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FOR THE PEOPLE 
FOR EDVCATION 
FOR SCIENCE 


LIBRARY 
OF 


THE AMERICAN MUSEUM 
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NATURAL HISTORY 


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PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


SOCIETY FOR 


EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 


VOLUME III 


1905-1906 


EDFFED BY THE SECRETARY 


NEW YORK ~ 


SEPTEMBER I, 1906 


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PREFACE. 


In conformity with the custom inaugurated a year ago, this 
volume presents a brief biography of the second president of the 
society. 

The constitution, as given on page 7 (177), includes the amend- 
ments that have been passed since the publication of volume II. 

The numerals in parenthesis before the titles of the abstracts 
[page 15 (185)] indicate numerical positions in the entire series of 
communications presented before the society since its organization. 
These numerals are given on the assumption that some of the mem- 
bers desire to have bound together several (perhaps the first three) 
of these volumes. In such cases the numerical arrangement re- 
ferred to, and that adopted for the index, will facilitate reference 
to the abstracts. The page numerals in parenthesis continue those 
of Volume II. 

The numerals in the index at the end of the volume correspond 
with those in parenthesis before the titles of the abstracts. None 
of them duplicates any of the numerals in the index of volume I 
or of volume II. 

September 1, 1906. 


3 (173) 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 
BIOGRAPHY OF EDMUND BEECHER WILSON : : 3) ig as 
REVISED CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. ; ; ‘ ; : oir 
REGISTER OF NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF THE MEMBERS . +, DE hrees 
OFFICERS . : : ‘ : : ; ; : : - 14 (184) 
SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 
Abstracts of the communications A 15 (185) 
Recapitulation of the names of the gushes and of the Giles 
of the communications . : : . Or (2549 
EXECUTIVE PROCEEDINGS (quotations from the tiene ‘ . 97 (257) 
INDEX OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS . : ; ; - QI (261) 


4(174) 


EDMUND BEECHER WILSON, 


SECOND PRESIDENT (1905-06) OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERI- 
MENTAL BioLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


Edmund Beecher Wilson, professor of zoology at Columbia 
University, was born in Geneva, Illinois, October 19, 1856. After 
graduating from Yale College in 1878 with the degree of Ph.B., 
he spent three years at Johns Hopkins University, obtaining the 
Ph.D. degree in 1882. After devoting a year to study at Cam- 
bridge, Leipsic and Naples, he was lecturer in biology successively 
at Williams College and at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
nology, and was then called to Bryn Mawr College. Here he 
was for six years professor of biology, leaving this position for 
the chair which he has held for the past fifteen years at Columbia 
University. 

Brought up in the country Professor Wilson early learned to 
know and to appreciate the things of nature, and developed a love 
for the common forms of animals and plants, which has never been 
lost in his later scientific work. In this he has not been satisfied 
with what may be termed the old-time problems of zoology ; nor 
with petty details of technique ; nor with the methods of the library 
naturalist. From the very outset of his scientific work his interests 
have centered in animals as living things. This has been the 
underlying factor in studies on development which he carried on 
for more than twenty years after obtaining his doctorate, and is still 
the fundamental principle underlying his researches on problems 
connected with the cell. His publications in the field of general 
zoology, as ordinarily understood, belong to the earlier period of 
his work, but they represent interests which, although subsidiary 
to those more absorbing ones which later claimed his attention, have 
never been given up. These later interests showed themselves 
first in his investigations on the history of the cleavage cells in the 
early stages of embryological development, some of which were 
published before he had taken his doctor’s degree; and these 
papers gave evidence of the tendency, even at this early period, to 
turn to the cell for the ultimate analysis of vital phenomena. 


5 (175) 


6 (176) SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 


These early studies, brought out at a time when cellular biology 
was in the period of anticipatory speculation, exerted wide influence 
in directing attention to the study of the laws of normal develop- 
ment from the standpoint of the cell, and they were followed later 
by equally stimulating studies in experimental embryology and 
experimental cytology which were carried out with special reference 
to the problems of mosaic development, prelocalization, and differ- 
entiation in the egg. During the last decade his interests have 
also turned to the mechanism of the cell and here again, his 
researches on the structure of protoplasm, on the history of 
centrosome, aster and karyokinetic figure, and on the chromo- 
somes with special reference to the questions of heredity and sex, 
have had a wonderfully stimulating effect on biological research 
throughout the world. Many of these studies, too numerous to 
be listed here, were unified and worked up into harmonious relations 
with the modern aspects of the fundamental problems of biology 
in his book on The Cell in Development and Inheritance, which, 
through clearness of style and masterly critical analysis, has been 
one of the most widely read of modern technical scientific works, 
and is the one by which he is best known. 

Professor Wilson’s scientific attainments have been widely 
recognized in academic circles and by scientific societies. He isa 
member of the National Academy; a Fellow of all the general 
zoological societies of this country ; of the Royal Microscopical 
Society of England, of the Accademia dei Lincei of Rome and of 
other societies. He received the LL.D. degree from Yale Uni- 
versity and from the University of Chicago in 1901, and from Johns 
Hopkins University in 1902. 

G, “gs 


CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 


CONSTITUTION. 


[As adopted February 25, 1903, and amended April 20, 1904, May 24, 1905 and 
April 18, 1906. }! 


ARTICLE I. NAME. 


The name of this organization shall be the Society for Experi- 
mental Biology and Medicine. 


ARTICLE II. OBjEcT. 


The object of this Society shall be the cultivation of the ex- 
perimental method of investigation in the sciences of animal biology 
and medicine. 

ArTICLE III]. MEMBERSHIP. 


Section 1. Shgibility. — Any person who has accomplished 
a meritorious original investigation in biology or medicine by the 
experimental method shall be eligible to membership. 

SECTION 2. Classification. — The term ‘resident members ” 
shall refer, in this constitution, to those members whose experi- 
mental work shall be done within the limits of “Greater New 
York”; ‘‘non-resident members,” to those whose scientific work 
shall be done outside of ‘‘ Greater New York.” 

SECTION. 3. Odligations.— A. Every member shall be ex- 
pected to conduct an experimental investigation, and give public 
notice of it, at least once in two years. 

B. Resident members shall be required either to attend, every 
two years, at least three meetings of the Society, or to present in 
person, at least once every two years, a report of their experimental 
researches. 

C. Each zon-resident member shall be required to present in 
person, at least once every two years, a communication containing 


1The amendments adopted April 18, 1906 are indicated by heavy-faced letters, or 
by footnotes. 


7 (177) 


8 (178) SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 


the results of an experimental investigation, or to send to the 
President within that time, such a communication for presentation 
at a regular meeting of the Society. 

D.' Non-compliance with any of these requirements carries 
with it forfeiture of membership, unless an acceptable explanation 
is offered to the Council. 

E. Any member of this Society who may consent to the use 
of his name in any way that would aid in increasing the sale of 
any patent medicine, proprietary food preparation, or any similar 
product known to be of doubtful value, shall forfeit his membership. 

SEcTION 4. Nomination and Election.— A. Each candidate 
for membership must be nominated by three members. | 

B. After their eligibility has been determined by the Council, 
nominees may be voted for at any meeting succeeding that at which 
their names were presented. 

C. A three-fourths vote of the ballots cast shall elect. 

SECTION 5. xpulsion.— Any member may be expelled by 
a three-fourths vote of the total membership. 


ARTICLE IV. MEETINGS. 


SECTION 1. Lzme.— The Society shall hold regular meetings 
at least once every two months during the academic year. 

SECTION 2. Annual Lbusiness.—The first meeting held in the 
calendar year shall be the annual business meeting. 

SECTION 3. Program.—The programs of the meetings shall 
consist of (A) brief presentations, in elementary form, of the essen- 
tial points of experimental investigations, preferably demonstrations 
of actual experiments ; and (B) of brief reports of important facts 
recently discovered in the sciences of biology and medicine or allied 
natural sciences. 

ARTICLE V. OFFICIALS. 


SEcTION 1. Officers. —The officers shall be a President, a 
Vice President, a Secretary and a Treasurer.’ 

SECTION 2. Council.—The officers shall constitute the Coun- 
cil of the Society. Ex-Presidents of the Society shall be ex-officio 
permanent members of the Council. 


1 Former section D was removed. See page 89 (259). 
2 The office of librarian was abolished. See page 89 (259). 


CONSTITUTION AND By-Laws. (179) 9 


Section 3. Nomination and Election. — A. Nominations of 
officers shall be made in the session immediately preceding the 
annual business meeting. 

B. Election of officers shall be by ballot at the annual business 
meeting. 

C. A plurality of the votes cast shall elect. 

Section 4. Zerm of Office. —The term of office shall be one 
calendar year. 

Section 5. Duties.— A. The duties of the officers shall be 
such as usually devolve on them individually, and also collectively, 
as an executive committee. 

B. The Council shall promptly investigate and report its find- 
ings on the eligibility of candidates for membership.’ 


Agticre: Vi... Duss: 


The annual dues shall be Two Dollars ($2.00), unless other- 
wise determined by the Council. 

Non-payment of dues for three consecutive years carries with 
it forfeiture of membership. 


ArTICLE VII. Quorum. 


Twenty members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction 
of business. 


ARTICLE VIII. By-Laws. 


By-laws may be adopted at any meeting by a majority vote. 


ARTICLE JX. AMENDMENTS. 


SECTION I. Proposed amendments of the constitution must 
be endorsed by at least three members, at a regular meeting, and 
may be voted on at a succeeding meeting. 

SECTION 2. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to give all 
members due notice of intended amendments. 

SECTION 3. A two-thirds vote of the total membership, or a 
unanimous vote of the members present, shall be required for the 
adoption of an amendment. . 


1 Former Section C was removed. See page 89 (259). 


IO (180) Society FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. 


BY-LAWS. 
[Adopted February 25, 1903, and amended May 24, 1905. ] 


I. Meetings. — A. The meetings shall be held on the third 
Wednesdays of October, December, February, April and May. 

B. The meetings shall be opened at 8:15 p. m., and shall be 
closed at 10:30 p. m. 

C. When possible the meetings shall take place in suitable 
laboratories. 

II. Zime Allowed for Reports and Discussions. — A. The time 
allowed for making individual communications, except demonstra- 
tions of experiments, shall be restricted to ten minutes. 

B. Not more than five minutes shall be allowed to a member 
for the discussion of any communication. 

III. Order of Procedure to be followed at the regular meetings : 
. Call to order. 

B. Reading of minutes. 
C. Report of council. 
D. Scientific program. 
E. Executive program. 
a. Reports of committees. 
b. Unfinished business. 
c. Election of members. 
d. Nominations for membership. 
e. New business. 
F. Adjournment. 


> 


REGISTER OF NAMES AND ADDRESSES 
OF THE MEMBERS. 


Pe AER AN DES, Coa i icsicesscvacsvecenstsacess University of Pennsylvania. 
MIR crcon ule Joivscanesencpaceds avewscnonsedensp Johns Hopkins University. 
RE Garcia gcecccneis<svavoecucviensacesraceusredieaeses McGill University. 
ROR dias oa ncsiedn sv osnseekesees sae oe N. Y. Polyclinic Medical School. 
SrsneeG, CARL, L............ Pavey La eey wee bn tana cajddeancedas oo Harvard University. 
RMR PASe Feces vss ovccecsiccewsignes Department of Health, New York City. 
POLI es cesvvicnecsdnbeeviecse oes Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. 
CNEL GO ERs Lac cy smu acid naad sabia coccksecckaietsaecvecs Wisconsin University. 
aoe Gee. oranm inv ntkessbaniiectdeees. Cornell University Medical College. 
ROMPRES AOE PITS Creo oo caveden scenes bnoesencensed cence Wesleyan University. 
BRINCKERHOFF, WALTER R....... U. S. Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service, Honolulu. 
Se a TO coc. oc cacidenavaccccssvewcwetéccsecwedareee’ New York University. 
GEE EES MIRUSGET ye... ..Ss caceascsbaessecacesentwecocccess Columbia University. 
2 CDS Ls AE ae eer oer Cornell University Medical College. 
MSTA ILY ON SN. isa co vacceenes Geel sescccoes tewesdewecece Columbia University. 
PRIMA TER Dito. ca aceissacclsctvciedcasescecccsebeese Harvard University. 
PEER SNS csi oscawiacidcs oieusadsaasacuisseseb sas vecasecscdans Chicago University. 
IR fac dice hat Rigbes Gece ches cenead) dudeses steandcded Harvard University. 
Pemennee IRB ie Eas hoe, cc cssa.cans sueve cs deabevnudes eiansdacodae’ Yale University. 
RS ted Me ida) clas ata wn onicnas's s Uniden sins sbuceenen cewceaa'e Buffalo University. 
SR More ec Ue cihe weaker essed aaceescncdbevcedees University of Pennsylvania. 
Rr ty ENB Fees oot sc bcicc ccc svcscvacsstescescoessends Columbia University. 
PIPE EI Steen osu cnssseettar sess venvnes ses Western Reserve University. 
SeOMN MIG UAME, IRFCHARIDD El... .. cccocccesscscccececccucecsvcccs Columbia University. 
Pee PAR VE WV occ icccc co atictsccwssenecs:sacacens Johns Hopkins University. 
RRR a PAU Ro icc d lcd ca decbuccescdcsvodcescobues University College, London. 
DAVENPORT, CHAS. B....... Carnegie Institution’s Station for Experimental 
Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y. 
SR ERM May co sccicnacas tov adgvddiadecneccaess Johns Hopkins University. 
PUNE DSON, Ets ED) J. saccade esse Wistar Institute of Anatomy, Philadelphia. 
penser, LCM AR EN Foo foie as wns deaes wenoses NE Tes New York University. 
Re Re RAID eH elias s hacboep Ganecadabvecigeaton University of Pennsylvania. - 
Eee oct 1 5. sn dawsovdcetaswese sss Ore Cornell University Medical College. 
MemRE Ere EPL E ING: 0 hp ds een lanes dendeoenaeVeseodublndanas deans Columbia University. 


II (181) 


12 (182)SociETY FoR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. 


WM Sah IONE, OB as cavns sk cnee'cntat cnstnancene Mena eerie Genter University of Wisconsin. 
RLNAENED, AMIN Shiitake wcknuh nacuann: agape smerhe ter Cornell University Medical College. 
UE AE SUIS: Wien tn ce pntnc he oudndassien Department of Health, New York City. 
BPisewen, SIMON: ...35254-16. Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. 
FLOURNOY, THOMAS......5..0csscsccooscsscccosevscsecscencescs NeW © Oise i) aE 
POLIM, OTTO! odin Cid accesses ae McLean Hospital, Waverly, Mass. 
Fosrem, Nw Bis ok eak cadessapint eae Columbia University. 
GEBSON, ROBERT Bi .2c5 2p ae chn ean Department of Health, New York City. 
GOES, WILLIAM Jace iincsshansserkegtusanendaen arama eeieee Columbia University. 
HARRISON, Re Gi. ii.0. Secnass thas anaeaw ani ee eee Johns Hopkins University. 
HATCHER, Bi. At, Fass slenauntgths batpanenntane Cornell University Medical College. 
Fi aw, PRILAP Bo isc in apsenatsnteonas avon eevee en University of Pennsylvania. 
HEKTOEN, LUDVIG............ ‘ttl a thal edaweeeeman as LAleatcas Chicago University. 
HENDERSON, V ABIVEEE Sos ic ia onnoanwe seca dads ste Sek eee Yale University. 
EARMTER, ARRISIIAN Foe os iit sieracae de ee ee Columbia University. 
kn ME 5 OY De Pee Mma lier ne es Sa eye AN MEN, YALA, .Columbia University. 
POWER, WM Thin dvncccntbi stank anpscacmnp pened Johns Hopkins University. 
Raith, AMEN Morscucds Suavdoaw te xeek case ee caeeeetan University of Michigan. 
Hunt, REID...... U.S. Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, Hygienic 
Laboratory, Washington. 
SME SOM, EXOE MES Coos isd, fac tnnve nee buvvnehs ih aban Albany Medical College. 
PERMINGS, FE SB ica cck vbduut panes sonas eh nateeunee Johns Hopkins University. 
IS, TV ALE oss touche ne male soty haves a pamela pee Johns Hopkins University. 
OUR, TOAD ss canada taen tui Klos a wie ehornd kate tle ea Chicago University. 
RASTLE, J. H.1..:; U.S. Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, Hygienic 
Laboratory, Washington. 
Polley i BOER VE SS. sj svladswnactede easements sarnakemn tay ten Columbia University. 
Bg se |e, Ope em Ce A Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. 
RAVI: SRRAC. fou <i) cea eeenee bons Sydenham Hospital, New York City. 
PARAS,” GALI SS. 00., sd tux anancccgabereresivebertnaiecrte Johns Hopkins University. 
FEB, FACOURSG, sci clkts nctakcai as tae Ae eae eae University of California. 
EME RMN o ota aiks synen dcieeckdiins nsec tanemTaruetGs University of Pennsylvania. 
PANU MABE AL Sci cins vtassenaskgtectautbaveconaekoutone Johns Hopkins University. 
SOMSARD; WARREN Poi 5. chucks evcticAbectuarcanhebiees University of Michigan. 
SIO, ASUA TEAR ion spss ntanbsnancaah chore Ouadeboiesuceebavaate’ New York University. 
POCA SOM A; Bh. is25 . : snuku dundee Ci a cavcinaiuarc ceewen University of Toronto. 
PREIS WW, Ua. cis cs pabanabeensensaneiale aes Johns Hopkins University. 
MaAcDouGa., D. y EA SE AS oe Carnegie Institution of Washington. 
MMC, De Ns Pecdensicancscdscddedengdeddded cauceadea Western Reserve University. 
BERMES,; “ARTHOR Rois iciscenccentonce odvcsvcdiedWeiaitt New York University. 


PREL, JOHN Au i0.sckcrdst peaks canes tpeabads bee sbehanehith New York University. 


NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS. (183) 13 


I ELSE ras in chpcnkavetn ak oh: week aackepariaxedb.n Chicago University. 
RNR a eee Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. 
os ME SR 5 Sa See IPR ES ROG AC kee PO EEE COREE Yale University. 
Ee, SXHAT AVE. TE c eta io <n dawceneresary ste sp tvehs dyes Columbia University. 
gd aR 5 RMA ae 2 ert ie i RO epee eee teen ee ES Columbia University. 
NE BR at ro nak dau tusmcnmcnd site duewaucdednune New York University. 
PCM EE, PIIDEVO is isscencdddet es Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. 
NEMO ac schist even dulvcauesvwen. upuevactevnsgeves Bellevue Hospital. 
SRM HE ERNE TM Oyo oo cacce wie hou in sie dwncway's asiancatvnne University of Michigan. 
ON hie ah sd ae aia cxcanwnancduwevedsds easton Columbia University. 
cece da oe iccpeVerecvsssvese Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. 
TAN ois Sok niet Git wale ac vu cnc cnn Jose Jan doce ewsenave New York University. 
es ey ee ee ae Harvard University. 
a eee eee Albany Medical College. 
EI eee oo ok ds cer su cede da svemewaccdeenecwes Harvard University. 
EN Eee accu aceew tg aiums ie cost osendenvanzracy sens Harvard University. 
2 ae PE eae aiook seas oh ld enon dees 808 wench Harvard University. 
MMR REIS NS on nb owhacdsvave tivatnancss cesgeasees Columbia University. 
SEIN MNRE PAN oS esa ole swasiem vadicts haben scalasvcniens Columbia University. 
2S Ey St. Francis Hospital, New York. 
ere MCE EE OPS 2... 5, cccucuccasssececcces« Cornell University Medical College. 
IIE TMS oot ic ud Ca hy Sete ca duwaceategseuees Columbia University. 
es TED CT) a en re Harvard University. 
Se EMC EDTA ono occassion ewassabsarsecvcee's Western Reserve University. 
EMS ee ee, wc accnalwasensecses sieeacies Chicago University. 
oo Ly gl 2 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 
Pee MAN Boo. Foc cares anceesescnssacs University of Southern California. 
SEE PENAG. 2 og) ooo oaks sare caceccsavcastsnseows New York City Hospital. 
<a A 2, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. 
0 ONT oi University of California. 
ON 2 a ee Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. 
Bee EOE Br). Gl avinls ¢dialodben'dnlo sa Seve banded ¢ass Cornell Medical College. 
SEE i fe Sock cabins suwcien soncshonssstsnedsteacss Harvard University. 
Peres ees eR 8 ae aha ces ec base vive nwacawendedclacaeeet ens Yale University. 
eet EON ers tana pun dude’, oneal bvca bouua ess University of Michigan. 
PP eeS WORTH, TAUIGUSEUS eo. case ctdnecwedvevenuan'edvacnes Columbia University. 
OU SS SRC eo GE Ee, ee New York University. 
RATER ALTAIR EIS cua sate dws eeusdeh a uaves-oviavacceeets University of Michigan. 
rE BE EE ooo aon Guia a wae pen ea ah vans wnseeas Johns Hopkins University. 
MEMS LIER BERT U0 ji.2..0cusecsesacnseds capcetisnts wocdte University of Buffalo. 


14 (184) Society FoR EXPERIMENTAL BioLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


WILSON, EDMUND Tics. idle csincssocccchacsnsdnienasssnanaseeaen Columbia University. 
OE Ree ee oe can a ewe nnall cite en ce eee Cornell University Medical College. 
WUHOD; FP EANCIS Co ocicysustenpahassupech ue delasaion arenes Columbia University. 
WOODRUFF, 1. Lillis: cccecpsnepieveri ocbitdersvaeherane cation peamneeam Williams College. 
WOODWORTH, ROBT. Si... 5.0 il di chkisc tans bene ee cee ee Columbia University. 
VAESU, NAORIDE: 3. ..5., civc bin ceenmmeesie erase tea eee Columbia University. 
VESKES, ROBERT M, i005... .isc.sovenee eect te aseeeee eee Harvard University. 


Total number of members at the close of the academic year, 1905-06..119. 


OFFICERS. 
Third year: February, 1905—February, 1906. 
President ...... Dre fet ete owe Ae Ge oe ae EpMuND B. WILSON. 
Vice President ....... Be ay dea Sy ao . eee e+ DWARD K. DUNHAM. 
DTT Se ee ge ck ae a ee oo . GRAHAM LusK. 
PECRSIIET otc kate ows eee DS ae MO es Gary N. CALKINS. 
AN gs AE ee Spe PRACT y mets e enter WILLIAM J. GIES. 


Council —S. J. MELTZER, EpmMunp B. Witson, Epwarp K. Dun- 
HAM, GRAHAM Lusk, GARY N. CALKINs and WILLIAM J. GIES. 


Fourth year: February, 1906—February, 1907. 


PVESAETE SOU Ls v6 By bie leseie ee eie ee 4s ESM, i ne 

VIET PORALUE Nee oka a ee ee EpwarD K. DuNHAM. 
THERIUED 6 PIR aise mn in serene oe ieee ee eh Gary N. CALKINs. 
OOTY Sb ikea, ia niu bie Ce WiLuiAM J. GIES. 


Council —S. J. MELTZER, EpMuND B. WiItson, SIMON FLEXNER, 
Epwarp K. Dunuam, Gary N. CaLkins and WILLIAM J. GIEs. 


