Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Ernst Mayr Library

of the Museum of

Comparative Zoology

LIBRARY

^^^ 4 2006

LIBRARY
PROCEEDINGS JUL I o 1992

of the I 1 . _

, HARVARD
San Diego Society of NatuMI^PfiBRSIjrY

Founded 1X74

Numbers 1 June 1992

Vascular Plants of a Desert Oasis: Flora and Ethnobotany of Quitobaquito,
Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona

Richard S. Felger

Diylaihls Insliliilc. 2509 N. Campbell #1 76. Tucson. Arizona H57I9

Peter L. Warren. L. Susan Anderson

The Arizona Nature Conservancy. MIO E. University Blvd., Suite 230. Tucson, Arizinia .H5705

Gary P. Nabhan

Desert Botanical Garden. 1201 N. Galvm Parkway. Phoenix. Arizona HS008

ABSTRACT. — A dependable supply ol fresh water in an arid region, the Quitobaquito Oasis has been a crossroads ot cultural activity as well as
a center of biological dynamism and diversity. The study area includes approximately 350 hectares surrounding a series of spnngs along a fault on
the south side of the Quitobaquito Hills along the U.S. -Mexico border in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. Arizona. The area straddles the
boundary of Shreve's Arizona Upland and Lower Colorado Valley subdivisions of the Sonoran Desert. The vascular plant flora includes 271 species
in 198 genera and 63 families; in addition, a nuinber of plants were formerly cultivated at this desert oasis. The Quitobaquito region supports
approximately 45% of the total flora of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, although the area constitutes only about 3.59; of the total area of the
monument. Thirty-five species are wetland plants. Thirty-three species are not native to the region. The flora of the Quitobaquito region is dynamic:
major vegetational and floristic changes have been due to human influences, which continue today. Minor changes and local immigrations and
extinctions, especially in the non-wetland areas, are influenced by environmental factors such as winter freezing and fluctuations in rainfall. This
flora includes indigenous Sonoran Tohono O'odham and Hia C-ed O'odham names and uses for plants at Quitobaquito. This is the first time such
ethnobotanical information has been made available concerning the westernmost Piman speakers. We urge that cultural as well as biological
processes be considered further in planning the long-term conservation and management of Quitobaquito,

RESUMEN. — Una fuente confiable de agua dulce en una region arida es el oasis de Quitobaquito. Este ha sido un lugar de paso de la actividad
humana, al igual que un centro de cambio y diversidad biologica. El area de estudio incluye aproximadamente 3,50 hectareas alrededor de un serie de
manantialcs en la falla que se encuentra al surde las lomas de Quitobaquito, a lo largo de la frontera EUA-Mexico, en el Organ Pipe Cactus National
Monument, Arizona. El area se encuentra en la frontera entre las subdivisiones "Arizona Upland" y "Lower Colorado Valley" del Desierto
Sonorense, de Shreve. La flora de plantas vasculares incluye 271 especies, en 198 generos y 63 familias, Ademas, en este oasis desertico se
cultivaban varias plantas por los natives. La region de Quitobaquito contiene aproximadamente 45%^ de la flora total del Organ Pipe Cactus National
Monument, aunque su superficie constituye solo alrededor del 3.5% del area total de este parque. Treinta y cinco especies son plantas de humedales.
Treinta y tres especies no son nativas de la region. La flora de la region de Quitobaquito es dinamica: cambios muy importanles en la vegetacion y
la flora se han debido a la influencia humana, misma que atin continua. Cambios menores e inmigraciones y extinciones locales, especialmente en las
areas fuera de los humedales, estan influenciados por factores ambientales como heladas y sequi'as. Esta flora incluye nombres y usos Hia C-ed
O'odham (Papagos occidemales). Esta es la primera vez en la que esta informacion etnobotanica de los pima mas occidentales se publica. Se hace un
llamado urgente a que los procesos biologicos y culturales sean considerados al planear la conservacion y manejo a largo plazo de Quitobaquito.

INTRODUCTION

natural and cultural processes leading to its accumulation.

Quitobaquito is a legendary place, a shaded oasis in the desert. A series of springs lies along a fault on the south side of the

Because it provides dependable water in the central portion of the Quitobaquito Hills in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, in

Sonoran Desert, it has consistently been a crossroads of human western Pima County, Arizona. These springs are. from large to

activity since early prehistoric times. These same factors have made small. Quitobaquito. Williams (Rinciin). Aguajita, and Burro; there

it a center of biological dynamism and accuinulated diversity. Con- are also a few smaller springs and seeps. Although Quitobaquito is

serving this diversity is dependent upon an understanding of both the best known of the springs in the region, the other associated

Richard S. Felger el al.

springs are also biolically important. Quitobaquito has the greatest
flow of the springs in the complex and has been affected the most
by people. Because of its unusual hydrological, ecological, and
cultural features, the area has been recognized as a special manage-
ment area by the National Park Service.

Our flora covers the Quitobaquito management area of approxi-
mately 350 hectares, defined by the international border with
Mexico on the south, the crest of the Quitobaquito Hills on the
north. Aguajita Wash on the east, and the first wash west of Wil-
liams Spring on the west (Figs. 1 and 2). Theelesation spans 120 m,
from 310 m on the international border to 430 ni at the crest of the
Quitobaquito Hills. The area lies along the interface of Shreve's
(1951 ) Arizona Upland and Lower Colorado Valley subdivisions of
the Sonoran Desert. The United States-Mexico boundary now sepa-
rates a major portion of the fields formerly irrigated with water
from Quitobaquito from the area covered in this flora ( Fig. 3 ). In the
early 1990s this portion of old field was still discemable as partially
barren ground isolated along the south side of Mexico Highway 2
(Fig. 3).

A fault running parallel to the springs separates two different
rock types; well-fractured granite to the east and dense fine-grained
rock to the west. The dense impermeable material on the west side
has created a dam stopping the movement of underground water.
The water table intersects the surface at Quitobaquito because the
unfractured rock to the south acts as an underground dam. Exten-
sive light-colored carbonate clay spring deposits are found in the
areas surrounding the several springs (Brown et al.. 1983; Cole and
Whiteside. 1965)'.

The area covered by this flora is drained by a series of dry
washes that generally lead southwest to the floodplain of the Ri'o
Sonoyta in adjacent Sonora. Aguajita Wash is the largest wash in
our region: it drains an extensive area including the western
portion of the La Abra Plain and the eastern and northern slopes
of the Quitobaquito Hills. On the Sonora side of the interna-
tional border fence Aguajita Wash passes El Papalole, a restau-
rant and bus and truck stop on the south side of Mexico Highway
2, and joins the Rio Sonoyta about 4 km south of El Papalote
(Fig. 2).

Springs such as those at Quitobaquito are unusual in the Sonoran
Desert, and contrast dramatically with the relatively sparse sur-
rounding desert scrub. The springs and the artificial pond below il
support a diversity of wetland plants and animal life not found in
the surrounding desert (Cole and Whiteside, 1965; Huey, 1942;
John.sone/a/., 1983; Kingsley and Bailowitz, 1987; Kingsley era/..

ed Stoles

Organ Pipe Cactus
Notional Monument

r'

STUDY AREA

Figure I. Location of slucly area.

Figure 2. Quitobaquito and vicinity.

1987). Quitobaquito is a premier locale for eco-tourism. especially
bird-watching (Johnson cl al.. 1983). The wetlands and surrounding
mesquite woodland support such breeding birds as the Yellow-
breasted Chat (Icteria vireiis). Hooded Oriole (Icterus ciuiillalii.s).
Vemiilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus nihiniis). and Western King-
bird (Tyraniius verticalis), as well as many migrants that are absent
or rare in the surrounding desert scrub (Johnson cl al.. 1983). The
pond supports populations of the Sonoran Mudturtle (Kinoaternon
soiiiiiicii.sc) and Desert Pupfish (Cypiiiiodoii maciilariiis). the latter
an endemic subspecies (C m. eremus) known only from
Quitobaquito and not found in the nearby Ri'o Sonoyta (Miller and
Fuiman, 1987).

Climate

Quitobaquito is on the fringe of the Lower Colorado Valley, the
most arid region of North America. Rainfall is biseasonal. Winter-
spring rains are usually gentle rains of cyclonic stonns originating
in the Pacific Ocean. Suinmer rains are convective thunderstorms,
often highly localized and violent. In September or October, tropi-
cal stomis (chubascos) can, on occasion, bring large amounts of
rain into the area. The nearest station for which long-term precipita-
tion data are available is Sonoyta. Sonora. where the annual average
for 18 years, from 1949 to 1967, was 195.6 mm (Hastings and
Humphrey, 1969). Annual average rainfall at Aguajita Wash from
1982 lo 1990 was 266 mm (Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument,
unpublished data). To the south and west precipitation declines
sharply: the 30-year average at Puerto Pefiasco, just 65 km to the
southwest, is only 85.6 mm.

In many respects the unpredictability of rainfall is probably of

Flora and HlhnoboUiny oryiiilobaquUo

CJ

Fence Line
Irrigation Ditch
Fig Tree

Figure 3. The Quitobaquito setllement in 1945.

greater significance to plant life in the area than yearly averages
(Ezcurra and Rodrigues, 1986). For example. 134 mm. TO'X of the
annual average, was recorded at Aguajita Wash in just one day. 20
August 1988 (Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, unpublished
data). Yet in 1989 a six-month drought ensued.

Summers are long and hot. Average maximum daily tempera-
ture exceeds 38°C (IOO°F) during June, July, and August, and
maximum daily temperatures exceeding 38°C are common from
late April to early October (Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument,
unpublished data). For the non-riparian plants the late spring and
early summer drought together with high temperatures can be se-
verely litniting, all the more so during years when summer rains are
unusually meager

The lack of severe frosts is a critical factor that permits a
number of frost-sensitive species with subtropical affinities to sur-
vive in the region. The new weather station in Aguajita Wash
recorded 22 days with overnight temperatures below 0°C during the
winter of 1988-89, and temperatures remained below freezing in
excess of eleven hours on just two of those days. However, for
certain highly frost-sensitive species even these moderate freezing
temperatures are severely limiting. Species that appear to be limited
by freezing weather include Jalnipha cinerea, Hyplis emovyi,
Lophocereus schntlii. and Sapiiini hilocnUire.

Landforms and Vegetation

Several studies document the vegetation of Quitobaquilo and
the surrounding area. The vegetation of the entire monument was
described and mapped on a general scale by Warren el al. (1981 ).
Nabhan et al. (1982) and Reichhardt el al. (1983) examined the
vegetation of Quitobaquito in more detail, establishing pemianeni
sampling transects in each of the major habitats near the oasis.
Aerial photos used for this study are deposited at the Office of Arid
Lands Studies of the University of Arizona. These studies com-
pared the tloristic and vegetational diversity of Quitobaquito and
Quitovac, an O'odham-controlled but analagous oasis 33 km south
of Sonoyta in northwestern Sonora. The physical structure of the
mesquite bosque at Quitobaquito was documented by Brown and
Warren ( 1986). Vegetational changes in the Quitobaquito manage-
ment area between 1975 and 1984 were documented photographi-
cally and with permanent plots by Warren and Anderson (1987).
The vegetation showed substantial recovery from grazing, which
ceased in 197H. The vegetation of the nearby Pinacate region in
northwestern Sonora was analyzed by Ezcurra ct al. ( 1987).

Six major habitats are discernible in the Quitobaquito area:
rocky slopes, gravelly bajadas, wetlands, washes, alkaline fiats, and
old fields.

Richard S. Felger et al.

Rockx slopes. The Quitobaquito Hills form tlie most extensive
of the six habitats. This habitat is characterized by shallow, rocky
soil v\ ith numerous rock outcrops. The predominant rocks are meta-
morphic granitic gneisses. Differences in slope exposure, steep-
ness, soil depth, and drainage patterns contribute to local differ-
ences in community makeup. Conspicuous perennials include

Ambrosia delloidea
A. ilumosa
Atripliw polycarpa
Ctilliandra eriophyUa
Carnegiea giganlca
Cercidiiim microphyUiim
Chiimuesyce pnlycarpa
Cheitunlhes deserii
C staiidleyi
Diki.xis laiKcnlahi
Echinocereus engelmannii
Encelia farinosa
Eriogonum inflanim
Erioneiimn pidchelliim
Fugonia califoniica

Bajadas. The coarse well-drained soils of the bajada extend
along a gradient from the foot of the rocky hills to the valley
bottom. One can distinguish two intergrading bajada habitats. The
upper bajada has coarser, rockier soils than the sandy flats of the
lower bajada. The gradient from rocky hillsides to valley bottom is
shorter at Quitobaquito than in many other Sonoran Desert bajadas
because of the narrow valley through which the Ri'o Sonoyta passes
south of the Quitobaquito Hills. Characteristic perennials include

Ferocaclus cylindraceiis
F. emoryi

Fouquieria splendens
Hibiscus demidatus
Jalropha cuneata
Krameria grayi
Lanea dirwicata
Lycitim andersonii
Mammdlaria i>rahamii
Opuntici acanlhocarpa
O. bigeUnii
Porophyllum i;racile
Sienoceieiis ibmberi
Tri.xis califoniicus

Machaeranthera coiilten
Mammilhiria graluimii
M. thornberi
Obieya tesota
Opuntia acanlhocarpa
O.fulgida
O. kunzei

Orobanche cooperi
Prosopis velulina
Ziziphiis obiusifoliiis

Ambrosia deltoidea
A. diimosj
Airiplex linearis
A. polycarpa

Echinocerciis eni^clmannii
Hymenoclea salsola
Isocoma acradenia
Krameria i;rayi
Larrea divaricala
Lyciiim andersonii
L. fremonlii

Wetlands. The pond at Quitobaquito, covering 0.22 ha and about
1 m deep, is supplied with water from springs on the hillside north
of the pond; there are many seeps along this hillside but only two
main springs. From these springs water flowed about 100 m through
open ditches to the pond, and at a later date portions of the ditch
were replaced by underground pipes (Fig. 3). In 1989 the small
ditch leading from the spring to the pond was rebuilt and lined with
ferrocement, and the two main springs were encased in cement and
covered with locked metal gates. Spring flow is reported to be about
125 liters per minute of rather alkaline water with an average
temperature of about 23°C at the springs. Natural springs are rare in
the region, and a cluster of four is unique.

The soil around the springs (at least prior to 1989) and at the
pond is always moist and alkaline. Although conditions vary some-
what from spring to spring, the wetland habitat at each is basically
similar. The wetland plants are listed below. Asterisks indicate non-
native species.

Anemopsis ealifornica
Baccharis salicifolia
Cenlaiiriiim calyciisiim
*Cynodon ductyloii
Cyperus laevii;alus
C. sqitarrosits
DisUchlis spicara
*Eclipia proslrala
Eleocharis carihaea
E. roslellala

Nilrnphila occidentalis
Phrafimiies ansiralis
Pliicheu odorala
P. sericea
*Poa annua

*Polypof>on monspeliensis
*P. viridis
Populiis fremonlii
Poramofjelon peclinalus
Prosopis pubescens

Eusloma exallalum
Heliorropiiim ciiias.saviciim
Jiinciis bahicus
J. biifonius
./. cooperi
Myosiinis minimus
Najas marina

Salix gooddingii
Scirpus americanus
Sporoboliis airoides
* Tamari.x ramosissima
Typha domingensis
Veronica pcregrina
Zannichellia palustris

Washes. The broad wash and its floodplain with smaller braided
washes coursing through Aguajita is especially notable for its rich
vegetation. This major wash drains a large watershed from the north
and in flood can carry large quantities of water. The density and
diversity of desert ephemerals can be high. In addition, there are
several much smaller washes in the Quitobaquito. Williams, and
Burro springs areas. Characteristic perennials of washes and their
floodplains include

Acacia greggii
Acalypha ealifornica
Ambrosia ambrosioides
A. confeniflora
A . deltoidea
Arisfolochia watsonii
Airiplex polycarpa
Bebbia juncea
Capparis atamisqiiea
Carlowrighlia arizonica
Cercidium floridum
Condalia globosa
Hymenoclea monogvra
H. salsola

Hymenothri.x wislizenii
Hyplis emoryi

Isocoma acradenia
Lyciiim andersonii
L. fiemonlii
L. parishii
Lyrocarpa coulteri
Machaeranthera coulteri
Nicotiana Irigonophylla
Olneya tesota
Opuntia leptocaulis
Orobanche cooperi
Petalony.x thurberi
Prosopis velutina
Psorothamnus spinosus
Sarcostemma cynanchoides
Stephanomeria pauciflora
Ziziphus obtusifolius

Alkaline flats. Alkaline tlats with seasonally wet soil occur near
the larger springs. Quitobaquito and Williains. Characteristic spe-
cies include

Aster intricatus
Atriple.x lentiformis
A. linearis
A. polycarpa
Calibrachoa parviflora
Distichlis spicata
Heliotropium curassavicum
Isocoma acradenia

Juncus halticus
J. cooperi

Machaeranthera coulteri
Nitrophila occidentalis
Opuntia fulgida
Sporobohis airoides
Suaeda moquinii
Wislizenia refracta

Old fields. Abandoned agricultural fields and orchards in low-
lying tlats were irrigated by a system of ditches from the springs at
Quitobaquito. The old field immediately below the dam at
Quitobaquito pond now supports a young stand of mesquite, a few
Capparis atamisqiiea shrubs, and remnants of the fig and pome-
granate groves. Another part of the old fields, immediately west of
the young mesquite grove, is being colonized by desert trees and
shrubs, such as Acacia and Cercidium. and small populations of
vigorously growing plants of seven species of cacti. The fields also
extended into Mexico (see Fig. 3). Perennials in the old fields
include

Acacia greggii
.Ambrosia confeniflora
A. deltoidea
,\lriple\ linearis

A. polycarpa
Baccharis salicifolia

B. sarotbroides
Capparis atamisquea
Carnegica gigunlea
Cercidium floridum
Condalia globosa
Cynodon dactvlon
Distichlis spicata
Echinocereus engelniannii

Isocoma acradenia

Lyciumfremontii

L. macrodon

L. parishii

Lvrocarpa coulteri

Machaeranthera cinilteri

Mammdlaria grahamii

Opuntia acanthocarpa

O.fulgida

O. engelniannii

Pluchea sericea

Prosopis gtandulosa

P. velutina

Punica granatum

Flora and Hlhnobolany olQiiltobaqimo

Encclia fiirinosa
Fcrocacliis emoryi
Flats carica

HeUotfopiitm ciirassuviciinf
Hxmcnmiea sahola

Sunastemma cMuuichoides
SphaeraUeii emoryi
Sk'iiocereiis ihmheri
Tamarix ramosissima
Ziziplms ohtiisifoliKs

CiiltLiral History and Anthropogenic Inlluences on Vegetation

To the casual visitor the Quitobaquilo area may seem a pristine
wilderness, except tor the sporadic roar of trucks and buses passing
along nearby Mexico Highway 2. In tact, the site has a long and
varied cultural history of land use and modification by people of
diverse ethnic backgrounds. Over the last several thousand years it
has probably experienced few periods w ithout human occupation as
long as the current period initiated in 1957 with the eviction of the
O'odham. Changes continue to occur owing to current management
practices, or lack thereof, and colonization by non-native weedy
plants from nearby agricultural and urban areas in Mexico.

The Quitobaquito area was the oldest continuously occupied
locality in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument until 19.57. The
Paleoindian period (lO.OOO-SOOO B.C.) is represented by San
Dieguilo 1 (SD I) artifacts. Julian Hayden's archeological recon-
naissance located these SD I stone tools, thought to have been used
in woodworking, near now-extinct springs.

Occupation of the Quitobaquito region during the Archaic pe-
riod (7000 B.C. to A.D. 150) has been documented by limited
surveys of the area (Teague. 1977; Rankin, 1989). Two hunting and
gathering traditions, the Amargosa of southeastern California and
the Cochise of southeastern Arizona, have been identified in the
Monument. Projectile points of both .Archaic traditions have been
recovered from the Quitobaquito region (Rankin 1989).

Continued use of the Quitobaquito region during the prehistoric
ceramic period (300 B.C. -A.D. 1400) is indicated by artifacts affili-
ated with three distinct cultural groups. Hohokam presence is indi-
cated by locally produced plain-ware ceramics and red-on-buff
ceramics from the Phoenix basin and red-on-brown ware from the
Tucson basin. Use of the area by the Trincheras culture, from the
Altar Valley of Sonora, is indicated by Trincheras purple-on-red
ceramics. The occurrence of Lower Colorado buff wares indicates
use by Patayan groups from the Lower Colorado River Valley. The
varied ceramics left in these extensive sites indicate a great deal of
cultural mixing. The sites contain many rock clusters cracked by
roasting fires. The high frequency of obsidian and marine shells
indicates that Quitobaquito was a major stop on the trade network
of prehistoric people.

Historically, the Hia C-ed O'odham (the Westem or "Sand"
Papago) had a major village in the vicinity of Quitobaquito. The
springs were a rest stop for the Tohono O'odham (Central Papago)
on the salt pilgrimage to the Gulf of California. The occupations
and modifications by earlier people, especially Hohokam, Hia C-ed
O'odham, Tohono O'odham, European, and Mexican-American
cultures, have dramatically affected the biota. The history of the
Quitobaquito region has been summarized by Hoy ( 1970a), Greene
(1977), Bell et al. (1980), Nabhan (1982), and Bennett and
Kunzmann (1989). Hia C-ed O'odham oral history has been re-
corded by Anderson et al. ( 1982) and Zepeda ( 1985). Other sources
containing historical information on the area include Bryan ( 1925).
Bun-US (1971), Childs (1954), Clotts (1915). Fontana (1974).
Hackenberg (1964). Hornaday (1908). Hoy (1970a. b, c), Ives
(1966), Jones (1969), Lumholtz (1912). McGee (1898, 1901), and
Thomas (1 963).

According to Juan Joe Cipriano, a fomier O'odham resident, the
O'odham influences on the vegetation and flora included periodic
burning, brush clearing, plowing, transplanting wild and cultivated
plants, livestock grazing, irrigating, and harvesting wild plants
(Nabhan <7 al.. 1989). It has been argued elsewhere that nati\e
management of the oasis habitat has enriched the flora and avifauna

(Nabhan (7 (v/., 1982; Rea ('/<//.. 1983) through both direct introduc-
tions and by creating relatively openly spaced wetland niches by
managing the dynamics of ecological succession. Some of these
influences persist at Quitobaquito in the form of remnant pome-
granate, fig, and cottonwood plantings.

'A'al Waippia, "little springs" or "little wells," is the Hia C-ed
O'odham name for Quitobaquito. In 1698 and 1699 the Jesuit
explorer/missionary Padre Eusebio Kino visited the settlement of
'A'al Waippia and called it San Sergio. Kino estimated that 1000
people li\ed in the Sonoyta valley area (Burrus. 1971 ). During the
niid-18()0s Mexican settlers began moving into the area, and in
1850 an estimated 250 acres were under cultivation in the Rio
Sonoyta valley. The history of settlement at Quitobaquito is one of
coming and going, and the area was probably always somewhat
peripheral to the more extensive agricultural areas and settlements
along the nearby Ri'o Sonoyta. Quitobaquito continues to be visited
by the O'odham, who regard it as culturally important.

