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AMERICAN 


Entomological Soc 


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THE SOUTH LONDON 
Entomological & Alatural Mistory Society 


(ESTABLISHED 1872), 


HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E, 


SS 


OFFICERS & COUNCIL. 
ee igo. - (494 


President. 
eee REMELIN, MRCS. I3R.C. PS EES: 


Vice- Presidents. 
We Ore UCAS Ban. 2 eo. 
F. NOAD CLARK. 


@ouncil. 
Re ADKIN. EBS: : | AS HARRISON, &.GS;, EES: 
W. J. ASHDOWN. F.E.S. 
Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., A. M. MONTGOMERY. 


F.E.S. E. STEP, F.L.S. 
[We TOTT,-2-ES. 
Hon. Curator. Hon. Librarian. 
W. WEST (Greenwich). H. A. SAUZE: 


Hon. Treasurer. 
T. W. HALL, F.E.S., 61, West Smithfield, London, E.C. 


Hon. Secretaries. 
S. EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c. (General_See.}, 
Kidbrook Lodge, Blackheath, S.E. 


H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (Report Sec.), 
13, Drakefell Road, St. Catherine’s Park, Ske 


THE SOUTH LONDON 
Entomological and dlatural History Society, 


HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E, 


POLLO" > 


The Society has for its object the diffusion of Biological Science, by 
means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Collec- 
tions. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the 
Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings in each month, 
from Eight to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society’s Rooms are 
easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invite 
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to 
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting 
Specimens. 


SUBSERIP VION. 
Seven Shillings and Sixpence per Annum, with an Entrance 
Fee of Two Shillings and Sixpence. 
All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary, 


STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., &c., 
Kidbrook Lodge, Blackheath, S.E. 


FAST PRESIDENES. 


1872 ... J. R. WELLMAN. 1886 ... R. ApDKIN, F.E.S. 


1873 aa - (antGS7 ee 5 

O74 coe - | 1888) Sivas ‘E 
1875... A. B. Farn, F.E.S. || sresote rae De 
13379) onc 5 | 1890.) T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. 
LO7 7s <0 oo BARRETT, | 1891 ... W. H. TuGwett, Pu.C. 
1878 ... J. T. WILLIAMS. 1892 ... C, G. BARRETT, F.E.S 
1879 ... R. STANDEN, F.E.S. | 1863 ... J: J: Wier Eas Saree! 
1880 ... A. FICKLIN, 1804’... E. Ster,Fa Sons | 
1881 ... V.R. Perkins, FES. | 1895 . T. W. Har. FES 
ee eGR Raver ES. || ako5 .. R Sout ee 
1883 ... J. R. WELLMAN. bes: t2fo ees oe Apkin, F.E.S 

1884 ... W. West, L.D.S. 1898 ... J. W. Tutt, FES. 

1885 ... R. Soutn, F.E.S. | 1899 ... A. Harrison, F.L.S., ete. 


100%... Wes). Lucas: B.A. FS: 


PSt Or MEMBERS: 


—————_+oe—_ 


Chief subjects of Study :—A4, Hymenoptera; 0, Orthoptera ; e, Hemiptera ; 
n, Neuroptera; c, Coleoptera; @, Diptera; 7, Lepidoptera; 00/, Oology ; orn, 
Ornithology; 7, Reptilia; 72, Mollusca; cv, Crustacea; ¢, Botany ; 22, Microscopy ; 
e, signifies Exotic forms. 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1886 
1882 
Igo 


IQOI 
1895 


1895 
1888 


1887 


1884 
1896 
1887 
1889 
Tg00 
1889 


1888 
1877 


1897 
1900 
1898 
1893 
1898 
1895 


ADKIN, B. W., Brandon House, Morden Hill, Lewisham, S.E. 
f, orm: 

ADKIN, R., F.E.S., Wellfield, 4, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham, 
Sia wed. 

ADKIN, R. ARMSTRONG, 4, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham, 
Sake a 7: 

ARMSTRONG, R., 55, Granville Park, Lewisham, S.E.  e, 2. 

ASHBY, SIDNEY R., 8, Canterbury Terrace, Maida Vale, N.W. 7. 

AsHpown, W. J., Belmont Road, Leatherhead. 7. c. 

Atmore, E. A., F.E.S., 48, High Street, King’s Lynn, Nor- 
folk. 7. 


Barciay, F. H., F.G.S., F.E.S., The Warren, Cromer, and 
Knotts Green, Leyton, Essex. 7, or, paleontology. 

BarKEr, H. W., F.E.S., 147, Gordon Road, Peckham, S.E. 7. 

BaRneTT, THos. L., 81, Royal Hill, Greenwich, S.E. 7. 

BarREN, H. E., 46, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E. /. 

BArrrrn C. G., F.E-S., [remont,| Peckham Rye, S.E. -4, m. 

BaRRETT, J. P., 3, St. John’s Villas, Margate. 7/. 

Beaumont, A., F.E.S., Heath Villa, 7, Pond Road, Black- 
heath, S.E. 7, ¢ orn. 

BENNETT, W. H., F.E.S., 15, Wellington Place, Hastings. 4%, ¢. 

Brttups, T. R., F.E.S., 20, Swiss Villas, Coplestone Road, 
Peckham, S.E.. -4,.0, ¢:d, he. 

BisHop, E. B., 79, Alexandra Road, Wimbledon, S.W. 

BLENKARN, S. A., Clifton House, E. Dulwich, S.E. 7 

Buss, M. F., University School, Hastings. 7. 

Bonp-SmiTuH, W., Potton, near Sandy, Beds. 7. 

BousKELL, F., F.E,S., Sandown Road, Knighton, Leicester. 2 

Bowman, K., 18, Victoria Road, Clapham Common, S.W. /, 


1709 


lv 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1887 
1887 


1891 
1890 
1890 
1893 
1895 
1898 
1890 
1900 
1899 
1897 
1890 
1888 
1889 
1886 
1899 
1899 
1877 
Ig00 
1872 


1897 
1898 


1888 
1896 


1887 
1898 


1879 
1899 


1899 
1885 


1898 


Briccs, C. A., F.E.S., Rock House, Lynmouth, N, Devon. 
/, m, n, 0, British fishes. 
Briccs, T. H., M.A., F.E.S., Rock House, Lynmouth, N. 
Devens 7: 
Briccs, H. Meap, 8, High Street, Canterbury. 7@, orn. 
Bricut, P., F.E.S., Aston Lodge, Surrey Rd., Bournemouth. Z. 
BristoweE, B. A., F.E.S., Durlstone, Champion Hill, S.E. 2 
BristoweE, L. W., Durlstone, Champion Hill, S.E. 72 
Brooks, W., Grange Hall, Rotherham. 7. 
Broome, E. G., Hurst Vicarage, Twyford, Berks. 72 
Brown, E. W., Capt., 2nd Royal West Kent Regiment. 2. 
Browne, G. B., 43, Southbrook Road, Lee, S.E. 72. 
Bucxstong, A. A., The Lodge, S. Norwood Park, S.E. 
Burr, MAtcor B., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Bellagio, E. Grinstead. o. 
Butter, W. E., Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading, JZ, ¢. 


CanspDALE, W.D., F.E.S., Sunny Bank, South Norwood,S.E. 7. 

Cant, A., F.E.S., 10, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 7. 

CaRPENTER, J. H., F.E.S., Riverdale, Leatherhead, Surrey. /. 

CARR; F. B., 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E. 7Z 

Carr, F. M. B., 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E. - 7. 

GAERINGTON, J. C:, 110, Strand, WiC) Z cr, 

Cave, CasTEL, Bungaree, Calton Road, Dulwich. 7. 

Cuaney, W. C., 32, Stroud Road, Woodside, S. Norwood, 
S.E. (Hon. member). h, t, ¢. 

Cuapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., Betula, Reigate, Surrey. /. 

CHATTERTON, F. J. S., F.E.S., 78, Clissold Road, Stoke 
Newington, N. 4 

CHITTENDEN, D., 98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, S.E. 7. 

Crark, F. Noap, Vice-President, Paddington Infirmary, 
Harrow Road, W. mz. 

CrarK, J. A.) FES; LDS; -M.P:S:; <54,) Weston share 
Crouch End VN. 7 

CLARKE, H. SHORTRIDGE, F.E.S., 40, Athol Street, Douglas, 
Isle of Man. /. 

Cope, W. (Life member). 

CoLTHRuP, C. W., 127, Barry Road, E. Dulwich, S.E. 2. 

CrabTREE, B, H., Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester. 2. 

Croker, A. J., F.E.S., 21, Church Street, Shoreditch, N.E. 2. 

Crow, E. J., 26, Tindal Street. North Brixton. 72 


VEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1888 
3900 
1889 
1884 


19OI 
1898 


1897 


1886 
1886 


1900 


1889 
1872 


1891 
1887 


1889 
1891 


1886 


1899 
Igol 
1884 


1889 


1895 


Dawson, W. G., Plumstead Common, Plumstead, Kent (Zz/e 
member). UZ. 

Day, F. H., 6, Currock Terrace, Carlisle. 7, ¢. 

Dennis, A. W., 45, Park Street, Stoke Newington, N. 7, mz. 

Dogson, H. T., F.E.S., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New 
Malden, Surrey. 4, orn. 

Dons, A. W., 61, Dynevor Road, Stoke Newington, N. 2 

Downinc, JOHN W., F.E.S., 45, Trevelyan Road, Tooting 
Graveney, S.W. 7/. 

Drury, W. D., F.R.H.S., F.E.S., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, 
Woking, Surrey. 7. 


POWARDS 0S. Elo, F.Z,0,, H.B.5., 2208, Sec, Kidbrook 
Lodge, Blackheath, S.E. 4, e/. 

Enock, F., F.L.S., F.E.S., 13, Tufnell Park Road, Holloway, 
N. d, mt. 

Enock, J. K., 658, Woolwich Road, Charlton, Kent. 


FARRANT, M., jun., 137, St. Thomas, Exeter. /. 

Fickiin, A., Weston Villa, Elm Road, New Malden, Surrey. 
i 

FILER, F. E., F.E.S., 58, Southwark Bridge Road, S.E. 4 mz. 

FLETCHER, W. H. B., M.A., F.E.S., Aldwick Manor, Bognor 
Sussex (Life member). 7. 

Forp, A., Rose Mount, Hannington Koad, Boscombe, 
Mants. 7, 6 

ForRESTER, A. C., 42, West Kensington Mansions, W. 
Kensington. 7. 

BPREMUING! E'S5 MIR-C.S:,E.RG.P.,.F.E.S., - President, 
Government Lymph Laboratories, Chelsea Bridge, S.W. 
Z, mt. 


GanGE, S. W., 9, Longley Road, Tooting Graveney. /. 

GARRETT, H. E., 3, Brewers Green Mews. 

Gigs, L., 148, St. James Street, Montreal, Canada (Life 
member). 1. 

GREENE, Rev. J. G., M.A.,. F.E.S., Rostrevor, Clifton, 
Bristol. 2. 

GRIFFITHS, G. C., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 43, Caledonia Place, Clifton, 
Bristol. J, e, 2. 


vl 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1893 
1888 


1884 


1891 
1892 


1884 


1900 
1888 
1888 
1889 


1886 
1887 


1884 


1886 
1898 


1900 
1884 
Igoo 
1888 


1894 
1898 
1884 
1898 
1872 


1896 


Hat, A., 16, Park Hill Rise, Croydon, Surrey. 4, e 4, oo/. 

Hatt, A. E., F.E.S., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield. 7. 

Hatt, T. W., F.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, Stanhope, The Crescent, 
Croydon, Surrey ; and 61, West Smithfield, E.C. 2. 

Ham, A. H., 52, St. Mary’s Road, Oxford. 7. 

HARRISON, A., F.C.S., F.L:S:, F.E.S:, F.R.MCS., Thames 
Sugar Refinery, Silvertown, E., and 72, Windsor Road, 
Forest Gate, E. 4, mi. 

HE.ps, J. A., Newstead Lodge, 91, Wood Vale, Forest Hill, 
Si. 2 

Hewitt, R. L., Ivydene, Felday Road, Lewisham, S.E. 2. 

Hitiman, T. S., F.E.S., Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. /. 

Hopkins, H. E., 5, Haseldean, Road, Brockley, S.E. 2. 

Horne, A., F.E.S., Ugie Bank, Aberdeen. 2. 


JAGER, J., 65, St. Quentin’s Avenue, North Kensington, W. 2. 

JENNER, J. H. A., F.E.S., Eastgate House, Lewes, Sussex. 
L650, Ub Ws 

Jogpson, H., 1, Rock Villas, Maynard Road, Waltham- 
stow. JZ. 


Kane, W. F. DE V., M.A., F.E.S., M.R.I.A., Drumreaske 
House, Monaghan, Ireland. J/, mz, marine invertebrata. 
Kaye, W. J., F.E.S., Worcester Court, Worcester Park, Surrey. 

i, 
Kemp, S. W., 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, W. 2. 
KENWARD, J., 195, Hither Green Lane, Lewisham, S.E. /. 
KirkaLpy, G. W., S. Abb’s, Worple Road, Wimbledon. 
Knicut, E., 2, Lichfield Grove, Church End, Finchley, N. 


Lams, H., Acacia Place, Upper Faut, Maidstone. 4, orn. 

Lemanvy, F. C., F.E.S., Blackfriars House, Plymouth. 7. 

LEVETT, C., 107,,Brockley: Road; SF. 7 

LittLe, W. W., 17, Belgrave Street, King’s Cross, N. 2. 

Luggock, The Right Hon. Sir Joun, Bart, M.P.. D.C.L., 
F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S., F.E.S., &c.. High Elms, Down, 
near Farnborough, Kent (Hox. member). h, b. 

Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., Vice-President, 28, Knight’s Park, 
Kingston-on-Thames. 7, 0, 2, 


vil 


YEAR OF 

ELECTION. 

1900 MacGEE, W. H., 79, Lillie Road, S.W. 2 

1890 McArtuur, H., 35, Averill Street, Fulham, W. 7. 

faze) M‘LACHEAN, (Re Eokes, E.1LS., F.Z.S., F.E:S., Westview, 
Clarendon Road, Lewisham, S.E. (Hon. member). i. 

1892 MAIN, H., B.Sc., F.E.S., 13, Windsor Road, Forest Gate, E. 
ve 

1886 Mancrr, W. T., F.E.S., 100, Manor Road, New Cross, S.E. 
Ie 

1889 MANSBRIDGE, W., F.E.S., 49, Pendrill Street, Beverley Road, 
Biull. °2, 

1885 Mera, A. W., 79, Capel Road, Forest Gate, E. 2. 

1881 Mives, W. H., F.E.S., The New Club, Calcutta, India. 


1888 
1896 
1896 
1880 


1889 


1887 


1887 
1889 
Ig00 


1872 


1891 
1892 
1883 
IQOI 
1880 


1888 


1889 
1899 


mt, 0. 
MiTcHELL, A. T., 5, Clayton Terrace, Gunnersbury, W. 2. 
MONTGOMERY, ARTHUR M., 32, The Grove, Ealing, W. 4 
MontTcoMERY, EpmuND M., 32, The Grove, Ealing, W. 2. 
MonrTIero, Senor A. A. DE C., F.E.S., 70, Rua do Alecrinar, 
Lisbon. 
Moorg, H., F.E.S., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E. 7 2%, 
GC Le hie a, mit. 
Morris, C. H., School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 4 ¢, m. 


NEvINSON, E. B., 7, Staple Inn, W.C. 4, stalk-eyed crustacea. 

NIcHOLSON, W. E., F.E.S., School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 72. 

NotrLe, Edward, Lanyar Vale, Portland Road, South 
Norwood. /. 


OLDHAM, C., 2, Warwick Villas, Chelmsford Road, South 
Woodford, Essex. 7. 


PALMER, J. F., Ewell Road, Surbiton Hill, Surbiton. 2 

PANNELL, C., East Street, Haslemere. Conchology. 

PEARCE, W. A., 88, Croxted Road, West Dulwich, S.E. 4Z, 4. 

PepprErR, A. W., The Horniman Museum, Forest Hill, $.E. 

Perkins, V. R., F.ES., Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire. 
tad nig 

PERKS, F> P.; 41, St. Martin’s Lane, Charing Cross, W.C. 
zoology, mt, pond life. 

Perry, Rev. J. F., Oxford Road, Banbury. /, ¢. 

PICKIN, J. R., 2, Industry Terrace, Brixton, S.W. /. 


YEAR 


vill 
OF 


ELECTION. 


1897 
1887 


1896 
1888 
5887 
1887 
1894 


1888 
1887 
goo 
1890 
1898 


1886 


1897 
1888 


1898 


1899 
1890 
1890 


1882 


1873 


1872 


1894 
IQCl 
1895 
1899 
1899 
1594 
1895 


PresT, E. E. B. 

Porritt, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., Crossland Hall, Hudders- 
Held.) 27; 

Porter, A. T., Whangarei, Auckland, New Zealand. 4 zoo. 


REID, W., F.E.S., Pitcaple, Aberdeen. 72; continental 0. 

Rice, D. J., 24, Bruce Road, Harlesden, N.W. orx. 

RosINnsoN, A., B.A., F.E.S., 1, Mitre Court, Temple, E.C. 2 

ROBINSON, LEIGH, 13, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, 
Sie 2. 

Rosson, H., 93, Watling Street, E.C. 4 4. 

RoutTLencE, G. B., F.E.S., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle. 2. — 

RowbDeEn, ALFD. OLIVER, 6, Eastgate, Exeter. JZ, 0. 

ROWNTREE, J. H., Westwood, Scarborough. 2. 

RussELL, A., F.E.S., The Limes, Southend, Catford, S.E. 2. 


SaLweEy, R. E., F.E.S., Springbank, Wokingham, Berks. 7. 

SANDISON, JOHN, 2, Francis Grove, Wimbledon, Surrey. 7. 

Sauzk, H. A., Hon. Librarian, 11, Venner Road, Sydenham, 
SHAE ve , 

SicH, ALrF., F.E.S., ‘‘ Brentwood,” 65, Barrowgate Road, 
Chiswick. 

SmiTH, E. W., 16, Tresco Road, Linden Grove, S.E. 2 

SMITH, WILLIAM, 13, St. Merren Street, Paisley. 7/. 

SMITH, WALTER, 1, Arundel Villas, Hampton Road, 
Twickenham. /. 

SoutH, R., F.E.S. 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, 
Sew. Y. 


STANDEN, R:, F.L.S.,. F.E.S., Thorpe Hall, Colchester (Zzfe 
member). e. 


Step, E., F.L.S., 19, Fortune Gate Road, Craven Park, 
Harlesden, N.W. 4, mm, orn. 


TARBAT, Rev. J. E., M.A., Fareham, Hants. /. 
THORNTHWAITE, W., Hersham, Surrey. Z. 

Totuurst, J., “ Glenbrook,” Beckenham, Kent. 2 
TOMLINSON, F., 10, Caversham Road, Kingston-on-Thames. / 
Toomss, G. W., 40, Shrubland Grove, Dalston Lane, N. Z 
TRENERRY, E. H., 3, North Road, Clapham Park, S.W. 2 


TunaLey, Hy., F.E.S., 30, Fairmount Road, Brixton Hill 
SoWisy af. 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1887 TURNER, H. J., F.E.S., Hon. Report Secretary, 13, Drakefell 
Road, St. Catherine’s Park, S.E. 2, orn, c, n, he, b. 

1886 Tutr, J. W., F.E.S., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, 
Blackheath, S.E. 2 

1887 VERRALL, G. H., F.E.S., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. d. 

1889 VINE, A. C., 45, Temple Street, Brighton, Sussex. 72, 


1889 WaiNwRIGHT, C. J., F.E.S., 2, Handsworth Wood Road, 
Handsworth, near Birmingham, JZ. 

1880 WALKER, J. J., R.N., F.LS., F.E.S., H.M.S. Katoomba, 
syaney, N:'S.W. 2 «. 

"7888 WALLER, R., 2, Grand Parade, Upper Richmond Road, 
Putney, 5:W. 4. 

1886 WaLsinGHAM, The Right Hon. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., 
F_L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c., Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk 
(Hon. member). 1, orn. 

1888 WaRNE, N. D., 8, Bedford Square, W. JZ. 

1888 WeEsp, S., 22, Waterloo Crescent, Dover. 7. 

1872 West, W., Hon. Curator, 8, Morden Hill, Lewisham Road, 
Sil guts cc. 

1878 West, W., L.D.S., 75, Lewin Road, Streatham Common, 
So Wieed., 20. 

1887 WHIFFEN, W. H., 49, Granville Park, Lewisham, S.E. 7. 

1888 WiINKLEY, M. H., 9, Glen Eldon Road, Coventry Park, 
Streatham, S.W. /. 

1893 WoLFE, J. J., Skibbereen, co. Cork, Ireland. 2 

1899 Woop, Rev. Francis Henry, M.A., Brabourne Cottage, 
Bromley Park, Kent. 2 

1886 WricHt, W. H., Secretary’s Department, Somerset House, 
strand, W.C.. @ 


Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors, 


additions, or alterations in the above Addresses and descriptions. 


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REPORT OF THE .COUNCIL, aga 


HE Council of the South London Entomological and 
Natural History Society, in presenting the Twenty- 
eighth Annual Report, is pleased to be able to state that 
the past year has been one of a satisfactory average 
character. 

Since the last Annual Meeting twelve new Members have 
been admitted; six have resigned, and we have to deplore 
the loss of one by death, Mr. Herbert Williams, who at one 
time efficiently occupied the office of Secretary. The pre- 
sent Membership therefore stands at 170, consisting of four 
Honorary, five Life, forty-one Country, and one hundred 
and twenty Ordinary Members, a total somewhat in excess 
of the number at this time last year; but it should be noted 
that some two or three Members, who are greatly in arrear 
with their subscriptions, will probably have to be removed 
from the list, so that the effective strength may be taken as 
virtually the same as, or possibly slightly in excess of, that 
of last year. 

The Treasurer’s Balance Sheet, duly audited, is printed 
at page x, and calls for no special comment at the hands 
of the Council. 

The meetings have been fully up to the average in point 
of matters of interest that have been brought forward, and 
the attendance, with the exception of the second August 
meeting, good throughout, the average number present 
being nearly thirty. 

The Special Exhibition of Varieties held in November 
proved to be no exception to the uniform success which has 


Xlli 


attended all previous attempts of a similar nature. Upwards 
of seventy members and friends were present, and the 
exhibits were extensive, varied, and interesting. 

Seven Papers, five Lantern Demonstrations, accompanied 
by explanatory notes, and extended Reports of the five Field 
Meetings have been contributed to the Society, of which 
contributions the following eleven Members were the 
authors :—Mr. R. ADKIN, three; Dr. CHAPMAN and Mr. W. 
J. Lucas; two each; Mr. E. B. BisHop, Mr. F. N. Cuarx, 
Mr. STANLEY Epwarps, Mr. F. Enock, Mr. H.S. FREmMLIn, 
Meweoee. Mr. Hs f. LURNER, and Mr. J. W. Tutt; 
one each. Two of the series of lantern slides exhibited 
were kindly lent by the South Eastern Union of Scientific 
Societies and the Society for the Protection of Birds. Five 
of the Papers dealt with Lepidoptera, two with Botany, one 
with Ornithology, one with Orthoptera, one with Bacteria, 
and two with General Natural History. The Reports of 
Field Meetings, in addition to General Descriptive Matter, 
contained Lists of the Species noted in the various Orders, 
and were thus of more than passing interest. The Council 
desire to tender their most hearty thanks to the Authors 
of the Papers, and to all those who have in other ways 
rendered much valuable assistance in connection with the 
various matters above referred to. 

Five Field Meetings were held during the summer season, 
VIZ: 

OxsHoTT, on May tgth, conducted by the PRESIDENT. 

CHIPSTEAD, on June 16th, conducted by Mr. R. ADKIN, 
F.E.S., and Mr. B. ADKIN: 

HorsLey, on July 7th, conducted by Mr. E. B. BisHop. 

PAUL’S CRAY COMMON, on September 22nd, conducted 
by Mr. R. ADKIN, F.E.S., and Mr. B. ADKIN. 

OxsHOTT, a Cryptogamic Meeting, October 2oth, con- 
ducted by Mr. STANLEY Epwarps, F.L.S. 

Two of the localities selected, viz. Chipstead and Paul’s 
Cray Common, had not been previously visited by the 
Society, and it is hoped that their inclusion in the season’s 
programme may be the means of introducing members to 
districts that may prove profitable for future work. The 


X1V 


Council have pleasure in noting that the number of Members 
attending the Field Meetings were distinctly above the 
average. 

The Society’s Collections are still ably looked after by 
the Hon. Curator, Mr. W. WEstT, who reports that— 

‘“The Society’s cabinets are much referred to by the 
newer Members of the Society, and are gradually becoming 
both more complete and more extensive. Messrs. ASHDOWN 
and Lucas have undertaken to complete and arrange the 
Odonata, and the Society are much indebted to them for 
their kindness. There is still the want of a suitable cabinet 
for the ‘ Tugwell’ Herbarium, so that the almost complete 
series of British plants may be rendered available for refer- 
Bnice. 

The Donations to the Society’s Cabinets during the year 
are: 

Four specimens of Nonagria breviliniea, including var. 
alinea from Mr. C. G. BARRETT. 

Six specimens of Caradrina ambigua from Mr. R. ADKIN. 

A specimen of Locusta viridissima from Mr. F. N. CLARK. 

A large number of species of Hemiptera from Mr. W. 
WEST. 

A series of Nyssia zonaria from Mr. A. HARRISON. 

And a number of species of Odonata and Orthoptera from 
Messrs. Lucas and ASHDOWN. 

The Library is still ably cared for by Mr. Sauzé, who 
feports— 

“The books of the Library have been well consulted 
during the year, in proof of which, in addition to the 
evidence of the Librarian’s list of borrowed works, it must 
be borne in mind that each night of meeting Members make 
a practice of referring to the books on the shelves for 
clearing up doubtful points, appealing to authorities, and 
even making short extracts for use in various ways. 

“The Librarian is glad to mark, following on the Council’s 
decision to permit the sale to Members of its publications 
at a reduction of 33 per cent., an increase in the demand 
for these, and he wishes to call the attention of those 
who have joined the Society more recently, and who have 


XV 


therefore not been supplied with the earlier volumes of the 
series of ‘ Proceedings,’ to the surprising amount of in- 
teresting information comprised in the notes of exhibits, 
and in the various original papers (not published elsewhere) 
which have appeared in the annual volumes since 1886, some 
of which are adorned with valuable plates, illustrating the 
more remarkable exhibits of the year.” 

The following books, pamphlets, magazines, etc., have 
been added to the Library during the year: 

‘‘Flowering Plants,” (Anne Pratt), Vols. III. and IV., by 
E. STEP, from Messrs. W. F. and N. D. WARNE. 

“British Birds,’ Vol. I—VI., illustrated by F. W.- 
FROHAWKE, from Mr. A. HARRISON. 

‘“* Materials for the Study of Variation,” by W. BATEson, 
ands" British) ILepidoptera,; Vol. Il. by J. W: Tutt, from 
Mr. STANLEY EDWARDS. 

‘“The Hemiptera of Colorado,” from the Smithsonian 
Institute. 

‘‘ British Lepidoptera,” Vol. VI., by C. G. BARRETT, from 
the AUTHOR. 

‘Spiders of Burmah,” from the BririsH Museum. 

** Life and Memoirs of Agassiz,” Vols. I. and II., from Mr. 
H. Moore. 

‘* Note-book Fauna and Flora of South Eastern Counties, 
with especial reference to Mollusca,’’ MSS. compiled by 
T. D. A. COCKERELL, from the AUTHOR. 

‘* Zoologist,”’ 1900, from Mr. NEWMAN. 

‘“‘ Entomologist,’’ 1900, from Mr. SouTH. 

‘‘Entomologists Monthly Magazine,” t1goo, from Mr. 
M’LAcHLan. 

‘Science Gossip,” 1900, from Mr. CARRINGTON. 

‘“ Knowledge,” 1900, from the PUBLISHERS. 

‘“ Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario,’ 1899, 
from Mr. L. GIs. 

‘* Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,” 
Part V., 1884, from Mr. H. J. TURNER. 

‘“‘ Transactions of the South Eastern Union of Scientific 
Societies,’ 1887—9 ; ‘‘ Catalogue of the Booth Museum of 
Birds,” from Mr. R. ADKIN. 


5) 


XVI 


** List of British Lepidoptera,” by C. G. BARRETT, from 
the AUTHOR. 

“ Entomological Student,” from Mr. T. D. A. COCKERELL. 

‘‘Canadian Entomologist,’ 1909; ‘Irish Naturalist,”’ 
1900; “‘ Rochester Naturalist,’ 1900; ‘‘ Entomologisk Tids- 
krift,” 1900; ‘‘ Journal of the City of London College 
Soc.,’’; South Eastern Naturalist,’ 1900; and ‘‘ Transac- 
tions of the City of London Entomological Society,” 1899, 
by exchange. 

Early inthe year the Abstract of ‘‘ Proceedings ” for 1899 
was published with the financial assistance of a few very 
earnest workers for the Society, to whom the best thanks of 
the Society are due. It consists of a volume of 120 pages 
and one plate, generously presented by Dr. CHAapMAN. The 
Council regret that they have been obliged, owing largely to 
a tardiness of payment of some the annual subscriptions, to 
again delay the publication of PART I. of the Abstract for 
1900; but they have good reason to hope that the volume for 
the whole year will be at once taken in hand, and that the 
means for its early publication will be forthcoming. 

In conclusion, the Council desire to thank most fully all 
those gentlemen who come forward so readily and so 
generously to aid in the usefulness of the Society, either by 
bringing exhibitions, reading papers or notes, making 
arrangements for, and leading at field meetings, donating 
books to the Library, or specimens to the collections, and in 
various Other ways enhancing the study of biological science. 


On the Pupation of Cossus Ligniperda. 
By Rospert ADKIN. Read February 22nd, 1900. 


For some years I had scented “Goats” in the neighbourhood of 
some rather dilapidated poplar trees that grow within the low fence 
of a garden adjacent to my home, and which I pass almost daily. 
Indeed, on one occasion I found a straying larva of the species on 
the pavement in front of the said fence, and on another an imago 
resting on the fence, but it was not until last summer that I fairly 
‘“came up with the herd.” I was then fortunate in meeting with 
a considerable number of imagines, in batches of from one to four 
or five at a time, on various evenings between June 24th and July 
18th, resting on the fence with wings still limp, and in almost every 
case I was able to find the empty pupz skins from which they 
had just emerged, and was thus able to ascertain the exact situa- 
tion where pupation had taken place. ‘Taking them, or rather 
such of them as one cared to take—for my available setting space 
for such large insects would not accommodate all that I saw— was 
quite an interesting adventure. To box such fine fellows while 
their wings were limp would have been simply wanton destruction. 
I therefore hit upon the plan of inducing them to walk on to my 
coat sleeve, which they did readily enough, and soon settled them- 
selves on some part of my clothing that appeared suitable to them, 
and were thus conveyed home without injury. No doubt I pre- 
sented a picturesque appearance to my neighbours, but that was a 
matter of slight importance, considering that my chief object was 
satisfactorily attained. On reaching home a very slight amount of 
persuasion induced them to transfer themselves from my coat to 
the net curtains in front of an open window, where they rested 
quietly until their wings were fully hardened. In this way I secured 
many very fine specimens, and lost very few—one only, if I remem- 
ber rightly. But I fear I am wandering somewhat from my subject, 
viz. the method of pupation. 

If we consult the older authors we find, I think, without exception, 
if the matter is touched upon at all, that they took it for granted that 
the larva lived on the hard wood of the tree in which it burrowed, 
and when full-fed spun its pupal cocoon at the ‘‘ entrance” to the 
burrow. Moses Harris, who wrote just over a century ago, gives the 
following detailed account of the habits of the species, which is 
perhaps as lucid a description as any to be found in the works of 
that period: ; 

“The caterpillar feeds on the wood within the body of the willow 
tree ; also on oak. It is not full-fed until the third year after it 
comes from the egg. When ready for transformation they spin a 


] 


2 

strong web, within three or four inches of the entrance, wherein 
they change to a brown chrysalis. The case is composed of little 
bits of wood, which he bites off with his forceps : this he interweaves 
with his web. At the expiration of two months the moth appears. 
It must here be observed that when the moth leaves the chrysalis, 
the chrysalis appears half out of the tree ; being armed with strong 
spinules round every division of the tail part, it forces itself forward 
through the case, to the entrance to the hole, and is drawn further 
out before the moth can disengage itself.” 

This, I think, was the generally accepted history of the pupal 
methods of the species at that day, and so far as I can gather, no 
shadow of doubt appears to have been thrown upon this being its 
invariable habit until some sixty years later. 

Then, however, records began to be made in the entomological 
journals that appeared to throw some doubt upon the question. 
Larve were reported to have been found during the winter under 
bark (Zool.,” 1858), in some cases of trees on which they did not 
appear to have fed (‘ Zool.,” 1861, p. 7322), and there are many 
notes of them being dug up out of the earth (‘‘ Entom.,” xxxu, pp. 
17, 7s XXIX,:p. 194) xxv, p. 46 5\““Buckler's Warves,” 4,15! 60) or 
detected in the act of burrowing into it (‘‘ Entom.,” xxxil, p. 279). 
There are also numerous records, generally accompanied by expres- 
sions of surprise, of the pupa being found in the earth (‘‘ Entom.,” 
vi, p. 487 ; Xx, p. 274; XXl, p. 56), the empty shell protruding froma 
tennis court, the moth having just emerged (‘‘ Entom.,” xx, p. 231), 
and in ‘‘sand-cops” (‘f Entom.,” xxi, p. 110), which it is explained 
are low embankments used as a fence or boundary ; they are made 
of earth or sand, banked at the sides and top with grass or sods, and 
are often planted with dwarf willows (‘‘Entom.,” xxi, p. 156), and 
the method of finding the pupze was to feel along the top of the 
‘“cop” for a soft place, caused by the cocoon being just under the 
surface (“ Entom.” xxi, pp. 110, 155) ; and an instance is related of 
a dozen or more larvee being put into a small brick house in a 
garden, with willow chips for food, and the following June the empty 
pupa skins were found protruding from the mortar ov the outside 
(“ Entom.,” v, p. 456). 

Westwood (‘The British Moths aad their Transformations,” 
vol. i, p. 48) gives the following somewhat detailed account :—“ It 
forms a rough cocoon of the chips of wood which it has bitten to 
pieces, fastening them together with a glutinous secretion, and 
lining them with silk. The pupa has the head-case acute, and each 
of the abdominal segments is furnished with several rows of reflex 
spiny hooks, which are of great service in enabling the pupa, shortly 
before arriving at the perfect state, to push itself through its cocoon 
and to the surface of the tree.” 

Coming to the more recent authors, Newman (‘British Moths,” 
p. 18), also speaking of the larva, tells us that ‘“ before changing to 
a chrysalis it spins a very large tough cocoon, composed of silk mixed 


we) 


with fragments of gnawed wood.” He does not tell us where this 
cocoon is placed, but the fact of it being made of ‘ silk mixed with 
fragments of gnawed wood” evidently implies that it is within the 
tree. But in an editorial note published some ten years later 
(“‘ Entom.,” vi, p. 487) he says, ‘‘I have found this larva under- 
ground in a cocoon formed of silk and earth, without a particle of 
its home being made of sawdust.” W ilson (“The Larve of the 
British Lepidoptera,” p. 45) says, “Pupa: generally within the 
tree, but it has been found occasionally in a cocoon in the earth.” 
Barrett (‘‘The Lepidoptera of the British Islands,” vol. 11, p. 149) 
describes the method of pupation, thus :—‘“‘ Ina tough, oval cocoon 
of silk and raspings of wood or earthy particles, being usually the 
nybernaculum within which the full-grown larva has passed the 
winter, and which it does not voluntarily leave, though the pupa 
state is not assumed until June or July.” 

Meyrick (“‘ Handbook of British Lepidoptera,” p. 560) contents 
himself with the simple statement, ‘‘ Pupa subterranean ;” while Tutt’s 
(“The Common British Moths of England,” p. 339) account-—“ In 
the autumn, when full-fed, it enters the ground and spins a cocoon in 
which it winters ; this it leaves in the spring, spins another cocoon 
almost directly, in which it changes to a pupa, and emerges in about 
three or four weeks ”-—appears to be to the same effect. 

In reviewing these records in their chronological order one is 
brought face to face with the fact that whereas the earlier authors 
regarded the pupation as invariably taking place within the tree, and 
are at some pains to point out that the structure of the pupa is 
singularly well suited to such a situation, some of the most recent 
are equally assured that pupation takes place only in the earth. 

It is difficult to reconcile two methods so diametrically opposed 
to each other, and one is almost led to ask whether it is possible 
that the habits of the species have changed during the period men- 
tioned. I do not, however, think there is any evidence to support 
such an hypothesis, and Iam confirmed in this opinion by sundry 
cases that have come under my personal observation. 

One of my earliest experiences was with a badly, indeed very 
badly, infested willow tree that stood in what is now the Hilly Fields 
Recreation Ground at Lewisham. In the spring or early summer of 
a year now long passed, this tree was either felled or blown down, 
and the rotten trunk afforded a rich harvest of Cossws pup. ‘They 
were certainly in the wood of the tree, but whether in the tunnels in 
which the larve had fed or not Iam unable to say with certainty, 
but my impression is that they were not, as the portion containing 
them was very rotten, —in fact, a mass of touchwood, a condition that 
would be unsuitable for sustaining the life of the larve. 

During recent years I have frequently picked up straying larvee 
in autumn, and holed them ina poplar tree that grows in my garden 
by boring a deep hole with an auger, inserting the larva and plugging 
the entrance with a thin piece of cork. The first larva experimented 


4 


upon in this way was holed in a growing, sappy limb of the tree, 
and in the following spring was found dead and mouldy. I then 
tried holing them in the stump of a stout limb, the upper portion of 
which was sawn off some years ago, and which, although a part of 
the growing tree, is to all intents and purposes dead and sapless, 
and from each of these the moth has duly appeared in the following 
summer. My most recent experiment was with a larva brought to 
me last autumn. It had been found wandering across a pavement, 
and was slightly damaged about the anal segment. Instead of 
holing it in the tree, I placed it on the limb where there were several 
holes that had been previously tenanted by other larve. After 
crawling about for some little time it found one of these holes, at 
once commenced to squeeze itself in, and ultimately disappeared 
within the hole, evidently having found what appeared to be a suit- 
able place for pupation. * 

Then there are the pupz skins found last summer, and referred to 
at the commencement of these notes. The trees in which the larvee 
had fed grow in a flower border, about a couple of feet inside a low 
park paling that divides the said flower border from an asphalt path. 
The bottoms of the staves of which the paling is composed, pre- 
sumably having become rotten by their contact with the earth, a 
stout oak skirting has been placed along the bottom of the paling 
on its outer face, z. e. the side next the footpath and the furthest from 
the trees. Owing to the irregularity of the fence a space is left 
between it and the skirting, varying in width from about half an inch 
to perhaps a couple of inches, and some six inches deep. This space 
has in course of time become filled with rubbish of one sort and 
another that has been blown into it by the wind and fallen from the 
overhanging branches of the trees, etc. All the pupz skins found 
were protruding from this rubbish between the paling and the skirt- 
ing, or from rubbish similarly collected behind “spurs” that had 
been put in on the other side of the paling to support the posts, and 
in many cases I was able to trace a hole through the staves of the 
fence, just above the level of the flower-bed, by which the larva had 
made its way to the rubbish-filled space in which the cocoon was 
also found. 

In considering the evidence that we have before us we should, I 
think, not lose sight of the affinities of the species that we are dealing 
with. The older authors appeared to consider Cossws in some way 
allied to the Bombyces. Recent investigation shows, however, that 
it has nothing in common with that group, but is closely related to 
a group of the Tortrices, or one very closely allied to them. The 
point is very clearly worked out by Dr. Chapman, who tells us in a 
paper on “Some Neglected Points in the Pupee of Heterocerous Lepi- 
doptera.” (“ Proc. Ent. Soc.,” 1893, p.' 112), “In Cossus’ 1 ‘ean find 
no character at any stage to distinguish it from Tortrices. The pupa 


* Since writing the above I have had another opportunity for a like experi- 
ment with exactly similar result. 


3) 


may be taken as (very conveniently from its large size) showing the 
Tortrix character. ‘The larva, with its circles of hooks of alternate 
lengths on the prolegs, is of strictly Zortv7x pattern. The imago 
agrees with Zortrix in every detail, the venation is almost identical 
with that of C. pomonana,” etc. Pomonana here mentioned is a 
member of the genus Cavfocaspa, and it should not be surprising 
to find a species shown to be so closely allied, having similar habits 
to the members of that genus. The species of Carvpocaspa feed in 
various fruits, such as nuts, acorns, apples, etc., and are full-fed in 
the autumn, when they quit the fruit in which they have fed. So 
far as I am aware they do not really enter the earth, but spin up in 
any rubbish that they happen to meet with, or under loose bark or 
moss, where they remain until the spring before assuming the pupal 
stage. 

This appears to me to be just what such evidence as we have 
regarding Cossws points to. We should expect it to leave the mines 
in which it has fed in the autumn of the year in which it attains full 
growth. If the tree in which it has passed its earlier life provided 
suitable dry, soft, rotten wood for its hybernation and ultimate pupa- 
tion, the necessary conditions for shelter would be fulfilled. Experi- 
ment has shown us that the larvae pupate readily in sapless timber. 
Our forefathers knew that the larvae fed in trees ; they found pupz 
in trees, though possibly not in the burrows in which the larvae had 
fed, and therefore did not search for them elsewhere. Coming now 
to the evidence as to subterranean pupation, the general drift appears 
to me, where definite particulars are given, to show that the sites 
selected are in earth of a light fibrous nature. The centre of a 
tennis lawn may certainly suggest something of a more solid charac- 
ter, but we are given no notion of what the lawn was laid on, or 
whether the cocoon was formed any deeper than the roots of the 
turf. But in the case of the pupz found annually in the “sand- 
cops,” we are clearly told that the cocoons were detected by feeling 
along the top of the ‘‘cop,” with the fingers, for a soft place, showing 
that the cocoon was made in the turfy covering, and not in the harder 
soil beneath. Another case where larvae were found some 8 or 9 
inches below the surface of ‘soil that had been used for dahlias and 
sunflowers” is sufficiently suggestive of something akin to a loose 
rubbish heap; and the light, fibrous nature of the “arth” from 
which the pupz skins were found last summer has already been de- 
monstrated. 

The conclusion, therefore, that I arrive at is that Cossws is not a 
purely “internal” species like Zeuzera pyrina or Sesia sphegiformts, 
for instance, nor is it truly subterranean as some of the Sphingide, 
but that in its habits it more closely follows its near allies. ‘The 
larva, on leaving its food on becoming full-fed in the autumn, taking 
advantage of the first dry friable substance that comes in its way, 
enters it to make its final hybernaculum, in which it also pupates in 
the following spring. 


Report of the Oxshott Field Meeting held on May roth, 
1900. : 


By W. J. Lucas. Read on June 14th, 1900. 


CooL, ungenial easterly winds preceded the first field meeting of 
the Society for 1900; and, though the morning of May roth itself 
was bright, the wind was still keen in exposed situations. By the 
time, however, that the majority of the party reached Oxshott station 
it had fallen considerably, but its fall was accompanied by a practical 
disappearance of the bright sunshine of the morning. Of our party, 
twenty-four in all, a few made straight—at least, as straight as might 
be—for the Black Pond, the usual goal of a visitor to the Oxshott 
Woods, but a goal not always reached, as some of our party found 
out by experience. ‘The majority, however, made their way towards 
the covers, which extend in the direction of Claygate. 

Soon after passing the picturesque little group of silver birches at 
the foot of the sandy slope leading from the station, in a spot where 
birds are very numerous, and where the voice of the nightingale is 
usually to be heard at this season of the year, Mr. Turner discovered 
a nest of the whitethroat (Sv/vza rufa)—the only nest of any con- 
sequence, I believe, that was found during the day. 

Near this spot the Bagshot sand gives out, and the London clay 
comes to the surface, the change of soil being at once evidenced by 
the change in the vegetation. Firs, birches, and heather disappear, 
while oak, wild rose, and a herbaceous undergrowth take their place. 

In a copse on our left, which had recently been cleared of the 
underwood, a purple mist that lay on the ground, on closer attention 
and by the sense of smell was found to be a profusion of wild hyacinths 
in full blossom. On our right was a field in which cowslips grow in 
large numbers. In fact, through the covers and along the bridle- 
path that leads to Abrook Common wild flowers were plentiful, but 
the same cannot be said of the insects, of which scarcely one was 
seen. 

Those who formed the van of the party were somewhat dismayed 
at finding that the bridle-path they had been following so long ended 
abruptly in a large and muddy pond, whose slimy depths were 
hidden by a snowy carpet of white buttercups in full bloom. How- 
ever, by a flanking movement to the right the difficulty was circum- 
vented, and our party debouched on the level furze-clad expanse of 
Abrook Common. 

Once the common was crossed the clay was left behind, and with 
the Bagshot sand we entered the region of birch, fir, and heather, 
amongst which the lepidopterists found a little, though certainly very 
little, to occupy their attention, 


7 


To the Black Pond the distance was a short one, but yet some of 
our party, who had strayed from the rest, failed to find it ; and as the 
afternoon was wearing on, none were able to stay there any length of 
time, though the delicate green of the birches against the sombre 
tint of the firs makes a picture at this period of the year well worth 
the time occupied in examining it. 

Leaving the pond by the corner near the large ants’ nest, our path 
lay along a swampy hollow with a thick undergrowth of Spanish 
chestnut not yet in leaf, and tall tussocks of coarse grass. Here 
there is plenty to occupy the attention of the naturalist, but we were 
obliged to hurry on, stopping only to notice near the edge of a 
plantation on the right a very peculiar beech tree. ‘Two straight, 
almost parallel trunks spring up from one root, and some yards above 
the ground two large branches effectually reunite, forming a kind of 
Siamese twins arrangement—the best instance of the kind that I 
know, though I once saw a much stranger freak of the same kind 
at Ashley Park, near Walton, where a large bough of a hornbeam 
had grown right through an oak, and come out on the other side in 
two places, where it could be recognised by the leaves it bore. 

The swamp being left behind, the ground rose somewhat. We 
passed the large pits of yellow sand on our left, and approached the 
escarpment, from the edge of which we were able to look down on 
the little hollow in which stands Oxshott station, hidden, however, 
amongst the trees. Before descending most paused, no doubt to 
look around, if only to locate the spot where on the horizon in front 
can be seen distinctly the break in the hills, through which the Mole 
passes at Box Hill. 

But the inner man was protesting against any further halt, for at 
the foot of the slope could be seen the well-known cottage where 
Mrs. Meikle had tea awaiting us. But a trying ordeal had to be 
gone through before we might enjoy our well-earned rest. Mr. 
Clarke had one plate left—a photographic one, I mean,—and as 
the light was failing we had to obey his orders, and group ourselves 
in front of a hedge close by. Needless to say the photograph was a 
success, of which fact Mr. Clarke was kind enough to convince the 
party in a very practical manner. 

Tea over, it was time for those who intended to catch the earlier 
train to make for the station. A small number of the party, how- 
ever, elected to stay for the later train to do a little ‘ dusking.” 
The wind had dropped and the evening was pleasant, but very little 
was moving, and the ‘ bag,” small enough before, was not sensibly 
increased by the longer stay ; but the quiet stroll along the margin 
of the darkening fir-woods made a fitting ending to an enjoyable 
excursion. 

Now to turn our attention for a short time to the results of the 
meeting from the collector’s point of view. Mr. A. O. Rowden, who 
attended to the Flora, was able to compile a list of some fifty species 
found in blossom. There were five buttercups, Ranwnculus aquatilis, 


8 


R.flammula, R. acris, R. bulbosus, and R&R. ficaria ; and several cru- 
cifers—4arbarea vulgaris, Cardamine pratensis, Sisymbrium officinale, 
and Capsella bursa-pastoris. Viola palustris was found by the Black 
Pond, and V. caxima in the covers. The milkwort was out, Poly- 
gala vulgaris ; and, of course, chickweed, Sze//aria media, and stitch- 
wort, S. holostea. Three geraniums were noticed, G. molle, G. 
robertianum, and Erodium cicutarium. Next follow several of the 
Leguminosee—Gevzsta anglica (the petty whin), Ulex europaeus (the 
furze), Vicia sepium, V. angustifolia, and Lathyrus macrorrhizus. 
Of the Rosaceze were found /ragarta vesca (the strawberry), Pofen- 
tilla fragariastrum, the strawberry-leaved potentilla, which is often 
taken for the last, P. turmentilla, Pyrus aucuparia (the mountain 
ash), P. malus (the wild apple), and Cvrategus oxyacantha (the haw- 
thorn). But one umbellifer, Cherophyllum sylvestre, appears on the 
list ; and of composites there are but three—-Be//is perennis, Senecio 
vulgaris, and Taraxacum officinale. Next follow the ash, Arvaxinus 
excelstor ; the primrose, Primula vulgaris ; and two forget-me-nots, 
Myosotis arvensis and M, collina. Of veronicas there are three, V. 
arvensis, V. serpyllifolia, and V. chamedrys. We have three labiates, 
Lamium purpureum, Nepeta glechoma, and Ajuga reptans ; and the 
lousewort, Pedicularis sylvatica, which !\ooks like another. Of plants 
with inconspicuous flowers, Zuphorbia amyvgdaloides and Pinus syl- 
vestris were in flower, while Sadix repens was still in bloom amongst 
the heather. The list concludes with four endogens, Ovchis morio, 
Scilla nutans, Arum maculatum, and Lusula campestris. 

Of the Orthoptera, one specimen of the little grasshopper, Ze¢¢/x 
bipunctatus, was taken by myself, and a very young specimen of 
another species was captured by Mr. Ashdown. It had long antennz 
and a whitish stripe along the mid-dorsal surface, and must no doubt 
be referred to Platycle’s brachyptera, a short-winged species with long 
legs, which is found perfect on the heather about August. 

Neuroptera.—In the earlier part of the day Mr. Kemp did a 
considerable amount of dredging in the Black Pond, and was very 
successful amongst the nymphs of the dragon flies. His captures 
included a number of Lzbel/ula quadrimaculata and Cordulia enea, 
probably one Sympetrum scoticum, an A2%schna (perhaps grandis), 
three Anax imperator, one of which, a male, passed into my 
possession, and produced an imago on June 13th; a number of 
Pyrrhosoma nymphula, several of what, no doubt, are P. tenellum, 
some Lzallagma cyathigerum, and perhaps one or more Agrion 
puella. The Anax imperator were magnificent creatures, whose 
energy and courage accorded well with their name. Two struggled 
fiercely when taken, one of them even attempting to seize my finger 
with the forceps at the end of its mask. The third was of a 
beautiful green tint, and had evidently but just cast its skin. The 
only imagines observed amongst the dragonflies were two or three 
L. quadrimaculata, a nunber of EHxallagma cyathigerum, both Jf 
and ?, and one or two Pyzrhosoma nymphula, All taken were in 


9 


the teneral condition, shewing that they had not long emerged. 
A Libellula quadrimaculata was noticed in the very act of emerging, 
and when first observed was taking the “rest,” with head thrown 
back in the awkward position assumed by many dragonflies at 
that particular time. Three inconspicuous Perlidz were captured, 
Nemoura vartegata, NN. tnconspicua, and Leuctra nigra (?). The 
Planipennia were five in number—emerobius stigma (= limbatus), 
Hf. nitidulus, Stalts lutaria (the alder fly), Raphidia maculicollis, and 
Contopteryx aleyrodiformis. But two Trichoptera (caddis-flies) were 
taken, Giyphotelus pelluctdus and Limnophilus centralis ; and but 
one of the Ephemeridee (May-flies), Leptophlebia submarginata. 

Hymenoptera were not attended to, nor indeed were they much 
in evidence ; but at the large nest of the horse-ant (/vs mica rufa), at 
one corner of the Black Pond, a great number of winged specimens 
were noticed. 

There was need of a dipterist to identify the small flies (mos- 
quitoes, perhaps) which, by the painful stings they give, cause so 
much annoyance in the moister parts of the w oods, “especially if a 
halt is made where they abound. 

Amongst the Heteroptera Mr. Kemp reports Acanthosoma grisea ; 
and of the water-bugs, (Votonecta glauca, Ranatra linearts, Naucoris 
cinucoides, Plea minutissima, and two species of Corixa. 

Coleoptera were neither very numerous nor particularly good. 
The ladybird division was well represented, and judging by the 
number of aphides beaten from the firs they have plenty of good 
work to occupy their attention. The list is as follows :--Agadbus 
bistriatus (Black Pond), Zypheus vulgaris (dead), Notiophilus bigut- 
tatus, Anchomenus albipes, Mysia oblongoguttata, Anatis ocellata, 
Flalyzia 14-guttata, Hl. 18-guttata, H. conglobata, Coccinella hiero- 
glyphica, C. 7-punctata, C. 10-punctata, Adalia bipunctata, Micraspis 
16-punctata (var. 12-punctata), Chilocorus bipustulatus, Dolopius 
marginatus, Malachius bipustulatus, Anaspis maculata, A. geffroyt, 
Strophosomus coryli, S. lateralis, Grammoptera ruficornts, Rhynchites 
equatus, Phyllobius pyrt. 

We must not forget the Lepidoptera, though judging by the 
number of lists sent in we shall soon have to class it amongst the 

“neglected orders.” The list is as follows :—Butterflies : ” Pieris 
napt, Euchloé cardamines, Lycena argiolus (seen only), Syrichthus 
malve, Gonopteryx rhamnt (ova and very young larve). Geometers : 
Rumia luteolata; Selenia bilunaria; Tephrosia punctulata, and 
T. (probably éiundularia) found at rest on tree-trunks ; Zonosoma 
porata, Z. punctularia, two or three disturbed from undergrowth 
in the covers; 7. pendularia; Cabera pusaria, several in fine con- 
dition; C. exanthemaria; Macarta liturata; Ematurga atomaria, 
quite rarely seen on the heath; Bupalus piniaria, males just 
coming out; Lomaspilis marginata; LEupithecia nanata; Thera 
vartata ; and one Noctua, Panolis piniperda, at rest on a fir tree. 
Tinee: Adela viridella, Opostega crepusculella, and Swammer- 


10 


damia pyrella. A few larve were also reported, chiefly by Mr. 
F. M. B. Carr:—Zpunda viminalis, Orthosia lota, Chetmatobia 
brumata, C. boreata, Hypsipetes elutata, Pseudoterpna cytisaria (off 
broom), Diloba ceruleocephala, and Hypena proboscidalis. 

Judging simply by the number of Lepidoptera taken, the meeting 
can scarcely be looked upon as a success; workers in other orders 
were not so much affected by the easterly wind, and so fared some- 
what better. But, if I may be allowed to say so, the success of a 
field meeting must by no means be measured by the number of 
specimens secured. Do we attend here on Thursday evenings s¢mply 
for the sake of the paper we may hear, or the slides and specimens 
we may see? I submit that the friendly intercourse and exchange 
of experiences—nay, even the very sight of the faces of those inter- 
ested in similar pursuits to our own, are great factors in bringing us 
together. Such in a much greater degree must be true of field 
meetings. Led by some one who 1s acquainted with the neighbour- 
hood, they should be besides the means of opening up fresh country 
and new localities to many members; and even those who are no 
strangers to the Oxshott district can have taken no harm from 
inhaling the pine-scented breezes off the Bagshot sand. 


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Report of the Banstead Field Meeting, June 16th, I9goo. 
By RopertT ADKIN. Read June 28th. 


ONE of the objects with which field meetings are held, and perhaps 
not one of the least of them, is to introduce members to little-known 
districts with a view to the investigation of their fauna and flora. 
It was therefore thought that the country opened up by the recently 
constructed Chipstead Valley Railway would form a suitable locality 
for holding the third field meeting of the season. The particular 
district selected is situated wholly on the lower undulating chalk 
downs of Surrey, well wooded in parts, in others comparatively bare 
of any large vegetation. Andas the route that it was proposed to take 
consisted largely of byways and indifferently indicated footpaths, 
it was thought desirable that those attending the meeting should 
have some sort of a plan of the district, to which they might refer 
in case of missing the main party at any of the numerous turns 
of the road. ‘This was adequately supplied in the form of a well- 
executed map very kindly prepared by Mr. B. W. Adkin, in which 
the route to be taken was clearly traced, and the chief features of 
the adjacent country and roads and footpaths abutting on the route 
fully indicated. A copy was supplied to each of those present, and 
it is believed that it was found useful by many during the meeting 
and it is hoped that it may be none the less so should any of them 
again visit the locality with a view to further individual investigation 
of its resources. 

The party assembled at Cannon Street station (S.E.R.) to the 
number of twenty-two, and proceeded by the 3.20 train, in which 
accommodation had been reserved, to Chipstead station. It is 
feared that some two or three members may have suffered slight 
inconvenience, in that accommodation was not reserved for them, 
and that they were unable to avail themselves of the reduction in fare 
obtained by the others, and this is greatly to be regretted. As, 
however, these benefits could be obtained only by previous arrange- 
ment with the railway company for a party of a definite number, 
it was impossible to include those members who had _ not signified 
their intention of being present until their arrival at the station a few 
minutes before the departure of the train. 

On alighting from the train at Chipstead the party was joined by 
three other members, and a start was at once made by way of a 
footpath which crosses the line at the end of the platform, and leads 
between a small wood and the station approach to the road. Here 
“first blood was drawn,” one of the company securing a fine 
specimen of Hadena geniste from a post and rail fence on which 


12 


it was resting. On reaching the road, a few paces to the left brought 
us to the turning on our right that leads to Banstead village, which 
was to be our ultimate destination, and immediately we were beside 
an open down. 

An intermittentsunshine with a very light westerly breeze made ideal 
weather for our purposes, pleasant for walking, and yet bright enough 
to keep the butterflies on the wing; and, as might be expected, the 
“blues” were met with in goodly numbers, the species represented 
being Zycena tcarus, and L. medon, with a sprinkling of LZ. de/largus. 
One specimen of the first-named species secured by Mr. Kemp 
proved to be an interesting variety, a male having a bleached patch 
on one of its fore-wings, similar to the bleaching frequently met 
with in Lpinephele canira. But the length of the journey before us 
forbade our lingering on these delightful slopes among the rock-rose 
and wild thyme, then in full bloom, and, taking to the road once 
more, a park paling of some half-mile in length was reached, a 
casual search as we passed along producing, among other species, 
Dianthecia nana, Hadena dentina, and Anaitis plagiata. A guide- 
post bearing the direction ‘Footpath to Burgh Heath,” standing 
beside a gate in the fence, warned us that we had reached the point 
at which we were to leave the road, and take to the grass and wood- 
lands. Passing through the gate and ascending a gentle slope across 
a wide belt of delightfully soft turf, our attention was arrested by one 
of those curious phenomena commonly known as fairy rings, a very 
perfect example measuring about six feet across, and consisting of 
the champignon or fairy-ring mushroom (A/arasmius oreades), an 
edible species. A few minutes earlier we had passed a small group 
of the allied but acrid species, JZ. wrens. At the top of the slope 
Banstead Wood was entered, a comparatively small fenced-off portion 
of which is, however, available, the greater portion being enclosed 
in the park that surrounds the mansion. ‘The timber consists chiefly 
of beech, oak, and cherry, the last comprising some of the finest 
examples of the species to be found in the district. The under- 
growth is scanty, and of the usual mixed character. 

Leaving the wood, some meadows were crossed, in a couple of 
which large numbers of young pheasants were running about, and 
perching on hencoops in which they had recently been hatched. 
Then another wood with an old chalk pit and some waste ground 
adjoining was reached. Some little time was spent here, and a 
number of captures made. From this point the footpath bends some- 
what abruptly, and assumes the proportions of a well-kept country 
lane with low hedges on either side, and here and there a cottage or 
farmhouse ; and as such surroundings hardly suggested the probability 
of any great reward for time bestowed upon their iny estigation, we 
passed over this part of our route somewhat speedily until the sign- 
post bearing the inscription ‘‘ Footpath to Banstead Church” was 
reached. Unfortunately the time remaining at our disposal was 
getting short, and the tempting-looking woods which the footpath 


13 


skirts for nearly a mile had to be passed with little more than an 
occasional tap from the beating stick, or a moment’s halt to net a 
stray moth that had started up at our approach, such species as 
Lylophila prasinana, Melanippe montanata, Cabera pusaria, and so 
forth, being common enough. Our path now turned sharply to the 
left, round the further corner of the wood, some grass land being 
on our right, and here some of the commoner Cvamdéc were plentiful. 
Crossing a by-road, passing an old chalk pit on our left, now occu- 
pied by a cottage and some most odorous manure heaps, uphill 
through some corn-fields and down the other side, we arrived back 
again into the Banstead Road, which we had left some mile or so 
lower down when we took to the footpaths. Taking to the road 
again, we pushed on for the village, on our way falling in with our 
worthy treasurer and his wife, who, it seems, had been cycling 
around the neighbourhood in the hope of meeting the party at an 
earlier stage of its operations. Our numbers were thus increased 
to the respectable total of twenty-seven. The Victoria Hotel at 
Banstead was soon reached, and it is unnecessary to add that ample 
justice was done to the “tea” that there awaited us. 

The return to the station was made by the road, the delightful 
freshness of the early evening being most enjoyable, the only regret 
being that that terrible tyrant time—for trains on these newly-made 
lines do run to time—would not allow us to linger by the way to listen 
to the song of the birds, and capture the numerous insects that were 
just coming on evening flight. 

In conclusion, the thanks of the Society are due to the various 
members who have sent in notes of their captures and observations 
during the meeting, from which the following lists have been com- 
piled, and not the least to Mr. Step for the very full list of plants 
observed in flower. 

Brrps.—Song thrush (Zwrdus musicus), blackbird (Z: merula), 
house sparrow (Pusser domesticus), and cirl bunting (Lberiza cirlus), 
nests and eggs. Nightingale (Dawlias /uscinia) in full song on our 
return to Chipstead station. 

SPIDERS.—Liperra cucubitina, Ergatis benigna, Clubiona brevipes, 
Dolomedes mirabilis (mature 3, 2). 

INsEcts.—Hymenoptera: Cephus pygmeus. Coleoptera: /Votzo- 
philus biguttatus, Aleochara nitida, Sunius angustatus, Oxytelus 
inustus, Coccinella 11 punctata. Scymnus frontalis, Cychramus luteus, 
Byturus sambuct, Melanotus rufipes, Athous niger, A. hemorrhoidats, 
A. vittatus, Telephorus rusticus, T. testaceus v. timbatus, T. pallidus, 
Malthodes fibulatus, Malachius bipustulatus, Malachius viridis, 
Priobium castaneum, Clytus artetis, Grammopiera ruficornis, Crypto- 
cephalus hypocherides, Luperus flavipes, Bruchus cisti (on Helian- 
themum), Zenxebrio molitor, Cistela murina, Anthicus floralis, Gde- 
mera lurida, Barynotus obscurus, Strophosomus coryli, Polydrosus 
cervinus, Phyllobius oblongus (and others of the genus), Azthonomus 
pedicularius, Orchestes fagi, Ceuthorrhynchus aspertfoliarum, C. 


14 


guadridens, C. sulcicollis, Ceuthorrhynchidius troglodytes. Lepidop- 
tera: Pierts brassicae, P. napt, Euchloé cardamines, Cenonympha pam- 
philus, Polyommatus phleas, Lycena astrarche, L. wcarus, L. bellargus, 
Nisoniades tages, Smerinthus tilie, Erias chlorana, Hylophila prasi- 
nana, Spilosoma mendica, Hepialus lupulinus, Drepana falcataria, 
Phalera bucephala (S, 2 at rest on a fence), Déanthacia nana 
(conspersa), Hadena dentina, H. geniste, Tephrosia punctularia, 
Asthena candidata, Cabera pusaria, Bapta temerata, B. bimaculata 
(taminata), Lomaspilis marginata, Eupethecta oblongata (centau- 
reata), E. castigata, Melanippe rivata, M. montanata, M. fluctuata, 
Camptogramma bilineata, Anaitts plagiata, Scoparia dubtialis, Cram- 
bus pratellus, C. culmellus, C. chrysonuchellus, C. hortuellus, Pty- 
choloma lecheana,. Sciaphila subjectana, C. hybridana, Xanthosetia 
hamana, Gracilaria alchimiella. Also larvee of Gonopleryx rhamni, 
Vanessa urtice, Tentocampa incerta (instabilis), TL. gracilis (on 
Artemisia !), Calymnia trapesina, Phigalia pedaria ( ptlosaria), 
Amphidasys strataria ( prodromaria), Hybernia rupicapraria, Antso- 
pteryx escularia, Triphosa dubitata. Diptera: LHematopota 
pluvialis, Platystoma seminationis. Wemiptera: Podops itnunctus, 
Scolopostethus afjinis, Nabis ericetorum, Mirts levigatus, Calocorts 
striatellus, C. striatus, Lygus rubricatus, Cyllocorts histrionicus, C. 
Havonotatus, Psallus vartabilis, P. vartans, Philenus spumartus, P. 
exclamationis, Bythoscopus alni, Thamnotettix subfuscula. 

Piants.—feseda luteola, Helianthemum vulgare, Viola tricolor, 
Silene cucubalus, S. conica, Lychnis vespertina, L. diurna, Ononts 
spinosa, Lotus corniculatus, Prunus cerasus, Spirea filipendula, Rosa 
canina, Bryouta adtotca, Cornus sanguinea, Viburnum opulus, Specu- 
laria hybrida, Symphytum officinale, Myosotis sylvatica, Solanum 
nigrum, S. dulcamara, Veronica serpyllifolia, V. chamedrys, Rhinan- 
thus crista-gallt, Thymus serpyllum, Lamium galeobdolon, Juniperus 
communis, Orchis maculata, Taxus communts. 

With one exception these are all common species throughout this 
district. The exception is Svene conica, which I do not remember 
having seen recorded for Surrey. Hooker gives ‘‘ Kent, Norfolk, 
Suffolk, Haddington, Forfar, and Channel Islands” as its known 
areas, in which, however, it is merely local. It was not identified 
on the field, but an examination of my specimen at home left no 
doubt as to its identity ; the ampulliform calyx with its thirty raised 
dark green ribs on a whitish ground clearly distinguishing it, even 
apart from its other characters. It was found growing in a field 
chiefly of Z7ifolium incarnatum adjoining a fallow. 

A remarkable specimen of Rosa canina was noted in the grounds 
of the Victoria Hotel, Banstead, it having climbed almost to the 
topmost branches of a Scotch fir. 


15 


Report of the Field Meeting held at Horsley on 
July 7th, 1900. 


By E. B. BisHop. Read September 13th. 


About twenty members and friends took part in this excursion, 
which turned out to be an enjoyable one in spite of an east wind 
and its corollary of empty boxes. 

On arriving at the “ Duke of Wellington,” at East Horsley, half 
the party decided to work the Sheep Leas for Cupido minima, etc., 
whilst the remainder preferred to explore the chalk-pit, and stroll 
along the lane as far as Falcon Bridge. 

The Sheep Leas party, undeterred by sinister rumours as to the 
relentless vigilance of keepers in that favourite entomological haunt, 
trespassed recklessly in all directions and thoroughly enjoyed them- 
selves, but specimens of Cupido minima (as indeed of almost every- 
thing else) were few and far between. However, the bee orchis 
(Ophrys apifera) was found freely, whilst among Lepidoptera the 
species most worthy of note was Asthena /uteata, which occurred 
sparingly. In one warm, sheltered corner, common butterflies, such 
as Lpinephele tanira, Polyommatus icarus, etc., positively swarmed, 
in striking contrast to the prevailing scarcity elsewhere. 

The other party were successful in securing several species of 
Mollusca, and noticed many of the characteristic and interesting 
plants peculiar to the chalk, some of which are enumerated later on. 
Amongst Lepidoptera they also found a few Asthena Juteata, one 
specimen of AZle/anippe procellata, and some “ plumes.” 

The two parties met near Falcon Bridge, and strolled back to a 
capital tea at the “ Duke of Wellington,” returning home by the 
9.13 p.m. train from Horsley. 

The detailed list of insects, plants, Mollusca, etc., observed is as 
follows : 


LEPIDOPTERA. 