SCIENTIFIC -PROCEEDINGS. 


ABSTRACTS OF THE COMMUNICATIONS. ! 
Thirteenth meeting.’ 


Physiological Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons. October 18, 1905. President Wilson 
in the chair. 


I (93).° “A fatigue wheel”: FREDERIC 8. LEE. 
The author demonstrated a wheel designed for fatiguing mam- 
mals by means of voluntary muscular work. 


2 (94). “Mutation in the evening primrose, Onagra biennis 
(L.) Scop.,” with demonstrations : ELIZABETH BILLINGS and 
FREDERIC S. LEE. 

Culture experiments by the authors confirmed MacDougal’s 
discovery of a narrow-leaved mutant of this species. From purely 
pollenated seed obtained by MacDougal and Britton from a wild 
plant growing at the New York Botanical Garden, 499 seedlings 
were obtained, of which 3 belonged to the narrow-leaved type. It 
is possible that a second mutant was found, but further observa- 
tions are needed to confirm this. The species used by the authors 
is not O. dennis studied by de Vries. 


3 (95). “On the influence of thyroid feeding and of various 
foods and of small amounts of food upon poisoning by aceto- 
nitril”: REIDHUNT. (Presented by ALFRED N. RICHARDS.) 
One of the current theories of the functions of the thyroids is 

that these organs neutralize certain poisons occurring in the body ; 

these poisons are purely hypothetical, and, so far as the author is 
aware, no one has yet reported experiments in which it has been 
shown that the thyroid can render a poison harmless. In the 
present experiments it was found that mice, to which thyroid had 


1The authors of the communications have written the abstracts. The editor has 
made a few abbreviations and minor alterations in some of them. 

2 Science, 1905, xxii, p. 635 ; American Medicine, 1905, x, p. 911; Medical News, 
1905, Ixxxvii, p. 1143. 

3 See preface. 


15 (185) 


16 (186) SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE.’ 


been fed for a few days, were markedly resistant to acetonitril ; 
such mice recovered from the effects of ten to eleven times the ordi- 
narily fatal dose of acetonitril. No such increased resistance to 
hydrocyanic acid or nitroprussiate of soda was caused by the thy- 
roid feeding. Thyroidectin had an effect opposite to that of the 
thyroid, z. ¢., it increased the susceptibility of mice to acetonitril, 
but this effect was not greater than that of dry normal blood and 
was less than that of peptone. Feeding with parathyroids had an 
effect opposite to that of thyroid, z. ¢., it caused the mice to 
become more susceptible to acetonitril; the effect, however, was 
much less marked than that of the thyroid. Potassium iodid in- 
creased the resistance of mice to acetonitril, but the extent of this 
action was not at all comparable with that of thyroid. 

In other experiments it was found that a protein diet (ham and 
cheese) caused an increased susceptibility of mice to acetonitril ; a 
carbohydrate diet (rice and dextrose) increased the resistance to 
this poison. Asarule it required about four times as large a dose 
to kill the animals that were fed on a carbohydrate diet as it did 
to kill those fed on a protein diet. Animals kept ona very limited 
diet also showed a marked resistance to acetonitril ; in most of such 
experiments it required about three times as much acetonitril to 
kill as was necessary to accomplish the same result on animals 
which had been kept on a normal diet. 

The experiments are being continued. 


4 (96). “A case of spirochetal infection in man,” with micro- 
scopical demonstrations: CHARLES NORRIS. 


The author’s object in presenting this case was to give the 
members of the society an opportunity of seeing spirochetas under 
the microscope. He did not discuss the clinical history of the 
case, which occurred in the service of Dr. Carlisle, of Bellevue 
Hospital. 

In July, of this year (1905), the patient shipped as an assistant 
steward on the steamship Denver, of the Mallory line; he stayed five 
days in Galveston, sleeping on board, and returned on the same 
steamer to New York. Two days later he was taken with a chill, 
accompanied by fever, prostration, and pains inthe bones. On ad- 
mission he had a temperature of 102.4°. The fever continued for 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (187) 17 


two days. After four days of normal temperature, there was a 
rise of temperature to 105°, which was followed by a period of 
apyrexia for ten days, when he again had a relapse. At that time 
the examination of the blood by Dr. Heitlinger showed the pres- 
ence of a few spirochetas. Ten days later there was another re- 
lapse and rise in temperature, associated with the presence of 
spirochetas in the blood. Inoculation of a monkey with blood 
containing the organisms gave rise to an infection, with the pres- 
ence of spirochetas. The monkey has had three relapses thus 
far with rise of temperature, and the presence of spirochetas in 
the blood. Two additional monkeys have been infected with the 
blood of the first monkey. 

The case reported is of interest from many points of view. It 
appears to be the first case of spirochetal infection reported in this 
country that was verified by microscopic examination of the blood. 
Another case, it is said, has been recently observed in one of the 
hospitals of this city. 

The research work of the past few years, upon the tropic dis- 
eases of man and animals, has brought to light, especially in South 
Africa, the discovery of the etiologic agents of various hitherto 
little understood diseases. 

Obermeier, in an epidemic of relapsing fever in 1868, in St. 
Petersburg, was the first to discover the presence of spirochetas in 
the blood of patients suffering from so-called relapsing fever. The 
‘ observation was not published, however, until five years later. To 
_ Obermeier belongs the credit of having first demonstrated the so- 
called contagium vivum of infectious diseases in man. The asso- 
ciation of spirochetas with another infectious disease was made by 
Sacharoff in 1890; he demonstrated the etiologic connection of 
Spirochete anserina to the spirillum fever or septicemia of geese. 
In recent years, other spirochetas have been described in connec- 
tion with disease processes. Thus, A. Theiler has described what 
he calls la spirillose du betail caused by a spirocheta which is 
found in the blood, where it produces an anemia, being present 
among cattle in abad condition. Like the piroplasma bigeminum, 
it lives in the blood of immune cattle, as the disease has been in- 
oculated with the blood of such cattle. The disease is conveyed 
through the agency of the blue tick, which is the intermediate 


i8 (188) SociETy FoR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. | 


host. Like the piroplasma, the infective agent passes into the egg 
and is inoculated by the larvas. Theiler believes that this spi- 
rocheta is a parasitic protozoon. 

Two English observers, Dr. Todd and the late Everett Dutton, 
have found that the tick fever, or at least some cases of tick fever, 
are associated with the presence of spirochetas in the circulating 
blood. They believe that tick fever is clinically identical with re- 
lapsing fever, and that its pathogenic agents are spirochetas, which 
they consider are probably identical with the spirochetas of re- 
lapsing fever, as described by Obermeier. They believe that a tick, 
Ornithodorus moubata, transmits the spirillum from animal to ani- 
mal, since they have seen the disease conveyed to a monkey by a 
tick, and they have evidence that young ticks, after their first feed- 
ing, if bred from infected mothers, are able to transmit the disease. 
They have not been able to trace the spirilli in infected ticks further 
than the stomach and malpighian bodies. In the light of Mar- 
choux and Salambeni’s work, upon the transmission of the spir- 
illum disease of fowls by ticks, Ross considers it probable that 
the disease in man is also inoculated by infected ticks. 

It is unnecessary to enter at this time into the discussion of the 
protozoon nature of this interesting group of organisms, except to 
recall that Schaudinn believed there is little doubt that the spi- 
rochetas of relapsing fever and of the septicemia of geese will be 
shown to be trypanosomes, and hence unrelated to the bacteria. 
Novy and McNeal, it will be remembered, have shown, in a com- 
munication to this society,’ that Schaudinn’s interpretation of what 
he has seen is subject to grave doubt. The spirochetal forms of 
the trypanosomes depicted by Novy and McNeal, have not the 
slightest resemblance either to the organisms of this case or to 
Obermeier’s or Sacharoff’s spirilli, as shown by the photographs 
of the latter. The question as to the identity of the organism of 
this case, with that of the spirillum of Obermeier cannot be settled 
off-hand. On account of the great variety in the clinical symptoms 
of the reported cases of relapsing fever observed during the epi- 
demics, it is perhaps unreasonable to draw any conclusions, either 
for or against the identity of the organism of this case with that of 
relapsing fever. 


| Proceedings of this Society, 1904-05, ii, p. 23. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (189) I9 


To settle this question, morphology gives us little help. 
Although the organism of this case resembles the descriptions of 
the morphology as well as the photographs, of the spirillum of 
Obermeier, in practically all respects, it must be remembered that 
the spirillum of geese is strikingly similar to that of Obermeier, 
and yet, in the animal reactions, the anserina may be sharply dif- 
ferentiated from that of Obermeier, as it is not infective for monkeys. 

The organism of this case, like Obermeier’s, is infective for 
monkeys. The following differences have, however, been noted: 
The disease transmitted to the monkeys that were inoculated by the 
author seems to have been much milder than the experimental spi- 
rillum infection of those animals, as reported by various observers. 
Relapses in monkeys have rarely been noted; by one observer, in 
only one out of eight cases. Other observers seem never to have 
observed relapses. In the author’s experience, each of three mon- 
keys has had relapses, the first Rhesus having already had three. 

Dr. Ewing has also called the author’s attention to the fact that 
the spirochetas of this case, as seen in the blood of the inoculated 
monkeys, as well as in the human blood, is similar to Spivochete 
vefringens. 

Such a case directs attention to the probability of mild spiro- 
chetal infections, more or less constantly occurring, in sailors or 
travelers coming from southern climates into the port of New 
York. The author also called attention to the possibility that in- 
fection may be communicated, from person to person, through the 
bites of ticks and bed-bugs, and-through wounds. 


5 (97). ‘The chromosomes in relation to the determination 
of sex in insects”: EDMUND B. WILSON. 

Material procured during the past summer (1905) demonstrates 
with great clearness that the sexes of Hemiptera show constant 
and characteristic differences in the chromosome groups, which are 
of such a nature as to leave no doubt that a definite connection of 
some kind between the chromosomes and the determination of sex 
exists in these animals. These differences are of two types. In 
one of these, the cells of the female possess one more chromosome 
than those of the male; in the other, both sexes possess the same 
number of chromosomes, but one of the chromosomes in the male 


20 (190) SocrETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


is much smaller than the corresponding one in the female (which 
is in agreement with the observations of Stevens on the beetle 
Tenebrio). These types may conveniently be designated as A and 
B, respectively. The essential facts have been determined in three 
genera of each type, namely (type A), Protenor belfraget, Anasa 
tristis, and Alydus pilosulus, and (type B), Lyge@eus turcicus, Eus- 
chistus fissilis, and Cenus delius. The chromosome groups have 
been examined in the dividing oogonia and ovarian follicle cells of 
the female and in the dividing spermatogonia and investing cells of 
the testis in case of the male. 

Type A includes those forms in which (as has been known 
since Henking’s paper of 1890 on Pyrrochoris) the spermatozoa 
are of two classes, one of which contains one more chromosome 
(the so-called ‘‘ accessory” or heterotropic chromosome) than the 
other. In this type the somatic number of chromosomes in the 
female is an even one, while the somatic number in the male is one | 
less (hence an odd number), the actual numbers being in Protenor 
and Alydus 2 14, & 13, and in Avasa Q 22, f' 21. A study of 
the chromosome groups in the two sexes brings out the following 
additional facts: In the cells of the female all the chromosomes 
may be arranged two by two to form pairs, each consisting of two 
chromosomes of equal size, as is most obvious in the beautiful 
chromosome groups of Protenor, where the size differences of the 
chromosomes are very marked. In the male all the chromosomes 
may be thus symmetrically paired with the exception of one which 
is without a mate. This chromosome is the “ accessory”’ or het- 
erotropic one; and it is a consequence of its unpaired character 
that it passes into only half the spermatozoa. 

In type B all the spermatozoa contain the same number of 
chromosomes (half the somatic number in both sexes), but they 
are, nevertheless, of two classes, one of which contains a large 
and one a small ‘‘idiochromosome.”’ Both sexes have the same 
somatic number of chromosomes (14 in the three examples men- 
tioned above), but differ as follows: In the cells of the female 
(odgonia and follicle cells), all the chromosomes may, as in type 
A, be arranged two by two in equal pairs, and a small idiochro- 
mosome is not present. In the cells of the male, all but two may 
be thus equally paired. These two are the unequal idiochromo- 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (I9I) 21 


somes, and during the maturation process they are so distributed 
that the small one passes into one half of the spermatozoa, the 
large one into the other half. 

These facts appear to admit of -but one interpretation. Since 
all of the chromosomes in the female (oogonia) may be symmetric- 
ally paired, there can be no doubt that synapsis in this sex gives 
rise to the reduced number of symmetric bivalents, and that con- 
sequently all the eggs receive the same number of chromosomes. 
This number (11 in Azasa, 7 in Protenor or Alydus), is the same 
as that present in those spermatozoa that contain the “‘accessory”’ 
chromosome. It is evident that both forms of spermatozoa are 
functional, and that in type A, females are produced from eggs 
fertilized by spermatozoa that contain the ‘‘ accessory’ chromo- 
some, while males are produced from eggs fertilized by spermatozoa 
that lack this chromosome (the reverse of the conjecture made by 
McClung). Thus if z be the somatic number in the female, 7/2 is 
the number in all of the matured eggs, 2/2 the number in half of 
the spermatozoa (namely, those that contain the ‘“‘ accessory’’) and 
n/2—1, the number in the other half. Accordingly : 

In fertilization 


n a: 
Egg > + Spermatozoon > = (female). 
n Som 
Egg = + spermatozoon > — 1 = —I (male). 


The validity of this interpretation is completely established by 
the case of Protenor, where, as was first shown by Montgomery, 
the “‘accessory”’ is at every period unmistakably recognizable by 
its great size. The spermatogonial divisions invariably show but 
one such large chromosome, while an equal pair of exactly similar 
chromosomes appear in the odgonial divisions. One of these in 
the female must have been derived in fertilization from the egg- 
nucleus, the other (obviously the “‘accessory”’) from the sperm- 
nucleus. It is evident, therefore, that all the matured eggs must 
before fertilization contain a chromosome that is the maternal mate 
of the “‘accessory”’ of the male, and that females are produced 
from eggs fertilized by spermatozoa that contain a similar group 
(z. ¢., those containing the “accessory’’). The presence of but 


22 (192) SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. 


one large chromosome (the “‘accessory’’) in the somatic nuclei of 
the male can only mean that males arise from eggs fertilized by 
spermatozoa that lack such a chromosome, and that the single 
“accessory” of the male is derived in fertilization from the egg- 
nucleus. 

In type B all the eggs must contain a chromosome correspond- 
ing to the large idiochromosome of the male. Upon fertilization 
by a spermatozoon containing the large idiochromosome a female 
is produced, while fertilization by a spermatozoon containing the 
small one produces a male. 

The two types distinguished above may readily be reduced to 
one ; for if the small idiochromosome of type B be supposed to 
disappear, the phenomena become identical with those in type A. 
There can be little doubt that such has been the actual origin of 
the latter type, and that the “‘ accessory’ chromosome was origin- 
ally a large idiochromosome, its smaller mate having vanished. 
The unpaired character of the “‘accessory ’’ chromosome thus finds 
a complete explanation, and its behavior loses its apparently 
anomalous character. 

The foregoing facts irresistibly lead to the conclusion that a 
causal connection of some kind exists between the chromosomes 
and the determination of sex ; and at first thought they naturally 
suggest the conclusion that the diochromosomes and heterotropic 
chromosomes are actually sex determinants, as was conjectured 
by McClung in case of the “‘accessory’’ chromosome. Analysis 
will show, however, that great, if not insuperable, difficulties are 
encountered by any form of the assumption that these chromo- 
somes are specifically male or female sex determinants. It is 
more probable, for reasons that will be set forth hereafter, that the 
difference between eggs and spermatozoa is primarily due to dif- 
ferences of degree or intensity, rather than of kind, in the activity 
of the chromosome groups in the two sexes; and we may here 
find a clue to a general theory of sex determination that will accord 
with the facts observed in Hemiptera. A significant fact that 
bears on this question is that in both types the two sexes differ in 
respect to the behavior of the idiochromosomes or ‘‘ accessory’”’ 
chromosomes during the synaptic and growth periods, these chro- 
mosomes assuming in the male the form of condensed chromosome 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (193) 23 


nucleoli, while in the female they remain, like the other chromo- 
somes, in.a diffused condition. This indicates that during these 
periods these chromosomes play a more active part in the metab- 
olism of the cell in the female than in the male. The primary 
factor in the differentiation of the germ cells may, therefore, be a 
matter of metabolism, perhaps one of growth. 


6 (98). “Experimental hepatic cirrhosis in dogs from re- 
peated inhalations of chloroform”: C. A. HERTER and 
WM. R. WILLIAMS. 


The difficulty of inducing pronounced interstitial hepatitis in 
dogs by means of poisons makes it of interest to report the well- 
defined results obtained as a consequence of repeated inhalations 
of chloroform vapor. Experiments of this character were made 
upon three dogs. In one experiment the animal received chloro- 
form three times a week on eighteen occasions, each inhalation 
having been continued for an hour. For six subsequent inhalations 
the duration of the narcosis was one and a half hour. The dura- 
tion of the entire experiment was about eight weeks. The liver 
everywhere was found to be the seat of an abundant, richly cellular, 
connective tissue growth between and into the lobules. The bile 
ducts were proliferated, and the liver cells showed much fatty and 
hyaline degeneration. 

In two other dogs similar experiments were carried out with the 
exception that in each of these instances a highly satisfactory con- 
trol was secured by first removing a small portion of normal liver 
for subsequent comparison with the damaged liver. In one of these: 
dogs the inhalations were given eighteen times in about six weeks. 
The animal lived somewhat longer than five months and showed 
a well-marked though not extreme cirrhosis. The third dog was 
narcotized forty-nine times and lived about eight months. The 
changes in this instance were perfectly distinct, but less advanced 
than in either of the other animals mentioned. 

The liver tissue from the first dog was subjected to an analysis 
which showed a distinct fall in the normal percentage of the arginin 
constituent of the protein molecule. Similar analyses show that 
the arginin yield from protein may fall rapidly after even very short 
exposure to toxic influences and these results, indicating early 


24 (194)SocIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. 


damage to living protoplasm, give much force to the contention 
that the connective tissue overgrowth in these cases of hepatic 
cirrhosis is secondary to changes in the chemical constitution of the 
liver cell. A further feature of interest is the fact that in two of 
the dogs the liver cells contained little fat at the time of autopsy. 
Finally, it may be mentioned that although a considerable loss in 
weight was observed in the dogs during the period of repeated 
narcotization, this loss was subsequently recovered in spite of the 
persistent cirrhotic changes. 

These observations open the question whether the fatty and 
parenchymatous degenerations of the liver, which in some cases 
follow narcosis by chloroform in the human subject, may not occa- 
sionally pass on to interstitial cirrhosis —a single narcosis in man 
being sufficient to induce the primary damage to the protoplasm 
of the liver cell. 


7 (99). “Color sense in different races of mankind”: R.§. 

WOODWORTH. 

The evolution of the color sense is very imperfectly under- 
stood. Scarcely any direct evidence is at hand regarding the 
color sense of animals, though some indirect evidence that various 
classes distinguish colors is afforded by the facts of protective and 
attractive coloration." We do know from human experience, that 
there exists a form of color vision (red-green blindness) which is 
less complete than the usual human type, and as it appears not to 
be pathologic, it may bea reversion. In the absence of subhuman 
data, it is of some value to ascertain whether those races of man- 
kind which seem to represent the more primitive stages in human 
development are especially subject to color-blindness. The re- 
sults of various authors go to show that other races are perhaps 
even less subject to it than the white race. Some previously un- 
tested races were examined by the author in association with Mr. 
Frank G. Bruner, under the Anthropological Department of the 
St. Louis Exposition. Of 252 adult male Filipinos (including 
Christians and Moros), 14 were red-green blind, or 5.6 per cent. ; 
of 75 males of the “ wild tribes”’ of the Philippines (Igorots, Tin- 
guianes and Bagobos), 2 were red-green blind, or 2.7 per cent. ; of 


~ -1See Grant Allen: The Color Se Sense, 1 Its its Origin ar and Development, 1879. W. A. 
Nagel: Der Farbensinn der Tiere ; Wiesbaden, J. F. Bergmann, 1gol. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (195) 25 


13 male Negritos, none was color blind. Special interest attaches 
to the Negritos, as they probably represent a more primitive type 
of man than has previously been tested in this way ; and though 
the individuals examined were too few in number to enable the 
author to establish the percentage of color-blindness among them, 
the absence of color-blindness from the 13 males tested (as well 
as from the women) shows certainly that color-blindness is not 
universal among them, and very likely no more prevalent than 
among more developed races. On the whole a negative conclu- 
sion is warranted as to the suggestion that the color sense has 
developed, within human history, from anything approaching red- 
green blindness. 

Quite a different hypothesis has been advanced by certain anthro- 
pologists from a study of the color names of primitive languages. 
While all languages have names for red, and most of them also for 
yellow, comparatively few have definite names for green, blue, or 
violet. Evenin European languages, the names of these latter colors 
seem to bea rather recent acquisition. The suggestion is that color 
vision was first developed for the red end of the spectrum, the rest 
remaining colorless at first, and only gradually taking on the 
appearance of green and blue, and that this development has oc- 
curred during human history. In testing the natives of Torres 
Straits, who have no name of their own for blue, Rivers obtained 
a certain amount of evidence in favor of this view, in that these 
people were somewhat less sensitive to faint tints of blue than 
Europeans, though rather more sensitive to red. As the Filipinos 
also have no native words for green, blue and violet, the authors 
tested them as to their power of discriminating these colors. The 
test employed called for the matching of dark shades of several 
colors with pale tints of the same. Colored papers were used ; 
the tints were spread out in spectral order, and each dark shade 
was to be matched with the tint with which it agreed in color. 
The authors found that the Filipinos, and indeed all other races 
examined, were inferior to whites in this test; but it was impos- 
sible to detect any special deficiency for the greens, blues and violets. 
These colors were relatively as well matched as the reds, and better 
than the yellows. Nor was there any tendency, except among 
the Igorots,.to confuse blue, green or violet with neutral gray. 


26 (196) SociIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BrioLocy AND MEDICINE. 


The Negritos did better than many more advanced races. The 
results obtained by the author are thus opposed to the view that 
the color sense has developed within human history from a more 
primitive type, in which only the red end of the spectrum appeared 
as colored. 


8 (100). «The practical concentration of diphtheria anti- 
toxin”: R. B. GIBSON. 


The methods which have been proposed for the purification or 
concentration of antitoxins are, for the most part, peculiar and 
tedious ways by which the whole or a portion of the globulins are 
separated from serum or milk. Evaporation and freezing have 
been tried, but the general use of such methods has not been con- 
tinued. Pick states that by the isolation of his soluble or high 
ammonium sulfate fraction, it is possible to concentrate the protec- 
tive properties several times. Though superficially the most appli- 
cable, Pick’s method is open to certain objections. Considerable 
quantities of antitoxin may be carried down with the nonprotective 
fraction on one-third saturation of the serum with ammonium sul- 
fate. Such a concentration is also not practicable. 

An artificial concentration can best be effected, for the present 
at least, by preliminary isolation of the antitoxin globulins ; on this 
procedure is based the plan of the following method which has 
proved fairly successful. 

