba 
Lecidea-atro-albella 
Lecidea aurigera 
Lecidea australiensis 
Lecidea bacidioides 
Lecidea breviuscula 
Ledidea brisbanensis 
Lecidea bulliastruin 
Lecidea calcarea 
Lecidea callispora 
Lecidea cinnabarina 
Lecidea clausa = 
Lecidea coccocarpize 
Lecidea confluens 
Lecidea conspersa 
Lecidea conspicua 
Lecidea contigua 
Lecidea contraria 
Lecidea crustulata 
Lecidea demutans 
Lecidea diapzenenta 
Lec.dea disciformis 
Lecidea domingensis 
Lecidea effusa 
Lecidea enterocosmesis 
Lecidea ento-diaphana 
Lecidea enterophea 
Lecidea enteroxantha 
Lecidea exilis 
Lecidea ferruginea 
Lecidea foliata 
Lecidea furfurella 
Lecidea fusco-lutea 
Lecidea geographica 
Lecidea grandis 


Lecidea hodgkinsonii _ 


Lecidea homophylla 
Lecidea immarginata 
Lecidea incompta 
Lecidea inflexa 
Lecidea leioplaca 
Lecidea leucoblephara 
Lecidea leucoxantha 
Lecidea lutea - 
Lecidea ludibunda 
Lecidea megacarpa 
Lecidea megaspora 
Lecidea melaloma 
Lecidea meiospora 


Lecidea metaphragmia, 


Lecidea microspora 
Lecidea mutabilis 


. 


INDEX, 


sabi aetna ta 


See eo. ee ee 


al ieee 


ad 


Lecidea mundula - i 
Lecidea myriocarpa ae 
Lecidea parabola : 
Lecidea parasema 3 
Lecidea parmeliarum~ - ¥ 
Lecidea parvifolia 

Lecidea petra - - 
Lec'dea phzocarpa 

Lecidea pheoloma - 

Lecidea phyllocharis - 
Lecidea piperis - 

Lecidea plana . P 
Lecidea planella - : 
2 Lecidea platycarpa - 
Lecidea plurilocularis = - f 
Lecidea porphyria ’ 
Lecidea pruniosula - e 
Lecidea quadiiloctlaris 
Lecidea raffi - . 
Lecidea reniformis 2 
Lecidea rhypoderma - 

Lecidea russula- - = 
Lecidea saxatilis - 3 
Lecidea sayeri - . 
Lecidea scabrida - 2 
Lecidea septosior 5 
Lecidea silvana es = - 
Lecidea speirea - 
Lecidea stellulata : E 
Lecidea sub iisciformis - 
Lecidea subhyalina - : 
Lecidea subnubila - 
Lecidea Subproposita ss - : 
Lecidea subsimilis : 
Lecidea substellulata = - - 
Lecidea superula : 
 Lecidea taitensis - 4 
Lecidea tenuilimbata - 
Lecidea tenuis - 2 
Lecidea ventricosa . 
Lecidea vers‘color - - 
Lecidea vulpina : 
Leptogium bullatum . : 
Leptogium byssinum - 
Leptozium corrugatum - - 
Leptogium phyllocarpum - 
Leptogium tremelloides - 
Leptotrema albocoronata - 
Leptotrema compactum - 
Leptotrema coniochlora - 
Leptotrema fallax . x 
Leptotrema integrum : 
Leptotrema mastoideum - 
Leptotrema pheosporum > 
Leptotrema plurilocularis - 
Leptotrema wightii - 
Lethsinus cocosensis - - 


eel ele ceil i i ee ee) 6 Ol, | el Dee 


INDEX. 


92, 


Xx. INDEX. 


Lialis burtonii . - 237 
Lichen flora of nec by a ebirley. B. de. - 3, 129, 16s, 
Lichinia confinis - - 89 
Lichinia pygmea - - - 89 
Limnias annulatus - - - - 71 
Limnius coratophylli - - - ch 
Limosa uropygialis - - - - 2355 
Liphyra brassolis - - - 264 
Lobaria pulmouacea - - - 26, 27 
Lucas, I. P., M.R.C.S., new species of Queensland Butterdlies M7 
Lucas, T. P.. MR.C. < six new.species of Rhopolocera - 155 
Lyczena biocellata : = - 155, Ibu 
Lycena conjungens - - - 155. 160 
Lycena exilis - . - - 155, 149 
Lyceena felderi : - : 155, 158 
Lyczena miskini - - - - 155, 1538 
Lyceena oranigra - - - - 118 
Lycena pavana- - - - - 1i9 
Lycena plato - - - 139. 161 
T.ycsena scintillata - - 6 ve 1d5lon 
Macrocyclis franklandiensis - . - 100 
Macromitrium pusillum - - - 78 
Macromitrium mucronatulum . . - 78 
Malleus - : - - 242 
Malurus amavnilis - . - - 236 
Mastigocera stylata> - - - 73 
Melanographis asteriscus - - - 93 
Melanographis mic1ocarpa - - - 93 
Melaspilea opegraphoides - - - OTS 
Meleagrina - - - - 242 
Melicerta conifera - - - - 71 
Melicerta ringens - - - 70 
Melo diadema - - - - 240 
Melongena cochlidium - - : 240 
Melong+na pugilina . - . - 240) 
Merops ornatus” - - - - 236 
Mesoprion johnii . - - - 239 
Meteorium ee - - 76 
Meteorological Notes by Mrs, Coxen, M.R.M.S. - - 122 
Mimeta viri ne - - . 61 
Miskin, W. H., F.4.S. | Descriptions of some new species of Austra- 

lian Hesperides 146 
Miskin, W. H., F.W.S., Note on some undescribed Australiin Lepi- 

nee (Rhopolocera) - - 263 
Miskin, W, H., F.E.8., Revision of the Australian species of tite Lepi- 

tected genus Terias, with descriptions of some new spccies 256 
Mitra corrugata - - - - 240 
Mitrularia equestris - - - 
Moloch hoiridus . - - 
Monodonta Jabio - - 
Monostyla solidus - ; - ‘7 
Monostyla lunaris - - 
Mugil waigiensis - . 2 
Murex capucinus - - 
Murex cervicornis - ¥ 
\lurex rarispina - - 


Mycoporum sorenocarpum $ - - 


ee eT 


a ee ee, a ee 


* 


INDEX. SA 


Myiagra plumbea - - . 61 
Myzantha garrula - - - - 61 
Myzomela sanguinolenta - - - 236 
Nanina marmorata - - : - 100 
Nardoa gilberti - - - 237 
Neospades kentii - = - - ~ 238 
Nassa unicolorata - - : 240 
\ assa picta - : - = (280 
Natica mamilla - - - 241 
Nautilus pompilius - - . - 229 
Nephroma auraia - - : 31 
Nephroma papyracea”s - - - - 37 
Nephroma resupinatum - - - 37 
Nephroma tropicum - - - - 37 
Nephromium celiulosum - . - 90 
Nephromium levigatum - - : 37 
Nerita lineata - - - 242 
Nerita polita - - - - 242 
Nerita reticulata - - - 212 
Nettapus pulchellus - - - 236 
New species of Qieensland Butterflies, by T. P. pee M.R.C.S. 117 
Ninox connivens 220, 236 
Note on some undescribed Australian Tepidoptexs (Rhopoloeera), 

by W. H. Miskin, F.1.S. - 263 
Notes o1 Lichens in New South W ales by Rev. F. R. M. W ison - 8a 
Notes on Queensland Land-shells, by UC. ee ae VLg83% so = z 100 
Notivsaurus dentatus”~ - - 94, 97 
Notops clavulatus - - - 72 
Ocellularia bonplandi_- - - - 187 
Ocellularia gyrustromoides - . - 137. 
Ocellularia leucotyla - - - - 188 
Occllularia octolocularis - . - 188 
Ocellularia terebratula - - - - 188 
Ocellularia viridi-pallens : - - 158 
Octoblepharum albidum : - - 104 
Oligorus goliath - - - 24 
Oligorus mitchelli - - - - 224 
Oligorus terra-regina Tok. - - 224 
Oliva inflata - - 240 
On a Bone of an Extinct. Eagle, by C. W. de Vis, M.A. - 1€1 
On Filariz of Biris, by J. L. Bancroft, M.B. . - 58 
On Megalania and its Allies. by C. W. de Vis, M.A. - 105 
Onychocephalus unguirostris - - : 237 
Opegrapha bonplandi Tf : 197 
Opeyrapha heterocarpa - - - - 197 
Opegrapha inalbescens - : - 196 
Upegrapha intrusa . - - - 195 
Opeographa leucina - . - 195 
Opeographa megagonidea - - - 92 
Opeographa plurilocularis - - - 93, 116, 195 
Opeographa striatula ss - - - - 199 
Opeographa insignis - : - 196 
(phistognathus maculatus - - - 239 
Ophiura scolopendrina : - - 231 
Uphbiura texturata - - : . 232 
Orthonyx spaldingi - : - 244 
Ostracion cornutus - - - . 240 


Xil. INDEX, 


Ostreea edulis - : 
Ostraea vlomerata - . 
Ostrea mordax = = 
Ovula verrucosa - 2 
Pachycephala fretorum 

Pachycephala gutturalis : 
Pachycephala lanoides " 
Pamphila albifascia - R 
Pamphila autoleon . 
Pamphila fulginosa - zg 
Pannaria flexuosa 
Pannaria fulvescens : ‘ 
Pannaria hypoleuca fs 
Pannaria integrata ~ - 


Pannaria isidioides : 
Pannaria leucosticta « 4 
Pannaria mariana : 


Pannaria melantha - E 
Pannaria wicrophylla 2 
Pannaria nigro-cincta - : 
Pannaria pannosa 2 
Pannaria pholidota - 
Pannaria plumbea - J 
Pannaria rubiginosa ae 
Pannaria saubinetii - : 
Pannaria sorediata f 
Pannaria triptophylla_ - f 
Papillaria polytrichia 5 
Parmacochlea fisheri - ‘ 
Parmelia adepta_ - * 
Parmelia affinis : 
Parmelia aipolia” 
Parmelia amplexula - e 
Parmelia angustata - 
Parmelia appanata - 4 
Parmelia atropannosa - 
Parmelia austro-africana - 
Parmelia borreri - a 
Parmelia brishanensis~ - ‘ 
Parmelia caperata c 


Parmelia cervina ° . 
Parmelia cetrarioides “4 
Parmelia cinerita - < 
Parmelia cifcinnata - 
Parmelia conspersa - . 
Parmelia corallinea 3 
Parmelia crinita se 3 
Parmelia cyathina - 
Parmelia dermutata . - 
Parmelia despreauxii - 
Parmwelia dichotoma - : 
Parmelia eciliata - 
Parmelia endoleuca - - 
Parmelia erubescens - 
Parmelia euplecta - : 


Parmelia femsjonensis - 
Parmelia ferox - - 


228: 
aioe 
226: 
Ae 
236, 237 
eae 
220, 237, 238. 
= ag 
147 
| Pe 
50: 
~ 9] 
91 
Mihi, 
51 


I we! 
48. 
aes 6 
91 


J 5. 

15, 16, 91 
; 48 

9 

; 53 

9] 

13, 14, 93 


18, 1 
~ 185 Fa 


Parmelia furcata 
Parmelia fuscescens 
Parmelia galbina 
Parmelia glaberrima 
Parmelia gussypina 
Parmelia gracilis 
Parmelia gyrosa 
Parmelia hospitans 
Parmelia hypoxantha 
Parmelia imitatrix 
Parmelia insinuata 
Parmelia isabellina 
Parmelia Jaceratula 
Parmelia levigata 
Parmelia latissima 
Parmelia leucothrix 
Parmelia limbata 
Parmelia macrocarpa 
Parmelia meizospora 
Parmelia minor 
Parmelia molliuscula 
Parmelia mougeotii 
Parmelia mundata 
Parmelia nilgherriensis 
Parmelia nitescens 
Parmelia obscura 
Parmelia ochroleuca 
Parmelia olivacea 
Parmelia olivetorum 
Parmelia pannosa 
Parmelia papulosa 
Parmelia perforata 
Parmelia perlata 
Parmelia physodes 


Parmelia placorhodioides 


Parmelia platycarpa 
Parmelia platytrema 
Parmelia plumosa 
Parmelia pretervisa 
Parmelia proboscidea 
Parmelia pruinata 
Parmelia pubescens 
Parmelia quercifolia 
Parmelia relicina 
Parmelia reparata 
Parmelia reticulata 
Parmelia revoluta 
Parmelia rubiginosa 
Parmelia rudecta 
Parmelia rutiduta 
Parmelia saccatiloba 
Parmelia saxatilis 
Parmelia scortea 
Parmelia sordida 
Parmelia sphcerospora 
Parmelia sphinctrina 
Parmella spinosa 


INDEX. 


Xlil. 


115. 


9, 10, 18, 91 
6, 9, lv, 11, 91 
- 18, 91 

- 91 


Xiv. INDEX, 


Parmelia sinuosa . E - < 15 
Parmelia stellaris - - 41 
Pa’ melia subprolixa - ‘ 2 4 9] 
Parmelia sulphurata - ‘ ston fag] 6 
Parmelia tenuirima - : = 2 91, 115 
Parmelia texana - . 3 12 
Parmelia tiliacea - = z 12 ,13, 91, 115 
Parmelia tinctorum - 4 : 6, 13 
Parmelia ulophylla - 2 ‘ f 9] 
Parmelia urcolata - Po 18, 91 
Parmelia virens - - : - 18 116 
Parmelia zollingeri - ‘ 4 11 
Parmophorus corrugatus ae < : 242 
Parmosticta aurata “ n 3 3) 
Parmosticta rubrina - 2 : d 32 
Patra gallinacea - i é 936 
Patellaria baueileni - - % Seis 92 
Patellaria conspicua - - - 92 
Patellaria convexa - - - . 92 
Patellaria effugiens - - % 92 
Patellaria heterospora- - - . " 179 
Patellaria millegrana = . ’ 179 
Patellaria scieroplaca’~- : - : 92 
Patellaria sulphurata - - - 113 
Pecten - - - - - 242 
Pedalion mirum - - - : 75 
Pedinogyra cunninghami - nde - 63 
Peltidea polydactyla - - - 38 
Pcltigera canina - - - : 90 
Peltigera dolichoriza - - 90 
Peltigera polydactyla_~ - - - 38. 90, 115 
Peltigera resupinata - - P 37 
Peltigera spuria : “ ‘ . 90 
Periopthalmus australis - - t 240 
Periopthalmus koelreuteri : - ; 

Pertusaria choidectonoides - é ‘ 

Pertusaria communis . - ‘ 

Pertusaria dermatodes - s 3 

Pertusaria gibberosa - . M 

Pertusaria hartmanni : - 

Pertusaria leioplaca - - ; 

Pertusaria leioplacella . - J 


Pertusaria leioplacoides - - 
Pertusaria leiqera > . - 


Pertusaria leucodes : : . 
Pertusaria ieucostigma - i . 
Pertusaria lutescens - - - 
Pertusaria melaleuca - - ‘ 
Pertusaria minuta - : , 
Pertu-aria multipunctata - - . 
Pertusaria pallescens - - . 
Petrusaria parella - ‘ r 
Pertusaria pertusella - ‘ioe. . 
Pertusaria petrophyes - - - 
Pertusaria pilulifera - : - - 
Pe:tusaria porinella - . te 


Pertusaria pustulata - - 


%‘ 


INDEX. XV. 
Pertusaria quassiz - - : 91 
Pertusaria soredaita . - - - 142 
Pertusaria subflave.s - : - 144 
Pertusaria thiospoda - - >. 92, 139 
Pertusaria trypetheliiformis - - a 143 
Pertusaria velata - - - - 92, 128 
Pertusaria virginica - - 138 
Pertusaria woolsiana - - - - 92 
Pertusaria xanthoplace = - - 144 
Petaurista . - - - - 113 
Pheographis australiana - - - 43 
Pheographis eludens”~ - - . . 197 
Pheographis cinerascens ~ - - 93 
Pheographis inscripta_- - - : 93 
Phezographis subcompulsa - - - 93 
Pheotrema consimile~ - - - - 189 
Pheotrema expansum : - - 189 
Phezotrema trypethelioides - - 4 189 
Phalangista archeri - - - 110 
Phalangista vulpina - - - 111,114 
Phascolarctos - - - - 107, 113 
Philemon baccroides»- - - : - 236 
Philodina citrina - : - 71 
Physcia adglutinata - - - - 42, SU 
Physcia barbifera - - : 41 
Physcia chrysophthalma - - - 39, 115 
Physcia confluens . - - ad 
Physcia crispa - - - - 40, ?L 
Physcia domingensis . - “ 41 
Physcia exilis - - - : 39 
Physcia flavicans - - - - 39. 9L 
Physcia glauco-virescens - : - 43, 44 
Physcia hamiltoni - - - 91 
Physcia integrata . - - - 4) 
Physcia leucomela - - é 40 
} hyscia melanenta - - = - ¥] 
Physcia melanoclina - : 4 42 
Physcia obesa - - : : 41 
Physcia picta - - - . 43 
Physcia pulverulenta”~ - - - 2 +4 
Physcia sieberianus . . ‘ 115 
Physcia speciosa - - - s 42 
Physcia stellaris - - 2 41 
Pnyscia sublurida . - : % 44 
Physcia syncolla - : - - 42 
Physica viridis - : : 2 42 
“Physcina melanoclina - - 2 9] 
Physcina obscura - - 2 a yl 
Physcina parietina - - - 91 
Physcina picta - -- - - Di 
Physcina speciosa - - - 91 
Physcina stellaris - - - “ “] 
Physcina sublurida - - - 91 
Placodium cirrochroum - . - . 5+ 
Placodium duplicatum - - - v1 
Placodium plurilocellare - - - 55 


Placodium murorum = 2 oes 54 


XVi. INDEX, 


Plagusia notata - - : 

Platax arthriticus - 

Platycephalus joponicus 2 2 

Platygrapha albovestita . . 

Pleurotoma grandis - - % 

Plotosus elongatus - 2 

Podaregns strigoides - = 2 

Polyartha platyptera - - 

Polynemus macrochir_~ - 5 . 

Polynemus paradiseus - 2 

Polynemus verekeri - . 

Polyommatus erinus - es 

Polyommatus merens- - E 2 . 

Polyommatus subphallidus - 3 

Porina mastoidea . : b 

Porina similis : - Z 

Porina octolucularis - < 5 

Potamides telescopium - 3 

Potamides semitrisulcatus - E 

Potamostomus temporalis - 

Preliminary observations on a natural History collection, 
Saville-Kent, F.L.S., F.Z.S. - : 

Prionodura newtoniana - d 

Pristipoma hasta - - ; 

Pterocera lambis . s és 

Pterodina patina - : * 

Pterois volitars - ‘ i 

Ptistes erythropterus - : 

Pseudochirus caudivolvulus : 6 

Pseudochirus lemuroides - - 

Pseudochirus mongan~ - - ' 

Pseudochirus notabilis - : 

Pseudodipsas fumidus - “ ¥ 

Psolus - = . 

Pscra elegans - . : 

Psora exigua : 4 . 

Psoroma cz3ium ; Fs 

Psoroma crawfordi : “ 

Psoroma dispersum - : ‘ 

Psoroma karstenii - - F 

Psoroma sphinctrinum - - 2 

Pupina macleayi - 2 r a 

Pupina petterdi - - ‘ 

Pupina pineticola - y : 

Pupina strangei : : . 

Purpura scobina - ; Z : 

Pyrenula pertusariacea - : - 

Pyxine cocoés - - . x 

Pyxine obscurior - . : 

Pyxine meissnerii - 7" ‘ 

Pyxine retirugella - j . 4 : 

Ramalina angulosa - : : 

Ramalina calicaris - > : 

Ramalina geniculata - s ‘ 

Ramalina gracilenta - ‘ ‘ 

Ramalina gracilis - - > 

Ramalina inflata : : 


INDEX. 


Ramalina myrioclada - - 
Ramalina scopulorum~ - 

Ramalina subgeniculata - 

Ramalina usneoides - - 
Ramalina yemenensis . - 
Ramalodium succulentum - 


XVI. 


Kevision of the Australian species of the Lepidopterous genus Terias 


with descripcions of new sees by W. H. Miskin, F.1S. 


Rhipidura albiscapa 3 
Rhytida beddomei - - 
Rhytida leichhardi - = 
Rhytica splendidula - - 
Rhytida strangeoides < = 
Rhizogonium parramattense - 
khizogonium spiniforme : 

Ricasolia crenulata - . 
Ricasolia dichroa = 

Ricasolia hartmanni - - 
Ricasolia hypolenca - : 
Ricasolia montagnei - “ 
Ricasolia plurimseptata : 

Ricasolia raphispora - : 
Ricasolia schereri - x 
Ricasolia sublaevis - - 
Rinodina conf:agulosa - : 
Rinodina exigua - = 
Rinodina metabolica < = 
Rotifer tardus - - 
Rotifer vulgaris - 3 
Sarcographina cyclospora > 
Scaridium eudactylotum - : 
Scaridium longicaudum- - 

Scarus - - - 
Scatophagus semistriatus - 
Scenopeus deatirostris : - 
Sclerodontum pallidum - : 

Scylla serrata - - - 
Sebastes - - 2 

Sepia - - 

Serricornis gutturalis  - - 
Sericulus melinus - - 
Serranus guttatus - - 
Serranus hexagonatus _ 


Shirley, J., B. Sc., Additions to the lichen fai of Queensland 


—. Lichen flora of Queensland - 


Signal fires . - 
Siliquaria pouderosa . . 
Sillago gracilis : - 
Six new species of Rhopalocera, !'y ~. Lucas - 
Spear head - - 


Sphzrophoron compressum . - 
Sphzrophorus compressus - 


Spherophorus coralloides - - 
Spheropherus tenerus - - 
Sphinctrina microcephala - - 
Spirula peronii ae - 


Splachnobryum baileyi : ‘ 


XVill; 


Splachnobryum indicum 
Srercocaulon exalbidu™: 


Stercocaulon proximum - 


Stercocaulon ramulosum 


Sterosis robusta 
Strepera graculina 
Sticta angustata 
Sticta aurata - 
Sticta aurulenta 
Sticta billardieri - 
Sticta boryana 
Sticta camarze - 
Sticta carpolomoides 
Sticta cellulifera 
Sticta damzecornis 
Sticta dichotomoides 
Sticta dissimulata 
Sticta divulsa - 
Sticta endochrysa 
Sticta filicina : 
Sticta filix 

Sticta flavicans - 
Sticta flavissima 
Sticta fragillissima 
Sticta freycinetil 
Sticta foveolata” - 
Sticta fosssuiata 
Sticta glabra . 
Sticta impressa 
Sticta karstenii - 
Sticta laciniata 
Sticta linearia - 
Sticta macrophylla 
Sticta ochracea” - 
Sticta papyracea 
Sticta physciospora 
Sticta poculifera 
Sticta prolificans 
Sticta pulmonaria 
Sticta quercijans - 
Sticta retigera 
Sticta richardi-— - 
Sticta richardsi 
Sticta sayeri - 
Sticta schereri 
Sticta scrobiculata 
Sticta subvariabilis 
Sticta sutphurea 
Sticta urvillei 
Sticta variabilis. - 
Stictina brevipes 
Stictina carpoloma 
Stictina citrina 
Stictina cinchona 
Stictina cinnamonea 
Stictina crocata - 
Stictina cypbellulata 


Stictina dissimilis 
Stictina dozyana 


- Stictina dissimulata 


Stictina esorediata 


Stictina erythroscypha 


Stictina filicins 


Stictina frazillima 
Stictina fuliginosa 


Stictina gan lichaudii 


Stictina gilva 
Stictina hesseana 
Stictina impressa 
Stictina intricata 
Stictina latifrons 
Stictina limbata 
Stictina lurida 
Stict'na lutescens 


Stictina macrophylla 
Stictina marginifera 
Stictina montagneana 


Stictina quercijans 


Stictina rutilans 


Ntictina scrobiculata 


Stictina subsinosa 


Stictina subtomentella 


Stictina tomentella 
Stictina tomentosa 


Stictina uliginosa 


Stigmatitium heterogeniuin 


Stigmatidium maculatum 


Stigmatidium nanocarp'1m 

* tigma'idium stictathecium 
Stigmatidinm velatum 
Strix nove hollandize 
Strombus campbelili 


Strombus dentatus 


Synancidium horridum 


Synapta - 
Synaptura nigra 


Synoicus austratis 


‘Tagiales zamelia 
Tagiades japetus 
‘Te1ias eesiope 
_ ‘Terias anemoze 
-“Terias australis 
-Terias brenda 
' Terias brigitta 
—Terias caudace 
| Terias cinzula 
~Terias citrina 
Terias drona 
‘Terias cumide 


ot timidin: ie 


_ Syrrhopodon ciliata 
Syrrhopodon fimbriatus 
- Tatea rufilabris 


- Synechoblastus microcarpa 
Synechoblastus nigrescens 


INDEX. 


XX, 


Terias floricola 
Terias gradiens-~ - 
Terias hecabe 
Terias hecabeoides 
erias herla 
Terias hespera-- 
Terias immaculata 
Terias ingana 
Terias jaegeri - 
Terias lata 
Terias lerna - 
Terias lineata 
Terias parvula” - 
Terias phoebus 
Terias puella - 
Terias pumilaris 
Terias rama - 
Terias rotundalis 
Terias sana - 
Terias sari 
Terias sengalensis 
Terias sinta 
Terias simulata - 
Terias smilax 
Terias suava - 
Terias uniformis 
Terias valivolans - 
Terias varius 
Terias virgo - 
Terias zoraide 
Tetrodon levigatus 
Thalloidinia tabacinum 
Tornatenia africana 


Theloschistes chrysophthalmas 


Theloschistes flavicans 


Thelotrema australiense - 


Thelotrema bonplandi 
Thelotrema compactum 
Thelotrema consimile 
Thelotrema depressum 
Thelotrema expansum 


Thelotrema heterosporum 


Thelotiema integrum 


Thelotrema laceratulum - 


Thelotrema iepadinum 


Thelotrema melagophthnalmum 
Thelotrema microporellum 


Thelotrema monosporum 
Thelotrema oceultum 
Thelotrema olivaccum 


Thelotrema profundum - 
Thelotiema viridi-pallens 


Therapon - 
Thersites richmondiana 


Thorpe, G.V., R.N., M.R.C.S., - ‘list of Queensland Rotifera. 


Thylacoleo - 
Thynnus - 


INDEX, 


= 


ey 


=~b13, 190: 


-116, 190 


- 92, 190- 


92, 187, 194. 
-191, 192: 


187 
115 
iG. 
19) - 4 
ly) @ 
194- 
116 


92 
190 


191 
193 


116. 


a INDEX. 


‘Thysanothecium hookeri ee. Se“ ; 


Thysanothecium hyalinum . 
Tomahawk - - - 
Trapezites idothea : - 
Trapezites phyllyra - : 
Tremotylium australianum _ 
Triacanthus biaculeatus Sa - 
Triarthra longiseta . - 
Trichina spiralis - : - 
Trichiurus savala : ; 
Tricoglossus nove- ec - a 


Tridacnasquamosus - © . - 
Trochospera eequatorialis : - 
Trochus nicobaricus - - 
Truncatella ferruginea - - 
Trygon uarnak : : 


Trypethelium cruentum - - 
Trypethelium fumosa-cincreum : 
Turbo pethiolatus - - 
Turritella terebra - - 
Usnea barbata - - - 
Usnea ceratina : E 
Usnea dasypogoides - - 
Usnea florida - - 
Usnea intercalaris 
Usnea longissima - - 
Usnea plicata - : - 
Usnea straminea - - 
Usnea trichodea - . 
Upeneus tragula - : 
Urceolaria compunctum - 
Urceolaria tessellata . - 
Uroztus audax - - - 
Uroztus brachialis - - 
Uroztus paive - - - 
Vanikoro cancellata - - 
Varanus acanthurus . - 
Varanus dirus . - 
Varanus emeritus - - - 
Varanus gouldii - - 
Varanus punctatus - - 
Varanus varius - - 


Variolaria carnea - - - 
Verrucaria dispora . - 
Verrucaria finitima . - 
Verrucaria immersa - - 
Verrucaria oligospermum - : 


Verrucaria picea : : 
Verrucaria raphispora - - 
Verrucaria segregata ss - - 
Verrucaria tichospora : : 
Verrucaria velata - - 
Verrucaria zostra - . : 
Vertigo kingi - ae 
Vitrina australis - . * 2 
besa, globator =) 5 . 

eissia pimpamz - 
Wild, J. 5 = Ss 
Wilson. Rev. F.R M., tee Ao in New 
Zeora sordida Ms 


Zoophis setulosa - =” Fe. 
«> 


* 
< 
o 


South Wales 


XXL. 


i 


“APR 26 1941 


: THE 
ar LIBRARY 


. ‘PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


ROYAL SOCIETY 


OF 


= —ee =e ee ee _, 


QUHENSLAN D. 


1889. 


sapien tL ph 


PRINTED AND PoptasiteD vor ‘TH SOCIETY 
BY Sey y Sta: 


ALEX, MUIR & MORG om, CREEK STREET, RRISBANE. 
Co ee 2. 


iow wee? os 


CONTENTS. 
OOOO 


PAPERS AND NOTES— 


“The Lichen Flora of Queensland, with Descriptions of 
Species ;” by John Shirley, B.Sc. < de 


3 
* Additions to the List of Fossil Birds,” by C. W. De Vis, M.A. 55 
* On Filarie of Birds,” by Thos, L. Bancroft, M.B. - Sa, eee 
** Anatomical Notes on the Helicide,” by C. Hedley .. 62 
“Field Naturalists’ Excursion,” by J. H. Simmonds, Joint Sec. 64 


‘*Excursion of Field Naturalists’ Section to Brookfield,” by J. 
H. Simmonds, Joint Sec. “ ey 4 .. "86, 62 


“A List of Queensland Rotifera,’” by Surgeon V. Gunson 


Thorpe, R.N.,M.R.CS., Eng., Etc. s x. eS 
“‘ Bryological Notes,” by C.J. Wild .. * ai Pome 
EX HAIBITS as oy ee & oa ri vik oie ee OO 


TO MEMBERS. 


Members whose Subscriptions are in arrear, are requested to communi- 
cate with the Hon, Sec. at their earliest convenience. 


10,127 


FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 15rTu, 1889, 


The President, 0. W. Dr Vis, Esq., M.A. &c., in the chair. 


NEW MEMBERS. 


Mr. Maugham, Brisbane ; Mr. Taylor, Ashwell ; Subscribing 
Members. 


DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY. 


FOR THE MONTH. 


Hozsart—Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Nov. 
1888 ; from the Society, 


Lrrps—The Journal of Conchology, Vol. v., No. 12; from the 
Society. 


Lonpon—Preceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. x, 
No. 11; from the Society. Proceedings of the Royal 
Society, Nos. 256-270 ; from the Society. 


MELBourNE—The Victorian Naturalist, parts 1-9, 1888, and Eighth 
Annual Report; from the Field Naturalists’ Club of 
Victoria. Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria ; 
Decade xvii ; from the author, Dr. McCoy. 


Sonal Sci, Rivest, 


j . 


7 y¥ 
<< e o9 “oS + co 
Se oe 


2 


New Yorr—The American Mail and Export Journal, Vol. xxii, 
No, 4; from the Editors. Bulletin of the American 
Geographical Society, Vol. xx, No. 3, 1888; from the 
Society, 


Orrawa—Catalogue of Canadian Plants, Part iv, Endogens, by J. 
Macoun, M.A. &c., (in duplicate); from the Director, 
Geological of Natural History Survey of Canada. 


PuiLaDELPpHIA—The Journal of Comparative Medicine and Sur- 
gery, Vol. ix. Parts 2—¢ ; from the Editors. 


Sypwey—Results of Meteorological Observation made in N. S. 
Wales during 1886; Results of Rain, River, and Evapora- 
tion Observations made in N. 8. Wales during 1887 ; 
from the Observatory. Tabular list of Australian Birds 
(in duplicate) ; from the author, Dr. Ramsay. 


———$ 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SPEUIES ; 
By Joxun Surrury, B.Sc. 


a 


Errata.—Parr I. 


4th page, line 12—For “ provisionly,” read provisionally. 


3 


5th 


aa 


’” 


» 03—For * folaceous,” rzad foliaceous 

18—For “ hyrsinum,” read byrainum. 

21—For ‘** spores 3-septate,” read ** spores 
5-septate, 

17—For “ Parsitie,” read Parasitic. 

34—Read Syn.: Collema glomerulosum, Tayl. 

12—For “0017 x -001,” read -007 x -003. 

30—For “ pityrae,” read pityrea. 

15—For ‘-0018—-002 x -0009—-001,” read -008 
—"012 x -003—- 0035. 

12—For ‘' 1887,” read 1880. 


AppENDA.—Part I. 


Bth page, line 30—Add -018—"024 x -009—011 mm. 


7th 


9? 


15—After © colour,” add plumb o-virescent or 
plumbeo-cerulescent. 

29— After “0045,” add — 00); and after ‘*-0025,” 
add —-OO4. 

7—After “3-septate,” add to 7-septate, -035—-06 

x *004—:006 m.m., 

» 26—Ad/ -009—-012 x °0035—-00£ m.m. 

 34—After “ pyxidata,” add spores -008 x -(002—*004 

m.m, 
,», 27—After “ tubereles,” add spores as in C. fimbriata. 


bP] 


17th 


24th 
27th 
28th 


Oth 


oP] 


32nd 


50) 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


12—-After “ scales,” add Apothecia agglomerated, 
brown or pale ; spores usually oblong or 
fusiform, ‘01—-015 x :0035—:004 m.m. 
17—Add Hab. : North Pine River on decaying logs. 
27—After ‘“ red-brown,” add ‘012 x :0035 m.m. 
2—After “ oblong,” add -01—-013 x -0035—-004 
m.m. 
10—Add :008—‘011 x :003 mm. 
24—After ‘‘ podetia,” add Spores generally oblong, 
‘012— 017 x ‘004 mm. 
22—Atter ‘* Thallus,” add rigid. 
27—After *‘ filamentose,” add lax, cespitose, ashy- 
white, branching dichotomously, branches 
imbricate, lobes linear, sometimes con- 
cave, acuminate, ultimate segments not 
numerous, concolorous, granulate, uni- 
formly linear. Apothecia plaie, concol- 
orous ; margin thin, plane. 
16—After * polished,” avd apices truncate. 
2 x :006—:009 m.m, 
12-13—** Apothecia large to 15 m.m., in diameter,’ 
add Atypical in this respect, usually not 
more than 2— m.m.—also differing 


from the type in the shorter spores. 
3—After “yellow-brown,” add sparingly branched, 
19—After “ reddish,” add usually ashy or pale, 
2—After “ excluded,’ add Svores :006—:009 x 
‘0035—' 004 m.tu. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 5 


Paeeek = 311. 


Series 1V.—Phyllodei, Vyl. 


TRIBE 


Thallus foliaceous, depressed, lobed or laciniate, with a 
fibrous pith. Apothecia peltate er discoid, with or without 
a thalline border. Spores various. Paraphyses distinct or 
indistinct. Spermatia shortly acicular or slenderly cylindri- 


cal, straight, narrower in the middle. 


X.—Parmeliei, Vy. 
Thallus dilated, rarely subterete or shrubby, « sually laciniate- 
lobate. Apothecia with a thalline border ; spores ellipsoid, 


colourless, simple ; paraphyses indistinct 


I.—ParMe.ia, Ach. 


Thallus spreading from the centre, usually foliaceous, mem- 
branaceous or coriaceous, laciniate or lobel, rarely with 
terete fistulous lobes, upper surface usually shining ; internal 
substance of matted fibrils, under surface generally rhizinose, 
Apothecia scattered, often shining, scutellate, sessile or 
raised, superficial, varying in colour, and not concolorous with 
the thallus ; margins at first closed or connivent ; paraphyses 
not separate ; spores ellipsoid, colourless, simple. Sperma- 
gonia innate ; spermatia usually acicular ; sterigmata 2—5 
articulated. 

A. Hyporhizia, Cromb.—Thallus with rhizine beneath, 


a. Glaucescentes. 


* Medulla yellow—at least the lower layer. 


1. P. Brisbaniensis, St’rton (K—C—). 


Sn. 


Thallus somewhat appressed, crustaceous-foliaceous, with 
pale a-iy blue grey lacinie, drying stone c lour, not glazed, 
here and there isidioid (K golden yellow), older forms 
farinose ; beneath blaekx, rather rough, baie, here and there 
sparingly supplied with short rhizine, circumference nut- 


“ 


‘ 
6 THB LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


brown. The medullary lemon coloured or greenish layer 
(K—C-—). Generally sterile ; one specimen examined had 
small immature apothecia the colour of the thallus, and 
with no visible excipulum. Its affinities are towards P. 
sulphurata, Flot. 


Hab.—On bark near Brisbane. 
Dr. Stirton in Proc. Roy, Soc. Vic. Sept. 1880. 


Punks stil gheeaes Nees et Flot. (KX orange red.) 
Thallus albo- glaucescent or whitish, within sulphur yellow or 
white-sulphureous, strongly membranaceous, laciniately 
divided, laciniz contiguous or sub-imbricate, with undulate 
margins, and rotundate-crenate circumference ; epithallus 
M. often minutely isidiose-granulose or furfuraceous ; beneath 
black, glabrous or sub-glabrous, and the marginal area pale 
bright brown. Apothecia badio-rufous, mediocre ; margin 


of the receptacle thin, crenulate-erose ; spores ‘02—-026 x 
‘009-—012 m.m. 


Differing from P. perlata in the sulphureous medulla and the 
larger spores. 
Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 377. Vol. I. 
3. P. euplecta, Strton (KK +). 
Thallus pallid or pallid-virescent, appressed, occasionally 


sorediferous, lobate-divided, beneath black, sparingly rhizi- 
nose, borders fuscescent ; upper medullary stratum white 

Sn. (IX yellowish), lower stratum thin, flavescent or pallid- 
flavescent (IX red or golden-yellow-red). Sterile. 


. Scottish Naturalist for July, i878. 


Rey. J. M, Crombie, Lich. Chall. Exp, says—‘‘ Externally 
resembles states of P. tinctorum, Despr., but differs from 
this and afl known species by its peculiar reaction K (medulla 
and soredia) greenish black.” 


Dr. Stirton replies—“ Blackening of thallus by K is most 
likely owing to something abnormal, as second application - 
on another part gave K yellow in upper white Bigot red 
in lower very thin yellow stratum.” ; 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC, 7 


Syn.—P. adepta. Cromb. 


Hab.—On small branches near Brisbane, also at Bahia. 


4, P,dermutata, Stirton. (C +, reddish above, yellow below.) 


Sn. 


Thallus pallid or pallid-glaucescent, smooth, lobate-divided ; 
beneath black, circumference pallid spadiceous, sparingly 
rhizinose ; medulla upper part white (C lightly erythrinose) 
lower part lightly flavescent (C yellow'sh). Apothecia 
unknown. 


Hab.—On small branches near Brisbane. 
Scottish Naturalist, April, 1878. 


** Medulla white : margins lacerate-d'ssect or isidiose- 


dentate. 


5. P. laceratula, Ny/. 


M. 


Thallus white or albo-glaucescent, thin, membranaceous, 
generally of medium size (1—3 in.), rough or somewhat 
shining, lobate-]aciniate, margin crenate or crenate-incised, 
or often for the greater pert lacerate-dissect, or more 
generally isidiose-dentate ; beneath white and sparsely fur- 
nished with few longish rhizine. Apothecia badio-testaceous 
or badio-pallid, mediocre (2°5—3-5 m.m.), receptacle sub- 
pedicellate ; margin thin, entire or sub-entire ; spores 
012—013 x -607—01 m.m. Thece broadly ovoid. 
Spermagonia immersed, showing as black points ; spermatia 
aeicular-cylindrical -01—-012 x -001 m.m. 


Hab.—Brisbane and Burnett Rivers. 
Nyl. Syn. Lich. pp. 390—1. Vol. 1. 


6. P. cyathina, Stirton, 


Thallus pallid or pallid-cinerascent, here and there obscurely 
glaucescent, smooth,’wide spread, lobate-laciniate, Jaciniz 
crenate-incisel or frequently lacerate-dissect or irregularly 
toothed (KK yellowish) ; beneath black and black-rhizinose ; 
medulla white (K —, when © added then lightly and 
obscurely red, but C alone —); apothecia fusco-rufescent 
or badio-fuscous, for the most part large, 3—20 mm. ; 


Sn. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


receptacle sub-pedicellate, rugulose, and foveolate-impressed,. 
margin often lobulate and base sulcate ; spores 8, ellipsoid, 
often gibbous, epispore incrassate, -028—-038 x 016 x 02 
m.m.; hym. gel. with iodine cerulescent, particularly the 
theca. Spermagonia innate, black without; spermatia 
cylindrical, often curved -005—-006 x -:0009—-0011 m.m, 


Near P. nilgherriensis, Vy/., and P. macrocarpa, Pers. 
Dr. Stirton, Scott. Nat., April, 1878. 

Probably a variety of P. laceratula, Vyl. 

Hab,—On bark near Brisbane. 


*** Medulla white—tiallus reticulate-rugulose, 


7. P: saxatilis, Z. 


> 
8. P. latissima, Fee. 


Ik 


Thallus grey, orbicular, deeply lobed and sinuate, having 
from its small lobation a squamulose aspect. Lobes short, 
small, membranaceo-sinuate, closely appressed to the black _ 
hypothallus, free at the margins, ending in a few lacinie 
with rounded tips. Upper surface from glaueous to dull 
buff to grey. rough with pits and reticulated powdery lines. 
or isid‘ose-seabrous. Under surface black, sparingly rhizi- 
nose. From the bypothallus a black tomentum shows. 
between the lobes. Apothecia spaliceo-badious or fuscous 3. 
margins thin, entire or crenulate, sometimes confluent, 
5—8 m.m. in diameter. Spores 8, colourless, ovoid or 
ellipsoid, simple, *015—-025 x -009—-012 ni.m. pale yellow 
with I., double walled. ; 
Hab.—Mt. Mistake, on the bark of living trees. 


* * Medulla white—Spores pertusarioid. 


Thallus drying a yellow grey, beneath black, margins blaek-. 
fibrillose, upper surface smooth : intricately lacinate-lobate ; 
laciniw seldom longer than 1 in, or more than 6 m.m. broad, 
rapidly dividing into rounded or toothed, marginal and 
terminal lacinule. Apothecia 3—5 m.m. wide, at first 
urceolate, afterwards expanding and with a fractured or ae 
toothed thalline margin, Spores ovate or oblong-oyate, — 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 9 


pertusarioid, endospore pale yellow and separated from the 
epispore by a broad hyaline margin, external envelope blue 
with I. ; -02— 033 x -008—-019 m.m. Readily separated 
from any other Parmelia by the size and thick coat of its 
spores. 


Syn.—P, glaberrima, Kremp. P. perlata vy. Jatissima, Wnt. 


P. cetrarioides, Del. P. saccatiloba, Tay. 


9. P. platycarpa, Stirton. 


Sn. 


1Os-E - 


Sn. 


Thallus flavescent or pallid cervine-flavescent, membranace- 
ous, widely spread (KX yellowish), somewhat rugulose or here 
and there smooth, lobate-laciniate, lacinie with crenate 
incised margins or very often lacerate-dissect ; beneath black, 
partly naked or in part covered with black rhizine ; medulla 
white (K yellowish), Apothecia large (10—30 m.m.) 
badio-rufous, receptaculum sessile or often subpedicellate, its 
surface rugulose or foveolate-impressed. Spores 8, colourless, 
epispore thick -03—-037 x -012—‘02 m.m.; paraphyses 
not distinct, embe !ded in firm gelatine. Hym. gel. with I 
ceermiescent. Spermagonia black without; spermatia 
straight, evlindrical, about -006 x 0006 m.m. “TI consider 
this distinct from P. latissima, /%e, in all its forms.” Dr. 
£. Scot. Nat., April, 1878. 


Hab.—On bark near Brisbane. 
*.** Medulla white (K yellow, then red). 


perforata, Ach. 

Thallus orbicular, glaucous-green or white, drying a dull 
brownish colour, membranaceous, surface minutely reticulate- 
rimulose, sinuate-lobate, margins slightly recurved and 
fringed with black cilia, often albo-sorediate, beneath soot- 
black and rough Apothecia to 12 m.m in diameter, 
margin entire, disk clay-red or red-brown, concave, deep, at 
iepgth perforate. Spores oval-oblong, simple, colourless, 
with double contour in maturity, ‘011 m.m. long, °0075 m.m., 
broad. ,Spermagonia as blee'x specks, chiefly in the intra- 


+ It is not to be understood that these chemical reactions are absent from Nos, 1-9 
for which other distinguishing characteristics are supplied. 


10 


ei; 


P. 


Sn. 


12. 


FP. 


Sn. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


marginal region, of more than one form in the same 
individual. 


Syn.—P. reticulata, Zayl. 


Hab.—Common on rocks an trees. 


reparata, Stirton 

Thallus orbicular, whitish or glaucous, drying a pale brown, 
lobate, lobes crisped, margins ascending ; under surface 
black, irregularly veined. “ Tolerably similar to P. perforata 
but thallus firmer and minutely areolate-diffract, and spores 
widely ellipsoid, -(013—-014 x -009—-011 m.m. Spermatia 
straight, truly cylindrical, -011—‘014 (occasionally :015) x 
‘0007 m.m.” Scot Nat., Jan. 1878. 


Dr. C. Knight, in lit. F. M. B., says— Closely (perhaps 
too closely) ailied to P. perforata; both have the same 
chemical reaction ; the minutely reticulated thallus on which 
Dr. Stirton relies for separating them is stated by Dr. 
Nylander to be one of the distinguishing characteristies of 
P. perforata ; ax to the breadth of the spores, the extreme 
breadth given by Dr. Stirton agrees exactly with that stated 
by Nylander, viz., ‘011 m.m. May possibly be a variety 
between P. perforata and P. perlata.” | 


Hab.—Mt Mistake, on the bark of living trees. 


erubescens, Stirton. 

Thallus (drying) pallid-rufescent or rufescent - cervine, 
laciniate-lobate, laciniw rotvundate, margin crenate or crenate- 
incised and nigro-ciliate; beneath wholly fuscescent or 
spadiceous, and shortly but thickly nigro-rhizinose ; medulla 
pallid-whitish (IX flavescent at length rubescent) ; apothecia 
unknown ; spermagonia innate, black without, spermati® 
truly cylindrical, straight, -(008—-01 x :0005 mm. 


“ Although closely allied to P. perforata, the differences as 
indicated above are quite sufficient to warrant a separation, 
The colour of the thallus s:ems normal and not induced, 
as we see occasionally in [. perforata, by extraneous 
influence. The marginal cilia are much thicker and longer — 


13. 


sg 


=, 


14. 


rE: 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 11 


than the rhizinw, which are finer than u-ual,” Dr. S., 
Scott. Nat., Jan. 1878. 


= = x Medulla white (K yellow C —). 


perlata, ZL. 

Thallus orbicflar, greyish-glaucous, membranaceous, fre- 
quently albo-sorediferous especially at margins, dried 
specimens darker above than usual in Parmelias, central 
parts in somewhat inflated convolutions, laciniate-lobate, 
imbricate, with crisped curled margins, latter naked or 
ciliate ;_ brownish-black below, rhizinose, here and there 
naked, paler towards margins. Apothecia raised, at times 
turbinate ; margin thin, entire, inflexed ; disk chestnut 
coloured or olive-brown, concave. Spores simple, broadly 
ellipsoid or ellipsoid-oblong, colourless, -015 x -0075 m.m. 
Theez 8-spored, blue with iodine, -0625 x 025 mm. Sper- 
matia acicular. 


Syn.—?. fuscescens, Hook. P. Zollingeri, Hepp. 
H.1b.—Comwmon. 


. perlata v. obsolete nigro-fibrillosa, CLA. 


Differs from the type in the brown-black under surface 
showing itself very slightly and indistinctly fibrillose. 


x **, Medulla white (C red) 


olivetorum, Ach. 

Thallus orbicular, pale shining grey with a faint glaucous 
tint, lobes imbricated and obscure, lobules broad, rounded, 
with narrow linear junctions to the main lobes, ending in 
few rounded dentate laciniw ; margins black-ciliate, cilia 
few, old lobes with white-soredioid margins; medulla C 
crimson ; under surface black, smooth and naked all round 
the margins. Apothecia not seen. Leighton says— 
‘Externally similar to the sorediate states of P. perlata, but 
distinguished by the chemical reaction of the white medulla, 
which is tinged red by C (but more definitely by applying C, 
then K, then C again). 


Syn.—P. perlata f. clivetorum, Ach. 


12 


Sn. 


*, » ei 
ee 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


Hlab.—Common on rocks and trees. 


. tiliacea, Ach. 


Thallus orbicular, greenish, or grey-glaucous, membransce- 
ous, smooth or rugulose, subpruinose. strongly adnate, lobed 
and sinuate, lacinie closely contiguous, crenate, central 
portions often granular and soredioid ;: beneath brown-black 
and shaggy, but rufescent at the margins. Apothecia dark-- 
brown or bright-brown ; margins entire or obsolete, or in 
younger forms crenate, incarved. Spores 8, colourless,. 
oblong, simple, ‘007 —-011 x :005-—-007 m.m. 


Syn.—P. scortea, Ach. P. endoleuca, Tayl. P. galbina,. 
Ach. P. texana, Tuck. (Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 383. Vol. I.) 


Hab,—On twigs and small branches near Brisbane. 


P. tiliacea, Ach. v. meizospora. 


Thallus orbicular, light-grey, drying with a faint yellow tinge. 
Apothecia red or red-brown, disk large, margin thick im 
young forms, in mature fruits with flattened upper edge. 
Spores simply ellipsoid, with thin coat, hyaline, -017 x -01 
m.m. 


Like P. tiliacea bunt spores of double the typical dimensions,. 


Hab,—On branches of trees, Rosewood. 


revoluta, Fk. 

Thallus albo-glaucescent or whitish, margins recurved, 
laciniate-Jobate, imbricate-indeterminate, crenulate-revolute,. 
sorediferous decay spreading from margins ; beneath black, 
here and there with sparse, small, concolorous rhizine. 
Apothecia medial, dark-red, receptacle smooth, margin 
entire. Spores oblong-oval or sub-spherical, colourless,. 
simple, margined in maturity. variable somewhat as to form 
and size, ‘O07—011 x -006 mm. Thecw 8-spored, blue 
with iodine, °05x -O{5 m.m, Paraphyses delicate, indistinct, 
agglutinated at their tips, which become yellow under 
iodine. Hym. gel. blue with iodine, Spermagonia abundant,. 
scattered among the apothecia, minutely sub-papilleform, | 4 
ostiole black or brownish-black, body brownish-black, im- 


if. ©. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, BSC. 13: 


mersed. Spermatia in myriads, delicate straight rods or 
needles, -004—:005 x -0005 m.m., on delicate, narrow,. 
jointed sterigmata, about -0225 m.m. long. 
Syn.—P. levigata v. revoluta (Lindsay) /7k. 

P. tiliacea vy. revoluta (Leighton) Fk. 

P. quercifolia y. revoluta Scher., P. rugosa, Zayl. 
Hab.—On trees, Brisbane Valley. 
nitescens, Stzrton. 
Thallus pallescent or kikewise pallid cervine-fuscescent (when 
dry), somewhat pol.shed, laciniate, lacinize imbricate-depres- 


sed, sinuate-lobate, margin plane, or recu:vel and then 


*gorediose, sparingly scattered over with minute white 


Sn. 


16. 2. 


Sn. 


15u 2: 


punctures, width about 1 m.m., or soredlioid fissures; 
beneath black, margins spadiceous, naked, somewhat rugu- 
lose ; medulla white (C e:ythrisose or cinnabar). Apothecia 
and spermagonia unknown. Scott. Nat. July, 1878. 
Probably a form of P. revoluta, FVz. 

Hab.—On bark near Brisbane. 

tinctorum Lespr. 

Thallus pallid glaucescent, smooth and shining, or albo- 
pulvinate, appressed, membranaceous, rosette-shaped, divid- 
ing from the crntre into broad rounded lobes, not laciniate, 
lobules rising in folds at the extremities, and split-wrinkled 
rather thon lobulate; fracture white ; beneath brown and 
smooth at the margins, the central parts black and rhizinose. 
Apothecia not seen in Queensland specimens. 

Dr, Stirton in lit. F.M,B., says—** A very common lichen 
in almost all tropical and sub-tropical countries, and on® 
that assumes many phases as all common lichens do,” 
Hab.—Common on reeks and trees. 


(b.) Ochroleuce 


* Thallus yellow at all stages. 


conspersa Hhrenb. (Medulla K yellow then red.) 
Thallus orbicular, membranaceous-cartilaginous, above 


14 


Sn. 


20. P. 


ey 


Sn. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


greenish-yellow, or straw-coloured or whitish, polished, fre- 
quently black-punctate or sorediferous, below brownish and 
black-fibrillose ; primary lacinia appressed, s'nuate-rotun- 
date-lobate, secondary ones linear-lacinulate, overlapping 
and incurved, lacinule with jaggel edges ; eentre of thallus 
granulate. Apothecia confluent or crowded, sometimes 
abortive, spadiceous or fuscous; margin thin, inflexed, 
Spores 8, colourless, ellipsoid, simple, -008—-01 x -006 
m.m., paraphyses not separate. Spermatia somewhat double 
spindle-shaped, -005—-006 x '0006—-0007 m.m., 


Differs from P. austro-africana in being black-fibrillose 
beneath, Jatter palish beneath and much cut up into lobes. 


Hab.—On rocks, Maroochie and Brisbane Valley. 


Mougeotii Scher. (Medulla K yellow then red), 

Thallus rosette-shaped, appressed to the stone below in all 
its parts, pale yellow or ashy yellow or grey green, beneath 
black and rhizinose. Lacinie contiguous, but not over- 
lapping, narrow-multifid, somewhat convex, sulphureo- 
sorediate 1—2 m.m. wide, with crenate lateral margins, 
and lacinule terminating in short blunt teeth, dark and 
sub-diffract in the centre, paler and yellower in the rays. 
Apothecia numerous, to 2°5 m.m. in diameter; disk dull 
red, plano-concave ; margin pale grey, erect, diffract in 
small segments giving it a moniliform appearance. Spores 
8, in cylindrical asci, simple, oblong-ovate or slightly curved, 
colourless, *007—:008 x :003—:0035 m.m. Paraphyses 
matted, 


Syn.—P. conspersa v. Mougeotii. 


Hab.—On rocks, Helidon, 17-Mile Rocks, and Ashgrove, 


amplexuia Stirton. (K—C reddish.) 
Like P. austro-africana but less, and closely appressed. 
Thallus golden-yellow or Gull yellow-green, with small 
lacinulx and often isidioid; blackish beneath in all specimens 
examined, Spores 8, colourless, ellipsoid, simple, -O08— 
‘O01 x -005—-006 m,m. ; paraphyses thick, short, truncate, 


Sn. 


<P. 


Sn. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 15 


Hab.—On rocks, Fassifern. 
Dr. 8, in Proc. Roy. Soe. Vic., Sept., 1880 


Strongly resembles P. Mougeotii, Schaer. 


. sinuosa Sm. (Medulla K yellow then red). 


Thallus yellowish, or lemon-yellow, spreading, smooth, 
deeply and multifid laciniate-lobate, lacinie narrow, sinuate- 
pinnatifid, ultimate segments broadly linear and acute, 
sinuses circular, apices dilated, cloven ; soredia terminal or 
peripheral, prominent, lemon-yellow. Apothecia dark chest- 
nut, concave ; margin entire, inflexed, or obsoletely crenate 
or sorediate. Spores 8, oyal-oblong, colourless, simple, 
variable, seldom larger than .011 x .006 m.m. ; paraphyses 
delicate, indistinct, aggregated at tips 

Syn.—P. Despreauxii, Del.. P. relicina var. Fr. 


17ab.—On rocks, Brisbane River, with other Parmelias. 


caperata. ZL. (Medulla K—C—) 

Thallus orbicular, membranaceous,. light yellow or light 
gamboge or greenish white above, finely reticulate, fre- 
quently granulose-pulverulent, central parts indistinctly 
divided with lateral margins of lobes overlapping and adher- 
ing, plain division into lobes and lobules at margins of plant 
only ; beneath blackish, rough, nigro-rhizinose, margins 
glabrous and pallid-brewn. Apothecia with chestnut 
coloured disk and solid ring-like margins, at length crenu- 
late, pulverulent. Spores 8, ellipsoid, -017—-022 x -007— 
7009 m.m. Spermatia acicular -005 x -00125 m.m., seated 
on sterigmata which are unusually distinct, frequently be- 
coming granular and yellow under iodine, compesed of 
several, delicate, ‘narrow, sublinear cellules, -0225 x -Q02 
m.m. 


Hab.—Common on trees and palings. 


24, P. caperatula, Vy. 


Thallus light dirty yellow, lobes arpressed, imbricated, 
showing little lobation except at the circumference, and 
then seldom crenulate, surface frequently sorediate, marked 


ea he 
‘ ‘ * 


16 THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


by a slight thread-like netting ; beneath black, with 
black rhizine, but at margins paler, bright brown, and 

Sn. glabrous. Apothecia sub-medial, medium, disk coneave, 
light liver red ; margins fine, involute, sometimes crenulate 
or pulverulent. Spores ellipsoid, -017—:02 x -007—0O1L 
m.m. Spermagonia in brown conceptacles, spermatia, ‘006: 
— 007 x ‘001 m.m. . 


Syn.—P. caperata vy. caperatula. Nyl. Syn Lich. p. 377, 
Vol. 


Hab.—Bunya Mts. and Main Range. 


95. P. rutidota Zayl.. 
Thallus flavescent, orbicular, smooth, central parts tawny, 
corrugated ; incised lobate, lobes rotundate-crenate ; 
beneath black, rugulose ; soredia (marginal) plano-granu- 
M. late, uniformly spread over the thallus. Apothecia central, 
crowded ; disk rufous; margin thin, at length crenulate. 


Lond. Jour. Bot. Vol. IIL, p. 645, 
Species closely allied to P. caperata. 


** Thallus ochroleucous when dried. 


26. P. limbata Laur. 
Thallus glaucous, or glaucous green when young, when old 
or dry ochroleucous ; appressed, deeply and narrowly lacini- 
ate ; lacinie mostly contiguous or sub-imbricate, convex 
in transverse section, lateral margins sinuate, lacinulate 
terminations abruptly furcate; beneath pallescent or 
spadiceo-pallescent, rhizine concolorous or nigrescent, not at 
all crowded. Apothecia 2—4 in.m. fusco-nigrescent, medial, 

Sn.. margin crenulate especially in immature forms, base of 
thalline receptacle often nigro-ciliate; spores ‘O08— 01 x 
005—-006 m.m. Spermagonia small, nearly concolorous 


with thallus, spermatia bifusiform, ‘007 m.m. long. 
Syn.—P. molliuscula (Ach) Leighton, Of this determina- 


tion Dr, Knight in lit. F.M.B. says—*The Queensland 
lichen is certainly not P. molliuscula, the thallus of which 
is everniewform, concolorous beneath, and apothecia un- 
known,” “all belong to P. limbata aur.” P. austro- 


he go 


G¥a'B- 


iK. 


28. P. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.Sc. 17 


africana Stirton. “Also referred to P. limbata by Dr. 
Knight. 
Hab.—Mt. Mistake and Glasshouse Mts. 


imsinuata Vy. 

Thallus spreading from the centre, orbicular. shining, blue- 
grey abore, beneath black with nigrescent rhizine ; primary 
lacinie 1-5—2-5 m.m. wide, determinate, but with margins in 
contact and sub-fused; lacinie elongate with convex lacinule 
and convolute dilated apices, whch are plane, thick, sinuate, 
not ascending. Spermagonia as red-brown dots, immersed, 
crowded at the extremities. Apothecia medial or sub- 
medial, raised, 1-5 —3 m.m., young ones bordered by radiat- 
ing fibrils ; disk reddish, concave ; margin pale, raised, 
crenate, inflexed ; paraphyses short and agglutinating ; 
spores in clavate asci, small, spherical or shortly oval, very 
often containing a drop of oil, 007 m.m. 

Syn.—P. spherospora C. K., P. limbata v. minor C. K. 
Published by Dr. Knight as P. sphzrospora in Lich. N. 8. 
Wales, Trans. Linn. Soc., Dec., 1882, a name already 
applied by Nylander toa different lichen; Nyl. Syr. Lich. 
p. 376, Vol. I. Authority for synonyms given in letter from 


Dr. K. to F. M. B. 
Hab.—Mt. Perry, Glasshouse Mts. 


(c). Olivacez. 


vlivacea. ZL. (K—C—) 

Thallus membranaceous or chartaceous, orbicular or sub- 
orbicular, deep olive-brown, rugulose, minutely corrugate, 
sometimes furfaraceous or granulate-farinose ; similar colour 
or paler below, with sooty specks and black patches; divi- 
sions contiguous, appressed, lobes plicate rotundate-lobulate ; 
medulla white. Apothecia concolorous or chestnut coloured, 
disk plane; margin entire or sub-entire. Thece short, 
small. ovoid, 8-spored ; spores roundish, colourless, double- 
walled, -011—-019 x -007—-001 m.m. ; paraphyses slender. 
Spermatia acicular, 007 m.m. long. 


18 


ae: &s 


M. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND. 


Hab.—Mt. Perry, collected by Mr. J. Keys. 
B. Hypogymnia—Thallus without rhizinee beneath. — 


mundata, Nyl. (C —). 

Thallus whitish to dull pale grey-green, shining, closely 
appressed, laciniate, laciniz linear, 1'5—2°‘5 m.m., dividing 
dichotomously, with crenulate soredioid edges ; under sur- 
face black, shining, netted-veined. The whole of the thalline 
surface dotted over with black spermagonia Apothecia 
(4—6 m.m. wide), elevate, subpedicellate, with margins 
incurved, wavy, and then urceolate. Spores oval or sub- 
spherical. resembling those of Usneas, °008—-009 x 005— 
006 m.m. Paraphyses articulated, terminal joint largest. 
Spermagonia spherical, unicellular; spermatialinear, straight. 


Syn.—P. physodes y. tenuis (Dr. Knight in lit. F. M. B.) 
Hab.—Mount Mistake, on trunks of trees. 


. urceolata J. Muell ( Eschw). 


Thallus albo-glaucescent or whitish, strongly membra- 
oO ) o 


naceous, smooth, circumference rotundate-lobulate, lobes — 


somewhat imbricate, smooth or nearly so, marginal lobules 
eroso-crenate, margins nigro-ciliate ; beneath concolorous, 


albescent, glabrous, shining. Apothecia fusco-spadiceous 


or bacio-rufescent, receptacle elevate, urceolate, sub-pedicel- 
late, margin eroso-crenate and ciliate or naked, medium or 
large, 4—14 m.m.; spores :021—:027 x ‘011— 014 m.m. 
Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 380, Vol I. 


Hab.—y. sorediifera, J. \uell, Rockhampton; v. subce- 
trata, J. Muell, Toowoomba. 


Syn.—P. crinita Ach. P. perforata v. replicata Mey. and 
Flot. 


The following plants of this genus were reported from Queenslan i in the 
Vict. Nat. for Oct. 1837—P. corallinea, Ach.; P. eciliata, Nyt, P. 


hospitans, J Mucll.; P. ochroleuca, J Muil.; P. pruinata, J. Muell.; — 


P. virens, J. Muell, 


a 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 19 


TrisE XI.—Stictei, Nyl. 


Thallus prostrate, spreading from a centre, foliaceous, lobed 
or laciniate, often very large, leathery, membranaceous or 
brittle ; the upper surface shining or smooth, often bearing 
soredia, white, yellow or green internally ; lower surface 
spongy or fibrous, rarely smooth, usually furnished with 
white or yellow cyphelle or pseidocyphella (smooth or 
powdery, white or yellow, cups or warts), or marked by 
naked gibbi (discoloured spots). Apothecia sessile, marginal 
or superficial, somewhat obliquely fixed, with a thalline 
margin; disk at first nucleiform, becoming elevate and 
explanate, coloured like the thallus or brownish. Paraphyses 
separate ; spores acicular or fusiform, usually 1—3 septate. 
Spermagonia scattered, scarcely protru ling, with arthroster- 
igmata. 


1, STICTINA. 


Stratum of granules blue green or glaucous-green ; granules 


i.€., granular gonimia without a cellular s:embrane, shut in gela- 


tinous sacs in bundles, and often joined in a moniliform manner. 


1. 13. 


* Pseudocyphelle (pulverulent cyphelle) white. 


fragillima Bab. 


Thallus thin, rigid, friable, smooth, or 1ough here and 
there, impresso-punctulate, pal!id-glaucous or lemon-yellow, 
drying st. ne-buff or salmon-buff, scattered over with white 
soredia, fracture white ; branching dichotomously from 
the centre, lacinie oblong, few, lateral lacinule linear sub- 
pinnatified, terminal ones few, blunt, not narrowing much 
more than parent stems, channelled ; below dark red-brown 
in centre to salmon-coloured at margins, with minute pure 
white pseudocyphellx, costate or sub-costate with a dense 
short tomentum. Apothecia reddish or brown, scattered ; 
thalline border toothed or crenulate ; spores brownish, 1 
—3 septate, oblong-fusiform, ‘025 x ‘01 m.m. 


Hab.—On logs in the Maroochie scrubs, and on trees Mt. 
Mistake. 


20 


M. 


2. 8. 


3. § 


THB LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


v. dissecta, /. AZuell. 


Thallus yellow-brown, smooth, shining, faintly trans- 
versely striate; beneath similar in colour with faint 
reddish tinge, very slightly tomentose ; cyphelle punctate, 
minute, white. Lobation linear, lacinie irregularly 
pinnate, ending in a fringe of minute terminal and lateral 


lacinule with ascending margins. Apothecia not seen. 


Hab,—Main, Range near Toowoomba, 


cinnamonea, /?7ch. 

Thallus yellowish or glaucous, thin, rigid, fragile, smooth, 
or rough here and there, fracture white, lacinie linear, pin- 
natifid, dichotomous; beneath ochraceous, subcostate, 
tomentose. Pseudocyphellee minute, pulverulent, white. 
Apothecia reddish or brown, scattered; thalline border 
toothed or crenulate, incurved so as to make the apothecia 
urceolate. 


Syn.—S. fragillima y. glaberrima, Bab. Hand. Fl. N.Z. 


Dozyana, Wnt. 

Thallus fleshy red brown or cervine, somewhat stiff, lobes 
imbricating, ending in broad rounded lobules with crenulate 
pulvinate margins, surface pitted and faintly striate, and 
marked over scantily with white soredia ; under surface of 
similar colour at elges but darker towards the centre, with 
brown tomentum and apparently faintly nerved. Pseudo- 
eyphellee minute. Apothecia (diam. 1—1°5 m.m.) with 
blood-red disk and pallid inflexed margin. Thece clavate- 
cylindrical, 8 spored, spores usually in two series, fusiform- 
cylindrical, hyaline, 1-septate, very similar in size and shape, 


‘027 x °004—:006 m.m, 
Hab.—Main Range and Bunya Mountains. 


. intricata, Del. 


Thallus coriaceous, above glabrous, beneath tomentose or 
subtomentose, shaling from tawny yellow to stone colour 
above, but, though paler at the margins, darker than other 
forms below, and bringing the white pseudocyphelle into 


te pin 2. i  - 


Sn. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B SC. 21 


strong relief; sinuate-lobate, lobes short and broad, with 
ceesious white soredia scattered over the surface, and especi- 
ally at the margins ; lacinie narrow, somewhat ascending. 
Apothecia with concolorous receptacle, disk red or 1ed-brown, 
concave then plane, margin incurved. Spores brown, 1-sep- 
tste, bi-conical or bifusiform, ‘(02—-63 x -006—-008 m.m. 


Hab.—On logs, Bnuya Mountains. 
Syn.—S. Hesseana. 


. dissimilis, Vy/. 


Thallus pale glaucous to pale yellow, small, thinly mem- 
branaceous, smooth, or here and there obsoletely scrobicu- 
late, sub-caniculate, linear laciniate, lacinie  shortish, 
rather broad, apices dichotomous, margins often ascending ; 
beneath yellow-brown or near the margins pale ochraceous, 
tomentose, in medial under portions sub-costate. Apo- 
thecia brown or reddish (1-5 


3 m.m.), scattered or 
marginal, margin irregularly denticulate-lacerate or sub- 
crenulate ; spores brown -024—-03 x -009—-011 m.m. 
Syn,—sS. dissimulata Nyl, Lindsay Lich. N. Z. 


S. fragillima v. dissimilis Vy. 


. Montagneana WVyl. 