Epinephele hyperanthus (a few just out), Cupido minima (a few), 
Metrocampa margaritaria, Zonosoma linearia, Cabera pusaria, Cory- 
cia bimaculata (taminata), Asthena luteata (about a dozen in all), 
Acitdalia aversata, Melanippe procellata (one only), Scoparta dubita- 
lis, Crambus pascuellus, C. perlellus, C. pratellus, C. hortuellus, 
Oxvptilus parvidactylus, Aciptilia baliodactylus, Eupaecilia dubitana, 
Luchromtia purpurana, etc. 

The larvae of Depressaria heracleana were common on flowers and 
seeds of chervil, and the larve of Botys urticalis were unusually 
abundant on neitle. 


16 


COLEOPTERA. 


Amara similata, Dromius linearis, Halyzia 22-punclata, Micraspis 
12-punctata, Meligethes rufipes, Athous niger, A. longicollis, Agriotes 
pallidulus, Rhagonycha fuscicornis, R. fulva, R. linbata, Malthinus 
punctatus, Malthodes minimus, Matlachius bipustulatus, Dasytes 
werosis, Anobium fulvicorne, Leptura livida, Grammoptera rufi- 
cornis, Bruchus lutetcornis, B. lott, Clythra quadripunctata, 
Cryptocephalus moret, Chrysomela staphylea, C. polita, C. ort- 
chalcia, C. hyperict, Luperus riufipes, Crepidodera ferruginea, C. 
rufipes, Lagria hirta, Cédemera lurida, Rhynchites equatus, R. 
minutus, Apion violaceum, Otiorrhynchus picipes, O. sulcatus, Scta- 
philus muricatus, Polydrusus cervinus, Phyllobius viridieris, Sttones 
suturalis, S. lineatus, Orchestes alni (and var. ferrugineus), Micco- 
trogus picirostris, Mecinus pyraster, Anthonomus pedicularius, Cionus 
hortulanus, Ceuthorrhyachus pollinarius, Magdalis armigera. 


HEMIPTERA. 


Lusarcocorts melanocephalus (about six specimens), Axthocorts svlves- 
tris, Leptopterna dolobrata, Calocoris fulvomaculatus, C. bipunctatus, 
Oncognathus binotatus, Lygus pratensis, Rhopalotomus ater, Cyllocoris 
histrionicus, Fleterocordylus tibialis, Psallus varians, Cixius pilosus, 
C. nervosus, Aphrophora alni ; and Mr. Kemp took a specimen of 
Ranatra linearis at Ockham Common. 

Mr. Lucas took at Falcon Bridge a large Trichopteron, and also 
some large AZyriapoda of genus Lithobius, ‘apparently of two species. 

the shells, found chiefly near Falcon Bridge by Mr. Lucas and 
Mr. Adkin, junior, were several species of Zonztes, including appa- 
rently Z. cellurius, Z. glaber, Z. nitidulus, Z. crystallinus, and perhaps 
Z. alliarius, Helix pomatia, HT. aspersa, Hl. hortensis, Hf. cantiana, 
HT. rufescers, Hl. hispida (probably), 77. caperata, H. rotundata, 
together with var. alba, Bulimus obscurus, Claustlia rugosa, C. rol- 
phit, C. laminata, Cochliccpa lubrica, and Cyclostoma elegans. In 
some cases dead specimens only were found. 

Flowers in blossom were numerous, and many were interesting ; 
among the latter may be noted OfArys apifera (the bee orchis), perhaps 
the most striking of the orchids that can be said to be common; Lést¢era 
ovata (tw ayblade) ; Reseda lutea (wild mignonette), scentless, unfor- 
tunately, in a chalk-pit and elsewhere ; Gadlium cruciatum (crosswort 
bedstraw), in chalk-pit ; Valeriana officinalis (great valerian) ; Me/am- 
pyrum pratense (yellow cow-wheat) ; Helianthemum vulgare (common 
rock-rose), one of the richest tinted of our many yellow flowers ; A7- 
thyllis vulreraria (kidney vetch), of which the downy calyces form 
so striking a feature; Campanula trachelium (nettle-leaved bell- 
flower), not yet fully out ; and C. g/omerata (clustered bell-flower). 
Some of the party said this was a gentian, but it appears as a Cam- 
panula in the London Catalogue, 9th edition, 1895. 


17 


Report of the Paul’s Cray Common Field Meeting, 
September 22nd, 1900. 


By Ropert ADKIN, F.E.S. Read September 27th, 1900. 


If a fine autumn day be an essential to a successful field meeting 
we were certainly favoured on Saturday last, September 22nd, when 
the members met for the fourth outing of the season. A party of 
about twenty assembled at Cannon Street station shortly after two 
o’clock, and took train at 2.30 to Chislehurst, and were ultimately 
joined by others, bringing the total attendance to twenty-four, a very 
respectable number for so late in the season. 

Taking the main road from the station, and passing under the 
archway at the top of the hill, the party soon arrived on Chislehurst 
Common, a pleasant enough looking piece of well-wooded land, that 
at one time was worthy the attention of the naturalist, but now, un- 
fortunately, much overrun. It was therefore thought well not to 
loiter here, so taking the St. Mary Cray and Orpington road past 
the “‘ Bull’s Head,” we pushed on to Paul’s Cray Common, reached in 
something under a mile and a half from the railway station. ‘The 
feature of this common, a feature for which it 1s justly renowned, is 
its wealth of birch trees ; they grow all over it, and are of all sizes, 
from mere saplings to fine stately trees, their slender branches waving 
in the autumn breeze; and the ground beneath them is carpeted 
with heather (Cad/una vulgaris) and bracken (Preris aguilina), whose 
varied tints at this time of the year add greatly to the beauty of the 
scene. No wonder so picturesque a locality should attract numerous 
picnic parties, as we found was the case on the occasion of our visit ; 
but, fortunately, one of the necessary adjuncts to these a/ fresco 
entertainments, hot water for the brewing of the indispensable tea, 
is obtainable only at one small cottage on the far side of the common, 
and there of necessity such parties congregate, leaving the greater 
part of the common available for those more interested in the lesser 
objects of nature to wander unmolested at their own sweet will, even 
on a fine Saturday afternoon ; how much more so on those occasions 
which, though less attractive to the general public, are perhaps more 
profitable for the collection of insects! For it is to this spot that 
the Londoner journeys on a mild evening in the early part of Novem- 
ber to obtain his series of Chematobia boreata ; and if he be fortunate 
in hitting upon a favourable night he should have no difficulty in 
completing not only his own series of the species, but those of all 
his friends into the bargain, by searching the birch trees with a lan- 
tern, and will doubtless meet with many other late species while 
so engaged. Earlier in the year M/acaria notata may be taken from 
the same trees, while they and the heather beneath them are attrac- 


2 


18 


tive to many dusk and night-flying species. But the promise that 
we were also to explore Pett’s Wood, or, at any rate, so much of it 
as is open, forbade us to linger, so taking a footpath on the right 
hand that crosses the common diagonally, we were soon at the 
entrance to the wood. ‘The wood is strictly preserved, but a broad 
footpath, a public right-of-way to Orpington, leads through it. This 
is bordered on either side by well-grown trees, chiefly oak, whose 
trunks bore evident signs of recent “sugar,” and at intervals by a 
mixed underwood, which becomes more dense towards the railway, 
which the path crosses by a level crossing about half a mile from its 
commencement. Just beyond the railway the path runs through an 
alder swamp, which is intersected by a small stream. Here honey- 
suckle was still in full blossom, and besides the alder there is a con- 
siderable growth of dogwood (Cornus sanguinea), spindle (uonymus 
europaus), maple (Acer campestre), and so forth ; while patches of wild 
mint (Mentha aguatica) were blooming in the more open spaces near 
the stream. Beyond this the path enters the fruit fields; it was 
therefore thought well that from this point we should retrace our 
steps. A return was accordingly made to the common, “ beating ” 
being indulged in by the way, but it is to be feared only in a half- 
hearted manner, the beauties of the scene having apparently more 
attraction for the members than any serious attempt at collecting. 
It was, however, evident, from the little work that was done, that 
larve were fairly numerous, such species as Lophopteryx camelina, 
Pygeara pigra (rveclusa), Acronycta aceris, Hylophila prasinana, Cabera 
exanthemaria, and a species of Caradrina being among those noted. 

On returning to the common, it being still daylight, the members 
set themselves to its further exploration, and thus filled up the inter- 
val until it was time to adjourn to the ‘“ Bull’s Head” to tea; to 
which having given their earnest attention, they made the best of 
their way home, except two, more arduous workers than the others, 
who returned to the wood to reap the harvest from the “sugar” that 
they had put on earlier in the evening. 

The following is a list of species noted during the meeting : 

COoLEOPTERA.—WVotiophilus biguttatus, Leistus spinibarbis, Chilo- 
chorus bipustulatus, Crepidodera helxines, Cassida viridis, Stropho- 
Somus corylt, 

LEPIDOPTERA.— Asphalia diluta, Hydrecia nictitans, Agrotis saucia, 
Anchocelis pistacina, A. lunosa, A. litura, Xanthia fulvago (cerago), 
X. flavago (silago), X. circellaris ( ferruginea), Hadena protea, Hypena 
proboscidalis, Pterophorus monodactylus, Alucita hexadactyla ( poly- 
dactyla). Also larve of Hylophila prastnana, Drepana lacertinaria, 
D. falcataria, Lophopteryx camelina, Phalera bucephala, Pygera 
pigra (reclusa), Acronycta psi, A. leporina, A. aceris, Mamestra per- 
sicarieé, Hadena pisi, Amphidasys betularia, Geometra papilionaria, 
Zonosoma linearia (trilinearia), Cabera pusaria, C. exanthemaria. 


Report of the Cryptogamic Field Meeting at Oxshott on 
Saturday, October 20th, 1900. 


By Mr. STANLEY EpDwarps. ead October 25th, 1900. 


When the preliminary arrangements for the Field Meetings were 
made, it was intended that the meeting at Paul’s Cray Common 
on September 22nd should be largely devoted to Fungi, but 
owing to the exceeding dryness of the weather just preceding that 
date it was thought that the chances of success in this branch 
would be remote, and that portion of the programme was accord- 
ingly abandoned, the energy of the members present being devoted 
chiefly to the collection of larve instead. It was then decided that 
a special fungus gathering should be held at a later date, and the 
somewhat “‘ softer” weather of the early days of October appeared 
to suggest that the time was arriving when such a meeting might be 
held with good chances of success. Saturday, October 20th, was 
accordingly fixed, the scene of action being Oxshott, and the re- 
sults obtained—no less than seventy distinct species being collected— 
appear to fully justify the alteration, 

lhe journey from town was made by the 2.22 train from Water- 
loo to Oxshott station, whence a party of fourteen set out, shortly 
after 3 o’clock, through the pine wood by the direct route for the 
“Black Pond.” Fortunately the afternoon was bright, and the 
daylight held while an investigation of the productive banks in 
the neighbourhood of the ‘‘ Black Pond” was being made; but 
long before the return journey was completed the “hunt” was 
brought to a close by the advent of darkness, or doubtless many 
other species might have been added. The party having partaken 
of tea at the cottage, and filled ina spare half-hour by a stroll to 
Oxshott village and back, returned to town by the 7.44 train, all 
having thoroughly enjoyed a most interesting, and so far as weather 
was concerned perfect, autumn afternoon. The Society is indebted 
to Dr. M. C. Cooke for the verification and in several instances the 
identification of the species mentioned in the following list; some 
few of which, it may be noted, are somewhat rare and local in their 
occurrence : 

Amanita phalloides, A. rubescens, A. spissus, A. muscarius, Leptota 
granulosus, Tricholoma columbetta, T. imbricatus, T. rutilans, Clito- 
cybe laccatus, C. tuba, C. ditopa, Collybia radicatus, C. butyracea, C. 
maculata, C. tuberosa, Mycena galericulata, M. galericulata (var. 
calopus), E-ntoloma sericella, E. sericea, L:. ntdorosa, Hypholoma sub- 
lateritia, H. fascicularis, Hebeloma crustulintformis, Stropharta sub- 
globosa, Psilocybe ericwa, Cortinarius cinnamomeus, C. caninus, C. 
elatior, C. paleaceus, Paxillus involutus, P. atrotomentosus, Maras- 
mius peronatus, Lactarius turpis, L. quietus, L. pallidus, L. subdulets, 


20 


L. rufus, L. glyciosmus, Russula nigricans, R. granulosa, R. ochro- 
leuca, R. fellea, R. fragilis, R. queletit, R. alutacea, Cantharellus 
clbarius, C. aurantiacus, Boletus badius, B. sulphureus, B. elegans, B. 
flavus, B. bovinus, B. scaber, Polyporus schweinitzit, P. annosus, Poly- 
stictus perennis, P. versicolor, Dedalea quercina, Thelephora laciniata, 
Stereum hirsutum, S. spadiceum, Sparassts crispa, Lycoperdon perla- 
tum, Scleroderma vulgare, S. verrucosum, Dacrymyces deliquescens, 
Rhytisma acerina, Sepedonium chrysospermum, Galera hypnorum, 
Naucoria sobrinus, Hypholoma appendiculata. 


21 


Desultory Days at Dawlish. 
By H. J. Turner, F.E.S. ead November 22nd, 1900. 


SOME years ago, when going down to Penzance, I made a mental 
note that I would at a future time visit that beautiful portion of 
Devonshire where the Great Western Railway is the boundary line 
between land and sea. Brunel, the great engineer, said that he 
would make one of the most beautiful rides in England, and certainly 
that portion of the railway from Starcross through Dawlish and 
Teignmouth to Newton Abbot, running along the shores of the rivers 
Exe and Teign and the sea, is a lovely ride, particularly in the early 
morning. Of these places Dawlish seemed the most attractive. It 
was secluded, there was an absence of the Ramsgate or Brighton 
element, there were elevated coigns of vantage, there was the sea 
with beach and sand, but without the niggers and such like pests, 
and above all, to an entomologist, there was the chance of per 
sonally becoming acquainted with a brilliant rarity, viz. Cadlimorpha 
hera. 

This paper is styled ‘‘ Desultory Days,” and certainly, although 
I always carried an old net about with me, only on one day did I 
devote my whole time to collecting, and on that occasion I took 
no less than nineteen “Tigers.” The only species which I worked 
at continuously was Bryophila muralis, and that was only in the 
early morning, from 5.30 a.m. to about 7. No night work was 
attempted, although, from what my friend Mr. Jager has told, such 
collecting, if persevered in in that neighbourhood, is very productive. 
The number of insects collected was less than four hundred, of which 
the two species mentioned contributed more than half. I do not 
think I took a single specimen at more than a mile from the sea, and 
not more than four miles along the Starcross side of Dawlish, and 
two miles along the Teignmouth side. 

The most attractive spots for collecting are the lovely lanes, long, 
deep, with wide banks and hedges, most varied in vegetation, and 
teeming with insect life. Then there is the Ladies’ Walk, an elevated 
green ride above the cliffs of about a mile long, leading to the 
Warren, the sandy spit of land quite another mile in length, and half 
a mile broad, lying across the mouth of the Exe towards Exmouth 
and where a very different class of collecting is afforded. Then there 
are the beautiful woods about Cofton, where Rev. A. Benthall, 
who has given us many notes on C. Hera, lives; and still further 
towards Starcross are the low, marshy meadows, no doubt productive 
of an extensive and peculiar insect fauna. In the other direction 
towards Teignmouth I only went once, exploring a few lanes and 
meadows, and finally going down the lovely gorge known as 


22 


Smugglers’ Lane, on to the footpath which runs between the rail 
and sea for a mile and a half to Teignmouth. 

Trips inland I did not take, although I believe there are extensive 
areas of open land, woods, etc., which are good collecting grounds, 
such as Haldon. Anyone staying at Dawlish is within easy reach 
of various well-known and interesting places. Exmouth and Exeter 
are readily visited. One can make day trips to Torquay, Dartmouth, 
Totnes, and the trip down the Dart at high water is an outing 
which should undoubtedly not be omitted. Even a portion of 
Dartmoor may be included in the explorations of an active ento- 
mologist. 

NYMPHALID&. 


Dryas paphia, one or two worn specimens. 

Argynnis aglaia ; I caught a momentary glance of one example. 

Vanessa to, Pyramets cardut, and Pyramets atalanta were fairly 
common in one place at valerian bloom on walls bordering gardens, 
and almost out of reach of the net. 

Aglais urtice fairly common. Numerous pupze were found on 
walls in the town, and along the footpath on the railway-containing 
wall towards Teignmouth a considerable number of pupz were 
taken hanging on the rough weather-beaten dark granite blocks. 
The larvze fed on the railway bank or cliffs crawled across the railway, 
up the dividing wall on to the sea face bordering the path, and 
pupated in the full glare of the sun. None of those, however, 
produced imagines, although several were alive when taken. Some 
were tenanted by Chalcids. 

Eugonia polychloros ; one seen sitting on a post with P. atalanta 
two inches above it, both flapping their wings, and well protected 
by a projecting bolt and adjoining barbed wire. However, £. 
polychloros entered an uninjured net. 


SATYRID&. 


Pararge megera; a few seen, no doubt members of a second 
brood. 

Epinephele taniva was also noted, but very worn. 

Cenonympha pamphilus must, I think, be more or less continuous 
brooded ; it was in some number. 

Pararge egeria ; one was noted, also no doubt of a second brood. 


LYCANID. 


Chrysophanus phleas was worn. 

Polyommatus tcarus was fairly common, and P. astrarche. 

Cyaniris argiolus was everywhere most abundant. I scarcely 
went out without seeing numbers. Most were females, and all were 
much worn. Wherever there was ivy—and ivy occurred in every 
lane—at intervals there was C. argtolus. 

Zephyrus querciis was also in numbers, but, of course, worn, 


23 


HESPERID-. 


Thymelicus thaumas (linea), the only member of the family seen. 


PIERIDA. 


Pieris brassice and P. rape were seen, the former not infrequent 
in fields flying with Co/zas edusa. 

P. napi; one exceedingly small example was taken. 

Coltas edusa was abundant, and the females in very good con- 
dition. The var, edice was also common. Only two fell to my lot, 
but Mr. Jager took four, Mr. Edwards of Worcester four, and I 
heard of several others being taken. 

Colias hyale was completely absent, nor have I heard of any 
being seen in that part of Devonshire. 


SPHINGID&. 


Sphinx ligustri in the larval stage and a few imagines of Macro- 
glossa stellatarum were the only members of the family noted. 

I have since wondered if Detlephila euphorbie ever occurs on the 
sand-hills. The food-plant is there in abundance. 


ANTHROCERID. 


Anthrocera filipendule was very nearly over on the Ladies’ Walk. 
Another Axzthrocera was said to be found in the marshes, which it 
was suggested might be A. ¢rifolit-palustris, but neither Mr. ‘Jager 
nor myself came across it. 


LITHOSIIDA. 


Lithosia lurtdiola, L. griseola, and the rare ZL. caniola; one 
specimen of each. The last, Z. canéo/a, was not recognised until 
after I reached home, or—well, there might have been more. 


EUCHELIIDA. 


Euchelia jacobee ; a few late larvee were seen, and traces of others 
in many places. 

Callimorpha hera ; this, as all know, is the species of the district. 
Where is it found? Everywhere! Do not be surprised if it turns 
up in any place, whether likely or unlikely. My son saw the first 
C. hera. His remark was, ‘‘There’s a foreign insect,” so unlike 
anything usually seen in this country is it. It was flying from bush 
to bush above a wall. Of course, my net was not put up. How- 
ever, it waited for me, and my first capture I recognised as the 
terra-cotta or intermediate form. The spot is marked in one of the 
pictures I am passing round, and you will see it is right in the town. 
From that spot I afterwards took four more specimens ; that is a cha- 
racteristic of it. Wherever one has been taken, there others are 
sure to occur on subsequent days, and Mr. Jager tells me in sub- 


24 


sequent years even. Energetic beating is not necessary; they fly 
from their cover at the slightest rustle, and will flit along about 
twenty yards, when they can be marked down, disturbed gently, and 
captured. If you rush after them at first, you will startle and then 
lose them, for they can fly both fast and furious. They are par- 
ticularly fond of ivy, holly, evergreen oak, and any bushes over- 
hanging a wall. The dusty road-sides will be sure to produce them ; 
the sunny sides of the lanes are the best ; one I captured was at rest 
ona wall. In eight days I had secured forty specimens, a number 
far beyond my expectations. Another entomologist, Mr. Edwards, 
of Worcester, also took forty, so that the insect certainly is by no 
means rare, and is well holding its own in spite of being worked 
year after year. In those I captured, 50 per cent. were of the red 
typical form, about 25 per cent. of the yellow var. /wéescens, and the 
rest intermediate. In fact, the variation in colour showed an almost 
complete gradation from bright rich red to intense yellow. My 
specimens are, I believe, all females, and a few were not in the best 
condition, but produced a number of ova, some of which I handed 
to Mr. Montgomery, keeping a few for myself. No doubt I was a 
little late for the species, or I should have met with males. 


LACHNID& (BOMBYCID£). 


Lasiocampa querciis ; one female was taken at rest, and a few eggs 
were obtained, but were infertile. 


DREPANULID&. 


Cilix glaucata ; this snowy gem was common in the blackthorn 
on the verge of the cliff, and readily fell to the ground at the stroke 
of the beating stick. 


BRYOPHILID. 


Bryophila perla ; only one worn specimen seen. 

B. muralis (glanatfera).—This species I should say occurs in 
thousands in the neighbourhood, for no wall that I examined but 
contained abundant traces of its ravages. But on not one other wall 
than that pointed out in the photographs did I find even a single 
specimen. ‘This wall was about 100 yards long, and very high. 
The south side was a garden wall, with, I believe, a large greenhouse 
backing on to it. The north side was somewhat shaded and pro- 
tected from all sun after about 6.30 a.m. Fortunately it was situated 
some two minutes’ walk from where I was lodging, so that soon after 
five o’clock in the morning I was at work on it. Most of the imagines 
were difficult to see, only the dark green and the brightest yellow 
forms were conspicuous. ‘They were found from an inch above the 
gutter to high above one’s head, and it was necessary to search each 
stone carefully from various points of view. One morning I be- 
thought myself of looking for the pups, and around one stone I 
found several. This set me next morning to a thorough search, and 


25 


along about one third of the wall I secured no less than sixty. The 
next morning I elected to get sixty more, and I did soeasily. They, 
too, occurred at all heights above the ground line. I believe that with 
a really thorough search, and the aid of a ladder for the upper regions, 
I could have got 500. They are delicate pup, and want gentle 
handling. They lie at all angles, with the wall often placed end- 
ways, in the defective joints of the stones. They are enclosed in a 
tough cocoon spun in the hollowed-out bunches of moss, which 
grows on the wall in abundance, and which has become the colour 
of the stone by the accumulation of dust. ‘To this cocoon there is 
invariably an antechamber containing more or less frass, and which 
is often open to the ingress of beetles, although the orifice is very 
small and difficult to notice. In several I noticed a small Lembidium 
(I believe), but in no instance did I find that the tough inner cocoon 
had been assailed successfully to destroy the pupa. I presume that the 
larvze fed on the moss as well as the lichen, for I found numerous single 
chambers in the moss untenanted by pupz, not even containing frass. 
There were also a very large number of small pockets in the lichen, 
all open and untenanted, evidently the resorts of the larva when 
young. Does the larve feed on the moss as well as the lichen, or 
are the single chambers only day hiding-places for the larger larvee, 
as the patches of lichen would not be sufficient cover for any but the 
small larvee ? 

With regard to the variation in the imagines, I feel quite incom- 
petent to deal. Speaking generally, the whole of those taken and 
exhibited, some 160 in number, are very dark. There is not a 
typical specimen among them. In nearly all of them the black 
markings are much intensified and increased in number, and one or 
two examples are extremely suffused with black. ‘There are a con- 
siderable number of a very rich dark green suffusion, while a large pro- 
portion are of a very deep yellow or olive colour with black markings. 
Only a very few show any trace of the delicate dove-colour which 
characterises so many of the more eastern forms of the south of 
England. The dwarf specimens all emerged late in September or 
in early October, and I suggest that the larve of those were feeding 
during the excessively dry and hot spell which occurred in the 
summer, and the imagines in consequence suffered. It will be 
noticed that these small ones are all characterised by a greater 
amount of black covered area. I had almost forgotten to mention 
that not a single pupa was tenanted by an ichneumon. 


LEUCANIIDA. 


Leucania albipuncta, L. vitillina, and L. putrescens are notable 
inhabitants of the district, but none fell to my share, nor were they 
looked for. In fact, my list contains notes on very few Noctuz, as 
the group was not collected even in a desultory fashion. No doubt 
at some future holiday I shall specially attempt this group, and, 


26 


given favourable weather, I do not doubt a very successful bag may 
be obtained. 

Nonagria typhe.—\ am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Jager for 
the opportunity for the first time of making acquaintance with the 
pupee of this species. It was ina very secluded spot on private ground 
that Mr. Jager took me, and in about half an hour I had cut out no 
less than twenty-eight pupze in an area not more than three yards 
square. ‘The bulrushes were very large ; indeed, to take the rushes, as 
some collectors suggest, would have been a big task. With constant 
care, and painting the pupeze with water, etc., I succeeded in getting out 
twelve perfect imagines, and about ten others which either damaged 
themselves or were cripples. I rather closely examined the re- 
maining pup the other day to look for a frontal process, such 
as Dr. Chapman described to us a short time ago in the case of the 
Processionary Moth (Cxethocampa pityocampa). Finding a strong 
double, short frontal spine, I submitted them to him, and he writes 
to this effect : 

These processes are found more or less in all the Nonagrias. 
Guenée years ago called attention to these structures, but he (Dr. 
Chapman) does not think that they have hitherto been pointed out 
to British entomologists. More recently an article on the same 
subject. with numerous rather poor figures, appeared in the “ Ziet- 
schrift.” The apparatus in the present species consists of a double, 
short frontal spine, abviously of use for forcing the prepared window 
of plant epidermis with which the larva supplies the puparium. It 
is somewhat notable that a structure which occurs so commonly in 
the pupz of the Incomplete should here occur in the imago of one 
of the Obtectz. 

APAMEID&. 


Miana bicoloria was as usual near the coast in absolute abundance 
on every slope facing the sea, just at dusk, but not so apparent 
by day. 

CARADRINID&. 


Caradrina ambigua; the district produces this species, and I 
have no doubt one’s series could be made here. 


NOCTUID. 


Agrotis ripe ; the larve of this species were common when 
searched for under the Chenopodium plants, which were scattered 
over those portions of the sand-hills out of reach of the highest tides. 
The text-books give hound’s-tongue as the only food-plant, but my 
larvee feed readily on the Chenopodium, and there was certainly no 
hound’s-tongue on the Warren. ‘These larve are easily found. By 
turning over the sand under and around the plants to the depth of 
two or three inches, the green caterpillars, rolled in a ring, are ex- 
posed. Ina short time I had found three dozen. They are 
arrant cannibals, and will feed readily on. each other, especially 


27 


when away from their native food. After reaching home I fed 
them on carrots cut into slices. They invariably buried them- 
selves in the sand by day, coming up at night to feed, often under 
the pieces of carrot, and feeding on the under sides. After feed- 
ing on carrot they lost their green colour, and took on a vitreous, 
shiny appearance somewhat transparent, for the colour of the par- 
ticles of carrot in their alimentary canal was very apparent. But 
they became more and more lethargic as they grew and fattened, 
until I thought it was time to turn them out into the garden to 
hybernate. ‘There they are now in deep flower-pots and buried in 
sand. Occasionally they have had portion of carrot supplied them, 
but they do not seem to have eatenit. A few were ichneumoned, 
but the resultant grubs died after breaking out from the larve and 
spinning a considerable amount of silk in a pad on the top of the 
sand. Whether luck will attend the fuil development of these diffi- 
cult insects to breed I do not know. 


HADENID. 


Eremobia ochroleuca; 1 was too late for this beautiful species, 
which occurs somewhat freely on scabious heads along the Ladies’ 
Walk. 

Phlogophora meticulosa ; a green moitled larva feeding on ground 
ivy later on produced a somewhat small specimen of this species. 


PLUSIID-. 


fabrostola tripartita (urtice) ; a specimen came in the house. 
Plusia gamma ; fairly common. 


CosMID&. 
Calymnia trapezina ; a very ordinary form. 


GEOMETERS. UROPTERYGID&. 
Uropteryx sambucaria ; occasional specimens noted. 


ENNOMID&. 
Crocallis elinguarta ; a form with a very pale band. 


BOARMIID. 


Gnophos obscuraria ; common but worn. The form taken here is 
peculiar in being brown and almost uniform in coloration, instead of 
black or white. 


EPHYRID. 
Zonosoma porata and Z. punctaria ; both these species were seen. 


ACIDALIIDA. 


Acidalia marginepunctata ; one specimen only taken. 
A, emarginata ; also a single example. 


28 


FIDONIDA. 


LEmaturga atomaria ; fairly common, worn. 
Aspilates ochrearia (citraria) ; very common, and just emerging. 
No females were seen. They always seem less common than males. 


ZERENID. 


Abraxas grossulariata; common as usual elsewhere in all the 
hedges. 
LARENTIID&. 


Larentia olivata ; was to be had fairly commonly, but I secured none. 

LEmmelesia affinitata ; one example. 

Eupithecta subfulvata ; occurs locally in some numbers : one odd 
specimen was taken. 

£.. centaureata ; one specimen. 

Melanthia ocellata ; odd specimens continually met with. 

Melanippe galiata ; was very common, and in good condition: 
beaten from every hedge, a very good series might have been 
obtained. 

M. fluctuata and M. sociata were also common ; indeed, the latter 
species I have found this year to vie with C. d:/ineafa in its ubiquitous 
appearance. 

Anticlea rubidata ; \ocally common, but worn and almost unrecog- 
nisable. 

Coremia designata and C. unidentaria were both common. 

Camptogramma bilineata'; certainly not the pest one usually meets 
with it. 

Cidaria picata was reported as fairly common, but none were 
secured. 

C. prunata (ribesiaria) was noted. 


EUBOLIIDA. 


Eubolia plumbaria and E. bipunctaria were both observed. 

Mesotype virgata (lineolata) was very common on the sand-hills, 
and from ova sent to Mr. Montgomery a few have been bred. ‘The 
imagines were most difficult to detect, and especially to get in good 
condition. 

PYRALIDA. 

Pyralts costalis and P. farinalis were represented by single speci- 
mens. 

Scoparia angustea ; one and SS. murana several. 

Nomophila noctuella. was, as usual near the sea, fairly common. 


BoTyD&. 
Scopula ferrugalis ; common in places. 


PTEROPHORID®. 


Platyptilia ochrodactyla ; one specimen, and one P. gonodactyla ; 
small, no doubt a specimen of the summer brood. 
Prerophorus monodactyla ; of course was noticed. 


Zo 


ALUCITID. 


Alucita hexadactyla ; was very common in places, on the top of 
the cliffs near its food plant, honeysuckle. 


CRAMBID. 


Crambus pinellus ; one specimen. 

C. geniculeus ; was abundant on the sand-hill in good variety of 
light and dark, flying in company with JZ. virgata. 

C. culmellus was also noted. 


GALLERID&. 
Galleria melionella ; one specimen. 


TORTRICES. 


This group was abundant, but I paid no attention to it. Solitary 
specimens of Peronea comparana and Teras contaminana were found 
in the net. 

TINEA. 

Also might have been worked to advantage. I noted several 
species of Depressaria. 

DIPTERA. 


Asilus crabroniformis was common in one lane. 


COLEOPTERA. 


Broscus cephalotes ; a pair taken on the sand-hills, while search- 
ing for larve of A. ripe. 
Timarcha levigata was swill to be found. 


ODONATA. 
Sympetrum striolatum was the only species taken or seen. 


HETEROPTERA. 


Capsus lantarius ; one specimen taken. 
Phytocoris tilia ; very common on the trunks of trees on Lea 
Mount. 


HYMENOPTERA. 


Wasps were exceedingly abundant; no lane or road was without 
its quota of nests. One evening towards dusk, while passing a nest 
which had been well battered in front, I saw a beetle, Mecrophorus 
sp., crawling with impunity among the numerous wasps, who were in 
no way put out by it. As my shadow crossed the nest the beetle 
to my surprise took flight as easily as would a common house fly. 
The yellow bands of the beetle seemed certainly to disguise its pre- 
sence among the wasps. 


30 


SHELLS. 


A marine shell, Bulla hydatis, was in some numbers below the 
high-tide mark on the river side of the Warren. I am told it is 
a very local species. It is a most delicate shell and also of a 
curious and unusual form. 

There were several other species I picked up, but have not yet 
identified them. 

A very large perfect specimen of the razor-shell I found on the 
shore. 


PLANTS. 


Vegetation was most abundant and varied everywhere, but I saw 
scarcely a fern. On one evening I crossed to Exmouth, and found 
on the eastern shore of that place a greater profusion of the beau- 
tiful sea-holly than I ever remember to have seen before. ‘The 
golden-rod was very plentiful in many of the lanes. 

Enumeration of the species met with brings my rambling remarks 
to a close. I fear that I have noted very few scientifically useful 
facts, but at any rate I have recorded one of the pleasantest holi- 
days I have ever had, and a holiday made doubly pleasant by 
the personal guidance and most kindly hints of one of my fellow- 
members, our old friend Mr. Jager. It is to his unstinted kindness 
that I am indebted for much that this paper contains, and IJ take 
this opportunity of thanking him. 


‘Sf ’ padre rt 


a Kare a oe. 
er he 
o er 


are goth pitt 
onl } x 


, on ui 
Faut th. Mizeae sh 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. 


Wing margin of Xylophasia monoglypha x 150, showing an 


extremity of a nervure where it meets margin, with the two circles. 


The scales of the wing surface can be made out in the photo- 
graph, but in this reproduction are too hazy to appear. Those of 
the fringe are visible. Four bristles are very distinct, as they do not 


bleach like the scales do. The scale sockets are sufficiently distinct, 


PAD ale 


HIND-WING OF XYLOPHASIA MONOGLYPHA X 150. 


Adlard & Son, Imp. 


ris 
Se Week 


atu j bs : 


@ 


“% 
surw 
* 


vo 7 ca —_ 
| 3 hs Agi elther ai Pa lbe il 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE Ia. 


A fore wing of Pygera anachoreta and a hind wing of Zhars 


polyxena at a certain stage of pupal development. 


They both show the marginal trachea (Poulton’s line), the portion 


of the wing tissue beyond this, and the cilia, which arise chiefly 


from the area outside the marginal trachea. 


In 7: polyxena, the marginal trachea is seen to be slightly out of 
position at two points. A result either of injury in mounting, or to 


some contraction occurring after mounting the specimen, 


PLATE IA. 


Fore wing. P.anachoreta. x 12. 


Hind wing. 7. polyxena. x 12. 


F. Noad Clark, photo. Adlard & Son, Imp. 


31 


On some Wing Structures in Lepidoptera. 
By T. A. Cuapman, M.D. Read December 13th, 1900. 


THE wing structure of Lepidoptera is a very wide subject, with a 
very considerable literature, which I propose to touch at only a few 
points, chiefly because they are some that have interested me and 
may perchance have some interest for you. I have selected a few 
items on which I can report to you entirely from my own observa- 
tions ; not by any means that I have more than an odd point or 
two perhaps that is at all novel. Still those that are not new may 
be none the worse for being presented as a result of observations 
that confirm or modify well-known conclusions. I have avoided as 
far as possible matters that are treated in British text-books, or 
which you may have found expounded more intelligibly than I can 
pretend to in some of our magazines. 

In discussing the Lepidopterous wing from any aspect it is always 
an assistance to first consider that aspect in those families that are 
most nearly related to the probable earliest Lepidopteron or its im- 
mediate ancestor. If we examine a wing of almost any Neuropteron 
of the family Hemerobiide, or better of the Panorpide as probably 
still nearer to the Lepidoptera, we find it possesses two forms of 
clothing. 

The wing is clothed all over by a number of fine points, often 
prolonged into minute hairs. A careful examination of them, 
however, shows them not to be what we usually understand by hairs 
in insects, viz. a tapering, usually hollow process attached to its 
base by a joint, that permits its being moved to different angles with 
the surface. These are, on the contrary, processes of the surface of 
the wing itself, without joints and permanently fixed in one attitude. 
The other form of clothing consists of true hairs or bristles. There 
are no scales or hair-scales. 

Let us discuss, in the first place, the small spicules that clothe the 
wings entirely in Panorpa. My attention was first called to these 
by a paper by Professor Kellogg, that appeared in the Kansas 
“ University Quarterly ” for July, 1894, and later in the ‘‘ American 
Naturalist.” The central matter of that paper was the existence of 
these spicules on the wings of the Jugatee of Comstock, and their 
non-existence on the wings of other Lep/dopfera, showing the much 
closer relation of the Jugatee to the Weuroplera than of other 
Lepidoptera, which is correct; and adding another character by 
which they may be distinguished from other Lepidoptera. The 
latter idea, however, does not accord with the facts on further 
research. On examining the matter I met with other Lepidoptera 
that possessed them, all belonging to the family Adeide, which I 
always have believed to be very directly derived from the Lrio- 


32 


cranide, with the single exception of Vepticula, which also 
possessed them, and which I have also supposed to be derived 
from some other Jugate, nearer to MZicropteryx than Eriocranta. 

On looking into the matter I find, however, that my observations 
had all been made already and duly recorded in the Jena ‘Zoological 
Year-book” in July, 1895, by Dr. Arnold Spuler, who has done so 
much good work in researches on wing structures. He states that 
these spicules are found in Adela, /ncurvaria, Nemotois, Nemophora, 
and the Wepticulide. 

His paper gives no indication that he was aware of Professor 
Kellogg’s paper of the previous year, and he makes this statement in 
no way as extending or correcting Professor Kellogg’s observations, but 
simply as recording an observed fact. 

I think that the occurrence of these spicules on the wings of 
certain Lepidoptera will prove of some systematic value. I have 
been unable to find them in Zzwea, in the lowest Psychide, in 
Cochlidide, or in any families that I have been used to regard as 
low down, except the two lowest, the Ade/ide and the Nepticulide. 
In the Adelide I have always believed the Prodoxide to be in- 
cluded, the definition of Adelide being Neo-Lepidoptera with 
piercing ovipositors. We accordingly find these spicules also exist 
in Prodoxus. 

Attention to this character (that of the ovipositor) might have 
prevented Meyrick from placing Zncurvaria whlmanniella, and 
Lampronia capitella in the genus 7zxea. Those who are inclined to 
follow him in this matter may perhaps hesitate on finding that they 
have the spiculate structure of the wing membrane, which is not 
found in Z7nea. 

Phylloporia bistrigella also possesses these spicules, confirming 
the position in the Adedide which its habits and the structure of the 
ovipositor forces one to assign to it, notwithstanding that it has 
up to the present been associated with the very different true 
Tinez. 

It is curious that species of the genus Ade/a, which is certainly 
the highest of the group, are least favourable for observing these 
spicules, and I think some species have actually got rid of them. 

In this paper of Spuler’s to which I have alluded he describes a 
certain area of the inner base of the anterior wing beneath, where 
in a large majority of Lepidoptera these spicules persist and are 
even more prominently developed. This area he calls the ‘ Haft- 
feld,” holding area. I gather that this structure had been previously 
noticed, but have been unable to discover where. Nor do 1 find 
any reference in his paper to the corresponding area of the meta- 
thorax, and I fancy that the name “ Haftfeld” refers to some 
theory that it holds together the fore and hind wings ; but about 
this I am by no means certain. 

We next come to a paper published in July, 1896, one year 
later, in “Psyche,” by Mr. R. A. Cooley, who does not appear to 


33 


have known anything of Spuler’s paper, and describes the “‘ Haft- 
feld” as a new structure, under the name of ‘‘ spiny area.” So far, 
however, as [ am aware, Mr. Cooley first pointed out the cor- 
relation of the spiny area with another on the metathoracic dorsum, 
and showed that the use of these structures was to hold the wings 
in position when they were ciosed. 

There is no doubt that the spicules of the ‘spiny area” or 
“‘ Hattfeld” are survivors of the spicules of the Meuroptera, as we 
see them already differentiated to some extent in the Micropteryges. 
They exist also in certain PAryganide. Spuler and Cooley agree 
in the distribution of the Haftfeld amongst the Lepidopterous 
families ; they exist, in fact, everywhere, except in a few families and 
exceptional species in others that usually have them. ‘They exist 
in all the families that close the wings over the back when at rest, 
not in those that do not. 

Those that want them are chiefly the Sphingide, Saturnide, 
Bombycde, Geometride, Ceratocampida, Endromide, Lrephide, 
Platypterygiide, and Pterophoride. Many Sphinges fold their wings 
over the back, and ought by rule to have a haftfeld. Probably it is 
absent owing to an ancestry related to Saturvnide and represented 
in Sphingids by Smerinthide, which clearly have no use for the 
structure. They are also wanting in the butterflies. 

Cooley says they exist in the Boméyctde, but I imagine he 
applies this term to the Zaszocampide, which have them. 

In Meyrick’s Wotodontina all are without ‘‘haftfeld” except 
Notodontide and Polyplocide ; this adds another item to my argu- 
ment against /Vo/odonta being associated with this group. As to the 
Polyplocide, they seem out of place here, yet they have many 
characters in common with the rest of the group, especially the form 
of the egg, as well as the neuration. This haftfeld, however, must 
add another straw to the indications that they are somehow related 
to the Noctuids (Caradrinina). In making use of this as of any 
other character, we may note that, since it exists in all the lower 
groups, families that have no haftfeld must be derived from 
forms that possessed it, but that no family without it can be 
ancestral to one that possesses it. 

I may refer here to a modification of the scales that often occurs 
in a region close to the ‘‘ Haftfeld,” sometimes over a considerable 
diffused area, sometimes on very defined and circumscribed spots, 
in the latter case often suggesting patches of Androconia; but as they 
occur in both sexes this isnot so. Acherontia atropos, from its large 
size, exhibits these patches both on upper and under wings very 
plainly. Their use is perhaps not difficult to guess. They consist 
of very strong, smooth scales, with often inflexed tips and packed 
closely together, and are well calculated to resist the wear and 
tear of the wings against each other, and especially to obviate 
friction between them. 

They exist also in many butterflies, as in sundry Vanessids. 


3 


34 


Taking next the bristles or sensory hairs, we find these in many 
Hemerobiide confined to the nervures and wing margins ; in Paxorpa 
they are found also on the general area of the wing. It is generally 
assumed that the scales on ZLefidoptera arose by modification of 
these hairs or bristles, and there is much to be said for this hypo- 
thesis. For example, in Cudicide, Diptera that usually possess scales 
like those of Lepidoptera, there are many species that resemble the 
Hemerobiide in possessing spicules all over the wing surfaces and, on 
the nervures—not bristles but scales ; in other species of Dzffera, 
especially Cecidomyiads, scaies of a rather hair-like structure, but 
certainly not bristles, occur all over the wing amongst the spicules. 
In one Culicid, at any rate, I have noticed the marginal scales be- 
come more and more bristle-like towards the base of the wing. The 
evidence from the D¢fera is therefore very strong that scales arose 
by modification of bristles. When we come to Lepidoptera, it is 
necessary to note a very common misapprehension. Many Lepzdop- 
tera possess abundantly, a majority possess some, so-called hair- 
scales, and it is implied, often distinctly stated, that these hair-scales 
are an intermediate form between hairs and scales. That some 
so-called hair-scales are in an intermediate state between hairs and 
scales seems nearly certain, but the immense majority of ‘ hair- 
scales” are really much modified scales—are, that is, less, instead 
of more, allied to hairs than scales are; they are scales that are 
developed, or degenerated, if you prefer it, by becoming very long 
and very slender. Such are the hairs on the wings of the higher 
Psychide, where typical scales are rare, whilst the usual positions 
of scales over the wing surfaces are occupied by hair-like struc- 
tures that are evidently, however, scales, and not hairs. 

How, then, shall we distinguish a bristle from a scale, that we 
may be able to judge whether a given hair-scale is a bristle modi- 
fied in the direction of a scale, or a scale still further modified ? 

A typical bristle is easily distinguishable from a typical scale. A 
bristle is circular in cross-section, tubular, conical, tapering regu- 
larly from base to apex, usually sharp-pointed, has no pigment, but 
consists of a brown chitin, not bleached so readily as are scales 
coloured with pigment. Its attachment is by a delicate membrane 
to a superficial circle on the chitinous surface, and thus it has con- 
siderable freedom of movement. 

A scale is flattened, often striated, colourless apart from pig- 
ment, attached usually by a specially narrow process, which is 
enclosed in an hour-glass-shaped cup, through the open top of 
which it proceeds downwards, then through the central constriction, 
and terminates some way below the surface in the lower globe, 
and so it possesses very little or probably no mobility. 

If we examine a wing of Jcropteryx, as the earliest stage of a 
Lepidopterous wing that is available, we find unmistakable scales, 
broad, flat, pigmented, and typically attached to the wing, over 
the whole of the wing surface and forming the cilie; if we ask 


Bia) 


what structures in Panorpa they represent, we find nothing like 
them in that genus; and if we say then they are no doubt the 
bristles modified, we look again at the Micropteryx wing to see 
if any traces of bristles exist; we at once find along the margin of 
the wing amongst the cilia a certain number of unmistakable 
bristles typical in every respect, and placed so that they are not in 
range at all with the scales, but evidently another structure alto- 
gether. On looking at the nervures we find also a series of bristles, 
placed at intervals solitarily and not in line with the rows of scales, 
but following a separate order of distribution quite independent of 
that of the scales. A close examination of them shows that they are 
bristles in all respects but one, and in that they are slightly modified 
in the direction of scales, that is, in their attachment to the wing. 
They do not possess the ordinary scale-cups such as _ scales possess, 
and their attachments look extremely different to that of the sur- 
rounding scales ; still the bristles are slightly contracted at their 
bases, and penetrate a little below the surface into their circle of 
attachment, which has not, however, the hour-glass constriction of a 
typical scale-cup. On returning to the marginal bristles these do 
not present quite the same modification, but looking at them with 
one’s suspicions aroused in this way, they do present a slight modi- 
fication of the ordinary bristle attachment. Such bristles do not 
occur anywhere between the veins on the general wing surface ; 
towards the base of the costa of the hind wing they become larger 
and more evident, and culminate in the little row of bristles that 
represents the frenulum. Hair-scales that occur freely towards the 
wing bases are seen to be true scales, by their pigmentation, by their 
cylindrical form, their length, and especially by their attachment to 
typical scale-cups. 

Seeing, then, that we find these bristles persisting along the ner- 
vures, along which they have a remote ancestry in the earlier insects, 
and that on the wing membrane, where hairs have been less frequent, 
we find a new structure, the scales, it seems more probable that 
scales are a new development from the hypodermic cells, and that 
the bristles have resisted (instead of originating) the new movement, 
except in having been compelled to accept some trace of the scale- 
cup structure. 

When we examine other Lepidoptera, we do not always find our- 
selves able to say so easily as in Micropteryx what is a veritable 
scale, what is a modified scale, and what is a slightly modified bristle, 
since the variations that occur are so numerous and various. 

What we may actually observe, however, is, in the first place, 
that almost everywhere we meet with bristles scattered along the 
ciliary margins, and in many of the highest Lepidoptera these are 
as distinct from any form of scales and have their attachments 
as little modified as in Mrcroptervx. I have observed these in 
almost all families I have examined, and when in some of the 
smaller Zxcomplete (micros) I have failed to observe them, I have 


36 


supposed the failure was in my power of demonstrating them rather 
than in their being really absent. 

The presence of these bristles is hardly if at all noticed by our 
authorities* on these structures, and they are sometimes difficult to 
observe ; they are hidden amongst the scales, and the removal of the 
scales often means the removal of the bristles also. The bristles do, 
however, sometimes remain after the removal of the scales, having 
apparently a firmer attachment. I find the best way to demonstrate 
them is to decolorise the wing and mount it transparently; the 
scales then become hardly visible, whilst the bristles retain enough 
brown chitinous colouring to be observable. In the more delicate 
structures of the minuter moths it is obvious that it must be diff- 
cult to sufficiently assault the scales without damaging also the 
bristles. 

The Noctuz perhaps display these marginal bristles as well as 
any family, but they are present in all the other families of larger 
moths, and I am inclined to say in all species. 

The bristles along the nervures are less universally present ; at 
least I have failed to detect them in many species. 

In Hefialus they appear to be absent in some species; when 
present they are almost typical bristles, but some slight modification 
of their attachment appears. 

In Cossus they are very typical, though sparse ; in Z. pyrina they 
are more numerous and as free from scale characters as in J/icrop- 
teryx. J was somewhat surprised to find that in Acherontia atropos 
they occur with hardly any modification. In Vanessa (zo, urtice) 
they have rather more scale-like attachments, and their bases are 
longer and more tapering, but in all other respects they remain 
bristles. 

In Anthrocera transalpina they are very bristlelike, but in 
A. minos they have progressed a considerable way towards being 
scales ; their attachments differ, but only a little from those of the 
scales ; they are a little swollen at about a third from their origin, 
and look as if striation was even indicated. 

The point, then, to which I wish to direct your notice about these 
bristles is simply this, that we have throughout the Lepidoptera a 
persistence, with very little modification, of the bristles that exist 
along the nervures and margins of the wings of Hemerobiide and 
other europtera and other earlier insects. That these bristles are 
distinct from the scales phylogenetically, and though they have 
slightly submitted to the strong tendency of all cutaneous structures 
in the Lepidoptera to become scales, they have much more largely 
resisted it, even in some of the highest Lepidoptera. 


* They are referred to as occurring in the gipsy moth in the report on that 
insect by Forbush and Fernald, 1896, and as this is going through the press 
are called attention to by Mr. Ambrose Quail in the ‘ Entomologist” for 
February, 1901. 


37 


There is a curious structure that I have not been able to find any 
references to in the numerous papers and authorities that I have 
looked up, and so provisionally call attention to it as something 
new, but with a strong suspicion that some reference to it exists 
somewhere, and that my claim to novelty may be no better than 
Mr. Cooley’s in the case of the “holding area.” 

If a wing be decolorised or denuded of scales, and the wing 
margin examined as a transparent object, it will be found that where 
each vein reaches the margin, two circles occur on its surface. 
Sometimes these circles are within the wing margin that forms the 
seat of the cilia, sometimes they are just clear of this, and in a few 
instances they are distant from the wing margin several times the 
width of the ciliary base. 

They are almost always, one nearer the base than the other, that 
is, a line joining them is substantially the line of the vein to which 
they belong, and the further they are from the wing margin the 
further they are, as a rule, from each other. 

On first observing these circles they appeared to me to be circular 
openings into the lumen of the vein, bounded by raised and thick- 
ened edges. I have, however, concluded that the supposed opening 
does not exist, chiefly because I can detect no passage of air or 
fluid through them, under any experiment, in emptying the veins of 
air or filling them with other fluids. 

The circle is, however, just like the thickened rounded margin 
of an aperture, and in some cases very obviously is at the summit 
of a conical elevation, with slightly wrinkled slopes. I have been 
able also, in stripping off the wing membrane on the side on which 
they are, to leave them intact beneath it, and the stripped-off mem- 
brane shows no corresponding structure or aperture. 

This process I have only attempted in carfrnz and atropos, but 
in these two cases the result appears to be as I have stated. 

These circles occur in every Lepidopteron I have examined, the 
exceptions to there being two at the extremity of each vein, are very 
few indeed. 

I am not quite sure, but I think I have seen one only in some 
exceptional instances (as Wega/opyge crispata), and once or twice I 
have met with three, purely as a matter of local variation on an 
odd vein. More frequently they appear to be wanting altogether in 
the anal veins, and rarely on vein two or vein three. 

In Zeuzera ( pyrina), however, the normal number appears to be 
four, and in Cossus (digniperda) five, and in these they are 
decidedly further from the margin than usual. 

In another species of Cossus (Dwomutus leuconotus) there are 
only two of these circles, but their position is very variable, close 
together, wide apart, nearer or further from the margin, transversely 
or longitudinally placed. One might almost take them to be any 
two taken haphazard of the five that occur in /7gziferda, since these 
variations all occur in one specimen. In the case of Aacrogaster 


38 


castanee there are two circles, with little more than ordinary 
variability as to position. 

Their size is by no means proportional to that of the insect or 
of the vein they are on. They are, for instance, small in the 
Sphingide and Saturnide. The longest, I think, occur in a species 
of Crvptophaga (Xyloryctine). In some P)za/es they are also large, 
as in .S. prunalts. 

I found also that in at least a majority of species similar circles 
existed on veins in the area of the wing, most frequently near the 
transverse vein and on branches of the radial vein, and occasion- 
ally on the surface of the wings, where, or close to where, veins 
had disappeared or dwindled. When they so occur they have 
a tolerably constant position in the same species; thus in 
Hf. prasinana there are on the fore-wing three on the radial vein 
before its first branch, one beyond this, and two on the combined 
stem of 7—8. On the transverse vein one between three and four, 
and one between four and five, and one on the base of four. 

In Vanessa urtice they are numerous along a number of veins. 
They are less abundant, but still frequent in other Vanessids 
that I have examined. 

When once the wing is mounted transparently, it is practically 
impossible, in most instances, to say which side is uppermost, and 
in many slender wings it is equally difficult to distinguish one 
side from the other when under the microscope. With a very 
wide margin, therefore, for error, I regard them as being always 
on the under surface of the wing, since that has been their position 
whenever I have been quite certain as to which side of a wing 
I was looking at. 

I have already alluded to their structure; they seem to exist in 
the thickened wall of the vein, as distinct from the included tracheze 
or the superficial hypodermis. 

I have not met with them at all in the few Trichoptera and 
Neuroptera I have examined. ‘Though in some Hemerobitde, there 
are some circles that I am not absolutely positive are the sites 
of bristles that have been rubbed off, but I believe they are. Nor 
have I seen them in any Diptera I have examined. 

On the question as to what these circles really are, what they 
represent, or what are their functions, I am up to the present time 
unable to make more than a suggestion. 

That they have some useful function seems highly probable from 
the simple fact that they occur throughout the whole order, since 
there can be little doubt but that, if useless, they would have 
been eliminated, at least in the higher families, even if they have, as 
I have not ascertained, a long genealogy somewhere amongst the 
more ancient insects. 

The only guess I can make is that they are perhaps affected, as 
diaphragms, by variations of pressure, and so by communicating 
such variations of pressure along the fluid or air in the veins, give 


39 


-some assistance in the management of the wings during flight. 
In the Lepidoptera we have seen that the wings are largely without 
the tactile (or other sensory) bristles that are so abundant on the 
wings of many other insects, and which are no doubt chiefly useful 
in keeping the directing nervous centres fully informed of the 
movements of the wings, and of the varying air pressures they meet 
with, and consequently precisely what work they are doing, and 
what variations in their movements are necessary to produce any 
desired result. 

It is certainly easy to see that if the centres of these circles are 
moveable diaphragms, they would admirably serve this purpose, 
acting much in the same way as the rubber bags and tubes that 
have been utilised in many instruments of research for recording 
variations of pressure and movement. 

Such a function for them has not, perhaps, much doubt thrown 
upon it by the circumstance that we are inclined to regard the 
wing, but perhaps without any good reason, as in a manner dead— 
dead in the sense that superficial cuticular structures are dead : an 
idea that is perhaps largely originated by the fact that butterflies 
seem incommoded to a very slight degree by loss of scales from the 
wings and by their being more or less tattered and torn, and aided 
by what we know of the active circulation and other vital processes 
that go on in a wing up to the time of its complete expansion, when 
they apparently cease. 

I do not think, however, because no further growth or develop- 
ment takes place, that we can jump to the conclusion that the 
wing may not be provided in one way or other with the necessary 
sensory apparatus for guiding its control during flight.* 

Another wing structure is one that Professor Packard called our 
attention to twenty years ago, but with which you may not be 
familiar. This is the ‘‘Cocoon-cutter,” which is especially developed 
in Attacus /una, and according to Professor Packard’s own observa- 
tions is used by that insect to cut through the silken threads of the 
cocoon when the moth emerges. It is a structure that exists 
apparently in all the Saturnian group, but is best developed in 
some of the North American species. It is one of the separate 
chitinous pieces that lie between the wing and the thorax, 
rather behind the middle line of the fore-wing. It is a piece that 
exists probably in most Lepidoptera and moves nearly with the wing, 
but with some little restriction. But in these Saturnians instead of, 
so to speak, coming to the surface only, it projects above it as a 
sharp point, and in Aztacus Zuna as a knife or saw, and when the 
wings are yet unexpanded and folded down, easily projects laterally 
in a very effective manner. 


* It has been pointed out that the wings are certainly sensitive, as evidenced 
by a moth moving away with symptoms of discomfort when sunlight is con- 
centrated by means of a lens on a portion of wing where it would not affect 
the insect’s body. 


40 


It is well developed in Antherea pernyi and in Saturnia pyrt, less: 
so in our carpini, specimens of which I have selected to illustrate 
this structure. In none of these is it useful as a cutter, though it 
comes to a rather sharp edge in fy7?, at least, no observations have 
been recorded, and the empty cocoons in py77 and carpini show that 
the provision made by the caterpillar is sufficient for the emergence 
of the moth, as well also as in fernyz, though of a different character, 
the softening of the cocoon by a fluid allowing the threads to be 
pushed aside in such a way as to show that they are spun each to 
its own side without crossing, just as by carpfinz or pyri, although 
the full cocoon looks precisely the same all over, just like that of 
Lastocampa querciis, or Limacodes. 

In these cases, then, the ‘‘cocoon-opener” does not open the 
cocoon, but it may very well act as an efficient lever to assist the 
moth in climbing out of the cocoon. I have noticed in pyr, perny?, 
and Zuma that there is on the side of the thorax against which the 
“‘cocoon-opener” impinges when the wings are closed, a grove to 
receive the opener, with an overhanging flange. The groove is 
obviously a sheath to receive the rather formidable weapon, and 
prevent the thorax being injured, but I have also a suspicion that 
the flange locks on the opener in the closed position of the wings, 
and helps to hold them in the closed position. Experiments with a 
living specimen are necessary to determine whether this is so, but 
such as were possible in fyv7 by relaxing the specimen were rather 
confirmatory. 

Not only the ‘ cocoon-opener” but the hollow and ridge on the 
thorax that correspond to it exist in many other species if not in 
all, but have no special development, showing that the ‘‘cocoon- 
opener” and its sheath are not new structures, but parts of the 
ordinary arrangements specially elaborated and developed. 

In the “Transactions of the Linnean Society” (May, 1891) Professor 
Poulton called attention to a pupal structure, which for that reason 
I have called “‘ Poulton’s line.” 

The actual matter that Professor Poulton concerned himself with 
in that paper in regard to this line seems to me to be treated with 
perfect correctness, and in fact his idea that the pupal traces of the 
imaginal wing are less specialised than the wing of the imago itself, 
if not fully proved, is at least fully and soundly supported by his 
facts. 

It is nevertheless the case that his starting-point has always 
seemed to me to be in some way erroneous, and I have neglected no 
opportunity of observing any facts bearing on the subject. 

Poulton’s line is a line that may be observed on almost any pupa, 
though much more easily on some than others. It runs round the 
inner and hind margin of the pupal wing, at some little distance 
from its margin. What is it? Why has the pupal wing a double 
margin, and what do they severally represent in the imaginal wing, 
in its development and evolution? Professor Poulton in the paper 


4] 


referred to says that the outer line, as is obvious enough, is the 
margin of the pupal wing; the inner one (Poulton’s line) is the 
margin of the imaginal wing. 

This can hardly be the case for several reasons. We talk of 
imaginal and pupal wings, and the phrases are useful to describe 
certain things and stages of things; but we must remember that 
there is in reality no such thing as a pupal wing, only imagines have 
wings. What pupe have are not wings, but what are to be imaginal 
wings, or simply wings; the word imaginal being in this view of 
the words tautological and superfluous. 

The wings of pupz are not, then, pupal wings, but imaginal wings 
at a certain stage of their development. 

This undeveloped imaginal wing is enclosed in a chitinous cover- 
ing which is pupal strictly, but what it encloses belongs purely to 
the imago, whether it be inside or outside of Poulton’s line. Now, 
I have stated that all Lepidopterous pupz possess Poulton’s line, 
and if that line be really the margin of the mature wing of the 
imago, we must conclude that throughout the whole order a strictly 
imaginal structure exists in the pupze, but is atrophied before the 
imaginal stage is reached. Now there are imaginal structures in 
many pup that have precisely this history, like the expanded 
antenne of many female moths, or the maxillary palpi of Sesiids 
and some other /zcomplete. It would not, therefore, be at all 
improbable for some Lepidoptera to have an imaginal wing appa- 
rently developed from only the basal portion ‘of the imaginal 
wing of the pupze, as in fact occurs in apterous females, treated by 
Professor Poulton in the same paper. 

The difficulty is in the present case that this condition affects the 
whole order, whilst it is certain that within much smaller limits 
selection would have reduced the pupal outline to the imaginal 
limits. 

For the sake of avoiding confusion I have omitted in what I 
have just said a very important consideration, which makes the state- 
ments inaccurate, but enables one thing to be considered at a time, 
and, therefore, may conduce to clearness. The omitted circum- 
stance is this, that though the mature imaginal organ is apparently 
wanting or much smaller than it is in the pupal stage, such as it is 
each part of the pupal organ provides a portion of the imaginal one. 

I believe this to be absolutely true, even in such a case as the 
maxillary palpi of the Sesiids, where a pupal six-jointed palpus 1s 
represented in the imago by an inappreciable stump. Perhaps the 
most apposite illustration will be found in the pupz of apterous 
female Lepidoptera, of which Ovgyza antigua is not only a convenient 
example, but happens to show the necessary details very plainly, 
and Professor Poulton happens to have figured it in illustration of 
his paper, though he does not appear to have noticed that the pupa 
shows Poulton’s line very distinctly. The wing of the imago is not 


42 


only much smaller than the wing in the pupa, but than the portion 
of the wing within Poulton’s line. 

It follows, therefore, that, admitting for the moment that Poulton’s 
line marks off the imaginal wing, and still more if we do not admit 
it, the imaginal wings contain parts of the wing in the pupa lying 
outside the position to which it reaches when mature. 

In Orgyia antigua the female pupa shows Poulton’s line tolerably 
close to its margin; it has retained it as a normal and constant 
structure of the wing in the pupal state, and not as marking off 
the imaginal wing. Were that its real meaning we should expect 
it to coincide with the limits of the mature imaginal wing, and that 
the space outside it would be enlarged. The wing of the pupa does 
not diminish so rapidly as that of the imago, as it atrophies in these 
apterous female moths ; therefore the margin of the pupal wing 
ought to be a long way outside that of the imaginal wing. ‘There- 
fore, if Poulton’s line were that margin, we should find it far inside 
its present position, and the total pupal wing would probably have its 
margin outside its present position. 

It is not, however, in these pupze of apterous moths that we find 
a great space between Poulton’s line and the margin of the pupal 
wing, but in certain butterflies which have very ample wings and in 
which there is no reason at all to suppose that the wings have 
dwindled in size in the imagines. Perhaps the most remarkable of 
these are in various Previde. In Luchloé the wing beyond Poulton’s 
line extends to a great distance, and helps to form the point at the 
angle where the pupa appears to be so curiously bent. It has been 
suggested that this extended area beyond Poulton’s line represents 
the wing of some ancestor who had very prolonged hooked tips to 
the wings; if this be so, we shall of course find in C. rhamnz con- 
siderable correspondence of Poulton’s line with the wing margin. 
As a matter of fact it is much thecontrary ; we have in the pupa of 
C. rhamnt a very similar general form to that of Lwchloé, anda 
very similar prolongation of the wing to form the angle. Poulton’s 
line is, however, very distant ; it marks out the form of the wing as 
we see it in the imago, but the point of the hooked tip in no way 
corresponds with the apex of the pupal wing. 

With regard to the butterflies, we must recognise that their pupze 
have varied immensely and developed various remarkable spines, 
processes, &c., entirely in view of the exigencies of their environ- 
ment ; and the immense development of this extreme portion of the 
pupal wing in many species is no doubt more related to this circum- 
stance than to any condition directly concerning the wing itself. In 
any case, in order to fall smoothly on to the rounded surface of the 
fourth abdominal segment, it was necessary that the wing margin 
should preserve a regular curve and avoid all angulation, and so we 
never in any pupa find a sharp angle on the hind margin of the 
wing. So far as I am able to suggest, we must take it as an ultimate 
fact that this wing margin was able to vary for pupal purposes to the 


43 


extent it does in Zuchloé, Callidryas, etc., just as we have to do in 
the case of the nose and eye spines of Nymphalids, Papilionids, 
etc., of various species on Papilionidce, the remarkable processes of 
the White Admirals, etc. 

We may just glance at the pupa of Sc. “éa/rix. We see here that 
Poulton’s line gives us the form of the wing of the imago, and that 
the pupal wing margin is tolerably close to it at either angle, but is 
much behind it where the hind margin of the wing is hollowed out. 
The pupal wing margin does not here follow a regular sweep from 
apex to anal angle, but is slightly hollowed out where the imaginal 
wing marked by Poulton’s line is much hollowed. The fourth abdo- 
minal segment has assumed some little irregularity to accommodate 
itself to this excavation of the wing margin. ‘This shows that the 
wing margin and Poulton’s line have a strong tendency to work 
together when they are relieved from the pressure of the environ- 
ment to which the exposed pupz of butterflies are subjected. It 
appears also to prove that since they can vary together so much, 
they would have absolutely coincided throughout the mass of the 
Lepidoptera had the one been the pupal reminiscence of a former 
stage of the other, or a mere pupal part having no direct relationship 
to the imago, one or other of which must be the meaning of 
Poulton’s assumed basis. 

In the case of Sc. Zbatrix, I do not mean to be understood to 
regard the marginal portion of the pupal wing as having been left 
by Poulton’s line, because it could not follow it at the rate at which 
it moved, but that its failure to follow it absolutely was due to the 
pupal necessity of a proper apposition to the fourth abdominal 
segment in order to a due outline to the pupa, and that the present 
position is a compromise between the desire of this margin to retreat 
and the reluctance of the abdominal surface to supply all the 
necessary modification. 

These considerations, I think, enable us to see what is the question 
before us. Professor Poulton is right as to the inner line (Poulton’s 
line) corresponding to the outline of the imaginal wing, blurred and 
simplified, either by the less development of the pupal structures, 
and by no means improbably, as he shows, by corresponding rather 
to that of an ancestor of a simpler structure than to its own imago. 
If we interpret the Professor’s phrase “the hind margin” loosely 
and conversationally as equivalent to the general outline of that 
portion of the wing, we must agree with his position entirely. It 
happens, however, that he expressly notes the region outside it as 
affording nothing to the imaginal structures, and so we must take 
“hind margin” to mean the actual limit of the wing structure. 

If Poulton’s line is not such a limit, what is it? An examination 
of many pupal wings at various stages of development have satisfied 
me that it is precisely what it looks like, viz. a vein, of a nature exactly 
like that of the longitudinal veins that terminate at it. 

Professor Poulton points out that the pupal tracheze at an early 


44 


stage do not correspond to these outlined veins, and that the latter 
correspond more nearly to the veins of the mature wing. ‘This is 
so. The trachez at first have a very generalised disposition, and 
extend beyond Poulton’s line to the wing limit. As development 
goes on, the tissues between them diminish or increase in relative 
extent, so that the trachez, from being nearly straight and parallel, 
become bent or curved, approach one another or fall more widely 
apart, and thus take up gradually the positions of the longitudinal 
veins of the wing. This is a fair description of what occurs in all 
cases, though to ‘be complete it would have to refer to veins forming 
where there are no tracheze ; to the coalescence or actual disappear- 
ance of the latter in many cases. Whilst the wing is still in a 
somewhat early stage, and before scales are fully formed, each 
persistent trachea becomes furnished near its extremity with two 
lateral branches that meet those of the next trachea, and form a 
continuous line of tracheal tube completely round the wing. These 
are formed by the expansion of some of the finer tracheze with which 
the wing is largely permeated. At the same time the wing, beyond 
the line of marginal tracheze, which is to the developing wing in 
precisely the same relation as Poulton’s line to the pupal surface, 
contracts just as the wing tissue does between two trachez that are 
approaching each other, the trachez it contains disappear, and it 
becomes represented by a line of wing tissue outside the marginal 
trachea. ‘This portion of the wing is much narrower proportionally 
than the area outside Poulton’s line in those cases in which, from 
exigencies of pupal form or other causes, it is widely expanded. It 
is, however, fairly related as regards extent to that area in the larger 
proportion of species, those, viz., in which Poulton’s line occurs close 
to the margin of the pupal wing. ‘There can be little doubt that the 
hypodermis covering this wing margin is that which lined the 
chitinous covering of the wing in the pupa, which has no doubt 
undergone many changes, but has preserved throughout structural 
continuity. The only developmental interpretation that I can give 
to the picture suggested by Professor Poulton would be that at 
Poulton’s line the upper and lower hypodermis met by a kind of 
cicatrising process, cutting off the tissues beyond Poulton’s line, and 
that these were afterwards eaten or digested by the developing cells 
of thecilia. Besides its inherent, might I say, absurdity, this would 
not explain the fact that when the wing has developed, this space 
contains only fluid, even in those cases in which the wing retreats 
basally from Poulton’s line instead of going beyond it, both these 
cases occurring in different instances. 