The serum is precipitated with an equal volume ot saturated 
ammonium sulfate solution and, after reprecipitation, is extracted 
with a solution of saturated commercial sodium chlorid. The anti- 
toxic globulin is easily dissolved in the chlorid solution. The non- 
soluble globulin settles to the bottom on standing. After filtering, 
the NaCl solution of the antitoxic globulin is precipitated by the 
addition of a half volume of saturated ammonium sulfate solution, or 
better still, with acetic acidin the usual way. The filtered precipitate 
is pressed as dry as possible with paper and dialyzed in parchment 
a few hours. Its solution is then neutralized and dialyzed again 
in running water. After two or three days’ dialysis of the neutral- 
ized solution of the protein precipitate, sterilization is accomplished 
by double filtration through a Berkefeld filter. Before filtration, 
sufficient sodium chlorid is added to make its proportion equal to 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (197) 27 


0.5 per cent., and a preservative is used. The strength of the fil- 
tered product is ascertained. It is tested bacteriologically, injected 
into animals and finally actually administered in the Department of 
Health hospitals before distributing. 

By this method almost all the ammonium sulfate is removed 
before dialysis, and the additional acid precipitation gives a purer 
product. Dialysis is quicker under these circumstances than when 
the sulfate alone is employed to effect precipitation. The antitoxin 
is practically all recovered, and a concentration of several times the 
original potency is easily and constantly obtained. The sodium 
chlorid separation is sharp, the two groups of proteins showing 
essentially different physical characters as precipitates. The final 
product is somewhat viscous, faintly opalescent and colorless or 
slightly tinged with hemoglobin. Dried at low temperatures, a 
beautifully transparent and entirely soluble scale antitoxin is ob- 
tained. Large quantities of serum can easily be worked over in 
this way at comparatively small expense. 

Tests show that the artificially concentrated antitoxin, kept in 
small vials in an icebox, preserves its potency as well as or even 
better than the ordinary antitoxic serum. Therapeutically, the 
comparative results obtained are identical. Local irritation, rashes, 
etc., seem to be less frequent and severe when the refined antitoxin 
is administered. 


g (101). “On the effect of magnesium salts upon the excita- 
bility and conductivity of nerves”: S. J. MELTZER and 
JOHN AUER. 

In their communication to this society on the anesthetic effect 
of magnesium salts after subcutaneous injections,’ the authors stated 
that they made several series of experiments on the physiological 
and pharmacological effects of these salts and that all their experi- 
ments had demonstrated a common result, namely, that magnesium 
salts produce a profound effect upon the nervous system and that 
this effect is invariably of an inhibitory character. 

In their recent experiments the authors applied solutions of 
magnesium salts to the sciatic, pneumogastric, depressor, and sym- 
pathetic nerves of rabbits. Numerous applications of the magne- 


1 Proceedings of this Society, 1904-05, ii, p. 81. 


28 (198) SocIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BroLocy AND MEDICINE. 


sium salts to the various nerves failed to produce, in any instance, 
a phenomenon which could be interpreted as an excitation, but in 
all cases there was produced, sooner or later, a profound inhibitory 
effect upon the conductivity of the nerve under experimentation. 
After application to the sciatic nerve, the conduction of motor and 
sensory impulses was manifestly inhibited ; a strong stimulus ap- 
plied below the block caused strong contractions of the muscles 
of the thigh, but no pain ; when applied above, pain but no contrac- 
tion was caused. In experiments on the depressor, stimulation on 
the distal side of the block failed to produce a fall of blood-pres- 
sure. Applications to the sympathetic blocked the conductivity, 
so that strong electric stimulations applied to the section of the 
nerve exposed to the influence of the solution, or distal to that 
section, failed to cause a constriction of the ear vessels or a dilation 
of the pupil. 

Instructive results were obtained in the experiments upon the 
vagi. As is well known stimulation of the central cut end of the 
vagus produces an unmistakable effect upon respiration, while 
stimulation of the peripheral cut end causes a standstill of the 
heart, and a contraction of the esophagus and the cardia. When 
a section of about 2 cm. to 3 cm. of an intact vagus was exposed 
for some time to the influence of a solution of a magnesium salt, 
stimulation above the block affected the respiration but not the 
heart or the esophagus, and stimulation below affected the function 
of the last named organs but not that of respiration. 

Applications to the vagus nerves enabled the authors to study 
the blocking of xormal impulses. When applied to one nerve, 
after the other had been cut, or when applied to both intact nerves, 
the respirations slowed up perceptibly after a while, as happens 
after cutting both vagi; besides, after spontaneous or induced acts 
of deglutition, no contractions of the esophagus or cardia followed. 

These effects were obtained with hypertonic as well as with 
isotonic, and even with strongly hypotonic solutions. The weaker 
the solution the longer it took to establish a complete block; 10 
to 30 minutes was about the average time. After a block was 
established, conductivity could be completely restored by thorough 
irrigation of the nerve with Ringer solution. When hypotonic 
solutions of magnesium salts were used, conductivity was often 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (199) 29 


restored spontaneously without washing with Ringer solution, if 
the application of the magnesium solution was not renewed. After 
the application for two or three hours of strongly hypertonic solu- 
tions, the conductivity did not return usually for 24 hours or 
longer, sometimes not even after washing with Ringer solution, as 
was observed in experiments on the sciatic and on the superior cer- 
vical ganglion. Thus far the experiences of the authors in this 
connection indicate, however, that conductivity is finally restored 
in all cases. 


Fourteenth meeting.’ 


Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. December 20, 1905. 
President Wilson in the chair. 


10 (102). “The action of eosin upon tetanus-toxin and tet- 
anus’: SIMON FLEXNER and HIDEYO NOGUCHI. 


Eosin and certain other anilin dyes have the power of destroy- 
ing in vitro the hemolytic property of tetanus-toxin. 

Eosin, when used in sufficient quantity, destroys tetanospas- 
min in vitro. 

Simultaneous injection of tetanus-toxin and eosin into rats 
delays or prevents the appearance of the symptoms of tetanus. 
When the symptoms appear they progress more slowly than in 
control animals. 

Spores of tetanus-bacilli when introduced on threads into 
rats, and followed immediately by an injection of eosin into the 
same locality, do not produce tetanus. The treatment of animals 
with eosin, after the first appearance of the tetanic symptoms fol- 
lowing spore-infection, may prevent the further development of 
the symptoms of tetanus. Eosin injections into the same locality 
as the spore inoculations are the most effective, but injections into 
other parts of the body delay or modify the tetanic process. 

Rats are more resistant to tetanus poison than guinea-pigs, and 
hence are more easily protected by eosin from tetanus; but in 
guinea-pigs the fatal issue can be delayed by eosin. 


1 Science, 1906, xxili, p. 109; American Medicine, 1906, xi, p. 105. 


30 (200) SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 


II (103). “The action of eosin and erythrosin upon snake 
venom,” with demonstrations: HIDEYO NOGUCHI. (Com- 
municated by SIMON FLEXNER. ) 


The hemolytic principles of venom react differently to eosin 
depending upon their native labilities. The hemolysin of Crotalus 
venom suffers most; that of Daboia next, while that of Cobra is 
the most resistant. 

The toxicity of different venoms is more or less diminished 
by eosin in the light. Cobra is least affected ; Crotalus and Daboia 
venoms are most affected. Crotalus venom loses its toxicity chiefly 
by destruction of hemorrhagin, and Daboia by destruction of 
coagulin. 

Neurotoxin is little or not at all affected by eosin or erythrosin. 

There is a parallel between the susceptibility of the toxic 
principles of snake venom to fluorescent anilins and to other injurious 
influences. Hemorrhagin and coagulin are less stable at high tem- 
peratures than neurotoxin, and more easily destroyed by acids than 
neurotoxin and hematoxin. 


12 (104). “On the decomposition of purin bodies by animal 
tissues”: P. A. LEVENE and W. A. BEATTY. 


The authors aimed in this work to study the products of de- 
composition of purin bodies in the tissues. Jones, Schittenhelm 
and Levene have observed that aminopurins are transformed into 
oxypurins. It is well known that purin bodies undergo complete 
destruction in the course of tissue autolysis. 

The authors have studied the conditions most Givorable for the 
process of purin decomposition by animal tissues, and have en- 
deavored to ascertain the general nature of the substances formed 
during the process. It was found that the presence of 0.5 per 
cent. of sodium carbonate in mixtures of spleen pulp facilitated the 
decomposition of purin bodies to such an extent that even uric acid 
was broken up by that tissue. It was also noticed that the decom- 
position products were nonbasic in nature, for they were not pre- 
cipitated by phosphotungstic acid. On the decomposition of uric 
acid by tissue extracts, a formation of ammonia could not be de- 
tected. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (201) 31 


13 (105). “On the biological relationship of nucleoprotein, amy- 
loid and mucoid”: P. A. LEVENE and JOHN A. MANDEL. 


The authors endeavored to ascertain the nature of the carbo- 
hydrate groups in the protein molecule. It was found that by 
heating nucleoprotein on a water bath with a 5 per cent. solution 
of sulfuric acid, a product could be obtained that had the. proper- 
ties of a polysaccharid or of a glucosid, and which contained in its 
molecule a small proportion of sulfuric acid (S=0.5 per cent.). 
On treating nucleoproteins with alkali, substances were obtained 
containing a much greater proportion of sulfuric acid (S = 3.5 per 
cent.; N = 8.8 per cent.). The substances thus obtained were 
found to possess the properties of glucothionic acids containing 
small quantities of nucleic acid. 

Glucothionic acid has hitherto been recognized as a constituent 
of mucoid and amyloid. The results of this investigation place 
the three groups of substances in genetic relationship. 


14 (106). “On the imperfection of Mendelian dominance in 
poultry hybrids,” with demonstrations of photographs and 
plumage-charts: ©. B. DAVENPORT. 


According to the Mendelian formula one of the pair of charac- 
ters that are opposed in hybridization dominates over the other, 
occluding it; the dominated, or recessive, character reappears in 
its pristine purity when the hybrids are interbred. 

A careful examination of the facts shows that in poultry hybrids 
the dominant character is frequently modified by the presence of the 
recessive and in the direction of the latter. For example, white 
plumage color may dominate over black, but the white hybrid 
shows some black feathers ; white dominates over buff plumage, 
but the hybrids have a buff cast. Pea comb is dominant over 
single, but the middle lobe of the hybrids is unusually high. Nar- 
row nostril is dominant over the high nostril of the Polish fowl, 
but the hybrid nostril is exceptionally wide. When the hybrids 
are interbred the recessive character reappears in about one-fourth 
of the hybrids, but often so modified as to be scarcely recognizable. 
The gorgeous bright red and golden but recessive plumage of the 
Japanese long-tailed fowl reappears in the second hybrid generation 
as a dull brick red, much mottled with black. The fact of the 


32 (202)SocrETY FoR EXPERIMENTAL BIoLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


mutual contamination of characters in hybrids justifies the warn- 
ings given by breeders as to loss of characters in hybridization, and 
the care that they exercise to maintain pure races. 


15 (107). “The mechanism of conduction and coordination in 
the heart, with special reference to the heart of Limulus”: 
A.J. CARLSON. (Presented by RUSSELL BURTON-OPITZ.) 


I. The Rate of Conduction. — It is advocated, chiefly by Engel- 
mann, that the rate of conduction of an impulse in the heart is too 
low (20 cm. to 30 cm. per sec. in the frog ; 2 m. to 4 m. per sec. 
in the dog) to take place in the nervoustissue. The slow conduc- 
tion in the heart is thus construed as an argument in favor of the 
myogenic theory. This is based on the erroneous assumption that 
all nervous paths in the same animal conduct with the same, or 
practically the same, rapidity. The author has shown that this is 
not the case even for the motor nerves to the striated muscles. 
On the contrary the rate of conduction in the nerve stands in 
direct relation to the rapidity of contraction of the muscle supplied 
by the nerve.’ On this principle one would expect the rate of 
conduction in the intrinsic nervous plexuses of the alimentary tract 
and of the heart of a vertebrate to be as much slower than that 
in the motor nerves to the skeletal muscles, as the contraction of 
heart-muscle and muscle of the digestive tract is slower than that 
of skeletal muscle. The rate of conduction in the intrinsic nerves 
of the vertebrate heart has not yet been determined. In the heart 
of Limulus, this can be done by the ordinary graphic method. 
The author has shown that in the heart of Limulus the rhythm is 
neurogenic, not myogenic, and that the conduction and coordina- 
tion take place in the nervous and not in the muscular tissue.” The 
proofs of these conclusions are demonstrative. The author has 
lately measured the rate of conduction in the intrinsic heart nerves 
of this animal and has found it to be 40 cm. per second. The rate 
in the motor nerves to the limbs as found by the author is 325 cm. 
to 350 cm. per second. That is to say, the rate of conduction in 
the nervous plexus in the heart is from eight to ten times slower than 
in the peripheral motor nerves, 


“1 Carlson: American Journal of Physiology, 1904, X, p. 401. 
2Carlson: American Journal of Physiology, 1904-’05, xii, p. 67; also, p. 471. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINCS. (203) 33 


II. Conduction in the Heart in the State of Water-Rigor. — 
The experiments of Fredericq, Waller and Reid, Bayliss and Star- 
ling, Schliiter, Engelmann, Hofmann, and Bethe have shown that 
the heart walls may conduct without contracting or being able to 
contract. This can be interpreted in two ways, viz.: (1) The con- 
duction takes place in the nervous tissue, or (2) the conduction 
takes place in the muscular tissue, but the processes of conduction 
and contraction are so independent of one another that the muscle 
may conduct without contracting. The latter is the explanation 
usually adopted, based on the experiments of Biedermann and 
Engelmann on conduction in muscle in the state of water-rigor. 
Engelmann, worked on the frog’s heart. In the heart of Limulus 
the above two possible explanations may be put to experimental 
test. 

The author transected the heart-muscle in the region of the 
second and the fourth heart-segments and dissected away a por- 
tion of the muscle about 0.5 cm. in length, leaving the three 
portions of the heart connected alone by the nerve-plexus (the 
median nerve-cord and the lateral nerves). The anterior and 
the middle portions of the heart continued in rhythm by virtue of 
the impulses from the ganglion of the posterior portion, these im- 
pulses reaching the two anterior portions by means of the intact 
nerve-plexus. When this nervous plexus is severed in the fourth 
segment, the region of the heart anterior to the sections ceases 
to beat. Hence, the anterior portion of the heart thus prepared 
beats in response to impulses that reach it through the nerve- 
plexus on the middle portion. Now, when this middle portion of 
the heart is placed in water, the muscle of this region absorbs 
water and ceases to beat or respond to artificial stimulation, while 
the anterior portion still beats in synchrony with the posterior 
portion of the heart. The nerves will also lose their conductivity 
if left in the water long enough. On replacing the water by plasma 
or sea-water the nerves are quickly restored. The muscle is re- 
stored very slowly and sometimes not at all. The nerve-plexus 
in the Limulus heart is composed of nonmedullated nerves, just 
as is the intramuscular nerve-plexus in the heart of a vertebrate. 
Now, since the behavior of the Limulus heart and the heart of a 
vertebrate in the state of water-rigor is the same, and, further, as 


34 (204) Society FoR ExPERIMENTAL BioLtocy AND MEDICINE. 


the anatomic conditions (nerve-plexus and muscle-cells) are similar 
in both, it seems probable that the tissue concerned with con- 
duction in water-rigor is also the same in both. In the Limulus 
heart it has been demonstrated to be the nerve-plexus and not the 
muscle. In the vertebrate heart it has not been demonstrated to 
be the muscle. The recent experiments of Humblet, Hering, and 
Erlanger, of transecting on compressing the auriculoventricular 
muscle-bundle in the septum of the mammalian heart, decide 
nothing relative to the myogenic or neurogenic nature of con- 
duction and coordination, because it has been shown by Tawara 
that this muscle-bundle is surrounded and accompanied by a nerve- 
plexus similar to that in the auricles and the ventricles themselves. 


16 (108). ‘Further observations on the effects of alcohol on 
the secretion of bile”: WILLIAM SALANT. 

In a previous communication ' on the effect of alcohol on the 
secretion of bile, it was stated that diminution in the rate of secre- 
tion of bile was observed after intravenous injection of alcohol. No 
definite conclusions could be reached at that time, however, as to 
whether the diminished secretion was due to alcohol, for a steady 
decline in the flow of bile was very often noticed during the periods 
before the administration of alcohol. Recent observations in a 
series of similar experiments on dogs, in which the rate of secretion 
remained unchanged for several periods or differed slightly, showed 
some diminution of the flow of bile after intravenous injection of 
alcohol. There was also a decrease in both the organic and inor- 
ganic constituents of the bile after intravenous injection;of alcohol, 
but the relative amounts of solids were only slightly affected. The 
diminished excretion of solids, however, cannot be attributed to 
alcohol, for a wide range of variation prevails in the organic and 
inorganic constituents of the bile of untreated animals. 

The effects are entirely different when alcohol is introduced 
into the gastrointestinal canal. The methods employed in this 
relation were identical with those of the previous experiments. 
Anesthesia was induced by ether without the aid of morphin. In 
every case the neck of the gallbladder was securely ligated to pre- 
vent flow of bile from that direction. A cannula was then intro- 


1 Proceedings of this Society, 1904, 1, p. 43. 


ScIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (205) 35 


duced into the common bile duct and the rate of secretion studied 
by comparing the quantities collected for periods of 15 minutes 
each. In one experiment in which secretion proved to be very 
scanty, the bile was collected for an hour and the quantity obtained 
during that period was compared with the amounts collected for 
equal lengths of time after injection of alcohol. Various strengths ot 
alcohol were used: 25 per cent., 30 per cent., 50 per cent., 60 per 
cent., in quantities ranging from I c.c. to 5 c.c. per kilo, administered 
1 to 2% hours after the introduction of the cannula into the com- 
mon duct. 

With the exception of experiment XI in the accompanying 
table (I), the volume secreted immediately after the injection of 
alcohol into the stomach or into the intestines showed a marked 
increase as compared with the period immediately preceding the 
injection of alcohol. In 11 of the 12 experiments performed on 
different dogs, the percentage of increase, as shown in the accom- 
panying table (I), ranged from 50 per cent. to 365 per cent. In 
a large proportion of the experiments, in which the dogs were 
apparently so exhausted that the secretion of bile reached a min- 
imum, the introduction of alcohol into the stomach or intestine 
caused a striking improvement. In some experiments alcohol 
was injected both intravenously and into the intestines. The 
volume of bile secreted after the intravenous injection indicated a 
diminished rate of secretion, while in the same animal after the 
administration of alcohol into the intestines the secreted volume 
of bile increased 140 per cent. in one experiment and 80 per cent. 
in another. The solid constituents were likewise markedly in- 
creased. In one experiment there was an increase of 130 per 
cent. in the total solids, 132 per cent. increase of organic matter, 
and I15 per cent. increase in the ash, the increase in volume in the 
same experiment being 140 per cent. In another experiment the 
total'solids increased about 100 per cent., organic matter 108 per cent., 
and ash 60 per cent., the gain in volume being 125 percent. Of two 
experiments, the increase in the volume secreted as well as in the 
amounts of solid constituents was 80 per cent. in one; in the other, 
the figures showing percentage increases in the secreted volume, 
total solids, organic matter, and ash were 160, 185, I95, 112, 
respectively, indicating that, at least in certain cases, some of the 


36 (206) SocreTy FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 


solid constituents may be increased in amount, both absolutely 
and even relatively, after administration of alcohol. In this instance 
alcohol was introduced into the stomach. The excretion of inor- 
ganic constituents, while showing a well marked increase after the 
injection of alcohol into the gastrointestinal canal, did not keep 
pace with the gain in proportion of organic matter. 

Further study is in progress. 


TABLE I.— EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL, INJECTED INTO THE GASTROINTESTINAL CANAL, 
ON THE ELIMINATION OF BILE (COLLECTED IN I5-MINUTE PERIODs). 


Volume before | After injection of alcohol into the 


injection of gastrointestinal canal. 
No. | alcohol into the 
| gastrointestinal Parcenease 
| Cone: Volume. increase. 
et | ec. 

F so cubosws beagwale enh eashon nada depen then eeemeee | 0.5 ‘2 140 
WG, dhacaneeaqreecgadndoncieea goon ate saute wae | 0.5 0.9 80 
ED oe viding one geeebes ed Baan se ndamw cd omphabonsbias 0.5 (1hr.)| 1.0 (1 hr.) 100 
Ap Re A Peer per season AN Sep wthid estate y Obes” YS 0.15 0.7 365 
EEE Ee Sie SD ATC eM KR et | 07 1.8 160 
Be oe a unckcncnss tetadent sacadarcadae edie 0.4 0.9 125 
MLE cc aatvunavaps cokd obey san siebua dukes tun dusk O.1 0.4 300 
WL Scions duns baa cdpen dance eaglode nein ace Peaein 0.2 0.6 100 
EA: cloncssthabae saat abdeast phadccan evel ead cada 0.3 0.5 66 
x ap Rips Ceieee ode baa winre Yew ana eae aa aaa ete aa 0.3 0.45 50 
LE scanyntnnavbugasnabeetugtieaieesnatpuoks iaee Bens 1.3 oe 
PELL dvds sckwingptactnen anemones adaaaael 0.25 0.5 100 


TABLE IJ. —EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL, INJECTED INTO THE GASTROINTESTINAL CANAL, 
ON THE ELIMINATION OF SOLIDS IN THE BILE (COLLECTED IN I5-MINUTE PERIODS). 


Before injection, } After injection, | Percent. increase after injection. 
Pe Tee | CL Le ee as fo ] at 
°o : ° ° gs 2 3 
: Za . ; a2 : cae |. a8 2g 
= oe ee Batt 7a eat tee eRe Bel 
> H < > fH Pie. | > | o) = 
c.c. | mg. | mg. || c.c. | mg. | mg. | 
ae O81 348 1) sB7 ae Bee eo 8. 9.9 | ‘- 130 132 | 115 
BE jaatens 0.5 | 48.6 | 1.2? 0.9 87.6 | 11.8 | 8 — _- 
IER viinesd | 0.7 | 74.0 9.3 || 1.8 | 211.1] 19.7 | a ) 18s 195 | 112 
4 Ry, | 04 | 42.3 | 6.4 || 09 | 85.1| 10.2 || 125] 100 | 108] 60 


17 (109). ‘Some effects on rabbits of intravenous injections 
of nicotin,” with demonstrations: I. ADLER and 0. HENSEL. 
A solution of 1 in 200 of the chemically pure nicotin furnished 
by Merck was used. Of this solution, % of ac.c., equal to 1% 


1 Calculated by difference from the total solids. The weights of organic matter are 
purposely omitted from the first two sections of the table. 
? Probably some analytic error accounts for this anomalous result. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (207) 37 


mg. of nicotin, was injected daily into the ear-vein of the rabbits. 
About ten seconds after such an injection the animal is seized with 
a typical convulsion lasting from three to five minutes, after which 
it is apparently entirely well until the next injection, when the 
same thing recurs. This may be repeated with great regularity and 
without any exception every day and no tolerance to the poison 
seems to develop. In two animals it was attempted gradually to 
increase the daily dose to %c.c. This, however, proved too 
dangerous and was abandoned. All animals thereafter received 
the same daily dose of % c.c., which was never increased or dimin- 
ished. A number of animals died before they had received a 
sufficiently large number of injections to cause any definite lesion. 
Death ensued in some instances from some cause not at all refer- 
able to the nicotin poisoning, but in others from numerous small 
infarctions in the lungs, possibly caused by the intravenous injec- 
tions. Cerebral hemorrhages, which are found so often in rabbits 
treated with adrenalin injections, were never found in these animals. 