The first European Americans also began to settle in the area in
the iTiid-1850s. The dam and ditches developing the pond at
Quitobaquito were built by an American. Andrew Dorsey. in ap-
proximately 1860 — or at least he improved the flelds. ditches, and
diversions developed by earlier inhabitants. In 1887 the Orozco
family, who were Hia C-ed O'odham, settled at Quitobaquito, and
remained until 1957, when the last resident family member, Jim
Orozco, was bought out by the Park Service (Figs. 4, 5, 6. 7). When
the well-known explorers of the Pinacate region, Daniel T.
MacDougal and William T. Hornaday. visited Quitobaquito in 1907.
they found eight houses, of which only four were occupied
(Hornaday, 1908). The last historical residences at Quitobaquito
were removed by the Park Service in 1960 and 1961 when the
Orozco and other buildings were destroyed (Greene, 1977; Hoy,
1970c).

From ancient times until about the end of World War II many
travelers passed through or stopped at the Quitobaquilo oasis
(Lumholtz. 1912; McGee, 1901; Mason, 1963). The water and
gentle shade must have been a welcome respite on the route west
from Sonoyta along the Caniino del Diablo, which became infa-
mous during the nineteenth century. It was the major route followed
by Sonorans and others traveling to Yuma and California, and it
played a prominent role in the California gold rush of 1848 and
1 849. After Santo Domingo and Agua Dulce. only a few kilometers
west of Quitobaquito, there was no water for more than 60 km until
the trail reached El Tule and finally Tinajas Altas.

Cattle, introduced into the region at the end of the seventeenth
century, thrived on the once lush vegetation in riparian habitats,
such as those along the Rio Sonoyta. From time to time grazing
pressure intensified in the Quitobaquito region, especially during
the latter part of the nineteenth century and the first six or seven
decades of the lv\enticth century. There were cattle, horses, burros,
and now and then probably some goats. The Gray family had a
cattle ranch in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument from 1919
until 1978. when cattle grazing in the monument ceased (Hoy.
1970b). The area immediately surrounding the pond at
Quitobaquito was fenced in 1961 to exclude cattle. Part of the Gray
family's holdings included Aguajita Spring. Concerning .Aguajita.
Bobby Gray (//; Hoy. 197()bl recounted. "We been working that
place since the 1920s. Corral there is made out of mesquile. Indians
and Mexicans worked together and they would catch those wild
horses and their horses together We'd catch our cattle there. ... It
was impossible to sleep there, there was so damn many burros at
night. I mean hundreds of them. Aguajita is a flowing spring."

From time to time during the late nineteenth century a grain mill
and small store functioned at Quitobaquito (Greene. 1977;
Hackenberg. 1864). Storekeepers and mill operators included .An-
drew Dorsey. Jose Lorenzo Sestier. Albert Steinfeld, and J. C.
Watennan. Mikul Levy, who had mining interests and several stores

Richard S. Felger et al.

.W.^i^Cd-

rr^ar^tr

Figure 4. Quitobaquito. looking southeast. Adobe home of Jose Juan Orozco in center (5 in Fig. 3). lenl-frame structure of Bureau of Animal Industries
on left, another such tent-frame structure (3 in Fig. 3) on right. Alkali flats in foreground, cottonwood trees near houses and pond in background. Photo by
William R. Supemaugh. 8 December 1950; counesy Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (photo file 51A).

in the Sonoyla region, had one of his stores "out east in the flat a
short distance from the Quitobaquito pond. |It] was active from
about 1 888 to 1892" (Hoy. 1970a).

Both annual and perennial crops probably were grown at
Quitobaquito and along the nearby Ri'o Sonoyta both prior to and
after Kino"s visit in the late seventeenth century. Oral histories,
spanning the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century,
tell of a number of crops grown at Quitobaquito ( Bell et al., 1980;
Hoy. 197()a,b; Zepeda, 1985). Williams had a stnall garden at the
spring that bears his name and perhaps also at Burro Springs; in the
early twentieth century Williams "fanned and mostly made whis-
key" (Bobby Gray, //; Hoy. 197()b). These various reports tell of the
following plants cultivated at the oasis:

Alfalfa (MedUaxo saliva}. Clotts ( mi.SiTfi) recorded "a small field of about
8 acres of alfalfa," al Quitobaquito, and that "most of this field is on the
Mexican side." Bryan ( 1 925:427) likewise reported "a small weed-grown
alfalfa field" on the Mexican side of the border.

Beans: pinto, red iPha.scolus \iiii;aiis)

Black-eyed peas (IV,i;h<; unaiiiciilata)

Cane sorghum USi/i\i;hiim hicoloi)

Cantaloupes iCiiciimi.s nicio)

Chilies, green chile {Capsicum aniuiKm)

Date palms (Phoenix dactylifera). There are vague references to dates at
Quitobaquito, but no date palms are evident in any of the early photo-
graphs. Perhaps the reference is to Quitovac in Sonora or along the Rio
Sonoyla.

Figs (Ficiis carica). See species account (Moraceae).

Grapes (Vitis vinifera)

Maize (com) iZea mays). "Much com, manv different kinds" (B. Melvin, in
Zepeda, 1985:57, 59).

Onions (Allium cepa)

Pear (Pyrus communis)

Peaches (Prunus pcrsica). "Little peaches" (Betty Miller, in Zepeda.
1985:34-36).

Pomegranates (Punka granaliim). See species account (Punicaceae).

Squash, pumpkins (Cucurhita spp.). "Many kinds" (B. Melvin, in Zepeda,
1985:57.59).

Tepary beans (Phaseolus aculifolius)

Watercress (Naslunium officinale). See species account (Brassicaccae).

Watemielon (Cilrullus lanalus)

Wheal (Trilicum aesrivum). There was a mill for grinding wheal; the wheel
was turned with a burro (Betty Miller, in Zepeda. 1985:34-36; also see
Hoy. 1970a). However, some or most of the wheat milled at Quitobaquito
may have been from other fields in the nearby Sonoyta Valley.

Ilia C-ed 0"odhatii oral histories of Quitobaquito paint vivid
impressions of the oasis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth

Flora and Elhnobotany ol Quitobaquilo

. ""^^ ^^

lefei^',

-"'ig:'

Figure 5. Quitobaquito. home of Jose Juan Orozco on right, looking south-southwest. Larger trees are Cottonwood (Popiilus fremonlii). other trees are
mesquite [Pmsopis velutinu): the pond is on left. The car, bearing a U.S. Government license plate, is probably Williain Supcmaugh's Park Service vehicle;
Orozco's transportation, a buckboard, is beneath the two large mesquites to the left of the car. In 1990 the large mesquite near the buckboard was dead but
still standing, and the smaller mesquite to the right of the buckboard but left of the car was still living. Photo by Frank Pinkley, J. Miller, and Nat Dodge, May
1939; courtesy Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (photo file 2644).

centuries. "There were many houses there, only a few were mud
(adobe), the majority of them were grass houses made of grasses,
creosote bushes, and cactus ribs" (Miguel Velasco. in Zepeda,
1985:23), These dome-shaped houses had frames made from oco-
tillo and cactus ribs (probably mostly from sahuaro) and roofing or
shading ("screen") of green creosotebush and grasses (Betty Miller.
ill Zepeda. 1983:34-36). "Many Indians lived in this area, because
there was plenty of water and the Indians farmed, , . , The Indians
made a canal and dam to gather the water that seeps from the
mountain" (Miguel Velasco, //; Bell er al.. 1980:60, 61), "They
planted com. wheat, chile, and there was also a pear tree. It was
very beautiful. 1 just visited 'A"al Waippia recently, and it doesn't
look anything like it used to be" (Hillman Ortega. //; Bell cl al..
1980:66). "The old man Jose Jim Orozco had a beautiful fami there.
He planted wheat, squash, and green chile" (Vacila Luna, in Bell
et al.. 1980:69). Both the Hia C-ed O'odhatn and Tom Childs. Jr..
planted wheat, com. squash, watermelon, and beans (Molly Jim
Orozco, in Bell et al.. 1980:87). The Hia C-ed O'odham traveled
specifically to Quitobaquito to get fresh fruit and garden vegetables
(Zepeda. 198.5),

When Orozco's holdings were surveyed sometime around 1950.
the survey map (see Fig, 3) showed "4,175 feet of irrigation
ditches. . , , 1). double tent frame (Bureau of Animal Industry),
2), . , , shack made of scrap tin, 3). tent frame (Bureau of Animal
Industry), 4), corral (36'x 33'). 5). two adobe houses, 6). out house.
7). remains of stone shed (in Mexico). X). former home of Jim
Orozco (made of saguaro ribs — completely fallen apart). 9), 1000
ft. of Bureau of Animal Industry pipe line — two faucets — 3/4" pipe.

10), 1880 ft. of ditch north of the pond. 11). 1575 ft. of ditch in
cultivated area within U.S.A., 12). 720 ft. of ditch in [the cultivated
area] in Mexico (approx. lengths)" (Hoy 1970c:151a). The Bureau
of Animal Industry operated the field station for control of hoof and
mouth disease from about 1947 to 1952. The "three or (our tent-
frame houses I were] built among the old adobes on the north side of
the pond at Quitobaquito, over the objections of Jim Orozco. who
felt his property was being violated" (Hoy, 1970c: 15 la).

Ironically, the National Park Service, in its attempts at restora-
tion and preservation, has probably brought about the greatest loss
of biological and cultural diversity at Quitobaquito (Bennett and
Kunzniann. 1989: Nabhan. 1982: Nabhan euil.. 1982: Steenbergh,
1969). Until 1961 the potid was shallow (Fig. 8). In late 1961 and
early 1962 the pond was dredged, enlarged, and deepened (Figs. 9,
10). The bulldozing and deepening apparently eliminated habitat
for certain wetland plants such as Junius hitfiiniiis and Myosiinis
minimns and seriously affected the native pupfish. The fig and
pomegranate orchards were neglected and many of the trees died or
were in precarious condition until the Park Sen'ice took action in
1989 to preserve these heirloom varieties. In 1990 the Park Service
was honored with an Arizona Regis-Tree award for reversing its
policy and conserving the heirloom figs and pomegranates both //;
.v///( and ex .\ilu.

Although Williams Spring had long been fenced to exclude
cattle (Fig, 11). and the pond at Quitobaquito was fenced after
Orozco was bought out. cattle grazing continued at the Monument
until 1978 (Bennett and Kunzniann. 1989). The cessation of the
earlier O'odham management practices and elimination of cattle

Richard S. Felger el til.

■'^'

Figure 6. Quilobaquilu, approxinialely ihe same view as in Figure 5 bul 49 years later; the same totlonwood trees are visible in the earlier photo. The
small trees are mesquite, the shrubs In front of the mesquite in the center are Lyi iumfrcmontii. Saltgrass (Distichlis spicula) covers the open areas, and alkali
goldenbush (Isocoiiki acrudeiiia) is visible in the right foreground. Photo by Willow Bubul-Bennett. 1 1 December IQSS.

grazing in the 1970s and 1980.S encouraged dense, nearly pure
stands of the large bulrush Scirpus americanus. which apparently
excluded a number of other, smaller wetland plants. Changes in the
vegetation due to elimination of cattle grazing have been docu-
mented by Warren and Anderson ( 1987); some of these changes can
be seen in Figures 12-16.

A number of species included in this flora are no longer present.
Their local demise seems largely a result of the extensive modifica-
tions and changes brought about following the end of the symbiotic
relationship between the native American residents and the envi-
ronment and its biota. Wetland plants no longer present include
Cyperiis squarrosus. Juiuiis hufonius. Myosurus minimus. Ncijas
marina. Poa annua, and Veronica perei^rina. In addition, there
undoubtedly were others for which there are no herbarium records:
for example, an early photo shows an emergent plant in shallow
water that might be Sagillaria. Six species recorded from the
Quitobaquito area have not been found in adjacent .Sonora:
Centaurium calycosum. Eustoma exaltalum. .luncus hufonius.
Myosurus minimus. Najas marina, and Polypotion viridis.

From time to time non-riparian species, largely desert ephemer-
als and frost-sensitive perennials, migrate into the area or become
locally extinct. This coining and going of populations at their eco-
gcographic limits may be related, in part, to the position of
Quitobaquito on the boundary of the two major phytogcographic
regions described by Shrevc. In addition, seeds and propagules of
non-native plants disperse from disturbed habitats along the adja-
cent Mexico Highway 2 and nearby agricultural and urban areas in
the .Sonoyta Valley (Felger, 1990).

Non-native plants

There are 33 non-native .species treated in this flora, which
represents about 12% of the total flora (Table I). However. 1 1 of
these are not established as reproducing populations in the
Quitobaquito region. For example. Nasluriium officinale (water-
cress) and Poa annua are no longer present. Bromus icaorum and
Curilianuis linctorius (saftlower) are not established as reproducing
populations, and Ficus carica (fig) and Piinica liraniia (pomegran-
ate) are non-reproducing horticultural introductions. Relationships
of the non-native plants in our flora to those of other adjacent or
regional floras are shown in Table 2. In spite of the long history of
human habitation and disturbance, the exotic flora is surprisingly
small and comparable to that of the entire Organ Pipe Cactus
National Monument. Some of the non-natives, including Brassica
lourncforlii. Pcnntsctum ciliarc. and probably Ccniaurca mclilcn-
sis. undoubtedly arrived on the scene since the last O'odham resi-
dents left.

Collection History

The

list of collectors of herbarium specimens from the
Quitobaquito region known to us reads like a Who's Who of south-
western botany (Table 3). The oldest herbarium specimen is of
Jalroplni cinerca. collected by Schott in IX.'i? (Toney 1S.'^7-I8.')9).
The next recorded collection appears to have been made by Edgar
A. Meanis ( 1907) durinc a survey of the U.S. -Mexico border in
1 894.

Flora and F,lhnohi)Uiny uryuitobaqiiiUi

1

'^M,

•■il^'^^^i^H&

S lUi

il Aiiiiiuil Iik!

stablished al Uiiiioli.n|iiiu

Figure 7. Quitobaquito. looking southwest; the pond lies beyond the building (I
1949). Jim Orozeo and his family look over the building as their home after it was abandoned by tlie government. Tallest tree (behind house) is eoltonwood
iPiipuliisfieniii/nii). other trees arc mesquite (Prostipis vcliiunii). Castor bean (Riciiws communis) is on the right in Iront of house. The foreground had been
scraped as part of a "clean-up effort" by the National Park Service. This site, on the nonh side of the present-day pond, has now become a mesquite thicket.
Photo by James M. Eden, 4 November 1957; courtesy Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (photo file 334B).

SPECIES ACCOUNTS

The species accounts cover 271 species of vascular plants iti 198
genera antJ 6.3 families, (Aquatic algae have been treaieci by Kidd
and Wade. 1 965. ) Other Sonoran Desert floras are compared in Table
4. and a statistical sutiimary of the flora is given in Table ."i. This flora
is presented alphabetically by farnily. genus, and species within ( I )
ferns and fern relatives, (2) dicotyledons, and (.3) monocotyledons.

Common names are given first in English (not italicized). Span-
ish as used locally in Mexico and soulhem Arizona (italicized), and
finally in the indigenous O'odham (not italicized). O'odham terms
for plants at Quitobaquito are included in the text because of the
centuries-long tradition of O'odham occupancy: this is the first
flora to do so. Although O'odham consultants provided some of
these terms while visiting the area, other O'odham natnes are from
sources already published (Nabhan cl al.. I9S9). Most of these
O'odham plant names are still in common usage. The orthography
used here is that of Alvarez and Hale ( 1970), with the exception that

1' is substituted for m-. In Hia C-ed O'odham speech, v and vf are both
used, depending on context. Southern Tohono O'odham dialects
emphasize \v. Several knowledgeable O'odham interviewed at or
near Quitobaquito provided Nabhan infomiation on O'odham uses
of these plants.

The annotations include the following infomiation: growth
form, local distribution and abundance, flowering phenology, and
dominant color of the flowers. Relative abundance is expressed as
rare, infrequent, common, or abundant. Distributional information
includes the local habitat, or habitats, as described above. Flower-
ing times are expressed by the season or months of probable or
known flowering. In many cases flowering times or seasons vary
greatly from year to year, and one can expect variation greater than
presented here.

We distinguish three kinds of ephemerals (desen annuals that
complete their life cycle within a single season): ( I ) Spring ephemer-
als grow during the cooler seasons and flower in late fall, winter, and/
or spring. Some, such as Perinle emoiyi and Pkiiua}>o insulans. can

10

Richard S. Felger er ul.

■ . J-^V

A>^f0,fi,

1 il.

L %****-^r"* ,

higurc S. QiiUobaL|uilu pond, loukinj; noilliv\L-il; ihc pond is unubuall) lull, undoublcdl) because of summer rains. Acollonwood (Popuhis fremonlii)
and several mesquite Irees iPiosopis vchitina) with desert mistletoe [Plunadeiulynn ccilifiirnictini) on left, seepwillow [Bcitihuris salicijoliu) in right
foreground. Note emergent hydrophytes in shallow water, the probable habitat for several wetland species no longer present, e.g.. Cyperus sc/uurrosiis.
Junius hiifoniiis. Myosiirus minimus. Poa annuel, and Veronica pcregrinii. Photo by James M. Eden. 24 August 1957; courtesy Organ Pipe Cactus National
Monument (photo file W-I7A).

Table 1. Non-native plants in the Quitobaquilo area.

Asteraceae

Curthamus tin< Nn lus''

Cenlauica nwliwnsis

Conyza coullcri"

Eclipla prostrala

Si)nchus asper

S. iileraceus
Brassicaceae

Brassica unnncfinni

Nasluilium officinale

Sisymbrium irio
Chenopodiaccae

Chenopodium murale

Salsola auslralis"
Fabaceae

Mel i lotus indica
Geraniaceae

Erodium ciculariuni
Malvaceae

Malva parvifiilia
Moraceae

Ficiis carica"
Nyctaginaceae

Boerhavia erecia var. erecia'

Poaceae

Bromus ruiwns''

B. leclorum

Chlnris vir};ata

Cynodon daclylon

Dactxiocfeniiini ue\^\ptium"

Ecbinochloa colonum

Eragroslis cilianensis

Hordeum murinum

Pennisenim ciliare

Poa annua"

Polvpogon nuinspeliensis

P. viridis

.Schismus barhalus
Porlulacaceae

Portulaca tderacea
Punicaceae

Punica i^ranalum"
Solanaceae

Calihrachoa parvillora
Tamaricaceae

Tamarix rumosissima

Table 2. Non-native components of selected Arizona and Sonoran
Desert floras.

"Not established as a reproducing populalion in the Quiloba-
quito region.

No. of

Percentage

exotic

of total

Region

species

nora

Sources

Quitobaquilo area

This study

Actually established

22

8.4

Not established

11

4.1

Total

33

12.2

Organ Pipe Cactus

47

8.5

Bowers. 19X0; Felger.

National Monument

1990

Gran Desierto dunes and

3

2

Felger. 1980

Sierra del Rosario

All of northwestern

74

16

Felger. unpublished

Sonora (including urban

and agricultural areas)

Tuinamoc Hill. Tucson

52

15

Bowers and Turner.
1985; Burgess « a/..
1991

Arizona. I9K7 ca. .l.'^O

1(1

T. L. Burgess, personal

communication. 1990

Sonoran Desert

145

5.7+

Felger, 1980; Wiggins.

(pre- 1964)

1964

Flora and Elhnobolany olQuilobaqiiito

Figure 9. Quilobaquito. looking northeast, while the pond was being deepened. Photo by Warren F Steenbergh, January 1%2; courtesy Organ Pipe
Cactus National Monument (photo file W-34C).

begin growing as early as mid-September. (2) Summer ephetnerals
usually germinate with the first substantial thunderstorms during hot
weather. Some may also grow with early fall rains (such as hurricane-
tVinge storms) while the soil and air temperatures are still high,
allowing quick maturity. (3) Non-seasonal ephemerals, e.g.. Aristida
adscensionis and Muhlenbergia niicmsperma. grow with sufficient
soil moisture at any time of the year. In addition, some species, e.g..
Macluieiamhera amitcri. may respond as ephemerals (annuals) or
perennials, depending upon soil moisture.

Herbarium specimens are cited at the end of each specific or
infraspecific entry. This flora is documented by collections housed

at the following herbaria: University of Arizona. Tucson (ARIZ).
Arizona State University. Tempe (ASU). Desert Botanical Garden.
Phoenix (DES). Dudley Herbarium. San Francisco (DS). Field
Museum. Chicago (F). Pomona College. Claremont (POM). San
Diego Natural History Museum. San Diego (SD). University of
California. Berkeley ( UC). United States National Herbarium, Wash-
ington. D.C. (US), and Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument
(ORPI). Specimens cited below are in ARIZ unless otherwise indi-
cated. When more than one collector is listed on a label, usually only
the first collector is listed here. Specimens cited by collection
number only are Felger's. Unless otherwise noted, we have seen all

12

Richard S. Felaer ct al.

Figure 10. Aerial view of Quilobaquilo pond (aller the pond was modilied. see Fig. 9) and parking lot. looking northwest. This parking lot was
discontinued and is now revegetated. .Sahuaros (Canwiiieu f'if'anlea) in foreground. The riparian trees and large shrubs surrounding the pond include
Cottonwood (Populiis fremnmii), mesquite (Pmsopis velwiiui). and willow {Salix iiiiiiddiiii^ii). Photo by Richard Bcgeman. April 196X; courtesy Organ Pipe
Cactus National Monument (photo file W-46).

specimens cited. Specimens lacking a collector's number are indi-
cated by ".s.iL." which signifies "sine luintcrn." or "without number."
A prelitninary checklist for Quilobaquilo was assctnbled by
Adams ( 1971 ), and Bowers ( 19S()) prepared the first in-depth treat-
ment of the flora of the entire Monument. For more detailed floris-
tic information see Benson and Darrow ( 19X2), Correll and Correll
(1972). Cronquist el al. (1977. I9S4). Ezcurra vi al. ( 19SS). Felger
(1980), Kearney and Peebles ( 1960). and Wiggins (1964). Nomen-
clature used here results from Felger's long-term studies of the
regional flora, especially that of northwestern Sonora. Synonyms

are given in a few cases to avoid confusion, such as when the
notnenclalurc differs frotii standard modem references and in cases
of recent la.xonotiiic revisions.

FERNS AND FERN RELATIVES

Adiantiaceae Maiden-hair Fatiiily

Cheilanthes deserti Mickel California Cloak-Fem

Perennial berb: known at Quitobaquito only from a small popu-

Flora and Blhnobolany of Quitobaquito

13

Table 3. Quitobaquito botanical collectors.

Arthur Carl Victor Schott. 1835 (Field Museum, see Janopha cinerea)

Edgar .^. Meams. 1S94 (US)

Daniel Tremhlv MacDougal. 1907 (US)

A. A. Nichol. l'9.^8, 1939 (ARIZ. ORPl)

C. R Harbison. 1939 (SD. ARIZ)

Lyman Benson. 194(XARIZ)

Robert H. Peebles. 1940 (ARIZ)

W. B. McDougall. 1941 (ARIZ. ORPl)

Ora M. Clark. Ajo High School Herbarium. 1944 (ORPl 1

Robert A. Darrow. 1943 (ARIZ)

r-rank W. Gould. 1943 (ARIZ), with R. A. Darrow and H. S. Haskell

C. L. Fouts. 1949. 1932 (ORPl. ARIZ)

William R. Supemaugh, 1949. 1950 (ORPl, ARIZ)

James Blaklev. 1951 (DES)

Kitty R Parker. 1952 (ARIZ)

A. H. Anderson. 1933 (ARIZ)

Charles T. Mason. Jr. 1938. 1959 (ARIZ. ORPl). with Waller S. Phillips.