That a marginal nervure is a normal constituent of all Lepidopterous 
wings is proved, in the first place, by the marginal trachez I have 
already mentioned as occurring during the development of the wing, 
and often to be discovered in the perfect wing, by the structure in 
many imagines, when it exists as a hollow tube, and further, by the 


45 


fact mentioned earlier in this paper, that, like the other nervures, it 
carries sensory hairs or bristles. 

Poulton’s line is therefore the pupal indication of the marginal 
nervure or trachea. The space between it and the pupal wing 
margin represents the portion of wing outside this trachea, a normal 
and constant portion of the wing, present in all cases, and therefore 
always present in the pupa also. 

We may call this the ciliary margin, although the actual base or 
origin of the cilia is not always accurately marked off by the marginal 
trachea. 


46 


On the Ova of Lepidoptera. 
By FrepericK Noap CLARK. Read January 10th, 1901. 


Ir will be perhaps as well at the commencement of my paper to 
make a few remarks on the methods I have employed in photo- 
graphing the eggs exhibited, and at the same time to express my 
obligations to those gentlemen who have so kindly supplied me with 
material, amongst whom are Dr. Chapman, Messrs. Tutt, Mont- 
gomery, Carpenter, and R. M. Prideaux, of Reigate. To Mr. Tutt 
1 am especially indebted for notes on the application of oval struc- 
ture to the principles of classification. 

In every case the eggs have been photographed at precisely the 
same magnification, and thus a good idea of their relative size is 
conveyed. Whenever possible they are Aejsseuine( as they were 
laid on their natural support, food-plant, etc. ; but as it is most 
important for correct definition that the eggs should be all in one 
plane of focus, I have in several cases been obliged to detach them 
from their support and place them on a flat surface having a white 
or black background for contrast, according to the colour of the egg 
in question. The larger spherical eggs for the same reason present 
some difficulty in photographing. It is desirable to photograph the 
egg as soonas possible after being laid, so as to avoid changes in shape 
or colour, which occur sooner or later in most cases, and to obviate 
which some efficient method of preserving lepidopterous ova as 
permanent specimens is very much needed. 

I am unable through lack of specimens to show typical examples 
of all the families, but hope to do so at some future time. 

So far as I am aware no theory except that of natural selection has 
been advanced to account for the variation in structure of the egg. 

“The eggs of Lepidoptera are developed in the ovaries of the 
female, and after passing down the oviduct into the vagina, are im- 
pregnated or fertilised with the male element or spermatozoa which is 
stored after copulation in one or more pouches called the recepta- 
cula seminis. <A single spermatozoid is sufficient for this purpose, 
and enters the egg at an orifice called the micropyle. This is of 
microscopic size, in some cases hardly perceptible, in others it con- 
sists of a distinctly depressed area. Minute channels communicate 
with the interior of the egg and convey thereto the fertilising 
element. 

“The base of the egg is, strictly speaking, that portion opposite 
the micropyle, but in those eggs that are laid on their sides the 
term base is sometimes misapplied; as for instance when it is 
described as that portion of the egg which is attached to its 
support or food-plant. 


EXPLANATION 


WG; ii. 


Crambus 


chrysonuchellus. 


Fic. 4. 


lodis vernaria. 


Bie: 7: 


Fladena 


genist@. 


LiTGeeo: 


Gonepteryx 
rhamint. 


EGGS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 


Magnified 20 diameters. 


hres 2: 


Nola 
cucullatella. 


FIG. 5; 


Acidaltia 


holosericeata. 


Fic. 8. 
LLeliophobus 

popularis. 

PG. 10 


Pyramets 


atalanta. 


OF (PLATE 


FiG.3) 
Lomaspilts 

mareginata. 

Fic. 6. 


Spilosoma 
menthastrt. 


FIG. 9. 
Chrysophanus 
plhleas. 

Fic. 12. 


Polyommatus 


bellargus, 


9 


PEATE 


20 Diam. 


x 


Noad Clark. 


F. 


toto. 


| 


47 


‘“‘ The larva sometimes emerges at the micropyle, but there is no rule 
for this, for it frequently emerges at any other portion of the egg ; 
indeed, among the Nepticulides it eats its way through the base of 
the egg into the leaf on which it is laid.”* It is possible that the 
point of emergence selected by the larva is that portion of the shell 
which is the thinnest. 

Eggs are, broadly speaking, of two kinds—“ upright” and ovoid, or 
so-called “flat.” Dr. Chapman first separated the eggs of Lepi- 
doptera into these two distinct groups: the “upright ” egg having the 
micropyle at the apex, and the micropylar axis perpendicular to the 
surface on which the egg 1s laid; and the ‘‘flat” egg with the 
micropyle at one end of the egg and the micropylar axis parallel to 
the surface on which the egg is laid. 

Mr. Tutt has used these characters as one of the tests which he 
applied in formulating his advanced system of classification ; and 
thus we find in his ‘“ British Lepidoptera,” Vol. I. (a work I can 
strongly recommend to any lepidopterist who makes the ova 
a study), the arrangement of the Lepidoptera under three 
stirpes or main divisions, two of which are flat-egged stirpes, 
viz. the Micropterygo-Sphingid and the Enocranio-Geometrid, 
and one upright-egged stirps, the Hepialo-Noctuid. By this 
test many hitherto anomalous positions for certain families 
were proved to be erroneous, and one finds the Notodonts carried 
over to the Hepialo-Noctuid stirps in this classification, the Cymato- 
phorids attached to the Geometrid stirps, whilst the position of 
many other families may be more or less accurately checked by the 
peculiar structure of the ova. 

It will be observed that the ‘‘ upright” eggs have a more elaborate 
sculpturing than the “ flat” eggs, the surface being onamented with 
longitudinal ribs and transverse bars, whilst the “ flat” eggs are 
usually oval in shape, yellow in colour, often very soft, with a de- 
pression on the upper surface, and the sculpturing slight and shallow. 
Some of the lower forms of these latter are devoid of markings, 
and one is led to believe that they represent in some measure the 
primeval form of egg. 

At this point it would be interesting to observe the difference in 
the position of the insect in the act of depositing a flat egg and an 
upright egg ; one would imagine that in the latter case the egg is 
deposited when the abdomen is in a position more or less perpen- 
dicular to the surface on which the egg is laid, whilst in the former 
case a horizontal position seems to be the more probable, or some 
structural differences may exist in the ovipositing organs. 

The flat-egged stirpes comprise the following families :—The 
so-called Micro-Lepidoptera, Geometrids, Anthrocerids, Lachneids 
(Lasiocampids), Saturniids, Sphingids, etc. 

The upright-egged stirpes :—-The Cossids, Notodonts, Noctuids, 
Liparids, Arctiids, Hesperids, and Papilionids. 

* « British Lepidoptera,” J. W. Tutt, vol. i, p. 168. 


48 


Of the Micropterygo-Sphingid stirps which Mr. Tutt has worked 
out in the early volumes of his “‘ British Lepidoptera” I have no type, 
either of the Anthrocerids, Psychids, Lachneids, Saturniids, or 
Sphingids; but of the second flat-egged stirps —the Eriocranio- 
Geometrid—we have— 

Crambus chrysonuchellus.—Illustrating the Crambids. For flat 
eggs the longitudinal ribs are unusual, the transverse depressions 
cross the ribs and are coarse and indefinite. These eggs were sent 
to Dr. Chapman by Lord Rothschild. 

Phibalocera quercana.—Laid on oak leaf ; empty shells only shown. 
The network is stellate and the cells triangular. From Dr. 
Chapman. 

ffalia vauaria,—A typical Geometrid egg, laid on gooseberry stem. 

Lomaspilis marginata.—A Geometrid, laid in rows on paper. 

Melanippe sociata.—On Galium verum. 

Ematurga atomaria.—tLaid in box. 

Anticlea derivata.—On rose stipule. 

[ibernia marginaria.—From Mr. Montgomery. Spaces between 
the ribs are composed of indistinct depressions. 

Emomos quercinaria.—Laid on box. Larva is a general feeder. 

Eubolia cervinata.—These ova are scattered broadcast, which is 
unusual for a Geometrid. Note the depressions on both sides of 
the egg. From Mr. Montgomery. 

Acidalia holosericeata.a—A local species from Mr. Griffiths, of 
Clifton. Eggs of this section of the genus Mr. Tutt calls “ slipper- 
shaped,” and are laid loose. 

Ennomos fuscantaria.—A very specialised egg and quite unlike 
the typical Geometrid ; they are laid side by side, of a brick-like 
shape, and the margins at the micropylar end are corrugated. 
From Mr. Prideaux, of Reigate. 

Lodis vernaria.—Another specialised egg, and I should say unique. 
It exhibits a very peculiar form of deposition, the eggs being laid in 
rouleaux of five or six on a twig of clematis. The larva emerges at 
the side of each egg in the same position. There are minute pits 
on the Jateral surfaces. Specimen sent me by Mr. Prideaux. 

These complete my list cf the available flat eggs, and I will now 
commence with the Hepialo-Noctuid or upright eggs, finishing with 
the Rhopalocera. 

Cossus orc.—Mr. Tutt informs me that this egg illustrates well 
the point at which the flat become upright eggs. This is an Ameri- 
can species which I photographed specially for him, to show the 
varying scale of size of the network, and is very different in 
structure to our Cossid (Cossus ligniperda) egg. 

Flepialus.—Species unknown; is a type of the loose, oval, almost 
spherical egg, which is presumed to be the generalised form of egg 
for this stirps. ‘These are deposited loosely.among herbage, and it 
is noteworthy that the egg-shell changes from white to black. From 
Mr. Prideaux. 


49 


Nola cucullatella.—Characteristic of the Wolide, Dr. Chapman 
describes this as unique, being “apparently an upright egg with an 
oval outline.” The upper and inner margin of the zone of ribs 
stand out as in the Vanessids. 

Nola cucullatella—Empty shells showing how the larva emerges, 
leaving a lid in the centre. Specimen sent me by Dr. Chapman. 

Pygera bucephala.—Represents the Notodonts. Laid on oak- 
leaf, the micropylar area has a reticulated surface, the lower zone is 
of a pale blue colour having the appearance of glazed porcelain, 
and slightly pitted with minute holes. The basal zone is dark brown 
in colour. 

Notolophus (Orgyia) antiqua.— Represents the Liparids. Hatching 
takes place irregularly and spreads over a long period. Eggs are 
invariably laid on the cocoon, and instances of parthenogenesis 
have been supposed to occur in this species. 

Spilosoma menthastri.—Represents the Arctids. This shows the 
spherical eggs in outline. ‘The surface of these eggs is reticulated. 

Polia chi.—A typical Noctuid egg, hemispherical in shape ; speci- 
men given me by Mr. Moore. 

Panolis piniperda on Pinus sylvestris, from Mr. Tutt. 

Agrotis agathina on Lrica tetralix, from Rev. C. D. Ash, Selby, 
Yorks. The micropyle is well defined ; the surrounding cells are in 
the form of a rosette. 

Fleliophobus popularis laid loosely. The network is quite superficial ; 
the transverse ribs are distinct lines extending over the surface of the 
longitudinal ribs. The base of the egg has an uniform network, with 
no visible point of attachment; this is no doubt due to the eggs 
being deposited broadcast. ‘The micropylar structure is similar to 
that of Agrotts agathina. 

FHladena geniste.—A typical Noctuid. The dark markings are due 
to the state of maturity of the larva inside. 

Gotyna ochracea ( flavago).—Superficially is unlike a Noctuid egg, 
owing to the way in which it is laid; it is pressed out of shape, but 
has all the characteristic structure on close examination. 

Thyris fenestrata.—A fine upright egg, which Mr. Tutt informs 
me cannot belong where the authorities have placed it. Dr. Chapman 
sent me these specimens. 


RHOPALOCERA. 


These naturally belong to the upright eggs, and are specialised in 
various directions. There is the long fusiform or ninepin-shaped 
egg of the Pierids, the barrel-shaped egg of the Nymphalids, and 
the Echinus-like eggs of the Lycznids. Of these I exhibit— 

Gonopteryx rhamni.—Laid separately on twigs of buckthorn. 
This form of egg is common to the Pierids. Their bases appear in 
most cases to have flattened out and spread slightly ; this probably 
would not occur if the eggs were laid free. Note the dotted trans- 
verse markings. 


4 


50 


Euchloé cardamines.—On _ hedge-garlic, yellow when first laid, 
but turns scarlet after a day or so. ‘The transverse ribs are distinct 
lines. 

Colias edusa.—On clover, from Mr. Prideaux. 

Pyrameis atalanta.—Represents the Nymphalids, together with 
the two following examples. Specimens from Mr. Prideaux. The 
larva emerges at the micropyle. The egg is very beautiful under 
the microscope. It has nine ribs, and traces of transverse ribs. 

Argynnis aglaia.—Very finely pitted between the transverse ribs, 
and resembles a Noctuid egg in the manner in which the longitudinal 
ribs run into each other towards the apex. 

Brenthis selene on Viola odorata. 

Chionobas jutta.—Represents the Satyrids. From Mr. Tutt’s 
specimen. 

We now come to twelve photographs of eggs of the Lycaenide. 
Although they present, at least in some species, apparently but 
slight difference in structure, I think it is quite possible for a careful 
observer to name the species from the egg, bearing in mind also 
that difference in size is of material help. 

Polyommatus bellargus.—Laid on Hippocrepts. 

olyommatus corydon.—On a Lotus leaf. Sent by Mr. Tutt from . 
Abries ; laid on August 12th, hatched on September 14th. 

Polyommatus tcarus.—On rest-harrow. From Mr. Prideaux. 

Plebetus @gon.—On Erica cinerea. Is a large egg, has a waxy 
appearance, and the angles of the network very indistinct. 

Cyaniris argiolus.—On holly. From Mr. Montgomery. 

Cupido minima.—On Anthyllis vilneraria. The smallest of the 
Lyceenids. 

Nomtades semtargus.—On red clover. From Dr. Chapman. 
Taken at Guarda. 

Chrysophanus phleas.—On Rumex. 

Callophrys rubt.—On gorse buds. 

Thecla w-album.—On elm twig. This egg was exhibited at a 
meeting in 1898 by Mr. Dennis. In shape it resembles a meat 
pie; the central portion is of a greenish colour, and is provided 
with minute hairs. 

Lephyrus betule.—From Mr. Montgomery. ‘The base of the net- 
work is a circular depressed hole, and, contrary to the usual run 
of the Lyczenid ova, the protuberances are larger as they approach 
the micropyle, which latter is much depressed. The base of this 
egg also has a fine network, the angles of which are not prominent 
and do not form protuberances. 

Lephyrus quercis.—From Mr. Carpenter. Is the largest of all the 
Lyczenid eggs. The area surrounding the micropyle is raised, and 
in this respect is unlike the other Lyczenids, 


5] 


AN SADDRESS: PO VPHE, MEMBERS 


OF THE 


South London Entomological and Hatural History 
Society. 


Read January 24th, got. 


——_ec~e—-— 


ENTLEMEN,—As year, succeeding year, has run its course, 

a custom has grown up and is now well established 

that the President should deliver a parting address before 

vacating the Chair, and this custom no doubt commends 

itself as eminently praiseworthy, except, perhaps, to the 

mind of the retiring President himself. But be this as it 

may, I certainly have no desire to break through a custom 
having the sanction of long-continued observance. 

There is another well-recognised rule of this Society, which 
bids fair to become the established custom also, and is 
certainly very convenient in operation, that a Vice-President 
shall be chosen, in order that by sequence he may proceed to 
the office of President in the following year. You will doubt- 
less recollect how the established order came to be set aside 
in my case. Dr. Chapman, one of the Vice-Presidents of 
the previous year, who, from his extensive knowledge of the 
Lepidoptera, and the unremitting zeal he displays in observ- 
ing and experimenting in the same field, was so prominently 
fitted to take the lead in this Society, to the great regret of 
the Council, felt that he did not see his way to undertaking 
the duties of President. When at this point the Council 
approached me with a view to allowing myself to be 
nominated, though I consented, it was with considerable 
diffidence as to my suitability for the position. The 
President, however, has always this fact to support him, 
that his chief duty is to be regular in his place, and that the 
brunt of the work falls upon the other, hard-working, officers, 


52 


whose willing services our Society so fortunately commands ; 
further, if by chance he cannot speak with any authority on 
matters lepidopterous, there are still many others who can, 
and it is not altogether a disadvantage for the Chairman to 
leave the discussion of points that may arise chiefly in the 
hands of the members assembled around him. 

With the commencement of the new century our Society 
has completed an existence of twenty-nine years, and during 
that period I think I may safely say it has done much to 
advance the knowledge in this country of Natural History in 
general and Entomology in particular, and at the same time 
to raise the status of its advocates and students. It is for us 
who are members to-day to carry on its career of usefulness 
into the century that lies before us. 

Numerically we stand almost exactly where we did at this 
time last year. We have lost one member by death—Mr. H. 
Williams, a comparatively young man, who was formerly 
Secretary of the Society, but who has not often been present 
since he went to live at Southend. Mr. Williams’ death 
took place but a few weeks since, and the Council no doubt - 
expressed the feeling of the rest of the Society when it passed 
a unanimous vote of.condolence with his relatives at their 
loss. 

Our pecuniary position, as shewn by the Balance Sheet, is 
sound, but the Treasurer has always before him the annually 
recurrent difficulty with regard to the publication of the 
‘“* Proceedings.’’ My predecessor in the Chair in his address 
last year hoped that during the year some scheme might be 
devised by the Council to meet the difficulty. Though the 
matter has not been lost sight of, nothing quite practicable 
- seems at present to have been suggested, and the position 
therefore is the same as last year; but it certainly does not 
appear to be quite the right thing that the body of the 
members should be indebted to the generosity of a few for 
their copy of the ‘‘ Proceedings,” and that is what it really 
comes to, for the Treasurer assures me that the cost of 
publication amounts to about eight shillings per member, 
leaving a deficit of sixpence per member to carry on the 
business of the Society. Perhaps the members at large may 
be able to suggest some better scheme than that at present 
in vogue. 

It is with the greatest pleasure that I notice an increase in. 
the average attendance. Last year, according to the attend- 
ance-book, it was about twenty-five; this year it has reached 
over twenty-six, and this, from notes I have made from time 


53 


to time, probably represents an actual average attendance of 
close upon thirty. The highest total was on the evening of 
the Varieties’ Exhibition, when about seventy were present, 
although but sixty signed the book, and on that occasion, 
for the first time in my recollection, the numbers exceeded 
the seating accommodation provided. 

Though the exhibits on that occasion consisted to a very 
great extent of Lepidoptera only, yet I think I may say that 
our Society is quite awake to the fact—and seems to be 


Entomology embraces orders other than Lepidoptera. Nay, 
it is inclined to go further and admit that Natural History 
includes other branches even than Entomology, though 
perhaps it does not seem quite so well assured of the latter 
fact at present, or, at any rate, seems hardly prepared to 
embrace it with any great enthusiasm. But, to speak 
seriously, I believe the Society has widely extended its value 
as a scientific body, since there has been a gradual and quite 
spontaneous enlargement of its field of work and observation 
in the direction I have mentioned. 

If it were well understood that the latter part of our title— 
I refer to the words ‘‘ Natural History ’—was not an embellish- 
ment only, but had been adopted because the work of the 
Society covered all branches of Natural History, not only 
Entomology, or Zoology, but Botany also, and even the 
study of Inorganic Nature, it would do something perhaps 
to bring about an increase in our numbers, which it seems to 
me is a thing to be desired. 

During the year eleven papers were read—five relating 
chiefly or entirely to Lepidoptera, two to other orders of 
insects, one to Ornithology, and three to Botany. In 
addition the reports of the five field-meetings were presented, 
one evening early in the year was given up to exhibits with 
short notes, and another to the special exhibition of varieties 
already mentioned. High on the list must be placed the 
two papers by Dr. Chapman, on the ‘‘ Relation of the Larval 
to the imaginal Legs in Lepidoptera,” and on ‘' Some Wing- 
Structures in Lepidoptera,’ which contained a large amount 
of original work, and which we are looking forward to 
reading in the ‘“‘ Proceedings,’ to whose value they will 
greatly add. Mr. Tutt’s paper on the Lasiocampid Moths 
was another of very high value. Mr. Turner’s chatty paper 
on ‘* Collecting at Dawlish,” though of an entirely different 
nature, was most certainly not less interesting on that 
account. We have still in our minds the excellent paper 


54 


and demonstration with which Mr. Clark favoured us, and 
I am confident that Iam but giving utterance to the opinion 
of you all when I say that the Society has only shewn a little 
of its obligation to him, not only for his scientific use of the 
camera, but also for his management of the lantern, by 
electing him as one of the Vice-Presidents for the ensuing 
year. 

Passing to other orders, I am afraid your President treated 
but very inadequately so venerable a group of insects as the 
‘“Cockroaches’’; but the same cannot be said of Mr. Enock’s 
delightfully vivid revelation to us of the economy of the 
‘“ Dragonflies and Fairy-flies.”’ Those who saw Mr. Step’s 
beautiful pictures of ‘‘ Wild Flowers at Home,” will agree 
with me in expressing a hope that he may shew us another 
series at no distant date. Mr. Fremlin’s carefully prepared 
paper on ‘‘ Bacteria’ introduced to the Society a phase of 
vegetable life, with which we are all very familiar in name, 
but about which most of us probably know very little in 
reality. Mr. Fremlin, Iam aware, possessed the idea that, 
because the subject was new to our list of papers, he had not 
done well in introducing it ; but I feel sure I am speaking 
for all when I say that he is mistaken, and that we hope, 
during the coming year, that he will reveal to us more of the 
wonders connected with the more hidden methods of Nature’s 
work. Though her agents are often small, their influence on 
our well-being or otherwise may be enormous. I might just 
instance the micro-organism whose connection with malaria 
has now been proved. ‘The association of malaria, the great 
scourge of the Tropics, with mosquitoes, through the work 
of Dr. Patrick Manson and Major Koss, is one of the most 
important of recent discoveries in medicine. The disease 
has long been known to have been caused by a certain 
parasite, which lives on the blood-corpuscles. Ross found 
that this organism lived part of its life in the body of a 
mosquito, and, when ready to leave its insect-host, passed 
into the salivary gland and was discharged by means of the 
proboscis of the insect while feeding, and so entered the 
blood of its second host, man, producing in him the disease 
called ‘‘ malaria.”” The mosquitoes that carry the germ of 
this disease belong to the genus Anopheles ; but it is a curious 
fact that mosquitoes belonging to the genus Culex are quite 
harmless in this respect, though they transfer a parasite to 
the blood of birds. 

In connection with papers, it has occurred to me that it 
might be a useful experiment to set apart one or two evenings 


55 


during the year for short papers, such, that is, as would not 
occupy more than ten minutes or so in the reading. There 
are, doubtless, many who have not the necessary time to 
prepare a lengthy paper, but who at the same time may have 
much valuable information that should not be too long hidden 
away in their note-books. Three or four such papers, with 
the discussion that might be expected to arise in connection 
with them, would, I feel sure, provide enjoyable occupation 
for a meeting. These should, of course, be arranged before 
the commencement of the session, and their titles should be 
entered on the syllabus in the same way as are those of the 
papers to which a whole evening is devoted. 

It is often the case that a paper might be made much more 
interesting if every one present did what he could to bring 
up exhibits bearing on it. Those who are not well up in the 
subject to be introduced—and we do not all work at the 
same thing—would often welcome a good number of examples 
in illustration of it. 

With regard to the exhibits at ordinary meetings, is it not 
a fact that it has become the custom to exhibit in the 
majority of cases only varieties, aberrations, and abnormal 
forms generally, although I admit that some exhibitors are 
good enough at times to shew the ordinary forms for com- 
parison? In some species we see so many varieties that it 
may possibly come to be expedient, for the sake of those 
unacquainted with the insect, or whatever it may be, to 
shew the normal form as a curiosity. How often, too, 
interesting exhibits might be made of all the species of a 
genus for the sake of comparison, for not a few of us are 
learners, and in some orders especially. You must under- 
stand that I do not make these remarks in a querulous spirit, 
but the wish has been expressed that there should be more 
exhibits at ordinary meetings, and I thought I might make 
a suggestion to those who have large collections to their 
hand. 

I have already referred to the success of the Varieties’ 
Exhibition last year—a success greater even, perhaps, than 
that of the preceding year—possibly in consequence of that 
success. Such an exhibition will no doubt become an annual 
feature of our syllabus. But need it be of varieties always ? 
How interesting, for instance, would be an exhibition of life- 
histories of various insects in various orders! Nor need it 
be confined to insects only by any means, for, as I have 
said before, we are not an Entomological Society simply. 

Last year five field-meetings took place—an increase of 


56 


one on those of the previous year, and although the weather, 
over which unfortunately we have no control, was not always 
all that could be desired, they were decidedly successful. 
Of course the various localities selected are not available for 
everyone, and consequently an attendance of some five-and- 
twenty members is really good. It may be asked, What is 
the use of a field-meeting, seeing that it is seldom possible 
for the party to assemble till well into the afternoon, and 
consequently that the list of captures, unless we have very 
favourable weather, is not usually great, except, indeed, for 
those who are able to get away in the morning and 
do the bulk of their collecting before the party assembles 
at the appointed place of meeting. This is no doubt 
true; but ask those who attend the field-meetings whether 
they enjoy them or not! You will receive, I doubt 
not, an emphatic and unanimous answer in the affirmative. 
While speaking of field-meetings, it is with pleasure that I 
call to mind how that during the last two years we have had 
by the leaders lengthy, carefully compiled, and in some 
cases valuable reports on these gatherings, whose perusal at 
future dates will call to mind many a pleasant ramble with 
congenial spirits, and whose insertion therefore in the 
‘Proceedings ” will add greatly to their interest for ourselves. 
For there is no doubt that these excursions, even more than 
the meetings here on Thursday evenings, conduce to that 
friendly feeling and good fellowship which should, and no 
doubt, as arule, does connect those whose study is Nature in 
her various manifestations. Of course there is also .the 
utilitarian feature of the field-meeting, whereby, under a 
suitable leader, new localities, fresh beauties, and the many 
interesting productions of the delightful districts on the 
fringe of South London become better known to our 
members. In future seasons the excellent departure in 
the matter of reports will no doubt be continued, while I see 
no reason why there should not be a further increase in the 
number of such meetings. Seeing how successful was the 
Fungus-foray last October, led by Mr. Edwards, that certainly 
ought not to be forgotten in the new century. I might 
mention that the Banstead excursion added a new plant, 
Silene conica, to the Surrey list. 

While on this point, there is one thing that I have often 
had in mind, whether, as in some sort representing Natural 
History in East Surrey, it is not our duty to work out and 
collate, as other societies have done elsewhere, its produc- 
tions in the various departments in which we as a Society 


ee 
OT 


are concerned. I am aware that preparations were made 
for this work some years since, but that little was done in 
the matter. Whether insurmountable difficulties were found 
I cannot say, but, with small committees working in the 
several branches, it does not appear to me that the work 
would be burdensome, while of its utility surely there can be 
no doubt. 

Looked at entomologically the last year of the nineteenth 
century was no doubt a somewhat abnormal one. Following 
a mild winter came a late ungenial spring, and the earlier 
insects were in many cases (perhaps not always, however) 
behind their time. Then came the tropical weather of July, 
and the reverse was the case. Though the first part of 
August was wet and cool, the weather in the latter part of 
the summer and the autumn was on the whole good, and the 
season was late in closing. Perhaps the most noticeable 
feature was the immigration of various insects from the 
Continent, of which we have not only the circumstantial 
evidence derived from their presence here, but in some cases 
the direct evidence of those who saw them arrive. To one 
or two of these insects I shall refer in a moment, for though 
the President’s address scarcely seems the place for it, I 
think I must follow the usual custom and say something of 
what is new or most noticeable during the year, at any rate 
as regards the insects in Britain. I shall touch on this 
matter very lightly, but cannot pass it by entirely, seeing 
that so much of the work is due to members of this Society, 
as indeed has been the case in the past. 

Amongst the Coleoptera five species seem to have been 
added to the British list—Orochares angustatus, Trogophleus 
anglicanus, Dinoderus minutus, D. pilifrons, and Anthonomus 
rufus, though the last alone seems to be a genuinely new 
British beetle. Others have been reinstated, or have had 
their position on the list more clearly established. To Mr. J. J. 
Walker we owe a paper on the ‘‘ Formation of a Collection 
of Coleoptera,” and a‘‘ List of the Coleoptera of the Rochester 
District.” 

In connection with the Diptera the event of the year is the 
publication of the first volume of Mr. G. H. Verrall’s 
‘‘British Diptera.” It is a bulky tome, well got up, and 
containing a large number of illustrations. When the fourteen 
volumes are completed it will no longer be just to complain 
that this order of insects has been inadequately treated in 
Britain. Another contribution to the Diptera literature is 
the ‘‘ Life-history of the Harlequin fly,” by Miall and 


58 


Hammond. Four species of Diptera at least were brought 
forward in 1900 as new to the British list—Xylota confinis, 
Calobata stylifera, Leucophenga maculata, and Hyetodesia 
aculetpes. 

Some additions to the literature of the British Hemiptera 
have been made in the form of articles by Messrs. G. W. 
Kirkaldy, J. J. Walker, F. Enock, and W. Evans, to which 
must be added Mr. R. Newstead’s article on ‘‘ Injurious 
Scale Insects and Mealy Bugs of the British Isles,” in vol. 
xxuli. of the ‘‘ Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society.” 
In this natural order Elasmostethus ferrugatus, Nabis brevis, 
Typhlocyba candidula and T. cruentata were brought forward 
as British during the year. To our Curator, Mr. W. West, 
we owe the addition to our list of the last but one. 

The number of British Hymenoptera has been increased 
by no less than eight species — Tenthvedopsis thornleyt, 
Prosopis palustris, Osmia inermis, Ellampus truncatus, Odynerus 
tomentosus, Pomptlus sanguinolentus, Crabro carbonarius, and 
Blacus avmatulus, while Nomada atrata has been reinstated. 
To the literature of the order has been added Part I. of Mr. 
Claude Morley’s ‘‘ Hymenoptera of Suffolk.” 

There has of course been a large addition to the literature 
of the Lepidoptera, of which two works relating to the British 
representatives of the order are of pre-eminent value—Vol. IT. 
of Mr. Tutt’s ‘“‘ Natural History of the British Lepidoptera ” 
and Vol. VI. of Mr. Barrett’s ‘‘ Lepidoptera of the British 
Isles.’ Five species seem to have been added to the British 
list—Bacotia sepiwn, Tinea richardsont, Tortrix musculinana, 
Zelleria phillyrella, and Eriocrania fimbriata, the last being 
due to Mr. A. H. Hamm, a member of our Society. While 
speaking of the Lepidoptera I should refer to the immigra- 
tion of Acherontia atropos, Cherocampa neret, Colias edusa, and 
especially of C. lyale. Many members, no doubt, have 
taken the opportunity of enriching their collections in these 
species, or some of them, while Mr. Montgomery and others 
have been breeding the last two—a much more important 
proceeding scientifically. Mr. Montgomery has indeed been 
doing remarkably good work in the matter of breeding our 
Rhopalocera, of which hardly sufficient notice seems to have 
been taken, and I am glad to see that we are to have a paper 
from him on the subject shortly. 

As regards the Orthoptera little seems to have been done 
in Britain during the past year, and no new species has been 
added to the British list. Abroad we have Mr. M. Burr’s 
‘‘ Essay on the Eumastacide,’” De Bormans and Krauss’ 


59 


some-time-expected ‘‘ Forficulide and Hemimeride,” and 
Redtenbacher’s ‘‘ Austro-Hungarian and German Dermatop- 
tera and Orthoptera.” 

Our knowledge of the Collembola and Thysanura has 
been increased by the paper on those insects in the Edin- 
burgh district, by G. H. Carpenter and W. Evans, published 
in the ‘‘ Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of 
Edinburgh.” 

To turn now to the Neuroptera, in the sense used by 
Linnzus, into which I must beg you to excuse my entering 
a little more fully. Mr. C. A. Briggs has added a Psocid— 
Bertkauza prisca—from Lynmouth, to the British list. The 
British Trichoptera have been increased by two species— 
Berea articularis and Plectrocnemia brevis, both from South 
Devon. A new British Chrysopa—C. dorsalis—has been 
taken at Oxshott by Mr. Beaumont. 

As regards the Dragonflies, the season was a good, and 
in some respects a remarkable, one. By the capture in 
Strathglass, in the north of Scotland, on June 28th, by 
Colonel Yerbury, of a single specimen of Agrion hastulatum, 
the meagre list of British species has been increased by one 
—the total now standing at forty-one. In the Introduction 
to my book on ‘‘ British Dragonflies,’ I ventured to state 
that ‘‘ in all probability the future changes in the total number 
of species of British dragonflies must be looked for in the 
way of decrease only. But six months had elapsed, and a 
new species was added to our lists—a fact which brings to 
my remembrance a prediction made by Mr. Briggs, that no 
sooner isan attempt made to try to bring a subject into line 
with the times, than something happens to put it out of date. 
When I say that the British list had scarcely been added to 
during the century, I think it will be admitted that Mr. 
Briggs’ statement was a bold one, and that I had ample 
justification for my gloomy foreboding. 

But this is not all. One little dragonfly on our list, 
Ischnura pumilio, had scarcely been seen since the first half of 
the century, and it is safe to say that previous to last year 
no one knew where it could be taken in England. Early in 
the year, however, another of our members, Mr. S. Blenkarn, 
brought up to one of our meetings a number of dragonflies 
that he had taken during the previous season, and amongst 
them were a few specimens of the long-lost little pumzlio. Of 
the small number he had brought away, he was good 
enough to give me two (one being headless) which, with the 
greatest pleasure, I added to my collection. We are often 


60 


told that it is the unexpected that happens, and, as far as last 
dragonfly season was concerned, it was perfectly true, for, 
while spending a few days in the New Forest, at Whitsuntide, 
Mr. Carr and myself found the same species in a very 
restricted spot there, and between us secured, after lengthy 
search, eleven specimens, two only being females, and those 
both of the variety aurantiaca. Vhey were just coming on 
the wing at the time, and possibly may have been more 
common Jater, but they were apparently over by the end of 
July. Nor even was this all, for, stranger still, Mr. Blenkarn 
met with the species again, securing at Abbot’s Wood two 
specimens, which he brought up and exhibited at one of our 
meetings. 

For the third year in succession Syimpetrum flaveoluim was 
with us, and we seem forced to conclude that in each case 
their presence here was due to a migration, for during the 
three seasons but one female was noticed, and that, taken 
on the coast of Essex, was clearly an immigrant. 

Another striking feature of the past season was the 
plentifulness of a generally extremely scarce dragonfly, 
Aischna mixta. Quite a large number of the members of our 
Society have taken the species, and brought up specimens 
for exhibition, though, owing to the wariness of the insect, 
few captures were made compared with the numbers seen. 
There may have been an immigration in this case, though I 
am inclined to think not. In two localities where I have 
met with it for several years, there seems to have been a 
gradual increase in numbers during the last two or three 
seasons. Have the hot summers had anything to do with 
this ? 

One more matter I must refer to in this connection is a 
migration of Libellula quadrimaculata. This migration was 
observed in Belgium in June, and recorded somewhat fully 
in a Belgian magazine, and in the ‘‘ Entomologist’s iMcretale 
Magazine’ Mr. McLachlan has given an abstract of it. It 
seems that in Belgium they were inclined to think that the 
migration came from England. This was not the case ; but 
it is clear from the observation of Messrs. H. Stocks at 
Margate, G. Bolam at Berwick, G. T. Porritt at Hudders- 
field, and A. J. Mann between | eeu and Broadstairs, 
that part of it reached England during the same month. 
It seems, too, that a migration of L cucorvhinia dubia, a more 
northern species, arrived at Scarborough about the same 
time. 

Some attention has been paid to the earlier stages of 


61 


dragonfly life by several members of our Society, and also 
by the Rev. A. East, who breeds annually a large number 
of one of the larger species, A’schna cyanea. His obser- 
vations enable him to assert that normally this species 
requires two noe (not three, as was once thought) from the 
laying of the egg to the assuming of the imaginal condition, 
though very exceptionally growth seems to be delayed, and 
three years are required. Whether as much as two years 
is required for the smaller species is at present unknown. <A 
lucky accident enabled Mr. East to get some idea as to the 
number of times the skin is cast by the nymph of the same 
species. An isolated nymph 10 mm. long was found with 
three cast skins, the smallest being 3} mm. in length. By 
the time the ny mph had attained a length of 20 mm. it had 
cast seven more, and we shall doubtless be told next year 
how many more are cast before the imago appears. We 
next want to know how many skins smaller than the one 
» mm. long were thrown off. Recollecting that the egg is 
uae 14 mm. in length, we should hardly expect more than 
one. But in this connection Mr. P. P. Calvert, a well-known 
American writer on the Odonata, reminds us that the nymph 
leaves the egg in an embryonic condition, the legs not being 
free, and that it changes its skin almost immediately. So in 
all probability there were two ecdyses at least before Mr. 
East began his observations. It is curious to note two 
statements of Swammerdam, the Dutch naturalist, in 1680 
about nymphs of dragonflies. He says in one place that 
the ‘‘limbs come out of the egg imperfect,’’ and in another 
that he does not know how long the eggs are before they 
hatch, nor how long the nymph stage lasts, but he thinks 
two years are occupied by the latter. (I have made use of 
Dr. Hill’s English translation of Swammerdam’s ‘‘ Biblia 
Nature,” published i in 1758.) 

By breeding a large number of specimens of the same 
species Mr. East was “able to find out that the two sexes are 
produced in almost the same numbers, and that one sex is 
never much before the other in the order of emergence. 
Imagines were produced as a rule in the night. When ready 
to fly they were set free, and they went straight away; but 
a month or more afterwards a small fraction returned to the 
pond to breed. Mr. East made some observations on 
nymphs of more than one species kept, out of water, but 
in damp air, and found that they suffered no apparent incon- 
venience, although they were so kept without food for a 
month at a time, and that they fed again readily when put 


62 


back into the water. On one occasion the same observer 
was able to watch a nymph casting its skin in the water—a 
process that has not, I believe, been previously described. 
The method is given on p. 257 of the ‘‘ Entomologist ”’ for 
last year. 

For several years past I have been trying to breed so as 
to identify the nymphs of the British dragonflies, and 
perhaps you will allow me to occupy a few moments in 
pointing out our position with regard to them, and I might 
say that any assistance during the coming season would be 
much appreciated. 

The dragonflies have always been a more or less neglected 
order, and they have received even more scant attention as 
nymphs than they have as imagines. Thomas Mouffet, 
writing in the reign of Charles the Second says (I am quoting 
from Topsel’s translation of the ‘‘Insectorum Theatrum ” 
in 1658) :—‘‘ Countrymen, for the most part of them, are of 
opinion that these flies are ingendered out of the worms that 
erow from the water bullrush putrified, which, if I should 
yield to be true, yet doth it not take away copulation, and 
putting forth of worms from their own bodies, whereby they 
might from time to time increase and perpetuate their 
propagation.” Mouffet evidently does not put much faith 
in the vulgar idea, and when treating of water insects, gives 
a figure which closely resembles an A‘%schnid nymph, but 
there is no reference to it, unless it is this figure he means 
when he speaks of ‘‘ water grasshoppers.” 

Even in 1712, Cyprian, in his “ Historiz Animalium,”’ 
speaks of a water insect, which evidently was accustomed to 
be looked upon as ‘‘ Scorpium aquaticum,” but which, he 
says, Redi affirms to be no other than the nymph of Libella. 

But in 1680, some thirty years before Cyprian’s book, 
Swammerdam had given a very good life-history of a dragon- 
fly, which from the well-executed figures in the various 
stages, from egg to imago, must be a species of Gomphus. 
(I have made use of Hill’s translation of 1758). Here we 
find an accurate description of a cylindrical egg, and a 
correct figure and description of the method of copulation. 
But Swammerdam makes a strange mistake when he says 
“the food of the nymph is soft mud and a fine earthy sub- 
stance wherein they live.” His full description of this 
Gomphus is followed by a shorter notice of a nymph belong- 
ing to each of four other sub-families. 

Roesel, too, in 1749, in his ‘‘ Insecten-belustigung,” gives 
a considerable space to his account of the dragonflies, and 


63 


gives illustrations of about nine species, some of the figures 
being very good. 

Under the title of the Flat Blue-tailed Libella, Moses 
Harris in the ‘*‘ Aurelian,” in 1778, gives a good description 
and two accurate figures of Libellula depressa, one of the 
figures shewing the imago in the act of emerging. In his 
. “Exposition of English Insects,” he figures three nymphs, 
but very poorly compared with those in his earlier book. 

Linneeus, in his ‘‘ Systema Nature,’’ mentions their prey- 
ing on aquatic insects, and De Villers in his edition of 
Linnzus, in 1789, compares them to crocodiles among the 
water insects. 

Then we find a nymph or two in Donovan (1792-1813), 
and Evans (1845), but I do not intend now to go fully 
into the literature of the subject, and shall only refer further to 
one or two writers who have attempted to classify certain 
of the nymphs. Dufour made a slight attempt in 1852, 
treating, however, of seven nymphs only; and the first 
really useful work done was in  Brauer’s ‘‘ Neuroptera 
Austriaca” (1857), though his descriptions are mostly 
generic. 

In 1872 Mr. L. Cabot, with the assistance of Dr. Hagen, 
commenced a systematic account of the dragonfly nymphs, 
and in that year fully described the known species of the 
sub-families, Gomphine and Cordulegasterine, accompanying 
his descriptions with beautiful figures. In 188z he similarly 
treated the Aschuine, and in 1890 the Corduline. Too 
much praise cannot be bestowed on these productions of 
the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 

Almost equally good is the treatment of several of the 
Calopterygine and Agrionine by Roster in the ‘‘ Transactions 
of the Italian Entomological Society’? in 1886 and 1888. Here 
then, the matter stands, for Nunney’s articles in ‘‘ Science 
Gossip,” in 1894, being little more than a short collation of the 
writers, especially Cabot and Roster, of whom I have just 
spoken, helps us but little upon our way. 

Of course it is well-known that to obtain many of the 
nymphs is not an easy matter, and their identification is 
often more difficult still. Three methods are available :— 
1. Isolating them, and carrying them through to the perfect 
state; 2. Finding empty skins by the side of recently- 
emerged imagines; 3. Finding skins under such conditions 
that they can only belong to insects that are on the wing in 
the neighbourhood. The first method is most satisfactory, 
the second fairly so, while the third will nearly always 


64. 


leave on the mind of the observer an element of doubt. 
My position with regard to British species is as follows :— 
I have specimens of about twenty-four species, but have 
not yet been able to get drawings or descriptions of many of 
them while alive. Cabot or Roster have excellent figures and 
descriptions of six others. Of the remaining eleven, two or 
three are with little doubt migrants. Of six it will probably 
be difficult to obtain British specimens in any case, but the 
remaining three ought to be obtained next season if carefully 
sought. 

I must not draw this address to a close without thanking 
you all for the kindness and consideration I have always 
received at your hands. My inexperience I fear has been 
against my conducting the business of this Society in the 
brilliant manner to which you have grown accustomed ; but 
then I have been unfortunate in following such Presidents 
as have held the chair of late. I have, however, been 
excellently backed up by the working officers, and you are to 
be congratulated on having again secured the services of all 
of them. Than our Secretary, Mr. Stanley Edwards, no 
member, I am sure, has the welfare of the Society more at 
heart ; while the capacity for work of the Report Secretary, 
Mr. Turner, is a thing to be admired—and envied. The 
holder of the purse should be a man of undoubted courage— 
not indeed that he will have a weighty balance to defend— 
but for the very opposite reason; and in our Treasurer we 
have the very man for the post. In the hands of Mr. Sauzé, 
our courteous and obliging Librarian, the valuable array of 
books is in safe custody, and he appears to have but one 
cause of complaint—the want of room to house his charge. 
The unceasing and almost affectionate care that Mr. West 
bestows upon the collections, over which he has so long 
presided, is as weil known as his kindness in helping 
members to make use of them. It is pleasant to know that 
additions to the cabinet, some of which iately have been of 
considerable value, are well looked after and freely consulted. 
There is one member not now holding an official position, 
but who ina quiet unostentatious manner has done during 
the year—and always does—a vast amount of work for the 
Society, much of which must be unknown to many members. 
As this can scarcely be adequately acknowledged in the 
Council’s report, I think it 1s my clear duty to mention it 
here. The member I refer to is, of course, Mr. Adkin. 
And now but one duty remains—to introduce to you your 
newly-elected Chairman, In Mr, Fremlin you have a 


65 


gentleman whose scientific training cannot but have given 
him a nice discrimination and mature judgment, which will 
stand him in good stead in the office you have called upon 
him to hold. Quiet and unassuming in manner, Mr. Fremlin 
has at the same time a deep reserve of energy, and with him 
as President will be assured the dignity of the Chair and the 
well-being of the Society. Into his hands at your bidding I 
resign the former; while you may with confidence entrust 
the second to his care. 


WeER UCAS. Bau 


66 


ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 


———>—__—_— 


FEBRUARY 8th, 1900. 
Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., President, inthe Chair. 


Mr. Ashdown exhibited, and presented to the Society’s 
collections, male and female specimens of the local dragon- 
fly Gomphus vulgatissimus, taken by himself in the New 
Forest. 

Mr. Montgomery exhibited a long series of Pieris rapa, 
and a very long series of Chrysophanus phi@as, and con- 
tributed the following note: 

The specimens of C. phl@as were bred from four females 
taken at Greenford, near Ealing, on August 5th. They 
emerged continuously from September 13th to November 
7th. The last of the parents died on August 31st, two days 
after the first of the progeny spun up for pupation. Over 
fifty per cent. of the ova produced imagines; a large number 
of the remaining larve and pupe died of a fungoid disease, 
and the balance of the larve are hybernating about half 
grown. 

“ The first lot of P. rape were bred froma ¢? received from 
Enniskillen in the spring of 1898, and emerged (with the 
exception of a pair in the summer of 1898) in the spring of 
1899. The next were all bred from Ealing parents, and 
represented three emergencies, viz. spring, a partial summer, 
and a very limited autumnal brood from summer parents.” 

Mr. Carpenter remarked that bred specimens of C. phlaas 
were, in his experience, often dark, except in years 
when the summer was extremely hot. He stated that Mr. 
Frohawk had bred several specimens with the red margins 
of the hind wings absent. Mr. Tutt stated that there was a 
well-known summer race found in the south of Europe 
named var. eleus. 

Mr. H. Moore exhibited 150 species (named) of Coleoptera 
collected by Prof. W. S. Blatchley in Indiana, U.S.A., 
also Calosoma luxatum (Say) from Utah, and an unidentified 
species taken at an altitude of 14,000 feet on Mt. Orizaba, 


67 


Mexico. Amongst the Geodephaga were five species of Calo- 
soma, including C. scrutator (Fab.), the North American 
representative of C. sycophanta (Lim.), Anophthalmus tenuts 
(Hom.), the blind cave-beetle from Wyandotte Cave, and 
Brachynus fumans (Fab.), one of the numerous Bombardiers. 
The species from other divisions included Megilla maculata 
(De G.), a gregarious Coccinelid, which herds in thousands 
for the winter, Ellychnia corrusca, the fire-fly, Cernichus piceus 
(Web.), a diminutive stag-beetle, Lachnosterna fusca (Froh.), 
as great a pestin North America in certain seasons as Rhizo- 
trogus solstitialis (Linn.) in England. Boletotherus bifurcus 
(Fab.), with its curious thoracic processes, and many other 
interesting and representative species. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited the following insects: 

1. A fine male specimen of Gryllus campestris, perfect 
except for the antenne. It was taken last year under a slab 
of wood in a temporary bathing-shed erected on the beach 
near Hastings. It made its presence known by its shrill 
cry. Records of the capture of this insect in Britain are not 
numerous. 

2. A female dragonfly of the genus Sympetrum, captured 
with another by Mr. H. S. Fremlin Jast summer at Storno- 
way, in the Island of Lewis. It must probably be referred 
to the species striolatum, though it differs in many ways 
from the type form. In some respects it resembles S. scott- 
cum in general appearance. It is perhaps a Hebridean race, 
and may possibly be new. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a series of Melanippe fluctuata 
taken in a small wood and in his garden, both at Lewisham. 
Those from the wood were, as a rule, darkly marked, large- 
sized specimens, which, he said, was the prevailing form in 
this particular locality. 

Messrs. Hall and Turner had both repeatedly met with 
the dark form in the environs of London. Mr. Tutt said 
that it was a species which readily responded to its environ- 
ment, and referred to the well-known var. neapolisata of South 
Europe, and to a somewhat similar form found at Pitcaple. 
He had seen a few dark examples in the Alps. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a large number of slides, pre- 
pared to illustrate his paper entitled ‘‘ On the Relation of 
the Larval to the Imaginal Legs in Lepidoptera” (see ‘ Ent. 
Recerd: sar, ppr iat, ete:).. 


FEBRUARY 22na, 1900. 
Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. J We Enock, of ‘Charlton, and /Mr.)S. Kemp, jon 
Notting Hill, were elected members. 

Mr. Tomlinson exhibited a specimen of Evistalis tenax and 
its pupa, contributing the following note: 

The maggots were observed in the sludge tank of the 
Kingston Sewage Works, and afterwards were found in the 
crude sewage. They possessed fairly rapid swimming 
movements in the liquid, but in the semi-solid they appeared 
to crawl without movement of the tail. The temperature 
at which they developed most rapidly was 10° C. It is 
hoped that if the development of these flies can be fostered, 
they will take an important place in the purification of 
sewage from putrescent organic matter. At present the 
arrangement at the works do not permit of the developed fly 
being allowed to live or feed freely. Perhaps the worms 
and maggots do more in the matter of sewage purification 
than the much-talked of bacteria and micrococci. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited several species of dragonflies from 
Sumatra, Ceylon, and the United States, to show striking 
ornamentation of the wings. 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited an empty cocoon tenanted by a 
species of spider, and also a mass of Ichneumon cocoons, 
which had been formed under a larva (probably Geometrid). 

Major Ficklin reported that a friend had found and for- 
warded him a specimen of Macroglossa stellatarum, which 
had hibernated in the heart of the city, and had been taken 
early in February. Mr. Adkin said that the interesting fact 
was, that the insect was found here alive in midwinter. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a series of Cossus ligniperda, 
taken at Lewisham in June and July last, and read a paper 
entitled ‘“‘ Notes on the Pupation of Cossus lgniperda” 
(page I). 


MARCH 8th, 1900. 


Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


The President, on behalf of Mr. Harwood, of Colchester, 
exhibited a macropterous form (the first noticed) of the 
rather uncommon grasshopper, Xiphidium dorsale. It was 
taken near Clacton. 


69 


Mr. Colthrup exhibited a specimen of Euchelia jacobea, in 
which the red areas were unusually pale with a tendency to 
xanthic coloration; an unusually marked variety of Eurrhy- 
para urticata, in which the spots on all the wings were 
confluent, forming bands; and small specimens of Pieris 
vap@, including an example of the ‘‘ yellow” form. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited living specimens of the immature 
stage of Blatta australasie from Kew, and also a case con- 
taining examples of all the species of the British cockroaches, 
together with detailed drawings of several of them. 

Mr. Main exhibited living specimens of Blatta americana 
from Silvertown, where it is very common, with cast skins 
of the species. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited living specimens of Phyllodromia 
germanica, male, female, and immature. 

Mr. H. Moore exhibited the following cockroaches : 

Stilopyga ortentalis and odthece; Periplaneta americana 
(Florida) ; Periplaneta australasie (Kew) ; Phyllodromia ger- 
manica (Cadiz and Corfu); Ectobia livida (Dorking) ; 
Blabera gigantea (Brazil); Brachycola sexnotata (Brazil) ; 
Derocalymma, sp. (Transvaal); Heterogama egyptiaca 
(Malta). 

Mr. Tutt exhibited a long and varied series of Epunda 
lutulenta, taken: by Rev. E. Burroughs at Mucking, Essex, 
in 1898-9, and referred to the best-known forms, Jiinebur- 
gensis, tripuncta, sedi, and albidilinea, of Scottish and Irish 
origin: the specimens exhibited did not show the intense black 
ground colour peculiar to the named forms from west and 
north, but were liberally sprinkled with grey scales. Yet 
the variation was exactly on parallel lines with those forms. 

Mr. Lucas read a paper on “ British Cockroaches— 
Natives and Aliens,” which was illustrated by numerous 
lantern slides. 

Having first referred to the trivial names under which 
cockroaches (Blattodea) are known in Britain, Mr. Lucas 
stated that the typical cockroaches bear but little resem- 
blance to any other group of insects, even in their own order 
—Orthoptera,—the earwigs perhaps approaching them most 
nearly. After the general appearance of a cockroach had 
been noticed, the external anatomy and life-history were 
treated somewhat fully, and well illustrated with lantern 
slides. 

Before entering on an account of the recent British repre- 
sentatives of the Blattodea, the history of the group in 
Geologic ages was passed in review, especially as regards its 


70 


remains in Britain, and the conclusion arrived at was, that 
the cockroaches had had their day, having been apparently 
at the zenith of their existence in the carboniferousage. An 
important difference between past and recent cockroaches 
was found in the fact that in the former the wings and elytra 
were similar in appearance, both being transparent. It may 
have been that in some cases the females had ovipositors, 
and so did not deposit odthece (egg-capsules) as now. 

Of British cockroaches, using the term ‘‘ British” in the 
widest sense, there were eleven, which were arranged in 
three groups: (a) three “‘ natives,’—Ectobia lapponica, E. 
livida, and E. panzeri; (b) four “naturalised aliens,”— 
Phyllodromia germanica, Blatia orientalis, B. americana, and 
B. australasi@; (c) four ‘casual visitors,’’—Nyctzbora 
holosericea, Rhyparobia madera, Leucophaa surinamenstis, and 
Blabera gigantea. Each species was then treated separately 
with regard to its size, appearance, and peculiarities, and 
its range in Britain and throughout the world. These 
points were illustrated by a number of slides of the insects, 
while the lantern was also utilised to put on the screen a 
table of the Geologic ages, a list of the British cockroaches, 
a comparative diagram of wing-expanses, and a map of the 
world shewing the varlous ZOo- geographical regions. 


WARCH 22nd, 1900. 
MraW.. [i Lucas, B-A., F.ES., Presdent, mtthe Char: 


Mr: MacGee,of Lillie Road, S.W.,.and Mir jj. .Platt 
Barrett, of Margate, were elected members. 

Mr. Montgomery exhibited a series of Covemia designata, 
Hufn., being a partial third generation, which emerged 
from September 18th to October gth. They were wane 
the usual grey transverse lines on both fore- and hind-wing 
and the central band of the fore-wings had only one ee 
transverse line in addition to its usual black margins. The 
central bar of the fore-wings was continued across the hind- 
wings in a more marked degree than in the type. He also 
exhibited specimens of the second generation, which emerged 
from August Ist to 7th, and from which parents of the above 
specimens were taken. 

Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited a varied series of Hybernia 
leucophearia from Lee. 

Some five dozen lantern slides on ornithological subjects, 


ral 


kindly lent by the Society for the Protection of Birds, were 
then exhibited. They consisted of coloured copies of the 
plates in Lord Lilford’s ‘‘ British Birds,’’ many admirable 
studies of the nests and habits of birds by Mr. E. B. Lodge, 
together with a few paleontological and artistic slides. 


APRIL 12th, 1900. 
Mr. F. Noap CLark, in the Chair. 


Mr. Browne, of Lee, was elected a member. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited a living specimen of a scorpion, 
Scorpio europeus, sent him by Dr. Chapman from the neigh- 
bourhood of Cannes. It fed readily upon cockroaches. 

Mr. Sich exhibited several larve of Coleophora lineolea 
found feeding on Ballota nigra at Chiswick. The lozenge- 
shaped hairy cases were well developed. 

Mr. Clark exhibited photomicrographs of: (1) the ova of 
Eugona fuscantaria, received from Mr. Prideaux, of Reigate, 
and called attention to the serrations, which were particularly 
well shown ; (2) the ova of Geometra vernaria, and remarked 
on the curious method of deposition in piles, one side of the 
pile showing a row of pits from whence had issued the 
larvee; and (3) the ova of Neuwronia popularis, which were 
irregularly strewn when deposited. 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited a specimen of Bombyx querciis, 
which resembled var. callune. It was bred from a larva 
obtained at Addington in Surrey. 

Mr. Tutt gave a short lecture on the Lachneids (Lasio- 
campids), and pointed out the peculiarity of the superfamily 
as a whole, in the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal stages. 
He entered into considerable details on those questions, 
which presented difficulties in the true appreciation of their 
relationships, and pointed out the peculiarities of the egg- 
laying of the Malacosomas, Lachneids (sens. stvict.), and stated 
that in his opinion our British species all belonged to 
different genera except meustria and castrensis, and possibly 
to several different families. He stated that the genus 
Metanastiia as used in the British Museum, appeared to 
cover several genera, and included the majority of the most 
generalised genera at the base of the Eutrichid and Lasio- 
campid stems, and that the present arrangement of the 
genera in. the British Museum collections was from the 
modern standpoint deplorable. He also discussed the 


72 


synonymy, the relationship, and the chief structural pecu- 
liarities of the families comprised in the superfamily (see 
Tutt, “brit. Lep:,. spepps.434,.etc. etc.)z 


APRIL 26th, 1900. 
Mr. W. |. Wucas; B:A., .E.S., President, im the Cham. 


Mr. Rowden, of Kingston Hill, was elected a member. 

Mr. Buckstone exhibited specimens of Triphana fimbria, 
bred from ova by Mr. Lawrence. The larve had fed exclu- 
sively upon cabbage, which was noted as an unusual food for 
the species. 

Mr. Turner exhibited the following Longicorn Coleoptera : 
(1) Saperda populnea, from Carlisle, an insect attached to the 
aspen, and of which only one other record was known of its 
occurrence so far north; (2) Rkagium bifasciatum, from the 
New Forest; (3) Clytus anetis, from Lewisham, a beetle 
which mimics the wasps; (4) C. mysticus, beaten from old 
whitethorn bushes in Brockley. He also exhibited living 
larve : (1) Callimorpha dominula, from Deal, where they were 
not so common as two years ago; (2) of Bombyx querciis, 
from Deal, feeding on garden rose; (3) of Pericallia syringaria 
from Bexley. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited specimens of the ‘‘ snake’s head,” 
Fritillaria meleagris, including a pure white variation, from 
near Oxford. The latter appeared annually, but was most 
sparing. 

Mr. Moore exhibited a Kaffir necklace made out of the 
“eggs” of the white ant, Termes bellicosus. These so-called 
eggs were really the encysted pupz cf a species of Coccid of 
subterranean habits belonging to the genus Margarodes. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a series of Eugonia fuscantarva 
reared from Lewes ova. He said that his earlier attempts 
at rearing the species from the egg had been singularly dis- 
appointing ; the young larve were supplied with the very 
freshest possible ash leaves, but absolutely refused to feed, 
and consequently all died. He then tried placing them on 
the growing tree, and found that they at once began to feed. 
Guided by this he had, in his more recent attempts, attached 
the eggs to a small growing branch of an ash tree directly 
they showed any signs of hatching, and enclosed the whole 
ina fine muslin bag. On the larve attaining a sufficient size 
they were transferred to a larger branch, and a bag of coarser 
material used. Again, when approaching full growth they 


i) 


were removed to a still larger branch of the tree, which was 
then enclosed in a large bag of green leno, the larve ulti- 
mately forming there loose cocoons and pupating among 
the leaves, in which the pupz were removed with the greatest 
of ease to a suitable cage for the moths to emerge in. He 
had found this method eminently successful, and it had the 
advantage of entailing a minimum of attention. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited a specimen of the dragonfly. 
Sympetrum vulgatum, closely related:to the common S. 
striolatum and with difficulty distinguished from it. It was 
a male, taken by Mr. A. H. Hamm, of Oxford, at Torquay, on 
August 15th, 1899. This is the second authenticated British 
specimen. Theother is also a male, taken by Mr. C. Briggs 
on Bookham Common. He stated that the more prominent 
distinguishing points were that S. vulgatwm had the principal 
nervures reddish, and the black line in front of the vertex 
usually produced downwards along the side of the eyes. 
There is also an important difference in the genital organs of 
the male and the vulvar scale of the female. 

Mr. Clark said that he had received ova of Gonepteryx 
rhamm from Reigate, which were deposited on the stems, 
the leaves not being yet developed. Mr. Carpenter had 
noticed a similar occurrence in the spring of 1893, a very 
early season. Several members stated that the species was 
common this year, and Dr. Chapman had seen both G. rhamni 
and G. cleopatra very abundant in South France, but remarked 
that they seemed to disappear when a period of very hot 
sunshine set in. 

Under the title of ‘‘ Wild Flowers at Home” Mr. E. Step 
F.L.S., exhibited a series of lantern slides from his own 
photos of indigenous plants amid their natural surroundings, 
and made a running comment upon them as they appeared, 
calling attention to those special points in their structure 
that have direct relation to their habit and habitat, their 
friends and enemies among insects, birds, and mammals. 


MAY 10th, 1900. 
Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Adkin exhibited a series of Cabera exanthemata, show- 
ing considerable variation in the position of the transverse 
lines ; in some instances the first and second lines coalesced. 
These latter specimens he had received from Mr. Harwood, 


74. 


of Colchester, under the name of var. approximaria, and he 
understood that it was a recurrent form in that district, 
though by no means a frequent one. 

Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited specimens of the flowers of 
Viola palustris from Esher Common, and observed that it 
was remarkable how quickly the blossoms developed when 
once the leaves had begun to appear. 

Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited eggs of Sternus minutus, the 
lesser tern, and contributed the following note : 

“While staying at Hythe, Kent, in June, 1894, we found 
a large colony of the lesser tern on the big expanse of beach 
between Hythe and Dymchurch. A soldier, with whom my 
father had a chat, said that he had never been able to find 
any eggs, though he had searched for them several days. 
We therefore determined to have a good look for them, but 
after spending several hours we almost gave it up as a bad 
job. A few days afterwards, however, my father hit on a 
new plan of campaign, which was for both of us to sit down 
in different places, and when we saw the bird settle to make 
for the place. We were much encouraged to find the tactics © 
successful at the first trial, but even when we were on the 
spot, so perfectly were the eggs protected by the exactly 
similar colouring to their surroundings, that for a few 
minutes we could not see them. Possibly, had there only 
been one it would have remained undiscovered, but as there 
were three, they naturally would attract the eye, all being of 
the same shape. After this we found about thirteen nests, 
or rather lots, for the bird makes no nest at all, laying its 
eggs on the bare stones, sometimes in a slight hollow. 
When once one had ‘got one’s eye in’ the eggs did not 
seem so difficult to see, but of course on a large expanse of 
flat country it is extremely difficult to mark a spot, and in 
many cases, when the bird flew up too soon, we were un- 
successful. It seems marvellous how the parent birds can 
remember where their eggs are. The young bird is a very 
pretty little creature, much resembling the eggs in colour, 
yellow spotted with black. I came across one which could 
not have been very old, as there was an unhatched egg with 
it, but it immediately began walking away, and seemed 
quite active. It struck me that if there were a dozen or two 
of these youngsters wandering about away from their homes, 
the mother birds would have some difficulty in finding and 
identifying their offspring. The stones, amongst which the 
eggs are laid, are for the most part of almost exactly the 
same colour, and speckled with brown and grey.” 


75 


Mr. Turner exhibited flowers of the early purple orchid, 
Orchis mascula, which he had met with abundantly in the 
North Kent woods. 

A long series of lantern slides, the property of the South 
Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, illustrating the 
British Orchids was exhibited, and the accompanying 
lecture read by the Secretary. 

The subject matter dealt with the peculiar and distinctive 
structure of orchidaceous plants, and the methods of their 
growth and fertilisation. Among the species described and 
illustrated in more or less detail were :—Orchis mascula, O. 
latifolia, O. maculata, O. pyramidalis, Gymnadenta conopsea, 
Habenaria bifolia, H. chlorantha, Aceras anthropophora, Ophrys 
apifera, O. avantfera, O. muscifera, Eptpactis latifolia, and 
Cephalanthera grandiflora. 


MAY 24th, 1900. 
Mr. W:-]. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited the eggs of Turdus musicus 
(common thrush). Two eggs without spots were taken 
from a nest found at Sandling, Kent; the other two eggs 
in the nest were spotted in the usual way. Two with 
purple spots were from Hythe, Kent; the remaining egg in 
the nest was similar to these two. Four other examples, 
which were pretty ordinary, were from Maidstone, Grove 
Park, Hythe, and Jevington. 

Major Ficklin reported having seen a moorhen’s nest with 
seven eggs, built on a bough partly in the water, quite open 
to the view of anyone passing. 

Mr. Enock had seen a pied blackbird for two successive 
seasons near his house in North London. The head and 
shoulders were white. 

Mr. F. Noad Clark exhibited a sawfly and cocoon found 
in deal staves used for making barrels. The cocoon was 
from Mr. Humphreys, of Northwich, and was received by 
him in September, 1899. ‘‘ The insect, which emerged on 
May Ist this year, was soft, and gradually hardened. The 
wings appeared full grown about May 6th, and the body 
was then black, with white bands.’ The cocoon was a most 
remarkable and delicate network of thin fibres. 

Mr. Enock gave a series of interesting notes, illustrated 
with admirable lantern slides, on various incidents in insect 


mo 


46 


economy, including :—(1) A long series of slides showing all 
stages in the closing of the wings in the earwig. (2) A series 
showing the gradual unfolding and growth of the wings of 
Papilio machaon after emergence. (3) All stages in the emer- 
gence and hardening process of A?schna cyanea. (4) Several 
species of the curious minute egg parasites of the Mymaride. 
(5) A few slides illustrating the curious swimming Hymenop- 
teron, Cataphractus cinctus. 


JUNE 14th, 1900. 
Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. West exhibited the following three species of Hemop- 
tera : 

Harpocera thoracica, obtained by beating oak; Berytus 
minor, sweeping grasses ; Salda cincta, at the sides of ponds 
under refuse. All three species were taken in Hither Green 
Lane, Lee. 

Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited a twig of red currant from his 
garden at Hatcham, infested with a large scale, Pulvinaria 
vibesie, Signoret, and contributed the following note : 

““The female specimens of scale exhibited were found on 
a red currant bush much overshadowed by vigorous growth 
of Clematis vitalba. I consulted that useful series of notes to 
all interested in economic entomology, viz. ‘ Reports and 
Observations on Injurious Insects,’ by Miss Ormerod, and 
found in the number for 1889 that the pest was in all prob- 
ability Pulvinaria ribesia, a somewhat rare occurrence in this 
country. I then submitted specimens to Mr. R. Newstead, 
F.E.S., of Chester Museum, whose work in this group is 
well known, and he writes me as follows: 

“¢ Ves, Pulvinaria ribesia, Signoret. Thank you very much 
for the specimens. I am delighted to have them, and shall 
find them very useful. Did you observe the small and now 
untenanted ¢ scales? They are glossy white. . 

I have never seen a male, and as these have not been 
described, perhaps you would look out for them next 
season ?’ 

“According to the account given in ‘ Injurious Insects,’ 
1889, pp. 43 —48, the scale is known as the white woolly 
currant scale; it is a native of France, and is allied closely 
to the well-known and destructive vine-scale, Pulvinaria 


77 


vitis. At that time it had only been observed at Wakefield 
and Huddersfield in this country, but on the east coast of 
Scotland it had been reported from several localities.”’ 

Mr. Rowden exhibited thirty-five species of dried plants, 
representative of the fifty kinds noted in flower during the 
Field Meeting of the Society at Oxshott on May roth. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited bred specimens of Orgyza antiqua 
from the South of France, and noted that the black markings 
were much more intense than in the English form. 

Mr. Turner exhibited a cactus plant, Mammuillaria minima, 
showing about twenty heads. He stated that the genus 
Mammillaria derives its name from the stem being covered 
by mamma-like tubercles, each surmounted by a rosette 
of spines, which in the 500 or more species contained 
in the genus showed infinite variety in form, size, and 
arrangement. The headquarters of the genus was Mexico, 
a few only being found in adjacent countries. They always 
grow where the sunlight is intense. 