Thallus glaucous, subrufous, foliaceous, corrugated ; lobes 
rounded, subsinuate, crenate, scaly at the margins ; 
beneath naked, ferruginous or blackish, with a few obso- 
lete white pseudocyphelle ; fracture white. Apothecia 
moderately large, free, scattered, often crowded, black ; 
margin thin, deeply inflexed, often lacerate, sub-serrate 
and leafy; disk flat, brown. Spores 8, oval or ovate- 
fusiform, 1—3-septate, hyaline, -038 x ‘011 m.m., terminal 
loculi small when 3-septate, central septum usually wide, 
spores occasionally polari-bilocular ; paraphyses not so 
readily separating as usual. 


Syn.—Ricasolia Montagnei Ny/ ? 


«« A noted species from the small, crowded, erect, leaf-like 
squamules with which the margins of the thalline lobes 


Sn. 


Sn. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


and sometimes the apothecia are thickly beset” Voyage 
of Novara. 
** Pseudocyphellie yellow. 

gilva Thun. 

Thallus pale reddish-brown, or pale flesh-coloured, margin 
paler, stiff, shining; dividing from no given centre and 
with no main stems ; mealy white at edges, fracture white ; 
lobes few, broad, transversely reticulate, ending in blunt 
lobules, with 2—3 terminal teeth. Under surface salmon- 
coloured at edges, finely tomentose, tomentum of central 


portions of lobules silvery grey, of central portions of 
thallus dark-brown. Pseudoscyphell yellow, small, sunk 
in the tomentum. Apothecia marginal, when young with 
pale margin and concave disk, when mature with dark red 
sinuate disk and margin obscured. Spores fusiform, 1- 
septate, with a large nucleus in each loculus, epispore 
moderately thick, -027 x ‘008 m.m.; paraphyses coarse, 
sumple, with clavate tips. 
“yn —-S crocata v. gilva Ach., 8. impressa //ook. 

S Gaudichaudi Del., 8. erythroseypha Tayl. 
Hab.— On bark of trees Main Range. 
crocata J, 
Thallus membranaceous-coriaceous, upper surface lurid 
yellowish-green or brownish, opaque or shining, rotundate- 
lobate, crenate, besprinkled with bright lemon-coloured 
soredia especially towards the margins, fracture white or 
yellow-white ; lower surface brownish-nigricant, tomen- 
tose; margins fringed with microphylline laciniw, pul- 
verulent, yellow ; cyphelle flat. Apothecia scattered, 
brownish-black, thalline border crenate, at length excluded ; 
spores 8, oblong-fusiform, 1-septate, -016—027 x 
‘008—-0O1 m.m. 


Syn.—S. citrina Pers., 8. fuliginosa Hiok., 8. uliginosa 
v, Ach. 


Hab.—On prostrate trunks of living trees in the Rose- 
wood Serub. 


Vv. 


Th 


Sn. 


10. 


S. 


Sn. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 23 


sorediati J. ALuell. 

Thallus thin, rigid, pale red-brown when dried; smooth 
above, sorediferous at the margins, and with the apothecia 
undergoing soredioid decay. Lobes linear, blunt, with 
few shapeless or rounded, lateral or marginal lobules ; 
beneath covered with dark-brown short tomentum, among 
which le numerous, small, (2—25 m.m) very pale 
citrine pseudocyphelle, Apothecia 1—1:‘5 m.m.; disk 
dark red almost black, concave ; margin concolorous with 
upper surface, sub-crenulate ; spores variable, normally 
l-septate, bi-fusiform or ovate-oblong or pyriform, ‘007 
—015 x -002—-004 m.m. 


Llah —Toowoomba, 


*** Cyphelle true (thelotremoid or urceolate) thallus 
not stipitate. 


quercizans, Ach. 

Thallus thinly membranaceous or sub-rigescent, smooth, 
di-trichotomously branching, lacinie differing little in 
width, abruptly terminating in blunt lacinule, light red- 
brown above, dark brown and tomentose beneath, with 
white cyphelle. Apothecia often submarginal, 2—3 m.m., 
sunilar in colour to the frond, often suffering from soredi- 
ferous decay; spores 8, l-seriate, ‘l-septate, colourless, 
without granular contents, narrowly elliptical or fusiform, 
025—-033 x :008—-009 m.m. 

I/ab.— On tree trunks, Main Range. 

Syn.—S. cinchone Del., S. lurida Mey. et Lot. 

lutescens Tayl. 

Thallus 6—8in., stiff, orbicular, smoothish, yellow-green, a 
little greener when moistened, shining, lobed almost to the 
centre, the margins sinuate-crenate, elevate, with crowded 
lacinie whose duskier olive centre contrasts with the green 
tawny surface of the thallus, and is granular-pulvescent. Apo- 
thecia few, at length convex, disk reddish, margin entire ; 
spores 6—8, fusiform, triseptate, colourless, ‘058—-041 x 
“007—-008 m.m. 


eet 


i 


12. 


13. 


S. 


S. 


Sn. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


Syn.—S subsinuosa f. lutescens Arph. 


. tomentella Humb. 


Thallus stiff, ashy-pale or lurid cervine, drying red-buff to 
chocolate colour, darkest at margins, submonophyllous, 
rotundate-lobate, in parts mealy ; under surface pallid, white 
tomentose, sparingly dotted with whitish cyphellz of various 
sizes. Apothecia red-brown, 1°5—2:5 m.m. ; margin thin, 
entire, white ciliate ; spores fusiform, 1—3 septate, :(025— 
035 x -007—008 m.m. 

Hab.—On trees and rocks near water, Hill End, Ithaca 


Creek and Rosewood. 


subtomentella C. XK. 

Thallus a light rich brown above, smooth, with flat lobes 
slightly imbricating, ending in broad rounded lobules with- 
out lacinizw ; below from black-brown to colour of surface, 
velvety, sprinkled over with large, round, oval. or angular 
white cyphelle. Apothecia 1:5—2 m.m., concolorous then 
darker; margin thin, entire ; spores narrow, elongate-fusi- 
form, straight or curved, apices acute, *04—-055 x -009-- 
°014 m.m. ; paraphyses with dilated tips. 


“ Differs from §. tomentosa in the apothecia being scattered 
never marginal, and the lobes of the thalius non-laciniate ; 
from 8. tomentella in the surface of the thallus being eminently 
smooth and free from all irregularities, the cyphelle per- 
fectly white, and the spores elongate-fusiform.” Dr. Knight 
in lit. F. M. B. 


Hab.—On trunks of tiees Mt. Mistake. 


rutilans Sédrton. 

Thallus spreading (4—7in.), shining, thick, with rounded 
lobes bearing roanded laciniw, reddish or pale cinnamon 
red ; beneath cinnamon or copper-coloured with black 
tomentum ; cyphellae somewhat large, width about 1:5 m.m., 
thelotremoid, cinnamon-brown or reddish. Apothecia few, 
red-brown, 1—2 m.m., with thalline receptacle roughened 
beneath, palely ciliate, especially the young ones which are 


ld. S. 


16. 8. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 29 


almost entirely enclosed in the excipulum. Spores 8, un- 
coloured or pale-brownish, l-septate, fusiform, *027—-033 
x -°007—-009 m.m. Gonimia globular, width about -005 
mm. Dr. S., Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., Sept., 1880. 


Hab.—On bark near Brisbane. 


. cyphellulata J. Muell ? 


Thallus pale, shining, silvery colour, Apothecia pale 
orange, : 


Hab.—Bellenden Ker Range. 


limbata Sw. 

Thallus membranaceous, monophyllons, shining, blue grey 
or cervine-rufescent, with roughened blackish patches from 
erumpent scredia, margins rotundate-sinuate, densely and 
copiously caesio-sorediate ; below pallid, with short, rather 
coarse, white tomentum, Cyphelle 1 m.m. in diameter, 
sunk, white, plano-concave, smooth. Apothecia not seen. 
The so-called cephalodia which sometimes occur on_ its 
thallus are the production of the parasitic lichen Lecidea 


Parmeliarum. 


Hab.—Mt. Mistake, on tree trunks. 


**** Cyphellse true—thallus stipitate. 


marginifera, Tay/. 

Czspitose, in small tufts forming sub-erect cup-like masses, 
thallus dull leaden coloured, surface smooth, shining, centre 
of frond closely black-punctate, oblong-lobate, lobes with 
margins here and there lobuliferous ; below yellow-biown 


. to dark brick red, towards the base costate, stipitate. The 


’ typieal specimen under observation had minute apothecia 


but no spores. Cyphelle small, with lighter edges, truly 
thelotremoid. 


Syn.—sS. filicina v. marginifera, J/nt. 


JTab.— Enoggera, Tambourine Mt., Mt. Mistake, on trees. 


. filicina, Ach. 


Thallus pale yellow to lurid-brown, smooth, more or less 


26 


M 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


stipitate, incised and lobe|:; lobes very variable in size and 
form, costate below at the base or down the centre, imbri- 
cated, lateral margins recurved, periphery sinuous ; pale 
ochreous beneath, tomentum thin or none. Cyphelle large, 
concolorous with under side of thallus, shallow, bases flat. 
Apothecia reldish or brown, scattered; thalline border 
entire or crenulate. Spies 1—3 septate, hyaline, fusiform, 
thinly bordere 1, ‘018—-026 x :006—-007 m m. ; paraphyses 
coars?. 


Syn.—sS. latifrons, Sticta filicina, Ach. 


Also S. esorediata J. Muell., reported from Queensland in Vic. Nat. 
for Oct. 1887, and S. brevipes in Frag, Phy. Aus, Vol. X1. 


Il.—Losaria, H7fim. 


Cyphellz none, thallus bullate-reticulate-tomentose beneath. 


18, L. retigera, Ach, 


Sn. 


Thallus stiff, dividing into laciniz, which are widish, irregu- 
lar, pinnatifid lobate, resembling L. pulmonacea in general 
appearance, but darker, here and there with slight buff 
tinge, and veins more decided and stronger, with smail 
tubercles along lines of veining ; lighter beneath except 
where black-brown or black tomentum is present, Apo- 
thecia 3—4 m.m., at first shortly urceolate, margin and 
receptacle concolcrous with lower surface of thallus, 
when mature with margins split and reflexed and 
disk almost plane; thece cylindrical-clavate, spores 1—3 
‘septate, narrowly ellipsoid, -018—-02 x -005— 006 m.m. ; 
paraphyses readily separating, simple, cylindrical, gradually 


thickening to apex, 
Passing into L. pulmonacea by many intermediate forms. 
Syn.—Sticta retigera, Ach. 

Hub.—On trunks of trees, Bunya Mountains and Cunning- 


ham’s Gap. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, BSc. 27 


19. L. pulmonacea, Ach. 


te 


K. 


Thallus membranaceous-eartilaginous, green, pallid-cervine 
or dull-brown, strongly reticulate-foveolate, laciniate-lobate, 
sinuate, truncate, surface smooth not shining, strongly 
veined ; under surface rust-coloured with yellow-brown to 
black hypothalline threads, reticulate-tomento-e, bullate ; 
lobes few, broad, terminating in few blunt laciniz ; soredia 
white, small. Spermagonia as pustules at the edges of the 
laciniz, minute, brown, punctiform as seen on the thalline 
surface, body immersed as a solid and com; aratively large 
hard whitish kernel, easily enucleated. Apothecia red-brown, 
marginal, margin rugulese, crenulate; spores colourless, 
cblong-fusiform, 1—3 septate, -(02—-028 x -005—-008 m.m. 
Gel. hym. with iodine deep blue. 


Syn.—Sticta pulmonacea, Ach. ; Sticta pulmonaria, Schaer, 


Hab.—On trunks of trees, Mount Mistake. Tambourine 
Mountain, Maroochie, and Cunningham’s Gap. 


. papillaria, 


Thallus as in the type, but the margins here and there 
isidiose. In the place of apothecia are produced tubercular 
cephalodia of testaceous or obscure colour ; these are simple 
or small and aggregated. 


Hab —Tcowoomba. 


Il L—Sricra. 


Stratum of granules green or yellow green ; granules (true 
gonidia) with a cellular membrane. 


* Cyphelle thelotremoid or urceolate—Eusticte. 


subvariabilis, My. 

Thallus attached to bark by central point, shining, smooth, 
bright glaucous grey, spreading, laciniate-lobate, lacinie free, 
sub-erect ; under surface a pale fleshy pink, margins bare, 
central part with short snuff-brown tomentum. Lobation 
free, often dichotomous, terminal lacinule narrow-linear, 
generally furcate with blunt or rounded tips ; lateral lacinule 


tw 


TR 


M. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


smaller, crowded in centre of thallus and_ sub-erect. 
Apothecia not seen. ‘Gathered probably in a shady 
locality ; the under side brings to memory 8. Freycinetii.” 
Dr. K. in lit. F. M. B. 


Hab.—On bark of trees, Mount Mistake. 


. variabilis Ach. 


Thailus membranaceous, rather rigid, pale glaucous or pale 
brown buff or brownish, rosette-like, few divisions at first then 
broken up into lobed and furcate, sub-pinnatifid lacinie, 
which are sub-erect and small in size compared with the main 
divisions, circumference crenate, sinuate or stenophyllous ; 
under surface brown with paler margins, tomentose ; 
cyphelle like punctated papille, urceolate, white. Apothecia 
red-brown, marginal or sub-marginal, thalline border crenu- 
late ; thecew ovate-cblong, with 1-seriate contents ; spores 
exceedingly variable, 1—4 septate, ovate, ovate-oblong or 
bifusiform, with I. pale yellow-brown, *016— 036 x :005— 
‘O12 m.m.; paraphyses shortly jointed, with clavate 


nucleolar tips. 

Syn.—S. Boryana and S, papyracea Del. 

Hab.—On trunks of trees Maroochie and Bellenden Ker 
Range. 


. dichotomoides, Ny. 


Closely resembling S. carpolomoides but glanco-pallescent, 
moderately rigescent, scarcely shining, scrobiculate or slightly 
scrobiculate-unequal, linear-laciniate, lacinia narrow, dich~ 
otomously divided, margins fringed with leptogioid 
cephalodia, base stipitate ; stipes costate, whitish, solid, 
sparingly ramose-fibrillose, fibrils coralloid, cinereo-fuscescent, 
or sordid, minute, always directed in the plane of the lacinia. 
Cyphelle pallid. Apothecia bright dark brown, 2—4 m.m., 
marginal or sub-marginal, margin of receptacle, entire, firm, 
concolorous ; spores colourless, fusiferm, 3-septate, °036— 
038 x -01—-O12 m.m. 


Sun.—S damecornis v. linearis Vy/, 


<>" 


23. 


24. 


25. 


S. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 29 
Hab.—On trunks of trees Main Range. 


filix, Him. 

Thallus_ pallid, pallid-lurid, or pallid-glaucescent drying 
stone-colour, smooth, slightly glazed, 3—A5in., stipitate, 
stipes firm, narrow ; laciniate-lobate, lobes incised, costate 
beneath ; margins yariously sinuate-crenate or crenated- 
incised or fimbriate, under side pallid-ochraceous or pallid- 
cervine or ochraceous-rufescent, nude or nearly so; cyphelle 
pallid. Apothecia rufo-pallescent or fusco-rufous, 1—2 
m.m., thalline margin entire, somewhat prominent, or at 
length hidden ; spores 8, colourless, fusiform, 1—3 septate, 
"03—-035 x °008—-01 m.m. 


Hab.—On trunks of trees Tambourine Mt., Maroochie and 
Mt. Mistake. 


. macrophylla, Ny/ 


Thallus from bright green to lurid red or red-brown, smooth, 
large, laciniate ; lacinie broad, elongated, sinuate-lobate, 
imbricate, extremities broadly dilated, sinuate, retuse- 
truncate : under surface clothed with brown tomentum ; and 
excavated with white cyphelle ; fracture white. Apothecia 
marginal or scattered, red-brown, thalline border entire or 
crenulate, the whole almost concolorous with the thallus ; 
thece linear-cylindrical or oval with 1—2 seriate contents ; 
spores 1—3 septate with short oblong central cells, and 
conical longer terminal ones ; -°027—°032 x -006—-007 
m.m., colourless, ‘fusiform ; paraphyses golden yellow with 
I, tips large ; hym. gel. with I. yellowish. 


Syn.—S. damecornis v. macrophylla. 


. Camare, J. Muell. 


Thallus shining, smooth, light buff or pallid above, 6—8 
in. wide ; below bright salmon colour with netted markings 
and urceolate pale salmon cyphelle ; lobate-laciniate, loosely 
branching, branches free, lax, primary lacinia, 12—18 m.m. 
wide, digitately terminating in finger-like lacinule. Apo- 
thecia marginal, 1°5 m.m., red-brown, margins raised, 


30 


26. 


M 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


incurved ; spores narrowly ellipsoid, somewhat pointed at 
the ends, 1—3-septate, usually straight, loculi unequal, 
025 x -006—:007 m.m. ; paraphyses with clayate tips. 


flab —Mount Mistake, where it is one of the most common 
lichens. 


** Pseudocyphelle yellow or yellowish—Parmosticte 


. flavissima, J. Muell. 


Thallus a beautiful golden glaucous or buff, with pale gold 
margins ; smooth, shining, linear-lobate, lobes 4—6 m.m, 
wide, dividing dichotomously into few lacinie, often wider 
than the parent limb, and terminating in a few rounded 
teeth. Apothecia 3—4:5 m.m., terminal, cup-shaped, 
margin with few crenulations, pale-gold ; disk of a venous 
100d-red ; thecee clavate -cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores 
acicular, straight or somewhat curved, 3 (or more) septate, 
"03—:039 x '0025—-0033 m.m. ; paraphyses with swollen, 
brown, terminal cells. Spermagonia show clearly in the 
intra-marginal region as punctures or small dark-mouthed 
pits. Very near to 8. flavicans, Hock et Tayl From 
specimen sent to F, M. B. by Baron F, v. Mueller. 


. Urvillei, Del. 


Thallus 83—8 in., yellowish or pale livid or glaucous, rigid 
or membranaceous, almost shining, unequally closely scrobi- 
culate or reticulately costate ; lobes rounded, with large 
unequal crenatures ; fracture bright yellow ; beneath reddish 
yellow or ochraceous, glabrous or tomentose ; pseudo- 
cyphelle small, projecting, citron-yellow. Apothecia sparse, 
sub-marginal, concave, stipitate, disk deep-red, margin raised- 
inflexed, at first woolly, afterwards glabrous and crenulate, 
sometimes granular or sorediferous ; spores ellipsoid, 3- 
septate, pale olive or brown, ‘022—03 x ‘0075 m.m., 
epispore sometimes with slight bulgings opposite the loculi ; 
hym. gel. blue with iodine, but somewhat obscured by 
abundance of brown colouring matter ; paraphyses discrete, 
delicate, filiform. 

S, endochrysa Fl. Ant. ; S. flavicans, ook, 

S. ochracea A/ey., Parmelia pubescens Pers. 


Syn ‘ 


28. S. 


Sn. 


Wie 


29. S. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 31 


Differs from S. aurata in the granular, not powdery, margin 


of thallus, also in size and geueral features. 


aurata, ich. 

Thallus broad, firm, smooth, not pitted, lobed ; lateral 
margins cf laciniw with suberect crenulations, old gold in 
colour, lacinia bright brown, buff or copper-red, with bright 


gold edges and tips; ultimate segments of lacinie obtuse ; 


fracture golden ; under surface black-brown, shortly tomen- 


tose, rugulose towards margins ; pseudocyphellz punctiform, 
orange-yellow. Apothecia large, subpedicellate. marginal or 
sub-marginal; disk blackish ; margin usually inflexed ; 
spores normally 1—(sometimes 3—) septate, ellipsoid, 
colourless in young state, becoming brown with age ; °(02— 
025 x -005 m.m. Differs from 8. erccata in the upper 
surface of the thallus being smoothish and margined with 
golden-yellow soredia ; the apothevia marginal, and the 
margins sometimes golden-yellow. 


Syn.—S. angustata, Del., Parmosticta aurata, .\y/., Nephroma 
aurata, Pers, 


Hab.—On tree trunks Maroochie and Toowoomba. 


pallido-glaucescens C. KK. Thallus pale glaucsus : allied to 
S. flavissima, which it very closely resembles in the colour 
and lobation of the thallus, and in the size and shape of the 
spores ; latter -03 x ‘0025 m.m. 3 (or more)-septate, 


Hab.—Mt. Mistake, chiefly on terminal branches of trees. 


flavicans, Hook et Tayl. 

Thallus spreading, incisate-lobate, glaucous or yellow-green, 
bare, glabrous, with rotundate, somewhat entire lobes ; 
beneath yellow-brown, somewhat shining ; marginal laciniz 
crowded, elongate, granular, uniformly sub-flattened, 
sprinkled with minute yellow soredia; medullary tissue 
gamboge-yellow, showing itself conspicuously wherever the 
cortical layer has been broken by cepholodia or isidia, fissures 
or erosions. Apothecia medial and terminal, stipitate, con- 
cave ; disk reddish-b:own ; margin sub-entire concolorou s 


32 


30. S. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND. 


Thece 8-spored, broad ; spores 1—3 septate, straight or 
somewhet curved, oval-fusiform, apices pointed, -024—-05 
x ‘004 m.m.; paraphyses discrete, filiform, united at their 
tips which are brown and tuberculate. 

Syn.—S. Urvillei v. flavicans Hook et Tayl, ; Parmosticta 
rubrina, Stirton. 


Hab.—Mt. Mistake and Bunya Mts. 


Dr. Stirton in his description of P. rubrina gives spores— 
‘06—'1 x -003—004 mm. Dr. Knight refers all Mr. 
Bailey’s specimens to 8. flavicans, | 


*** Pseudocyphelle white ; Parmosticte, Ny. 


Billardieri, Del. 

Thallus pale, glaucous, brown or yellow olive, often virescent, 
glabrous, densely and transversely reticulate-lacunose, the 
reticulations dotted over with spermagonia; branching 
dichotomously, laciniz linear, sub-pinnatifid, intricate, retuse, 
with forked tips or undivided, thickened and rigid ; fracture 
white ; beneath with pale or brown tomentum sometimes 
evanescent ; cyphellz small, yellow. Apothecia numerous, 
all marginal ; disk red-brown or black, flat, finally concave ; 
margin inflexed, entire or crenate, sometimes evanescent. 
Thece 8-spored, one—two-seriate, narrow cylindrical or 
ovate-cylindrical ; spores 1—38 septate, brown, ovate or 


_ ovate-fusiform, *027 x -009 m.m. ; paraphyses of oblong 


$1. 8. 


M. 


cells. Spermatia -004 x ‘G01 m.m. 


Syn.—S. fossulata Dufour, S. impressa, cellulifera, linearis 
Fl. Ant., 8. foveolata, Del., S. Richardsi, Hook, S. divulsa, 
Tayl. 


Freycinetii, Del. 

Thallus pale straw colour to yellow-cinnamon or rarely 
olivaceous, scarcely rigid, smooth, glabrous, occasionally 
obsoletely rugose ; lobes linear, concave, branches spreading, 
margins undulate, crenate or sinuate-lobate, erisped, glabrous 
or soredioid ; fracture and soredia white ; beneath bare or 
velvety, black or lurid-brown or ashy. Apothecia few, 


M. 


M. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.Sc. oa 


mostly marginal, shortly stipitate, concave, externally villose 
or pubescent ; disk flat, red-brown, at length very concave ; 
margin inflexed then fimbriate-crenate; spores broadly 
ellipsoid, 1—23-septate, pale-brown ; paraphyses discrete, 
delicate, fi]'form. 


Syn.—S. glabra Hook fils et Tayl.; allied to S, scrobiculata 
Ach. 


Hab —Toowoomba. 


; physciospora, Nyl. 


Thallus pale, lurid-fuscescent or glaucous, wide spread, 
scrobiculate-foveolate, transversely reticulate ; lacing linear, 
sub-pinnatifid, intricate, retuse; beneath pale or brown, 
tomentum sometimes evanescent; similar to S. fossulata 
Duf., but smaller, at times darker, and with different spores. 
Apothecia marginal ; disk red-brown, flat ; margin at length 
excluded ; spores bi-locular or polari-bilocular, broadly 
ellipsoid, brown, *°022—-027 x -009—-01 m.m. Hym. gel. 
blue with iodine, Spermatia rod-shaped -003 x 0002 m.m., 
seated on straight, indistinct, arthrosterigmata, 


Syn.—sS. fossulata v. physciospora, Ny/ 


. dissimulata, yl. 


Thallus lurid glaucous or pale-cervine or pale lurid, some- 
what flaccid, a little shining, scrobiculate unequal, linear 
Jaciniate, more or less covered with minute squamules 
giving it a sub-furfuraceous character ; margins of thalline 
lobes much and irregularly laciniose or subisidioid ; apothecia 
brown, mediocre, recepsacle granulate-rugulose, margin little 
prominent, at length hidden ; spores -0225—-0375 x -006 
—°'011 m.m., from broadly ellipsoid or oval-oblong to fusi- 


form, 1—3 septate, olive or brown; hym. gel. bright blue 


with iodine, paraphyses discrete, filiform, with yellow-brown 
tuberculate heads. 


Syn.—sS. Richard, Mnt. 


Hub,—Main Range near Toowoomba. 


34 THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


The following were given as Quecnsland plants in the Vic. Natura- 
list for Oct., 1887 :—S. fragillissima, J. Muell; S. sulphurea, 
Schaer ; S. Karstenii, J. Mue//; and S. Sayeri, J. Muel? 


IV.—Ricasoiia, De Not. 


Thallus of Sticta, but usually without soredia on the upper 
surface or cyphelle on the lower ; free cellular stratum of small 
yellow-green gonidia; rhizine fasciculate. Apothecia with a 
prominent margin ; spores often elongate-fusiform or acicular. 


Spermagonia in prominent mamille. 


1. R. Schereri, Mnt. 
Thallus appressed, stiff, shining, smooth or slightly im- 
pressed, laciniate-lobate, laciniz sinuate along the lateral 
margins, and dividing, generally after one bifurcation, 
into rounded marginal lobules similar in shape and size to 
the lateral ones, upper surface glauco-pallescent, drying pale 
reddish-brown, freely marked, especially at the apices of the 
lobules, with the pertusarioid papillae of the spermagonia ; 

Sn. under surface vermilion, also smooth and shining. Apo- 
thecia raised, receptaculum hemispherical, somewhat 
oblique; disk cinnabar-red; margin inflexed; spores 
colourless or pale-brownish, fusiform, 1—3 septate, -035 
x ‘O01—-012 m.m. 


Syn.—Sticta Schaereri, .J/nt, ; S. laciniata v. macrophylla 
Hepp. 


Hab. —-On moss, Blackall. 


2. R. rhaphispora, C. A. 
Thallus unequally pale hlue-grey, drying dull yellow or 
dull yellow-red, thinly membranaceous, here and there 
smooth, otherwise rugose, when young closely appressed ; 
lobed, with rotundate-crenate lobes, often cuneate in 
general outline, the broad margins deeply and _ freely 
incised ; towards the centre the margins of the laciniz 
are fimbriated ; no prominent papille ; under-surface pale 
yellow or fawn-yellow, with fuscous rhizine, and small 
flat, whitish cyphelle. Apothecia marginal 2:‘5—4 m.m., 


# ? ey 
ee a ae 
. j 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 35 


disk dark red, margin entire, flexuose, receptacle rough or 
papillose. Spores 6—8, colourless, acicular or elongate- 
K. fusiform, 3—7 septate, °06—-073 x -003—-001 m m. 


Hab.—On bark near Brisbane, Enoggera, Logan River 
and Mt. Mistake. 


“Differs from R. crenulata v. stenospora yl. in the 
margin of the apothecia being entire instead of lacero- 
crenate. R. dichroa has also elongated narrow spores, 
but the thallus is lurid fuscous beneath, and the whole 
plant larger and coarser than R. rhaphispora.” Dr. 


Knight in Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd. Vol. I. 


3. R. Hartmanni, J. Muell. 
Thallus closely appressed to the bark below, pale glaucous, 
‘ surface smooth and shining; lobation imbricate, irregular, 
lobules rounded, margins rounded-crenate, here and there 
recurved, in younger forms the ultimate segments are 
K. sub-erect and dentate; under surface pale fawn-colour 
with dark-brown central tomentum. Apothecia 5—7 
m.m. in diameter ; margin thin, prominent, lobate-crenate; 
disk blood red, flat, plano-convex or corrugated. Spores 
narrow fusiform, often bilocular, ‘05 x ‘005 m.m. Sperma. 
_ gonia on older parts of the frond in raised mamille with 

dark ostioles. 


Hub.—On bark of trees, Mt. Mistake. 


4. R. crenulata, Hook. 
Thallus pallid or pallid-glaucescent, small or medium, thinly 
membranaceous, slightly rigescent, somewhat shining, or in 
places dull, smooth or frequently here and there rugulose, 
or slightly crebro-scrobiculate ; lobate dissect, sinuate- lobu- 
late, and sinuately crenate in the margins ; beneath pallid 
or pallid-ochraceous, with concolorous or fuscescent some- 

M. what crowded rhizinw. Apothecia red or fuscous-red, 2°5 
—6 m.m., marginal or sub-marginal, with thinly mem- 
branaceous receptacular margins, for the most part broadly 


inflexo-crispate ahd irregularly lacero-crenate ; spores colour 
c 


36 


“By 


K. 


Tig 


THB LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


less, elongate-fusiform, 7-septate, often acute at both apices, 
‘(05— 07 x :006—-008 m.m., twisted together ; paraphyses 
separating, fairly thick, with brown heads. | 


plurimseptata, C. K. 

Thallus pale-grey, with smooth upper surface sparsely dotted 
over with small black spermagonia, lobes few, rounded, with 
sinuate margins, paler beneath with fuscous rhizine. Apo- 
thecia shortly pedicellate, at first resembling those of Par- 
melia mundata, afterwards with incurved laterally flattened 
margins, becoming boat-shaped. The receptacle of an 
apothecium thus exhibited is covered with exceedingly fine 
closely set granules. Disk dull dark red. Asci clavate- 
cylindrical, 08 x -01 m.m. Spores overlapping and massed, 
ac cular, colourless, 12—15 septate, -06 x -005 m.m. 
Paraphyses clavate, separating, tips very dark brown (1). 


ilab.—Mt. Mistake. 


—_——— 


The following’are also reported from Queensiand habitats in the 
Vic. Nat. for Oct, 1887 :—R. sublevis Ny7. R. hypolenca J- 
Muell, 


Trine XIJ.—Peltigerei, Ny. 


Thallus dilated, under surface naked. Apothecia usually 


marginal, adnate to the upper or lower surface of the thallus. 


Spores 8, colourless and fusiform in the marginal apothecia, 
fuscous and ellipsoid and bilocular in the scattered apo- 
thecia. Paraphyses stout, articulate. 


Sus-rK1BE I.—Nephromei, Ny, 


granular stratum of Bee sci (not. true gonidia as in Nephroma), 


Apothecia adnate to the lower surface of the margin of the 
thallus. Spores 8, colourless or fuscescent, 3-septate- 
Spermagonia pallid, marginal, furnished with arthro-sterig- 
mata, spermatia incrassate at both ends and obtuse. 


J.—Nepruromium, Nyl 


f 


Thallus fragile, lurid, glaucous or fuscous or rarely, pallid ; 


oo. Oe ee ho aid + ——_—. 2. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 37 


often joined in a moniliform manner; rhizine not fasciculate. 

Apothecia fusco-rufous or rufo-testaceous ; hym. gel. with iodine 

caerulescent. 

1. N. laevigatum. Ach (Med. K—). 
Thallus orbicular, above livid yellow, brick-red, chestnut 
brown or /urid-fuscescent, glabrous ; lobed and _laciniate, 
imbricate; margins sinuate-crenate, somewhat shining ; 
beneath pale, glabrous, slightly rugulose ; medulla white. 
Apothecia fusco-rufous ; margin crenulate-unequal, receptacie. 
minutely depresso-granulate ; spores fusiform or narrowly 
ellipsoid, 3-septate, brown with age, 015—-022 m.m. by 

L. -00£ mm. ; paraphyses with dark-brown tips. Sperma- 

gonia marginal, as minute roundish brown tubercles or teeth, 
fringing certain thalline lobes, and prominently visible on the 
pale under surface of the thallus. Spermatia in myriads, 
sub-globose or oval-oblong, ‘0015 m.m. in diameter. 


Syn.—Peitigera resupinata v. laevigata Fr. ; Nephroma 
resupinatum vy. laevigatum Schaer., N. papyracea D.N. 
Hab.—On logs, Maroochie. ~ 
Reported from Queensland in Vic. Nat. Oct. 1887 ; Nephroma 
tropicum, Muell. 

Sus-rriseE LI.—Peltidei, Ny. 
Thallus membranaceons, dull or shining. Granular stratum 
of gonimia. Apothecia marginal on the upper surface of 
thallus ; spores colourless or pale fuscons, fusiform. Ny]. 
Syn. Lich. p. 322, Vol. I. 


II.—PEvTIGERA, Ach. 

Thallus prostrate, dilated, foliaceous, membranaceous, fragile, 
lobed, upper surface often shining, under surface spongy with 
broad veins ; acquiring a brown colour in herbaria, Apothegia 
suborbicular, affixed to the upper surface of the extremities of 
elongated or produced l»bules of the thallus, at first covered by a 
very thin thalline membrane or veil, which soon dehiscés, Spores 
fusiform, elongated, pale yellow, usually packed spirally ;  para- 
physes filiform and very delicate ; spermagonia when present on 
margin of thallas as obtuse tubercles ; spermatia ovoid, colourless. 


38 


THR LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


1. P. polydaetyla, Hojfm. 


Sn. 


Thallus prostrate, smooth or shining above, membranaceous, 
brownish-green or greyish, subtomentose ; below spongiose, 
whitish, reticulated with pale brown veins, which generally 
give off vertical fibrils, and surround interstitial, longitudinal, 
whitish lacune ; fertile lobules narrow, often very numer- 
ous and somewhat digitately arranged. Apothecia chestnut- 
coloured, at first involute in the margins of the thalline 
lobes, affixed vertically to the produced and ascending 
lobules, orbicular, becoming-elongated, finally with revolute 
margins ; back of receptacle sub-verrucose, tomentose ; 
spores 8, narrowly fusiform, colourless, 3—7 septate, -09— 
‘11 x :009—-011 m.m. ; paraphyses discrete; spermatia 
obovate, obtuse; stylospores simple, oblong or oblong- 
fusiform, ‘(007—-012 x -003—-004 m.m. 


Syn.—Peltidea polydactyla, Ach, 


Trine XIII.—Physciei, Ny. 


Thallus yellow or cinereous or very rarely fuscescent, laciniate 
or lobate, usually stellate-orbicular, rarely ascending, fruticu- 
lose or subterete. Apothecia golden, or yellow, or brown, or 
black ; paraphyses discrete ; spores either colourless or brown, 
bilocular or rarely quadrilocular. Spermagonia with pluri- 
articulate sterigmata or arthrosterigmata ; spermatia oblong- 
cylindrical or uniformly cylindrical, in some species slightly 
incrassate at both ends. Cellular stratum of true- gonidia. 
Nyl. Syn. Lich, p. 406. Vol. I. 


I.—Puyscra, Nyl, 


Thallus spreading, foliaceous, membranaceous or coriaceous, 


linear laciniate or lobed ; upper surface often shining ; under sur- 


face fibrillose, differing in colour from upper surface, and canalicu- 


late beneath the laciniw. Apothecia scutellate, subpedicellate, 


terminal or lateral, with a thalline border: disk always open, bare 


or pruinose, varying in colour, and not concolorous with the thallus, 


Paraphyses separate ; spores rarely simple, usually 2-locular. 


Flavescentes (Xanthoria, Fr. f-) 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 39 


1. P. chrysophthalma, Z. (K purple). 


Sn. 


' Thallus stiff, very narrowly laciniate, freely and shortly 


branching to hair-like fibrille. Laciniew yellowish or flavo- 
albicant or flavo-cinerascent, below white and lacunose, 
linear, ascending, dichotomously ramose; extremities 
dilacerate or ciliate. Gonidia with golden-yellow contents. 
Apothecia varying in site; margin thin, naked or ciliate- 


radiate, pale-orange ; disk dark vermilion ; spores 8, small, 


oval or elliptico-oblong, polari-bilocular, colourless, the loculi 
yellow, often united by a thread cf the same colour, -(011— 
012 x ‘005 m.m. ; hym. gel. beautifully blue with iodine. 


Syn.—Theloschistes chrysophthalma of Tuck. Muell. Th. 
Fries. -Tornatenia africana Mass. 


Hab.—Common on branches in Queensland scrubs, as small 
fruticulose tufts seldom lin. in diameter, 


. flavicans, Sw. (K purple). 


Thallus bright orange-yellow, caespitose ; branches slender, 
terete or compressed, thread-like, excessively divided, tufted. 
wavy, warted, furcellate at the apices; lateral edges of 
flattened laciniz with small open slits, presenting a dusty 
appearance from soredia. Apothecia lateral, nearly sessile ; 
disk flat, orange ; margin pale, narrow, entire or subcrenu- 
late at length obscured. Spores colourless, elliptico-oblong, 
simple or polari-bilocular, the two golden yellow polar cells 
united by a central axis of similar colour, ‘012—-018 x 
°007—"011 m.m. 


Syn.—Theloschistes flayicans Fries, Evernia flavicans, Fries, 
Cornicularia flavicans, Pers., Physcia exilis Mich., Corni- 
cularia crocea, Ach. 


Hab.—On bark of trees near Brisbane, and at Mt. Bopple, 
not common. , 


Glaucescentes (Euphyscia, Cromb.) 
* Thallus fruticulose. 


40 THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


8. P. leucomela Z. vy. angustifolia, M/ey. et. Flot. (K+C+). 
Thallus subcespitose, fruticulose, of spreading, smooth, pale 
blue-grey flat branchlets, curving and loosely imbricating» 
bifurcations few; lacinie linear, under surface concolorous, 
sub-canaliculate or plane, albo-granulate ; from papillae on 
lacinie are given off cilia, which at the base are glaucous, 

K. the remainder black, width of lacinie averaging | m.m. 
Apothecia scattered, blue-black, casio-pruinose, with white 
radiating hairs on the border, urceolate, especially im earlier 
stages ; thece broadly cylindrical, contents l-seriate ; spores 
8, dark-brown, pellucid, 1-septate, ovate oblong, straight or 
concave on one side, with a pear-shaped or balloon-shaped 
or irregular cell in each loculus, *02—.027 x -008—-011 


m.m. 
Hab.—Nerang Creek and Mt. Mistake. 


** Thallus appressed _ linear-laciniate — Thalline 


margin of apothecium entire. 


4. P. integrata, Vyl. 
Thallus whitish-glaucescent, sib-confluent, appressed, 2—4 
inches wide, margin not pulverulent ; beneath covered with 
the black fibrils of the rhizinew, whitish at the circumference. 

M. Apothecia fuscous-black or fuscous, disk bare or rarely 
pruinose, small or medium, slightly elevated, margin entire, 
occasionally pulverulent ; spores -(02—:024 x -011—-015 
m.m. Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 424, Vol. I. Closely allied to P. 
crispa. 


Syn —Parmelia aipolia, Gaud., Pannaria integrata } 


». P. crispa, Pers. 

Thallus white or whitish glaucescent or. white-pallescent, 
thinly membranaceous, somewhat appressed, sub-orbicular, 
lacinizw flattish, imbricate-contiguous, with inciso-lobate 
margins mostly pulverulent, circumference crenate. Apo- 
thecia black-fascous or brown, bare (rarely pruinose), small 


M. or medium, somewhat raised, thalline margine entire, occa~ — 
sionally pulverulent. Spores: olivaceous, *022—-023 x ‘008 — 
—009 mm. Resembling P. speciosa, from which it differs 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 41 


in its fragile thallus, in the thin pulverulent margins of the 
lacinizw, in the smaller spores, and in the cortical stratum 
being confusedly ecllular, ‘[hallus sometimes pale rose- 
coloured. Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 423, Vol. I. 


Syn.—P. Domingensis, Wnt, 


Hab.—Creeks on Waterworks-road. 


6. P. barbifera, Ny. 
: Thallus white or -whitish, linear-laciniate, lacinie 1 m.m- 
wide, dividing, ascending, margins on both sides bearded or 
Sn. velvety with thyrsoid-ramose whitish or sordid cilia. Apo- 
thecia cexsio-pruinose, medium-sized, sub-terminal ; recep- 
tacle sub-pedicellatc, bare ; margin thinly covered with soft 
branche ‘cilia ; spores *046—-05 x *023—-026 m.m. Nyl. 
Syn. Lich. p. 416, Vol. L. Differs from P. comosa in the 
lacinie being seldom more than 1 m.m wide, in the bearded 


(not ciliate) margin, and in the larger spores. 


stellaris . (K + C +). 


Thallus orbicular, stellate, pallid glaucous, naked not pruinose, 


(ps 


below of similar colour or whitish, and brownish fibrillose ; 
in division resembling a young form of P. speciosa, lacinie 
linear, sub-convex, separate or closely contiguous, not over- 
‘lapping sub-cortically albo-maculate ; extremities or laciniz 
rotundate-furvate, finely and very sparingly ciliate, central 
parts of thallus coralloid. Apothecia numerous, disk dull- 
K. red to dark-brown, frosted ; margin solid, ring-like, entire 
or occasionally obsoletely crenulate; spores 8. 1-septate, 
brown, oval, slightly curved, tapering to the apices, notched 
and constricted at the septum, -VU13—022 x -0U5—007 
m.m., cells nucleolate. Spermagonia as black obtuse 
tubercles, cavity pluricellular ; spermatia straight rods, 0035 
m.m. ; sterigmata ‘015 m.m. simple or with few articulations, 


Syn.—Parmelia stellaris Ach, Borrera stellaris. 


Hab.— Milora and Mt. Perry. 


_8. P. obesa, Pers, v, cxsio-crocata, Tuck. 


Thallus orbicular, glaucous, readily mistaken for formis of P, 


’ 


42 


Sn. 


10; 


Sn. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


speciosa, which it closely resembles in colour of upper surface 
and lobation, but thicker and more fragile, linear laciniates 
lacinie radiate, lateral margins crenate and sorediate, apices 
of laciniz furcate-crenate, sorediate, not revolute or crisped ; 
under surface smooth and with a distinct yellowish or 
brownish tinge. Sterile. According to Nylander (Syn. Lich. © 
p- 418 Vol I), the apothecia are black-brown or black, 
medium in size, 3—5 m.m., the margin of the receptacle 
narrower, sub-entire or unequal ; spores :035—-052 x ‘018 
—'025 m.m. 

Hab.—Common on rocks along the Brisbane River. 


Syn.—Parmelia papulosa, nt. 


. adglutinata, F/k. (K—C—). 


Thallus pale ashy sordid or sordid-greenish or olive-green, 
usually darker than other Queensland Physcias, orbicular, 
closely adhering ; lacinia narrow, multifid, imbricate, sub- 
fused, central portion leprose-sorediate, sterile. The apo- 
thecia of European specimens are nigro-fuscous,: naked, 
margin pale, entire ; spores 8, fuscous, oval-oblong, 1-septate, 
014—-021 x -008—-01 m.m. 


Syn.—P. viridis, Mnt., P, syncolla, Tuck, Parmelia minor, 
Fee., P. obscura y. adglutinata, Vyl. 


Hab.—Bundaberg near the coast, by J. Keys. 


*** Thallus linear-laciniate, appressed—margin of 
apothecium crenate. 

speciosa, Wulf. (K+C+). 
Thallus horizontal, stellate, imbricate, crustaceous or foliace- 
ous, greenish-white, grey-hoary or pale glaucous above ; 
linear laciniate, lacinize contiguous-appressed, or separate and 
furcate-lacinulate, tips obtuse and powdery ; beneath snow- 
white with grey fibres, rhizine and marginal cilia whitish. 
Apothecia raised, with brown disk and crenulate or (seldom 
in Queensland forms) entire margin; thece cylindrical 
clavate ; spores brown, 1-septate, nuclei hemispherical or 
cylindrical or irregular, °023—-027— x -012—-018 m.m. ; 
paraphyses often remaining attached to the thece. 


i. 


il. 


1A. -P: 


Sn. 


Nyl. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, Bsc. 43 
¢ ~~. 


v. hypoleuca—Marginal cilia black and with black rhizine . 
below, thalline margins of apothecia crenulate. 


vy. angustilobia—Resembles v. dactyliza in its very narrow 
lacinise, apothecia much as in vy. hypoleuca. 


Hab.—The type is common on the coast but seldom fertile ; 
the two varieties are found in the ranges, (i.) at Helidon and 
Mt. Mistake, (ii.) at Toowoomba and Mt. Mistake. 


**** TLaciniz short or obscure. 
picta, Sw. 
Thallus orbicular, horizontal, crustaceous-foliaceous, difficult 
to detach ; at first with close, appressed, contiguous lacinia, 
then so closely approximating as to appear merely crusta- 
ceous; margins always, if shortly, crenate-incised, not 
ciliate ; upper surface pallid or pale-glaucous, in young forms 
greenish ; central area often coated with white, warty, 
sorediferous heaps ; beneath nude, black, dull, but whitish 
at the margins ; apothecia elevate ; disk fuscous; margin 
crenulate ; spores brown, 1-septate, oval. -015—-021 x ‘008 
— 007 m.m , 
Syn.—Parmelia applanata Fee, P. plumosa 7ayl., P, leuco- 
thrix, Tay. 
The soredioid form is perhaps the same as Physcia melano- 
clina. C.K. . 


Hab.—Common on shady rocks and trees. 


. glauco-virescens, Vyl. (Medulla K—C—. 


Thallus cinereo-glauco-virescent, firm, appressed, shortly 
laciniate, lacinie sub-stellate or sub-imbricate appressed, 
effuse ; with undulate margins and apices finely areolate 
pruinose, crenate or crenate incised, obtuse ; beneath pallid 
or whitish, with black fibrils which are not crowded. Nyl. 
Syn. Lich. p. 419, Vol. I. Apothecia raised ; receptacle 
thick, tumid ; margin entire or finely crenulate, slightly 
incurved, disk cesio-pruinose, dark brown; spores broadly 
oval or bluntly oval-fusiform, 1-septate, epispore thickish ; 
nuclei rotundate near the septum, °(02— 026 x :009—012 


44 


13. 


or 


Sn. 


l4. 


Sn. may be found at the margins. Usually sterile ; often s 


Trine XIV.—Pyxinei, Wyl Re. i q 
Thallus whitish or eens 
pressed, resembling th of a Parmelia or J 

multifid. Apothecia 


) A 


Hab a by J, ae Brisbane Bot. f Pics 
J. Shirley. ae 
Note——The specimens collected by Vetieanx at Nerekent om 
Bay were barren; Nylander says near P. paledcalnta 
probably only P. pulverulenta vy. fae dog ec mye a 


sublurida, Stirton. (Medulla K—C—) %,. 
Thallus waxy, whitish or greenish-white (drying pe ~ 
grey) appressed, laciniate ; laciniz shortly linear, very much i 
imbricated, pale beneath and furnished with whitish rhizine ; : 
medullary layer reddish, especially above. Apothecia small 
with bluish grey, frosted, incurved, crenulated margins, and 
burnt uber disk; thece cylindrical-clavate ; spores 8, me? 
ellipsoid, brown, 1-septate, -014—--018 x -0065—-008 m.m.; 
hypotheciam uncoloured ; hym. gel. bright blue with iodine. — 
See Dr. Stirton in Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., Sep. 1880. “a 
Hab.——On twigs near Brisbane and at Rosewood. 7 


Very closely allied to P. pulverulenta anl P. ‘plause | 
virescens, 


ee?** Thallus crustaceous, i 


confluens, Mnt. 
Thallus crustaceous or tartareous, 2—3 inches or more wide, 
with signs of lobation almost wholly obliterated, 
parts unequal and granulate, very pale grey to sordid whit 
In specimens growing singly some signs of lobate markin 


diferous, then merely like a grey Lepraria. Apothecia bl 
1—2 m.n.; margin of receptacle crenate or sub-enti 
spores *02—-025 x *009—-011 m.m. rage’ 


Hab.—Common on rocks near fresh water, — eee. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 45 


uniseptate. Spermagonia with arthrosterigmata ; spermatia slender, 


shortly ‘cylindrical, at both ends more or less thickened. Nyl. Syn- 
Lich. Vol. II. p. 1. ; 


I.—Pyxine, Fr. 


Characters as in the tribe—differs from Physcia in the 
apothecium having both a thalline and a proper margin, the former 


is soon hidden, when the appearance is wholly lecideine. 


ae 


Sn. 


Sn. 


So 


Meissnerii, 7'uck. 

Thallus albo-glaucescent, 15—-2 inches in diameter, granu- 
lose in the centre, indistinctly linear-laciniate at the margins, 
laciniz in radiate order and variously shaped, crustaceous- 
contiguous and sub-imbricate, modeiately thin, margins 
smooth, within flavescent. Apothecia central, lecanorine 
then lecideine ; margin (thalline) thin, pale, obsoletely 
crenulate then hidden; disk plano-concave then plano- 
convex, black ; hypothecium thick, brown; paraphyses 
distinct, with iodine violet; spores 8, brown; 1-septate, 
nearly cylindrical or oval-oblong, with one round globule in 
in each cell, (015—~017 x -006—-007 mm. Spermagonia 
minute, indicated by a black or blackish point, colourless 
within. : 


Hab.—On bark of trea in the Brisbane Botanic Gardens. 


. cocdes vy, sorediata, Tuck. 


Thallus white or ashy-white drying sordid grey, plainly 
linear-laciniate in division at margins, but laciniz confluent 
in centre, showing undulations but no divisions; whole 
surface sorediate in white patches ; under surface supplied 
with black rhizine. Apothecia lecideine, of medium size ; 
disk flat or plano-convex, rising from a yellowish stratum ; 
spores l-septate, -018—021 x -008—-01 mm. Differs 
from P. Meissnerii in the broader and more uniform lobes, 
and in the absence of the beautifully bright yellow medulla. 
Hab.—Green Island, Trinity Bay, on bark of trees. 
retirugella, Vyl. 

Thallus white or ashy-white, larger than P. cocdes, more or 


= _ ~ 


a. oe 


s 


46 THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


less narrowly laciniate, lacinize often sub-imbricate, slender 
and crowded, and margin frequently sorediferous, surface 
reticulate-rugulose, beneath for the most part thickly rhizinose. 

M. Apothecia lecideine, flat, superficial, resting on white or 
duil strata ; spores bilocular, -018—-02 x -008—-009 m.m. : 
paraphyses rather slender, irregular, not easily separating. 
Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 3, Vol. II. 


4. P. obscurior, Strton. (Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic. Sept. 1880.) 
Sn. Syn.—Lecidea rhypoderma, C X., for which see Part III. 


Hab.—On bark, near Brisbane and at Fassifern. 


SeriEs V.—Placodiei, Nyl. 
Thallus crustaceous, scaly, granular, powdery or evanescent. 
Apothecia with or without a thalline border, sometimes 
lirelliform. Spermagonia with arthrosterigmata or simple 
sterigmata ; spermatia various. 


Trine XV.—Lecanorei, Ny. 
Thallus various. Apothecia with a thalline border (lecano- 
rine), or rarely without (biatorine), Spores various. 


Sus-rrisE, I.—Psoromei, Vy. 
Thallus variously coloured, lobate-stellate, laciniate-squa- 
mose or squamulose ; true gonidia, distinct, large. Apo- 
thecia lecanorine, margin crenate or crenulate, spores 8, 
colourless, large, ellipsoid, simple; paraphyses distinct. 
Sterigmata pluri-articulate ; spermatia shortly cylindrical 


with somewhat-incrassate apices, 


I.—Psoroma, Fr. 

Thallus resembling that of Pannaria but with true gonidia, 
squamulose, cellulose. Apothecia lecanorine, margin  crenate. 
Spores 8, colourless, large, ellipsoid simple. Paraphyzes distinct, 
sterigmata plnri-articulate. | 


1. P. sphinectrinum, Ny. | 
Thallus a lurid reddish-brown or lurid cervine, stellately- 
laciniate, laciniw sub-linear and inciso-multifid, granular and 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 47 


_crenulate at the margins, central portions fused and soredioid 
with indistinct divisions ; beneath with short dirty white 
fibrils. Apothecia numerous, immersed then raised ; margin 
thin, pale, crenate or crenate-striate, crowded, 2—5 m.m. 

M. indiameter ; spores 8, oval or ellipsoid, brcadly margined, 
simple, hyaline, -018—-019 x -009—‘01 m.m.; hym. gel. 
blue with iodine ; paraphyses discrete, very delicate, scarcely 
coloured at the apex. 


From specimen sent by Rev. F. R. M. Wilson. 


Syn.—Parmelia sphinctrina MVnt., Parmelia rubiginosa vy. 
sphinctrina, Hook. 


2. P. dispersum, Stirton. 


Thallus pallid or pale fawn-coloured, squamulose, with 
scattered squamules, at length contiguous and imbricated, 
margins crenate and set in a black hypothallus. Apothecia 

Sn. brown or brown-black, plane, with an inflexed thalline 
margin ; spores 8, simple, ellipsoid or often fusiform ellip- 
soid, ‘018—-025 x ‘009—-011 m.m.; hypothecium reddish, 
Hym. gel. with iodine lightly cerulescent then wine red. 
Dr. Stirton in Proc, Roy. Soc. Vic. Sept., 1880. 


3. P. Karstenii, J. Muell. 
M. Reported in Vic. Nat. for Oct. 1887. 


Sus-TrIBE, [].—PannariE!, yl. 


Thallus of a lurid colour, pallid, cinereous or fuscescent, lacin- 
lose, squamulose, granulose or placodioid, rarely mono- 
phyllous, provided with gonimia not gonidia. Apothecia 
either lecanorine or biatorine (rarely entirely black and leci- 
deine), spores 8, cclourless, (occasionally faintly and atypically 
- fuscescent), ellipsoid or oblong, (exceptionally 1—3- septate) ; 
paraphyses discrete, often coarse. Spermagonia furnished 
with arthro-sterigmata, and spermatia as in Psoroma., Ny]. 


Syn. Lich. p. 27, Vol. II. 


Il.—Panyanria, Del. 


Thallus laciniate and radiate, or granular and scaly, distinctly 


48 


- 


THE LICHEN FLORA. OF QUEENSLAND. - 


cellulose ; granules (gonimia) often joined in a moniliform manner, 


Mpitiede with or without a proper border ; spores 8, usually simple ; 


paraphyses distinctly articulate. Spermagoria with arthrosterig- 


mata. 


* Ay othecia lecanorine. 


1 P. pannosa, Sw. 


Sn. 


. lobes, lacinie appressed, nearly plane, inciso-lobulate aad: 


. rubiginosa, Del. (Sw). 


- Thallus pallid, ashy or steel-grey, appressed, interruptedly 


stellate-laciniate ; lacinia indistinetly linear, close, parallel 
and radiate, often confluent, central parts broken up by 
soredia ; the whole beautifully defined by the sooty-black 
dense hypothalline border. Apothecia red or red-brown 


with crenulate thalline margin: asci narrow cylindrical, 


.usualiy with I-seriate contents; spores 8, simple, hyaline, 


diversiform, ovate, ellipsoid, passing occasionally to the 
subglobose -013—015 x -007—-009 m.m. ; hym. gel. with 
iodine intensely blue. 

Syn.—Parmelia pannosa, Ach. Parmelia atropannosa, 
Schaer. . | 

Hab —Common on rocks and trees ; v. isidioida—Bellenden 
Ker Range and Mt, Perry. | 


. cervina, Avemp. 


Thallus cervine, pallid-cervine-or ashy-cervine, appressed, 
lacinidte-lobate, laciniz diffract, interruptedly linear, sub- 


parallel, not overlapping but with lateral margins in contact, 
fused throughout the ventral portions, terminations crenate 
incised or sub-pinnatifid, crenatures blunt, rounded. Hypo- 
thallus blue-black showing as thick felted border. Apothecia 
with clay-red to dark-red plane disks, margins patent, incised 
and crenulate ; spores simple, ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 
spore envelope thick, ‘(012—-015 x ‘007—008 m.m. 


Syn.—P. pannosa Del. (Sw.) Dr. Knight in lit. PF. M. B. | 


Thallus orbicular, livid red, livid glaucescent or pale, cut. 
towards the circumference into broad notched, imbrieated — 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 49 


crenate ; upper surface very minutely areolate-granulate, 


edges somewhat thickened, silvery, whitish, upturned ; 


M. 


beneath blue-black, spongy, fibrillose. Apothecia rusty-red 
or dark red, nearly flat, with a thick inflexed, crenated 
border ; spores &, colourless, ellipsoid, apices rather pointed, 
simple, -017—-03 x -006—01 mm. ; hym. gel. with iodine 
caerulescent. 

Syn.—Parmelia rubiginosa, Ach.; P. affinis, Ach. ; Imbri- 
caria cerulescens D. C.; P. Femsjonensis, Fr. 


Hab.—v. conoplea, with thallus covered with blue soredia 
is common on rocks at Hill End, it is v. cxruleo-badia, 
Scher. . 


. sorediata, C. X. 


~Thallus closely resembling that of Psoroma sphinctrinum, 


orbicular, livid reddish or livil yellowish, sm>oth and waxy, 


in central portions granulose-pulverulent and _ indistinctly 


veined near the circumference, lobate, with wavy lcbulate- 
incised lobes, subimbricate, margins thickenec, incurved, 
sorediate ; under surface covered with a black-brown tomen- 
tum. Apothecia medial, along the lateral sorediate lobular 
margins, disk yellow-red to clay-red, 2-25 mm., concave 
then plane ; margins crenate, sorediate, tumil in earlier 
stages, often wavy ; spores ellipsoid or oval-oblong or oval- 
fusiform, -014—016 x -007—-009 m.m. Paraphyses agglu- 
tinating : allied to P. rubiginosa. 

Hab.—On moss and on the bark of trees at N erang Creek 
and Stradbroke Island. . 


mariana, Jee. 
‘Thallus resembling that of Coccocarpia pellita, ashy white o, 


glaucous white, orbicular, sub-monophyllous, freely and 
deeply cut into radiate incised laciniw, or reduced to a few 


_ imbricating scales ; hypothallus of fusco-caerulescent, dense, 


pannose rhizine, Apothecia strangely contorted and closed, 
having the margin closely inflexed, disk dark red, nearly 
black. Jour. d. Mus. Godd. Band. I. 


Syn.—P. rubiginosa, Del. Hand, FI..N.Z p. 575, 


50 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


6. P. pholidota, Nyl. ; 


~] 


K. 


P. 


Thallus sub-orbicular, 1—2 inches broad, glaucous-yellow or 


lurid cinerascent, squamulose, effuse, squamules sub-imbri- 


cate, lobulate and crenulate, appressed. Hypothallus thin, 
black. Apothecia orange-red, small or moderate, scattered, 
with a thick, inflexed, crenulate thalline border. Asci 
cylindrical, 8-spored, contents usually 1-seriate ; spores 
simple, thickly coated, hyaline, ellipsoid, -°012—-015 x :007 
—'009 m.m. From specimen sent by Dr. Knight. 
Hab.—On bark. 


Said by Babington to be scarcely distinguishable from P. 
Saubinetii or P. microphylla. 


. flexuosa, C. A. 


Hypothallus black to which the grey-cervine or cervine- 
flavescent thalline lobes are closely appressed, linear-lacini- 


ate, or laciniate-squamose, laciniz short flexuose, with forked 


crenate-incised terminations. Apothecia small, 1—2 m.m. 
in diameter; disk plane or plano-concave, vermilion- 
coloured ; margin little raised, crenate ; spores oval, oval- 
oblong or almost fusiform, simple, pellucid -008—-009 x 
°008— 0035 m.m. : 


Hym. gel. with iodine deep blue. 
Hab.—Mt. Perry, Brookfield and Ashgrove. 


diel Apothecia biatorine. 


triptophylla, Ach. 

Thallus plumbescent, cinereo-flavescent or cinereo-fuscescent, 
appressed, scattered, squamose or laciniate squamose, the 
particles (or scales) crenate or minutely lacinulate or granu- 
late or coralloid, areolate-diffract. Hypothallus blue-black 
showing between the scales, and as a narrow marginal border. 


Sterile in Queensland specimens. Nyl. Syn, Lich, p. 2. — 


Vol. II., says—* Apothecia red or red-brown or brown, flat 
or convex, within fuscous throughout, margin often some- 


what paler : spores ellipsoid or fusiform ellipsoid, °012—"019 __ 


x ‘606—008 mm, Gel. hym. with iodine intensely blue. 


7a 


ee 


ks i 


Sy. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.Sc. ol 


Syn.~—P. microphylla y. triptophylla, Ach. 
Hab.—On bark of trees, Maroochie, 


nigro-cincta, Afnt. 

Thallus pallid or pale-reddish or flesh-coloured, of numerous 
closely set scales, from growing over mosses or hepatics 
the scales often simulate in arrangement the overlapping 
leaves of Frullania, &,, radiating in lines from a common 
centre, crenate or crenate-incised at the outer margins, 
hypothallus thin, blackish, extended into a narrow border. 
Apothecia red, biatorine, small ; disk plano-convex ; margin 
thin, entire, little-raised, pale, in old forms almost obliterated ; 
spores ellipsoid, ‘(012—-015 x ‘007—-009 m.m. 


Hab,—On bark, Sankey’s Scrub, by J. Shirley; similar 


- toa Victorian form sent by Rey. F. R. M. Wilson. 
P. isidioides, J. Muell. 


M. 


Reported in Vic. Nat. Oct. 1887 as a Queensland plant. 


III.—Coccocarpia, Pers. 


Thallus cinerascent, almost leafy,- monophyllous or sub-mono- 


phyllous, from membranaceous to sub-tremelloid, very tomentose 


beneath, the circumference with a laciniate or lobate division. Apo- 
thecia adnate, without a thalline border (biatorine), red or brown ; 


spores small, simple. 


ie 


plumbea, Lghf. 

Thallus livid plumbescent, or livid cinerascent, sub-monophyl- 
lous or monophyllous-orbicular, adnate, centre rough any 
granular, radiately incised and plicate rugose, longitudinalld 
radiate-plicate, zoned ; hypothallus thick, bluish. Apothecia 
small, red, sometimes aggregated in groups or in dark patches ; 
disk flat ; margins paler entire; spores 8, colourless, ellipsoid, 
-016—-03 x -007—‘011 m.m. Spermagonia towards the 
periphery of the thallus as isolated indistinct tubercles, 
with black or brown apex; sterigmata small, little ramose; 
of cubical cellules ; spermatia straight, developed from the 
articulations. Collected ‘by Mr. F. M. Bailey, habitat 


~ unrecorded. 


Syn.—Pannaria plumbea, Del., Biatora plumbea. 
ty 


52 


2. C. 


Sn. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


smaragdina, Pers. 
Thallus shining, glabrous, of a dull silky green, flat, ap- 


pressed, in few rounded lobes, divided into few similarly | 


rounded lobules, bearing pallid rhizine and fine tomentum 
beneath. . In section the thallus shows little trace of the 


usual central filamentous layer. Apothecia appressed, — 


rufous or brown, at length dark-red, plano-conyex, immar- 
ginate ; thece narrow linear-clavate with spores 1-seriate, 
or ovate with spores 2-seriate ; spores smal], ovate-fusiform, 
apices subacute, *011 x -0035 m.m., almost uniform. From 
New Zealand specimen sent by Dr. Knight to F. M. B. 


. aurantiaca, Mnt. (Ach.) 


Thallus cinereo-glaucescent, orbicular, monophyllous, cir- 
cumference radiate-incised, the divisions contiguous or sub- 
imbricate, smooth or concentrically towards the margins 
rugulose ; beneath pallid and downy, rhizine similarly 
pallid. Apothecia bright red or pallescent, flat or convex, 
medium, immarginate ; spores ellipsoid or fusiform-ellipsoid, 
"009—-012 x -004—-005 m.m. Nyl. Syn. Lich. p, 43. 
Vole day 


Syn.—C. molybdea v. aurantiaca. 


. pellita, Ach. 


Thallus ashy-leaden or ashy-white or glaucous, orbicular, 
sub-monophyllous, freely and deeply cut into radiate incised 
lacinie ; beneath densely clothed with blue-brown hypo- 


thalline rhizine. Apothecia reddish or brownish or brown- , 


black, flat or convex, medium, immarginate ; spores ellipsoid 
or fusiform ellipsoid -(009—-014 x :004—'005 m.m. 
Syn.—C. molybdea y. pellita Ach. : 

Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 48, Vol. II. 


IV.—Dicuonema, Nees. 


Thallus pallid or in parts virescent, thinly membranaceous, 
wide-spread, flat, sub-reniform, lax, composed of radiating filamen- 
tose elements ; these elements are of two kinds, the one fine, hollow, 


here and there septate, the other 3—4 times thicker, scytonemoid, 


is ae i! kell ™ 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.Sc. SS 


t.é., granular gonima (gonimia) transversely placed, cerulescent or 
viridi-cerulescent, closely concatenated, vagina cellular, thickish, 
longitudinally rugose, within between the gonimia finely septulate. 
Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 50, Vol. IT. 


1. D. irpicinum, Vy. 


Thallus 2—6inches, pallid or whitish, semi-orbicular or ai 
reniform, radiately fringe-woven, circumference not at all 
fringe-fimbriated, above virescent, towards the base (or 
centre) broadly cristate-exasperate or occasionally sub- 
irpicine ; beneath almost similar, pallid or in translucent 
parts virescent. Scytonemoid filaments -018—022 m.m. 
Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 51, Vol. II 


Sus-Trise [JJ.—Amphilomei, Ny. 


Sy. 


Thallus soft, monophyllo-lobate, membranaceous, whitish, 
cinerascent or glaucescent, superficially quasi-pulverulent, 
with true gonimia ; destitute of epithallus or cortical stratum, 
exhibiting a lax texture wholiy filamentous-floccose, com- 
posed of fine filamentose elements, implexed and ramose. 
Spores 6—8 in each ascus, uniseptate, shortly fusiform or 
ellipsoideo-oblong. Rey. F. R. M. Wilson in Vic. Nat 
June, 1888. : 
V.—AMPHILOMA. 
Characters those of the sub-tribe given above. 


. gossypinum, Wy. 


Thallus whitish or ashy-glaucescent, orbicular or unequally 
sub-effuso-lobate, lobes imbricate-confluent or contiguous; 
circumference often sparingly white-bearded; apothecia, 
black or brown (width to 1 m.m.), flat, bordered by a white 
thalline margin, within blackish; spores 6—8, shortly 
fusiform, 1-septate, °01—-017 x -¢035—-0045 m.m, ; para- 
physes not at all distinct ; hypothecium black-brown ; hym. 
gel. with iodine wine-red. Thalline filaments ‘0035 m.m. 
thick ; gonidia not at all regular, often oblong. Nyl. Syn. 
Lich. p. 53, Vol. II. 

Sun.—Byssocaulon filamentosum, Nyl.; Parmelia gossypina 
v. filamentosa, Bab. ; P. cineritia, Ach, 

Hab.—Mt, Perry by J, Keys. 


54 THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND 
2. A. glaucescens, Wilson. 


Thallus albo-glaucescent, lobato-divided , 3 inches or more in 
width, unequal, lobes confluent or continuous, thin, circum- 
ference white or whitish and somewhat byssaceo-crenate, 
under surface snowy-white. Elementary filaments of thallus 
without visible articulations, ramose, ‘0037 m.m. thick. 
Gonidia irregular in shape and size, ‘005—-008 m.m. in 
W. diameter. Apothecia small, about 1 m.m. in diameter, waxy, 
pallido-testaceous-rufous, with white inflexed thalline border. 
Spores 8 in ascus, colourless, ellipsoideo-oblong, uniseptate, 
‘Q0O7—01 x ‘003 m.m. Paraphyses thick, indistinct. 
Hypothecium pale-fuscescent. Gel. hym. deep blue with 
iodine. Rev. F. R. M. Wilson, in Vic. Nat., June 1888. 


Hab.—Tambourine Mountain, by J. Shirley. 


Sus-trisE 1V.—Placodei, Vy. 


Thallus flavescent or cinerascent, areolate or granulose or 
scabrous or pruinose, radiate or laciniate-radiate ; apothecia 
with a thalline border (lecanorine), or rarely without one 
(sub-biatorine) ; spores 8, ellipsoid, polari-bilocular or rarely 
l-septate or simple, paraphyses distinct. Spermagonia im- 
mersed, orifice coloured, spermatia shortly cylindrical, 
slender, sterigmata articulate, 


Vi.—Ptacopium, D. C. 


Characters as above. 