Richard Hevly. 1960 (ARIZ), with F Drouet

Marda L. West. 1961. 1962 (ARIZ)

Ray C. Jackson and R. Roy Johnson. 1962 (ARIZ)

Warren F Steenbergh. 1962 (ORPl)

F V. Ranzoni. 1962. 1965 (ORPl)

Richard Felger. 1963-1992 (ARIZ. ORPL MEXU. RSA. SD. TEX), some

with Kim Cliffton. Charles Conner. Kevin Dahl. Mark Dimmitt. Dennis

Fenn. Floyd Flores. Lisa Flores. Linda Leigh. Rigoberto Lcipe/

Estudillo. Carol Shumaker. Barbara Straub. Ken Van Houten, Carl

Wachtmeister. Peter Warren, and Allan Zimmerman
Ray Jackson. 1964 (ORPl)
Elinor Lehto. 1963. 1972 (ASU)

Donald Pinkava, 1965. 1972 (ARIZ. ASU, ORPl. DES)
Wes F Niles. 1965. 1966 (ARIZ. ORPl). with E. F Hasse, and J. A. Reese
Al Hesselberg, 1966 (ARIZ)
W. B. (Burnetta) Adams, 1971 (ORPl)
Schmin, 1973 (ORPl), with Dakan
Peter Warren, 1975, 1976, 1983. I9S7 (ARIZ, ORPl), with Susan

.'\nderson, Paul Fugate. and R. Roy Johnson
Jan Bowers, 1977-1979 (ORPL ARIZ), some with C. A. Yff
Mike Fay, 1978 (ARIZ)
Wendy Hodgson, 1974, 1978 (DES)
Gary P. Nabhan, 1982 (ARIZ), with Amadeo Rea
Amadeo Rea, 1982 (SD), with Gary P Nabhan
R. Rov Johnson, 1984 (ARIZ)
Thomas R. Van Devender, 1978, 1984-1986 (ARIZ, ORPl), many with

Rebecca Van Devender
Don Beale and Daphne Beale, 1986-1988 (ORPl)
Margaret Galiano, 1986, 1987 (ORPl, ARIZ)
Caroline Wilson, 1988 (ARIZ)
Marc A. Baker, 1988-1992 (ASU), some with Bob Johnson, George

Ruffner, and Nichole Trushell.

Table 4.
floras.

Sizes of local and regional Sonoran Desert

Region

Number of species

Area (km-)

Sonoran Desert"

ca. 2500

300.000

Pinacate/NW Sonera''

560 ca.

10.000

Gran Desierto'

143

4.378

Dunes

75

4.500

Sierra del Rosario

105

78

Organ Pipe Cactus

ca. 550

134

National Monumenf*

Quitobaquito region

271

3+

"From Wiggins (1964).
'Felger. unpublished.
'Felger (1980).

■'Based on Bowers ( 1980). Pinkava et al. ( 1992). and Felger
(unpublished).

Table 5. Statistical summary of the flora of the Quitobaquito area.
Number of genera (and species) in the largest families

Asteraceae 37 (48)
Poaceae 25 (35)
Fabaceae 12 (16)
Cactaceae8(18)
Euphorbiaceae 6 (12)
Number of species in the largest genera
Opuntia 1 (plus 1 variety)
Arriple.x 5 (plus 1 subspecies)
Chamaesyce 5
Amhiosia 4
Cryplantha 4
Lxcium 4
Aiislida 3

Boraginaceae 3(11)
Chenopodiaceae 6(10)
Solanaceae 6 (10)
Brassicaceae 8(8)
Nyctaginaceae 4 (6)

Biierharia 3 (plus I variety)

Bniimii 3

Eriogoiiiim 3

Feiocacnis 3

Junciis 3

Peclocarya 3

Piosopis 3

Perennial herb: in our area known from only two relatively
extensive colonies on steep north-facing granitic slopes. The colo-
nies form dense, nearly continuous mats on thin gravelh soil over
rock substrate. Although not known elsewhere in the Monument,
this species is expected in similar habitats in nearby granitic ranges.
The closely related S. arizouica Maxon is widespread in the Ajo
Mountains.

S8-IIS (29 Mar 1988). 90-40 (22 Feb 1990).

DICOTS

lation on a north-facing rocky hill northeast of the pond, near the
base of the slope and immediately below the zone of the locally
more common and widespread C. siandlcyi. The two species occur
adjacent to each other but are not intermixed.

92-2.';9 ( 1 3 Mar 19921.
Cheilanthes standleyi (Maxon) Mickel Rock Fern

NoilutUiciui shimllcyi Maxon

Perennial herb; locally common among rocks on north-facing
slopes.

Duinm 2421 (17 Mar 1945); .S,V-/_-f5 (29 Mar 1988).

Selaginellaceae Spike-Moss Family
Selaginella eremophila Maxon Desert Spike- Moss

Acanthaceae Acanthus Family

Carlowrightia arizonica A. Gray

Suffrutescent perennial; locally common on north-facing slopes of
Quitobaquito Hills, often associated with Jaimsui pacilis and \ lynneia
puhslui. and rare in Aguajita Wash; flowers white, wanner months.

iiK-2hty (6 Apr 1988), SK-427 ( 14 Sep 1988), 90-4H0 (24 Oct 1990).
Aizoaceae .Aizoon Family

Trianthema portulacastrum L. Horse Purslane; verdolaga dc
cocliv. kasvaii

Summer ephemeral; scattered in moist and disturbed areas,
mostly in washes, low places in flats, alkaline flats, old fields, and
near the springs and pond.

KS-4il.HS-440(\iSep 1988); Win Oevemkr s.n.OOKu^ 1 978. ARIZ.
ORPl); Wanen and Anderson .S7-109 (24 Oct 1987. ARIZ. ORPl I.

14

Richard S. Felger el al.

. V ■ V

^ v^^"i '■ }i ^fW* il-

•J^-

^ :*a

^^■^ -i;

^>-. . "" ^

Figure 1 1. Williams Spring, looking north. Cattail I.Typha domini^ensis) al spring; organpipe iSrciiDcereii.s tliiirhcri). sdhuaro [Ciinwgicci xiaanleu), and
foothill palo verdc {Ccnidium microphylliini) on hillsides. Note that the spring is fenced and that the wetland plants cover it completely. The surrounding dry
land is nearly barren, indicating gracing or other disturbance. Today there is a dense cover of screwbean iPmsopis piihescens) and arrow-weed {Plitchea
sericca). Photo by William Supernaugh. 9 December IMIiO; courtesy Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (photo file W-8).

Amaranthaceae Amaranthiis Family

Amaranthus (Imbriatus (Torr.) Benlh. Fringed Pigweed; hledo.
quelitillo: cuhukkia i:vakr

Summer ephemeral; common, washes and tloodplains; flowers
white with green.

SS-416 ( 14 .Sep I WS), WW// ( 1 1 Aug IWO).

Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. Careless Weed, Pigweed; qiiclile
ill' las ii'.;iias: cuhukkia

Summer ephemeral; scattered to abtindant, mostly in roadsides,
disturbed areas, and sandy washes; widespread during favorable
years. Seeds and herbage ("desert spinach") edible (Nabhan cl ul..
1982).

88-441 1 14 Sep 1988).

Tidestromia lanuginosa (Nutt.) Standi. Hieiha ccnizii

Summer ephemeral; sometimes seasonally common to abun-
dant on Hats, washes, old fields, and rocky slopes.

,S.S'-40,S'(l4Scp 1988).

Aplaceae (Utnbelliferae) Carrot or Parsley Family

Bowlesia incana Ruiz & Pav.

Winter-spring ephemeral; locally infrequent to abundant be-
neath shrubs in washes and expected on north-facing rocky slopes;
flowers green. February to April. Perhaps native to South America
and adventive in North America (Mathias and Constance, 1965).

86-101 (9 Apr 1986).

Daucus pusillus Mich.x. Wild Carrot

Winter-spring ephemeral; infrequent to common in washes, on
rocky, tnostly north-facing slopes, and in open areas in old fields;
flowers white.

88-137 (29Uar 1988).

Aristolochiaceae Birthwort Family

Aristolochia watsonii Woot. & Standi. Indian-root; lucilni del
indin

Figure 12. L'pper. view southwest across Burro Spring from above the spring souree. The thicket on the right is anow-weed [Pluclica scruca). and the
arroyo bed is covered with closely cropped Bermuda grass [Cynodon dactyton). The spring has been heavily trampled by livestock. Photo by Peter Warren
and Susan Anderson, .^pril 1976. Lower, same view as above. The person is standing on the same place as the bare mound at left center in the 1976 photo.
The spring has become clogged with 100% cover of bulrush {Scirpus americamis). arrow-weed (Pluchea .K'ncca). jackass clover (HVi/irCH/V; rcfracia). and
reedgrass {Phraf^mires australis). The hillside in the background appears relatively unchanged with the exception of an increase in brittlebush iEiicelia
farinosa). Photo by Peter Warren and Susan Anderson. April 1984.

^>i;: [^h- 'S

Figure 13. Upper, view north from 20 m southwest of Williams Spring. A fence in the middle background encloses the spring source and excludes
livestock from an area of approximately 15 by 15 m. Water was piped from inside the fenced area to a trough (not visible) approximately 20-25 m
downstream. The ground is severely trampled, particularly under mesquites. where livestock seek shade. Mesquile (Prosopis veliiliiia) and jumping cholla
(Opuiilid fiilnida) in foreground. Pholo by Peter Warren and .Susan Anderson, April 1976. Lower, same view as above. The luxuriant growth in the
foreground is mostly seepweed (Suaecki mrx/iiinii). with some Mmhaeranihcni coiilreri on the right. The vegetation on the hill in the background has not
changed noticeably, and many of the same individual plants arc recognizable m both photographs. Photo by Peter Warren and Susan Anderson. April 1984.

Flora .uul l-jhiicibolany ol Quilobaquilo

17

A- hrevipes Benth. van ciciimiitciki S. Wals.. nol A. acuminain Lam..
A- piiyph\wph\Ua H. Ptcilcr

Herbaceous perennial from a thickened root, often vniing on
small shrubs, including Ambrosia amhrosioides; locally common
along tloodplain of Aguajita Wash: flowers purplish maroon, spring
and summer-fall. Used as medicine (Philip Salcido).

86-275 (13 Sep 1486). <S'6-.i'25 ( 14 Sep I W6), ,S\S'067 (6 Apr I WX).

Asclepiadaceae Milkweed Family

Asclepias subulata Decne. Reedstem Milkweed; imila caiidclilla
Succulent reed-stemmed semi-shrub to 1.1 ni. perennial but
apparently often short-lived; rare or occasional, or absent in dry
years, in sandy soils along roadsides, rarely on flats and tlood-
plains. Apparently not well established in the Quitobaquito area, the
plants seem to come and go, and depend on immigration of seeds
from adjacent areas for colonization. Flowers cream white, April to
October.

Junction of Bates Well Rd. and Puerto Blanco Loop Dr., M'SO ll., rare.
Bowers I53,S (13 Sep 1978. ORPI).

Sarcostemma cynanchoides Decne. subsp. hartwegii (Vail)
R. Holmgr. Climbing Milkweed; luiiroie: vi'ibam

Perennial vine, aerial parts seasonal; fairly common in washes,
sometimes sprawling across ground, inostly growing in trees and
shrubs, less common on nearby flats, also in old fields; flowers
whitish and purplish maroon, wanner months of year. Milky sap
squeezed into hand, put in a container over a fire, and boiled into
chewing gum (Philip Salcido. Delores Lewis).

Beale s.ii. (28 Mar 1987. ORPI); Binvcrs 1390 a5 Jul 1978. ORPI); .S',V-
30fi (6 Apr 1988), SS-453 (14 Sep 1988).

Asteraceae (Compositae) Composite or Sunflower Family

Adenophyllum porophylloides (A. Gray) Strother

DyssiicIui poniphyllouics A. Gray

Perennial subshrub ca. 80 cm tall; rare, localized along bottom
of small rocky arroyo in granitic hills immediately west of pond;
flowers orange-yellow, apparently at various seasons.

S,S'-4J7(14Sep 1988).
Ambrosia ambrosioides (Cav.) Payne Canyon Ragweed;
chiciira: nunui jej

Shrub to 1.5 m; abundant along washes, especially at Aguajita
and Quitobaquito; flowers green or yellow, inconspicuous. March to
May. Used as medicine for arthritis; make a bed of coals on cleared
earth, scrape off coals, put down a layer of this ragweed, then lay the
patient over the heated ragweed, and cover the patient with a blanket;
it is like a dryland sweat lodge (Philip Salcido, Delores Lewis).

Clark 11476 (25 Mar 1944. ORPI); Mcunu 2736 (27 Jan 1894, US).

Ambrosia confertiflora DC. Slim-leaf Bursage; esiafialc:
mo'ostalk

Perennial herb; scattered to locally abundant along larger
washes, roadsides, and in old fields and other disturbed areas;
flowers greenish or yellowish, inconspicuous, April to October.

88-271 (6 Apr 1988).
Ambrosia deltoidea (Torr.) Payne Triangle-leaf Bursage;
chamizo jorrcijero; tadsad. va:gita

Shrub to 0.5 m; abundant and widespread on gravelly bajadas,
flats, old fields, floodplains of larger washes, and rocky, mostly
lower, slopes; flowers green or yellow, inconspicuous, fall to spring.
The branches are used as a utility brush (Philip Salcido).

S«-425( 14 Sep 1988); /V/(7i»/ .v,h. (3 Mar 1939. ORPI).

Ambrosia dumosa (A. Gray) Payne White Bursage; rhamizo:
tadsad

Shrub to 0.7 m; common to abundant and w idespread on rocky
slopes and tlats including old fields; tlowers green or yellow,
inconspicuous, fall to spring.

Mcarns 2751 (30 Jun 1894. US); Niihnl \ n. (3 Mar 19.39. ORPI); 5{)
Mile Drive near Quilobaquilo Springs. Raiiz<mi ill. (26 Mar I96.'i. ORPI).

Aster intricatus (A. Gray) S. F. Blake Alkali Aster

Asler carn(}.ui.s A. Gray, 1881. nol Gilbert. 1781; Biticloxta iiiiniara A.
Gray, 1882; Leiicosyris ciinuna (A. Gray) E. L. Greene. 1897;
Muchaeranrhera carnosa (A. Gray) Nesom. 1990

Perennial, herbaceous to subshrubby. to 0.,3 m tall, sometimes
dying back to ground during drought, commonly spreading by
rhizomes; localized on alkaline soils at Quitobaquito. near springs,
locally common in partially barren flats and along wash west of
pond; flowers yellow. May to October.

Not known elsewhere in the Monument; the next nearest popu-
lations are in northwestern Sonora at Quitovac and the pozos near
Bahia Adair (Ezcurraf/«/., 1988).

86-219 (23 Jul 1986); Nuhhaii and Rt-a 278 ( 17 May 1982); PinLava
11)01)4 (25 Nov 1972. ARIZ. ASU. ORPI ): Warren andAndersim 87-113 (24
Oel 1987).

Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. Seep-Willow;

hatanuitc: susk kuagsig

Shrub, mostly 2-2.5 m tall; locally abundant m pennanently
damp to wet soil near springs, along streams, and at edge of
Quitobaquito pond, also common in old fields, especially dense at
Aguajita Spring; flowers whitish, March to December.

5723 (I Jan 1963), 20602 (9 Mar 1973); Niehid s.n. (28 Apr 1939,
ARIZ, ORPI); Van Devender s.n. (30 Aug 1978. ORPI).

Baccharis sarothroides A. Gray Desert Broom; nnncrdlo: susk
kuagi. susk kuagsig

Shrub, ca. 2-2.5 m; infrequent to locally common, near pond at
Quitobaquito and especially along ditch from spring to pond, in old
fields, and in wash at Aguajita Spring.

Used as roofing for ramadas. to decorate church altars, placed in
the manger "to stand for (in place of) hay." and to make Christmas
and Easter wreaths— used for wreaths because the nearly leafless
stems are green all year (Philip Salcido. Delores Lewis).

87-269 (23 Oct 1987). 87-294 (10 Nov 1987); Mearns 2775 (5 Feb
1894. US).
Baileya pleniradiata Harv. & Gray Desert Marigold; tecomhlaie

Non-seasonal ephemeral but seen mostly in spring; sandy soil
of lower bajadas; flowers yellow.

Quitobaquito. desert Hals at border. 7681 ( 14 Apr 1963).
Bebbiajuncea (Benth.) Greene var. aspera Greene Sweet-Bush:
hauk 'u'us

Shrub to 1.5 m; locally common to abundant, open areas of
washes, especially common along tloodplain of Aguajita Wash:
flowers yellow, at various seasons.

88-272 (6 Apr 1988); Van Devender s.n. OO Au^ 1978. ORPI).

*Carthamus tinctorius L. Saftlower; cdrtamo

Annual, responding here more or less as a late-spring ephem-
eral: rare and not established, in old fields near international border
fence at Quitobaquito and near the pond, spreading from occasional
temporarily established roadside plants along nearby Mexico High-
way 2.

Bowers 1717 (W May 1979. ARIZ. ORPI).

*Centaurea melitensis L. Yellow Star-thistle

Spring ephemerals to 1..3 m. seasonally abundant and appar-
ently well-established among pomegranates in mesquite grove in

18

Richard S. Felger er al.

\bv:

**

t ^-

V-

/

Figure 14. Aguajila Spring, looking north. Mesquilc U'i"inl>i>. iLiiiliiiu). calciav^ {Acucili x'vx,!,'"). and gray thorn {Ziziplius ohtiisifolia) are visible.
Note alluvium, water flowing at surface, and absence of wetland plants because of excessive livestock grazing. Photo by William R. Supemaugh, 9
December 19.'i(); courtesy Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (photo file W^).

old fields below Quitobaquito pond; flowers yellow. Not seen
elsewhere in the Monument.

89-251 (lyjun 19X9. ARIZ, ORPI)

Chaenactis carphoclinia A. Gray var. carphoclinia Pebbly Pin-
cushion

Spring ephemeral; seasonally common in washes, especially
along the tloodplain of Aguajita Wash, and probably more wide-
spread; flowers white.

Bra/c .v.H. (X Apr 1988, ORPI): W)-//J |9 Apr 1986).

Chaenactis stevioides Hook. & Am. Desert Pincushion

Spring ephemeral; scattered on sandy Hats, gravelly bajadas.
and rocky slopes; flowers white.

Chirk s.n. (25 Mar 1944, ORPl); Ranzoni sii. (26 Mar I96_^. ORPI).

*Conyza coulter! A. Gray Horse Weed; cola de cahullc)

l.acniiccia iiiii/tcri [A. Gray) Ncsoni. Phylologia fiX:217. 1990

Warm-wealher annual in wet soil al Quitobaquito. infrequent
and probably not well established; a very common agricultural
weed in the nearby Sonoyta Valley; flowers whitish.

<S7-29/(10Nov 1987).

Dyssodia. see Adenophylliim and ThymophyUci

*Eclipta prostrata (L.) Mart. False Daisy; chile de ufiiia. Iiierhu
del raja

E. aiha (L.) Hassk., E erecia L.

Non-seasonal annual, flowering during warm weather, but may
be dormant in winter; in moist soil near spring and ditches leading
from spring to pond; flowers white, March to October.

Hessclhcii; sM. ( 16 Oct 1966); Hevlv s.ii. (8 Oct 1960); Lchio 55114 (24
Oct 196.5, ASU); Niles 724 (27 Mar 1966, ARIZ, ORPI); Runzoiii s.il (13
Jul 1962, ORPI).

Encelia farlnosa A. Gray Brittlebush; iucienso. nima hiauca.
Iilcrhti del vcisi). Iiieiha ceniza: tohaves

Shrub to about 1 m; abundant, rocky slopes, upper bajadas, old
fields, and localized in floodplains of washes; flowering faculta-
tively mostly in spring and fall. Two varieties are present: var.
t'arinosa with flower heads all yellow and var. phenicodunta
(Blake) I. M. .lolinston with a brownish-purple disk and yellow
rays.

Flora and Ethnobotany of Quitohaquilo

19

Figure 15. Aguajita Spring, looking north; approximately same view as in Figure 14. Mesquite {Pmsopis vcliitina) overhead, seep willow (Biicchaiis
salicifolia) in immediate foreground, and cattail {Typlui domlniieiisis) in center. Note the bedrock exposed by the scourmg Hood of 20 August 1988. Photo
by Peter Bennett. 1 1 December 1988.

When soft the gum was used as chewing gum: when hard it was
used a bow resin for fiddles (Philip Salcido).

Var pbcnicodoiihr. 92-265 (13 Mar 1992); var fwiiiosa: 92-266 (13
Mar 1992).

Encelia frutescens A. Gray

Perennial, probably about 1 m tall, known in our area from only
a single collection; flowers yellow.

Quitohaquilo. along water course, Cluik 11477 (25 Mar 1944, ORPI).

Erigeron lobatu.s A. Nels. Desert Fleabane

Non-seasonal ephemeral; scattered and infrequent, sometiines
common, in washes, old fields, flats, and near pond, apparently
requiring at least teinporarily moist or wet .soil; flowers pale laven-
der and yellow, spring and summer rainy seasons.

.S'A-/>V2 (10 Apr 1 986); /?««_-««/ .v.«. (26 Mar 1965, ORPI).

Eriophyllum lanosum (A. Gray) A. Gray

Diminutive spring ephemeral; cominon and widespread during
years of favorable winter-spring rainfall. e.specially on open, ex-
posed slopes and ridges, sandy flats, and floodplains: flowers white
and yellow.

92-26.? (3 Mar 1992).

Filago arizonica A. Gray Arizona Fluffweed

Diminutive spring ephemeral; seasonally common in sandy
gravelly soils, mostly along washes and on floodplains, often grow-
ing with F. califonuca.

86-JS6A(\0Apr \9Sb).S.S-274 (6 Apr 1988).

Filago californica Nutt. California Fluffweed

Diminutive winter-spring ephemeral; widespread and often
very common in sandy to rocky soils of bajadas. in open areas in
washes and old fields, and on rocky slopes, especially north-facing
ones.

86-105 (9 Apr 1986), <S'6-/77, 86-1S6B ( 10 Apr 1986), ,S',S-/2<S' (29 Mar
1988).

CJeraea canescens Torr. & Gray Desert Sunflower. Desert Gold
Winter-spring epheineral; common on gravelly bajadas and
sandy flats; flowers yellow.

CUirk 11469 {25 Mar 1444. ORPI); Raiizimi sn. (26 Mar 1965. ORPI).

Hymenoclea monogyra Torr. & Gray Slender Burro Bush;
jecohi; ■i;vadhod

Shrub reaching 2-2. .5 m tall, common at Aguajita, along the
wash, floodplain, and al the spring; flowering in fall, mostly Octo-
ber The branches were used as roofing material for ramadas.

87-261 (23 Oct 1987).

Hymenoclea salsola Torr. & Gray Burro Bush; 'i:vadhod

Globose shrub ca. 1-1.5 m tall; abundant on floodplain of
Aguajita Wash and adjacent sandy flat, also at Quitobaquito in old
fields and on sandy flats; March and April.

Bculc sn. (28 Mar 1987. ORPI); 88-S02 (6 Apr 1988); Mearns 2768 (3
Feb 1894. US); Nicliol sn. (3 Mar 1934. ORPI); Ranzonis.n. (26 Mar 1965.
ORPI).