Mr. Clark exhibited microphotographs of the ova _ of 
Cyanirts argiolus, Polyommatus bellargus, Euchloé cardamines, 
Hadena genista, and Ematurga atomaria. The ova were 
kindly given to him by Mr. Montgomery. 

Mr. Fred. Enock exhibited living specimens of Ranatra 
linearis, together with a leaf-stem of Alisma, in which were 
laid 107 eggs, the work, no doubt, of several Ranatre ; the 
other stem on the same plant had 97 eggs in it. 

Mr. Enock had several times observed the Ranatre ovi- 
positing in leaves of water ranunculus, Potamogeton, and 
Alisma, but they seem to prefer the stems of the latter, living 
and dead. The Ranatra crawls upon a leaf, and taking hold 
firmly with her second and third legs, she raises the head three 
quarters of an inch from the leaf. The raptorial legs being 
placed flat together and held in a line with the abdomen, 
the tip of which is depressed until it almost touches the leaf. 
The ovipositor is then extruded and pressed against the 
surface; a forward and downward movement being given, 
it is slowly driven right through the leaf, and then almost 
withdrawn, the egg, which is over an eighth of an inch long, 
being then extruded and forced into the hole until the head 
end just projects above. Each egg has two long filaments, 
which, immediately the egg is fixed into position, spring 
open, and so form with the egg the letter ‘‘ Y,”’ thus pre- 
venting the egg, which projects through and underneath the 
leaf, from slipping through. 

From the eggs of Ranatra Mr. Enock has bred both male 


78 


and female hymenopterous parasites, Prestwichia aquatica’ 
(Lubbock). 

The act of copulation takes place sideways, though the 
male at first crawls on to the back of the female, whose 
raptorial leg he seizes with his own,—the abdomen is then 
twisted round, and the connection made. 

Mr. Lucas read the report of the Field Meeting at 
Oxshott on May roth, illustrating his remarks with a large 
number of lantern slides showing all the well-known points 
in the district, beautiful views in the woods and around the 
Black Pond, remarkable growths to be observed, and various 
biological pictures from objects taken in the district (see 
page 6). 

Mr. Adkin gave a short account of the doings of the South 
Eastern Union of Scientific Societies at their Annual 
Congress at Brighton in the first week in June. 


JUNE 28th, 1900. 
Mr: W: |. Lucas;-B.A., F.E.S., President, in the Ghai 


Mr. Kemp exhibited a fine variety of Bombyx rubt in which 
the band on the fore-wings was bifurcated for about half its 
length towards the costal end; a specimen of Polyommatus 
icavus having a large bleached blotch at the anal angle of 
the left fore-wing; and several specimens of the water 
boatman Notonecta glauca, including the var. maculata. 

Mr. Main exhibited the nest of the solitary wasp, Polistes 
gallica, from Switzerland, together with a living example of 
the species recently emerged from one of the cells. 

Mr, Lucas exhibited plants and flowers of Mzmulus luteus 
from Weybridge, and stated that this immigrant had 
established itself at several places in the neighbourhood, 
being often found in large masses. He had also seen it at 
Dovedale growing wild. He also exhibited specimens of the 
rare dragonfly Ischnura pumilio from the New Forest, where 
Mr. Carr and himself had recently rediscovered it. Two 
of the specimens captured were var. aurantiaca 9. The 
species had been obtained by Mr. Blenkarn in Norfolk last 
year. Previously it had not been taken in this country for 
many years, and of its capture there were only a few 
vague records. 

Mr. West (Greenwich) exhibited specimens of Monanthia 
amplicata and M. card (Heteroptera) from Lewisham, Mr, 


79 


Edwards and Mr. Turner recorded having found the latter 
species at Chipstead and Wisley respectively. 

Major Ficklin and several other members recorded how 
troublesome the mosquitoes had been this season. 

Mr. R. Adkin read a Report on the Field Meeting held 
at Banstead on June 16th (page Ir). 


JULY 12th, 1900. 
 W. J. Lucss, BAL, Pes-Ss, President; in the Chair. 


Mr. R. Adkin exhibited pupa cases in siti of the four 
following Sesias :—S. scolitformis, S. astliformis (cynipiformis), 
S. culiciformis, and S. ichneumonifornis, and contributed the 
following note: 

‘‘The cocoons and pupa-skins of Sestidz exhibited illus- 
trate the various methods of pupation of this interesting 
group, I think, fairly well. S. scoliiformis, it will be seen, 
forms a tough cocoon just under the bark of the birch 
tree in which the larva has fed. S. asiliformis appears 
to similarly affect the oak, but is more often found in the 
stumps of trees that have been recently felled than in the 
stems or branches. S. culiciforymis burrows in the solid 
wood of the birch, forming its cocoon with the head just 
within the bark; it is very ‘partial to the stumps of bushes 
that have been cut a couple of years. S. tchneumoniformis 
feeds in the roots of the bird’s-foot trefoil, and pupates in the 
crown of the root, as does S. musciformis in thrift and 
S. chrysidifornis in dock and sorrel, this latter insect some- 
times throwing up a tower above the root in which to 
pupate. S. sphegiformis I am unfortunately unable to 
exhibit ; but this species, I believe, differs from all the others 
of the group in having a free pupa, with the power of 
travelling up and down the burrows in which the larva has 
fed in the stems or branches of the alder.” 

Mr. Tutt said that very little was known as to the method 
of oviposition of most of the species in this group. Even 
the habit of the most common S. tipuliformis was unknown, 
and it had been suggested that the ova of this species were 
laid on the leaves as in the case of Trochilium crabroniformis 
(bembeciformis). 

Mr. Hall had had considerable experience of S. sphegt- 
formis, but had never observed the species ovipositing. In 
fact the perfect insects were scarcely ever seen in nature, 


80 


except the males, which could readily be obtained by 
assembling. The larve took three years to feed up. 
During the first year they fed in the bark, and it was an 
easy matter to tell this stage by the character of the frass. 
In the second and third years, however, the frass was 
indistinguishable. It was found upon splitting the affected 
stems, that during the second year the larve burrowed 
without approaching the sides. In the third year their 
burrows always tended to go towards the side. Mr. Tutt 
suggested that in this species it was probable that the ova 
were laid exteriorly on the stems. 

Mr. Tutt was inclined to think that the first meal of the 
larvee of several of the Sesias was on the leaf. He was also 
in want of some definite information as to where the eggs of 
Cossus ligniperda were deposited. 

Mr. Adkin said that he had found ova of C. ligniperda on 
the bark of a poplar tree; they were deposited in patches of 
various sizes, from perhaps three quarters of an inch in 
diameter down to clusters of not more than half a dozen 
eggs together; they were fully exposed to view, no attempt 
being made to conceal them. Zeuzera pyrina, which was 
also a wood feeder, he believed from observations that he 
had made, deposited its ova very carefully under the bark 
and so out of sight. 

Mr. Tutt said that these two species were associated 
together by most systematists with very little reason, as 
they were in no way related. The ova even were remarkably 
distinct. The latter species had small, weak, flesh-coloured 
ova suitable for placing in cracks in the bark; while the 
former species had large, strongly-ribbed ova comparable to 
those of noctuz and butterflies, yet they were deposited on 
their sides and retained their oval shape. He strongly 
urged the great importance of egg characters in classifi- 
cation. 

Mr. West exhibited the Hemipteron, Graphocrerus ventralis, 
obtained by sweeping at Lee. It was a somewhat uncommon 
species. 

Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited and presented to the Society's 
collection an undetermined specimen of a Hymenopteron 
taken in the flower of a yellow azalea at Rhinefield, New 
Forest, June Ist, Igoo. 

He also exhibited: (1) A typical female of Pyrrhosoma 
nymphula and two female specimens of a variety in which 
the red colour of the abdomen was replaced by bronze- 
black, the segmental divisions being yellow; all three taken 


81 


in the New Forest, June, 1900. (2) A series of Angerona 
prunaria, from Hailsham, taken between June 25th and 
July 1st. This moth commences to fly before sunset, but is 
very difficult to see after dusk. The variation in the series 
was very considerable. (3) A series of Melita athalia, from 
Hailsham, taken on June 27th and 28th. This insect seemed 
to be fairly common in the neighbourhood of the cow-wheat 
(Melampyrum), which was in full flower, and which also 
attracted Macraglossa fuciformts (one), Plusia gamma, etc. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited a specimen of the sweet-flag, A corus 
calamus, which was found growing near Weybridge, and a 
female specimen of the somewhat rare dragonfly Orthetrum 
cancellatum, taken at Wisley. He referred to the blue colour 
which appeared on the male of this and other species some 
considerable time after emergence, and stated that even the 
female developed this colour if she lived long. Mr. Tutt 
compared this colour in appearance to the waxy bloom to be 
found on many pupe. 

Mr. Turner exhibited a short series of a rare Hemipteron, 
Eusarcocorts melanocephalus, taken by beating and sweeping 
at Horsley on July 7th. Previous captures of this species in 
the district had been recorded by Mr. G. C. Champion. 


FULY 26th, 1900. 


Mr. A. HARRISON, F.C.S., F.L.S., Vice-President, in the 
Chair: 


Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited a specimen of Cosmia pyralina, 
and stated that the specimen was beaten from elm, near 
Oxshott, on July 14th, rg00, by Mr. W. J. Lucas, with whom 
he was collecting at the time. When beaten it had only just 
emerged and the wings were not inflated, so it was regarded 
as an example of either C. affinis, or C. diffinis. Later on 
however, on looking in the chip-box, he found the insect’s 
wings fully expanded, and identified it as C. pyralina. The 
locality appears to be a new one for the species. 

Mr. Adkin remarked that odd specimens of this species 
had been found in numerous places during the last season or 
two. It was remarked that Caradrina ambigua was another 
species which was apparently spreading its range. 

Mr Harrison exhibited a series of Nyssia zonaria taken at 
Wallasey this season on the portion of the sandhills used as 
golf links. It was abundant, and numbers of both males and 
females were being crushed under the roller. 

6 


82 


Mr. West exhibited a series of the Heteropteron, Mecomma 
ambulans, taken at Lewisham, in damp situations. 

Mr. Ashby exhibited a series of Avomda moschata, including 
a living specimen from the banks of the Lea at Tottenham. 
He said they were abundant, but confined to a few willow 
trees, and called attention to their strong aroma, which he 
said was very distinguishable in the neighbourhood of the 
trees. Most of the specimens were obtained quite ten feet 
from the ground. 

Several members had seen Colias edusa this season, and 
Mr. Clark had received ova from Ivybridge in Devon. 
Pyrameis cavduwt had been observed in numerous places, and 
Plusia gamma was reported as occurring everywhere. Colzas 
hyale had been seen at Eastbourne. 


AUGUST oth, 1900. 
Mr. A. Harrison, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. H. Moore exhibited a specimen of Sivex gigas taken in 
Rotherhithe, and no doubt bred in the timber brought to the 
docks ; also three species of Orthoptera taken by himself in 
Folkestone Warren, viz. :—Leptophyes punctatissima, Thaimno- 
tvizon cinereus, and Platycleis grisea. 

Mr. Adkin exhibited a series of Melanippe fluctuata, taken 
this year at Lewisham, and commented on the variation in 
the central band. The three main types were :—(1) A strong 
band, very complete. (2) A half band, strongly marked. (3) A 
distorted band, approaching somewhat to var. costovata. 

Mr. Carpenter exhibited two nests of a leaf-cutting bee 
found in the folds of an old sack. Each consisted of a string 
of cells one behind the other, and it was questioned, if the 
first cell made and tenanted produced an imago first, how the 
insect escaped. Dr. Chapman said that all the bees in one 
nest would emerge about the same time, and that among the 
Hymenoptera individuals often remained in their cell fully 
developed, until suitable weather occurred. 

Mr. Blenkarn exhibited a very fine-bred smoky specimen 
of Cosmotriche (Odonestts) potatoria, from Eastbourne. 

Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited a series of Pstluva monacha, 
and contributed the following note: 

‘‘The larvee were beaten from oak in the New Forest, 
June 8th and oth, and were then quite small. They fed up 
very rapidly on oak, and the first one pupated June 22nd. 
The first imago, a male, emerged July 9th. The emergence 
of the others was: 


Males. Females. Males. Females. 

July ro 3 I July 21 I I 
fae ® 2 I ae O 2 
a te I I 2° I i 
Ape Ss 3 5 x 24 I I 
See I 3 AS O O 
ee Soya 3 ss0 10 i 
Press) 3 3 », 27 O 2 
Das ty I 2 EmhZe O O 
Pee LG 2 2 in 29 I O 
PeakO 672 I ts Ona ) 
a ZO O I 


making a total of 58 moths—27 males, and 31 females.” 


AUGUST 23rd, 1900. 
Mr. A. Harrison, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. R. Adkin sent for exhibition a box containing some 
flower-heads of ivy, and contributed the following note: 

“‘T am sending in the enclosed box for exhibition some 
flower-heads of ivy having eggshells of Cyaniris argiolus on 
them, showing the positions in which they are deposited. 
There are some very small larvze on the heads, but I fear 
these will get shaken off and lost on the way, but yet the 
traces of their first meals will be evident. The imagines have 
been very common here, flitting over the ivy patches both on 
the sea-front and about the town, and the great ivy-covered 
walls of the old castles at Pevensey and Hurstmonceux were 
quite alive with them a few days ago. The species is, however, 
not without its enemies. One small larva that I found this 
morning, sunning itself on a head of flower-buds, carried the 
egg of a parasite on its shoulders. The larva I should judge 
from its size was less than a week old, yet it had been 
attacked ; the.egg which it carried looked curiously out of 
proportion on so small a creature, and one wondered how 
the resulting larva would find room to secrete itself in its 
miniature host.” 

He also exhibited the flowers of the common Euonymus, 
and sent the following note: 

“The common Euonymus of our gardens is, I believe, 
not often seen in blossom, I therefore enclose a small head 
of bloom just gathered from a bush that is blossoming 
freely in a garden at South Cliff, Eastbourne.” 


84. 


Mr. West exhibited the following Hemiptera, all taken at 
Lee :—Oliarus panzert, on willows; Idtocerus tremula, on 
aspens; I. vitveus on poplars; I. albicans on white poplar ; 
I. confusus on sallows ; I. laminatus on Lombardy poplar ; and 
I. popult on aspens. He also exhibited a larva of Dicranura 
bifida from West Wickham. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited specimens of Melanippe fluctuata 
from Red Hill, and from the Southern Alps, all uniform and 
typical. 

Mr. Blenkarn exhibited specimens of Cosmotriche (Odo- 
nestis) potatoria and Lasiocampa (Bombyx) querciis, var. 
callune from Eastbourne, Sfilosoma lubricipeda, var. radiata, 
from Yorkshire, Mesotype virgata (lineolata) from Margate, 
and Triphosa dubitata from East Dulwich. 


SEPTEMBER 13th, 1900. 
Mr. W. J. Lucas, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. F. Noad Clark exhibited a specimen of Locusta 
viridissima, taken at Deal. 

Mr. South exhibited a series of Zygena trifolu, bred from 
cocoons taken in a marshy place near Oxshott. They were 
found both well up the stems of grasses, as well as close to 
the earth. About half the number taken emerged, and the 
rest were either attacked by parasites or were attempting to 
lie over. The specimens were by no means large in size. 
The variation showed the same range as in a series he had 
obtained from a meadow at Northwood, in Middlesex. Mr. 
Lucas had noticed among those obtained by himself from the 
same locality that the females had a much greater tendency 
to confluence of spots than the males. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited several specimens of Thamnotrizon 
cinereus, an Orthopteron which he had taken in the New 
Forest. 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited a short series of Lasitocampa 
(Bombyx) quercts from Margate. 

Mr. Kemp exhibited a specimen of Aflecta occulta, taken 
at sugar near Cromer. It was remarked that it was an 
unusual occurrence for this species to be taken so far south. 
It had been, however, taken some years ago in Tilgate 
Forest. [It has since been reported by Mr. Porritt from 
South Devon. } 

Mr. Turner exhibited series of the following Coleoptera 


85 


taken this year :—Criocerts asparagi, from Petersfield ; Liopus 
nebulosus, from the New Forest ; Strangalia armata, from the 
New Forest ; Strangalia armata, var. from Abbott’s Wood ; 
Clytus arietis from Abbott's Wood. The two latter were 
received from Mr., F. B. Carr. 

Mr. West exhibited the Hemipteron Derophysa foliacea, 
beaten from ivy at Blackheath. Mr. Edwards stated that 
he had found the same species in his garden. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited a series of the white variety of Helix 
evicetorum, taken near Oxford. 

Mr. Main exhibited a species of Myxogaster, a parasitic 
growth of amceboid clusters of cells, which crawl about and 
finally congregate and spore. 

Mr. Barnet exhibited a specimen of Polyommatus corydon, 
of a curious brown coloration. 

Mr. Buckstone exhibited a female specimen of A?schna 
mixta, taken at Shoreham, in Kent, where he had met with 
a number. Mr. Lucas said that this usually rare species had 
been found this year in numerous localities over a very con- 
siderable area. 

Mr. H. Moore exhibited several species of Lepidoptera, 
and contributed the following note: 

‘‘Near Le Portel, a fishing village some two or three 
miles from Boulogne, on August roth last, I came across 
two small patches of vetches and one of clover, which 
seemed to be the rendezvous of all the butterflies of 
the neighbourhood. Whites (brassice and rape), of course, 
were numerous, but amongst the crowd I failed to 
detect any daplidice. Colias edusa was not much in evi- 
dence, and very wild; C. hyale was common; Pyramets 
cardut was fairly plentiful, but I only saw one atalanta. 
Vanessa 10 and Aglais urtice were in good numbers. The 
only ‘‘ Blue” was P. icarus. The chief feature of the spot 
was the abundance of Papilio machaon—my experience of 
this insect had been confined to solitary specimens going at 
an unapproachable rate, but here I had as many as four 
around me within striking distance at one time. Of course 
I made many misses, but by careful stalking managed to 
net five.’’ 

Mr. Tutt noted that there had been several reports this 
year of P. machaon occurring far from its accustomed haunts 
in the Fens, and considered that Mr. Moore’s observation 
would suggest the probability that an immigration across 
the Channel had occurred. 

Mr. Sauzé exhibited various species captured by him during 


86 


his holiday in August, including Colias edusa, from Deal; 
C. hyale, from Deal, St. Margarets, and Margate, both species 
being at clover, but the latter much predominated; Polyom- 
matus corydon, from St. Margarets ; Pyramets cardum, from the 
South Foreland ; Calamia phragmitidis, Agrotis puta, Noctua 
plecta, N. c-mgram, Bryophila perla, Pyralts costalis, P. glauct- 
nalis, Hypsipetes sordidata, Aspilates ochrearia (cttraria) and 
A. gilvaria, from Deal. Among the Coleoptera he showed 
Broscus cephalotes, from Sandwich; Molytes germanus, from 
Mongeham ; Opatrum sabulosum, from Folkestone ; Carabus 
momlis, and Heliopathes gibbus, from Deal. Among Hemi- 
ptera he exhibited Chorosoma schillingu, Coranus subapterus, 
and Prestodous lituratus. Among the Odonata, Aischna mixta, 
from Kingsgate; and among Orthoptera, Labia minor, from 
Walmer. 

Mr. Bishop read the report of the Field Meeting held at 
Horsley on July 7th (see page 15). 


SEPTEMBER 27th, 1900. 
Mir W.]-)LucAS, B-A.; F.E-S., President, in the Chain 


Mr. Edwards exhibited a specimen of Polyporus squamosus 
taken from a tree on Paul’s Cray Common during the Field 
Meeting on Saturday 22nd. 

Mr. Ashby exhibited (1) a striking variety of ? of Rhagiwm 
bifasciatum, from Rickmansworth, taken on June 24th, 1900, 
having a large yellow patch across the elytra instead of the 
four spots as in the type specimens. (2) A series of Sinoden- 
dron cylindricum from a beech stump at Rickmansworth, 
May 27th, 1900. (3) A series of a small Clavicorne taken at 
last Saturday’s Field Meeting from fungi. (4) A small 3 
specimen of Pieris rapa taken at Rickmansworth, May 27th, 
1900. (5) An asymmetrical variety of Abraxas grossulariata 
taken in North Paddington, July 18th, rg00, having the right 
wings typical, while the left fore-wing was much radiated 
with black. 

Mr. Carpenter exhibited a series of Colias hyale from 
Sheerness, including a pale form, and suggested that a name 
be given it, since itis so constant. He also reported that Mr. 
Joy took sixty-five C. hyale, nineteen C. edusa, and two var. 
helice on one day, and on the next, seventy-one C. /yale and 
four var. helice, while typical C. edusa was in numbers. He 
stated that both C. hyale and C. edusa had oviposited, and 


87 


that the latter species was now in pupa, while the former 
was not yet full grown. 

Mr. Montgomery exhibited larve of C. edusa, and stated 
that in 1895 the larve of this species averaged about twenty- 
eight days in reaching the pupa state, while this year 
forty-two days had elapsed, and many had not yet pupated. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited two female specimens of the Orthop- 
teron Platycleis grisea from the neighbourhood of Lulworth, 
and a specimen of Tettix subulatus from Milford. 

Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited some of the larger species of 
British dragonflies, all taken this year:—Sympetrum striolatum, 
Sympetrum sanguineum, and Synipetrum scoticum from Ockham, 
August 16th, 1900; Libellula depressa from the New Forest, 
June 6th, 1900; Libellula quadrimaculata from the New 
Forest, June 3rd to 6th, 1900, and Black Pond, Esher, 
July r4th, 1900; and Libellula quadrimaculata, var. prenubila 
from the Black Pond, Esher, July 14th, 1900; Orthetrum 
cerulescens, Gomphus vulgatissimus, Cordulegaster annulatus, 
and Brachytron pratense from the New Forest, June, 1900 ; 
LE schna grandis from Wisley, August 16th, rgoo, and A? schna 
mixta from Loughton, August 22nd, rgoo. 

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a short series of C. edusa 
from Dawlish, including var. helice, one of two taken, 
and reported numerous others; a small female of the 
same species, and remarked that many specimens were 
small; also another female with the costa of a much 
lighter yellow than the rest of the wing. He further 
exhibited a pair of A%schna mixta taken with two other 
specimens at Pitsea, anda specimen of Sympetrum sanguineum 
taken with others at Wisley. He reported that the latter 
species was very common at Horsham on September 23rd. 

Mr. Chittenden exhibited a pale yellow variety of Chryso- 
phanus phi@as, taken at Ashford; two very dark forms of 
Gnophos obscuraria from Shirley Hills ; a specimen of Bupalus 
piniaria from West Wickham, with the left pair of wings 
coloured as in the male, and the right pair of the female 
coloration; a dark form of Agrotis corticea from the last 
locality ; and a dark A. aquilina from the Shirley Hills. 

Mr. Gadge exhibited several fruits from Cape Colony, and 
a branch of the “ silver-tree.”’ 

Mr. Colthrup, on behalf of Mr. Hills, of Folkestone, 
exhibited a long series of Colias lyale, and contributed the 
following note: 

‘‘The series was taken in the neighbourhood of Folke- 
stone during July of this year. They are arranged showing 


88 


the variation in the depth of the marginal band of the 
hind-wings, which in some cases has gone to vanishing 
point ; also there are three without any markings on the 
apical patch of the fore-wings. The two forms of the 
female are represented, viz. the white and the yellow, and 
one female has very dark hind-wings, approaching C. edusa 
var. helice.” 

Mr. Adkin read the Report of the Field Meeting held at 
Paul’s Cray Common, on September 22nd (see page 17). 


OCTOBER 1th, 1900. 
Mr. W. |- Lucas, BA., F.E.S., President, in the Cian, 


Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited series of the spring and 
summer broods of Zonosoma porata and Z. punctaria, all bred 
from Sussex ova. He remarked upon the much greater 
difference between the two broods in the latter than in the 
former species, and the consequent nearer resemblance 
of the summer broods of the two species than their 
spring broods. This resemblance, although superficial, had 
he said, frequently in his experience led to a confusion 
of the two species. He thought, however, that apart from 
the numerous minor characters, the presence of the white 
dark-bordered dot on the wings of porata should at all times 
be sufficient to identify that species. He also mentioned with 
regard to punctaria that, although the larva was an inveterate 
oak feeder, he had found that it would eat beech fairly well, 
and will not altogether refuse birch when no other food is to 
be had. 

Mr. Lucas, on behalf of Mr. Jennings, exhibited the 
Hemiptera, Ptilophorus perplexus, beaten out of oak at Edmon- 
ton, and the rare Monantha ciliata, taken near Dorking, 
in August; also a very dark small male of the earwig, 
Forficula auricularia, from Box Hill, which had the legs and 
wing-cases almost black. 

Mr. B. Adkin exhibited several finely varied specimens of 
Boarnia repandata bred from New Forest larve, two bred 
examples of Cleova glabraria, one of which was a nice suffused 
variety, and various forms of Noctua castanea (neglecta) from 
Aberdeen and the New Forest. 

Rev. H. Wood exhibited a fine specimen of the rare Longi- 
corn, Astynomus edilis, taken at Northampton, and doubtless 
bred from foreign timber. 


89 


Mr. Jager exhibited the following species taken in South 
Devon in August and September :—three Stilbia anomala, 
four Lithosia camila, five Noctua castanea, eight Laphygma 
exigua, one Epunda lichenea, one Leucama albipuncta, one L. 
vitellina, one Heliothis armigera, six L. putrescens, and two 
Colias edusa var. helice, one of which was a large specimen 
measuring 2} inches in expanse. He remarked that during 
his stay the days were mostly fine, but that the nights were 
cold. 

Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited a typical d and ? Pyrrhosoma 
tenellum, a female with abdomen bronze, and another with 
abdomen crimson except circlets at the junctions of the 
segments which were black ; also a nymph-case which pro- 
duced a normal male, and another which produced a bronze 
female. All varieties were from the New Forest. Mr. A. H. 
Hamm had taken bronze varieties at two places in Devon- 
shire. The bronze @ nymph-case was darker than the other, 
but probably only by chance. 

Mr. Jager exhibited specimens of a dragon fly he had seen 
in South Devon and which it was thought might be Sym- 
petrum vulgatum. Mr. Lucas, however, said it was only the 
common Sympetrwm striolatum, and stated that the former 
could be distinguished by the absence of a brown band 
between the second and third black stripes on the sides of 
the thorax, the absence of yellow dots on the abdomen, the 
presence of a longitudinal black line on each side of the first 
three abdominal segments, the very prominent vulvar scale, 
the generally more olive colour, the black line in front of 
the vertex being produced along the side of the eyes, and by 
diflerences in the structure of the male genital organs. 

Mr. Kaye exhibited series of several species of Lyceenids 
from Japan with British examples of the same or allied 
species for comparison : 

1. Chrysophanus phlaas.—This_ species exhibits very 
markedly the influence of temperature. In Japan the bright 
copper form occurs in the spring, while the darker forms 
(cf. var. eleus of South Europe) occurinthelatesummer. The 
latter generally have the coppery band of the hind wings 
unchanged. The spring brood in both countries are practi- 
cally indistinguishable on the upper side, but on the under 
side of the fore-wings of the Japanese specimens the white 
rings round the spots are more pronounced, and the blotches 
on the hind margins are five or six in number instead of 
three, as in the British examples. On the undersides of the 
hind wings the ground colour ts of a silvery brown and the 


90 


black spots edged with white are more pronounced. The 
colour of the red band, too, is much more vivid. In the black 
form the red band is much widened and very brilliant. 

2. Polyommatus argia.—This species is almost indis- 
tinguishable from our P. icarus except in being larger. 

3. Plebius @gon.—The colour and markings agree most 
accurately with British specimens, but these latter are 
miniatures. 

4. Cyaniris argiolus.—The points of difference are to be 
found mainly on the under side The delicate blue has given 
way to a grey tint with a faint tinge of blue. All the spots 
are more decided, and not mere spots, as in British examples. 
The two broods are, as in Britain, dimorphic, but the summer 
brood is of a much darker colour. 

5. Everes argiades.—These were similar to the average 
European specimens. 

Mr. MacArthur exhibited a long series of Argynms aglaia 
taken near Brighton, all bright and well-marked specimens. 

Mr. West exhibited a series of the Homopteron Typhlocyba 
candidula, beaten from white poplar on Blackheath. It had 
not previously been found in Britain. 

Mr. Turner exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Edwards, a long 
series of Saturnia pavonia, bred from ova laid by a female 
captured at Digne in April, 1898. The first contingent of 
twenty-one specimens emerged between March 11th and 
April 17th, in 1899, and were all males. The remainder, 
nine specimens, did not emerge till April of this year, 1goo, 
and consisted of two males and seven females. 

Mr. Blenkarn reported that he had taken Ischnura pumulio 
in Abbot’s Wood. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited specimens and drawings illus- 
trating the structures which exist in the imago of Cnethocampa 
pityocampa, by means of which it manages to escape from the 
papery but tough silken cocoon (Plate III). “These struc- 
tures have been described before, but any reference to their 
uses has not been found. They consist of an armature of the 
head and spines of the first tibia, by means of which the 
cocoon is penetrated and torn or cut in a somewhat ragged 
but fairly straight line across the summit of the cocoon and 
for some distance down one side. The head armature consists 
of a dense chitinous plate occupying the whole front of the 
head from the palpi to the vertex, and rising into a broad or 
rather double ridge of fairly equal width throughout its whole 
antero-posterior extent. The sides of the ridge fall vertically 
to the surface of the head, except where a slight spreading 


mal 


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Ap > 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. 


Fig. 1.—Cnethocampa pityocampa. 


I 


N 


2? 


. Head showing double serrated horny crest. 


. First leg, showing great strength of femur and tibia, com- 
pared with second and third legs (3 and 4), and the sharp 
point of the tibia for penetrating cocoon, and behind the 
point sharp hollow for cutting cocoon, which cannot slip 
off owing to point behind. ‘Tarsus bending back out of the 


way. 


.—Head of Wonagria typhe. Dorsal and lateral views. 


This breaks down a silken diaphragm, and much resembles the 


cocoon opener of many chrysalides, (See page 93). 


Sketched under camera. x 12 diams. 


PLATE III. 


LATERAL VIEW. 


we 


FIG 2. 


FIG 1. 


STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF CNETHOCAMPA PITYOCAMPA AND NONAGRIA TYPH. 


Allard & Son, Imp. 


J 


buttress rises to the apex of the ridge. The crest is hollowed 
above from before backwards, leaving the margins rather 
sharp, or forming, as above described, a double ridge. These 
edges rise into a series of teeth, a small and low one near the 
palpi, then four of about equal prominence, but each higher 
above the head than the previous one, so that the last is a pro- 
minent spine over the vertex. The ridge then falls rather 
abruptly and terminates with a final spine close to the back of 
the head against the prothorax. The corresponding spines on 
the two margins are connected across the intervening groove 
by ribs that break the groove up into a series of hollows or 
basins. 

‘The other portion of the apparatus isthe first tibia. This 
is short—just half the length of the second and third tibia. 
The usual tibial spur arises at about one third of its length 
from its base, and is fairly long (half length of tibia), but it 
is curiously pale and flimsy-looking, and it is doubtless quite 
functionless as far as regards the special use for which the 
tibia itself is modified. Beyond the origin of the tarsus, the 
tibia is prolonged into a long (half length of tibia) and a 
short spine, with a sharp knife-edge running from the one to 
the other. The long one is anterior and very sharp. The 
tarsus flexes in the tibia readily, but admits of very little 
extension, thus avoiding getting in the way in the special 
use for which the tibia is designed. The femur is very thick 
and short, obviously strong and muscular for the exertion of 
the necessary power in cutting the cocoon. 

‘“T have not seen the apparatus at work, but taking its 
structure in connection with the form of the slit in the 
cocoon, it is obvious that the cutting is done chiefly by the 
tibia, both apparently acting together, as the slit is single, 
except that it sometimes divides into two branches at its 
lower end; the long sharp spine penetrates the cocoon and 
the short one prevents the tibia passing too far through, and 
the cocoon is then cut against the short ridge joining the 
spines as the tibia is forcibly pressed downwards. I ought 
to have said for clearness that these two spines are prolonga- 
tions of the tibia itself, and not jointed appendages, as one 
usually understands by tibial spines or spurs. The even 
more remarkable armature of the head presents a series of 
points by which the cocoon is firmly held and_ steadied 
against the strain of the tibial pressure. The tibize are thus 
able to cut the cocoon instead of pressing it before them. 
These spines also probably do some cutting. It is worth 
noting that the most dorsal of these spines is so placed that, 


92 


should the head spines cut the cocoon, or if, as is possible, 
they always do so, the groove or hollow in front of it will 
catch the cut margin and hold it against the tibial pressure, 
whilst the spine itself is a ridge preventing the cut margin 
of the cocoon passing backwards and cutting into the neck. 
When the opening is large enough the tibiz are brought 
forward, all strain is removed, and the moth freely emerges. 
As the moths often or usually spin up gregariously, these 
structures are also probably of use in clearing a way out 
amongst the cocoons and their loose surrounding silk.” 


OCTOBER 25th, 1900. 
Mr. W.. J., Lucdés, BeA., /F .E.S.,.President,.in the Giair, 


Mr. MacArthur exhibited three specimens of Leucania 
vitellina, taken this year at Shoreham, near Brighton; a 
specimen of A mphipyra tragopogonis, having a series of light 
marginal patches and blotches on the fore-wings; and an 
example of Thymelicus (Hesperia) thawmas of a straw colour, 
but much paler towards the base. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited-a specimen of the cockroach, Rhypa- 
vobia madera, taken in a desk in Covent Garden Market. 

Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell sent for exhibition a photograph 
of a hollyhock plant, showing the ravages of the larve of 
Pyramets cavdut, and contributed the following note: 

‘*T send for the Society a photograph of hollyhock leaves 
injured by Pyvamets carduw at Raton, New Mexico, this year. 
The hollyhock is a favourite garden flower at Raton, but 
this year all I saw were thus injured by P. cardwi. It is 
not often that we hear of this butterfly as a pest, though 
it is very common in New Mexico.” 

Mr. West exhibited a series of the Homopteron, A cocephalus 
brunneo-bifasciatus taken at Blackheath. They were all males, 
and were taken at the roots of grass and by sweeping. 

Mr. Robt. Adkin exhibited a series of plain and banded 
forms of Actdalia aversata, bred during September last from 
ova deposited by a banded female taken at Lewisham on 
July rst, and made the following remarks : 

‘“‘ Many of the species of the genus Aczdalia will, especially 
in confinement, produce brood after brood so long as the 
summer lasts, the limit to their continuous broodedness 
being fixed apparently only by the advent of cool weather 
in autumn; but this is not so with A. aversata, at any rate 


93 


within my own experience. I have reared many broods 
during the past ten years or so, and have frequently tried 
to induce them to produce a second or summer emergence, 
but have signally failed in the attempt, the larve most per- 
sistently hybernating, the only exception previously to the 
present instance being the emergence of a single individual 
on October 7th, in the exceptionally hot year, 18g9—one 
out of close upon two hundred larve that I then had feeding 
up. The parent from which the series now exhibited was 
bred was taken in my garden (where, I may say, I have 
obtained all similar moths from which the former broods 
have emanated) on July 1st; the ova hatched on t2th of 
that month, the time occupied being from two to three 
days longer than is often the case. For the next fortnight 
the larve grew at about the usual pace, being then quite 
small, and all of apparently just the same size. During this 
period the weather had been unusually hot, the screened 
thermometer registering day temperatures of from 80° to O25, 
and night seldom so low as 60°. On 27th a series of thunder- 
storms passed over, leaving unsettled and much cooler 
weather in their wake, day temperatures failing to reach 80°, 
and often but little exceeding 60°. Despite this sudden drop 
in temperature, more than half the brood of larve com- 
menced to grow rapidly, and by August 12th were pupe; 
the remainder have grown but little, and have now settled 
themselves down for hybernation. 

‘‘ The first moth emerged on August 31st, and the last on 
October 1st. Rather more than half of this emergence 
followed the female parent, in that they were of the banded 
form ; the density of the colour of the band, however, varies 
considerably, being in some of them much paler than in 
others; the other portion were of the ordinary form without 
band. The dates of emergence were as follows : 


1900. Banded. Plain. Tg00. Banded. Plain. 
Aug. 31 ) I Sept. is 3 I 
Sept. Vu 4 2 KO iE O 

Sab iii’ 3 5 EA OE O 

9 3 3 2 ” 23 I O 

me & 4 5 4 Octs Vi I O 

” 5 5 4 Boers —— 

” 6 3 Z, Sy 22, 

bn OF I I 


Dr. Chapman said that Mr. Turner had called his attention 
to a structure in the pupa of Nonagria arundinis (typhea), 


94. 


similar to that in C. pityocampa exhibited by himself at the 
last meeting. It consisted of a single or double frontal spine, 
obviously of use for forcing the prepared window of plant 
epidermis with which the larve supplies the puparium,—a 
structure here occurring in the imago of an obtect species 
that occurs so commonly in the pupz of the Incomplete 
This structure occurs in various species of Nonagria. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited a number of specimens and species 
of the fungi found during the Field Meeting at Oxshott on 
October 20th. Dr. M. C. Cooke had identified the species 
for the Society. At the same time Messrs. R. Adkin and 
Edwards gave a report of the gathering (see page 19). 

Mr. Mera exhibited several specimens of Colas edusa, 
C. edusa var. helice, and intermediate varieties; very pale 
specimens of C. hyale; and a very well-marked specimen of 
Smerinthus popult, with the suffused area at the base of the 
hind-wing yellow instead of dull red. 

Dr. Fremlin then ‘read a short paper on ‘“ Bacteria,” 
illustrating his remarks with a varied exhibit, showing the 
methods of culture, and the apparatus used by bacteriologists. - 


NOVEMBER 8th, 1900. 
Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


SPECIAL EXHIBITION OF VARIETIES. 


Mr. H. McArthur exhibited a long series of Melanippe 
hastata, showing local and extreme variation, from Sussex, 
Kent, York, Rannock, Isle of Lewis, Orkney, Shetland, and 
Iceland; and Triphena comes (orbona) showing local and 
extreme variation, from South of Ireland, North Devon, Isle 
of Lewis, and Orkney. Orkney isthe most northern British 
locality known for this species, and specimens from that 
locality are, like those exhibited, of the extreme dark form. 

Mr. B. Adkin exhibited a specimen of Eugonia polychloros, 
with very pale ground colour, bred from a New Forest larva, 
1900; a specimen of Triphena fimbria having the black band 
extending along inner margin,—it was bred from a New 
Forest larva, 1900; and two specimens of Catocala promissa 
having pale upper and hind wings, with narrow and straighter 
medium band, one taken at Hythe, 1895, the other in the 
New Forest, Igoo. 

Mr. Winkley exhibited the specimen of Catocala nupta var. 
cerulescens, captured by him at Mitcham, Surrey, August 


95 


27th, 1892. The usual red colour of the hind wings is 
replaced by a very delicate warm brown, and a purplish glow 
covers the entire area of the wings (see ‘ Ent.,” vol. xxv., 
Pp. 243). 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited the following varieties of 
Argynnis aglata, all captured near Brighton in July last :— 
(1) A male example, having the basal two thirds of all the 
wings black, with the exception of a small irregular tawny 
blotch in the neigbourhood of the discoidal cell and another 
near the base of the forewings, the black coloration being 
continued to the outer margins along the veins, and having a 
black spot on each of the spaces between the latter. The 
pattern of the under side followed that of the upper in general 
contour, but the silver spots were reduced to two on each 
hind wing. The specimen was taken at rest, shortly after 
emergence from pupa. (2) A male, having a greenish-white 
blotch on each of the wings on the left side, similar to the 
blotches found not infrequently in specimens of Argynnis 
paphia. (3) A male, having some of the black spots on the 
central portion of the under side of the fore-wings run together 
into irregular zigzag bands. (4) Two unusually dark coloured 
females, one of them being very large, and having an 
imperfectly pigmented patch on the outer margin of each of 
the wings on the left side. 

Mr. R. Adkin also exhibited long series of Melanippe galiata, 
from Eastbourne and Brighton, showing extreme variation 
in the intensity of colour of the central band, and read the 
following notes in explanation of his exhibit : 

“The series exhibited represent three emergences from 
Eastbourne parents, and one from ova obtained at Brighton. 
The moth from which the Eastbourne series resulted was 
taken on July 25th, 1899 (‘‘ Proceedings,” 1899, p. 49)... From 
the ova thus obtained a brood was fed up which pupated 
between August 18th to zoth. Moths emerged from Sep- 
tember 5th to roth, and consisted of a number of very 
ordinary individuals, together with a few each of very 
darkly banded and pale bluish-grey banded examples. The 
remainder of this brood passed the winter as pupz, the 
moths from which came forth from May 27th to June 13th. 
About one half of them were of the ordinary form, while the 
other half was made up of the intensely dark banded and 
pale banded examples in about equal proportions, but some 
of the pale banded specimens had the blue-grey colour of 
the band even lighter than any of the autumn emergence. 
From the moths reared in September ova were obtained ; 


96 


the larve fed up somewhat slowly, and pupated between 
November 5th and 18th. The moths from these emerged 
between May 25th and June 25th, 1go0, namely, at the same 
time as the later portion of the earlier brood; some few of 
them were of the dark-banded form, but the majority were 
very ordinary specimens, and none of them at all approached 
the pale examples of the earlier brood. The Brighton parent 
was taken on June roth, rgoo, the larve pupated from July 
8th to 15th, and the moths emerged between July 23rd and 
27th of the same year, a very ordinary brood. The pale 
form was therefore confined to the emergences of the one 
brood, fed up in August, 1899. 

Mr. W. F. Urwick exhibited varieties of the following 
species : 

Abraxas ulmata, a graduated series of nine varieties, from a 
suffused smoke-coloured specimen to forms resembling 
A. pantaria, taken near York from 1897—1899. 

Argynnis paphia, an hermaphrodite variety. Right wings, 
female var. valesina ; left wings, male ordinary type, with the 
exception of a dark splash toward the base (vide 
‘‘Entomologist,’ for October, Ig00). This specimen was 
captured on July 28th, 1900, near Lyndhurst, New Forest. 
A male variety of same species, taken by G. Tate, Boldre 
Wood, New Forest, in July, 1898, showing considerable 
dark suffusion. 

Lithosia quadva, one male variety with light and dark 
colouring of the fore-wings transposed. Three female 
varieties, one with the spots on inner margin absent, two 
others with extra large spots. All were bred by G. Tate, 
Lyndhurst, in August, Igoo. 

Epinephele hyperanthus, two varieties, one with a grey fore- 
wing, the other with very large spots (under side). All were 
taken in the New Forest in July, 1goo. 

A grotis agathina, one variety, bred by G. Tate, Lyndhurst, 
August, 1808. 

Ephyra pendularia, a fine, richly-banded form, bred by 
G, Tate, Eyadhurst: 

Chelonia plantaginis, sixteen very striking varieties bred 
from male var. jospita, and female of the ordinary type from 
South Wales, during 1897 to 1g00. A complete gradation was 
shown between the type form, and var. hospita with pure 
white ground colour and black markings. 

Mr. E. B. Nevinson exhibited Malacosoma (Bombyx) cas- 
trensis from Essex, showing much variation in colour ; 
Macrothylacia (Bombyx) rubt, females, from Argyle and 


oO” 


Hartlepool, for comparison ; Lastocampa trifoliit, a light 
form, from Romney Marsh, bred by Mr. Mitford; Cosomotriche 
(Odonestis) potatoria, light and dark females; Arctia caia, a 
most uncommon form with radiated hind wings, from Wicken 
Fen. ; Notodonta chaonta, a fine suffused form ; Pygera curtula, 
P. pigra, hybrids. Helwothis peltigera, light and dark bred 
forms, from Swanage; Guiophos obscuraria, light and dark 
forms; Zonosoma linearia, banded form from the New Forest ; 
Melanippe fluctuata, extreme light and dark forms. 

Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited— 

A series of Noctua festiva taken at Hailsham, June, rgoo. 

A series of Diloba caruleocephala, bred this year. In one 
the 8-mark is very distinct, in another it is only represented 
by two small pale spots. 

Two specimens of Diphthera orion taken on treacle at 
Hailsham, goo. 

A specimen of Covemia propugnata (designata) with a very 
narrow brown bar across the wing, and without a trace of 
the flame colour. New Forest, June, Igoo. 

Six male Bombyx neustria; one with scarcely any sign of 
the pale transverse lines. Four were bred, and others taken 
at Hailsham, in 1899. 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited varieties of the eggs of the fol- 
lowing birds: 

1. Blackbird (Turdus merula), variations in density and 
distribution of the spots. 

2. Starling (Sturnus vulgaris): (1) a pure white egg; (2) 
an intensely blue egg, like the blue in a thrush’s egg. 

3. Thrush (Turdus musicus), with spots bunched at the 
smaller end. 

4. Common fowl, two extremely small eggs, and a curious 
malformed egg deficient in lime, showing a uniformly rugose 
surface. 

5. House sparrow (Passer domnvesticus), a pure white speci- 
men, a large-sized elongated example, and several small 
specimens. 

6. Greenfinch (Ligurinus chloris), with markings collected 
at the smaller end. 

7. Robin (Evithacus rubecula), a variety with pure white 
ground colour. 

8. Chaffinch (Fringilla celebs), with markings collected at 
the small end in the form of a ring, and two specimens with 
larger ends blotched very much with red-brown. These two 
eggs were taken from a typical chaffinch’s nest very early in 

7 


98 


a cold season, and which were abandoned by the parent 
bird. 

Common bunting (Emberiza miliaria), two clutches 
from Beachy Head, showing great extremes in size, shape, 
ground colour, and intensity of markings between the 
clutches. 

Mr. Henry J. Turner exhibited a series of some three 
dozen specimens of Callimorpha hera, taken by himself in 
the neighbourhood of Dawlish in mid August, 1g00. The 
ground colour of the hind wings exhibited an uninterrupted 
gradation between the rich red of the type through the 
terra-cotta form to the brilliant yellow of the form known 
as var. lutescens. About one half were of the type form. 
The markings of all the specimens were as uniform as if 
produced by a stencil plate. He also exhibited a very long 
and varied series of Bryophila muralis (glandifera) from the 
same neighbourhood, taken on, or bred from pupe from, a 
single wall. The series was a very remarkable one, in that 
it contained but a few isolated examples of forms which are 
typical of eastern localities like Freshwater, Eastbourne, or 
Folkestone. A considerable proportion were of a rich 
yellow-brown ground colour; the black markings of most 
were conspicuous and even intensified. In all, the hind wings 
were dark and in some very dark, and a number of examples 
of a deep green were very noticeable. A few specimens 
were very small, and were bred late in September or in the 
beginning of October. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a series of Aryophila muralis to 
compare with Mr. Turner’s exhibit, and mainly composed of 
forms typical of Eastbourne, Folkestone, Brighton, Poole, 
Co. Cork, Scilly Isles; the form known as impar from 
Cambridge. 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited a series of Bryophila muralis from 
Folkestone, also to compare with Mr. Turner’s exhibit, and 
contributed the following note: 

‘The specimens I exhibit came from Eastbourne, Brighton, 
and Isle of Wight, with four specimens from Dawlish this 
year, and were mostly bred. They included a black variety 
with white ground colour, a yellow-pink variety (bred), a 
very dark green variety, and a number of the varities siuffusa 
(Tutt) and par (Hiibn.). The black variety has a white spot 
at the base of the fore-wing, near the hind margin, in the 
place of the usual mark, which resembles a clover leaf. 

** What struck me most was the large percentage of imagines 
I had emerge, viz. go per cent., whereas last year a friend 


99 


had quite 50 per cent. ichneumoned. This I put down to 
the backwardness of the season in the earlier part of the 
year, which delayed the emergence of the ichneumon fly, as 
they were only just out when I was taking this year’s pupe, 
and I frequently came across last year’s pupe with the fly 
ready but not yet emerged. They also seemed subject to 
attack by earwigs, spiders, and woodlice, which, after eating 
the pupe, take up their abode in the cocoons. Some of last 
year’s pup in my cages produced ichneumons in the second 
week in June. My first B. muralis emerged on July 17th 
and the last on August 16th, although I took thirteen fresh 
specimens, drying their wings on walls in the Isle of Wight, 
on August 21st.” 

Mr. Lucas exhibited a series of nine specimens of Libellula 
guadrimaculata, showing a complete gradation between the 
type form and an extreme example of the variety prenubila. 

Mr. Chittenden exhibited the following captured or bred 
varieties, mostly from Kent :—Nemeophila plantaginis, with 
red under-wings, var. hospita ; Spilosoma lubricipeda, var. 
vadwata, eboract, etc., bred; Spilosoma menthastri, var. one 
with buff fore-wings ; Phigalia pedaria ( pilosaria), two blackish 
varieties ; Boarnua repandata, black variety ; Bupalus piniaria, 
right side female colour, left wings male colour; dbraxas 
gvrossularvata, dark varieties; Hybernia marginaria ( progem- 
maria), and var. fuscata ; Chetmatobia brumata, with small 
hind wing ; Lobophora carpinata (lobulala), banded form ; 
Larentia cesiata, dark and banded forms ; Hypstpetes sordidata 
(elutata), reddish and light varieties ; Cidaria truncata (russata), 
red and white varieties; Cidaria immanata, dark and light 
varieties. ; Xylophasta monoglypha, black and light forms ; 
Pachetra leucophaa, dark and light forms; Tyriphena comes 
(orbona), red and dark varieties. ; T@niocampa gothica, a varied 
serles; Taniocampa gracilis, red, dark, and light forms ; 
Taniocampa munda, one with no spot; Orthosia suspecta, red 
varieties ; Cerastis vaccintt, dark; Dianthacia nana (conspersa), 
a dark variety; Aflecta prasina (herbida), dark and light 
variety ; Drepana falcatarta (falcula}, brown varieties. 

’ Dr. Chapman exhibited a few Erebias collected this season, 
to illustrate how, in the genus, the most well-marked forms 
tend to have black spots with white pupils in each 
marginal wing cell, set in a bright brown or rust-coloured 
band, which may invade a large part of the wing, and in the 
other extreme, the dark ground colour may cover the whole 
wing to the exclusion of all spots or rust colour. E. glactalis 
perhaps covers in one species the widest range in this 


100 


variation ; other species are confined within certain portions 
of it. 

‘‘The species exhibited are E. manto from the Val Tuoi, 
lower Engadine. Few of these are as fully marked as the 
average of these taken at St. Anton, a spot some thirty miles 
to the north. The most frequent form has two rusty dashes, 
with a black spot each. Sometimes there are one or two 
more brown dashes, and one on the hind wing is very 
exceptional. In some specimens the rusty dashes persist and 
the spots are wanting ; in others the spots persist with hardly 
a trace of rusty spots; in some both are wanting. 

“‘ EF. epiphron, the series is short, but no two specimens are 
precisely alike. 

“ E. melampus, a specimen with comparatively little varia- 
tion. Two of the specimens are almost without the black 
dots. 

“EF, pharte, there is considerable range in the amount of the 
rust-coloured dashes. None approach the well-marked forms 
taken in Carinthia. The dashes are reduced in one or two 
specimens to two mere points, so that a spotless form . 
probably occurs at this locality. 

‘“E. gorge; those from Val Tuoi are chiefly the usual form 
varying from spotlessness to var. triopes, both rare. At 
Pontresina tviopes was abundant, type-form rare, and any 
further approach to spotlessness was not met with. 

““ F. mnestra, the spotless form the more usual. One from 
Val Tuoi is distinctly tending to the loss of the rusty 
blotches. 

‘* The close resemblance of some of the manto and pharte is 
very striking, and is to be taken with the fact that they flew 
abundantly together on the same ground, and could rarely 
be distinguished on the wing.” 

Mr. J. P. Barrett exhibited (1) to show variation in size, 
Colias hyale, a specimen exactly two inches and one eighth 
in expanse, and another exactly one inch and a quarter. 
Both were captured in the same field at Margate (where 
they were undoubtedly bred) on August r7th, 1900. Also 
Ennomos alniaria (autumnaria), one specimen two inches and 
one eighth, and another one inch and five eighths. Both 
were females, from a similar batch of eggs, and similarly 
treated as to food, etc. 

2. Avariety of A spilates citraria (ochrearia), a male specimen, 
pure yellow, with no lines; the only variety noticed this 
season amongst hundreds taken. <A grotis putris, a specimen 
of the spring brood. 


101 


3. Species struggling to settle in the Margate district. 
Two specimens of E. lichenea and five specimens of Leucania 
vitellina. A female of the latter species laid a dozen eggs, 
but up to the present these have not hatched. Together 
with Leucania albipuncta and Heliothis armigera, all were 
captured on the 21st and 22nd of September, 1900, at sugar. 

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a series of Papilio machaon, from 
Greece, light varieties ; India, large dark forms taken at an 
altitude of gooo feet at Kulu; Amur, small dark-veined 
variety ; Japan, var. hippocrates, etc. 2. Aseries of P. xuthus, 
from China and Japan. 

Mr. A. Harrison exhibited long and varied series of Xanthia 
aurago, Scopelosoma satellitia, and Miselia oxyacanthe with v. 
capucina, all taken at sugar at Chingford in October this 
year. 

Mr. Main exhibited two specimens of Colas edusavar. helice, 
bred from ova laid by a female helice taken at Hanwell. 
They emerged in October. 

Mr. Mera exhibited several very dark varieties of Abraxas 
grossulariata, bred and captured at Forest Gate, and also 
from Aberdeen. He also exhibited a specimen of Ceno- 
nympha pamphilus, having the under surface of the left hind- 
wing of the colour of the upper wing. 

Rey. J. E. Tarbat exhibited Lepidoptera :—(z) a very dark 
specimen of the banded form of Hybernia defoliaria (bred). 
(2) Stauropus fagi, female, bred August 18th, Ig00, from 
spring ova. 

Birds eggs :—(1) Blackbird (Turdus merula), two pale blue 
varieties; (2) Chaffinch (Fringillacelebs), five pale blue varieties 
made up of two different clutches taken in two successive 
years in same garden at Reading, second year’s smaller 
than first ; (3) Bullfinch (Pyrrhula europea), five white varieties 
made up out of different clutches taken two successive years 
in the same hedge at Weybridge. (4) Blackheaded gull 
(Larus ridibundus), four specimens of a pale blue variety, 
three with more or less markings, and one without markings. 
All from Scoulton Mere, Norfolk. 

Mr. R. Armstrong Adkin exhibited British land-shells, 
viz. a series of Helix caperata taken near Otford, Kent, on 
Sunday last, which showed much variation for one locality. 
Also of Helix virgata, from various localities, showing con- 
siderable variation, some of a horn-colour, with very faint 
bands, from Greenwich Marshes, being especially remark- 
able. 

Mr. S. W. Kemp exhibited a variety of Epinephele tanira, 


102 


taken at Chalfont Road, Bucks, in which the apical ocelli 
were wanting; a bleached variety of the same species, 
taken at Swanage, Dorset; and a bleached variety of 
E. tithonus, taken near Cromer, Norfolk, with normal 
specimens for comparison. 

Mr. C. Nicholson exhibited a specimen of Catocala sponsa 
having the left upper wing entirely suffused with umber 
brown, the right wing being of the grey and ochreous-brown 
form; the left hind-wing was rather dwarfed. Two speci- 
mens of a brood of Pararge egeria, bred from Dawlish 
eggs. One of the specimens was very thinly scaled 
and the markings obscure; the other was not so thinly 
scaled and the markings were almost normal. As the 
remainder of the specimens bred were small and seemed 
very weak, it was probable that the aberrations were due to 
bad nutrition. A bred female specimen of the summer 
brood of Pieris rape having a somewhat indistinct dark spot 
on the disc of each hind wing. A bred specimen of Geo- 
metra papilionaria from the New Forest, the green colour 
having been apparently bleached out of each hind- -wing from 
the hind margin to about the centre ; other specimens bred 
from the same brood were normal. A specimen of Mamestra 
brassice in which the whole of the fore-wings was of a 
uniform leaden-grey colour, rather shiny; the subterminal 
line and stigmata being lighter and tolerably distinct. The 
specimen was captured at treacle in the exhibitor’s garden 
at Clapton. A series of Melanippe fluctuata, also: from 
Clapton, two being clearly banded with dark and light 
grey, like M. sociata, and the other two having the central 
band reduced to a wedge-shaped costal blotch; in one of 
the two this was very small. 

Mr. A. F. Cole exhibited a Catocala nupta, var. caerulescens, 
similar to the specimen exhibited by Mr. Winkley. It was 

caught at sugar at Brondesbury. He also exhibited a 
variety of Colias hyale having a broad elongated splash of 
black on the under side of the fore-wings. It was caught 
near Great Missenden, Bucks. 

Mr. Kirkaldy exhibited a large number of specimens in 
illustration of colour variation in Notonecta, and contributed 
the following note: 

‘“ The species of Notonecta are the most brightly-coloured 
of water-bugs, but in this genus colour is almost entirely 
unreliable, although a red and black abdomen in N. insu- 
lata, and a yellow and black one in N. glauca, var. maculata, 
seem to be distinctive of these forms. In many species, 


103 


viz. glauca, undulata, indica (from America only !), shooterit, 
etc., practically perfect transitions from immaculate pale 
yellowish individuals (or pearly white as in wndulata)— 
leucochroic—to almost immaculate black individuals—me- 
lanochroic—are found in the same locality and at the same 
time. These colour variations appear to be casual, and in 
no way affected by the operations of natural selection. It 
may be remarked that the dark N. irrorata is very common 
in the United States, while the usually pale N. glauca of 
Europe and N. wndulata of America are exceedingly common 
throughout their area of distribution, the general conditions 
being apparently much the same in all cases. The species 
do not as a rule vary very greatly in size, except the protean 
N. undulata. 

“Note specially the three forms of N. mexicana, red, black, 
and pale olive; also the very rare immaculate form of N. 
glauca, var. maculata from North Africa. This has the usual 
yellow and black abdomen of var. maculata.”’ 

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a specimen of Papilio machaon 
from Wicken, with the submarginal band of the fore-wings 
internally edged with a broad black band, and with the dis- 
coidal spot enlarged into a black blotch, which united with 
the black band; and a specimen of Hydrocampa stagnalis 
with the basal black line obsolete, the inner edge of the 
double submedian line strongly indicated, and the outer edge 
very faintly marked; also the cross band between the two 
transverse bands almost obsolete. 

Mr. A. Buckstone exhibited two varieties of Polyommatus 
icarus (alexis): (1) Female, taken at Dorking, August 12th, 
1g0o0o. With the right upper wing of the male colour. 
(2) Female, a very small specimen, smaller than several 
Cupido minima (alsus) in his possession, the under side of 
both upper wings having two of the spots joined by a black 
line. 

Mr. Newman exhibited a specimen of Smevinthus ocellatus, 
from a larve taken in the Bexley Woods, August, 1899, 
feeding on sallow. It emerged June 2nd, 1900. Unfor- 
tunately a beetle larve got at the body, and then grease set 
in. A specimen of Noctua neglecta, a red form received from 
Dr. Freer (Rugeley), and captured by him this season at 
Cannock Chase; and a dark form of Ennomos fuscantaria, 
one of some 400 examples of the species which he bred this 
year. It emerged this morning (8th). The first imago of 
the broods emerged at the end of July, and others continued 


104: 


to appear daily till about September 30th. The larva 
producing the dark specimen did not pupate till October. 

Mr. W. Brooks exhibited a series of Acherontia atropos, 
bred this year, together with varieties of the same species: 
(1) A particularly fine example, with all the light markings 
double their usual size, the normally dark parts being con- 
siderably lighter, and the whole insect dusted as if with a fine 
white power, so that when looked at ea it gave the 
appearance of being a white specimen. (2) A fine and very 
dark example with unusually broad and dark markings on the 
hind wings. Healso exhibited examples of the radiata form 
of Spilosoma lubricipeda without any perceptible trace of 
fringes to the naked eye, the specimens being nearly black, 
with the rays running quite out of the fringes. A specimen 
of Pyrameis atalanta “with the marking or colouring of the 
right hind-wing replaced with a light or creamy tint instead 
of the usual red; but unfortunately the left wing was damaged 
when caught. 

Mr. W. Bateson exhibited a series of ¢ specimens of 
Hybernia progemmaria, which had been lent to him by 
Mr. H. B. Prince, of Birkenhead, to illustrate the progressive 
melanism of the species. They were all from the sandhills 
between the Mersey and the Dee. Fuscous varieties, pre- 
viously unknown in this locality, were first noticed in 1893 
and have become increasingly common, though the normal 
light form is still found. According to Mr. Prince the light 
form is fairly distinct. The fuscous varieties range from a 
dark form with fore-wings a unicolorous dark brown, and hind- 
wings largely irrorated with brown, to an intermediate in 
which the yellow of the type is largely sprinkled with brown 
scales. The very dark variety elsewhere found has not yet 
appeared in the locality. 

In connection with this exhibit, Mr. Bateson ventured to 
appeal to entomologists to aid in the attempt now being made 
by the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society to watch 
and record the progress of melanism among several families 
of British moths, especially Geometers. It was well known 
to all present that during the latter half of this century 
melanic forms, previously unknown, had appeared, in many 
localities entirely replacing the previous normal forms, in 
other places existing side by side with them. There was no 
reason to doubt that this process is still continuing, and that 
the melanic forms are yearly appearing in new districts and 
becoming more and more abundant. An exceptionally good 
opportunity is thus provided of watching the progress of an 


105 


evolutionary change. If records had been made even ten 
years ago of the exact areas already affected, or of the pro- 
portions of dark and normal forms in the affected areas, they 
would be now of great value. The Evolution Committee 
hoped to be able to collect some of the facts still known to 
collectors respecting the progress of the change, and to induce 
many to begin to record the present state of things in their 
own districts. It was not necessary that such records should 
be of an elaborate character, and negative statements based 
on personal knowledge, that in a given district melanic 
forms had not yet appeared, were of high importance. A list 
had been drawn up of species likely to be of special interest 
in connection with this inquiry, and schedules for recording 
had been prepared. Mr. Bateson would be glad to send 
these papers to any one who would write for them to him at 
Grantchester, Cambridge. 


NOVEMBER 22nd, 1900. 
Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.,, Prestdent, in the Chair. 


Mr. Cane, of East Dulwich, was elected a member. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited six specimens of Abraxas gros- 
sulariata, which, he said, were the most strongly marked 
examples bred from some two thousand larve collected 
from Euonymus in the West of London. In all of the 
specimens exhibited the black markings of the outer por- 
tions of the fore-wings were much intensified, while in two 
of them the whole area of the fore-wings was black, with 
the exception of a few small, irregular white blotches and 
faint indications of the usual yellow lines. The hind-wings 
showed little variation from the type. 

Mr. Ashby exhibited a fine, long, and very varied series of 
the Coleopteron, Onthophagus vacca, taken at Willesden, 
April, 22nd, 1goo. 

Mr. Turner exhibited a number of species of Lepidoptera, 
and a few specimens of other orders, to illustrate his notes 
on the Natural History of Dawlish. He also read a paper 
entitled ‘‘Desultory Days at Dawlish in August, Ig00”’ 
27). 


106 


DECEMBER 13th, 1900. 
Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., President, intthe ‘Chair; 


Mr. Nottle, of Lower Sydenham, and Mr. R. L. Hewett, 
of Lewisham, were elected members. 

Mr. Turner, on behalf of Mr. Tunaley, exhibited a speci- 
men of Spilodes palealis, taken in the Isle of Wight in July. 
Mr. Adkin remarked on the sporadic appearance of this 
species; In one year numbers would be taken, while for 
several years in succession it often happened that not a 
specimen was obtained. Mr. Turner also exhibited five 
specimens of Acherontia atropos bred from larva taken at 
Porlock in North Devon ; together with bred specimens 
of Ocneria dispar of large size. 

Mr. Clark exhibited a specimen of Locusta viridissima from 
Deal, and afterwards presented it to the Society’s collec- 
tion. 

Mr. Alfred Sich exhibited a specimen of Oporabia autum- 
nata, bred November 7th, tgoo, from larva taken off elm at 
East Hoathly, Sussex. It was somewhat malformed, 
having the termen of each fore-wing notched triangularly 
below the apex. 

Mr. Manger exhibited a number of butterflies taken in 
and around Ladysmith, Natal, including Prerts hellica, Colias 
electra, C. hyale, Pyrameis cardu, Precis sesamus, Teracola 
johnstont, Junonia chlorantha, etc. 

Mr. McArthur exhibited a large number of Arctta caza, 
bred as a second brood this year, one specimen having very 
pale hind-wings. 

Mr. Tutt exhibited specimens of an alpine form of Poly- 
ommatus dorilis, and stated that the species was double- 
brooded in most places ; he also pointed out the characters of 
the alpine form, and made remarks on the two broods. 

Mr. Kemp exhibited the Psocid, Clothilla studiosa. 

Mr. Moore exhibited a specimen of Ophion luteum, and 
said that he frequently took this species of ichneumon in 
October and November. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a considerable number of speci- 
mens, so prepared as to illustrate his paper entitled ‘‘ Some 
Wing-structures of Lepidoptera” (p. 31). 


107 


TANUARY oth, 1901. 


Migs Woe) MILUCNS, (bon, 0 hebes., Jo-vesident, in the Chair. 


Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a specimen of Hepzalus 
sylvanus together with its pupal skin, which he took on the 
Downs near Birling Gap, Sussex, on September 4th, 1900, 
while drying its wings at rest on a plant of viper’s buglos 
(Echium vulgare), from the root of which the pupa skin that 
it had just vacated was protruding. There was very little 
vegetation on the part of the Down where it was taken, and 
he had no doubt that the larve had fed in the root of the 
Echium, which he thought was an unusual food-plant for the 
species. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a nice series of Argyniis thore 
taken at Pontresina, some six thousand feet above the sea 
level in the Italian Alps. 

Mr. Henry J. Turner exhibited specimens of the locust, 
Locusta vividissima, which had been taken at Ventnor two 
years ago, where it was very common, together with a dried 
specimen of the milk thistle, Carduus (Sylibum) marianum, 
found growing wild on the southern slope of the chalk ridge 
near Swanage. This plant is a native of Spain and the 
South of France, but has become naturalised in places in 
this country. 

Mr. Montgomery exhibited a long series and contributed 
the following notes on Colias edusa, Fb. and its var. helice 
in goo: 

‘‘ A typical female, taken at Hanwell by Mr. A. U. Battley, 
August tgth, and presented to me, deposited about 180 ova 
on cut sprays of Lotus corniculatus between August 2oth and 
27th, and died August 28th. The ova began to hatch August 
26th, twelve being infertile. 

“The larve (167) at first did well; moulted—tst, Septem- 
ber 2nd; 2nd, September 6th; 3rd, September 14th; 
and the last, September 19th. After the final moult their 
condition was most unsatisfactory ; many refused to recom- 
mence feeding, others became full fed and would not spin up, 
whilst the majority spun up and refused to pupate. The 
first larvae spun up on September 30th, and pupated on 
October 3rd. Pupz were placed on sides and top of larva cage, 
but in not a single instance on the food-plant. Many pupe 
died, most soon after changing, others just as the pigment 
was visible through the wing-cases. 


108 


‘“* Only one of the pupz in my possession produced a butter- 
fly, a rather undersized helice with the spots of the marginal 
band reduced to a minimum. Mr. Battley bred four, one 
tnale and one female typical, and two helice, and Mr. Harri- 
son bred two males and two females, the latter var. helice. 
About a dozen more were either crippled or made no attempt 
to emerge. 

‘‘ A specimen of the variety /elice was taken at Dawlish by 
Mr. H. J. Turner and generously presented to me. It 
deposited ova August 24th to 30th, which began to hatch on 
August 31st, all being fertile. The larve (80) proved to be 
very vigorous; moulted first September 6th, and last 
September 21st. They began to spin September 28th, and 
pupated September 30th; many died without spinning. 
The pupze with two exceptions situated as in the previous 
case. Fifty-two imagines (thirty males and twenty-two 
females) emerged from October 30th to November 2oth, of 
which eight (four males and four females) were crippled. 
Seven females (two crippled) were referrable to var. helice, 
one intermediate (lemon colour) and the rest, though paler 
than usual, might be said to be typical. 

‘“A typical female, also taken at Dawlish by Mr. Turner, 
deposited ova August 24th to 30th, about sixty per cent. of 
which proved to be infertile. The larve (seventy-seven) fed 
up slowly and straggled on till mid-December. Over fifty 
per cent. of the larvee pupated, but numbers of the pupe died. 
Twenty-four (thirteen males and eleven females) imagines 
emerged from November roth to December Ist, of which 
eleven (eight males and three females) were crippled.” 