In animals which outlived a certain number of injections, various 
distinct and characteristic lesions were found. It seems, however, 
that not all animals are equally susceptible. What has been 
observed in the numerous experiments with adrenalin seems to be 
true also for nicotin. Now and then, how frequently the authors 
were not able to say, rabbits are found that will respond to 
the daily nicotin injection with the typical convulsion, but after 
months of this treatment fail to show any of the characteristic 
lesions about to be described. These lesions seem to be identical 
in every respect with those found after intravenous injections of 
adrenalin. After 18 injections slight changes are apparent in the 
bulb and arch of the aorta. After 38 injections very marked and 
characteristic macroscopic and microscopic lesions can be recog- 
nized. Aneurysmatic dilations of the aorta are very distinctly 
visible. There may be either a single aneurysm, or, what is more 
frequent, several in various parts of the vessel. 

These dilations, as a rule, do not involve the entire circumfer- 
ence of the vessel, but only a limited portion of it, thus presenting 
the appearance of aneurysmatic pouches. On the interior surface 
of the aneurysmatic dilations and their immediate neighborhood, 
larger and smaller patches of calcification of varying shapes are 


38 (208) SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


apparent. Their margin is somewhat raised above the surface of 
the intima, their center somewhat depressed. The more numerous 
the injections the more pronounced and extensive the alterations ap- 
pear, but they are always of the same character. The authors have 
not yet concluded their experiments and they have not yet been able 
to carry the number of injections beyond 50. The lesions here 
described have nothing in common with human arteriosclerosis. 
They are in every essential identical with what B. Fischer describes 
as the result of adrenalin and digalen injections. It can be demon- 
strated that the primary lesion takes place in the muscle cells of 
the media and first of all in those nearest to the intima. Here 
the nuclei become broken up, the chromatin is scattered, the entire 
cell becomes necrotic and is finally destroyed. This process gradu- 
ally extends downward in the direction of the adventitia. As the 
muscle cells disappear, the elastic fibers, under pressure of the 
blood-current, are first stretched, then broken up. The entire 
wall of the vessel in this spot is thus attenuated and distended and 
finally calcified. There is distinct arterial necrosis. Thus far the 
authors have been able to find these lesions only in the aorta. 
The fact that they are found mainly in the aorta, that they occur 
in patches, that they begin with necrosis of the muscle cells and 
that thus far only adrenalin, digalen and nicotin, all three vaso- 
constrictors, have been found to produce them, would suggest an 
affection of the vasovasorum as the underlying cause. This, how- 
ever, is not yet proved. 

In all advanced cases the left heart has been found hypertro- 
phied. Certain minute lesions have been found in the heart 
muscle. The kidneys have thus far only shown a moderate degree 
of hyperemia. An occasional trace of albumin appeared in the 
urine but never any sugar. In every case that has received a 
sufficient number of injections very definite changes are noted in 
the liver. The liver cells appear entirely normal, as do also the 
central vein and the interlobular vessels, but the interlobular bile 
ducts, even at a very early period, are found surrounded by a 
mantle of leucocytes which increases in size after the injections 
are continued. The leucocytes not only surround the ducts but are 
found within the walls and even in the interior of the duct overly- 
ing the epithelium. This latter is always perfectly normal and the 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (209) 39 


lumen, though perhaps here and there partially obstructed by 
leucocytes, is always sufficiently open to permit the free passage 
of bile. Bile is never found in the urine. In no case have the 
authors ever found anything suggesting cirrhosis or degeneration 
of the liver cells. 


18 (110). “Tumors of wild animals under natural condi- 
tions”: HARLOW BROOKS. 


The author referred to the great importance of the etiology of 
neoplasms and the well-recognized fact that research along this 
line must now rest almost entirely on experimental studies of the 
lower animals. By this series of observations the author hoped to 
establish what may be called a ‘‘normal’’ rate of occurrence. 
This can be based only on observations of large numbers of ani- 
mals which have been in captivity for only relatively short periods 
and which must be kept under far different conditions than is pos- 
sible in the ordinary zoological park or in the laboratory animal 
house. 

The author’s observations were made on a large number of 
wild animals, most of which were captured direct from the wild, 
and which after capture and transportation were placed under the 
most carefully studied natural conditions ever attempted in any 
large zoological collection. 

The occurrence rate of new growths in such a group of ani- 
mals, comprising most of the known species of the reptiles,{birds, 
and mammals should furnish a valuable contribution to the study of 
the etiology of tumors, especially since the animals included in this 
collection were, for the most part, at least, pure and uncontami- 
nated, except for such crossing as normally takes place in nature. 
The animals of the New York Zoological Society have been 
selected by experts for their purity of type and every one is sub- 
mitted to a careful veterinary examination before becoming a mem- 
ber of the collection. Notwithstanding that this examination 
might have been expected in some cases to have excluded animals 
afflicted with tumors, the records show ‘that none have been 
rejected for this defect. 

Of 2,645 living animals which have been under the charge of 
the author and his associates for the past five years, no case of 


40 (210) SoclETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


true neoplasm has been found. Seven hundred and forty-four 
animals have died, and, as is the routine custom at the New York 
Zoological Park, have been autopsied, either by the resident 
pathologist or by the author. In this series of 744 consecutive 
cases but one case of tumor has been found. This case, signifi- 
cantly enough, was found in a white raccoon dog, an animal whose 
purity of species is decidedly in question and which has been 
classed by some zoologists as a “sport” or albino. The animal 
has, however, been described by Hornaday as a new species, 
Nyctereutes albus. The animal was secured in northern Japan, 
but was unrecognized by Japanese zoologists. The tumor in this 
case was found to be myxosarcoma of the ovary. Tumors of 
parasitic origin, granulomas, tubercles, actinomycotic foci and the 
like are, on the other hand, relatively common. 

In addition to these data, the author also referred to various 
other animals, chiefly ruminants, taken in the wild, and of which 
none presented tumors. The latter observation was made by the 
author himself in the field and was in accord with statements of 
reliable guides and naturalists. ! 

The author felt that the number of cases cited was sufficiently 
large to permit him to conclude with a reasonable amount of cer- 
tainty that true neoplasms are extremely rare in wild animals living 
under natural conditions. Abnormal conditions of life, such as 
close inbreeding, semidomesticity or contamination of species as 
seen in dogs, horses, cattle, and particularly in those animals 
usually employed for laboratory experiment, notably the white 
mouse, unquestionably increase the relative occurrence of new 
growths. 


19 (111). ‘‘ The cutaneous excretion of nitrogenous material”: 
F. G. BENEDICT.’ (Presented by WILLIAM J. GIES.) 


A number of experiments were reported in which the subjects 
wore previously extracted underclothing and at the end of the ex- 
periment the nitrogenous materials were extracted with water and 
determined by the Kjeldahl process. Rest and work experiments 
were made. During rest there is considerable variation in the actual 
quantity of excreted nitrogen, the average of 5 experiments being 


' Journal of Biological Chemistry, I 906, i, p. 263. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (200) -'48 


0.071 gm. per day. The exact nature of the nitrogenous material 
thus excreted was not studied. A number of experiments were 
made on a professional bicycler, riding a bicycle ergometer. The 
exercise was very severe, as the total output of heat was 600 
calories per hour. The bath water and the extract water from the 
clothing gave a total of 0.87 gm. in a 4-hour experiment, or 0.22 
em. of nitrogen per hour. 

Of greatest significance is the important bearing of this channel 
for the excretion of nitrogenous material in experiments on the 
metabolism of protein. Profuse perspiration, whether induced 
passively or by muscular work, results in a considerable excretion 
of nitrogenous material through the skin. While the work engaged 
in by the subjects of these experiments was severe, certainly that of 
some of them was not extraordinarily so, and might well be equaled 
by many men engaged in ordinary occupations involving muscular 
work. A total excretion equivalent to one or more grams of 
nitrogen per day is not at all inconsiderable, and hence in accurate 
metabolism experiments we must give recognition to the possibility 
of excretion through this hitherto almost unconsidered channel. 
Especially is this so in experiments where the total amounts of 
nitrogen in the ingesta and egesta are smaller than normal, since 
the percentage error is thereby proportionally larger. 


20 (112). ‘ The effects of intravenous injections of solutions of 
dextrose upon the viscosity of the blood’’: RUSSELL BUR- 
TON-OPITZ. 


The experiments were performed upon dogs, in accordance 
with the method devised by Hirthle. When small quantities 
(5 c.c.) of a concentrated solution of dextrose were injected intraven- 
ously, the viscosity of the blood became slightly greater. By the 
administration of large quantities (50 c.c. to 100 c.c.) the viscosity 
was markedly decreased at first, but reassumed its normal value in 
the course of about one hour. 

By producing artificial glycosuria, the viscosity was decidedly 
increased. In the latter series of experiments the surface of the 
pancreas was painted with solution of adrenalin. The specific 
gravity of the blood pursued in all cases a harmonious course with 
the viscosity. 


42 (212) SocIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


Fifteenth meeting.’ 
[Third annual business meeting. ] 


Physiological Laboratory of the New York University and Belle- 
vue Hospital Medical College. February 21,1906. President Wil- 
son in the chair. 

21 (113). ‘“‘On the intermediary metabolism of lactic acid”: 

A. R. MANDEL and GRAHAM LUSK. 

Administration of phlorhizin to a dog poisoned with phosphorus 
causes the excretion of dextrose, the mother-substance of lactic 
acid, and the latter then disappears from the blood and urine. On 
the other hand d-lactic acid (Kahlbaum), when given to a diabetic 
dog, may be completely converted into dextrose. 


22 (114). “The primary factor in thrombosis after injury to the 
blood-vessels ’’: LEO LOEB. 

No uniformity of opinion exists in regard to the essential pro- 
cesses leading to thrombosis. According to some authors throm- 
bosis is essentially due to coagulation of plasma or of cells. 
Others hold that two factors enter: Agglutination and coagulation. 
Klemensiewicz and Gutschy expressed the opinion that the primary 
formation of a fibrinous membrane at the place of injury is necessary. 

We find the same diversity of views in regard to the so-called 
first coagulation of arthropod blood, which, as the author has 
already shown experimentally, is identical with thrombosis in that 
animal. That no explanation of thrombosis has found general 
recognition so far is due to the fact that microscopic examinations 
alone, based on staining reactions, are entirely inadequate for a de- 
cision of this question. Almost all previous work rests mainly on 
morphological investigation. 

Sahli’s work, however, forms an exception. He found that 
after injection of leech extract into the circulation of a rabbit, 
thrombi no Jonger formed around foreign bodies introduced into 
the blood-vessels. He concluded quite logically that his results 
prove the correctness of the view of Hanau and others, namely, 
that thrombosis is a process of coagulation. The results of his 
experiments are directly opposed to the fact repeatedly pointed out 
by the author, viz., that agglutination of blood plates occurs in 


1 Science, 1906, xxiii, p. 662; American Medicine, 1906, i (N. S.), p. 33. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (213) 43 


birds and in mammalian blood outside of the body under conditions 
that entirely exclude coagulation, as after phosphorus poisoning, 
also in hirudin blood, and in bird’s blood collected according to 
Delezenne’s method. | 

In order to clear up these discrepancies the author carried out 
experiments on a relatively large number of animals. In arthro- 
pods, and especially in Limulus, he found in various experiments 
that the collection of blood cells around the foreign body, which 
leads ultimately to the formation of a hyaline thrombus, was due to 
a primary process of agglutination and that coagulation processes 
could be entirely excluded. The same applies to the extravascular 
coagulation of Limulus blood. 

In birds and dogs the blood was made temporarily noncoagu- 
lable by injecting hirudin or peptone. In a number of experi- 
ments not only was the increase in the coagulation time of the blood 
in the injected animal observed, but the blood was also tested in 
regard to its reaction toward the tissue coagulins which accelerate 
the coagulation of the blood. The blood vessels were injured in 
different ways and were later examined microscopically. In the 
large majority of cases serial sections were made of each injured 
blood-vessel. Seven geese were used for hirudin injections, includ- 
ing the controls ; 38 blood-vessels of 19 dogs were examined after 
hirudin injections (controls included) ; 25 blood-vessels of 12 dogs 
were examined after peptone injections (controls included). 

The following conclusions may be drawn from the results 
obtained : 

In invertebrates as well as vertebrates an agglutination of blood- 
cells or of blood-plates may take place around foreign bodies or at 
the place of injury of the vessel-wall. This agglutination can be 
present without the occurrence of any simultaneous or previous 
formation of fibrin. The formation of such agglutination thrombi 
corresponds to the clumping of the same cellular elements outside 
of the body, where the agglutination can take place without being 
-accompanied by any coagulative process. 

In birds the injection of hirudin does not materially alter the 
readiness with which a thrombus is formed. In dogs, on the other 
hand, it is very probable that injections of hirudin delay or may 
sometimes prevent the formation of agglutination thrombi. The 


44 (214) SoclETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy anpD MEDICINE. 


effect, however, is not directly due to the inhibition of the coagu- 
lation of the blood, but probably to changes in the blood which 
will still have to be determined. 


23 (115). “Granula and ameboid movements in the blood 
cells of arthropods”: LEO LOEB. 


If one observes a drop of blood of Limulus, or of other 
arthropods, under the microscope immediately after it has left the 
body, an interesting phenomenon is seen. The large majority of 
the cell granula become smaller and soon disappear. The cells 
which were at first oval become round and send out hyalin pro- 
toplasm and pseudopodia. Movements of the protoplasm may be 
observed for a long time, but ultimately they cease, when the cells 
are spread out entirely and in this condition the cells gradually die. 

It has been the author’s aim to determine the conditions which 
inhibit or accelerate this apparently spontaneous dissolution of the 
cell granula. From the results of these investigations, which can- 
not be given here in detail, it follows that the fate of the granules 
of arthropod blood-cells depends upon certain mechanical condi- 
tions, and that the apparently spontaneous dissolution of cell 
granula can to a large degree be inhibited by preventing certain 
mechanical irritations of the cells. The changes taking place in 
the granules are very fine indicators of certain mechanical or 
chemical alterations in the environment of the cells. Such 
changes are determined by the character of the foreign bodies with 
which the cells come in contact, lipoid substances being especially 
favorable for the preservation of the granules. Temperature, os- 
motic conditions and the reaction of the medium in which the cells 
are suspended, influence the granules in a definite way. Further- 
more, the presence of certain electrolytes is necessary for the pres- 
ervation of the granules in isotonic, hypotonic, and, with the 
exception of sugar solutions, also in hypertonic solutions. The 
cell granules are dissolved in isotonic solutions of non-electrolytes. 
Different electrolytes exert different, specific influences. 

We see, moreover, that certain substances may dissolve cell 
granules without enabling the protoplasm to carry out ameboid 
movements, but in the large majority of cases a certain parallelism is 
observed between the fat contents of the granules and the ameboid 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (215) 45 


movements of the cells. Whether this parallelism is due toa 
direct or merely to an indirect causal relation cannot at present be 
determined with certainty. It seems not unlikely that the ame- 
boid movements, the spreading out of the cells and the dissolution 
of the granules are caused by certain metabolic changes which are 
induced in each instance by similar conditions. (The blood-cells 
of Limulus area favorable object for demonstrating the effect of me- 
chanical conditions upon blood cells leading to thrombosis and they 
can be used to advantage in courses of experimental pathology 
such as is given by the writer at the University of Pennsylvania.) 


24 (116), ‘On a course on the pathological physiology of the 
circulation,” with demonstration of instruments, specimens, 
etc.: W. G. MACCALLUM. 


In general in the teaching of pathology the anatomical altera- 
tions ‘produced by disease are dwelt upon, and little attention is 
devoted to the detailed study of the alterations in function pro- 
duced by these diseases. A course was arranged during the past 
year at the Johns Hopkins University to cover this ground and 
half of the new laboratory of experimental medicine was planned 
to give facilities for this work. 

The aim of the course was to reproduce experimentally such 
diseased conditions as are seen by the students in the wards of the 
hospital so that they might be studied with the aid of any or all of 
the methods at the command of the physiologist and of the pathol- 
ogist. The study of the anatomical changes which are usually 
found in such conditions was carried on together with these ex- 
periments. | 

It was planned to attempt the study of only a limited portion 
of the subject each year, and during the past term the diseases of 
the circulatory system have occupied the attention of the class. 
Next year it is intended to study the digestive system in a similar 
way. 

Only those lesions were produced of which experimental study 
was certain to be of value—thus in the case of the pericardium, 
while various infections might have been used to give rise to an 
exudate, the blood-pressure relations, changes in heart-beat, heart- 
sounds, etc., were studied during the distention of the pericardium 
with water. 


46 (216) SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 


Similarly it was thought sufficient to study mechanical injuries 
of the heart-valves rather than to attempt their production with the 
aid of bacteria. Therefore, while the actual lesions were studied 
in the museum and histologically, the injuries to the valves were 
produced by cutting the valves with a special blunt hook having a 
knife edge on the inner side of the curve. The pressure relations 
were then rendered visible to the students by the curves traced in 
inks of different colors from cannulas inserted at various points in 
the circulation. Stenoses were produced by the application of a 
screw clamp about the orifice of the heart concerned and tracings 
taken in a similar way. These experiments are similar to those 
described by v. Basch and Moritz, but they are not subject to the 
criticism that they are made on a model of glass and rubber. 

Murmurs could be heard and traced very accurately by the use 
of a stethoscope with very small bell, which could be applied di- 
rectly to the ventricles or along the vessels. Thrills could be felt 
and the dilation and excessive activity of any portion of the circu- 
latory apparatus directly observed. In this way there were pro- 
duced and studied aortic stenosis and insufficiency, mitral stenosis 
and insufficiency, pulmonary stenosis, and tricuspid stenosis and 
insufficiency. 

Lesions of the myocardium were simulated both by the mechan- 
ical destruction of the muscle substance and by the injection into 
it of such coagulating substances as alcohol, and the effects studied 
by the same method. Obstruction of various branches of the 
coronaries was also studied in detail. 

The effect of the closure of various blood vessels was demon- 
strated as well as the effect of the dilation and contraction of capil- 
laries in different regions, and the character of the capillaries of 
the lungs in this respect was studied. The mode of obliteration 
of blood-vessels after ligature and the accomodative changes which 
take place when the blood-supply is diminished and when collateral 
circulation is demanded were also considered. 

The short course ended with the study of aneurysm, arterio- 
sclerosis, and the experimental formation of thrombi and of infarcts 
on the introduction of foreign bodies as emboli. 

The advantage which accrues to the student seems to be chiefly 
in his obtaining an intimate and first-hand knowledge of all the 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. UZEX) (49 


details of processes commonly seen clinically but about which 
much theorizing must be done in the wards. 


25 (11'7). “On the blood-pressure relations in mitral insuffi- 
ciency and stenosis”: W. G. MACCALLUM and R. D. 
MCCLURE. 

In the course of experiments like those described in the pre- 
ceding communication, blood pressure in various portions of the 
circulatory apparatus was recorded after mitral insufficiency had 
been produced by introducing a curved knife hook into the left 
auricular appendage and cutting some portion of the mitral valve 
—a systolic murmur could then be heard especially loud over the 
auricle and along the pulmonary veins with usually a thrill felt 
over the auricle. Interest attaches especially to the exact explan- 
ation of the hypertrophy of the right ventricle since, as Gerhart 
points out, there is an obvious obstruction to the flow of blood 
through the mitral orifice into the ventricle. 

This is true only when the left ventricle at once accomodates 
itself to the condition by dilating to receive the excessive amount 
of blood which accumulates in the auricle, that is, the amount 
thrown into it from the right ventricle plus the amount regurgitated, 
and then succeeds in expelling it all. Unless this happens the 
auricle is unable to empty itself and a condition arises in which the 
amount of blood circulated is smaller than normal, the remainder 
being stagnant in the pulmonary circulation and the right ventricle 
is found to be driving a uniformly smaller amount of blood into a 
cavity (the pulmonary circulation) in which there is some stagnant 
blood and into which more is forced from the left ventricle during 
systole. The elevation of pressure from this stagnation need not 
be great and in the experiment where these conditions seem to 
prevail the pressure in the pulmonary is not much elevated. 
Ordinarily, however, the left ventricle dilates to receive the exces- 
sive blood, then regurgitates some and discharges nearly the 
normal amount into the aorta. The right ventricle then attempts 
to discharge into the pulmonary circulation the same large amount 
at the moment when the stronger left ventricle is also forcing into 
that cavity the amount constantly regurgitated. The pulmonary 
pressure is again not much elevated — not more than before but 


48 (218) SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, 


the amount of blood in the general circulation is nearer the normal. 
It is quite true, as Jurgensen supposed and as Gerhart also believed, 
that the impulse from the left ventricle is directly felt by the right 
—even the pulsation of the left ventricle communicated through 
the imperfect valve to the left auricle is transmitted unchanged to 
the pulmonary arteries, just as the pulsation of the right ventricle 
is transmitted unchanged to the pulmonary veins. Since the right 
ventricle contracts simultaneously with the left this direct beat of 
the two ventricles against each other does probably account in 
part for the hypertrophy of the weaker right ventricle. It may be 
shown to occur by inserting a cannula into the cut end of the 
pulmonary artery toward the lung so as to receive the blood 
through the lung where it is found that on the production of mitral 
insufficiency the pressure in that manometer rises and the curve 
shows high pulsations synchronous with those of the ventricle. 

Mitral stenosis was produced by means of a clamp or bya 
coarse suture passed through the heart and about the mitral ring. 
The pressure is seen to rise very high in the pulmonary circula- 
tion but because of the smaller amount of blood left to circulate 
there it is lowered throughout the systemic circulation. 


26 (118). “Paramecium aurelia and mutation”: GARY N. 
CALKINS. 


The ordinary species is Paramecium caudatum ; superficially, 
it resembles P. aurea. The latter differs from the former in 
smaller size, in rounded instead of attenuated posterior end, and 
in the possession of two instead of one micronucleus. The last is 
generally regarded as the most important difference between the 
two species. In March, 1905,a pair of conjugating Paramecium 
caudatum was isolated from a culture in an epidemic of conjuga- 
tions. The ex-conjugates had all of the characteristics of P. 
aurelia. One died before many generations in culture, the other 
is still living and is now in the 346th generation. This one re- 
tained the characteristics of P. aurelia until about the 45th gener- 
ation after conjugation, when it lapsed again into the P. caudatum 
form, with one micronucleus, and other characteristics of P. cau- 
datum. ‘The latter characters are still maintained. 

The observation indicates one of two things. Either this is an 


¥ 
SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (219) 49 


interesting case of mutation of species with lapse into the parent 
form after several generations, or the specific characteristics are 
inadequate and P. caudatum and P. aurelia are but variants of one 
species. The latter is the more reasonable hypothesis and on 
grounds of priority, the common forms of paramecium should be 
called Paramecium aurelia. 