1. P. cirrochroum, Ach. f. leprosum., : 
Thallus pale orange-yellow, appressed, thickly covered with 
concolorous papillee of isidioid appearance, divisions indeter- 
minate, radiate, areolate-diffract. Apothecia small (‘9—1:5 
m.m.); disk orange, flat or plano-convex ; margin paler 

K.  thallodal, sorediate; spores polari-biloeular, *007—009 ta 
003—0035 m.m., colourless, with golden polar cells — | 
Paraphyses separating. Hym. gel. with iodine carlescont 


Hab.—Mt. x ie by J. Keys ; Cabbage Tree Creek, 


See ae 
» 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 55 


2. P. murorum, Ker, 
Thallus orbicular, stellate-radiose, yellow or vermilion 
coloured, adnate, sometimes white-pruinose, incised lobate, 
peripheral laciniz narrow, convex, incurved and sub-crenate, 
at the apices, upper surface minutely granulate-scabrous ; 

M. centre of thailus areolate-yerrucose. Apothecia sessile, 
central, crowded, dusky orange, disk flattish, minutely granu- 
late; margin paler, entire, slightly flexuose; spores 8, 
colourless, ellipsoid, polari-bilocular. Leight. Lich. Fl. Gt. 
B. p. 175. | 


3. P. plurilocellare, J. Muell. 
M. Reported from Queensland in the Vic. Nat. Oct, 1887. 


— qu 


ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF FOSSIL BIRDS; 
By C. W. Dz VIS, M,A. 


CHOsSORNIS PRATERITUS, AN EXTINCT MEGAPODE, 


Amone the existing vertebrates of Australia which bear the stamp 
of antiquity impressed on their organisation, the mound-building 
birds vie with the Monotremes in asserting their hold upon the past. 
We should therefore be surprised were we not, sooner or later, to 


- discover in the deposits which contain remains of the Monotremes 


a trace of those remarkable birds Megapodius, Talegallus, 
Leipoa, or of some other near akin to them. Part of a single 
limb-bone is but a trace; at the same time if its characters 
are such as to persuade one to place considerable reliance on any 
decision to which it may lead, it is justifiable to bring forward itg 
evidence for what it may be worth. 


In the present case, the trace consists of the proximal moiety 
of the metacarp of the left manus wanting the lesser limb of that 
compound bone—this limb having been broken off at its confluence 
with the medial limb. In the notes following, this lesser element, 
being on the same side of the bone when the latter is in its natural 


56 ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF FOSSIL BIRDS, 


position as the radius is in the antebrachium, will be termed the 
radial limb, the larger element for the like reason being styled the 


ulnar limb. 


Noting, first, the absence of the bony bridge which, rising from 
the dorso-radial edge of the ulnar limb, spans the interval between 
it and the radial limb, and forms a characteristic feature of the part 
in the perching birds, we observe in the form, extent, and direction 
of the surfaces of articulation with the carpals, a guide to the 
discrimination of this fragment of the bird-skeleton. It may be 
said of the distal moiety of the articulation that it presents in very 
many birds two elevated parallel and continuous ridges with an 
intervening sulcus—the ulnar ridge the shorter ; in perhaps the 
majority of birds, however, this ridge is more or less emarginate 
proximad of its termination. The termination may itself be entirely 
absorbed by the emargination, the ridge then appearing truncate. 
In the Megapodide alone of the Australian birds examined, this 
ridge is continuous, but though distinct, it is feeble, almost linear, 
and trends obliquely towards the radial ridge. The root of the 
radial limb, which in most birds is broad and depressed, in the 
Megapodide is narrow and convex—between it and the ulnar is a 
groove running from the furcation of the two limbs proximad to the 
ulnar edge of the articular sulcus. Such are the features which— 
being present in the fossil, and occurring likewise in the Megapodida, 
and simultaneously in none other within the writer’s scope of 
observation—lead him to refer this bone to the mound-building 


family. 


It remains to ascertain the genus. In this regard mere 


superiority of size cannot be taken into account—antiquity even to 
the extent of a geological period can only be allowed a casting vote. 
But apart from these, the bone bears evidence adverse to its identi- 
fication with either of the existing genera Talegallus and Mega- 
podius—it combines characters of both with features peculiar to 
itself ; with the bone in Leipoa the writer has no present oppor- 
tunity of comparing it, his proposal of a new generic term for it is 


therefore amenable to a contingency which renders it little ae 


than provisional. 


BY C. W. DE VI8, M.A. 57 


The affinities of the extinct bird with Megapodius are seen in 
the development of a sharp process from the dorso-radial side of the 
radial limb near the root, in the sudden distention of its radial ridge 
indicative of a cuneiform of large size and in the regularly cordate 
form, and distinct sculpture of the articulation with the index digit, 


Its equal, or more than equal, affinity with Talegallus is observed 
in the greater relative breadth of its articulating surface, and in the 
uniformity of the oblique portion of the ulnar ridge in conjunction 
with regular convexity of the surface on either side of it. 


Its peculiar features are unusually deep impressions on either 
side of the radial ridge made by the pressure upon it of the cornua of 
the cuneiform and the greater relative size of the index-metacarpal 
process. 


Dimensions— Fossil. Megapodius, 
m.m. m.m. 
Greatest breadth of proximalend... 27 12 
», thickness ... ss i iD 7 


BIZIURA EXHUMATA, A FOSSIL SPECIES OF MUSK DUCK. 


Among those of Australian ducks the metatarse of Biziura 
lobata is conspicuous for its massive proportions, squat and dis- 
torted shape and general appearanee of uncouth strength. It may 
be added, in passing, that in its conformation it stands alone, and 
affords no sign from which a solution of the ornithological puzzle 
presented by the bird itself can be discovered—in other words, it 
gives us no aid in tracing the affinities of this curious duck, 


Obviously the recognition of such a bone in the fossil state is 
easy, and an elaborate description of it unnecessary since the general 
agreement between it and its living correspondent will be appre- 
hended more readily from figures than from verbal details. 


The fossil is the left metatarse. The trochlea for the fourth 
toe is missing from the distal, the calcaneal process from the 
proximal end—the outer plate of bone at both ends is abraded here 
and there as though it had been nibbled by a mouse. 


58 ON FILARIZ OF BIRDS, 


Specific characters are distinct—the shaft is much more 
depressed than in the recent species—towards the distal expansion. 


oe 5 


it is also twisted more strongly inwards, the inward direction of the — 


median trochlea being more distinctly marked. This trochlea is 
moreover considerably narrower—the inner anconal edge of the 
shaft is not rounded off, but like the outer, forms a continuous linear 
ridge. The intertrochlear foramen is preceded by a very short 
portion of the groove-like depression of the shaft on its anconal 
aspect which in B. lobata is co-extensive with it. In the recent 
species there is on the side of the shaft immediately below the outer 
articular cavity an excavation of some size—of this pit no trace 
appears in the fossil. 


The fossil is approximately two-thirds of the size of the 
metatarse of a male B. lobata. We do not, however, derive from 
this any precise idea of the relative size of the bird, since the sexes 
differ so widely in dimensions—if from a male it would represent a 


smaller, if from a female a larger species. 


Locality—Chinchilla, Darling Downs. 


Our attention is, by this fossil, once more called to the fact 
that the ‘ anomalies’ among Australian vertebrates are but the more 
persistent portions of its archaic faunas. 


ON FILARLZ OF BIRDS; 


By THOS. L. BANCROFT, M.B. 


Tuis investigation was undertaken with the hope that any 
knowledge gained therefrom might be of service in elucidating 
some of the problems of the life-history of Filariz., 


The Crow of Europe harbours a blood-parasite called Filaria 
attenuata, It was, therefore, of interest to ascertain if the crows of 


Austre'ia harboured this or any similar parasite. It was easily and 
soon ascertained, for the blood of the first crow examined abounded © 


4 


2 
# 


» + 
fae" 


~ 


¢3 


BY T. L. BANCROFT, M.D. 59 


_ with embryo-filaria. To account for the propagation of the filaria 

___ of the crow was hopeless owing to the omnivorous diet of that bird ; 
so a study of other birds was made, which led to the discovery of 
hzematozoa in fourteen species, among which is the Blue-Mountain 
Parrot, an exclusively honey-eater. 


This find of filaria in a parrot is fortunate for it has reduced 
the difficulties regarding the propagation of filariw, of birds at any 
rate, to a minimum. > 


The Blue-Mountain Parrot harbours, as most birds do, a blood- 
sucking louse. 3 


Helminthologists state that the life-cycle of a. filaria requires 
two hosts. ; 


The mosquito has been almost proved by Manson to be an 
intermediary host of Filaria hominis, and an Entomostracon 
*« Cyclops” has apparently been shewn to transmit the Guinea-worm. 


I believe I am justified in assuming the following :— 


Ist. The lice °f birds are the intermediary hosts in the life- 
history of filariz of birds. 


~ Qnd. Birds infect themselves by picking lice from an infected 
bird and afterwards re-infect themselves by picking their own lice ; 
this would account for the immense numbers of hzematozoa in some 


birds. 
Of birds harbouring hematozoa, one-half are found infected. 


As one would expect the older the individual and therefore 
the longer exposed to infection, the more is it likely to contain 
hematozoa. I killed a butcher-bird and its young one full feathered, 
the old bird’s blood contained filaria, whilst the yowng one’s did 
_ not. There are exceptions to this rule for occasionally very young 
E birds are found infected, whilst old ones are free from hamatozoa. 
7 With regard to the adult or parent worms, I had great difficulty 
in finding these and have succeeded in discovering only six speci- 
mens, viz., four mature females in butcher-birds (two in the peri- 


60 ON FILARIE® OF BIRDS, 


in the pericardium of a honey-eater called Annelobia lunulata, and 


one in the heart of a Soldier-bird, Myzantha garrula, these latte? 


are males. 


The measurements are as follows in fractions of an inch :— 
Butcher-bird—4 females, nine-tenths by one-seventy-fifth. 


Annelobia lunulata—1 male, half-an-inch by one one-hundred- 
and-twentieth. 


Soldier-bird—1 male, three-fifths by one one-hundred-and- 
fiftieth. 


I am unable to find a description of Filaria attenuata, so can- 
not compare my specimens with that worm, but am inclined to 
think that there are many different species of filaria in birds. 


During manipulation mature female worms are very prone to 
uterine hernia. The uterus is entirely filled up with moving 
embryos in every stage of development. 


In examining birds for embryo-filaria, it is best to cut out the 
heart and press it gently against a slide so as to leave thereon a 
little blood, put on a cover-glas3 and examine with a magnification 
of about one hundred diameters. 


_ The blood in the heart contains worms often when they are not 
to be found elsewhere. 


Immediately after the bird is shot is the proper time to 
examine the blood, and then it is often possible to see ten or even 
twenty worms in the field at once ; if the bird is left for six or more 
hours it is difficult to find them, and after thirty hours impossible. 
The worms soon die and are then quickly dissolved. Micrometer 
measurements of the embryos from different birds shewed them to 
be from 1/200” to 1/80” in length, and from 1/5000” to 1/4000” 
in breadth ; one would imagine that they were the same species 
in all birds, but it would be unwise to draw conclusions from the 
similarity of form of immature worms and an examination of the 
three different mature worms, I found, shew distinct specific differ- 


ences. Whilst searching for the adult filarie I obtained quite a 


number ofsother entozoa, consisting of various immature forms of 


L 


) 


_ —” 


—— 


aS ee 


BY T. L. BANCROFT, M.D. 61 


cestoda in the muscles and in the peritoneal cavity, mature tape 
worms, many species of lumbricus and some flukes of the gall- 
bladder, a rare field of research for a student of helminthology! 

The following is the list of birds which harbour hzematozoa, 
with the number of each examined and the number that contained 
filariz. 


= N 
Name. Fesieac ami ced 
hzematozoa. 

Eurystomus pacificus—Roller-bird ... 9 9 
Strepera graculina = I 1 
Gymunorrhina tibicen—Magpie + 3 
Cracticus torquatus—Butcher-bird 23 12 
Chibia bracteata = aS = 7 1 
Myiagra plumbea__.... oat wie aa : 2 
Sericulus melinus—Regent-bird ... et 10 3 
Mimetavirds .  .. ... ~ Pay 5 2 
Corvus australis—Crow oh — 2 : 
Pomatostomus temporalis ges eat lt 5 
Myzantha garrula—Soldier-bird  ... as 16 15 
Entomyza cyanotis—Blue-faced honey-eat 10 4 
Annelobia lunulata = = + 3 
Trichoglossus novz-hollandiz—Blue-Moun-) 

tain Parrot és “Ee a rx 6 3 


! 
: 


In conclusion I have to thank Mr. Henry Tryon for his kind- 
ness in assisting me with a few birds and for the scientific names of 
the above-mentioned birds. : 

Brisbane, 
January 28th. 1889. 


Since the above was written I have examined a large number 
of birds, whose blood harboured embryo-filaria, for the adult worms 
and have succeeded in finding them in three specimens. Twenty- 
seven worms in the peritoneal cavity of a crow (fifteen females and 
twelve males), seven females and five males in the peritoneal cavity 
of a butcher-bird, and one male ina soldier-bird, this also was situ- 
ated in the peritoneal cavity. 


- s. a re 
2 


62 ANATOMICAL XOTES ON THE HELICID, 
The measurements are as follows :— 


Crow—Females, eight-tenths to an-inch in length by halter = 
fifth in breadth. 
» Males, four-tenths by one one-hundred-and-fiftieth. 
Butcher-bird—Females,, seven-tenths by one-seventy-fifth, 
1, Males, three-tenths by one one-hundred-and-fiftieth. 
Soldier-bird—Male, three-tenths by one one-hundred-and-eightieth. 


Podargus strigoides harbours hematozoa, two were examined 
and the blood of both abounded with embryo-filaria. 


In the areolar tissue beneath the skin and under the fascia of 
muscles of some soldier-birds and the two specimens of Podargus 
examined, there were peculiar encysted nematoid worms much 
resembling Trichina spiralis but larger. If the adult filarie of 
birds are placed in water, spirit of wine or chloroform, they at once 


rupture themselves, but, if put into Muller’s fluid they die without 


rupturing. 


March 10th, 1889. 


ANATOMICAL NOTES ON THE HELICIDA; 
By C. HEDLEY. 


Tuersires richmondiana P. /r.—The jaw of this species is strongly 
arcuate ; ends slightly attenuated, blunt ; crossed by about 11 flat 
ribs, broader than their interstices, denticulating the anterior but 
not the posterior margin; the centre rib not projecting as a 


denticule but abutting on a sinus. In some specimens the ribs . 
exhibit a tendency to divide into smaller riblets, The jaw, if 


extracted from the animal, contracts at once into a horse-shoe 
shape. 

Of the radula, the rachidian tooth consists of a broad ovate 
single cusp, which sometimes does, and sometimes does not, project 
over the posterior edge of the basal plate. This type is repeated in 
the first dozen laterals, after which the point of the cusp becomes 


rounded, and denticules appear which gradually increase till an . 


irregular trifid cusp is offered by the extreme marginals. 


ae 


BY C. HEDLEY. 63 


The genital orifice is situated as usual at the base of the right 
tentacle. The penis sac is remarkable for expanding immediately 
above the common genital chamber into a semiglobose ribbed 


“dilatation, also for continuing beyond the insertion of the vas 


deferens into a flagellum 15 m.m. in length. The oviduct com- 
mences near the centre of the spindle-shaped vagina ; the latter 
gradually tapering to the commencement of the duct which leads to 
the genital bladder. This lengthy canal appears shorter from being 
invaginated within itself, like a half-expanded tentacle, and termin- 
ates in a boot-shaped genital bladder. My specimens being 
imperfect, I was unable to examine the testicle. 


Through the kindness of Mr. Wild ir furnishing me with 
specimens, I am enabled to make the following observations on 
Pedinogyra cunninghami, Gray.—The jaw is without ribs, smooth, 
arcuated, faintly striated, transversely and longitudinally ; ends 
rounded. The rachidian tooth of the lingual ribbon is a small 
blunt lanceolate cusp. A single rounded cusp which hardly overlaps 
its basal plate is presented by the laterals. The marginal type 


commences about the 22nd tooth, and possesses an ovate inclined 


cusp on a square basal plate. 

The testicle, consisting of numerous fasciculi, is imbedded in 
the extremity of the liver. A small oval genital bladder communi- 
cates by a long slender duct with the vagina; opposite to its 
entrance branches off a similar duct, which appears to correspond 
with the multifid vesicle of some Helicide. The whole genital 
system is at this point firmly bound by muscles to the wall of the 
visceral cavity. The vas deferens attains an unusual size before 
joining the penis sac, which is without a flagellum, 2 

In the accompanying sketches, the various parts are indicated 


by the following lettering :— 


t, testicle. at c.o, common orifice. 
ep. epidymis. - w® vagina. 
a.g. accessory gland. d.g.b. duct of genital bladder. 
pr. prostate. . g-b. genital bladder. 
v.d. vas deferens. ~ v.p. vaginal prostate. 
r. retractor muscle. § ~—— ow: oviduct. 
p.s. penis sac. 0. Ovary. 


64 FIELD NATURALISTS EXCURSION, 


FIELD NATURALISTS’ EXCURSION. 


By J. H. SIMMONDS, Joint Sxc. 


NovemBer 24th, 1888. 


Tue fortnightly excursion was made on this date to a small scrub 
near the Powder Magazine at Eagle Farm. ‘There were 7 present 
including visitors. The drought still continues to render our col- 
jections far more meagre than they would otherwise be. Our 
leader, F. M. Bailey, Esq., has kindly sig the following list of — 
the plants noticed i in flower or fruit. 


Ranunculus lappaceus, Sm., common buttercup ; in flower. 

Capparis nobilis, #. ». M@. This tree was showing a profusion of 
buds, but no expanded flowers were met with, The fruit is 
edible. 2 

Capparis sarmentosa A. Cunn; in young fruit. When fully ripe g 
palatable fruit. of 

Vitis nitens, /, v. M., in young fruit. This vine bears a fair. 
sized, juicy, acid berry. . 

Vitis acris, F’. v. M. ; in flower. 

Lonchocarpus Blackii, Benth ; in flower. The blood-red sap from 
the bark furnishes a dye, 

Derris scandens, Benth. ; in flower. 

Melothna Cunninghamii, 7’. v. .¥. ; in flower. 

_ Opuntia vulgaris, Mill ; in flower and fruit. The richly coloure, 
fruit was eaten by some of the party and pronounced good. 

Pavetta indica, Zinn.; in flower, The root of this small tree in 
India has some reputation as a bitter aperient, but is not al 
article of commerce. 

Morinda jasminoides, A. in flower.Cunn; 

Ocelospermum paniculatum, Ff. v. M. ; in flower. 

Plumbago zeylanica, Zinn. ; in flower. 

jasminum simplicifolium, Forst ; in flower. The flowers are very 
fragrant, and were it not indigenous we might find it in our 
gardens. By ek Sr. 


BY J. H. SYMONDS. 65 


Lyonsia reticulata, F. v. M.; in flower and fruit. 

Secamone elliptica, R. Br. ; in flower. 

Ipomea palmata, Forskl.; in flower. Brisbane River “ morning 
glory.” 

Tecoma australis, 2. Br. ; in fruit. 

Nyssanthes diffusa, R. Br. ; flower. 

Mallotus philippinensis, Muell Arg.; in fruit. The kamela of 
commerce i3 obtained from the fruit of this tree. 

Cudrania javanensis, Frécul ; in early fruit. The wood furnishes 
a yellow dye. 

Spiranthes australis, Z:ndley ; in flower. 

Flagellaria indica, Zinn; in flower. This is the cane used by 
the natives in tree climbing. 

Geitonoplesium cymosum, 4. Cunn, 

Hemarthria compressa, 2. Br. This is a wiry grass found on wet 
land and greedily eaten by stock. Besides the above some 
few specimen were obtained of ferns, mosses, and fungi, 
but only of kinds commonly met with. A close search 
was made for an orchid Sarcochilus Hillii, F. v. M., which 
a few years ago was abundant on the stems of the trees in 
this locality, but no plants of this lovely little species were 
seen. 

The following lichens were determined by Mr. Shirley :— 
Cladonia macilenta v. seductrix. 
Lecanora Babbingtonii. 
* subfusca. 
Verrucaria (albissima)? | 


EXCURSION OF FIELD NATURALISTS’ SECTION 
TO BROOKFIELD. 


= 


DecEMBER 10TH, 1888. 
Tue locality visited was near the head of Moggill Oreek and about 
two miles south of the Gold Creek reservoir, A spur from 
_ D’Aguilar’s Range running east separates Gold Creek from 


66 FIELD NATURALISTS’ EXCURSION, ~). (2 Usha 


Moggill Creek. Taylor's Range is a parallel spur from the Main 
(D’Aguilar’s) Range, and forms the watershed between the two 


reservoirs, Gold Creek and Enoggera. Our camp was made on ~ 


Moggill Creek in the loop between the former spur and the Main 
Range, which trends south-east. We are indebted to Mr. F. M. 
Bailey for the following list, with notes, of plants found in flower 
and fruit :— 

Sarcopetalum Harveyanum, F. ». M. ; in fruit. 

Malva verticillata, Zinn., an European weed. 

Hibiscus heterophy!lus, Vent.; in flower. 


Sterculia discolor, /’. v. A7., sycamore of N.S. W., a kurrajong; in 


flower. 

S. quadrifida, R. B,; in flower and fruit. The seeds of agreeable 
flavour resembling filberts. 

Zieria Smithii, Andr. ; in flower. From the foliage of this shrub 
the late K. T. Staiger obtained a very heavy essential oil, 
which was exhibited at one of the European exhibitions, 
since which there has been many inquiries for it, but none 
has since been distilled. 

Zanthoxylum brachyacanthum, F’. v. M., satin wood ; in flower. 

Citrus australis, Planch, Queensland orange ; in flower and fruit, 

Ailanthus imberbiflora, I’. v. M., tree of heaven; in flower and 
fruit. This tree is more frequently met with within the 
tropics. | 

Melia composita, Willd, white cedar ; in fruit. 

Siphonodon australe, Benth., ivory wood ; in fruit, 

Vitis opaca, I’. v. M. ; in flower and fruit. 

Ratonia distylis, /. ». M. ; in fruit. 

Dodonea attenvata, A. Cuxn ;. in flower. 

Rhus rhodanthema, F. v. M., deep yellow wood ; in fruit. 

Euroschinus faleatus, Hook ; in fruit. 

Sophora Fraseri, Benth, ; in fruit. 


Castonospermum australe, A. Cunn, Moreton Bay chestnut or 


bean tree ; in flower. 
Mezoneurum brachycarpum, Benth ; in flower. 
Cassia australis, Sims, Queensland senna ; in flower. 


BY J. H. SIMMONDS, JOINT SEC, 67 


C. ,, australis, var. revoluta; in fruit. A form met with in the 
interior, and now perhaps found for the first time on the 
coast land of Queensland. 

Acacia decurrens, W7lld, green wattle ; in flower. Produces yalu- 
able bark for tanning purposes. 

Beckea virgata, Andr. ; in flower. 

Callistemon lanceolatus, D. C., marum or red bottle-brush ; in 
flower. 

Angophora lanceolata, Cav., rusty gum; in flower. One of the 
most valuable of our forest trees for bees. 

Eucalyptus siderophloia, Benth ; ironbark ; in flower. 

E. »  melanophloia, F.v. M.,silverleaved ironbark ; in flower. 

Tristania suaveolens, Sm., swamp mahogany ; in flower. 

T. ,,  conferta, R. Br., Brisbane box ; in flower. 

T. ,, Jaurina, R. Br. ; in flower. 

Backhousia myrtifolia, H, and Harv. ; in flower. 

Eugenia Smithii, Pozr, lilly pilly ; in flower. 

KE. ,, myrtifolia, Sims, scrub cherry ; in flower. Fruit used for 
jam and wine. 

Passiflora alba, Link and Otto, a naturalised plant very abundant ; 
flower. 

Eryngium expansum, /. v. M. ; in flower. : 

Astrotriche floccosa, D. C. ; in flower. 

Marlea vitiensis var. tomentosa, musk-wood ; in fruit. 

Sambucus xanthocarpa F. v. M., yellow-fruited elder ; in flower. 

Randia chartacea, F. v. JZ. ; in flower. 

Morinda jasminoides, A. Cunn ; in flower. 

Psychotria daphnoides, A. Cunn ; in flower. 

Helipterum polyphyllum, #. 7. M. 

Galium australe, D. CU. ; in flower. 

Helichrysum Bidwillii, Benth ; in flower. 

Saussurea carthamoides, Benth ; in flower. 

Centaurea melitensis, Linn. ; in flower. 

Anagallis arvensis, Linn, pimpernel ; in flower; an introduced 


weed. 
Sideroxylon australe, 2. Br., serub erab or black apple ; in flower. 
hw myrsinoides, A, Cunn. 


E 


638 FIELD NATURALISTS EXCURSION, 


Alstonia constricta. /. v. AM, var. mollis, fever bark or quinine 
tree ; in flower; bark said to be used as a substitute for 
hops in brewing beer. 

Tabernzemontana orientalis var. augustifolia ; in flower. The bitter- 
bark of N.S.W. 

Lyonsia reticulata, F. v. MW. ; in flower. 

Erythrea australis, R. Br., Australian centaury ; in flower. Dr. 
Wim. Woolls recommends a decoction of this plant in cases 
of dysentery. 

Ehretia acuminata, A, Br. ; in flower. 

Solanum stelligerum, Sm, ; in flower. 

S.,, nigrum, Zinn., var humile ; in flower and fruit. 

Duboisia myoporoides, Rk. Br., cork wood of N.S.W. ; in flower. 
This furnishes the mydriatic drug “ duboisine 7 

Artanema fimbriatum, Don, ; in flower. 

Tecoma jasminoides, Lindley ; in flower. 

Salvia plebeia, R. Br.. wild sage ; in flower. 

Deeringia altissima, JF’. ». JZ, ; in flower and fruit. 

Chenopodium carinatum, 2. Br. 

Phytolacca octandra, Zinn., ink-berry plant ; in flower. 

Cryptocarya australis, Benth ; in flower. 

Viscum angulatum, Heyne., angular-branched mistletoe ; in flower. 

Cleistanthus Cunninghami, JZuell. Arg. 

Croton phebalioides, var. hispida, hairy cascari!la ; in flower. 

Alchornea ilicifolia, Muwell. Arg., Queensland holly ; in flower 
(male and female) 

Mallotus claoxyloides, AMwell. Arg. ; in flower (male and female) 

Excecaria Dallachyana, Baill., scrub poison tree ; in flower (male). 

Laportea photiniphylla, Wedd., shiny-leaved stinging tree ; in fruit. 

Araucaria Cunninghamii, Azt., white or hoop-pine ; in flower (male 
and female) 

Macrozamia spiralis, Adzq. ; in flower. 

Be hg Miquelii, 7. v. AZ. ; in flower. 

Bulbophyllum aurantiacum, J. v. VW. 

Dipodium punctatum, &. Br. ; in flower. 

Eurycles Cunninghamii, Azt.; in flower. 

Dianella ceerulea, Sims, blue berry ; in flower. 


- - 4 , 


———-_.  @~- — i --.” i™” 
‘ 


BY J. H. SIMMONDS, JOINT SEC. 69 


Geitonoplesium cymosum, 4. Cun. ; in flower. 

Cordyline terminalis, Awnth., lily palm ; in flower. 

Pollia macrophylla, Benth., in flower. 

Xanthorrhea arborea, R. Br., grass-tree ; in flower. 

Colocasia macrorrhiza, Schott., cunjevoi ; in flower. 

Gymnostachys anceps, /?. Br. ; in flower. 

Pothos Laureiri, H. § Arn. ; in flower. 

Potamogeton crispus, Zin. ; in flower. 

Carex paniculata, Zinn. ; in flower. 

Poa cespitosa, Forst.; in flower. 

Trichomanes vitiensis, Baker. This small moss-like fern was very 
thick on some of the trees. 

Pteris geranifolia, Raddz. 

Aspidium aristatun, Swartz. Fine specimens were obtained of this 
fern. 

Polypodium tenellum, Yors. Some fine specimens were gathered 


of this pretty fern, 


Through the late rainy weather the mosses and allied plants 
were temptingly bright, and some good specimens of the few follow- 
ing common kinds were obtained :—Pterobryum australianum, 
Mitt. Pterobryum sulcatum, Hoek. Dicranum dicarpum, Hornsch. 
Garovaglia cuspidata, Mctt. Astrotrichum vagum, Hornsch. Mete- 
orium amblyacis, C.M. Rhizogonium spiniforme, Bruch. Leu- 
cobryum Baileyanum, -C..M@. Metzgeria hamata, Zend. Radula 
acutiloba, Steph.. Lepidozia capillaris, Ziénd. and Frullania 
squarrosa, Nees, 


A few fine specimens of the following fungi were also 
obtained :—Lentinus Lecomtei, Yries. Lenzites faventinus, Cald. 
Polystictus sanguineus, Fries. Dedalea scalaris, Berk et Br., a 


rare species. 


The following lichens were determined by Mr. Shirley :— 
Leptogium tremelloides, Z, 
a phyllocarpum, Ny/, 
Usnea ceratina, Scher. 
Alectoria australiensis, C.., the vegetable horse-hair, 
-y, atro-fusca, Shirley. 


9 ” 


70 A LIST OF QUEENSLAND ROTIFERA, 


Sticta retigera, Ach., one of the lung-worts. 
Parmelia conspersa, Hhrenb. 

wi revoluta, /Vk. 
Pannaria flexuosa, C.K. 
Lecanora Babbingtonii, A/ass. 

7. subfusca, L. 
Ccenogonium interplexum, Ny. 
Lecidea vulpina, T'uck. 

»  Domingensis, Pers, 
Typethelium pallidum, C.K. 
Strigula complanata, Wee. 


A LIST OF QUEENSLAND ROTIFERA ; 
By 
SURGEON V. GUNSON THORPE, R.N,, MB.C.S., ENG., Etc. 


Tue following thirty-two species of Rotifera were found during the 
cruises of H M.S. * Paluma,” on the Queensland coast in 1887-8, 
and aiterwards were identified. Several other species, however, are 
unidentified, and some of these are known to be new. A des- 
cription of the latter I hope to publish at some future date, 
Orper I.—Ruizora, 
Famity I,—-FLoscuLariap”®,. 
Genus FLoscuLaria. 
1. F. coronetta, Cubitt, 
C. T. Hudson v. P, H. Gosse, “ The Rotifera, 1886. Vol. I., p. 
49, Pl.i., Fig. 5. 
Ponds in Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 
Faminy Il.—Menicertapa. 
Genus MELIcErtTa. ~ 
\ 
1. M. ringens, Schrank. 
Op. Cit, Vol. J» p. 70, Pl. v, Fig. 2. 


Ponds in Acclimatisation\ Gardens, Brisbane. 


BY SURGEON V. GUNSON THORPE, R.N., ETC. 71 


2. M. conifera, 
Op..Cit., Vol Aeop: 72, Pl. v., Fig. 2. 
Pond on Captain Heath’s estate, Norman Creek, Brisbane ; 
and fresh-water pool, mainland, Gloucester Passage, near Bowen. 


GENvus LIMNIAS. 


1. LZ. ceratophylli, Schrank. 
Op. Cit., Vola a. 420, > Pl. vi.,.. Fig, 1. 
Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 
2, LZ. annulatus, Bailey. 
Op. Cit., Vol. L., p. 77, Pl. vi. Fig. 2. 
Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 
Genus TROCHOSPHERA. 
1. P. equatorialis, Sémper. 
Gp. Cit. Vol eae 06, FF). p., ieee. 


Fern Island Pond, Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, amongst large 
numbers of Volvox globator. Only hitherto found in ditches in 
the rice-fields of Zamboanga, in the Philippine [lands (Prof. 


Semper) I have also had the good fortune to discover the male, 
hitherto unknown. 


OrpER II.—BpEcLLOIDA. 


Famity I1].—PnHinopinap#. 


GENUS PHILODIV¥A. 
1. P. citrina, Ehrenberg. 
Op. Cit., Vol. L, p. 100, Pl. ix, Fig. 6. 
Fern Island pond, Botanical Gardens, Brisbane. 
GENUS RortIFEr. 
1. R. vulgaris, Schrank. 
Op. Cit., Vol. L., p. 104, Pl. x, Fig. 2. 


Fresh water gullies on Whitsunday Island, and other islands 
off the coast. 


~l 
bo 


A LIST OF QUEENSLAND ROTIFERA, 


2. R. tardus, Ehrenberg. 
Op. Cit, Vole, p. T05y PL*x, Sie 


Ponds in Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 


Genus ACTINURUS. 
1. A. neptunius, Ehrenberg. 
Op. Cit., Vol. I., p. 108, Pl. x, Fig 6. 


Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 


OrDER IIT.—PLorma. 


Famity VI.—ASpPLANCHNAD®. 


GENUS ASPLANCHNA. 
1, A. Brightwellii, Gosse. 
Op. Git, “VOEeL, p. 123, Pl aii. Bigs 


Fern Island pond, Botanical Gardens, Brisbane. 
Famity VIIT—TRIARTHRADS. 


Grexus POLYARTHRA 
1, P. platyptera, Ehrenierg. 
Op. Cit., Vol. IL, p. 3, Pl. xin, Fig. 5. 
Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 
Genus TRIARTHRA. 
1. T. longiseta, Ehrenberg. 
Op. Cit., Vol. IIL, p. 6. Pl. xiii, Fig. 6. 
Ponds of Acclimatisation Grounds, and Fern Island pond, 


Botanical Gardens, Brisbane. Examples from the latter loca'ity 


are infested with a species of Micrococcus, 


Famitry IX.—HyparinsapD2. 


Genus Noroprs. 
1. N. clavulatus, Ehrenberg. | 
Op. Cit. Vol. 1L,.p. 12, Plata 
Fern Island pond, Botanic Gardens, and ponds of Acclimati- 


sation Gar lens, Brisbane. 


BY SURGEON V. GUNSON THORPE, R.N., ETC. 73 


Genus Coreus. 
1. C. pachyurus, Gosse. 
Op Cit, Volaeep- dl, Pl. xvi, Fig, 4. 


Fresh-water pool, Mainland, Gloucester Passage. 


Genus Fourcuvaria. 
1, F. longiseta, Ehrenberg. 
Op. Cit., Vol. II., p. 46, Pl. xviii, Fig. 16. 


Fresh-water pool, Mainlind, Gloucester Passage. 


Genus DiIgLena. 
I. D. biraphis, Gosse. 
Op. Cit... VATE, p. 53, Pl. xix., Figs. 3. 


Ponds in Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 


Famity [X.—Rarrtrunip-£. 


Genus MasTIGOCERCA. 
1. AL, stylata, Gosse. 
Op. Cit., Vol. IL, p. 64, Pl. xx., Fig. 6. 
Fresh-water pools, near Dallachy Creek, north of Cardwell. 


Genus Ce.opvs. 
1. C. tenutor, Gosse. 
Op. Crt., Vol. IL., p 68, Pl. xx. Fig. 19. 


Ponds in Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 


Famity XII.—Dr1nocnarip#. 
GENus ScaRIpIUM. 
1. S. longcaudum, Ehrenberg. 
Op. Cit., Vol II, p. 73, Pl. xxi, Fig. 5. 
Ponds in Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 
2. S. eudactylotum, Gosse. 
Op. Cit., Vol. II., p. 74, Pl. xxi. Fig. 4. 


Fresh water pools near Dallachy Creek, north of Cardwell. 


74 A LIST OF QUEENSLAND ROTIFERA, 


Famity XIII.—Sacpinap#. 
GENus DIPLots. 
1. D. (Daviesie), Gosse. 
Op. Cit.; Vali AL, p. 87, Pl. xxiv, Figc3, 


Ponds in Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 


Famity XIV.—EvucuHanipa, 
Genus Eucnanis. 
I, F. triquetra, Whrenberg, var: HE. unisetu, Leydig. 
Op, Cit., Voli, p. 91,2) xx, Fire 
Ponds in Acclimatisation Gardens, and Fern Island pond. 
This rotifer agrees in every respect with the description and 


figure of E. uniseta, except in the possession of a pair of sete, 
instead of the one long seta, on the foot. 


Famity XV.—CaAaTHYPNADA, 
GENUS CATHYPNA 
1. C. luna, Ehrenberg. 
Op. Cit., Vol. IL:, p. 94, Pl xxiv, Fig. 4. 


Ponds in Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 


Genus Monosty.a. 
2. M, lunaris, Ehrenberg. 
Op. Cit., Vol, IL., p. 98. Pl. xxv, Fig. 2. 
Ponds in Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 


Famity XVI.—-CoLurip&. 
GeENus COLURUS. 
1. C. amblytelus, Ehrenberg. 
Op. Cit., Vol. II, p. 104, Pl. xxvi. Fig. 5. 
Ponds in Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 
1. M, Solidus, Gosse 
Op. Cit., Vol. II, Pl. xxv, p. 106, Fig. 11. 
Ponds in Acclimatisation Ga dens, and Fern Island pond, 


Botanical Gardens, Brisbane 


= 
BY SURGEON V. GUNSON THORPE, R.N., F.C. ras) 


FamILy X VII.—PTERODINAD2. 


GeENus Preropina. 
1. P. patina, Ehrenterg. 
Op. Cit., Vol. IL., p. 112, Pl. xxvi, Fig. 11. 


Ponds in Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 


Famity X VIIJ.—BRaAcHIONID&. 


Genus BrRACHIONUS. 
1. B. Bakeri, Ehrenberg, var. long:spine, Thorpe. 
Op. Cit., Vol. II, p. 120, Pl. xxvii, Fig. 8. 

Ponds in Acclimatisation Gardens, Brisbane. 

The lorica of this rotifer resembles that figured in Hudson 
and Gosse’s monograph (/.c.), in respect to the number and the posi- 
tion of its spines, but differs in that all the spines are much 
longer. 

2. B. militaris. 

Acclimatisation Gardens, and a pond on Captain Heath’s 
estate, Norman Creek, Brisbane. 

This rotifer, I believe, is not a British species. 


Famity XIX —AnNuRzaD&, 
GENUS ANUR#EA. 
1. A. aculeata, Ehrenterg. 
Op. Cit., Vol. IL, p. 123, Pl. xxix, Fig 4. 
Fountain, Botanical Gardens, Brisbane. 
The single specimen found appears to be a variety with the 
posterior spines unequal. 


OrpDER IV.—ScirTopopDaA. 


Famity XX.—PEpDALIONID®. 
GENUS PEDALION. 


I, P. mirum. 
Op. Cit., Vol. IT, p. 132, I'l. xxx, Fig. 1. 
Extreme north point of Dunk Island, near Kennedy Bay 
{to be known in future as “ Pedalion Point”), in a fresh water 
pool on a rocky coast, about ten feet above high water mark 


76 BRYOLOGICAL NOTES. 


BRYOLOGICAL NOTES; 
BY C. J. WILD, 


iP 


Many descriptions of Queensland mosses occur in publications 
difficult of access ; I intend, therefore, from time to time, to trans: 
late where necessary and bring before the Society, such of these 
descriptions as come to hand. On the present occasion I restrict my 
attention to three, characterised by V. F. Brotherus in Botanisches 
Centralblatt, No. 42, viz., Splachnobryum Baileyi, sp. noe., Meteo- 
rium (Papillaria) Baileyi. sp. nov., and Isopserygium robustum 


sp. nov. They were originally reported (but without descriptions) — 


as occurring in Queensland, wd, 2nd Sup. Synopsis Queensland 
Flora. 


Splachnobryum Baileyt, Brotherus.—Dicecious ; loosely tufted, 
tufts somewhat extensive, bright green, reddish brown below, 
sparingly radiculose; stem 6 mm. high, erect, thick, stiff, 
red, simple, leafy from base; leaves firm, chlorophyllose, 
lower remote, upper somewhat denser, erecto-patent, when dry 
laxly adpressed and somewhat flexuose, concave, 0:-9—1'l m.m. 
long, lower ligulate-oblong, shorter, margin plane, the others 
oblong, with both margins or on one side strongly revolute, apex 
only plane, apex in all rotund, the prominent cells. causing it to 
appear minutely crenulate ; nerve somewhat thick extending almost 
to the apex, areolation pellucid, very lax, smooth, cells large, basal 
elongate, gradually shorter towards apex, perichetial very similar to 
stem leaves, vaginula narrower above, 0°7 m.m. high, green, apex 


fuscous ; pisillida few without paraphyses ; seta 5 m.m. high, erect, 


smooth, apex pale, smooth, when dry strongly twisted to the right ; 
capsule sub-cylindric, not constricted above, base unsymmetrical and 
attenuate, erect, smooth, and rather shining when dry, pale, mouth 
reddish, 1°3 m.m. long, 0°4 m.m. thick ; annulus none; peristome 
very short, teeth in pairs, reddish, strongly papillose, very narrow, 
base broader, acute, exceeding the orifice by 0°24 m.m. spores 0-021 


72 


i aay, 


BY C. J. WILD. a7 


—0:027 m.m., smooth ; operculum shortly conical obtuse, 0°3 m.m., 
high ; calyptra very narrow, glabrous, falling away early ; male 


plant unknown. 


Brisbane River, (F. M. Bailey.) 


A very beautiful species, apparently allied to S. indicum (. 
Muell, which is only known to me from description, but it certainly 
differs from it in color, form, and structure of the le:ves, but not 
in the shape of the capsule. V. F. Brotherus in Botanisches 


Ocntralblatt, No. 42, N.P. 


Found on the walls of hot-house, Acclimatisation Society 
Gardens. Originally recorded in 2nd Sup. Syn. Queensland Flora, 


p. 70, without description. 


Meteorium Baileyi, Brotherus (Papillaria).—Dicecious ; branch 
of secondary .stem very long, flaccid, strongly flexuose, leaves 
dense, branches turgid, obtuse, short, remote ; leaves pale green, 
blackish below, somewhat shining, erect, laxly adpressed when 
dry, very concave, from the base cordate-dilated, broadly ovate 
oblong, suddenly narrowed into a long acuminate point which 
is often broken off, strongly plicate, with wing undulatoplicate, 
margins hardly undulate, plane, inflexed above, minutely denti- 
culate; nerve slender, vanishing below apex; cells narrowly 
linear, at the base shorter and laxer, everywhere distinctly papillose ; 
perichetial leaves lanceolate subulate, capillary attenuated, not 
sulcate, very smooth, margins plane, remotely denticulate, cells rather 
long and lax, very pellucid, nerve vanishing below apex ; para. 
physes longly exserted, cellulose ; in small bundles ; seta very short, 
4 m.m. long, slightly curved, thick, pale, scabrous at summit ; 
capsule (not quite mature), oblong-cylindric, erect, with short neck, 
not striate, operculum conic, subulate, oblique ; Calyptra and male 


plant not seen. 


Brisbane River.—F. M. Bailey.—It differs from P. polytricha 
(Dozy et Molkenb.), its nearest ally, in the long hair-pointed- 
leaves which are distinctly papillose, and especially by the form and 
structure of the perichztial leaves. V. F. Brotherus in Butanisches 
Centralblatt, No. 42, 


78 BRYOLOGICAL NOTES 


Originally recorded, in 2nd Sup. Syn. Queensland Flora, with- 
out description. 


[sopterygium robustum, Brotherus.— Dicecious, prostrate, robust, 
bright green, very shining ; stem elongated, branches scattered, 
“omplanate, elongated, flexuose, obtuse, simple or with short 
branchlets, branches and branchlets ending in a gemmate not 
cuspidate apex; leaves densely crowded, distichous-compressed 
patent, hardly subsecund, from an ovate-lanceolate unsymmetrical 
base, shortly acuminate, margins plane, minutely serrulate, two 
nerved, short but distinct, areolation smooth, ceils narrow, elongated, 
shorter and laxer at base and apex. Other parts of plant not 
present. 


Brisbane River—F. M. Bailey.—It differs from J. Teysmanni 
(Lac), its nearest ally in the much more robust habit, and in the 
jeaves being less distinctly serrate, also in the more prominent nerve 
V.F. Brotherus, in Botanisches Centralblatt, No. 42, 


The above is not an uncommon moss; it occurs on rocks at 
Helidon, Kedron Brook, Pimpama, &c. 


I]. 


Through Mr. F, M. Baiey’s kindness in communicating to 
me the determinations of a European specialist, who has had 
examples of the different mosses, mentioned, submitted to him» 
Iam enabled to report the following additional species to the flora 
of the colony :— 


Weissia pimpame C. Muell. Mss. Sp. Nov.—Pimpama, South 
Queensland.—C. J. Wild. 

Hyophila augustifolia, C. Muell. Mss. Sp. Nov.—Toowoomba, 
South Queensland.—C. J. Wild. 

Macromitrium mucronatulum, C..4. Mss. Sp. Nov.—Burpengary, 


South Queensland.—C. J. Wild. 
Macromitiium pusillum, Mitt.— Leaves when dry spirally twisted ; 


when moist spreading ; linear lanceolate, apex obtuse, apiculate ; 
nerved nearly to apex, keeled, margin plain ; perichetial leaves 


ee, 


BY ¢. J. WILD, 79 


short, ovate acuminate, seta short, capsule oval, plicate, mouth 
1eddish, calyptra smooth.—Fl. Tasm. IT., 183. 


Hab.—On trees, Burpengary, South Queensland.—°. J. Wild. 


Rhizogonium Parramattense, C.Muell. (Mnium.) Very like R. 
spiniforme (Mnium) but with very simple stem of more lowly habit, 
when moist strict, when dry incurved very rigid, thick ; cauline leaves 
brown, densely imbricated, the apex densely comose attenuated and 
incurved when dry, subsecund not crisped, when moist erecto-patent, 
very strict, not erecto-curved, shorter and broader ; cell walls dis- 
tinctly reddish, neither forming an homogenous membrane, nor pallid. 


Hab.—New Holland, mixed with Hymenophyllum and Sclero- 
dontum pallidum (Dicranum Sieberianum), on the hills at Parra- 
matta (//igel), now in the Herbarium Kunzeanum, The species 
is sterile, but nevertheless is very distinct in the points noted, and 
judging from analogy, is without doubt endowed with the basilar 
fruit of M. spiniforme. 


C. Muell, Syn. I. 555. 


ITT. 
A New Hepatic. 
Zoopsis (Cephalozia) setulusa (Lettg.) S. Leitg. Mittherl. 
des Natur. fur Steiermark (1876). 
Hab.—Helidon, Southern Queensland.—C. J. Wild. 


The above Hepatic can always be distinguished from the 
two otherspecies of Zoopsis by the lateral tubercules bearing a sharp 
terminal seta like the claw ot acrab. Dr. B. Carrington and W. H. 
Pearson, in ‘* Proceedings Roy, Sec. Tasmania, 1887, p. 5. 


Other features which it presents agree with those which 
characterise the genus. 


80 EXHIBITS- 


EXHIBITS. 


I—New or rare lichens, by John Shirley, B. Se. 
1, Physcia adglutinata, Flk., Mt. Perry, by J. Keys; determined 
from Victorian specimen the gift of Rev. F. R. M. Wilson. 
2, Pannaria rubiginosa, Del., Mt. Perry, by J. Keys; Nyl. Syn: 
Lich. Vol. dy. p: 23; 
. Amphiloma gossypinum, .Vyl., Mt. Perry, by J. Keys; Nyl. 
Syn. Lich. Vol. II, p. 52. 
4, Dichonema irpicinum, Mnt., Sankey’s Scrub, by J. Shirley ; 
Nyl. Syn. Lich., Vol. I, p. 51. 
5, Lecanora vitellina, Vyl., Moggill Ferry, by J. Shirley ; Leigh- 
ton’s Lich. Fl. Gt. Britain, p. 180; also compared with 
specimen from Rev. F. R. M. Wilson. . 


eo 


6. Lecanora galactina v. dispersa, Pers., Bundaberg, by J. Keys ; 
Nyl. Lich. N. Zealand, p. 251 ; Leighton’s Lich. Fl. Gt. 
Britain, p. 206. . . 

7. Lecidea geographica v. cyclopica, Z., Mt. Perry, on rocks by J. 
Keys ; a well-known lichen ; from English specimens. 

8. Lecidea incompta, Burr, v. spissa, Shirley, Bundaberg by J. 
Keys; typical description Leight, Lich. Fl. Gt. Britain, p. 
325, variety differs in crowded apothecia with margins 
obscured. 

9. Verrucaria picea, Shirley, Cabooiture, by C, J. Wild ; descrip- 
tion in Vol, vy, Part IV, Proc. Roy, Soc> Qd. 


I1—Minerals from Port Moresby Hills, New Guinea, by His 
Excellency, Hon. Dr. McGregor. 
On these Mr. E. B. Lindon, M. R. S. M., kindly snpplies the 
following :— 


NOTES ON FIVE ROCK SPECIMENS RECELVED BY THE ROYAL 
SOCLETY FROM DR. MACGREGOR, ADMINISTRATOR IN NEW 


GUINEA, , 
It must ever be of interest to obtain a knowlelge of the rocks 
and rock-giving minerals of a country so near to Queensland as is 


EXHIBITS, sl 


New Guinea, especially when the specimens are supplied by so care- 
ful a collector as Dr. MacGregor, who notes both the heights, posi- 
tions, and general contour of the country. From his remarks on 
Port Moresby Hills, one must believe that a considerable period of 
deundation has lowered their peaks to the present height, and there- 
by caused their sides to be covered with the soil and small stones 
which Dr. MacGregor mentions, 


Having been requested so to do by the Secretary of the Royal 
Society, 1 have ventured to name the five specimens received, 
although my opinions do not quite coincide with Dr. MacGregor’s 
views on the subject. 


1. Appears to be a weathering felsitic rock, such as would 
occur in dykes running through the rock=, and hence very likely to 
form the summit of spurs as mentioned by Dr. MacGregor. Pieces 
of rock taken directly from the surface are generally a good deal 
altered in appearance and composition, owing to weathering, nor is 
the specimen in question an exception to this rule, but it is still 
sufficiently fresh to see the compact structure and the irregular 
cleavage which would be so different in a sandstone. 


2. Crystalline limestone.—I am not incline to consider the 
outside markings as organic remains, but rather a form of weather- 
ing, determined by such portions of the rock having been foun: in 
concentric or elliptical lines around a central nucleus. 


3. A variety of quartz between flint and chalcedony. 


4, Limestone, containing two or three bands, harder but of the 
same composition, and which have, therefore, by their slightly 
greater resistance, caused the grooving so common on the outer 
surface of weathering limestcne. 


5. A peculiarly soft white form of carbonate of lime, to which 
I can only give the name of soft chalk, 


iD ae 
SY eae 
: ri ‘» 

, - 


VOM. Plate. 


ss P rmundata. 
Parmelia sarissirma, P per/ata 
+ Spores FP caperata. 


Soermatia & Sterigmata. 


P conspersa P. olivacea 
Spores Spores 


P. revoluta 
Theca &. spores 


FP insinuata 
Theca & spores 


P speciosa P sublurida 


\ (0 
J © 


Pyxine Merssneri! 


C.£dmoned's tith. 


VOl.VI. Platell 


mium § levigalum 


Feltigera polydacty/a. 
Ld 
etine —- lr Sticta Billardyeri S.dissimulara 


q &. LT. C478. 


P pholidora. Cae> 


KOSI) | 


J Shirley del. 


Vol VI. Platelil 


\ OFFICERS 
President: 3 
a C. W. Dz VIS, M.A. 
£ Honerary soorgth 
JOHN SHTeU, 
~ 4 . | : a 


SD 29 


ge ers 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


OF 


QUEHENSLAND. 


1889. 


- 


, 


_ WO vr. PARTS IX, & III. 


‘* 


ALEX, MUIR & MORCOM, & STREET, BRISBANE. 
; He ‘ * oN 


PAPERS AND NO!ES— gee 
$ «Notes lon Lidaéns in New South Wales,” by Rev. F. R. 
ADR 1A (Wilson, Kew, Victoria sae ene ae xe 


“On Megpippia and ie Allies,” by C. W. De Vis ... mea “ 
“Notes on Queensland Land-shells,” by C weaiees ta oo 
“ Bryological Notes,” by C.J. Wild ri EG os is 
‘On the Phalangistide of the Post- tertiary Period in Queens- SS : 
land,” by C, W. De Vis ooh ee tes ane 
* Additions to the Lichen Flora of Queensland,” by J. Shirley, 4 
B.Se., poh Ra ‘F op re uit 


Fs 
“New Species of Queensland Butterflies,” by T. P. Lucas, a 
M. R. 6, S., Eng.. &e. eee see eee eee Sioa ‘hi 


“‘ Notes on the Helicide,” by C. Hedley ... ase tee 
“‘ Meteorological Notes for 1888, by Mrs. Coxen, M.R.M.S.... | 
Field Naturalists’ Excursion to Ashgrove,” by J. H. Simmonds | 


“Field Naturalists’ Excursion to Upper Ithaca Creek,” by J. 5t : 
>immonds ... dow 


EXHIBITS ... 


ae a <eoor 
= ie 


Roval Society of Gueensland, 


| FRIDAY, MARCH 15rn, 1889. 
_ The President, C. W. Dr Vis, Esq., M.A. &c., in the chair. 


NEW MEMBERS. 


Rey. Cyril D. Ash, B.A, Brisbane; Rev. G. M, Lister, Mutta- 
‘ burra; Mr. Rowland E. Turner, Mackay; Subscribing 
Members. 


_ Mr. A. J. Norton, Milton; Mr. Inigo Jones, Brisbane; Mr. 
Chas. Woodcock, Milton ; Associates. 


PAPERS. 


1. “On Lichens in N. S. Wales,” by Rev. F. R. M. Wilson. 
_ 2. “ On Megalania and its Allies,” by C. W. De Vis, M.A. 
_ 3. “Notes on Queensland Land-shells,” by C. Hedley. 
_ 4, “Bryological Notes,” by C. J . Wild. 


| FRIDAY, APRIL 12TH, 1889. 
' _ The President, C. W. DE Ve Esq., M.A., &c., in the chair. 


< NEW MEMBERS. 
a Mr. Archie Armstrong, Milton; Mr, G. J . Mackay, Yeronga ; 


Associates. 
. PAPERS. 
1. “On the Phalangistide of the Post-tertiary Period,” by C. W. 
a De Vis., M.A 


2, “ Additions to the Lichen Flora of Queensland,” by John 
. Shirley, B.Sc. 


_ 8. © Descriptions of new Butterflies,” by T.P. Lucas, M.R.CS., &e. 
3 “Notes on the Helicide,” by C. Hedley. 
ss ‘‘ Meteorological Notes for 1888,” by Mrs. Coxen, M.R.M.S. 


6. “Reports of Field Naturalists’ Excursions to Ashgrove and 
Simpson’s Gate,” by J. H. Simmonds, Joint Sec. 


84 
DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY 


FOR MARCH AND APRIL. 


BorpEaAux—Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geography, 
Second Series, No. 3 ; from the Society. 


BrisbaANE—Science Gossip, April to December, 1888 ; from Mr. 
C. Hedley. 


Catcurra—A Bibliography of Indian Geology ; Records of the 
Geological Survey of India, Vol. XXI., Part 4; from 
the Director. 


Metrourne—Key to the System of Victorian Plants ; Select 
Extratropical Plants, both by Baron F. v. Mueller ; from 
the Director of the Public Library. The Victorian 
Naturalist, Vol. V., Nos. 10, 11, and 12; from the 
Field Naturalists’ Club. The Victorian Engineer, Jan. 
15th and March 15th, 1889. 


Mexico—Monthly Bulletin for August, September, and October ; 
from the Director, Astronomical Observatory. 


Monrreat—Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of 
Canada, 1885-7 ; from the Society. 


New York—Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 
XX., Supplement ; from the Society. 


PuitapELpH1a—tThe Journal of Comparative Medicine and Sur- 
gery, Vol. X., No. 1 ; from the Editor. 


Sr. Perersnurs—Journal of the Imperial Russian Geographical 
society, Vol. XXIV., Part 3; from the Society. 
SincArore—Miscellaneous Papers relating to Indo-China, 1st 
Series, Vols. I & II.; 2nd Series, Vols. I. & Il. ; from 

the Straits’ Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 


Sypney—-Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian 
Museum; Descriptive Catalogue of the Australian 
Medusa; Irrata in the Descriptive Catalogue of the 
Australian Meduse ; from the Trustees of the Australian 
Museum. The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of 
New South Wales, 2nd Series, Vol. I[I., Part 4 ; from 
the Society, 


Tornonro—Proceedings of the Canadian Institute, Vol. XXIV. ; 
from the Society. 


Viex~na—Proceedings of the Anthropological Society, Vol. X VIII., 
Part 4; from the Society. 

We.uixeton—The Meteorological Repo't for 1885; from the 
Director, Wellington Museum. 


td 


NOTES ON LICHENS IN NEW SOUTH WALES; 


By REV. F. R. M WILSON, KEW, VICTORIA. 


— 


During last September, being on a visit to Sydney, I called on the 
Hon. W. McLeay, the President of the Linnean Society of New 
South Wales, and by him I was kindly introduced to Mr. Fletcher, 
the Secretary of the Society and Curator of their Museum. This 
Museum was burned some time ago, and all its contents utterly 
destroyed, along with many books lent to the Institution by the 
President. The records of the Society also perished. The present 
Museum and Library owe their efficiency to the unwearied energy 
of the Secretary, and the great liberality and influence of the 
President, the Hon. Wm. McLeay. 


Through the courtesy of the Secretary, I examined a named 
collection of New Zealand Lichens, sent by Dr. Knight, of Welling. 
ton, which I found to be a useful nucleus of a lichen herbarium, 
containing typical forms; and I trust it may be greatly augmented 
by the energy of Australian Lichenologists, of which, I am sorry 
to say, there are so few. When TI called at the National Museum 
in the Botanical Gardens, I found no lichens at all in the her- 
barium there. I have heard of one or two persons who have 
collected a few lichens, but have not been able to name them ; 
so that this small collection in the Museum of the Linnean Society 
is the only named collection in New South Wales, so far as I am 
aware. 


Mr. Fletcher kindly gave me information where I was most 
likely to find lichens; and by his directions I spent a day at 
Manly, near Sydney, and a day at the Waterfall in the National 
Park. I spent also two hours at Newport, near the mouth of the 
Hawkesbury ; and an hour or so in the Botanical Gardens at 
Sydney. A few notes on the lichens of these localities, as they 


86 NOTES ON LICHENS IN NEW SOUTH WALES, 


appeared to a person acquainted chiefly with the Victorian field, 
may be of interest. 


I was struck with the foreign look of the higher forms of the 
lichens, even of those which on closer examination were found to 
be old acquaintances. A slight difference in color or in shape, a 
fuller development in some and a more stunted growth in others, 
the absence or rarity of forms which are common in Victoria, the 
greater frequency of varieties not so often found in the southern 
colony, and the presence of some kinds quite unknown to me 
previously, all gave an aspect of strangeness which made me feel 
that I was in a foreign field. 1 was much struck by the fact that 
several lichens whieh I had found only ia East Gippsland, near 
Lake’s Entrance, were found by me also in New South Wales. 
I anderstand that it is the same with many phanerogamous plants ; 
and that, in fact, the botany of East Gippsland assimilates rather 
to that of New South Wales than to that of Victoria. It also 
came within my own experience that one at least of the insects of 
East Gippsland, which I met nowhere else in Victoria, is to be 
painfully met with in New South Wales. A certain ixodes or tick 
transfers itself from the scrub to the clothing, and thence to the 
neck, where its puncture sets up an irritation that lasts for weeks. 
This wretched animal took away much of the pleasure of lichen- 
hunting in the scrub in both of these fields. 


Owing to the dryness of the climate and the crumbling nature 
of the sandstone rocks at the places visited, the lichen flora is 
comparatively poor ; but, although the individual plants are not so 


numerous, they represent many species, 


For Lichine I searched along the coast in vain. Collema 
leucocarpum and Synechoblastus nigrescens I found less luxuriant 
than in Victoria. Leptogium tremelloides, found at Waterfall, is 
common, and similar to the Victorian form of it, azureum. Another 
Leptogium found there I have not yet determined. Of Myriangia 
I was disappointed in not finding any specimen. They are 
common in Queensland, and not rare in Victoria, One Sphinctrina, 
which I got at Waterfall, isa variety of Nylander’s microcephala, 


= Ye etal satan a Tamang 


_— a 2 


7 
~ 
4 
t 
2» 
, 
3 


Sr, 


BY REV. F. R, M. WILSON, KEW, VICTORIA. 87 


and is like one found by me at Maffra in Gippsland, and called by 
me var. tenella; only it is rather shorter in the stipe. Calicia, 
Trachylie and Beomyce:, so common in Victoria, were altogether 
absent. Of Cladoniw there were found only C. verticellata, C. 
furcata, C. diffissa Wilson, another undetermined, and a few 
small specimens of Cladina aggregata in two varieties. All these 
are common in Victoria, and more luxuriant there. Usnee are 
by no means so frequent as in the Southern colony. I found a 
few U. dasypogoides and U. trich:dea, which are abundant in 
Victoria ; U. longissima, which I never met, though I often sought 
for it, in Victoria. Some specimens of Eumitria Baileyi were 
collected at Waterfall. Perhaps I shall be considcred presumptu- 
ous if I express my opinion that this is but a senescent form of U. 
dasypoyoides. Of Ramaline I found four species—L. calicaris, 
forms canaliculats ani inflata, R. scopulorum vur. subfarinacea, 
and R. usneoides ; also one undetermined. The last three were 
new to me. Alectoria australiensis I looked for in vain. Of 
Peltidee, so abundant in Victoria, I found very few specimens ; 
only one small patch of Peltigera dolichorhiza and one scrap of 
P. spuria (?) both at Waterfall. Three or four Sticte’ were dis- 
covered in the deep gorge at Waterfall—S. dissimulata var. multi- 
jida, S. filicina and its var. marginifera, S. Urvillec var. flavescens, 
and a narrow formof S. fragillima. The Victorian forms of the 
last are all broader and, in their adult state, thicker, so far as I 
have seen ; and they take the form dissimilis. The genus Parmelia 
was better represented than most of the others. One which was 
new to me, very large and beautiful, the most luxuriant Parmzelia I 


have seen, broadly lobate, of a pale glaucescent colour, attracted 


my attention when at Manly. I discovered it in fruit at New- 
port. By subsequently testing it with Bichlor. Cal. I find the 
medulla gives a crimson colour, but not so full a red as 
P. olivetorum. Mr. Shirley, of Brisbane, tells me it is frequent 
in Queensland, and has been determined by Dr. Knight and 
by Dr. Stirton to be P. tinctorum. I have since received specimens 
from the New Hebrides, which differ nothing from those obtained 
in Manly and Newport. I noted the absence of P. Australiensis, 
and the comparative rarity of P. conspersa, P. tiltacea, P. Borreri, 


88 NOTES ON LICHENS IN NEW SOUTH WALES, 


P. physodes, P. placornodioides, P. olivaceea, P. pertusu, and P. 
angustata, all of which are so commen in Victoria. I was 
struck with the greater frequency and more developed state of P. 
spherophora Knight (not Nylander’s sphwrophora, but a form of 
Nylander’s limbata). The species P. perforata, P. pelata, P. 
caperata, P. tenuirima (synon (2?) reparata Stirton), and P. 
wlophylla, are nearly equally common in both countries, but more 
luxuriant in Victoria. Yhe Physc?e@ are much the same in both 
fields, although their cvlours are rather different, especially P. 
stellaris, which, to my surprise, was greencr in New South Wales, 
I found P. speciosa, about as common, and one species which is new 
tome, One Psoroma and three Parnarie were obtained. Lecanora 
atra and ZL. parell« were not unfrequent. ZL. punicea was found 
abundantly. Two Pertusarie were found common enough, 
apparently identical with common sorts in Victoria. I secured a 
good many specimens of Biatora Domingensis, which I never could 
find in Victoria, except onve doubtfully in East Gippsland. Also 
B. entodiaphana, common in Victoria; rather peor specimens of 
Blastenia coccinea, discovered by me in Victoria, and named for me 
by Dr. Knight ; a number of Lecidew, two Thelotremata, apparently 
identical with Victorian species, Platygrapha albo-vestita, which I 
have found also in Kast Gippsland, a number of Opegraphe, 
Graphides, Arthonie, one Chiodecton, evidently identical with a 
species from Kast Gippsland, a good many Verrucaria, and a 
Trypethelium, which I found also in Gippsland, and which Dr. 


Knight has named for me fumoso-cinereum. 


For the guidance of collectors I subjoin a list of New South 
Wales lichens, complete to date, with the authorities for their 
occurrence in this field. I mention every record of each Lichen as 
far as I have been able to ascertain it. Students of lichenolv *y 


will appreciate the value of such a compilation. 


ra ete Oe Pe a 


ye 


BY REV. F, R. M. WILSON, KEW, VICTORIA. &9 


LIST OF LICHENS FOUND IN NEW SOUTH Wal ES, 


WITH THE AUTHORITIES FOR EACH, 


Nyl. = Nylander, in Synopsis Methodica Lichenum.* af. 
Cr. =Crombie, in Journal Linn. Soc., Bot., Vol. XVII., }p. 
390-401, | 
Kn. =Knight, in Transactions Linn. Soc., Lond., 2nd Series, 
Vol. If., pp. 37-51 

Krp.=Krempelhuber, in Fragmenta Phyccl. Austral, Vol. XI., 
Suprl. pp. 70-74.* 

J.M.=Jean Miiller, in Fragmenta Phycol. Austral., Vol. XL., 
Suppl. pp. 115-118. : 

Al. =Others aggregated in Fragmenta Phycol. Austral., Vol. XJ, 
Supp!.—viz., Fries, Hampe, Babbington,and Mitten. 

W. =F. R. M. Wilson, in the foregoing paper. 


Cr. Ephebe pubescens W. Sphinctrina microcephala. 
Cr. »  Lasmanica J.M. Calicium globosum 

J.M. Lichina confnis J.M 2 stictarum 

Al. »  pygmea Krp Spherophorus compressus 
Krp. Collema leve Kp. ‘2 coralloides 

J.M. W.,, . leucocarpum Krp. 5 tenerus 


J.M. Thysanothecium Hookeri 


Al. - Synechoblastus microcarpa IM Laelia in 


W:: 3 nigrescens | 4) Cladonia corymbescens 
Al. | Leptogium byssinum Krp. - cervicornis 
Krp. fs bullatum Al. e ceratophylla 
Al. ‘. corrugatulum Al. 4 degenerans 
Krp. ms phyllocarpum W. Pe diffissa 

Krp. , tremelloides JM. ty elegantula 
WwW. » Yar. azureum J.M. . fimbriata 
Krp. » var. marginellum | a Floerkiana 
Cr. Ramalodium succulentum me. W.', furcata 


* Australia is often mentioned without specifyiug the province. Such cases 
are omitted. 


90 


J.M. Cladonia lepidula 


Krp. 
Al. 
J.M. 
Al. 
J.M. 
J.M. 
Al. 
Krp. 
Al. W, 


9 


macilenta 
muscigena 
neglecta 
ochrochlora 
pelact ina 
pityrea 
pyxidata 
squamosa 
verticellata 


Cr. Krp. Cladina aggregata 


Cr. Krp. 


99 


retipora 


Al.  Sterencaulon exalbidum 


J.M. 
Cr. Krp. 


39 


9 


proxim um 
ramulosum 


Krp. W. Usnea barbata 


Cr. Al. 
J.M. W. 
Cr. J.M. 
Krp. 
W. 
J.M. 
J.M, 
Krp. W. 


9 


9° 


9) 


? 


” 


ceratina 

dasy pogoides 
florida 
intercalaris 
longissima 
plicata 
straminea 
trichodea 


W. Evumitria Baileyi 


Krp. Ramalina angulosa 


Kn. Al. 
Cr. J.M. 
J.M. 
Al. 

Krp. 
J.M. 


Pl] 


” 


9 


7 


9 


9 


9 


” 


) 


9 


calicaris 
geniculata 
gracilis 
gracileuta 
inflata 
myrioclada 
scopulorum 
var. subfarinacea 
subg ‘niculata 
usneoides 
yemenensis 


NOTES ON LICHENS IN NEW SOUTH WALES, 


Al. Krp. J.M. Heterodea 


Muelleri 


Cr. Peltigera canina 

var. membraracea 
W. »  dolichorhiza 
Krp Ps polydaciyla 
W. »  Spuria (?) 
Cr. Nephromium cellulosum 
J.M. Stictina brevipes 
J.M. :. cinnamonea 
Krp »,  carpoloma 
Krp. Fe crocata 
JM. é dissimilis 
J.M. " esorediata 
W. be filicina 
J.M. W.,, fragillima 
J.M. - gilva 
J.M. iS macrophylla 
W. st marginifera 
J.M. if. Montagneana 
J.M. z scrobiculata 
Krp. Sticta aurata 
Krp. », aurulenta 
J.M. » Camare 
J.M. .. damecornis 
J.M.W. ,,  dissimulata 

| var, multifida 
Krp. W. ,,  Urvillei 
var. flavicans 

J.M. ,, fossulata 

(syn. Billardieri) 
Krp. 5, Freycinetii 
J.M. 5, poculifera 
J.M. », prolificans 
Krp. 5» quercizans 
Krp. », retigera 


Krp. 