Mr. Lucas exhibited specimens of the land-shell Clausilia 
laminata, including examples of var. albinos from Streatley, 
near Reading. 

Mr. F. Noad Clark exhibited, with the aid of the lantern, 
a large number of Photo-micrographs of lepidopterous 
ova. The result showed great skill and care, and the most 
useful point was that the whole of the photographs were 
done to one scale. He also read a number of most interest- 
ing notes on the exhibit (see page 46). 


109 


January 24th, gol. 
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. 
Mr. W. |... Lucas, B.A., P.E.S., President, in the Chait. 
The Report of the Council and Officers was read, and the 
balance-sheet was received and adopted. The following 
Officers and Council for the ensuing year were elected. 
President HS; Fremlin, M.R:C:S:, .R:C.P., F.E.S: 
Vice-Presidents—F. Noad Clark, and W. J. Lucas, B.A., 
Fe Dae 
Treasurer.—T. W. Hall, F.E.S. 
Librarian.—H. A. Sauzé. 
Curator.—W. West. 
Hon. Secretaries.—Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., etc. (Corres- 
ponding), i. J. Turner, F.E.S. (Report). 
Council_—Messrs. R. Adkin, F.E.S., W. J. Ashdown, Dr. 
i A= Ghapman,,.-.Z:S.,.A- Harrison, F.L.S.,. A.M. 
Montromery Eh . Step, F:L:S.; Jaw: Tutt, F.E‘S. 
The President read an Address, and exhibited: (1) a large 
number of nymph-cases of British dragonflies ; (2) speci- 
mens and drawings of Agrion hastulatum ; and (3) drawings 
of the terminal segments of the abdomen of Ischnura elegans 
and Ischnura pumtlio. ' 
Votes of thanks were passed to the retiring Officers and 
Council. 


YD nx. 


oo ae oe 


PAGE | 
Abstract of proceedings ... Sco (010) 
Acidalia aversata, JZr. R. Adkin’s 
note on rearing... ae Soa 
Androconia ss ee 
Annual General Meeting peeeELOS) 
“Bacteria,” paper by Dr. Fremlin 94 
Balance-sheet ak roa SOX. 
Bee, nests of a leaf- cutting ton, 2 
Birds alluded to ... 6, 13 
Birds’ eggs, varieties of ...75, 97, 101 
Breeding Psilura monacha, Mr. 
Carr’s note on ... he ey 182 
“ British Cockroaches,’ paper by 
Mr. Lucas ae ies eae (Og 
Bryophila muralis, Messrs. Col- 
thrup and Turner on ... 5 ls} 
Butterflies from Ladysmith ex- 
hibited ... 1 L0G 
Clothilla studiosa exhibited . 106 
**Cocoon-cutter”’ ... 595 mao | OY) 
a opener ... sete a. 40 
Colias edusa and C, hyale, Mr. 
Montgomery on rearing soo, IKON 
Cnethocampa pityocampa, Dr. 
Chapman’s note on... a 80 
Cyaniris argiolus, Wr, R. Adkin’s 
note on ... aa8 3a0 Bop eh) 


“ Desultory Days at Dawlish,” 
paper by Mr. H. J. Turner ... 21 
Kegs of the Lesser Tern (Sternus 
minutus), zote by Mr. Carr on 74 
Kugonia fuscantaria, Mr. R. 
Adkin’s remarks on rearing ... 72 
Evolution Committee of the Royal 
Society ... Fi . 104 
Exhibition of varieties ae OD 


Fungi alluded to ... . 19, 20, 94 
Fuscous varieties of Hybernia 
progemmaria, Mr. Bateson on 104 
“ Haftfeld ” me Ae so, 
Hypodermic cells .., Sas 35 


Illustrated lecture on various inci- 
dents in insect economy, Wr. 
Encck’s... ae ay ApS 

Incomplete 60 wee Shoe ae 

Jugate ... 568 500 Soop Wl 


PAGE 
Kaffir necklace... 72 
Lachneids (Lasiocampids), Mr. 

Tutt’s lecture on sa fel 
Lantern slides exhibited ... peo t/2) 
Lepidoptera near Le Portel, note 

by Mr. H. Moore re ihe 80 
List of members ... | ili—ix 
Lyceenids from Japan and Britain, 

Mr. Kaye's note on ... Boa tel¥) 
Marginal bristles .. 36 
Melanippe galiata, Mr. R. “Adkin's s 

note on variation of ... Abo, tekd 
Micropyle ... 46 
Mollusea 16, 29, 85, 101, 108 
Mosquitoes troublesome A; > 49 
Myriapoda... digs = a2) 6 
Myxogaster one wee Ase, LOO 
Neo-Lepidoptera ... oes 


Notonecta, Mr. Kirkaldy ‘Guealee 
variation in He ea, LOZ 
Objects of the Society ... 2A al 
Officers and Council for 1901 i, 109 
“On the Ova of Lepidoptera,” 
paper by Mr. Frederick Noad 
Clarion 46 
“On the Pupation oo Cassis lig- 
niperda,’ paper by Mr. R. 
Adkin ... 1 
**On the Relation of the is iva to 
the Imaginal Legs in Lepido- 
ptera,” paper by Dr. Chapman 67 
“On some Wing Structures in 


Lepidoptera,” paper by Dr. 

Chapman dex oe ano Gill 
Papers read soe ee oS 
Past Presidents ... i 


Photomicrographs of Lepidopter- 
ous ova exhibited by Mr. Clark 


Vi Ci Os 

Pied blackbird ... ne . 45 

Polyporus squamosus __... i; (86 

** Poulton’s line” sae ee 40 

President’s address Be ol 
Pulvinaria ribesiew, note by Mr. 

Turner ... i Ry 2) fo 


it 


PAGE PAGE 
Pyrameis cardui larve on holly- Varieties exhibited—continued. 
hock, note by Mr. Cockerell ... 92 Pieris rape... sie 69, 102 
Ranatra linearis, Mr. Enock’s Polyommatus icarus ... 78, 108 
note on ... wae se Pyrameis atalanta See ... 104 
Report of the Council... xii—xvi Rhagium bifasciatum ... heer to) 
Reports of field meetings— Spilosoma menthastri ... Agee t')2) 
Oxshott, May 19th ... ee 6 Thymelicus thaumas ... sate et 
Banstead, June 16th ee A Triphena fimbria Aaa ee OA 
Horsley, Suly 7th ... tose, LO Zonosoma linearia —_... nee OT 
Paul’s Cray Common, Sep. Varieties Exhibition a 5d 
22nd 586 ... 17 | “Wild Flower at Home,” “Mr. E. 
Oxshott, Oct. 20th es bed mS) Step’s illustrated lecture on ... 78 
Sawfly in deal staves... ... 75 | Zonosoma porata and punctaria, 
Scorpion froin Cannes... 71 Mr. R. Adkin’s note on se) 80 
Sesia, pupa cases of four species oh 
of, note by Mr. R. Adkin ... 
Silver tree.. 87 Bore 
South Eastern Union of Scientific Acer campestre... 2% Bact dite 
Societies, Annual Congress of... 78 | Acoruscalamus ... aoe os Sill 
Spicules on wings... Hee .. SL | Ajugareptans ... a8 Ree ts 
Spiders... cc sas .. 18 | Anthyllis vulneraria a be, IG 
Subscription uP ae .. it | Arum maculatum 8 
Varieties exhibted— Baliota nigra 71 
Abraxas grossulariata, 86, Barbarea vulgaris 7 
105; ulmata S50 at 9G Bellis perenis 8 
Acherontia atropos ... ... 104 | Bryonia dioica 14. 
Amphipyra tragopogonis ... 92 | Calluna vulgaris . 18 
Arctia caia ... nig Oe Campanulata glomerata, 16; tra- 
Argynnis aglaia ; paphia 95, 96 chelium ... ty 16 
Aspilates ochraria_... ... LOO | Capsella bursa- pastor is SoleG) 
Bombyx rubi ee .. 78 | Carduus marianum che vee Od 
Bupalus piniaria—... 87,99 | Cherophyllum sylvestre ... eet) 
Cabera exanthemata .. 73 | Cornus sanguinea es 14, 18 
Catocala nupta, 94, 102 ; aa Crategus oxyacantha —... Ss. yO 
missa, 94; sponsa ... 102 | Echium vulgare ... Bes ee LOd 
Chelonia plantaginis we ab Erodium cicutarium ios age es) 
Chrysophanus phlcas 87, Euonymus europzus sis 35 8 
Colias hyale... site a ce Euphorbia amygdaloides eae) 
Coremia designata, 70 ; propu- Fragaria vesca ee ee eGe 
gnata a8 ... 97 | Fraxinus excelsior ee a, 
Diloba cer uleocephala .. 97 | Fritillaria meleagris He spar 24 
Ennomos fuscantaria ..» 108 | Galium cruciatum ei seg UG 
Ephyra pendularia ... 96 | Genista anglica ... ben ce eS 
Epinephele hyperanthus, 96; | Geranium molle, 8; robertianum 8 
ianira, 101; tithonus ... 102 | Helianthemum vulgare .... 14, 16 
Geometra papilionaria ... 102 | Juniperus communis fe 14 
Hesperia thaumas ... ... 92 } Laminus galebdolon, 14; purpu- 
Hydrocampa stagnalis ee 208 reum ae Spal 
Lasiocampa trifolii ... ... 97 | Lathyrus macorrhizus .... ees) 
Lithosia quadra 3S ... 96 | Listera ovata ee ce sae LG 
Mamestra brassice ... ... 102 | Lotus corniculatus - Saar le! 
Melanippe fluctuata ... 102 | Luzula campestris ot ie RS 
Nemeophila plantaginis ... 99 | Lychnis diurna, 14; vespertina.., 14 
Noctua neglecta... ... 103 | Melampyrum pratense... ne 
Notodonta chaonia ... .. 97 | Mentha aquatica ... Fe ss, LS 
Odonestis potatoria ... ... 62 | Mimulus luteus ... oe ier dis) 
Papilio machaon —... ... 103 | Mysotis arvensis, 8; collina, 8; 


Pararge egeria 508 ee LOZ sylvatica Ba Seis Frage we! 


PAGE 
Nepeta glechoma ... éd 8 
Ononis spinosa”... seam a: | 
Ophrys apifera, 15, 16; ‘maseula, 

75; morio ie wm So 
Orchis maculata ... 14 
Pedicularis sylvatica 8 
Pinus sylvestris 8 
Polygala vulgaris : 8 
Potentilla fragariastr um, 8; tor- 

mentilla 8 
Primula vulgaris ... 8 
Prunus cerasus 14 
Pteris aquilina ace 18 
Pyrus aucuparia, 8; malus 
Ranunculus acris, 7; aquatilis, 7 ; 

bulbosus, 7; flammula, 7; fica- 

ria Aon 7 
Reseda lateas 16; Aintedla 14 
Rhinanthus cristia- callie. 14. 
Rosa canina 14 
Salix repens 8 
Scilla nutans 8 
Senecio vulgaris ... wie ai EO 
Silene conica, 14, 56; cucubalus 
Sisymbrium officinale meee a 
Solanum duleamara, 14; nigrum 14 
Specularia hybrida 14. 
Spirea filipendula : 14 
Stellaria holostea, 8; media 8 
Sylibum marianum 107 
Symphytum officinale 14 
Taraxacum officinale 8 
Taxus communis ... 14 
Thymus serpyllum 14 
Trifolium incarnatum 14. 
Ulex europxus 8 
Valeriana officinalis 16 
Veronica arvensis, 8 ; chamedrys, 

8, 14; serphyllifolia 8, 14 
Viburnum opulus ... 5 ao 14: 
Vicia pace es” 8; sepium .. 8 
Viola canina, 8; palustris, 8, 74; 

tricolor ... F 

COLEOPTERA. 

Adalia bipunctata 9 
Agabus bistriatus 9 
Agriotes pallidulus 16 
Aleochara nitida ... 13 
Amara similata 16 
Anaspis geffroyi ... 9 
Anatis ocellata g) 
Anchomenus albipes 

Anobium fulvicorne 16 
Anophthalmus tenuis 67 
Anthicus floralis ... 13 


112 


| 


Anthonomus pedicularius, 13, 16; 


rufus 


| Apion violaceum . 


Aromia moschata ,. 

Astynomus zdilis ; an 

Athous heimorrhoidalis, 13; lon- 
gicollis, 16 ; meee 13, 16; 3 vit- 
tatus ; 

Barynotus obseunt us 

Boletotherus bifurcus 

Brachynus fumans 

Broxus caubsloies 

Bruchus cisti, 
cornis 


aie 16; lutei- 
Byturus sambuci : 


| Calosoma luxatum, 66 ; penitent 


67 ; sycophanta 


| Carabus monilis 


Cassida viridis 

Cernichus piceus ... ae oo 

Ceuthorrhynchidius troglodytes 

Ceuthorrhynchus asperifoliaruin, 
18 ; pollinarius, 16 ; Sas 
13; sulcicollis ... 


| Chilocorus bipustulatus ... 9, 


Chrysomela hyperici, 16 ; orichal- 
cia, 16; polita, 16; staphylea 

Cionus hortulanus 26 sc 

Cistela murina ., 

Clytus pee 13, 72, 85; 
cus, 72; qui adripunctata dec 

Coccinella hieroglyphica, 9; 7- 
punctata, 9; 10-punctata, 9; 
J1-punctata ... 


” mysti- 


| Crepidodera ferruginea, 16; helx- 


ines, 18; rufipes 


| Crioceris asparagi 
1 (Ore yptocephalus hypochaerides, HEE 


morzei Be 
Cychramus luteus 


| Dasytes cerosus 


Dinoderus en aE 57; pilifrons 
Dolopius marginatus 
Dromius linearis ... 
Ellychnia corrusea bes 
Grammoptera ruficornis ... 
Halyzia conglobata, 9; 14-gut- 
tata, 9; 18-guttata, 9; 22-punc- 
tata So ves 
Heliopathes gibbus 
Lachnosterna fusca 
Lagria hirta 
Leistus spinibarbis 
Leptura livida 
Liopus nebulosus ... 
Luperus flavipes, 13 ; 
Magdalis armigera 
Malachius viridis ... 


rufipes 


29, 


9, 13, 


PAGE 


57 
16 
81 
88 


13 
13 
67 
67 
86 


16 
13 


67 
86 
18 
67 
13 


13 
18 
16 
16 
13 


16 


PAGE 
Malthinus punctatus... 16 
Malthodes abaane 13; minimus 16 
Mecinus pyraster .. ae cco IG 
Megilla maculata... 67 
Melanotus rufipes... 13 
Meligethes rufipes =e 16 
Miccotrogus picirostris . ste 
Micraspis, 12- gy 16; 16- 
punctata ¢ ) 
Molytes germanus 86 
Mysia oblongoguttata seo) 
Notiophilus biguttatus ... 9, 13, 18 
(Edemera livida 13, 16 
Onthophagus vacca sae LOD 
Opatrum sabulosum 86 
Orchestes alni, 16; fagi... 13 
Orochares angustatus... say Ol 
Oliorrhynchus picipes, 16; sul- 

catus atc 16 
Oxytelus inustus . 13 
Phyllobius oblongus, 12 byt 9; 

viridiaris 506 16 
Polydrusus cervinus ‘13, 16 
Priobium castaneum cag we le 
Rhagium bifusciatum 72, 86 
Rhagonycha fulva, 16; fuscicornis, 

16; limbata 16 | 
Rhizotrogus solstitialis 67 | 
Rhynchites eee 9,16; minu- 

tus ssa dS 
Saperda populnea... 72 
Sciaphilus muricatus 16 
Scymnus frontalis 13 
Sinodendron cylindricum St 
Sitones lineatus, 16; suturalis ... 16 
Strangalia armata ee sco) {S13 
Strophosomus ae oh digs die 

lateralis.. 9 
Sunius angustatus ae 13 
Telephorus pallidus, 13 ; rusticus, 

13; testaceus ... ine 13 
Tenebrio molitor ... saps le 
Timarcha levigata Ao ene) 
Trogophleus angelicanus 57 
Typhzus vulgaris 9 

DIPTERA. 
Asilus crabroniformis 29 
Calobata stylifera 58 
Kristalis tenax 68 
Hyetodesia aculeipes 58 
Leucophenga maculata ... 58 
Xylota confinis 58 
HEMIPTERA. 
Acanthosoma grisea ae seta 
Acocephalus brunneo-bifasci: atus 92 


113 


16 | 


| 


PAGE 
Anthocoris sylvestris 16 
Aphrophora alni ... 16 
Berytus minor... sco HE 
Calocoris bipunctatus, 16; fulvo- 
maculatus 16 
Capsus laniarius ... 29 
Chorosoma schillingii 86 
Cixius nervosus, 16 ; pilosus 16 
Coranus subapterus 86 
Cyllocoris histrionicus 16 
Derophysa foliacea 85 
Klasmostethus ferrugatus see a's! 
Eusarcocoris melanocephalus 16, 18 
Grapbocreus ventralis ig oud 
Harpocera thoracica 76 
Heterocordylus tibialis 16 
Idiocerus albicans, 84 ; confusus, 
84; laminatus, 84; populi, 84; 
treninizs, 84; vitreus ... .. 84 
Leptopterna dolabrata 16 
Lygus pratensis ... 16 
Mecomma ambulans . 81 
Monanthia amplicata, 71 ; cardui, 
78; ciliata 88 
Nabis brevis 58 


Naucoris cimicoides : 9 

Notonecta glauca, 9, 78, 102, 103; 
indica, 103; insulata, 102; ir- 
rorata, 103; maculata, 102; 
mexicana, 103; shoolerii, 108 ; 


undulata . 103 
Oliarus panzeri zo 84 

| Oncognathus binotatus . PERS 
Phytocoris tiliz ... ss 
Piestodorus lituratus 86 


Plea minutissima es tb 9 


Psallus varians 16 
Ptilophorus perplexus See sls: 
Ranatra linearis ... 9 16, 24 
Rhopalotomus ater Pie IG 
Salda cineta 76 
Typhlocyba candidula, ‘58, 90 ; 
cruentata 56 wa 58 
naar ane 
Blacus armatulus... 58 
Cephus pygmeus... 13 
Crabro carbonarius 58 
Ellampus truncatus 58 


Formica rufa ate sac ae 9 


Nomada atrata 58 
Odynerus tomentosus 58 
Ophion luteum 106 
Osmia inermis 58 


Polistes gallica... ie bes 78 


Pompilus sanguinolentus 58 
Prestwichia aquatica 78 
Prosopis palustris vee 58 


114 


PAGE 
Sirex gigas “oF fog ey) 
Tenthredopsis thornleyi ss a OS 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
Abraxas grossulariata, 28, 86, 99, 
101, 105; pantaria, 96; ulmata 96 


Acherontia atropos 36, 58, 104, 106 
Acidalia aversata, 15,92; emar- 
ginata, 27; holosericeata, 48; 


marginepunctata 27 
Aciptilia baliodactylus 305 15 
cara ta aceris, 18; leporina, 18; 

op 906 we LS 
hacia viridella nga 
Aglais urtice  ... 22, 85 
Agrotis agathina, 49, 96 ; “aquilina, 

87; corticea, 87 ; puta, 86 ; 

ripe, 26; saucia 18 
Alucita ages 18, 28; poly- 

dactyla ... : ae 18 
Anaitis plagiata ... 12, 14 
Anchocelis litura, 18; lnnosa, 18 ; 

pistacina 25 
Angerona prunaria 81 
Anisopteryx zscularia 14 
Antherea pernyi ... 40 
Anthrocera filipendule, 23 ; trans- 

alpina, 36; trifolii- -palustris see 
Anticlea Aenieatn! 48; rubidata 28 
Amphidasys betularia, 18; prodro- 

maria, 14; striata 14 
Aplecta herbida, 99 ; ocenlta. 84; 

prasina ... 99 
Argynnis aglaia, 22, 50, 90, 95; 

paphia, 95, 96; thore ... 106 
Asphalia diluta 18 


Aspilates citraria, 27, 86, 100; 
cilvaria, 86; ochrearia 27, 86, 100 


Asthena candidata, 14; luteata... 15 
Attacus luna as ses so) a 
Bacotia sepium... 58 
Lapta bimaculata, 14, 15 alnre 

nata, 14, 15; temerata . 14 
Boarmia repandata ‘ 88, 99 
Bombyx castrensis, 96; callune, 

71; neustria, 17; quercus, 71, 

84; rubi : es 78, 96 
Botys urticalis 15 
Brenthis selene ... 50 
Bryophila glandifera, 98; ‘muralis, 

21, 24, 98; perla 24, 86 
Bupalus piniaria ... 9, 99 
Cabera exanthemaria, 9, 18, 73; 

pusaria . 9, 13, 14, 15, 16 | 
Calamia phragmitidis <7. OD 
Callimorpha dominula, 72; hera, 

21, 23, 98 


PAGE 

Callophrys rubi : A310) 
Calymnia trapezina se 14, 27 
Camptogramma bilineata 14, 28 

| Caradrina ambigua ies 26, 81 
Carpocapsa pomonana 5 


Catocala nupta, 94, 102 ; promissa, 


94; sponsa sop LOR; 
Cerastis vaccinii ... <=3, 99 
Cheimatobia boreata, 9, 17; 3 bru- 

mata 9, 99 


Chelonia hospita, 9 96 ; plantaginis oe 
Chionobas jutta ... sce 


Cherocampa nerii tee Sc 58 
Chrysophanus phleas .. 56, 66, 89 
Cidaria immanata, 99 ; picata, 28; 
prunata, 28; vribesiaria, 28; 
russata, 99; truncata... set, 109 
Cleora glabraria ... 88 
Cilix glaucata 24 
Cnethocampa pityocampa sree (OO) 
Cznonympha pamphilus ...18, 22, 101 
Coleophora lineolea 71 


Colias edusa, 23, 50, 58, 82, 85, 86, 
87, 89, 94, 100, 106, 107; 
helice, 22, 89, 101; hyale, 23, 
58, 82, 85, 86, 94, 100, 102, 

106, 107 

Coremia designata, 28, 70, 97; 


|  propugnata, 97; unidentaria... 28 
Corycia bimaculata, 15 ; faniinnta 11353 
| Cosmotriche potatoria 82, 84 
Cossus ligniperda 1, 37, 68, 80; 
ore 2c des Hacee alts! 
Cosmia nfnge: 81; diffinis, 81, 
pryalina... 81 
Crambus culmellus, 14, 29 ; chry- 
sonuchellus, 14, 48; geniculeus, 
29 ; hortuellus, 14, 15; pascu- 
lellus, 15; perlellus, 15; pi- 
nellus, 29; pratellus 14, 15 
Crocalis elinguaria Rag ot 
Cupido minima 15, 50, 108 
Cyaniris argiolus... 22, 50, 83, 99 
Deilephila euphorbiz 23 
Depressaria heracleana .. 15 
Dianthecia nana, 12, 14, 99; 
conspersa 50 99 
Diloba cer uleocephala oot a) 97 
Diphthera orion ... 97 
Drepana falcataria, 14, ‘18, 99; 
falcula, 99; lacertinaria elas 
Dryas paphia 22 
Duomutus leuconotus 37 
Ematurga atomaria 9, 2 , 48 
Emmelesia affinitata 28 
Ennomos alniaria, 100; autum - 
naria, 100; fuseantaria, 4 48, 103; 
quercinaria 48 


115 


PAGE 

Ephyra pendularia : 269, AE 
Epinephele hyperanthas, 15, 96; 

ianira .12, 22, 101 


Epunda lichenea, 89, 101; lutu- 
lenta, 69; (Cleoceris) viminalis Wy) 
Erebia ephiphron, 100; glacialis, 
99; gorge, 100; manto, 100; 
melampus, 100; mnestra, 100 ; 


pharte, 100; triopes . 100 
Eremobia ochroleuca 27 
Erias chlorana ... aA 14. 
Eriocrania fimbriata 350 Ae FOO 
Eubolia bipunctaria, 28;  cervi- 

naria, 48 ; palumbaria... ees 
Euchelia jacobee... 23, 69 
Euchloé cardamines OE dls} i340) 
Euchromia purpurana see 5 
Eugonia polychloros 22, 94 


mo 


ja 


Eugonia (Ennomos) fuscantaria 71, 
Eupithecia castigata, 14; centaur- 


eata, 14, 28; oblongata, 14; 

subfulvata 28 
Eupecilia dubitana 15 
Eurrhypara urticata 69 
Everes argiades 90 
Galleria mellonella 29 
Geometra_ papilionaria, 18, 102 

vernaria se 71 
Gnophos obscuraria SDs 87, 97 
Gonopteryx cleopatra, 73 ; rhamni, 

9, 14, 49, 73 
Gortyna flavago, 49; ochracea ... 49 
Gracillaria alchimiella ws: 
Habrostola tripartita, 27; urtice 27 
Hadena dentina, 12, 14; geniste, 

11, 14; pisi, 18; protea 18 
Halia vauaria si ea 48 
Heliophobus popularis 49 
Heliothis armigera 89, 101 


Hepialus lupulinus, 14; sylvanus 106 

Hybernia defoliaria,101; leacophe- 
aria, 70; marginaria, 48; pro- 
gemmaria, 99,104;rupicapraria 14 


Hydrocampa stagnalis . 108 
Hydreecia nictitans ay tS 
Hylophila prasinana 13, 18 
Hypena proboscidalis 9, 18 
Hypsipetes elutata, 9,99; sordi- 

data ... ae 86, 99 
Incurvaria cehlmanniella.. 32 
Todis vernaria BAC .. 48 
Junonia chlorantha oho =e) LOG 
Lampronia capitella 32 
Laphygma exigua.. 89 
Larentia cesiata, 99; olivata 28 
Lasiocampa Gallnniss 84; quercus, 

24, 40, 84; trifolii Di 


PAGH 
Leucania albipuncta, 25, 89, 101; 
putrescens, 25, 89; vitellina, 
25, 89, 92, 101 
Lithosia caniola, 23, 89; griseola, 


23; lurideola, 23; quadra 96 
Lophopteryx camelina 18 
Lobophora carpinata, 99 ; lobul: ita 99 
Lomaspilis marginata 14, 48 
Lycena argiolus, 9, 22; astrarche, 

13; bellargus, 12, 13; icarus, 

12, 13: ears Bab ms 12 
Maearia liturata, 9; notata 7 
Macrogaster ¢ apes ake 37 
Macr oglossa fuciformis, 81 ; stella- 

tarum 23, 68 
Macrothylacia rubi 96 
Malacosoma castrensis as 96 
Mamestra brassice, 102; persi- 

cari 18 
Megalopyge crisp: ata. 37 
Melanippe fluctuata, 14, 28, 67, 

82, 84, 97, 102; galiata, 28, 95; 

hastata, 94; montanata, 13, 14; 

neapolisata, 67; procellata, 15; 

rivata, 14; sociata 28, 48 
Melanthia ocellata 28 
Melitza athalia ... 81 
Mesotype lineolata, 28, 84 virgata 

28, 84. 
Metrocampa margaritaria 15 
Miana bicoloria 26 


Miselia capucina, 101; oxy: acanthi 101 


| Nemeophila plantaginis . 99 
Neuronia popularis 71 
Nisoniades tages ... 14 
Noctua cantante, 88, 89; e-nigr an 

86 ; festiva, 97; neglecta, 88, 
103 ; plecta 86 
Nola Gacnllatellas 49 


Nomiades semiargus Pe 
Nonagria arundinis, 93; typhee 25, 93 
Notodonta chaonia “0c cna» WY 
Notolophus antiqua 49 
Nyssia zonaria 81 
Ocneria dispar... Ee lOG 
Odonestis potatoria 82, 84, 97 
Oporabia autumnata sop, AUC 
Opostega crepusculella ... 9 
Orgyia antiqna 41, 42,47, 49 
Orthosia lota, 9; suspecta see he, 
Oxyptilus parvidactylus ... 15 
Pachetra leucophea soon BY) 
Panolis piniperda 9, 49 
Papilio hippocrates, 101; machaon, 

85, 101, 103; xuthus ... 101 


Pararge egeria, 102; megera ... 22 
Pericallia syringaria 


Phalera bucephala oa 14, 
Phibalocera quercana ee 
Phigalia pedaria, 14, 99; pilo- 
BATH ee ages obs 
Phlogophora meticulosa ay ate 
Phylloporia bistrigella one 
Picris brassice, 18, 23, 85; dapli- 
dice, 85; hellica, 106; napi, 9, 
13, 23; rape, 23, 66, 69, se 86, 
102; sesamus eek 
Platyptilia ochrodactyla ... 
Plebius e2gon aee ane 50, 
Plusia gamma __.., Bg Calle tellle 
Polia chi 
Polyommatus ar via, 89; bellar gus, 
50 ; corydon, 50, 85, 86 ; aaa 
106; icarus, 50, 78, a5. 108 ; 
phleas aac aD 
Pseudopterpna cy tisaria Rad 
Psilura monacha ... 


Pterophoros monodactylus 18, 

Ptycholoma lecheana ° 

Pygera (Phalera) bucephala 
95 curtula, 97; pigra, 18, 
97; reclusa 

Pyralis costalis, 28, 86 ; farinalia, 
28; glaucinalis 

Pyrameis atalanta, 22, 50, 85, 104; 
cardui ... 22, 82, 85, 86; 92, 

Rumia luteolata ... a 

Saturnia carpini, 40 ; pavonia, 90; 
pyri 5s aoe 

Scoliopteryx. libatrix sae 

Sciaphila hybridana, 13; subjec- 
tana wee 

Scoparia angustea, 28 ; dubitalis, 
14, 15; murana ‘ 

Scopula ferrugalis, 28 : prunalis 

Scopelosoma satellitia 

Selenia bilunaria ... aCe 3eC 

Sesia asiliformis, 79; chrysidi- 
formis, 79; culiciformis, 79 ; 
cynipiformis, 79; ichneumoni- 
formis, 79 ; sphogitonis 5, 79; 


tipuliformis 
Smerinthus ocellatus, 103 ; ’ populi, 
94; tilize OC ses not 
Sphinx ligustri ac 


Spilodes palealis 
Spilosoma eboraci, 99; lubricipeda, 
84, 99, 104; mendica, 14; men- 
thastri, 49, 99 3 radiata 99, 
Stauropus fagi sia 50 
Silbia anomala_.... sue 
Swammerdamia pyrella ... 
Syrichthus malvz o be 
Teniocampa gothica, 99 ; gracilis, 


PAGE 

14,99; incerta, 14; instabilis, 

14; munda ace ate 20499 
Tephrosia punctularia ... 9, 14 
Teracola johnstoni aes -.. 106 
Thecla w-album ... edo jeoO) 
Thera variata Ae aed 
Thymelicus seb haad 23 ; “linea 22 
Lhyris fenestrata .. sco ot, 28) 
Tinea richardsoni.,. a so 
Tortrix musgulinaria ae 58 
Triphena comes, 94, 99 ; fimbria, 

72,94; orbona ane 94, 99 
Triphosa “dubitata Spe 14, 84 
Trochilium crabroniformis RMETO 
Uropteryx sambucaria ... 27 


Vanessa io, 22, 85; urtice, 14, 38, 85 

Xanthia aurago, 101; cerago, 18; 
circellaris, 18 ; ferruginea, 18; 
flavago, 18; fulvago, 18; silago 18 


Xanthosetia hamana ... foo, lt 
Xylophasia monoglypha ... ann ote) 
Zelleria phillyrella 50¢ 58 
Zephyrus betulz, 50; quercas ‘22, 50 
Zeuzera pyrina ... ‘5 Os) ROW. 


Zonosoma linearis, 15, 18, 87; 
pendularia, 9; punctaria, 9, 27, 
88; porata, 9, ine 88; tallies 


oe arr Pe Ls 
Zygena trifolii ... sie 5 84 
NEUROPTERA. 


Aschna cyanea, 60; grandis, 8, 
87; mixta -» 60), 85; 86.) 87 
Agrion aurantiaca, 60; hastula- 


tum, 59, 109; puella ... saat Se) 
Avax imperator .. oe =og te 
Bera articularis... ae sod UN, 
Bertkauia prisca ... tee a OO 
Brachytron pratense _... se OM 
Chrysopa dorsalis sec soo, 119. 
Coniopteryx aleyrodiformis so 
Cordulegaster annulatum pal BY 
Cordulia zenea sec oe TRS 
Enallagma cyathigerum .. CBee tS: 
Glyphotzlius pellucidus .. spe oo 
Gomphus vulgatissimus ... 66, 87 


Hemerobius limbatus, 9; nitidu- 
lus, 9; stigma .. 
Ischnura elegans, "109; “pumilio, 
59, 78, 90, 109 
Leptophlebia submarginata ea, 


| Leucorrhinia dubia eee 1) 60 
Leuctra nigra (?) 9 
Libellula quadrimaculata, ‘60, 87; 

depressa Re 63, 87 
Lymnophilus centralis She its, 


Orthetrum cerulescens, 87; can- 
cellatum me are 

Nemoura inconspicua, 9; 
gata 

Panorpa 

Plectrocnemia bre Qpw woe 

Pyrrhosoma, 89; ee 8, 80; 
tenellum 

Raphidia maculicollis 

Sialis lutaria Sor 

Sympetrum flaveolum, 87 ; san- 
guineum, 87; scoticum, 8, 67, 
87; striolatum, 29, 67, 78, 87, 


varie- 


89; vulgatum ... Tex 
ORTHOPTERA. 

Blabera gigantea ... iss 69, 

Blatta americana, 69, 70; austra- 


lasia, 69, 70; orientalis 


Printed by E. Knicut, 22} Bartholomew Close, E.C. 


117 


PAGE 


81 


59 
89 


89 


70 
70 


Brachycola sexnotata 
Ectobia lapponica, 70; 
70; panzeri 
Forficula auricularia 
Gryllus campestris a 
Heterogamia egyptiana ... 
Labia minor 
Leptophyes punetatissima. 
Leucophea surinamensis 
Locusta viridissima 
Nyctibora holosericea 
Periplaneta americana aoe 
Phyllodromia germanica 69, 
Platycleis brachyptera, 8; grisea 
82, 
70, 


livida, 69, 


84, 106, 


Rhyparobia maderz 
Stilopyga orientalis ae “se 
Tettix bipunctatus, 8; subulalus 
Thamnotrizon cinereus 82, 
Xiphidium dorsale 


9 


ai 


THE SOUTH LONDON 
Entomological F Alatural History Society 


(ESTABLISHED 1872), 


HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E, 


SSS 


OFFICERS & COUNCIL. 
1902. 


President. 
Fk; NOAD CEARK, 


Pice- Presidents. 


H. S. FREMLIN, M.R.CS., L.R.C.P., F.E.S. 
Hag SEP esi It, St 


Council. 
W. J. ASHDOWN. AV EIARRISONS Ee CiS. beluas: 
J. H. CARPENTER, F.E.S. Wa [sLUCAS, BA. FBS, 
T. A. CHAPMAN, M_D., H. MAIN, B.Sc., F.E.S. 
F.E.S. [Wo LOr er FES: 
Gon. Curator. Hon. Librarian. 
W. WEST (Greenwich). H. A. SAUZE. 


Hon. Treasurer. 
T. W. HALL, F.E.S., 61, West Smithfield, London, E.C. 


Hon. Secretaries. 


S. EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c. (General Sec.), 
Kidbrook Lodge, Blackheath, S.E. 


H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (Report Sec.), 
13, Drakefell Road, St. Catherine’s Park, S.E. 


WHE SOUTH LONDON 
Entomological and Alatural Aistory Society, 


HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E, 


The Society has for its object the diffusion of Biological Science, by 
means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Collec- 
tions. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the 
Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings in each month, 
from Eight to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society's Rooms are 
easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invite 
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to 
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting 
Specimens. 


DED 


SOUBSERIPTION. 


Seven Shillings and Stxpence per Annum, with an Entrance 
fee of Two Shillings and Sixpence. 


All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary, 


STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., &c., 
Kidbrook Lodge, Blackheath, S.E. 


eee 


PAST PRESIDEN S. 


1872 ... J. R. WELLMAN. 1887 ... R. ApkIN, F.E.S. 
ROW: 5 | 1883 6s (eR Biecups: PybyS: 
TSIPaL soc 55 Hote) Gag an 

1675 ... A. B. PARN, FES. | 1890... J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S, 
TO7O) =. - 189m °.. W. H. TuGWELL, Pu-€. 
TOP 7c ee ARIE a 180205. C.G BARRETT heEnos 
1878 ... J. T. WILLIAMs. 1893 ... J. J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. 
1879 ... R. STANDEN, F.E.S. nso“) BaSTmEpy less: 

1880 ... A. FICKLIN. iso) pan Ug Wiha IRUWIE, ITD IS. 

1881 ... V. R. PERKINS, F-E.S. TSOQOn ke SOUL wk bese 

KIS] ny Ihe IRS Wes VeAGND, IP IBS {077 pe IR VADON, INI), 

1883 ... J. R. WELLMAN. 1808 to. |). Wie om BeBe 

1884. ... W. West, L.D.S. 1899 ... A. Harrison, F.L.S., etc. 
1885 ... R. Sourtu, F.E.S. ELQOO Ge Wien | UGASW beAr wb ssa 
1886 ... R. Apkin, F.E.S. T901 ... H.S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., etc. 


bis FOF MEMBERS, 


—_so0——_ 


Chief subjects of Study :—%, Hymenoptera; 0, Orthoptera ; 4e, Hemiptera; 
zx, Neuroptera; c, Coleoptera; @, Diptera; 7, Lepidoptera; o0/, Oology; orn, 
Ornithology ; 7, Reptilia; 7, Mollusca; cv, Crustacea; 6, Botany ; #7, Microscopy ; 
e, signifies Exotic forms. 


YEAR OF 

ELECTION. 

1886 ADKIN, b. W., Brandon House, Morden Hill, Lewisham, S.E. 
Z, orn. 

1882 ADKIN, R., F.E.S., Wellfield, 4, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham, 
Sabai), 2 

1g0t ADKIN, R. ARMSTRONG, 4, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham, 
S.E. mm. 

1901 ARMSTRONG, RicHARD R., 55, Granville Park, Lewisham, 
Sukie .€, 4, 

1895 ASHBY, SIDNEY R., 8, Canterbury Terrace, Maida Vale, N.W. 2. 

1895 ASHDOWN, W. J., Belmont Road, Leatherhead. J, ¢, he. 

1888 AtmoRE, E. A., F.E.S., 48, High Street, King’s Lynn, Nor- 


folk. \ 7. 


1887 Barciay, F. H., F.G.S., F.E.S., The Warren, Cromer, Norfolk. 


1884 
1896 
1887 
1889 
1900 
1889 
1888 


1877 


1897 
1900 
1898 
1893 
1898 
1895 


/, orn, paleontology. 
Barker, H. W., F.E.S., 147, Gordon Road, Peckham, S.E. 7. 
BarRneEtTT, THos. L., 81, Royal Hill, Greenwich, S.E. 2. 
BarrEN, H. E., 46, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E. 72. 
Barrett, C. G.,F.E.S., Tremont, Peckham Rye, S.E. 7Z, m. 
BaRRETT, J. P., 3, St. John’s Villas, Margate. 72 
BEAUMONT, A., F.E.S., Gosfield, Halstead, Essex. 4, c¢, he, ori. 
BENNETT, W. H., F.E.S., 15, Wellington Place, Hastings. 4, ¢ 
Bittups, T. R., F.E.S., 20, Swiss Villas, Coplestone Road, 
Peckham, S.E. 4, 0, 6 d, he. 
BisuHop, E. B., 79, Alexandra Road, Wimbledon, S.W. 
BLENKARY, S. A., Clifton House, E. Dulwich, S.E.  <. 
Buss, M. F., University School, Hastings. 7. 
Bonp-SmituH, W., Potton, near Sandy, Beds. 2. 
BousKELL, F., F.E.S., Sandown Road, Knightcn, Leicester. 2 
Bowman, K., 18, Victoria Road, Clapham Common, S.W. 2@. 


iv 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1887 


1891 
1887 


1890 


1893 
1895 
1898 
1890 
I90o 
1899 
1897 


1890 


1900 
1888 
1889 


1886 


1899 
1899 


1877 
1872 


1897 
1898 


1888 
1896 


1887 
1898 


1879 
1899 


Briccs, C. A., F.E.S., Rock House, Lynmouth, N, Devon. 
Z, m, n, 0, British fishes. 

Briccs, H. Meap, 8, High Street, Canterbury. JZ, ora. 

Brices, T. H., M.A., F.E.S., Rock House, Lynmouth, N. 
Devon. 2. 

BristowE, B. A., F.E.S., The Cottage, Stoke d’Abernon, 
Surrey. 2. 

Bristowek, L. W., Durlstone, Champion Hill, S.E. 72 

Brooks, W., Grange Hall, Rotherham. 2 

Broome, E. G., Hurst Vicarage, Twyford, Berks. 7. 

Brown, E. W., Capt. 2nd Royal West Kent Regiment. @. 

BROWNE, G. B., 43, Southbrook Road, Lee, S.E. 2 

BuckstTong, A. A., The Lodge, S. Norwood Park, S.E. © 2. 

Burr, Matcoum B., B.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Bellagio, E. Grin- 
stead, @. 

Butter, W. E., Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading, JZ, ¢. 


CANE, CASTEL, Bungaree, Calton Road, Dulwich. 7 

CanspDALE, W.D., F.E.S., Sunny Bank, South Norwood,S.E. 7. 

Cant, A., F.E.S., 10, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 
Z, mt. 

CARPENTER, J. H., F.E.S., Riverdale, Leatherhead, Surrey. /. 

Carr EF. B.; 46, Handéen/ Road, Lée, 5... 4 

Carr, EF. M. B., 46, Handen Road; heey Si. wh 

CARRINGTON; J. T., rre; Strand, WaCy .Zicn 

Cuaney, W. C., 32, Stroud Road, Woodside, S. Norwood, 
S.E. (Hon. member). h, t, ¢. 

CuHapMAN, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., Betula, Reigate, Surrey. Z. 

CHATTERTON, F. J. S.; FES, 78, Clissold Road;) Stoke 
Newington, N. 7Z. 

CHITTENDEN, D., 98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, S.E. 7. 

Ciark, F. Noap, Prestdent, Paddington Infirmary, Harrow 
Road, W. mz. 

CLARK,, Js) Alo PES. D.Sa7 MEPS. 5 et Weston Pars 
Crouch EnditNn.) 7 

CiarKE, H. SHORTRIDGE, F.E.S., 40, Athol Street, Douglas, 
Isle of Man. 7. 

CLopE, W. (Life member). 

CoLTHRuP, C. W., 127, Barry Road, E. Dulwich, S.E. 2. 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION, 


1899 
1885 


1898 
1888 
1900 
1889 
1884 


IQOl 
1898 


1897 


1886 
1886 
1900 
1889 
1891 
1887 
1889 
1891 


1886 


1899 
Igo! 
1884 


1889 


CRABTREE, B. H., Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester. Z 
CrokER, A. J., 191, Bethnal Green Road, E. 2. 
Crow, E. J., 26, Tindal Street, North Brixton. 2. 


Dawson, W. G., Plumstead Common, Plumstead, Kent (Zz 
member). TZ. 

Day, F. H., 6, Currock Terrace, Carlisle. 7, c. 

Dennis, A, W., 45, Park Street, Stoke Newington, N. JZ, mi. 

Dosson, H. T., F.E.S., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New 
Malden, Surrey. 4, orn. 

Dons, A. W., 61, Dynevor Road, Stoke Newington, N. 2. 

Downinc, JouHn W., F.E.S., 45, Trevelyan Road, Tooting 
Graveney, S.W. /. 

Drury, W. D., F.R.H.S., F.E.S., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, 
Woking, Surrey. 2. 


Epwarps, 8., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., on. Sec, Kidbrook 
Lodge, Blackheath, S.E. 4, eZ. 

Enock, F., F.L.S., F.E.S., 13, Tufnell Park Road, Holloway, 
Ni) i982: 

Enock, J. K., 658, Woolwich Road, Charlton, Kent. 2. 


FaRRANT, M.,, jun., 137, St. Thomas, Exeter. /. 

Fiver, F. E., F.E.S., 58, Southwark Bridge Road, S.E. 4, mz. 

FLETCHER, W. H. B., M.A., F.E.S., Aldwick Manor, Bognor, 
Sussex (Life member). 2. 

Forp, A., Hillside, Sunninghill Koad, Pokesdown, Bourne- 
mouth, Hants. 4 ¢. 

FoRRESTER, A. C., 42, West Kensington Mansions, W. 
Kensington. 7. 

FREMLIN, H. S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.E.S., Vice-President. 
Government Lymph Laboratories, Chelsea Bridge, S.W. 
Lae. 


GADGE, S. W., 9, Longley Road, Tooting Graveney. 

GarReETT, H. E., 3, Brewers Green Mews. J. 

Gipp, L., 148, St. James Street, Montreal, Canada (Zif 
member). 2. 

GREENE, OReviy >]: G.) Meas) F.E-S., Rostrevor, Clifton, 
Bristol. 72. 


vl 


YEAR OF 

ELECTION. 

1895. GRIFFITHS, G. C., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 43, Caledonia Place, Clifton, 
Bristol eh 

1893 Hatt, A., 16, Park Hill Rise, Croydon, Surrey. 7, e/, ool. 

1888 Hatt, A. E., F.E.S., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield. 2. 

1884 Hatt, T. W., F.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, Stanhope, The Crescent, 
Croydon, Surrey ; and 61, West Smithfield, E.C. 2. 

1891 Hamm, A. H., 52, St. Mary’s Road, Oxford. 7. 

e8o2 HArRison,: A., F.C.S., F.L.S.; FE.S. FeR.MiSs) (Thames 


1902 
1884 


1900 
1888 
1888 
1889 


1886 
1887 


1884 


1886 


1898 
1900 
1884 
IQOO 
1888 


1894 
1898 
1884 
1898 
Igol 
1872 


Sugar Refinery, Silvertown, E., and 72, Windsor Road, 
Forest Gate, E. 4, mz. 
Harry, S. P., 41, Binfield Road, Clapham, S.W.: 7. 
Hetprs, J. A., Newstead Lodge, 91, Wood Vale, Forest Hill, 
oy Dane A 
Hewitt, R. L., Ivydene, Felday Road, Lewisham, S.E. 2. 
Hitimay, T. S., F.E.S., Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. 7. 
Hopkins, H. E., 5, Haseldean Road, Brockley, S.E. 7. 
Horne, A., F.E.S., Ugie Bank, Aberdeen. JZ. 


JAGER, J., 65, St. Quentin’s Avenue, North Kensington, W. Z. 

JENNER, J. H. A., F.E.S., 209, School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 
biG, Bitty 8. 

Josson, H., 1, Rock Villas; Maynard Road, Waltham- 
stow. JZ. 


Kane, W. F. pe V., M.A., F.E.S., M.R.I.A., Drumreaske 
House, Monaghan, Ireland. 7, m2, marine invertebrata. 
Kaye, W. J., F.E.S.,Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey. 2. 

Kemp, S. W., 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, W. Zc. 
KENWARD, J., 195, Hither Green Lane, Lewisham, S.E. 7. 
Kirkaupy, G. W., S. Abb’s, Worple Road, Wimbledon.  e. 
Knicut, E., 2, Lichfield Grove, Church End, Finchley, N. 


Lamp, H., Acacia Place, Upper Faut, Maidstone. 4, orm. 

LEMANN, F. C., F.E.S., Blackfriars House, Plymouth. 2. 

LEVETT, C., 107, Brockley Road, S.E. 2 

LITTLE, W. W., 17, Belgrave Street, King’s Cross, N. 2 

Lowg, F., Polruan, Clarendon Road, Putney, S.W. 2 

Luzsock, The Right Hon. Sir Joun, Bart. M.P., D.C.L, 
F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.E:S., &c., High Elms, Down, 
near Farnborough, Kent (Hon. member). h, 0. 


vil 


YEAR OF 

ELECTION. 

1896 Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 28, Knight’s Park, Kingston-on- 
Ghames.. 20, 12 7m. 

1890 McArtuour, H., 35, Averill Street; Fulham, W. /. 

1900 MacGer, W. H., 79, Lillie Road, S.W. 72 

1872 M‘LacHian, R., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Westview, 
Clarendon Road, Lewisham, S.E. (on. member). n. 

1892 Main, H., B.Sc., F.E.S., 131, Windsor Road, Forest Gate, E. 7. 

1886 MancErR, W. T., 160, Manor Road, New Cross, S$.E. 4, ¢, ev. 


1889 
1885 
1881 
1888 
1896 


1896 
1880 


1889 


1887 
4887 
IQOI 
1889 
1900 


1872 


1891 
1892 
1883 
IQOI 
1880 


1888 


1889 


1899 
1897 


MANSBRIDGE, W., F.E.S., 133, Park Grove, Hull. 7. 

Mera, A. W., 79, Capel Road, Forest Gate, E. 7. 

Mites, W. H., F.E.S., The New Club, Calcutta, India. mz, 4. 

MiTcHELL, A. T., 594, High Road, Chiswick, W. © 7 

MontTGOMERY, ARTHUR M., F.E.S., 32, The Grove, Ealing, 
WwW. 7. 

MontTGoMERY, EDMUND M., 32, The Grove, Ealing, W. /. 

MonviEro, Sefior A: A. DE C., F.E.S., 70, Rua do Alecrinar, 
Lisbon. 

Moore, H., F.E.S., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E. 7, 2, 
di GilpGolijtecd, Md. 

Morris, C. H., School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 4 ¢, m. 


Nevinson, E. B., 7, ‘Staple Inn, W.C. JZ, stalk-eyed crustacea. 

NeEwnua\y, C. E., The Eyot, Hersham, Surrey. 7. 

NicHotson, W. E., F.E.S., School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 7. 

NorrLe, Epwarp, Lanyar Vale, Portland Road, South 
Norwood. /. 


OLpHAM, C., 2, Warwick Villas, Chelmsford Road, South 
Woodford, Essex. 7 


PALMER, J. F., Ewell Road, Surbiton Hill, Surbiton. 2. 

PANNELL, C., East Street, Haslemere. Conchology. 

PrEarce, W. A., 88, Croxted Road, West Dulwich, S.E. Z 6. 

Pepper, A. W., The Horniman Museum, Forest Hill, S.E. mz. 

PERKINS, V. R., F.E.S., Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire. 
(ie ONG 3 

Perks, F. P., 41, St. Martin’s Lane, Charing Cross, W.C. 
zoology, mt, pond life. 

PErRry, Rev. J. F., Catholic Church, Brixton Hill, SW. 7, ¢. 

Pickin, J. Ry 2; lndustry, Terrace, Brixton, S.W.,,, 2. 

Bresr, i. Bs, 


YEAR 


vill 
OF 


ELECTION. 


1887 
1896 
1902 


1888 
1887 


1887 
1894 


1888 
1887 


1900 
1890 
1898 
1886 


1897 
1888 


1898 


1899 
1890 


1890 
1882 


1873 
1872 


1902 
1894 
1901 
1895 
1899 


Porritt,’ G, T., F.L.S.,; F.E.S.,- Crossland Hall’ Hudders- 
held sd, 7, 
Potter, A. T., Whangarei, Auckland, New Zealand. 4 zoo. 


Raywarp, A. L., Lessington, Grosvenor Gardens, Wal- 
lington, Surrey. 2. 

REID, W., F.E.S., Pitcaple, Aberdeen. 7; continental 7. 

Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham 
Common, $.W. orn. 

Rosinson, A., B.A., F.E.S., 1, Mitre Court, Temple, E.C. 2 

RoBINSON, LEIGH, 13, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, 
S.Wis, & 

Rosson, H., 93, Watling Street, E.C. 7, . 

RouTLEDGE, G.B., F.E.S., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle. 
Eo. 

RowDEN, ALFD. OLIVER, 6, Eastgate, Exeter. 4, 0. 

RowntTREE, J. H., Westwood, Scarborough. 2, 

RussELL, A., F.E.S., The Limes, Southend, Catford, S.E. 2. 


SaLwey, R. E., F.E.S., Springbank, Wokingham, Berks. 72. 

SANDISON, JOHN, 2, Francis Grove, Wimbledon, Surrey. 7. 

Sauzt, H. A., Hon. Librarian, 11, Venner Road, Sydenham, 
SK, 2 

SicH, ‘Aur, F.E.S., Brentwood, 65, Barrowgate Road, 
Chiswick. 2. 

SmituH, E. W., 16, Tresco Road, Linden Grove, S.E. 7 

SMITH, WALTER, 1, Arundel Villas) Hampton Road, 
Twickenham. 2 

SMITH, WILLIAM, 13, St. Merren Street, Paisley. 7. 

SoutH, R., F.E.S. 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, 
Se Wot ate 

STANDEN, R., F.L.S., F.E.S., Townlands, Lindfield, 
Sussex (Life member). 1. 

Step, E., F.L.S., Vice-President, 19, Fortune Gate Road, 
Craven Park, Harlesden, N.W. 4, m, orn, cr. 

STONELL, B., 25, Studley Road, Clapham, S.W. 2 


TarBAT, Rev. J. E., M.A., Fareham, Hants. 47 00. 
THORNTHWAITE, W., Hersham, Surrey. 2. 
Totuurst, J., Glenbrook, Beckenham, Kent. 7. 
ToMLINSON, F. 2 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION, 


1902 ToncE, E., Aincroft, Grammar School Hill, Reigate. 2 

1899 Toomss, G. W., 40, Shrubland Grove, Dalston Lane, N. 2 

1894 TRENERRY, E. H., 3, North Road, Clapham Park, S.W. Z 

1895 TunaLey, Hy., F.E.S., 30, Fairmount Road, Brixton Hill, 
Se We 4 

1887 TURNER, H. J., F.E.S., Hon. Report Secretary, 13, Drakefell 
Road, St. Catherine’s Park, S.E. -2; ¢ 2, he, 0. 

1886 Tutt, J. W., F.E.S., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, 
Blackheath, S.E. 2 


1887 VERRALL, G. HL, F.E.S., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. d. 
1889 VINE, A. C., 45, Semple Street, Brighton, Sussex. 7, 


188g WAINWRIGHT, C. J., F.F.S., 2, Handsworth Wood Road, 
Handsworth, near Birmingham. 7, 

1880 WALKER, J. J., R.N., F.LS.,, F.E.S., H.M.S. Katoomba, 
Sydney, N.S.W. 4 « 

1888 WALLER, R., 2, Grand Parade, Upper Richmond Road, 
Putney, 5.W. 2. 

1886 WatsincHaAM, The Right Hon. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., 
F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c., Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk 
(Hon. member). l, orn. 

1888 WaRNE, N. D., 8, Bedford Square, W. 7. 

1888 WEBB, S., 22, Waterloo Crescent, Dover. 7. 

1872 WeEsT, W., Hon. Curator, 8, Morden Hill, Lewisham Road, 
Sab, gee 6, Re: 

1878 West, W., L.D.S., 75, Lewin Road, Streatham Common, 
S.W. 2, 760. 

1887 WHIFFEN, W. H., 49, Granville Park, Lewisham, S.E. 72. 

1888 WINKLEY, M. H., 9, Glen Eldon Road, Coventry Park, 
Streatham, S.W. © /. 

1893 WoLFE, J. J., Skibbereen, co. Cork, Ireland. 2 

1899 Woop, Rev. Francis Henry, M.A., Brabourne Cottage, 
Bromley Park, Kent. 2 

1886 Wricut, W. H., Secretary’s Department, Somerset House, 
Strand; W.Cy 7, 


Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors, 


additions, or alterations in the above Addresses and descriptions. 


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REPORT :OF THE COUNCIL, :1go1, 


| ee Council of the South London Entomological and 

Natural History Society, in presenting the Twenty- 
ninth Annual Report, is pleased to state that the Society 
continues to maintain a satisfactory condition, both as to its 
membership and as to the educational and scientific value of 
the work it does. 

The present membership is somewhat more than at the 
corresponding time last year. Nine new Members have been 
elected, while two resignations have been accepted, and 
three names have been removed from the list under Bye- 
law 10, section 2. Thus the actual number of Members is 
174, made up of 4 Honorary, 5 Life, 40 Country, and 125 
Ordinary Members. 

The Hon. Treasurer’s Balance-sheet is printed on page 
x., and from its perusal it will be seen that the Society has 
again satisfactorily met its liabilities, under the skilful 
management of Mr. T. W. HALt. 

The Council greatly regret that the President for the year, 
Mr. H. S. FREMLIN, met with a very serious accident in 
July, and since that time has been unable to attend the 
meetings of the Society. They wish to offer him their hearty 
good wishes for his speedy recovery. 

The ordinary meetings of the Society have been very well 
attended throughout the year, and the exhibits have been 
numerous and varied, but the accompanying notes have 
been somewhat scanty. Through the kindness of Mr. HALL, 
one evening was devoted to a lecture on “ Bird Life,’’ by 
Mr. W. R. KEARTON, and was well attended and appreciated. 


X1ll 
The usual Exhibition of Varieties was held in November, 
and was again a successful meeting. 

In order to add to the usefulness of the meetings, our 
President, Mr. FREMLIN, at the beginning of the year kindly 
placed a microscope in the Society’s rooms, so that it should 
be available at any meeting for Members to examine objects 
which might be brought up. Several members have availed 
themselves of the opportunity thus afforded to illustrate their 
remarks, and sets of slides have been lent by Messrs. CLARK 
and WEST. ; 

Mr. A. Harrison has again shown his kindly feeling to the 
Society by donating a new patent Lantern Screen, which 
will much facilitate the preparation for the Lantern Demon- 
strations by the simple manner of its arrangement. Not 
least in usefulness have been the kind offices of Mr. F. Noap 
CLARK in so ably taking charge of the Lantern on each of the 
six occasions when it was used. 

During the year eleven Papers have been read, together 
with five Reports of Field Meetings. . These Papers and 
Reports were contributed by the following gentlemen, to 
whom the Council wish to express themselves much 
indebted :—Mr. STEP, four; Mr. Lucas, two; Mr. MANGER, 
two; Mr. R. ApkKIN, one; Mr. BATESON, one; Mr. BISHOP, 
one; Mr. CLARK, one; Dr. CHAPMAN, one; Mr. KEARTON, 
one; Mr. MONTGOMERY, one; Mr. PERCY SMITH, one; and 
Mr. WEstT (Streatham), one. 

These Papers were of a most varied nature, five being 
accounts of general Field Work, three were especially relative 
to Lepidoptera, two to Ornithology, two to Conchology, two 
to Botany (including Fungi), one to Arachnology, one to 
Geology, and one to Experimental Biology. 

Five Field Meetings were held during the summer and 
autumn. In point of interest, and in the large attendance of 
members and their friends, they were the most successful the 
Society has ever held. The weather was on each occasion 
exceptionally propitious, and no doubt was a large factor in their 
success. On the occasion of the Mickleham Meeting, under 
Mr. ASHDOWN and Mr. STEP, no less than forty met at tea; 
and at Brasted, under Mr. R. ADKIN, the number was thirty- 


XIV 


six. The Council consider that this is a very gratifying 
recognition of the kindly efforts of those gentlemen who 
organised and led at the outdoor gatherings. The following 
is a list of the Field Meetings: 

OXSHOTT, on May 18th ; Conductor, Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A. 

BYFLEET, on June 1st; Conductors, Messrs. BisHop and 
Lucas. 

MICKLEHAM, on June 22nd; Conductors, Messrs. ASHDOWN 
and STEP. 

BRASTED, on July 6th; Conductor, Mr. R. ADKIN. 

OxsHOTT, on October 5th; Conductors, Messrs. LucAs 
and STEP. 

The Society’s Collections still continue under the able 
care of Mr. West (Greenwich), the Hon. Curator, who 
reports as follows: 

“During the past year the cabinets have been consulted at 
every meeting, and I hope that those members who can do 
so will donate specimens and series to complete, so that no 
student of any order may fail to find the species he is in — 
search of.” 

These Collections have been enriched by the following 
donations, for which the best thanks of the Council are 
due: 

Specimens of Anax imperator and Ischnura pumilio from 
Mr. ASHDOWN. 

Nearly ninety species of Homoptera (British) from the 
Hon. Curator. 

A series of Caradrina ambigua from Mr. R. ADKIN. 

Various species of Lepidoptera from Mr. F. M. B. Carr. 

And various species of Lepidoptera from Mr. H. Harrison. 

The Library has been increased during the year by the 
following books, periodicals, reports, etc., for which the 
Council desire to express their thanks to the. several 
donors: 

‘“‘In Nature Land,” by Messrs. GRANT ALLEN and 
Enock, from Mr. ENOCK. 

‘“‘ Reptiles,” Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VIII., from 
Mr. STANLEY EDWARDS. 

‘Shell Life,” by Mr. STEP, from Mr. N. E. WARNE. 


XV 


‘‘ British Lepidoptera,” Vol. VII., by Mr. C. G. BARRETT, 
from the AUTHOR. 

* With Nature and a Camera,” by Messrs. KEARTON, from 
Meili W: HALL. 

“ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” 1gor, from Mr. Mac- 
LACHLAN. 

“ Entomologist,” 1go1, from Mr. SOUTH. 

“Science Gossip,” 1901, from Mr. CARRINGTON. 

“ Zoologist,’’ Igor, from Mr. NEWMAN. 

“ Knowledge,” from the PUBLISHERS. 

“Trish Naturalist,’ tg901; ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,” 
tgo1; ‘‘Entomologische Tidskrift,” Igor; ‘‘ Rochester 
Naturalist,’ Igor. 

“Journal of the City of London College,” “ Report of the 
City of London Entomological and Natural History 
Society,” 1900; ‘‘ Report of the Entomological Society of 
Ontario,” 1g00; ‘‘ Reports of the Smithsonian Institute,” 
1898-99 ; “‘ Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Natural 
History Society,” 1900-01 ; ‘‘ Proceedings of the Croydon 
Microscopical and Natural History Society,’’ 1900; and 
‘South Eastern Naturalist,” 1go1, by exchange. 

“Larve of British Lepidoptera, Vol. IX., Ray Society, by 
PURCHASE. 

Numerous Pamphlets and Magazine articles, by Mr. 
COCKERELL, from the AUTHOR. 

Under the careful guardianship of Mr. H. A. Sauze£, the 
Hon. Librarian, the Library continues to be of great service 
to the members, especially for reference at the meetings. 
His report is as follows : 

‘* With respect to the Library, which hasa steady number 
of consultants, the feature of gor has been the thoughtful- 
ness and liberality of one of our proved friends, Mr. STANLEY 
Epwarpbs, who has generously provided an _ additional 
mahogany cupboard of goodly capacity for storing the stock 
of unsold ‘Transactions’ of the Society, and leaving the 
Library free for housing the books. Concerning these 
‘Transactions,’ there has been a slight demand for copies 
from the Continent during the year, which has improved the 
balance of the Library Fund, but the accumulation must be 


XVI 


estimated at a few thousands. It is allowed that our publica- 
tion could not be continued from the ordinary income, and 
every year kind donors specially supplement the available 
sum by subscribing to a ‘ Publication Account.’ This is 
done because they feel that the JOURNAL is vital to the well- 
being of the Society, and without it our meetings would be 
merely a pastime with no history or progress. But while we 
get the JOURNAL year by year, after a little anxiety to our 
able Treasurer, does it not seem that this accumulation of 
‘Transactions,’ for which there is an inadequate demand, 
points to an apparent waste of capital? We know the 
remedy does not lie in printing fewer copies each year, as 
the saving thereby would be infinitesimal. Will the donors, 
having gained their prime object in the fact of publication, 
consent to them being offered at such a reduction as to tempt 
demand? Any business-like suggestion for re-converting 
this stock into cash I am sure would be carefully considered 
by the Council.” 

The Council would much like to see the Society’s Albums ° 
enriched by the addition of the portrait of every Member 
who has not yet contributed to it. During the year that has 
just passed only two additions were made, viz. Messrs. ASH- 
DOWN and ENOCK. 

They also much regret that the publication of PART I. of 
the Abstract of ‘‘ Proceedings” was again postponed, and 
would urge that the prompt carrying out of this regulation 
lies in the hands of the Members themselves, who, by paying 
their subscriptions early in the year, can facilitate this much- 
desired punctual issue. It is hoped that the Abstract for the 
past year will at once be put in hand, and be ready for issue 
much earlier than the last volume was. 

In bringing this Report toa conclusion your Council desire 
to thank all those gentlemen who have so ungrudgingly come 
forward to aid in the great object of the Society, viz. the 
spread of Biological Science. They hope that in the future 
this hearty and kindly assistance may be still more apparent, 
especially in exhibiting all objects of interest, as well as by 
introducing new members. 


Fossil Insects. 


By W. West, L.D.S. Read February 14th. 


THE subject I have the pleasure to bring before your notice this 
evening is that of fossil insects, with special reference to those con- 
tained in amber, but I must apologise for including some specimens 
of another order, the Arachnida, as I think they will be equally as 
interesting to the entomologist, although not coming within the 
range of his particular study. 

This globe upon which we live and have our being has been 
built up in successive stages or epochs. These epochs have been 
classified by geologists into four large divisions. The lowest, and 

~necessarily the oldest, is called the Paleozoic or Primary, then 
follows the Secondary or Mesozoic, then the Tertiary or Cainozoic, 
and finally the Quaternary. These four divisions are again divided 
into various systems. 

The Palzozoic contains the following divisions :—Laurentian, 
Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. 

The Mesozoic is divided into Triassic, Jurassic or Oolite, lower, 
middle, and upper, and the Cretaceous. 

In the third division, the Tertiary, we have the Eocene, Miocene, 
and Pliocene, and in the Quaternary the Recent. 

All these systems are again subdivided into various strata, too 
numerous to mention this evening. 

The earliest traces of insect life are found in the Devonian, or 
old red sandstone rocks, and consist of a few broken wings of 
Neuroptera (Pseudo-neuroptera), allied to Ephemera. In the Car- 
boniferous epoch following the Devonian, ninety species, mostly 
Neuroptera and Orthoptera, were discovered. An insect was found 
in Permian strata intermediate between Neuroptera and Hemiptera, 
and placed in a new order of the name Dictyoptera. Of the 
Orthoptera more than fifty species are represented, and a few others, 
referred to a special order by Goldenberg, and called Paleeodicty- 
optera, except five classed amongst the Coleoptera and three to 
Hemiptera. These latter orders came on later. Only five species 
have been found in the British coal measures. In the Permian 
rocks (named by Murchison on account of being more developed 
in the province of Perm in Russia) about thirteen species are found, 
mostly in Germany, and consist of two Paleodictyoptera, two 
Hemiptera, and nine Orthoptera (Blattidz). The vegetation of the 
Devonian epoch consisted mostly of Gymnosperms and Cryptogams 
and numerous Algee. 


1 


2 
_ 


In the Secondary or Mesozoic epoch, called the age of reptiles, we 
find the Triassic and Jurassic period, the latter named after the 
mountain range of the Jura, on the western borders of Switzerland. 
They consist of the two formations, the Lias and Oolite. 

The Lias contains the following remains :—Neuroptera, six 
species; Orthoptera, three ; Coleoptera, 116; various Hemiptera, 
and one or two doubtfully referred to Diptera. The Oolite forma- 
tion is divided into lower, middle, and upper. ‘The insects obtained 
from the lower Oolite have, with two exceptions, been classified as 
Coleoptera and Neuroptera. An interesting wing of a large species 
was considered by Mr. Butler to belong toa Lepidopteron, and named 
by him Paleontina oolitica, and confirmed by Professor Westwood and 
other distinguished entomologists, but Mr. Scudder considers the wing 
belonged to an insect allied to the Cicada. It is in the upper 
Oolitic formation that fossil insects have been discovered in 
abundance, so that the Purbeck beds in Dorsetshire, Wiltshire, and 
Buckinghamshire have been named the “insect limestone.” They 
belong mostly to the orders Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, 
Hemiptera, and Diptera, which last order is more numerous than in 
any preceding formation. In the Solenhofer slate of Bavaria 114 
species have been discovered, consisting of the following :—Coleo- 
ptera, 29 species ; Neuroptera, 46 ; Orthoptera, 11 ; Hemiptera, 16; 
Diptera, 5; Hymenoptera, 5 ; and Lepidoptera, 2. 

In the Cretaceous period, although we are ascending the scale of 
rock formation, very few insect remains have been found, and those 
very imperfect; there are about sixteen species of Coleoptera 
recognised. Wood has been discovered perforated, supposed to 
have been done by some Longicorn beetle of the period. 

Vegetation seems to have developed into new forms, thus herald- 
ing the evolution of more numerous insect life. 