Physiologically the form known as P. caudatum is more vig- 
orous in culture than is P. aurelia. During the time that the 
cultures were in the P. aurelia phase the’ division rate was rela- 
tively low (four divisions in five days), but soon after the change 
to the caudatum form the division-rate rose to two and a half 
divisions per day on the average for forty days, which is the 
highest rate on record. With this physiological difference there 
was a marked difference in the relative volumes of micronucleus 
and cell-body but no difference in the relative volumes of macro- 
nucleus and body. 


27 (119). “Experiments with some saline purgatives given 
subcutaneously’: JOHN AUER. 

In spite of the large amount of work which has been done 
regarding the effect of subcutaneous and intravenous injections of 
saline purgatives, investigators are still in disagreement. To men- 
tion only the most recent writers, MacCallum‘ claims that “ a@// 
these salts which act as purgatives when introduced into the stomach 
or intestines have the same action when injected subcutaneously or 
intravenously.’ Eckhardt? on the other hand, states that “ Die 
Mittelsalze haben bei unseren Haustieren keine abfithrende Wir- 
kung”’ and that “Im Gegentheil wirken sie, auf diesem Wege 
einverleibt, haufig verstopfend.”” Both authors used approximately 
the same dose, injected the same salts subcutaneously and intra- 
venously and yet arrived at diametrically opposite results. 

In an extensive series of experiments already published, 
Meltzer and the author*® have shown, among other things, that the 
subcutaneous injection of magnesium sulfate does not produce 
purgation. In view of the peculiar properties of magnesium salts 
the investigation was extended to some of the other saline purgatives. 


1MacCallum, J. B.: American Journal of Physiology, 1904, x, p. IOI. 
2 Eckhardt: Inaugural Dissertation, Giessen, 1905. 
3 Meltzer and Auer: American Journal of Physiology, 1905, xiv, p. 366. 


50 (220) SocIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIoLoGyY AND MEDICINE. 


In this investigation rabbits weighing about 1,500 grams 
were used and the salts chiefly employed were sodium sulfate and 
sodium phosphate. Sodium sulfate, in 4 per cent. and 25 per cent. 
solutions, when injected subcutaneously in 15 c.c. doses, caused 
no purgation in any of the experiments. Five or six hours after 
an injection, the feces that were passed often weighed less than five 
grams and were of normal consistence and form. Only rarely did 
the total 24-hour fecal output exceed 15 grams and the pellets were 
moderately hard, dry and well formed. Similar results were ob- 
tained when 4.5 per cent. sodium phosphate, in 15 c.c. doses, was 
injected subcutaneously. Both salts failed to cause purgation but 
induced a moderate degree of constipation. 

The action of sodium sulfate and sodium phosphate on intestinal 
peristalsis was also studied. The intestines of rabbits anesthetized by 
morphin were observed with and without a saline bath. The sub- 
cutaneous injection of sodium sulfate and sodium phosphate caused a 
definite increase in the pendular motions of the small gut, especially 
of the duodenum. These movements, however, were not of a 
character to cause the evacuation of unformed feces, an impression 
which was confirmed by the results already reported. Increased in- 
testinal movements and purgation are therefore by no means syn- 
onymous terms; the two may possibly even be independent of 
each other. Leubuscher,' for instance, found that 5-10 grams of 
sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate injected into the stomach of 
rabbits produced in the majority of cases no increase in the fre- 
quency or intensity of peristalsis. 

The experiments which have been briefly reported lead to the 
conclusions first, that the subcutaneous injection of sodium sulfate 
or sodium phosphate does not produce purgation in rabbits, and 
secondly, that the pendular movements of the small gut are mod- 
erately increased thereby. 


28 (120). “ The effects of extra stimuli upon the heart in the 
several stages of block, together with a theory of heart- 
block”: JOSEPH ERLANGER. (Presented by 8. J. 
MELTZER.) 


This research was undertaken with the object primarily of test- 
ing the statement made by Hering that the absence of a compen- 


1 Leubuscher : Virchow’ s Archiv, 1886, civ, p. 104. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (221) 51 


satory pause following an extra stimulation of the ventricles of the 
warm-blooded heart suffices to prove that the ventricles are beat- 
ing independently of the auricles. 

The author’s experiments on the dog’s heart have shown that 
in partial, as well as in complete heart-block, extra systoles of the 
ventricles are not followed by compensatory pauses. This results 
from the tendency for the same number of auricular beats to elapse 
between the extra contraction and the next following natural con- 
traction as intervene between two natural ventricular beats in any 
stage of partial block. The following may be taken as an average 
example: If the auriculoventricular rhythm is 3:1, a ventricular 
extra cycle will last through any part of such auricular cycle as 
may have been unfinished at the moment of stimulation, plus 
two more auricular cycles if more than one half of the first auricu- 
lar cycle was unfinished, or plus three or more auricular cycles if 
less than half of the first auricular cycle was unfinished. 

In partial heart-block extra systoles of the auricules do not cause 
contractions of the ventricles excepting, occasionally, when such 
extra systoles fall close to the end of a ventricular cycle; and 
extra contractions of the ventricles never cause contractions of the 
auricles. 

The irritability of the ventricles in partial and complete heart- 
block is not reduced but rather it is increased over that which 
obtains in the normal heart. Furthermore, in each ventricular 
cycle of partial and complete heart-block the irritability of the ven- 
tricles probably increases until they pass into the refractory state 
which develops with their contraction. 

In order to determine the significance of these results, a strip of 
terrapin ventricle was arranged so that rhythmic stimulias well as 
extra stimuli could be thrown into either end as desired. The 
strip was suspended over a Gaskell clamp in such a way that the 
impulses passing through the strip could be blocked either partially 
or completely at its middle. In many such experiments it was 
found that when the strip would beat normally, apparently, from 
end to end in one direction, a partial or complete block would 
sometimes be unmasked when the strip was made to beat in the 
opposite direction. Such behavior is undoubtedly due to the fact 
that the impulses generated in one end of the strip are more efficient 


52 (222) Society FoR EXPERIMENTAL BIioLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


than the impulses of the other end. With a strip showing these 
reactions it is possible to repeat all of the phenomena that can be 
obtained from a mammalian heart in block produced by compres- 
sion of the auriculoventricular bundle. 

These facts suggest the following theory of heart-block: Clamp- 
ing the auriculoventricular bundle reduces the efficiency of the 
cardiac impulses that reach the ventricles. With a certain degree 
of pressure the impulses become subminimal with respect to the 
irritability of the ventricles. Such an impulse therefore fails to 
elicit a contraction of the ventricles. The next following auricular 
impulse is no stronger than the preceding one, but in the in- 
terval the irritability of the ventricles has increased to the extent 
that the weakened auricular impulse then acts as an efficient stimu- 
lus. In this state of affairs the rhythm would be 2:1. A further 
reduction in the efficiency of the auricular impulse would give higher 
degrees of partial block and finally complete block. With this 
theory as a basis it becomes possible to explain all of the impor- 
tant phenomena of heart-block. 


29 (121). “On the nature of the refiexes controlling the suc- 
cessive movements in the mechanism of deglutition”: 8. J. 
MELTZER. 

The entire act of deglutition consists of a series of consecutive 
movements beginning with the elevation of the mylohyoid muscle 
of the floor of the mouth, progressing through pharynx and esoph- 
agus and terminating with the contraction of the cardia at the 
entrance of the stomach. The progress of these movements is 
surprisingly well regulated and stable. Each section of this canal 
enters into the peristaltic movement invariably at a given interval 
after the beginning of the swallowing. The time allowed for the 
entire course differs with each species of animal ; it is about 7 sec- 
onds for the human being, about four seconds for the dog, and 
about 2 seconds for the rabbit. 

It was early recognized that these stable relations were under 
the control of a reflex mechanism. That the contractions could 
not be caused by a direct stimulation of the muscle coat of the 
esophagus by the passing food was proved by the fact that there 
is no peristalsis when the vagi are cut. In a series of experiments 


’ 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (225) 53 


carried out by Ludwig and Wild at about the middle of the last 
century, it was found that ligation or transverse section of the 
esophagus prevents the further progress of the peristalsis to the 
lower segment. They drew the conclusion that the reflex is of a 
local nature, that is, that the food or drink while passing the esoph- 
agus sends up from each transversed section a sensory impulse 
which causes a reflex contraction of that section. Some twenty- 
five years later, however, A. Mosso made similar experiments and 
obtained opposite results; namely, that after ligating, transverse 
cutting, and even after removing a whole ring of the esophagus, 
the peristalsis once begun would appear also in the lower end of 
the esophagus. Similar observations were made by Kronecker 
and the author about 25 years ago on the cardia of rabbits. Even 
after removal of a large part of the esophagus the cardia would 
contract in due time after the beginning of swallowing. These ex- 
periments seem to permit only one conclusion, namely, that there 
are no local reflexes, that is, that the food while passing the esoph- 
agus does not send up sensory impulses to the center of degluti- 
tion, but that there is only one sensory impulse sent up at the begin- 
ning of the act of deglutition which spreads slowly within the center 
and sends down consecutively motor impulses to the successive 
sections of the deglutition path. 

A few years ago the author reinvestigated the subject. There 
was a direct contradiction in point of fact between Ludwig and 
Wild on one hand, and Mosso and Kronecker and the author on 
the other ; it seemed strange that Ludwig, the master physiologist, 
should have failed to see what appeared so easy to observe. An 
analysis of the methods employed in both series of investigations 
led to discovery of the reason for the discrepancy in the results. 
The animals of Ludwig and Wild were in deep anesthesia during 
the experiments, while those of Mosso were out of the anesthesia 
again, and the animals of the author’s experiments were only under 
slight anesthesia. The author tested this point on a few animals 
‘and found the surmise correct. When the animals were in deep 
anesthesia no peristalsis passed beneath a ligature, while it ran 
down the entire esophagus as soon as the animals were out of the 
anesthesia. This means that in normal animals the process of 
deglutition is carried out by a reflex with only one initial sensory 


. 


54 (224) SocreTy FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIoLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


impulse, the impulse traveling further within the center, while in 
anesthetized animals the progress of the peristalsis is furthered by 
a chain of local reflexes. 

On reinvestigating this problem the author recently found that 
this chain of local reflexes exists also in the normal, non-anesthe- 
tized animals when ordinary stimulation is avoided. The experi- 
ments were made on rabbits. A cannula was tied in the upper end 
of the esophagus. When any indifferent liquid was injected directly 
into the esophagus, instead of being introduced by way of the 
mouth, a peristaltic wave ran down the esophagus, terminating ina 
contraction of the cardia just as after a normal deglutition. When 
the esophagus was ligated the wave stopped at the ligature. This 
happened whether the animal was deeply anesthetized or was 
awake. That the wave of peristalsis was a reflex phenomenon, 
and not simply due to the mechanical effect of the injections was 
proved by cutting the vagi. In this case the injections simply 
filled up the esophagus without causing any peristaltic waves or any 
contractions of the cardia. Better than cutting was the painting of 
the vagi with cocain or with magnesium sulfate. In these cases the 
nerves could be restored by irrigation and the experiment repeated 
many times. A similar wave of peristalsis was obtained when the 
liquid was injected through the cardia upward through a catheter. 
The peristalsis began at a point just above the highest drop of 
liquid. The wave always ran towards the stomach and against the 
stream, even if the animal was kept head downward. The peri- 
staltic wave could also be produced by merely injecting air into the 
esophagus either from above or from below. This explains a fact 
which the author recorded 23 years ago, namely, that each act of 
‘belching ’’ is followed by a peristaltic wave of the esophagus. 

The author found that this chain of local reflexes is very 
resistant to ether anesthesia ; it disappears at about the same time 
that the lid reflex is abolished, and returns as soon as the ether is 
discontinued. 

The experiments demonstrate that the function of deglutition 
is provided with two sets of reflex mechanisms. One mechanism 
has only one initial afferent impulse which travels within the center 
independently of any further aid from the esophagus; it is very 
sensitive to anesthesia and we may call it a higher reflex. The 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (225) 55 


other is a lower reflex, consisting of a chain of local reflexes which 
are very resistant to anesthesia. 

The complexity of their mutual relations furnishes suggestive 
problems for future investigations. 


30 (122). “The enzymes of inflammatory exudates. A study 
of the enzymes concerned in inflammation and their rela- 
tion to various types of phagocytic cells”: EUGENE L. 
OPIE. 

The leucocytes of an inflammatory exudate produced by inject- 
ing aleuronat into the pleural cavities of dogs digest protein both in 
an alkaline and in an acid medium (uncoagulable protein nitrogen 
being estimated by the Kjeldahl method). The following evi- 
dence shows that two enzymes are present: 

(a) Cells, dried after treatment with absolute alcohol and ether 
and then reduced to a powder, digest actively in an alkaline 
medium (0.2 per cent. sodium carbonate), but have almost com- 
pletely lost the power of digesting in an acid medium (0.2 per cent. 
acetic acid). , 

(2) By subjecting washed cells of a sterile inflammatory exu- 
date to varying degrees of heat, their power to digest in an alka- 
line and in an acid medium is lost at a temperature above 70° 
C. At temperatures between 55° and 65° C. the power to digest in 
an alkaline medium is unimpaired but in an acid medium it is 
much diminished. 

(c) With cells of exudate removed from the pleural cavity 
twenty-four hours after the injection of aleuronat, digestion is very 
active in an alkaline medium, but less active in an acid medium. 
At the end of from three to five days, power of digesting in an 
alkaline medium is diminished or unchanged, but the acid digest- 
ing power is increased. 

At the end of twenty-four hours after injection of aleuronat 
polynuclear leucocytes with fine granulation are predominant and 
from 85 to 90 per cent of the cells are present. The cells, accord- 
‘ing to observations previously reported, contain a ferment with acts 
in an alkaline medium. Ata later stage of inflammation when 
large mononuclear phagocytic cells are predominant, the power of 
digesting in an acid medium is increased and bears a relation 
to the proportion of mononuclear phagocytes. If washed red 


56 (226) SociETY FOR ‘EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 


blood corpuscles of the rabbit are injected into the pleural cavity 
of the dog, at the end of twenty-four hours an exudate is produced 
very rich in large mononuclear cells, and, in correspondence, the 
power of the cells to digest in an acid medium is greater than that 
of the twenty-four hour aleuronat exudate. 

Lymphatic glands in the neighborhood of the inflammatory 
exudate, the substernal glands in the case of the pleura, contain 
at the end of three or more days in greater number larger mono- 
nuclear phagocytes similar to those found in the exudate at the 
same stage. Emulsions made from such glands digest in an acid 
medium and little if at all in an alkaline medium. The digestive 
power of these glands (measured in cubic centimeters of 1/10 ” 
sulfuric acid) is constantly greater than that of glands such as the 
mesenteric some distance from the seat of inflammation. 


Exp. r. Exp. 2. Exp. 3. Exp. 4. 
Substernal Glands................ 7.0.6.0; Ci4t Ce Ion, Angee 
Mesenteric GJands .............. — o9cC B75 ca Cece 
Time after injection............. I day 3 days 4 days 5 days 


The differences in degree of digestion are more significant when 
it is recalled that the activity of other proteolytic enzymes has 
been shown to vary in a proportion equal approximately to the 
square root of the quantity of the enzyme. 

The phagocytic cells of an inflammatory exudate contain two 
enzymes. One of these ferments, characterized by its power to 
digest protein in an alkaline medium, is contained in the polynu- 
clear leucocytes with fine granulation, and since it is derived from 
the bone marrow may be designated myelo-protease. The second 
ferment, characterized by its power to digest only in an acid me- 
dium, in this respect resembling the autolytic ferments of other 
organs, is contained in the large mononuclear cells of the exudate 
and is increased in lymphatic glands adjacent to the seat of inflam- 
mation; it may be designated /ympho-protease. 


31 (123). “ Experimental myocarditis. A study of the histo- 
logical changes following intravenous injections of adren- 
alin”:' RICHARD M. PEARCE. (Presented by EUGENE 
L. OPIE.) 

Intravenous injections of adrenalin in doses of one-tenth cubic 
centimeter, soon raised to five-tenths and given on alternate days, 

1 Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1906, vill, p. @0ng) SPs ee Lae 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (227); 5 


cause, in addition to lesions of the aorta, degenerative changes in 
the myocardium which are most marked after the fifth injection. 
The majority of the animals (rabbits) which recover from the early 
injections exhibit a fibrous myocarditis either focal or diffuse. 
These proliferative changes are not analogous to those occasionally 
produced experimentally by bacterial toxins, but resemble rather 
those following obstruction of the coronary arteries. It is essen- 
tially a process of repair following degeneration of muscle fibers. 
The latter is due apparently to temporary ischemia of terminal vas- 
cular territories at a time when the heart muscle exerts an increased 
contractile effort necessary to overcome the greatly augmented 
intra-vascular tension. Thus both nutritive and mechanical distur- 
bances appear to play a part in its etiology. 


32 (124). “Stable and detachable agglutinogen of typhoid 
bacilli”: B. H. BUXTON and J. C. TORREY. 


By heating an emulsion of typhoid bacilli to 72° C. for half an 
hour a detachable agglutinin may be separated from the bacilli. 
This may be obtained in the filtrate on passage through a Berkefeld 
filter. Rabbits, which have been inoculated on the one hand by 
this filtrate and on the other by the heated bacilli, which have been 
thoroughly washed, show specific differences in their serums, as re- 
gards agglutination. The animal inoculated with the washed bacilli 
or stable agglutinin, produces a serum which agglutinates normal 
typhoid bacilli very slowly and with the formation of fine clumps. 
In contrast to this, the filtrate containing only detachable aggluti- 
nin gives rise to serum which clumps normal typhoid bacilli rapidly 
and with the formation of large flocculi. 

Absorption experiments show, furthermore, that the s or stable 
agglutinin and the d or detachable agglutinin are distinct in charac- 
ter, for the heated and washed bacilli absorb nothing from the 
filtrate serum, but absorb all the agglutinin for normal typhoid bacilli 
from the bacillus serum. On the other hand the filtrate absorbs 
nothing from the bacillus serum, but takes up all the agglutinin 
from the filtrate serum. 

It has also been determined that the substance in typhoid bacilli 
which gives rise to precipitins for filtrates of typhoid cultures is 
split off from the bacilli, together with the detachable agglutinums. 


58 (228) SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIoLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


The possibility, further, suggests itself that the d agglutinin and 
the precipitin in a typhoid serum are identical. 


33 (125). “The effect of alcohol on hepatic glycogenesis”’: 

WILLIAM SALANT. 

In view of the current tendency to regard alcohol as a food it 
seemed desirable to make a study of its effect on hepatic glyco- 
genesis, for if alcohol can replace the carbohydrates in food it 
might spare the carbohydrate radicals of the tissue proteins. An 
accumulation of glycogen in the liver after exclusive feeding with 
alcohol might therefore be expected. Indeed the work of Nebel- 
thau,' who found 1.34 to 3.51 per cent. of glycogen in the liver 
of the hen after the administration of 10 c.c. per kilo of 96 per 
cent. alcohol on the seventh day of fasting, lends support to this 
view. 

This suggestion was put to an experimental test. The investi- 
gation was carried out on rabbits which were fed exclusively on 
alcohol for periods of 4 to 6 days. Alcohol (30 or 60 per cent.) 
was given per os by means of a stomach tube in amounts varying 
between 3 to 9 c.c. per kilo daily. Control rabbits were subjected 
to the same preliminary treatment, but were given water instead of 
alcohol by stomach tube. At the expiration of 4 to 6 days the rab- 
bits were killed under ether anesthesia and the livers examined for 
glycogen according to Pfliiger’s? shorter method. The amount of 
dextrose obtained by hydrolysis of the glycogen was determined 
by Allihn’s method. Later in the course of the investigation, for 
reasons of economy of time, the amounts of copper were determined 
volumetrically by the iodin method instead of gravimetrically as 
originally recommended by Allihn. 

The results at this stage of the investigation show that in 
rabbits fed exclusively on alcohol (10 c.c. of 30 per cent. alcohol 
per kilo or 12 c.c. of 60 per cent. alcohol per kilo daily for four or 
five days) there is no accumulation of glycogen in the liver, which 
shows that glycogen is not formed in the livers of rabbits when they 
are fedon alcohol alone. Previous to fasting or alcohol administra- 
tion, these rabbits were fed on oats, hay and cabbage. As the for- 


1 Nebelthau: Zeitschrift fiir Biologie, 1892, xxviii, p. 146. 
2Pfliiger: Archiv fiir die gesammte Physiologie, 1902, xciii, p. 163. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (229) 59 


TABLE I, — AMOUNTS OF GLYCOGEN IN THE LIVERS OF CONTROL RABBITS. 


Food : Treatment Hepatic ! 
Exp. No. | Rabbit Wt.| Liver Wt. Before rd am During Glycogen; 
Fasting. j Fasting. Per cent. 
I 820 gms.| 22 gms. C.. H,0.1 4 days an 8g None 
“ce “ec “ce ‘ec sc “ce “<é 
2 | 1320 41 | 5 a 3 

5 |1230 “ | 27 “* |Carrots3days| 5 « Ley 0.139 
6 970 6 22 ‘6 6 66 5 6< on s 0.148 
bs} 1370 ““ q2 6“ ‘“ 6 «8 o z 0.043 
10 1265 “< 38 ‘6 ‘6 ‘6 4 “6 OJ S 0.127 
eT 1470 66 53 “ec ‘6 ‘6 4 ‘6 =< op} None 


TABLE II. — AMOUNTS OF GLYCOGEN IN THE LIVERS OF RABBITS AFTER AD- 
MINISTRATION OF ALCOHOL. 


Food : | Hepatic 
Exp. No.| Rabbit Wt.| Liver Wt. Before Heiter = aily bien 2h 
Fasting. af x er cent. 
1A |1120 gms.| 48 gms. Coy Os 4 days |10c.c.30percent.| None 
Si BIg: <*>") 35 x ‘ ee a i 5 7 I0c.¢. i 7 
ELGp,, /¢f arrots ays I0c.c. oO. 
; Sansa. **. | 48 ee es : : a EG.c.c: “ 0.28 
9 Hane <= |) ag. a <- ons IO'c.c. +. Trace 
Poe enon. 6%) 1 53 <8 4 - ase IO0c.c. - 0.083 
Gen, tee t* |. 4g ss Sy - el IOC. CG. ate Trace 
Mim tayo 4 PRs |< ae ce rg IO c.c. e 0.018 
SG ee Ba A a a «s AE tee: - 0.148 
Epon. | redo. 8 1.66 .<* Carrots 4 days} 3% ‘ I2c.c. 60percent.| None 
Re pEEgoy 4s) | gg. - oh are 15 cc. = None 
19 A Boe ih 35) *4 C.F: Pe IZG¢ -- Trace 


mation of glycogen de novo does not take place, under the influence 
of alcohol, a number of experiments were carried out to ascertain 
whether alcohol retards the disappearance of glycogen from the 
liver during fasting. 