»  variabilis 


BY REV. J F. R. WILSON, KEW, VICTORIA. 9I 


Al. Ricasolia sublaevis Kn. W. ,, spherospora (Kn.) 
Nyl. Cr. J.M. »»  Spinosa 

Al. J.M- \ Parmelia angustata Krp. ,, subprolixa 

W. W. », tenuirima 
J.M. Parmelia Borreri Cr. W. ,,_ tiliacea 

W. »» caperata W. » tinetorum 

Krp. _—,,__—scircinnata Ww. »  ulophylla 

Cr. W. ,,  conspersa JM. ,» urceolata 

Or. W. ,,__ ., var. stenophylla Krp. Physcia crispa 

Cr. 3s 95 Var. multipartita Krp. », flavicans 

wJ.M. »  corallinea J.M. » Hamiltonii 
J.M. » crinita Kn. .. melanenta 
J.M.  ,, dichotoma Kno »» Melaneclina 
J.M.  ,, ferox J.M. », obscura 

J.M. » fureata Krp. » ° parietina 
J.M. » hospitans Al. 3» picta 
J.M.  ,,  hypoxantha Kn. W. ,, speciosa 

Al. 3) imitatrix W. »  stellaris 

Krp. » isabellina J.M. » sublurida 
J.M. », laceratula Al. Gyrophora cylindrica 
Krp » latissima J.M. Psoroma cesium 

Cr. » limbata JM. e Crawfordi 
Kn. W. ,,  meizospora Krp. Pannaria fulvescens 
Kn. » Mougeotii J.M. > hypolenca 
Krp. +, mundata J.M. 3 leucosticta 
J.M. 5, ochroleuca IM. ) melantha 
J.M, 5, perlata Krp. 3 pannosa 

Krp. W.,, perforata J.M. és pholidota 
Kn. yyy: Var. isidiosa Nyl. Krp.,,  rubiginosa 
Kn. »  » Var. sorediifera | Krp. Coccocarpia smaragdina 
Krp. y  physodes J.M. Placodium duplicatum 
Cr. J.M. ,, placorhodioides J.M. Callopisma aurantiacum 
J.M. », platytrema J.M. Candellaria concolor 
J.M. » preetervisa Kn. J.M. Lecanora angulosa 
J.M. ,». proboscidea Kn. J.M. W.,,  atra 
<J.M. » Tudecta Kn. J.M. »  corysta 
~J.M. »  rutidota J.M. », hyalescens 


92 


Kn. J.M. Lecanora pallescens 
Cr. J.W. W. ,,  punicea 


J.M 


J ML. 


J.M 
Kn. 
Ikn. 
J.M 
Kn. 
J.M 


J.M. 


J.M. 


5) pheocarpa 

5» Sarcopsis 

»  sordida 

5, subpallida 

»» subpin'perda 
5» symmicta 


» Uumbrina 


,», xanthostigmoides 


J.M. Rinodina confragulosa 


J.M. Pertusaria choidectonoides 


JM 
J.M 
J.M 
Kkn. 
J.M 
JM 
J.M 
Kn. 
J.M 
Kn, 
J.M 
J.M 
J.M 


. wie 


. + i) 


: ” 


99 


. 99 


. 99 


99 


b ie 


8 ” 


J.M,..,; 


. 9 
7 ”? 


° 9 


communis 
Hartmannit 
leioplacodes 
leioplaca 
melaleuca 
multipunctata 
pallescens 
petrophyes 
quassi 
thiospoda 
velata 
Virginica 


W oollsiana 


Cr. J.M. Thelotrema lepadinum 
Krp. 
Krp. 


J.M 


J.M. 
J.M. 


Kn. 


J.M. 
J.M. 


4 
J.M 


Kn, J.M.,, 


», microporellum 
4 olivaceum 


. Psora elegans 


Patellaria Bauerleni 


convexa 
conspicua 
effugiens 
scleroplaca 


Blastenia coccinea 


. Lecidea bulliastrum 


callispora 


NOTES ON LICHENS IN NEW SOUTH WALES, 


Kn. J.M. Lecidea conspicua — 
Kn. J.M. ,,  diaphawnenta 

Cr. 
We », Domingensis 
Kn. J M.,, «nterophexa 
Kn. 


» disciformis 


»  enteroxantha 


Ikn. » enterocosmesis 
ae — i entodiaphana 

Cr. J.M_ ,, immarginata 
Krp. »» Hodgkinsonii 
Kn.J.M.,, bomophylla 

Kn. 4 var, emphytocarpa 
Kn. 5 var, amphibola 


Kn. J.M.,, melaloma 

Kn. J,M..,  microspora 
Kn. J.M.,,  metaphragmia 
J.M. » mundula 


Cr. » parmeliarum 
Cr. J.M. ,, parvifolia 
Kn. » pPheoloma 
J.M. », plana 

J.M. », pruniosula 
Kn. » porphyria 
J.M. »  russula 
Cr.J.M. ,,  septosior 
Krp. , stellulata 


Kn. J.M. ,,  tenuilimbata 
Cr, J.M. ,,_ versicolor 
J.M Buellia modesta 
J.M. 
J.M. Ceenogonium rigidulum 
J.M. Thalloidinia tabacinum 
Kn. | ' 
W. \ vlatyaraiin albovestita 


»,  recobarina 


pit \ Opegrapha megagonidea 


BY REY. F, R. M. WILSON, KEW, VICTORIA. 93 


J.M, - plurilocularis 
Kn. J.M. Graphis aulothecia 
Kn. J.M. » eleina 

Cr. J.M. +»  intricata 
Krp, »»  polyclades 
Cr. J.M. »  SOphistica 
Kn. J.M. »  subintricata 
Kn. J.M. +  Subtricosa 
Kn. | Stigmatidium hetere- 
JM.J geneum 
Kn. J.M. » maculatum 
Kn. J.M. »» nanocarpum 
Kn. J.M. », stictathecium 
Kn. J.M. ny velatum 


J.M. Phzographis Australiana 


J.M. subcompulsa 
J.M. Melanographis asteriscus 
J.M. - 
Kn. 
J.M. Chiodecton farinaceum 
Kn. a 
J.M. Glyphis Kirtoniana 
Kn. | Mycoporum sorenocar- 
J.M.J 

J.M. Endocarpon rodatum 
Kn. Verrucaria rhaphispora 
Kn. na 
Kn. Ri 


Krp. Pyrenula pertusariacea 
P- £3 


microcarpa 


Arthonia nympheoides 


stromaticem 


pum 


tichospora 


zostra 


J.M. Trypethelium cruentum 


+.M. : fumoso-cinereum 


J.M. A 


cinerascens W. i 
Total 


inscripta 275 


ON MEGALANIA AND ITS ALLIES; 
By C. W. De VIS. 


THE systematic place ultimately assigned to this great lizard by its 
describer is a matter craving reconsideration,* It appears not to 
have been deduced from the characters of the vertebre on which 
the genus was established ; it is certainly discredited by remains 
which prefer a very substantial claim to relationship with them. 
Originally pronounced by Sir R, Owen to be relics of a lizard closely 
allied to the Monitors (now termed Varanide) ; these vertebree were 
subsequently associated with a skull which was regarded by him as 
related to that of Moloch horridus, and were consequently trans- 


ferred to the Agamide. It is not necessary to discuss the reasons 


* When this was read. Mr. Woodward's paper on the subject (A. & M, of 
N. H. Feb. 1888), had not become known to the writer. 


94 ON MEGALANIA AND ITS ALLIES, 


which thus led to our conception of Megalania as the Great Horned 
Lizard of Australia, so far as such reasons were recorded. A recent 
discovery throws direct light upon vertebrae of this type, shewing 
that Sir R. Owen was quite right in declaring them to be so 
Varanian in character as to be almost Varanus, and consequently 
that his later view of their affinity is the one which is not correct. 


Among a number of fossils disinterred during the past year 
by Mr. R. W. Frost, of King’s Creek, to whom this branch of 
research is much indebted, were a series of eight vertebrz (recognis- 
able at a glance as Megalanian), a series of six ribs, an imperfect 
distal end of a fibula, and a nearly perfect ulna—these, together 
with as many other bones (including a dentigerous jaw) given 
by Mr. Frost to a local collector, and thereby secluded from 
examination so far, were discovered lying together, in such relative 
positions, in a common matrix, as to convince the finder, who was 
then unaware of the value of such evidence, that all were parts of 
the same individual. Mr. Frost’s opinion is strongly corroborated 
by their obvious identity as to kind and degree of mineralization, as 
well as to their peculiar subochreous colouration derived from the 
rather ferruginous sand in which they were buried. 


First inipressions persuade us that the ulna and the ribs could 
cnly have belonged to a gigantic Varan ; second thoughts convince 
us that the han-rous and scapula described by the writer, under 
the name of Notiosaurus dentatus, Ow , the present long bones and 
all the known vertebre, while departing equally from the corres- 
ponding bones in Varanus in one common character, greater breadth 
in proportion to length, agree also in presenting no other feature of 
importance tending to remove them from the Varanide. 


As to the ulna, we have in the form of its distal end a safe 
guide to the family to which it pertains. Oblongo-clavate in shape 
in Australian, and presumabiy 'n other lizards, this part of the bone 
is in the Geckonide, Agamide,and Scincide merely a little modified 
by a flattening of its ulnar side, which scarcely affects the oval form 
of its articulating surface. In certain Agamians, however, e.g. 
Chlamydosaurus, a slight swelling of the ulno-palmar angle produces 


teh i ial ti 


BY C. W. DE VIs. 95 


a feeble coneayity of this side of the bone, and the articulating 
surface extending upon the elevation obtains therefrom a little 
curvature. In the Varans the prominence of the angle becomes a 
conspicuous and distinctive character, related to the greater develop- 
ment ip size and function of the pisiform bone articulated with it, 
consequently to the needful power of the manus in these heary- 
bodied climbers and deep ovipositors ; the general form of the 
articulating surface is now lunate or reniform, but its ulno-palmar 
end on which plays the pisiform is in some species—V. rartus for 
example—determined as a separate facet by a more oblique and 
comparatively flattened surface. This facet and the bold prominence 
on which it is seated are well-marked features of the fossil bone. 
As in Varanus the protuberance ends abruptly proximad ; on its 
radial side it sinks deeply to the general level of the head, from 
which again rises a eoarsely sculptured tuberosity occupying the 
whole of the radio-palmar angle; a tubercular surface similarly 
placed is seen in Varanus, but in much less prominence, and with, 
of course, much less pronounced separation from the articular head. 


The proximal surface corresponding to the greater sigmoid 
cavity is a basin of remarkable breadth for the reception of the 
much-dilated ulnar condyle of the humerus to which it is further 
conformed by its unusual shaHowness. On its free sides it is 
bordered by a broad and rough lip overhanging the shaft on the 
ulnar side, and at its proximal end surpassing the height of the 
olecranon. The shape ard extent of the surface for the head of the 
radius is obscured by the loss of the coronoid process, but it seems 
not to have reached quite so far towards the olecranon as in 
Varanus, The olecranon itself scarcely differs in form and degree 
of development from that of V. varius. The brachialis anticus 
is upon a rough oval tubercle placed with the same obliquity to the 
long axis of the bone asin Varanus. The massive ruggedness of 
the bone throughout bears testimony to the great power and almost 
mammalian activity of its investments during life. 


Tabulating the measurements of this bone, and of the humerus, 


with reference to their co-ordinates in V. varius, we obtain in- 


structive figures :— 


a 


96 ON MEGALANIA AND ITS ALLIES, 


Humerus— Fossil. V. varius. 
: mm. m.m 
Length from radial condyle to tuberosity 


inclusive... ee a re 170 59 
Breadth at distal end... tae Si 106 24 


sana! aaieiek eee as As: 4 32 4 
Ulna— 
Length ... -_ pis = ae 53 agen 64°5 
dreadth at proximal end ere id 82 13:5 


The humerus of Megalania is therefore approximately— 
3 times as long an| 45 times as broad as that of V. varius. 


The ulna— | 
4 times as long and 6 times as broad as that of V. varius. 


The relative proportions are thus sensibly the same in the two 
bones, an identity confirming their reference to the same genus. 
The ulna is from an individual one-third larger than the sometime 
owner of the humerus. The difference is not greater than that 
shewn by adult individuals of V. varzus which vary from 150 to 210 
in length. 

Ribs.—With one or two exceptions these are either devoid of 
their articular heads, or have them too imperfectly preserved to 
throw light upon the enquiry. But, fortunately, the proximal end 
of the most characteristic one of the series, or rather of that one 
which corresponds to the most differentiated rib-head in Varanus, 
is perfect, and would of itself have enabled us to identify associated 
vertebra as Varanian, inasmuch as it is unmistakably the pleura- 
pophysis of the seventh cervical vertebra of the right side of a 
lizard closely allied to Varanus. In V. varius the corresponding 
rib is the only one bearing two distinct tubercles, one on the caudal 
edge just distad of the neck, the other on the dorsal surface of the 
neck ; the latter being the termination of a ridge continuous with 
the rostral edge of the shaft. Not merely in the number, size, and 
position of these tubercies, but in its general habit, the fossil is an 
almost exact foreshadow of the recent bone. 


To the writer then, # seems indubitable that these bones are 
from the skeleton of a lizard of the family Varanide—consequently 


BY C. W. DE VIS. 97 


that the vertebre at one with them both structurally and in the 
matrix are of the same family—whence it follows that Megalania 
was, as originally supposed, a gigantic Mon‘tor, and that the 
attribution to it of a horned;skull is untenable.* 


Notiosaurus dentatus, Ow. 

To those who, in the fossils above noticed, may see reason to 
arrive at the same conclusion as the writer, it will at once occur 
that the founder of the genus Megalania, is also the describer of a 
jaw which, under other circumstances, he would have identified with 
that genus. It fulfills his Cuvierian anticipation ‘that on the very 
probable hypothesis that the jaws and teeth of Megalania are of the 
same type as those of Hydrosaurus, it must have been carnivorous ;’ 
while, to his own question why the jaw may not have pertained 
to Megalania itself, it affords him no answer apart from its want of 
accord with an edentulous maxillary. But it seews to the writer 
that such an identification would probably have been incorrect ; we 
appear to be instructed by the proportions of the Mega!anian bones 
to expect a dental armature of considerably greater power than that 
shewn by Notiosaurus. The argument is but weak, but it may 
serve until we are better informed. 


The separation of Notiosaurus from Varanus is itself of 
doubtful propriety. The comparative contiguity of a few of the 
teeth, the character on which the genus was apparently founded, is 
hardly sufficient for the purpose, since considerable difference in this 
respect is shewn by the species of Varanus one from another ; no, 
in this case may we allow mere size, even in excess, the same 
influence over the judgment as it would be permitted in the case of 
a warm-blooded vertebrate. But since we have at present no clear 
indication that Notiosaurus is not a good genus, we cheerfully give 
it the benefit of its discoverer’s great authority. It may, however, 
be added that of numerous lacertian vertebre under inspection, al] 
those of the Varanide which are not Megalania, appear to belong to 
Varanus, and that this genus attained to a very great size is 

* While this is going through the press, the major part of the right side 


of a pelvis, which ma” without hesitation be ascribed to Megalania, has 
been added to the series of its remains, 


98 ON MEGALANIA AND ITS ALLIE3, 


testified by a tooth which, though it stands alone, can hardly lead 
to a misapprehension of its generic origin. We may refer to it 


under the name of Varanus dirus. 


With rare exceptions, living representatives of the genus have 
their teeth more or less compressed, and generally reduced to an 
edge on the caudal aspect. In the fossil tooth this compression 
is carried to an unusual extent—on the ental side, indeed, the cusp: 
is flat and, above the middle of the base, even impressed in the 
centre ; on this side there are but four feeble ribs, bifurcating as- 
usual as they approach the base, on which is a cingulum surmounting” 
the line of attachment to the jaw ; on the outer side the cusp is 
moderately convex and conspicuously ribbed. The ribs resulting 
from the confluence of pairs, which in this case cover the basal two- 
fifths of the crown, in their upward course follow the sinuous- 
contour of the tooth, and are traceable nearly to the apex. The 
serration of the acute caudal edge is distinct and regular, and 
passing over the apex extends upon nearly a third part of the 
rostral margin. The whole tooth has a graceful sigmoid curve 
caudad. Its height and breadth at the base are thrice those of a 
corresponding tooth of V. varius—wherefore, on the assumption of 
like proportions throughout, it represents a Varan of about sixteen. 
feet in length. 

An imperfect distal end of a young femur wanting the 
epiphysis may be provisionally ref: rred to this species, 


The hypothesis that the disappearance of the old fauna of 
Australia was caused by human agency does not seem to be favoured 
by the fact that it included three such reptiles as Megalania, 
Notiosauius, and Varanus dirus ; it is hardly probable that the 
forefathers of Australian natives, as we know them, were men able 
to cope with aggressors a3 numerous as the remains as Megalania 
alone prove them to have been. 

Varanus emeritus. 

The lacertian remains, so named, consist of portions of a 
humerus and tibia, In the humerus, which wants the proximal 
end from the latissimus dorsi insertion exclusive, the family 


ie 


BY C. W. DE VIS. 99 


character is recognised in the presence of an open ectepicondylar 
canal—the generic, as compared with Megalania, in the long and 
contracted course of that canal—a specific in the position of the 
m2dullary foramen, which is removed from the raiial edge of the 
coronoid fossa* to the ulnar side of its middle sub-muarginal point. 
Its specific affinities are with V. varius in the prominence and 
length of its supinator ridge, but with gould, punctatus, &c., in the 
distinct rotundity of its ulnar condyle and relatively increased 
prominence of the radial which, however, has a form peculiar in 
being contracted at its distal end, with a direction more nearly 
parallel to the long axis of the shaft than in modern species; the 
facies of this region of the bone thus being rather Scincoid than 


-Varanoid. 


The bone is from an adult individual, and indicates a species 
not greatly larger than an average V. varius ; the tibia represents 
an individual nearly one-half as large again-—the difference, though 
considerable, is not of itself sufficient to warrant a distinction of 
species. Structurally, the tibia is in all respects an accurate forecast 
of the bone in recent species. ‘The following specific characters are 
noticeable :—the head less elongate transversely—the depth of the 
epiphysis on the tibial side much greater—the intercondylar notch 
wider and shallower. Like the humerus, it comprises features of 
two or more living species—a concave facet on the edge of the 
ectepicondylar tuberosity close to the procnemial tuberosity for the 


reception of the head of the fibula, faintly seen in V. gouldii, but 


not in varius, is quite distinct in the fossil which, on the other hand, 
is more nearly approached in varius by the prominence of the ridges 
for muscular insertion which on either side descend from the 
condylar margins. 


* The writer takes this opportunity of pointing out an error which crept 
into his description of the humerus of Megalania by which the coronoid 
fossa was misnamed the olecranal. 


100 NOTES ON QUEENSLAND LAND-SHELLS, 


NOTES ON QUEENSLAND LAND-SHELLS ; 


By C. HEDLEY. 


To Mr. Brazier, F.LS., C.M.Z.S., of the Australian Museum, I am 
indebted for many valuable corrections to my paper on Queensland 
land-shells (Vol. V. pt. II.). 


Referring to several shells which appeared in my list as natives 
of the colony, he informs me that lea rapida, Pfr., is not Aus- 
tralian, its only habitat is the New Hebrides, where Mr. Brazier 
has himself collected it ; when first described it was stated to come 
from New Zealand. Helicina fulgurata, Coz, is not a Queensland 
shell, it is H. fulgoror, Gould, from the Fiji Islands. In giving 
Port Curtis as the locality for Nanina marmorata, Tryon is certainly 
wrong ; my correspondent remarks that he las never seen a shell 
like it from any part of Queensland ; he adds, “‘ H, marmorata, 
Cox, will not hold good, since the name was intended for the animal 
and not for the shell. Dr. Cox changed the name to ‘ circumcincta,” 
and Tryon had no right to dub it marmorata ; besides, the name 
was pre-occupied years ago by Ferrusac.” Another species, wrongly 
attributed to Queensland by Reeve and Cuming, is Helix lightfooti, 
Pfr., to which the locality “‘ Brisbane” was assigned. It is now 


regarded as synonomous with Helix odontina, Morelet, a Mauritius 


shell. 


Helix similaris, Yer., is not indigenous to Queensland. — 


Mr. Brazier possesses. some of the original specimens collected by 
Macgillivray, on which the supposed addition to our fauna was 
founded, and they are, as he has pointed out in the Journal of 
Conchology, Helix aridorum, Coz. Mr. Brazier classes the R. 


strangeoides, (ce, as a variety of R. splendidula, Pf. ; alsoR. 


beldomei, Brazier, as a variety of M. franklandiensis, Forbes 


\ ‘ 
—- 


BY C, HEDLEY. 10L 


(it is odd that Tryon should place the species and its variety in 
different genera) and H. coxeni, Cox, as a variety of TH. prunum, 


Fer.* 
To the same source I am indebted for the following notes :— 


Rhytida leichhardti, Cox, 1s probably a native of Queensland, 
though its exact locality is unknown. 


Helix bala, Brazier, is a synonym of H. curtisiana, Pfr., but the 
locality assigned by Pieiffer is a mistake. 

Helix stephensoniana, Brazier, is equivalent to H. sardilabiata, 
Cox. 

Helix mulgravensis, Brazier, should be changed to H. mulgravei, 
Brazier, as the former name is a misnomer, the shell being 
received from a trader, and not collected on the Torres Straits. 


Island as described. 


Georissa multilineata, Brazier, is wrongly placed in Hydrocena. 
The genus is distinguished by possessing a shelly operculum ; 
that of Hydrocena is, on the contrary, defined as ‘“ corneum, 
-paucispirum.” 

Pupina macleayi, Brazier, is the same as P. petterdi, Crosse. The 
Endeavour River, not Cooktown, is the correct habitat. 


Ditropis beddomei, Brazier, should read D. macleayi, Brazier. 
See Pro, Linn. Soc. of N.S.W., Vol, IL., p. 122. 


Parmacochlea fischeri, H. A. Smith, is a true species, and in no 
way related to Vitrina australis, Reece, as hinted by Tryon. 
In the list of Chevert shells it is mentioned under the name 
of V. australis, from the Barnard Islands. Mr. Brazier’s 
collection contains representatives from Cardwell, where it was 
obtained by Mr. Masters. 


% _ The locality for H. macleayi, Cox, should be corrected to Whitsun- 


day Island, 


* See also Tate, Trans, Roy, Soe. of South Australia, Vol. V. p. 49. 


102 NOTES ON QUEENSLAND LAND-SHELLS, 


Several species have recently come under my notice as occurring 
in Queensland, and appear to me worthy of record. Since Mr. 
Brazier has been kind enough to compare specimens collected by me 
with the types in the Sydney Museum, these identifications are 
reliable. 


Diplomphalus vinitineta, Cox, var, Wolston Scrub. 
Helix porteri, Cox, Little Nerang Creek. 

Vertigo kingi, Cox, var, Burleigh Head. 

Tatea rufilabris, 4. Adams, Curumbin Creek. 
Assiniinea affinis, Jousson, Curumbin Creek. 


Pupina pineticola, Cox, Burleigh Head, 


I find that I have accidently omitted from my list of Queens- 


land shells the variety meridionalis of Helix palmenis, see Pro, 


Linn. Soc. of N.S.W., Vol. V. p. 458; also Helix banneri, 
Macgillivray, a species figured and described in Cox’s Monograph. 
Some copies of this work are not supplied with plate 20, which 
deficiency prevented me from quoting the figures of ‘Helix curtisiana, 
Pfr,, Pupina strangei, P/r., and Truncatella ferruginea, Cow. 


L. Island, the habitat of H. arthuriana, Cow, and H. challisi, 
Cox, is incorrectly located by me in Torres Straits ; its real position 
is in the neighbourhood of Broadsound, 20° 52° 8, Lat: and 149° 
37° E. Long. 


Torres Straits is also credited with Helix aureedensis, Brazier, 
That author nforms me that the true locality is the vicinity of Port 


Denison, 


Tn the plate accompanying Pt. IV., Vol. V., the figure of the 
animal of C. delta is by a mistake stated to be the ‘ natural size,’ 
It is really magnified by about 44 diameters as indicated in the 
letterpress. The mistake arises from the omission of a line 12 m.m. 
lung, to which the words refer. 


BY C, HEDLEY. 103 


The following anatomical notes are illustrated in the accom- 
panying plate :— 


Hadra fraseri, Gray.—Jaw high arcuate, ends rounded, 
crossed by about seven stout ribs which denticulate both margins, 
and whose breadth is equal to that of their interstices. Radula 
possessing a rachidian tooth with a single linguiform cusp, which 
does not surpass the posterior edge of the basal plate; the cusps 
of the first dozen laterals are bluntly rounded, those of the more 
remote gradually elongate, and exhibit small denticules, 


The peculiar features presented by the genitalia are that the 
penis sac is twice twisted back upon itself before reaching the 
attachment of the retractor muscle, and that the attenuated genital 
bladder at the summit of its long and slender duct offers scarcely 
any dilatation. | 


Hadra blomfieldi, Cox.—The genitalia of this species much 
resemble the preceeding, the penis sac is even more contorted and 
the genital bladder equally slight. The jaw is crossed by six wide 
ribs, the two central being divided by a very narrow interstice. The 
teeth are also elaborated upon a system corresponding to that of 
fraseri ; the cusp of the central being represented by a broad almost 
square-headed cusp in the laterals, this becomes more slender as the 
twenty-fifth series is approached, and further on small denticules 
appear on each side, which gradually develop until the extreme 
marginals become symmetrically tricuspid, the central being the 
largest projection. 


104 BRYOLOGICAL NOTES, BY C. J. WILD. 


BRYOLOGICAL NOTES; 


By C. J. WILD, 


TuE following mosses were recorded (but without descriptions) by 
fF’, M. Bailey, in the Synopsis of Queensland Flora and 1st Sup. 


OcToBLEPHARUM ALBIDUM (Linn. Sp. Pl. 1583—Bryum). 


Stem short. Leaves arising from a broad unequal base, 
shortly ovate, erect, obtuse, somewhat plane, patent, sometimes 
recurved, terminated by a short small apiculus, nerve dilated, 
beyond the oval part forming the whole leaf, lamina of lax pellucid 
rhomboid cells, with narrow ill-defined cell-walls ; perichztial leaves 
smaller, of similar form. Seta short, capsule orange-coloured, 
operculum subulate, teeth of peristome short, weak, distant, often 
perforate. . 


Stem 3-12 lines high. Leaves 3 lines long, white with irides- 
cent cells, Peduncle 38 lines long. W, Mitten. Musci Austro- 
Americana, London, 1869, p, 109. 


HTab.—On orchids, tropical Queensland (F’, M. Bailey) John- 
stone River; Mount Perry (J. Keys), 


SyRRHOPODON FIMBRIATUS (Mitt. ) 


Compactly tufted, lower part of stem with purplish radicles. 
Leaves erecto-patent incurved, somewhat teretely imbricated, margin 
with a narrow pellucid border, above incurved, apex with a few 
small teeth, cells hyaline, elongated in the lower end of leaf, in the 
upper half round, minute, pale green, papillose. Capsule on a red 
seta din. long, oval, plicate, shining, red; operculum of equal 
length, subulate ; calyptra subplicate descending below tha capsule 
and embracing the seta, split on one side, teeth of the peristome 
short, $ 


BRYOLOGICAL NOTES, BY C. J. WILD. (105 


A very beautiful species, allied to S. ciliata, Hook, from the 
Eastern Archipelago. On the younger stems the leaves are oblong- 
spathulate with cilia sub-equally distributed along their ambit. W. 
Mitten Musci Austro-Americana, London, 1869, p. 122. 


Hab.—Pimpama, Burpengary, and Ashgrove (C. J. Wild). 
Whilst out with the Field Naturalist Section last month, in the 
vicinity of Enoggera Waterworks, I met with Weisia Pimpame, 


C. Muell. ; this being a second locality, I think the discovery worthy 
of note. : 


ON THE PHALANGISTIDZ OF THE POST- 
TERTIARY PERIOD IN QUEENSLAND; 


By C. W. DeE_VIS. 


Remains of Phalangers are entirely absent from the post-tertiary 
fossils of Queensland as yet made known. Possibly the arboreal 
habits of the family were unfavourable to the committal of its relics 
to drifts entombing those of animals whose haunts were ‘ flood and 
field.’ For whatever reason bones referrible to this family are almost 
of the scarcest, and but for the fact that in the search for such 
fossils there was found a gathering place enriched by agencies of. 
unusal range and efficacy, it would probably not have fallen to the 
lot of the present writer to submit for recognition the existence of 
the family at a period earlier than that of the Wellington Caves. 


The bones of Phalangistide, so far determined, are but a 
minute fraction, about a nine-hun-treth, of the number surrounding 
them in their present receptacle ; yet the small company of nine 
yields evidence in their diversity of form that the family was even 
in their day one of long-drawn descent : while from their frequently 
great size, which rendered their preservation the easier, we may 
fairly suppose that no small number of feebler species perished 
without leaving such ‘ foot-prints on the sands of time.’ 


™~ 


106 ON THE PHALANGISTID.® OF THE POST-TERTIARY a 


The following notes accounting for determinations made at 
different times, as the fossils presented themselves, are offered as 


they were written. 


Koalemus, a progenitor of the Koala.— } 

The Koala, or Native Bear, is now one of the few types of 
Australian life which has not been recognised as a part of its 
ancient economy : yet it is one of which no one could be surprised 
to find an ancestral form among the past modifications of marsupial 
structure, Apart from the necessity of supposing that a member 
so far removed from its tribe has passed through unknown stages 
of segregation, we are invited by the jungle-loving Crowned Pigeon 
and Musk Rat to believe that a land clothed, as they tell us, with 
vegetation of tropical luxuriance was neither powerless to sustain, 
nor slow to mould, a host of tree-dwellers more numerous and 
varied than it can do in the comparative barrenness of its latter 
days, and among them ‘ Native Bears.’ But for a positive trace of 
such an animal the writer has, until now, waited and searched in 
vain. The fossil which has at length given the clue required is the 
end of a long bone, which fortunately happens to be sufficiently 
characteristic to determine the status of its erstwhile possessor as 


—— ove eS ee ee 


one closely allied to, buat not congeneric with, the recent genus 
Phascolarctos. This animal it is proposed to distinguish by the 
name—Koalemus* ingens, 


Distal end of left fibula.— 
It has been recorded? that the external wall of the epecto- 
sphyret is in the Wombats impressed by a shallow groove. Of 


* Gr. Kodlemos, a stupid fellow. It would be a curious coincidence if 
the native name Koala were also found to refer, as it well might, to the 
stupidity of the living animal. 

+ Owen, 

t No name has, to the writer’s knowledge, been given to the process or 
part external to the outer malleolus—it is, therefore, to avoid pleonasm, here ~ i 
termed the epectosphyre in relation to the ectosphyre as, for like reason, the ’ 
outer malleolus may itself be designated, 


Sa ee fF 


Pe ee 


PERIOD IN QUEENSLAND, BY C. W. DE VIS. 107 


“this groove, it may be observed that it deserves to be added to the 


several signs of affinity between the Wombats and the Phalangers 
which have attracted notice from systematists. But in the Phalan- 
gistidee it not merely exists, but is so deeply sunken as to divide the 
epectosphyre into two angular processes, and confer a characteristic 
form on this part of the bone—and in none is the peculiarity more 
emphasized than in the aberrant genus Phascolarctos in which the 
separated segments are mo3t produced and enlarged. 


The ectosphyre in Phascolarctos has a semilunate convex 
surface, sloping obliquely downwards, backwards, and outwards, and 
defined exteriorly by a roughened depression occupying the internal 
half of the epectosphyre—the deepest part of the depression forms 
a groove between the ectosphyre and the anterior segment of the 
epectosphyre which is produced downwards into an obtuse trihedral 
pyramid—the depression extends shallowly across three-fourths of 
the inner base of the posterior segment, the latter is thus imperfectly 
separated from the ectosphyre in continuity with which it is obliquely 
produced—this segment is considerably broader and thicker than 
its fellow, The shaft is subcylindrical, slightly flattened exteriorily, 
with the flatter surface separated from the rounder by a feeble 
ridge descending from the postero-interior end of the edge of the 
posterior surface where it forms a slight angle—distally the shaft 
suddenly and widely expands to its junction with the epiphysis. 
The groove dividing the epectosphye is angularly contracted at its 
base. 


With this the fossil bone has a strong general resemblance in 
form and arrangement of parts. The following differences seen in 
Koalemus may be taken as the characters of the genus exhibited 
in this limited portion of the skeleton. The anterior segment of 
the epectosphyre produced but very slightly at its anterior angle, 
forming a roughened triangular plane, impinging by the posterior 
angle upon the side of the posterior segment. The groove seg- 
menting the epectosphyre is broadly eoncave at the base. The shaft 
subquadrate, flattened on the exterior and anterior sides which meet 


108 ON THE PHALANGISTIDE OF THE POST TERTIARY 


< 


in a strong angular ridge continued distad to the anterior segment. _ v 
Expansion of the shaft proximad of the epiphysis very moderate. 


The measurements of the articulating head are thrice those 
yielded by the recent bone in a full-grown animal. those of the 
shaft nearly four times. Taking the weight of an adult Koala at 
20 lbs., that of its extinct precursor may, on the hypothesis of like 
proportions, be estimated at five-hundred weight or more. 


Postcript.— 


Since the foregoing notes were written, a fraction of a skull 
has been met with, which is clearly to be traced to the Phascolarctina 
as we may now perhaps venture to term this outlying section of the 
Phalangistidee, and—unopposed by any obvious objection other 
than inadequate size, which may, without violence be attributed to 
youthfulness—must needs be ascribed to Koalemus ingens. It may, 
indeed, very possibly belong to another species, or even genus ; but, 
if so, the naming is for those whose merit the discovery may be. 


The fossil comprises the premaxillary with its palatal process ; 
the dentition exhibited includes the sockets of i! and i2, with i3, ¢, 
and a fang of pm‘ in place. The information to be gethered from 
this is not extensive, yet not altogether without interest. The 
socket of i! is excvedingly large for one of the Vhalangistidee—it is 
in length more than equal to the combined length of the sockets 
of i? and i and is proportionately wide. Owing to the hardness 
of the matrix its cavity has not been cleared out, but it evidently | 
extends far back, and causes a bulging of the bone centrad of «he 
nasal process ; at its outlet it is oviform, its narrower end extending 
central of the middle of the socket of i*, causing here, too, a 
thickening of the bone, on the ectal side of which is the socket 
of i2, This socket indicates a fang about equal in size to that 
of i8; j® is a short, stout columnar tooth, slightly conical near the 
apex, which is ground down to a small horizontal surface ; it is less 
procuinbent than in Phascolarctos ‘The canine’ is in form quite 
unlike, through structurally it is similar to, that of the recent genus 
—it is a strongly compressed obtuse cone, in outline a nearly 


PERIOD IN QUEENSLAND, BY C. W. DE VIS. 109 


equilateral triangle, with its apex bevelled by two pyramidal faces— 
one on the caudo-ental side, the other a facet of wear on the rostro- 
ectal side, separated by an oblique apical edge, as in Phascolarctos. 
The tooth is relatively much larger than in Phascolarctos, and 
more carnassial in aspect—at the same time the structure of its 
apex forbids us to suppose that its functions were in any degree 
more carnassial than that of the Koala. In the great development 
of the rostral incisor we may recognise a possible remanet of 
relationship with Phascolomys. 


The length of the fossil to the fang of pm* is 43 m.m.—the 
ordinary distance between the same points is in the Kaola 25 m.m. 


Archizonurus* Securus—an extinct Phalanger. 


The surprise naturally felt on learning that in bye-zone times 
there were animals in Australia almost as large as any in Africa, 
America, Europe, or India, is misgrounded. The wonder should 
be that the living mammals we find here should be as puny as they 
are, and to explain it we should be intent to discover the cause 
of the degradation in size which reflection and discovery alike tell 
us must have taken place. If it be a cause within the remedy of 
us, the intelligent animals, who seek to thrive in the land by virtue 
of its supply of nutriment, to apply that remedy, and so restore its 
pristine ability to sustain even in a wild state, beasts as bulky as 
those of other regions. Such is the practical reflection once more 
suggested by a relic of past life, from which it appears that the very 
**possuns’ of old were in size the Bears of the present day. 


The fossil, now the subject of study, leaves no room for 
doubt or misapprehension. It is the distal third of a shoulder 
blade, in good preservation, distinguished by a large dilated and 
incrassated coracoid, which firmly denies all relationshp with 


* Chief-girdle-tail. 


110 ON THE PHALANGISTIDE OF THE POST-TERTIARY 


families other than the Phalangistida, and even with Phascolarctos,. 
the aberrant genus of that family. As the weight of the animal 
attested by the fossil is to be reckoned in hundredweights, one could 
hardly conceive it to belong to that division of the Phalangistide,. 
the Petaurists, which are flotant in their leap from tree to tree ; it 
is, however, satisfactory to find in the fossil no inducement om 
structural grounds to refer it to that division. Archizonurus was, 
in short, a true Phalanger, as will be seen from the description. 


The glenoid fossa is elongate and proportionately narrow. 
Its anterior or rostral two-fifths relatively broad and but slightly 
dilated posteriorly—its caudal three-fifths suddenly but very 
moderately expanding. Its form is thus hardly to be distinguished 
from that of the Toolah, Phalangista (?) archeri, but it differs from 
this, and, indeed, from the rest of the Phalangers, in not having 
its rostral edges brought together and produced at the point into a 
bicipital tubercle ; the external edge is on the contrary reflected 
upon the ectal surface of the bone. The coracoid is a thick oval 
process attached longitudinally by the greater part of its upper 
side, but so as to leave free a distinct exterior, and a longer interior 
end; it is separated from the glenoid fossa by a broad and deep 
groove, which, in the middle, is interrupted by a strong ridge 
passing from the middle of the posterior edge of the process to the 
place of the bicipital tubercle—a well marked groove extending 
more or less upon the ectal as well as the ental surface adjacent to 
the root of the process is characteristic of Phalangista and its allied 
genera—an interrupting ridge is present as a rule, but subject to 
much variation in its position and direction. Its variability extends 
to individuals—of ten scapulas of P. archeri, no,two are alike in this. 
respect, One, however, belonging to this species is sensibly 
identical with the fossil, and all vary from it less than do the other 
species and genera (Cuscus, Pseudochirus), The triceps insertiom 
is into a pit within an elongate triangular depression defined by the 
parted edges of the ectal and ental surfaces, of which the latter is 
the more prominent—the insertion has therefore the peculiarity of 
appearing on the ectal instead of on the ental aspect of the bone as 
usuil in the Phalangers. 


~ > vey OF TF Fe, 


PERIOD IN QUEENSLAND, BY C. W. DE VIS. . 111 


On the ental aspect the fossil is remarkable for the depth of 
the depression between the meso-and post-scapular to accom- 
modate doubtless a correspondingly volumnicus subscapularis or 
posterior division thereof. In most recent Phalangers this region 
of the scapula is, if at all, but slightly concave, but in P. archer? it 
constantly presents a deeper concavity. The meso-scapula on this 
side is in the fossil inordinately concave. On the ectal aspect there 
is little to excite attention, save an unusual flatness of the region 
around the insertion of the spine, contrasting with the concavity on 
either side of it produced by the elevation of the margins in most 
Phalangers—the fossil in this instance resembles Cuscus ssp. and 
Phalangista vulpina rather than P. archeri. 


On the whole, the Cuscus-like Pialanger placed in Phalangista 
as P. archeri* is evidently the species most retentive of characters 
impressed on the group by this one of its precursors. The Toolah 
P. archeri, is restricted in its habitat to the warm and rainy scrubs 
of the north-east coast. It is therefore almost necessary to infer 


_that Archizonurus became extinet through the gradual disappear- 


cance of similar conditions in higher latitudes. 


The greatest breadth vf the glenoid fossa in the fossil is six- 
fold that of P. archeri, its length has nearly the same proportion. 
P. archeri is 310 m.m. in length, sine cauda, and weighs about four 
pounds. Archizonurus may therefore be estimated to have been 
about six feet in length and 850 lbs. in weight. 


Cuscus procuscus.— 

The arthral end of a scapula to which this cabinet name has 
been given, brings us into nearer contemplation of the recent genus 
Cuscus than was permitted to us by Archizonurus. Size and 
geological remove are, indeed, the only considerations inimical to its 
appropriation to that genus, anJ—though the writer is disposed to 
give to them overbalancing weight in any case of doubt—without 


* The affinity of the Toolah with Cuscus is seen not only in the quality 
of its fur, but in the sculpture of its molar surfaces—it is in fact a subgenus 
of Cuscus, 


112 ON THE PHALANGISTID.E OF THE POST-TERTIARY 


sufficient reason to doubt on structural grounds, he cannot presume 


to traverse the practice of high authorities. 


On testing the present fragment by comparison with the 
scapulas of most of the modern Phalangers, it is found to approach 
nearest and, indeed, very near to C scus orientalis, a result 
not without significance. From resemblance in the few points of 
mere specific differentiation which so small a part of the skeleton is 
able to yield, it would, of course, be rash to adduce the degree of 
affinity indicated by them is proof of a hypothesis to be pleaded, 
yet the indications, such as they are, may be permitted to suggest 
that the zooloogical community between the home of C. orientlis 


(the New Hebrides), New Zealand and Queensland, which has” 


already been traced on the surface, may eventually be traced below 
it. 

The form of the glenoild fossa of this—a right scapula—is 
reproduced in that of C. orientalis, but with a little less expansion 
and concavity for the head of the humerus. The fossil has its 
bicipital tubercle well developed. The coracoid process is imperfect, 
having lost both the free angle of its ecto-rostral end and the 
extended portion of its ento-caudal termination. The continuity of 
the sulcus separating it from the glenoid fossa is not broken by a 
distinct connecting ridge—the entire absence of such being also a 
peculiarity in C. ortentdlis. On the ental side of the base of the 
process is a large’ irregular cavity for insertion of ligament; no 
distinct remains of this excavation have been seen by the writer in 
recent Phalangers, except in the New Hebridean Cuscus in which it 
appears as a small but obvious fossa amidst a little roughness of the 
adjacent surface. In its passage towards the ectal side of the bone 
the groove is limited caudad by a sharp edge continued from the 
ental margin of the glenoid fossa rostrad of the bicipital tubercle— 
reaching the ectal surface it expands upon it and forms a deep well- 
defined rounded Gepression, better retained in C. orientalis than in 


other Phalangers. 


The size of the animal revealed by this fossil was much the | 


same as that of Archizonurus. 


— es fe ‘tun! J , 


PERIOD IN QUEENSLAND, BY C. W. DE VIS 113 


Pseudochirus (?) notabilis.—— — 

In a maxillary containing the premolar pm? with three suc- 
ceeding molars there is transmitted a well-kept record of another 
type of Phalanger. The premolar is a distinctly bicuspidate tooth, 
consisting of an anterior subpyramidal and a posterior conical cusp, 
united by a narrow mesial linking ridge; a deep valley on either 
side of the ridge is closed on the ectal side by a raised basal rim, on 
the ental by a cingulum passing from the ental. side of one cusp to 
the other, divided by a notch nearly opposite the entrance of the 
valley, and enclosing a dilated basal area on that side of the tooth. 
The general form of this premolar :s recognisable in that of Phalan- 
yista, and in the atttitude of the two there is about the same 
degree of obliquity ; but for a decidely near approach to the fossil 
tooth the writer sought in vain among the Phalangers, until, 
turning out the contents of a lady’s reticule, brought from the 
Fly River, New Guinea, he found a part of a skull of a young 
Cuscus, with the deciduous premolar in place. With differential 
details, this tooth is so similar to that of the fossil that both might 
well be referred to the same genus, but inspection of the molars of 
the fossil at once advises us of the danger of deducing such affinity 
from a single tooth, in this instance at least. From Cuscus and 
Phalangista alike they lead away—proximately to Pseudochirus 
and Petaurista—ultimately to Phascolarctos. In these genera the 
same leading characters are exhibited by the molar surfaces—in all 
we note the ectal edge of the series, as supinated to view, much the 
higher, its central line concave, each lobe traversed by concentric 
folds of enamel—the outermost fold forming serially the edge of a 
line of depressions on the summit or side of the ectal margin—the 
innermost edging a lower line of hollows more or less distinct. In 
Phascolarctos both rows of pits are so pronounced as to give a 
peculiar facies to the teeth—the ectal row runs along the summit 
of the cusps, the central folds are well nigh aborted. In Petaurista 
the outer fold being near the edge, the pit is converted into a lateral 
indentation of the summit—the central folds are few. In Pseudo- 
chirus (lemuroides,t mongan, caudivolvulus) the marginal indents 
are similar—the central folds more numerous. I[n Petaurista and 


114 ON PHALANGISTID OF THE POST-TERTIARY, BY C. W. DE VIS. 


Pseudochirus the marginal indents are each more or less closed 
helow by an interrupted outer cingulum forming a line of denticles 


? 


upon the base. 


The teeth of the present fossil have the rows of depressions 
as distinct semicircular pits—those of the outer series deep 
infundibuliform excavations of the margin opening upon the 
summits of the cusps to an extent which gives on the whole the facies 
of Phascolarctos rather than that of recent Pialangers, but not 


as in Phascolarctos limited externally by a continuous lateral edge. . 


The mesial folds of enamel are twoin number and well marked. 


The writer, wishful to avoid the evil of an unnecessary genus, 
has sought to reconcile these teeth with those of one or other of 
the ptychodont Phalangers, but seeing how much further they are 
removed from all recent generic modifications known to him than 
those are one from another, he is almost fain to admit their claim 
to a higher than specifiv rank. The claim, however, will be better 
considered by some later observer with fuller materials before him, 
Provisionally the fossil is referred to Pseudochirus as the most 
likely among living genera to have been transmitted through it, but 
at the same time a possible affinity with Cuseus on the one hand, 
and even Phascolarctos on the other, is not to be altogether ignored, 


As to size, the extinct Pseudochirus in view was as large as a 
Koala (Phascolarctos) and would consequently weigh about 20 lbs. 


The recent species are comparatively small. 


Phalangista sp.— 
A penultimate lower molar in its segment of the jaw offers no 


means of distinguishing it from the corresponding tooth in P, 
vulpina. Until better instructed, we cannot, however, admit this 
unique claim of the common ’possum to the honours of high 


antiquity. 


4 
J 
; 
{ 
: 


eae Wns See ee ee eye 


ADDITIONS TO THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND. 115 


ADDITIONS TO THE LICHEN FLORA OF 
QUEENSLAND. 


In “‘ Lichenologische Beitrage yon Dr. J. Miiller, Separat—Abdruck 
aus Flora, Nr. X[V.—XXX..,” recently sent to Mr. F. M. Bailey 
by the learned author, the following plants are reported a§ 
additions to the Queensland Flora :— 


Cladonia elegantula Aull. Arg. =U. lepidula, Kremp. (Muell. Arg.) 
Ramalina inflata, Hook. et Tayl.=R. geniculata, Nyl. 
= »,  v. gracilis, Mull, Arg.=R. subgeniculata, Nyl. 
Spherophoron’ compressum v. candidum, Mull. Arg.—Bellenden 
Ker, Karsten. 
Peltigera polydactyla v. conjungens, Mull. Arg—Toowoomba, 
Hartmann. 
Stictina fragillima y. linearis, Mull, Arg.—Bellenden Ker, Sayer. 
Sticta aurata v. microphylla, Mull, Arg—Toowoomba, Hartmann, 
Parmelia virens, Yull. Arg—Toowoomba, Hartmann. 
»,  hypoxantha v. major, Mull, Arg—Mueller River, C. W. 
de Burgh Birch. 
»  limbata v. endococcinea, Mull. Arg.—Russell River, Sayer. 
,,  tiliacea vy. stenophylla, A/ull Arg.—Toowoomba, Hart- 
mann. 
»  tenuirima v. corallina, Mull. Arg.—Toowoomba, Hart- 
mann. 
» gracilis, Mull. Arg.—Daintree River, Pentzke. 
Physcia chrysophthalma v. leucoblephara, Mull. Arg.—Toowoomba, 
Hartmann. 
” 9 5» Sieberianus, Lawr.. Rockhampton, Thozet. 
Psoroma caesium, Mull. Arg.—Cunningham’s Gap, Hartmann. 
Thelotrema australiense, Mull. Arg.—Tweed River and Richmond 


River, Miss Hodgkinson. 
H 


116 ADDITIONS TO THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


Thelotrema (Leptotrema) consimile, Mull. Arg.—Russell River, 
Sayer. 
pe laceratulum, Mull. Arg.—Trinity Bay, Sayer. 
35 (Leptotrema) integrum, Mull. Arg.—Russell River, 
Sayer. 
i Leptotrema) compactum, yl. 
53 (Ocellularia) viridi-pallens, Mull. Arg. Trinity Bay, 
Sayer. 
Porina (Euporina) similis, Mull: Arg.—Trinity Bay, Sayer. 
» mastoidea, fee, Toowoomba, Hartmann. 
Lecidea (Heterothecium) parabola, Nv/.—Trinity Bay, Sayer. 
»  (Biatora) leioplaca, Mull Arg.—Rockhampton. 
»  (Nesolechia) Ccccocarpie, AZull. Arg.—Russell River, 
Sayer. 
Graphis (Chlorographa) Argopholis, Anight—Tambourine Moun- 
tain, Shirley. ! 
»,  (Graphina) saxicola, M/uli. Arg.—Thursday Island, Hart- 
mann, 
»»  (EKugraphina) subtartarea, M/ul!. Arg.—Trinity Bay, Sayer. 
»  (Helminthocarpum) Lojkanum, Mull. Arg.—Toowoomba, 
Hartmann. 
Opegrapha plurilocularis, Wull. Arg.—Toowoomba, Hartmann. 
se s. Lecidea plurilocularis, Vy. 
Arthonia Ricasoliz, Mull. Arg.—Toowoomba, Hartmann. 
Glyphis (Sarcographina) cyclospora, Mull. Arg.—Trinity Bay, 


Sayer. 
Verrucaria (Pyrenula) segregata, A/ull. Arg.—Trinity Bay, Sayer. 
‘ ( » ) finitima, Mull, Arg—Toowoomba, Hart- 


mann. 

NS ( » )immersa, Mull. Arg.— 5 ie 
(Tomasellia) dispora, Mull. Arg.—Thursday Island ,, 

+ (Polyblastia) velata, Mull. Arg—Endeavour R. Persick. 
e (Anthracothecium) oligospermum, Mull. Arg.Lower 


Herbert, Wickham. 


JOHN SHIRLEY. 
April 8th, 1889. 


site A i ote hn i ii ee 


NEW SPECIES OF QUEENSLAND BUTTERFLIES. 117 


NEW SPECIES OF QUEENSLAND BUTTERFLIES ; 


By T. P, LUCAS, M.R.C.S., ENG., &c. 


PoLYOMMATUS SUBPALLIDUS, Nov. Sp. 


3? 23—28 mm. Head black. Palpi black, terminal joint long, 
under surface grey. Antenna black and white, finely annulated 
clavelli black. Thorax and abdomen black, under surface greyish 
white. Legs grey. 


$ Forewings coppery brown, shot with purple, suffused with 
black on hind margin, most deeply at costa, thence attenuated toward 
anal angle of hind margin ; marginal line very fine, dark, smoky 
black ; cilia grey, with fine dark smoky grey. Hind wings as 
forewings, with a suffused black hind marginal band. 


Under surface ¢ white grey, markings smoky grey; a line 
of six interrupted lunular markings from # costa to 2 inner margin; 
a sub-marginal line from near apical angle of costa to near anal 
angle of inner margin, first portion as indistinct dashes, last two 
spots conspicuous deep black, rounded. Marginal line very fine, 
black; hindwings, colours as forewings; base with number of 
black hairs clasping thorax. Five lines of dots or interrupted 
markings, 1st line of two dots, near costa at and on median vein ; 
2nd line of five dots near costa at 4 to inner margin at 4 in a curve 
nearly parallel with hind margin ; 3rd line of six markings 2 costa 
to ; inner margin; 4th line of irregular markings parallel to and 
immediately beyond 8rd line ; 5th line # costa to ® inner margin ; 
a sub-marginal row of smoky black spots from apical angle of 
costa to 2 hind margin; marginal line finely black ; cilia grey, 


? All wings smoky black, shot with purplish blue ; marginal 
line finely black ; under surface markings much less distinct than 


in ¢ 


118 NEW SPECIES OF QUEENSLAND BUTTERFLIES, 


Loc,—Brisbane to Townsville, in low grassy scrub. 


Allied to P. erinus, from which it differs in being smaller, in 


- shade of colouring, in creamy grey of under surface, in absence of 
discal spot, and in habits. This species is more a grass flier, It 
is also allied to P. merens, but the markings and colouring of 
under surface are quite distinct. 


LycHNA ORANIGRA, NOY. sp. 


$ 2 27—30 m.m. Head black, under side white, orbicles white. 


Palpi black, under surface white. Antenne black, under surface 
finely annulated black and white, clavelli on under side black, with 
middle third white. Thorax black, irrorated with blue, under 
side white. Abdomen black, base of segments white, under surface 
white. Legs black, tibe baniled with white, under surface whita. 


6 Forewings deep blue, shot with purple, costa bordered 
with fine black line, becoming wider at apical angle, and continuous 
as a broad black band on hind margin to anal angle; a fine 
hind marginal line deep black. Cilia black grey, tipped with 
ochreous grey. Hindwings same colour as forewings, with broad 
greyish black band on inner margin to anal angle containing deeper 
coloured black dots between the veins ; tail black, tipped with grey. 
Cilia ochreous grey, middle third banded with black grey. 


Under surface, forewings slaty grey; lines silvery grey, 
divided into interrupted sublunular markings between veins, 
correlated in pairs, and enclosing suffusion of smoky grey ; 1st 
line from near costa at 4 to median vein; 2nd line just beyond 
Ist line at costa to $ of inner margin, consists of three lunules, 
costal one concave, other two convex to Ist line; 3rd line 
at 2 costa to just beyond 2nd on inner margin consists of six 
lunules, costal three convex, others concave to 2nd line; 4th line 
from 3 costa paralJel with 3rd line to 5 across wing, consists of 
four lunules, concave to third line ; 5th line from ; costa to just 
before anal angle of inner margin, consists of six lunules, convex 


,0 4th line ; submarginal and subterminal lines parallel to 5th line, 


1 i 


te ie «pe eet i a ee ee ee eee 


BY T. P. LUCAS, M.R.C.S., ENG., ETC. “AES 


former convex, latter concave to 5th ‘line ; terminal line smoky 
grey. Hindwings, colours as forewings, three pairs of double 


correlated interrupted lines, in broken lunules, Ist line from : costa 
to } hind margin ; 2nd line just beyond Ist, parallel and correlated ; 


3rd line from P and 4th line from 4 costa run in interrupted cor- 
relations to near 2nd line in middle third of wing; 5th and 6th 
lines from near apical angle of costa in interrupted correlations to 
near 4th line, then parallel to hind margin te 4 inner margin ; 7th 
line, subterminal and submarginal lines immediately beyond, and 
parallel to line 6 ; marginal line fine deep black ; two conspicuous 
dots on hindjmargin, near anal angle, black, bordered with iridescent 
blue, inner tinted with red, outer one most conspicuous and arched 
with red. 


? Horewings milky blue. one-third of wing on costal margin, 
and one-third on hind margin, diffused smoky black. Hindwings 
milky blue, costa deeply diffused with smoky black, hind margin 
smoky black, mixed with milky blue, irrorated with grey, so as to 
define rounded black dots between veins, finely bordered with bluish 
grey, and arched black grey. Under surface as ¢ 


This species comes near to L. pavana and L. plato. Itisa 
deeper purple blue in colour. It has fewer markings on the under 
surface of wings than L, pavana. The markings are silvery grey, 
and the colour of the under surface generally is a slaty grey in 
I. oranigra, but in ZL. plato the markings are whiter and the 
colour of the under surface more creamy. The under surface of the 
knob or club of antenna is white, tipped with black in oranigra, 
with orange in ZL. plato, and with white in Z. pavana. The 
deep black border is at once a conspicuous distinction. 


At Port Douglas and Townsville, on Leguminous flowers. 


120 NOTES ON THE HELICIDM, BY ©. HEDLEY. 


NOTES ON THE HELICIDA; 
By C, HEDLEY. 


ee 


Helix rainbirdi, Coz. Animal 55 m.m. long, rounded in front, 
and rapidly tapering behind to an acute point. Tentacles sub- 
cylindrical 18 m.m. long, tapering from swollen contiguous bases, 
mantle bright blood-red, anterior portion of body and muzzle black, 
tentacles chesnut, tail chesnut with central brown stripe. Sides 
ornamented with reticulating grooves running downwards and 
forwards from three central furrows along the neck, which termin- 
ate in a minute pit at the bases of the tentacles. Tail sub-keeled 
with slight central groove whence branch to the margin of the foot 
an obscure network of minute furrows. 


The jaw is high, arcuate, ends truncated, denticulated on both 
margins by six stout ribs as broad as their interstices. 


The lingual ribbon has the central tooth with base of attach- 
ment longer than wide, posterior lateral angles expanded, anterior 
margin broadly reflected, tapering slowly to a stout, almost square- 
headed cusp whose cutting edge surpasses the posterior margin. 
In the first six laterals, the outer expanded angle becomes wing- 
shaped, the inner being suppressed; these six teeth attain the 
largest size and bear a more ovate cusp than that of the rachidian ; 
further from the centre the base of attachment becomes more 
symmetrical, presenting an almost square appearance in the 18th 
sories. Denticles gradually appear in the remote laterals, and he 
extreme marginals become trifid. 


On dissecting the genitalia, the penis-sac at the end of its 
straight cylindrical portion is seen to perform a spiral revolution, at 
the apex of which the short vas deferens takes its departure, The 


NOTES ON THE HELICIDH, BY C. HEDLEY. 121 


small ovate genital bladder is appressed against the accessory 
gland of the epididymis, and the ovary is wound around its long 
slender duct. 


Helix pachystyla, Pfr., has the jaw arcuate, ends rounded, 
crossed by a dozen narrow, sharp ribs, whose width equals that of 


their interstices, and which denticulate the cutting margin only. 


The odontophore carries a central tooth whose base is longer 
than wide, half way up which the broader reflection develops a 
central and two minute lateral cusps, the main ovate cusp not 
attaining the basal margin. The laterals preserve the same size 
and shape for twenty-eight series, exhibiting a single, slender, acute 
cusp, with the distal, posterior, basal angle produced. 


To these succeed eleven transitional rows, whose teeth have an 
accessory cusp half way up the proximal blade, and another at the 
distal base. Beyond are about twenty irregularly dentate marginals. 


The genital system possesses a small, ovate, genital bladder 
on a comparatively short stem ; the penis-sac is short, straight and 
stout, the apex performing a half revolution. 


In the accompanying plate which illustrates these notes, the 
various parts are distinguished by the usual lettering. 


For the specimens on which the above observations were made | 
as well as for other kind assistance, I am indebted to Mr. de Burgh 
Birch, who collected these molluscs near the Proserpine River. 
Bowen. 


122 METEOROLOGICAL NOTES, BY MRS, COXEN, M.R.M.S. 


METEOROLOGICAL NOTES; 


By MRS, COXEN, M.R.M.S, 


MEAN TEMPERATURE, 1888, 


N. BRISBANE MINIMUM. MAXIMUM. 


SYDNKY, AND 
MELBOURNE. [Brisbane] Sydney. b 


Mel- 
ourne. 


——. —————<q—  — jE qqqe~Kéi qr ue —_— )uum-— 


January ... | 65 65 56 85 1 77:3 73 6 
February ... ag 67 64 6 81 6 76 9 76 5 
March .. +f 61 60 82 9 75 3 69 2 
April Oy ‘adi WOO 57 uy & 72 2 70 1 
May . we f 53 49 71 4 64 1 61 2 
June van ie 47 49 68 8 62 2 58 2 
July a ee 46 y Ras 60 2 55 4 
August... se bd 46 4 TE 62 2 56 7 
September sae, BS 52 4 f 75 4 64 9 62 5 
October «’... we | 58 55 80 7 69 5 65 1 
November soo | G2 62 ; “7 85 8 75 6 74:1 
December... oa hy JOO 64 E 84 2 76 3 78 6 


Mean for Year ... 78 5 69 7 66 8 


FIELD NATURALISTS EXCURSION TO ASHGROVE. 123 


FIELD NATURALISTS’ EXCURSION TO 
ASHGROVE, 


JANUARY 19TH, 1889. 


The usual fortnightly excursion was held on the above date. The 
place visited was a small creek to the right of the Waterworks 
Road, a few miles beyond Ashgrove. There were eight members 
present. The locality was not a favourable one for plant collecting. 


We are indebted, as usual, to Mr. F. M. Bailey for the 
following list of plants found in flower or fruit :— 


Pittosporum rhombifolium, A. Cunn ; in flower. 

Stellaria media, Zinn. ; in flower. 

Geranium dissectum, Zinn., var. australe; in flower and fruit. 
The form about Brisbane is the G. potentilloides of authors, 
and does not form.that carrot-like tap-root of the one on the 
western plains so highly prized as a sheep fodder. 

Zieria Smithii, Anrd.; in flower and fruit. 

Medicosma Cunninghami, Hook, f. ; in flower. 

Acronychia levis, Forst ; in flower. 

Vitis hypoglauca, F. v. M.; in unripe fruit. 

Hovea acutiflora ; in fruit. 

Acacia penninervis, Szeb. ; in flower. 

Beckea virgata, Andr. ; in flower. 

Angophora subvelutina, F. ». MW. ; apple tree, in fruit. 

Eucalyptus corymbosa, Sm. ; bloodwood, in flower. 

Tristania suaveolens, Sm. ; swamp mahogany, in flower. 

Backhousia myrtifolia, Hook. et Horn. ; in flower. Grey myrtle of 
N.S.W. | 

Eugenia myrtifolia, Sims ; scrub cherry, in very fine fruit. 

Jussiza repens, Zinn. ; in flower and fruit. 


124 FIELD NATURALISTS’ EXCURSION TO ASHGROVE, 


Bryonia laciniosa, Zinn, ; in flower and fruit. 
Sambucus xanthocarpa, F, v. VW; in fruit, 
Ageratum conyzoides, Zinn. ; var. mexicanum. 
Trochocarpa laurina, R. Br. ; in flower. 

Notelea longifolia, Vent. ; in flower, 

Lyonsia reticulata, fF’. ». M. ; in flower. 

Vitex lignumvite, A. Cunn. ; in flower. 

Mentha satureioides, R. Br. ; in flower. 
Chenopodium carinatum, R. Br. 

Polygonum strigosum, R. Br. ; in flower and fruit, 
RB attenuatum, R. Br.; in flower and fruit. 
Pimelea altior, F’. v. Jf, ; in flower, 

Wikstreemia indica, 0. A. May ; in flower and fruit. 
Phyllanthus albiflorus, F. v. JZ. ; in flower and fruit. 
Breynia oblongifolia, Muell, Arg. ; in flower. 
Alchornea ilicifolia, M/uell. Arg. ; in flower. 
Geitonoplesium cymosum, A. Cunn ; in flower and fruit. 
Juncus prismatocarpus, #. Br. ; in flower. 


Good specimens of the following grasses were obtained :— 


Paspalum minutiflorum, Stend. 

Panicum sanguinale, Zinn.; P. flavidum, Retz.; P. indicum, 
Linn.; P. foliosum, 2. Br.; P. marginatum, R. Br. ; 
P. effusum, R. Br. 

Andropogon pertusus, Willd. 

A. refractus, R. Br. 

Sporobolus indicus, R. Br. 

S. i. var. elongatus. 

Kchinopogon ovatus, Beaw, 

Dichelachne crinita, Hook, 

Chloris divaricata, R. Br. 

Eleusine indica, Gartn. 

Eragrostis Brownii, Nees. 

&e. 
Hypolepis tenuifolia, Bernh., and other ferns. 


j 
os 

5 
y 
j 


Or 


FIELD NATURALISTS EXCURSION TO UPPER ITHACA CREEK, 12! 


FIELD NATURALISTS’ EXCURSION 
TO UPPER ITHACA CREEK, 


SaturDAY AFTERNOON, JANUARY 5TH, 1889. 


ON previous occasions the scrub in this locality (near Captain 
Simpson’s) has proved a good collecting ground, but since the last 
visit of the Section a great deal had been cleared, and so recently 
that few botanical specimens were left undestroyed, and the 
collecting ground of former excursions was therefore very much 
curtailed. 


The following list of plants, supplied by F. M. Bailey, Esq., 


are the principal ones noticed during this outing :— 


Capparis nobilis, Ff. ». M.; in flower. Native pomegranate. 


This, when in full bloom, as at present, is one of the most 
beautiful trees of our scrubs. The flowers are large, white, 
and very fragile ; the fruit is edible. 


Zieria Smithii, Andr. ; in flower. 


Vitis nitens, F. v. M.; in fruit. Native grape, This rampant 
climber produces an oval acid fruit which doubtless might 
be improved, and become useful if cultivated. 


‘Harpullia pendula, Planch. ; in fruit. Tulipwood. 
‘Tephrosia filipes, Benth. ; in flower. 


Backhousia myrtifolia, Hook. & Horn. ; in flower. 
Eugenia Smithii, Poir.; in flower. Lilly pilly. 


E. myrtifolia, Sims ; in fruit, Scrub cherry. Most useful 


for jams and wine making. 

“Vernonia cinerea, Less. ; in flower. 

‘Wahlenbergia gracilis, 4. DC.; in flower. Blue bell. 

Asclepias curassavica, Zinn. ; in flower. Milky cottonbush, a 
naturalised West Indian plant. 

Solanum aviculare, Yorst.; in flower. Poroporo of New Zealand. 


126 EXHIBITS. 


Eranthemum variabile, R. Br. ; in flower. Common in the flower 
gardens of the southern colonies, and might with advan- 
tage be introduced into ours. 

Euphorbia serrulata, Reinw. ; in flower. 

Cleistanthus Cunninghami, Muell. Arg. ; in flower. 

Phyllanthus Ferdinandi, Muell. Arg.; in fruit. Towwar of the 
natives. . ; 

Baloghia lucida, Planch. ; in fruit. Scrub bloodwood. 

Tragia Nove-Hollandie, Muell. Arg.; in flower. Climbing 
stinging nettle. 

Celtis paniculata, Planch.; in fruit. A rare tree in Southern 

. Queensland, met with for the first time by F. N. S. 

Ficus macrophylla, Desf.; in fruit. Large fig. 

Calanthe veratrifolia, R. Br.; in flower. Large white orchid. 
It is much to be regretted that this easily cultivated plant 
is not more frequently seen in our gardens, 


On land which had been cleared and burnt off, the late rains 
caused some of the indigenous grasses to shoot up, and good 
flowering specimens of the following kinds were obtained :— 
Eriochloa punctata. Hamilt.; Panicum semialatum, R. Br.; P. 

gracile, R. Br. ; Oplismenus compositus, Beauv. ; Imperata 
arundinacea, Oyr. ; Andropogon refractus, 2. Br. ; Aristida 
vagans, Oav.; Sporobolus indicus, &, Br.; 8. diander, 
Beauv. ; Eragrostis Brownii, Nees. 


EXHIBITS. 
Fripay, Arrit 12TH, 1889, 


1. Nine new species of Lepidoptera, including Polyommatus sub- 
pallidus and Lycena oranigra; by T. P. Lucas, M.R.C.S., 
Eng., &e. 

2. Fossil bones of Koalemus ingens, Archizonurus securus, Cuscus 
procuscus, Pseudochirus (?) notabilis, and Phalangista sp.; 
by C. W. De Vis, M.A. 


nS S 
a &3 | 
N 3 3 9 
are Pes 
Ps) QO §% 
KS 7 Va 
3 s* 
k 8 : 
S 
< N | 
'N . La! ; 
as 4% ‘ 
A nN 
2 . a 
PF 
: g 


Cet 


Vararus dirus 
Val. SIZE. 


> 


uv 


Megaiania writs 


& 


2 Neat S/Z 


roc. Roy. Soc. OL 


Vou. VI PU.V 
té 


JB 


Cusci.s ‘procuscus 


(Twice Vat. sine) 


sexd 


Proc. hay. Sou. OY Vou. VILUNML | 


1folyommatus subpalliidus 
2 Under side 

3 Lycana oranigra 

4. ” 

3 linder side, 


Va ML FL. VI 


Vol WV. PL, VT 
TOU VI PU-VOL. 


Jow of raiunrbirdy 


lh 


tt 


Sai 


Ee 


Teethy of rainbtrar 


MUM MMM Up 


CHE g 


YZ 
Q 


ese cee she 


¢ 
as 

Ai , 

y we ri 

- ts Rie 
b ety 

S eere 


Tieeeneaesaeeeesnenneneaweeneawacercene Jenewennnnepaeerecsenanen —, 


OFFICERS, 1889. 


President : 2 a 


C. W. De VIS, M.A. Ae 


Vice-President 3 


HENRY TRYON. a 


Pitaduser ‘ . Sie. 