In the Tertiary or Cainozoic time, which is divided into Eocene, 
Miocene, and Pliocene, there was a rapid development of dicotyle- 
donous plants, and insects increased in abundance; orders which 
in previous ages were sparsely represented were now firmly estab- 
lished (but mostly in the upper Eocene) ; about 120 genera are known, 
and were distributed as follows :—Coleoptera, 50; Neuroptera, 3 ; 
Orthoptera, 6; Hemiptera, 20; Diptera, 25; Hymenoptera, 11 ; 
Lepidoptera, ro. 

In the Miocene period, which is divided into lower, middle, and 
upper Miocene, insects of nearly all orders have been found. I will 
not weary you with enumerating the species known of each order ; 
suffice it to say, that from one district in the valley of the Rhine 
upwards of 5000 specimens have been obtained, consisting of 844 
species. 

The Post-tertiary or Quaternary period, sometimes called the 
Diluvial period, on account of the similarity of its flora and marine 
fauna to the present age, would necessarily result in the evolution of 
insects closely allied to our existing species, but, of course, the 


3 


Coleoptera, by virtue of their hard and less perishable elytra, are 
found to be more numerous than other orders. 

When we speak of a fossil insect we generally picture an insect, 
or parts of one, embedded in a sedimentary rock, rather difficult to 
see, and only found when the rock happens to split where the insect 
is entombed. ‘They must necessarily be very imperfect on account 
of their fragile nature, and it is usually only the harder parts that 
are preserved ; fortunately Nature has preserved some in a better 
material—the gum which exuded from the trees around which they 
flew or crawled. I refer to amber, and before showing you some 
specimens of the insects it would, perhaps, be well to make a few 
remarks upon the subject of that curious fossil. It is the gum of 
an extinct coniferous tree (P2xifes succenifer) found in the Tertiary 
and Diluvial formations. According to Pliny it was called by the 
Greeks “ Electron,” whence we derive our modern word electricity. 
It is found principally on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea after 
stormy weather, being washed up from the bottom, and occasionally 
round our own coasts. A very fine specimen was fished up last 
November, and when sold in London realised the sum of £27 ros. 
for the fortunate fisherman. 

The enterprising German has found out a way of obtaining amber 
in larger quantities than searching for it on the beach, and that is 
by mining for it, and*now a very extensive industry is carried on in 
various parts of the coast, principally in Kénigsberg. It will not 
interest us much to inquire into the statistics of the annual output, 
which is very extensive and of considerable value. It is found in a 
kind of blue clay-like earth into which, when in a semi-liquid state, 
it dropped. Whilst in this condition, and exuding from the trees, 
various insects came into contact with it, and on account of its 
adhesive nature became fixed and unable to make their escape ; of 
course they would struggle to get away, and damaged themselves 
considerably, therefore I am unable to show you any very perfect 
specimens, and moreover all parts of the insect will not be equally in 
focus like a modern microscopic slide. This fact must be my excuse 
for the imperfection of some of the pictures. 

In obtaining these photos., which, by-the-bye, are taken through the 
microscope, I have aimed at getting the focus of the most striking 
and interesting parts. To get the best effect I have in my own 
specimens cut and polished the piece of amber parallel to the part 
of the insect to be shown, but several of my pictures are taken from 
borrowed specimens, which, of course, I was not permitted to cut up. 
For some of my best I am indebted to Mr. Weingott the well-known 
amber merchant, who very kindly lent me his beautiful collection for 
this purpose. 

There are various gums which to the uninitiated look like amber. 
I have a specimen of gum anime; it is a fossil gum, but not true 
amber. It is not the exudation of a pine, but comes from the 
locust tree (Zymenea martiana) and other species of Hymenza 


4 


growing in tropical America. Insects are frequently found enclosed 
1n it. 

Gum copal is another which is often passed off as genuine amber, 
and fraudulent individuals have enclosed insects in it to increase the 
deception, but of course the entomologist can soon see that they are 
modern types. 

The way to detect genuine amber from spurious is by friction ; 
when the real article is rubbed vigorously the scent of the pine is 
distinctly noticeable. Another means is by heating. Copal catches 
fire and runs into drops which flatten by falling. Amber burns with 
spitting and frothing, and the liquid drops rebound from the surface 
on which they fall. Still another means of testing is by distillation. 
Amber yields a volatile oil and an acid called succinic acid. The 
other forms do not yield succinic acid. 

Flies in amber have always provoked a certain amount of surprise 
and curiosity, and one of the poets has given expression to his sur- 
prise, and remarks them being—“ Neither rich nor rare, The wonder’s 
how the devil they got there.” 

There are no less than thirty-one species of spider found in the 
Primary formation, and 285 in the Tertiary. 

I will now ask Mr. Clark, who has kindly taken charge of the 
lantern, to show us some of these insects that must have lived ages 
before man inhabited this globe ; in the epochs when the land was’ 
covered with profuse vegetation, which vegetation first became peat, 
then lignite, and finally coal. It is from the lignite, coal beds in 
process of formation, that amber comes. 


PriateE I. 


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Larva House. 


Adlard & Son, Imp. 


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PLATE II. 


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LARVA CAGE 


BOTTLE GAGE 


LARVA CAGES. 


Adlard & Son, Imp. 


Or 


Notes on Rearing Lepidoptera. 
By A. M. Montcomery. ead February 28th. 


I FEEL I ought to make some explanation and apology for my 
presumption in contributing a paper on the rearing of Lepidoptera to 
such a society as ours. However, if you will have the patience 
to listen while I explain the methods I adopt, and then freely 
criticise them, I shall benefit by the discussion as much as any one. 

First, a few words on eggs and means of obtaining them from 
brood females. Butterflies, as is well known, require sunshine and 
the presence of their larval food plant to induce them to oviposit. 
For the smaller species I use a bottle cage, such as I first saw used 
by our friend Mr. Mansbridge. A pint white glass circular bottle 
with the bottom cut off, and a slice of the cork (say 4} inch thick) 
thrust into the neck, is placed neck foremost into a gallipot of a 
suitable size. A spray of the food plant is plugged with cotton wool 
into a hole in the cork, so that the end reaches some water in the 
gallipot. Put in two teaspoons of sand, covering the cork and 
shoulders of the bottle, and damp it slightly. Next put in the 
butterfly, and cover with mosquito net or leno, secured with a new 
black india-rubber band (12, Faber’s). Ifa red or old black band is 
used the sun will melt it, and the insect escape. Place the cage on 
a sunny upstairs window-ledge out of the way of cats and inquisitive 
errand-boys. For the larger species I use a larva cage, which I 
shall refer to later on. The base is filled with sand, the food 
plugged into the well, and the perforated zinc lid replaced with 
mosquito net. It must be borne in mind that too much sun under 
these conditions will kill the butterfly and the ova as well, so if the 
weather is hot and the sky cloudless the cage must be exposed for 
short intervals only, and care taken to keep the sand damp. In the 
evening, or sooner if necessary, feed the butterfly, and either remove 
it to a fresh cage or take out the food plant on which are ova, and 
insert a fresh spray. I have kept Cirysophanus phlewas alive in the 
bottle cages for twenty-six days, the first of her progeny pupating the 
next day, and in the larva cages have kept Avgynzz's paphia for a month. 
The Satyridze may be induced to oviposit in a white glass 3-lb. jam jar, 
in which is a tuft of grass (such as comes up with praiseworthy persist- 
ency in flower beds) set in damp sand, a piece of mosquito net keeping 
the butterflies in and vermin out. As long as the sand is not too 
wet the grass will flourish for weeks in the jar. When the butterflies 
are dead replace the mosquito net with linen (old handkerchief), and 
keep the jar in a light but not sunny place, and the resulting larvee 
will need no more attention till they are well advanced in life. 

The bottle cages can be usea with great success with Lwpithecia, 


6 


and the larva cages for such large and restless moths as Ca/ocala, 
the mosquito net being replaced with linen or old calico, and 
the cages kept out of the sun. For moths generally I use air- 
tight white-metal glass-topped boxes (Janneke’s patent, two sizes, 
3 inches by 2 inches and 24 inches by 1} inches) in preference to the 
usual chip and card pill box. Cut a spray of the food, which should 
be dry, and curl it round in one of the boxes so that it cannot shift 
and injure the insects, place the brood females in it, and you will 
probably get all the ova they have. I have kept moths as different 
in size as Virgularia and Porcellus in these boxes with uniform 
success ; the latter, indeed, lived for thirteen days, and deposited 
eighty-two fertile ova. I cannot help contrasting this method 
to the usual chip-box treatment, with which I have had some un- 
pleasant experiences. Very few ova are obtained, and these do not 
always hatch, even when perfectly fertile. For instance, some 
Acidalia remutaria I collected laid a number of ova in a chip-box 
on the way home, where the moths were transferred to a G.T.B., 
and the chip-box containing the ova placed in another. None of 
the eggs in the chip-box hatched, and every one in the G.T.B. 
produced a larva. Some moths, such as Hala wavaria, Melanthia 
bicolorata, Cidaria fulvata, etc., which pass the greater part of their 
existence in the ovum, may, with the aid of these boxes, be reared 
in large numbers. The leaves become mildewed, and the interior 
of the box thickly coated with scales, but every fertile egg will hatch. 
At intervals during the winter I put a drop of water in the box, 
which gradually evaporates and prevents undue dryness of the con- 
tents. If ova are deposited in the chip-boxes on the way home from 
an expedition, place them in a G.T.B. and paint the chip-box 
with water at intervals till the eggs hatch. Ova taken from the 
food plant may be placed on a piece of damp rag in these boxes. 
I well remember my disappointment the first time I took Cherocampa 
porcellus ova; they were perfectly fertile, the larvae could be seen 
moving in them, but nearly all failed to make an exit. Last year I 
placed the ova on the damp rag, and 98 out of 110 hatched, and 
none of the twelve failures contained a larva. 

Butterflies, and moths too, when physically capable of taking any, 
require food when ovipositing. This may be conveniently managed 
by taking a lump of sugar, dipping it in water, and shaking it as dry 
as possible ; take the insect .by the wings in the left hand, hold it so 
that it can grasp the sugar, and stretch out its proboscis with a fine 
needle. As a rule, as soon as the trunk is extended the insect 
begins to feed, and may be gently released and left to take its fill. 
Refractory species can sometimes be induced to feed by placing the 
sugar Close to the insect and gently blowing over the sugar towards it. 
After feeding once or twice they become used to the treatment, 
and will extent their trunks as soon as one picks them up or 
even blows into the cage. A specimen of Aftselia oxyacanthe I 
had alive for some time would run zigzag towards the sugar from 


ff 


one end of the table to the other, waving its antennz in great 
excitement. 

Brood females travel well by post in these G.T.B. A culm of 
green wheat or coarse grass to which they can cling is curled round 
in the box, and if they can be induced to feed before they start, so 
much the better. It is important that no green stuff that will become 
flabby should be put in the box. It flaps about and makes the 
insect so restless that the chances are it will arrive with broken wings 
and legs, and so reduce the chance of getting ova. I have had some 
cardboard cases made to take these boxes. They cost 5s. per 
gross, and as they can be used without paper, the string is supplied, 
and the boxes are not smashed, they must be considered very cheap. 
I do not know how long the butterflies will live in these G.T.B., but 
last autumn I kept a Prev?s rape for eight days without food in 
one of them, and afterwards obtained ova from her. 

Newly hatched larvae (except Satyride) I keep indoors, and for 
their management keep within reach of my table the following 
apparatus :—A drawing board covered with cartridge-paper, an 
enamelled iron basin, a tin of dry sand, a lump of cotton wool, a box 
of rubber bands, bottle cages with spare covers, and G.T.B., together 
with scissors, forceps, brushes, and a teaspoon. 

When the larvee make their appearance, if butterflies (except 
Satyridz) or Geometers, I transfer them to bottle cages, making a 
careful note of the number hatching from day to day. Extreme care 
must be taken not to put too much food in the cage, or the moisture 
condensing on the glass will drown your larve, and not to put too 
many larvee in one cage. A small quantity of food keeps admirably 
in these bottles by snipping the ends of the stems and exposing a 
fresh surface, and changing the water in the gallipots. Some plants 
may be kept fresh till devoured to the very last atom by the larve, a 
no small advantage when the amount of time and handling is con- 
sidered. For some Noctuz and Bombyces in their earlier larval 
instars I have used G.T.B. with some success. Noctua, Tzeniocampa, 
and Hadena do admirably in them; they require, however, by this 
treatment daily attention. ‘The plan I adopt is to put fresh food in 
on the top of the old every morning, and remove the old and rub the 
box clean and bright every evening. ‘This is not so much trouble 
as it looks, provided too much food is not put in. The food to 
which the larvee will be clinging is gently lifted out with the forceps, 
the box cleansed with a stiff paint brush and duster, new food re- 
placed, and stray larvae rapidly put in by means of a teaspoon and 
camel’s-hair brush. Great care is to be taken that these boxes are 
never exposed to the sun, or disaster will follow. 

As soon as the larvee are big enough they are transferred to larva 
cages in the garden. The cages are in a larva house, which I will 
describe ; I designed it many years ago, and have from time to time 
altered it. It much resembles a shelter for meteorological instru- 
ments. The back and two ends are louvred shutters, the front three 


8 


doors covered with 21-inch wire net to exclude cats, etc., and to allow 
the sunshine to enter. An ordinary penthouse roof covers a flat 
roof, the triangular space at each end being left open. A shelf com- 
posed of bars with equal spaces between divides the interior. The 
ends of the house are north and south, the doors face east, and a 
thick hedge behind shelters it from the glare of the afternoon sun. 
For about a couple of hours every morning the sun shines right 
across the face of the house, and every north and east wind blows 
through it, effectually preventing hibernating larve from feeling 
hungry and ova from hatching prematurely. Underneath are two 
bins, one containing sifted loam, which is occasionally watered, and 
the other silver sand. In one or other I keep a bag full of scalded 
moss, an enamelled iron basin, cotton wool, and spare wells. 

The larva cages I use are all on the same principle, and are, in 
fact, copies (as near as I can go) of the admirable cages made by the 
late Mr. J. N. Young, of Rotherham, who was for many years prior 
to his death a member of our Society. His cage consists of a shallow 
red earthenware pan (diameter 7 inches, depth 35 inches), with the 
drainage hole enlarged and fitted with a zinc tube (17 inches diameter), 
which comes up flush with the rim of the pan. Into the tube drops 
a zinc bottle or well with a flange at the shoulder which completely 
closes the tube. On the rim of the pan and extending (2 inches) 
above it is a band of fine perforated zinc closely fitted to the lower 
rim of a glass cylinder (diameter 6 inches, depth 6 inches), which 
rests on three brackets: soldered inside the perforated zinc band 

} inch from top edge). A perforated zinc lid closes the cage. 
My cage consists of a square seed pan (14 inches by ro inches), to 
which is fixed a stout rim of angle zinc. The tube is soldered to a 
square of perforated zinc which covers the drainage holes. On to 
the rim is fitted another rim of angle zinc which bears a perforated 
zinc rim framed in wood. Between the two frames of angle zinc is 
shut a diaphragm with a round hole in the centre to take the upper 
rim of the tube. The hole is bordered with a flange, which is 
covered by the flange at the shoulder of the zinc well that drops into 
the tube. The top of the cage consists of a six-sided frame of Oregon 
pine fitted on four sides with (20-ounce) glass, and the top with 
perforated zinc, while the remaining side fits exactly on to the 
frame containing the zinc rim, and kept in its place with strips of 
oak. Any part of these cages being broken can be replaced without 
much trouble and expense in a few minutes. They are so strong 
they can be piled three high without danger. I have used with con- 
siderable success cages on the same plan with leno taking the place 
of glass and zinc. ‘The leno is glued into the rebates and protected 
with squares of 3-inch wire net kept in place with wooden fillets. 
Hairy larvee did better in these than any cage I have used ; the leno 
soon becomes soiled, however, quickly rots into holes, and is difficult 
to renew. 

The diaphragm is used until larvee are full-fed ; if they happen to 


9 


be of a species which spins on the surface or above ground it is not 
removed. It is covered with sand, damped if necessary, and greatly 
assists in keeping the cages in a good sanitary condition. When 
cleaning them out I proceed as follows :—Place top of cage zinc 
downward, and in it put the food and larvee, covering them with a 
spare diaphragm, flange downward, take off perforated zinc frame 
and brush it well, remove diaphragm and knock off sand and loose 
leaves into the iron basin, fit parts together, fresh sand and food, 
and it is done in less time than it takes totell. With larvee requiring 
earth, remove diaphragm when they are ready, fill with loam from 
the bin, and cover with a thin layer of sand. By this means the 
earth does not become too dry before the larvz use it, no mildewed 
grass is mixed with the earth, and the weight of the cage is reduced 
during the time it is most handled. For surface spinning larvee I 
place a (g-inch) layer of scalded moss on the diaphragm, and cover 
it with sand. 

When living plants are required the diaphragm and tube may be 
removed and the plants raised in the seed pans. I have found this 
a good plan with Satyride, having a succession of pans of grass 
raised from seed by a local nurseryman, as I have no greenhouse. 
Turfs contain too much vermin for the purpose. 

It is a saving of much time and trouble in the end to go through all 
the cages every day and fill the wells. This I effect by means of an 
apparatus my relatives call the “feeding bottle.” It consists of a long 
narrow pickle jar, three quarters of a yard of elastic tubing, and a piece 
of glass tubing drawn out toa fine point. (N.B.—After drawing the 
tubing out, hold it point downwards in aclear fire ; the glass will run 
and make the point as strong as any other part of the tube.) When 
filled with water this forms a syphon, the flow being regulated by 
pressing the elastic tube between thumb and bottle. When not in 
use both ends of the tube are stuck in the bottle, and it is ready for 
instant service. ‘This apparatus I also use for spraying the surface 
of the earth or moss in cages when too dry, and for watering the food 
for larvee that require it. 

With regard to hybernating larvz I can say little. General rules 
seem to be to feed whenever possible, and take care they do not dry 
up. Small hairy larvee I have taken through in bottle cages arranged 
thus :—A glass phial plugged into the neck of the bottle, the bottle 
filled up to the mouth of the phial with, first, a layer of sand and 
moss packed tightly round the phial and damped, and second, a 
layer of loose moss, and the larvee secured with leno and an elastic 
band. The small quantity of food obtainable during winter is thus 
made the most of; it is easily renewed, and the larve are readily 
cleansed by renewing the loose moss and putting in a little clean 
sand. ‘The larger hairy larve I keep in an ordinary cage, the base 
filled with sand covered thickly with moss. The notorious B. rubz 
does well thus, but requires to be put on a sunny window-ledge 
where the rain can reach them till they spin up. ; 


10 


Species that cling to the leafless stems of trees and shrubs do well 
in the ordinary cages, the twigs being plugged into the wells 
and the base of the cage filled with damp sand. Acidalidz do 
extremely well on damp sand covered with moss and dead leaves, on 
which is sprinkled such food as is available, and watered once a 
week. I have taken many Noctuz through most successfully in 
flower-pots half filled with sand covered with moss, tied over with 
leno, and placed on a window-ledge. 

Pupz I remove to a pupa cage kept indoors. ‘This cage consists 
of a box 1 foot square and 6 inches deep, with a lid 3 inches deep. 
It is divided from top to bottom into four compartments, the bottom 
of each of which is formed of a square of perforated zinc in a wooden 
frame, the top of each being also a frame with a piece of calico glued 
into a rebate and protected inside with a square of }-inch wire net 
secured with wooden fillets. The whole interior is left unplaned. 
Some gravel is baked, and the larger stones packed over the perfo- 
rated zinc, and the smaller stuff over them. Some sifted earth, also 
baked, is placed over this, and some scalded moss pressed well down 
on it. On the moss the cocoons or pupe are placed, and covered 
with more moss. In this cage all pupz, from the smallest to the 
largest, do well. The larger species very much appreciate the wire 
net, making for it at once and, hooking themselves up by their 
tarsal claws, swing clear of everything, the result being wonderfully © 
few cripples. I make a practice of spraying the moss once a week 
during winter, and oftener, whenever necessary, in summer. The 
only drawback is the pupz are sometimes attacked by fungus, but I 
have not yet ascertained if the fungus attacks living pup; my 
impression is that only the dead pupze are liable to it asarule. I 
have removed mildew from pupze with a paint brush moistened with 
dilute carbolic, and reared the moth from them. 

Subterranean pupz, as a rule, I leave zz sz¢u till they are due to 
emerge. I then dig them up and separate the cocoons, which are 
often in such close masses that a number of insects would be unable to 
emerge if left in the larva cage. Cocoons spun in the food I cut out 
and place on the surface of the moss in the pupa cage. I make ita 
rule to remove all pupz above earth to the pupa cage as soon as 
they are hard enough to handle. They are there out of the way of 
Chalcids, which I have found to be most destructive, having lost whole 
broods from these little pests making their way through the perforated 
zinc and attacking the pupze in their cocoons. 

To combat the difficulty of damping the pupze I have been trying 
the experiment of placing such as are without cocoons in shallow 
porcelain dishes containing a little sand. The dishes are embedded 
in moss in the pupa cage, and the moss freely damped. When due 
to emerge the pupz are covered with a layer of moss. 


ky 


Report of the Oxshott Field Meeting, May 18th, 1901. 
By W. J. Lucas, B.A. F.ES. Read June 13th. 


On Saturday, May 18th, took place the first field meeting of the 
new season, when twenty-seven members and friends visited the fir 
woods near Oxshott. On former excursions to Oxshott the weather 
has not always been everything that one might desire, but on that occa- 
sion, at any rate, no complaint could fairly be raised against it. Still, 
owing no doubt to the season being a backward one, insects and 
other objects of quest were by no means numerous. But whether 
insects were numerous or not, a ramble through the fir woods in May 
cannot fail to be a source of delight, if only to find our inner being 
in the fresh spring-time beating in unison with the pulsations of 
Nature when rousing herself in all the youthful vigour of another 
year. For there does seem to be some subtle influence pervading 
Nature at that season which makes itself felt, though we may not be 
able to analyse it or trace it to its source. This experience I hope 
we were able to secure, although we may have taken but little to fill 
our boxes and enrich our cabinets. 

As some of our members were new to the district it was agreed 
that the Black Pond should be the limit of our rambles, and accord- 
ingly by various routes most of the party made for that well-known 
hunting ground, where Mr. Enock and others who had come down 
much earlier in the day had been working with great success for 
some hours. On leaving the pond a slightly different route was 
taken back to Oxshott, and a move was at once made to the village 
to discuss the allimportant matter of tea. 

Amongst the plants noticed in flower one of the most interesting 
was an American weed—C/ay/onia perfoliata—found on a bank close 
to Oxshott station. This plant with its curious perfoliate leaves, 
which has already a trivial nanme—the American chickweed,—seems 
to have come to stay. Viola palustris was nicely in blossom at the 
Black Pond, and V. sy/vatica elsewhere. JMyosotis versicolor was 
abundant by the road-sides. Other flowers were Sela nutans (the 
bluebell), Genzsta anglica (the badge of the Plantagenets), Savo- 
thamnus scoparius (the broom), Ulex europeus (the furze), Gera- 
nium molle, Erodium cicutarium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Lysimachia 
nemorum (one of the creeping moneyworts), Anemone nemorosa, 
Lychnis vespertina (which smells so sweet at night), WVefeta glechoma 
(ground-ivy), Prunella vulgaris, and Stellaria graminea. Lrio- 
phorum polystachyon (the cotton-sedge) was coming into blossom at 
the margin of the Black Pond and elsewhere, and of it Mr. Step 
obtained a very good photograph. Of the may (Cvategus oxy- 
acantha), which seems to have borne very few blossoms this year, a 


12 


little was found ; I believe I saw it for the first time the previous 
evening. 

Nests of the willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) and of the 
redstart (Ruticilla phenicurus) were discovered by Mr. Turner and 
photographed by Mr. Step. The common lizard, Zootoca PLE © 
was taken by Mr. Sich. 

At various times I have found about half a dozen species of shell- 
bearing Mollusca in the woods, but on this occasion the only species 
obtained was Zonites nitidulus, found by Mr. Step. 

Turning now to the insects. Of the Orthoptera none seem to 
have been taken,—few, of course, being mature so early as May. 
Several representatives of the Neuroptera were obtained. The only 
example of the Ephemeridz was a sub-imago of Leptophilebia 
submarginata, which soon disclosed the imago. The Perlide 
beaten from the firs were Vemoura vartegata commonly, and speci- 
mens of the small Zeuctra fusciventris (perhaps the form zzgra). By 
Messrs. Enock and Kemp attention was given to the Odonata, and 
they took in the nymphal form Symfetrum scoticum, Libellula quadri- 
maculata, Cordulia enea, Anax tmperator, Pyrrhosoma tenellum, and 
Enallagma cyathigerum; while the imagines were Lb. guadrt- 
palace! Cor. enea, Pyrr. nymphula (one), Ln. cyathigerum, and 
Brachytron pratense. Of the last, one only was seen by Mr. Enock ; 
it is a new record for the pond, and we might have hesitated to enter 
it had not Mr. Enock secured a nymph of the same species there a 
week or two before. Of the Planipennia, several of one of the 
smaller snake-flies, Raphidia maculicollis, were beaten from the firs, 
and by the same means were obtained Hemerobius stigma (= 
limbatus) commonly, and a few H. nitidulus. But one specimen of 
the tiny insect with blue-powdered wings, Condopteryx ( ? psociformis), 
was obtained. Sva/is /ufaria (the alder-fly) does not seem to have 
been noted, but must have been seen. Apparently the only caddis- 
flies were two small ones—Limnophilus centralis and Lim. griseius,— 
both taken at the Black Pond. 

Of the Coleoptera a good number were noted; the common 
green tiger beetle, Czcindela campestris, and one specimen at least of 
the rarer dark purple species of Czcindela sylvatica. A number of the 
Coccinellide, AZysta oblongo-guttata, Anatis ocellata, Halyzia conglo- 
bata, H. 14-guttata, H. 18-guttata, Coccinella 10-punctata, C. 11- 
punctata, and Adalia bipunctata ; Leistus rujibarbis, Hylobius abtetis, 
Crepidodera aurata, Donacia typhe, Exochromus quadripustulatus, 
Deporaus betule, Anthonomus pedicularius, Phyllobius pyri, Ottor- 
rhynchus picipes, Phyllobius argentatus, Agriotes pallidulus, Cyclo- 
notum orbiculare, Antsotoma calcarata, Pityophagus ferrugineus, 
FHelops striatus. |'The next day, the 19th, Mr. Kemp took the rare 
Elater balteatus in the same locality.]| Of the aquatic beetles Mr. 
Kemp took JZ/ybius fenestratus, Saccophilus obscurus, Hyphydrus 
ovatus, Noterus capricornis, and Rhantus exoletus. 

Mr. Kemp reports of the Hemiptera one Ranatra linearis, 


13 


Nepa cinerea, Naucoris cimicoides, Corixa masta, Notonecta glauca in 
the nymphal state, Gerzs /acustris ; and of land species Acanthosoma 
dentatum, A. griseum, and Gastrodes ferrugineus. Of the Homoptera 
there is but one—TZomasfis ( Triecphora) vulnerata, a single specimen 
beaten from birch. 

Although complaints were made of the scarcity of insects a con- 
siderable number of Lepidoptera seem to have been observed. Mr. 
South took a Pieris rape with very yellow underside, P. zapfz was 
common, G. rhammni was seen, and both sexes of Luchloé cardamines, 
Dr. Chapman noticing two males together, from which he concludes 
that the species was fully out. Mr. Montgomery came across fresh 
males of Cenonympha pamphilus. Of moths we have Bombyx 
rubt, Saturnia carpint, including one fine dark male taken by 
Mr. Browne, Scodiona belgiaria, both sexes, Ematurga atomaria, 
including a very dark one captured by Mr. South, Aupalus 
piniaria, Asthena candidata, Tephrosia punctulata (Adkin), 
Ephyra punctaria, Coremia wunidentaria, Eupisteria heparata, 
Macaria liturata, Pionea forficalis, Hemerophila abruptaria, Mela- 
nippe substriata, Euptithecta nanata, Panolis piniferda, Anarta 
myrtillt, and Aluctta polydactyla. Larvee found chiefly by Mr. Carr 
were Pseudoterpna pruinata on Genista and Ulex, Pseudoterpna cyti- 
saria, Miselia oxyacanthe, Oporabia dilutata, Phigalia pilosaria, 
Bombyx neustria (a web), and Coleophora gentste. 

Mr. Sich and Dr. Chapman worked amongst the micros., and the 
interesting notes sent in by them I reproduce 7z extenso. Mr. Sich 
says that his first capture proved to be Gelechia ericete/la, which was 
netted on the way up the heather-clad hill at the start. The species 
was abundant, flying up from the heather at every few paces. Those 
taken belonged rather to the dark form. Laspeyresta ulicetana flew 
out of every furze-bush. A long search for larve of Coleophora 
pyrrhulipennella resulted in one solitary case only, found at the top 
of a shoot of Erica, and on this a parasite had unfortunately been 
at work. However, it proved the presence of this species on the 
heath, and also led to the finding of a dark grey “ geometer” larva, 
which Mr. South subsequently named Gxophos obscurata. On the 
birches the larvee of two species of Coleophora were feeding, the 
dark ‘‘pistol” cases containing probably C. zbipennella, and the 
commoner light-coloured ones probably C. /fuscedinella. ‘There 
were also a few larvz of a species of A/icropfferyx mining the birch 
leaves, and an imago of Lithocolletis ulmifoliella was boxed off a leaf 
of birch, the food-plant of the species in spite of itsname. Ona 
whitethorn a male of a species of Ade/a (probably wi7zde//a) was seen, 
and a female of that species was afterwards taken. In the lane on 
the way from the village after tea a male L/achista rufocinerea was 
netted as it flew along over the grassy bank more suo. On the 
fence near the railway station was found an old case, which Dr. 
Chapman said belonged to Zaleporia tubulosa ( pseudo-bombycella). 

Dr. Chapman reports as follows :—In places larvae of Fumea casta 


14 


were climbing the fir trunks, and some were already fastened for 
pupation ; last year’s cases were still strongly fin evidence. Year- 
old cases of Zaleporia pseudo-bombycella were also seen. Two 
cases (2) of Solenobia lichenella (or possibly énconspicuella) were seen 
with the empty pupa case attached ; one of these contained eggs. 
Other similar cases containing larve are most probably MVarycia 
monilifera ; these were frequent. The birch trees were full of 
larve of Eriocranias. Some small trees were really seriously 
blighted, having one or two mines of £. semipurpurel/a in each leaf. 
E. purpurella was not nearly so abundant, and £. sangiz was com- 
paratively rare. £. subpurpurella was seen on the wing. 


Report of the Byfleet Field Meeting, June Ist, Igor. 
By W. J. Lucas. Read July 11th. 


Axout twenty-five members and friends assembled for the field 
meeting at the Byfleet Canal on Saturday, June rst, but, except in 
the case of those few who came down in the morning, they could 
scarcely form a just estimate of the resources of the district as a 
collecting ground, owing to the rain which commenced to fall 
almost as soon as the afternoon train arrived. Those who had 
come down earlier in most cases proceeded to Woking, and worked 
their way back to Byfleet. These experienced the fine weather of 
the morning, and were able to gauge the capabilities of the district 
from the point of view of a naturalist. Mr. Enock expressed this in 
his usual vivid style when he told me that ‘‘ Ses would not go more 
than one at a time, as shells were fine and large.” Insects, of 
course, dragonflies especially, were as plentiful as the shells. 

Notwithstanding the rain some collecting was done, the results 
being as follow: 

Flowers most worthy of note were the buckbean (JZenxyanthes 
trifoliata) and Sedum telephium. Mr. Enock could not find the 
beautiful orchid LZ fzpactis palustris, which used to occur near 
“ Bunker’s” Bridge. 

Birds’ Nests reported by Mr. F. M. B. Carr were a wood 
warbler’s, with two eggs, and a robin’s, also with eggs. 

Mr. R. A. Adkin gives a list of fourteen Mollusca, all but one 
aquatic :—Arvion ater, Planorbis albus, P. vortex, P. complanatus, P. 
contortus, Limnea peregra, L. auricularia, L. stagnalis, Paludina 
vivipara, Bythinia tentaculata, Unio pictorum, Sphereum corneum, 
S. rivicola, and Pisidium amnicum. 

Turning now to the insects, no Orthoptera were reported, but 
the Neuroptera (Linnzus) were well represented. Of the 
Psocidia none were captured, and there was but one of the Perlidia, 
viz. Nemoura variegata. Of the Ephemeridia, Ephemera vulgata 
was common, and the little Centroptilum pennulatum was also 
secured. Of the Odonata were taken 4rachytron pratense commonly, 
Libellula depressa, Cordulia enea, Calopteryx splendens, Erythromma 
natas (Carr), Pyrrhosoma nymphula, P. tenellum (Kemp), Lschnura 
elegans, accompanied by the @ var. with orange thorax, Agrion 
puella, Agrion pulchellum, of which Mr. Turner gave me a nice 
female, and Exallagma cyathigerum. The Planipennia were repre- 
sented by Siadis /utaria, of which Mr. Step saw one ovipositing, and 
whose eggs I made use of as a copy from which to obtain a coloured 
figure, Osmylus maculatus (Kemp), Hemerobius humulit, Panorpa 
communis, and P. germanica. Trichoptera were Piryganea grandis, 


16 


Lymnophilus flavicornis, Glyphotelius pellucidus, and Mystacides 
azure. 

Mr. Kemp contributes a long list of the Coleoptera, in the 
capture of the members of which Mr. Enock assisted. A variety of 
Rhagium bifasciatum, Donacia bicolora, D. cinerea, D. semicuprea, 
D. discolor, D. sericea (with a black var. taken by Mr. Enock), 
Luperus rufipes, L. flavipes, Telephorus lividus, T. pelluctdus, T. 
nigricans, T. lituratus, T. bicolor, Antsosticta 19-punctata, Lacon 
murinus, Galerucella sagittarta, Matlachius bipustulatus, Athous 
hemorrhoidalis, Agnotes obscurus, Othosis salicaree, Rhagonycha 
pallidus, Campylus linearis, Anaspis frontalis, Cassida equestris, 
Meligethes viridescens, Cryptocephala aureola, Phyllobius calcaratus, 
FHlypera rumicis, Notoxus monoceros, Phedon armoracia, P. cochliaree, 
Deporaus betule, Polydrusus cervinus, Pogonocherus dentatus, Apion 
hydrolapathi, A. geniste, Rhynchites nanus, Thryogenes festuce, 
Bagous alismatis, Phytodecta olivacea, Coccinella 10-punctata, and 
Coccinella bipunctata. 

Turning now to the Lepidoptera, ova of Dicranura vinula were 
found by Mr. South on aspen and sallow, and one of Smerinthus 
populi on aspen. For the list of larvae I am chiefly indebted to 
Mr. F. M. B. Carr :—TZvhecla querciis one, Pecilocampa populi one, 
HHylophila bicolorana (quercana) one, Bombyx neustria abundant, 
Porthesia similis abundant, Cerura vinula, Asphalia flavicornis one, 
Orthosia lota, Texiocampa stabilis, T. tnstabilts, Calymnia trapesina, 
Phigalia pilosaria, Hypsipetes elutata, Antsopteryx escularia, Cheima- 
tobia brumata, Hybernia defoliaria, H. marginaria, Pseudoterpna 
cytisaria, Oporabia dilutata, and Thecla quercis. 

Imagines.—Gonopteryx rhamni, Pieris rape, P. napi, Ceno- 
nympha pamphilus, Lycena argiolus, Smerinthus ocellatus (Carr) one, 
Hepialus lupulinus, Euchelia jacobee, Drepana falcataria (Carr) one, 
Hypsipetes impluviata (Carr) four, Lobophora sexalisata (Carr) one, 
Ephyra pendularia, Ephyra porata, Zonosoma punctaria, B. consor- 
taria (Turner), Lupithecia castigata (South), £. vulgata (South), 
Eupisteria obliterata (heparata), Tephrosia punctulata, very abundant, 
five from one tree trunk, Zomaspilis marginata, Melanippe montanata, 
M. subtristata, M. fluctuata, Bapta taminata, B. temerata, Cabera 
pusaria, C. exanthemaria, very common, Lumia crategata, Ematurga 
atomaria, and a well-marked female (South), C7daria corylata, Venilia 
maculata, common, Acidalia remutaria, Erastria fuscula (Adkin), 
Phytometra viridaria enea (Adkin), Emmelesia alchemillata (Adkin), 
Pardia tripunctana, Phoxopleryx mitterpacheriana, P. diminutana, 
Catoptria albersana, Dicrorampha plumbana, Choreutes myllerana, 
Alucita hexadactyla (polydactyla),—last seven from Mr. South’s list. 

Major Ficklin took up his position on one of the lock gates, and 
made a very effective sketch. 

In conclusion, I have heartily to thank those members who were 
good enough to send me lists of captures, viz. Messrs. Enock, 
Kemp, South, Carr, R. Adkin, and R. A. Adkin. 


17 


Report of the Mickleham Field Meeting, June 22nd, 1901. 
By W. J. AsHpowN and E. STEP, F.L.S. Read August 8th. 


Ir is probable that the large attendance of members at this field 
meeting was mainly due to the fact that eleven years had elapsed 
since our last visit to the same ground. ‘The meeting-place was 
Ashtead Station, and several members who had gone thither by an 
earlier train spent the interval on the common, beating the haw- 
thorns and blackthorns for larve and getting many TZhecla betule 
among other species. ‘The train by which the majority travelled was 
late, so that it was nearly 4 p.m. when a start was made for Ashtead 
village. Hence, by the lane to the right of the “ Leg of Mutton and 
Cauliflower,” we proceeded to the higher land of the chalk downs. 

At a little distance from the village our lane became a narrow 
track between tall, untrimmed bushes of hazel, wayfaring-tree, sweet 
chestnut, beech, and a few walnuts. Here, on the seed-pods of hedge- 
garlic, the larvee of 2. cardamines were fairly plentiful. Our foot- 
path soon brought us to an expanse of rough, uncultivated land, 
where the greater knapweed (Centaurea scabiosa) was the most con- 
spicuous plant. A note from Mr. Turner (whom we had not yet 
seen) was found here directing attention to the abundant broom- 
rapes, of which some fine specimens were found, including the great 
broomrape (Ovobanche major), its sub-species (O. e/atior), and the 
small broomrape (O. ménor). Here were also the two wild 
mignonettes (Reseda lutea and fF. Jluteola), the wild parsnip 
(Peucedanum sativum), the rock-rose (felanthemum vulgare), etc. 
Young partridges and pheasants were noted, and a nest with eggs of 
the meadow pipit (Azthus pratensis) was photographed. 

A little further and we turned into the ancient Ermyn Street, 
which we followed southward, now between wood and copse of 
beech, hazel, and dogwood, where wild hop (Zwmudlus lupulus) and 
traveller’s joy (Clematis vitalba) scrambled over the bushes, and 
where in one place we saw the two bryonies (4ryonta dioica 
and Zamus communis) twined together, and both flowering. 
Peewits were screaming over the uplands, and a robin’s nest with 
two young birds was discovered in a bank. A steep section of the 
path now brought us to the more open land of Leatherhead Downs, 
and a corresponding rise introduced us to fir plantations, between 
which the ground was carpeted with heath bedstraw (Gadiaum 
saxatile), wild thyme (Zhymus sexrpyllum), yellow stonecrop (Sedum 
acre), more rock-rose and milkwort (Polygala vulgaris). Here, too, were 
barberry (Berberis vulgaris), pepperwort (Lepidium campestre), which 
afforded a few more £. cardamines larve, and an abundance of sombre- 
hued junipers (Juniperus communts) and yews (Taxus baccata). ‘There 


hod 


18 


were many plants of deadly nightshade (A/ropa belladonna), several, 
of considerable size, in flower. 

A rough piece of Mickleham Downs, much mined by rabbits, 
afforded very large patches of stonecrop in profusion, fine examples 
of viper’s-bugloss (Zchium vulgare), a large colony of hound’s-tongue 
(Cynoglossum officinale), and the remarkable ground-pine (Ajuga 
chamepitys), which, however, was not flowering. Over Juniper Hill 
we passed through the beech wood, finding more broomrapes and 
some stinkhorns (Phallus tmpudicus), and descended into Headley 
Lane. ‘Time would not permit of an exploration of the classic 
hunting-ground on this occasion, so we made our way direct to the 
Burford Bridge Hotel, where a dining-room opening upon the well- 
kept gardens had been prepared for us, and where forty members 
and friends sat down to an admirable tea. 

After tea a portion of the party walked through Norbury Park to 
Leatherhead, others proceeding direct from Box Hill station. The 
following lists of insects and molluscs are compiled from informa- 
tion supplied by various members, to whom the thanks of the 
conductors are due. 

About sixty species of Lepidoptera appear to have been noticed, 
including those that were found in the larval state. The list is as 
follows : 

RHOPALOCERA.—fveris rape, P. napi, Euchloé cardamines, 
Vanessa atalanta, Epinephele tantra, Caenonympha pamphilus, 
Lycena tarus, L. argiolus, Hesperia sylvanus. 

HETEROCERA.— Euchelia jacobee, FPorthesia similis, Acronycta 
psi (?), A. aceris, Leucania comma, Caradrina morpheus, Agrotis 
segetum, Triphena pronuba, Dianthecia nana, Hecatera serena, 
FHladena dentina, H. thalassina, Cucullia umbratica, Plusia gamma, 
Acontia luctuosa (in a chalky field near Ashtead), Hypena proboscidalis, 
Amphidasys betularia, Phorodesma pustulata, Lodis lactearia, Asthena 
luteata, A. candidata, Cabera pusaria, C. exanthemata, Panagra 
petraria, Ligdia adustata, Eupithecta venosata, Melanippe procellata, 
M. sociata, M. montanata, M. fluctuata, Camptogramma bilineata, 
Phibalapteryx vitalbata, Scoparia ambigualis, Eurrhypara urticata, 
Scopula olivalis, Botys pandalis, Pionea forficalis, Aciptilia penta- 
dactyla, Crambus pratellus. 

Larv&® of Euchloé cardamines, Gonopteryx rhamnt, Vanessa 
urtice (full-fed), Zhecla detule (common on sloe bushes near Ashtead 
Station), Porthesia similis, Bombyx neustria, Cilix glaucata, Acronycta 
pst, Diloba ceruleocephala, Tentocampa tncerta, T. stabilis, Todts 
lactearia, Hybernia defoltaria, Hypsipetes sordidata, Anticlea badiata, 
Triphosa dubitata. 

The Coleoptera met with were, with one or two exceptions, of the 
commonest description, and numbered thirty-three species, namely : 

Hlarpalus punctatulus, Demetrias atricapillus, Tachinus humeralts, 
Stenus speculator, Necrophorus humator, Choleva cisteloides, C. chryso- 
meloides, Saprinus nitidulus, Coccinella 10-punctata (var. 12-punctata), 


19 


Lucanus cervus, Dorcus parallelopipedus, Telephorus hemorrhoidalts, 
T. flavilabris, Malthinus punctatus, Malachius bipustulatus, 
M. viridis, Toxotus meridianus, Grammoptera tabacicolor, G. rufi- 
cornis, Cryptocephalus labiatus, Batophila rubi, Crepidodera trans- 
versa, C. ferruginea, Cistela murina, Gidemera lurida, Nacerdes 
melanura, Apion daifforme, A. pisi, Sitones puncticollis, Liparus 
coronatus, Balaninus nucum. 

The Orthoptera taken were JForficula auricularia and Tettix 
bipunctatus. F. lesnet was searched for, but without success, 
although it occurs near this locality. 

A Psocid, Elipsocus unipunctatus, and Chrysopa phyllochroma, one 
of the lace-wing flies, are the only Neuroptera to record. 

In consequence of everything being so dry, and time not allowing 
of much search, the only Mollusca noticed were Helix pomazia, 
Hf. cantiana, H. virgata, H. aspersa, H. nemoralis, H. caperata, Cyclo 
stoma elegans, Buliminus obscurus, and Clausilia bidentata. 


Report of the Brasted Field Meeting, July 6th, 1901. 
By Rosert ADKIN. ead October 24th. 


WHEN I accepted the leadership of one of the Society’s field 
meetings for the current year I had no very fixed notion of what 
locality I should suggest, but having in mind the desirability of 
again breaking new ground, if such might be available within the 
limited area that can be conveniently worked in the short time 
allowed by a half-day outing, I thought it well to run through the 
list of places that had been visited by the Society during the past 
few years before coming to any definite conclusion. I therefore 
tabulated the meetings of the past seven years under the heads of 
counties and places, and was not a little surprised to find that out of 
a total of twenty-four meetings held during that period no less than 
fifteen of them, or just five eighths of the whole, had been held in 
the county of Surrey, five others were at places that may be con- 
sidered by some of our members as being outside the sphere of the 
Society’s influence, namely, Chalfont Road and the New Forest, . 
thus leaving four only to the credit of the county of Kent. 

Although I have not a word to say against Surrey as a suitable 
collecting ground, its wild heaths and pine woods, its open chalk 
downs and well-watered valleys afford most excellent opportunities 
for the holding of field meetings, still, has not the adjoining county, 
Kent, an equal claim to our attention ? 

With these thoughts in mind I decided upon the last-named 
county, and that no part of it would be more suitable for our present 
purpose than the fine stretch of hills running eastward from the 
village of Westerham through Sevenoaks, and set about finding the 
best point from which to attack them. 

After consulting maps and time-tables, in conjunction with what 
little knowledge I had of the district, I came to the conclusion that 
Brasted would form a good base for operations, and finding on 
visiting the place that suitable accommodation was forthcoming 
finally decided upon that district. Little had I reckoned upon the 
vagaries of the railway company by whose trains we were to travel, 
and although we have every reason to be satisfied with the accom- 
modation they provided for us and the fares at which they carried 
us, the withdrawal of the particular train by which it was my inten- 
tion that we should make the return journey reduced the time at 
our disposal so considerably as to make the meeting little more than 
a walk over the ground, yet what we were able to see of the country 
and the captures that were made in the very limited time available 
for collecting, suggest that the district may be well worthy of further 
investigation. 


21 


Brasted is a typical Kentish village, consisting of a number of 
houses and shops scattered along something under a mile of more 
or less straight road, some half-dozen public-houses, a couple of 
gentlemen’s seats surrounded by park-like grounds, and a church at 
a respectful distance ; the river Darent flows beside it, turning the 
village mill, and the place is somewhat exceptionally favoured in 
being not more than about half a mile from the railway station 
that bears its name. The village is situated in the river valley on 
clay and gravel soil, chalk hills rise to the north of it, and to the 
south the long range of greensand and “ Kentish ragstone” hills 
which formed the object of our present visit. 

The party left Cannon Street Station by the 2.30 train, arriving at 
Brasted about an hour later, and at once made their way by the 
meadows and through the churchyard to the “‘Stanhope Arms,” and 
having deposited such z#pedimenta as could be dispensed with, took 
the road to the village, reached in about halfa mile from the railway 
station. Now turning to the left along the main street for a couple 
of hundred yards or so, the road leading to Brasted Chart is on the 
right, exactly opposite the ‘King’s Arms.” The first part of this 
road is bordered on either side by steep grassy banks which do not 
suggest the probability of advantageous collecting, but beyond this, 
for a considerable distance, an open wooden fence forms the western 
border, and on this moths are sometimes to be found fairly commonly 
at rest. On this occasion, however, a fresh easterly breeze was blow- 
ing, and, as might be expected, the fence was bare, of Lepidoptera 
at any rate. At the end of about a mile, the whole distance being a 
gentle ascent, Brasted Chart village, a colony of perhaps a score of 
houses, with a branch post office on which the name of the place is 
displayed, and a public-house which does not put out a signboard, 
is reached, and it is here that the open ground of Brasted Chart 
commences. It consists of a spacious, well-wooded valley on the 
left hand of the road, and undulating heaths with scattered timber 
on the right. These heaths extend in a westerly direction almost to 
Westerham, and in a southerly, or parallel with the road, from which 
they are divided by enclosures and an occasional cottage and its 
garden, to Toy’s Hill, a place that I shall have occasion to refer to 
later. Some few of the members took the opportunity of shortening the 
walk by spending an hour on the Chart and picking up the remainder 
of the party on their return. It was there that Mr. Enock fell in 
with a huge mass of that most striking wild flower the French willow, 
or rose-bay (Epilobium angustifolium), in full bloom ; it was growing 
on old gravel heaps in a pit, and Mr. Enock, who took rough 
measurements, assures me that the tallest plant exceeded six feet in 
height, and that the flower spike alone measured fully three feet. 

The majority of the party, however, continued their walk along the 
road for nearly another mile to the southern brow of Toy’s Hill, the 
““Fox and Hounds” being passed on the left hand a couple of 
hundred yards before the road dips down the side of the hill to the 


22 


plain below. On either hand more or less wooded heaths stretch 
away for some miles, and it was in this neighbourhood that the 
greater part of the collecting was done ; but even those who had 
hurried along the road in order to spend what time they could in this 
promising spot had little more than half an hour there, and it is to be 
feared that the greater number of the party did little more than 
reach the brow of the hill just in time to return. 

This point is just 600 feet above sea level, and on a clear day 
the views obtainable are among the finest in the southern counties. 
Unfortunately on the occasion of our visit a heavy mist hung over 
the lowlands, obliterating the distant hills and rendering objects in 
the immediate foreground blurred and indistinct. 

The timber of the neighbourhood consists chiefly of beech, oak, 
a certain quantity of fir and birch, the latter growing in all sizes, 
from old trees with gnarled trunks to mere seedlings. Sallow and 
holly are both common, and a few juniper bushes are to be found 
here and there, and the presence of whitebeam suggests the proba- 
bility of a certain amount of chalk or limestone in the soil. Of the 
lower plants heather and bilberry are the most common, with patches 
of galium and wood-sage growing among them, while along the road- 
sides in many parts cow-wheat is to be found in quantity. 

The return was made by the same road by which we had come, - 
and on reaching the “Stanhope Arms” a substantial tea was in 
readiness, to which thirty-four sat down, and having partaken of it 
somewhat hurriedly the party—with the exception of some three or 
four members, who elected to spend the evening in working the 
slopes of the chalk hills near the railway, and to take their chances 
by the last train—returned to town by the 7.35, an inconveniently 
early train, but the latest that would ensure those who had to catch 
other trains in town reaching their destinations without difficulty. 

The thanks of the Society are due to those members who sent in 
lists of their captures, from which the following has been compiled : 

Brrps.—Night-jar (Caprimulgus europaeus), two eggs. 

InsEcts.—Orthoptera: £ctobia livida. Neuroptera: Lnallagma 
cyathigerum. Coleoptera, ten species, viz. : Coccinella bipunctata, C. 
11-punctata, C. 7-punctata, Chilochorus bipustulatus, Micraspis 12- 
punctata, Malthinus punctatus, Nacerdes melanura, Straphosomus 
corylt, Halysia conglobata, Rhagonycha fulva. Lepidoptera, eighty- 
one species, viz.: Pieris napi (larvee), Luchloé cardamines (larve), 
Argynnis aglaia, Vanessa urtice, V. atalanta, Epinephele tantra, 
Cenonympha pamphilus, Macroglossa stellatarum, Lithosta mesomella, 
Calligenia miniata, Spilosoma lubricipeda, Saturnia pavonia 
(carpint), Phalera bucephala, Acronycta pst, Leucanta lithargvria, L. 
pallens,. Mamestra sordida (anceps), Miana bicoloria (furuncula), 
Agrotis strigula ( porphyrea), Triphena pronuba, Teniocampa stadilis 
(larvee), Scopelosoma satellitia (larvee), Plusia chrysitis, P. gama, 
Anarta myrtilli, Rumia luteolata (crategata), Metrocampa margart- 
taria, Eurymene dolobraria, Boarmia repandata, B. cinctaria (larve), 


23 


Tephrosia consonaria, T. luridata (larve), Pseudoterpna pruinata 
(cytisaria), Geometra vernaria, Lodis lactearia, Zonosoma linearia 
(¢trilinearia), Asthena luteata, Actdalia dilutaria, A. virgularia 
(tncanaria), A. remutaria, A. aversata, A. imttaria, Timandra 
amataria, Cabera pusaria, C. exanthemarta, Macaria notata, M. 
liturata, Ematurga atomaria, Bupalus piniaria, Lomaspilis mar- 
ginata, Larentia viridata ( pectinitaria), Eemmelesia affinitata, Eupt- 
thecia nanata (larve), Hypsip~etes sordidata (elutata), Melanthia 
albicillata, Melanippe procellata, M. rivata, M. socitata (subtristata), 
M. montanata, M. fluctuata, Camptogramma bilineata, Phibalapteryx 
tersata, P. vitalbata, Cidaria fulvata, Hypena proboscidals, Zan- 
clognatha grisealis, Bomolocha fontis (crassalts), Scopula olivatis, S. 
prunalis, Pempelia palumbella, Rhodophea tumidella, Tortrix 
xylosteana, Dictyopteryx leflingiana, Olindia ulmana, Retinia buoliana, 
R. pinicolana, Catoptria ulicetana, Symethis oxyacanthella ( fabri- 
ctana), Llabophanes ferruginella, Elachista luticomella. 


ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 


————_>—___—— 


FEBRUARY 14th, 1901. 
Mr. H. S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Garrett, of Brewer’s Green, was elected a member. 

Mr. Moore exhibited a sparrow found dead in Southwark 
Park, having a most abnormal development of the lower 
mandible, which was between two and three inches long, 
curved downwards, and forming a V-shaped trough. The 
upper mandible was of the normal size. 

Mr. Colthrup, on behalf of Mr. Hills, of Folkestone, 
exhibited a pencil drawing of a variety of Polyommatus icarus, 
in which the spots on the under surface were united into 
longitudinal and radial streaks. 

Mr. Wyandotte exhibited a large number of specimens of 
amber in which were various species of insects. 

Mr. W. West (Streatham) read a paper entitled “ Fossil 
Insects,” in which he especially referred to insects in amber. 
He afterwards exhibited a very large number of lantern 
slides, many of them being photographs of various insects 
embedded in amber (page 1). 


FEBRUARY 28th, 1901. 
Mr. H. S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. F.N. Clark exhibited a specimen of Pieris rape, which 
emerged indoors on February 22nd, and several other 
members also mentioned instances of unseasonable emer- 
gence. 

Mr. McArthur exhibited a specimen of Arctia caia with 
smoky hind wings; this was an example of a third brood 
which emerged in December, 18go. 

Mr. Harrison exhibited a long and very varied series of 
Luperina testacea taken at Wallasey. Two specimens were 
very dark examples, and referable to var. mgrescens. 

Mr. Edwards referred to the ravages of the larve of 


25 


Zeuzera pyrina, a species at the present time causing an 
immense amount of damage to the trees and shrubs in the 
London parks and squares. 

Mr. Montgomery, to illustrate his paper on ‘ Rearing 
Lepidoptera,” exhibited a number of cages for rearing Lepi- 
doptera. Some were for rearing larve from ova, others were 
for hybernating larve, and one was a cage specially made for 
the treatment of pupe. He also showed a travelling box 
for conveying the cages of young larve and a photograph 
of the penthouse he had had built to contain all his cages 
and other material (page 5). 

Mr. Adkin considered the paper most useful and practical, 
and he referred to the Tugwell method (see ‘*‘ Abs. Proc. S. 
Lond. Ent.,” 1889), which he had found very successful, but 
with this method care must be taken not to moisten the soil 
too freely, or mould would result. 

Mr. Sich wished that some member could give practical 
hints as to dealing with the larve of micro-Lepidoptera, which 
he had found so very difficult to rear successfully. 

The President considered that, where it could be done, 
‘‘ sleeving ’’ was one of the best methods of rearing micro- 
larve. 

Mr. Montgomery, in replying, mentioned that he always 
removed mould with a brush and carbolic acid. 


MARCH 14th, 1901. 
Mr. H. S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Colthrup exhibited a long series of females of Poly- 
ommatus tcarus and P. bellargus, most of which partook in a 
greater or lesser degree of the male coloration. Some of 
the former species were prettily splashed with a considerable 
amount of whitish colour. They were all from Eastbourne. 
Mr. Adkin said that the splashed forms were all of the type 
usually obtained from the chalk downs of Sussex. 

Mr. Routledge exhibited a specimen of what he supposed 
to be a male of Hydrilla palustris, taken on the wing June 
roth, 1899, by Mr. Thwaites, near Carlisle. He called 
attention to the fact that the female of that species had on 
two previous occasions been taken in that neighbourhood. 
Several members were doubtful whether the specimen was 
Hi, palustris or an example of a species new to Britain. Mr. 
McArthur said that the males of H. palustris that he had 
seen were not so large as the insect exhibited, and the fore- 


26 


wing was narrower and paler. (Subsequently the identifica- 
tion was verified.) 

Mr. Harrison exhibited a long series of Aflecta nebulosa 
from Delamere Forest, including some very dark specimens 
referable to var. robsont, together with a very dark form of 
Xylophasia monoglypha from the same locality, referable to 
var. ethiops. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a series of Caradrina ambigua 
bred in December last from South Devon parents, and read 
the following notes :—‘‘ On September 15th last I received 
from Mr. G. T. Porritt a batch of eggs of this species that 
had been laid by a moth that he had taken in South Devona 
few days previously. They hatched on the 18th, and the 
young larve were put into a wide-mouthed glass bottle 
with a supply of narrow-leaved plantain and dandelion 
leaves and some knotgrass. The mouth of the bottle was 
covered with a piece of calico, secured by an elastic band, 
and kept ina warm room. Within a few days it was evident 
that the larve were feeding, and an examination of the food 
showed that they were taking very kindly to the knotgrass, 


and eating the dandelion sparingly, but the plantain - 


appeared to remain untouched by them. As the larve 
increased in size théy were shifted to larger bottles. Some 
time, however, before they were full-grown the supply of 
knotgrass failed on account of the rapidly approaching 
winter, and it was necessary to find some other pabulum; 
dock, groundsel, chickweed, and a species of crepis (Crepis 
virens, | believe) were offered them, all of which they ate, 
but preferred the last named. On approaching full growth 
they were removed to a small cage consisting of an earthen 
pot containing sandy peat, a glass cylinder, and perforated 
zinc cover, to enable them to undergo pupation. On 
November 4th two or three of them made fairly hard ‘sand 
cocoons’ on the surface of the earth, and by the rith all 
but about a dozen had pupated. These were of various 
sizes, from quite small to others that looked as though they 
were on the point of full growth; but as they would neither 
feed nor pupate, they were removed out of doors for hyber- 
nation, but very soon succumbed to such treatment. The 
moths emerged between December 6th and 15th.” 

Mr. McArthur exhibited preserved larve of Abraxas 
grossulariata, A. ulmata, and Pachnobta alpina, together witha 
specimen of A. ulmata taken near Brighton some fifty years 
ago. For years afterwards the latter species was sought for in 
the same place, but none were taken until about sixteen years 


27 


ago, when it was found in some numbers but very local. Mr. 
Adkin said it was found at Chalfont Road, but was local and 
confined to one portion of one wood. The President and 
Mr. McArthur had both found A. grossulariata to be exceed- 
ingly local in Stornoway. 

Mr. Kirkaldy exhibited specimens of the lantern-flies 
Pyrops candelarius from China, and P. maculatus from 
Ceylon, and contributed the following note:—Mr. Fletcher 
has been good enough to send me a copy of his observations 
on this insect, recorded at the time in his journal :—Some- 
times they were on the trunk (of the tree), with which they 
harmonise very well, and sometimes high up in the branches; 
in the latter case they are easily beaten out, and then fly 
quite a distance, their vivid yellow hind wings rendering 
them very conspicuous on the wing... . £ A tree at the top 
of the (Botanical) Gardens (at Hong Kong), with a Chinese 
coolie gesticulating under it, attracted Mr. Fletcher’s atten- 
tion, and he found a pair of candelarius settled on a branch, 
with whose environment they harmonised well. Mr. Fletcher 
insists on the harmony of candelarius with its environment, 
but Mr. E. E. Green’s account of the Singhalese maculatus is 
very different. ‘‘ Our Pyrops maculatus is a very conspicuous 
insect when at rest, and takes no measures to conceal itself, 
trusting to its marvellous agility” (E. E. Green in IUitt., 
August 22nd, 1900). 

Mr. Burr called attention to the evasive habits of many 
grasshoppers. The active species, especially males, would 
leap and then fly, the heavy females would burrow under 
grass and débris, while the smaller species would walk 
round to the further side of the stems they were upon. 

Mr. Manger exhibited a number of species of Odonata, 
Ascalaphus, and Myrmeleons. 


MARCH 28th, 1901. 
Mr. H. S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Alf. Sich exhibited specimens of Gontodoma limontella 
(auroguttella), a species closely allied to the genus Coleophora, 
of which the larva quits the case when about to pupate ; 
some species of the genus Coleophora, including C. deaura- 
tella, C. frischella, C. alcyonipennella, C. ochrea, C. vibicella, 
and C. salicorm@, of which the last also quits its case to 
pupate, together with Gelechia tenebrella, a moth bearing a 


28 


superficial resemblance to Coleophora alcyonipennella, but at 
once distinguishable by the quite different shape of the hind 
wings. 

Messrs. Harrison and Main exhibited long series of early 
spring Geometers, taken this season in Delamere Forest 
and in Epping Forest, viz. Hybernia marginaria (progem- 
maria), H. rupricapraria, H. leucophaaria, Antsopteryx c@escu- 
laria, and Phigalia pedaria (pilosaria), together with Nyssa 
hispidaria, captured in Delamere Forest, where, it was believed, 
it had not hitherto been taken. Mr. Sich remarked that 
as a rule the hind wings of H. marginaria had one well- 
defined line, but frequently there were two, and in some 
instances three lines, while he had seen an example in which 
the lines were four in number. 

Mr. West (of Streatham) exhibited pieces of amber having 
examples of Diptera and Homoptera enclosed in them. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited specimens of Acherontia 
atropos, bred from pupz taken in Huntingdonshire in the 
autumn of last year, and communicated the following note: 

“On December 12th last I received fourteen apparently 
healthy pupee from a correspondent at Ramsey, who at that - 
time had upwards of two hundred of them that had been 
collected from the potato-fields in the district some two or 
three months earlier. I was confidently assured by those 
who had experience with the species that I should do no good 
with them, as it was too late to commence forcing them, and 
that if not forced they would all die during the winter. 
This, I am bound to admit, was quite in accordance with 
my own views. It is possible, under specially favourable 
climatic conditions, that some of the autumn pupze may 
withstand the effects ofa British winter and produce imagines 
in the spring if left undisturbed ; but after being dug up, and 
thus deprived of their natural protection, the chances of 
success are undoubtedly very greatly diminished. Presum- 
ably atropos is, with us, on the verge of the district in which 
it can exist under natural conditions, and is therefore more 
likely to complete its metamorphoses successfully when 
placed under artificial conditions more nearly resembling the 
warmer climates where it breeds freely, such as ‘ forcing.’ I 
accordingly determined to try to assist my pupe by putting 
them, on arrival, in an earthen pan on about a couple of 
inches of damp moss, and covering them with a like thick- 
ness of the same material, covering the whole with a bell- 
glass, the joint between the glass and the pan being made 
with a strip of cotton wool, and keeping them in a warm 


29 


room. Iwas not, however, satisfied that the warmth was 
sufficient, and so on December 2oth (just over a week 
after I received them) I removed the pan into the kitchen, 
and stood it on the top of a cupboard beside the hot-water 
pipes that supply a bath. Here the temperature appeared 
to be all that could be desired, but I found that the moss 
became too dry. To overcome this difficulty the pan was 
stood upon a soup plate filled with water, and I then found 
that the conditions that I had aimed at were working quite 
satisfactorily. On January r8tha fine perfect moth emerged, 
and on the 2oth another, and I began to feel hopeful of suc- 
cess. On the 23rd a badly crippled moth appeared, and 
that was the end of my experiment. On opening several of 
the remaining pupz a month or so later I found in every 
case that the moth appeared to be fully formed; but the 
abdomen was empty, a mere hollow shell, a point that has 
puzzled me considerably, but for which I have, at present, 
been unable to find any satisfactory solution.” 

Mr. Carpenter suggested that perhaps the pupe had been 
kept too hot. Healso had failed, but thought it was because 
in his case the larvz were very late in feeding up. 

Mr. Pearce had been very successful with his pupe. He 
had a perforated tin with loose soil at the bottom, some two 
gallons in amount. Then he placed a layer of two inches of 
moss, with moss all round. The larve were laid on the moss, 
which was kept moist. The tin was kept inside the fender 
of a fire which was burning ordinarily during the day. 
Most of the pupz yielded moths in November, but one went 
over December, and was put away in an outhouse. From 
the latter a perfect imago emerged in the following June. 

Mr. Adkin said that it seemed if one wished to force the 
pupz it should be commenced early. It would seem that in 
nature the early stage of the pupz would be at a fairly warm 
temperature. 

Mr. Montgomery said that it was the custom of the late 
Mr. Young, of Rotherham, to leave the pupz of this species 
in the earth in which they had pupated ; and they, as a rule, 
emerged in due course the following June. 

The President remarked that he once had a pupa, which 
was placed ina vase on a mantelpiece, and from which there 
emerged a perfect imago at the normal time in the following 
year. 

Mr. Montgomery exhibited a larva of Charaxes jasius, sent 
to him by Dr. Chapman from Cannes, and from which a 
Gordius had extruded. 


30 


Mr. Bishop read a paper entitled ‘‘ The Natural History of 
the Guildford District.” 


APRIL itth, 1got. 
Mr. H. S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Carpenter exhibited a large number of specimens of 
Pieris napi, reared from ova deposited in May, 1896. The 
larve fed up and pupated in June, 1896. About half of these 
emerged during the latter part of June and the early part of 
July of the same year. The remainder of the brood went 
over the winter of 1896-7, and emerged in April and May 
of the latter year. The early emergences were all very 
typical, with scarcely any variation, while the latter were 
especially noticeable for the great amount of variation in the 
black markings of the female. He also exhibited a large 
number of bred specimens of Meliteaa aurima from Penarth 
and Carlisle. Mr. Montgomery noted a female of the former 
species without the discoidal mark on the upper surface of 
the wing. : 

Mr. McArthur exhibited specimens of Plutella annulatella 
from the Orkneys. They were very bright and conspicu- 
ously marked. 

The President exhibited a number of species of Lepi- 
doptera and other insects taken during a short trip to 
Canada last year, and read notes on their occurrence. 

Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited ten species of dragonflies 
collected by Mr. H. S. Fremlin in Canada in 1goo. All 
the specimens but one were taken at Loon Creek, Fort 
qu’Appelle, Assiniboia. The most noticeable point is the 
general resemblance to British species. There are three 
Sympetra, one closely resembling our S. sanguineum and 
another our S. flaveolum. The specimens of L. quadrimaculata 
are unsuffused and with small nodal spots, like the northern 
British forms. The Gomphus came on board ship near 
Montreal, and insisted on being captured. The only 
4éschna is a British species, 42. juncea. The Lestes is very 
near L. sponsa, if not identical with that common British 
species. Then we have at least three Agrionines, of whose 
identity I have no idea at present. 

Mr. Enock reported that Mr. J. Enock and himself had 
met with an example of the spider Efetra wmbratica, which 
had hybernated in an old trunk at Golder’s Hill. He also 


31 


said that a partridge had visited his garden at Holloway 
quite recently, and that the pied blackbird had for the 
fourth season returned to his garden to breed. Last 
year the brood contained two young which were splashed 
with white. He exhibited specimens of parasitic Hymen- 
optera. 

Mr. F. Noad Clark exhibited slides of Desmids which had 
been prepared by Professor Bryan’s method, as described in 
““Science Gossip” last year (1900). They included several 
species of Micrasterias, Closteriwm, Cosmarium, Penium, etc. 
The colour and outline of these were seen to be perfectly 
preserved, a result which is generally difficult to attain with 
this class of object. Mr. Clark expressed the opinion that 
these mounts were as nearly as possible permanent. 

Mr. R. Adkin, referring to the Acherontia atropos exhibited 
by him at the last meeting, said that he had opened several 
of the pupz from which the imago had not emerged, and 
found them hollow sacs, but in some there were remains of 
a membrane. 