Hymenothrix wislizenii A. Gray

' ^S*wS*^&-.

...=;^-^lg^

Fijiuiu 16. Upper, view to llic sduIIiwcsI liiini llic use 40 m wcsl ol Ihe Williams Springs eemeiU lri)iigh. Jumping eholla i^Opunliu jiiliiulii). a lew small
ereosolcbushes (Lcirrea divaritatii). ami sallhushes {AliipUw piilyiiiipa} are visible; herbaeeous planls are laeking and Ihe ground is heavily trampled. Photo
by Peter Warren and Susan Anderson. April 1976. Lower, same view as above. The ehollas and sallbushes have inereased in size. The greatest change is in
the rather dense ground cover of annuals, mostly Machaeramhera coulleii and jackass clover (Wislizeniu refracia). Photo by Peter Warren and Susan
Anderson. April 1984.

Flora and Elhnobutany olQuilobaquilo

21

Annual to weakly perennial in our region; rare to infrequent in
gravelly soils along the wash and tloodplain at Aguajita; flowers
bright yellow, April and September-December.

8ra/<'.v./i.(8Apr 198S.ORPI);S7-266(23 0cl 1987),,W-.V,-((6Apr lySS).

Isoconiu atradenia (Greene) Greene var. acradenia Alkali
Goldenbush

Haplopappus atradcniits (Greene) S.F. Blake

Small shrub; locally abundant and widespread in sandy and
alkaline soil near springs and on alkaline fiats, bajadas, old fields,
and washes; flowers yellow, mostly late summer and fall, and also
in spring.

.\dums s.n. (IS Jun 1971, ORPI); H.wcrs 9(Ki (16 Oct 1477, ORPI);
5724 1 1 Jan 146.^), .S7-272 (23 Oct 19S7); Lchio 5494 (24 Oct \9f,5. ASU);
Niiliol Ml. (2X Apr 1939).

Machaeranthera coulteri (Gray) Turner & Home var. arida
(Turner & Home) B. L. Turner

M. arizonica JaL'kson & Johnson. M. aiula Turner & Home

Non-seasonal ephemeral to short-lived perennial herb; common
to abundant in washes, flats, alkaline flats, alkaline soils near
springs, and roadsides; flowers violet and yellow, flowering almost
throughout the year. Mcu luwruiithcru anzniiuu was described from
Quitobaquito.

Beulc s.n. (8 Apr I9XX, ORPI); .S6-/.S7 (10 Apr 19X6). A'7-275 (23 Oct
19X7); Hurhl.son .s.n. (27 Nov 1939); low, rocky hillsides and sandy soil
around Quitobaquito Springs, n = 5, Jackson cind Johnson 3043-2 (31 Mar
1962, isotype of M. arizonicu): Nichol s.n. (2X Apr 1939, ORPI); Parker
7994 ( 17 Apr 1952); Peebles 14560 (5 Mar 1940).

Machaeranthera pinnalifida (Hook.) Shinners var. gooddinsjii

(A, Nels.) Turner & Home Spiny Goldenweed

Haplopapptis spiinilosiis (Pursh) DC. subsp. fioo(.ldint;ii (A. Nels.) Hall

Non-seasonal ephemeral to short-lived herbaceous perennial;
common, mostly on rocky slopes and flats; flowers yellow, non-
seasonal.

Ranzoni sn. (26 Mar 1965. ORPI); Rea 187 {\1 May 19X2, SD).

Malacothrix glabrata (A. Gray) A. Gray

Spring ephemeral; rare to infrequent, rocky slopes and expected
in other desert habitats; flowers cream-colored and yellow.

92-26.1 (3 Mar 1992).

Monoptilon bellioides (A. Gray) Hall Desert Star

Spring ephemeral; seasonally common, mostly along larger
washes and flats, also on rocky slopes and open areas of old field;
flowers with rays white, fading to lavender, the disk yellow,

B™/c.s,/;. (XApr 19XX, ORPI).

Palafoxia arida Turner & Morris var. arida Spanish Needles

Spring ephemeral, sometimes growing with summer rains; in-
frequent, flats, washes, and roadsides; flowers pinkish white.

SS-406(14Sep 1988).

Pectis papposa Harv. & Gray var. papposa
Chinch-weed; manzanitla del coyote: ban manzani;ya

Summer ephemeral; often abundant and widespread, flats,
washes, and rocky slopes; flowers yellow.

S6-290(13 Sep 1986), .S7-,W^ (10 Nov 1987).

Perityle emoryi Torr. Desert Rock-Daisy

Cool-weather ephemeral; widespread and common to abundant,
rocky slopes, flats, old fields, and washes; fiowers white and yellow,
November to April. One of the most widespread and common cool-
season ephemerals in the region.

Beale s.n. (8 Apr 19X8. ORPI).

Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. Alkali Camphor-weed

P purpurascens (Sw.) DC; P mmphorata of various authors, not P
camphnrata (L.) DC.

Annual or perhaps perennial herb, 1-1.5 m; abundant in wet or
moist soil on banks of Quitobaquito pond, at Williams and other
springs, and along ditches with fiowing water; fiowers pinkish to
lavender, September and October.

Anderson 4 (24 Nov 1955); Bi>wers 902 (16 Oct 1977); 86-204 (23 Jul
1 986); Heviv s.n. (X Oct 1 960); Leliro 5502 ( 24 Oct 1 965. ASU ); Van Devender
.v.«.(.30Aug \91H); We.sr 98 OO Sep 1961 ); W(7.syw /W(18Sep 19X8).

Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Cov. Arrow-weed; cachanilla: komagi
'u'us, 'u'us kokomadk

Tessarui sericea (Nutt.) Shinners

Shrub to 2. ,5 m tall; locally abundant in moist soil near Burro,
Quitobaquito, and Williams springs and Quitobaquito pond, infre-
quent colonies in old fields and on alkaline flats; fiowers pinkish,
flowering at least March to June. Used tor round-house construc-
tion; stems of right thickness made into arrows for hunting bighom
sheep (Philip Salcido).

Binvers 13 J 5 (4 May 1978); l^ason 1672 ( 10 Apr 195X); Nicliot s.n. (28
Apr 1939); Ranzom s.n. (13 Jul 1962. ORPI); \an Devender sn. (30 Aug
1978. ORPI).

Porophyllum gracile Benth. Hierha del venado

Suffrutescent perennial to 0.5 m tall; infrequent on rocky slopes
and along gravelly bajadas and sometimes along larger washes;
flowers pinkish white, non-seasonal.

Beale s.n. (8 Apr 1988, ORPI); 88-118 (29 Mar 1988), 88-463 ( 14 Sep
1988).

Prenanthella exigua (A. Gray) Rydb.

Lxiiiidesmui e.\i'^ua A. Gray

Winter-spring ephemeral; infrequent to common, rocky slopes,
mostly north-facing; flowers white, inconspicuous.

CmiW 299(^(18 Mar 1945).

RaHnesquia neomexicana A. Gray Desert Chicory

Winter-spring ephemeral; infrequent to common during years
of favorable winter-spring rains, floodplain of Aguajita Wash,
rocky and especially north-facing slopes, and sometimes on flats
and in old fields; flowers white. Often growing through Ambrosia
deltoidea or other small shrubs.

92-/0/ (3 Mar 1992 ); 244 (13 Mar 1992 ) .

Senecio mohavensis A. Gray Mohave Groundsel

Spring ephemeral; rocky north-facing slopes, often beneath

shrubs; flowers yellow.

88-114 (29 Mar 1988); Gould 2995 ( 18 Mar 1945).

*Sonchus asper (L.) Garsult. Spiny Sow-thistle; cluniia:
hoi"idkam ■i;vakr

Annual or winter-spring ephemeral, often reaching 1 .8 m tall in
wet places; infrequent in washes, common in wet soil near pond and
springs, less common in old fields and on sandy fiats; Aguajita and
Quitobaquito; fiowers yellow. February to August; an Old Worid
weed.

Adams s.n. (18 Jun 1971, ORPI); Bowers 1608 (30 Mar 1979. ORPI);
766/ ( 14 Apr 1963). 86-lOOA (9 Apr 19X6).

*Sonchus oleraceus L. Common Sow-thistle; chiniia: hauwV
hehewo

Cool-weather ephemeral; infrequent, growing with 5. a.'iper.
fiowers yellow, March to September; an Old World weed.

7654 ( 14 Apr 1963), 86-IOOB (9 Apr 19X6).

22

Richard S. Felger a ut.

Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torr.) Nutt. Desert Straw

Perennial subshrub; common to abundant. moslK in washes, flood-
plains, and on sandy flats; flowers pale lavender-pink, non-seasonal.

A'6-2W(13Sep 1986): /Jea /,SV(17May 1982. SD).

Stj Iodine micropoides A. Gray Desert Nest-straw

Diminutive spring ephemeral; widespread and common, rocky
slopes, flats, open areas of old fields, and washes.

<S'6-y/6 (9 Apr 1986), 86-184 (10 Apr 1986), 88-115 (29 Mar 1988).

Thymophylla concinna (A. Gray) Strother Dogweed; manza-
iiillii del cayoic: ban manzani:ya

Dvssodia iontinna (A. Gray) Robins.

Winter-spring ephemeral; common, sandy or gravelly soils of
washes. Hats, and rocky slopes; flowers white and yellow. The plant
was boiled and the tea was drunk as a medicine for colds and by
women right after childbirth (Philip Salcido, Delores Lewis, in
Zepeda, 1985:54).

766: 1 14 Apr 1963). 88-119 (29 Mar 1988): G()»W29<S9 (18 Mar 194."^).

Trichoptilium incisum (A. Gray) A. Gray Yellow-head

Spring ephemeral, occasionally sur\'iving as a long-lived an-
nual; infrequent to common in favorable years, rocky slopes; flow-
ers yellow.

Trixis callfornica Kell. van calif'ornica

Small shrub; infrequent to common, mostly on rocky slopes,
less often on upper bajadas and elsewhere; flowers yellow, non-
seasonal.

MacDnumil /6 ( 1 1 Nov 1907. US, not seen by us); Nichtil s.ii. (28 Apr
1939. ORPl)

Viguiera parishii Greene

V. deltoidea A. Gray var. paiishii (Greene) Vasey & Rose

Small shrub or subshrub; localized on north-facing slopes in the
Quitobaquito Hills; flowers yellow, apparently non-seasonal, at
least March-May and October.

90-479 (2-\ Oc\ 1990).

Boraginaceae Borage Family

Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mcy. var. echinata (A. Gray)
Wigg. Devil's Lettuce. Fiddleneck; cetkom

Winter-spring ephemeral to 1 m tall; seasonally common in
larger washes, floodplains. and sandy flats; flowers orange-yellow.

Beole s-n. (8 Apr 1988. ORPI): 88-305 (6 Apr 1988), 86-103 (9 Apr
1986).

Amsinckia tessellata A. Gray Fiddleneck; cetkom

Winter-spring ephemeral; apparently uncommon, larger washes
and .sandy flats; flowers orange-yellow.

Betilc S.II. (8 Apr 1988. ORPI): 92-248 (13 Mar 1992).

Cryptantha angustifolia (Torr.) Greene Desert Cryptanlha

Winter-spring ephemeral; often abundant and widespread in
washes, flats, old fields, bajadas. and expected on rocky slopes,
especially common in Aguajita Wash; flowers white.

92-139 (3 Mar 1992); 92-251 ( 13 Mar 1992).

Cryptantha barbigera (A. Gray) Greene

Winter-spring ephemeral; seasonally common and widespread
on rocky slopes, gravelly flats, washes and old fields; flowers
white. The plants are sometimes sterile with abnonnal growth
apparently caused by an infestation of mites.

Beales.ii. (8 Apr 1988. ORPI. ARIZ): ,SVS'-/:/ (29 Mar 1988), ,S',S'-26,S' (6
Apr 1988).

Cryptantha maritima Greene

Winter-spring ephemeral; seasonally infrequent to common, in
washes, floodplains. and often scattered on rocky slopes, expected
elsewhere; flowers white, February to April, .^s with C. haihii;eia.
the plants are sometimes deformed, apparently by mite infestations.

Bea/e .s.n. (8 Apr 1988. ORPI): 88-269 (6 Apr 1988).

Cryptantha pterocarya (Torr.) Greene var. cycloptera (Greene)
Macbr. Wing-nut Cryptantha

Winter-spring ephemeral; locally common on rocky slopes,
often with north exposures, and in larger washes; flowers white.

88-122 (29 Mar 1988). 88-304 (6 Apr 1988).

Heliotropium curassavicum L. var. oculatum (Heller) I. M.
Johnston Alkali Heliotrope; liierhu del sapc: ba:bad 'i;vaki

Semi-succulent perennial herb, occasionally a facultative an-
nual; occasional to locally common in moist soil of alkaline flats
and washes, sometimes common near springs; flower white with
yellow center. Used as medicine for coughs and sore throat (Nabhan
er al. .\9S2).

Bciile S.II. (9 Mar 1986. ORPI): Clark s.ii. {25 Mar 1944. ORPI): 86-175
( 10 Apr 1986). 87-298 ( 10 Nov 1987). 88-276 (6 Apr 1988): Nicliol s.ii. (28
Apr 1939. ORPI): Van Devender s.ii. (30 Aug 1978. ORPI).

Lappula redowskii (Homem.) Greene Stickseed

Spring ephemeral; common and widespread, often among mes-
quites. mostly in old fields, washes, adjacent flats, and disturbed
areas such as Quitobaquito parking area; flowers pale blue.

,S6-/7,S' (10 Apr 14S6): Puikei 7990. 7990A (17 Apr 1952).

Pectocarya heterocarpa (I. M. Johnst.) I. M. Johnst. Mixed-nut
Comb-bur

Spring ephemeral; common in sandy gravelly soils of washes.
flats, and old fields; flowers white.

Beale s.n. (8 Apr 1988. ORPI): 86-183 ( 10 Apr 1986). 88-270 (6 Apr
1988).

Pectocarya platycarpa Munz & Johnst. Broad-winged Comb-bur
Spring ephemeral; locally common on rocky slopes, flats,
washes, and probably elsewhere; flowers white.

Bade s.ii. (8 Apr 1988. ORPI): 20597 (9 Mar 1973). 88-127 (29 Mar
1988).

Pectocarya recurvata I. M. Johnst. Arched Comb-bur

Spring ephemeral; widespread and common on upper bajadas
and probably elsewhere.

,S'cS'-/26(29Mar 1988).

Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Mustard Faniil\

*Brassica tournefortii Gouan Wild Turnip; mo;stas

Winter-spring ephemeral; seasonalh infrequent to common in
washes, flats, old fields, and less common on rocky slopes, also
along roadsides and at Quitobaquito parking lot; flowers yellow;
Old World weed present in Arizona since 1950.

/i.MKvs /(AS'.; (28 Feb 1978): 88-136 (29 Mar 1988).

Caulunthus laslophyllus (Hook. & Am.) Pay son

Tlich'podiiim hisiiiplnlliis (Hook. & .'^m.) Greene

Winter-spring ephemeral; infrequent to common, rocky slopes,
flats, and washes; flowers whitish.

B.nu-is 1045 ( 1 1 Feb 1 978 ): 76 7.* ( 1 4 Apr 1 963 ). 76.';,S".-t ( 1 4 Apr 1 963 ).
,S'.V-/.iV(29 Mar 1988).

Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britton Tansy Mustard; su'uvad

Spring ephemeral; widespread and common in washes and on
flats and rocky slopes; flowers white. Seeds used as food and eye

Flora and Elhnobolany olQuilobaquito

23

nn.'dn.inc (Delores Lewis) or put in water and drunk tor stomach
trouble (Philip Salcido).

v:-/«(3Mar 1W2).
Draba cuneifolia Nuit. var integrifolia S. Wats. Wedge-leaf Draba

Winter-spring ephemeral; seasonally common, rocky slopes,
flats, washes, and old fields: flowers white, inconspicuous.

NuholsMAiO Mar 1439. ARIZ, ORPI); 88-123 A (29 Mar 1988).

Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt. Sand Peppergrass

Spring ephemeral; common and widespread, mostly in washes
and Hats, and less common on rocky slopes; flowers white, incon-
spicuous,

Becilc s.ii. (8 Apr 1988, ORPI); 7679 (14 Apr 196.3), 20598 (9 Mar
1973).

Lesquerella tenella A. Nels.

Winter-spring ephemeral; fairly common during years of favor-
able winter-spring rains, tloodplain and margins of Aguajita Wash
and sporadically elsewhere in desert habitats with non-alkaline
soils: flowers bright yellow. Often growing through small shrubs
such as Amhmsia dehoidea.

92-109 (3 Mar 1992); 92-2-/5 (13 Mar 1992).
Lyrocarpa coulteri Hook. & Harv. var. coulteri Lyre-pod; ban
cenasanf

Perennial herb; often under trees and shrubs in washes and on
gravelly bajadas; flowers yellowish to brownish, flowering at any
time of year with sufficient soil moisture. There is a tale about haii
ceiuisaiu being the coyote's razor for shaving — but it didn't work
(ChicoSuni).

86-284 (13 Sep 1986). <S,S-277 (6 Apr 1988).
*Nasturtiuin officinale L. Watercress: henv

Ronipa iiustKitnim-aquaticum (L.) Schinz & Thell.

Perennial herb; probably emergent from shallow water. Bobby
Gray (//; Hoy, 1970) reported that in the late nineteenth century
watercress grew at Williams Spring.

*Sisymbrium irio L. London Rocket; pamihi: ban cinsafiig

Winter-spring ephemeral: common to locally abundant in
washes, old fields, near Quitobaquito pond, roadsides, and other
disturbed habitats; tlowers yellow.

767.^(14 Apr 1963), .S,S-:7S (6 Apr 1988).

Cactaceae Cactus Family

Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Sahuaro; sahuaro;
ha;safi

Cereiis tiiiianleiis Engelm.

Columnar cactus to 15 m tall; common on rocky slopes and
gravelly bajadas; flowers white, late April and May. In the late
1980s young plants, 50-60 cm tall, were common in the old fields,
mostly growing through fallen brush and spiny twigs of leguminous
shrubs.

Fruits eaten fresh or made into wine for ceremonial use: stem
ribs used for construction material (Chico Suni; Bell cUiL. 1980:58:
Nabhan ci al.. 19S2). Lumholtz ( 1912:331 ) mentioned that Hia C-
ed O'odham "used to come as far as Quitovaquito and Santo
Domingo to gather mezquite beans . . . and eat sahuaro and
pitahaya." (Santo Domingo was an hacienda nearby along the Ri'o
Sonoyta,)

Echinocereus engelmannii (Parry ex Engelm.) Riimpler var.
acicularis L. Bens. Hedgehog Cactus; 'isvig

Stem succulent to about 40 cm tall; scattered on rocky slopes.

flats, and open areas in old fields; rare in floodplain of Aguajita
Wash; flowers purplish, February to April, the fruit ripening from
late May to micl-June. In the late 19S0s juvenile plants were fairly
common in places in the western part of the old fields, where the
plants were colonizing along with other cacti.

Quitobaquito. sandy gravelly bajada, 88-112 (29 Mar 1988); rocky
slope 0.5 km N of Aguajita Spring, 88-32 1 (6 Apr 1988); near Quilobaquilo,
Peebles 14555 (5 Mar 1940).

Echinocereus nicliolii ( L. Bens.) Parfitt Golden Hedgehog Cactus
Stem succulent to 80 cm tall; common mostly on north-facing
steep granitic slopes of the Quitobaquito Hills, mostly above ca.
380 m: flowers pinkish, March. Readily distinguished by its mono-
chromatic yellow spines.

90-.^9(22Feb 1990).

Ferocactus cylindraceus (Engelm. ) Orcutt Mountain Barrel Cac-
tus; /)/r;)(;^t;a; jiavuli

F. acanthodes (Lem.) Britt. & Rose

Barrel cactus, reaching 0.8-1.5 m; fairly common on rocky
granitic slopes of the Quitobaquito Hills along the northern margin
of our region, on various slope exposures but most common on
west- and south-facing slopes; juvenile plants common. Absent to
very rare on the smaller lower hills. Flowers yellow, warmer times
of year Barrel cacti, probably this species or F. wisUzeiti. were
roasted in a pit, and the "meat" was sliced and eaten (Zepeda,
1985:47).

S8-45f^(\i Sep 1988), 90-41 (22 Feb 1990).
Ferocactus emoryi (Engelm.) Orcutt Barrel Cactus; hiziiuga;
jiavulV

F. covillei Britt. & Rose

Barrel cactus, often 0.6-1 m tall; scattered on rocky slopes and
rare on lower bajadas and in open, western part of old fields;
infrequent to common on upper floodplain of Aguajita Wash and
sandy flats from Aguajita eastward; flowers red, mostly August to
mid-September Larger plants, ca. 65 cm tall or more, are often
undermined by erosion and eventually topple over apparently the
most common means of their demise in our region.

Nichol s.ii. (28 Apr 1939, ORPI).

Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose var wislizeni

Desert Barrel Cactus; hiznai^u: jiavulf

Barrel cactus, to 70 cm tall; rare and widely scattered on sandy
gravelly soils of lower alluvial flats, lower bajadas, dissected pedi-
ments, and old fields. Locally infrequent just west of the first low
hills west of the pond. Flowers orange-red to reddish, August and
September Most of the plants in our area are less than 45 cm tall.
The plants often grow along the margin of small washes, and
erosion of the soil causes many of them to topple over and ulti-
mately perish.

88-306 (6 Apr 1988). 88-444 ( 14 Sep 1988).
Lophocereus scliottii (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose var schottii
Senita; siiiila. siiur. ce:mi

Cereiis schorrii Engelm.

Columnar cactus; once rare, now probably extirpated: flowers
whitish to pinkish, flowering and fruiting mostly through the hotter
months. In 1951 the species was recorded as rare just east of
Quitobaquito. In the late 1980s we were unable to locate these
plants. The senita is fairly common in nearby areas of the Monu-
ment and in adjacent Sonora. It is a frost-sensitive species, and its
local demise may have been due to winter freezing (see Felger and
Lowe. 1967; Nobel. 1982).

24

Richard S. Felger er al.

1 mi. E ol QuilobaLjuito. S slope, gravelly sill. few. BlaUc\ 32S (2 Jun
1951. DES).

Mammillaria grahamii Engelm. Fishhook Cactus; caheza de
viejo: ba:ban ha-"isvig. ban cekida

M. microcarpu (Engelm.) Britl. & Rose

Small stem-succulent, sometimes reaching 20-30 cm tall: scat-
tered on rocky slopes, bajadas, and open areas of old fields, infre-
quent to common; flowers pink, flowering sporadically in pulses
following rainfall from April to September.

S6-173 ( 10 Apr 1986). 8H-I29 (29 Mar 1988).

Mammillaria thornberi Orcult Fishhook Cactus; caheza de
viejiK ban ha-mauppa

M . fascuuliiui of authors, not Engelm.

Small stem-succulent to 20 cm tall; fairly common although
localized at Quitobaquito on lower bajada including partly alkaline
soils and old fields, often under Ambrosia delloidea and Atriplex
polycarpa: flowers pinkish, at least in August. Locally growing
with M. i;rahamii.

86-174 {\0 Apr \9»6).

Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & Bigel. Buckhom Cholla;
cholla: ciolim

Stem-succulent to ca. 1 .5 m tall. Widespread and common on
rocky slopes, on flats, and in open areas of old fields; infrequent or
rare in tloodplain of Aguajita Wash; flowers (inner tepals) orange-
brown to dull golden yellow, the filaments reddish, April and May.
Many of the plants in the Quitobaquito-Sonoyta Region are inter-
mediate in spination between var. colnradeiisis L. Bens, and var.
nwyV)/- (Engelm. & Bigel.) L. Bens.

«S-.-f2.^(6Apr 1988).

Opuntia arbuscula Engelm. Pencil Cholla; siviri; vipinoi

Shrub with woody trunk, to ca. 2 m tall; in our area known only
from two plants; flowers yellowish, April and early May.

Rocky slope 0.5 km N of Aguajita Spring, SS-321 (6 Apr 1988).

Opuntia bigelovii Engelm. Teddybear Cholla; cholla giienr.
hadsadkam

Stem-succulent reaching I..*! m tall; abundant on rocky slopes;
flowers silvery whitish-green to whitish. May and June. Anthers
often without pollen.

Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck var. engelmannii Desert
Prickly-pear; nopal: naw, i:bhai

O pluH'acciiiihci Engelm. var. cliscaki (Griff.) Bens. & Walk.

Prickly pear, reaching 1-1.8 m tall, the larger colonies ca. 4 m
across; infrequent, scattered on lower bajadas. open areas of old
fields, and rocky slopes (e.g., northeast of pond); flowers yellow,
April and May. Fruit eaten by people, the pads eaten by javelinas
(Chico Suni).

Quitobaquilo. old fields. m)-4MI ( 1 1 Aug 1990).

Opuntia engelmannii var. flavispina (L, Bens.) Pinkava & Parfitt

Similar to var. enfielnuiiinii but differing in having bright yellow
and fewer spines. Growing intemiixed with var ciii^ehiianiiii in the
old fields and sandy saline flats to the east of the pond.

Quitobaquito: BuU-r S7.S8 (19 Mar 1 992. ASU, ORPl, n = 33), springs.
Baker 7625 ( 17 Aug 1988, ASU): old fields, 90-431 ( 1 1 Aug 1990).

Opuntia fuigida Engelm. var. fulgida Jumping Cholla; cholla:
hanam. ha:nanii

Stem-succulent, the largest ones 2-,^(— 4) m (all. occasionally
developing a trunk ca. 30 cm in diameter: widespread and common

on flats, along margins of large washes, and in old fields
(recolonizing the more open, western part), less common on rocky
slopes, and infrequent on alkaline flats; flowers pinkish purple,
June to September.

S7-264 (23 Ocl 1987), 88-130 {29 Mar 1988).

Opuntia kunzei Rose Desert Club Cholla

Opuntia staniyi Engelm. var. kunzei (Rose) L. Bens.

Thick-stemmed cholla. forming sprawling colonies often reach-
ing 1-3.5 m wide and 30-57 cm tall; common on sandy flats from
the vicinity of Aguajita east and also west from the southwestern
portion of our region: flowers yellow. May. (Concerning Nichol's
1939 record, see Doubtful and Excluded Plants, below.)

Baker 7613 ([2, May 1988, ASU, n = 22); Benson 9937 (5 Mar 1940,
POM): 87-265 (23 Oct 1987), 88-324 (6 Apr 1988), 90-37 (22 Feb 1990):
Harbison s.n. (27 Nov 1939), s.n. (28 Nov 1939); Mearns 2735 (27 Jan
1894. DS): Peebles 14561 (5 Mar 1940).

Opuntia leptocaulis DC. Desert Christmas Cholla; lasajilhr. 'acV
vipinoi. ce'ecetn vipinoi

Slender-stemmed cholla to I m tall; infrequent, scattered in
sandy soil along washes and on rocky slopes; flowers whitish. May
and June. Fruits eaten fresh (Chico Suni).

88-470^4 Sep 1988).

Peniocereus greggii (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose var. transmontanus

(Engelm.) Backeb. Desert Night-blooming Cereus: reina de la
noche: ho'ok wa"o

Cereus i;reggii Engelm. var. transmontanus Engelm.

Slender-stemmed cactus with a large tuberous root; six plants
known from the vicinity of Aguajita Wash, the largest with several
stems, reaching 1.5 m tall, growing beneath Capparis alainisqnca.
Flowers white, probably June or July. The tuberous root used
medicinally for diabetes and respiratory ailments: the fruits eaten
fresh.

90-574 (i Dec 1990).

Stenocereusthurberi( Engelm.) Buxb. Organpipe;/);;(m/. />//■</>(;
diilce: cucuvis

Cereus timrheri Engelm.. Leniaireoeereiis ihurheri (Engelm.) Britt. &
Rose

Columnar cactus to 7 m tall; common on rocky slopes, gravelly
bajadas. sandy flats, and open areas of old fields, where small plants
were common in the late 1980s: flowers white to pinkish, mostly
May to July, some flowering through August, fruiting ntoslly in
July and early August and sometimes again in September. Plants of
all age classes present.

Lumholtz (1912:331) mentioned that the Hia C-ed O'odham
"used to come as far as Quitovaquito and Santo Domingo to gather
mezquite beans . . . and eat sahuaro and pitahaya." The fruit contin-
ues to be a major wild crop for Sonoran O'odham at Quitovac. In
July and August 1991, they harvested 1200 kg of fruit for making
jam, drying, and eating fresh, and they commonly use the stem ribs
(woody vascular bundles) in house and fence construction.

Hodgson /-^ ( 14 Sep 1974. ASU).

Campanulaceae Bellflower Family

Nemacladus gianduliferus Jeps. var. orientalis McVaugh
Threadstcm

Spring ephemeral; seasonally common in Aguajita Wash and
probably elsewhere in our area; flowers white and maroon.

92-126. (3 Mar 1992): El Papalote, 86-119 (9 Apr 1986).

Flora and Klhnoholany oi Quilohat|iiito

25

Capparaceae Caper Family

Capparis atamisquea Kuntze

Auimist/iu'ci ci)uiii;iihi!a Miers

Shrubs to 2 m tall common on sandy gravelly flats immediately
east ofAguajita Spring, rare to ca. 6 km north of Aguajita Spring;
shrubs or small trees to 4 m tall with several trunks, each up to 13
cm diameter near base, as well as small plants infrequent in dense
mesquite thicket near Aguajita Spring in the immediate vicinity of
the international fence on both sides of the border; two large shrubs
in dense brush in old fields south of Quitobaquito pond: one large
shrub among mesquite at north end of pond. Flowers cream-white,
flowering profusely in May and June; visited by the honeybee,
native bees, the large orange-winged tarantula hawk [Hcmipcpsis
KsliiUila). and other insects. Fruiting in August, the seeds embedded
in a fleshy, red aril.

This species is not known elsewhere in the United States, al-
though it is common along old tloodplains of the nearby Rio
Sonoyta and southward in western Sonora, disjunctly in Argentina.
It is the only food for larvae of the pierid butterfly Ascia homnlhi
(Bailowitz. 1988).

Aguajita Spring: Binvers /.W ( 13 Jun 1978. ARIZ. ORPI); S7-267 (2.^
Oct 1987). H9-23:: ( 19 Jun 1989) 0.4 mi E of Quilohaqiiilo tumoff. Muson
7679(29 May 1 9.^9. ARIZ. ORPI I. 1 mi. NE of Quilohaquilo. Springs. £».i,wi/
7,S4 (23 Aug 197.'i. DES ). 4 mi. N of Quitohaquilo Springs on connecting road
between Bates Well Rd. and Puerto Blanco Loop Dr. AlripUw. Pivsopis.
Lwinni. OIncYU association, one only, shrub 3+ m wide and 2 m tall, dense.
Eii^urd 543 (7 Jun 1975, DES). 350 m E of Aguajita Wash: Aniplex flat.
Baker 76/2 (13 May 1988, ASU), Baker 7622 (17 Aug 1988, ASU).
Quitobaquito: old fields, two shrubs, climbing into mesquite to ca. 3.6 and 4 m
inhclghl..S,V-.'/0(6Apr ]'^><iiy. Harbison s.n. (27 Nov 1939). Sonora. 1.6 km
SSW of Quitobaquito. old tloodplain of Rio Sonoyta. <S'<S'-/2 ( 10 Feb 1989).

Wislizenia refracta Engelm. subsp. refraeta Jackass-clover

Annual herbs or nonseasonal ephemerals. sometimes persisting
as short-lived perennials; scattered to locally conmion in sandy soil,
often in washes and along roadsides: Aguajita Wash and at
Quitobaquito; flowers yellow, at almost any time of year, often
flowering during dry seasons when few other plants are blooming.
Three specimens (Benson 9935. Gould 29SH. and Peebles 14558)
are unusual in having some fruits with three or four instead of the
usual two carpels,

Benson 9935 (5 Mar 1940); Bowers 900 ( 16 Oct 1977. ORPI); Fay 742
(18 Feb 1978); Gould 298S (18 Mar 1945); Harbison s.n. (27 Nov 19.39.
SD); MeDouaall 33 (25 Mar 1941. ARIZ. ORPI); Peebles 14558 (5 Mar
1940); Warren & Fiifiate s.n. (31 Jan 1976).

Caryophyllaceae Pink Family

Achyronychia cooper! A. Gray Frost Mat

Winter-spring ephemeral: infrequent to locally fairly common,
sandy-gravelly soil ofAguajita Wash and its lloodplain. infrequent
elsewhere on sandy soils; flowers white, minute.

Chenopodiaceae Goosefoot Family

Atriplex elegans (Moq.) D. Dietr. Wheel-Scale Orach; ehamizo
ceni:o: "onk ■i:vakl

Warm-weather ephemeral, spring to fall: scattered along road-
sides and in disturbed areas such as the partially barren tlats west of
the pond and the parking lot near Quitobaquito, often in alkaline
soils: flowers green, inconspicuous, at various seasons including
spring, summer, and early fall. Two infraspccific ta\a occur in our
area. Are they worthy of taxonomic distinction?

Subsp. elegans: ,S6-27/ (13 Sep 1986). 88-449 0-i Sep 1988). Subsp.
fasciculala (S. Wats.) Hall & Clements: Bowers 1331 (13 Jun 1978, ORPI);

Nichol s.n. {2» Apr 19.39).

Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.l S. Wats, subsp. lentiformis Quail

Bush. Lens-Scale, cluinilzo

Shrub to 2 m tall: scattered to abundant on moist or dry saline
soil in tlats at Quitobaquito; flowers greenish, spring.

Nielwl s.n. (28 Apr 1939. ORPI).
Atriplex linearis S. Wats. Narrow-leaf Saltbush

A. caneseens (Pursh) Nutt. var. linearis Hall & Clem.

Shrub to ca. 1 m; common to abundant on alkaline tlats and
semi-alkaline soils of lower bajadas, locally on upper bajadas and
in old fields: flowers green, inconspicuous, various seasons.

SS-450 (14 Sep 1988); Niehol s.n. (10 Mar 1939. ORPI).

Atriplex pacifica A. Nels. Pacific Orach

Winter-spring and early summer ephemeral: infrequent to
sometimes locally common on alkaline tlats, open areas of old
fields, and open disturbed places near Quitobaquito pond: flowers
greenish, inconspicuous. In Arizona known only from Organ Pipe
Cactus National Monument and Cabeza Prieta Game Refuge.

Puerto Blanco Drive, 7-10 mi. W of Ariz. Hwy. 85, Boners 1721 (10
May 1979); 8.6 mi. W of Ariz. Hwy. 85 on road to Quitobaquito. \dn
De'vender 85-9 (2 Mar 1985).

Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) S. Wats. Desert Saltbush; cluimizo.
lenizo: "onk 'i;vakt

Shrub 1-1.5 m; scattered to abundant, washes, alkaline flats,
bajadas, and rocky slopes; flowers greenish, inconspicuous, various
sea.sons.

Adams i.//. ( 1 8 Jun 1 97 1 . ORPI ); Bowers 905 ( 1 6 Oct 1 977, ORPI ); 87-
268 (23 Oct 1987); Niehol s.n. ( 10 Mar 1938. ORPI).

*Chenopodium murale L. Net-leaf Goosefoot: chiiul. ehoal:
'onk ■i:vaki

Ephemeral, mostly winter-spring; seasonally common, mostly
along washes in wet soil and disturbed areas near Quitobaquito
pond and parking lot and beneath the cottonwoods, in old fields,
and on alkaline tlats: flowers greenish, inconspicuous. Sometimes
persisting through the summer in shade beneath the cottonwoods at
Quitobaquito. Herbage washed and cooked as greens (Nabhan el
III.. 1982).

8b-20S (23 Jul 1986). 8b-2b9 (13 Sep 1986); Niehol s.n. (28 Apr 19.39.
ORPI).

Monolepis nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene Poverty Weed; paiahi:
"opon

Winter-spring ephemeral: gravelly or sandy tlats and larger,
broad washes; flowers green, inconspicuous.

Sonora. El Papalote, ,S'6-/57 (10 Apr 1986).

Nitrophila occidentalis ( Moq. ) S. Wats. Alkali Weed

Perennial succulent herb: locally common to abundant in moist
alkaline soil near springs and seeps and on alkaline tlats; flowers
pinkish, April to May. Not known elsewhere in the Monument;
formerly along the nearby Rio Sonoyta. The nearest present-day
populations are at Quitovac and near the Rio Colorado (Ezcurra
ctal.. 1988).

.Adams s.n. (18 Jun 1971. ORPI); Bowers 1333 (13 Jun 1978. ORPI);
Clark s.n. (25 Mar 1944. ORPI ); Niehol s.n. (28 Apr 1939); Snpernaiinh s.n.
(1 Jun 1949, ORPI).

*Salsola australis R. Br. Russian Thistle. Tunibleweed: cluimizo
volador: bejel "e'esadam

Hot-weather annual: infrequent along roadsides and larger
washes, in old fields, and on lower bajadas; probably repeatedly
immigrating from disturbed habitats in adjacent Sonora.

26

Richard S. Felger a ul.

SS-407 ( 14 Sep 1988). /i9-240 ( 14 Jun 14X9).

Suaeda moquinii (Torr.) Greene Desert Seepweed; quelile
satado; s-cuk onk

S. lorreyaiw S. Wats, of authors.

Succulent shrub to 1 .5 m; common to abundant on alkaline flats
and in alkaline soils near springs and Quitobaquito Pond, also on
sandy flats, in Aguajita Wash, and at Williams Spring; flowers
green, inconspicuous. July to October.

Adams s.n. (1 8 Jun 197 1. ORPl); 91 -ISO ( 1 8 Nov 199 1 ); Nichol s.ii. O Mar
1939. ORPI; 28 Apr 1939. ORPl); VanDevender s.n. (30 Aug 1978. ORPI).

Crassulaceae Stonecrop Family

Crassula connata (Ruiz & Pav.) Berg. var. eremica (Jeps.)
Bywater & Wickens

Diminutive winter-spring succulent ephemeral; widespread,
common, and sometimes abundant during years of favorable rain-
fall in desert habitats with non-alkaline soils, especially in places
where water temporarily accumulates, old fields, hillsides, flats,
washes, and floodplains; flowers minute and inconspicuous.

92-137 0 Mar 1992); 92-242 (13 Mar 1992).

Cucurbitaceae Gourd Family

Brandegea bigelovil (S. Wats.) Cogn.

Annual vine, fall to spring; locally common, at least in wash
near Aguajita Spring and nearby smaller washes, especially com-
mon in dense brushy vegetation on the Sonora side of the fence at
Aguajita Spring (between Mexico Highway 2 and the international
fence); flowers white. Often climbing into mesquite trees and form-
ing leafy green "curtains."

Buker 7714 (2 Mar 1989. ASU); Hb-332 ( 14 Sep 1986); Peebles 14556A
(5 Mar 1940).

Cucurbita digitata A. Gray Coyote Gourd; valabaciUa. chichi
coxotc: 'adavi. 'ad

Perennial vine from a tuberous root; rare to locally common in
larger washes (common on the Sonora side of fence at Aguajita).
infrequent on sandy flats and in old fields, and rare elsewhere;
flowers yellow, warmer months. The roots were used as a medicine
to treat dandruff and were mashed in water for use as soap and
bleach for fabric (Betty Melvin. in Bell et at.. 1980:96).

S6-i29(14Sep 1986).

Cuscutaceae Dodder Family

Cuscuta salina Engelm. Dodder; vepegf vasai

Waim-weather annual vine, parasitic on Suaeda moquinii: lo-
calized but fomiing dense colonies at Quitobaquito and Aguajita;
flowers white, June to December (summer and fall).

H9-24I (19 Jun 1989); Harhisoii s.n. (29 Nov 1939. ARIZ. SD); "On
Atriptex and Haplopcipims." Hevly s.n. (8 Oct 1960; this specimen is on
Suaeda moquinii. not Atriplex or Haplopappus).

Cuscuta sp. Dodder; vepegV vasai

Warm-weather vining ephemeral, locally common in the flood-
plain at Aguajita. parasitic on Tidcstromia lanuginosa, or occa-
sional on Leplochloa filiformis: flowers white.

8X-4I4 (]4 Sep 1988).

Euphorbiaceae Spurge Family

Acalypha californica Benth. California Copperleaf

Perennial, subshrub; rare, in our region known from only one
small population in rocky gravelly soil in Aguajita Wash; flowers

reddish, wamier months w ith sufficient soil moisture. Its distribution
in the Monument and in adjacent Sonora is largely limited by winter
freezing; the Aguajita plants are repeatedly frozen to the ground.

SS-2 7.'; (6 Apr 1988).
Chamaesyce abramsiana (Wheeler) Koutnik Golondrina

Euphiirhici cihiamsiano Wheeler

Non-seasonal ephemeral; common in Aguajita Wasn; "flowers"
maroon and white.

S6-277(13Scp 19S6).<S6-i22(14Sep 1986). SS-4/7 (14 Sep 1988).
Chamaesyce microinera (Boiss.) Woot. & Standi. Golondrina

Euphoi'liui ninniniera Boiss.

Non-seasonal ephemeral; floodplain and wash at Aguajita and
probably elsewhere; "flowers" maroon and white.

86-294 (13 Sep 1986). HS-41S ( 14 Sep 1988).
Chamaesyce pediculifera (Engelm.) Rose & Standi. \ ar.
pediculifera Louse Spurge; golondrina

Euphorbia pediculifera Engelm. var. pediculifera

Non-seasonal ephemeral; common, usually in sandy gravelly
washes and on floodplains and lower slopes; "flowers" maroon and
white.

8h-27H (13 Sep 1986. ARIZ. ORPI). SS-426 (14 Sep 1988); MacDougal
17 (W Nov 1907. US. not seen by us); Mearns 2746 (US).

Chamaesyce polycarpa (Benth.) Millsp. var. polycarpa Com-
mon Desert Spurge; golondrina; vi'ibgam

Eupluirbui pnhcarpa Benth.

Non-seasonal ephemeral to perennial herb (the perennial plants
usually on rocky slopes); common in larger washes and on flats and
rocky slopes; "flowers" maroon and white. This is the most com-
mon of the several species of small euphorbias in our region. The
various species were used as medicine (Chico Suni).

88-404. 88-418. 88-459 (14 Sep "l988); Gould 2992 (18 Mar 1945);
Harbison s.n. [27 Nov 19.39).

Chamaesyce setiloba (Engelm.) Millsp. Fringed Spurge;
golondrina

Euphorbia setiloba Engelm.

Non-seasonal but mostly a summer-fall ephemeral, often
freeze-killed in winter; common, sandy gravelly washes; "flowers"
reddish and white.

S6-276 (13 Sep 1986). 87-271 (23 Oct 1987).
Ditaxis lanceolata Benth.

Argythamniu lanceolata (Benth.) Muell. Arg.

Suffrutescent, short-lived perennial; common, mostly on rocky
slopes, occasional along washes; flowers white and green, incon-
spicuous, warmer months.

88-458 ( 14 Sep 1988); Gould 2998 ( 18 Mar 1945).
Ditaxis neomexicana (Muell. Arg.) Heller

ArgMhamnia neomexicana (Torr.) Muell. Arg.

Non-seasonal ephemeral to short-lived perennial; infrequent to
common, mostly in washes and on rocky slopes; flowers while and
green, inconspicuous.

,S'6-2y/ (13 Sep 1986). ,S-,V-.;29 (14 Sep 1988).

Euphorbia eriantha Benth.

Non-seasonal ephemeral, mostly in spring; infrequent to com-
mon, washes and flats.

,S',S'-,;.W(l4,Sep 1988).

l-loriiand iMhiKihuUiiiv nl yuiloh;ic|U]lo

27

Jatropha cintrea (Ort.) Muell. Arg. Ashy Linibcrhiisli;
saiigri'iiguclo: komagi va:s

Shrub, often 1-1.5 m tall, frost-sensitive and often free/in;;
back severely; locally common in sandy soils of bajadas, mostly
along margins of washes, about 1.5 km west of Quitobaquito pond
at the western margin of our area. Flowers whitish to pink, usually
with the summer rains, the fruits ripening in the same season.

Used as medicine. For sores: boil it in water and put water on
sore, also to take away pain of a toothache. Tender stems slit and
used in baskets for coiling around leaves of cattail {Typlia) or
beargrass (Ni)liiia micwcarpa. which occurs farther east in south-
em Arizona and northern Sonora) (Philip Salcido, Delores Lewis;
Nabhan cr <;/., 1982).

,S-,s>-./65 ( 14 Sep 1988); Nichol s.n. (28 Apr IQ?*), ARIZ. ORPI); 2 mi. W
of Quitobaquito, SiipcrmiKgh 435 (29 Jul 19.50); near Quitobaquito. Sclmn
(18.'i5. F. not seen by us. cited by McVaugh. 1945. also see Torrey. 1857-
1859).

Jatropha cuneata Wiggins & Rollins Limberbush; saiigreiif;Mli>:
va:s

Shrub, often 1-1.5 m tall; abundant on rocky slopes; flowers
pinkish white, summer. Stems freeze-damaged during severe win-
ters. Used as a red dye.

86-217 (2.^ Jul 1986). 88-462 (14 Sep 1988); Niclwl s.n. (3 Mar 19_W.
ARIZ. ORPI); Pinkava 2S64 ( 1 Oct 1965).

Sapium biloculare (S. Wats.) Pax Hierhii dc la flee ha: 'ina hita
Shrub; rare, in sandy soil of Aguajita Wash; these plants, ob-
served in October, 1987. had sprouted from the ground, the rest of
the shrubs having frozen to the ground in the previous one or two
winters. This species is common immediately south of the border
fence at Aguajita and nearby on upper bajadas and low hills outside
our area. Winter freezing seems to be a major limiting factor at
Quitobaquito.

Said to be poisonous; "poison, it will kill you" (Chico Suni).
Used as medicine for sores (Nabhan et ai. 1982). This shrub is
known by O'odham to be the host plant for cocoons of the large
native silk moths {RolhschilJca cincta or Eupacaniia callehi). The
cocoons were collected off these plants forO'odham pascola rattles,
and this plant's name refers to a pascola dance step (Chico Suni).

Quitobaquito: "not elsewhere," Hihlf>.ti>n 209 (6 Dec 1978. DBS);
Nichol s.n. (8 Apr 19.39); El Papalote. broad gravelly sandy wash immedi-
ately south of Aguajita Spring, shrub ca. 2.5 m tall, floodplain adjacent lo
wash. 86-333 ( 14 Sep 1986); A/ra/vi.v 2753 (30 Jun 1894. US).

Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Legume Family

Acacia greggii A. Gray var arizonica Isely Catclaw; iiiui de
galo: ■u;pad

Large shrub to small tree, 2-6 m tall; common along washes,
fairly common in old fields, and infrequent on rocky slopes; flow-
ers yellowish, mostly in spring, the pods ripening in June.

88-282 (6 Apr 1988, ORPI), 89-246 ( 19 Jun 1989).

Calliandra eriophylla Benth. Fairy Duster; huajilln

Dwarf woods shrub; locally common on rocky, often north-
facing slopes; flowers pinkish, February and March.

Niclwl s.n. (3 Mar 1939. ORPI).

Cercidium floridum Benth. subsp. floridum Blue Palo
Verde; pah> venlc; ko'okoniadk. kalisp

Tree, often to 7 m; scattered to abundant along major washes in
sandy soil, sparse in old fields; flowers yellow, peak flowering late
March and April. Seeds used as food, the wood for fuel (Chico
Suni).

Cercidium microphyllum (Torr.) Rose & Johnst. Foothill Palo
Verde; pain vcrdc: kek cehedagi

Tree usually to 4 m (exceptionally 5-7 m tall); iidrcqucnt to
common in washes and on rocky slopes; flowers pale yellow and
white, peak flowering in April and early May.

Seeds parched, ground into flour, and eaten as alolc or gruel
(Felger, unpublished notes).

Dalea mollis Benth. Silky Dalea

Winter-spring ephemeral; infrequent to common on gravelly
flats and rocky slopes and probably elsewhere; flowers white and
purple. February to April.

Ranziini s ii. (26 Mar 1965, ORPI): Waiicn s.u. ( 10 Nov 1983).

Lotu.s salsuginosis Greene subsp. brevivexiilus Ottley

Spring ephemeral; common, at least on flats and in larger
washes; flowers yellow.

Bcale sn. (8 Apr 1988. ORPI); 86-ll3,\ (9 Apr 1986). 88-283A (6 Apr
1988).
Lotus strigosus (Nutt.) Greene var. tomentellus (Greene) Isely

Spring ephemeral; common, washes and flats; flowers yellow.

Beule s.n. (8 Apr 1988. ORPI); 88-283 (6 Apr 1988).

Lupinus arizonicus S. Wats. Arizona Lupine; lupino; tas mahag
Winter-spring ephemeral; often common, broad sandy washes,
gravelly bajadas. and along roadsides, less common on rocky
slopes; flowers pinkish blue.

Beale s.n.d Apr 1 988. ORPI ); Clark i.H. ( 25 Mar 1 944. ORPI ); 88-284
(6 Apr 1988); Niles 525 ( 16 Mar 1965, ARIZ, ORPI).

Marina parryi (Torr. & Gray) Bameby

Dalea parryi Torr. & Gray

Non-seasonal ephemeral, usually seen in winter and spring,
sometimes surviving as a short-lived perennial; infrequent to com-
mon, washes and rocky slopes; flowers dark blue.

86-286 (13 Sep 1986), 88-461 ( 14 Sep 1988).
*MeliIotusindica(L.)Allioni Yellow Sweet-clover; f/c'te/ a?)7o;
pu;wl

Non-seasonal ephemeral; infrequent to locally common, old
fields, especially along old irrigation ditches and in moist soil
around Quitobaquito Pond, infrequent in washes; flowers yellow.

Bowers 1607 (30 Mar 1979, ORPI); Clark s.n. (25 Mar 1944, ORPI);
7659 (14 Apr 1963).

OIneya tesota A. Gray Ironwood; paloficrro: hoi'idkam

Large shrubs or small trees to 8.3 ni tall; common along washes,

infrequent and usually smaller on rocky slopes; flowers pinkish

lavender, usually late April and May.

Used for fence posts and firewood (Chico Suni. 1989) and in

construction of round houses (Delores Lewis, Philip Salcido). Seeds

edible; "The beans of the palo fierro were toasted, ground, and

consumed as pinole" (Lumholtz, 1912:331 ).

Adams ,v./i. ( 1 8 Jun 1 97 1 . ORPI ); Nichol i.«. ( 28 Apr 1 939. ORPI ).

Phaseolus filiformis A. Gray Desert Bean; ban bavV. cepulifi
bavl'

Non-seasonal ephemeral, mostly in spring; infrequent to com-
mon on rocky slopes and along washes, especially small arroyos
and drainageways; flowers pink, March lo May. The immature pods
were eaten fresh, and the dry seeds were boiled and eaten like lentils
(Nabhan. 1985).

Peebles 14554A (5 Mar 1940).

Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. torreyana (L. Bens.) M.C. Johnst.
Western Honey Mesquite; mezquite: kui

P.juliflora (Sw.) DC. var lorrcvana L. Bens.

Small trees; infrequent in old fields. Apparently intermediate

28

Richard S. Felger el al.

with P. velunmr. differs from P. vctminu by having larger, longer.
and more widely spaced leaflets on jugate rather than bijugate
leaves, but resembles P. vclmiiia in having pubescent herbage. See
P. velurina for uses.

Aguajita Spring. Bowers I3S7 (13 Jun 1978); Quitobaquito. old fields
below''pond. smalHree ca. 4 m tall. fiS-451 ( 14 Sep 1988).

Prosopis pubescens Benth. Screwbean; tornillo: kujul

Large shrub or small tree to 5 m tall; localized small populations
in wet soil and washes near springs and Quitobaquito Pond; flowers
yellow, mostly May and June.

Adams s.ii. (18 Jun 1971. ORPI); <S'6o'-V (14 Sep 1986); Guliaiio s.n.
(29 Aug 1986. ORPI); Lehto 5492 (24 Oct 196.5. ASU); Mearns 2738 (28
Jan 1894. US. not seen by us); Nkbol s.n. (28 Apr 1939. ORPI); Van
Devenders.n. (30 Aug 1978. ORPI).

Prosopis velutina Woot. Velvet Mesquite; mezquile: kui

P. luliftora (S».) DC. var. velutina (Woot.) Sarg.

Large shrub or small tree to ca. 8 m tall with pubescent herbage
and jugate and bijugate leaves; common to abundant along washes
and in old fields, scattered elsewhere, as on Hals and rocky slopes;
flowers yellow, mostly April to June. Forms locally dense groves
among the pomegranates and figs in the old fields. Two large
mesquite trees, next to the dwellings in the 1940s and 1950s, at the
north end of the pond, were still standing but dead in the late 1980s
(Figs. 5, 7. 8).

The pods were used for food and the wood was used as fuel.
Lumholtzt 1912:3.31) mentioned that the Hia C-ed O'odham "used
to come as far as Quitovaquito and Santo Domingo to gather
mezquite beans (called by the Mexicans pcclula)." The sap was
boiled to make black hair dye. The trunks and larger limbs were
used for house construction and for corrals. The corral at Aguajita,
still standing in 1992, was made from mesquite (Bobby Gray, //;
Hoy, 1970b; also see Bell and Castetter, 1937).

Adams s.n. i.\%iun 1971. ORPI); S6-/79 (10 Apr 1986). SS-2S5 (6 Apr
1988); Lchio 549S (24 Oct I96.'i. ASU); Ranzoni s.n. ( 12 Jul 1962. ORPI).

Psorothamnus spinosus (A. Gray) Bameby Smoke Tree

Oalea spinnsa A. Gray

Shrub or small tree to ca. 3 m; scattered along Aguajita Wash in
sandy soil: flowers dark blue. May and June.

Damw 2398 (18 Mar 1945); Lchio 5488 (24 Oct 1965. ASU); Ntchol
s.n. (3 Mar 1939. ARIZ. ORPI).

Fouquieriaceae Ocotillo Family

Kouquieria splendens Engelm. subsp. splendens Ocotillo; oco-
tillo: melhog

Spiny shrub; common on rocky slopes and upper gravelly
bajadas; flowering in March and April, flowers red-orange.

The stems are used for fences and house-building (Chico Suni).
and the flowers are used in Easter ceremonies (Philip Salcido.
Delores Lewis). The flowers are picked and the sweet nectar is
sucked froin the base of the flower.

88-132 {29M3T 1988).

Gentianaceae Gentian Family

(entaurium calycosum (Buckl.) Fern. Centaury

Wann-weather annual; locally abundant in alkaline wet soil at
seeps and springs from Quitobaquito to Williams Spring; flowers
pink, rarely white, March to November. Not known elsewhere in
Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument and not known from north-
western Sonora.

Adams s.n. 0>^ inn \91 ],ORP\): Bowers 1 308(4 Mi\y 1 978. ORPI); .V6-
2/2(23 Jul 1986),«6-272(13Scp 1986); f™r,v (15 Jun \949, ORPI): West

.s.n. (26 May 1962).

Eustoma exaltatum (L.) Salisb. ex G. Don forma albinorum
Benke Catchtly Gentian

Perennial herbs (facultatively annual?); locally abundant in al-
kaline wet soil at Quitobaquito and Williams springs; flowers
showy, cream-white. June to September. Not known from else-
where in the Monument or northwestern Sonora.

Adams s.n. (18 Jun 1971. ORPI); Baker 7623 (17 Aug 1988. ASU):
Clark s.n. (25 Mar 1944. ORPI); 86-213 (23 Jul 1986). 86-268 (13 Sep
1987); Galiano s.n. (29 Aug 1986. ORPI); Harbison s.n. (27 Nov 1939.
SD); Lehm 5497 (24 Oct 196.5. ASU); Mearns (7 Feb 1894. US); Ranzoni
.s.n. (13 Jul 1962. ORPI); Van Devender s.n. [30 Aug. 1978. ORPI).

(ieraniaceae Geranium Family

*Erodium cicutarium (L.) L"Her. Filaree. Stork-Bill; alfilcrillo:
hohoi "ipad

Winter-spring ephemeral; seasonally common to abundant,
washes, gravelly flats, and rocky slopes, and often along roadsides
and other disturbed habitats: flowers pinkish lavender. In the excep-
tionally wet spring of 1973 some plants reached widths of ca. 2 m.

Beale s.n. (8 Apr 1988. ORPI); 20599 (9 Mar 1973). 88-279 (6 Apr
1988).

Erodium texanum A. Gray False Filaree. Desert Stork-bill

Winter-spring ephemeral; seasonally common, washes, flats,
old fields, and rocky slopes; flowers pinkish lavender, February to
April.

Hydrophyllaceae Waterleaf Family

Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia (Benth.) Greene var. pinnaMfida
(Torr.) Constance

Winter-spring ephemeral; often common on rocky slopes, espe-
cially north-facing, and in washes, less common on flats and in
open areas of old fields, frequently under trees and shrubs and at
base of rocks: flowers pale blue, February to April.

SS-/.« (29 Mar 1988).

Eucrypta micrantha (Torr.) Heller Peluda

Winter-spring ephemeral; commonly growing with E.
chrysamhemifoliii: flowers pale blue.

NahhanandReuhhardi sn. (18 Feb 1983).

Nama hispidum A. Gray Fhn- monida

Spring ephemeral; common, washes and sandy flats: flowers
lavender. February to April.

7682 (14 Apr 1963).
Phacelia ambigua M.E. Jones Desert Heliotrope

P. crennlata Torr. var. amhti^ua (M.E. Jones) J.F. Macbridc

Spring ephemeral: common, washes and flats; flowers lavender.
February to April.

86-102 (9 Apr \9?,(i). 88-280 (t Apr 1988).

Phacelia distans Benth. Fern-leaf Phacelia

Spring ephemeral; usually infrequent, sometimes locally com-
mon, washes and flats: flowers lavender.

Beale s.n. (8 Apr 1988, ORPI); 86-102 (9 Apr 1986).

Krameriaceae Ratany Family

Krameria erecta Willd. Range Ratany

K. parvifolia Benth.

Shrub ca. ()..5 m tall. I m across; generally infrequent but locally
common on sandy phun al southwestern comer of our area; flowers
purple, following rains during wamier months.

Flora and Ethnobotany of Quitobaquilo

29

,S(SWA,s"(i4Scp lyss).

Krameria grayi Rose & Painter White Ratanv; cosahiii: "edho,
he:d

Shrub to 0.7 m tall. 1.5 ni across; common and widespread,
rocky hills and flats; flowers purple, mostly following rains during
wanner months.

The roots were used as a source of reddish dye for basketry and
fabric, as a cosmetic, and as a tanning agent for deer hides; this
plant also was used as a medicine (Delores Lewis, Philip Salcido,
Chico Suni).

&S'-JJ6(14Scp 14X8).

Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Mint Family

Hvptis emoryi Torr. var. emoryi Desert Lavender; salvia

Shrub to 2 m tall; locally common at east end of Quitobaquito
Hills near ridge crest; flowers blue, non-seasonal. The plants are
frost-sensitive.

90-4H3 (2-\ Oa 1990).

Salvia columbariae Benth. Chia; dapk

Winter-spring ephemeral; common, usually on gravelly soils of
washes, bajadas, and flats; flowers blue. March to April. Seeds used
as a medicine to treat eye irritants, and also in a beverage (Philip
Salcido, Delores Lewis; also see Lumholtz 1912:331).

Beale s.n. (8 Apr 1988. ORPl I; Clark s.n. (25 Mar 1944. ORPl); 8S-28I
(6 Apr 1988)

Loasaceae Stickleaf Family

Mentzelia affinis Greene Triangle-seed Blazing Star; pei>a pe^a
Spring ephemeral; infrequent to common, sandy soils in washes
and on flats; flowers yellow, February to April.

Clark s.n. (25 Mar 1944. ORPl); cS'A'-2.S'7 (6 Apr 1988), H6-1US (9 Apr
1986).

Mentzelia Involucrata S. Wats. Stickleaf; pcf^a pega

Spring ephemeral; infrequent in sandy soil of Aguajita Wash;
flowers whitish yellow, February to April.

Clark s.n. (2.5 Mar 1944).

Petalonvx thurberi A. Gray var. thurberi Sandpaper Plant;
hadsadkam

Shrubby perennial ca. 0.3-1 m tall; common along Aguajita
Wash; flowers white, late spring to fall.

86-288 (6 Apr 1988, ARIZ. ORPl).

Malpighiaceae Malpighia Family

Janusia gracilis A. Gray Fermina

Vining perennial, sometimes reaching a height of 3 m when
climbing in shrubs; infrequent to common, rocky slopes; flowers
yellow, non-seasonal.

SA'-/25 (29 Mar 1988). 88-445 ( 14 Sep 1988).

Malvaceae Mallow Family

Hibiscus denudatus Benth. var. denudatus Rock Hibiscus

Suffrutescent perennial to 0.7 m; scattered on rockv slopes;
flowers whitish to pink with large maroon spots, flowermg non-
seasonal.

Beale s.n. (23 Feb 1986, ORPl); Warren sn. ( 10 No\ 19S.M.

Horsfordia newberryi (S. Wats.) A. Gray Orange Velvet-Mallow
Spindly shrub to ca. 3 m; infrequent to locally common, south-
facing rocky slopes and ridge crest of the higher hills; flowers
bright yellow-orange, flowering non-seasonalh except during cold-
est weather.

Darr<nv 24/1 (18 Mar 1945); W-482 (24 Oct 1990).

*Malva parvil'olia L. Cheeseweed; malva. qiicsittr. tasmahak,
hadani cuikam

Winter-spring ephemeral; old fields and near pond, often in
temporarily wet soil; flowers whitish.

760.1' (14 Apr 1963).

Sphaeralcea coulteri (S. Wats.) A. Gray subsp. coulteri Annual
Globe Mallow; mal de ojo: hadam tadk. I'liutum

Spring ephemeral; seasonally abundant in wet years, mostly in
old fields and washes and on floodplains, sandy flats, and lower
bajadas. Highly variable in size depending on soil moisture.

Beale s.n. (8 Apr 1988. ORPl); 7650 (4 Apr 1963); Mearns 2774 (1 Feb
1894. CDS, not seen by us).

Sphaeralcea emorvi Torr. Mal de ojo

Non-seasonal ephemeral to short-lived perennial subshrub, to
1 .5 m; scattered to abundant on sandy flats and washes, often in
disturbed areas such as roadsides and especially common to abun-
dant around the cottonwoods at Quitobaquito; flowers reddish or-
ange, non-seasonal.

Bowers 1719 {\0 May 1979. ORPl); 76-/9 (14 Apr 1963). ,^6-/76 (10
Apr 1986). <y6-206 (23 Jul 1986); Peebles 14556 (5 Mar 1940); Van
Devenders.il. (30 .Aug 1978).

Martyniaceae Sesame Family

Proboscidea altheaefolia (Benth.) Decne. Devil's claw; f;alo.
una de i^atn. tonro: ban 'ihug-ga

Perennial, herbaceous from a large tuberous root; scattered in
sandy soil, flats and washes; flowers yellowish, July to September.
The claws are used for baskets (a strip of black flber in each claw)
"when the regular kind" (wild or domesticated P. parvifloia. found
widely elsewhere in Arizona) is not available (Delores Lewis,
Philip Salcido).

Bimei-s I387{25}u\ 1978).

Molluginaceae Carpetweed Family

Mollugo cerviana Ser. Thread-stem Carpetweed. Indian Chick-
weed

Diminutive warm-weather ephemeral; seasonally abundant in
sandy soil, on flats, and in washes and floodplains.

,%'-//9(14Sep 1988).

Moraceae Mulberry Family

*Ficus carica L. Fig; liiguera: su;na

A small orchard remains in old fields along old irrigation ditches
below the pond at Quitobaquito. It consists of shrubs and trees to 5
m tall. Although many of the trees were still alive in 1989, they had
been sadly neglected for many years (see Piinica. Punicaceae).
These trees are said to have been cultivated by O'odham from
Spanish introductions. Hoy (1970a;4S) reported that .-\ndrew
Dorsey planted fig trees ca. 1 S60. Although there probably has been
more than one planting, these figs are likely to be the same "mission
fig" variety that Eusebio Kino introduced into the region in the late
1700s. Propagation is clonal from cuttings. In the early 1960s the
double row of fig and pomegranate shrubs straggled across the
international fence into Sonora, although most of these plants were
dead or dying.

88-452 (14 Sep 1988), 89-24.1 (19 Jun 1989); Galiaiio s.n. (27 May
1987, ORPl).

Nyctaginaceae Four-OClock Family
Allionia incarnata L. Trailing Four-OClock

30

Richard S. Felger el al.

Short-lived perennial or facultulive annual or ephemeral; com-
mon on gravelly tloodplains and fiats and on rocky slopes; flowers
violet rose, April to November.

SS-40J (14 Sep 1988).

*Boerhavia erecta L. van erecta Spiderling

Summer ephemeral; rare, only several plants seen along
Aguajita Wash; flowers pinkish. Probably an agricultural weed
entering from the Sonoyta Valley. The plants are noticeably more
robust than var iiucimedia, with longer, larger fruits.

SS-424(14Sep 1988).

Boerhavia erecta var intermedia {M. E. Jones) Kearney &
Peebles Spiderling; makkom ha-jeved

Summer ephemeral; common, washes and floodplains, and es-
pecially abundant at Aguajita; tlowers pink.

SS-J/.-f(14Sep 1988).

Boerhavia spicata Choisy var palmeri S. Wats. Spiderling

B. coiilien (Hook, f.) S. Wats.

Summer ephemeral; common, washes and floodplains; flowers
white to pale pink.

SS-4I5{\4 Sep 1988).

Boerhavia vvrightii A. Gray Spiderling

Summer ephemeral; common, washes and floodplains; flowers
pale pink.

88-4 J 2 {\4 Sep 1988).

Commicarpus scandens L.

Perennial, scarcely woody at base; rare to sometimes seasonally
infrequent, along major washes; flowers greenish yellow, respond-
ing to hot weather

Quitobaquilo: Harhisim s.n. (27 Sep 1939. SD 26179); Nahluin sm. (17
May 1982). Aguajita Wash, only one flowering plant seen, edge of wash. ca.
60 cm high, plus few widely scattered seedlings, S8-40I ( 14 Sep 1988).

Mirabilis bigelovli A. Gray Desert Four-0"Clock

Perennial herb; infrequent, on rocky slopes and in washes;
flowers while to pale pink, March to November

S6-/<SY;(10Apr 1986),SS-2<S'6(6Apr 1988).

Onagraceae Evening Primrose Family

Camissonia californica (Torr. & Gray) Raven

Winter-spring ephemeral; seasonally common during favorable
years, gravelly washes and probably elsewhere in years of higher
rainfall; flowers yellow.

88-312 {6 Apr I9S8).

Camissonia chamaenerioides (A. Gray) Raven

Winter-spring ephemeral; locally infrequent to common during
favorable years, gravelly sandy washes and probably elsewhere in
years of higher rainfall; flowers whitish.

88-298 {(, Apr 1988).

Gaura parviflora Hook. Lizard-Tail

WanT)-weather ephemeral or annual; infrequent, occasionally
locally common, temporarily wet soil in old fields, washes, and
fairly open areas; flowers pinkish red during day (probably white
when first open at night).

86- 1 74 A (10 Apr 19X6).

Oenothera primaveris A. Gray

Wmter-spring ephemeral; infrequent, mostly along the flood-
plain and margins of Aguajita Wash, usually in low-lying pockets of
silty .soil with mesquite leaf-litter; flowers yellow.

92-25(;( 1.1 Mar 1992).

Orobanchaceae Broomrape Family

Orobanche cooperi (A. Gray) Heller Desert Broomrape;
mo'otadk

Root parasite on Ambrosia deltoidea and A. diimosa: locally
common on sandy flats, in sandy gravelly washes, and on flood-
plains; flowers white and purplish, spring.

7b56 ( 14 Apr 196.3), 88-M)0 (6 Apr 1988).

Papaveraceae Poppy Family

Eschscholzia minutiflora S. Wats.

Spring ephemeral; common in larger washes; flowers yellow
orange.

Bea/f i./i. (22 Mar 1986, ARIZ. ORPI); S«-2W (6 Apr 1988).

Plantaginaceae Plantain Family

Plantago insularis Eastw. var. fastigiata (Morris) Jeps. Woolly
Plantain, Indian Wheat; mumsa

Winter-spring ephemeral; widespread, common to abundant in
favorable years; washes, old fields, fiats, bajadas, and rocky slopes;
January to April.

20595 (9 Mar 1973). 89-261 ( 19 Jun 1989, ORPI).

Polemoniaceae Phlox Family

Eriastrum diffusum (A. Gray) Mason subsp. diffusum

Winter-spring ephemeral; widespread and common, washes
and flats; flowers blue.

Beak s.n. (8 Apr 1988. ORPI); Clark 11483 {25 Mar 1944. ORPI); 88-
2W(6Apr 1988).

Gilia stellata Heller Star Gilia

Spring ephemeral; infrequent to common in washes and on
bajadas and rocky slopes; flowers lavender and yellow.

Beale s.n. (8 Apr 1988. ORPI); 88-294 (6 Apr 1988); GiniUI 2993 (18
Mar 194-';).

Linanthus bigelovii (A. Gray) Greene

Spring ephemeral; seasonally common on floodplains, flats,
and rocky slopes; flowers white.

Polygonaeeae Buckwheat Familv

Chorizanthe brevicornu Torr. subsp. brevicornu Short-honi
Spine-flower

Spring ephemeral; widespread and common, washes, flats, and
rocky slopes; flowers white, minute, February to April.

Beale s.n. (8 Apr 1988, ORPI).