J, BANCROFT, M.D. cee 


Honorary Seeretary : we 
JOHN SHIRLEY, BSc. 
Coun : Bist ds, Sates 


F. M. BATLBY, BL es 
L. A. BERNAYS, PLS: 


et 
* 
B2 

oe 


Lo. (27 THE te 
== PROCHH DINGS 
| ROYAL SOCIETY 
QUEENSLAND. 
1889. | 


Vor. VI. PART iv. 


ae 
\ at ors? - 


Ba 
f % 
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY 
3 Rae 
ALEX, MUIR & MORCOM, CREEK STREET, BRISBANE. 
1889. 


af cate with the Hon. Sec. at th 


ee ae Soe 


CONTENTS. | 


ae 
‘ ——_—ee--e——- 
PAPERS-—- e 


* The Lichen Flora of Queensland, with Descriptions of Species,” 
| by John Shirley, B.Sc. eet aie Sie a ae ta 


aes 


‘: Descriptions of some new Species of Australian Hesperidee,”. % c 
by, W. Hi Miskin, FNS; Oe ee 


me 
a4i 
“ 

De 


“Six new Species of? Rhopalocera,” by Thomas P. Lucas, a 


M.R.C.S., Eng , L.S.A,, Lond., L.R.C.P., Hd., &. ee dp 
“Op a Bone of an Extinct Hayle,” by C. W. De Vis, M.A. Naa { 


- 


Hoval Society of Mucenstand, 


FRIDAY, MAY 177, 1889. 
The President, C. W. Dr Vis, Esg., M.A. &c., in the chair. 


NEW MEMBERS. 


Messrs. W, E. Roth, B.A,, and J. C. Cowan, Brisbane, as 
Subscribing Members. 


DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY 
FOR THE MONTH. 


AuckLAnD—Report of the Auckland Institute and Museum, for 
1888-9 ; from the Trustees. 


Bonn—Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins, Vol. 
XXV., Pt. 2, from the Society. 


BrisBANE—A Manual of the Infusoria by W. Saville Kent ; 3 
Vols, from the Author. 


Catcutra—Records of the Geological Survey of India; Vol. 
XXIT., Pt. 1, 1889; from the Director of the Survey. 


MetBourNE—A Systematic Census of Australian Plants, 4th 
Supp., by Baron Von Mueller; from the Director 
of the Public Library. 


Pisa—Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Vol VLI., 
from the Society. 


WELLINGTON— Phormium Tenax as a Fibrous Plant, by Sir J. 
Hector, from the Director of the Colonial Museum. 


e 


K 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES; 


By Joun Sairuety, B.Sc. 


So aes 
PAwe® iit. 


a 


Sus-trise V.—Wulecanorei. 
Thallus crustaceous, granular or smooth or leprose, rarely 
radiating, Apothecia with a thalline border ; thalamium 
always naked, flat or tumid ; paraphyses separate ; spores 8 
or more, seldom septate, colourless, rarely fuscous. Sperma- 
gonia with arthrosterigmata, or with very long, curved, 
acicular spermatia, or with straight simple sterigmata. 


VII.—LeEcanora. 
Characters as in the sub-tribe above. 
* Spores numerous.—Acraspora. fr. 
1. L. vitellina, Ach. 

Thallus pale greenish yellow, indeterminate, leprose, granu- 
} lated, granules minute, crenulate or crenate or sublobate or 
‘ conglomerate ; apothecia clustered, sessile, tawny yellow, 
Sy. plane, at length convex and brownish ; thalline margin 
elevated, entire or crenate; spores numerous, colourless, 
oblong, simple or subpolari-bilocular or obsoletely uniseptate. 


Hab.—Moggill, on old fences by the ferry. 


** Spores 8, simple, colourless, not pertusarioid. 


2| L. subfusca, L. 


Thallus effuse, continuous, crustaceous to leprose-pulverulent, 
smooth, rimulose, granulate, verrucose, rugose or diffract, 


130 THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


whitish or cinerascent ; hypothalius white. Apothecia pale 
or dark-brown or black, often pruinose, plano-convex ; 
epithecium red-brown ; margin persistent, tumid, entire or 
crenulate ; thece short ; spores oval or ellipsoid, colourless, 

Sn. simple or double walled, 007-012 x :003—-007 m.m.; 
paraphyses slender, delicate ; hym. gel. with I. bluish then 
violet. Spermagonia with large easily distinguished ostiola ; 
sterigmata and spermatia of various forms;  stylospores 
septate. 


Hab.—Common on rocks and trees. 
v. coilocarpa, Ach. 


This form, common on rocks along the Brisbane River, is 

K. distinguished by its thin, unequal or granulate-rugose thallus, 

and its fuscous black or nigrescent apothecia, with entire 
margins, 

y. chlarona, Ach., is also common and usually corticolous, its 

thin, determinate thallus, and flat or sub-convex apothecia, 

Sn. with sub-entire or crenulate margins, separate it from other 


varieties. 


3. L. albella, Pers. 
Thallus white, silvery, determinate, thin, leprose or mem- 
branaceous, continuous, smooth ; apothecia sessile, scattered, 
M. concave or plane, pale or flesh-coloured, casio-pruinose or 
naked ; margin thin, entire or wavy ; spores 8, colourless, 
ellipsoid, simple ; paraphyses thick, free. 
Hab.—On trees, Toowoomba. 


Syn.—L. subfusca vy. albella, Fries, 


ae 


4, L. plumosa, Mull. Arg. 
Thallus suborbicular, thin, ashy-green, as if formed by 
pressure from small subcontiguous granules, bordered by a 
broad, snow-white liypothalline zone, which is closely 
plumose-fimbriate, at a later period ochraceo-rubescent. 
Apothecia thick, few, appressed, ‘S5—75 m.m., small, plane, 


M. 


Sn. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, Bb SC 131 


pallid and nude; with thin, pallid or albescent, and sub- 
crenate margin ; epithecium olive-brown; hypothecium 
hyaline ; spores ‘007—-01 x ‘005—-006 m.m. 

Hab —Toowoomba, on rocks. 

Lich. Beit. von Dr. Miller. Sep.—Ab. aus. Flora XVI. 2. 


. umbrina, Ard. 


Thallus nearly obliterated, showing patches of the olive- 
brown hypothallus, diffuse: apothecia fuscous or fusco- 
nigricant, small, czsio-suffused, thalline margin white, sub- 
crenulate ; spores variable, simple or with one er more 
nuclei or uniseptate, margined in maturity, ellipsoid or 
oblong or pyriform or oval, -006— -008 x -002—-004 m.m. ; 
paraphyses articulate. 


Hab.—On rocks, Mt. Perry. 


6. L. pulverata, Stirton. 


Sn. 


7. L. 


Thallus pallid or pale blue-grey, thin, with a fine areolate 
network, here and there minutely granular (K—-C—) ; 
apothecia sessile (width 8—1-6 m.m.), white or pale golden 
yellow, thickly white frosted, somewhat concave then flat, 
surrounded by a rather prominent crenulate excipulum ; 
epithecium C— ; spores 8, colourless, ellipsoid, simple, 
°009—-012 x -006—-0075 m.m. ; paraphyses slender, with 
apices citrine tinged ; hypothecium colourless. Hym. gel. 
with I bluish then dull. This lichen seems to lie between 
L. albella and L. galactina. 

Hab.—Brisbane, on bark. 

Dr. Stirton in Proc. Rov. Soe. Vict., Sept., 1880. 

conizea, Nyl. (Ach). 

Thallus albido-flavescent, - finely granulate-pulverulent ; 
apothecia pale or carneo-pallid, thalline margin elevate, 
subentire, pulverulent ; spores 8, colourless, ellipsoid, simple, 
"013 x 004 ; hypothecium whitish ; paraphyses separating 
with difficulty, slender, apices brownish. 


Syn.—L. varia v. conizea Ach. 


13 


a) 
ad 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


8. L. atra, Huds. 


Sy. v. 
. immarginata, C. K. 


Thallus thin, white, cracked into anal regular plates, 
determinate, bordered by a broad, distinct, black hypothalline 
zone ; apothecia to 1:6 m.m. in diameter, sometimes two or 
three united into one; disk dull black, oval or circular or 
irregular, within black ; margin white, elevate, thin above, 
entire, flexuose ; spores ellipsoid, rarely slightly curved, 
grumous or pellucid, ‘(006—-01 x -003—-004 m.m. ; hypothe- 
cinm in upper part cerasine-fuscous, spermagonia black, 
conoid or papilliform, arthrosterigmata 05 m m. long; sper- 


matia straight ; stylospores coloured. 
Hab.—On rocks, Helidon. 
virens, Mull. Arg—On bark, Mt. Perry. 


Thallus white, tuberculose. Apothecia black, innate, flat, 
naked ; hymenium violet-black, thick, rising from the thallus 
and with attennated circumference ; no proper excipulum ; 
spores ‘009 x :0075, oval-ellipsoid, colourless, double-walled. 
Distinguished from forms of L. subfusca by the apothecia 
being black ab initzo. 


Hab.—On trunks of trees, Mt. Perry. 
Dr. Knight in Syn, Queen. Fl. 2nd Sup. 


9. L. pinguis 7'uck. 


10. 


L. 


Thallus thinly crustaceous, rough and granular, whitish or 
cinerascent or ashy-green. Apothecia small, numerous, 
crowded, °25—'35 m.m., at first showing only the white 
marginal ring, then revealing the reddish-brown or fleshy- 
brown disk ; margin finely crenulate ; thece clavate-cylin- 
drical, 8-spored, contents 1-seriate ; spores simple, pellucid, 
-006—:008 x 002—-004 m.m.: paraphyses not separating. 


Hab.—Unrecorded. 


Queenslandie C. K. 
Thallus sordid white or dull flavescent, ptt in smal] 
reunded granules, resembling the verruce of a Pertusariay 


iNa 


12. 


13. 


L. 


L. 


L. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 133 


the prominences separated by a fine areolate network, surface 
irregular. Apothecia elevate, very numerous in the central 
area, *7—"9 m.m.; disk waxy, pale-red ; margin crenulate 
from the earliest stages, thickish, thalline, rosary-shaped 
under the lens ; spores simple, pellucid, oval, -005—-008 x 
°002—:0035 m.m. 


Hab.—Mt. Perry on bark. 


Very closely approximating to L. pinguis. 


sorediifera Fee, 

Thallus cinereo-flavescent and thickly granulose, granules 
somewhat gibbose—irregular. Apothecia from small and 
regular to 1 m.m. and plicate-angulose ; margin entire or 
plicate ; disk flat, nude; spores 8, simple, hyaline, 012 x 
006 m.m. Near L. granulosa Mull. Arg. 


Hab.—Unrecorded. 


melanommata, C.K. 

Thallus from very pale cinereous to white, minutely areolate, 
circumference subeffigurate, areole flat, variously angled, 
thin, smooth, discrete ; hypothallus black, laid bare between 
the areola. Apothecia very small, 27 m.m. in diameter or 
less, black, one or rarely two immersed in each areola ; disk 
rising to the surface of the thallus, immargin»te, no proper 
excipulum ; hypothecium thick, colourless; paraphyses slen- 
der, not discrete, with rigrescent apices ; spores ellipsoid, 
colourless, ‘01 x ‘007 m.m. 


Hab.—Mt. Perry on rocks. 


levissima, C.K. 

Thallus pale grey with slight reddish tinge (perhaps an 
accidental’ discoloration), smooth, continuous, very fainty 
reticulate-rimulose. Apothecia lecideine in appearance, 
small, innate, level with the surface, the only margin being 
that portion of the thallus cut off between the disk and the 
surrounding chink. Spores simple, colourless, oval-oblong, 


13 


14. 


16. 


+ 


L. 


L. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


very regular in size and shape, ‘(009—-011 x :003—-004 m.m. 
Differs from L. melanommata in the thallus being almost 
continuous, and in the narrower spores. 

Hab.—Mt. Perry on rocks. 


sordida, Fries. 

Thallus continuous, fissure cracked in flat tile-like divisions, 
whitish or cinereous, with white hypothallus, Apothecia 
flesh-coloured or light brown or black. 


Syn.—Zeora sordida, Pers ; Parmelia sordida, Fr ; Lecanora 
rimosa, Schaer. 
Hab.—On stones and rocks, 


*** Spores 8, uniseptate, brown—Rinodina, Fr. 
continua, (.A, 
Thallus thin, sulphur-coloured, smooth, continuous or indis- 
tinctly reticulate-rimulose, determinate, bordered by a broad, . 
distinct, dark-brown hypothalline zone. Apothecia small 
‘2—.5 m.m., immersed ; disk pale red to fuscous, plane ; 
margin fine, distinct, thalline, very slightly raised ; spores 
brownish, uniseptate, ovate-oblong, ‘008—:009 x 003— 
‘0036 m m, 
Hab.—On rocks and stones, rising from the bed of Ithaca 
Creek, Taylor’s Range. 


thiomela Ny, 

Thajlus sulphur yellow, thin, granulate or unequal'y sub- 
granulate ; apothecia black or blackish, usually medium or 
small, bordered hy a subentire or slightly crenulate thalline 
margin ; spores 8, brown, uniseptate ‘(023—-03 x -014—'015 
m.m. ; paraphyses usually of medium thickness ; epithecium 
(appearing as a thin lamina) sordid yellow; hyp thecium 
colourless. Gel. hym with iodine caerulescent. Allied to 
Lecidea lepida Nyl, of Brazil, but differing in the granulate 
thallus and separating paraphyses. 

Dr. Ny]. Lich. Nov. Zeal. p. 252 

Hab.—Helidon, on rocks. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 135 


17. L. exigua Ach, 


* * Spores 8, acicular, polyseptate—lamatomma Fr. 


Thallus orb’cular, granulated, whitish ash-coloured, thin, 
unequal, sub-cffuse. Apothecia clustered, with a thin some- 
times crenulate borzer, black brown when moist, small. 
Spores brown, 1-septate, ellipsoid ; spermagonia conoid ; arth- 
rosterigmata with straight spermatia of various sizes. 
Hab,—On tre-s and rails. 

Syn.—-L. sophodes v. exigua; L. atra v. exigua Schaer. ; 


Psora exigua Jepp.; Rinodina metabolica yv. exigua 
Kerb. ; Rinodina exigua Mass. 


18. L. punicea Ach. 


19. 


L. 


Thallus smooth, not shining, determinate, leprose, whitish or 
grey or glaucous, bordered with black. Apothecia numerous, 
crowded, in lines or in fours, or partly confluent and stellate ; 
disk bright red, flat, or when old convex, appearing as if 
simply embedded in the thalius; margins indistinct, thin, 


white, finally crenulate ; spores variable in size and shape, 


. 9-polyseptate, fusiform-acicular, curved or sometimes twisted, 


& L. 


°06 x -0035—‘005 m.m. ; paraphyses with tips obscured by 
brownish-red colouring matter. Near L. hematomma. 
Dr. Knight in lit. F.M.B. says identical with L. Babbing- 
toni, 

Hab.—Common on bark of trees. 


Syn.—Lecania punicea, Mull. Arg. 


Babbingtonil, Mass. 

Thallus pale grey with a greenish shade, roughened over 
with minute papille, leprose ; apothecia raised; disk flat, 
bright light red ; margins white, obscured in mature forms ; 
asci saccate or oblong ; spores linear, curved or subarcuate 
*029— 035 x :0025—- 004 m.m., 5-septate, paraphyses not 
reaJlily separating, apices minutely granulose, not dilated. 


Hab.—Common on bark of trees in Brisbane scrubs. 


136 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


»*,*, Spores pertusariod—Lecanorastrum, Mull, Arg. 


20. L. parella, Ach. 


Sn. 


Sn. 


Sn. 


22. L. 


Thallus determinate, leprose to crustaceous, rimose-diffract 
or areolate-verrucose, sordid white or ashy-grey. Apothecia 
numerous, crowded, often angulose-difformed ; disk plane 
or concave, dusky testaceous, coarsely albo-granulate ; 
margin tumid, thick, often radiato-crenulate or verrucose ; 
spores 6—8, large, *05—-06 x ‘02 m.m., double-walled, 
colourless, simple; paraphyses indistinct, very delicate, 
without coloured or clavate heads. Spermagonia show as 
minute yellow spots, sterigmata linear and simple, or slightly 
ramose, with acrogenous spermatia. 


Hab.—Common. 


Syn.—Pertusaria parelia, Mull. Arg. 


7. phleoleuca, Vy!. 


Thallus almost white, very thin, and in this differing from 
the type. Apothecia smaller than the normal form ; spores 
‘038—-05 x °025—025 m.m. 


Hab.—On bark of apple trees, Hocking’s Nursery. 


. pallescens, JZ. 
Thallus white or cinerascent, frequently isidioid or tuber- 
culose-rugose, membranaceous or subcartilaginous or tartare- 
ous, when membranaceous rimose or areolate-verrucose, 
when tartareous friable or mealy. Apothecia pale carneous, 
white pruinose ; margin white, thick, tumid, entire, smooth, 
truly thalline, including gonidia. 
Hab,—Mt. Perry. 


Syn.—Pertusaria pallescens. 


subundulata, C. K. 

Thallus a beautiful pearly white, suffused with pink pruina, 
surface even, finely rimulose. .\pothecia not crowded, large ; 
disk flat, pink-pruinose ; margin thick, rounded, ring-like, 
later on undulate and involute. Thece clavate-cylindrical 


23. L. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 137 


or ovate ; spores 1—2 seriate, simple, colourless, "O09 —:015 
x ‘004—-006 m.m. 


Hab.—Mt. Perry, on bark. 


tartarea, L. 

Thallus white glaucescent, membranaceous to tartareous, 
rimulose, granular, areolate-tuberculose. Apothecia large, 
scattered, very irregular in form ; disk rugulose, convex, at 
length plane or tumid, reddish or brownish ; margin tumid, 
often flexuose, paler; spores 8, oblong-ellipsoid, simple, 
colourless or sub-granular, resembling those of L. parella but 
larger. Spermagonia concolorous, irregular, wart-like; ostiola 
large, brown, furnished with arthrosterigmata. 
Hab.—Common. 


VIII —Oatvorisma, De Not. 


Thallus uniform, crustaceous, not squamulose or foliaceous, 


grey or yellow.. Apothecia scattered, usually yellow or orange. 
Spores simple or polari-bilocular. 


1. C. cinnabarinum, Ach. (Mull. Arg.) 


Sn. 


Thallus brick-red to orange, often in large patches, crust- 
aceous, moderately thick, rimulose-areolate, subverrucose ; 
areole plane, smooth, within flavescent; margins when 
moistened appear crenate; hypothallus black, sparse. Apoth- 
ecia (resembling those of the sub-genus Aspicilia), minute, 
at length exserted, sub-convex, pallid citrine, margin sub- 
entire, base wanting. Spores small, simple, colourless, 
oblong-ellipsoid, ‘O08 —-001 x -003—-005 m.m. 
Syn.—Amphiloma Debanense, Baggl, Lecidea (Biatora) 
cinnabarina, Somm., Lecanora cinnabarina, Ach., Callopisma 
capense, Mass., Urceolaria tesellata, Tayl. 

Hab.—On rocks, Ipswich, Helidon and Rosewood. 


2. C. aurantiacum, Lghtf. 


Thallus citrine-yellow or flavescent, granulate, leprose or 
tartareous, rugose and rimose ; hypothallus white, Apoth- 


138 THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


ecia golden or orange-coloured, biatorine, sessile, rather con- 

M vex, when young crowned by the hypothallus, finally shining, 
subglobose, or crowded and angular ; margin obtuse, pale 
yellow, undulate ; spores variable, ellipsoid, at times sub- 
globose, normally polari-bilocular, with or without an axial 
septum, ‘008—:012 x :005—-007 mm. Spermagonia 
orange-yellow or red ; sterigmata of numerous spherical or 
sub-cubical cells. 


Hab.—Stanthorpe and Toowoomba on rocks ; y. erythrellum 
Ach. found on basalt at Mt. Perry and Toowoomba, has an 
areolate-diffract thallus, and dark orange apothecia, almost 
immarginate. 


3. C. sanguinolentum, Arph. 
M. Syn.—Lecidea russula, Ach. 


Susp-TrRisE VIJ.—Pertusariei. 


Characters as in the genus below. 


IX.—Perrvusaria, D.C. 


Thallus crustaceous or cartilaginous-membranaceous, con- 
tinuous, irregularly warted or nearly smooth. Gonidia as 
in Lecanora. Apothecia verruciform, normally covered by 
a cortical layer of thallus, enclosing one or several waxy- 
gelatinous nuclei, enveloped in pale, membranaceous, 
thalline perithecia ; ostiola usually depressed ; spores 1-8, 
ellipsoid, large, with thick spore coat, simple. Spermatia 
acicular. Paraphyses usually intricate-ramose, Differs 
from Lecanora in the clathrate-connected paraphyses, and 
the spore membrane strongly stratose-incrassate. 


y Lecanorastrum, Mull. Arg. 


Disk of apothecia disclosed as in Lecanora. 


1. P. velata, Zurn. 
Thallus milk-white or whitish, smooth or rugose-unequal, 
rimulose, determinate, radiato-rugose or plicate towards the 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.Sc. 139 


circumference; verruce small, depressed, concolorous ; 
apothecia pale, plane, lecanorine; disk carneous or rosy ; 
spores solitary, ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, broadly mar- 
gined, endospore pale-yellow, -18—-22 x -:07—'12 m.m., 

K frequently with one or more longitudinal plications, and 
occasional with a few transverse terminal ones. 


* Syn.—Pertusaria pilulifera Pers, Variolaria carnea Z'ayl. 
Hab.—Mt. Perry. 


** Pertuse. (a). Flavescentes. 


Verruce subglobose, turgid, base constricted, more or less 
unequally gilbose-torquate, sparsely impresso-ostiolate. 


2. P. thiospoda, C. K. 

Thallus continuous, smoother than usual in the genus, from 
sulphurous to glaucous, gonidia large. Apothecia enclosed 
within small verruce, which ere *5—1m.m in diameter ; 
rarely confluent, convex or hemispherical-difformate, single- 

K_  fruited, not svrediate; ostiola punctiform, often fleshy 
papillate, finally opened. Spores in oblong asci, solitary or 
gemmate, large, ellipsoid, grumous, lutescent, normally 
3-limbate, central stratum thick, °095 x -038 mm. C. 
Knight, Lich. N.8.W., Trans. Lin. Soc., Dec. 1882. 


Hab.—-Mt. Perry, on bark. 


(b) Albidee. 
3. P. pertusella, A/uli. Arg. 

Thallus with fruit-bearing verruce leaden white, smoothish, 
somewhat thin, shining; verruce crowded, rather turgid, 
globose-hemispherical, smallish, many nucleate, with many 
black ostiola, which are depressed, from minute punctiform 

M to broadish; spores geminate, -1—*ll x ‘(03 m.m., not 
costate within. 


Lich. Beit. von Dr. J. Miller, Sep.—Ab. aus. Flora, XIX. 8. 


ITab.—Toowoomba. 


140 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


4. P. petrophyes, 0. K. 


6. 


K 


Thallus a faded white, with the matrix occasionally laid 
bare. Apothecia enclosed in thalline verruce, which are 
crowded together (width 2—3 m.m.) subglobose-difformate, 
base inflexed, many fruited, lacunose-unequal, often albo- 
farinaceous, then constantly sterile; ostiola minute; 
hymenium colourless, paraphyses very slender, capillary, 
flocculose-ramulose. Spores in elongate-cylindrical asci, 8, 
uniseriate, sometimes at both ends truncate, 3-limbate, central 
stratum thick, ellipsoid, lutescent, grumous, ‘085 x -034 
m.m. 

Hab.—On rocks, Mt. Perry and Brisbane valley. 

C. Knight, Trans. Lin. Soc., Dec. 1882. 


*** Pustulatasx—(a). Flavescentes. 


Verruce hemispherical, apices not depressed, ostiola broad, 
widely confluent. subemergent. 


. pustulata, Duby. 


Thallus yellowish or grey or greyish-olive, smooth, thin, 
effuse, continuous or rimose Verruce scattered. small, 
convex, hemispherical; ostiola dark-brown, punctiform, 
confluent, aggregated, very slightly depressed ; spores gemi- 
nate, colourless, ellipsoid, simple, resembling those of P. 
thiospoda, costulate within, ‘095 x ‘038 mm. 

Hab —Toowoomba, on bark. 


leiotera, Mull. Arg. 

Thallus virescenti-flavid, thin, continuous, with smooth 
polished surfaces, at length obsoletely granulose-unequal ; 
verruce ‘7—1m.m. wide, commonly with transverse branch- 
lets distinctly longer than wide, others hemispherical with 
truncate obtuse vertices, base gradually rising from the 
thallus, pallid or fuscescent, 1—8 ostiolate ; ostioles some- 
what confluent aad rimiform ; spores 2, 11 x ‘035 m.m., 
within costulate. Nearly agreeing with P. melaleuca, but 


thallus intensely flavicant, with verruce strikingly smooth, | 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 14] 


and in form and colour diverse. Lich. Beit. von Dr. J. 
Muller, XIX. 10: 


Hab.—Rockhampton, on bark. 


7. P. lutescens, Arph. 
Thallus lutescent, bordered by a fine obscure line ; verrucz 
M numerous, small, crowded and often confluent; ostiola 
punctiform, black, 2—4 in each verruca. Spores 2, °08— 
"132 x -036—066 m.m.; endospore transversely plicate, 


often in the middle longitudinally fissured. 
Hab.—Rockhampton. 


(b). Albidee. 
8. -P. sorediata, C. K. 
Thallus white or grey, at times with faint greenish tinge, 
seldom more than 4 m.m. thick, with surface closely and 
evenly rimose-areclate. Werruce hemispherical, to 1:5 
m.m., with sorediferous summits, showing a coarsely granular 
formation. Sterile. 


K Hab.—In patches frequently 3—4 it. wide, on rocks, near 

Brisbane. 
x", Depress. 
Fruit bearing verruce hemispherical, with apex at length 
depresso-concave, in the depression crowdedly or sub- 
confluently ostioligerous. 
Albide. 
9. P. welaleuca, Duby. 

Thallus yellowish cream colour, thin, membranaceous, sub- 
determinate, smoothish; verruce scattered, hemispherico- 
depressed, irregular, polycarpous ; ostiola brownish-black, 
pseudo-disciform, depressed, thalline margin lacerate ; spores 

M 2, colourless, ellipsoid, simple, -°045—-08 m.m. long, 
This plant normally in parts or wholly pallido-flavescent, by 
decortication changes to white, and falls away like farina. 
Juich. Beit. v. Dr. J. M., XIX. 11. 


Hab.—On bark, near Rockhampton. 


142 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


10, P. gibberosa, Mull. Arg. 


Thallus effuse, thin, here and there evanescent, continuous 
and smooth, milk-white; verruce concolorous with the 
thallus, depressed-hemispberical, 1—14 m.m. wide, younger 
forms with base effuse, at length the same sub-contracted, at 


M contact with thallus 3—5 gastrico-gibbose, in the centre of 


the apex with a few, or very few, close, at length sub- 
confluent, black ostiola; spores 8, °03—035 x ‘014-—017 
m.m., l-seriate, not costate. Near P. leioplaca, but spores 


smaller, and verruce peculiarly gibbose-polygastric. 
* % 
«4 * Leioplace. 
Verruce hemispherical or subglobose, base various, apex 


obtuse or deplanate (not depresso-concave) variously spar- 
ingly (not confluently) ostioligerous ; ostiola not depressed. 


(a) Albide. 


11. P. leioplaca, Ach. 


Thallus glauco-cinereous, somewhat thin, smooth, membran- 
aceous, determinate ; verruce turgido-subglob)se, smooth, 
distinctly constricted, scattered, rimose-fissured, large ; 
vertex rotundate-obtuse or slightly deplanate ; apothecia 


Sn. solitary ; ostiola brownish-black, punctiform, slightly 


depressed ; spores 3—4—6, colcurless, ellipsoid, simple, not 
costate, °06—:09 x :035—:045 m.m. ; hym. gel. with iodine 


cerulescent. 


Hab.—Common on bark. 


12. P. leioplacoides, Mull. Arg. 


Similar to P. leioplaca Ach, in the smooth thallus, but the. 
verruce smaller, 1—14 m.m, wide, hemispherical, whitish 
and shining, apex at length truncate-obtuse or vertex 
slightly depressed or deplanate ; ostiola whitish 2—5, not 
prominent or finally mamillari-prominent, somewhat 
crowded together, especially near the vertex ; spores 4 (often 


M 2 or 3), ‘0-—'12 x 03— 038 m.m. or larger, varying very 


considerably in size in the same apothecium, endospore within 


13. 


14, 


15. 


rE. 


id 


i 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 143 


prominently about 25-costate. Distinguished from P. leio- 
placa by the whitish ostiola and by the structure of the 
endospore. Lich, Beit. v. Dr. J. M. XIX 15. 


trypetheliiformis, Ny. 

Thallus cinereous, somewhat flavescent, thin, effuse, rugulose ; 
verruce concolorous, scarcely mediocre, about 1 m.m., at the 
base clearly distinct fiom the thallus, hemispherical and 
often irregular, vertices sub-truncate ; ostiola small, few, at 
first brown, then nigricant, not depressed, mammose-emer- 
gent ; spores 3—4, ‘04—-09 x -022—-045 m.m. 


Hab.—On bark near Toowoomba. 


. Hartmanni, Wuil. Arg. 


Thallus ashy, somewhat yellowish, thin, effuse, roughened ; 
verruce concolorous, scarcely mediocre, hemispherical, and 
often irregular, with vertex sub-truncate, and ostiola few ; 
spores 2, °13—15x-04 m.m. Outwardly like the type, but 
differs in the 2-spored asci and larger spores, 


Hab.—Toowoomba, on bark. 


Lich. Beit. v. Dr. J. M. XVL., 3. 


minuta, C.K, 

Thallus grey, thin, fissured, almost continuous, evenly spread 
over small twigs, verruce very small with smooth apices ; 
between the verruce are small rugose points ; ostiola black, 
not depressed, few punctate; spores 2, oblong-ellipsoid, 
marked transversely with strie as in P. communis, but 
the markings more delicate, requiring high powers, -06— 
‘08 x ‘025 m.m. ; paraphyses very fine, branching, matted, 
brownish with iodine. 


Hab.—Unrecorded. 
(b). Flavicantes. 
porinella, Vy. 
Thallus yellowish white’or cinereo-flavescent, diffuse, leprose- 
crustaceous, granular, with determinate margin; verruce 


14 


16. 


ifs 


19. 


4 
Sn. 


Sn. 


P, 


ig 


Fr. 


P, 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


smooth, rounded or lobed; ostiola brownish, irregular, 
approximating ; thece broad, 2-spored, often constricted in 
the centre; spores 2-coated, oval-oblong, smooth within, 
‘09—-12 x:03—.04 m.m. Gonidia small. 


Hab.—On bark, Bowen Park, Mt. Perry, &e. 


xanthoplaca, dull. Arg. 

Thallus yellow, moderately thin, effuse, very rugulose, at 
length rimose, superficially freely sorediose-ulcerate ; verruce 
1:5 m.m., hemispherical, with constricted base, obsoletely 
rotundate-gibbose, ostiola pallid, neither emergent nor de- 
pressed ; spores 8, (045—-05 x ‘025 m.m., not costate within. 


Hab.—On rocks Toowoomba. 
Lich. Beit. v. Dr. J. M. XVI., 2. 


leioplacella, Vy. 

Thallus yellow-white, thinly crustaceous, very similar to P, 
porinella, but with smaller rugose points between the verruce, 
which are not levigate. Thece cylindrical, spores 8, uni- 
seriate, spore coat thickish, not costate within, ‘037 x 02 
m.m,; paraphyses matted, not granular. 


Hab.—On bark of trees, Hocking’s Nursery. 


subflavens, Mull. Arg. 

Thallus flavicant ; verructe hemispherical, apex obtuse not 
depresso-concave, ostiola not confluent or depressed ; spores 
costulate within. 


Hab.—Corticolous. 
Kx * * 
* & © Irregulares. 


Verruce small, irregularly confluent, more or less sparingly 
punctiform-ostiolate, ostiola not at all immerso-depressed. 


leucostigma, Mull. Arg. 

Thallus scattered over with sordid-whitish, small, punctulate, 
mamillari-prominent verruce, glauco-cinereous, rugulose- 
unequal, margins argillaceo-pallid, faintly bordered by a 


20. 


ig 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 145 


zonal line; verruce to 1—5 m.m., nano-hemispherical, 
broadly deplanate-obtuse ; base not distinctly circumscribed, 
smooth, and concolorous with the thallus, subirregularly con- 
fluent, 1—3 fruited, 1—3 ostiolate ; ostiola often united in 
one, here and there 2—3 approximating, not depressed, 
brown, minutely punctiform, at length perforate-aperient, and 
girdled by white thalline areole; spores 7—8, below 
2-seriate, -09—-105 x °03—'038 m.m., not costulate. Lich. 
Beit. XIX. 33. 


Hab.—Cunningham’s Gap. 
ex 4% EOlycarpice. 
Verruce irregular, deplanate, often but slightly emergent, 


commonly many fruited, and multiostiolate ; ostiola foveo- 
late depressed. 


dermatodes, NVy/. 

As above. In old forms the ostioles are never delapso- 
concave or urceolate as in P. leucodes 0. K., which also 
differs in possessing black ostioles. 


Hab.—Daintree River, Pentzke. 


146 DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF 


DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF 
AUSTRALIAN HESPERIDA; 


By W. H.. MISKIN, F.E.S. 


O 


Fam.— HESPERID AR. ( Leach.) 
Genus—TaciapEs. ( Hub.) 


L. Gamelia, n. sp. 
Tppersiie,—Primaries.—Pale brown, with nine colourless 
transparent spots, two within and at end of cell, two others below 
and slightly beyond these, and a series of five very small ones 


forming a bent row a short distance from and parallel with apex. 


Secondaries.— With the basal and apical areas pale brown, 
the rest of wing pure white, with two quadrate black patches 
near apex, the upper one being the least. 


Underside.—Primaries.—As above, with a whitish patch 
near hinder angle. 

Secondaries:—All white, with apical angle, broadly towards 
base, dark-brown ; two brown patches near apex, of which the 
upper is the largest ; a short line of brown, close to outer margin, 
not reaching anal angle, or extending to terminations of median ; 
base of wing with a bluish tinge. 


Thorax and abdomen, above, pale brown ; beneath, light 
grey. 

Ex. a he — 1E in. 

Hab.—Cape York (N. Queensland). Coll.—Miskin. 


This species is allied to Japetus, (Cr.), which it resembles 
somewhat on the underside. The sexes do not differ. 


AUSTRALIAN HESPERIDH, BY W. H. MISKIN, F.E.S. 147 


Genus—PamMPHILa. (Fab.) 
P. Autoleon, n. sp. 


$ Uppersid?.— Primaries. — Yellowish-black ; an oblique, 
nearly transverse, band of orange-yellow from median vein beyond 
termination of cell, to sub-median, about the centre, thence 
narrowly along hind margin to base; three small spots of same 
color, from costa to sub-costal, beyond cell; base of costa with 
short yellow streak ; fringe narrow, yellow. 


Secondaries.-As in primaries, but with a short transverse 
band divided by nervules into four spots, beyond cell nearest to 
apex ; abdominal fold densely clothed with long yellow-brown 
hairs. Fringe orange-yellow, broad. 


Underside —Primaries.—Costa and outer margin broadly 
ferruginous ; basal area and hinder margin dark purplish brown ; 
yellow parts as above except in hinder margin. 


Secondaries.—Dark purplish-brown, with faint indication of 
band of upper side. 


¢ Asin ¢, but on the upper side with the oblique transverse 
band of primaries narrower and broken into separate spots, not 
continued to base; a short transverse band in centre of cell ; 
costal sub-apical series of three spots much smaller, 


Secondaries with the transverse band narrower and divided 
by the veins. 


Underside, with the markings as above, but the band of 
secondaries being obscured 


Thorax and abdomen on both sides dark-brown. 


Ex.—l}, in. Hab —Cardwell (N. Queensland), 
8 Coll._—Miskin. ¥ Coll.—Lucas. 


P. Fuliginosa, n. sp 
2 Upperside.—All the wings sooty black ; hind ones witha 
broad pure white fringe. 


148 DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF 


Underside-—Dark reddish-black ; basal area of primaries 
black. 

Secondaries with a transverse row beyond the middle, of 
somewhat obscured small bluish spots. 


Thorax and abdomen above, black ; beneath, light brown. 


Ex.—1f in. Hab.—Cardwell (N. Queensland). 


Coll.— Miskin. 
P, Albifascia, n. sp. 


3 Upperside.—Both wings pale black, with a bluish tinge. 


Primaries.—With a sub-apica! transverse row of four small 
pure white spots, from costa to median vein ; a somewhat oblique 


transverse band of pure white, from median to sub-median vein. 


Secondaries.—With a broad pure white transverse band 


occupying central area. 


Underside.—As above, but paler; the white portions some- 
what more extended ; in the secondaries nearly to base. 


Abdomen and thorax, above, black; beneath whitish. 
Club of antenne white. 


Ex.—1* in. Hab.—Herbert River (N. Queensland). 
Coll.—Miskin. 
Genus —HEsPERILLA (/Tew). 
H, Atromacula, n. sp. 


3 Upperside —Primaries.—Basal area ochreous-brown, rest 
of wing dark-brown; a light yellow semi-transparent patch 
within and at termination of cell; another longer and narrower 
below and beyond ; and contiguous to and below both, a large 
round black spot in nearly the centre of wing; a light yellow 
speck between the 3rd and 4th sub-costal branches at their base ; 
another, larger, immediately below. 


Secondaries.—The whole of the wing, except a widish border 
of dark-brown to costal, outer, and abdominal edges, clothed 
thickly with long ochreous-brown hairs. Fringe of both wings 
pale brown, 


AUSTRALIAN HESPERID®, BY W. H. MISKIN, F.E.S. 149 


Underside.—Wholly pale shining brown ; hinder margin of 
primaries somewhat darker. 


Primaries with yellow spots as above, but indistinct. 
Secondaries with a circular outer row of dark specks and two 
central specks. 

Thorax and abdomen—above, dark-brown; beneath, pale 
brown. 

Ex.—l= in. Hab.—Victoria. Coll.—Miskin. 


H. Scepticalis (Rosk.) 


Rosenstock’s description and figure in Ann. & Mag. Nat. 
Hist. (5) Vol. XVI. p. 329, T. 11, f 2, is of the 2. I now give 
a description of the opposite sex. 


g Upperside—Dark brown, with small diaphanous spots. 
Primaries with one discocellular longitudinal spot sent upwards 
at end, near termination of cell; a small one below and beyond 


this ; three minute ones transversely, from costa towards apex 


Secondaries with the diaphanous markings forming a short 
transverse band in centre of wing. 


Underside very paie-brown, with slightly reddish tinge ; the 
hinder border of primaries lighter, and a darkish suffusion towards 
hinder angle ; diaphanous markings as above. 


Ex.—1;, in. Hab.—Victoria; Port Denison (N. Queensland). 
Coll.— Miskin. 


H. Tasmanicus, n. sp, 


2 Upperside.—Shining brown, with diaphanous transverse 
markings. 


Primaries. — One narrow band reaching across _ cell, 
near termination; another from costa near apex, not quite 
reaching 5th sub-costal branch; another midway, but below 
these, somewhat oblique, formed by two spots; an indistinct 
appearance of another below discal one. 


150 DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF 


Secondaries.— With two minute spots, transversely, below 
the middle. 


Onderside.—Shining greyish brown ; outer area of primaries, 
except extreme margin, with a reddish tinge : markings as above ; 
those in secondaries somewhat obscure. 


Thorax and abdomen—above, brown ; beneath, grey. 


Ex.—1in. Hab.—Tasmania. Coll.—Miskin. 


H, Humilis, n. sp. 


é Upperside——Dark shining brown, with very minute 
diaphanous spots on primaries ; three of which are sub-apical and 
transverse ; one within cell, transversely elongate ; one below and 

_beyond end of cell. The sexual black band is broad and shining, 
margined with opaque black. 

Underside.—Lighi-brown ; hind margin of primaries pale 
buff; markings as above. 

Secondaries, light-brown, with a rather obscure transverse 
somewhat curved band of reddish brown, a short distance from 


outer margin ; an obscure discal spot of same colour. 


? Similar to ¢, but with three spots transversely, below and 
beyond cell ; underside as in ¢. 


Thorax and abdomen—above, dark-brown; beneath, light- 


brown. 


Ex.—1,; in. Hab,—Brisbane (Queensland). Coll.—Miskin 


This species is very near to Dovbledayii, but is easily 
distinguished, and is a smaller and less common species. 


H. Croceus, n. sp. 


é Upperside —Primaries.—Shining brown ; basal area to 
nearly middle, suffused with ochreous; with diaphanous_ spots 
arranged as follows :—Three small ones from costa transversely 
towards apex; one elongate within and towards end of cell’ 
elbowed at termination ; two below and beyond end of cell. 


AUSTRALIAN HESPERIDZ BY W. H. MISKIN, F.E.S. 151 


Secondaries.—Shining brown; discal area ochreous; two 


small diaphanous spots in centre. 


Underside.—Ochreous ; yellow spots as above ; some dark 
suffusion, contiguous to and beyond lower spots; anal fringe of 
secondaries whitish. 


2 Upperside—-As in male; discal spot of primaries not 
elongate ; and in addition two other spots below discal patch. 
No spots on secondaries, hind margins of which are dark-brown. 


Underside.—Safiron yellow ; primaries with hind margin 
light-brown, and some dashes of black towards hinder angle; 
markings as above, except that the two lower spots are absent, 
and other patches slightly enlarged ; fringes in both wings marked 
in black at termination of nervules, 


Ex—é lgin.; ¢ 15 in. Brisbane—Cooktown (Queens 


land). Coll.—Miskin. 
H, Fulgidus, n. sp. 


| Q Upperside.—Light-brown, slightly darker towards base in 


primaries, with diaphanous markings. 


Primaries —The markings consisting of a transverse some- 
what oblique row of three spots from beyond end of cell to- 
wards base, graduating in size from the top, which is the least ; 
a small one in centre of cell, nearer to median; two small 
spots, sub-apical. 

Secondaries.— With a series of four contiguous elongate 


spots, forming a transverse band in centre of wing. 


Underside.—Shining yeilowish brown ; base of primaries and 
hinder margin nearly to angle, dark-brown ; spots on both wings 
as above. 


Thorax and abdomen—above, dark-brown ; beneath, light- 
brown. | , 


Ex.—1j in. Hab.—Brisbane, Coll.—Miskin. 


152 DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF 


Genus—TRAPEZITES (Hub.) 
T. Idothea, n. sp. 


@ Upperside.—Primaries.—Reddish brown; large golden 
oblong semi-transparent spot within and at extremity of cell; 
below and extending beyond, but not quite touching it, a series 
of three sub-ovate conterminous golden semi- -transparent spots, 
divided only by the veins, the lower one much the least ; 
below these, but slightly nearer the base, and touching the sub- 
median, another mediuni-sized golden spot ; a small golden speck 
about one-third from the base, also above, and touching the sub- 
median ; about one-third from apex near costa, a short transverse 
row of three contiguous minute spots; costa from base about 
two-thirds, rufous ; fringe, obscure brown. 


Secondaries.—Dark-brown, with a rich-orange patch from 
near the base where it is narrow extending over discal area, 
widening considerably outwardly, the outer edge being crenated. 
Fringe rufous. Base of both wings densely clothed with long 


light-brown hairs. 


Underside —Primaries. — Costa and apex widely reddish- 
brown ; hind margin pale-brown ; discal area black, within which 
the large spots of upper side are reproduced in two large quadrate 
patches, of which the upper and nearest to the base is the least ; 
sub-apical small spots as above. 


Secondaries. Uniform red-brown with three black specks 
between the apical and anal angles, a short distance from and 
parallel with outer border, 

Thorax and abdomen-—above, dark-brown ; beneath, light- 
grey. 

Ex.—lZ, in. Hab.—Victoria, Coll.—Tucas. 

This species is clearly distinct from Jacchus (F) to which it 
most nearly approaches. The specimen from which my description 
is made, together with some others referred.to in this paper, are 
contained in the collection of Dr. Lucas of Brisbane, who has 
obligingly lent them to me for this purpose. 


AUSTRALIAN HESPERID-E, BY W. H. MISKIN, F.EFS. 153 


T. Pivilyra, un. sp. 

Upperside.—Primaries.— Light-brown, basal area ochreous ; 
centre of cell towards end, occupied by a square semi-transparent 
golden spot bordered on each side within the cell, by an irregular 
patch of velvety black; below this one an oblong patch of same 
colour, above the outer end of which is another smaller similar 
spot ; a small spot paler in colour touching, but above median 
nervure about midway ; three small pale yellow spots transversely 


from costa near apex. 


Secondaries —Reddish-hbrown, with broad transverse orange 
band not reaching either margin ; base clothed with long ochreous 
hairs. 

Uniders:de.—Primaries ashy-grey ; discal area yellow with 
two black patches, one at end of cell, the other crossing cell 


about the middle ; indistinct sub-apical spots. 


Seeondaries.—Wholly ashy-grey, with slight indication of 
orange band of upper side; a sub-marginal row of very indistinct 
small brown rings, from apical to anal angles, also extending 


along abdominal margin, and two in centre of wing. 


Thorax and abdomen—above, dark-brown ; beneath, silver- 


grey. The sexes are alike. 


Bx 3s 1S in. +; 2 13 in- Hab.—Victoria. Coll.—Lucas. 


Genus —Apaustus (Hub.) 


; 
A, Minimus, n. sp. 

Upperside.—Primaries.—Dark-brown, with shining yellow 
markings arranged as follows :—Three parallel longitudinal 
narrow bands from the base to centre of wing divided by the 
costal and sub-costal veins, the two upper not reaching the base > 
similar one on hinder margin; a transverse one a short distance 
from and parallel with outer margin from hinder margin, but not 
reaching apex; a short transverse one from costa avout one- 
fourth from apex, not touching transverse bands ; another short 


sub-apical one nearly touching transverse band ; costa yellow. 
N 


154 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN HESPERIDE. 


“econdaries.—ark-brown, with a bright-yellow transverse 
broad band, from near apical angle not quite reaching al dominal 


border ; a short discal band from Lase ; a small sub-apical spot. 


Under side.—Primaries.—Basal area orange-yellow ; apical 
area lighter yellow; hinder margin broadly very dark-brown ; 
transverse -and and short central band golden yellow as above 
but less developed ; sub-apical | and as above, variable, sometimes 


obsoicte, sometimes silvery. 


Secondaries.—Ashy-yellow, with the transverse band of 
upper side more or less developed, sometimes silvery ; the basal 
band of upper side being here represented by a small spot, not 
always present. 

Thorax and atdomen—alove, dark-brown ; beneath, light 
yellow to light-grey. 


Ex —{ in. Hab —Victoria ; W. Australia, Coll.—Miskin. 


This is a form intermediate hetween Agraulia (Zew.) and 
Lascivia (Jtosk ), Lut nearer to the latter from which, however, 
it is sufficie.tly distinguished. 


It is possille—indeed, probable—that some ot the species : 
above descrived have been already made known to science, and 
are included in some of the recent notes of Plotz. Mabille. & 
Semper, in such publications as the Stett. Ent. Zeit., Compt. rend. 
Ent Belg., Petit. nouv. Ent., and Journ. Godff, to which I have 
been unable to refer; Lut even if some of my names have to be 


hereafter sunk as synonyms, at least the descriptions will be 
useful in the colonies for identification, the above-mentioned works 
being inaccessible to local students. 


CORRECTION. 


THe Procerpincs or THE Roya Society oF QueENstAND, : 
Vou. VI., Part 17. Pace 155, 1888- 89. 


SIX NEW SPECIES OF RHOPALOCERA. 


SIX NEW SPECIES OF RHOPALCCERA ; 


by THOMAS P. LUCAS, M.R.C.S., ENG., L.S.A., Lonn., L.R C P., Ep.. &c. 


O 


I HAVE great pleasure in bringing before the Society six species 
of blue butterflies which appear to have been overlooked in the 


nomenclature of this portion of our Fauna. 


Talmenus Mlidgei is near J. ictinus, but the markings are 
grey bars with white bordering, instead of sharp black lines. 
The caterpillars are also different. JI hope to be able in future 
to obtain and describe both. | 


Danis albistola is an elegant species, which seems to extend 
-from the Johnson River to Cooktown. 


Lycena Miskini ranges from Brisbane to Mackay, and _ pro- 
bably further north. It is a well marked species, and I have 


pleasure in naming it after a many years collector, Mr Miskin. 


Lycena scintillata ranges through S.E. Queensland It is 
perfectly distinct from all other blues in the white moonlight 
shade filling the centre of the front wings 


Lyczna conjungens has often been mistaken for L. biocellata, 
pavana &c. It is a sort of connecting link between several 
species It is very common at Townsville, but occurs sparingly 
near Brisbane. 


Lycena exilis is difficult to catch. It frequents barren damp 
spots with rushes, &c. Probably it has been overlooked by 
collectors. From Cooktown to Johnson River. : 


1456 SIX NEW SPECIES OF RHOPALOCERA, 


ITALMENUS ILLIDGEI, nov. sp. 


3d? 38—42 m.m. This species is closely allied to I. ictinus 
from which it differs as follows: the colour is a mazarine blue, 
in [. ictinus it is a hght greenish blue or more a moonlight blue. 
The marginal black line on the hind bord .r of both wings is much 
more marked than in !. ictinus. A conspicuous bluish white 
submarginal line extends from anal angle to near apical angle of 
hind border in hindwing: in I. ictinus a whiter, less developed 
line only extends from anal angle to $ hind border of hindwing, 
The under surface has a more mealy rough appearance from a 
number of slightly raised light cinerous scales: in I. ictinus the 
co.our is ochreous brown—the texture is fine and smooth, and 
there are no raised scales. The marks are bead like bands and 
bead like interrupted bars, cinerous bordered with white: in I. 
jetinus they are rich black lines edged with light ochreous brown. 
The spot near the base of the forewing and the one se conspicuous 
in I. ictinus 1s wanting in representative in this species. The 
different species of this genus run extremely near to each other. 
Mr. [lidge has bred broods of caterpillars of this and of I ictinus, 
and states that they are quite different in their markings and 
constant. I hope to be able at some future time to describe the 
separate caterpillars. Feeds as its confreres on wattle. Brisbane. 


DANIS ALBASTOLA, noy. sp. 


$2 36—40 mm. Head black, crown black, sides velvety 
white. Antenne black. Palpi white. Thorax black, freely covered 
with light blue hairs. Abdomen blackish grey with numerous 
short bluish white hairs. Forewings, costa rounded, hind margin 
obliquely rounded, inner margin sinuous; in 6 bright Prussian 
blue ; in ? greenish blue at base. to }; centre snow white, on 
inner half finely suffused with pink; a rich black border fills 
costal third of wing, arches to half way across wing at 4 from 
centre of hind margin, and turns sharply round to 5 of inner 
margin ; narrow costal band and bind marginal banc in ¢ black. 


Cilia black and grey. . 


eal 


BY THOMAS P. LUCAS, M.R.C.S., ENG., ETC. £57 


ilindwings, hind margin rounded, tailed; colour and 
hind marginai line and cilia in ¢ as forewings; tail black, 
tipped with white hairs; in ¢ basal portion } of wing 
greenish blue, thence to $ entire wing milk white; posterior 
half black, with a submarginal sky blue band divided into five 
portions by the veins. Cilia black and grey. Under surface of 
both sexes alike; forewings white with rich black deep costal 
border, continuous on hind margin, widening to } inner margin, 
and divided from near apical angie to anal angle of hind margin 
by a white line ; hindwings, costal border narrowly white, basal 
portion narrowly light blue; a deep black subcostal band for : of 
wing ; a snow white band on entire wing to } bordered posteriorly 
by a thick black line; posterior third hght greenish blue with 
black venations and a black dot in centres between veins; a 
submarginal line bordering the blue black, and a marginal line 
white. Cilia grey, black at base. Powen, Johnson River, Cairns, 
Port Douglas, and Cooktown 


_ 


LycHNA SCINTILLATA, Nov, sp. 


$2 24—26m.m. Head brown, orbital rims white. Palpi 
dark brown, terminal joint short. Antennz black, annulated 
with white. Thorax dark brown with light bluish hairs. 
Abdomen brown, laterally becoming white at base of segments, 
white underneath. Forewings, costa slightly rounded, hind 
margin obliquely rounded; ¢ dull purple blue, fine costal line 
and fine hind marginal line black ; 2 basal half mazarine blue 
with broad costal border black, large central discal blotch white, 
remainder of wing black, venations black Ciliain ¢ grey, in 
? blackand grey. Hindwings coloured as forewings, but with- 
out the white in 2, tailed near anal angle of hind margin, 
tail black tipped with white hairs or cilia; hind marginal line, 
fine, black ; in ¢ within this line three black spots between veins 
near anal angle, centre one conspicuous, anal one diffused ; in ? 
there are five black spots, most conspicuous nearer ana! angle, 
and all finely outlined with white. 

0 


158 SIX NEW SPECIES OF RHOPALOCERA, 


Under surface: basal half of forewing smoky grey with 
fine pencillings and subcostal. dots oF white, outer half of wing 
wane with a dark grey fascia at # to costa, attenuating to a point 
at ; inner margin, and with « grey finely denticulate sub- 
terminal and submarginal lines diffused with grey ; marginal line 
fine black. Hindwings slaty grey, central third marbled white 
_and grey and blackish, and containing irregular interrupted dark 
grey marbled fascia from $ costa to 2 across wing toward anal 
angle; sub-terminal line waved, denticulate, black, and bordering a 
row of submarginal grey spots between veins and finely bordered 
with white ; the spot subtending the tail is most conspicuous, deep 
black, and bordered with bright red ; marginal line black. This 
species is at once distinguishable by the beautiful white of the ? 
bespangled with blue and bordered with black, and by the fine 


marbled markings of the undersurface. Brisbane. 


Lyca&NA MIsKINI, nov. sp. 

6? 26—29 mn. Head brown with grey hairs, orbital 
rims white. Palpi elongated, blackish brown, with adpressed 
hairs laterally beneath. Antenne black, annulated with white. 
Thorax black brown, freely covered with purplish biue hairs, and 
white down underneath, Aidomen blackish brown, sprinkled with 
light bluish grey hairs, base of each segment with narrow greyish 
white rim. Forewings, costa rounded, hind margin in ¢ almost 
straight, in 2 rounded toward anal angle; in 6 light purple 
blue lighter toward costa ; in ¥ blackish grey with central third 
bright blue, interspersed with black grey scales toward costa and 
hind margin ; costal band very narrow grey, darker toward apex ; 
hind marginal line narrow, black ; cilia irrorated white and grey, 
grey at base. Hindwings with hind margin rounded, tatled near 
analangle. Each sex coloured as forewings ; hind marginal band a 
fine black line; in ¢ simall irregular eee ginal band of tri- 
angular grey dots between veins, darker and more conspicuous 
toward anal angle; in ? subterminal grey line, bordering a sub- 
marginal row of white spots with conspicuous black dot in each 
centre between veins, suffused toward apical angle ; cilia irrorated 


grey and white, : 


a 


BY THOMAS P. LUCAS, M.R.C.S, ENG, ETC. 159 


Under surface of wings slaty grey with white lines correlated 
into bands filling a ground tinged with fuscous. Forewings, 1st 
and 2nd lines as a narrow band from costa at } to near inner 
margin at 4, denticulate outward helow middle : 3rd and 4th 
lines as an interrupted band from costa at 4 to half way across 
wing ; 9th and 6th lines as a wider band from - and = 3 costa to 
near inner margin, parallel with hind margin, thrice denticulate ; 
submarginal line just before and parallel to hind margin, slightly 
sinuous, and frequently denticulate ; marginal line fine, black. 
Hindwings with basal portion and ‘asal half of inner margin 
very finely irrorated black and white. Ist line borders this 
irroration from “7 ecsta to near 4 inner margin, it is correl- 
ated and forms a bar with 2nd line immediately beyond and 
parallel ; 3rd line from 4 costa to } inner margin, widely inter- 
rupted beyond centr, lower portion bent sharply inwards; 4th 
line from beyond $ costa to ? inner margin (in the 2nd fourth from 
costa a short termediate Lind hes between 83rd and 4th lines, and 
forms a bar with 3rd line) sinuous, dentate, bent inward toward 
anal margin ; 5th line from : costa, sinuous and denticulate to near - 
inner angle, sharply bent round to near 4th line at inner margin, 
and forming with 4th lne irregular bar ; submarginal line from 
apical angle of costa to near anal angle of inner margin, finely 
bordered anteriorly with fuscous, angulated between veins, and 
containing in last two spaces at apical angle conspicuous !-lack 
centre dots—the one subtending tail bordered golden yellow, 
the space between 5th line and submarginal line 1s in its middle 
third profusely irrorated with white. In 2 there is less irroration 
of white on the hindwings, seas the bars are more interrupted and 
irregular. 

Allied to L. pavana, but easily distinguishable by pattern of 
bars, by conspicuous black dots, and by the white irroration of 
under surface of hindwings. Hilly places, Mackay an1 Bris!ane. 


LYC#NA EXILIs, nov. sp. 


$$ 20—23m.m. Head brown. Palpi black, under surface 


white. Antenne black, annulated with white. Thorax | lack . 
P 


we 
; ae 
160 ¢ SIX NEW SPECIES O¢ RHOPALOCERA. 


with blue hairs. Abdomen grey, undersurface white. Forewings, 
costa rounded, hind margin rounded. ¢ light pale violet blue 
diffused with smoky grey toward hind margin. Hind-marginal 
line fine black Cilia light grey, smoky at base The ¢ isa bright 
mazarine |lue in centre of wing, diffused with |lackish in costa 
and hind-marginal border Hindwings in ¢ as forewings, in ? 
bright mazarine blue with narrow black marzin Under surface 
of wings milky grey ; a submarginal row of very light grey dots 
between veins on both wings, inconspicuous, excepting one deep 
black near anvl angle of hind margin of hindwing. <A sub- 
terminal smoky diffused line on hindwing, often inconspicuous 


Among grass, local, and difficult to find. Cooktown to Bowen. 


LycNA CONJUNGENS, nov. sp. 

3? 18—22m.m. Head black, orbital rims white. Palpi 
black with a profusion of black grey hairs on under surface. 
Antenne ! lack and white annulated. Forewings, costa gently 
rounded, hind margin obliquely rounded, in ¢ purple lake, in ? 
purplish |lue deeply bordered with smoky black, marginal line 
black. Cilia grey, base smoky |lack. Hindwings in ¢@ as fore_ 
wings, with a number of long white hairs on basal third and 
along inner border; in ? there is a submarginal fine white border_ 
ing indistinct spots between veins; the second spot from 
anal angle is black and conspicuous, and is finely outlined with 
ochreous white ; the spot at anal angle is diffused. 

Under surface drab brown, wjth lines correlated as bars and 
outlined smoky grey and creamy grey. 1st and 2nd from { to 
1 inner margin; 3rd and 4th from immediately beyond at costa 
to nearly half across wing ; 5th and 6th from 3 costa to % inner 
margin, three times broken ; subterminal line from near apex of 
costa to near anal angle of hind margin ; denticulate between 
veins; su marginal line immediately parallel, divided by veins _ 
into smoky grey dots bordered with creamy grey. Marginal 
line finely black. Cilia smoky grey. Hindwings three corre- 
jated bands interrupted and irregular, near base in centre of wing 
an irrregular broken band ; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th bands up to % of 
wing; subterminal and submarginal lines near, and parallel to 


a 


BY THOMAS P. LUCAS, MRC.S, ENG., ETC. 161 


hind margin contain near anal angle two ilack spots: aval spot 
small, indistinctly slightly silvered ; outer spot very conspicuous, 
rich black bordered with brick red, and silvered on outer torder: 
marginal line fine black. Cilia smoky grey. Allied to L. 
pavana, L. plato, &c. by character of under markings, and to L. 
biocellata, L. Felderi, &e. by general texture and habit. Towns- 
ville to Brisbane. 


ON A BONE. OF AN EXTINCT EAGLE: 
By C. W. De VIS. 


—— 


Iy a small collection of fossil bones from King’s Creek lately 
purchased for the National Museum there are three pertaining to 
birds—a fibula, a humerus derived from one of the Rails, and the 
distal half of a second humerus, the subject of the present notice. 


It is not too much to say that each of the larger groups of 
birds, for example that of the Perching Birds proper, has in this 
portion of the skeleton a structure which is on the whole char- 
acteristic of the group, though single characters of similar im- 
port are rare. The relative protrusion of the epicondylar tuber- 
osities, the developement of the ectepicondylar border, the size, 
shape and direction of the condyles themselves, more especially 
the radial, the extent and depth of the probrachialis insertion 
on the palmar aspect, the depth of the concavity anconad of the 
ulnar condyle, such are the significant features which in the gross 
enable one to identify a recent or refer a fossil bone to its family 
with moderate confidence. 


4 * 
Under this instruction it is not difficult to point out the 
group to which the present fossil belongs—it is evidently from a 
diurnal Bird of Prey. 


In its family, Falconide, the entepicondylar tuberosity takes 
the greater share in the expansion of this arthral end of the bone; 


pr > ob 
~~ 


162 ON A BONE OF AN EXTINCT EAGLE, BY C. W. DE VIS. 


it is tumid laterad, raised into a narrow sharp ridge palmad and 
by its protrusion anconad deepens the concavity over the ulnar 
condyle—the radial condyle is but moderately long, in direction it 
is characteristically oblique. The ectepicondylar tuberosity is 
elongate. extending proximad upon the radial border: it is ineras 
sate but gives off no distinct process—the probrachialis insertion 
is wide, shallow as a rule, especially on its distal limits, and tra- 
verses the whole palmar surface. 

The part in Uroaetus, the Wedge-tailed Eagle of the present 
day, is distinguished by the separation of the articular from the 
non-aticular surface of the ulnar condyle, by an oblique ridge 
passing from the most distal point of its ental aspect across its 
convexity in the direction of the pr >ximal end of the radial 
condyle. 

Together with the general characters of the Falconida the 
fossil possesses this special feature and is therefore entitled to a 
place provisionally in the genus Uroaetus. 

hough not wider in its expansion than in U. audax, in both 
fore and aft and transverse diameter of the shaft it is of greater 
dimensions: the radi»! condyle is more oblique and be‘ng rounded 
off instead of pointed at its proximal end is apparently shorter. 
The ulnar condyle is smaller having a shorter anconopalmar: 
diameter. The intercondylar groove is deeper, so that the con- 
necting link between the condyles ismuch slenderer. The ectepi-. 
condylar tuberosity is shorter and more tumid. 

The sum of these differences is sufficiently great to warrant 
the recognition of a species and, to distinguish it, the writer pro-: 
poses the term brachialzs in allusion to the strength of the fore- 
arm. 

This fossil is the first relic of an arboreal bird of flight 
hitherto 1ecognised amongst the remains of the extinct birds of 
Queensland; while still fresh it was within the jaws of Thylacoleo, 
the familiar perforations made by the conical teeth of that bone- _ 
eater are, in corresponding positions, present on both aspects of 


the distal expansion. 


‘1.2. Jalmenius [liidgeé  - 3.9.10. Ly caer Scirillata 
3.4, Danis albistolay Y 1/2, LYCILD) COTY ARGEIE 
é 5.6.7 Lycena Meskinwy (3, /4/5, Lycoma &77s 


: (PLucas del. 4. Civarwonds Lith 


Fe f — Cv 


ZUS bBRACA 


OROAL, 


CLdmonds da 


rae 


hers 


1, 
x ‘ hm 


Fy ote ny 
ers Paen 


‘ 


; 
a 
' 


ARoyal Society of jucen sland. 2 


Patron : 
His Excentency Generat Sir HENRY WYLIE NORMAN 
G.C.B., &e, 7 


OFFICERS, 1889. 


President : 


C. W. De VIS, M.A. 


Viee-President ; 


HENRY TRYON. 


Treasurer : 


J. BANCROFT, M.D. 


Honorary Seeretary : 
JOHN SHIRLEY, B.Sc. 


Council : 
F. M. BAILEY, F.LS. 
L. A. BERNAYS, F.L.S. 
HON. A. NORTON, MLA. 
W. A. TULLY, B.A, F.R.G.S. 


Lent or! 


G. WATKINS. . ee 
‘ | jl earn 

| a 

sy “ia 


—_—_— m : 
a I th ape pe tne 
\ ce 
. - 


\ 
‘ 
7~ 


BRISBANE. 


? 


SOCIETY 


LET, 
v 


SLAND. 
THE 


UBNN 


PAPERS— 


Ns nA 


M.A. vee +e eee eer "ee 


A Further Account of Prionodura ‘Newtoniana,” By OF W. m 
Vis, M.A. Me ea boa ze van Saee e 


‘ Field Naturalists’ Excursion to Pimpama’”’ sats gas 


“ Field Naturalist’s Excursion to sah: Aa SCN 


Members whose sub ATT GARY re OGM 
ane gh 
cate with the Hon. Sec. a ebie st opigigego 
“Geren, 
4 . a ex 


p> 


a I le ad 


Roval Society of Gucenstanl, 


FRIDAY, JUNE 147H, 1889. 
The President, C. W. Dr Vis, Esq., M.A. &c., in the chair. 


oe 


NEW MEMBERS. 


Mr. Saville-Kent, F.L.S., F.ZS., &c., Brisbane; Mr. J. 
Kilham, Toowoomba, 


DONATIONS TU THE LIBRARY. 


ADELAIDE—Trans, and Report of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 
Vol. XI., 1887-8. 


Batayia—Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie. 
Deel, XLVII. 


BrisBaNE—Mineral Wealth of Queensland, by R. L. Jack, from 
F. M. Bailey, Esq. 


Catcutra—Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LVIL,, 
Part IT, 4 and 5. 


“‘Lezps—J ournal of Conchology, Vol. VI., No. 2, from the 
Society. 


Bs gunn Medical Press and Circular, No. 2612, from the Editor, 


" Mapaip—Anuario de la Real denis de Ciencias Exactas 
Fisicas y Naturales, 1889. 


sha. fet 
» 


Vol. VL., 1 and 2, from 


Metpourne—The Victorian Naturali 


n 
> 
) 
A 
| 
¥ 
4 i? 


164 DONATIONS. 


New Yorx—Electrical Currents, by H. P. Brown, from the 
Author; Annals of the New York Academy of 
Sciences, Vol. IV, Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8; Report of the 
Central Park Menagerie ; Bulletin of the American 
Geographical Society, Vol. XX1, No. 1. 


Paris—La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, Nos. 217-223; 
Catalogue de !a Bibliotheque, Fascicules Nos. 4 & 5. 


PHILADELPHIA—Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 
Part I, January & February. 1889; Journal of 
Comparative Medicine and Surgery, Vol. X., No. 2. 


SingaPporE—Journal of the Straits’ Branch of the Royal Asiatic 
Society, No. 19, 1887. 


Sypney—Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New 
South Wales, Vol. XXII., Part II ; Proceedings of 
linnean Society of New South Wales, 2nd series, 
Vol. IV, Part I. Lord Howe’s Island. its Zoology, 
Geology, &c, from the Trustees of the Australian 


Museum. 


Toronto—Annual Report of the Canadian Institute, 1886-7 ; 
Proceedings of the Canadian Institute, Vol. V., 
Part II. 


WELLINGToN—23rd Annual Report of the Colonial Museum and 
Laboratory, from the Director; Reports of the 
Geological Explorations during 1887-8, from the 
Director. 


LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND ; 
By JOHN SHIRLEY, B.Sc, 


0 


PART I1].—Continued. 


Oo 


Trise X V1.—Lecideinei. 


Thallus various. Apothecia biatorine or lecideine or 
gyalectine. 
J. —LecipEa, Ach. 

Thallus efigurate or uniform, crustaceous, scaly, granular, 
powdery or none. Apothecia patellulate, coloured (not 
black) and biatorine, or black and lecideine, with proper 
margin often obliterated, or urceolate and gyalectine. 
Spermagonia with straight (rarely curved) or acicular or 
shortly cylindric spermatia. 


* Psoreee.—Thallus variously squamose or subfoliaceous ; 
apothecia biatorine. 


+ Psora.—Spores 8, simple. 


1. L. foliata, Stirton. 


Sn. 


Thallus flavescent-pallid or lurid-flavescent, microphylline, 
formed from subconvex, crenate-incised, or ‘digitate-incised 
imbricated squamules ; hypothallus indistinct. Apothecia 
spadiceo-rufescent or testaceo-rufous, crowded, with paler 
margin, here and there agglomerated, ‘6—1:'4 m.m in 
diameter, at first rather flat, then convex and immarginate ; 
spores 8, cylindrical or fusiform-cylindrical, simple, colour- 
less, *012—-016 x -0025—-003 m.m. ; paraphyses rather 
thick, not discrete, apices conglutinate, colourless, not 
clavate ; hypothecium amber-coloured, thickish. Hym. 
gel. with iodine caerulescent then fulvescent. 
R 


24 


166 THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


Hab.—On bark, near Brisbane. Dr. J. Stirton, Proce. 
Roy. Soc. Vic. Sept. 1880. 


v. subcorallina, AZull. Arg. 