Dr. Chapman remarked that the great cavity shown in 
the abdomen of the imago of atropos might, perhaps, be 
stretched in drying, but represented substantially the air 
cavities formed by dilated tracheze, which occupy much space 
in the abdomina of so many insects. Inflation of these 
cavities, and apparently also of portions of the alimentary 
canal, was a constant resource at emergence from the pupa 
to secure the tension and increased bulk necessary for 
rupturing the pupa case and cocoon, as also to obtain ten- 
sion of the cutaneous envelope, and so fulcra for muscular 
action,—as, for example, in male Psychids at pairing time, 
and in female Psychids in completing oviposition. In the 
case of atropos these large cavities, compressed by muscular 
action, afforded the means of making the squeak of that 
species. At the base of the proboscis was a sac or space, 
apparently a dilated portion of the upper extremity of the 
cesophagus: between this and the proboscis was an opening 
capable of being contracted to a narrow slit, a truly laryn- 
geal structure. Air forced out of the sac through this slit 
produced the squeak. Some similar structure probably 
exists in all Lepidoptera that have suctorial habits, and 
forms a pump for sucking up through the proboscis and 
passing the results onwards. It has no sufficient muscular 
apparatus, but is largely surrounded by dilated tracheal 
vessels. There seems, therefore, to be present no means of 
forcing air (or other fluid) into or out of this vocal and 


32 


suctorial sac, but variations of pressure of air in the sur- 
rounding tracheal plexus, enlarging or contracting them, 
and being in the confined space of the insect’s head, com- 
pelling the sac to contract or enlarge compensatorily. The 
force for doing this is probably chiefly derived from the 
action of the abdominal niuscles on the abdominal air sacs 
seen in the specimens shown, assisted by reaction that is 
probably chiefly the result of the elasticity of the tracheal 
vessels and other parts. That the alimentary canal is also 
inflated appeared to be the case in transparent-bodied 
Tipulz observed at emergence, there being a large cavity 
containing both air and fluid, of which the latter was voided 
on completion of the expansion of wings and contraction of 
the abdominal proportions. The tension so obtained was 
no doubt also useful in wing expansion, etc. 

Several members remarked that they had heard the 
larvee ‘‘ squeak.” 

Mr. Step said that the gurnard fish possessed an internal 
air-bladder which was constricted in the middle, and by 
means of pressing the air through this constriction it 
produced a grunting sound. The fishermen had named it 
fie *"Piper: © 


APRIL 25th, 1901. 
Mr. H. S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


The evening was devoted to a special lecture by Mr. R. 
Kearton on ‘‘ Wild Life in Nature.’ This was illustrated 
by many pictures on the screen from his own photographs. 


MAY oth, 1901. 
Mr. H. S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Step exhibited a number of living specimens of a 
Coleopteron, Mycetophagus quadripustulatus, taken on the banks 
of the Brent in decaying fungi. 

Mr. S. W. Kemp exhibited a box containing seventy- 
eight cases made by larve of caddis-flies (Trichoptera) of the 
genera Phryganea, Limnophilus, Sericostoma, Anabolia, and 
Molanna. They were all found either near London or at 
Oxford. 

The larva of Limnophilus pellucidus cuts circular pieces 


33 


from dead leaves at the bottom of the pond to make its own 
case. Two beech leaves which had circular pieces cut from 
them (after the manner of the leaf-cutting bee) were exhibited. 
A large number of cases probably made by Limmnophilus 
flavicornis were composed of fresh-water shells; Spherium, 
Planorbis, Limnea, and Bythima being most frequently used. 
One larva had used an operculum of Paludina, and another 
had attached a dead land-shell which had dropped into the 
water. It should be mentioned that the Spherium and 
Planorbis shells were all living when the cases were found. 

Mr. Cant exhibited a specimen of cork composition, suit- 
able for lining insect drawers. It was not cork carpet, which 
had been found to become too hard in time. The cost of 
the composition was about the same as that of cork, but it 
was much more uniform in texture. 

Mr. Enock exhibited living nymphs of several species of 
dragon-flies, including A nax tmperator, Aschna cyanea, Brachy- 
tron pratense, Calopteryx splendens, and Erythromma naias. 
They were obtained from the Black Pond, Esher, and from 
Byfleet. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited specimens of Ancylus lacustris, a so- 
called fresh-water limpet, from the canal near Byfleet station. 
These were taken from a branch lying inthe water. Ancylus 
is closely related to Limnaa, but the spire, which is very small 
in some Limneas, is absent from Ancylus. 

Mr. T. N. Clark exhibited photographs of the ova of 
Teniocampa stabilis and of Ennomos tiliarta. 

Mr. Turner exhibited dragon-fly nymphs, one being that 
of Anax imperator, from the ponds at Keston. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited living specimens of Thais polyxena 
bred from larve taken in the south of France. 

The President exhibited several cultures which he had 
made from the dead pupz of Acherontia atropos, exhibited 
recently by Mr. Adkin. Separate species of bacteria were 
obtained from each pupa examined, and this suggested to 
him that the presence of these organisms was no cause of 
the death of the pupa. Dr. Chapman said that of his twelve 
pupz of this species none had produced imagines, and all 
but one had died. Mr. Hall said that he only obtained 
one pupa last year, and this was still lively. 

Mr. Bateson gave an address on ‘‘ The Recent Advances 
in the Study of Heredity,” and exhibited numerous speci- 
mens, chiefly botanical, in illustration of his remarks. 


34 


MAY 23rd, 1901. 
Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Step exhibited the eggs of the redstart (Ruticilla 
phemcurus), found during the field meeting of the Society at 
Oxshott on May 18th. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a living example of the 
coleopteron Pyvophorus noctilucus, commonly known as the 
‘* fire-fly,” received from Jamaica. During the voyage and 
since its arrival in this country, some ten days before the 
date of the meeting, the insect had been supplied with sugar 
and water on a sponge and small pieces of sugar-cane, on 
which it appeared to have fed freely. He mentioned that 
the insect had, soon after its arrival, given several brilliant 
displays of its luminous powers, but during the few days 
preceding the meeting it appeared to have become feeble 
and to have lost the power of emitting thelight. He pointed 
out the yellow patches, one on either side of the thorax, 
from which the light was given off, and referred members 
desiring further mipemation regarding fe species to the 
«“ Cambridge Natural History,” vol. vi., p. 258. He alsa 
exhibited the cartilaginous vertebre of a shark, a specimen 
of sugar-cane measuring 5} inches in circumference, and a 
green cocoa pod with seeds zm sitw,—all from the same locality. 

Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited series of some thirty species 
of Lepidoptera that he had reared or captured during rgot. 

Mr. E. Step, under the title “‘ Spring Notes—chiefly 
Botanical,” gave a lantern demonstration of photographs 
taken during the last and present springs, depicting many 
Surrey wild flowers and bird’s-nests, and made comments 
upon these as they appeared. 


FUNE 13th, 1901. 
Mr. H. S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


Messrs. R. Armstrong Adkin, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham ; 
Rk. Armstrong, of Granville Road, Lewisham; W. Dodds, of 
Stoke Newington; and W. Thornethwaite, of Hersham, 
were elected members. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited a living lizard (Platydactylus muralis) 
which came in a crate of bananas from the Canaries, and 


35 


specimens of the plants Cotyledon umbilicus and Sedum angli- 
cum sent to him by Mr. Rowden, from Exeter. A discussion 
arose as to the distribution of the former plant, and it was 
generally considered to be confined to the south-west and 
western districts at no great distance from the sea, and not 
to be found at all further east than Hampshire. Mr. Step 
remarked that several plants had practically the same area 
of distribution, such as Sibthorpia, two of the heaths, and 
one or two species of clover. Dr. Chapman called attention 
to the fact that the Cotyledon was by no means restricted to 
the coast on the Continent, being found commonly in many 
parts of the Alps. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited the living larve of Acidalia 
marginepunctata feeding on yarrow, and stated that previously 
he had always been unsuccessful with the breeding of the 
species. He remarked that the larvae seemed to be much 
removed in form from the usual Acidalid larva, and that this 
fact seemed to portend the breaking up of the genus at no 
distant date. 

Mr. Kemp exhibited series of the following Coleoptera 
taken on the banks of the canal at Byfleet on June rst, 
during the Society’s field meeting :—Ihagium bifascialum 
(confluent spotted var.), and fine series of Donacia bicolora, 
D. sericea (black var.), D. semicuprea, D. simplex, D. cinerea, 
and D. discolor. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited the curious fungus Geaster limbatus, 
the starry puff-ball. He also exhibited the pupating burrow 
of Scardia boleti. Their peculiarity consisted in a specially 
constructed trap-door. The burrow is of some length, and 
the cocoon proper occupies the lower half or third of the 
burrow. The surface opening of the burrow is a loosely 
constructed dome of silk and débris, but the top of the 
cocoon proper is a trap-door, made of scraps of fungus, 
rotten wood, or whatever the burrow is made in, embedded 
in a dense mass of silk, the whole forming a circular disc of 
some thickness, firmly attached to one side of the burrow so 
as to form a hinge; loosely elsewhere, so that the pupa easily 
thrusts it open, though it is less easily forced inwards. 
There is often a bend in the burrow at this point, purposely 
arranged to allow the trap-door to fall well back out of the 
way of the pupa. As a cocoon with a trap-door, that of 
Lagoa crispata was instanced, and specimens exhibited ; in 
this cocoon, which roughly resembles one of E. lanestris 
or H. prasinana, there is a trap-door, woven of silk, hinged 
at one side, loosely attached at the other. The cocoon is 


36 


somewhat curved, being convex on the hinged side, so that 
the line of egress of the pupa is facilitated. In L. crispata 
there is above the trap-door an arch or dome of looser silk, 
and the space between the two is stuffed with the grandly 
plumose hairs of the larva, which do not appear to enter 
into the construction of the cocoon elsewhere. The trap- 
doors of the Australian Xyloryctes to larval burrows and of 
the trap-door spiders are perhaps better known, but such 
structures are not frequent. 

The pupal burrow of Acronycta strigosa, and of some others, 
much resembles at first sight that of S. boleti, having an 
outer and inner diaphragm. In these, however, the lower 
diaphragm is not a trap-door, but is ruptured by the moth 
In 1ts escape. 

Mr. Main exhibited a batch of ova of Bombyx rubi de- 
posited naturally on a spray of Myrica gale, together with a 
photograph of the same. 

Mr. Lucas read the Report of the Field Meeting of the 
Society held at Oxshott on May 18th (page 11). 

Mr. Adkin gave an account of the annual meeting of the 
South-eastern Union of Scientific Societies held at Hasle- 
mere in the first week in June. 


JUNE 27th, 1901. 
Mr. F. Noap CLark, Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. A. W. Pepper, of Horniman’s Museum, was elected a 
member. 

Mr. Ashdown exhibited, and afterwards placed in the 
Society’s collection, the dragon-flies Anax imperater and 
Ischnura pumilio, male and female, all taken in the New 
Forest. 

Mr. Hewitt exhibited specimens of Geranium striatum and 
Corydalis claviculata from Kent. The former was a native of 
N. America, and no doubt a garden escape. 

Mr. Turner exhibited an almost black specimen of A mphi- 
dasys betularia taken in Camberwell. Mr. Main said that he 
had taken a var. doubledayaria at Forest Gate, and had seen 
another taken. Mr. F. M. B. Carr had also taken a black 
female of the species, which had deposited a considerable 
number of ova. 

Mr. West exhibited the following Hemiptera, all from the 
Ravensbourne below Lewisham :— Microvelia pygmea, a deve- 
loped form which was very rare in this country; Gerris 


37 


odontogaster ; G. najas; and undeveloped and developed 
forms of H ‘ydr ometra stagnorum. 

Mr. Fred Enock exhibited bred specimens of Libellula 
depressa, of which the nymphs came from Epping; bred 
specimens of Libellula quadrimaculata, the nymphs from 
the Black Pond, Esher, with typical and some very fine 
varieties of var. prenubila and others in which the nodal 
spots were much diffused laterally, and the costal margin 
beautifully clouded right to the base as well as being suffused 
with saffron. From a large number bred he had noted that 
the nymphs come up to the surface about 9 p.m. and 
remain all night, then from 7 to 8 a.m. search out suitable 
stems up which they climb. In this matter they are most 
fastidious, much preferring to crawl (if possible) over the 
edge and then risk cracking their skulls by a fall of four feet, 
so that they could crawl up and affix themselves to some 
rough board, or better still the edge of a drawing board. The 
time from leaving the water to full development was four 
hours, the ‘‘ rest’ period being generally twenty minutes. 

He also exhibited larva of Thecla betule from Epping, and 
a female !Anax imperator (alive) with right posterior wing 
abnormally small. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a specimen of Cordulia enea from 
Reigate, and also an example of Trichiura crategi, var. aria, 
from the Alps. Mr. Tutt remarked that it was a form 
parallel in its life history to Lastocampa quercts, var. callune, 
in that it passes the first winter as a young larva, and the 
second as a pupa, from which the imago emerges the follow- 
ing June. Its habitat is high moorland districts. 

Mr. Harrison exhibited a series of Amphidasys betularia, 
consisting of twenty males, forty females, and six gynandrous 
specimens, bred from a pair taken in the New Forest in 
1900. The parents were also exhibited, and were quite 
normal. Altogether seven gynandrous specimens were bred ; 
the wings and antennz of four were male on the right side, 
the remaining being male on the left side. The larve were 
started indoors, and then sleeved on birch till full-grown. 


JULY tiith, 1901. 
Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Kemp exhibited a short series of the Coleopteron 
Dytiscus punctulatus, caught by Mr. F. Enock at Wisley. 
He also exhibited the Odonata, Brachytron pratense, Calopteryx 


38 


splendens, Erythromma naias, Agrion pulchellum, and Ischnura 
elegans (with var. rubra); the Trichoptera Phryganea grandis, 
Limnophilus marmoratus, and Limnophilus rhombicus; and 
Raphidia maculicollis. All were obtained at the Byfleet Field 
Meeting. 

Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited a series of Thecla rubt taken 
at Wrotham, Kent, this year. One specimen had a cream 
lozenge-shaped spot on each of the fore-wings [aberration of 
male mark]. 

Mr. South exhibited a series of Zonosoma porata bred in 
June last from ova deposited by a female specimen taken at 
Oxshott in August, 1900. Four of the twenty specimens 
bred were of brownish coloration, tinged with reddish on the 
discal area as is usual in this species. He stated that he did 
not notice any difference in the coloration of the insects 
when removed from the breeding cage in which they 
emerged ; they were placed in the ammonia jar, and when 
turned out for setting the unusual colouring was at once 
detected. Although he thought that the change in colour 
might be due to the action of the ammonia, he was at a 
loss to understand why the other specimens had not been 
affected in a similar manner, seeing that they too had been 
killed by ammonia. He also showed a specimen of Eurrhy- 
para urticata, Linn., in which the basal spots and the discal 
and upper spots of post-medial series were confluent, forming 
blotches on fore-wings; the submarginal spots were also 
confluent, and united with the marginal border. On the 
hind wings the post-medial spots were more elongated than 
usual, and connected by a black streak with the discal spot. 
The specimen was taken by a boy in Balham last June. 

Mr. South exhibited, on behalf of Mr. R. S. Mitford, three 
varieties of Melitea cinxia, taken by Mr. Mitford in the Isle 
of Wight in May and June last. 

(a) Central transverse lines absent from upper surface of 
fore-wings; black lines on outer marginal area of hind wings 
more or less confluent. On the under surface of the hind 
wings the straw-coloured bands are almost devoid of black 
markings. This example is a modification of the aberration 
of the species figuredam “ Proc. S.L.E.N..S.”, 1887, pt. 
(right-hand fig. of M. cinxta). 

(b) Central spots of fore-wings confluent. 

(c) Central transverse lines partially effaced. 

Mr. A. M. Montgomery exhibited pupz of Leucophasia 
sinapis, on one of which the usual white line was replaced by 
pink. 


39 


Mr. Bishop exhibited living larve of Eugonia (Vanessa) 
polychloros from ova taken as they were deposited in 
nature by the female, together with pupe of Euchloé carda- 
mines. 

Mr. Kirkaldy exhibited a series of genera of Fulgorine 
(Homoptera), showing the remarkable development of the 
head, particularly Phrictus, diademate ; Zanna and Pyrops, 
long, sometimes tapering, sometimes clavate, sometimes 
thick, proboscis-like ; Euchophora, recurved ; the inflated 
Fulgora (= Laternavia), with a ludicrous resemblance to a 
hippopotamus im parvo. Also a series of some ornate Rhyn- 
chota, among which may be particularised the lovely pale 
blue-lilac Singhalese Hansenia pulverulenta; the Japanese 
Geisha punctatissima, delicate pale green, margined narrowly 
with pale rose; the Indian Cerynia maria, delicate rose- 
tinted—all three belonging to the Fulgoride—and a number 
of fine Cicadide and Scutelleride (Chrysocoris, Calidea, 
Huechys, etc.). Also a number of coffee and cruciferous pests 
from Ceylon, Africa, and America. 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited two varieties of Smerinthus tilia. 
(1) Bred by Mr. A. J. Lawrance, Bromley, Kent, November, 
1900 (forced out), from larve taken there October, 1g0o0. 
Fore-wings: ground colour very pale fawn; usual markings 
very pale fawn-green and indistinct. Hind wings: pinkish 
tint, the whole insect having a pinkish tint. (2) Bred by 
himself, tgo1, from larve taken in East Dulwich, October, 
1900. Fore-wings: ground colour dark brown; markings 
very intense green. The band on fore-wing replaced by a 
small spot midway between costa and hind margin. Hind 
wings : ground colour dark brown, with green markings. 

Mr. Lucas read the Report of the Field Meeting held at 
Byfleet on June Ist (page 15). 

Mr. F. Noad Clark read the following “ Notes on my 
Garden” :—‘‘ Amidst the most unpromising surroundings 
how often have many of us succeeded in making a passable 
collection of specimens of natural history! It does not 
always follow that the most likely or the best recommended 
localities will yield a ‘ bag’ which will fulfil our expectations. 

‘“* Having an hour to spare this afternoon after my midday 
meal, I took myself to my favourite spot at that part of the 
grounds of the Paddington Infirmary which abuts on the 
Grand Junction Canal, with the object of collecting, if 
possible, one or more specimens representative of the various 
orders of insects. 

“J will relate to you as to how far I was successful in my 


40 


search. The part chosen for collecting lies on the north 
bank of the canal, and in consequence of the grounds being 
private, having the towing-path on the opposite side, the 
banks here are unfrequented and present a naturally wild 
aspect, with a fair amount of undergrowth, backed by a row 
of lime, poplar, and privet. The sweet-flag, Acorus calamus, 
grows in abundance on the margin of the water, and num- 
bers of dragon-flies, Ischnura elegans, flitting here and there 
amongst the rushes, present at once a striking feature. 
Time will not allow of my giving an exhaustive account of 
the many interesting inhabitants of the canal proper, but in 
past years it has been a source of the greatest interest to me, 
chiefly on account of the great numbers of the three-spined 
stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), attended by their guests, 
the little-known Entomostracon, Argulus foliaceus, whose life 
history I have had exceptional opportunities of studying. 

‘“‘ From time to time I have taken here several species of the 
aquatic Hemiptera, Cortxa, Nepa, Notonecta, etc., as well as 
the larval forms of several of the dragon-flies and may-flies. 

‘The waters abound with microscopic life, such as the 
Desmids, Infusoria, Rotifera, fresh-water Diatoms, etc. etc., 
and I have derived much instruction and interest from their 
study with the microscope. 

‘““The Lepidoptera, as one might imagine, are of the ordi- 
nary type. In previous years Catocala nupta was frequently 
to be found on the adjoining grey brick walls, their similar 
appearance to the latter being, no doubt, a good example of 
‘protective coloration.’ Spilosoma menthastrt and S. lubri- 
cipeda, Dicranura vinula, Smerinthus populi, Phlogophora meti- 
culosa, Arctia catia, etc., are among others I have noticed. 

“During my search this afternoon I took the following 
examples of the various orders :—Lepidoptera—Schenobius 
forficellus ; Coleoptera—Coccinella bipunctata ; Diptera—two 
species of Syrphidze ; Hymenoptera—the black ant (Laszus 
miger) and a species of ichneumon; Odonata—Ischnura 
elegans ; Trichoptera—a species of caddis-fly; and Hemi- 
ptera—one of the genus Spumaria.” 


FULY 25th, 1901. 
Mr.-A. Harrison, FsL.S:, F.E.S., in the Chair. 


Mr. Kemp exhibited the following species of Coleoptera 
taken at the end of June in the New Forest :—Donacia 


4] 


crasstpes, on leaves of the water-lily in a stream at Rhinefields, 
with D. versicolora, D. sericea, both black and red forms. 
Strangalia nigra, taken at bramble flowers. Asemum striatum, 
flying over dead fir trees. Anoplodera sexguttata, taken in 
flight. Liopus nebulosus, beaten from oak. Coccinella sedecin- 
guttata, beaten from sallow. 

Mr. Step exhibited the larve of a Cassida from Wisley 
Common, Surrey, found feeding on hemp-nettle (Galeopsis 
tetrahit). Two pointed processes on the last segment held a 
mass of plant débris, frass, and cast skins, and this was 
usually upturned and held over the back. He noticed that 
not more than one larva was found on a stem. 

Mr. Turner exhibited the larvee of Macroglossa stellatarum 
from Bromley. He had picked a small bunch of Galium 
verum, and during a few days no less than eight larve 
appeared on it. He afterwards visited the patch from which 
he picked the flowers, and there found twenty-seven more 
larve. Other larve were found in adjoining fields. He 
exhibited three forms of the larve—(1) the full-grown form 
about to pupate, of a delicate pink colour; (2) the usual 
green form with the distinct white or slightly yellow line; 
(3) the very dark olive, almost black form, with the white 
stripe. The last form Mr. Montgomery said he had never 
found naturally, it only seemed to be assumed in con- 
finement. 

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited a number of species of 
Papilio, including P. agesilaus, P. archesilaus and_ var., 
P. paris, P. cresphontes, P. paon, P. marcellus and var. walshit, 
and P. astaticus. 

Mr. Harrison and Mr. Main exhibited a very fine series of 
Geometra papilionaria bred this year from larve taken in 
Delamere Forest, and also a very varied series of the var. 
delamerensis of Tephrosia biundularia from the same locality. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited a box of Odonata, Orthoptera, and 
Hemiptera which he had just received from Bucharest. 
Among them were noted the dragon-flies Libellula quad- 
vimaculata and Platetrum depressum, and the Hemipteron 
Centrotus cornutus. 

Mr. Enock exhibited short series of the following Odonata 
which he had bred this year :—Anax imperator and Cordulia 
@nea, both from larve obtained at the Black Pond, Esher, 
and Lrachytron pratense, from Wisley. C.a@nea, he stated, was 
most abundant at the Wake Valley pond, Epping Forest. 
A.imperator he had always found emerge late in the evening, 
which had made it much more difficult for him to take his 


42 


photographs and notes. He found that the London sparrow 
was exceedingly keen after all the specimens which he had 
allowed to go free. 

Mr. Robt. Adkin exhibited a bred series of Lobophora 
polycommata from Brighton; also specimens of Silene 
maritima and Mertensia maritima, two plants which Mr. 
McArthur had gathered in the neighbourhood of Stornoway 
and sent up for identification. Mr. Step said that the Szlene 
was a proliferous form, which he considered decidedly 
uncommon in this species; the Mertensia was also interesting, 
its distribution in this country apparently being confined to 
the west coast from Wales northward. 


AUGUST 8th, 1901. 
Mr. H. S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Robt. Adkin exhibited a bred series of Geometra 
papilionaria, the parent moth having been taken in Bexley 
woods, Kent. He considered this one of the most difficult - 
of the British Lepidoptera to preserve in good order, on 
account of the extreme sensitiveness of its colour. It was 
well known that a sufficiently long time in a ‘‘ cyanide”’ 
bottle to be fatal meant utter ruin to the delicate green 
pigment. Ammonia was equally destructive to it, and even 
a short exposure in a damp box caused considerable damage. 
Piercing the abdomen with a fine pen dipped in a saturated 
solution of oxalic acid appeared to be the safest method of 
killing the insect, but its struggles during the operation were 
often a source of injury. He had, therefore, adopted the 
medium course of putting the insect into a dry ‘‘cyanide”’ 
bottle for a few moments, just long enough to stupefy it, and 
then applying the acid. He thought the condition of the 
series exhibited showed this method to be fairly satisfactory. 

The President suggested the substitution of chloroform for 
stupefying, but several members thought this would stiffen 
the insects too much. 

Mr. Manger exhibited an unusually large and light-coloured 
specimen of Sphinx ligustrt, bred from Brockley, together with 
a male example of the dragon-fly 4schna cyanea, taken in his 
own garden. 

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a pupa of Macroglossa 
stellatarum from Bromley, with a short bred series of 
Agrotis ripe from Dawlish, and called attention to the 


43 


delicate beauty of this species when bred, and to the marked 
difference in shape of wing between the males and females. 

Mr. Step referred to his exhibit at the previous meeting of 
the larvee of a Cassida. He now exhibited the perfect insects, 
which proved to be Cassida equestris. He stated that the 
larvee were taken on July 13th ; they pupated about the 25th, 
and the imagines emerged on the 31st. The imagines, as well 
as the larve, fed on the same plant. 

Mr. Fremlin exhibited a number of gall excrescences on 
the twigs of hornbeam, which had been produced by a 
species of Aphis. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited a number of rose leaves that had 
been carved out by one of the leaf-cutting bees, presumably 
Megachile centuncularis, and stated that numbers ‘of rose trees 
were so disfigured. Mr. Adkin had observed the same thing 
in his garden, but, curiously, only one kind of rose 
tree had been attacked. The President had had a similar 
experience. Mr. Turner called attention to the shapes of 
the pieces cut from the leaves, the circular pieces forming 
the partitions between the cells of the “nests” while the 
longer oval pieces formed the lining. These bees had been 
attached to his garden for years, and were accustomed to 
make their tunnels under the cactus plants, or to avail them- 
selves of the hollows in pieces of bamboo forming a plant 
basket in his greenhouse. When first noticed in the garden 
they attacked one rose tree only, but recently they had been 
more indiscriminate in their ravages, cutting fuchsias, etc., 
and even Virginia creeper. They had a very fine ichneumon 
preying upon them. Mr. Montgomery and others continued 
the discussion. 

Rev. F. H. Wood exhibited two spiders, Theridion lineatum 
(females), one almost white; the other (a variety) with 
red lines, enclosing a white space on the abdomen. The 
red-lined spider was in spirits; the other alive, and guarding 
two egg-cocoons. Both spiders were found with a cocoon 
each in a nettle and convolvulus leaf at Bromley on August 
7th. The white spider killed the other while carried in a 
larva-collecting tin. After the dead spider had been removed 
the remaining one carried both cocoons from the leaves and 
fixed them together on the tin lid, binding them to each 
other. 

Mr. E. Step read the Report of the Field Meeting held at 
Mickleham on June 22nd (page 17). 


44 


AUGUST 22nd, 1901. 
Mr. F. Noap CLark, Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Dr. Chapman exhibited a larva of Graellsia isabelle brought 
from Bronchales, near Albarracin, the last of several brought 
over, the rest having spun up. It is the only European 
species of the Attacine group of Saturnidz, and occurs only 
in this district of Spain, over an area stretching from near 
Madrid to Albarracin, on Scotch fir at an altitude of about 
5000 ft. The colouring harmonises well with that of the 
Scotch fir twigs, and especially the immature fir cones are 
closely imitated in certain views of the larva in a way that 
the larva seen isolated does not at all suggest. 

Mr. F. H. Day exhibited the following Coleoptera, all 
from Cumberland : 

Donacia discolor (comart), from Sty, Head Farm, Cumber- 
land, a variable series, ranging in colour from bronze, 
through green, blue, purple, and crimson to nearly black. 

Hydrothassa hannoverana, from the Eden valley, Cumber- . 
land. This species formerly occurred in Hampshire and 
Yorkshire, but has. not been noticed in either of these 
counties for many years. The series of eighteen specimens 
shown were taken by sweeping Caltha palustris in a marshy 
meadow in June last. 

Bradycellus collaris, from High Pike, Cumberland. A 
typical mountain beetle, and locally common among the 
hills of Cumberland. 

Spherites glabratus : one specimen from Salkeld, Cumber- 
land. Very rare in the British Isles, most captures having 
been made in Scotland. One specimen taken in North- 
umberland about sixty years ago is the only previously 
recorded English capture. This specimen was found in 
carrion, a friend who was with Mr. Day securing a second. 

Ancistronycha (Telephorus) abdominalis, from the Gelt 
Valley, Cumberland. One of the finest of the Telephoride, 
and not uncommon locally in the county. It is usually 
found among bracken. 

Telephorus darwinianus, from Skimburness Marsh, Cumber- 
land. Not an uncommon species in Scotland, but in 
England is only known from Cumberland as yet. 

Rhynchites cupreus, from Barron Wood, Cumberland. A 
very local weevil, taken by beating mountain ash. 

Agabus arcticus, from Scawfell, Cumberland. One of the 


45 


rarest of the British Agabi, and quite attached to moun- 
tainous districts. 

Mr. Fred Enock exhibited § and 9? specimens of the 
dragon-fly Orthetrum cancellatum, captured in cop. at Wisley 
Lake, July 2oth, ‘‘after four or five hours of the wettest 
work I have ever known. For between four and five hours 
Mr. Kemp and I were dashing through the shallows, where 
cancellatum was flying up and down some twenty or thirty feet 
from the edge. Both of us had our long boots on, which 
enabled us to get out twenty feet, but with this advantage can- 
cellatum was far beyond our reach, and during all the time 
not one of the half-dozen seen settled more than once, and 
then on a bush well out in the water. At last we each saw a 
pair in cop., after which we sneaked, ran, splashed, and 
dashed. Once I got within striking distance, and did strike 
the branch of a tree, but saw the pair go onward and 
upward together, and I saw them come down together, sail 
away almost beyond my sight, but I splashed along, and 
once more saw them pitch at the extreme edge of some 
rushes, just beyond the depth of my boot tops. I drew 
near, nearer, set my teeth, took a final measurement, and 
struck ; then yelled to Mr. Kemp, ‘ Got them both.’ When 
safely bottled I noticed that the abdomen of the female was 
equally of the same lovely blue colour as that of the male, 
and that both had been in the wars a long time.” 


SEPTEMBER 12th, 1901. 
Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. South exhibited two buff specimens of A mphidasys 
betularia, which had been for years in his collection, and 
also a buff example of var. doubledayaria, which he had 
received from a correspondent. He remarked that the 
antenne in the former were normal, and in the latter were 
buff. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a much suffused black variety of 
an Argynnis, sp., which in shape agreed with A. aglaia, but in 
markings on the underside agreed with A. adippe to a large 
extent. It was taken in N. Spain, and was somewhat the 
worse for wear. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited for Mr. H. E. Annett a variety of 
Aphantopus (Epinephele) hyperanthus, which approached var. 
arete, the usual eye-spots on the under surface very much 


46 


reduced in size. It was taken at Oxshott in June of the 
present year. He also exhibited a 9 specimen of the large 
earwig Labidura riparia, captured by Major Robertson near 
a lamp in Pokesdown in August, 1g00, together with 
coloured drawings of (1) a pale yellow variety “of Argynnis 
paphia, 8, taken by Mr. E. F. S. Tylecote at Holmesley, in the 
New Forest, on July 6th, 1901; (2) a xanthic variety of 
Epinephele tithonus, 9, taken by Mr. W. S. Briameed near 
Brockenhurst on August 8th, Igor. 

Mr. Kirkaldy exhibited numerous species of Hemiptera, 
including Mirid@ (= Capside) (1I—2) gen. ? (near Orectodorus), 
ant mimics; (3—8) Orectodorus obliquus, Uhler. Winged 
forms not ant-like; wingless forms very good ant mimics; 
(g—11) Coquilletia insignis, Uhler, together with various 
species of Resthenza, all from America. 

Mr. West, of Greenwich, exhibited long series of three very 
closely allied and obscure species of the genus Acocephalus 
(Homoptera), viz. Acocephalus brunneo-bifasciatus, found at 
roots of grass on waste land at Catford, Lewisham ; Acoce- 
phalus albifrons, taken under furze bushes at Blackheath ; 
Acocephalus flavostriatus taken at roots of grass on waste land _ 
at Catford. All were taken in August of the present year. 

Mr. Kemp exhibited living nymphs of the following species 
of Odonata:—Sympetrum striolatum, Gomphus vulgatissimus, 
and Calopteryx virgo, all taken in the New Forest in August, 
IgOl. 
ae Edwards exhibited the seed-pods of Cereus quisco, a 
var. of C. chilensis, a native of the Peruvian mountains. 
They were felted on the outside with thick wool, and the 
upper end, from which the seeds would be shed, was fringed 
with a ring of long and strong spines or bristles, He also 
exhibited a specimen of ‘‘ vegetable wax,” the produce of a 
Peruvian palm, Cevaxylon, sp., together with some curious 
galls pendent from the underside of a leaf of Machilus 
duthict from North-west India. 

Mr. Turner exhibited two species of cactus, Mammullaria 
pyramidalis and M. micromeris-greggt. These showed two 
extreme forms of spine development. The latter was espe- 
cially remarkable for the extremely small rosettes of spines, 
and for the number of closely set tubercles. The former was 
in bloom, and had been for some months, having a crown 
of deep pink flowers of small size. He also showed larva, 
pupa, pupa cases, and imago of a common “ daddy long- 
legs,” Tipula, sp., and referred to the pupa moving upward 
out of the ground just before the emergence of the imago. 


47 


Mr. Manger exhibited a very beautiful and unusually 
marked specimen of the shell of Cypria tigris from the 
Pacific Islands. The darker markings were all much in- 
tensified, with numerous rings and spots of varied colour, as 
well as many very evident depressions over the surface. 
There was no form like it in the British Museum. 


SEPTEMBER 26th, 1901. 
Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited a varied series of Cidaria 
truncata which he had observed to be fairly common at 
Porlock, North Somerset, in August, in a long patch of 
bilberry. Specimens of the vwssata form were not found. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited two specimens of the rare dragon-fly 
Libellula fulva. 1. g without blue colour to abdomen. 
2. % with dark tip to wings. They were taken near Christ- 
church by Major Robertson, of Pokesdown. He remarked 
that very few British specimens have been recorded. 

Mr. Bishop exhibited a bred series of Eugonia (Vanessa) 
polychloros from eggs seen laid in the open by a 9? in the 
New Forest. Two specimens had faint blue markings on 
the hind margins of the fore-wings. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a specimen of Cossus ligni- 
pevda reared from the larva referred to in his notes on the 
species (‘‘ Proc.,”” 1900, p. 4, foot-note). The larva was found 
crawling on a gravel road on September 15th, 1go0, and on 
being placed on a semi-rotten stump of a poplar tree in his 
garden it at once found and squeezed itself into a hole in 
the stump that had been tenanted by a larva of the same 
species some two or three years previously, and the moth 
exhibited was detected in the act of emerging from the same 
hole on July 18th following. This tends to show that the 
wandering full-fed larva readily accepts the first suitable 
place for hybernation that it meets with, and does not leave 
it before pupation. Mr. Adkin also exhibited a series of 
Boarmia consortaria reared from pupe received from Abbott’s 
Wood, Sussex, and said that, in his experience, the species 
had been quite common during the past two years, after a 
time of comparative scarcity extending over several years 
previously. 

Mr. Kemp exhibited two specimens of Sphinx convolvult, 


48 


caught while flying over tobacco flowers in August at Hythe, 
near Southampton. 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited series of Colias hyale from Margate ; 
Triphana orbona, including red forms of various depth of 
colour, from Deal; and very varied Triphena fimbria from the 
Isle of Wight. 

Mr. Cane exhibited a very striking and distinct fungus, 
Polyporus lucidus, found on an acacia tree. 

Mr. Harrison reported that Mr. Main and himself had 
taken ten specimens of Sphinx convolvuli at Forest Gate 
during the last few days. Mr. McArthur said that the 
species had been common at Brighton. Other members 
reported it from Folkestone, Camberwell, N. England, ete. 

Mr. Manger exhibited fine specimens of several species of 
the Gasteropod family Xenophoridz, and read the following 
notes upon the exhibit : 

“T have brought for exhibition a few specimens of 
shells of the little-known family Xenophoridz, class 
Gasteropoda. These things some years ago were called 
Onustus, afterwards Phoreus, and then for no valid reason, 
so far as I can understand the matter, they were called - 
Xenophora. Verily nomenclature is a great stumbling- 
block in all branches of natural history; I have heard 
something of this even in entomology. 

‘© These Molluscs (there are only a few known species—nine 
or ten, I believe) occur in the West Indies, India, Malacca, 
Japan, Philippines, China, West America, Red Sea. They 
are found at depths ranging from a few fathoms to the 
enormous depth of 350 fathoms — 2100 feet. There is a 
specimen in the Natural History Museum brought home by 
the Challenger, Xenophora callidula, dredged off the Anda- 
man Islands at 100 fathoms, and another brought by the 
same vessel, Xenophora caribbea, dredged off Pernambuco, 
which is on the north-east coast of South America, at 350 
fathoms. 

“Woodward gives a short description of the animal. He 
says they ‘have an elongated proboscis, tentacles long and 
slender, with sessile eyes at their outer bases, sides plain, 
foot narrow, elongated behind.’ 

“They scramble along like the Strombs. They extend and 
fix the front dilated part of the foot, and draw the posterior 
portion to it, jerking the shell forwards at every movement. 
This mode of progression seems to be adapted to the nature 
of the surface on which they move, which is usually com- 
posed of the débris of dead shells. ‘ The peculiarity of this 


49 


tribe,’ says Mr. Tryon, in his ‘Manual of Conchology,’ ‘is 
the habit of agglutinating foreign bodies to the upper surface 
of the shell, which is carried to such an extent in some 
instances as to conceal the volutions, and give the structure 
the appearance of a small pile of fragments of stones and 
shells.’ That this imitation of its surroundings is protective 
in its nature there can be no doubt, but in some of the 
species the protection is not apparent, the agglutinating 
process being restricted within the narrowest bounds, as you 
will see in the species X. calculifera and X. indicus. 

“You will notice that the objects are arranged with a 
degree of regularity as to size and occurrence, indicating the 
existence of choice or artistic taste on the part of the 
Mollusc. The specimen already referred to from Pernam- 
buco is covered only with Cerithiwm shells (a small pyramidal 
shell about an inch in length). Of the shells attached, 
single ones of bivalves seem to be preferred, probably 
because they give more surface for their weight than uni- 
valves, but you will notice in the specimens before you that 
the Conchyliophora are mineralogists as well as_ shell 
collectors, and some ‘ go’ for both stones and shells. 

“Now if this protection is found to be necessary by some 
species, why not by all? one would naturally ask ; why should 
some go about without any or very little mask, seeing that 
as many specimens are found in the same localities unpro- 
tected as protected? It is a question which I cannot 
attempt to answer, and which, like thousands of other 
questions continually occurring in the study of natural 
history, we can only hope that patient study and observation 
will some day be able to elucidate.” 

In the discussion which followed, Mr. Step said that, from 
his knowledge of the Mollusca, it would be found that 
although it might seem that certain species were con- 
spicuous, yet a more intimate knowledge of the habits of 
these creatures would show that they had sufficient pro- 
tective resemblance to preserve the species from destruction. 


OCTOBER ioth, toot. 
Mr. F. Noap CLark, Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. McArthur exhibited several larve of Trifhena comes 
in a novel cage, made by adapting to his purpose one of 


50 


those globular, fine-wire traps, which are commonly sold as 
fly-catchers. 

Mr. Barnett exhibited a variety of Epiephele tithonus 
having pale xanthic patches, taken at Oxshott, and an 
unusually large and pale male specimen of Fidoma atomaria 
from the same place. 

Mr. Garrett exhibited a very long series of Vanessa 10, 
bred from larve obtained near Arundel. 

Mr. Kirkaldy exhibited his collection of Nabinz (one of 
the sub-families of Reduviide), comprising ten genera and 
about fifty-four or fifty-five species. The collection was rich 
in the rare winged forms of several species of Nabis (Pro- 
stemma) and Reduviolus (Nabts), while attention was called to 
brachypterous specimens of R. ferus (Linn.). Examples of 
the Kongolan Platymeris horrida, Stal, and other Reduviide 
were also shown. 

Mr. Kemp exhibited a portion of a stem of broom bored 
by a beetle, Hylastinus obscurus, together with specimens of 
Hylastinus obscurus, Lemophleus ater, Phleophthorus rhodo- 
dactylus found in the same stem. AJl were from Oxshott, 
and were taken on October 5th, Igot. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a series of Lophopteryx cuculla 
(cucullina, Hb.) reared from Sussex parents. The original 
moth was taken in the spring of 1900, and from ova obtained 
moths resulted in May, 1g01._ Ova obtained from a pairing of 
these moths hatched at the end of that month, and the 
larvee, some thirty in number, commenced to pupate on 
July 5th, the whole of them completing that operation 
within the following week. Nine moths emerged between 
July 24th and 31st; the remainder of the pupz are still 
lying over. 

Mr. Manger exhibited several shells which had been 
obtained in the island of Lewis this year by Mr. McArthur. 
They consisted of Helix ericetorum, var. ttala, and Helix acutus. 
The former were somewhat darker and with a. slightly 
higher spire than the form which is found in county Galway. 

Mr. South exhibited Thyatira batis (Linn.), T. cognata 
(Moore), and T. aurorina (Butl), belonging to the Cymato- 
phoride ; also Rtsoba trimaculata (Brem.), and Cymato- 
phoropsis sinuata (Moore), both members of the Noctuid sub- 
family Stictopterine, and contributed the following notes :— 
‘“‘ Cymatophoropsis and Risoba belong to the Noctuid sub-family 
Stictopterine, which, in Hampson’s ‘ Moths of India,’ is 
placed sixth of the ten sub-families into which he divides the 
Noctuidz. It follows next but one to the Sarrothripine, which 


51 


includes the European Sarrothripa revayana (a British species), 
and immediately precedes Gonopterinz, in which sub-family 
Scoliopteryx is comprised. 

*‘ Thyatira and Habrosyne are members of the Cymato- 
phoride, a family which has been associated by some 
authors with Arctiide, by others with Notodontide, and by 
others again it is regarded as a branch from the same stem 
which produced the Geometride, and gave rise during the 
process of evolution to Drepanulide, as well as to Pyralide, 
and some other families belonging to the old-time ‘ Micro- 
lepidoptera.’ 

“ The object of the present exhibit, however, is not to raise 
any question touching classification, but only to point out 
the very close superficial resemblance between species 
belonging to the widely separated groups of moths, and to 
incidentally remark on some points that appear to be of 
interest in the species themselves. 

“With regard to Thyatira batis, the three specimens ex- 
hibited are respectively from England, N.W. Himalayas, and 
N. Japan (it occurs also in Amurland and W. China), and I 
think it will be conceded that they are all very much alike. 
Then we have one example of T. cognata, a darker insect, 
with rather longer fore-wings than T. batis, and apparently 
wanting the spot on the middle of the inner margin; on 
close examination of the fore-wing we shall, however, find 
that the spot is there in its proper place, but so obscured by 
the general dark suffusion that it escapes notice at first. 
This specimen is from Sultanpore, N.W. Himalayas, and 
the Indian T. batis is also from the same locality. If we 
examine the under surface of these two insects we shall find 
that there is no difference whatever between them. The next 
species, T. aurorina, is from Japan (it occurs also in Corea 
and Western China). Here we find that the basal patch is 
very similar to that of T. batis, also that the patches at the 
outer angle of each species are somewhat alike, but the spot 
on the inner margin is really absent, and the patches on the 
apical area are very different. Another species, Habrosyne 
dieckmanni (Graes.), of which I do not possess a specimen, is 
very like T. aurorina. 

“ Risoba trimaculata, it will be observed, is exceedingly like 
Thyatira batis in colour and pattern of the marking, but the 
former does not agree with the latter in neuration or in other 
structural details. The three specimens of R. trimaculata 
are from the valley of the Yang-tse, China, and the species 
also occurs in Amurland and Corea. 


52 


‘‘ The other species shown is Cymatophoropsis sinuata, from 
the North-west Himalayas. This bears a very strong like- 
ness to FR. trimaculata, although it is not congeneric with that 
species. 

“The chief points of interest in this connection are— 
(1) a strong resemblance of species belonging to nearly 
related genera; (2) a remarkable likeness between species 
belonging to widely separated families. Before so much 
attention was given to the structural details of Lepidoptera, 
species agreeing more or less in the matter of form and 
ornamentation were generally associated. Now, however, 
we often find that species of the most diverse pattern 
and of varied forms are really congeneric; whilst others, 
seemingly allied, as in the instances shown this evening, 
do not possess even tribal affinities.” 

Mr. Step communicated the following report of the Field 
Meeting held at Oxshott on October 5th, and conducted by 
Messrs. Lucas and Step: 

Heavy rain on the preceding day, and unsettled conditions 
in the morning, reduced the number of members in attend- 
ance from that expected, but, in all, twenty-two searched © 
the woods for fungi in the afternoon, and took tea together 
in the evening. The list of species identified is not so long 
as that of last year, but it will be noted that several species 
named below did not appear in Mr. Edwards’ report. 
Amanita rubescens and its congener muscarius were very 
abundant, as also were Cantharellus friestt and C. aurantiacus. 
Marasmius oreades formed the most striking growth of 
a meadow at Queen’s Drive, which may truthfully be 
said to have been full of it. A fine specimen of Sfarassis 
crispa was discovered late in the day by Mr. John Drury, 
and was found to have a diameter of 14 inches in two 
directions. 

Amanita phalloides (Fr.), Amanita mappa (Fr.), Amanita 
muscarius (Linn.), Amanita pantherinus (D.C.), Amanita 
vubescens (Pers.), Armillaria melleus (Fl. Dan.), Clitocybe 
laccatus (Scop.), Collybia radicatus (Rehl.), Plewrotus ostreatus 
(Jacq.), Clitopilus prunulus (Scop.), Clitopilus orcella (Bull.), 
Psaliota campestris (L.), He Me senuglobatus (Batsch.), 
Hypholoma fascicularis (Huds.), Hypholoma velutinus (Pers.), 
Coprinus micaceus (Fr.), Paxillus involutus (Fr.), Lactarius 
torminosus qe .), Lactarius turpis (Fr.), Lactarius piperatus 
(Fr.), Lactarius vellereus (Fr.), Lactarius quietus (Fr.), Russula 
vesca (Fr.), Russula heterophylla (Fr.), Russula emetica (Fr.), 
Russula alutacea (Fr.), Cantharellus cibarius (Fr.), Cantharellus 


53 


friesit (Quel.), Cantharellus aurantiaca (Fr.), Marasmuius oreades 
(Fr.), Boletus luteus (L.), Boletus flavus (With.), Boletus badius 
(Fr.), Boletus piperatus (Bull.), Boletus chrysenteron (Fr.), 
Boletus edulis (Bull.), Boletus luridus (Scheeff.), Boletus scaber 
(Fr.), Polyporus schweimzi (Fr.), Polyporus perennis (Fr.), 
Polyporus versicolor (Fr.), Tvemellodon gelatinosum (Pers.), 
Sparassis crispa (Fr.), Calocera viscosa (Fr.), Scleroderma 
vulgare (Fr.), Lycoperdon gemmatum (Fr.), Hypomyces luteo- 
virens (Tul.). 


OCTOBER 24th, 190t. 
Mr. A. Harrison, F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair. 


Mr. W. West (Greenwich) exhibited specimens and series 
of nearly ninety species of British Homoptera, mainly taken 
by himself, and which he gave to the Society to form the 
nucleus for a typical collection of the sub-order. It should 
be remembered that Mr. West had on a former occasion 
given the Society a similar nucleus for a typical collection of 
the British Heteroptera, to which he had since added con- 
siderably. 

Mr. Barnett exhibited a long series of Bryophila muralis 
glandifera) taken at Shorncliffe in August, and also a series 
of B. perla, including an unusually dark specimen. 

Mr. J. W. Kaye exhibited a previously unknown species of 
Papilio near P. latinus, together with a new species of Sphin- 
gidz allied to Ambulyx strigilis. They were both taken by 
himself at Bartica in British Guiana, during a collecting 
tour on the Demerara and Essequibo Rivers in June, July, 
and August of the present year. 

Mr. H. Moore exhibited two specimens of Phlegethontius 
(Sphinx) convolvult taken in Rotherhithe this autumn, and 
also a specimen of Sphinx ligustrt bred from a larva taken in 
the same place. 

Messrs. Harrison and Main exhibited six specimens of 
P. (S.) convolvuli taken by them on the Romford Road, at 
the electric light. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited bred series of Plusia moneta 
and P. gamma, together with some of the cocoons from which 
the species were bred, and contributed the following notes: 

‘““The P. moneta are part of the moths reared from fifty-six 
larve that were taken on one large plant (or perhaps, to speak 
more correctly, clump of plants) of a Delphinium growing in 


54 


a garden at Bexley, in Kent, early in May last; they com- 
menced to spin their cocoons on the 17th of that month, and 
the moths emerged between June 16th and 27th. There 
were four other and smaller clumps of Delphinium in the 
same garden, but a careful search of them produced only two 
or three larvz each. 

“The series of P. gamma consist of the parent moth and 
part of her descendants, also an example reared from a wild 
larva. The parent moth, an undersized, travel-stained 
individual, was found hanging from a window curtain in my 
house on June 24th last. She appeared to be utterly 
exhausted, and as the house was shut up for the night at the 
time when I found her, I put her in a pill-box intending to 
throw her away in the morning, but overlooked the box for 
a couple of days, and was surprised when I did look at it to 
find that she had deposited a quantity of eggs. These 
hatched on July 2nd, fed up rapidly on Dahlia, two large 
plants of which they consumed, and commenced to pupate 
on July 21st, the moths emerging between August 5th and 
12th. The whole brood, like their parent, are, as compared 
with the specimen bred from the wild larva, somewhat under- - 
sized and dull in colour. I have little doubt that the parent 
was an immigrant, and probably so worn out when captured 
that she would have deposited ova just where she alighted, 
the chances of their succeeding or not depending simply on 
the possibility of the young larve on hatching being able to 
reach suitable food. 

“On comparing the cocoons of the two species it will be 
seen that those of P. moneta are well formed, tough, and 
bright yellow in colour, reminding one forcibly of the ‘ silk- 
worm’ cocoons of his younger days, when the loose outer 
silk had been stripped off; while those of P. gamma are of 
the flimsiest description, too flimsy indeed to retain their 
shape when handled, and of a pale dirty grey colour.” 

Dr. Chapman, referring to the large number of P. moneta 
larvee being found on the one clump of Delphinium, remarked 
that Cnethocampa pityocampawas well known to affect particular 
pine trees, and to inexplicably avoid indiscriminate feeding. 

Mr. Adkin also exhibited a series of Boarmia vepandata 
taken by Mr. McArthur in the Isle of Lewis during the past 
summer for comparison with series captured both in 1887 and 
1go1, which Mr. McArthur exhibited and called attention to, 
together with a case showing the manner in which this 
species rested on the rocks. Concerning these exhibits Mr. 
McArthur contributed the following notes : 


55 


‘* Boarmia repandata, var. sodorenstwm (Weir), was first 
captured by T. Harper during the summer of 1881, and 
some of the specimens that I saw were very fine, and similar 
to those taken by me this season. In 1887 W. Salvage and 
myself worked the island, and the first example of B. repandata 
that we observed was ona fir trunk in the Castle grounds. 
We worked hard for days, but did not see another at rest 
until we found specimens sitting on rocks by the sea-shore. 
Our captures, as will be seen on looking at the 1887 series, 
are not nearly such nice forms as those taken this year, and I 
believe that this is accounted for by the colour of the rocks in 
the different localities in which this year I took B. repandata, 
being blue-grey, whitish grey, and a dirty yellowish grey, the 
specimens matching the rocks very closely indeed. 

‘This season Melantppe sociata, var. obscurata, was fairly 
plentiful in one locality about midsummer, but examples of 
the autumn brood were very rare, and, as you see by those 
exhibited, smaller and darker in colour.”’ 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a beautiful N. American Noctua, 
Acontia urania, he had recently bred, and also three bred 
specimens of Oeketicus omnivorus from New Zealand. 

Mr. R. Adkin read the Report of the Field Meeting held 
on July 6th at Brasted, in Kent, when some thirty-six members 
and friends were present (page 20). 


NOVEMBER 14th, 1901. 
Mas Wel Lucas, B.A., FE.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Lowe, Clarendon Road, Putney, was elected a 
member. 

Messrs. Harrison and Main exhibited a long bred series of 
Agriopis aprilina, from larvee obtained in the New Forest at 
Whitsuntide, with an example captured in Delamere Forest. 
The latter, compared with the former, was of a much deeper 
green. They also showed a series of Calocampa exoleta taken 
at sugar in Delamere Forest this year. 

Mr. H. Moore exhibited several trap-door spiders’ nests 
(adult and young), Cteniza tonica (Saunders), from Corfu. 

Mr. Step exhibited a series of photographs of the more 
prominent species of Fungi found at Oxshott during the 
recent Field Meeting of the Society. The most noticeable 
was that of the rare Sfarassus crispa. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited long series of Parnassius apollo and 


56 


P. delius, to show the range of variation of the local races 
of Central and Western Europe, and especially the large 
pale form taken this summer in Spain. He said that P. 
apollo and P. delius from Switzerland are very distinct, and 
it would be difficult not to recognise them at a glance. 
Those from Spain are no doubt P. apollo, as evidenced by 
their antenne and size, but in colour and markings they are 
very close to Swiss P. delius, and very different from Swiss 
P. apollo. Specimens of P. delius from South-western France 
and adjacent districts present a close approach in colour and 
markings to Swiss P. apollo; and P. apollo has, in these 
districts, races that do not exceed P. delius in size. 

Nevertheless at Digne, which is not very far from this 
region, P. apollo grows as large as in Spain, and with some 
tendency (as compared with Swiss specimens) to the paler 
coloration of the Peninsular specimens. These remarks 
refer to the males. The females do not present differences 
in precisely the same directions, though each race appears to 
differ in their sex, as in the other. The females of the 
Spanish form are very large, and present some varieties with 
the red eyes of the hind wings of immense size. 

Mr. F. Percy Smith exhibited a large number of lantern 
slides in illustration of his lecture on “ Spiders,” and an 
interesting discussion took place on the relative values of 
drawing and photography in biological demonstration. 


NOVEMBER 28th, 1901. 
Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chait: 


The evening was devoted to the exhibition of varieties, 
notable captures, and interesting series, and a large number 
of members and their friends were present. 

The Chairman made the following introductory remarks: 

‘This is now the fifth year in which we have had an exhibi- 
tion of varieties and notable captures. While each of these 
gatherings seems to have been a greater success than its 
predecessor, this one, apparently, will not spoil the record ; 
and no doubt such an exhibition commends itself to you, as 
it certainly does to me, as a suitable way of spending an 
evening at the end of the season. Every naturalist who 
takes pride in his pursuit properly feels a delight in showing 
some of the results of his labours, and the rest of us, I am 
sure, are equally pleased to see what he has to show, and to 


o7 


increase his pleasure by sharing it with him. With such 
anticipations on my own part, it is superfluous to say that I 
am delighted to see so large an assembly this evening. To 
simplify matters I must request each member, as he brings 
his exhibit to the table, to state at least of what it consists, 
and the points about it to which he particularly wishes to 
call attention. At the same time I should like to ask him 
to furnish full notes on the same for the use of the report 
secretary.” " 

Mr. J. H. Carpenter exhibited a long and very fine series 
of Colias hyale, reared from ova obtained from a female 
specimen taken at Sheerness on August 18th, 1900. The 
larve hybernated through the winter of Igoo-o1; many 
died, but about one hundred or so duly pupated and produced 
imagines the following May and June (1901). The larve 
were kept from frost during the winter, perfectly dry, and 
fed upon Trifoliwm repens (life-history written and pub- 
lished by F. W. Frohawk, ‘“‘ Entom.,” June, 1go1). 

Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited specimens of the dragon-flies— 
(1) Libellula fulva, male, without blue pruinosity on abdomen, 
and a female, with dark tips to the wings, both taken near 
Bournemouth by Major Robertson; (2) a male Oxygastra 
curtisit, taken by him in the same district ; (3) male, female, 
and female var. auwrantiaca of Ischnura elegans from the New 
Forest. Also two large and perfect bubble shells, Haminea 
hydatis from S. Devon, and a specimen of Anodonta anatina, 
dark, rather thick, and eroded in the region of the umbo, 
reminding one of Umo margantifera. The latter was from 
a stream in the New Forest. 

Mr. W. J. Ashdown exhibited specimens of the following 
species of Coleoptera, showing extreme variation in length :— 
Clytus arvetis, g to 15 mm.; C. mysticus, g to 14 mm.; 
Molorchus minor, 6 to 12 mm.; Pachyta cerambyciformis, 
8 to 12 mm. 

Mr. W. West (Greenwich) exhibited an Homopteron, Sticto- 
corts flaveola (Boh.). This species isan addition to the British 
fauna, and was taken near Blackheath during August and 
September, 1go1. The identification was determined by 
Mr. J. Edwards and confirmed by Dr. Sahlberg. (For 
description see “‘ E. M. M.,” 1902, p. 5.) 

Mr. Thornthwaite exhibited a dark-banded specimen of 
Hybernia defoliaria he had taken on his way to the meeting. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited specimens of Pieris brassice, with 
black marginal line in hind wing ; Argynnis adippe, var. chloro- 
dippe ; a black suffused example of the same species; and a 


58 


dark variety of Melitea athalia. The last three were from 
Spain. 

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a beautiful series of Ambulyx 
vostralis, with the light form considered by some as a distinct 
species, and named A. ganascus. Both occur in the same 
localities. Whether the form ganascus always occurs there 
is no record to show. A. vostralis is found fairly commonly, 
but never abundantly, in Central America, in the West 
Indies, where it is rare, and in tropical South America. The 
series exhibited) comprises specimens from Rio Janeiro, 
Merida, Venezuela, and Jalapa, Mexico, and shows a certain 
amount of variation. There are three (2 ¢ and I 2) 
specimens of an allied species, A. donysa from Mexico. A 
peculiarity with these species of Ambulyx with red hind 
wings is that on the underside the colouring is reversed, the 
fore-wing having the red and the hind wing wholly wanting 
it; the black bands are even reproduced on the red of the 
fore-wing in rostralis. 

Messrs. Harrison and Main exhibited, among other species, 
varied series of Tviphena comes from the New Forest, Dela- 
mere Forest, Epping Forest, Wallasey sand-hills, and the 
Isle of Lewis; also of Agrotis tritict and A. cursoria from the 
Isle of Lewis and Wallasey. 

Supplementing Mr. Harrison’s exhibit, Mr. R. Adkin 
exhibited the following from the Isle of Lewis, viz. Triphena 
comes, including ordinary forms, the variety curtisi7, and one 
example having a broad, dark central fascia on the upper 
wings; the red colour of the var. curtisiz he thought hardly 
so bright as in examples from Forres and some other of the 
Scottish mainland localities; Xylophasia monoglypha, all of 
the blackish-brown form; Noctua xanthographa, chiefly dark 
forms having a purplish blush; a long series of Boarmia 
vepandata, var. sodorensium ; a very strongly marked example 
of Larentia didvmata, and one of Coremia ferrugata that 
varied in an opposite direction, the general tone of colour 
being unusually dull. 

Mr. Adkin also exhibited the specimen of Pieris daplidice 
that he took at Eastbourne on August i1gth last, and 
examples of Colias hyale and C. edusa taken at the same 
time and place. 

Mr. H. M. Montgomery exhibited— 

1. Pieris napi, L., var. bryonie. (a) Twenty-eight males 
and twenty-six females, bred from a specimen taken at 
Myringen, Switzerland, by Mr. A. Harrison, July gth, 1900. 
The egg stage lasted four days; the larval stage lasted four- 


a9 


teen days; the pupal stage lasted 298 days. Specimens 
emerged continuously from May gth to June 22nd. All 
the females were bryom@, and the males were typical. (b) A 
typical male from an ovum attached to the abdomen of a 
dead specimen of bryomie received from Mr. Harrison 
July 15th. (c) Nine males and ten females bred from a third 
specimen of bryonie received at the same time as b. Speci- 
mens emerged from May 8th to June 7th, 1901; males 
typical, females extreme form of bryonia. 

2. Leucophasia sinapis, L. Four broods from females re- 
ceived alive from Mr. W. Edwards, of Malvern. Ova were 
deposited about May 22nd, and hatched about June 2nd. 
Larve were full-grown about July 2nd, and pupated about 
July 3rd. One brood, D., produced winter pupe. The 
food-plant was Lotus corniculatus. The specimens emerged 
from July 16th to July 22nd. 

3. Argynnis paphia and var. valesina. Ova were obtained 
from four females (one valesina) captured in the New Forest 
by Mr. H. J. Turner. About eighty larve survived hyberna- 
tion. The first larva pupated June oth, and specimens emerged 
from July 3rd to July zoth. There were seven males and 
fifteen females, including eight var. valesina. 

Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited varieties and melanic forms 
from Yorkshire, including black Acronycta menyanthidis from 
Selby; a remarkable Mania typica, having a large pale 
pinkish V-shaped mark across each wing ; a Cosmia trapezina, 
with the central band dark olive-green; black Larentia 
multistrigaria ; a yellow Anchocelis rufina ; all from the 
Huddersfield district. Also a black specimen of Odontopera 
bidentata from Wakefield. 

Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited the following varieties : 

Nemeobius lucina.—A specimen with the brown fascia re- 
placed by pale yellow, especially on left fore-wing (New 
Forest, Igot). 

Tephrosia biundularia.—Wings much suffused with fuscous 
shading (bred New Forest, 1gor). 

Cerastis spadicea.—Whitish line on outer margin of fore- 
wings (Essex, IgoT). 

Agriopis aprilina.—The black markings in  fore-wings 
almost absent (New Forest, Igor). 

Miselia oxyacanthe.—The usual white crescent near the 
dorsum replaced by a white smudge extending to the 
dorsum ; the dark colour of centre of wing exaggerated and 
bordered by a dark line from reniform to crescent, leaving 
a wide pale border (New Forest, 1901). 


60 


Gnophria quadra.—Extreme dark and light forms of males, 
and large spotted and small spotted female forms. 

Mr. H. E. Garrett exhibited Sphinx convolvuli, taken at 
flowers in a garden at Donhead St. Andrew, Wilts, Sep- 
tember 11th, 1901; Muselia oxyacanthe and one var. capucina, 
taken at sugar, Wimbledon Common, October, 1900; a 
series of six Epunda lutulenta, taken off ripe blackberries at 
Reading, Berks, September 13th, 1901; Dasycampa rubiginea, 
taken at ivy bloom at Padworth, Berks, October 16th, 1900 ; 
and a specimen of Teniocampa populett, taken at sallow 
bloom, Wimbledon Common, April, Igoo. 

Mr. D. Chittenden exhibited the following varieties and 
forms taken in Igor: 

Lithosia sericea (molybdeola) ; Anthrocera (Zygana) trifolit, 
var. confluens ; Nyssia hispidaria, black ; Zonosoma pendularia, 
(1) bluish (Lancashire), (2) lght (Kent) ; Cymatophora 
duplaris, black (bred in Kent); Hybernia leucophearia, black 
and light forms ; Pachetra leucophea, dark form ; Cerastis 
vaccini, dark form; C. spadicea, var. submgra; Muiselia 
oxyacanthe, var. capucina; and Hybernia marginaria, dark 
(Kent). ; 

Mr. G. B. Browne exhibited a specimen of Vanessa antiopa, 
taken in his garden at Lee on August 24th last on a sugar 
patch, where his little son succeeded in putting a tumbler 
over it. He also exhibited an example of Phlegethontius 
(Sphinx) convolvuli taken at Lydd on 14th September. 

Mr. H. Dixon Hewitt exhibited, on behalf of Mr. R. L. 
Hewitt, the following plants, and said: 

‘“‘ The fourteen specimens of plants were selected almost at 
random, either as being rare or at least rather local, or as 
showing some variation from the type. 

‘“‘ They were all collected by Mr. R. L. Hewitt or myself, 
except where initials of collector are given. Localities are 
not very definitely stated for obvious reasons. 

“ Helleborus fetidus.—Plant from which specimen was 
taken originally found near York, but grown on in 
garden. (H.) 

‘“* Polygala calcarea.—This is possibly only a good var. of 
P. vulgaris, but is given as a species in the Lond. Cat., 
and I think is now known as P. amara. It is rather local, 
I believe. The specimens came from near Downe, Kent, 
and near Stoat’s Nest, Surrey. 

“Geranium striatum.—A North American species, which 
now seems to have obtained a good foothold in this country. 
Unlike some other plants from America, it is a real acquisi- 


61 


tion to our Flora. The specimen is from near Halsted, 
Kent. 

“ Pyrus torminalis—A few plants of this rather scarce 
tree or shrub occur in South-east London. The specimen is 
from a lane near Lewisham. 

‘* Parnassia palustvts.—F rom near Carrick-on-Shannon, Ire- 
landeaniil:. 12D.) 

‘* Lactuca saligna.—If the specimen is really this species it is 
rather a rarity. It came from the marshes between Dartford 
and Northfleet, Kent, where it is associated with L. virosa. 

‘“* Aster tripolium, var.—The form without ray florets seems 
to be commonest in the Thames marshes, while on the south 
coast the more perfect type is the usual form. This specimen 
came from between Dartford and Northfleet. 

“Centaurea calcitrapban—A very local species, very likely 
introduced. It is fairly abundant in the above-mentioned 
river marsh district. 

“Ajuga chamepitys.—This pretty and rather local Labiate 
seems fairly well distributed in the home counties. The 
specimens are from Shoreham, Kent, and near Croydon, 
Surrey. Two other stations in the same district have also 
been noted. 

“ Teucriwm botrys.—This very rare plant occurs only in two 
of the London Catalogue’s districts, one of which, I believe, 
is Surrey. The station from which this specimen came is 
near Addington, Surrey, where in one field I have observed 
it in some abundance for several seasons. 

“ Samolus valerandt.—This plant ought to be commoner 
from its comital number in the London Catalogue. The 
only locality, however, from which I have obtained speci- 
mens is the Greenhithe marsh district. 

“‘ Myosotis arvensis, var. umbrosa.—The foliaceous variety, 
which is very common in chalky, wooded lanes. The speci- 
men was from Stoat’s Nest, Surrey. 

“ Polygonum bistorta.—One of our most handsome plants, of 
a rather inconspicuous order. The peculiar winged petiole 
and large rootstock are very characteristic. From Darenth, 
Kent. 

“ Habenaria conopsea, var.—The very singular short-spurred 
variety. If this be correctly named it appears to differ very 
markedly from the type,—far more so, for instance, than the 
so-called species Orchis maculata and O. latifolia. This plant 
(H. conopsea, var.) lacks the spreading leaves, the long spur, 
and, I believe, the odour of the type H. conopsea. The 
flowers, moreover, have not the waxy, crystalline appearance 


62 


of the type. Yet this plant is not even given a varietal 
position in the London Catalogue, 1895. The specimens 
were found in a bog in the New Forest associated with 
Orchis maculata.” 

Major Ficklin exhibited three specimens of Duzanthecia 
luteago, var. ficklini, two being very small and pale, and one 
of the ordinary Cornish coloration, but with suffused 
markings, and a specimen of Argynnis (Brenthis) selene with 
very dark under wings. 

Mr.° A. Sich exhibited several species of Lepidoptera, 
among which were a small, dark variety of Vanessa urtice 
from “Chiswick ; two specimens of Xylophasia polyodon 
(Chiswick), one with dark median band, the other with 
stigmata confluent; Plusta gamma (bred Chiswick), Y-mark 
represented by pale spot, and the grey form of Hyponomeuta 
padellus. He also showed the following shells :—Purpura 
lapillus, banded form (Eastbourne); Helix aspersa, sub- 
scalariform monstrosity (Chiswick) ; and Helix rotundata, var. 
sinistrorsum (Chiswick). 

Mr. H. Rowland Brown exhibited a series of Lycena dolus, 
var. vittata, taken this summer (July) in the Cevennes, and 
L. admetus, var. rippertit, for comparison. The two species 
are remarkably alike, and Dr. Chapman says that structurally 
the genitalia are identical in both. He also exhibited a 
remarkable variety of Melit@a cinxia, in which the black spots 
on the under side are almost absent, and a curious specimen 
of Argynnis lathonia, with the left lower wing only abnormally 
small, a fact which did not appear to interfere with its 
ability to fly strongly. 

Mr. Manger exhibited various species of the Molluscan 
genus Opisthostoma, from Borneo, and contributed the follow- 
ing notes: 

“The few notes that I am about to read are mainly taken 
from what Mr. Edgar Smith (the Curator of the Mollusca 
at the British Museum, South Kensington) has written on 
the subject. He has described and named many of the 
species. 

“I exhibit a few specimens of some most wonderfully 
sculptured shells. 

‘“ These remarkable structures belong to Opfisthostoma, a 
group of very small operculate land shells, occurring in India, 
Borneo, and adjacent localities. 