To test this point rabbits were brought up to a maximum of gly- 
cogen accumulation by feeding carrots for 3 days. Alcohol (10 c.c. 
of 30 per cent. per kilo) was then given in the way already stated, 
for 4,5 o0r6days. As may beseen on inspecting Table II the results 
were negative. In one experiment only was an appreciable amount 
of glycogen found. In the rest of the experiments the amounts of 
glycogen obtained in alcohol fed rabbits were about the same as in 
the controls. In this connection it might be mentioned that the 
amount of glycogen found in rabbits killed after feeding carrots 
for three days varied between 4 and 7 percent. Larger quantities 
of stronger alcohol were then tried. The administration of 12 to 
15 c.c. of 60 per cent. alcohol per kilo daily for 4 days, after bring- 

1C. H. O.—Cabbage, Hay, Oats. ft 


60 (230) SociIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. 


ing the rabbits up to a maximum of glycogen accumulation by 
feeding carrots, was not accompanied by a retardation of the disap- 
pearance of glycogen from the liver. In the two rabbits examined 
the liver was glycogen free. It is safe to conclude, therefore, that 
alcohol when given in large amounts to healthy rabbits neither 
causes the formation nor retards the disappearance of glycogen 
from the liver. 


34 (126). ‘“‘ The viscosity of the blood during fever and after 
injection of phenylhydrazin”’: RUSSELL BURTON-OPITZ. 
The author had previously shown that cold water and hot air 

baths produce an increased viscosity and warm water baths a de- 

crease of the viscosity. In this communication the question was 
considered whether similar changes occur when the temperature of 
the body is raised by bacterial activity. 

The experiments were performed upon three dogs during ex- 
perimental peritonitis (Staphy/l. pyog. aureus). - The determinations 
were made at times when the temperature ranged from 38.7 to 
39.5° C. and gave figures which were slightly above the average 
value of the viscosity of dog’s blood. Its specific gravity, on the 
other hand, was invariably lower than normal, indicating thereby 
that, in spite of the loss in solids incurred during the inflammatory 
processes, the blood had retained a high viscosity. 

In another series of experiments the viscosity was tested after 
subcutaneous injection of phenylhydrazin. The specific gravity of 
the blood was very low in all cases, the viscosity, on the other 
hand, very great. It may be regarded as proved, therefore, that 
these two factors need not preserve a direct relationship to one 
another. As in the previous work, the blood of these animals lost 
a large part of its solid matter but retained, nevertheless, a high 
viscosity. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. iosry-O1 


Sixteenth meeting.' 


Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. April 18, 1906. 
President Flexner in the chair. 


35 (127). “On the digestion of gelatin”: P. A. LEVENE and 

W. A. BEATTY. 

A complete separation of all aminoacids arising on hydrolysis 
of proteins was effected with the aid of phosphotungstic acid. On 
hydrolysis of gelatin by means of strong hydrochloric acid, glyco- 
col, alanin, leucin, aspartic and glutamic acids, phenylalanin, 
prolin and oxyprolin, and a few substances of undefined nature, 
were obtained. On tryptic digestion a substance of the composi- 
tion C,H,,N,O, was isolated. On further hydrolysis this sub- 
stance yielded prolin and glycocol. The substance was evi- 
dently prolinglycyl anhydrid. 


36 (128). “The reactions of amphioxus to light”: G. H. 

PARKER. 

When strong light was thrown into a basin of sea-water con- 
taining many amphioxus, the whole assembly swam about in wild 
confusion. This has been taken to indicate that amphioxus is very 
sensitive to light. But when 20 individuals were illuminated singly 
only 12 responded. The wild confusion in the first experiment is 
due quite as much to tactile stimulation as to light. When a 
strong, well-circumscribed beam of light was thrown on the tail of 
amphioxus the animal almost always reacted by a slight forward 
spring. When the light was thrown on the middle of the body 
there was usually no reaction, though sometimes a backward move- 
ment. When the light was applied to the head end, there was 
always a backward spring. This sensitiveness was not lost or im- 
paired by cutting off the anterior end, including the so-called eye- 
spot. When cut into halves amphioxus retained sensitiveness to 
light in the anterior half, but not in the posterior half, though the 
latter was normally reactive to stimulation from very weak acid. 
This indicates that though amphioxus is without a brain proper, 
the anterior portion of its medullary tube is related to the posterior 
portion somewhat as the brain and cord. are in the higher verte- 
brates. The distribution of the sensitiveness of amphioxus to light 


1 Science, 1906, xxiii, p. 846; American Medicine, 1906, i(N. S.), p. 152. 


62 (232) SocIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 


corresponds to the distribution of the “ light” cells (Hesse) in its 
medullary tube and is probably not connected with the skin. 
Specimens of amphioxus tend to collect in the darker parts of an 
aquarium. They also swim away from a source of light. Am- 
phioxus is therefore negatively photodynamic and negatively pho- 
totropic. 


37 (129). “The relation of blood platelets to thrombus for- 
mation”: J. H. PRATT. 

In the frog, rabbit and dog experimental thrombi three to ten 
minutes old were studied. In the youngest thrombi there was 
agglutination of blood platelets or spindle cells and agglutination 
of erythrocytes without evidence of fibrin formation. The fusing 
and distortion of the erythrocytes were marked. The erythrocytes 
were sometimes broken up into small granular masses which sim- 
ulated blood plates. By the use of a sodium metaphosphate solu- 
tion it was possible to distinguish the blood platelets from the de- 
generation products of the erythrocytes. 


38 (130). ‘‘Conditions of bacterial activity in the intestine in 
cases of advanced, apparently primary, anemias”’: C. A. 
HERTER. 

The author reported results of the coordinated studies of 15 
cases of apparently primary advanced anemias, in ten of which the 
blood picture was that of pernicious anemia. The studies related 
to the occurrence of phenol in the urine and in the feces ; of indol 
in the feces and indican in the urine ; of skatol in the feces ; to the 
Ehrlich aldehyde reaction of the urine; to the Ehrlich aldehyde 
reaction of the feces ; and to the hydrobilirubin reaction of Schmidt. 
In the case of indol, phenol and skatol, quantitative studies were 
made. The observations established the fact that in so-called pri- 
mary, pernicious and allied anemias the indications of excessive 
putrefactive decomposition are almost regularly pronounced. 
These changes are associated with definite and characteristic depart- 
ures in the bacterial activity of the intestinal flora studied in fermen- 
tation tube experiments. A careful study of the microscopic fecal 
fields, of the sedimentary fields in fermentation tubes, of the aner- 
obic plates from the sterilized feces, and of the results of a modifi- 
cation of Welch’s incubation test for the gas-bacillus, indicates that 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (233) 63 


in nearly every instance examined the peculiar Sacchus-butyric 
type of bacterial decomposition here found is dependent upon #. 
welchi (B. erogenes capsulatus). "Evidence is furthermore brought 
forward to show that this organism is a prominent and perhaps 
specific factor in some cases of advanced “ primary”’ anemia. The 
overgrowth of the gas-bacillus is associated with a partial disap- 
pearance of B. col. During convalescence the gas-bacillus recedes 
numerically and 4. coli resumes a dominant position. 


39 (131). “Absorption of typhoid bacilli from the peritoneal 
cavity”: B. H. BUXTON and J. C. TORREY. 

Shortly after injection of typhoid bacilli into the peritoneal 
cavity of a rabbit the organs in most experiments are found to be 
invaded by the bacilli, more particularly the liver and spleen, in 
which there may be enormous numbers. By means of injection of 
lamp black, the peritoneal path for this rapid rush to the organ is 
shown to be by way of the anterior mediastinal lymphatic trunks. 
Even in five minutes after injection the trunks and the anterior 
mediastinal lymph node are markedly blackened. 

On plating out the lymph nodes after injection of typhoid 
bacilli, they are often found to contain many millions of bacilli, 
and, as a general rule, if there are many bacilli in the lymph nodes 
there are also many in the organs. 


40 (132). “The dicrotic elevation at different points of the 
arterial tree”: PERCY M. DAWSON. (Presented by J. R. 
MURLIN.) 

In a number of dogs the form of the pulse-wave was studied 
by means of the Hirthle manometer. The arteries upon which the 
observations were made were the following —aorta, brachioceph- 
alic, innominate, carotids, thyroids, vertebrals, internal mammaries, 
axillaries, brachials, left subclavian, celiac axis, superior mesenteric, 
left renal, inferior mesenteric, left iliac, deep femoral, femoral, 
saphenous and peripheral end of the carotid, z. ¢., a side branch of 
the circle of Willis. The exact values of the apex and base of the 
pressure triangles were determined from readings of the systolic 
and diastolic pressures obtained by means of a valved manometer. 

A careful study and comparison of the results has led to the 
following conclusions. 


64 (234) SocIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIoLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


1. In passing from the heart to the periphery the dicrotic eleva- 
tion increases in distinctness and in the special case of the aortico- 
femoral system the dicrotic elevation occurs lower on the catacrotic 
limb of the fundamental wave. On the other hand as the arteries 
decrease in size, the dicrotic elevation soon disappears, ¢. g., in the 
thyroid, saphenous and so forth. Consequently there is in every 
system of arteries (aorticofemoral, brachiocephalic and left sub- 
clavian) a region lying somewhere between the aortic arch and the 
periphery in which the dicrotic elevation is maximal. 

2. Inthe aorticofemoral system the side pulse shows a maximal 
dicrotic wave between the origin of the renal and that of the deep 
femoral artery ; in the brachiocephalic system, between the origin 
of the carotids and that of the vertebral or thyroid artery ; in the 
left subclavian system the dicrotic wave is less pronounced in the 
mammary than in the vertebral artery and consequently the 
maximum in question must lie central from the origin of the former 
artery. In the case of the end pulse, the region of the maximal 
dicrotic wave is in or peripheral to the brachial, femoral and carotid 
arteries but it is impossible to say whether the maximum occurs 
in them or peripheral to them, because they were the most peri- 
pheral of the arteries examined in this connection. 

3. In the femoral pulse wave the dicrotic elevation is normally 

much more distinctly marked and begins much lower on the cata- 
crotic limb of the fundamental wave than is the case with the 
carotid pulse. 
4. Certain operative procedures (namely determination of the 
blood pressures in various deep seated arteries after opening the 
thoracic or abdominal cavity) cause the predicrotic notch in the 
femoral to become more and more pronounced so that ultimately 
the dicrotic wave appears as an elevation on the ascending limb of 
the fundamental wave which immediately follows. In the case of 
the carotid pulse this effect of operation is very rarely seen. As 
yet the writer is unable to offer any satisfactory explanation of 
these local variations in the character of the dicrotic elevation. 
He has however begun an investigation with the view of elucidating 
this question. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. C3514; O5 


AI (133). ‘The Influence of Subcutaneous Injections of Dex- 
trose upon Nitrogenous Metabolism”: FRANK P. UNDER- 
HILL and OLIVER E. CLOSSON. (Presented by WILLIAM 
J. GIES.) | 
It has been frequently assumed that the large quantity of sugar 

present in the body in the condition of diabetes is responsible in 
part for some of the characteristic symptoms noted. For example, 
it has been asserted that various acids or acid derivatives may be 
formed giving rise to the condition of acidosis, as indicated by the 
well-known increased output of ammonia by diabetics. What 
influence the large quantity of sugar may have upon the distribu- 
tion of nitrogen in the urine has received but scanty attention, 
especially with accurate methods. 

Recently Scott (J. Physiol., 18, p. 107) has attempted to imi- 
tate the condition which obtains in diabetes by injecting into dogs 
large quantities (seven grams per kilo) of dextrose subcutaneously, 
and has made a study of the distribution of the urea, non-urea, 
and ammonia nitrogen as compared with the distribution in the 
normal animal. He has shown that when the above mentioned 
quantity of dextrose is injected there is an increased protein meta- 
bolism. Further there is probably excreted an increased output 
of ammonia combined with an acid or acids derived from the de- 
composition of the dextrose. There is also a diminution in the 
proportion of nitrogen eliminated as urea and an increase in the 
output of the non-urea nitrogen. 

It was the purpose of the present investigation to study the 
character of this non-urea nitrogen. Accordingly the total nitro- 
gen, urea nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, creatinin nitrogen, uric-acid 
nitrogen, and purin nitrogen have been determined under condi- 
tions similar to those of Scott’s experiments. In harmony with 
Scott’s results, the authors found an increase in the total output of 
nitrogen due to increased metabolism, together with an increased 
elimination of oxalic acid. In no case, however, did they observe 
a Significant change in the proportions of the various forms of ex- 
creted nitrogen. 

The discrepancies between the two series of results can be 
accounted for in part by the fact that most of Scott’s dogs were 
suffering from severe cystitis due to catheterization. It is well 
known that cystitis is sufficient to give rise to an increased excre- 


66 (236) SocIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BroLocy AND MEDICINE. 


tion of ammonia at the expense of the urea. It is therefore con- 
cluded that subcutaneous injections of large quantities of dextrose 
do not give any evidence of toxic action, that is, of an acidosis, as 
advocated by Scott. 

The experiments suggest that the subcutaneous injection of 
large quantities of dextrose may be useful as a method of paren- 
teral feeding, since quantities up to seven grams per kilo in the 
dog and rabbit may be given without the appearance in the urine 
of more than the merest trace of the sugar. 


42 (134). “ Diffusion into Colloids and a Biological Method for 
Testing the Rate of Diffusion’: SIMON FLEXNER and 
HIDEYO NOGUCHI. 

Certain experiments on the destructive action of bile and bile 
salts upon the pancreas made by Flexner indicated that colloidal 
substances restrained the action of the salts. It was suggested 
that this restraint probably depended upon a reduction in the 
rapidity of diffusion of the salts into the tissues. The studies of 
Voigtlander on the influence of colloids (agar-agar) on the rate of 
diffusion of certain crystalloids tended to show that diffusion into 
agar-agar jelly takes place at about the same rate as into water. 
The experiments summarized in this communication were made with 
hemolytic substances suspended in isotonic saline solution and in 
agar-agar and gelatin jelly. The rate of diffusion could be meas- 
ured by the depth and degree of hemolysis produced in a jelly 
containing in suspension susceptible red blood-corpuscles. The ex- 
periments were varied. The red corpuscles were suspended in the 
warm jelly which was permitted to congeal. The blood jelly was 
overlaid with the hemolyzing agent dissolved in saline solution, 
or this agent was also contained in a solidified jelly. The hemo- 
lyzer was made to diffuse either downwards or upwards according 
as the blood, or hemolyzer, jelly was above or below. More- — 
over, the hemolyzer was placed in the jelly and made to diffuse 
upwards into a watery solution, the amount of diffusion being 
measured by the degree of hemolysis caused by the fluid removed 
at given intervals. Two factors were always considered, extent or 
degree of hemolysis, and time. 

The substances employed were mineral and organic acids, 
alkalies, sodium taurocholate, saponin, solanin, venom, and tetan- 
olysin. The results can be stated in general terms as follows : 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (237) 67 


Acids, alkalies, salts, glucosids, and toxin diffuse into 0.9 per 
cent. watery NaCl solution more quickly than into a similar solu- 
tion containing agar-agar and gelatin. This reduction in rapidity 
of diffusion increases with increase in concentration of the jelly. 
Ten per cent. gelatin exerts a greater inhibition than two per cent. 
agar-agar, and 25 percent. gelatin exerts greater restraint than 
10 per cent. gelatin. The ratio between the rate of diffusion and 
the concentration of the colloidal suspension is, in the case of 
gelatin, nearly inversely proportional to the square root ‘of the 
concentration of the colloid. In the case of agar-agar, with 
which the possibility of varying the concentration is far less than 
with gelatin, the inhibitory influence is less marked and does not 
conform to this rule. Voigtlander’s results are applicable to the 
special case of agar-agar jelly. 

The influence of colloids upon the injurious effects produced 
by bile salts upon the pancreas is due, apparently, to a modification 
by reduction of the diffusibility of the bile salts, which result 
diminishes the concentration of the salts brought in contact with 
the pancreatic tissues in a unit of time. 


Seventeenth meeting.’ 


Laboratory of the Department of Health, of New York (Last 
16th St.). May 23, 1906. President Flexner in the chair. 


43 (135). “ Analogies between the phosphorized fats obtained 
from the brain and kidney,” with exhibition of products: 
EDWARD K. DUNHAM. 

So much attention has been directed to the protein constituents 
of protoplasm that it has become usual to regard proteins as the 
physical basis of life. Relatively recent investigations have, how- 
ever, indicated that all cells contain complex substances of a fatty 
or lipoid nature, in which phosphorus and nitrogen are conspicuous 
elements. Many of these lipoids possess remarkable physical 
properties. In contact with water or alkaline liquids, they pass 
into colloidal solution after imbibing large quantities of water with 
the production of ‘‘ myelin forms.’’ They also differ from neutral 
fats in doubly refracting light. Such physical characters and the 
complex molecular constitution of these lipoids appear to justify 
the assumption that they, as well as proteins, are essential con- 


1 Science, 1906, xxiil, p. 979; American Medicine, 1906, i(N.S.), p. 155. 


68 (238) SocrETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. 


stituents of protoplasm and that a study of living matter must 
include the consideration of these compounds of the fatty acids. 

The phosphorized fats, or lipoids, which have been most care- 
fully studied have been obtained from the brain,’ but even as 
derived from this source, where they are believed to be present in 
relatively large amounts, their constitution and mutual relationships 
have not been clearly established. 

During investigations of alcoholic extracts of adege. the writer 
has been led to infer that substances closely related to the lipoids 
derived from the brain may be obtained by similar methods from 
the kidney, and the purpose of the present communication is to 
report a few representative analyses from among those upon which 
the inference just stated is based. 

Extracts of finely divided renal tissue, freed from obvious fat, 
made with hot 85 per cent. alcohol, yield a precipitate, upon 
cooling, which contains a variety of lipoids, while certain others 
remain in solution. For convenience, those lipoids which: are 
relatively insoluble in cold alcohol may be classed as the “ pro- 
tagon’”’ group, and those not precipitated on chilling as the 
“lecithin” group. A preliminary purification of the ‘‘ protagon ”’ 
group was effected by treating the crude precipitate with benzol, 
which left a small residue undissolved. From the concentrated 
solution in benzol a powdery precipitate was formed upon the 
addition of a mixture of acetone and rhigolene and became pure 
white when repeatedly washed with the latter mixture, in which it 
was nearly if not wholly insoluble. This precipitate was soluble 
in hot 85 per cent. alcohol, from which it separated in discoid 
crystals on cooling the solution. It corresponded in solubilities to 
Liebreich’s “‘ protagon”’ or to an impure sphingomyelin described 
by Thudichum, and obtained from the brain. It contained 2.869 
per cent. of phosphorus and 3.126 per cent. of nitrogen. A por- 
tion of this precipitate was dissolved in hot 85 per cent. alcohol 
and an alcoholic solution of lead acetate was added to excess. The 
mixture was boiled and filtered while hot. Upon cooling, a heavy 
white crystalline precipitate formed. This was removed by filtra- 
tion and recrystallized from 85 per cent. alcohol four times. The 


1 Thudichum : Die Chemische Konastifution des Gehirns des Menschen und der 
Tiere. Tiibingen, 1go1. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (239) 69 


white crystalline powder so obtained was analyzed. (See Table I, 
160 A.) A second sample of the same substance, prepared by 
the same method from another lot of kidneys, but recrystallized 
only once, and therefore, which was less pure, contained nearly 
the same percentages of phosphorus and nitrogen, allowance being 
made, in the calculations, for the 1.77 per cent. of lead in it (Table 
I, 160 B). 

The solubilities and reactions of this substance correspond to 
those of the compound which Thudichum calls “ sphingomyelin,” 
when it contains, as impurities, small quantities of kerasin and a 
cerebroside to which he assigned no name. Upon hydrolysis with 
barium hydrate, this substance from the kidney yields ammonia, 
trimethylamin, a substance reducing Fehling’s solution, and, 
apparently, an acid forming a barium salt which is insoluble in a 
mixture of absolute alcohol and ether. These cleavages are anal- 
ogous to those observed by Thudichum on hydrolysis of his 
sphingomyelin. 

A portion of the lead-free substance (160 A) was dissolved in 
hot 85 per cent. alcohol and precipitated with cadmium chlorid 
in alcoholic solution. The precipitate was removed by filtration, 
redissolved in 85 per cent. alcohol and kept at 30° C. over night. 
This procedure separates kerasin from sphingomyelin. The pre- 
cipitate that had formed during the night was rapidly removed 
with a Buchner filter, pressed, dried and analyzed (Table I, 160 
A—CdCl,). The percentages of phosphorus and nitrogen in a 
second but less pure sample of this cadmium chlorid compound 
are also given (Table I, 160 B—CdCl,), and, for comparison with 
these, the results of analyses of “sphingomyelin” and “apomyelin”’ 
by Thudichum. He obtained cadmium salts containing 16.86 
per cent. CdCl, and 26.59 per cent. CdCl,, and believed that these 
variations depend upon the relative abundance of compounds con- 
taining one and two molecules of cadmium chlorid, respectively ; 
assigning the limits 16.4 per cent. CdCl, and 28 per cent. CdCl, 
to these two hypothetical compounds. The percentages of cad- 
mium chlorid found in the similar products from the kidney fall 
within these limits, and the percentages of cadmium and chlorin 
are in close accord with the assumption that the cadmium is present 
as chlorid, thus indicating that the salt is an addition product. 


70 (240) SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIoLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


The acetone rhigolene mixture used in the preliminary purifi- 
cation of the “ protagon”’ group contains substances which possess 
solubilities similar to those of Thudichum’s kephalin and myelin, 
both before and after precipitation with lead acetate. But these 
substances have not yet been obtained in sufficient quantities for 
satisfactory purification. They appear, however, to contain more 
phosphorus (over 4 per cent.) and less nitrogen (about I per cent.) 
than the analogue of sphingomyelin already considered, and these 
characters are also in harmony with Thudichum’s analyses of 
kephalin, myelin and sphingomyelin. 

From the “lecithin”? group, a cadmium chlorid compound 

was obtained which, when purified with ether, acetone and alcohol, 
resembled the cadmium chlorid compound of paramyelin (Thudi- 
chum). The percentages of phosphorus and nitrogen in this com- 
pound (150 A—CdCl,), ina second sample purified but once with 
ether and acetone (150 B—CdCl,), andin Thudichum’s paramyelin 
from human and ox brains, are given in Table II. 
"*—Still other compounds containing phosphorus, nitrogen and 
fatty acids have been obtained from renal extracts, and appear 
to be analogous to substances derived from the brain. But since 
all these compounds require much further study before their con- 
stitution, relations to each other and to substances originally 
present in the tissues can be understood, it is believed that this 
preliminary report need not be burdened with further, necessarily 
incomplete analytical data. 


TABLE I, 
160 A. 160B. | 160A—CdCI, | 160 B—CdCl, |Sphingomyelin.1] Apomyelin. 
P 2.493 2.48 3.690 3-623 3-24 3-23 
N- 2.869 2.74 2.896 3-211 2.96 3.00 
C 63.570 — 67.546 — 65.37 67.01 
H_ 11.840 -— 12.445 | — 11.29 11.35 
CdCl, — -- 25.380 25.362 16.63 to 26.59 
TABLE II. 
Paramyelin Cadmium Chlorid.? 
150 A—CdCl, 150 B—CdCl, Se 
Human Brain. Ox Brain. 
P 4.348 4.156 4.78 4.313 
N 2.403 2.219 2.25 2.029 
, CdCl, 25.990 24.340 24.95 21.275 


1 Thudichum, I. c., p. 170. *Thudichum, I. c., p. 153. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. arty. 77% 


44 (136). “The toxicity of indol”: A. N. RICHARDS and JOHN 

HOWLAND. 