B 
. 
’ 
7 
; 


Thalline lacinie coralloid-divided, with divisions shorter 
and more obscure than in L. parvifolia v. corallina. 

M. Apothecia and spores as in the type; hypothecium deep 
brown or yellow-brown. Toowoomba. 


v. atro-virens, C.K. 


K. Thallus a dark-metallic green. Fassifern and Milora. 


2. L. parvifolia, Pers. 

Thallus squamulose; scales laciniate, crenate, pallid, 
glaucous or greenish, beneath pallid ; hypothallus snow- 
white, stiffly arachnoideo-radiating ; gonidia flame-coloured. 
Apothecia white hispid, pallid, marginate, within whitish ; 

&n. hypothecium hyaline or sub-hyaline; spores *011—'015 
x °0025—-004 m.m., oblong, simple, colourless, spore coat 
thin. 


Syn.— Lecanora bibula, Tayl. 
Hab.—Toowoomba, Sankey’s Scrub, 3-mile Scrub, on bark. 
v. granulosa, Jfull. Arg. 
Thalline lacinize smal], granuliform, angular or digitately 
M. crenate incised, cinereo-virescent, beneath very minutely 
albido-hirsute. Toowoomba. 
v. corallina, Tuck. s. v. fibrillifera, Nyl. Toowoomba. 


M. (For varieties only.) Lich. Beit. v. Dr. J. Mueller, 
XV, 22. 


3. L. subhyalina, Stirton. 
Thallus white, thin, somewhat minutely squamulose ; 
apothevia pellucid, resembling amber, at first plane and 
scarcely marginate, then convex and almost globular ; 

Sn. spores 2—8%, colourless, simple, ellipsoid, 015—02 x 
-*0065—-009 m.m.; paraphyses none properly so called: 
the entire hymenium being gelatinous ; epithecium and 


RY JOHN SHIRLEY, BSc. 167 


hypothecium coloneiee Hym. gel. with iodine cerules- 
cent then golden yellow. 


Dr. Stirton, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. Sept. 1880. 


4, L. breviuscula, \y/. 
M. 4Hab.—Toowoomba. 

+t Catolechia.—Spores bilocular, brown. 

5. L. rhypoderma, (C.K. 
Thallus a frosted grey, soredioid, fissured, with marginal 
laciniz ; hypothallus black; gonidia glomerulate. Apothe. 
cia raised, scutellate, nigro-fuscous, with faint thalline 
margin in young forms, finally convex, to 8 m.m., hypo- 
thecium nigrescent; spores 8, sooty-brown, 1-septate, 

— °015—-02 x 007—009 m.m.; paraphyses slender, agglu- 
tinate, not grumose, apices not dilated. 
Hab —On bark, Fassifern. 


ea ee ON Ue re ee we Pe ee ee 


** Eulecidea —Thallus crustaceous, areolate ; apothecia 
black; spores §, simple, colourless, clips. 


6. L. speirea, Ach. . 
Thallus white or glauco-cinereous, tartareous, determinate, 
areolate ; areole 1-5—2 m.m., reticulate-rimulose, surface 
smoothish or minutely granular. Apothecia sessile, black 
or nigro-fuscous, within black, nude or albo-pruinose, 
clustered, crowded, slightly raised, margins at length 
obscured ; disk finally convex, centre often a raised boss 
K. from which fissures radiate to the circumference ; hypoth- 
ecium white. Asci oblong-clavaie; spores 8, uniseriate, 
colourless, spore coat thickish, simple, oval or slightly 
turbinate, ‘01 x 004—-005 mm. ; paraphyses massed and 
separating with difficulty. 
Hab.—Hill End, on rocks. 


calcarea. Wei Endocarpon speireum, Tay!. % 


ia» 
‘ 


168 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


7. L. contigua, Fries. 


Sn. 


Thallus thin or crustaceous, hoary, pale glaucous, contin- 
uous, reticulate-rimose, smooth or rugose. Apothecia 
innate, black, plane, albo-pruinose ; margin thin ; hypoth- 
eclum black-brown ; spores simple, oblong-ellipsoid, colour- 
less, °015—-019 x :0075—009 m.m.; paraphyses with 
tips indistinct, very dark-brown. Spermagonia at the 
borders of the thalline lacinie ; sterigmata and spermatia 
varying in form and size. 

Syn.—L. platycarpa, Ach., L. petrea, Tayl, L. speirea v. 
hydrophila, Fries. 


8. L. subnubila, Stirton 


Sn. 


Thallus thick, continuous, pale glaucous, or where worn 
an ashy green, rimose-areolate, medullary layer white. 
Apothecia black, sessile, innate, somewhat concave or flat, 
with rather prominent rusty-black margin; epithecium 
thick, mealy white ; spores 8, simple, colourless, ellipsoid 
or fusiform-ellipsoid, -014—°02 x -007—:009 m.m.; par- 
aphyses crowded, distinct, filiform, with brown agglutinate 
apices ; hypothecium brown or black-brown. Hym. gel., 
with iodine intensely blue. 

Hab-—Fassifern, on rocks, 

Dr. Stirton, Pro. Roy. Soc. Vic., Sept., 1880. 


9. L. confluens, F'ries. 


Thallus thick, uniform, simple, smoke-coloured or greyish 
white, very slightly rimulose-areolate, tartareous, contin- 
uous, smooth or slightly rugulose, effuse or sub-determi- 
nate ; hypothallus black. Apothecia very black, naked, 
never greyish-pruinose, appressed, flat, thinly margined or 
immarginate, rarely convex, crowded or scattered, fre- 
quently confluent ; margin at times flexuose ; disk smooth, 
soft and velvety ; hypothecium dense, nigro-fuscous ; spores 
8, colourless, ellipsoid, simple, half the size of those of 
L. contigua, 

Hab,—Toowoomba. 


ee 


PS —— 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 169 


10. L. meiospora, Ny. 


K. 


Thallus forming a thin scale on soft friable Brisbane shales, 
or on anthills, or on the hardened soil of road-banks, 
pallid or cinerascent; apothecia 1—1:°5 mm; thin, 
crowded, not innate, black or black-brown, at length 
shapeless, margin thin, distinct, black, somewhat inflexed ; 
spores simple, coleurless, oval, -(016 x -008 m.m. ; hypoth- 
ecium pale. 


Syn-—L. contigua v. meiospora, Nyl., L. crustulata v. 
meiospora, Vyl: 


Hab.—Taylor’s Range, Sandgate, Goodna. 


*** Biatora.—Thallus not squamose or laciniate; apo- 
thecia biatorine ; spores simple, colourless. 


lt. L aberrata, Stirton. 


Sn. 


Thallus white or whitish, thin, pulverulent or leprose- 
granulate ; apothecia fusco-rufous. ‘6—1-3 m.m., sessile, 
flat and then as if with thalline margin, at length convex 
and immarginate; spores 8, simple, colourless, -0085— 
O11 x °005—-0065 m.m. ; paraphyses slender, not readily 
separating, apices yellowish; hypothecium colourlss. 
Hym. gel., intensely cerulescent, then sordid. 


Hab.—On bark of Eucalyptus crebra, Brisbane. 
Dr Stirton, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., Sept., 1880. 


12. L, aspidula, Arph. 


M. 


Thallus ochraceo-fuscescent ; apothecia when dry nigres- 
cent, when moist rubricose-fuscescent, and then plainly 
approaching towards L. russula, but rather smaller and 
more convex, and not blood-red; epithecium olivaceo- 
fuscescent ; lamina and hypothecium hyaline ; paraphyses 
conglutinate ; spores :009—-014 x :004—005 m.m., oblong- 
obovoid and ellipsoid, in outline varying. Lich. Beit. v. 
Dr. J. Muller, XXV. 5. 


Hab.—On granite, near Rockhampton. 


170 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


13. L.russula, Ach. 


14, 


L. 


Sn. 


15 


L. 


M. 


16. 


L. 


Thallus thinly crustaceous to -5 m.m. thick, pallid flaves- 
cent or pallid flavescent-rufescent, citrine yellow within, 
surface roughened, minutely granular, opaque, by a fine 
black line limited; apothecia numerous, not crowded or 
confluent, blood-red, somewhat convex, finally with margin 
obscured, small; spores 8, ‘008—-009 x ‘004 m.m.; 
paraphyses conglutinate, rather coarse. | 


Hab.—Common on the ranges from Brisbane to Too- 


woomba, 


aurigera, Stzton. 

Thallus effuse, granular; granules olive-brown, often 
sorediose-efilorescent, within yellowish white; apothecia 
‘OS—l mm.,, sessile, often conglomerate, from pallid brown 
to black, fiat, not prominently margined, at length convex 
and immarginate ; disk brown or nigricant ; epithecium 
olivaceo-nigricant ; paraphyses not separating; spores 
simple, hyaline, oblong-ellipsoid, ‘(01—-015 x -004—.0045 
m.m. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic, Sept., 1880. 


bacidioides, Wull. Arg. 

‘Thallus clay-green or green-pallid, thin, smoothish or very 
slightly rugulose, opaque, at length rimulose, bordered by 
a black line. Apothecia 7—1'3 mm., sessile, at first 
urceolate, thickly margined, then convex and immarginate ; 
the junior apothecia with pallid brown disk, bordered by a 
much obscured, entire, brown margin; at length deep 
brown ; epithecium flavo-fuscescent ; hypothecium hyaline; 
spores &, ellipsoid, -(01—-015 x ‘0065—-007 m.m. 


Hab.—On bark, Toowoomba. 
Lich. Beit. v, Dr. J. Muller, X VI. 5. 


ludibunda, Mull. Arg. 
Thallus thin, determinate, forming a smooth continuous 
stratum, obscurely argillaceo-virescent or cinerascent= 


a 
“4 
” 
¥ 
‘ 

‘ 
; 


M. 


oy Agen 9% 


18. L. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.sc. 171 


olivaceous, at length slightly rimulose, and here and there 
with surface obsoletely furfuraceous; young apothecia 
carneo-albescent, margin paler, entire, later on as if 
morbose-fuscescent or nigrescent, margin always promin- 
ently concave ; lamina very small, hyaline like the epith- 
ecium; hypothecium thinly fuscescent, obscure, lower 
stratum hyaline, inferior part of the perithecium forming 
a thick brown zone; spores 8, :005—007 x -003—-004 
m.m ; oblong ovoid or ellipsoid. 


Hab.—Daintree River. 
Lich. Beit., v. Dr. J. Muller, XX VI, 16, 


subsimilis, Vyl. 

Thallus thin, leprose-furfuraceous, continuous, margin not 
bordered, flavescent-cinereous, outwardly resembling L. 
furfuracea ; apothecia corncous or corneo-rufescent or 
fuscescent, wholly pallid within ; spores oblong or oblong- 
rodshaped, ‘009—-012 x :002—‘003 m.m.; paraphyses 
not separating ; hym. gel., with iodine cerulescent, after- 
wards lutescent. ) 


Syn.—L. tenuis, Mull. Arg. 


Hab.—Daintree River, on bark. 


pheocarpa, C.K. 


Thallus leprose-furfuraceous, fulvous or fulvo-cervine or 
fulvo-fuscous, determinate, bordered by a nigro-fuscous 
narrow band. Apothecia numerous, seldom crowded or 
confluent, very small or absent for 10—12 m.m. within 
the hypothalline zone, sessile, little raised, flat, pallid 
fuscous to fusco-nigrescent ; margin thin, paler; spores 8, 
simple, colourless, oval or oval-oblong, °017—-02 x -005— 
‘006 m.m., 2-seriate in short, broad asci ; paraphyses thick, 
not readily separating; hym. gel., with iodine remaining 
pale vinous red, 


Hab.—Sankey’s Serub near Brisbane, on bark. 


172 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


19. L, scabrida, OC. K. 


20, L. 


M. 


21. 


L. 


Thallus olive-ashy grey, of minute, globose, scurfy granules, 
normally continuous, but with the matrix rimose-fissured. 
Apothecia adnate, flat, fleshy-brown or brown, somewhat 
shapeless or as if syncarpous, to ‘8 m.m. in diameter ; 
margin thin ; disk paler, often flexuose ; proper excipulum 
palely coloured; paraphyses agglutinate ; apices somewhat 
coloured ; spores simple, ellipsoid, colourless, ‘013 x :008 
m.m., 

Hab.—On bark, 8. Queensland scrubs. 

Dr. Knight, Syn. Queen, Fl. Sec. Supp. p. 75. 


leioplaca, Mull. Arg. 

Thallus moderate in size, definite, argillaceo-albescent, or 
somewhat argillaceo-virescent, shining, very finely rimulose; 
apothecia -3—-5 m.m., wholly immersed, very flat, not at 
all distinctly margined, disk purpurascent - fuscescent, 
when moist of a deeper colour, nude, neither emergent nor 
depressed ; epithecium brown; lamina and epithecium 
fulvescent-hyaline ; paraphyses conglutinate ; asci narrow ; 
spores 8, elongate-ellipsoid or obovoid, ‘012—‘018 x :005— 
— 0065 m m., differing considerably in outline. 

Hab,— Rockhampton. 

Lich. Beit. XXV. 6. 


mutabilis, Jee. 

Thallus evanescent. Apothecia rufo-fuscescent, small, 
scattered, sessile, plane; margin thin, entire; hypothecium 
colourless ; spores 8, colourless, rotundato-oblong, simple, 
large. 

Leigh. Lich. Fl. Great Brit. p 298. 


22.—L. piperis, Spreng. 


* € Biatorellan—Apothecia and thallus as in Biatora ; 
spores simple, colourless, numerous. 


23. L. conspersa, Fee. 


Thallus effuse, leprose, pale-yellow. A pothecia scattered, 
numerous, small, °2—4 m,m. in diameter; junior forms 


of — —_——_- ee -_ . 


fe Mes 


K, 


25. 


Sn. 


L. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 173 


with a distinct thalline margin, which is afterwards ir- 
regularly lacerate ; proper margin very slightly prominent, 
pale orange; disk concolorous, or of a darker orange, at 
first concave, finally convex. Gonidia large. Asci poly- 
sporous, bright blue with iodine; spores simple, colour- 
less, very small. 

Hab.—On bark, Rockhampton. 


x» Patellaria.—Spores colourless, 2-multilocular. 

} Biatorina.—Apothecia variously coloured, not black. 
Spores small, ellipsoid, 2-locular, 

planella, My: 

Thallus leprose, frosted, cinerascent or cinereo-rufescent, 

thin, continuous, with small rugose markings. Apothecia 

flat, amber-coloured, lecanorine when young, pseudo- 

thalline margins afterwards disappearing; asci slender, 

linear ; spores small, narrowly ellipsoid, uniseptate or 

binucleolate, small, 009 x :0025 m.m. ; paraphyses with 

clavate tips, subdiscrete. 

Hab.—On bark, Enoggera and Peechey’s Scrub. 


+t Psorothecium.—Spores large, ovate or oblong, 2-locular. 
Taitensis, J/nt. 

Thallus granose-unequal or _ subsorediose-tuberculose, 
cinerascent, with pale sulphury frosting, some signs of 
division in striations, laminations and imbrications, with- 
in sulphurescent ; apothecia large, 3—6 m.m., disk flat, 
fusco-nigrescent ; margin raised, entire, darker; young 
forms paler; epithecium rufescent-fuscous or fulvescent- 
fuscous; hypothecium below deeply rufo-fuscous, not 
hyaline; spores 2—8, when fully evolved obese and 
incurved, at both ends broadly obtuse, 036 x °022— ‘027 
m.m. 

Syn.—L. grandis, Nyl., L. versicolor, Vyl, 1 megaspora, 
Leight., L. megacarpa, Nyl., Patellaria sulphurata, Mull. 
Arg., Megalaspora sulphurata, Mey. et Flot. 
Hab.—Toowoomba, on bark. 


174 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


26 L. reniformis, Shirley. 


Thallus pallid cinerascent, central portion crustaceous, 
continuous, with surface rugulose;- marginal area of 
anastomosing and subfused convex laciniz, in parts cinereo- 
virescent. Apothecia 2—3:-5 mm.; pale coffee or light 


Sy. umber in colour: margin at first thin and distinct, and 


29. 


L. 


disk flat, later on with margin indistinct and disk sub- 
convex ; hypothecium deep brown; spores 8, uniseptate, 
colourless, ‘(02—-025 x 006—-013 m m., in shape oblong- 
ovate, curved, somewhat obtuse, variable; epispore thick. 
Hym. gel., persistent ultramarine blue with iodine. 
Hab.—Helidon, on mossy rocks. 


. leucoblephara, Nyl. ? 


Hab.—On rocks, frequently on leaves, seldom on bark. 


ttt Bombyliospora.—Spores 5—multilocular not acicular. 


. ventricosa, Mull. Arg. 


Thallus thinly tartareous, smooth, continuous, at length 
rimulose or diffract, ashy white, within white, margin 
effuse ; apothecia ‘5—1 mm, at first whitish and concave, 
whitish-pruinose, afterwards fleshy or obscurely fleshy, 
deundate, flat; margin paler at first and whitish, then 
thinner, always entire; epithecium brown ; lamina with 
hypothecium hyaline; spores regularly geminate in ascus, 
4-6 locular, *05—-055 x :02—-026 m.m., subventricose- 
ellipsoid, loculi laterally and plainly ventricose-convex. 


Hub —Toowoomba, on bark. 
Lich. Beit. von Dr. J. Miller, XVI, 6. 


australiensis, Mull. Arg. 

Thallus thinly tartareous, at first the upper surface rather 
smooth, then rimose-diffract and roughly serobiculose or 
confluently aspero-glebulose, ashy-white or whitish, within 
white ; apothecia 1—2 mm, at first thickly, then thinly — 
margined, flat or somewhat convex, disk from pallid fleshy 


30. L. 


oh,” 1, 


32. L. 


Sn. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. Eby i) 


to brownish, white pruinose, at length denudate, margin 
always paler and entire, or at length minutely granoso- 
subcrenate, epithecium and hypothecium clay-brown ; 
lamina hyaline ; spores solitary in ascus, ‘(06—095 x -02 
—‘027 m.m., 6—8 locular, strongly pachydermate. 
Hab.—On bark, Toowoomba. 

Lich. Beit. v. Dr. J. M. XVI, 6. 


inflexa, CK. 

Thallus cinereo-glaucous, unequal, rough, not tubercular, 
continuous. Apothecia black-brown, 2 m.m., in diameter, 
with obtuse, cinereo-fuscous, raised, inflexed, persistent 


margins ; excipulum proper, black-brown, structure at the 


. sides distinctly irradiate, within obscure; hypothecium 


sparingly coloured, thin; paraphyses connexo-ramose, 
grumose, indistinct; spores solitary, 5-septate, somewhat 
subcurved, colourless, ‘08 x °025 m.m, 

£.ab.—On bark of trees, Rosewood. 


fusco-lutea, Dicks. 

Thallus effuse, very thin, cinerascent or cinereo-flavescent, 
granulose-verrucose ; apothecia fulvous or testaceous at 
length rufo-fuscous ; margin thick, inflexed, paler, flexuose ; 
disk slightly concave, then plane; hypothecium pale- 
yellow; thecze ovate-oblong, 1 spored; spores murali- 
reticulate, oblong or ovate, 049 x ‘017 mm.; hym. gel. 
with iodine sordid blue, then intensely red or fulvescent ; 
paraphyses simple, discrete. 

Hab.—Toowoomba. 


phyllocharis, Mnt. 

Thallus cinerascent, pulverulent or as a thin crustaceous 
scale. Apothecia patellate, when young with distinct 
thalline margin; disk plane, pale yellow brown ; spores 
few in each ascus, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, with 5 principal 
septa, and each loculus again transversely divided, each 
transverse series 2—5 locellate. 


Av 


33. 


34, 


6 


Lig 


L. 


™~ 


¥ 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


Syn.—Lecanora Sprucei, Bab. of Rev. W. A. Leighton. 
Ha>.—Common on leaves in all S. Queensland scrubs. 


Brisbaniensis, C.K. 

Thallus pale yellow, indeterminate, very thinly crustaceous, 
fissured, smoothish, uneven. Apothecia 1—2 m.m., rich 
red-brown, scattered or occasionally in twos ; disk concave — 
when young, then plane, finally slightly convex ; margin 
entire, rather thick, concolorous with disk, sinuate ; spores. 
1—2, hyaline or fuscescent, very variable in size and 
shape, linear-oblong, oval, bluntly oblong turbinate, &., 
9—12 septate, seldom more than 4 cellules per row, 
‘04—-06 x ‘016—:02 m.m.; paraphyses capillary with 
fine clavate uncoloured tips, subconglutinate ; hym. gel. 
with iodine violet. 

Hab —Sankey’s Scrub, on bark. 


Domingensis, Ach. 

Thallus leprose or thinly crustaceous, glaucescent, sordid 
white, sordid yellow or bright yellow, sometimes shading 
from glaucous grey at the margins to bright sulphur 
yellow in the centre, not shining, pulverulent, irregularly 
fractured and friable ; apothecia very variable in shape 
and colour; disk flat or subeconvex, clay-red to blood-red ; 
margin often flexucose or gyrose, vermilion coloured ;. 
spores 1—8, hyaline, 8—10 septate without longitudinal 
divisions, or loculi 2—4 locellate with nucleated cellules, 
026—:06 x -011—:02 m.m. ; paraphyses distinct, slender ;. 
hym. gel. with iodine cerulescent. 

Syn.—Lecanora Domingensis, Pers., Parmelia gyrosa, 
Mnt. 

Ffab.—Common on bark in all Queensland scrubs. 


. coralloidea, Mull. Arg. 


‘Thallus minutely coralloid or subisidioid efflorescent ; differs. 
from P. Domingensis v. leprolyta, Nyl., which is strongly 
and wholly coralline, and dissimilar in superficies ; in 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC, 177 


colour and appearance resembles Lecidea (Heterothecium) 
vulpina, Zuck. Toowoomba. 


M. v. ventricosa, Mull. Arg. Toowoomba. 


Sn. v. gyrosa, Mnf. Tambourine Mountain. 


ttt? Bacidia.—Spores 3-multilocular, acicular. 


35. L. incompta, Borr. v. spissa, Shirley. 
Thallus cinereo-virescent, thin, verruculoso-furfuraceous. 
Apothecia dull-black, numerous, crowded, adnate, plane 
Sy. or convex; margin thin, flexuose, often immarginate ; 
hypothecium thick, nigro-fuscous; spores 8, colourless, 
eylindrico-ellipsoid, 1—2—3-septate, -0!2—-014 x :003 


m.m. 


Hab.—Bundaberg, on bark. 
| 36. L. contraria, Mull Arg. 


Thallus soft, greenish or argillaceous, incrassate-leprose, 
leprose-subglebose, here and there evanescent. Apothecia 


> 


small, -5 m.m. in diameter, numerous, rose-red, luteo- 
carneoas or golden yellow, when moist distinctly reddish, 
convex or subglobose, obsoletely margined or immarginate, 

M. margin when moist paler than the disk; hypothecium 
faintly coloured ; paraphyses very slender, much branched ; 
spores fusiform, straight, 3-septate, colourless, 02—--025 x 
°0025—-003 m.m. 


Syn.—L. (Bilimbia) quadrilocularis, 0. K. (non Nyl) 
Hab.,—Lytton, on bark. 


37. L. superula, Vy/. 
Thallus very thin, cinerascent, leprose, showing the colour 
and fissures of the bark below. Apothecia few, reddish 
when young and sunk in the thallus, when mature raised 
slightly above the thallus, showing flat, nude, brown or 
Sn. nigro-fuscous disks (when moist distinctly brown) and thin 
or scarcely prominent, nigrescent margins ; hypothecium 


178 


38. 


39. 


40, 


L. 


i Fy 


L. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


pale-brown ; paraphyses separating sparingly ; spores 8 
hyaline, narrow fusiform, -025—-03 x :003—°0035 m.m., 
5—7-septate. 

Hab.—On bark, locality unrecorded. 


effusa, Sin. 

Thallus yellowish green or cinereous eruginose, thin, crus- 
taceous, powdery or furfuraceous. Apothecia small, pale, 
yellow flesh-coloured to pale brown, sessile, plane, and with 
thickish margin, or convex and immarginate ; hypothecium 
colourless ; spores 8, colourless, bacilliform, 7-septate. 


Syn.—L. silvana, Krph. 


Hab.—On trees, old wood, mossy encrastations, &c. 


furfurella, Mull. Arg, 

Thailus thin effuse, cinereo-virescent, very finely furfuraceo- 
granular; apothecia *25—-66 m.m., younger forms thick, 
concave, thickly and obtusely bordered by nigrescent margin, 
at length applanate and thinly margined, black-brown, with- 
in whitish, upper layer rufo-pallid or rufescent ; epithecium 
fulyescent ; hypothecium hyaline ; spores ‘(05—-‘06 x ‘0025 
m,m., almost straight, giadually narrowing to the apex, — 


) —7—9-septate. 
ITab.—.On bark, near Toowoomba. 


Lich. Beit. Dr. J. M. XVI. 7° 


subproposita, Wull. Arg. 

Thallus ashy-white, thin, effuse, continuous and smooth, at 
length rimose and diffracto-subrugose and opaque. Apoth- 
ecia °25—‘66 m.m.. from the first nigro-fuscous, when moist 
distinctly brown ; disk as first flat and with margin obscure, 
entire and slightly prominent, at length convex and 
immarginate ; when dry black, nude and opaque; within 
beneath the lamina rufescent pallid ; epithecium and lamina 
more or less copper-red ; hypothecium sub-hyaline ; spores 
036—-045 x *0025—-003 m.m.; acicular, 5—11 septate, — 


M. 


M. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 179 


Lich. Beit., Dr. J. M., XVI. 7. 
Hab.—On bark, near Rockhampton. 


41. L. alutacea, Arph. 


Thallus superficially closely or loosely rimulose, when young 
smooth, at length subverrucose-asperulose. Apothecia flesh- 
coloured, nude both in disk and margin, or indistinctly 
cinereo-suffused ; epithecitum sub-hyaline ; spores acicular, 
9—13 septate, -046—-07 x 0045 m.m. 

Syn —Patellaria millegrana v. carnea, Mull. Arg., P. 
heterochroa, Alull. Arg. 

Hab.—Rockhampton. ? 


42. L, Raffii, Stirton. al 


Thallus pallid-cervine or pallid-rufescent, rugulose, some- 
what granulate, thin, indeterminate. Apothecia innate, 
black, flat, rotundate or oblong, now and then somewhat 
irregular, immarginate, within pallid-fuscescent ; spores 8 
colourless, acicular, 7—17 septate and more, *045—:08 


Sn. x -003— 0045 m.m. ; paraphyses medium, not at all distinct, 


apices fuscescent ; hypothecium black-brown or nigrescent, 
thickish ; hym. gel., with iodine cerulescent, at least slightly, 
thecx: now and then reddish-yellow. 

Hab.—On bark, near Brisbane. 

Dr. Stirton, Trans., Glasgow Soc., Field Nat., p. 168. 


* * * Blastenia.—Spores polari-bilocular. 


43. L. ferruginea, Huds. | 
_Thallus whitish or greyish or cesious, thin, rather smooth, 


furfuraceous or crustaceous or leprose, covered with granules 
or warts of similar colour, Apothecia biatorine, rusty-red, 
sessile, flat, marginate, at length convex and immarginate ; 
margin thick, entire or flexuose ; spores 8, oval, colourless, 
polari-hilocular. Spermagonia confluent, orange or red ; 
sterigmata short, simple, occasionally ramose or of few artic- 
ulations ; spermatia -0025—:003 m.m. in length, 
Syn.—Lecanora ferruginea, 


180 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


y*y*y*, Buellia.—Spores 2-locular, brown, 


44; L. exilis, Arph. 


45, 


46. 


K. 


L. 


Ln 


Closely approaches L. stellulata, AZwdd., and only differs in 
the smaller exceedingly. discrete thalline areole, and the 
smaller and more convex apothecia, which when dry are 
concave. Epithecium brown; hypothecium above hyaline, 
below deep brown ; spores °012—-014 x -006—:007 m.m. 


Hab.—On dried earth, near Rockhampton. 
Lich. Beit., Dr. J, Muller, XXV., 6. 


stellulata, Tayl. 

Thallus very thin, white or ashy, very minutely areolate or 
granulose, (areole sub-convex,) central parts of thallus 
extensively diffracto-areolate, bordered by a thin black 
hypothalline zone. Apothecia small, to *35 m.m.; sub- 
innate, urceolate, confluent, black, flat, thinly margined, the 
margin often broken up by granules ; spores in club-shaped 
asci, brown, 1-septate, oblong-ellipsoid, ‘009 —-012 x -005— 
‘007 mm. ; hypothecium black-brown. 


Syn.—L. atro-alba v. atro-albella, Vyl., L. atro-albella, Vyl, 


Hab.—Common on rocks. 


substellulata, C.K. 
Thallus whitish, minutely areolate, with a black hypothallus. 
Apothecia persistently black, flat, shining, slightly raised, 


K. twice the diameter of those of L. stellulata, margin concolor- 


47. 


L. 


ous, persistent; proper excipulum thick, black, rising from 
the hypothallus ; paraphyses agglutinate, with brown tumid 
apices ; spores ovoid, brown, ‘012 x ‘0075 m.m. 


Hab.—Taylor’s Range, on rocks, 


atro-alba, Ach. - ; 

Thallus crustaceous or tartareous, spreading, griseo-pallescent 
or cinereo-fuscescent, areolate-diffract and granular or some- 
what mealy, areole plano-convex. Apothecia plane, sunk to 


M. 


48, L. 


Sn. 


49, L. 


Sn. 


50. L. 


Sn. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC, 181 


a level with the crust, small, crowded, black, pruinose, ashy 
within ; margin thickish, flexuose, black ; hypothecium black 
or nigro-fuscous; spores 8, fuscous, oblong or oblong- 
ellipso d, 1-septate, large. 

Reported in Frag. Phyt. Aus., Vol. XI,, without locality. 


parasema, 7h. Fries. (non Ach.) 

Thallus albescent or cinerascent, shining, continuous, granu- 
lar, crustaceous, determinate, bordered by a distinct, black, 
hypothalline zone. Apothecia black, small, (about } m.m.); 
scattered, not immersed ; disk flat, finally concave ; margin 
thick, entire, elevate : spores oval, differing considerably in 
outline, uniseptate, brown, -012—-017 x :005—-007 m.m. ; 
paraphyses slender, not readily separating. 


Hab.—On rocks, Mt. Gravatt. 


saxatilis, Schaer. 

Thallus white or cinerascent, thin!y and evenly crustaceous, 
more or less continuous, areolate-diffract, areole polygonal, 
very even in size, true hypothallus white, Apothecia black 
from the first stages, in young forms with distinct margins 
and flat disks, afterwards sub-convex and margins obscured, 
slightly raised above the thallus, to°5 mm. in diameter ; 
hypothecium nigr:-fuseous, spores brown, ovate, 1-septate, 


005 x -0038 m.m. 


Hab.—On rocks, common. 


demutans, Séirton. 

Thallus pallid or pale glaucous, somewhat rough or granu- 
lose, here and there fissured, effuse or borderel by a brown 
hypothalline line ; apothecia black, innate or sessile-innate, 
medium in size, with flat disk, anc acutely margined ; spores 
4—8, olivaceous, fusiform-oblong, bilocular, *022—03 x 
‘01—.013 m.m, ; paraphyses distinct, rather thick, apices 
clavate, conglutinate, granulate, and with oil-drops sparingly 
sprinkled ; hypothecium thin, brown ; hym. gel. with iodine 


8 


51. 


L. 


K. 


Sn. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


cerulescent then fulvescent or especially the thecs vinose- 
red. The perithecium is entire but thin. 


Hab.—On bark, Brisbane. Dr. Stirton, Proc. Roy. Soe. 
Vict. Sept 1880. 


myriocarpa, D.C. 

Thallus cinerascent, thin, rugulose, effuse or evanescent ; 
apothecia black, flat, minute, marginate ; thece narrow or 
broad, with spores in one or two rows; spores brown, bilo- 
cular, variable in size and form, oblong-ellipsoid, often 
constricted at the septum, occasionally arcuate or soleform, 
‘007—016 x ‘004—-007 m.m.; paraphyses sub discrete, 
with clavate, nigro-fuscous or nigrescent apices ; hypothe- 


cium brown, 


HTab.—Common on bark in the neighbourhood of Brisbane. 


. disciformis, /’r. v. cinereo-ferruginea, C. XK, 


Thallus very thin, whitish or faintly cinereo-ferruginous, 
smooth, shining, areolate, determinate. Apothecia small, 
numerous, scattered, black, immersed, apex emergent, sub- 
convex, simulating those of Verrucaria; disk poriform, 
thalline clothed ; margin thick, black, eutire ; hypothecium 
black ; spores faintly fuscous, ovate-fusiform, bilocular, 
(08 x 003 mm.: thece with iodine faintly cerulescent ; 
paraphyses discrete. 


Hab —On bark, Indooroopilly and Kelvin Grove. 


. subdisciformis, Leighton. 


Thallus thin, unequal, continuous, plane, minutely areolate- 
rimulose, determinate, nigro-limitate, cinerascent or sordid 
white with yellowish tinge ; apothecium flat or sub-convex» 
more or less pruinose ; margin thick, entire, paler; hypo- 
thecium black ; hymenium pale-brown ; spores dark-brown 
or olive-brown, ellipsoid or oblong, bilocular, ‘011 x ‘006 ; 
paraphyses indistinct. 

Hab.—On bark, Victoria Park, 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 183 


$ % & % Rhizocarpon.—Apothecia lecidine; spores brown, 


sparingly muriform. 


54. L, clausa, C.K. 


K. 


Thallus smoke coloured or olivaceous or glaucous, crustaceous, 
smooth, shining, areolate-rimose, in parts evanescent, hypo- 
thallus black, deierminate, apothecia nigro-fuscous, immersed, 
disk not rising to the surface of the thallus, plane or sub- 
convex or sub concave, no distinct margin, circular in outline, 
one rarely two in each areola ; spores 8, in a single series, 
usually 6-septate, murally divided, 1—3 cellules in each 
transverse series ; loculi almost colourless, septa dark brown, 
03 x -015 m.m. 


Hab.—On rocks, Helidon. 


55. L. geographica vy. cyclopica, Wy. 


Thallus citrine or bright yellow, tartareous, not continuous, 
areolate-diffract, determinate, nigro-limitate, areola more or 


Sy. less scattered and plano-convex, each ocellate with an apoth- 


ecium ; apothecia black, plane, small, arising from the 
hypothallus, concolorous without and within ; hypothecium 
black; spores 8, nigrescenti-fuscous, oblong, sparingly 
parenchymatous, resembling those of L. clausa. 

Hab.—Mt. Perry, on rocks, 


eee Heterothecium.—A pothecia patellarioid ; spores 


hyaline, parenchymatous. 


56. L. vulpina, Z'uck. 


Thallus thinly crustaceous, from golden yellow to glaucescent, 
continuous or nearly so; apothecia small, disk plane, small, 


Sn. bright red; margin thick, pale red or orange, entire or 


flexuose, at times inflexed, immature, 
Hab.—On bark, near Brisbane. 


57. L. leucoxantha, Mass, 


Thallus-crustaceous, rather thin, fragile, flaky, bright yellow 
to glaucescent ; apothecia large; disk red or red-brown, 
plane or undulate ; margin thick, flexuose, cinnabar red ; 


18k THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


ascl_ monosporous; spores colourless, 09 x °03 m.m., 

Sn. resembling those of L. Domingensis but with the transverse 
series of cellules three times as numerous: paraphyses 
slender, distinct. Spermagonia with shortly articulated 
arthrosterigmata, and bacilliform spermatia -003 x -:0005 
m,m. 


Hab.—-On bark, Rosewood and Indooroopilly. 


58. L. parabola, Vyl., v. subvulpina, Wull. Arg. 

Thallus golden yellow, as in L. vulpina Tuck., but spores 
as in the normal JL. parabola, resembling those of L. Aifera, 

M, but within simply spirally divided. ‘The colour of thallus 
as with all its Queensland allies is evidently inconstant, 
and often in the same specimen from flavescent to more 
or less glaucescent or albicant. Lich. Beit. von. Dr. J. 
Miller, XX VI, 20, 
Hab.—tTrinity Bay. 


59, L. Sayeri, JMJull Arg. 

Thallus flavescent-olivaceous, smooth ; apothecia patellarioid, 
sessile, rather thick, *7—1'3 m.m. in diameter, prominently 
margined, when dry with subflexnous, red or blood-red 
margin ; disk flat, rufo-nigrescent, when moist beautifully 

M. biood-red, nude ; lamina above deeply rufo-sanguineous, 
elsewhese with hypothecium hyaline or sub-hyaline ; para- 
physes stoutish, often bifurcate above ; asci 1—2 spored ; 
spores ‘035—048 x ‘02—-023 m.m., ellipsoid, hyaline, 
parenchymatous, i0—15 locular, loculi transversely 3— 4 
locellate, locelli subcubical, 
ITab —Russell River and Tambourine Mountain, on bark, 
Lich. Brit. von Dr. J. Muller, Sep.-Ab. XXVI. 19. 


x * * & * Nesolechia —Parasitic on other lichens. 


60, L. coccocarpia, Mull, Arg. | 
Apothecia black or obscurely brown-black, ‘025—033 
m.m., thickish, emergent-sessile, hemispherical, at length 
with deplanate vertex, immarginate, nude; epithecium 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC 185 


olivaceo-nigricant, thin, lamina with hypothecium hyaline, 
M. -05—:06 mm. deep; paraphyses thickish ; asci 8-spored ; 
spores in two series, hyaline and simple, -01—-015 x 004 
—.005 m m., elliptico-fusiform, at both ends acute. 
Hab.—Russell River on Coccocarpia aurantiaca. 


Lich, Beit. v. Dr. J. Muller, XX VT. 20. 


II.—Coernogontum, Lhrenbd. 


Thallus effuse of subcontinuous, pellucid, obscurely articu- 
lated confervoid filaments, forming a cottony loosely inter- 
woven greenish web, and representing the gonidia of other 
lichens ; upon these creep delicate hyaline, anastomosing or 
netted filaments, analogous to the hyphe of other genera ; 
the cortical tissue usually found in lichens is entirely sup- 
pressed. Apothecia orbicular, supstipitate, without a border 
or margined in the young state. 


1. C. Linkii, Ehrenbd. 
Thallus of pale yellow-green felted filaments, compose. of 
cylindrical cells, 045 m.m. long and :027—-03 m.m. thick. 
Apothecia asif lying on the surface of the filaments, saffron 
Sn, yellow or yellowish red ; disk flat, margin paler or concolor- 
' ous ; spores elliptic-ovate, in one series within the filiform 
subclavate asci. 
Hab.—On trees, Maroochie and Tambourine. 


2. C. interpositum, Vy. 
Thallus pale moss green, felted, formed from depressed 
Sn. radiating cellular filaments ; cellules subglobular, -013 m.m. 
long by nearly the same thickness. Sterile. 


le ial 
a 


— 


rd Pa 
Ld 
fe 
+ 
os 
uh 


> 


~ 


3. C. interplexum, y/. 
= Thallus much darker than in ©, Linkii, or C. interpositum, 
thin, continuous, under the lens like a dark felting of short 
K. hairs, here and there with lighter and less continous spots. 
Cellules -025 m.m. long by -014 m.m. thick. Sterile. 
Hab.—Brisbane scrubs, on bark, 


186 


4, C. 


M. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


botyrosum, C.K. 
Thallus densely velvety, golden-yellow-green, formed from 
globose gonidia (024 m.m. wide) together with a few very 
slender filaments (002 m.m. thick), gonidia cohering by 
very short funiculi, either concrete or joined in a long chain, 
Apothecia pallid golden, plane ; margin paler; hypothecium 
colourless ; paraphyses clavate, subdiserete. ‘Spores 8, in 
clavate asci, uniseptate, ellipsoid, colourless, :01 x ‘004 m.m. 
Plumbeo-cerulescent gonimia in hyaline nodules occasionally 
found in the neighbourhood of the apothecia, imbedded in 
the midst of bright green gonidia, Closely allied to C. 
moniliforme. 
Hab.—On bark, Mt. Perry. 
Dr. ©. Knight, Syn. Queen. Flora, 1st Sup. 


. rigidulum, Mull. Arg. 


Thalline filaments about 5 m.m. long, effuso-easpitose, 
variously and intricately implexed, deflexed or ascendant, 
rather rigid, viridi-eruginose, moniliform, joints about :022 
— ‘024 m.m. wide at the centre to ‘013—-015 m.m. at the 
extremities, ellipsoid or at length globose-ventricose, about 
three times longer than wide, superficially hyphemoid- 
hirtellose ; apothecia unknown. Near C. moniliforme, Z'uck., 
from which however it differs in the colour an! much greater 
diameter of the filaments. 

Hab.—On bark, near Toowoomba. 

Lich. Beit. v. Dr. J. M. X V1. 8. 


Trine X VIT.—Graphidei. 


*'Thallus crustaceous with chroolepoid gonidia; apothecia 
gymnocarpous, either orbicular or lirelliform. 


Sub-tribe 1.—Biatorinopsidex, M/ull. Arg. 


Apothecia orbicular-biatorine, simply margined, thalline 
margine none ; disk not urceolate. 


* From this stage, and partly in Kulecanorei, the classification is mainly 


that of the eminent lichenologist, Dr. J. Muller, of Geneva, 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 187 


I.—Biatorinopsis, Mull. Arg. 
4 1, B. lutea, Dicks. (Mill. Arg.) 

Thallus albescent, effuse, thin, unequal, sub-leprose, gran- 
uloso-leprose or evanescent. Apothecia bright carneo- 
fulvescent, rather large, (to 1 m.m:), scattered, more or less 
concave, then plano-convex ;. margin entire, pallid, thin, 

M, smooth, flexuose ; hypothecium thick, colourless, carnose ; 
spores 8, oblong or fusiform-oblong, uniseptate, -007—:008 
x °003— 0035 m.m. Hym. gel., with iodine not coloured. 
Syn. —Lecidea lutea. 
Hab.—On bark, Mt. Mistake. 


Sub-tribe 2.—Thelotremee, Ach. 
Apotheeia orbicular-lecanorine, doubly margined, with thick 
external thalline excipulum, and internal thalline margin ; 
disk urceolate, depressed. 


I1.—Ocellularia, Miil?. Arg. 
Spores hyaline, transversely divided, loculi lentiform. 
1. O. Bonplandii, Spreng. 

Thallus olive-green, sparingly grey pruinvse, continuous, 
smooth. Apochecia slightly emergent, base not distinctly 
circumscribed or constricted ; epithecium pallid or sparingly 

M. brownish ; disk depressed ; thalline raargins pallid ; spores 
8, colourless, thickly margined, transversely 7-locular, loculi 
lentiform ; paraphyses distinct, with iodine not lutcscent. 
Syn.—Thelotrema olivaceum, Mnt., T. Bonplandii, Spreng. 
Hab.—On bark, near Brisbane. 


2. O. gyrostomoides, Mull. Arg. 
Thallus fulvescent or obscurely flavicant, thin, cartilaginous, 
apothecia ‘5 m.m. in diameter, urceolate, immersed, apices 
slightly emergent, in the margin connivent, subentire, in the 
disk depressed, flat, albopulvinate ; margin brown, ascending, 
the exterior slopes and the narr: w encircling surface blackish ; 
M. disk at length black ; perithecium thin, complete, in all 
parts nigro-fuscous ; epithecium brown ; lamina hyaline ; 
paraphyses very thin, wavy, not connected ; spores hyaline 


183; THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


in narrow asci, °05—07 m m. in length, at both ends obtuse, 
25—40 locular. 

Hab.—On bark, Daintree River. 

Lich. Beit. von Dr. J. M. XXVIII. 11, 12. 


3. O. terebratula, Mul. (Shirley. ) 
Thallus very thin, virescent or olivaceous, continuous or 
denudate, smooth, determinate, margins paler. Apothecia 
with apex s'ightly emergent, paler ; disk minute, fuscous, 
Sn. punctulate; paraphyses very fine, discrete, golden yellow 
with iodine ; perithecium brown ; spores not evolute. 


Hab.— Unrecorded. 


4. O. viridi-pallens, Mill. Arg. 

Thallus thin, olivaceo-virescent, very minutely granulose- 
scabrous, bordered by a circumferential brown zone; apo- 
thecia ‘2 m.m., when young concolorous, at a later period 
towards the osculum widely pallescent, strongly depresso- 
hemispherical, slightly emergent above the thallus, furnished 

M. with simple, regular, acute ostiola, 05 m.m.; disk black or 
subcinereous, slightly depressed ; perithecium fuscescent ; 
lamina and hypothecium hyaline; spores 8, hyaline, 6- 
locular, fusiform-ellipsoid, at both ends obtuse, ‘-015—-018 x 
‘005—:006 m.m. 
Hab.—Trinity Bay, on bark. Lich. Beit, XX VI, 20. 


5. O. (Ascidium) octolocularis, C. K. (Shirley. ) 
Thallus crustaceous, smooth, somewhat glazed, greenish- 
glaucous or yellowish green or olive green ; verruce con- 
colorous, convex ; disk very minute; no proper excipulum ; 
K. paraphyses strongly agglutinate from flavo-virescent chloro- 
phyll grains disposed through the strata. Asci not seen. 
Spores fusiform, colourless, 7-septate, rarely 3-septates 
Proc. Roy. Soc. Queen. Vol, I. Pt. 3. 
fZab.—Brisbane on the bark of scrub trees. 
Syn.—Porina octolocularis, C.K. 
6. O. leucostyla, Vyl. 
M. Reported in Vict. Nat., Oct., 1887. 


; es 34 


PN ey See ee 


3.2P. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.Sc. 189 


III-—Pheotrema, Mull. Arg. 
Spores brown, transversely divided, loculi lentiform. 
expansum, C.K. ( Shirley.) 
Thallus pale-brown, smooth. continuous, determinate, defined 
by a narrow nigro-fuscous line. Apothecia not raised or 
papil‘ate; 1 m.m. or more in diameter, margins distinct, 
proper margin lacerate ; disk cinereous, finally black. Thece 
clavate-cylindrical ; spores oval-oblong, -025—-035 x -005 
— 007 m.m, 5-septate occasionaly 7-septate, dark-brown, at 
either end obtuse; paraphyses capillary, discrete, with iodine 
cloudy yellow-brown ; perithecium fuscescent. 
Hab.—On bark of Plectronia barbata, West End. 


. consimile, Aull. Arg. 


Thallus argillaceo-albescent, very thin, <«mooth or faintly 
leprose ; apothecia hemispherical, 1 m.m. wide, concolorous 
with the thallus or when moist of deeper shade, when young 
thalline clo‘hed, later on roseo-carneous, vertex obtuse, not 
at all impressed, acutely or widely ostiolate ; ostiole -3 m.m., 
entire ; proper perithecium fulvescent pallid; epithecium 
velate-carneous ; lamina with epithecium subhyaline ; spores 
8, fuscescent, at length intensely br wn, transversely 12-20 
locular, fusiform, outline at first regular, afterwards between 
the loculi constricto-unequal, -045—-085 x -009—-011 m.m. 
Hab.— Russell River. 

Lich, Beit. yon Dr. J. M. XXVI. 21. . 


trypethelioides, C. K. (Shirley. ) 
Thallus greenish, crowded with verruce, thick, continuous, 
the verruce convex or hemispherical, solitary or several 
aggregated. Apothecia one or several in each verruca, 
common ostiolum minute, depressed, usually annulate, widely 
expanded, at length deeply urceolate, disk white with prom- 
inent margin ; proper excipulum thin, nigro-fuscous. Apo- 
thecia within wholly carbonaceous or densely atro-laminate, 
laminz erect ; paraphyses slender, not readily separating ; 
spores in cylindrical asci, ovate, 3-septate, °015 x ‘008 m.m, 
. Hab.—On bark, Southern Queensland. 


190 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


IV.—Thelotrema, Ach. 


Spores hyaline, but the loculi longitudinally or variously 
divided, , 


1, T, australiense, Mull. Arg. 


Thallus smooth, thin, continuous, yellow orown to dull 
yellowish, margins a darker brown, moderately distinct. 
Apothecia very numerous, small, crowded, very little raised ; 
ostiola ‘2 m.m., from pale brown to nigro-fuscous, with pale, 
crater-like surrounding apex of verruca ; perithecium within 
obsolete, and not represented by black-brown laminula above, 
spores ‘(02—-03 x -008—:01 m.m., 6-8 locular, 1-4 loculi in 
the centre bi-locellate, outline subfusiform. 


Syn.—T. microporellum, Arph. (non Nyl ) 


2. T. laceratulum, Mull. Arg. 


M. 


Thallus olivaceous, thin, undulate-unequal, surface smooth ; 
apothecia numerous, ‘3—‘4 m.m. in diameter, and slightly 
emergent from the thallus, apex whitish-decolorate with 
aperient lacerate pore, furnished with 2—4 connivent lobules, 
or at length by rupture distinctly open, depressed, almost 
wholly white-pallid ; perithecium hyaline ; spores solitary or 
geminate, °08—12 x -027—038 m.m., equal, hyaline, 


closely parenchymatous, 25—30 locular, transversely 5—6 


locellate. 
Flab.—Trinity Bay. 
Lich, Beit. von Dr. J. M. XX VI. 23. 


3. T. megalophthalmum, Mull. Arg. 


Thallus olive-green, effuse, thin, minutely rugulose, surface 
smooth ; apothecia immersed not depressed ; ostiola usually 
wide, 1:5—2°5 m,m., orbicular or suborbicular, with thin, 
lacerate, concolorous exterior margin. and rather short, 
albescent, almost wholly adherent interior excipulum, at 
length unitedly deciduous ; disk reaching to the surface of 
the thallus, not depressed, flat or when moist slightly convex, 
carneous or finally sordid whitish; lamina in all parts 


+ 
5 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 191 


hyaline ; spores 8, ‘032—-045 x :011—-012 m.m., at both 
ends rotundate-obtuse, straight or often distinctly eurved 
like a bean seed, hyaline and murally divided, t:ansversely 
12—16 septate, loculi longitudinally 2—3 locellate. 
Hab.—Toowoomba, on bark. 

Syn.—T. expansum, C.K. (not Phxotrema expansum, C.K.) 


4, T. (Ascidium) depressum, Mnt. (Shirley. ) 


Thallus crustaceous, albescent or flavescent or sordid, surface 
very uneven, closely crowded with turgid mamillate pro- 
minences, rimose-areolate. Apothecia numerous, one or 
more in each yerruca; ostiola ‘15 m.m., circular, aperient, 
encircling thalline margin white ; spores 1—2, pale greenish, 
with iodine a pale blue, 15—17 locular, the loculi irregularly 
and closely murally divided ; paraphyses distinct, with iodine 
not tinted. 


Hab.—On bark, 3-mile Scrub. 


5. T. (Ascidium) profundum. Stirton. (Shirley. ) 


Sn. 


Thallus crustaceous, white or whitish, smooth, thin, uneven; 
apothecia deeply buried in lower cortical substratum ; peri- 
dium black, entire or almost entire, ellipsoid, with narrow 
elongated neck; ostiola with firm pale round aperture, 
diameter about "15 m.m.,, columella black ; thecee monos- 
porous ; sporcs colourless or pale yellow, spindle-shaped or 
ceylindrico-fusiform, murally divided, -27—-44 x -032—:045 
m.m., with iodine brcwnish-blue ; paraphyses very slender, 
crowded, | 

Hab.—On bark, near Brisbane. 

Dr. Stirton, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., Sept., 1880. 


6. T. (Ascidium), monosporum, C.K. (Shirley. ) 


Thallus crustaceous, pallid glaucous, smvoth, rather thin, 
uneven, not papillate, sparingly rimose, the areole seldom 
completely severed on all faces. Apothecia outwardly 
concolorous, 1-2 or many in each areola, slightly raised) 
when mature defined by peripheral fissure, seldom confluent 3 


192. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


ostiola at first irregular and closed, then almost circular and 
aperient ; thecee monosporous ; spores hyaline, with ioline a 
bright blue, -12 x -02 m-m., oval-oblong or oblong-fusiform, 
rounded and narrowing at both ends, densely parenchymatous; 
paraphyses medium , aggregated : peridium black, entire. 
#ab.—Helidon, and 3-mile Scrub. 


Syn.—T. (Ascidium), profundum, ? 


V.—Leptotrema, Mull. Arg. 


Spores parenchymatous as in Thelotrema, but brown, 


. Wightii, Ny. 


Thallus crustaceous, continuous, uneven, thin, ceesio-virescent 
or cinereo-virescent, afterwards changing to cinereo-argillace - 
ous, when moistened the surface presents minute, thickly 
set, oblong, green granules, in fracture and beneath the 
apothecia blood-red granules are observable. Apothecia 
black ostiolate, from the ostiolum the nucleus issues as a 
narrow scarious neck, the ostiola are surrounded by a circular 
depressed ring of white thallus ; perithecium black; nucleus _ 
hyaline ; spores ‘OL5—-022 m.m, long, subglobose, irregu- 
larly divided. 


Syn.—Endocarpon Wightii, Z'ayl. 


2. L. pheosporum, Vyl. 


Sn. 


Thallus crustaceous, fulvescent, opaque, in sinuous convolu- 
tions, surface minutely granulose. Ostiola large, depressed, 
fuscous, paler in centre, at length with aperient pore, thalline 
margin radiate-striate ; spores 8, octolocular, loculi leaticular 
with 3—4 cellules to each loculus; paraphyses distinct, 
with iodine not coloured. : 
Hab,—On bark, near Brisbane. 


3. L. albo-coronata, C. K. (Shirley. ) 


Thallus olive-green, shining, not continous, thin, folded 
sparingly into thin longitudinal ridges, paler at their summits, 
Apothecia crateriform, white, numerous, not confluent or 


ha ll «* 


pee 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.Sc. 193 


immersed, to 2°5 m.m., proper margin exserted, rather 
thick, spumous, concealing the thalline border; spores 
dark-brown, oval or oval-oblong, when young 4-septate, 
later on with loculi 2—3 locellate or mura'ly divided, 
028—-06 x -0065—-017 m.m.; paraphyses wavy, sub 
conglutinate, tawny yellow with iodine; hym. gel. with 
iodine not coloured, 


Hab.—Sankey’s Scrub, on bark. 


4, L. integrum, J/ull. Arg. 


Sn. 


6. L. 


Thallus pallid-olivaceous, thin, smooth, bordered by a black 
zone ; mature apotliecia 1—1‘2 m.m. wide, hemispherical, 


smooth, concolorous, with apex acute, -3—5 m.m., pore 
simple and entire, ostiola cesio-nigiicant ; proper perithecium 
thin and like the hypothecium nigricant ; base of perithecium 
black, columellste ; spores brown, ellipsoid, 4—5—6 locular, 
with central loculi, or rarely the whole, 2-locellate, -015— 
°02 x :008—-011 m.m. 

Hab.—Russell River, on bark. 

Lich. Beit. yon Dr, J, Muller, XX VI. 23 


. compunctum, Smith. 


Thallus thin, ashy white, flavescent or virescent, glabrous, 
cracked longitudinally, very slightly convolute. Apothecia 
small, diameter -3 m.m., sunk in small convex thalline 
verruce ; ostiola rotund, minute, slightly prominent, width 
about +1 m,m. ; proper excipulum white ; perithecium above 
distinctly brown, laterally thin, base wanting ; spores in 
narrow asci, normally murally divided, @-locular, with 3-4 
cellules in each loculus, -025—-03 x ‘01—012 mm. ; 
‘paraphyses distinct. 

Syn.— Urceolaria compuncta, Ach., The'otrema occultum, 


Eschw., Graphis anfractuosa, /schw. 


mastoideum, Mull. Arg. 
Thallus white to glaucous, moderately thin, effuse, unequal. 
Apothecia numerous, when young mastoideo-immersed, 


194 THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


scattered over with czsious pruina; mature apothecia ‘7—1 
m.m., open, flat, brown, peculiarly elato-mastoid ; thalline 
margin white, thin raised, irregular; true excipulum 
M. wanting ; disk concolorous, scorcely reaching the level of 
the thallus, cinereo-nigrescent; spores 8, sub-uniseriate, 
brown, (0i2—:02 x ‘01—-012 m‘m., from 2-locular to — 
uniseriately or cruciately 4-locular, loculi 2-3 locellate, 


Hab.—On moss, S. Queensland. 
Syn.—Thelotrema heterosporum, C.K. 


7. L. fallax, Mull. Arg. 

Thalius ochraceo-virescent, shining, mediocre, tumid-unequal ; 
apothecia 1 m.m. wide, moderately emergent, nano-pyramidal, 

M. lower circumference subdilated, concolorous, smooth, mouth 
‘1—-3 m.m. wide, obtuse, not at all in maturity peculiarly 
decolorate-albescent ; disk depressed, albo-pruinose ; perith- 
ecium in upper interior parts brown; lamina hyaline ; spores 
in linear asci, oblique, 1-seriate, olive brown, elongate-ovoid, 
‘015—-017 x -008—009 m.m., 5-6 locular, sparingly 
parenchymatous, intermediate loculi 2-locellate, 


‘Syn.—Thelotrema olivaceum, Arph., (non Mnt). . 


Lich. Beit. XXV. 7. 


8. L. compactum, NVyl,* 

Sub-tribe 3.—Graphidex, Ach. | 
Apothecia from orb:cular to lirelliform or from the first 
elongate; margin various, duplex or simple, with proper 
margin immersed or none ; disk oblong, not at all or scarcely 


urceolate depressed, often rimiform. 


* L. Baileyi, Shirley. 
Thallus pallid glaucous, hard, 5 m.m. thick, convoluted, brown 
beneath, gonidia golden; perithecium pale, black above; ostiola 
circular, widely aperient ; spores 8, brown, broadly ellipsoid, irreg- 
ularly murali-divided, ‘014—'023 x ‘0085—014 m.m., ; paraphyses 
slender ; hypothecium colourless, 
Syn.—Endocarpon Baileyi, Stirton. Hab,—Rosewood, 


‘ 
, 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, BSc. 195 


Section I.—Eugraphidee, Mull. Arg. 
Apothecia scattered over the thallus, pot collected in 
stromata. 


Cohort A. Apothecia with margin duplex or simple; spores 
resembling those of Opegrapha, transversely divided, loculi 
cylindrical, not lentiform. 


VI.—Oprerapua, Ach. 


Apothecia with proper simple margin, paraphyses connected, 
spores fuscous or hyaline. 


* Spores brown—Melanographa, A/ull. Arg. 


1. O. intrusa, Sérton. 

Parasitic upon the thallus and apothecia of Verrucaria 
circumrubens ; apothecia black, sub-prominent, small, oblong, 
‘4-8 m.m., fissured epithecium here and there widening ; 
spores 4, rarely 2, black-brown, uniseptate, with centre 
constricted, oblong, -°016—-018 x :007—-009 m.m. ; para- 

Sn. physes few, thin, irregular, apices black or blue-black ; 
hypothecium colourless ; hym. gel. with iodine light wine-red 
or almost uncoloured. 
Hab.—Brisbane. Dr. Stirton, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. Sept. 
1880. 


2. O. leucinia, Mull. Arg. ; 

Thallus whitish or yellowish-white, effuse, thin, smoothish ; 
apothecia from orbicular to elongate, sessile, -2 m.m. wide, 
often 1-5—2 m.m. long, the longer ones straight or variously 
curved, simple or sparingly ramose; perithecium black, 

M. entire, with thick base, margins black, apex and exterior 
nude, above subdivergent ; epithecium narrow, covered by a 
thick white stratum: spores 8, fuscescent, *Q18—:21 x 
0065 m.m., digitiform. st both ends obtuse, straight, 
3-septate, at the dissepiments slig'itly constricted, 
Hab.—Toowoomba, on bark, 
Lich. Beit. y. Dr. J. Muller, XVI. 15. 


196 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


** Spores colourless—Euopegrapha. 


3. O. plurilocularis, Wull. Arg. 


Sn 
K. 
M 


Thallus pulveralent-crustaceous, cinereous to fuscescent, grey 
pruinose, the surface scaly or flaky. Apothecia black, 
lecileine ; disk p'ane, fuscous or nigro-fuscous, when young 
virenti-pruinose ; margin distinct, elevate, somewhat thick, 
darker than the disk, entire or flexuose or involute ; spores 
fusifcrm, octolocul.r, *038 x 007 m.m. 

Syn.—'.. plurilocularis, Nyl., L. coniochlora, Stirton (non 
Mnt.) 


. pruinosa, Wull. Arg. 


Apothecia when young deep green or exruginose-pruinose, 
when mature subnude, 


. obfuscata, Mull. Arg. 


Exactly as in the type, but the thallus obfuscate, and in 
this approaching O, insignis, in which the spores are 
larger. 

Hab.—The type and its varieties are common in South 


Queensland. 


4, O. inalbescens, Mull. Arg. 


Sn. 


M 


Thallus hard, white or pale, pulverulent, with somewhat 
thick, rugose, warty markings, excessively unequal ; 
apothecia lecideine, nigro-fuscous to black, sessile, medium 
sized, width abont 1 m.m., flat, with thick paler margins, 
apothecia in places conglomerated: epithecium often 
greenish pruinose, especially the younger ones; spores. 
4—8, colourless, fusiform or more frequently obtuse- 
fusiform, frequently curved, 6—10 locular, with small 
nearly square loeuli, °03—045 x :0055—007 m.m.; 
paraphyses separating, capillary, with rather thick red- 
dish cohering apices ; hypothecium black or ee rent 
thick ; hym. gel. with iodine wine red. 
Sp 27s inalbescens, Stirton. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict, 
Sept. 1880. 


t 
: 
: 
; 
: 
4 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 197 


5. O. Bonplandi, Fee. 
Thallus sordid, pallido-fuscescent, cartilagineo-membran- 
aceous, effuse ; lirellz sessile, thick, sub-cylindrical, some- 
what shining, straight, epithecium rimiform; proper 
M. margin connivent, elevate, sub-arinate ; spores narrow 
fusiform, from hyaline to obscurely olivaceous, °03—-045 
x 0035—-0045 mim, 7—10 locular. 


*«Species outwardly not at all readily separated from O. 
ageleeza and O. prosodea. The first is distinguished by 
the spores being small and 4-locular, the latter by the 
much more divided spores showing 10—18 loculi, the 
the loculi scarcely longer than wide.” Mull. Arg. Graph. 


Fee. 


Syn.—O heterocarpa, Arph. ; Graphis compressa, Hschw.. 
G. herpetica v. subconica, Eschw. 


Hab.—Toowoomba. 


I1.—MetaspiLea, NVy!. 


Apothecia with simple proper margin, paraphyses not 
connected ; spores fuscous. 


1. M. opegraphoides, NVyl. 
Cohort B.—Apothecia variously margined ; spores divided as in 


Graphis, with loculi lentiform and simple, or parenchy- 
matous, paraphyses not connexo-ramose. 


IIJ.—Puxoerapuis, Mull. Arg. 
Spores brown, transversely divided, loculi lentiform, simple. 


1. P. eludens, Stirton. ( Shirley.) : 
Thallus ashy or pallid-rufescent, rather thick, to ‘3 m.m., 
smoothish with minute network of fissures ; apothecia 
innate, not sulcate, sooty brown-black, oblong or ob‘ong- 
linear or irregular, sparingly obtusely branched: epith- 
ecium somewhat concaye or flattish, width about 06 m.m., 
now and then separated from the thalline margin ; spores 8 

T 


198 THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


black-brown, 3 septate, rarely 1-2 septate, oblong or oblong- 
Sn. ellipsoid, -O11—.016 x -004—-0055 m.m.; paraphyses 
distinct, thick, with black-brown agglutinate apices ; 
hypothecium colourless.. Hym. gel. and spores not tinted 
with iodine. Gonidia somewhat large, reddish-yellow. 


A thin lateral perithecium is seen on making a cross sec- 
tion. Near G. hypoglauca, Arph. but with smaller spores. 
Dr. Stirton, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., Sept, 1880. 


Hab,—On rocks, Moggill and Mt. Perry. 


IV.—Grapuis, Ach. 


Spores hyaline, transversely divided; loculi lentifcrm 
simple. 
+ Solenographa.—Perithecium entire, lirelle not sulcate, 
disk black, narrow. 
1. G. assimilis, Vy/, 
Thallus white or flavid-cinerascent, faintly dark-bordered, 
determinate ; lirelle not nude or sulcate, simple or shortly 
branched, straight or curved or flexouse, 1—2°5 mm, 
long; thalline border raised but not emergent, forming a 
M. thick margin ; proper excipulum shorter ; epithecium con- 
colorous with proper margin ; spores broadly ovate oblong, 
narrow at one end, murali-divided, in 8-10 ranks of 1-5 
cellules each, ‘027—:03 x 012 mm. broad; or oblong 
mural cellules 1-3 in each row, and spore .037 x Ol m.m. 
Hab.—Taylor’s Range, on bark. 


2. G. propinqua, Mull, Arg. 
Thallus olivaceous-albicant, moderately thin, continuous, 
smooth, around the lirelle elato-tumid; whole lirella 
about *22 m.m. wide, not sulcate, visible part *‘] m.m. 
wide, 1—25 mm. long, immersed in small prominences of 
the thallus, by the lips adnately covered, slender, diver- 

M. gently ramulose; perithecium with continuous base, brown 
black, epitheciuin narrow, subrimiform, black ;  asci 
8-spored ; spores hyaline, 045 —056 x -01—012 mm 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B sc. 193 


12—16 locular. Near G. disserpens, V7] and G. sub 
assimilis, J/ull. Arg. 


Hab.—On bark, near Toowoomba. 


Lich. Beit. von Dr. J. Miller, X VI. 11. 


tt Aulacogramma.—Perithecium at the base, thick, 
complete ; lirelle sulcate ; disk black. 
3. G. striatula, yl. 
Thallus effuse, very thin, white or cinerascent, smooth; 
lirelle 3—6 mm. long, ‘2—3 mm _ wide, emergent, 
dichotomously or irregularly and finely ramose, somewhat 
intricate, branches often slender and delicate, nude or 
M. thalline clothed, lips closely connivent and obtuse, once or 
twice longitudinally furrowed or occasionally partly entire; 
perithecium entire ; margins black; spores 8, colourless, 
with iodine cerulescent, ovate-fusiform, at one or both 
: ends obtuse, 6—15 cellular, -°05— 06 x -01— 012 m.m., 
paraphyses distinct. 

Syn.—G. aurita, Hschw.; G. dupicata v. marginata, 

Eschw.; Opegrapha striatula, Ach. 


Hab.—TYoowoomba, on bark. 


+71 Eugraphis.—Perithecium wanting at the base; 
lirelle not suleate ; disk black. 
4, G, crassilabra, Mull Arg. (non Vni ) 

Thallus whitish, effuse, rather thin, rugulose, unequal ; 
lirelle slender, flexuose, subramose, 1—2 mm. long, 
within white, externally in part nude, 12 m.m. wide, 
innate in the upper part of whitish, flexuose, vermiform 
thalline prominences, ie. outwardly all the way from apex 

M. to apex thick-lipped; proper margins black, vertex nude, 
connivent ; epithecium rimiform, narrow, white pruinose, 

at length nude and black ; perithecium with base wanting; 
thalamium within white ; hypothecium hyaline or below 
fuscescent ; asci 4—*-spored ; spores hyaline, -045— 062 


200 


M. 


6. G. 


7. G. mucronata, Stirton. 


‘Sn. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


x ‘01—012 mm., 12-locular. Lich. Beit v. Dr. J. M. 
3 
AVE 13-2 


Hab.—-On bark, near Toowoomba. 


. Sayeri, Mu/l. Arg. 


Thallus white, thin, smooth, opaque, margin scarcely 
zonate-limitate ; lirelle thin, emergent ; lips connivent and 
thalline covered ; disk very narrow, czio-nigrous ; lips of 
perithecium in section above almost black, the remainder 
of the perithecium with the hypothecium hyaline ; spores 
8, hyaline, subfusiform :026—-042 x :006—:008 m.m., at 
both ends obtuse, 10-12 locular. 


Similar to G, subvirginea, Nyl, from which the perith- 
ecium is wholly diverse. 


Hab.—tTrinity Bay, on bark Lich. Beit. XX VI. 24, 


scripta, Ach. 


Thallus cinerascent or cream coloured, thin, membran- 
aceous or sub-tartareous, continuous, even or rugose ; 
lirellee immersed, slender, of the same width throughout 
extremities obtuse; proper margin narrow, elevated, tumid; 
epithecium canaliculate, naked or pruinose ; perithecium 
dimidiate or lateral; spores 8, colourless, elongato-linear 
or cylindrical, apically rounded, containing 8—10 trans- 
versely oval, margined cellules, °036 x :008 m.m, 


From N. Z., specimens sent by Dr. Knight to F. M. B, 


Thallus thin, pale grey, at times with faint green tinge ; 
lirelle to 3 m.m. long, simple, wavy or bent or variously 
twisted, with very acute terminations, numerous and 
closely spread; epithecium nigro-fuscous, disk black, 
rimiform, to ‘2 m.m. wide; thalline margins distinct, 
slightly raised; spores 8, oval-oblong, rounded at the ends, 
straight or curved, usually with seven lenticular cellules, — 


s 
BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC, 201 


hyaline, ‘025 x ‘005 m.m.; paraphyses jointed, granular, 
terminal joint largest. 