Chorizanthe rigida (Torr.) Torr. & Gray Rigid Spine-flower

Winter-spring ephemeral; comirton and widespread, flats, rocky
slopes, bajadas, and broader gravelly washes; plants drying to a
spiny skeleton; flowers white, minute. February to April.

Beale .s.n. (8 Apr 1988, ORPI); Sclmun & Dakan s.n. (23 Feb 1973.
ORPI).

Eriogonum deflexum Torr var det'lexum Skeleton-Weed
Buckwheat

Ephemeral, non-,seasonal but found mostly in late spring and
early summer, sometimes persisting through summer and also flow-
ering in fall; .scattered to common, washes, gravellv flats, and old
fields; flowers pinkish.

Beale s.n. (8 Apr 1988. ARIZ. ORPI ); <S'6-2/6 (23 Jul 1986). 86-283 (13
Sep 1986. ORPI), ,SV-27.* (23 Oct 19X7); Warren and .Anderson 87-111 (24
Oct 1987).

Eriogonum inflatum Torr. & Frem. Desert Trumpet

Floru and Elhnobolany ol yuilobaquito

31

Perennial herb: common on rocky slopes, rare to infrequent on
bajadas and tloodplains of larger washes; flowers yellowish, mostly
flowering in spring.

S,S-29I (6 Apr 1988). S,S-46() ( 14 Sep 1988).

Eriogonum thomasii Torr.

Spring ephemeral; often seasonally common to abundant, open
gravelly sandy areas of rocky slopes, bajadas. and washes; flowers
pinkish.

,V,S-/_\i (29 Mar 1988). SS-2')2 (6 Apr 1988).

Portulacaceae Portulaca Family

*Portulaca oleracea L. var. oleracea Purslane; verdola^a:
ku'ukpalk

.Summer ephemeral; seasonally common in washes and flood-
plains; flowers yellow.

SS-J.^:(14Sep 1988).
Portulaca halimoides L. Dwarf Portulaca
P. piirviilii A. Gray

Summer ephemeral: seasonally common or even abundant on
lower bajadas and floodplains: sepals reddish pink, the petals,
anthers, and stigma golden yellow.

SS-433 (\4 Sep 1988).

Punicaceae Pomegranate Family

*Puniea granatum L. Pomegranate; granada; galnayu

Shrubs to 3 m tall; long ago planted along irrigation ditches
below the pond at Quitobaquito (old fields); flowers bright red-
orance. Maich and April and sporadically through suminer: fruits
ripening in late summer and early fall, the ripe truits with the skin
pale yellowish with a pinkish blush near apex, the fleshy pulp
translucent white, the taste refreshing and moderately sweet.

When the Orozco family lived at Quitobaquito the pomegranate
orchard extended across the international fence into Mexico, and
the dead remains of these shrubs were still present in the late 1970s.
Although many of the pomegranates on the Arizona side of the
fence were still alive and a few were thriving in 1989, they had been
neglected for many years and most were in poor condition. In late
1989 the Park Service began irrigating the plants, and by summer
1490 the surviving plants had recovered remarkably. These heir-
loom plants are now being propagated for cultivation at other sites
to safeguard the genetic stock.

Pomegranates are readily propagated by cuttings, and this grove
probably represents a single clone. Perhaps there have been mul-
tiple plantings, including those by Andrew Dorsey in about the
1860s (Hoy. 1970a:48) and later by Jose Juan Orozco (Nabhan.
unpublished notes; Zepeda. 1985). Did these pomegranates origi-
nate from introductions by Padre Eusebio Kino? The most likely
source of the Quitobaquito plants is Quitovac or perhaps Sonoyta
(see Fkiis, Moraceae).

86-205 (23 Jul 1986). SS-J09 (6 Apr 1988); Van Dcveiuicr s.n. (.31 Aug
1978. ORPI).

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus Family

Myosurus minimus L. Dwarf Mouse-tail

" Spring annual. Presumably extirpated, it was found at
Quitobaquito in 194.5 growing with other small herbaceous plants
also requiring open wetland habitats (e.g.. .Iiiiuiis bufoiuus. Poii
omnia, and \ l-nmwu peivfirina). No other collections of this species
are known from the Monument or northwestern Sonora.

Quitobaquito. v.ith Piui unmia in marshy area bordering alkaline pool.
CfmW29,S6(18Mar 1945).

Resedaceae Mignonette Family

Oligomeris linlfolla ( Vahl) Macbr. Slender-leaf Cambess

Ephemeral, probably non-seasonal, but common at least from
October to May: sandy flats, alkaline flats, washes, and old fields;
flowers whitish green, inconspicuous.

fuv 740 (18 Feb 1978); 86-185 (10 Apr 1986), 88-295 (6 Apr 1988);
GouUl'2984 (18 Mar l94-'i): Nkhol s.n. (28 Apr 19.39. ORPI); Niks 524
(ARIZ. ORPI. 16 Mar 196-'i); Parker 7993 ( 17 Apr 1952).

Rhamnaceae Buckthorn Family

Condalia globosa 1. M. Johnston var. pubescens I. M.

Johnston Kauk kuavulf

Shrub 1.5-5 m tall; infrequent to common in washes and old
fields and beneath and near cottonwoods at Quitobaquito: flowers
yellowish green, flowering at least in spring. The shrubs are espe-
cially common and large near Aguajita Spring.

Borers 1046 (11 Feb 1978. ORPI); 87-274 (23 Oct 1987); Peebles
74557 (5 Mar 1940).

Zizlphus obtusifolia (Hook, ex Gray) A. Gray var. canescens (A.
Gray) M. C. Johnst. Gray Thorn: ahrojo: 'u;spad, 'us jevedpad

Cimclalia hxiokks (Gray) Weberb. var. canescens (A. Gray) Trel.,
Ciimlaliopsis Ixcioiiks (A. Gray) Suess. var. canescens (A. Gray) Suess.

Shrub 2 to .3 m tall, occasionally to 5 m when growing into
mesquite ^Prosopis velulina): common, mostly along washes, in
old fields, on bajadas near springs, and in brushy areas surrounding
Quitobaquito pond: flowers greenish, appearing at least May to
September, visited by the honeybee, native bees, the large orange-
winged tarantula hawk {Hcmipcpsis iisluUiui). and other insects.
The fruits are eaten (Chico Suni).

AtUims s.n. (IS Jun 1971, ORPI): BoHcrs IS36 (13 Jun 1978. ORPI);
7666 (14 Apr 1963), <S6-/.S6/l ( 10 Apr 1986); Mcnwi /67/ (10 Apr 19.58).

Salicaceae Willow Family

Populus fremontii S. Wats, subsp. fremontii Fremont Cotton-
wood; cikimo: 'auppa

Five trees, to 1.3 m, at the margin of the pond at Quitobaquito
and near its north end. occasionally producing root sprouts. Flowers
greenish yellow, in late February. These trees, all of which are
pistillate, were probably planted from cuttings taken from nearby
Sonoyta, where the trees are common. (Cottonwoods are readily
propagated from cuttings made in winter.) In his field notes of
Sonoy^ta. Meams (1892-1893) wrote "it is exclusively planted
along acequias here, and said to be the cottonwood of the Gila River
near Gila Bend." Bryan (1925:427) reported thai "the pond, which
with its fringing cottonwoods, makes a refreshing green spot in the
desert."

Adams sn ( 18 Jun 197 1 , ORPI); Benson s.n. (5 Mar 1940): Clark 11509
(25 Mar 1944, ORPI): ."^72 1 ( 1 Jan 1963), 87-303 ( 10 Nov 1987). 90-43 (22
Feb 1990); Peebles 14563 (5 Mar 1940); Ranzoni s.n. (13 Jul 1962. ORPI).

Sallx gooddingii Ball Goodding Willow: .sauce, saiiz: ce'ul

Large shrubs or trees to ca. 10 m; locally cominon along edge of

pond at Quitobaquito.

Adams i n. (18 Jun 1971. ORPI); Benson s.n. (5 Mar 1940); Clark s.n.

(25 Mar 1944. ORPI); Darrow :.«6 (17 Mar 1945); Peebles 14562 (5 Mar

1940).

Saururaceae Lizard-tail Family

Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Am. Hierha del manso;
va:vis

Perennial herb: abundant in wet. often alkaline soils near springs
and around the pond at Quitobaquito; "flowers" (floral bracts)

32

Richard S. Felger er al.

white, wanner months of the year. Fomierly along banks of iiriga-
lion ditches in old fields with mesquites and willow s.

This is one of the more important medicinal herbs in the
Sonoran Desert region (e.g.. Lumholtz. 1912; Felger and Moser.
1985). Used for cold, flu, and impetigo (Juan Joe Cipriano). It
"makes you hot inside and that's what takes care of the sickness"
(Delores Lewis).

Aikims s.n. ( 1 8 Jun 197 1 . ORPI ); Btmcrs 1307 (4 May 1 978. ORPI): .S'6-
209 (23 Jul 19861; Lehw 5495 (24 Oct 196.'i. ASU); Mascm 1771 (29 May
1959); Mearns 27H6 (7 Feb 1894, US): Parker 7996 (17 Apr 1952);
Sleenheri:!, s.n. (19 May 1962. ORPI); Warren sn ( 12 Aug 1975).

Scrophulariaceae Snapdragon Family

Antirrhinum cyathiferum Benth. Desert Snapdragon

Non-seasonal ephemeral; widespread, infrequent to sometimes
common in non-wetland habitats; flowers purplish blue.

Harbison sji. (27 Nov 1939. SD).

.Antirrhinum filipes A. Gray Climbing Snapdragon

Winter-spring ephemeral, climbing on shrubs; infrequent, along
washes and on rocky slopes; flowers yellow, February to April.

88-124 (29 Mar 1988): Van Devender ,vjl ( 10 Mar 1978. ORPI).

Pen.stemon parryi A. Gray Desert Penstemon; hevel 'e"es

Spring ephemerals here (perhaps sometimes becoming short-
lived perennials); infrequent, possibly more common during favor-
able years, in washes and old fields; flowers rose-pink, February to
April. Flowers thrown as confetti in Easter ceremonies (Delores
Lewis, Philip Salcido).

S6-115 (9 Apr 1986), 88-296 (6 Apr 1988); Harbison s.n. (30 Nov 1939,
ARIZ, SD).

Veronica peregrina L. subsp. xalapensis (H.B.K.) Penn.
Purslane Speedwell. Necklace-Weed

Winter-spring ephemeral; formerly bordering pond at
Quitobaquito. apparently now e.xtirpated. but persisting at scattered
pennanently or temporarily wet habitats in northwestem Sonora
(Felger. unpublished); flowers minute, white to pale bluish.

Quitobaquito. with Poa annua and Mxiisuriis in marshy area bordering
alkaline pool. Goulil 2987 ( 18 Mar 1945)!

Solanaceae Potato or Nightshade Family
*Calibrachoa parviflora (Juss.) D'Arcy

Peuinia parviflora Juss.

Annual, phtnts spreading-prostrate, rooting at nodes, reaching I
m across; rare (six plants only) in nearly barren moist soil of
alkaline flat ca. 100 m northwest of pond at Quitobaquito; flowers
purple. Apparently native to South America and naturalized in
North America.

88-317 {6 Apr 1988).

Datura discolor Bernh. Desert Thorn-apple; roloachc: kotadopi
Non-seasonal ephemeral; scattered in sandy disturbed soil usu-
ally along washes, especially at Aguajita; tlowers white, spring and
summer-fall. Narcotic: "young people would use it to make them
crazy" (Philip Salcido). "If you drink or eat too much of it. it will
kill you" (Delores Lewis).

86-282 (13 Sep 1986), 88-434 { 14 Sep 1988).

Lycium andersonii A. Gray Desert Wolllierry; salicic.siK s-toa
kuavuli

Shrub, 1.2-2.4 m tall; common, scattered in many habitats,
mostly along washes and on rocky slopes; tlowers lavender, mostly
February to April, also from late suininer to winter. Fruits eaten
(Chico Suni).

90-47 (23 Feb 1990).

Lycium fremontii A. Gray var fremontii Fremont WoUlierry;
uniiatitliy. kuavulf

Shrub. 1.5-2.5 m tall, reaching 4 m where it grows through
mesquite at Aguajita Spring; locally common to abundant in
washes, old fields, sandy flats, and especially near the pond; tlow-
ers lavender, mostly February to March, sometimes also in late
summer or fall. The fruits were eaten (Chico Suni).

Benson 9944 (5 Mar 1940); Bowers 1047 ( 1 1 Feb 1978): Eniiard 664 (7
Jun 1975. DBS): 5726 (1 Jan 1963). 90-44 (23 Feb 1990); Nicliol s.n. (28
Mar 19.^9. ARIZ. ORPI).

Lycium macrodon A. Gray var. macrodon S-cuk kuavulf

Shrub, 1.2-2 m tall; locally common within a few meters of
international fence on Sonora side of Aguajita Spring and infre-
quent in old fields and on sandy flats at Quitobaquito; tlowers
cream color. February to April.

88-311 (6 Apr 1988); Mearns 2740 (28 Jan 1894. DS).

Lycium parishii A. Gray var parishii Parish Woltterry; salicieso
Shrub. 1-2 m tall: infrequent to common on rocky slopes,
bajadas, and sandy flats near Aguajita, in old fields, and near small
washes; flowers lavender, February and March, sometimes also in
late summer and fall or occasionally at other seasons.

87-292 (10 Nov 1987). 90-36 (22 Feb 1990). 90-45 (23 Feb 1990);
Hodgson 217(6 Dec 1978. DES).

Nicotiana clevelandii A. Gray Desert Tobacco

Spring ephemeral; scattered in open sandy gravelly soils of
washes and sometimes on sandy Hats; flowers white, February to
April.

Bowers 1044 ( 1 1 Feb 1978. OR"Pl).

Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal Coyote Tobacco. Desert To-
bacco; tahaqiiillo de coyote; O'odham ha-vivga. ban vi;v

Perennial herb: infrequent to common, mostly along sandy
washes, sometimes in wet soil near springs; flowers white, non-
■seasonal. The leaves were smoked as tobacco (Betty Melvin. in
Zepeda. 1985:55).

87-293 ( 1 0 Nov 1 987 ); Jackson s.n. ( 1 3 Dec 1 964. ORPI ): Mearns 2744
(30 Jan 1894.DS).

Physalis crassifoiia Benth. Desert Ground Cheixy: lintnilillo del
desieno

Facultative spring and warm-weather ephemeral at
Quitobaquito. apparently frost-sensitive; rare, scattered along
Aguajita Wash and its tloodplain. often beneath shrubs: tlowers
pale yellow. Common and usually perennial in nearby regions: at
Quitobaquito probably only a waif growing from extralimital seed
sources and seldom reproducing or surviving more than the first
season.

92-107 O Mar 1992).

Solanum americanum Mill. Black Nightshade; cuvi vupui

S. nodifloriim Jacq.

Annual, or possibly perennial; rare to infrequent, in moist soil
under shrubs and trees, especially along ditch leading from springs
to the pond: flowers white, mostly May to November.

S()vf<>rv/.^2y(13Jun 1978): /VoWioh.v.h. (16 May 1982); Van Devender
s.n. OO Apr 1978. ORPI I; M-i/mvi .s./i. ( 10 Nov 1983).

Sterculiaceae Cacao Family

Ayenia filiformis S. Wats.

Suffrutescent perennial: rare to infrequent among rocks on
north-facing slopes and along small rocky arroyos in the hills
northeast of the pond; tlowers maroon, minute, probably flowering
during wanner months depending on soil moisture.

Flora and Elhnobotany ol'Quitobaquito

33

92-27.'! (13 Mar IW:!

Tamaricaceae Tamarisk Family

*Tamarix rainosissinia Ledeb. Salt-cedar, Tamarisk; salado.
pino salado: "onk "u'us

Shrub, often 2-4 ni tall; abundant in wet soil around
Quitobaquito pond, at the springs, near water sources in washes,
and in old fields; llowers pinkish-white to pink, flowering nearly all
year, especially in spring. Seedlings especially abundant in open
areas with wet soil.

Bowers IJ9I (2.S Jul 1978); 5722 (1 Jan 1963). 20hU0 (9 Mar 1973);
Hfi/y6(30Sep 1961).

Urticaceae Nettle Family

Parietaria floridana Nutt. Desert Pellitory

P. /jfj/)t')i; Hinton var. hcspcra

Winter-spring ephemeral; locally infrequent to common in
washes, often beneath spiny shrubs or trees; flowers green, incon-
spicuous.

<:S6-/06(9Apr 1986). <S'rS'-29S (6 Apr 1988).

Verbenaceae Vervain Family

Verbena ofricinalis L. subsp. halei (Small) S. Barber

Perennial or facultative annual; rare, localized colony beneath
mesquite in old fields just below pond at Quitobaquito; tlowers
blue, non-seasonal.

Hli-454 (\A Sep 1988).

Viscaceae Mistletoe Family

Phoradendron californicum Nutt. Desert Mistletoe; uiji:
hakovad. to;ky

Perennial, parasitic on Acacia. Cercidiiini. and Prosopis: com-
mon where hosts are present, especially in washes; tlowers yellow-
green, flowering late winter and early spring, sporadically other
seasons.

Adams s.n. (18 Jun 1971. ORPI); SS-299 (6 Apr 1988): Mearns 2742
(30 Jan 1894. US).

Zygophyllaceae Caltrop Family

Fagonia californica Benth. subsp. longipes (Standi.) Felger &
Lowe

Perennial subshrub to facultative epheineral; common on rocky
slopes; flowers lavender-pink, non-seasonal.

H8-I3I (29 Mar 1988).

Kallstroemia californica (S. Wats.) Vail Mai dc ojo

Summer ephemeral; seasonally common, mostly on tloodplains
and bajadas; tlowers yellow to yellow-orange.

W-4// (14 Sep 1988).

Larrea divaricata Cav. subsp. tridentata (DC.) Felger & Lowe
Creosote bush; hcdioudiUa. i;oheniadi>ra: segai. segoi

Shrub to 2 m tall; abundant and widespread, most abundant on
flats and rocky slopes; tlowers yellow, non-seasonal.

Used for wall and roofing in round-house construction (Zepeda,
198.'i:23). Leafy branches boiled in water and the tea drunk as
medicine for stomach trouble, a cold, diarrhea, or used topically as
a salve for sores (Delores Lewis. Philip Salcido). "The greasewood
is our drugstore" (Laura Kermen. ;/; Nabhan. 198.'i;l7). Boiled in
water and the liquid used to wash a newborn child; the sticks used to
curl hair (Bell. 19S0;1()I).

A'S-;67(14Sep 1988).

MONOCOTS
Cyperaceae Sedge Family

Cyperus laevigatus L. Flat Sedge

Small perennial herb, tlowering in first season; rare to locally
common, emergent from very shallow water and in alkaline wet
soil; tlowering and fruiting much of the year. It was apparently
abundant in wet soil at least at Williams and Quitobaquito springs
and around the pond at Quitobaquito until the cattle were removed
and the larger wetland plants becaine too dense for it to compete for
light. Between 1 980 and 1 990 it was rather rare and restricted to the
few open wetland microhabitats in ditches and at seeps and springs
at Quitobaquito and Burro springs. During the wet spring of 1973 it
e.xtended along a temporary small stream that trickled across the
border fence at Quitobaquito. In 1984 it was found at Aguajita
Spring, but it was not found there again until after the tlood of 21
August 1988; by June 1989 it was common along the trickling
stream between Aguajita Spring and the international border fence.
Apparently its local distribution waxes and wanes with fluctuations
in rainfall and density of vegetation cover.

Bowers and Warren 1314 (4 May 1978. ARIZ. ORPI); 20603 (9 Mar
1973). S7-i02 ( 10 Nov 1987); Fouts 449 (10 Apr 19.'!2l: Gould 29S3 (18
Mar 194«;); Johnson s.n. (20 Apr 1984): McDoiixall 34 [2$ Mar 1941.
ORPI).

Cyperus squarrosus L.

C. arisluliis Rottb.

Dwarf Sedge

Diminutive ephemeral; reported on earlier lists as abundant in
moist soil near pond at Quitobaquito (Bowers. 1980). We have not
found it there and have not located herbarium vouchers. However, it
is common in comparable habitats in open places along the nearb>
Rfo Sonoyta in Sonora in wet sandy soil. More than likely it has
been extirpated from our area since modification of the pond or
since the livestock were removed and open ground in wetland
habitats has filled with Sciipus.

Eleocharis caribaea (Rottb.) Blake Spikerush

Annual herb; wet soil. Fomierly reported as abundant in moist
soil near pond and springs at Quitobaquito. in the late 1980s it was
locally infrequent to rare. This small spikerush apparently requires
open wetland habitat (see comments for previous species).

Darrow 2403, 2404 (17 Mar 1945): 87-297 ( 10 Nov 1987): Lehio 5505
(24 Oct 1965, ASU).

Eleocharis rostellata (Torr.) Torr. Traveling Spikerush

Perennial herb, perhaps also rarely facultatively annual, with
tough rootstocks. fonns dense grass-like mounds reaching about I
m in height; stem tips producing plantlets. Expansive colonies
completely cover localized areas of alkaline wet soil at
Quitobaquito above the pond and extend into the springs and
ditches. During the wet spring of 1973 the species spread to a
temporary small stream crossing the border fence below
Quitobaquito.

Surprisingly there are no earlier collections, although a 1963
photograph (by Hal Coss. 23 Aug 1963. ORPI negative W-37)
shows E. roslcllala in abundance along the spring ditch. It also
occurs at the La Salina oasis at Bahia Adair (Ezcurra cl al.. 1988)
and along the margins of the lower Rio Colorado but is unknown
elsewhere in nearby Arizona and northwestern Sonora.

20591 (9 Mar 1973). <S7-2y6 ( 10 Nov 1987). SH-319 (6 Apr 1988).

Scirpus americanus Pers. Bulrush; tiilc: va:k

S. oineyi A. Gra>. not 5- amerieaniis of western authors.

Large perennial herb often reaching 1.5-2 m; abundant in wet
soil and emergent from shallow water ringing the pond at
Quitobaquito and at Aguajita. Burro, and Williams springs, often

34

Richard S. Felger er al.

tormina near pure stands of 1009^ coverage: also along irrigation
ditches below springs. In the 1980s it totally clogged the spring at
Aguajita. Flowers from March to October.

This large robust sedge has obviously thrived and increased
since removal of the cattle, apparently leading to the local extirpa-
tion of various smaller wetland plants, e.g., CxpeiKs sc/narrosiis. C.
laevigalus, Jiincus hiifoniiis, Myosiinis minimus, and Poa aninui.

Bowers 904(16 Oct 1977); 86-104 (9 Apr 1986): Gould 2985 (18 Mar
1945): Lehro 5499 (24 Oct 1965. ASU); Peebles 14564 (5 Mar 1940).

Juncaceae Rush Family

Juncus balticus Willd. van mexicanus (Willd.) Kuntze Wire
Rush

Rhizomatous perennial; locally abundant in alkaline wet or
damp soil at springs and seeps at Quitobaquito. often growing with
Dislichlis spicala. This is the first record for this species in the
Monument. It seems strange that there are no earlier collections.
There are no records for this species in northwestern Sonora or in
nearby Arizona.

86-211 (23 Jul 1986), 87-287 (10 Nov 1987). 88-315 (6 Apr 1988);
Reichlumll. et al. 69 (22 Aug 1981 ).