Previous observers have shown the comparatively slight tox- 
icity of indol, large amounts having been given to dogs with no 
resulting symptoms. | 

A series of experiments on rats, guinea pigs and rabbits have 
shown that if the capacity of the cells of utilizing oxygen is dimin- 
ished, as by potassium cyanid, or chloroform, the intensity and 
duration of symptoms following the injection of definite doses of 
either indol or phenol are increased. 

Experiments on dogs have shown that if potassium cyanid is 
given together with indol (0.25—0.5 gm.) by subcutaneous injection, 
a series of symptoms results which ends after a period of days with 
the death of the animal. The symptoms consist of stupor and delir- 
ium, loss of power over limbs, exaggerated reflexes with spasticity 
of hind limbs, hypersensitiveness in the lumbar region, especially 
the tail, loss of sight, constant nausea, feces diminished in amount 
and bloody, and emaciation. Autopsy showed marked congestion 
of the mucosa of the duodenum, ileum, and colon, blood in the 
intestinal contents, degenerative changes in the liver and intestinal 
mucosa, excessive cerebrospinal fluid, and softening of the brain- 
tissue. | 

Comparable results have been obtained when prolonged chloro- 
form anesthesia or prolonged asphyxia has been substituted for the 
cyanid. | 

In one experiment an intestinal fistula of the Thiry-Vella type 
was established in a dog and complete recovery from the operation 
allowed. On poisoning with potassium cyanid and indol, the latter 
could not be detected in the urine but was found in the contents of 
the isolated intestinal loop. Urinary examinations in the various 
experiments showed that diminished oxidation lessens the intensity 
and prolongs the duration of the indican reaction in the urine. }:7 

The experiments were made as a part of a study of the etiologic 
factors in recurrent vomiting in children. At the beginning of 
these seizures there are signs of diminished oxidation (increased 
elimination of uric acid, neutral sulfur, lactic acid, acetone bodies) 
and an abnormally intense indican reaction. It is believed that 
failure to oxidize completely substances of the type of indol, may 


72 (242) SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. 


result in the production of distinct mental symptoms and in the 
partial excretion of the substances into the gastrointestinal tract. 
The disturbance induced by such substances is capable of producing 
nausea and vomiting. 


45 (137). ‘The formation of urea ”: L. B. STOOKEY and A. 8. 
GRANGER. (Presented by R. A. HATCHER.) 


Subcutaneous injection of liver-extracts (dog) was found to lead, 
in the dog, to an increased elaboration of nitrogenous end-products 
into urea. Liver extracts which had been heated to 55° C. failed 
to manifest this stimulative action. These results might indicate 
an enzymatic formation of urea. Further experiments are in 
progress. 


46 (138). ‘ The effects on embryonic development of the Ront- 
gen rays acting on the spermatozoa of the toad previous 
to fertilization”: C.R. BARDEEN. (Presented by EUGENE 
L. OPIE.) 

Experiments have shown that spermatogenesis may be inhibited 
by exposure to the Rontgen raysortoradium. The direct action of 
the rays on the spermatozoa has not, apparently, been studied. It 
occurred to the author that it would be interesting to see if sperma- 
tozoa could be injured by the Rontgen rays and, if so, what the 
effect would be on the development of ova fertilized by sperma- 
tozoa thus affected. During the short breeding season of the toads 
in the vicinity of Madison, Wisconsin, the author collected daily 
several pairs of toads, separated the males from the females, and 
from the males got enough sperm to make a slightly cloudy sus- 
pension in water. This suspension was divided into two parts, one 
of which was kept for control purposes, while the other was exposed 
for from an hour and a half to two hours and a half to Rontgen rays. 
Several of the females were then opened, until, when possible, one 
was found in which the eggs seemed abundant and ready to be 
discharged. Two short strings of eggs were removed and each 
string was divided into two parts ; one part was placed in the con- 
trol dish, the other in that which had been exposed to the rays. 
After about fifteen minutes each string was placed in a separate dish 
of water. 

Several of the experiments proved of negative value either be- 


ScIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (243) 73 


cause not even the spermatozoa of the control dish proved capable 
of fertilizing the eggs, owing to the time which had elapsed since 
the removal of the sperm from the male, or because none of the 
females happened to have ova in the right condition to be fertilized. 
The thoroughly successful experiments, owing to the short season 
of mating, were few in number but they were convincingly posi- 
tive. All eggs fertilized by the control spermatozoa developed 
normally. Only one egg in fifty to a hundred that were fertilized 
by the exposed spermatozoa, developed at all normally. All the 
others showed marked defects in development. 

The results of the experiments may be briefly summarized as 
follows : 

1. The spermatozoa of the common toad retain power of 
movement and fertilization for from one-half to nearly three hours 
in a dish of lake water at room temperature. On hot days they 
die sooner than on cool days. 

2. Spermatozoa when under exposure of Rontgen rays die 
sooner than when not thus exposed. | 

3. When spermatozoa are exposed to the rays so long that 
very few are capable of fertilizing ova, the eggs thus fertilized 
usually do not develop into larvas but they may do so. 

4. When spermatozoa have been exposed for a considerable 
period to the Rontgen rays and yet are still capable of fertilizing 
a considerable proportion of eggs placed in the same dish the 
eggs seem to develop normally at first, but beyond the gastrula 
stage the development becomes retarded and the resulting larvas 
are markedly deformed. These deformities are quite varied. In 
one larva for instance, a considerable part of the central nervous 
system and the gills were undeveloped on one side while the 
abdominal viscera were developed only on that side. In another 
the central nervous system was abnormal on both sides and the 
alimentary canal quite defective. Considerable further study is 
necessary to determine accurately the nature of all the abnormali- 
ties present in the various monsters the author has preserved. 
Apparently all are defect abnormalities. 

From the results obtained it may be concluded : 

1. That nuclear material may be so influenced by exposure to 
the Rontgen rays that after a latent period it will call forth marked 
abnormalities in development. 


74. (244) SoclETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. 


2. That injury to spermatozoa capable of fertilizing ova may 
cause the development of monsters from the ova thus fertilized. 


47 (139). “A vago-esophageal reflex”: S.J. MELTZER and 

JOHN AUER. 

The general knowledge of the contractions of the esophagus is 
confined to the peristaltic movements, that is, the consecutive con- 
tractions of the successive parts of the esophagus following a 
normal deglutition, or, as it was described by Meltzer at a pre- 
vious meeting of this society, after an injection of liquid or insuf- 
flation of air directly into the esophagus. A simultaneous contrac- 
tion of the entire esophagus can be produced only by stimulating 
the peripheral end of the vagus when cut in the neck. 

The authors discovered that in dogs a tetanic contraction of the 
entire esophagus can be caused also by reflex ways. When the 
vagus is cut in any part of the neck, an electric stimulation of its 
central end causes a prompt longitudinal and circular contraction 
of the entire esophagus, which lasts as long as the stimulation con- 
tinues. Particulars and other interesting facts connected with this 
observation will be reported later. 


48 (140). ‘Ion protein compounds,” with exhibition of products : 
WILLIAM J. GIES. 


About five years ago the author found that “ when the electric 
current is passed through neutral or alkaline mucoid solutions (con- 
sisting of sodium or calcium salts of mucoids) turbidity results — 
within a short time, and flocks eventually form and can be filtered 
off.” This observation was included in a preliminary report of 
work then in progress.’ About the same time Huiskamp had 
been making similar observations in connection with salts of nu- 
cleoprotein from thymus.” Shortly afterward, in preparing mate- 
rial for work in another connection,’ the author precipitated from 
an alkaline solution (Na,CO,) of mucoid, with the aid of acetone 


1Mead and Gies: American Journal of Physiology, 1902, vi (Proc. Amer. 
Physiol. Soc., 1901, p. xxviii) ; also Gies and collaborators: Biochemical Researches, 
1903, i, p. 53- 

2 Huiskamp: Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 19O1-’02, xxxiv, p. 32. 

§Gies: Loc. cit., 1903, viii (Proc. Amer. Physiol. Soc., 1902, p. xliii) ; Bio- 
chemical Researches, p. 54. 


* 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (245) 75 


after failure with alcohol, a water-soluble compound — apparently 
sodium mucoid. This fact has not been published hitherto, although 
it was stated at that time that organic compounds, such as gelato- 
mucoid, had been obtained.’ | 

The author has lately prepared calcium, sodium, potassium and 
ammonium salts of mucoid by the following process: The gluco- 
protein was obtained in slightly alkaline solution. This solution 
was dialyzed until neutral and then was poured into a large excess 
of 95 per cent. alcohol, by which treatment the mucoid was imme- 
diately precipitated. Initial purification was effected by resolution, 
dialysis and reprecipitation. The products were rendered anhy- 
drous by treatment with absolute alcohol and ether. Probably all 
bases yield such salts, although the author confined his remarks 
to salts of inorganic hydroxids. 

The comparatively pure inorganic salts of the mucoids thus 
prepared are light, snow-white powders. They dissolve in water 
very readily and are dissociable products. The concentrated solu- 
tions resemble mucus. The aqueous solutions are neutral to litmus 
and acid to phenolphthalein. Ammonium compounds have been 
prepared that were acid to litmus also. The calcium salt yields 
about 12 per cent. of ash, whereas the corresponding mucoid is 
practically ash free. It is very probable that the mucins in the 
secretions occur in the form of such salts, as Miller has already 
suggested. Yeast nucleoprotein has yielded similar products. 
Presumably other nucleoproteins will do so also. 

The author believes these observations clear the way for impor- 
tant discoveries connected with the glucoproteins, nucleoproteins, 
proteinates and similar protein products. Numerous studies in 
this connection were suggested in the oral communication to the 
Society and are proceeding with the cooperation of the workers 
in the author’s laboratory. The best method of preparing the 
compounds referred to has not yet been definitely ascertained, but 
the author hopes to describe it in detail at an early date. 


1Gies: Loc. cit., 1903, viii (Proc. Amer. Physiol. Soc., 1902, p. xliii); Biochem- 
ical Researches, 1903, 1, p. 54. Also Posner and Gies, American Journal of Physiology, 
1904, xi, p. 404. 


76 (246) SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIoLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


4g (141). “Some facts showing that the brain educts termed 
phrenosin (1874) and cerebron (1900) were practically the 
same”: WILLIAM J. GIES. 


In a discussion of the chemical heterogeneity of protagon, the 
author previously alluded to the probability that phrenosin and 
cerebron were identical." Thierfelder recently published in re- 
joinder some opinions to the contrary.?, Reéxamination of the 
facts in the case have convinced the writer that Thudichum’s phren- — 
osin, Gamgee’s pseudocerebrin, Parcus’s cerebrin, Kossel and 
Freytag’s cerebrin, Thierfelder’s cerebron and Koch’s cerebrin 
were practically the same. The slight discrepancies among the 
figures for percentage elementary composition were probably due 
to slight proportions of inevitable impurities in each preparation. 

Of the products referred to, phrenosin and cerebron have been 
subjected to the most thorough study. The descriptions of each 
are inclose harmony. Each has been found to yield, on hydroly- 
sis with dilute sulfuric acid, apparently the same proportions of a 
sugar (galactose), a nitrogenous base (sphingosin) and a peculiar 
organic acid. The following data were obtained on direct analysis 
of the latter product: 


c. le 
Weurasteaxic acid sas cdovess sh aces cabo eetee canedeaieeisinbaakarkieaees 75.94 12.64 
(obtained by Thudichum from phrenosin). 
Cerebrontic atid: ..; . cunssvaseteesUsccsuess sotchaeaaseeasasens anivereiee 75.33. 12.50 


(obtained by Thierfelder from cerebron). 


If the inevitable impurities in each product are disregarded it 
seems obvious that the names refer to the same substance. 
The following formulas were assigned to it: 


Thudichum’s product (Neurostearic acid) ..........sseccsescenseeees C,H 60. 
Thierfelder’s product (Cerebromic acid).......sscssccssssessecsacees C,H 503 


It is apparent, however, that the formulas are practically inter- 
changeable. Each is empirically an approximate multiple of 
C.H,,O. With this fact in mind the following equations that were 
given to represents the relations of the cleavage products to the 
mother substance, emphasize the opinion that phrenosin and cere- 


1 Posner and Gies: Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1905, i, p. 59. 
2 Thierfelder: Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1906, xlvi, p. 518. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (247); 7% 


bron were the same: 


Cy HygNO, + 2H,O = C,,H,,0, + C,,H,;NO, + CgH).0g 
Phrenosin Neurostearic Sphingosin Galactose 
acid ; 


CygHy,NO, + 2H,0 = C,3H 590 + Cy,H35;NO, + CgH,,0 
Cerebron Cerebronic Sphingosin Galactose 
acid 


50 (142). “A simple electrical annunciator for use in metabo- 
lism experiments, and in connection with filtration, distilla- 
tion and similar operations,” with demonstrations : WILLIAM 
H. WELKER. (Communicated by WILLIAM J. GIES.) 


In the paper describing his cage for metabolism experiments 
the writer ' referred to the advantages of the “ sliding shelf’’ devised 
as a holder for the urine receiver, and, in that connection, made the 
following remark: ‘ The shelf also favors the use of electrical 
apparatus to ring out the time of elimination of urine-fractions, in 
experiments in which fractions of the urine must be examined sepa- 
rately and immediately after their natural excretion”’ (page 407). 
This remark alludes to one of the several additional devices the 
writer had intended to perfect for use with the cage described. 

In order that an annunciater might be of the greatest service in 
metabolism work in the way already indicated, and also to insure its 
usefulness for filtration, distillation and other operations in which the 
weight of a product above a certain maximum amount could be 
relied upon to close an electrical circuit and announce the delivery 
of the material, it was necessary that it should be delicately respon- 
sive to the weight of several grams and yet be readily adjustable 
within relatively wide limits in that respect ; that it should be light 
in weight, of small compass but durable, and resistant to derange- 
ment from any cause ; also that it should hold, without risk of loss 
or modification of the contents, any suitable vessel placed upon it. 

At the writer’s request, Mr. Welker, who has exhibited in this 
laboratory unusual proficiency in handling electrical apparatus, de- 
vised an annunciator to meet these requirements and has perfected 
an apparatus that is eminently satisfactory for all the purposes 
contemplated. 

The annunciator shown to the Society consists of two square 
boards (4% x 4% x 3% inch) securely fastened together with a 
piano hinge on one side, and kept apart, by a spring perpendicularly 


1Gies: American Journal of Physiology, 1905, xiv, p. 403. 


78 (248) SocrETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 


arranged at the opposite side, in such a way as to permit a definite 
pressure to force the surface of the boards together. The spring 
can be adjusted so as to increase or decrease, within considerable 
limits of weight, the amount of force (weight) required to bring the 
board surfaces in contact. In the opposed surfaces of the boards 
platinum electrodes (plate and points) are so placed that perfect con- 
tact between them is effected when the boards are brought together 
and the circuitis closed. The electrodes connect with binding posts 
on the hinged side. A small dry cell is used. The entire appa- 
ratus, including bell attachment, may be placed on a surface 
5 x8¥ inches. The bell employed directly with the apparatus is 
a small one with delicate musical sound. Its ringing under a cage 
during a metabolism experiment does not disturb the animal. It 
is obvious, of course, that the apparatus can be connected with a 
bell in a distant room. 

In the demonstration it was shown that the apparatus an- 
nounced the deposit, in an ordinary urinary receiver placed on it, of 
volumes of water less than 5 c.c. The apparatus may be adjusted to 
announce a volume as small as I c.c. and may be made, in larger 
sizes, to announce the deposit of masses of any desired weight. 

Various details of description that would show the particular 
value of the apparatus in other respects will be given in the paper 
soon to be published by Mr. Welker. 


51 (143). “Some observations on the presence of albumin in 
the bile”: WILLIAM SALANT. 

The presence of albumin in the bile under pathological condi- 
tions has been noticed by several observers. Thus, Lehmann,’ 
who examined post-mortem bile from the gall bladder in 100 cases, 
found albumin in nutmeg liver, fatty liver, and parenchymatous 
hepatitis. Pouchet” found albumin in the bile of six patients that — 
died of cholera. Among recent observers may be mentioned 
Brauer * who has reported similar findings in typhus and paren- 
chymatous nephritis. Hallauer * analyzed the bile in a number of 


1 Lehmann: Centralblatt fiir die medicinischen Wissenschaften, 1867, v, p. 172. 

2Pouchet : Comptes Rendus, 1884, xcix, p. 847, also 1885, c, p. 220. 

3 Brauer: Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1903-’04, xl, p. 182. 

*Hallauer: Verhandlungen der medicinisch-physikalischen Gesellschaft, Wiirz- 
burg, 1904, p. 186. 


ScIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (249) 79 


cases. He found albumin in 5 out of 6 cases of cloudy swelling 
of the liver associated with pneumonia, miliary tuberculosis and 
sepsis; also in some cases of fatty liver, but none in cirrhosis of the 
liver. Experimentally, in rabbits, he obtained an albuminocholia 
after intravenous injection of albumose. 

Within the past two years several other investigations on the 
experimental production of albuminocholia have been described. 
Brauer ' in his paper ‘‘on the study of the liver,’ in the Zeztschrift 
fir physiologische Chemie, reported the presence of albumin in the 
bile of a dog with a permanent biliary fistula after poisoning with 
ethyl alcohol and small quantities, 3-5 c.c., of amyl alcohol. At 
his suggestion Pilzecker? carried out a similar study on the bile of 
dogs with permanent gall bladder fistulas after poisoning with phos- 
phorus and arsenic. His result seemed to corroborate the work 
of Brauer. Another interesting statement which both observers 
made was to the effect that albumin passes more readily into the bile 
than it does into the urine. In this connection attention was also 
called to the work of Hallauer and Girber? who, after the intra- 
venous injection of casein solution into rabbits, recovered consider- 
able quantities of it from the bile as well as from the urine. 

While not disputing the possibility of albuminocholia under 
the conditions of the experiments of Brauer and Pilzecker, it seemed 
to the author they have not proved that the albumin found in the 
bile was eliminated by the liver. It is just as possible that it was 
due to inflammation of the gall bladder and biliary passages which 
they observed on autopsy. To reduce the possibility of error 
from this source the writer carried out a number of experiments on 
dogs, each of which was under ether anesthesia, with a temporary 
biliary fistula. The neck of the gall bladder in each case was 
ligated previous to the introduction of a cannula into the common 
bile duct. The bile was collected and tested for albumin according 
to Brauer’s* method. Either amyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol alone 
or a mixture of the two was injected into the stomach or small 
intestine. Adequate control experiments were also conducted. The 
collected bile was tested for albumin in both sets of experiments. 


1 Brauer: Loc cit. 
2Pilzecker: Zeztschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1904, xli, p. 157. 
3 Hallauer and Giirber: Zedtschrift fiir Biologie, 1904, xlv, p. 372. 
4Brauer: Loc. cit. 


80 (250) SocIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 


The results obtained were not uniform. Distinct cloudiness 
on boiling appeared in the bile of one experiment both before and 
after poisoning with amyl alcohol. On the other hand, in one of 
the experiments, the bile remained perfectly clear on boiling before 
and even after injection of amyl alcohol. After the administration of 
small quantities of amyl alcohol, ¢. g., 5 c.c., there was no albumino- 
cholia. Following the injection of 20-30 c.c., however, the bile 
became distinctly cloudy on boiling after slight acidification with 
acetic acid. In none of the experiments carried out as indicated 
were more than traces of albumin found in the bile. One special 
experiment, however, on a dog poisoned with ricin gave a different 
result. The dog received in three days two subcutaneous injec- 
tions of ricin, I mg. per kilo each time. He was found dead the 
day after the last injection. The bile removed from the gall bladder 
showed the presence of a considerable quantity of albumin. 

It seems probable, therefore, that the albuminocholia after 
poisoning with ethyl or amyl alcohol, as observed in animals with 
permanent fistulas, was due to irritation of the bladder and only 
slightly to lesions in the liver. The question whether albumin 
passes more readily into the bile than it does into the urine was 
also studied. The result in every case showed considerable quan- 
tities of a/bumin in the urine after poisoning with amy] alcohol. 

A few experiments on rabbits have also been undertaken. 
Cantharidin or arsenic wasinjected subcutaneously until albuminuria 
or hematuria was induced. A biliary fistula was then made and 
bile collected. In none of these experiments was albumin found 
in the bile. 


PLCCAFILULATION OF - THE: NAMES OF 
2 A bE OR Sy) AINE) OF TAB 
TITLES OF THE COMMUNI- 
3 CATIONS. 


Adler, I. [with 0. Hensel. | 

109. Some effects on rabbits of intravenous injections of 

nicotin. 
Auer, John 

ror. [With S. J. Meltzer.] On the effect of magnesium 
salts upon the excitability and conductivity of nerves. 

I19g. Experiments with some saline purgatives given sub- 
cutaneously. | 

139. [With 8. J. Meltzer.] A vago-esophageal reflex. 

Bardeen, C. R. 

138. The effects on embryonic development of the R6nt- 
gen rays acting on the spermatozoa of the toad previous to 
fertilization. [Presented by Eugene L. Opie. | 

Beatty, W. A. [with P. A. Levene. ] 

104. On the decomposition of purin bodies by animal 
tissues. 

12'7. On the digestion of gelatin. 

Benedict, F. G. 

I1rzr. The cutaneous excretion of nitrogenous material, 

[Presented by William J. Gies. | 
Billings, Elizabeth [with Frederic 8. Lee.] 
94. Mutation in the evening primrose, Ouagra diennis (L.) 
Scop. 
Brooks, Harlow 
110. Tumors of wild animals under natural conditions. 
Burton-Opitz, Russell | 

107. [For A. J. Carlson.] The mechanism of conduction 
and coordination in the heart, with special reference to the heart 
of Limulus. 


81 (251) 


82 (252)SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 


112. The effects of intravenous injections of solutions of 
dextrose upon the viscosity of the blood. 

126. The vicosity of the blood during fever and after injec- 
tion of phenylhydrazin. 

Buxton, B. H. [with J. C. Torrey. ] 

124. Stable and detachable agglutinogen of typhoid bacilli. 

131. Absorption of typhoid bacilli from the peritoneal 
cavity. 

Calkins, Gary N. 
118. Paramecium aurea and mutation. 
Carlson, A. J. 

107. The mechanism of conduction and coordination in the 
heart, with special reference to the heart of Limulus.  [ Pre- 
sented by Russell Burton-Opitz. | 

Closson, Oliver E. [with Frank P. Underhill. | 

133. The influence of subcutaneous injections of dextrose 
upon nitrogenous metabolism. [Presented by William J. 
Gies. | 

Davenport, C. B. 

106. On the imperfection of Mendelian dominance in poul- 

try hybrids. 
Dawson, Percy M. 

132. The dicrotic elevation at different points of the arterial 

tree. [Presented by J. R. Murlin. | 
Dunham, Edward K. 