Hab.—On bark, common. 


8. G. Afzelii, Ach. 


Sn. 


Thallus whitish, discoloured or greenish ; lirelle at first, 
wholly immersed in the thallus, and covered with a peculiar 
white chalky layer, at length laid bare ; lips connivent, 
not sulcate, thick and black, at length opening; disk 
black, narrow ; perithecium thick, dimidiate, fusco-nigrous ; 
spores 4-locular, -018—024 x -008—-011 mm. ; colourless ; 
pavaphyses distinct, with iodine not coloured. 


Syn.—G. nivea, Eschw. 


Hab.—Tambourine Mountain and Sankey’s Scrub. 


9. G. tenella, Ach. 


10. G. 


K. 


Thallus very thin, cinerascent, hoary, determinate, nigro- 
limitate ; lirelle emergent, not sulcate, from almost or- 
bicular and lecideine, to straight or wavy, with blunt or 
attenuated terminations; lips black, connivent, raised, 


slightly tumid; disk black, rimiform, here and there with 


faint thalline vestiges ; thalline margin distinct in young 


forms, in mature lirelle visible as whitish halo; perith- 
ecium dimidiate, nigro fuscous ; spores oblong linear, 10— 
12 locular, -03—-04 x -0U5— 007 m.m.; paraphyses with 
clavate tips, sub-discrete. 


Syn.—G. lineola v. sigmoidea, F'schw., G. comma, /sch. 
G. pulverulenta v. fambigua, Lschw. 


Hab,—Common on bark of Laportea gigas, Wedd, 


innata, C. K, 

Thallus grey or cinerascent, fissured, surface sub-glabrous ; 
lirelle black, pruinose, short, -6—7 mm. long, with 
rounded ends; disk sunk. -2—°3 m.m. wide; thalline 
margin fine, raised, distinct, lighter in colour then sur- 
rounding thallus. The lire] are usually simple, but are 


202 


11...G; 


M. 


12.0G, 


od 
THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


closely spread, and at times clustered. Thece narrow- 
cylindrical, 7 2-spored; spores linear-bifusiform, apices 
acute, to 15-locular, straight or curved, the terminal cell 
longest, the remainder transversely oval, ‘08 x -012 m.m. 
Hab.—On bark, Mt. Perry. 


Tttt Aulacographa.—Perithecium wanting at the base; 
lirellee suleate ; disk black. 

duplicata, ch. 
Lirelle emergent, longitudinally furrowed ; perithecium 
thin or wanting at the base; resembles G. rimulosa in 
habit and form of apothecia, which are longish or elongate, 
and often acuminate-angustate, but differs in the dimidiate 
perithecium ; differs from G, striatula, Ach., in the lirelle 
being less emergent and more or less thalline clothed ; and 
is separated from G, lineola, Ach. (s. G. comma) by the 
wider and more open lirelle. Spores 02—-05 x :007—‘01 
m.m., 8—16 locular. Mature apothecia disclose a wide- 
mouthed, whitish, hypothecial fissure, extending beneath 
the lamina; lips 0—1—+4 sulcate. Mull. Arg. Graph, 
Fee. 
‘Syn.—G. pulverulenta v. biformis, Aschw.; G. venosa, 
Eschw.; G. condaminea, A/ass. 


rimulosa, Mnt. 

Thallus effuse, very thin, ashy-white, minutely granuloso- 
pulverulent, shining, lirelle wavy, 3—6 m m. long, ‘014— 
‘016 m.m. wide, dichotomous or irregularly narrowing, 
somewhat intricate, branches often becoming very attenu- 
ate ; perithecium wanting at the base, with black margins; 
above naked ; thalline margins with lips closely connivent 
and obtuse, longitudinally single or double, suleate or not, 
shining ; spores 8, -037—-045 x 008— 009 m.m., 10—13 
locular. | 

Differs from G. striatula in the narrow lirelle and dimidi 
ate perithecium. Lich. Beit. v. Dr. J. M., XY. 3. 
Syn.—G, leptoclada, Mull Arg. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 203 


13, G. persulcata. Stirton. 


14. G. 


Sn. 


Sn. 


15. 


G. 


Thallus smooth, even, shining, glaucous ; lirelle 2—3 m.m. 
long, simple, straight or slightly wavy or simply bent or 
curved, often divided by transverse fissures into 2-4 parts, 
each part attenuate and constricted at the fissure ; thalline 
margin distinctly defined in early stages; lips finally 
raised, emergent, blunt, black ; epithecium (disk) showing 
as fine concolorous line, or in parts with vestiges of a 
thalline covering ; perithecium nigro-fuscous, attenuate or 
wanting? below ; paraphyses slender, short, somewhat 


readily separating: spores hyaline, immature. 
tol?) 5) 


Hab,—Indooroopilly, on bark. 


malacodes, Ny. 

Thallus thin, cinerascent or pale glaucous ; lirelle to 3 
m.m. in length, sparingly (1—5) branched, branches 
usually curl back towards parent canal ; epithe ium black, 
hoary, ‘2 m.m, wide; thalline margins raised, distinct, 
deeply sulcate, in parts fissured ; perithecium fuscescent- 
pallid or sub-fulvous ; spores 8, linear-oblong, at both ends 
somewhat obtuse, 7—10 locular, hyaline, deep blue with 
iodine, ‘06 x -0U8—-01 mm.; paraphyses slender, tips 


somewhat dilated and conglutinate. 


Hab,—Sankey’s Scrub, on bark. 


subtenella, Mull. Arg. 

Thallus whitish, very thin, rather smooth, effuse ; lirellee 
slender, variously curved, astroid-ramose, towards the 
extremities acutely angustate, -1 m.m. wide and narrower, 
black, slightly emergent, lips at length deeply 1-sulcate : 
lips of perithecium in section above broad and black, 
obversely triangular, towards the base finally evanescent 
or hyaline ; hypothecium subhyaline ; spores 8, hyaline, 
025—-03 x :006— 007 m.m, 8—10 locular, at both ends 
obtuse. Differs from G. tenella in the sulcate lirelle and 
dimidiate perithecium ; and from G. leptoclada in the 


204 


16. 


18. 


G. 


is, 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


slightly smaller spores and different perithecium, Lich, 
Beit. v. Dr. J. M. XXVI. 24. 


Hab.—Mulgrave River, on bark, 


+tttt Chlorographa —Disk coloured or pallid, not 


black. 
glaucoderma, Wy. 


Thallus thick, uneven, papillate or convoluted, here and 
there fractured, sordid yellow or olivaceous, shining, the 
raised roughened points greenish. Lirelle crowded in 
central portion of thallus, concolorous, curved or wavy, 
simple, crowded, not confluent, usually parallel or sub- 
parallel ; epithecium a paler yellow; thalline margins 
darker yellow or olivaceous, raised, distinct, not disclosing 
the perithecium ; paraphyses rather coarse, conglutinate ; 
spores small, hyaline, ovate, 3—4 septate, ‘02 x ‘005 m.m., 
possibly not fully matured. 

Hab.—Mt. Mistake. 


. vermifera, Aull. Arg. 


Thallus white or greenish-white, very thin, smooth ; lirelle 
immersed, slender, ‘25 mm. wide, simple, circumference 
varied, short or long, straight or serpentine-curvate ; 
thalline stratus wholly concolorous, faintly rose-red above, 
not sulcate ; dish narrow, orange-yellow ; perithecium with 
base complete, wholly fulvescent or fulvescent-hyaline ; 
lamina hyaline ; spores 8, *] x ‘008 m.m., linear, vermi- 
form, not at all straight, at both ends obtuse, about 24- 
locular. Near G. nematodes, Leight. Lich Beit. v. Dr. 
J. M. XXVI1. 24. 


Hab.—Mulgrave River, on bark. 


Argopholis, C.K, 

Thallus glauco-albescent. In thallus and lirelle resembles. 
G. glaucescens, Jee.. but the whole perithecium is ful- 
vescent pallid or subfulvous ; lips thalline clothed ; disk 


19. 


G. 


Sn. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 205 


when moist golden-fleshy, nude ; spores ‘(028—-032 x :007 
— 008 m.m., at both ends obtuse, 10-locular. 


Hab,—Tambourine Mountain, on bark. 


circumfusa, Stirton. 

Thallus pallid or dull cervine, often shading into a reddish 
tint, minutely areolate or continuous, here and there 
somewhat farinaceous; apothecia oblong or irregular, 
occasionally branched, innate, pallid or whitish, bordered 
by anirregular slightly prominent thalline margin, within 
wholly colourless ; epithecium slightly concave, width to 
‘2 m.m.; spores 2, rarely 3, colourless, oblong-fusiform, 
often at one apex obtuse and at the other acute, 11—21 
locular, ‘07 —-1 x ‘009—-012 m.m.; paraphyses distinct, 
apices sprinkled; kypothecium colourless or palely lutes- 
cent. Jodine does not colour the hymenial gelatine, but 
the spores are made ceruleo-infuscate. 


Hab.—Brisbane, on bark. 
V. Graphina, Mull. Arg. 
Spores hyaline, with the loculi parenchymatous. 


+ Solenographina, Vuill. Arg. 


1. G. saxicola, Mull. Arg. 


Thallus cinereous, thickish, rugose-unequal, opaque ; lirelle 
emergent, linear, curved, capped with a black, opaque, 
connivent-closed thalline stratum, medial height in section 
‘25 m.m., lips entire; perithecium. black, base dilatate, 
beneath sublamellose-lacerate ; disk very narrow, some- 
what flat ; spores when young 2—4 in ascus, when mature 
by abortion solitary, .04— 055 x -017—02 m.m., ellipsoid, 
hyaline, closely parenchymatous, series of locelli 8—16, 
in each series 3—5. Lich. Beit v. Dr. J. M. XVI. 25. 


Syn.—G. olivaceo-lutea, C.K. 


Hab.—Thursday Island and Torres Straits, on quartz 
rocks. 


206 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


TT Eugraphina, Mull. Arg. 


2. G. polyclades, Aremp. 


Outwardly resembles a smoothly thallined form. of G, 
fisso-furcata, Leighton, also approaches G. streblocarpum, 
Le!., but the spores are much smaller than in these lichens; 
and agree with those of G. sophistica From its allies it 
differs in the perithecium which is but one-third as thick. 
Lich. Beit. XVI, 11. 


Hab.—Toowoomba. 


. Hartmanniana, Mull. Arg. 


Thallus very indistinct; lirelle very prominent, large, 
linear-oblong, obtuse at the extremities, straight or wavy, 
simple, occasionally tripartite ; spores hyaline, °018—:023 
x 006—-:008 m.m., in the middle subconstricted, at both 
ends very acute, transversely 5-7 septate, loculi repeatedly 
longitudinally and obliquely divided. 


Hab.—Toowoomba, on branches of trees. 


subtartarea, Aull. Arg. 

Thallus white, about 1 m.m. thick, towards the circumfer- 
ence attenuate, effuse, opaque, smooth or subcicatrose- 
unequal ; lirella 2—4 m.m. long, ‘3 m.m. wide, subsimple 


and ramuse, variously curved, slightly emergent, covered’ 


with a thin concolorous stratum of the thallus, longitudin- 
ally striate, pulverulent, disk narrow, black and subnude ; 
perithecium dimidiate ; labia with black epidermis, stout; 
hypothecium hyaline; spores solitary, *08—‘l x ‘018— 
‘028 m m., closely parenchymatous. Lich. Beit., v. Dr. J. 
M. XXVI, 25. 


Eab.—tTrinity Bay, on palms. 


5. G. palmicola, Mull. Ary. 


Thallus white or flavescent-white, thin, with margin effuse_ 
lirelle strongly emergent, subsimple, curved, 1—3 mm, 
long, ‘5—'6 mm. wide, in length and outline very variable, 


1 
( 
; 
: 
1 


BY JOHN. SHIRLEY, B.SC, 207 


covered with a thick firm smooth thalline stratum which 
is longitudinally furrowed on both sides; disk linear- 
rimose, black ; perithecium black, base finely attenuate, 
(incompletely dimidiate) ; spores solitary -1—'14 x -033 
—.038 mm, within finely parenchymatose-locellate. 


Hab.—Trinity Bay, on palms. 


6. G. sophistica, Vy. 


Thallus pale whitish-yellow or cream colour, thin, mem- 
branevus, continuous, smooth or slightly uneven ; lirelle 
black, emergent, slender, contracted here and there, simple 
or branched, wavy, scattered, extremities acuminate ; tips 


here and there deeply bifid, or 2-lobed or immarginate, 


K. sulcate ; perithecium lateral ; epithecium rimiform, naked ; 


proper margin thin, elevated, wavy and crisped ; thallodal 
margin membranaceous; spores 8, colourless, oblong or 


025 x *006—-008 


ellipsoid, murali-multilocular, -019 
, 5-9 septate, loculi. 2-3 locellate. 

Syn —G scripta, Leighton., G. pulverulenta, Leigh., G. 

platycarpa, Eschw. 


Hub.—Vambourine Mountain 


Tit Aulacographina, Mull. Arg. 


7. G. fisso-furcata, Leighton, 


Sn. 


Thallus pale green or glaucous, smooth, pruinose, surface 
uneven ; lirelle large, 6—8-m.m. long, wavy, freely 
branching or stellately rayed; branches litt'e curled, 
slightly narrowing to their terminations. obtusely pointed ; 
disk to -3 mm. wide: thalline margins distinct, raised, 
paler than surrounding thallus. (When young the lirelle 
may be acuminate). Spores geminate as a ru'e, but 2—6 
occasionally, -054—07 x -017—-025 maim, to 11-septate, 
with 4—8 locelli in each transverse loculus. 


Hah —On bark, Maroochie. 


208 THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


8. G, repleta, Stirton (Shirley. ) 
Thallus pale, drying yellow-brown, thin, almost continu- 
ous, lirelle large, very distinct, furcate-ramose or digitate- 
ramose, looped or curled, sometimes crowded ; hymenium 
black-brown, innate, with thick raised thalline border or 
nearly naked ; epithecium subconcave or flattish, width 
Sn. *2—'3 m.m.; spores 4—8 uncoloured, fusiform or oblong- 
fusiform, 10—17 locular (loculi with 2—4 cellules per 
row), °054—:075 x :009—-012 m.m., paraphyses very 
slender, apices sprinkled with brownish granules ; hypo- 
thecium colourless. Dr. Stirton, Pro. Roy. Soc. Vict.,. 
Sept., 1880. 
Hab.—Brisbane, on bark. 


tttt Medusulina, Mull. Arg. 


9. G. pertenella, Stirton. ( Shurley. ) 

Thallus white or white paiid, rough, hard, in brain-like 
convolutions ; apothecia innate depressed, flexuose, black- 
brown, occasionally irregularly branvhed; epithecium 
brownish or pale, width ‘5—1 mm ; disk flat and widely 
open, neither emergent nor excavated ; proper margins: 

Sn, brown, only near the epithecium, in section, on both sides 
distinct ; hypothecium thick, hyaline ; spores 8, hyaline, 
ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, 0!1—-016 x ‘0055—.007 
m.m., 4-locular, rarely 6-locular, one or two loculi at 
length bilocellate. 
Hab.—Brisbane and Rockhampton, on bark. 
Syn.—G. brachyspora, Juli. Arg. 


NotTEe,—Two parasitic species have also been named, but from immature or 
incomplete specimens ;—Graphis parmeliarum, C.X., when fertile 
apothecia offer themselves, is likely to prove a synonymn of Melano- 
grapha asteriscus, Mull, Arg.; Graphis Flindersiew, Shirley, was 
found on ‘herbirium specimens of Flindersia maculosa, the gift of 
Mr. F. M. Bailey, who had not however observed the parasite on the 
leaves. The lirella are 3—4°5 m.m. long, simple, almost straght, 
with raised thalline margin, terminations acuminate ; disk dark, 
rimiform ; spores immature. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 209 


— 


Cohort ©. Apothecia marginate ; spores parenchymatous. 


VI.—HewmistHocarpon, Mull. Arg. 


Apothecia scattered; paraphyses intricately connexo- 
ramose ; spores hyaline. 


1. H. Lojkanum, J/ull. Arg. 


M. 


Thallus thin, flavescent-cinereous, subrimulose, and obso- 
letely verruculose ; lirelle somewhat emergent, orbicular, 
about -7 m.m., with equal diameters, margin tumid, wholly 
girdled by the thallus and concolorous with it, simulating 
a species of Thelotrema, but occasionally 1°5—-2 m m. iong 
by ‘5 m.m. broad, straight, genuflexed or sigmoid, at both 
ends obtuse; disk punctiform-orbicular or according to 
the form of the lirelle oblongate, czsio-pulveraceous, 
depressed ; perithecium in section cupular, everywhere 
thin and albo-hyaline, outwardly above covered with -a 
thick thalline stratum ; paraphyses trabeculate-connected ; 
asci l-spored, spores -18—-225 x -04—.048 m.m., very 
finely cubic-locellate, locelli in series 25—-30, transversely 
placed, and occasionally for the most part again divided. 
Lich. Beit. v. Dr. J. M., XX VI. 26. 

Hab.—Toowoomba, on bark. 


VIL.—Tremotytivum, Mull. Arg. 
Verruce arranged ina sub-series simulating a Graphis; 


paraphyses parallel, trabeculately massed and coherent ; 
spores hyaline 


1, T. australianum, Muli. Arg. 


Thallus ashy-pale, tartareus, thickish, continuous, smooth- 
ish, in all parts closely verruciferous ; verruce 5 m.m., 
many confluent in irregular aggregations, vertex depressed, 
1—4 fruited, apices thelotremoid-aperient, somewhat de- 
fossate, subcesio-pallid ; disk punctiform, orbicular, cesio- 
velate ; apertures at length confluent in a series; thala- 
mium bordered from earliest stages by the pallid thallus, 
slightly fuscescent, externally with spurious fuscescent 


210 


Cohort 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


perithecium ; epithecium fuscescent; lamina very per- 
sistently hyaline; hypothecium above hyaline, below 
fuscescent ; asci l-spored ; spores hyaline -1—18 x .035 
—°05 m.m., very densely parenchymatous Lich. Beit. 
v. Dr. J. M., XVI. 9. : 


Hab.—Main Range near Toowoomba. 


D.—Apothecia immarginate; paraphyses intricately 
connexo-ramose ; spores transversly divided, loculi not 
lentiform, simple or variously divided. 


VIII.—Arrnonta, elch 


Spores transversely divided ; loculi simple. 


7 Spores 2-locular; 


1. A. Ricasolie, Mull. Arg. 


Parasitic on the thallus of Ricasolia Hartmanni, subma- 
culari-evolute, orbicular, *3—'7 m m. wide, slightly convex, 
circumference not at all radiately prominent, at first 
covered over, subolivaceous nigricant, afterwards quite 
nude and brown, opaque, freely and variously confluent ; 
lamina distinctly innate in part of the thallus of host, 
hyaline - olivaceous; hypothecium hyaline; spores in 
obovoid asci, about 4 in number, hyaline, -011—'015 x 
‘0025—-003 m.m., slenderly soleeformn-bilocu'ar, at both 
ends obtuse. 


Hab.—Toowoomba. 


tt Spores 3-locular. 


2. A. delicatula, J7ul/, Arg. 


Thallus white, covered by an epidermis, smooth ; apothecia 
immersed, younger forms cinereo-velate, at length fully 
revealed, -!2 m.m., orbicnlar or often extremely irregular, 
angulose or for the most part 2—3 times longer than wide, 
simple or 1—2 ramulose, when dry dull olivaceous, 


convex, often immarginate and within obscure ; epithecium | 


Pp »" 
T= "os 7 


M. 


RY JOHN SHIRLEY, BSC. 911 


= 


pallid olivaceous ; lamina with bypothecium hyaline ; asci 
obovoid, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, -018—-021 x ‘:006—:008 
mm., elongate-ovoid, equally 3-locular. Lich. Beit. v 
Der d <M, XV 5 

Hab.—Kockhampton, on bark. 


ttt Spores 4-locular. 


3. A. Thozctiana, Mull, Arg. 


Thallus maculate, white, effuse, or in places limited by a 
black hypothalline line, sparingly decussate ; apothecia 
linear, -13 m.m. in width, simple or often substellately 
pauciramose, little emergent; when dry with black disk, 
beneath rufo-nigricant, bordered by thin obscure margin ; 
when young griseo-velate, later on nude and opaque; 
when moistened the disk is pallescent, and from nigrescent 
to aqua-fumose and byalescent ; epithecium and margin 
olivaceo-nigricant ; lamina hyaline or above pallid oliv- 
aceous ; hypothecium hyaline; spores hyaline,'012—-013 
x ‘005 m.m., oblong-obovoid, 4-locular, septa equidistant. 

H.ib.—Rockhampton, on bark 

Lich. Beit. XVI. 10. 


4, A. vulgaris v. astroidea, C. KX. 


Thallus cinerascent, in parts flavescent, or cinerascent- 
fuscescent, very thin, not shining, determinate, nigro- 
limitate. Lirelle slightly emergent, at first thalline 
clothed, fuscous, finally black and _ stellately ramose ; 
branches seldom more than five, extremities rounded ; 
spores obovo d or pupa-shaped, 4-locular, largest loculus at 
broad end, hyaline or faintly brownish, ‘V15—-02 x ‘004 
—:005 m.m. ; paraphyses indistinct ; gonidia very small. 

Hab.—Hill End, on Avicennia officinalis. 


TTTT Spores 6-locular. 


5, A. cinnabarina, Wall. 


Thallus pale glaucous grey, continuous, determinate ; 
apothecia numerous, snuif-brown or red brown, in appear- 


212 


Sn. 


M. 


THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


ance obscurely lecideine, not raised above thalline surface, 
lurid and pruinose, varying from erythrinose to bright 
vermilion ; spores 8, 02 x ‘0075, differing considerably 
in size and shape, 5—6-locular, broader at one end, the 
terminal loculus at the broad end being by far the largest, 
in colour reddish with greenish cells. 


Hab.—On bark, Ithaca Creek and Mt. Mistake. 


. cinereo-argentea, C, K. 


Thallus very thin, smooth, shining, cinereo-argenteous or 
pale glaucous or pale steel coloured, continuous or occa- 
sionally interrupted, subdeterminate, not nigro-limitate. 
Apothecia black, numerous, not emergent, lirellate, indis- 
tinctly stellate or difformate, opaque, not pruinose. Spores 
4-locular or the two terminal loculi again unevenly divided, 
linear, constricted at each septum, at both ends acute, 
‘05-06 x :006—007 m.m. ; paraphyses indeterminate, 
Hlab.—Botanic Gardens, on Ficus laccifera. 


* 


. gracillima, Jfull Arg. 


Thallus (epidermis) very thin, outwardly revealed by white 
shining spots; lirelle -25—-75 m.m. long, *05—-07 


- m.m. wide, simple or irregularly branched, emergent, at 


length nude, black ; spores in subglobose asci, 8 in number, 
cylindrical-obovoid, at both ends obtuse, -(018—-024 x -008 
—0Ol mm, 6-locular, the superior loculus longer and 
somewhat broader. Lich. Beit. v. Dr. J. M., XX VI. 27. 
Hab.—On branches at Toowoomba. 


. gracilenta, Mull Arg. 


Thallus white, covered with an epidermis, obsoletely nigro- 
limitate ; apothecia black, when moist obsoletely fusco- 
pallid or concolorous, erumpent-innate, convex, ‘08—’017 
m.m. wide, slender, commonly much longer than wide, 
sparingly ramose, variously bent or curved, often unequal- 
ly subtufted; when young veiled, when mature nude, 
opaque, immarginate, within obscure ; lamina and hypoth- 


- iJ me % . 
CT ee ea . A 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.Sc. 213 


ecium subolivaceous-flavicant ; epithecium olivaceo-nigrous; 
asci pyriform-subglobose ; spores 8, hyaline, -021 x :008 
m.m, dactyline-obovoid, often incurved at both ends, 6- 


lecular, superior loculus largest. 
Hah-—On bark, near Rockhampton. 
Lich. Beit. v. Dr. J. M., XVI. 10. 


Section 2.—Glyphidee. 


Apothecia collected in distinct stromata, either raised 


above the surface or maculiform. 


Cohort E.—Paraphyses free; spores transversely divided, and 


with lentiform loculi as in Graphis. 


TX.—Guypuis, Ach. 


* Euglyphis.—Spores hyaline ; stromata convexo-elate. 


1. G. favulosa, Ach. 


Thalius crustaceous, effuse, smooth. greenish-brown, form- 
ing an elevate, subplano-convex, rotundate-difformate 
layer, at length deliques:ent, cinereo-glaucous ; lirelle 
various, from almost solitary, rotundate-subangulose, to 
crowded dendriticose or radiate-ramose or confluent, 
medusuliform ; disk brown, plano-concave. Spores ‘03 x 
009 m.m. | 


2. G. confluens, Wnt. 


Sn. 


Thallus showing as a greyish frosted border to the 
stromata. Stromata in nigro-fuscous pruinose patches, 
12 mm or more in diameter, rounded or oblong or 
irregular, showing a white wholly fringe where emergent 
from the thallus; lirelle as contorted, labyrinthine 
markings, at times radiate near the outer margins of the 
stroma, often parallel, and with the dark stromatic layers 
between them frosted at their summits, the whole raised 
above the level of the host ; hypothecium brown ; spore* 
colourless, linear-oblong or linear-fusiform, 10—11 locular, 


loculi lentiform, double-walled, -02—:025 x ‘005—006 
U 


214 THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


m.m., with iodine cerulescent ; paraphyses distinct, with 
iodine lutescent. 


Hab,—Common on bark ; v. analoga, St:rton, Rosewood. 


3. G. verrucosa, C. K. 
Thallus limited by a narrow black border, sulphur yellow 
. or waxy, crustaceous, longitudinally fissured, raised into 
small, smooth, rounded pustules. Stromata few, large, 


separate, 4—7 m.m. wide, irregular, dark-brown, pruinose, 
IX. slightly raised above the surface of the thallus which is 
lighter in colour where it encircles a stroma, Lirelle 


linear, wavy, anastomosing, or separate, circular, oval, or 
labyrinthiform, dark-brown; hypothecium brown. Spores 
8, linear, slightly narrowing at one or both ends, 6—9 . 
locular, °026—:035 x :004—-006 m,m.; paraphyses not ! 
readily separating. : 
Hab.—Sankey’s Scrub, on bark. Near G. Javanica, 
Mull. Arg. 


** Sarcogropha.—Spores fuscous; stromata more or 
less maculiform. 
4, G. labyrinthica, Ach. 
Thallus pallid testaceous or fuscescenti-olivaceous, memb- 
ranaceous, indeterminate ; stromata sordid whitish, albo- 
pruinose or pulverulent, rotundate or oblong or curved or 
shapeless, subplane or plano-convex, 5-7 m.m, in diameter, 
Sn. subreticulate with the sub-anastomising black canaliculate 
rime of the elongated apothecia, scarcely raised above 
the thalline level; disk black and opaque, pruinose ; 
spor's 8, linear-oblong, finally brownish, 4-6 cellular; 
rounded at the extremities, ‘(012—°015 x -008--012 m.m., 
paraphyses stout, crowded, rather indistinct. 
Hab. —On bark, Kelvin Grove. 


5. G. medusulina, Vyl, 
Thallus smooth, prpilacec albeseentis : 


sae? 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC, 215 


lirelle plano-concave, with the cut off edge of the sur- 


. rounding thallus spuriously margined, not depressed. 


Spores 4-locular, dissepiments of the spores at length 
intensely fuscous, -014—016 x -005—-007 mm. Lich. 
Beit. XXV. 7, 12. 

Hab —Rockhampton, on rocks. 


cyclospora, Mull. Arg. 

Thallus argillaceo-flavicant, thin, determinate, towards 
the margin shining, smooth: stromata orbicular, 2—3 
mm. in diameter, at length variously confluent, scarcely 
or not at all emergent, cxsious, subpulverulent ; lirelle 


closely radiately disposed, punctiform-linear, both simple 


and furcate, to °12 m.m. wide; disk black, very narrow, 
perithecium above nigro-fuscous, not at all thick, towards 
the base evanescent; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses 
very thick and easily separating; spores in linear ascl, 
l-seriate, brown or black-brown, globose-ellipsoid, -008— 
012 x 007—-009 m.m., from bilocular at length various- 
ly subcruciately 4-locular. 


Syn.—Sarcographina cyclospora, WWuill. Arg. Lich. Beit. 
v. Dr. J. M., XXVL. 28. 


Hab.—Trinity Bay, on bark. 


. colliculosa, (. K. 


Thallus pallid, olive yellow, cartilaginous, thick, collic- 
ulose ; stromata subrotund or shapeless, convex, cinereo- 
pruinose ; lirelle intricate-ramose or confluent, black ; 
hymenium rising from a thick black torus ; paraphyses 
adhering, obscure, grumose, apices brown : spores oblong, . 
at both ends rounded, 3-septate, palely fuscescent, finally 
brown, 013 x 005 mm. From G. confluens which it 
resembles outwardly, it is readily separated by the shape 
and colour of the spores. 

Dr. C. Knight, Syn. Queen. Fl. 2nd Sup., p. 74. 


Hab.—On bark of scrub trees 


216 THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


Cohort F.—Paraphyses connexo-ramose ; spores as in Opegrapha 
transversely divided, loculi not lentiform, simple or 
divided ; apothecia immersed. 


X.—CuiopectTon, Ach. 
* Euchiodecton.—Spores hyaline, loculi simple. 


1. C. effusum, Fe. 
Thallus and stromata white, somewhat resembling those 
of C. spherale, Ach; perithecium at base commonly in- 
crassate, discrete, or here and there inferiorly appearing 
M. scarcely as thick or less than the lamina; spores narrow, 
clavate fusiform, from the broad end gradually attenuate, 
‘03— 037 x -004—:005 m.m., 4-locular, in outline re- 


sembling those of C. farinaceum. 


Syn —Glyphis graphica, Fee. Mull. Arg. Graph. Fee. 


2. C. spherale, Ach 

Thalius white or pale sulphur coloured, eminently granular 
or tuberculose ; stromata as yellow, sessile, peltate masses,. 
1:5—1-7 m m. in diameter, pricked over with black ostiola,. 
and sulphureo-pruinose. Apothecia not numerous in each 

L. stroma; a section of the verruca shows the apothecia. 
arising from a black internal torus; spores &, colourless, 
with iodine faintly cerulescent, 3-septate, straight, linear- 
fusiform, at both ends acute ; paraphyses indistinct. 


HTub,—Maroochie, on bark. 


©, farinaceum, Fee. 


eo 


‘hallus pulverulent, cinereous or glaucous or cinereo- 
fuscescent ; stromata numerous, rounded, small, in shape 
resembling those of C. spherale; spores 8, 3-septate, 
Sn. colourless, curved, clavate-fusiform, from below the broad 
end gradually attenuate, with iodine not tinted; paraphyses. 
distinct, with iodine a reddish-brown. 


Hab,—Maroochie, on bark. 


BY JOHN SHIRLEY, B.SC. 217 


4, ©. ochraceo-fuscescens, C. K. 

Thallus yellow-brown, subpulverulent, within white, 
continuous, in structure subbyssoid, with nodules of green 
gonimia. Stromata hemispherical, to 1 m.m. in diameter, 

K. sordid fuscescent, occasionally white, 12—15 ostioate ; 
hymenium rising from a thick black torus, which extends 
to the matrix below, and is continuous with the thin 
proper perithecium. Spores fusiform, straight, 3-septate, 
°04 x ‘003 m.m. 
Hab.—Fassifern, on bark. Dr. C. Knight, Syn. Queen. 
Fl. 2nd Sup., p 75. 


5, C. stromaticum, C. A. 

Thallus thin, white or stramineo-pulverulent, bordered by 
a thick, brown, byssoid hypothalline stratum ; stromata 
applanate, diameter to 1-2 m.m., multiostiolate ; ostiola to 
80 or more, very minute and black, when moist brown 

K. and angulate ; apothecia pyrenocarpoid, *1 m.m in section ; 
hymenia arising from a common torus, which is continuous 
with the thin, proper, lateral perithecium. Spores 
crowded in clavate asci, colourless, acicular, very often 
curved, 3-septate, ‘088 x -0025 mm. Dr. C. K. Trans. 
Lin. Soc., Dec., 1882. 


Hab.—Indooroopilly, on bark. 


§. ©. rubro-cinctum, Vyl 

“Fruiting examples of this beautiful lichen are seldom 
found, and continual doubt prevailed as to its proper 

M. classification until Von Lundig in New Grenada at 
Fusagasuga, at an elevation of about 2400 feet, found the 
plant in a perfect state, and on examination at once placed 
it under Chiodecton, a decision which was confirmed by 
Nylander. Syn.—Hypochnus rubrocinctus, Ebrenb,” 
Voy. of Novara, Bot. Vol. X. 


Hab.—Hypochnus rubrocinctus is common on bark, and 
usually regarded as a fungus, 


218 THE LICHEN FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, 


** Enterostigma,—Spores brown, usually at length 
parenchymatous. | 


7. C. hypoleucum, C. K. 

Thallus flaventi-cinereous or pallid ochraceo-cinerascent, 
smooth, continuous, or at length areolate-rimulose, bor- 
dered by a broad black brown or brownish marginal line ; 
in places white within, with true gonidia ; stromata plano- 
convex or irregularly rounded, °7 m.m. wide, circumference: 

K. orbicular of often obtusely angulose, variously confluent, 
paler than the thallus, levigate, many fruited, within: 
white ; ostiola orbicular or oblong ‘06—:1 m.m. in. 
diameter, black, nude, reaching the surface of the 
stroma ; apothecia not confluent ; perithecium thin and. 
indistinct not rising from a common torus ; hymenium 
and hypothecium hyaline ; spores fusiform, 3-septate, pale 
brownish, when ejected brown, ‘03—'04 x :003—:0045 | 


m.m., 4-locular. 
Hab.—Milora, on bark. 
Syn.—C, (Enterographa) trypethelioides, A/ull, Arg. 


8, C. sub'evigatum, Arph, 1. 


ee ee ae, 


PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS 
ON A 


NATURAL HISTORY COLLECTION 


Made in connection with the Surveying Cruise of H. M.S. 
“ Myrmidon,” at Port Darwin and Cambridge Gulfi— 
September to November, 1888—by W. Saville - Kent, 
F.L.S., F.Z.S8., &c., Commissioner of Fisheries, Queens- 
land. 


I was invited last year by Captain the Hon. H. P Foley 
Wereker, RN, Dr. W. G. K. Barnes, and other officers of 
H.MS. ‘“Myrmidon,” to accompany them on their surveying 
expedition to Cambridge Gulf on the northern sea-board of West 
Australia, and of which district it had been determined to make 
a more accurate survey, in consequence of the growing importance 
of the township of Wyndham as a port of access to the Kimberley 
Goldfields. Apart from the prospects of an enjoyable trip in the 
most agreeable company, my alacrity in accepting the invitation 
was greatly stimulated in view of the cpportunities that would 
be afforded me of obtaining natural history material from a 
comparatively new field. and at the same time of forming a more 
jntimate personal acquaintance with tropical life than had 
previously fallen to my lot. My anticipations in each of these 
several directions were most agreeably fulfilled, and while 
sufficient leisure has not been at my disposal to permit of my 
presenting on this occasion a complete list of the specimens 
. collected, I propose to place on record a brief enu meration of the 
more prominent among them, giving a special reference to certain 
of those forms which have apparently hitherto escaped observation, 
or have not been recorded in connection with an Australian 
habitat. 


The period of my explorations in association with H.M.S. 
‘*Myrmidon” extended from September 9th, when I joined the 


220 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON A NATURAL HISTORY 


ship at Port Darwin, until November 14th, when I had to bid 
the vessel adieu and return to the northern colonies. On my 
journey to and from Port Darwin eta Queensland coast, per the 
China Navigation Company’s Steamer “ Tsinan,” such opportuni- 
ties as presented themselves of adding to my collections and 
store of information were readily embraced, and the result§ 
accomplished may be appropriately chronicled in connection with 
the major portions of this report. ) 


The materials amassed were naturally associated chiefly 
with the various sections of marine zoology, and in the accumu- 
lation and conservation of which I am greatly indebted to the 
able assistance of Vr. Barnes, who has moreover since remitted. 
me a collection of specimens made by himself in the vicinity of 
Port Essington shortly after my departure As opportunities 
occured a small collection of reptiles and also of bird skins was 
got together. Mr, Charles De Vis, M.A., the Curator of the 
Queensland Museum, has kindly undertaken the identification of 
these two sections, and has supplied the accompanying lists, 
With respect to the birds | may suitab'y mention here that 
Lieut. W. O. Lyne, B A., of H.M.S.‘‘ Myrmidon” was one of 
the most extensive contributors Among the specimens that fell 
to his gun is a species of owl, which has proved to be an abnor- 
mally pale variety of the Blinking Owl, Ninow connivens. A 
somewhat rare form shot by myself among the mangroves in 
Cambridge Gulf is a female specimen of Pachycephala lanoides, 


The reptiles, Mr Ve Vis informs me. include a species of 
snake differing in important structural details from those 
recorded in any accessible work on herpetology, and apparently 
new to science, this acquisition I leave to Mr. De Vis to describe. 


Of the class of fishes over sixty species were collected ; from 
Mr. Paul Folsche, P.M, and Ur, Wood the Government Medical 
Officer at Port Darwin, I received material assistance towards 
forming a collection of the fish of that district. The majority 
of these have been previously catalogued in Sir W. Macleay’, 


COLLECTION MADE BY W. SAVILLE-KENT, F.L.S., F.Z.S.. ETC. 221 


Fishes of Australia, and more notably in an account of a 
collection of fish received by him from Port Darwin, and 
described in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New 
South Wales for the year 1878. Some two or three of the 
smaller fish obtained in Cambridge Gu!f would appear, however, 
to present characters that do not, so far as I have been able to 
ascertain, coincide with those of any previously described species. 
One of these isa small form of a Tassel Fish, /olynemus, conspic- 
uous for the number and great length of those filamentoug 
appendages developed from the hase of the pectoral fins, which 
have gained for the genus its characteristic title. Among the six 
Australian species hitherto recorded, the number of pectoral 
appendages ranges from four to six, and in none of these do they 
extend in lergth beyond the base of the anal fin. In the form 
now introduced there are seven filamentous appendages developed 
from the base of each pectoral fin, five of which may extend 
backwards beyond the distal extremity of the caudal fin, and 
this last named fin is moreover of remarkable length, equalling, 
with the exception of the head, that of the entire body. The 
colours of this fish in life are essentially brilliant, the general 
ground tint of the body being yellow, shaded or sprinkled with 
black on the dorsal surface ; the long caudal fin and the membra- 
nous portions of the pectoral and the nutral fins are bright 
orange, whie the filamentous pectoral appendages are of an 
intense vermilion. Several species of the genus (v/ynemus having 
seven pectoral filaments have been recorded from the East 
Indian and Chinese Seas, and among these it most nearly 
resembles the Paradise Tassel Fish, Polynemus paradiseus, of the 
Ganges and the Indian coast line. In the brief description given 
_ of that species in Gunther's Catalogue of Fishes, Vol. {I., p. 320, 
the ventral fins only are 1eferred to as being coloured yellow in 
contra-distinction to those of alied species which are black. 
That species moreover would appear to be of considerable size, 
several of the preserved examples in the british Museum being 
referred to as ‘‘stuffed.” The total length of the largest example of 
the form now introduced is only six inches, but it is in its mature 


Ls ae 
«ns © One 
ar oe 
d . a 
+ 
‘ ‘ 


a 


29, PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON A NATURAL HISTORY 


condition as evidenced by its body being distended with well | 


developed ova. I propose to associate with this Cambridge Gulf 
species the title of Polunemus Verekeri, in recognition of my 
indebtedness to Captain Verker for the facilities afforded me for 
collecting the materials catalogued in this present paper. A 
technical diagnosis, together with a diagrammatic outline illustra- 
ting the most salient features of this species, are appended to this: 
communication. | 

The second species of fish to which I have to direct attention 
is also remarkable for its East Indian affinities. It is a repre~ 
sentative of the family Scopelide, and closely allied to the 
valuable commercial form commonly known in the East Indian 
and Chinese markets as the ‘‘ Bummaloh,” or “ Bombay Duck.” 
One of its most familiar uses in a gastronomic sense is that of a 
condiment to curries. The technical name of the Indian species: 
is Harpodon nehereus, and so far as I am aware, or have been 
able to ascertain, no second representative of the same genus has: 
been hitherto described. The species now introduced—and 


which I propose to name Harpodon translucens—is a fish of small 


size not exceeding four or five inches in length, and in life is 
remarkably transparent. One of its most characteristic features 
however, is the abnormal development of the teeth of the lower 
jaw ; several of these at the symphysis lay entirely outside the 
oral cavity, and to the unassisted eye, present the aspect of 
curved projecting bristles. Examined wiih a lens, these projec- 
ting teeth are found to be minutely barbed like a fish-hook, and 
thus correspond in character with those occupying the normal 
position‘in the more familiar Indian type. In company with the 
Polynemus last described, this species of Harpodon was captured 
in Cambridge Gulf in some quantity, with the aid of a prawn 
trawl] fastened overboard in the tideway, while the ‘*‘ Myrmidon” 
was at anchor. Qn being hauied on deck, the little fish clung so 
tenaciously to the meshes of the net with their finely barbed 
teeth, that it was difficult to detach them without injury. The 
technical diagnosis and an illustration of this species is associated 
with those of ’olynemus Verekert. Be. 


COLLECTION MADE BY W. SAVILLE-KENT, F.L.S., F.Z.S., ETC. 223 


A third fish obtained in Cambridge Gulf, that I have reason 
to believe is new to science, is a species of Amblyopus. This 
genus includes several small fishes allied to the Gobies, but 
remarkabie for the circumstance that the eyes are of such minute 
size and low organisation as to be practically functionless. In 
the example now under notice, it was not possible to detect the 
presence of these organs in the living fish, and it is only since it 
has become bleached in the preserving fluid that the eyes have 
been rendered visible, with the aid of a pocket-lens, as exceedingly 
minute specks. The colour of the living fish was a most delicate 
rose pink, with a longitudinal carmine streak, indicating the 
contour of the lateral line. Secondary streaks branched from the 
primary one on either side, and delineated the boundaries of the 
muscle-layers or myotomes. With reference to its characteristic 
colouring, I propose—in association with the accompanying 
diagnosis and illustration—to distinguish this fish by the title of 
Amblyopus rubri-lineatus. The nearest ally to this new species 
that has been hitherto recorded, would appear to be the 
Ambiyopus roseus, described by Cuvier and Valenciennes, as. 
occurring in sufficient quanties in the Bombay canal to form 
an article of food. That species, however, grows to the more 
considerable length of fifteen or eighteen inches, and differs in 
various structural details, including that of the fin formule and 
the comparative length of the head. The specimen here described 
was taken with the dredge at Cambridge Gulf, from a depth of 
about five fathoms A second example was likewise brought to 
the surface by the same method at Port Darwin, but unfortunately 
escaped into the water. The only other representative of the 
genus Amblyopus, hitherto recorded from Australian waters, is a 
species that was obtained from the Brisbane River, and described 
by Mr. De Vis in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New 
South Wales for the year 1884, under the title of Amb/yopus 
mger. The colour of that fish, as it name implies, is an intense 
black. 

In addition to the species of fish included in the subjoined 
list, I received information at Wyndham, Cambridge Gulf, of a 


224 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON A NATURAL HISTORY 


large fish, weighing several hundred weight, apparently an 
Olivorus, that was occasionally taken in nets at the mouths of 
neighbouring creeks I was unable to ascertain whether the 
species was identical with O/igorus Mitcheili Cast. of the West 
Australian sea-board, or represented one of the two Queensland 
types, O terra-reginu and OQ. goliath, De V. It is possibly distinct 
from either of these. A species of:so called Barramundi— 
probably the Giant Perch, / ites calcarifer, Bl.—was reported to 
me from the rivers and lagoons inland, from both Cambridge Gulf 
and IJ’ort Darwin. Specimens could not be obtained at the 
time for identification. 


In connection with the invertebrate animals collected the 
class of the Mullusca claims the first attention. In this section 
I have obtained the able assistance of Mr. C. Hedley of the 
Queensland Museum, who has undertaken the identification of 
the majority of the shells collected and has supplied the accom- 
panying list. There are not so far as | am aware many novelties 
among these Mollusca, though a certain portion of them may 
possibly prove of value in illustration of the local distribution of 
of previously known species. One of the forms, however, 
obtained at Cambridge Gulf, is of more than ordinary interest, 
and is apparently new to science. This is an exceedingly minute 
species of oyster I found growing in great abundance, not only 
on the stems, roots, respiratory shafts, or so called “ cobbler’s pegs” 
of the White Mangrove, Avicennia officinalis, but also, as shown in 
the examples here exhibited, so thickly encrusting the growing 
leaves of the same plant, that as many as fifty specimens may be 
counted on one leaf, The longest measurement of the finest 
exainples does not exceed one quarter, or three eighths of an inch, 
while in the majority of instances it is considerably less. ‘lhat 
the form is in its adult condition, and does not represent the 
undeveloped stage of some larger species, was demonstrated by 
the circumstance that numerous examples dissected and examined 
with the microscope were found to be full of well developed 
embryos. The habit of the species is moreover essentially 


COLLECTION MADE BY W. SAVILLE-KENT. F.LS, ¥.z.8., ETC 225 


distinct from that of any other oyster growing in their vicinity. 
The one other species obtained from the same locality is apparent- 
ly a local variety of the common Nock Oyster of the Australian 
coast line, and which is most generally referred to the QOstrea 
glomeata of Gould. This species, however, in Cambridge Gulf, 
and likewise at Port Darwin, is not accessible until the tide is 
well down, while the minute form now under notice is found only 
immediately below high water mark. The circumstance of its 
growing abundantly on the leaves of the mangrove indicates that 
this species is exposed to atmospheric influences for abnormally 
long periods. Examples of this diminutive species of oyster were 
given by me to Dr. J. U. Cox, of Sydney, to whom,—he being 
an authority on the innumerable varieties of this mollusk—-I 
relegated the task of determining its specific identity, or of 
describing it if new, In his opinion it is altogether distinct 
from any form with which he was previously acquainted, and I 
am anticipating ere long his report upon it. Under no process 
of cultivation, I fear, will this remarkable oyster arrive at 
the standard size, two inches, permitting of its being placed on 
the public market. 


Throughout my expedition I instinctively kept a keen look out 
for all edible forms of the genus Ostrea. As already mentioned, 
in the neighbourhoods of Port Darwin and Cambridge Gulf, a 
variety of what I regard to be Ostrea glomerata, or the common 
Rock Oyster of this and the neighbouring colony of New South 
Wales, was the predominating form., On my way up and down 
he Queensland coast, and abreast of the Great Barrier Reef 
moreover, I was constantly afforded hy Captain Allison, of the 
China Navigation Co.’s s.s. ** Tsinan,” the opportunity of landing 
for an hour or so on one or two of the coral islands, including 
those of Cairncross and the Howick Group. Here ny attention 
was attracted to a form of oyster that was very abundant in the 
dead coral b'ocks exposed at low water. As exemplified by the 
specimens exhibited, the distinctive external features of this form 
when retaining its most normal and unrestricted development, 


a 


226 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON A NATURAL HISTORY 


are its elongate lunate or somewhat scaphoid or boat-shaped 
contour, the sharply defined and exceedingly even dentition 
of its convex or ventral border, and its peculiar opaque pinkish 
hue, which resembles that of many species of the marine calcareous 
alge or nullipores. This species of oyster, as I have satisfied 
myself by subsequent investigation, is identical with the Ostrea 
mordax first described by Gould—Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 
Vol. ILL, p. 846, 1850—and incorporated under the same title 
in Lr. J. ©. Cox’s enumeration of the Edible Oysters found 
on the Australian Coast. Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S. W. Vol. VILI., 
p- 130, 1883. Had I met with this type in an isolated condition, 
I might have felt inclined at first sight to have regarded it, as 
do some more modern writers, as a locally modified variety of the. 
cosmopolitan Australian edible species Ostrea glomerata. Scattered 
here and there, however, on the same coral rocks, was a large, 
comparatively broad, black shelled oyster, that would be referred 
without hesitation to that more familiar species. I coilected 
an extensive series of specimens illustrating both of these two 
types, the pink shelled and black shelled varieties, for further 
examination and comparison, but regret to say that their brief 
exposure on deck for a short interval pending their perservation, 
proved too irresistible a temptation to some oyster connoisseur, 
and all but a few specimens disappeared. Among those saved 
is fortunately included one of the most interesting and instructive 
of the series. This as represented by the example here exhibited, 
illustrates a fully grown individual of the larger black-shelled 
variety, attached to the same fragment of coral rock that supports 
a group of the smaller pink: shelled type. The very fact of these two 
exceedingly distinct oysters growing as it were shoulder to shoulder 
and under precisely identical conditions, is to my mind convine- 
ing evidence that they cannot be regarded as local varieties 
only of a single species, but that on the contrary they possess 
every qualification for independent specific recognition. This 
conclusion was arrived at by me at an early stage of their 


; "i . . ° 4 : J x 
examination, and a more careful subsequent investigation with 
Ar 


more materials at my disposal has further confirmed this . 


COLLECTION MADE BY W. SAVILLE-KENT, F.L.S., F.Z.8 , ETC. 227 


-_-— 


opinion. It has also assisted in the discovery of certain other 
characteristic points of distinction between the two forms which 
have apparently escaped the attention of previous writers. 
Referring to the two species as Ostrea mordax and O. glomeruta— 
the former being represented by the usually narrower, more 
evenly dentated, pink-shelled type, and the latter by the more 
expanded, irregularly dentate, black-shelled species,—I find that 
Ostrea mordax is almost invariably attached to its support, and 
with relation to the contained living animal, by the right valve, 
the freely moveable or operctlar valve being that of the left side. 
In Ostrea glomerata, on the contrary, the predominating form of 
attachment is by the left valve, the moveable or opercular valve 
being that of the right side. From another point of view, 
recognising the straight or more or less concave border of the 
oyster’s shell as the dorsal, and the: opposing or convex border as 
the ventral edge, it may be represented that the direction of 
curvature, as compared with the movements of the hands of a 
watch laid horizontally, has in Ostrea mordax a tendency to 
describe a right-winding, andin the case of Q. glomerata, a left- 
winding spire. From a heap of the common market oyster, 
O. glomerata, it is possible to pick a few examples in which the 
attachment is by the right valve, the opercular shell being the 
Jeft one ; but these are quite the ‘exceptions to prove the rule,” 
and as shown in the several bunches here exhibited, and taken 
hap-hazard from such heaps, the attachment is invariably by the 
left shell. Similar exceptions may occur also in the case of 
O. mordax, but the separate method of attachment described 
being predominant in either instance, this feature may certainly 
be accepted as an important accessory diagnostic distinction 
between the two species. It may be further observed of Ostrea 
mordax that adhesion is almost invariably effected throughout 
the entire surface of the attached right shell, a circumstance 
which renders it very difficult to detach these oysters from the 
rocks without breaking them, and militates against their extensive 
commercial utilisation, In the common Rock Oyster, O. glomerata, 
attachment is usually effected by the basal region or ‘“ butt” 


228 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON A NATURAL HISTORY 


only of the attached valve, and it is due to this circumstance that 
the clusters or bunches can be readily separated for the market. 
Yet a third feature—apparently hitherto unnoticed, which 
appears to me to afford a subsidiary point of distinction between 
the two species, is the circumstance that the adductor muscle, 
with its accompanying shell-impressions, is set much further 
back or towards the distal or growing edge of the shell in 
O. mordax, as compared with that of O. qlomerata. In the last 
named species, it may be described as sub-central, while in Ostrea 
mordax its location more frequently intersects a line drawn 
transversely midway between the centre and the distal border. 
With reference to the distribution of Ostrea mordaxr, I may 
mention here that it occurs abundantly throughout the ocean 
coastline of eastern Queensland. Among the specimens 
now exhibited are some fine examples placed at my disposal by 
Mr. Hedley, and which were collected by him in the neighbour- 
hoods of Southport and the Curumbin Heads, a few miles 


distance only from the New South Wales border. 


Before leaving the subject of oysters, I may incidently mention 
here that the separate method of attachment that assis's to dist- 
tingnish Ostres mordax from O. glomerata is an altogether unstable 
character in Ostrea edulis, and its varieties, as met with in the 
Southern Uolenies. In this species as demonstrated by qnantities 
artificially cultivated by me in Tasmania on slate and wood collectors, 
the mollusk attaches itself indifferently by either shell. A similar 
uncertainty as to the method of atiachment obtains also im the 
diminutive species found growing on the leaves of the mangrove 
trees in: Cambridge Gulf. Respecting the many other so-called 
species of Australian oysters, I am not in a position to say much at 
present. The entire nomenclature of the genus Ostrea has unfortu- 
nately got into great confusion owing to the lavish 1 ultiplication 
of species, on the basis, ia many instances, of the most trivial local 
variations. The tendency of more modern writers has been to cut 
the Gordian knot, by lumping them altogether again as varieties 
only of a single species, A more careful and exhaustive investiga- 


COLLECTION MADE BY W. SAVILLE-KEDT, F.LS., F.Z.S., ETC. 229 


tion of the subject will, I am inclined to think, indicate the 
desirability of adopting a middle course, and lead to the establishment 
of several of the hitherto imperfectly defined species on a sounder 
basis, and around which a greater or less number of the sub-species 
Or varieties may then be satisfac'orily grouped. In order to arrive 
at this more desirable position, however, much careful work has to 
be accomplished, and especially with reference to the acquirement of 
a more perfect knowledge of the structural and developmental details 
of the living animals that secrete the shells, upon which alone their 
specific distinctions have hitherto been based. In so far as the 
opportunities will be afforded me of, in such manner, investigating 
the specific varieties indigenous to the Queensland Coast, I shall 
hope tc communicate a further report to some future meeting o¢ 
the Society, 


The remaining Mollusca collected being of interest from a 
museum rather than an economic standpoint, I have asked Mr. 
Hedley, who is making this branch of zoology a special study, 
to record any observations of interest that may be attached to 
them. I may briefly mention here, however, that one great 
prize in the form of a Pearly Nautilus, Nautilus pompiltus, 
with the living animal was narrowly missed. larly one 
morning on the return voyage from Cambridge Gulf to Port 
Darwin, some of the hands reported that a floating nautilus 
shell with what was graphically described as ‘something like a 
cauliflower sticking out of it,” had jnst been passed, Capta‘n 
Vereker immediately ordered the ship to be put about, boats were 
lowered, and a careful search was made along the wake just passed, 
but without any result, the nautilus having evidently taken alarm 


and descended again to its ocean bed. 


Time has not yet permitted of my working sytematically 
through the collection of Crustacea. I+ includes, however, a large 
edible form of crab that excavates deep burrows in the mangrove 
‘swamps in Cambridge Gulf and the neighbourhood of Port Darwin, 
and is allied to, if not identical with, the Moreton Bay sjecies, 
- Scylla serrata. Many varieties of prawns were taken with the aid of 
v 


230 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON A NATURAL HISTORY 


a small prawn trawl, and some interesting phosphorescent Ostracoda 
by the use of the towiug net. These I propose to make the subject 
of a future communication. Of the worm tribe, class Annelida, a 
small collection was made including representatives of the two 
leading groups distinguished by the respective titles of the 
Dubicola and Errantia. Among the last-named section one equally 
interesting type, Bonellia, was taken in some abundance with the 
dredge in Cambridge Gulf. 


The brief opportunity of landing on the Cairncross and Howick 
Islands in the Great Barrier system was utilised to collect several 
specific forms of the commercial varieties of the Béche-de-mer, 
Trepangs, or Sea Cucumbers, as they are popularly called, and which 
belong to that section of the Echinodermata, including also the 
Sea-urchins and Starfishes, known technically as the Holothuroidea, 
The examples collected, so far as I have been able to identify them, 
would ioe to represent the four species figured and described in 
Semper’s work on this particuliar group, under the respective titles 
of Holothuria atra, H. aculeata, H. scabra, and H. votellus. It 
afforded me much interest in studying the habits of these animals 
in their native coral reefs to find that their method of feeding, 
which has frequently been a subject of discussion, is essentially 
identical with that recorded by me of certain of the smaller English 
species, some years since, in the pages of ‘* Nature.” The operation 
is accomplished with the assistance of their proliferously capitat® 
oral tentacles, and with which—while crawling over the submerged 
rocks, or quietly resting in the tide-left pools—they gather up every 
detachable organic substance and convey it to their mouth. First, 
one tentacle is swept mop-wise over the rock or ground within 
reach, and is then reflexed and thrust bodily into the oral cavity. 
Immediately one tentacle is withdrawn, another food-laden tentacle 
is reflected and ready to take its place, and in the same manner alj 
of the, from ten to twenty, tentacles are kept actively work in 
supplying the commissariat. The substances found within the 
alimentary cavities of these Holothuriz on dissection, consist chiefly a 
of fragments of coral, molluscous shells, and sand. Also to a very) | 


COLLECTION MADE BY W. SAVILLE KENT, F.L.s,FZ.8, kKTc. 231 


great extent of the microscopic calcareous shells of the Foraminifera, 
which occur in the living state in vast quantities on the reefs and 
in the rock basins inhabited by the Béches-de-mer. These Fora- 
minifere are thickly scattered over the surface of the various larger 
objects swallowed by the Holothurie, and evidently constitute their 
chief food. In the case of other Australian and English species 
belonging chiefly to the genera Psolus and Cucumaria, the tentacles 
have a more finely divided plumose structure, but the modus operand: 
of feeding is essentially identical. Specimens kept in aquaria have 
been observed by me creeping up the glass and sweeping off with 
their tentacles the microscopic organisms, Infusoria and Diatoms, 
tiat so speedily accumulate in such situations. In other instances I 
have observed them, while in an otherwise sedentary condition, 
continually thrusting out their tentacles into the surrounding water, 
and alternately retracting them, being evidently occupied at such 
times in capturing and feeding upon the Protozoa and other micro- 
scopic organic particles freely suspended in the water. 

On the same reefs and in the same pools frequented by the 
Béch-de-mer, a species of Synapta was very abundant. The animal 
has the organisation as a Holothuria, but is of a delicate pink 
colour and of glass-like transparency. The surface of the skin is 
also coated with minute anchor-shaped spicules, and by means of 
which it clings tenaciously to the fingers when handled. The 
tentacles are utilised as food purveyors in the same manner as those 
of the ordinary Béche-de-mer, but are of a different pattern, 
being flattened and pinnately branched. Among the Echinoder- 


mata presenting features of interest, observe] in the same locality, 


may be mentioned a large Brittle Starfish allied to Ophiura 
scolopendrina. This species abounded, its body being usually con- 
cealed under the rocks or coral blocks, while the attenuate spinous 
arms, sometimes as much as eighteen inches long, were thrust out 
jn every direction apparently seeking for food. The contents of 


the stomachs of examples dissected were found to consist largely, 


as in the case of the Holothuriw, of Foraminifera, mixed however 
with a very considerable proportion of finely comminuted alge, 
Like many of the Zchini or Sea Urchins, they are apparently to a 


232 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON A NATURAL HISTORY 


considerable extent vegetarians. ‘The alimentative phenomena in 
the varied representatives of the Class Echinodermata are very 
dissimilar. In the closely allied family group of the Ophiuride or 
Snake-armed Starfishes, by way of example, they are totally distinet. 
Several species of this group were collected in the Barrier Reef and 
also at Port Darwin, one of these being remarkable for the brilliant 
emerald green tint of its snakelike arms. In an English species 
of the same group, Ophiura texturata, kept by me in an aquarium, 
~ the animals habitually lay buried in the sand. Immediately, how- 
ever, that food in the form of minced fish or mussel was placed on 
the surface of the sand, they emerged from their hiding place, 
detecting the presence of the food apparently by a sense akin to 
smell, and throwing their arms around it drew it to their mouths, or 
more correctly dragged their bodies over and engulphed the food. 


A considerable collection was made of representatives of 
the Class Coelenterata, including Madrepores or stony corals, Gor- 
gonias or Sea-fans, Sea Anemones, and Jelly-Fish; coloured drawings 
and notes of their living appearance being also recorded. The 
time and opportunity not having been yet at disposal to write out 
this somewhat extensive subject, further details are postponed for 
some future occasion, It is desirable however, that I should 
acknowledge here my indebtedness to the Hon. W. Langdon | 
Parsons, Government Resident at Palmerston, Port Darwin, for 
special facilities in collecting the Coelenterata of that district, he 
having placed the government steam launch at my disposal for 
dredging purposes while that of H.M.S ‘‘ Myrmidon” was under 
repairs, Many valuable specimens were thus secured. The same 
remark made of the Coelenterata must apply also to the class of 
the Protozoa including especially many rich gatherings of Formini- 
fera. In an cxcursion made from Palmerston up the Darwin River 
I succeeded in obtaining a varied collection of the minute Proto- 
phytes known as Desmids, but which I have not the immediate 
facilities for identifying. 

Apart from the general natural history collections now 
briefly summarised, some few objects were collected belonging to the 


COLLECTION MADE BY W. SAVILLE-KENT, F.L.S., F.Z.8., ETC. 233 


domain of anthropology, and certain of which are herewith exhibited. 
These include several spear-heads most ingeniously manufactured by 
the aborigines of the Kimberley Gold Field districts out of the 
glass bottles they find round the settlers’ camps, and also a formid- 
able tomahawk cleverly constructed from the segment of an iron 
horse-shoe. The ordinary stone axe and spear-head manufactured 
by the same aborigines is placed beside them. A_ pearl shell 
ornament worn by the female representatives of the same tribe is 
also shown. The aborigines in the neighbourhood of Cambridge 
Gulf were not at all approachable, their signal fires were constantly 
visible along the shore, and were evidently lit for the purpose of 
warning their neighbours of the ship’s presence, but on no occasion 
did they appear within hailing distance. Respecting the signal fires 
it was a frequent subject of remark that notwithstanding a strong 
wind might be blowing, as evidenced by the drift of the 
smoke of adjacent bush conflagrations, the thin line of smoke 
from the special signal fires always ascended perpeniicularly, 
Along the route to the Kimberley Gold Fields the aborigines have 
so far proved very tre:cherous and aggressive, though possibly not 
without primary provocation. They have been known in several 
instances to come to the settler’s tents and receive food on one day, 
and return at daybreak the next morning and attack the camp. 
This has naturally led to reprisal and the existence of much ill 
feeling towards the aborigines on the part of the settlers. Unfortu- 
Dately the dialect of the natives in these parts differs entirely from 
that of the tribes in North Queensland, and around Port Darwin, 
with whom amicable relations already obtain, and through whose 
medium the attempt has been made to establish friendly interviews. 
Tree sculpture is pactised by the aborigines of Cambridge Gulf 
district, probably as in the case of the rock sculpture prevalent a1 ong 
other Australian races, as a means of intertribal communication of 
as a tribal record. Examples of such carvings embodying, so fat 
‘as decipherable, rade representations of various animals, engraved 
on the back of a large Baobab or Bottle Tree, Adansonia Gregortt 
were secured with consilerable labour by Captain Vereker, the tree 
being cut down and slabs including the carvings being carefully 


’ aos Wi 

2 ae . ¥ 
ee 
234 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON A NATURAL HISTORY 


removed. The engraved slabs were forwarded to the Melbourna™ 
Centennial Exhibition, and are I believe still in the custody of the ee 

Secretary to the permanent Exhibition Buildings. I may mention, — Fs 
in conclusion, that I am indebted for the several aboriginal weapons — 
exhibited to the kindness of Dr. Laffin the Government Medical 
Officer, residing at Wyndham, during the time of our visit. The — 
spear-heads, more particularly, had been brought in by a settler 
who had been attacked and speared in his camp, and had come down 


~- . 


for treatment at the Wyndham Hospital. 


Disanoses or New Specisrs or Fisu. 
Polynemus Verekeri, s-x. Pl., fig. 1. 
D. 7, 1/13. A. 2/11. T.. lat. 55. 


Pectoral appendages seven in number, slender and thread-like, 
the three or five central ones extending to or beyond the distal 
extremity of the caudal fin ; the length of the head contained three 
times in the length of the body excluding the caudal fin ; caudal 
fin very long, deeply falcate, equalling in length the entire body ; 
pectoral fin equal in length to one and a half times that of the head ; 
a small spine developed above the angle of the pre-operculum. | 
Colours in life ;—body, together with the dorsal, ventral, and anal 
fins, chrome yellow, the dorsal region including also the two dorsal 
fins slightly shaded and speckled with black; the pectoral and 
caudal fins deep orange ; the pectoral appendages bright vermilion, — 
Length of the largest specimen, a female with matured roe,, 64 
inches. Habitat.—Cambridge Gulf, N. Australia. 


Harpodon translucena, s-«. Pl. fig. 2, 
D. 14, A.15. Y.9. * 


The length of the head contained four and a half times in the a 
totel length, the caudal fin excluded ; snout very short ; teet 
slender, recurved, of uneven length, minutely uncinate, those of th 
lower jaw largest, a certain number of those at the sy nphy sis re 


a “ 


¥ 
hy, 


_ COLLECTION MADE BY W. SAVILLE-KENT, F.L.S., F.Z.8., ETC. 285 


developed on the external surface of the mandible and projecting 
forwards ; caudal fin fureate, with a central lobe through which the 
lateral line is continued ; minute cycloid scales developed only in 
the posterior half of the body. Colour, in life, transparent, with 
minute black specklings along the dorsal surface; the iris of the 
eye peacock blue. Length—three to four inches. Habitat.—Cam- 
bridge Gulf, N. Australia. 


Amblyopus rubristriatus, s-K. Pl. fig. 3. 
D. 6/44. A. 6/44. A. 1/42. 


Head obtuse, contained nearly five times in the total length, 
the eyes exceedingly minute, situated on the top of the head ; caudal 
fin rhomboidal, pointed ; the dorsal fin originating immediately: 
above the base of the pectorals ; scales minute, cycloid, imbedded 
in the skin. Colour in life—body rose pink, a carmine streak 
defining the contour of the lateral line, secondary streaks of the 
same tint branching from the primary streak and indicating the 
Cutlines of the myotomes, a carmine patch at the base of the pectoral 
fins, all the fins yellowish. Length—4 inches. Habitat.—Cam- 
bridge Gulf and Port Darwin, N. Australia. 


Holacanthus darwiniensis. 8-K. 


Preopercular spine smooth, slightly grooved, reaching to the 
vertical from the hind margin of the operculum ; the dorsal and 
anal fins rounded posteriorly ; scales small. Colcur in life—ground 
colour of the head and throat, and also the pectoral, ventral and 
caudal fins, and the base of the tail, bright yellow ; the remainder 
of the body and the dorsal and anal fins a deep purple black, 
traversed by numerous undulating «and occasionally branching 
jongitudinal bluish-white lines, about thirty such lines on the body 
and about nine such lines on the dorsal and anal fins respectively. 
A dark unstriated purple-black band extending vertically from the 
front of the head through and enclosing the eye, and continued 
slightly obliquely backwards to the chest ; a yellow band extending 
longitudinally along the dorsal surface of the body, encroaching 


236 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON A NATURAL HISTORY Se 


slightly on the dorsal fin, and connecting the yellow ground-colour, E 
of the head with that of the caudal region ; a vertically disposed pe bs 
elongate ovate area of opake white including the operculum, pre-e  _ 
opercular spine, and base of the pedtors fin. Length—8 inches. — 
Habitat—Port Darwin. | 


The two previously recordei Australian species of the genus, — 
Holacanthus sexstriatus C. § V. and H. Duboulayi, Gunth., belong 
to that section in which the bands or striations are vertically 
disposed. 


List oF Brrps, Lizarps, AND SNAKES COLLECTED AT CamnnipgE 
GULF, IDENTIFIED BY Mr. C. Der Vis, M.A. 


Birds, 


Pachycephala gutturalis— “ath. 
af fretorum, n.s. 