.Juncus bufonlus L. Toad Rush

Annual; in our area known only from a 1944 collection at the
edge of Quitobaquito pond; now extinct in the region. Its demise
probably was due to lack of open wetland because sedges and other
larger wetland plants have become so dense since the removal of
cattle and dredging of the pond. There ;ire no records for this
species in northwestern Sonora or in nearby Arizona.

CUirk 115(11 (25 Mar 1944. ORPI).

.luncus cooperi Engelni. Spike Rush

Perennial; infrequent to common in damp to wet soil on alkaline
flats between Quitobaquito ;ind Burro Spring and below springs at
Quitobaquito. often growing with Sporoholus aiwidcs.

Bowers 1309 (4 May 1978, ORPI); 86-211 (4 May 1978), 87-300 (W
Nov 1987); Warren aiulAnderson sir (24 Oct 1987).

Najadaceae Water-nymph Family

Najas marina L. Holly-leaved Water-nymph

Submerged aquatic herb, presumably annual; formerly abun-
dant in Quitobaquito Pond and stream below spring. Not recorded
at Quitobaquito since 196,5. The nearest known extant population is
at the Colorado River

Lehu>550l (24 Oct 1965, ASU); Mason 7677 (10 Apr 1958); Pinkava
2363 i\ Oct 1965, ASU).

Poaceae (Gramineae) Grass Family

Aristida adscensionis L. Six-weeks Three-awn; zacale Ires
harhas

A. hromoulcs H.B.K.

Non-sea.sonal ephemeral: common and widespread in non-wet-
land habitats, rocky slopes, flats, old fields, and washes.

87-299 ( 10 Nov 1987); MacDoiifial in 1907 (US. not seen by us, cited
by Hitchcock, 1913); Niilml s.n. ( 10 Mar 19,^9. ORPI).

Aristida parishii Hitchc.

Perennial: rare. Aguiijila Wash, mostly among boulders: flower-
ing at least in spring, the flowering response probably non-sea-
sonal. As with Plnwalis ( rcrssifolici. these plants are probably waifs
sprouting froin tloodwater-transported disseminules.

92-102 (^ Mar 1992).
Aristida purpurea Nutl. var ncalleyl (Vasey) Allred

.4 . snicia var. nealleyi Vasey, /I. glama (Nees) Walpers. A purpurea var
filaiua (Nees) A. Holmgr. & N. Holmgr.

Perennial; common on granitic slopes of the Quitobaquito Hills:
flowering response non-seasonal.

Granitic hill between Quitobaquito and Aeuajila. locallv common. 90-
■;9 (23 Feb 1990).

Bouteloua aristldoides (H.B.K.) Griseb. Six-weeks Needle
Grama; luivajila

Summer ephemeral; seasonally common to abundant and wide-
spread, flats, old fields, washes, and rocky slopes.

86-280(\3Sep 1986, ARIZ, ORPI). SS-4J7 ( 14 Sep 1988).

Bouteloua barbata Lag. Six-weeks Grama: navajim: cuk
mudaggam

Summer ephemeral: seasonally widespread and often abundant
on flats, old fields, washes, and rocky slopes.

.S'6079(13Sep 1986, ORPI), SS-/2/ (14 Sep 1988).

Bromus carlnatu.s Hook. & Am. var arlzonicus Shear Arizona
Brome

B ariioniciis (Shear) Stebbins

Winter-spring ephemeral: gravelly washes. Apparently not es-
tablished in our region: known locally from only a single collection
during a wet year

(Quitobaquito. U.S-Mexico fence line, 7676 ( 14 Apr 1963).

*Bromus rubens L. Foxtail Brome

Winter-spring ephemeral: several plants found during the wet
spring of 1992 in the sandy-gravelly wash near the international
fence just below Aguajita Spring; probably not reproducing within
the confines of our region. Since the 19S0s this species has become
a common roadside weed along nearby Mexico Highway 2.

92-123 (3 Mar 1992. ORPI); El Papalote, 88-25 (20 Feb 1988).

*Bronius tectorum L. Downy Chess

Winter-spring ephemeral; not established in the region, known
locally from a single collection.

El Papalole. large gravelly arroyo bed, ca. 1 5 m S of U.S. border (just S
of Aguajita Spring), 86-133 (9 Apr 1986).

*Chloris virgata Sw. Feather Fingergrass, zacate lagiinero

Wami-weather ephemeral: rare, in silty depression at old park-
ing lot southeast of pond, amid a dense stand of Miihlenhergia
nticrnspermn: a common weed in disturbed habitats in the Sonoyla
Valley: probably not native to the region.

90-487 (24 Ocl 1990).

*Cynodon dactylun (L.) Pers. var. dactylon Bemiuda Grass:
Ziualc Ingles

Perennial; abundant in moist to wet alkaline and disturbed
areas, near springs, along ditches below springs, and in ditches in
old fields: at Quitobaquito from the springs to the border fence, afso
at Aguajita, Burro, and Williams springs: flowering during warmer
months.

Adams s.n. (18 Jun 1971, ORPI); Clark 11478 (25 Mar 1944, ORPI):
7665 ( 14 Apr 1963); MeDoKf^all 36 (25 Mar 1941 ).

*Dactylocteniuni aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv. Crowfoot Grass;
zacale de ciiervo

Summer ephemeral: rare, localized in wet soil beneath cotton-
wood trees at Quitobaquito: a common weed in agricultural fields
of the nearby Sonoyta Valley (Felger, 1990).

<V7-2.S'y(10Nov 1987).

Digitaria calirornica (Benth.) Henr Cottontop: zacale piinia
hianca

Flora and Hthnohotany olQuUobaquilo

35

Tiiihachnc cciliforniia (Benlh.) Chase

Perennial; highly localized among granitic rocks at ndge crest
at east end of Quitobaquito Hills with Hoisfonlui iicuhciryi and
H\plis cnidiyi: September and probably also in spring.

yo-;,s'-/(24 0ci iwo).
Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene Saltgrass; zucatc salado: "onk.
\asai

Perennial; abundant on moist to wet soils of alkaline (Tats.
ditches below springs, and open places at springs; especially abun-
dant around Quitobaquito. Aguajita, and Williams springs; May to
October.

When cattle were being grazed at Aguajita the wash near the
spring was open and there was a perennial flow. Since the cattle
were removed there has been a decline in diversity as Distichlis
increased and crowded out other plants, and the scenario is similar
at other springs and seeps.

Adcms SM. (IS Jun 1471. ORPI); CUirk 11478 (25 Mar 1944, ORPI);
H6-274 ( 1 .3 Sep 1986); Lchw 5496 (24 Oct 1965, ASU); Niclwl s.n. (28 Apr
19.W, ORPI); Pmkora 10002 (25 Nov 1972, ASU).

*Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link Jungle-Rice, Leopard Grass;

zacate pinU). zacalc rayacld

Summer ephemeral; infrequent to common, in moist soil near
Williams Spring and undoubtedly more widespread in low. tempo-
rarily wet soils during favorable years.

Van Dcvcmlcr s.n. (.M Aug 1978. ORPI).
*Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign. Lut. Stinking Lovegras.s;
zacate apestosi)

Summer ephemeral; known from Aguajita Wash and undoubt-
edly more widespread in favorable years, probably in low places
such as other washes, old fields, and lower bajadas.

86-2S7 (13 Sep 1986). 8S-436 (14 Sep 1988).
Erioneuron pulchellum (H.B.K.) Tateoka Fluff-Grass; zacate
horn'nucn)

Perennial; common on rocky slopes and rocky and gravelly
upper bajadas; non-seasonal.

S7-290(10Nov 1987).

Heteropogon contortus L. Tanglehead

Perennial; known in our region only from the one collection.
although it occurs at nearby localities.

Meams 2752 (30 Jan 1894. US).
Hilaria riffida, see Pleuraphis rigida

*Hordeum murinum L. subsp. glaucum (Stead.) Tzvel. Wild
Barley

Winter-spring ephemeral; common weed in nearby disturbed
habitats in adjacent Sonora including agricultural lands and ex-
pected in low-lying places in our region such as old flelds, washes,
and lower bajadas. The 1939 record indicates that it has long been
in the region.

Mclwl s.n. (28 Apr 1939. ARIZ. ORPI).
Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.i P Beauv. Red Sprangletop;
despanamo rojo

Summer ephemeral; sometimes common along washes and
floodplains.

,S,S'-4()2(14Scp 1988).
Leptochloa uninervia (Presl) Hitchc. & Chase Mexican
Sprangletop

Wami-weather annual; infrequent in alkaline wet soils such as
near Williams Spring and in flowing ditches in old fields.

20594 (9 Mar 1973); Van Deveiider s.n. (30 Aug 1978. ORPI).

Muhlenbergia mierosperma (DC. ) Kunth Liltleseed Muhly
Non-seasonal ephemeral; common to abundant in washes, on

low silty places in flats, on rocky, especially north-facing slopes,

and in shaded places, spreading onto open desen during favorable

times.

86-281 ( 1 3 Sep 1 986. ORPI ). 88-422 ( 1 4 Sep 1 988 ); Nit hoi s.n.iW Mar

19.39. ORPI).

Panicum hirticaule Presl

Summer ephemeral; infrequent to common in larger washes,
especially at Aguajita.

88-428 {\4Sep 1988).

*Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link Buffelgrass; zacate Iniff'el

Perennial, often flowering and fruiting in first season; scattered,
mostly along small washes west of pond, in lower bajada, and rarely
in small arroyos in low hills. Well-established along Mexico High-
way 2 in the 1970s, and first found along border fence in 1986
(Felger, 1990). In fall 1988, scattered small colonies were estab-
lished along the southern and western margins of our area.

86-}26 ( 14 Sep 1986). 88-448 ( 14 Sep 1988).
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed.
Reedgrass; canizo: vapk

Bamboo-like perennial, reaching 3 m in height; smce at least the
1970s restricted to a single well-established colony in wet soil at
Burro Spring; July to October.

Bowers 1316 (4 May 1978, ORPI); 86-214 (23 Jul 1986); Warren and
Anderson 87-110 (24 Oct 1987).

Pleuraphis rigida Thurb. Galleta; laljoso

Hilana ni^ida (Thurb.) Benth.

Perennial; locally common, mostly in sandy soils along washes
in bajada at the western margin of our area; non-seasonal. This
distinctive species was originally described as Pleuraphis and is so
listed by Hitchcock (1913). The genus seems adequately distinct
from Hilana and to treat it as Pleuraphis is more in line with
current generic concepts among the grasses (J. R. Reeder, personal
communication 1992).

88-466 {\4 Sep 1988).
*Poa annua L. Annual Bluegrass. Wintergrass; pastito de
invierno

Winter-spring ephemeral, collected at Quitobaquito in 194?
when the site was inhabited and not recorded there since. It grew in
the marsh around the pond with Myosurus and Vercmica (see \'.
peregrina). The local demise of this water-loving weedy little grass
is probably a result of the increase in vegetative cover since the
livestock were removed and Quitobaquito has been uninhabited. It
currently occurs as a winter lawn weed in the nearby town of
Sonoyta (Felger, 1990).

Darrow 2405 (17 Mar 1945).

Poa bigelovii Vasey & Scribn.

Winter-spring ephemeral; several plants found during the wet
spring of 1992 in the sandy-gravely wash near the intemational
fence just below Aguajita Spring; probably not reproducing in our
region.

92-111 (3 Mar 1992).
*Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Rabbitfoot Grass; zacate
cola de zoira

Non-seasonal ephemeral, mostly in spring; common in moist to
wet, often in alkaline soil near springs and seeps; Burro and Wil-
liams springs and at Quitobaquito; April to October.

Bowers 1310 (4 May 1978, ORPI); 7677 (14 Apr 1963). 86-2I5B (23
Jul 1986);W«/if;/i.«. (28 Apr 1939. ORPI).

Richard S. Fclger cl cil.

*Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. Water Bentgrass

A^rostis seniiverncillald (Forsk.) C. Christ.

Perennial: localized dense colonies in wet mud at peripher>' of
Phiagnutes colony at Burro Spring and in wet mud and shallow
running water at spring and ditch leading into Quitobaquito Pond;
probably formerly also at Quitobaquito Pond; flowering at least
from March to October. It seems to be losing ground at Burro
Spring, probably because of lack of open ground, but may be
increasing at Quitobaquito. where it seems to be competing suc-
cessfully with CyiiihlDii dcuryldi] and Distichlis spicata in ditches
w ith running water. The nearest known population is at Quitovac in
northwestern Sonora.

Bowen: 1311 (4 May 1978. ARIZ. ORPl); Danow 2409 (\1 Mar 1945);
86-215 (23 Jul 1986), HH-il8 (6 Apr 1988); Siipernaugh (15 Jan 1949.
ORPIi.

*Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell. Mediterranean Grass

Winter-spring ephemeral; seasonally common to abundant.

flats, washes, old fields, and rocky slopes.

The closely related S. arabiciis Nees is common and widespread

elsewhere in the Monument and in adjacent Sonora and can be

expected in the Quitobaquito region.

Bowers 1043 ( 1 1 Feb 1978): 8S-3()I (6 Apr 1988).

Sporobolus airoides Torr. Alkali Sacaton; zacatoii alccilino

Large perennial clumping grass: abundant on alkaline flats,
often in moist sandy soil, between Quitobaquito and Williams
Spring; flowering in summer and fall. Sometimes fonning clonal
"fairy rings" to 2 m wide.

Bom-rs /.S05 (9 Aug 1979. ARIZ. ORPI); 86-223 (23 Jul 1986), 86-273
(13 Sep 1986. ORPI). <S'7 2.S'.S (10 Nov 1987): Van Deveiider s.n. (31 Aug
1978. ARIZ. ORPI).

Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray Sand Dropseed

Small to medium perennial clumping grass; locally common

along old irrigation ditches with running water in sandy soil in old

fields; flowering in summer and fall.
90-474 a4 Oci 1990).

Sporobolus pyramidatus (Lam.) Hitchc. Whorled Dropseed;

ziualc pinimidc

S. piilviiuiltis Swailen

Summer ephemeral; seasonally abundant and widespread on
floodplains of Aguajita Wash, on sandy lower bajada flats, along
irrigation ditches in old fields, and in moist soil of alkaline flats.

88.420 ( 14 Sep 1988): Van Devender s.n. (30 Aug 1978, ARIZ, ORPI).

Tridens muticus Torr. A. Gray var. muticus Slim Tridens

Perennial; infrequent on north-facing, mostly higher, rocky
slopes.

88-1/7(29 Mar 1988).

Vulpia ocloflora (Walt.) Rydb. Six- weeks Fescue

Dumnutive winter-spring ephemeral; widespread and season-
ally common, rocky slopes, flats, washes, and old fields.

88-116 (29 Mar 1988). ,S',S'-26.'; (6 Apr 1988).

Potamogelonaceae Pondweed Family

Potamogcton pectinalus Pers. Slender Pondweed

Submerged aquatic in Quitobaquito Pond, seemingly perennial;

locally abundant, fonning tangled masses; flowering and fruiting

during wanner months.

86-270 (13 Sep 1986). 87-295 (10 Nov 1987). 88-455 ( 14 Sep 1988).

Ruppiaceae Ditch-Grass Family

Ruppia maritima L. Ditch-Grass

Submerged aquatic in the pond at Quitob;iquito; locally abun-
dant during hotter months of the year, probably annual. The pe-
duncles are coiled, aligning the population with R. civrhosa (Petag.)
Grande, the inland fonn in western North America.

<S6-:22 (23 Jul 1986).

Typhaceae Cattail Family

Typha domingensis Pers. Cattail; tide: uduvad

Perennial herb to 2 m tall; formerly locally abundant at Wil-
liams Spring and Quitobaquito near the pond and springs. After the
cattle were excluded and ultunately removed. Typha declined and
Scirpns increased spectacularly.

In 1987 a few small colonies, apparently not reproducing, were
observed in alkaline wet soil at seeps above Quitobaquito, and in
summer 1989 a well-established colony was found along a ditch
below the springs and to the northwest of the pond. In September
1988 a single colony, obviously a number of years old, was found at
Aguajita Spring; we did not see it earlier in the year There was a
mass of large, old, and gnarled rhizomes, about 1 m across, and a
number of fresh new shoots. These rhizomes had been exposed by
the scouring flood of 21 August 1988. Apparently these rhizomes
had remained dormant beneath the sand and gravel ;ind a dense
cover of Bacchahs salicifoUa and Sen-pus. By December these
cattails had reached nearly adult size. By spring 1990 the colony
was thriving but had not spread. Used as foundation material for
baskets (see Jalropha cinerea).

89-235 (\9]un 1989).

Zannichelliaceae Homed Pondweed Family

Zannichellia palustris L. Homed Pondweed

Probably annual; submerged aquatic at Quitobaquito Pond,
fomiing tangled masses in shallow water and sometimes extending
into streams and ditches.

Benson 9939 (5 Mar 1940): 20591 (9 Mar 1973). 86-270 (13 Sep 1987);
Mason 1676 ( 10 Apr 1958): Peebles 14566 (5 Mar 1940).

DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED PLANTS

Adams ( 197 1 ) listed more than a dozen species for Quitobaquito
that we have not located in the field or in herbaria. Some may have
been incorrectly identified, others may have been based on incor-
rect infomiation (see below), and others might actually have been
present.

Cactaceae

Opiiiitiii parishti Orcutt

O. staniyi var parishii (Orcutt) L. Bens.: O. ,««/;/v; Engelm. var.
peehlesiana L. Bens., as to type.

A specimen labeled "Quitobaquito" (Nichol s.n., 27 Apr 1939,
ORPI) resembles O. parishii rather than O. kunzei (Allan
Zimmennan, personal communication. 1988). The specimen lacks
reproductive structures, so it might actually be an immature speci-
men of O. I<iwzci. but we have not seen immature plants of O.
kiiuzei in the region. Opiimia parisliii occurs in the northeastern
part of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument but not near
Quitobaquito. Since so many other of NichoFs specimens bear
obviously inconecl locality infomiation (Felger and Zimmemian.
unpublished), this one too is likely to be in enor.

Flora and Bthnciholany of QuitohaquiUi

37

Optiiiiiii sui}ia-riui Griffiths & Hare Purple Prickly-pear; gisoki
O. vidkicea Engelm. var. sanla-riki (Griffiths & Hare) L. Bens.

This species is not known from the Monument or adjacent
northwestern Sonora. We presume that NichoPs 1939 collection
data are in error or possibly that he collected a cultivated plant. This
species is easily grown from cuttings and often is seen as an
ornamental plant in southern Arizona and northern Sonora ranches
and towns. Benson's ( 1982:460) mapping of this species in Organ
Pipe Cactus National Monument seems to be based on this speci-
men.

Quilobaqulto. Nuhol s.n. (27 Apr 19.^9. ORPl).

Ephedraceae

Ephedra aspera S. Wats. Mormon tea, caiuailU). ku'ukpalk
Apparently occurring on the north side of the Quitobaquito
Hills but not actually in our area.

On "40 mi Drive near Quitobaquito Spring." Ranzoni s.n. (13 Jul 1962,
ORPI.asE. v/n<y(iCov.).

Euphorbiaceae

Jatropha cardiophylla (Torr. ) Muell. Arg. Limberbush;
sangrengado; va:s

Small shrub. This species is common in much of Organ Pipe
Cactus National Monument but it does not extend into our area and
has not been found in northwestern Sonora west of Sonoyta.
Nichol's and Ranzoni 's collections probably were not made within
our area.

On 50 Mile Drive, near Quitobaquito, on hillside. Riinzoni IS2 (ORPI);
Quitobaquito, /Vu7)(i/i.H. (3 Mar 1939).

Papaveraceae

Eschscholziame.\icana Greene Mexican Gold Poppy; ho:hoi "e'es
Spring ephemeral; flowers golden yellow-orange. The only
record from our area is NichoKs collection. Since the data accompa-
nying a number of his collections seem to be incorrect, this slightly
extralimital record is suspect. This species does occur at slightly
higher elevations just east of Lukeville, farther north in the Monu-
ment, and south of Sonoyta.

Quitobaquito, Nichol s.n. ( 10 Mar 1939, ORPI).

Poaceae

Echinochloa cnisgcilli (L.) P. Beauv. Barnyard Grass

The report off. cnisgulli at Williams Spring (Bowers 1980;7)
was based on robust specimens of £. colonum (\'an Dexendcr s.n..
31 Aug 1978) that superficially resemble E. misgalli.

Hordeum arizonicum Cov.

The report of this species at Quitobaquito by Bowers (1980:7)
apparently was based on a misidentified specimen of H. miiriiinm
(see species account, above).

Solanaceae

Lycium e.xsernim A. Gray

Hitchcock (1932:303) and Chiang ( 1981 ) reported this species
for Quitobaquito on the basis of McSwain s.n. (9 Nov 19.'S6, UC).
however, we were not able to locate the specimen. This Lycium is
known from the Ajo Mountains and elsewhere in southern Arizona,
but we have not found it in the vicinity of Quitobaquito. Lycium
e.xsertum is closely related to L. fremnnlii. and the two are often
confused.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We particularly express gratitude to the O'odham who gener-
ously shared their knowledge of the natural world: Fillman Bell,
Juan Joe Cipriano. Delores Lewis, Candalaria Orozco, Philip
Salcido, Chico Suni, and Ofelia Zepeda. Of the many people who
have contributed to this flora, those who have collected herbarium
specimens from the area are especially important. First among them
is Jan Bowers. Many friends and colleagues have accompanied us
in the field and have contributed to this project, including Marc
Baker, Bryan Brown, Kevin Dahl, Floyd Flores, Lisa Flores, Eric
Mellink. Adrian Rankin, Amadeo Rea, Karen Reichhardt, Barbara
Straub, Caroline Wilson, and Allan Zimmerman.

We thank Becky Van Devender and Dr. Charles Mason of the
University of Arizona herbarium for iheir help; we also thank Drs.
Les Landrum and Donald Pinkava of Arizona State University
herbarium. Marc Baker. Robert Johnson, and Donald Pinkava pro-
vided infomiation on cacti and other plants. We thank Charlotte
Reeder, John Reeder. and Thomas F. Daniel for valuable discussion
of the manuscript. The section on prehistory was written by
Adrianne G. Rankin, Western Archeological and Conservation Cen-
ter. National Park Service. This work was partially supported by
grants to Felger from the Southwest Parks and Monuments Asso-
ciation and National Park Service (PX 8000-7-07090) and the
Wallace Genetic Foundation, to Warren and Anderson from the
National Park Service (PX 8100-3-0277). and to Nabhan from the
U.S. Man and the Biosphere Program of the National Park Service,
the Plant Conservation Program of Worldwide Fund for Nature, and
the Pew Scholars Program on Conservation and Environment.

Staff and volunteers at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument
and the Western Region of the National Park Service generously
assisted us in many ways, and we especially thank Richard Ander-
son, James Bamett, Daphne Beale, Don Beale, Peter Bennett.
Charles Conner. Dennis Fenn, William Mikus. Harold Smith, and
Caroline Wilson. Eric Mellink translated the abstract into Spanish,
and Donald Johnson and Diego Valdez Zamudio reviewed the local
Spanish names.

LITERATURE CITED

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Anderson. K. M.. P. Bell, and Y. G. Stewart. 1982. Quitobaquito: A Sand
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Bailowitz, R. A. 1988. Systematics oiAscia (Ganyra) (Pieridae) popula-
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Bell, F, K. M. Anderson, and Y. G. Stewart. 1980. The Quitobaquito
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38

Richard S. Felger er at.

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