135. Analogies between the phosphorized fats obtained 

from the brain and kidney. 
Erlanger, Joseph 

120. The effects of extra stimuli upon the heart in the sev- 
eral stages of block, together with a theory of heart-block. 
[Presented by 8. J. Meltzer. ] : 

Flexner, Simon 

102. [With Hideyo Noguchi.] The action of eosin upon 
tetanus-toxin and tetanus. 

103. [For Hideyo Noguchi.] The action of eosin and 
erythrosin upon snake venom. 

134. [With Hideyo Noguchi.] Diffusion into colloids 
and a biological method for testing the rate of diffusion. 


ScIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. C254). 784 


Gibson, R. B. 
100. The practical concentration of diphtheria antitoxin. 
Gies, William J. | 

111. [For F. G. Benedict.] The cutaneous excretion of 
nitrogenous material. 

133. [For Frank P. Underhill and Oliver E. Closson. | 
The influence of subcutaneous injections of dextrose upon 
nitrogenous metabolism. 

140. Ion protein compounds. 

141. Some facts showing that the brain educts termed 
phrenosin (1874) and cerebron (1900) were practically the 
same. 

142. [For Wm. H. Welker.| A simple electrical an- 
nunciator for use in metabolism experiments, and in connection 
with filtration, distillation and similar operations. 

Granger, A. 8. [with L. B. Stookey.] 
137. The formation of urea. [Presented by R. A. 
Hatcher. | 
Hatcher, R. A. [for L. B. Stookey and A. 8. Granger. | 
137. The formation of urea. 
Hensel, O. [with I. Adler. ] 

109. Some effects on rabbits of intravenous injections of 

nicotin. 
Herter, C. A. 

98. [With Wm. R. Williams.] Experimental hepatic cir- 
rhosis in dogs from repeated inhalations of chloroform. 

130. Conditions of bacterial activity in the intestine in cases 
of advanced, apparently primary, anemias. 

Howland, John [with A. N. Richards. ] 

136. The toxicity of indol. 

Hunt, Reid 

Qg5- On the influence of thyroid feeding and of various 
foods and of small amounts of food upon poisoning by 
acetonitril. [Presented by Alfred N. Richards. | 

Lee, Frederic 8. ; 

93. A fatigue wheel. 

94. [With Elizabeth Billings.] Mutation in the evering 
primrose, Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. 


84 (254) SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


Levene, P. A. 
104. [With W. A. Beatty.] On the decomposition of 
purin bodies by animal tissues. 
105. [With John A. Mandel.| On the biological relation- 
ship of nucleoprotein, amyloid and mucoid. 
127. [With W. A. Beatty.] On the digestion of gelatin. 
Loeb, Leo 
114. The primary factor in thrombosis after injury to the 
blood-vessels. 
115. Granula and ameboid movements in the blood cells 
of arthropods. 
Lusk, Graham [with A. R. Mandel. | 
113. On the intermediary metabolism of lactic acid. 
MacCallum, W. G. 
116. On a course on the pathological physiology of the 
circulation. 
117. [With R.D.McClure.] On the blood-pressure rela- 
tions in mitral insufficiency and stenosis. 
McClure, R. D. [with W. G. MacCallum. | 
11'7. On the blood-pressure relations in mitral insufficiency 
and stenosis. 
Mandel, A. R. [with Graham Lusk. | 
113. On the intermediary metabolism of lactic acid. 
Mandel, John A. [with P. A. Levene. ] | 
105. On the biological relationship of nucleoprotein, amy- 
loid, and mucoid. 
Meltzer, 8S. J. 
ror. [With John Auer.] On the effect of magnesium 
salts upon the excitability and conductivity of nerves. 
120. [For Joseph Erlanger.| The effects of extra stimuli 
upon the heart in the several stages of block, together with a 
theory of heart-block. 
121. On the nature of the reflexes controlling the success- 
ive movements in the mechanism of deglutition. 
139. [With John Auer.] A vago-esophageal reflex. 
Murlin, J. R. [for Percy M. Dawson. | 
132. The dicrotic elevation at different points of the arterial 
tree. 


SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. (255) 85 


Noguchi, Hideyo. 

102. [With Simon Flexner.| The action of eosin upon 
tetanus-toxin and tetanus. 

103. The action of eosin and erythrosin upon snake 
venom. [Communicated by Simon Flexner. | 

134. [With Simon Flexner.] Diffusion into colloids and 
a biological method for testing the rate of diffusion. 

Norris, Chas. 
96. A case of spirochetal infection in man. 
Opie, Eugene L. 

122. The enzymes of inflammatory exudates. A study of 
the enzymes concerned in inflammation and their relation to 
various types of phagocytic cells. 

123. [For Richard M. Pearce.] Experimental myocar- 
ditis. A study of the histological changes following intravenous 
injections of adrenalin. 

138. [For C@. R. Bardeen.] The effects on embryonic de- 
velopment of the Rontgen rays acting on the spermatozoa of 
the toad previous to fertilization. 

Parker, G. H. 
128. The reactions of amphioxus to light. 
Pearce, Richard M. 

123. Experimental myocarditis. A study of the histological 
changes following intravenous injections of adrenalin. [Pre- 
sented by Eugene L. Opie. ] 

Pratt, J. H. 

129. The relation of blood platelets to thrombus for- 

mation. 
Richards, Alfred N. 

95. [For Reid Hunt.] On the influence of thyroid feeding 
and of various foods and of small amounts of food upon poisoning 
by acetonitril. 

136. [With John Howland.] The toxicity of indol. 

Salant, William 

108. Further observations on the effects of alcohol on the 
secretion of bile. 

125. The effect of alcohol on hepatic glycogenesis. 

143. Some observations on the presence of albumin in bile. 


86 (256) SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BrioLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


Stookey, L. B. [with A. 8. Granger. | 

137. The formation of urea. [Presented by R. A. 

Hatcher. | 
Torrey, J. C. [with B. H. Buxton. | 

124. Stable and detachable agglutinogen of typhoid bacilli. 

131. Absorption of typhoid bacilli from the peritoneal 
cavity. 

Underhill, Frank P. [with Oliver E. Closson.] 

133. The influence of subcutaneous injections of dextrose 
upon nitrogenous metabolism. [Presented by William J. 
Gies. | 

Welker, William H. 

142. A simple electrical annunciator for use in metabolism 
experiments, and in connection with filtration, distillation and 
similar operations. [Communicated by William J. Gies. ] 

Williams, Wm. R. [with C. A. Herter.] 

g8. Experimental hepatic cirrhosis in dogs from repeated 

inhalations of chloroform. 
Wilson, Edmund B. 

g7. The chromosomes in relation to the determination of 

sex in insects. 
Woodworth, R. S. - 


gg. Color sense in different races of mankind. 


EXECUTIVE PROCEEDINGS. 


QUOTATIONS FROM THE MINUTES. 


Thirteenth meeting. 


Physiological Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons. October 18, 1905. President Wilson 
in the chair. | 


Members present: Adler, Auer, Brooks, Burton-Opitz, Calkins, 
Dunham, Emerson, Ewing, Field, Gies, Hiss, Jackson,’ Lee, Levene, 
Levin, Lusk, Meltzer, Meyer, Murlin, Noguchi, Norris, Park, 
Richards, Salant, Sherman, Sweet, Torrey, Wadsworth, Wilson, 
Wolf, Woodworth, Yatsu. 

Members elected: Carl L. Alsberg, S. P. Beebe, R. H. Chit- 
tenden, P. M. Dawson, W. J. Elser, G. M. Meyer, P. A. Shaffer, 
Douglas Symmers, L. L. Woodruff. 


Fourteenth meeting. 


Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. December 20, 1905. 
President Wilson in the chair. 

Members present: Adler, Atkinson, Auer, Beebe, Brooks, 
Burton-Opitz, Calkins, Crampton, Davenport,’ Dunham, Emerson, 
Ewing, Field, Flexner, Gibson, Gies, Hatcher, Jackson,’ Levene, 
Levin, Lusk, Mandel (A. R.), Meltzer, Morgan, Noguchi, Oertel, 
Opie, Pearce,’ Salant, Shaffer, Wadsworth, Wallace, Wilson, Wolf, 
Wood. 

Members elected: W. FE. Castle, H. H. Donaldson, David L. 
Edsall, Thomas Flournoy, R. B. Gibson, Walter Jones, A. S. 
Loevenhart, John A. Mandel, Fritz Schwyzer, Frank P. Underhill, 
Francis C. Wood. 


1 Non-resident. 


87 (257) 


88 (258) SociETY FoR EXPERIMENTAL BioLoGy AND MEDICINE. 


Fifteenth meeting. 
[Third annual business meeting. | 


Phystological Laboratory of the New York University and 
Bellevue Hospital Medical College. February 21, 1906. President 
Wilson in the chair. | 

Members present: Auer, Beebe, Brooks, Calkins, Emerson, 
Field, Gies, Loeb (L.),’ Lusk, Mandel (A. R.), Mandel (J. A.), 
Meltzer, MacCallum (W. G.)," Murlin, Opie, Park, Richards, Salant, 
Shaffer, Sherman, Torrey, Wallace, Wilson, Wolf. 

Members elected: Walter R. Brinckerhoff, Warren P. Lombard, 
B. T. Terry, E. E. Tyzzer. | | 

Officers elected: President, Flexner: Vice-President, Dunham; 
Librarian, Lusk; Treasurer, Calkins; Secretary, Gies. 

Recommendations of the Council.— The following special report 
of the Council was considered and its recommendations unani- 
mously adopted : 

« Special report of the Council. The result of the informal 
vote on the propositions recently submitted by the Council to the 
members leads us to offer the following recommendations : 

“1, Hold five regular meetings during each academic year as 
at present, with such additional special meetings as, in the opinion 
of the Council, may be necessary. 

“2. Restrict the time allotted for the actual reading of papers, 
exclusive of discussion, to a limit of one and one-half hour. Em- 
power the Council to adjust the number of papers to this limit as 
closely as possible ; authors to state beforehand the length of time 
desired by them, but ten minutes to be, as a rule, the maximum 
allowance. 

“3. Authorize the Council to give precedence, on each pro- 
gram, to communications which have not been presented before 
any other body and which have to do with investigations essenti- 
ally experimental in character. 

“‘4. Require communications from absent members to be pre- 
sented in brief abstract by a member selected by the author or 
designated by the Council. 


1 Non-resident. 


EXECUTIVE PROCEEDINGS. (259) 89 


“‘¢. Instruct the Council to report not only on the eligibility 
of each candidate for membership but also on the desirability of 
each candidate’s election.”’ | 

Treasurer's report. —The main items of the treasurer’s report 
were the following : 


Expenditures, including the deficit of 1905 ($33.16).........ssecseeeess $339.96 
ROGUES ie dcendccieeesrruceaedsedsesiaenesisnradecsetevieveceerspavcacccessas ave 302.59 
MRC ea tects ste cae atua canines aay vedanta esse eciee sheen ucae ss $ 37.37 

PRCA RG UMM GCN Ac vantsensictsihs Coat aoavegiondechedbsnconesestaeedins $ 4.21 


Sixteenth meeting. 


Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. April 18, 1906. 
President Flexner in the chair. 

Members present: Atkinson, Auer, Beebe, Buxton, Calkins, 
Dunham, Emerson, Field, Flexner, Foster, Gibson, Gies, Herter, 
Lee, Levene, Lusk, Meltzer, Meyer, Murlin, Noguchi, Opie, Parker,’ 
Pratt,! Salant, Schwyzer, Sherman, Terry, Wolf, Wood. 

Members elected: Charles R. Bardeen, G. H. A. Clowes, N. B. 
Poster, }. 1H: Kastle, Ralph S. Lillie, D: T. MacDougal, J. J. R. 
Macleod, Robert M. Yerkes. 

Amendments of the Constitution. — The following amendments 
of the Constitution, which had been duly presented at the fifteenth 
meeting, were adopted by a unanimous vote of the members 
present: 

Amendment X.— Change Article VII (on quorum) to read as 
follows: ‘‘ Twenty members (instead of ‘a majority of the resident 
members’) shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.”’ 

Amendment XI. — Offered at the request of the Librarian and 
intended to abolish the office of Librarian : 

(2) Eliminate subsection D of Section 3 of Article III. (“It 
shall be the duty of each member to present to the Librarian one 
copy of every publication of his researches.’’) 

(2) Remove “a Librarian” from Section 1 of Article V. (List 
of officers.) 

(c) Strike out subsection C of Section 5 of Article V, on the 
duties of the Librarian. 


90 (260) SocIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 


Seventeenth meeting. 


Laboratory of the Department of FHlealth, of New York (East 
r6th St.) May 23, 1906. President Flexner in the chair. 

Members present: Atkinson, Auer, Dunham, Ewing, Field, 
Flexner, Gies, Hatcher, Lee, Levene, Mandel (J. A.), Meltzer, 
Meyer, Norris, Opie, Park, Richards, Salant, Terry, Wadsworth, 
Wallace. 


INDEX 


OF THE 


BeIeNGIPIC PROCEEDINGS. 


[THE NUMERALS IN THIS INDEX CORRESPOND WITH THE NUMERALS IN 


PARENTHESIS BEFORE THE TITLES OF THE ABSTRACTS. 


PAGES 


ARE NOT INDICATED. | 


Acetonitril, 95: influence of thyroid 
and various foods on poisonous 
action. 

Acid, lactic, 113: intermediary met- 
abolism. 

Adrenalin, 123: myocarditis. 

Agglutinogens, 124: of typhoid bacilli. 

Albumin, 143: in bile. 

Alcohol: effects on hepatic glyco- 
genesis, 125; on secretion of bile, 
108. 

Ameboid movements, 
cells. 

Amphioxus, 128: reaction to light. 

Amyloid, 105 : relationship to nucleo- 
protein and mucoid. 

Anemias, 130: activity of intestinal 
bacteria. 

Animals (of the experiments): amp/z- 
oxus, 128; arthropods, 107, 114, 
115; derds, 114; dogs, 98, 108, 
Piet ees CeO it S2 726, 220, 132; 
133, 136, 137, 139, 143; /rogs, 
129; guinea pigs, 102 ; tnsects, 97 ; 
limulus, 107, 114, 115; men, 99, 
III, 130; mice, 95 ; monkeys, 96; 
paramecia, 118; poultry, 106, 114; 
Tablits, 109, IQ, 42%, 123, 124, 
126,) £20, 531, 943 3 ars, 102 : 
snakes, 103; spirochetas, 96; ¢ter- 
rapin, 120; toads, 138; wild ant- 
mals, 110. 

Annunciator, 142: electrical. 


115: in blood 


Antitoxin, 100: diphtheria ; concen- 
tration. 

Apparatus: electrical annunciator, 
142; fatigue wheel, 93. 

Arteries, 132: dicrotic elevations. 


Bacilli, typhoid : absorption from peri- 
toneal cavity, 131; agglutinogens, 
124. 

Bacteria, 130: activity in intestine in 
advanced anemias. See bacilli. 
Bile: albumin under pathological con- 

ditions, 143 ; effects of alcohol, 108. 

Block, heart, 120: effects of extra 
stimuli. 

Blood: ce//s —granula and ameboid 
movements, 115 ; athological phys- 
zology — course on circulation, 116 ; 
platelets —relation to thrombosis, 
129; pressure —in mitral insuffi- 
ciency and stenosis, 117; fudlse- 
wave— dicrotic elevation, 132 ; ves- 
sels — primary factor in thrombosis 
after injury, 114; véscosity — after 
injection of phenylhydrazin and 
during fever, 126; effects of glu- 
ease,, 112. 

Brain: cerebron and phrenosin identi- 
cal, 141: phosphorized fats, 135. 


Cerebron, 141 : 
osin. 


identical with phren- 


gI (261) 


92 


Chloroform, 98: repeated inhalations 
cause hepatic cirrhosis. 

Chromosomes, 97: relation to the de- 
termination of sex in insects. 

Cirrhosis, 98 : hepatic, from repeated 
inhalations of chloroform. 

Colloids, 134: diffusion into, and 
method of testing rate of such 
diffusion. 

Color sense, 99: in different races of 
mankind. 

Composition, chemical : bile, 108, 143 ; 
cerebron and phrenosin, 141; ion 
protein compounds, 140; liver, 125; 
phosphorized fats from brain and 
kidney, 135. 

Cutaneous excretion, 111: nitrogen. 


Decomposition products: cerebron, 141; 
nucleoprotein, 105 ; phrenosin, 141; 
purin substances, 104. 

Deglutition, 121: controlling reflexes. 

Development. See embryonic. 

Dextrose. See glucose. 

Diffusion, into colloids, 134: method 
for testing rate. 

Digestion, 127: gelatin. 

Diphtheria antitoxin, 100: 
concentration. 

Dominance, Mendelian, 106; imper- 
fection in poultry hybrids. 


practical 


Electrical annunciator, 142. 

Embryonic development, 138: effects 
on, of Réntgen rays acting on sper- 
matozoa previous to fertilization. 

Enzymes, 122: inflammatory exu- 
dates ; relation to phagocytic cells. 

Eosin: action on snake venom, 103; 
action on tetanus-toxin and tetanus, 
102. 

Erythrosin, 
venom. 

Esophagus, 139: reflex. 

Evening primrose, 94: mutation. 


103: action on snake 


(262) SoclETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. 


Excretion, cutaneous, III: nitrogen. 
Exudates, inflammatory, 122: en- 
zymes. 


Fatigue wheel, 93 : for mammals. 

Fats, phosphorized, 135: from brain 
and kidney. 

Fever, 126: effect on blood viscosity. 

Foods, 95 : effects of kinds and quan- 
tities on poisoning by acetonitril. 


Gelatin, 127: digestion. 

Glucose : effects on nitrogenous metab- 
olism, 133; effects on viscosity of 
blood, 112. 

Glycogen, hepatic, 125: effect of alco- 
hol. 

Granula, 115: in blood cells. 


Heart: block, 120; blood pressure re- 
lations in mitral insufficiency and 
stenosis, 117; mechanism of con- 
duction and codérdination, 107; 
myocarditis, 123. 

Hepatic cirrhosis, 98: from repeated 
inhalations of chloroform. 

Hybrids, 106 : imperfection of Mendel- 
ian dominance. 


| rnaol, 136: toxicity. 
| Inflammation, 122: enzymes. 


Inflammatory exudates, 122: enzymes. 

Intermediary metabolism, 113: lactic 
acid. 

Intestine, 130: bacterial activity in 
advanced anemias. 

Ion protein compounds, I40: prepara- 
tion. 


Kidney, 135: phosphorized fats. 


Lactic acid, 113: intermediary metab- 
olism. 

Lee’s fatigue wheel, 93 : for mammals. 

Light, 128: reactions of amphioxus. 

Liver: cirrhosis from repeated inhala- 


INDEX OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 


(263) 93 


tions of chloroform, 98; effect of| Pathological physiology, 116: circula- 


alcohol on glycogenesis, 125. 


Magnesium salts, 101: effects on nerves. 

Mendelian dominance, 106: imperfec- 
tion in poultry hybrids. 

Metabolism: intermediary — lactic 
acid, 113; mztrogenous — effects of 
glucose, 133. 

Method, 134: for testing the rate of 
diffusion into colloids. 

Mitral insufficiency, 117: blood pres- 
sure relations. 

Mucoid, 105: relationship to nucleo- 
protein and amyloid. 

Mutation : evening primrose, 94: Par- 
amecium aurelia, 118. 

Myocarditis, 123: adrenalin. 

Narcosis. See chloroform. 

Nerves, 101: affected by magnesium 
salts. 

Nicotin, 109: effects of intravenous 
injections. 

Nitrogen, 111: cutaneous excretion. 

Nitrogenous metabolism, 133: effects of 
glucose. 

Nucleoprotein, 105: relationship to 
amyloid and mucoid. 


Paramecium aurelia, 118 : mutation. 

Pathological: albumin in bile, 143; 
bacterial activity in the intestine in 
advanced anemias, 130 ; blood pres- 
sure relations in mitral insufficiency 
and stenosis, 117; blood viscosity 
during fever, 126; enzymes of in- 
flammatory exudates, 122 ; hepatic 
cirrhosis from repeated inhalations 
of chloroform, 98; myocarditis, 
123 ; pathological physiology, 116; 
spirochetal infection in man, 96; 
thrombosis, 114, 129; tumors of 
wild animals, 110; typhoid bacilli, 
E24; 13h. 


tion. 

Peritoneal cavity, 131: absorption of 
typhoid bacilli. 

Phagocytic cells, 122: enzymes of in- 
flammation. 

Pharmacological: alcohol on hepatic 
glycogenesis, 125 and on secretion 
of bile, 108; diphtheria antitoxin, 
100; eosin on tetanus-toxin and 
tetanus, 102; eosin and erythrosin 
on snake venom, 103; glucose on 
blood viscosity, 112 and on nitrog- 
enous metabolism, 133; toxicity 
of indol, 136; magnesium salts on 
nerves, IOI ; nicotin, 109; phenyl- 
hydrazin on blood viscosity, 126; 
saline purgatives, 119; thyroid and 
various foods on poisoning by ace- 
tonitril, etc., 95. 

Phenylhydrazin, 126: effect on blood 
viscosity. 

Phosphorized fats, 
kidney. 

Phrenosin, 141: identical with cere- 
bron. 

Physiology, pathological, 116: circu- 
lation. 

Poisons, 95: effects of kinds and 
quantities of food on toxicity. 

Primary anemias, 130: activity of in- 
testinal bacteria. 

Primrose, 94 : mutation. 

Protein ion compounds, 140: prepara- 
tion. 

Proteins, 105: relationship of nu- 
cleoprotein, amyloid and mucoid. 

Pulse, 132: dicrotic elevation. 

Purgatives, saline, 119: subcutaneous 
effects. 

Purin bodies, 104: decomposition by 
animal tissues. 


135: brain and 


Reflexes: of deglutition, 
esophageal, 139. 


I2I; vago- 


94 (264) SociETY FoR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. 


Rontgen rays, 138: effects on sperma- 
tozoa and embryonic development. 


Saline purgatives, 119: effects after 
subcutaneous injection. 

Secretion, of bile, 108: effects of alco- 
hol. 

Sex, 97: relation of chromosomes to 
determination of sex in insects. . 

Snake venom, 103: action of eosin. 

Spermatozoa, 138: effects on em- 
bryonic development of Réntgen 
rays acting on spermatozoa previous 
to fertilization. 

Spirochetal infection, 96: in man. 

Stenosis. See heart. 


Tetanus, 102: effects of eosin. 
Tetanus-toxin, 102: effects of eosin. 


jury of blood vessels, 114; relation 
to blood platelets, 129. 

Thyroid, 95: effect on poisoning by 
acetonitril. 

Tissues, 104: decomposition of purin 
bodies. 

Toxin, tetanus, 102 : action of eosin. 

Tumors, 110: in wild animals under 
natural conditions. 

Typhoid bacilli: absorption from peri- 
toneal cavity, 131; agglutinogens, 
124. 


Urea, 137 : formation. 


Vago-esophageal reflex, 139. 
Venom, snake, 103: action of eosin. 


Welker’s electrical annunciator, 142. 


Thrombosis: primary factor after in- | Wheel, fatigue, 93: for mammals. 


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