Malurus amabilis—Gld. 
Diceum hirundinaceum—Shaw. 
Strix nove-hollandia—Steph. 
Ninox connivens, pale var.—Zath. 
Grallina picata—Lath, 
Artamus leucopygialis—G/d. 

as melanops— Gid. a 
Merops ornatus —Zath. | rad Hs 
Rhipidura albiscapa—Gild. a. ath ae 
Haleyon pyrrhopygius—Gld. ) 


Myzomela sanguino!enta— Lath. ra 
Philemon buceroides— Swain. | ye! 
Ptistes erythropteras—G@mel, dial apt — ig 
Erythrauchen humeralis—Zemm, — ~ Lice Hiqcapee de 
Limosa uropygialis—7Zemm, NOM ee dab Pi, 
Himantopus leucocephalus—@ld. Agen, h' 
Parra gallinacea—Z'emm., Alt ae Coaphidey ’ at re 


Syno:cus australis—Lath, wh ail) waohocgtit gist: 
Nettapus pulchellus—Gld. } 


ee + 


COLLECTION MADE BY W. SAVILLE-KENT, F,L.S., F.Z.S.. ETC. 237 


Tizardas. 
Varanus acanthurus—Blqr. 
Heteronota derbiana—Gr. 
Diporophora australis—Ste7nd. 
Lialis burtonii—Gr. 
Ablepharus boutonii—Desj.—var. metallicus. 


Snakes. 


Onychocephalus unguirostris—Pet. 
Cerberus australis—Gr. 
Hydrophis, spp. 

Gen. nov. Natricide. 

Nardoa gilberti—Gr. 


Descriptions oF Two NEw VERTEBATES IN Mr. Saviuue-KeEnt’s 


CoLLECTION. 


Among the birds brought from Cambridge Gulf is a young 
female Pachycephala which is identical with an adult of the same 


‘sex previously procured at Kimberley on the Gulf of Carpentaria in 


company with two males. These which have hitherto been sup- 
posed to be P. lanoides, Gld., must now be considered to constitute 
a distinct species. The writer proposes for it the name P. fretorum. 


Adult male-——Above ash grey washed with olive green, but 
losing that tint on the rump; upper tail coverts dark-brown 
broadly margined with ash grey. All the head and face and ear 
coverts black : siles of neck and a narrow pectoral collar black, 
broadly margined with chestnut in continuity with a broad nuchal 
collar o° the same. Wings brown: primaries narrowly, secondaries 
and coverts broadly edged with ash-zrey : chin, throat, lower chest, 
abdomen, axillaries and under-wing coverts white: flanks grey: 
tail dark-brown, feathers margined laterally and apically with ash- 
grey ; legs and feet light-horn brown : bill black. 


238 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON A NATURAL HISTORY 


The immature male wants the nuchal collar, has the pectoral 
black band broader, its chestnut margin narrower, the beak dark 
horn brown. 


Adulc female.—AIl above pale ashy brown; ear coverts a 
darker an] glossie: brown ; a faint subocular line from the rictus, 
tail and thighs brown ; primaries narrowly, secondaries and coverts 
more broadly edged with ash grey ; chin and throat nearly white, 
Chest aad upper abdomen pale buff : all the feathers from the chin to 
‘he lower abdomen with a dark shaft streak—lower abdomen white : 
flanks grey—under tail-coverts buffy white : legs, feet and maudible 
horn brown. 


P. fret.rum. Total, Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 


g 165 17°5 96 76 24 
3 170 17:0 93 R6 28 
? 172 19-0 92 79 26 
P, lanoides. 190 25°0 95 83 25 


It will be seen from these measurements that P. fretorum is 
inferior in size and different in proportions to P. lanoides, It is 
further distinguished by the pectoral bands of black and chestnut, 
and the chesnut collar occupying the whole neck on its upper surface. 
Habitat—Southern shores of Torres Straits, 


Narricip2—Neospades,—g.n. 

Habit stout, short, rounded : tail short, tapering, not distinct 
from trunk. Head flat, subelongate, gently tapering, moderately 
distinct from the neck, muzzle rounded ; an azygos prefrontal 
shield ; postfrontals moderate, vertical pentagonal. ‘Two nasals, 
nostril between, lateral—one loreal—two pre—and two post—oculars ; 
labials in moderate number, scales keeled, anal divided, subcaudals 
two rowed ; teeth minute, irregular, last maxillary grooved ; eye 
moderate, pupil elliptical. 

N. kentii. 


Rostral broader than long, angular and separating the nasals 
caudad ; prefrontal a nearly equilateral triangle with the angles, 


a 


COLLECTION MADE BY W, SAVILLE-KENT, F.L.S., F.Z.S., ETC. 239 


truncated, separating the nasals rostrad and in contact with rostral, 
post-frontals not longer than pre-frontal, Vertical nearly equilateral : 
occipitals large, each fcllowed by a post-occipital: nasals moderate ; 
loreal large, subtriangular, with the upper and lower edges rounded. 
Temporals three, the upper anterior the largest : upper labials eight, 
the sixth the largest, the fourth entering the orbit ; scales in 21 
rows, all the dorsals with a low and narrow keel not reaching the 
tips, ventrals 138. 


Yellowish grey, the body and tail with 54 dark-brown dorsal 
bands with narrow interspaces, the bands giving off inosculating 
streaks, and blotches on the sides; under surface yellowish. the 
scutes narrowly dark edged, an indistinct dark mesian stripe, contin- 
uous upon the anterior portion of the body beneath. 


One example.—Habitat, Cambridge Gulf, N.W. Australia, 
dedicated to the collector, Mr. W. H. Saville-Kent. 


List or Fisu.—Those initialed (C.G.) obtained from Cambridge 
Gulf, the remainder collected in the Port Darwin district. 


Lates calcarifer, Bl. ; Serranus hexagonatus, G. ¢ V.; T. 
guttatus, /. ; Genyoroge notata, C. §- V. ; Mesoprion roseogaster, 
Jel. M. Johnii, Bl.; Therapon sp. ; Pristipoma hasta, C.G. ; 
Pristipoma, sp. ; Chelmo rostratus, C. §- V.; C truncatus, Anr. ; 
Cheetodon aurofasciatus, Mel. ; Scatophagus semi-striatus ; Holo- 
eanthus darwiniensis, n. sp. ; Drepane punctata, CO. d- V. Upeneus 
tragula, Reh. ; Lothrinus cocosensis, Blk. ; Sebastes, sp. ; Pterois 
volitans, Z.; Synancidium horridum, Z.; Kurtus gulliveri, Zast., 
C.G.; Polynemus Verekeri, n. sp., C.G.; P. macrochir, Gth., 
C.G.; Trichiurus savala, C. ¢ V., ¢.G.; Acanthurus annularis, 
C. § V.; Caranx nobilis, Mel., C. G@.; C. poolooso, Rech., C.G. ; 
Chorinemus lysan, Torsk.; Platax arthriticus, Bet. ; Equula 
edentula, Al., C. G. ; Thynnus, sp. ; Echeneis naucrates, F., C.G. ; 
Sillago gracilis, A. VW. ; Opisthognathus maculatus, A. Md. ; Anten- 
narius uropthalmus, Blk,; Platycephalus japonicus, C. ¢ V.; 


240 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON A NATURAL HISTORY 


Periopthalmu: australis, Cart.; P. koelreuteri, Bs Wg Fas Blennius, | 
sp., C.G. ; Amblyopus rubri-striatus, n. sp., C.G. ; Mugil waigiensis, — 
Q.G. ; Amphiprion tricolor, M.A. ; Labrichthys punctulata, GM. ; _a 
Labrichthys, sp.; Scarus, sp. ; Bregmaceros maccelellandii, 0.6.3 : 
Fierasfer, sp.; Synaptura nigra, Mel. ; Plagusia notata, De v., | 
C.G.; Plotosus elongatus, Cast., C.G.; Arius thalassinus, Rp. 
G.G.; A. gagorides, C. § V., 0.G.; Arius, sp. ; Harpodon tran- 
slucens, n. sp., O.G.; Belone melanotus, Blt.; Hemirhamphus 
Quoyi, C. ¢ V.; Arrhamphus sclerolepis, G.J/, ; Chatoéssus erebi, 
Rech. ; Clupea tembang, Bik. , Chirocentrus dorab, Forsk; Tria- 
canthus biaculeatus, Bl, ; Ostracion cornutus, Z. ;'Tetrodon levi- » 
gatus, 7., C.G.; Carcharias gangeticus, Mull., 0.G.; Chiloscyl- 
ium ocellatum, Z.; Trygon uarnak, Forsk, i 


List or Mo.uuusca: IpeNTIrigeD By Mr. CO. Hepusy, F.L.S. 
Abbreviations—C.G., Cambridge Gulf; P.D., Port Darwin ; 
B.R., Barrier Reef. 


Sepia, sp. as ad bee C.G, 
Spirula peronii, Lam, os od< 1S 
Murex rarispina, Lam... “- O.G, 
cervicornis, Lam, .. uke j cad i> 
capucinus, Lam. ... boo. > Sena C.G. baby 
Urosalpinx paive, Crosse... ae O.G. 
Purpura scobina, Quoy (?) i O.G. F 
Melongena pugilina, Lam. ke C.G. } 
cochlidium, Zam, one 0.G | 
Cantharus fumosus, Dill. var rubiginosus 0.G, 


Nassa unicolorata, A7vener. 
picta, Dunk, 
Melo diadema, Lam. 
Mitra corrugata, Lam. 
Oliva inflata, Lam. = 
Harpa conodalis, Lam, 


COLLECTION MADE BY W,. SAVILLE-KENT, F.L.S., F.Z.8., ETC. 2 


Columbella fulgerans, Lam. 
rugosa, Sow. ... 
Conus generalis, Zinn. 
magus, Linn. 
anemone, Lam. 
textile, Linn. 
Pleurotoma grandis, Gray. 
Strombus dentatus, Jinn. 
var. erythrinus ... 
eampbelli, Gray... 
Pterocera lambis, Zinn. 
Cyprea carneola, Linn. 
felina, Gmel. 
cylindrica, Ban., 
var. subcylindrica 
arabica, Linn. 
tigris, Linn. 
errones, Linn. 
subviridis, Reve ... 
staphylea, Linn. 
var. interstincta 
Ovula verrucosa, Linn. 
Dolium pomum, Zinn. ... 
Natica mamilla, Zinn. 
Vanikoro cancellata, Lam... 
Mitrularia equestris, Zinn... 
Siliquaria ponderosa, Worch, 
Turritella terebra, Zinn ... 
Cerithium nodulosum, Brug, 
morus, Lam. 
aluco, Linn. ... 
obeliscus, Brug. 
asper, Linn. 
vertagus, Linn. 


Potamides semitrisulcatus, Morch. ... 


telescopium, Linn. 


B.R. 


B.R. 


B.R. 


B.R. 


B.R. 


B.R. 


B.R. 
B.R. 
B.R. 
B.R. 


B.R. 


B.R. 


B.R. 
B.R. 
B.R. 
B.R. 


C.G. 


C.G. 


C.G. 


C.G 


C.G. 


C.G. 


C.G. 
C.G. 


C.G. 
C.G. 


C.G. 
C.G, 


C.G. 
C.G. 


bigs iP 


P.D. 


P.D. 


P.D. 


Fo: 


4] 


Pa. 


BD. 


242 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW BIRDS FROM HERBERTON, 


Cerithidea obtusa, Zam. are , C.G, 

Nerita polita, Zinn, var. antiquata ... C.G. 
lineata, Chem. ae ay : C.G. 
reticulata, Karsten... aa C.G. 

Turbo pethiolatus, Zinn. ... dd. C.G. 

Trochus nicobaricus, Gmel. (?) Be 

Monodonta labio, Zinn. ... ig C.G 

Parmophorus corrugatus, Reeve. ... C.G, 

Chiton, spp... ose eboded 

Bulla australis, Quoy & Gaited «ay ve PD, 

Tridacna squamosus, Lam. eric > 

Meleagrina, sp. ... iii ‘od Rea 

Malleus, sp... tbe re 

Pecten, sp. ey tag sash) ete 

Arca, sp. ae ee ais 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW BIRDS FROM 
HERBERTON ; 


By C, W. DE VIS, M.A. 


QO-—— 


GEOCICHLA CUNEATA, 01,8..— 

The occurrence in Lat. 17° of a Ground Thrush more nearly 
allied to the Southern Ground Thrushes than to the inter-local 
species G. heinii, is of interest to the student of the distribution of 
Australian birds, more especially as it belongs to a local fauna which — 
on the whole is rather tropical than temperate in habit. The 
present species is chiefly distinguished by the peculiar colouration of 
the outer-most tail feather, the ochreous under tail-coverts and the 
distinct superiority of the fourth primary in length. 

Adult msale.—General colour above olive-brown with a slight 
russet tinge on the head and fore neck: each feather with a sub- — ; C 
terminal band, which is russet on the head, yellower parsbagened = e % ; 


_— 


BY C. W. DE VIS, M.A. 243 


erescentic band which is narrowest on the head and tail-coverts ; 
lores obscurely grey ; no trace of a post-ocular stripe ; ear coverts 
broadly black tipped, the tips forming a line which is continued ove, 
the side of the neck, and forward to the lower mandible ; greater 
wing-coverts almost black on the inner, olive brown on the outer 
webs, tipped with ochreous buff: primary coverts broadly tipped with 
black: quills brown on the inner, russet olive-brown on the outer - 
webs ; four centre tail feathers russet olive-brown;: third, fourth and 
fifth on each side darkish brown on the inner, russet olive-brown on 
the outer webs: outermost pale-brown with tip of outer web and 
an elongate wedge-shaped mark between the shaft and the edge of 
the inner web white: all the feathers very indistinctly barred, the 
penultimate feather buff tipped. Beneath white, on the throat 
greyish with a few of the hinder and lateral feathers black tipped ; 
breast, flanks, upper abdomen and sides of lower much tinge with 


_ochre-yellow, with black terminal cresentic bands broadest on the 


flanks; centre of lower abdomen uniform white. Under tail- 
coverts ochreous buff. Avxillaries white at base, more than the 
terminal half black : under wing-coverts black at base, less than 
the terminal half ochreous ; basal half of primaries and secondaries 
pele ochreous, scapulars and all the feathers of the back, upper 
tail-coverts and breast with distinct pale shafts; legs and feet 
pale-brown ; bill blackish-brown, much paler on base of lower 
mandible, Wing with fourth primary the longest, third and fifth 
unequal, second distinctly shorter than sixth. Wing 139 m.m.= 
5-45, bastard primary 30 m.m, =1°1, tail 130 m.m.=5-1, culmen 25 
m.m. = 1°0, tarsus 34°5 mm, =1°35. 


In a male of apparently inferior age, the under tail-coverts 
and the base of the primaries and secondaries are but faintly tinged 
with ochreous, and the under wing-coverts are pure white beyond 
the black base. All the tail feathers but the outermost, which is as 
in the adult, are lightly tipped with white. 


The female has likewise the under tail-coverts white, stained 
with ochreous, but of this colour there is but the faintest possible 
tinge on the inner surface of the primaries and secondaries, 


D4A4 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW BIRDS FROM HERBERTON, 


Three examples 2 ¢ 1 ?.—Locality, Herberton at 4,500 feet, 
collector Mr. K, Broadbent. 


SERICORNIS GUTTURALIS,— 


General colour above, wings and tail, coffee brown passiug into 
blackish-brown on the head ; feathers of the front and mid-line of 
the crown with paler centres ; lores black, the fe:thers immediately 
over the crown with paler centres ; supra—and infraoculars white ; a 
post-orbital streak commencing over the middle of the orbit 
yellowish-white ; ear coverts dark-brown with pale shaft-streaks ; 
wings uniform, externally as the back: inner webs of primaries 
and secondaries dark-brown ; tail uniform ; chin and upper throat 
white, extending upwards to middle of side of neck ; on the lower 
throat a broad black crescentic band with its marginal feathers 
posteriorly edged with ashy-white ; under tail-coverts broadly edged 
with yellow,rest of under surface, axillaries and flanks olive-brown ; 
legs and feet brown, flesh colour in life ; bill black—iris brown. 
Total length 116 m.m. culmen 12°5 m,m. tarsus 20 m.m. wing 63 
m.m. 


One example, ¢.—Locality, Herberton Scrubs at 4,500 feet. 


Of this bird two examples only were seen ; on both occasions 
feeding on the ground, scratching over leaves, &c., in company with 
Orthonyx spaldingi ; the collector Mr. Broadbent regards it as a 
rare bird, 


P.S.—A male example subsequently procured is similar in 
colouring but of greater size. 


A FURTHER ACCOUNT OF PRIONODURA 
NEWTONIANA ; 


By C. W. DE VIS. 


——— () --- 


The genus and species so named* were founded on a single 
example which we are now able to recognize as a young female.— 
Additional information respecting the bird has been supplied by 
adults of both sexes lately obtained and ornithologists will not 
perhaps be indifferent to it. 


The bird was first discovered by Mr. K. Broadbent in the 
‘scrubs clothing tbe banks of the Tully River, a small river issuing 
‘from an angle formed by spurs of the Coast Range on its eastern 
aspect and entering the sea some little distance to the north of 
‘Cardwell. In the Vale of the Herbert on the western side of the 
‘principal spur and more immediately in the vicinity of Cardwell the 
bird does not seem to occur, Mr. Broadbent having there searched 
for it more than once without success—lat. 18 is, therefore, probably 
‘its southern limit of range.—Its true habitat is now ascertained te 
be the highlands north of the township ot Herberton, where it was 
‘first observed by Mr. A. Meston in the course of a flying visit to 
the top of Bellenden Ker. From near the summit of this mountain 
Mr. Meston brought down the skin of a male bird, and soon after, 
Mr. Broadbent, visiting Herberton in pursuit of the Tree-Kangaroo 
-of that district, encountered the bird frequently about seven miles 
from town (fifty miles from the Bellender Ker), and collected a 
rich series of examples. How far northward the bird extends its 
range is as yet unknown. 


Prionodura is emphatically a Bower Bird.—Both its observers 
in nature met with its bowers repeatedly and agree in representing 


* Proc. Lin. Soc. of N. S. Wales, vol. vii.—p. 582—1883, 
Ww 


246 A FURTHER ACCOUNT OF PRIONODURA NEWTONIANA, 


them to be of unusual size and structure. From their notes and — 
sketches it would appear that the bower is usually built on the 
ground between two trees, or between a tree anda bush. It is 
constructed of small sticks and twigs.—These are piled up almost: 
horizontally around one of the trees in the form of a pyramid, which 
rises to a height varying from four to six feet—a similar pile of 
inferior height, about eighteen inches, is then built round the foot 
of the other tree—the intervening space is arched over with stems 
:of climbing plants, the piles are decorated with white moss, and the 
arch with similar moss mingled with clusters of green fruit resembling: 
wild grapes. ‘Through and over the covered run play. the - birds, 
syoung and ol.l, of both sexes. A still more interesting and charac- 
terestic feature in the play-ground of this bird remains. The 
completion of the massive bower so laboriously attained is not 
sufficient to arrest the architectural impulse, Scattered immediately 
around are a number of dwarf hut-like structures— gunyahs,’ they 
‘are called by Broadbent, who says he found five of them in a space:. 
of ten feet diameter, and observes that they give the spot exactly 
‘the appearance of a miniature black’s camp. These seem to be 
built by bending towards each other strong stems of standing grass 
and capping them with a horizontal thatch of ‘light twigs. In and 
out and around the ‘gunyahs.’ and from one to another, the birds in 
‘their play pursue each other to their hearts content. 7 


The usnal ery of Prionodura is according to Mr. Meston 
deceptively like that. of a Cat Bird, | ut with a promptly recogniz- 
able difference. Mr. Broadbent, while watching a bower heard, as 
he had often previously heard, a croaking ‘going on at a great rate,” 
much like that of a tree-frog, and on investigating its origin dis- 
covered that it proceeded from a fine old male sitting amidst the 
foliage overhanging its camp. Prionodura shares with four other 
species of bower birds the wild fruits so abundant in the gorges of 
its mountain home. Others of its associates are the tooth-billed 
Cat-bird, Scenopeus dentirostris, am. rufous Crone = 
Cracticus rufescens, m, and hissing Shrike-thrush, Colluricincla 
boweri, Ram, 


BY C. W. DE VIS, ‘M.A. 247 


‘In view of the several examples now at our service it is almost 


necessary to recast the generic diagnosis formerly given. 


Generic CHARACTERS— 

Beak much shorter than the head, shallow, but deeper than 
broad, with a more or less feeble maxillary notch, culmen regularly 
arched from the nostrils forward, over the nostrils nearly straight, 
compressed ; nostrils oval, sunken, subbasal, entirely hidden by plumes, 
with very few and feeble bristles: rictal bristles few and feeble. 
Wing rather short and rounded—fourth quill the longest, third and 
fifth nearly equal. Tail strongly emarginate in the male, the feathers 
subspinose at the tip. Tarsi moderate, shields nearly confluent ; 


outer toe longer than the inner, middle toe shorter than the tarsus. 


Sreeciric CHARACTERS— 


Adult male.—General colour of upper surface, wing, face, ear- 
coverts and chin, bright olive strongly washed with yellow. A 
short crest on the vertex, a broad nuchal collar and all the under 
surface (but the chin) bright golden yellow, less intense on the 
breast and ablomen ; upper surface of primaries passing into olive 
brown near the tips, basal portion of inner webs broadly edged with 
citron vellow to a length increasing gradually proximad. Under 
wing coverts, under side of shafts of primaries and their inner edges 
co-extensively with the upper surface, golden yellow. Two central 
tail feathers browu above, faintly washed with yellow : sub-central 
feathers with the terminal half of the outer and terminal third of 
the inner web brown, the next largely and the following slightly 
brown tipped: for the rest all the feathers bright golden yellow: 
under surface of shafts yellow. Legs, feet, and bill dark brown, 
paler on basal portion of under mandible. Total length 235 m.m. 
culmen 15, gape 22, wing 125, tail 120, tarsus 30. 


Adult female.—The sombre colours of the young female become 
much brighter in the adult. The whole of the upper surface passes 
gradually into a rich olive brown, the under surface of the tail into 
a shining yellowish olive, the pale yellow of the lower surface of the 
edges of the primaries into golden yellow, across the lower throat is 


248 A FUR.HER ACCOUNT OF PRIONODURA NEWTONIANA, 


formed an ill defined collar cf pale brownish yellow and a slight wash 
of yellow pervades the under surface. Total length 205 m.m., tail 
88 m.m. 


Young male.—Like the adult female : ovcasionally with one or 
more feathers of the breast distinctly yellow. 


In the adult male the excess in the length of the tail over that 
of the female is due to a graduated prolongation of the lateral 
feathers which renders the form of the tail as a whole subfurcate, 


Note on Colluricincla bowert Ram.— 

I take the earliest opportunity of pointing out that the Shrike- 
thrush, na ned by me C, sibila, is in all probability identical with 
Dr, Ramsay’s species C, bowert. 


8) 


DESCRIPTION OF AN ACANTHIZA FROM HERBERTON, 


ACANTHIZA SQUAMATA N.S.— 


Above olive green: wing coverts brown suffused with green, 
primary coverts dark brown edged with olive green ; edge of wing 
buffy white ; quills dark brown, edged with pale greenish buff on 
the primaries ; rump and upper tail coverts yellow with a slight 
reddish tint ; tail feathers pale pinky yellow on the basal half, for 
the rest nearly black with buff-tinged greyish white tips ; crown, 
grev tinged with green, front slightly ferruginous, its feathers with 
those of the lores and a supraciliary stripe with darker centres and 
broad whitish edge ; ear coverts grey tinged with green and lineated 
with white shatts ; chin, throat, and upper breast whitish suffused 
with yellow, eich feather with an obscure dark edge; rest of the 
under surface and the under tail-coverts yellow; under wing- 
coverts creauy white ; inner webs of quills edged with ashy white ; 
bill brown ; feet nearly black. Total length 92—103 m.m., 
culmen 8, wing 51, tail 38, tarsus 13, | | 


BY C. W. DE VIS, M.A. 249 


Locality—Herberton, in forest country. Examples, three ; 
28,12. The collector, Mr. Broadbent, netes of it that it has all 
the habits of an Acanthiza, frequenting open places and preferring 
small bushes. 


A, reguloides is the only species with which it can be con- 
founded. It is, however, a larger bird with a shorter tarsus, and 
is further distingnishable by the colour of the legs, and the 
squamated appeaiance of the throat and parts about the head. 


ANATOMICAL NOTES ON THE HELICIDE ; 


By 0. HEDLEY, F.L.S. 


0 


PART IIl. 


10) 


Helix porter’, Cox; of this species the jaw is orbicularly arched, 
crossed by numerous fine ribs which denticulate both margins, ends 
rounded. The centre cusp of the rachidian tooth is small, ovate, 
acute, reaching half-way along the basal plate, bearing on both sides 
a minute denticuie anterior to its cutting portion, The twenty 
laterals aie rather larger than the rachidian, and elongate as they 
recede from it; the small accessory distal cusp, possessed by each, 
gradually becomes more defined as it reaches the more distant series, 
a denticule appears half-way up the proximal blade about the 
fourteenth series. The character of the teeth abruptly changes in 
the twenty-fourth series, where the inclined laterals are suddenly 
replaced by the upright marginals. The latter numbering over 
twenty, are much alike, consisting of a large lanceolate cusp cleft 
half-way down, and a small shurp accessory distal cusp. 


Penis sac terminating in a flagellum, anterior portion pyriform, 
insertion of the retractor musele distant from entrance of the short 
yas deferens, Genital bladder small, ovate, on a rather long wide 
duct. 


250 ANATOMICAL NOTES ON THE HELICIDE ; 


The specimen (immature) which furnished these details was 
collected by Mr. Wild at Upper Nerang Creek. 


Helix delta, Pir.—Jaw low, arcuate ; ends rounded, recurved ; 
with a blunt med’an inferior projection, crossed by numerous fine 
folds. The rachidien tooth of the odontophore has its base of 
attachment rather longer than wide, posterior lateral angles nearly 
square ; anterior margip broadly reflected bearing a central slender 
median cusp projecting beyond the posterior margin, and two 
accessory cusps not reaching the centre of the basal plate. The 
transverse rows of laterals are very slightly curved. The first dozen 
laterals are with difficulty distinguished from the rachidian by the 
slightly inclined median cusp and rounde! anterior basal margin. 
Beyond them the distal accessory cusp diminishes, and the proximal 
increases, until it equals in size the original median. The extreme 
marginals offer an irregularly serrated edge. 


The specimen examined was collected by Mr. Wild at Little 
Nerang Creek. 


Bulimus mastersi, Cox.—Jaw high, arched, ends acuminately 
rounded, centre plain, each side crossed by seven oblique folds 

Rachid an tooth with base expanded posteriorly, broadly 
reflected, tapering to a single rounded cusp whose apex does not 
attain the posterior margin. The first six laterals possess a large 
lanceolate cusp and a small distal accessary cusp. The extreme 
marginals are forty five ranks distant from the rachidian and are 
irregularly dentate. 


Helix perinflata, Pir.—Jaw low, slightly arched, boomerang 
shaped, tapering to the rounded ends, central moiety crossed by 
eight stout ribs as wide as their interstices, which denticulate the 
convex but not the concave margin, ends smooth. 


Rachidian tooth with the base of attachment longer than broad, 
posteriorly -slightly expanded, reflection tapering to a single blunt 
cusp whose apex attains four-fifths of the length of the base : lateral — 
teeth about fifteen, much the same size, with a single large ovate 


BY C HEDLEY, F.L.s. 251 


cusp exceeding the posterior margin of the base ; in retreating from 
the centre the cusp becomes slighter and the distal posterior angle 
diminishes from alate to square. About fifty teeth intervene 
between the rachidian and the ultimate marginals 


Of the genitalia I notice that the genital bladder 's rather large, 
oval, on a peduncle of moderatelength whose origin is twisted with 
the lower extremity of the oviduct. In the centre of the large 
penis-sac the vas deferens desciibes a sudden loop after which it’ 
enters the sac and proceeds to the spiral termination where is the 
attachment of the retractor muscle. | 


For my knowledge of the two latter species [ am indebted to 
the courtesy of W. bednall, Esq., of Adelaide, who sent me: 
specimens of the Bulimus, from Streaky Bay, and of the Helix: 
from the Mzcdonnell Ranges, Central Austraiia. H. perintlatea 
was described by Pfeiffer nthe Pro. Zool. Soe., 1863, p. 528, from 
specimens collected by Mr. Waterhouse on Stuart’s exploring 
expedition and was never again discovered, so Mr. Bednall informs 
me, until quite 1ecently. My friend the late Mr. G. F, Angas once 
stated *that this shell was identical with the Queensland species,. 
H. Janelli, Le Guil ; a determination not characterised by his usual 
sagacity anl quite unsupported by the examples of each species: 
in the Queensland Museum. 


Protected by a thin epiphragm and in a dormant state, the 
animal reached me alive after its lengthened fast and a journey of, 
more than two thousand miles. 


* Quarterly Journal of Conchology ; Vol. 1, p. 135. 


bo 
eA 
Lo 


FIELD NATURALISTS EXCURSION TO PIMPAMA. 


FIELD NATURALISTS’ EXCURSION TO PIMPAMA. 


O 


A whole day excursion was made on March 18th, to Pimpama.. 
There were six members present. Only thin beits of scrub were: 
met with during the day, the original scrub lands haying been 
largely encroached upon for cultivation, while the serubs on the 
hill sides were so dry as to yield little of interest to the collectors. 
It was afterwards ascertained that the best scrubs had been left 
unvisited, owing to the non-attendance of those better acquainted 
with the locality ; but information was gained that will prove useful. 
on any future excursion to the same district. 


The following are some of the principal plants noticed im 
flower and frust, as determined by F’. M, Bailey, Esq. :— 


Abutilon oxycarpum, F’. v. M.; in flower. 

Eleocarpus grandis, ¥’, v. M., Queensland quandong ; in flower. 

Bosistoa sapindiformnis, /. v, Jf, towra; in flower, 

Alphitonia excelsa, Rerssek., red ash ; in flower. 

Vitis antaretica, Benth; in fruit. This native grape was in prime 
condition for eating. 

Rhus rholanthema, /.v. /., deep yellow wood ; in fruit. 

Indigofera hirsuta, Zinn, ; in flower. 

I. tritoliata, Zinn. ; in flower 

Swainsonia galegifolia, 2. Br., darling pea; in flower and fruit, 

Aischynomene falcata, D.C., var, paucijuga, Benth. ; in flower and 
fruit. 

Kirythrina vespertilio, Benth. ; in fruit, 

Cassia mimosoides, Zinn. ; in flower, 

Acacia implexa, Benth. ; in flower: 

Myriopbyllum latifolium, ¥. 7 M.; in flower. ° 

Beckea virgata, Andr. ; in flower. 


i ee 
at 


FIELD NATURALISTS’ EXCURSION TO PIMPAMA. 953 


Eugenia myrtifolia, Sims. scrub cherry. The fruit being in excel- 
lent condition for eating was duly appreciated by the party. 

Byronia lacinosa, Sims. ; n flower and fruit. 

Sambucus xanthocarpa. F. v. M., yellow elder ; in flower. 

Siegesbeckia orientalis, Zinn. ; in flower. 

Minuria leptophylla, D. C. 

Helichrysum bracteatum, Wiild., everlasting, in flower. 

H. apiculatum, D. C. | 

Carissa ovata, R. Br. ; in flower and fruit. 

Parsonsia ventricosa, F’. v. M.; in flower. 

Tylophora paniculata, R. Br. ; in flower. 

Limnanthemum irdicum, 7’hon., white fringed water lily ; in flower. 

Ipomcea Quamociit, Zinn. ; in flower. 

Solanum discolor, 2. Br. ; in flower and fruit. 

Myoporum acuminatum, R&. Br.; in flower. 

M. debile, R Br. ; in flower. 

Plectranthus parviflorus, Willd. ; in flower. 

Anisomeles salvifolia, R. Br. : in flower. 

Deeringia elosioides, R. Br.; in fruit. Fruit very attactive, of a 
bright red, probably wholesome. 

Polygonum lanigerum, 2. Br. ; in flower. 

has attenuatum, 2. Br. ; in flower. 

Cryptocarya australis, Benth.; in fruit. This fruit is very pretty 
and reminds one of cherries, but is not of an agreeable 
flavour, and probably not wholesome, as Dr. T. L. Bancroft 
found the bark to contain a deadly poison. 

Pimelea linifolia, Sm. ; in flower. 

Euphorbia serrulata, Reind. ; in flower. 

Croton phebalioides, F. v. M., var. hirsuta. ; in frnit. 

OF Verreauxii, Baill. ; in fruit 

Acalypha eremorum, JZull. Arg. ; in flower. 

Malaisia tortuosa, Blanch. ; in flower. 

Pipturus argenteus, Wedd. ; in flower and fruit. This fruit is edible 
and has a somewhat sweetish taste. 

Eurycles Cunninghamii, Ait. ; in fruit. 

Calamus Muelleri, Wendl and Drude., small lawyer, in flower. 


254 FIELD NATURALISTS EXCURSION TO PIMPAMA. 


Typha angustifoha, Zinn. A large qiantity of this ‘ Bullrush’ 
was seen in the still pools of water, and reminded one of 
the par‘y of the early days when it was almost the only 
material used for stuffing pillows, &¢., and called Murray. 
down, from its being gathered on the Murray River. 

Panicum melananthum, /. 2. WW. A luxuriant growth of this grass 
was noticed along the ereek sides. 

Chloris ventricosa, R Br. 

Pennisetum compressum, 2 Br, 

A few Fungi and Cryptogams were also collected. 

The entomologists secured some beautiful and rare insects. 


List or CoLEOPTERA, COLLECTED AT PiMPAMA, 

( icindelidae :— 

Distypsidera undulata, Westwood. 
Carabidae :— 

Pherosophorus verticalis, Dejean, 

Cilenius peregrinus. La/erte. 

Harpalus pulcher, Dejean, 

Aulacecyclus edentulus, J/acleay. 
Lucanidae :— 

Rhyssonotus foyeolatus, Macleay, Thunb. 
Scarabeidae :— 

Bolboceras Kirbyi, Westw. 
Cetonini :— 

Schizorhina australasiee, Donov. 
Klateridae : 


Alaus gigas, Condeze. 


Monocrepidius erubescens, Condeze. 
Tenebrionidae : — | 
Otrintus Behri, Pascoe, 
Adelium fossulatum, Dup. 
Amarygmus, Dolman, 
Longicornes :— an 
Penthea Solida, Pascoe. ry aad Ete 
: W.D.GRIMES, Jun, 


FIELD NATURALISTS’ EXCURSION, 


to 
qr 
or 


FIELD NATURALISTS EXCURSION. 


a 


The usual fortnightly excursicn was made on the above date. 
piace visited being Sunny-Bank on the S. Coast Railway. 


Marcu 2nd 18:9, 


The 
A 


swamp adjoining the station formed the principal collecting ground. 


To our leader, Mr. F. M. Bailey, we are indebted as usual for 


the following list of plants :— 


‘Oxalis corniculata, Zinn.. 
Bauera rubioides, Andr. 
Drosera spathulata, Zadill. 
Haloragis micrantha, R Br 

H. tetragyna, Hook. 
Leptospermium scoparium. Forst. 
Callistemon pxludosus, F. v. Jf. 
Goodenia rotundifola, R. Br. 
Epacris mircophylla, R Br. 
‘Centranthera hispida, R. Br. 
‘Cassytha paniculata, 2. Br. 
Lomatia silaifolia, R. Br. 
Banksia latifolia, R. Br 
Pimelea linifolia, Sm. 


Juncus communis, FE, Afey. 
Juncus prismatocarpus, &. Br. 
Eriocaulon australe, 2. Br. 

E. smithii, 2. Ar. 
Cyperus polystachyus, R Ar. 
Heleocharis tetraquetra, Nees. 
Fimbristylis nutans, Vahl. 
Chorisandra spherocephala, R. Br. 
Scheenus brev'folius, 2. Br. 
Gahnia psittacorum, Zadill. 
Panicum indicum, Lian, 
Hemarthria compressa, 2. Sr. 
Isachne australis, R Br. 


Lygodium scandens, Sm. 


Hemodorum coccineum, R Br. Gleichenia circinsta, Sm. 


Philydrum lanuginosum, Banks 
Xyris complanata. R Br. 
Aneilema gramineum, 2. Br, 


Lindsxa incisa, /’rintice. 
Pteris incisa, Thunb. 
Blenchnum serrulatum, Rich. 


256 REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF TERIAS WITH 


REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF THE 
LEPIDOPTEROUS GENUS T£ERIAS, WITH DES- 
CRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES ; 


By W. H. MISKIN, F.E.S. 


1) 


The excessive variability of individua's will in some degree 
account for the numerous, so called, species of this very difficult 
genus, and it is on'y by means of comparison of a long series of 
examples collected and carefully observed over a considerable 
period that anything approaching certainty can be arrived at in 
deterniining the title to specific rank. It is much to be lamented 
that a too eager desire to figure as the author of new species: 
prompts many Entomologists to rashly proclaim every slightly 
varying form that com+s under their notice, in many instances. 
represented by a single specimen, a new species, an1 so swell the 
already overburdened list of synomyms. driving the student to 
the limit of despair in his futile endeavours to reconcile his: 
specimens witl: the various descriptions. 


It is with the view of trying t» simplify the subject, so far 
as local forms are concerned, and to show at a glance a reliable: 
list of the species and their claim to specific rank, with a full 
synomymy that the fo!lowing notes are written. 


T. Drona, Horsfield, (nec .Wallengren. ) 

Cat. Lep. E. I. C., p. 137, n. 64, T. 1, £. 13 (1829). 

Bois.—Sp. Gen: 1 p, 675, n. 37 (1836). 

Moore.—Lep: Ceylon p. 120, T. 46, f. 3, 3 a (1880-1). 

Butler.—An. Mag. N.H, (5). Vol. 17, p. 213 (1886). 

T. Australis, Wall —Trans: Ent. Soc Ser. IIL. Vol. IV- 
p. 321, n. 9 (1867). ” | 

7. Lerna, Feld.—Sitz, Ak. Wiss. Wien. Math. Nat. CI. XL. 
p. 448, n. 2 (1860). 

Feld.—Reise. Nov. Lep. II, p. 212, n. 227 (1865). 

Zoraide, Feid.—Reise. Nov. Lep. Il, p. 212, n. 227 (1865). 


DESCRIPION OF SOME NEW SPECIES, BY W. H. MISKIN, F.E.S. 257 


Cingala, .\Voore.—Lep. Ceylon. p. 120, T. 46, f. 4, 4 a, 
(1880-1). 
Rama, Moore,—Lep. Ceylon. p. 121, T. 46, £. 5, 5 a (1880-1.) 


This species appears well distinguished from the African 
form Brigitta (Cramer), more particularly by the fawn coloured 
underside of the latter in which respect our Herla (Macleay) 
bears a close resemblance although differing entirely on the 
upperside. 

The species is the commonest in Queensland and does not 


appear to have a wide range, being in fact, I believe limited to 
this colony. 
T. Herwa, Macleay. 

Pier, H.—\King’s Surv. Aust. IL., p. 460, n 144 (1827). 

Ter, H., Bois.—Sp. Gen. I., p. 660, n. 13 (1836). 

T. Hespera, Butl— Ann. N.H. (5) XVII, p. 214 (1886). 

This may be called a rather uncommon species and is 
restricted to Queensland. 


T. Sana, Butler. 
Proce. Zool. Soc., p. 470 (1877). 
This insect I do not recognize from the description as being 
one with which I am acquainted. 


T. LINEATA. n. sp. 

UPPERSIDE —Primaries.—Somewhat angulated apically ; rich sulphur- 
yellow ; base dusted with black specks; costa at short distance from base. 
apical area widely, outer border to last median widely, thence finely to angle, 
shining browa ; inner edge of brown brown band which is arched, slightly 
sinuated. 

Secondaries.—With a narrow somewhat interrupted brown band, from 
apex, where it is widest, nearly to anal angle. 

UNDERSIDE—Frimuries.—With the costal margin broadly and outer 
margin, for a short distance from apex, fawn coloured ; rest of wing sulphur 
yellow ; all somewhat clouded with minute black specks. 

S-conaaries.—Wholly fawn coloured ; considerably clouded with fine 
black specks ; a sharply defined, perfectiy straight, brown line across the 
wing from apical angle to middle of abdominal margin ; below this another 
parallel with it but not reaching either margin. 

Thorax and abdomen, above, black ; beneath ycllow. 

Exp. 1 a in. Hab. N. Queensland, Co): Lucas, 


Lo 
ON 
[° ) 


REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF TERIAS WITH 


There are two specimens of this very distinct species in the 
collection of Dr Lucas of Brisbane ; these differ slightly in the 
development of marginal bands on upperside, especially in 
secondaries. 


The underside more particularly in secondaries ‘bears a ¢lose 
resemblance to Leta (Bots,) = Jaegert (.Ven,) the form of the 
wings also somewhat approaches that species although not nearly 
so sharply angulated. 

T. IMMACULATA, Nn, sp. 

UPPERSIDE — Primaries.—Gambove-yellow ; base of costa greyish ; 
costal margin narrowly and apical region brvadly, tapering to nearly a 
point at lower median branch, shining brown ; inner margin of band arched 
and slightly sinuate towards termination ; a small point at hinder angle, 

Secondaries.—Same colour as in primaries, with small marginal brown 
points at termination of nervules. Fringe of both wings with a slightly 
reddish tinge. 

UNDERSIDE.—Of both wings sulphur-yellow, absolutely without mark- 
ings; very sparsely clouded with fine black specks. 

Thorax and abdomen, above black ; beneath pale yellow. 


Exp. 1s in. Hab.—Rockhampton. (Queensland.) 
Coll —Miskin. 
Form and appearance on upperside of 7’, Herla, 


T. Smuax, Don, 


Pap: S.—Ins. N.H, T. 20, f 3 (1805), 

Ter: S., Bois.—Sp. Gen. I, p. 660, n. 12 (1836), 

Xan: S, Bois.—Voy. Astr. Lep., p. 59, n. 1 (1832). 

Luc.—Lep. Ex T. 39, £. 2 (1835). 

Tepper —Trans Roy. Soc., 8. Aust. Vol. IV., p. 27, T. IL, 

7 (1882). 

1. Ingana, Wall.—Trans I! nt. Soc. L, Ser, IIL, Vol. ly, 
p- 332, n. 10 (1867). ft 

Butler.—Brenchley’s Cruise of Curacoa, p. 470, T. 49, f. 3 iy 
(1873). ! Xe 

T. satatast Butler. —An. rit N.H. Be atte 214 Ae a) 


DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW SPECIES. By W. H. MISKIN, F.E.S. 259 


This is the type of a group of small butterflies very 
difficult to distinguish, owing to the extreme variability in the 
markings, both in the marginal bands of upperside, and transverse 
broken bands of secondaries in underside. It is not without 
some misgivings that I have separated them into three species, 
one of which | am compelled to consider as hitherto undescribed 
for the reasons given in the description hereafter following. 
Although differing considerably in the greater or less development 
of the outer marginal bands of primaries, it is the underside of 
secondaries that. upon examining a long series of specimens, 
present the infinite gradations of variability that make them 
so perplexingly difficult to separate; from a clear yellow, to a 
complete y clouded grey ground colour, and from a few scattered 
almost indistinct brown specks to a complete series of developed 
brown broken bands with all the intermediate gradations, are 


met with in a sufficiently numerous set of examp'es. 


The species is common and ranges through Queensland, N.S. 
Wales, Victoria and S Australia. 


Butler (An. Mag. N. H.,) seems to doubt the correc'ness of 
Donoyan’s habitat for his type, why, does n t appear. 


T. Parvuza, Herr Schajf. 
Stett Ent. Zeit, p. 7& n 5 (1869). 


This species is distinguishable by the almost entire absence 
of markings on underside of secondaries, there being but a few 
dark specks towards the base. 


It is from Rockhampton, and appears a local species. 


T. VARIUS, n. sp. 


UPPERSIDE.—Sulphur yellow, richer towards base, which is briefly 
suffused with black. Frimaries.—Costa very nariowly, apical area broadly 
to the first median branch from whence it is abruptly nwrowed to the lower 
median, shining bovn; an almost invisible cCisco-cellular speck. 
Secondaries —With very minute brown sp2cks ut termination of nervules, 
some specimens almost obsolete. 


260 REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF TERIAS WITH 


UNDERSIDE, Primaries.—Light sulphur yellow ; extremity of apex and 
an irregular oblong sub-apical patch which connects at point of apex, light 
shining brown ; a brown speck within and near end of cell. 

Secondaries.—Clouded with fine brown specks; various markings in 
light reddish brown, arranged as follows:—A small ring above the cell a 
short distance from base, and two others, rather indistinct each below the 
other and equidistant, towards abdominal border; an irregular row of spots 
transversely a little before the centie, the upper one being the largest and 
most distinct ; a transverse broken band parallel with outer border, at abcut 
three-fourths, 


Exp. ee in. Hab,—Brisbane, Rockhampton. 
Coll __Miskin,. 


This little species is very near to Simlax (Don), closely 
resembling it on upper-side, but differing very materially on the 


under. 
T. VirGo, Wallace. 


Trans. Ent. Soc., Lon. Ser. III. Vol. IV., p. 328, n. 35 


(1867.) 

This beautiful species is restricted in Australia to Cape 
York, but I have seen specimens from Solomon Islands—Wallace’s 
specimens are from Aru Islands. 

Wallace’s description is unsatisfactory as it can only be made 
out by comparison with descriptions of two other species—Puella 
(Bois), and Candida (Bois), I therefore append a full description, 


g UPPERSIDE.—With wings bright golden-yellow, with broad outer 
marginal band of black, 

Primaries.— With the costa narrowly black ; the marginal band com- 
mencing about a third before the apex, and coutinuing widely to the hinder 
angle, arched on inner-side but entire. | 

Secondaries.—With the marginal band equally broad except at apical 
and anna: angles ; no abdominal band. 

UNDERSIDE—The colours slightly paler, otlieswdel exactly as above. 

? Precisely asin g in all respects, except that the upper side is pure 
white instead of yellow, and the marginal ban1s a trifle wider. 

Thorax and abdomen, abuve, dark brown; beneath light wrey. 


Hsp. '6 a ? li in. 
This species differs from Puella in the ? being white, and 


from Candida in the absence of abdominal band in secondaries. 


Sar 


DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW SPECIES, BY W. H. MISKIN, ¥F.E.S. 261 


T. Hecase, Z. 

(Pap. H.)—Mus. Ulr. p. 249 (1764) ; Syst. Nat. I. 2, p. 763, 
n. 96 (1767). 

Cramer,—Pap. Ex. II. T. 124, f. B. C. (1779 ; Swainson.— 
(Ter. H.) Zool. Tl. I. T. 22 (1820) ; Horsf—Cat. Lep. E. I. C. 
p- 135, n. 60. T I. f.12 (1829); Bo’s—Sp. Gen. I. p. 669-70, 
n. 27, (1836.) 

Fab.—Syst. Ent. p. 472, n. 125 (1775); Sp. Ins. p. 42, n. 
178 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 19, n. 201 (1787); Ent. Syst. IIT. 
p. 192, n. 598 (1793); Edwards.—Glan. d’Hist. Nat. I. pl. 253. 

Roemer.—Gen. Insect. T. 15, f. 7. (1789); Godart.—Enc. 
Meth. IX. p. 134, nm. 51 (1819); Murray.-—Proc. Ent Soc. Lon, 
p. VII. (1875). 

Butler.—Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon. p. 197, T. VE. (1880) ; Ann. 
& Mag. N. H. (5). Vol. 17, p. 212, T, V. (1886) ; dfoore.—Lep. 
Ceylon, p. 118, T. 45, f. 1 ,la (1880-1) ; Distant.—Rhop. Malay, 
Distant, Rhop. Melzy. p. 304, T. XXVLI., ff. 11, 15, 19 (1882-6). 

7’. Sari, Horsf—Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 136, n. 61 (1829) ; 
Distant.—Rhop. Malay. p. 305, T. XXV. f. '3, T. XXVI. f. 3, 
7 (1882-6). 

T. Suava, Bois.—Sp. Gen. I, p. 670, n, 28 (1836). 

T. Hecabeoides, Men.—Cat. Mus. Petr, Lep. I. p. 85, t. 2, f. 
2 (1855), 

Moore.—Lep. Ceylon, p. 119, T. 45, f. 3, 3a, b. (1880-1) 

[, Anemone, Feld.—Wein. Ent. Mon. VI. p. 23, n. 7 (1862). 

T. Sengalensis, Hub.—Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 969,970 (1837). 

T. Brenda, Doubl. Hew.—Gen. D. lL. T. 9, f. 6 (1847). 

Hopf.—Pet. Reise. Zool. V. p. 367 (1862). 3 

T. Atsiope, Men.—Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. I. p. 85, T. 2, £3 
(1855). 
T. Eumide, Feld.—Reise. Nov. Lep. Il. p. 214, n. 231 
(1865). 

Xanth, Floricola, Bois;—Faun. Mad. p. 22, n. 3, T. 2, f. 6 
(1833). 

T. F., Bois.—Sp. Gen. I. p. 671, n. 29 (1836) 

x 


262 REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF TERIAS WITH 


T. Candace, Feld.—Reise. Nov. Lep IL. p. 213, n. 228 
(1865). : 
T’. Simulata, Moore.—ULep. Ceylon, p. 119, ?. 45, .£. 2, 2a. b. 
(1880-1). 
Citrina, Moore.—Lep, Geylon; p. 119, T. 45, f£. 4, 4a. (1880-1). 
Rotundalis, Moore.—Lep. Ceylon, p. 120, T. 46, £. 1, la. b. 


(1880-1). 

Uniformis, Moore.—Lep, Ceylon, p. 120, T. 46, f. 2, 2a, b. 
(1880-1). 

Z. Vallivocans, Butler.—An. Mag. N. H. (5) Vol. XI. p. 420, 
n. 71 (1883); 


Distant.—Rhop. Malay. p. 306, n. 4, T. XX VI. f. 17 (1882-6). 

1. Pumilaris, Butler.—Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 617, n. 36, T. 67, 
f. 7 (1875) ; Trans. Lin. Soc. Ser. 2, Zool. Vol. 1., p. 550, n. 5 

(1877). Dustant.—Rhop. Malay. p. 306, T. XX VIL, f. 10 

(1882-6). 

1. Phebus, Butler.—An. Mag. N. H. (5), XVII. p. 22], T. 
V. f. 4. (1886). 


This widely distributed and exceedingly variable species is | 
common throughout Queensland ; it is one of the most abused by 
the species makers. I have had the advantage of raising it from 
the larva, and from the same brood had specimens in which the 
oblong apical patch of underside of primaries was developed to 
the fullest extent, and in others was entirely absent, presenting 
also considerable variations in the development of the marginal 
bands on the upper-side. The infinite variability of the species 
is well illustrated by Mr. Butler in his paper upon Japanese 
forms of the genus (Trans. Ent Soc., Lon., 188°, p. 197. T. VL) 
wherein his contention seems to be that the excessive variability 
is due to hybridization, surely a very unsatisfactory conclusion, 
because if such a theory be maintainable then good bye for ever _ 
to specific distinction, I think on the contrary that Mr. Butlec’s — iy 
comparison of the various forms that he has collected vombiber ws : be 
his paper, goes incontestably toprovethe fallacy of depot ee 0 eur 
the mere variations of development of marking i in individuals as 


— 


DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW SPECIES, BY W. H. MISKIN, F.E.8. 263 


evidence of specific distinction. The same Author in his notes 
on the genus in Ann. Mag. N. H. (5). Vol. 17., p. 212, T. v. (1886) 
figures and describes a number of so called new species, all 
of which so figured, with perhaps one exception (Gradiens) are 
I should say unquestionably but varying forms of this widely 
distributed species. 

It must be understood that I do not claim for my list any- 
thing like the full synonymy of this species, there are I believe 
many more names that should be included, but I have selected 
those that appear to me to leave no room for doubt. 


NOTE ON SOME UNDESCRIBED AUSTRALIAN 
LEPIDOPTERA (RHOPOLOCERA) ; 


By W. H. MISKIN, F.E.S. 
—— 


Sub Fam.—PERIN&. 
Genus—ELODINA (Felder). 


EK. PERpITA, 0. sp. 
UPPERSIDE—Pearly white. r 

Primaries—With an apicial black band extending about three-fourths 
down outer margin narrowing to a point, slightly sinuated on inner side ; 
base, and a short distance along costa light brown. 

Secondaries—W ithout markings of any kind. 

UNDERSIDE—As above. 

Primaries—With the apical and outer marginal band indistinctly 
showing through ; base slightly sulphurish. 

Secondaries— Wholly smooth neutral tint ; a small black spot at ter- 
mination of cell ; a transverse curved irregular band of indistinct darker 
colour, crossing middle of cell ; another more distinct beyond cell—subject 
to considerable variation in development of last described markings. 

Exp,—17—20 lines. 

Hab.— Port Denison (N. Queensland), Coll. — Miskin. 
This species approaches nearest to Parthia, but is devoid of the 
white strige on underside of secondaries, and is otherwise well 
distinguished from that species, 


264 NOTES ON SOME UNDESCRIBED AUSTRALIAN 


Fam.—LYO ANID AB. 
Genus—PSEUDODIPSAS (Feld). + 


P. Fumipvs, n. sp. 
Dull smoky black, suffused with steel blue at base of wings. 


g UpprrstDE.—Primaries—Uniform smoky black, with an elongate 
patch of steel blue, at the base below the cell. 

Secondarigs—The same with a few specks of steel blue at base ; the 
median branches, and sub-median terminating in produced bunches of hairs 
tipped with white, between each of wuich is a submarginal line of pale blue. 
above these a jet black spot surmounted with pale blue crescent ; the same 
between the other nervules, but very indistinct. 


UNDERSIDE—Light grey traversed by short transverse bands of pale 
stone colour, 

Primaries—With the bands arranged in straight nearly parallel rows, 
one near the base consisting of two parts, one across centre of cell of 
three parts, one at end of cell of three parts not extending across wing; 
towards and parallel with outer border a row stretching across wing, and a 
sub-marginal one of very small bands. 

Secandaries—With the bands in curved irregular rows, making with 
the marginal one—which is Somewhat crenated—four, without counting — 
some basalspots, In the anal angle and between the two median branches 
a round black spot nearly surrounded with orange band. 


Y UPPERSIDE as in g, but‘with somewhat less blue ; the black spots 
and light blue crescents in outer margin of secondaries being continued to 
apical angle. 

UNDERSIDE as in ¢ 

Abdomen and thorax, upperside, black ; beneath light grey. 
Exp.—g 13 lines; ? 13} lines. Hab.—Brisbane. Coll,—Lucas. 


In this species the difference in contour of wings between the 
sexes is strongly defined. 


Genus—LIPHYRA ( Westw.) 
L. Brassouis (Westw). 


Proc. Ent. Soc. p. 31 (1864). 


Sterosis. Robusta, Feld.—Reise, Nov. Lep. II. p. 219, 0. 3 37, : 
t. 27, f. 10, 11 (1865). 


LEPIDOPTERA (RHOPOLOCERA), BY W. H. MISKIN, F.E.S. 265 


lL, B. Butler—Trans. Lin. Soe. Ser. 2, Vol. I. p. 546 (1877). 
Distant.—Rhop. Malay. p. 204, t, XXII. f. 18 ° (1884). 


As the hitherto published descriptions and figures (?s only, 
excepting a very brief description of the ¢ by Distant) of this very 
extraordinary Lycznoid butterfly do not exactly correspond with 
Australian specimens, [ think a description of some examples that 


have come under my notice may be useful. 


Two specimens in my own collection, both és, are from Cook- 
town and Cardwell (N. Queensland) respectively ; and I have in 
addition, for examination, a pair representing both sexes from 
Thursday Island, contained in the collection of Dr. Lucas, of 
Brisbane, the ¢ being a rather smaller example than the two 
Queensland insects, and the an apparently light coloured 
variety. 

¢ UPPERSIDE.—/rimaries—Basal area, except costa, to just beyond 
commencement of 3rd median branch extending to hind border, ochreous- 
orange ; the whole of rest of wing including costa from the base brownish 
black, the iuner margin of black area concave; within the black area 3 
spots of ochreous-yellow in a transverse curved row, one being just beyond 
the cell. the other two between the Ist and 2nd, and 2nd and 3rd median 
branches respectively. 


Contour of outer border ; straight from apex, nearly at right angle with 
costa, to lst median, where it is abruptly contracted, excavating the wing to 
a depth of one and a-half lines, and continued thence in a straight line 
to hinder angle, which is sharply rectangular. 


Secondaries—Ochreous-orange—outer border—but not reaching anal 
angle—widely dark black ; a large black patch ~vithin the cell just touching 
black marginal band, and another larger below and a little beyond this, 
also connected with band ; abdominal fold light brown; anal angle and a 
short distance up abdominal border reddish brown. Contour of outer 
border rounded to anal angle which is produced to a point or short tail 
abdominal border considerably curved away from extremity of abdomen. 


UNDERSIDE.—Primaries—Base, orange; rest of wing light shining 
brown, with a large black patch about the centre extending broadly from 
costa to 3rd median branch. 


Secondaries—Light shining brown, base of costa rufous; a rufous 


_ transverse somewhat curved band right across wing reaching apex, widest 


Eg 


une 
266 NOTES ON SOME UNDESCRIBED AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


in the middle and darkest at abdominal border ; abdominal border, below 
red band, widely silvery. 
Thorax and abdomen above orange ; beneath grey. 


Exp.—3 in. Hab.—Cooktown, Cardwell (N. Queensland, 
Thursday Island. 


? var. UPPERSIDE—Reddish orange, with the outer dark margin of 
primaries very narrow about the middle, and cxtended from the apex but 
a very short distance along costa, and about half way along hiuder margin ; ; 
the central black patch almost oblong in shape, hardly visibly divided by } 
nervures, not nearly reaching outer marginal band, 


, 

‘ 
‘yt 
w 
.- 


Secondaries —With the marginal bands only a shade darker than the 
rest of wing ; central spots—three upper ones elongate, just outside of ceil. 
other two round, between lst and 2nd and 2nd and 3rd median branches 
near their commencement. 


UNDERSIDE.—Primaries as in g; secondaries reddish fawn, the trans- 
verse band very obscure. 


Exp. 35 in. Hab.—Thursday Island, Coll.—Lucas. 


The form of the wings in ? just described, are in primaries 
somewhat faleate as in Felder’s figure ; ana in the hind wings as 


Ee a ae eee 


hereinbefore described in the ¢ except that the caudal point is 
hardly so developed. The colouring of the under wing in Distant’s 
figure more nearly resembles this specimen, 


Nore.—The Queensland lichens reported in Vol, VI. p. 115, were — 
collected chiefly under the direction of Baron F, v. Mueller, by W igh 
were eT to Geneva for eientontione, % 


Vov. VI. PU.XL 


8 8ge 


+: PUM CER 


Li: pinguis 


SECS) Aa eye 
_ eee 


[iariep ad: oF ti aahtsas> Sr 


_ 


VoLVI PU. XIT 


Phaeotremwa expansury 
fa Leptotrema atbo-coronatw 
oS i. pheosporum 1. compuncturm/ 
= 
SD, a0 
Cc) Vy 
S 


Lentorreimmam «= mo7wsS OT UM 


was 
AR 
sua 

wt. 


Clathiropor um ere, 0xaTvUsn 


C. AON YSU 


Cy Seas 


CO. PuUsldosa 


SSS ON KK 
SES 


L.. uconyotd 
4) (a\ (8 | 
AP OGG AE 
0 
L. Fusco-latea/ 
ea alee [R ' L. reractorms 
mw oe 
OQ 
L. Lorungensis 4 L. thy podermy 


CD | zs 


J Shurley dey, C.Harnonds lity. 


/YIM] SPUOULtp If '9 T?P VLE PYJINOY ff 
SIDI SILGNL SNAWWIQUAY S 


GUPTINIUDL] UOPON4O YT 1aayalal, STUMGUNIOT f 


AUS. Sid — 


TTX OT “TA 7, 


Vol. VI. Pl. XIV 


Head of Neospades hernia, De Vis. 
O# drarrn. 


C Hedley Let. 3 CEdmonds ltru 


Wow Vi, Foxe 


Heltac Por tert, Cox 


ap. 
o 


< 
SAAN 


CHedley dev. ; CKdmonds Lith. 


vo * 


* 


: nea alae pa ee 0 : ’ fas 


Royal Society of ucenslauil. 


Patron : 
His Excentency Generat Str HENRY WYLIE NORMAN, 
G.C.B : &e ; 


OFFICERS, 66a. 


President: 
C. W. De VIS, M.A 


Vice-President ;: 
HENRY TRYON. 


Treasurer : 


J. BANCROFT, M.D. 


Honorary Seeretary : 


JOHN SHIRLEY, B.Se. 


Council: 


F. M. BAILEY, F.LS. 

L. A. BERNAYS, F.L.S. 
HON. A. NORTON, M.L.A. 
W. A. TULLY, B.A., F.R.G.8. 
G. WATKINS. 


-_ 


1} 


* 
w 


AEA 


44 106 2 


7 - 
7 i" ind 
‘tape : 
=<) “s - 
¢ : 
rs 
4 - 7 
. 7 J 
t= = 
a - ‘ 
. 
. 4 ~ 
. - - 
‘ ~—— bad bd — 
ev 
* 
- « 
‘ * 4 - 
’ a bd 
’ 7 . . 
= - oa 
~~ e £ 
7 - 
: Ms ~~ —— . 
? ‘ «oh 
“/ 4 - , an = = =. ’ 
. ‘ tO - - . ¢ 
fe - bad a 
= ~« - 
; * ta aor 7 = c - . 
: “ ‘ F y . 
ope = - - 
woe ‘ : - - 
‘ + > 7 . - - 
+ ‘ . . ” 7 
ue = \ bd 7 . - 
. . « 
- . 7. ~ 
' « 
‘ a 
- . . 
* > ad y 7 + . 
- - - . 
' - . * - He! a - 
tr : 
‘ re v “ . UI - 
a . ’ 
* bos . 
F 7 - . 7 
a wl z . "e 
—- @ a « ~ 
. Aa) ue at u Py 4 . ‘ 
=o a bd bd ‘ . 
7 ‘ 1 vh . uy ‘ oh 7 ' ° 
. rn ne ok a 
~ # . « ¥ - - - ~ 7 - - 
7 - id . ——— = ~ : - * 
Lo - ~ j e a oat 7 ‘ + 
is - ee . 7 i ‘ 7 P- -4 
wees * . a ’ ken &e ° — * ~ ’ » a 
¥. - te _ * « i * - - - - - = 
. a ¥ - y se - . 
7 if ; +4 4 me a # - Mane - 
ro ‘ i» 1 = - 7 SF we . 7 oy 
oe ~ - %/ ad os = = a on F /~ > . - < 
- » * - . - om fon is a*»* , ~ 7 ~ - ‘ <i 
” * = . - » Pune 7 a ™- t- = 4 tem, ee =~ # 7 
>] s 4 - 7 mee a Cow c-m ! > = we ~ ~ ow or ton -wi # a%« . - - 
ak, ™ et a on - = =, . U = J a =< .° a ee | _ ee *. ° “ 
- : ’ i a ' me > os +e .- (oom - ~~ ~ aS & rs 
. . . ~ + ' ~< * . 
; rot hs “a : oad ns iegtt w = atm SPT RL Pe ee rae < 
* se . Pe vs - : = “s, fn . ea « a « = * e =~, w - ‘ = + 
« . oo! aera) « —— T Ome oe ‘ t= se aon © . =f ~~ * bY 
. ~ _ siete ‘. a ne > ~ + | “ue . age lS Oe ~ “ en 8 , —: - 
. ~ . 7 ne ee * ours Se | & 2one “ t > — 7 © oe —— —— - - s . 
« - SM «= .* = % :* oo 4 7 mA jn = te 7 -- = = a ae ee a! = eh. ew Se - - 
oe ~- - “ne tae de ee eS ee Pe 7 Wine oll il eT y a - = -. ie ee ed _ 
' cad Aim - a eothe Pe Ae Som gp oe 'O & od v. + 8 we. & a, 4% “OBO NE 3) te « - = 06 Qe = mn Tm a 
. 9 ¢ - a4 ww © mee ¥ 0% Olene alt at ~~ ke: em 4 ® See pe Sen «ag sky COO om TR ES oe enw 
‘ y « ny Vey ae he Tt ML re retary | aie wie we ‘ * Pe eke = 8) em, ~ «5 «-st «oa oh a = 
bad : ‘ « . a ee 7 ou - oe yy —~ tw<« i ae . ey ee a? Se 8 <a Oew . aw See i “ * . 
» « Cs a ei Mr at, 7 - eo. a= Bes —— & are ~Tete& 96 wer ~ - eo Cn ee ee > 
‘ ' =e ad —_— a ie™ Pe os - =» "y . ole al ed - - - . alow a) - ad a i hd 
* 1 ~~ Pm a tw oo > — < iting eel a eee — 5 > sien 4 eo “ Po _ 
a 7 = * P _ -* wk ek, oe. sl Se aw ~~ a a Oe» ew A Re ek me oy Cet ” 
. Me - == é = 4 ae hall . ~ nan o. ~Ares, eh <a a . — eet © m= sie é- Weed . 
‘ - ar » fe Fe ee ee i ae -e Se cn a. es pe « See ee = fe Sy Se LD re ee yt em me we ry 
> « - “Ay io i ee Feb om Lt ae ~~ Pe ee ear mee ee a oe oe a ee ee ot ete ~ lt ge me - - 
= i - ae oO ty 4? sm) ae 5 ete of " « - ~~ s = -f © - ty - Tee ee ew rt Pa ~~ -* “—T- = a a - 
s i A * tf i, A peee . 3°) me Mt ore ea oe a © 2 en — & 1A Tete) i Qe Oy oe Te He ee ge = oot wigan = - an = ~ 
‘ 3 7 re scar eam -— pam ye ieee name pied Ae oe $2 ome jo 1 eee Sb~auwe ap.’ ~ oe a = - 7 
a acs +. ame | “SS Pe Gee. 4k. ee eey es SH sree ee Oe ke Me ee gee ee Oe ee ere en ee oe wy ~-, eX _ ee eR eee * a s - 
e4 — . wee 3 e 2.38 = Be "i om ghee wa - + = i ee ee es Oy A he itary SO Ot Pe mm, ey Ge gt Ow FO ee ee a Mate + 
” “A me A en 7 ee ti, 9 he. PEO? ww ret ~* Ft OS RW rh 8 6d tages ew odd bh iedetieetinds teh ithe a eee ms ee 8 ae 8 ee Dt ye Fw ww - 
- “t= = 4» ea i ae SR Oe a Py te, ee = Hy Eee OE, Gt ey Batten eg em er ee ee oe @) et» Me Oni OF AR cml geting ym +t 41 ed ~ 
® ane ° a tm Hoe © 6 ee Whe. 05" i a ne Se eens =f in oh ot ee ee —— yt ON ae & eg ee Se lek en tole a a ee ee nee = = oa . 
_ * . a oe ee ce ary? © “—— + ~——+ ve ~~ - elgg age teh Se OR ERIE ee Ob ge nn SF Gre SEI) Oph See OM hewn es —s ee a i es wo“ bes ad 
+S «= =~ | ge ” i, he ene ee “ ~*~ PE mt tig Ore “~ ~ ee, « » See, & ~ e- oy = oe 
= ten? = oneal be ee tT My et de tw te enn el ge viahe Meemgh ee ay ee ee ott + . “~~ b+ wes este ee 
“ * vt S64 eas ey id save brent Lng y Foe eRyen, Fe NO 6 omg eet lee el . a a ~ = OO we OO Oe ee ye ee = . 
. wet . a) 7) eee ~ ee eo ae a as > ew “yw te ov SP 6m « ye ae rr ~ ere ee £E = ee yt * 
. a4 . om foe =h) 20 e~ oo aa ted Cem Arend e te @ = -"eb-w a Pe NG A ly gm FH legge? ee EO ee eek Re oe pee Yee i4, ay — 
4 e ob "a0 wl % 7 ha — OOO 1d we eh is A Te ee me A ee ee gy eh —~ =o te : = wo Sg ime a - _ 
r. a Cg ame we Poe ee, Se Ce el te eet Se ee OWI Bg” im ee SG EE OS Se Sm Ne tke me me oye 744 toytee= © ~ iad 
° « we i Sn ee ee ee ee OE Fe ee eee D+ 5 a 928 in diel 
90+, 4 . ~ eo ie itl ae eee es Cee ee LT ae ore ee PAS AL re et why oP kee ee * Te we Le 
te Mer ©) eyes | om J - i en a e ee = + Ie we 4 
dO eter 8) © og8 ge am ee. ~. are a ie r« 
i a + « o Pt hee “ig 4 , ate tea Te wee . 
ther 6 tag Met te 4g ere) tank ts ve ae Oe ee et = = @ 
Oe oe Ole ht ge oo ied aeeeded Se Oe teat . 
RHP O Be ey Bm mare © 7st e@AE toh Fm Oe lame ay 7 ove 
se Mibhedhasdibbiet atten tk ee t <4: page: =-—o eh oo b 
pS Nene te Th oe ori) am ate hy oS ee, wey eo ‘ 
Ad pe ene A ies A etd ete ee -——* ‘e @e«a 
ee ee gt § eee e 
ot 2 OEP me ere y oe eh ee te 
is a Td 7“. 6 lirase 
Qo Se eo