‘“‘ At the present time there have been found and described 
about twenty species. They occur on limestone rocks in 
damp places, living apparently on the microscopic vegetation 


63 


investing the surface. Land shells, as a rule, are not 
remarkable for any very prominent ornamentation of the 
surface, such as obtain among the marine Gasteropods ; 
their beauty lies rather in the marvellous variety of their 
form of coloration. We find the exterior in the majority 
of cases more or less even. True, among the Clausille, the 
Strophiz, and Helicide many species exhibit longitudinal 
riblets, but few species of land molluscs exhibit thorny pro- 
cesses of any importance. Fresh-water shells, like the terres- 
trial forms, are, as a rule, also devoid of spines, but here 
again there are some exceptions. In two or three species 
only of the Bornean Ofisthostoma prickly adornment attains 
remarkable development. 

‘‘There is a perfect gradation from shells with rounded 
whorls ornamented with simple oblique striation, like 
O. baritense, to the form O. grandispinosum, in which the 
spines assume such a marvellous perfection. In O. wallacet 
the whorls are angulated at the middle, as if indicating the 
place from whence the spines would eventually develop. In 
O. jucundum they make their first appearance, in O. pulchellum 
they. are still more pronounced. O. everetti exhibits yet 
further development, the maximum being reached in O. muira- 
bilis and O. grandispinosum. The former of these is more 
beautifully graceful and more delicate in structure than the 
latter,—indeed, it is difficult to recall among all the thousands 
of marvellous forms of land shells anyas strikingly wonderful 
as this tiny creation of beauty ; its minuteness increases our 
admiration of its perfection. The fragile tapering spire of a 
pale brownish tint, the erect glassy hollow spines, bristling 
all round the middle of the volutions, the more curved ones 
curling beneath the base, the trumpet-like aperture defended 
behind as it were by ashield of glass,—these are some of the 
principal characteristics of this most delicate and wonderful 
structure. 

“Grandispinosum has a very spider-like look, the spines 
curling over like so many claws ready to clutch an enemy. 
The curious manner in which the last whorl is contorted 
makes it difficult to follow the design of the shell itself. Up 
to a certain period it has the normal appearance of a dextral 
conical shell; the last volution then commences its erratic 
course, making a complete curve up the spire and then to 
the right, carrying the aperture even above the apex. This 
peculiar production of the whorl makes it difficult without 
consideration to say whether it is a dextral or sinistral shell 
we have before us. 


64 


“One would probably at first sight guess wrongly upon 
this point with regard to all the other Bornean forms, for the 
apertures are so decidedly on the left of the spire. This, 
however, does not in reality make them sinistral shells, but 
the left-handed appearance arises merely from a peculiar 
twist and retroversion of the body-whorl, which turns the 
aperture backwards. 

‘‘One question forces itself upon us: To what end is all 
this extraordinary development of sculpture? We can well 
suppose in the case of the succulent murex or cockle, to be 
covered all over with strong bristling spines would make the 
hungry fish shy of attack; but in the case of these tiny 
Opisthostoma one would almost imagine that their bodies, a 
mere microscopic film, would hardly be worth attacking, yet 
some carnivorous beetle may rove about in Borneo in the 
home of these little creatures, whose onslaught may be averted 
by the bristling array of spikes; and some bird, always 
pecking at something, may hesitate to prick its tongue. 
That this marvellous ‘ sculpture’ has its meaning, and is of 
some advantage to its possessor, we may rest assured, but 
that we shall ever fathom its purpose is less than likely.” 


DECEMBER 2th, 1901. 
Mr. W. J. Lucas, Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Newnham, of Hersham, Surrey, was elected a member. 

Mr. McArthur exhibited a male specimen of Lastocampa 
quercuis taken at Brighton, having the female coloration. 

Mr. Kirkaldy exhibited a specimen of what he supposed to 
be the Heteropteron Reduviolus ferus. This example had the 
wings on one side fully developed (macropterous), while 
those on the other side were only partially developed 
(brachypterous). He noted that this development was most 
rare. 

Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited series of Lepidoptera that he 
had recently captured or reared, and contributed notes on 
some of them as follows: 

“Series of Selenia illunaria.—The first specimen, a female, 
is one of three taken at Shoreham, Kent, in April this year, 
and is rather large and dark. The remainder were bred 
from ova laid by these females. The larve, although 
hatching all about the same time, fed up and pupated very 
irregularly, and the moths began to emerge in July. The 


65 


last female in the column, which emerged in October, 
resembles the captured specimen ; and the two above, which 
also emerged in October, are not quite ordinary in their 
markings. The remainder are somewhat larger than 
captured July specimens that I have taken. The moths are 
still coming out at odd intervals, but unfortunately most of 
the later ones are cripples. 

“‘ Dicycla oo (three), taken at treacle at Chingford, July 
13th and 14th, rgor. 

“Series of Bryophila glandifera from Hythe, Kent, taken at 
the end of August, Igor. 

‘“* A very large number of cocoons of this species were also 
found, but of the pupze taken go per cent. were ichneumoned. 

“Also a single B. glandifera, from Dawlish, the only one 
I succeeded in finding during a very boisterous day in August 
this year. 

“Series of Aczdalia marginepunctata from Hythe, Kent, and 
from Porlock, Somerset. All the specimens were taken in 
August, 1901. The Somerset examples are much darker 
than the Kentish ones.” 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a number of butterflies collected 
last summer in Spain, amounting to about eighty-one 
species, and read a paper on the excursion during which 
they were collected. He gave some details as to travelling 
and the accommodation met with, and some notes on the 
geography and topography, as well as on the mode of life of 
the inhabitants of the district visited. 

This was the Albarracin Sierra, an upland hilly country 
lying between Cuenca and Teruel, about halfway between 
Madrid and the eastern coast of Spain. He mentioned that 
quite recent railway extension makes it now easy to visit, 
even compared with the state of affairs last summer. 

The butterflies included Satyrus priewrt and its variety 
uhagonis, with seven other species of Satyrus. Evebta zapatert, 
and two very distinct forms of L.corydon, viz. var. corydontus 
and /ispana, which occurred on adjacent, and even on the 
same ground, but had no intermediate forms, and behaved, 
in fact, as distinct species, the precisely similarly related L. 
hylas and its variety nivescens, etc. 

(The paper-is printed in full in ‘‘ Entom. Record” for 
1902.) 


66 


JANUARY oth, 1902. 
Mr. W.-J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Tonge, of Red Hill, Surrey, was elected a member. 

Mr. Hewitt exhibited a specimen of the scarce Homopteron 
Cicadetta montana, caught flying in the sunshine in Stubby 
Copse, New Forest, on July 7th, 1go1. 

Mr. Robt. Adkin exhibited five specimens of Melamippe 
galiata that emerged from pupz on December 8th last. The 
ova were deposited between August 22nd and 27th, they 
hatched between 29th of that month and September 6th, 
and the larve went to earth between September 24th 
and October 13th. No emergences took place until 
December 8th, when the five perfect examples now ex- 
hibited and one cripple came forth; nor have any others 
appeared since. The cage in which the larve were fed up, 
and in which the pupe have since been kept, has throughout 
been exposed to the weather, except so far as being protected 
from both rain and direct sunshine. The temperature at the . 
time was very uniform and mild, the range between the day 
max. and night min. being only 3°, viz. 55° and 52° respectively. 

Mr. McArthur exhibited several specimens of Triphena 
comes, bred on December 26th and 27th, 1go1, from ova laid 
by a female taken in July, 1go1, in the Isle of Lewis. One 
specimen was of a very rich deep red ground colour, and 
another had a wide brilliant red submarginal line on the 
very dark ground of the fore-wings. 

Mr. E. Step read some notes on the nightjar (Caprimulgus 
euvopeus), and exhibited lantern photographs of the eggs and 
young birds. He expressed the opinion that the colouring 
of both eggs and birds was protective. He had been so 
fortunate as to secure a photograph of the two chicks im- 
mediately after they had emerged from the eggs, whilst the 
shells were still wet and present ; another photograph showed 
the same birds when two days old, and others depicted an 
older example couching among heath plants and on the limb 
of an oak. The newly hatched birds hissed when handled, 
and on a peculiar call from the mother-bird at a distance 
they darted among the heather stems, going in opposite 
directions. They were able to fly a hundred yards when 
fourteen days old. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited a few slides illustrative of particular 
natural objects in the south-west district, including the 


67 


corner of the Black Pond frequented by the smaller dragon- 
flies, and the large silver birch at the western end of the 
ond. 

2 Mr. Main exhibited lantern slides of the larve of Samia 
cecropia and of Amphidasys betularia; the imago of Pieris 
nap drying its wings after emergence from the adjoining 
chrysalis case ; and a batch of ova of Macrothylacia (Bombyx) 
rubt on a sprig of heather. 


FANUARY 237d, 1902. 


ANNUAL MEETING. 
Mr. F. Noap CLark, Vice-President, in the Chair. 


The balance-sheet was received and adopted, and the 
Report of the Council and Officers was read. 

The following list was read of Officers and Council elected 
for the ensuing session : 

President.—F. Noad Clark. 

Vice-Presidenis:—_H S; Fremlin, M.R.C:S:, L.B:C:P., 

Bi Sat otep sh: lS. 

Treasurer.—T. W. Hall, F.E.S. 

Librarian.—H. A. Sauzé. 

Curator.—W. West. 

Hon. Secretaries.—Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., etc. (Corre- 

sponding); H. J. Turner, F.E.S. (Report). 

Council.—W. J. Ashdown; J. H. Carpenter, F.E.S.; T. A. 

Chapman, oMiDie Bar iS8; tAccpearrison;| )F.C.S., 
HOLS, -b. eros te 2). eucas;45eAn, BE. Sass Main, 
B.Sc, F.ES.; alle W. Tutt, F.ESS. 

Owing to the serious accident which befell the President 
for the year, Mr. Fremlin, he had been incapacitated from 
all literary and scientific work, and thus there was no 
annual address. 

A very sincere vote of condolence with the President was 
passed, coupled with hearty best wishes for his speedy 
recovery to health. 

Votes of thanks were unanimously passed to the Officers 
and Council. 

Mr. Robt. Adkin exhibited a long series of Acidalia aversata 
bred from one banded female, a portion of them emerged in 
the autumn of 1tgo0o and the remainder in the summer of 
1go1, and made the following remarks: 

‘Continuing my note on this brood (Proc. roa p92); 


68 


the whole of the remaining larve, forty-five in number, 
passed safely through hybernation, and by May 4th were 
beginning to spin up; the first moth appeared on June 2nd, 
their order of emergence being— 

June 2nd, 3 plain, 1 banded, 


» 4th, 3 ,, 
” 5th, 2 ” Z oe 
cB) 6th, 3] ” 4 ” 
a) 7th, I 99 I aie, 
99 8th, I 99 
2p QLD, VL! tok RAB AS No 
99 roth, I 99 3 99 
99 r1th, I 99 2 a) 
r2th I 


29 d 99 
—thirty-eight in all, eighteen being of the plain form and 
twenty of the banded. It will thus be seen that the propor- 
tion of plain and banded forms in both portions of the brood 
were very similar, nor was there any appreciable difference 
in the size of the individuals or in the intensity of their 
markings, each containing both strongly and faintly banded 
examples. 
In point of sex, however, the proportion of females was 
much greater in the later portion of the brood than in the 
earlier, 70 per cent. of the moths emerging in the autumn 
being males, as against just over 70 per cent. females of 
those that emerged in the spring from the larve that had 
passed through hybernation ; but it should be noted that in 
neither case did the whole of the larve produce imagines. 
Mr. Garrett exhibited a living specimen of Dasychira pudt- 
bunda which had just emerged in the open. 
Dr. Chapman exhibited— 
1. Three forms of Polyommatus (Ly- | 
cena) corydon : 
(a) Switzerland, greenish blue 
(b) Spain, violet blue 
(c) Spain, white 
2. Two forms of Lycena damon : 
(a) Switzerland, blue 
(b) Spain, green 
3. Three forms of Lycena hylas: 
(a) Switzerland, blue 
(b) Spain, blue 
(c) Spain, white 
4.Exceedingly dwarf Plebeius (Lycana) agon from Switzer- 
land, measuring only 18°5 mm. =- 0°73 inch in expanse, © 


| Each form being 
| representative not 
of individual varia- 
! tion, but of geo- 
graphical race. 


69 


Mr. Step exhibited a number of photographs comprising 
studies of wild flowers, many having been taken at the 
Society’s Field Meetings. 

Mr. A. Harrison exhibited in the lantern a large series of 
slides taken from the illustrations in Douglas English’s work, 
“Photography for Naturalists,” together with a number 
made by Mr. Main, Mr. Step, and himself. 


EPRRATA 


Page 13, line 16, delete ‘‘ Zonaria punctularia (Main).” 

Page 16, line 7. from. bottom, for. ‘‘ Chorentes” read 
** Choreutes.”’ 

Page 16, line 6 from bottom, for ‘‘ Alucita (Polydactyla) hexa- 
dactyla’’ read ‘‘ Alucita hexadactyla (polydactyla).” 

Page 23, line 14, for ‘‘ Dicteopteryx”’ read “‘ Dictyopteryx.” 


INDEX. 


Ot 
AGH PAGE 
Acherontia atropos,Mr. R. Adkin’s Fungus on Acacia exhibited ... 44 
notes on 28,31, | Gall excrescences on hornbeam . 43 
33 | Galls exhibited 45 
oF o) sound _—pro- “Gasteropod family Xenophori- 
duced by ... 31 de,’ Mr. eee s notes on 
Amber, insects in : » ds the ne ae esas 
Annual Meeting .. aes ee a Geological systems oat AP ba | 
Balance-sheet doc Gordius from a butterfly, a ane 
Birds’ nests and eggs 12, 15, 17, 22, 34 Gurnard fish, sound produced by 32 
Boarmia repandata, Mr. Mc- Gynandrous x betularia 37 
Arthur's note on oo ... 54 | Homoptera presented to the 
Buff variety of A. betularia ... 45 Society .. cue “0! DO 
Butterflies from Spain, exhibited Insects from California ... . 30 
by Dr. Chapman ane save 00 »  imamber =... soe sae pack 
Cacti exhibited ... 46 | Lantern flies, Mr. ee 
Caddis-flies... ... a tee We noteson ., 27 
Caprimulgus europaus ... eee ee cn slides exhibited 66, "67, 69 
Caradrina ambigua, Mr. R. Larva cage, a novel é A9 
Adkin’s notes on wide Rea AS: » of A. marginepunctata ex- 
Cork composition... 4 88 hibited 35 
Cossus ligniperda, Mr. R. Adhin: Ss » of M. stellatarum, Dariition 
notes on. 47 ofthe ... 566 41 
Cumberland beetles, Ur. F. ie Leaf-cutting bee, a mes we 43 
Day on ... “e “e ... 44 | Lepidoptera cee in 1901_.... 34 
Desmids ... ie se sve od ss Mr. F. M. B. Carr’s 
Donations to Collections... nok notes on ... we 64 
ne to Library ... xiv | Limpet, fresh-water pic w. «6383 
Entomostracon, a little-known ... 40 | Lizard exhibited, a living ie, Oe 
Exhibition of varieties ... ... 56 | London sparrow ‘and dragon- flies, 
os »» introductory the 42 
remarks by Lycenidz exhibited by Dr. Chap- 
Mr. Lucas 56 Man ae 68 
Field meetings— Melanippe galiata imago- in De- 
Brasted wis foc 48. cember ... Boe 20 . 66 
Byfleet ae 56c ... 15 | Members, list of . a ili 
Mickleham ... SoC ... 17 | Metal glass- topped ‘boxes 6 
Oxshott aa mac 11,52 | “ Molluscan genus Opisthostoma,” 
Fire-fly, Mr. Adkin’s note on the 34 Mr. Manger’s paper on the 62 
“‘ Fossil Insects,” paper by Mr. Nabine exhibited.. 50 
West... nee See .. 1 | “ Natural History of the Guildford 
Fossil insects _... =. vas es District,” paper by Mr. EF. B. 
Fulgorine exhibited —... ona Oo Bishop ... 30 
Fungi cod aoe see roc OY | Nightjar, Mr. Step’ s notes on the 66 


PAGE 


“Notes on my Garden,” 
F. Noad Clark 
“Notes on Rearing Lepidoptera,” 
paper by Mr. A. i. Montgomery 
Objects of the Society 
Odonata, etc., exhibited ... 
Officers and Council ses i, 
Orthetrum  cancellatum, J. 
Enock’s note on 
Parnassius apollo and P. delius, 
Dr. Chapman’s notes on 
Partridge at Holloway 
Past Presidents 
Photographs of lepidopterous ova 
Pied blackbird .,, ae 
Plants at Oxshott 
>» exhibited, WZ. 
marks on sis pac 
Plusia gamma and P. moneta, 
Mr. R. Adkin’s notes on was 
Preserving colour of G. papilio- 
Maviay 
President’s address : 
Pupating burrow of Seardia boleti, 
Dr. Chapman’s note on cee 
Rearing Acidalia aversata, I. R. 
Adkin’s note on a 
Report of the Council... 
Reports of Field meetings : 
Oxshott, by Mr. Lucas 
Byfleet, by Mr. Lucas see 
Mickleham, by Messrs, Ash- 
down and Step 
Brasted, by Mr. R. Adkin.. 
Oxshott (fungi), by Mr. Step 
Seed-pods exhibited - 
Shells exhibited es Oy. 
South-eastern Union of Scientific 
Societies... 2 
Sparrow, abnormal development 
of a x 
Spiders exhibited, “two 
35 hybernating re 
“ Spiders,” Mr. F. Percy ‘Smiti’s 
paper on 
“Spring Notes,” 
Step. 
Starry puff- ball exhibited. 
Stinkhorn, the - 
Subscription 06 oe 
“The Recent Advances in the 
Study of Heredity,” address ey 
Mr. Bateson ... 
Tipula exhibited, early stages of a 
Trap-door spiders’ nests exhibited 
Varieties exhibited : 
Amphidasys betularia 
Aphantopus hyperanthus 


by Mr. 


Dixon’s re- 


ore 


“paper 4 Mr. 


39 


Varieties exhibited—continued. 
Arctia caia .., 
Argynnis adippe, 57; papi, 


PAGE 


46; selene, 62; sp. ‘ 45 
Epinephele eel 45 ; 

tithonus s 46, 50 
Fidonia atomaria 50 
Lasiocampa quercils... 64 


Luperina testacea 


Melitza athalia, 58; cinxia 38, 62 


24, 


Pieris brassice 57 
Polyommatus icarus... 24 
Smerinthus tilize 39 
Sphinx ligustri 42 
Thecla rubi ... 38 
Zonosoma porata 38 
“ Vezetable wax”’ exhibited 46 
“* Wild Life in Nature,” lecture by 
Mr. R. Kearton aC so 
Zootoca vivipara ... 12 
Borany. 
Ajuga chamepitys 18, 61 
Anemone nemorosa Jia} 
Anthriscus sylvestris 11 
Aster tripolium ee son (al 
Atropa belladonna aes oon dks! 
Berberis vulgaris .., was se 7 
Bryonia dioica 17 
Caltha palustris ; . 44 
Centaurea calcitrapa, 61; ‘scabiosa l7/ 
Claytonia perfoliata 11 
Clematis vitalba ... aly 
Corydalis claviculata 36 
Cotyledon umbilicus 35 
Cynoglossum officinale 18 
Echium vulgare 18 
Epilobium angustifolium.. 12 
Epipactis palustris ac 15 
Eriophorum polystachyon it] 
Erodium cicutarium 11 
Galeopsis tetrahit... so 41 
Galium saxatile 17 
Genista anglica let 
Geranium molle, ibe striatum 36, 60 
Habenaria conopsea 61 
Helianthemum vulgare ... iad ied 
Helleborus feetidus 300 sean JOO 
Humulus lupulus ... a3 17 
Juniperus communis... Aree Y/ 
Lactuca saligna 61 
Lepidium campestre 17 
Lychnis vespertina a 17 
Lysimachia nemorum ..,. apne, tll 
Menyanthes trifoliata 15 
Mertensia maritima 42 


PAGE 
Myosotis arvensis, 61; umbrosa, 61; 
versicolor aes Sa ne Ll 
Nepeta glechoma .. suo ail 
Orchis latifolia, 61; mavalatn a) OL: 
Orobanche major and minor a a7 


Parnassia palustris Se Ol 
Peucedanum sativum... 17 
Polygala amara, 60 ; calcarea, 60; 
vulgaris .. 556 17, 60 
Polygonum niseonta sue a Ol 
Prunella vulgaris . 200 seat) jill 
Pyrus‘torminalis .. pec osc soo, | Kalil 
Reseda lutea‘and luteola... coy hy, 
Samolus valerandi boo jon. Gil 
Sarothamnus amen due ee 
Scilla nutans : 11 
Sedum acre, 17; “anglicum, 35; 
telephium ase 900 360 ll 
Silene maritima ... wee wee ee 
Stellaria graminea nas Serco! tl 
Tamus communis... 3ac soo ete 
Taxus baccata ... no a0. ala 
Teucrium botrys ... noe so, .OL 
Thymus serpyllum poe Sone ld 


Viola palustris... a0: Spoils 


CoLEOrTERA. 
Adalia bipunctata Sec Bro eb 
Agabus arcticus ... 498 se. 44 
Agnotes obscurus ee ong Ihe 
Agriotes pallidulus ane vee AZ 
Anaspis frontalis ... Boe noo alle 
Anatis ocellata... non dL 


‘Ancistronycha abdominalis wee 44 
Anisosticta 19-punctata ... pode is 


Anisotoma calearata Soc sng ls 
Anoplodera sexguttata ... son = Gil 
Anthonomus pedicularius noc 
Apion difforme, 19; ait 16; 
hydrolapathi, 16; pisi . goo) edb, 
Asemum strialatum cin soo Gul 
Athous hemorrhoidalis ... aga Alle 
Bagous alismatus... pdt pam Ao) 
Balaninus nucum ... oa: tees aid 
Batophila rubi_... 408 sabe dy) 
Bradycellus collaris oad ww. 44 
Campylus linearis... a9 16 
Cassida equestris ... : 96) 43 
Chilochorus bipustulatus... ne ae 
Choleva cisteloides, 18; chryso- 
meloides... : 500 so. ws, 
Cicindela campestris, 12;  syl- 
vatica ... ae 508 sce) wl 
Cistela murina_... nee) geo 


Clytus arietis, 57 ; inysticus ele)’ 


PAGE 
Coccinella bipunctata, 16, 22, 40; 
10-punctata, 12, 16, 18; I1- 
punctata, 12, 22; 7-punctata, 


22; sedecimguttata ee 4] 
Crepidodera betule, 12 ferru- 

ginea, 19; transversa . sac 1M 
Cryptocephala ase 16 ; labi- 

atus ao: ma ls) 
Cyclonotum orbiculare nad ssg le 
Demetrias atricapillus ... sop) ls) 
Deporaiis betule ... aus ey LO 
Donacia bicolora, 16, 35; cinerea, 


16, 85; crassipes, 40; discolor, 


16, 85, 44; semicuprea, 16, 35; 
sericea, 16, 35, 41; simplex, 33 35; 
versicolera eae are -< , Ail 
Dorcus parallelopipedus ... sag, dl) 
Elater balteatus ... ae male pale 
Galerucella sagittarie ... ueelO 
Grammoptera ruficornis, 19; taba- 
ercolors.. 19 
Halyzia conglobata, 12, 22; 14- 
guttata, 12; 18-guttata sos, ili 
Harpalus fetes ade Seq Milles) 
Helops striatus... is Bate 2 
Hydrothassa hannoverana ene ae: | 
Hylastinus obscurus pot Bool 0 ai0) 
Hylobius abietis ... see ove ue 
Hypera rumicis .., a8 eee AO 
Hyphydrus ovatus ae say welee 
llybius fenestratus He tae 
Lacon murinus .., 50: etlG 
Lemophleus ater ae oo BY 
Leistus rufibarbus tc any Le 
Liopus nebulosus ,.. 585 vee AL 
Liparus coronatus pac vepy ah 
Lucanus cervus ... x6 Po 


Luperus flavipes and rufipes erie 5) 
Malachius De eantaths 16,19; 


viridis... : AP pes 4Y) 
Malthinus punctatus ‘19, 22 
Meligethes viridescens ... we 6 
Micraspis 12- punctata ... see) 28 
Molorchus minor 57 
Mycetophagus quadripunctulatus 32 
Mysia oblongo-guttata ... scoula 
Nacerdes melanura 19, 22 
Necrophorus humator .., peut 
Noterus capricornus of or te 
Notoxus monoceros aise sagee fil 
(Edemera lurida ... ax soa LS 
Othosis salicaree ... n00 sop 6 
Otiorrhynchus picipes... Sie 
Pachyta cerambyciformis ten OU 


Phedon armoraciz, 16; cochliarer 16 

Phlzophthorus rhododactylus ... 50 

Phyllobius argentatus, 12; calca- 
ratus, 16; pyri ost a tle 


Phytodecta olivacea < 

Pityophagus ferrugineus... 

Pogonocherus dentatus ... 

Polydrusus cervinus 

Pyrophorus noctilucus 

Rhagium bifasciatum 

Rhagonycha fulva, 22 ; pallidus... 

Rhantus exoletus.. ; 

Rhynchites cupreus, 44; nanus. 

Saccophilus obscurus 

Saprinus nitidulus 

Sitones puncticollis 

Spherites glabratus 

Stenus speculator... 

Strangalia nigra ... 

Strophosomus coryli 

Tachinus humeralis 

Telephorus abdominalis, 44; bi- 
color, 16 ; darwinianus, 44 ; 
flavilabris, 19 : Resmorniodalia: 

9; lituratus, 16; lividus, 16; 

nigricans, 16; pellucidus 

Thryogenes festucee 

Toxotus meridianus 


6 


HEMIPTERA. 


Acanthosoma dentatum, 13; gri- 
seum 360 

Acocephalus albifrons, 46 ; brun- 
neo-bifasciatus, 46 ; flav ostria- 
tus : 

Centrotus cornutus 

Cerynia maria 

Cicadetta montana 

Coquilletia insignis 

Corixa meesta ; 

Gastrodes ferrugineus 

Geisha punctatissima 

Gerris lacustris, 13; 
odontogaster 

Hansenia pulverulenta 

Hydrometra stagnorum . 

Microvelia pygmza 

Naucoris cimicoides 

Nepa cinerea 

Notonecta glauca.. 

Orectodorus obliquus 

Pyrops candelarius, 27 ; maculatus 

Ranatra linearis .. 

Reduviolus ferus ... 

Stictocoris flaviola 

Tomaspis vulnerata 

Triecphora vulnerata 


najas, 37; 


LEPIDOPTERA. 


Abraxas grossulariata, 26, 27; 
ulmata ... ses ia 


39 


26 


PAGE 

Adela viridella ... oh ree lis 
Acidalia aversata, 23, 67; dilu- 
taria, 28; imitaria, 23; in- 


canaria, 23; marginepunctata, 
35, 65; remutaria, 6, 16, 23; 


virgularia afi 00 38 20 
Acherontia atropos 28, 31, 33 
Aciptilia pentadactyla ... Seana! Ute! 


Acontia luctuosa, 18; urania ... 55 
Acronycta aceris, 18; menyan- 
thidis, 59; psi, 18, 22; strigosa 36 
Agriopis aprilina ... 55, 59 
Agrotis ee 58; porphyrea, 
22; ripe, 42; segetum, 18; 
strigula, 22; tritici a5 58 
Alucita hexadactyl, 16 ; polydac- 


tyla abe is} Is 
Ambulyx donysa, “BS; ganascus, 
58 ; rostralis, 58 ; strigilis 53 


Amphidasys betularia, 18, 36, 37, 

45; doubledayaria ... . 36 
nants myrtilli ... See “13; 22 
Anisopteryx escularia 16, 28 
Anthrocera conufluens, 60; trifolii 60 
Anticlea badiata ... ag seo, alfe} 


Aplecta nebulosa, 26 ; robsoni 26 
Arctia caia 24, 40 
Argynnis adippe, 87; aglaia, 22 ; 
chlorodippe, 57 ; iaenoniay: 62; 
paphia, 5, 59; valesina woh tS, 
Asphalia flavicornis : scone 
Asthena candidata, 18, 18; lu- 
teata 18, 23 
Bapta taminata and temerata ... 16 
Blabophanes ferruginella Te, ao 
Boarmia cinctaria, 22; consor- * 
taria, 16, 47 ; repandata, 22, 54, 
58; sodorensium Hee OS 
Bombyx neustria, 13, 16, 18; 
rubi 5 cop eels 13, 36 
Bomolocha crassalis, 23; fontis... 23 
Botys pandalis... “ise seg dls) 
Brenthis selene... a0e son OH 
Bryophila glandifera, 53, €5; 
muralis, 53; perla ue soa BBE 
Bupalis piniaria ... 13, 23 
Cabera exanthemaria, 16, ‘18, 23 ; 
pusaria ... 16, 18, 23 
Calligenia miniata es Bee 
Calocampa exoleta 55 
Calymnia trapezina Ai0¢ LG 
Camptogramma bilineata 18, 23 


Caradrina ambigua, 26; morpheus 18 

Catocala nupta onc cw AO 

Catoptria albersana, 16; ulicetana 238 

Cerastis spadicea, 59, 60; vaccinii 60 

Cerura vinula_.... “0° eG 

Charaxes jasius ae 29 
6 


PAGE 
Cheimatobia brumata 16 
Chcerocampa porcellus 6 
Choreutes myllerana 16 
Chrysophanus phleas 5 


Cidaria corylata, 16; fuivata, 6, 
23; truncata 200 eee 
Cilix glaucata : 18 
Cnethocampa pityocampa nee tOd 
Ccenonympha pamphilus 13, 16,18, 22 
Coleophora alcyonipennella, 27, 
28; deauratella, 27; frischella, 
27; fuscedinella, 13; geniste, 
13 ; ibipennella, 13 ; ochrea, 27 ; 


47 


pyrrhulipennella, 13; _ sali- 

corniz, 27; vibicella ... fom. dl 
Colias edusa, 58; hyale ... 48, 57, 58 
Coremia ferrugata, 58; uni- 

dentaria... as ‘sis 13 
Cossus ligniperda ... 47 
Crambus pratellus 18 
Cucullia umbratica 18 
Cymatophora duplaris 60 
Cymatophoropsis sinuata... 50 
Dasycampa rubiginea 60 
Dasychira pudibunda eS 
Dianthecia i 62; luteago, 

62; nana sec 
Dicranura vinula .. re : _ 16, 40 
Dicrorampha plumbana ,., 16 
Dictyopteryx leeflingeana 23 
Dicycla oo.. 65 
Diloba ceruleocephala 18 
Drepana falcataria ; alo 
Elachista luticomella, 23 ; rufo- 

cinerea ... mee) 
Kmaturga atomaria 13, 16, 23 
Emmelesia affinitata, is alche- 

millata ... a sel 
Ephyra pendularia, 16; “porata, 

16; punctaria ., 13, 16 
Epinephele janira.., 18, 22 
Epunda lutulenta.,., 60 
Erastria fuscula .., 45 16 
Eriocrania purpurella, 14; sangii, 

14; semipurpurella 14 
Euchelia jacob... ae 16, 18 
Euchloé cardamines 18, 17,18, 22,39 
Eugonia polychloros 39, 47 
Eupisteria heparata, 138, 16; 

obliterata 5 «926 
Eupithecia castigata, te ‘nanata, 

18, 23; venosata, 18 ; vulgata 16 
Eurrhypara urticata 18, 38 
Eurymene dolobraria 22 


Fumea casta Higa cko: 
Gelechia ericetella, ‘1B; tenebrella 27 
Geometra papilionaria, 41, 42; 


vernaria... Bea 23 


74 


PAGK 
Gnophos obscurata 13 
Gnophria quadra ... sae OO 
Goniodoma auroguttella, 27; 
limoniella : raige et 
Gonopteryx rhamni 13,16, 13 
Graellsia isabella... 44 
Habrosyne dieckmanni 51 
Hadena dentina, 18; th: Ahesina 18 
Halia wavaria 6 
Hecatera serena ... 18 
Hemerophila abruptaria .. 13 
Hepialus lupulinus 16 
Hesperia sylvanus 18 


Hybernia defoliaria, 16, 18, 57; 


leucophzaria, 28, 60; margi- 

naria, 16, 28,60; rupicapraria,.. 28 
Hydrilla palustris... aoe Sees 
Hylophila bicolorana, 16; quer- 

Cinaa ee. fe. Satan 
Hypena proboscidalis 18, 23 
Hyponomeuta padellus ... ao (OY 
Hypsipetes elutata, 16, 23; implu- 

viata, 16; sordidata 18, 23 
Jodis lactearia 18, 23 
Lagoa crispata... 33e noo 
Larentia didyma, 58; multistri- 

garia, a pectinitaria, 23; 

viridata .. 23 
Lasiocampa callune, 37 ; quer- 

ets ' 37, 64 
Laspeyresia ulicetana ds 
Leucania comma, 18; lithargyria, 

22; pallens we rag, 
Leucophasia sinapis 38, 59 
Ligdia adustata ve 12S 
Lithocolletis ulmifoliella J Pls 
Lithosia mesomella, 22; molyb- 

deola, 60; sericea ae OG 
Lobophora poly commata, 42 ; 

sexalisata ach a6 
Lomaspilis marginata 16, 23 
Lophopteryx cuculla 50 
Luperina testacea aC wee, a 
Lycena admetus, 62; egon, 68; 

argiolus, 16, 18; corydon, 65, 

68 ; coryd nius, 65; damon, 68; 

dolus, 62; hispana, 65; hylas, 

65, 68; icarus, 18; nivescens, 

65; rippertii, 62; vittata 62 
Macaria liturata, 18, 23; notata 23 
Macroglossa stellatarum .... 22, 41, 42 


Mamestra anceps, 22; sordidata 22 
Mania typica 6 a a9 
Melanippe fluctuata, 16, 18, 23; 
galiata, 66; montanata, 16, 18, 
33 ; obscurata, 55; procellata, 
18, 23; rivata, 28; sociata, 18, 
23, 55; subtristata .,. 13,15, 23 


Melanthia sp ecaae nee 23; bi- 
colorata .. 6 
Melitza athalia, 58; aurinia, 30 ; 


cinxia 38, 62 
Metrocampa mar gar itaria Oso 
Miana bicoloria, 22; furuncula... 22 
Micropteryx : oe pecwrlies 
Miselia capucina, 60; oxyacanthe, 6, 

138, 59, 60 
Narycia monilifera ahC souls 
Nemeobius lucina Sian ag BY) 
Noctua xanthographa .., cpa NS) 
Nyssia hispidaria ... aes Sco) 
Odontopera bidentata... sca LY) 
Oeketicus omnivorus ... sae 5D 
Olindia ulmana ... a smaleae 
Oporabia dilutata... 13, 16 
Orthosia lota Sec fic see LG 
Pachetra leucophzea soc OO 
Pachnobia alpina ... ner acetao 
Panagra petraria ... sac ars 
Panolis piniperda... bias fcr a elo) 
Papilio agesilaus, 41 ; archesilaus, 


41; asiaticus, 41 ; cresphontes, 
41; lactinus, 53 ; marcellus, 41; 
peon, 41; paris, 41; walshii, 41 


Pardia bipunctana i el 
Parnassius apollo, 55; delius ... 56 
Pempelia palumbella .., sa 28} 
Phalera bucephala sc Roce ee 


Phibalapteryx tersata, 23 ; vital- 


bata ai 18, 23 
Phigalia pedaria, 28; pilosaria 13, 16 
Phlegethontius convolvuli Son Ot 
Phorodesma pustulata... oa ELS 
Phoxopteryx diminutana, 16; mit- 

terpacheriana ... 600. AS 


Phytometra nea, 16 ; viridaria 16 
Pieris brassice, 57 ; bry onie, 58; 

daplidice, 58 ; napi, 13, 16, 18, 

22, 30, 58; rape, 7,13, 16, 18, 24 
Pionea forficalis ... as 13, 18 
Plusia chrysitis, 22; gamma, 18, 

22, 58,62; moneta ... ce Do 


Plutella anulatella ss w 30 
Peecilocampa populi nee eel 
Polyommatus bellargus, 25; icarus 24, 

25 


Porthesia similis .., 16, 18 
Pseudoterpna cytisaria, 13, 16, 23; 

pruinata... 13, 23 
Retinia Baolia was "23; pinicolana 23 
Rhodophea tumidella BoC ao 


Risoba trimaculata ono, AY) 

Rumia crategata, 16, 22; luteo- 
lata nee 509 2 

Sarrothripa revayana es 51 


Saturnia carpini, 18, 22; pavonia 22 


PAGE 
Satyrus prieuri, 65; uhagonis ... 65 
Scardia boleti ... to stat) SO 
Scheenobius forficellus  ... .. 40 
Scodiona belgiaria ~ ele 
Scoparia ambigualis ace fog ks) 
Scopelosoma sutellitia ... . 22 
Scopula olivalis, 18, 23 ; prunalis 23 
Selenia illustraria, i sve 64 


Smerinthus ocellatus, 16; populi, 16, 
40 


Solenobia inconspicuella, 14; 
lichenella 14 
Sphinx convolvuli, “AY, 48, ‘58, 60 
ligustri ... 3 2,53 
Spilosoma lubricipeda soc so IE 
Symethis fabriciana, 23; oxy- 
acanthella 500 Doc . 23 


Teniocampa incerta, 18; insta- 
bilis, 16; populeti, 60; stabilis 16, 


18, 22 
Taleporia arb Rolaacah aaa 13, 
14; tubulosa ... 13, 14 


Tephrosia biundularia, “41, 59 ; 
consonaria, 23; dclnnereutin 
41; luridata, v3; ike saa OAS 13 


Thais polyxena ... 33 
Thecla betul, 17, 18, 37;  queredi, 
16; rubi 38 
Thyatira aurorina, , 50; batis, 50; 
cognata .. a 2oe son OL 
Timandra amataria Ser pine 
Tortrix xylosteana bute Sop 828. 


Trichiura aria, 37; crategi ... 37 
Triphena comes, 49, 58, 66; cur- 
tisii, 58; fimbria, 48; orbona, 

48; pronuba ; : 18, 22 
Triphosa dubitata.,.. 500 nage aks: 
Vanessa antiopa, 60; atalanta, 

18, 22; io, 50; polyehloros, 39, 

47 ; urtice ... L8, 22, 62 
Venilia maculata .. Sac eee LO 
Xylophasia zthiops, 26; mono- 

glypha, 26,58; polyoden ... 62 
Zanelognatha grisealis coc . 23 
Zonosoma linearia, 23 ; pendularia, 

60; porata, 38 ; -punetaria, 1 18, 


16; trilinearia , 23 
Mo.uuvsca. 

Anodonta anatina AGC Seal OL 
Arion ater. <s acs «as 285 
Buliminus biecurad Se sco) 9 
Bythinia tentaculata sae sean LS 
Clausilia bidentata be ee ik) 
Cyclostoma elegans wae soo, 


Haminea hydatis .., oes ao. UY! 


PAGE 
Helix acutus, 50; aspersa, 19, 62; 
cantiana, 19; caperata, 19; 
ericetorum, 50; itala, 50; ne- 
moralis, 19 ; pomatia, 19; rotun- 


data, 62; virgata ais 5 Jy 
Linnea auricularia, 15; peregra, 

15; stagnalis ... ea veel ALS 
Paludina vivipara... oe a ED 
Pisidium amnicum 5p a WD 


Planorbis albus, 15; complanatus, 
15; contortus, 15; vortex ... 15 
Purpura lapillus ... é GZ 
Sphereum corueum, 15; Tivicola 15 
Unio margantifera, 57; pictorum 15 
Zonites nitidulus ... ee eee 


NEUROPTERA. 


Aischna cyanea, 33, 42; juncea... 30 
Agrion pulchellum : 15, 38 
Anux imperator 12, 33, 36, 37, 41 
Brachytron pratense 12, 15, 33, 37, 41 
Calopteryx splendens 15, 33, 38; 


virgo... vous AG 
Centroptilum pennulatum | qj aeelS 
Chrysopa phyllochroma ... Span es SS, 
Coniopteryx psociformis... -... 12 
Cordulia cenea 12, 15, 37, 41 
Elipsocus unipunctatus ... 19 
Enallagia cyathigeruin ... 12, 15, 22 
Ephemera vulgata at aaeeLo 
Erythromma naias .. 15,33, 38 
Glyphotzlius pellucidus ... eel 
Gomphus vulgatissimus ... ye 46 


PAGE 
Hemerobius humuli, 15; limba- 
tus, 12; nitidulus, 12; stigma 12 
Ischnura elegans, 15, 38, 40; 


pumilio .. @ .6ks 
Leptophlebia submarginata cocly all 
Lestes sponsa__... sor Lou 
Leuctra fusciventris ane 12 


Libellula depressa, 15; fulva, 47, 
57; quadrimaculata 30, 37, 41 
Limnophilus centralis, 12; flavi- 


cornis, 16, 33; griseus, 12; 

marmoratus, 38;  pellucidus, 

32; rhombicus... de ae 18S 
Mystacides azurea aes PelG 
Nemoura variegata 12, 15 
Orthetrum cancellatum ... oe 3, 
Osmylus maculatus ace Soja! Aes 
Oxygastra curtisii ne erat 
Panorpa communis,15; germanica 15 
Phrygunea grandis ah 15, 38 
Platetrum depressum __... see 


Pyrrhosoma nymphula, 12, 15; 


tenellum 12, 15 
Raphidia maculicollis 12, 38 
Sialis lutaria 12, 15 


Sympetrum flaveolum, 30; san- 
guineum 30; scoticum, 12; 


striolatum ht a w 46 
ORTHOPTERA. 

Ectobia livida a i Me 22 

Forficula auricularia i] SUAS, 

Labidura riparia ... Bit .. 46 

Tettix bipunctatus anit aroma. 4) 


LONDON: KNIGHT, PRINTER, 22%, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSF, E.C, 


THE SOUTH LONDON 
Entomological & Alatural Mistory Society 


(ESTABLISHED 1872), 


HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E. 


<9 SS 


OFFICERS & COUNCIL. 
1903. 


President. 
Be STEP, OBES. 


Vice- Presidents. 
F. NOAD CLARK. ik Ee CARPENTER, BES. 


Council. 
A. HARRISON, F.C.S., F.L.S. 
G. W. KIRKALDY, F.E:S. 
W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. 


R. ADKIN, F.E.S. 
T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., 


F.E.S. 
Hw. S. PREMLIN, MER:GC:S., H. MAIN, B.Sc., F.E.S. 
F.ES. | 
Hon. Curator. Hon. Librarian. 
W. WEST (Greenwich). H. A. SAUZE. 


Hon. Treasurer. 
T. W. HALL, F.E.S., 61, West Smithfield, London, E.C. 


Hon. Secretaries. 


S. EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c. (Genéral_Sec.), 
15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E. 


H. J. TURNER, F-E.S. (Report Sec.), 
13, Drakefell Road, St. Catherine’s Park, S.E. 


WHE SOUTH LONDON 
Entomological and dlatural History Society, 


HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E, 


The Society has for its object the diffusion of Biological Science, by 
means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Collec- 
tions. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the 
Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings in each month, 
from Eight to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society's Rooms are 
easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invite 
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to 
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting 
Specimens. 


DALAL III 


S@UBSECRIPYTION. 


Seven Shillings and Sixpence per Annum, with an Entrance 
fee of Two Shillings and Sixpence. 


All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary, 


STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., &c., 
15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E. 


PAST PRESIDENES. 


1872 ... J. R. WELLMAN. | 1388-2 Do Re Bircurs he eass 
Mtg} oe 59 I) Saitetstoy aa Ff 

1874 ... 1890 ... J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. 
1875)... A. By PARN, E.E:S: | -28or = Wo He Ducwerr br Ge 
EO7O 53 \) Srseaee C.G. BARRED EES: 
1877 ..: J. P2 BARRETT: | 1893 ... J. “Weir, F.L:S., ete: 
1878 ... J. T. WILLIAMS. 1894..... E. Step, F.L.S. 

1879 ... R. STANDEN, F.E.S. | S805" =.. Le) Wie EUATD She Bes: 
1880 ... A. FICKLIN. | 18096 ... R. Sours, F.E-S, 


188... V. Ro PERKINS, HeESS: | “a8077-25 R. Apxin, F.E:S. 
1382). T..R. Birrup, FES. | ses" =<) [We hurr EeBsS: 

1883 ... J. R. WELLMAN. | 1899 ... A. Harrison, F.L.S., etc. 
1884 ... W. West, L.D.S. ly BIQCOR:.. Wi... LUucAS) BeAC BeBe: 
1885 ... R. Soutn, F.E.S. | t90r ... H.S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., ete. 
1886 ... R. Apkin, F.E.S. | rg902.... F. Noap Crark. 


riteley Goe * 


LISEVWOr MEMBERS: 


Chief subjects of Study :—%, Hymenoptera; 0, Orthoptera ; 4e, Hemiptera; 
2, Neuroptera; c, Coleoptera; @, Diptera; 7, Lepidoptera; 00/, Oology; orz 
Ornithology ; 7, Reptilia; 7z, Mollusca; cv, Crustacea; 6, Botany ; #zz, Microscopy; 
e, signifies Exotic forms. 


YEAR OF 

ELECTION. 

1886 AnpkIN, B. W., F.E.S., Brandon House, Morden Hill, Lewisham, 
S. Hie” 2, or 

1882 ADKIN, R., F.E.S., Wellfield, 4, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham, 
Sale ie 

tg0t ADKIN, R. ARMSTRONG, 4, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham, 
Siar | 97: 

1901 ARMSTRONG, RICHARD R., 55, Granville Park, Lewisham, 
BEE, 7. 

1895 ASHBY, SIDNEY R., 41, Canterbury Terrace, Elgin Avenue, 
Paddington, W. 7. 

1895 AsHDOWN, W. J., Belmont Road, Leatherhead. JZ, ¢, he. 

1888 AtTmorE, E. A., F.E.S., 48, High Street, King’s Lynn, Nor- 


1872 


folk; OW: 

AvEBURY, The Right ‘Hon!’ “Lord; . D:C.L., .F.R.S:, F.LS., 
F.G.S., F.E.S., etc., High Elms, Down, nr. Farnborough, 
Kent (Hon. Memb.) kh, 0. 


1887 Barciay, F. H., F.G.S., F.E.S., The Warren, Cromer, Norfolk. 


1884 
1896 
1887 
1889 
Ig00 
1889 
1888 


1877 


1897 
1900 
1898 
1893 


/, orn, paleontology. 
BaRKER, H. W., F.E.S., 147, Gordon Road, Peckham, S.E. 7. 
BaRNETT, TuHos. L., 81, Royal Hill, Greenwich, S.E. 2. 
BaRREN, H. E., 46, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E. Z. 
BaRRET?T, C. G., F.E.S., Tremont, Peckham Rye, S.E. 4, m 
BaRRETT, J. P., 3, St. John’s Villas, Margate. 72. 
BEAUMONT, A., F.E.S., Gosfield, Halstead, Essex. 4, ¢, he, orn. 
BENNETT, W. H., F.E.S., 15, Wellington Place, Hastings. 4, «. 
Bituups, T. R., F.E.S., 20, Swiss Villas; Coplestone Road, 
Peckham, S.E. 4, 0, ¢, d, he. 
Bisnop, E. B., 79, Alexandra Road, Wimbledon, S.W. 
BLENKARN, S. A., Clifton House, E. Dulwich, S.E. 7. 
Baiss, M..F. 2. 
Bonp-Smiru, W., Potton, near Sandy, Beds. 7, 


lv 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1898 
1895 


1902 


1887 


1891 
1887 


i8go 
1893 
1895 
1898 
1890 


1900 
1897 


1890 


1903 
1888 
1889 


1886 


1899 
1899 


1877 
1872 


1897 
1898 


1888 
1896 


1887 


BouskELL, F., F.E.S., Sandown Road, Knighton, Leicester. 2. 

Bowman, K., 18, Victoria Road, Clapham Common, S.W. Z. 

Boxun,@, ko L., 157, Burt Ash dati itee, Sias +7 

Briegs, "CAL, F-E.S., Rock House, 1 Lynmouth Rs, OF 
N. Devon, JZ, m, n, 0, British fishes. 

Briccs, H. Mean, 8, High Street, Canterbury. JZ, orn. 

Brices, T. H., M.A., F.E:Ss*Rock House, Lynmouth, R.s:03 
N= Devon, Z. 


BristowE, B. A., F.E.S., The Cottage, Stoke d’Abernon, 
UITeY. | 2. 


Bristower, L. W., Durlstone, Champion Hill, S.E. 2 

Brooks, W., Grange Hall, Rotherham. 7. 

BroomeE, E. G., Hurst Vicarage, Twyford, Berks. 2. 

Brown, E. W., Capt., 61, Church Road, Gorleston, nr. Yar- 
mouth (2nd Royal West Kent Regiment). 2 

BRowNE, G. B., 43, Southbrook Road, Lee, S.E. 72 

Burr, Matcoum, B..,,.B.A., F.Z.8,, Fol.Ss, Bull.S4)-bellasio: 
E. Grinstead. 0. 

But Ler, W. E., F.E.S., Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading, 
EC: 


Cannon, F. G., 7, Fordwych Road, Hampstead, N. 


CaANSDALE, W.D., F.E.S., Sunny Bank, South Norwood,S.E. 7. 

Cant, A., F.E.S., 10, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 
Z, mt. 

CARPENTER, J. H., F.E.S., Vice-President, Riverdale, Leather- 
head, Surrey. Z. 

Carr, F. B.,.46, Handen Road, ee, S.E., 7. 

Carr, F. M. B., The Choristers’ School, The Close, Salisbury. 


sg (2s 
CARRINGION, J. 1.4110, Strand, WCF 277, 
Cuaney, W. C., 32, Stroud Road, Woodside, S. Norwood, ~ 
S.E. (Hon. member). h, Z, ¢. 
CuHapMa\N, T.A., M.D., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Betula, Reigate, Surrey. /. 


CHATTERTON, F. J. S., F.E.S., 5, Camden Studios, Camden 
Street, N.W. 2. 


CHITTENDEN, D., 98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, S.E. 7. 

Ciark, F. Noap, Vice-President, Paddington Infirmary, 
Harrow Road, W. mz. 

Cuark, J. A., F-E.S., L.D:S., M.P.S:,. 57, Weston) Parks 
Crouch End, N. 74 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1898 


1879 
1899 


1902 


1899 
1885 


1898 
1888 
Ig0o 
1889 
1884 


IQOI 
1898 


1897 
1886 


1886 


1900 


1889 
1891 
1887 


1889 
1891 
1886 


EOS 


1899 
Igol 
1884 


CLarKE, H. SHORTRIDGE, F.E.S., 2, Osborne Terrace, Douglas, 
Isle of Man. Z. 


CLopgE, W. (Life member). 

CoLtTHRuP, C. W., 127, Barry Road, E. Dulwich, S.E. /. 
Cownwam, F. W., 19, Brook Road, Stoke Newington, N. 
CRABTREE, B. H., Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester. 7. 
CroKER, A. J., 191, Bethnal Green Road, E. 2 

Crow, E. J., 26, Tindal Street, North Brixton. 2. 


=| 


Dawson, W. G., Plumstead Common, Plumstead, Kent (Zz 
member). UL, 


Day, F. H., 17, Thirlmere Street, Carlisle. 4 ¢. 

DeEwNnIs, A. W., 45, Park Street, Stoke Newington, N. 4, mz, d. 

Dosson, H. T., F.E.S., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New 
Malden, Surrey. 7, or. 

Dons, A. W., 61, Dynevor Road, Stoke Newington, N. 2 

Downinc, JOHN W., F.E.S., 152, Trevelyan Road, Tooting 
Graveney, S.W. 2. 

Drury, W. D., F.R.H.S., F.E.S., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, 
Woking, Surrey. 4 0. 

EDWARDS, S., F.L.S:, F.Z.S., F.E.S., on. Sec, 15, St. German’s 
Place, Blackheath, S.E. JZ, eZ. 


Enock, F., F.L.S.; F.E.S., 13, Tufnell Park Road, Holloway, 
N. ad, mz. 


ENockK, J. K., 406, Birkbeck Bank Chambers, Holborn, W.C. 2. 


FarRANnrT, M., jun., 137, St. Thomas, Exeter. 7/. 
Finer, F. E., F.E.S., 58, Southwark Bridge Road, S.E. 4 mz. 


FLETCHER, W. H. B., M.A., F.E.S., Aldwick Manor, Bognor, 
- Sussex (Life member). 7. 


Forp, A., Hillside, Sunninghill Road, Pokesdown, Bourne- 
mouth, Hants. JZ, ¢. 


ForrESTER, A. C., 42, West Kensington Mansions, W. 
Kensington. 7. 


FREMUIN, H. S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.E.S., Government 
Lymph Laboratories, Chelsea Bridge, S.W. 4 mit. 
FurRNIVAL, T. F., 86, Minet Avenue, Harlesden, N.W. 2. 


GancE, S. W., 9, Longley Road, Tooting Graveney. 7, 
GarRRETT, H. E., 3, Brewers Green Mews. 7. 


Giss, L., 148, St. James Street, Montreal, Canada (Zizfe 
member). 0. 


YEAR 


v1 
Or 


ELECTION. 


1902 


1889 


1895 


1893 
1888 
1884 


18Q1 


1903 
1802 
4 


1902 


1884 


1900 
1903 
1888 
1888 
1889 


1902 


1886 
1887 


1884 
1886 


1898 
1900 
1884 
1900 


1888 


1894 
1898 
1884 


GouttTon, E. C., 4, Cornford Grove, Balham, S.W. JZ. 


GREENE, Rev. J. G., M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Rostrevor, Clifton, 
Bristol. 2. 


GrirrirHs, G: C., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 43, Caledoma Place, Clitton, 
Bristol. /,e¢ 2. 

Hatt, A., 16, Park Hill Rise, Croydon, Surrey. /, ¢7/, ool. 

Hau, A. E., F.E.S., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield. 7. 

Hay, T.W., F.E.S., Zon. 7reasure7, Stanhope, The Crescent, 
Croydon, Surrey ; and 61, West Smithfield, E.C. 2. 

Hamm, A. H., 52, St. Mary’s Road, Oxford. 7. 

Hare, E. J., 163, East Dulwich Grove, S.E. 7. 

Harrison; wa, FCS, Fi LS; f.ES., VRS ies 
Sugar Refinery, Silvertown, E., and Delamere, Grove 
Road, S. Woodford, Essex. 4, mz. 

Harry, S. P., 41, Binfield Road, Clapham, S.W. 7. 


HeEtps, J. A., Newstead Lodge, 91, Wood Vale, Forest Hill, 
Sgllg = es 


Hewitt, R. L., Ivydene, Felday Road, Lewisham, S.E. 7. 
HickMAN, J., 16, Aldred Road, Kennington Park. 7 
Hitman, T. S., F.E.S., Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. 7. 
Hopkins, H. E., 5, Haseldean Road, Brockley, S.E. 7. 
Horne, A., F.E.S., Ugie Bank, Aberdeen. 7. 


InGALL, N. J., 55, Crescent Grove, Clapham, S.W. 2 


JAGER, J., 65, St. Quentin’s Avenue, North Kensington, W. Z. 

JENNER, J. H. A, F.E.S., 209, School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 
Le Crate 0. 

Josson, H., 1, Rock Villas, Maynard Road, Walthamstow. 7. 


Kane, W. F. DE V., M.A., F.E.S., M.R.1.A., Drumreaske 
House, Monaghan, Ireland. 7, mz, marine tnvertebrata. 
Kaye, W. J., F.E.S.,Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey. 2. 
Kemp, S. W., F.E.S., 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, W. 4, c. 

KENWARD, J., 195, Hither Green Lane, Lewisham, S.E. /. 

KirKaLpy, G. W., F.E.S., S. Abb’s, Worple Road, Wimbledon. 
ex. rhyn.; fresh. arth.; ethnology. 

KniGcut, E., 2, Lichfield Grove, Church End, Finchley, N. 


Lamp, H., Acacia Place, Upper Faut, Maidstone. 4, orz. 
LEMANY, F. C., F.E.S., Blackfriars House, Plymouth. JZ. 
LeEvetTtT, C., 107, Brockley Road, S.E. 7, 


YEAR 


vil 
OF 


ELECTION. 


1898 
IQOI 
1896 


1890 
1900 
1872 


1892 


1886 
1889 
1885 
188t 
1888 
1896 


1880 


1889 


1887 


Igor 
1889 
1900 


1903 
1872 


1891 
1892 
1883 
IQOl 
1880 


1888 


1889 
1899 


Litre, W. W., 17, Belgrave Street, King’s Cross, N. 2. 

Lows, F., Polruan, Clarendon Road, Putney, S.W. 2 

Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 28, Knight’s Park, Kingston-on- 
Thames. 7, 0, 2, m7. 

McArruHur, H., 35, Averill Street, Fulham, W. 7. 

MacGEzg, W. H., 79, Lillie Road, S.W. 2 

MiLAGarANy |R.4 FOR SS, 2)1s.S., 1 FZ38., pF ES... Westview 
Clarendon Road, Lewisham, S.E. (lon. member). n. 

Main, H., B.Sc., F.E.S., Almondale, Buckingham Road, S. 
Woodford, Essex. 7/. 

Mancer, W. T., 100, Manor Road, New Cross, S.E. 4, ¢, ev. 

MANSBRIDGE, W., F.E.S., 133, Park Grove, Hull. / 

Mera, A. W., 79, Capel Road, Forest Gate, E. /. 

Mites, W. H., F.E.S., The New Club, Calcutta, India. mz, 3. 

MitTcHELL, A. T., 594, High Road, Chiswick, W. 2 

MontTGoMERY, ARTHUR M., F.E.S., 83, Osborne Road, 
Forest Gate, London, E. 72. 

Monriegro, Sehor A. A. DE C., F.E.S., 70, Rua do Alecrinar, 


Lisbon. 
Moore, H., F.E.S., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E. 2, 2, 


Bel 80° Bg Os, Mat. 
Nevinson, E. G. B., 5, Bentinck Terrace, Regent’s Park, N.W., 
and 7, Staple Inn, W.C. 4, stalk-eyed crustacea. 
NeEwnua\, C. E., The Eyot, Hersham, Surrey. 7. 
NIcHOLSON, W. E., F.E.S., School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 72. 


NorrLe, Epwarp, Lanyar Vale, Portland Road, South 
Norwood. /. 


OLDAKER, F. A., The Parsonage House, Dorking, Surrey. 7. 


O.LpHaM, C., 2, Warwick Villas, Chelmsford Road, South 
Woodford, Essex. 72. 


PALMER, J. F., Ewell Road, Surbiton Hill, Surbiton. 2. 

PANNELL, C., East Street, Haslemere. Conchology. 

Pearce, W. A., 88, Croxted Road, West Dulwich, S.E. /, 4. 

PEPPER, A. W., The Horniman Museum, Forest Hill, S.E. mz. 

yaa R., F.E S., Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire. 
? Z, -, 

Perks, F. P., 41, St. Martin’s; Lane, Charing Cross, W.C. 
zoology, mt, pond life. 

PERRY, Rev. J. F., Catholic Church, Brixton Hill, S.W. 4 ¢. 


PICKIN, J. R., 2, Industry Terrace, Brixton, S.W. 2. 


YEAR 


Vili 
OF 


ELECTION. 


1887 


1896 
1903 
1897 
1903 


1902 


1888 
1887 


1902 
1887 
1894 


1888 
1887 


1900 
1890 
1898 


1886 


1897 
1888 


1902 


1898 
1899 
1890 


1890 
1882 
1903 
1873 


1872 


1go2 


1894 


Porritt, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., Mayfield, Edgerton, Hudders- 
field. « 7,7. 


Porter, A. T., Whangarei, Auckland, New Zealand. JZ 200. 
Pratt, W. B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond, Surrey. 7. 
PrEsT, E. E. B., Arva, Dakers Road, Forest Hill. 2. 

PRISKE, R. A. R., Thirlmere, Spencer Road, Acton, W. 2 


Raywarp, A. L., Lessington, Grosvenor Gardens, Wal- 
lington, Surrey. 2 
REID, W., F.E.S., Pitcaple, Aberdeen. 7, continental /. 


Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham 
Common, S.W. ora. 


RILEy, E. F., 94, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. 72. 
Rosinson, A., B.A., 1, Mitre Court, Temple, E.C. ~Z 


ROBINSON, LEIGH, 13, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, 
S.Wel £ 


Rosson, H., 93, Watling Street, E.C. 7, 4. 


ROUTLEDGE, G.B., F.E.S., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle. 
3. 

RowDEN, ALFD. OLIVER, 6, Eastgate, Exeter. 7, 0. 

RowntTreEE, J. H., Westwood, Scarborough. 2. 


RussELL, A., F.E.S., The Limes, Southend, Catford, S.E. 2. 


SaLwey, R. E., F.E.S., Springbank, Wokingham, Berks. 72. 

SANDISON, JOHN, 2, Francis Grove, Wimbledon, Surrey. 2. 

Sauzk, H. A., Hon. Librarian, 11, Venner Road, Sydenham, 
SeEy 2: 

Scotutick, A. J., F.E.S., Penshurst, Sheridan Road, Merton 
Park, Wimbledon, S.W. 2. 


SicH, ALF., F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, W. Z 
SmiTH, E. W., 16, Tresco Road, Linden Grove, S.E. 2 


SMITH, WALTER, 1, Arundel Villas, Hampton Road, 
Twickenham. JZ, 


SMITH, WILLIAM, 13, St. Merren Street, Paisley. 72. 
SouTH, R., F.E.S. 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting,S.W. 7. 
Spitzpy, J. H., 1, Douglas Road, Canonbury Road, N. 


STANDEN, R., F.L.S., F.E.S., Townlands, Lindfield, 
Sussex (Lzfe member). 1. 


Strep, E., F.L.S., President, Oakwood House, Barnett Wood 
Lane, Ashtead, Surrey. 6, m7, orn, cr. 


STONELL, B., 25, Studley Road, Clapham, S.W. 2 
Tarpat, Rev. J. E., M.A., Fareham, Hants. J, 00. 


1X 

YEAR OF 

ELECTION. 

1901 THORNTHWAITE, W., Hersham, Surrey. /. 

1895 Totuurst, J., Glenbrook, Beckenham, Kent. 2. 

1899 ToMLINSON, F. 72 

1902 Toncg, A. E., Aincroft, Grammar School Hill, Reigate. 2. 

1899 Toomss, G. W., 40, Shrubland Grove, Dalston Lane, N. 2 

1894 TRENERRY, E. H., 3, North Road, Clapham Park, S.W. 7. 

1895 Tunatery, Hy., F.E.S., 30, Fairmount Road, Brixton Hill, 
SoWe A 

1887 TURNER, H. J., F.E.S., Hon. Report Secretary, 13, Drakefell 
Road, St. Catherine’s Park, S.E. /, ¢, 2, he, 6. 

1886 Turt, J. W., F.E.S., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, 
Blackheath, S.E. 2. 


1887 VERRALL, G. H., F.E.S., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. d. 
1889 VINE, A. C., 45, Temple Street, Brighton, Sussex. 2. 


1889 WAINWRIGHT, C. J., F.E.S., 2, Handsworth Wood Road, 
Handsworth, near Birmingham. JZ. 

1680 WALKER,( J. J... R.N:, E-L.S.47F:ES; <H:Mi3S. Katoomba, 
sydney N.S. W.. Ze 

1888 WaLLER, R., 2, Grand Parade, Upper Richmond Road, 
ButneysosW.s 7 

1886 WALSINGHAM, The Right Hon. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., 
F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c., Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk 
(Hon. member). 1, orn. 

1903 WARNE, ERNEST, 45, St. John’s Hill, Clapham Junction, S.W. 72. 

1888 WarNeE, N. D., 8, Bedford Square, W. 2. 

1888 WEBB, S., 22, Waterloo Crescent, Dover. 7. 

1872 West, W., Hon. Curator, 8, Morden Hill, Lewisham Road, 
ry ders do Me 

1878 West, W., L.D.S., 75, Lewin Road, Streatham Common, 
SW. 2, mit. 

1887 WHIFFEN, W. H., 49, Granville Park, Lewisham, S.E. 2. 

1893 WoLFE, J. J., Skibbereen, co. Cork, Ireland. 2 

1899 Woop, Rev. Francis Henry, M.A., Brabourne Cottage, 
Bromley Park, Kent. 2 

1886 WricuHT, W. H., Secretary’s Department, Somerset House, 
Strand, W.C.. Z. 


Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors, 
additions, or alterations in the above Addresses and descriptions. 


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REPORT OF THE ‘COUNCIL: igez: 


HE Council of the South London Entomological and 

Natural History Society, in presenting the Thirty-first 

Annual Report, is much gratified in being able to state that 
the affairs of the Society continue to be most satisfactory. 

The membership again shows a slight increase. Fourteen 
members were elected during the year, four have resigned, 
and the Council regrets to record the loss of two Members 
by death—Major Ficklin, a past President of the Society, — 
and one of its earliest supporters, and Mr. Mark Winkley. 
Both these gentlemen were regular attendants at the meetings. 

The actual number of Members at the present time is 181, 
of which 4 are Honorary, 5 are Life, 38 are Country, and 
134 are Ordinary Members. 

The Honorary Treasurer’s Balance-sheet, which will be 
found at page x, shows that the usual satisfactory state of 
the Society’s finances has been maintained, under the able 
administration of Mr. T. W. Hatt. The Council desires to 
point out that at the end of the year no less than fifty-five 
Members were still in arrear with their subscriptions, and to 
urge upon all Members the desirability of paying as early as 
possible in the year, so that the affairs of the Society may be 
carried on without causing the Treasurer unnecessary trouble 
and anxiety. 

The meetings of the Society have been very well attended, 
and the exhibits have also been of an interesting character. 
The Council decided that it was not expedient to hold the 
second meeting in June, which fell during the ‘‘ Coronation 
week,”’ and due notice was forwarded to each Member. At 
the second meeting in November the usual special exhibition 


X1ll 


of notable captures was held, and was most successful, both 
as regards the number of Members and friends who attended, 
and the interesting nature of the exhibits. The attendance 
was between eighty and ninety, and was a pleasing indica- 
tion that the work of the Officers and Council in managing 
the affairs of the Society is well appreciated. The Council 
notes that nearly all the exhibits on this occasion were of 
Lepidoptera, and trust that on future occasions of this kind 
our ardent workers in other orders may make a considerable 
increase in their contributions, and so enhance the instruc- 
tive value of such exhibitions. 

With regard to the general exhibits at meetings, your 
Council would like to urge upon all Members who bring 
exhibits to give as full data as possible. It is most important 
for all record purposes that the exact date and locality be 
stated, and if possible some, at least one, biological fact as 
to life-history, distribution, affinities, etc. Above all, the full 
generic and specific name should be attached. 

The average attendance at the twenty-two meetings, taken 
from the signature book, has been thirty-two. This hardly 
represents the exact number, as at each meeting several 
Members who were present unfortunately omitted to sign. 

The Papers read before the Society, together with Addresses 
and Lantern Demonstrations, were thirteen in number, 
while nine Reports of Field Meetings have been communi- 
cated. The Council desires to thank most heartily those 
Members who year after year come forward in such a generous 
way and help them to bring some definite subject forward 
for consideration and discussion. The lantern still con- 
tinues of use in illustrating the work various Members 
are doing. The Council would like to call particular atten- 
tion to the President’s most valuable and original Paper on 
the ‘‘ Life-history of the Parasite of the Stickleback,’’ which 
will ever be a notable addition to the Abstract of ‘‘ Proceed- 
ings’ issued by the Society. The following is a list of those 
who have contributed Papers, etc. :—Mr. Lucas, four ; 
Mr. ADKIN, three; Mr. STEP, three; Mr. MANGER, two; 
Dr. CHAPMAN, one; Mr. CLARK, one; Mr. HARRISON, one; 
Mr. KIRKALDY, one; Mr. MAIN, one; Mr. Moore, one; 


X1V 


Mr. SCOURFIELD, one; Mr. SICH, one; Mr. SOUTH, one; 
and Mr. TURNER, one. 

Nine Field Meetings have been held, a much larger 
number than in any previous year. In 1898 only three were 
held, and in 1897 only two. These meetings now seem to 
be well attended and appreciated, and form a very useful 
means for acquiring a knowledge of Nature during 
pleasant social intercourse. A new feature this year has 
been the organisation of an advance party of those who are 
able to spend the whole day in the field. They have gone 
down early and investigated a more distant part of the 
district selected, meeting the main body later in the day. 

The following is a complete list of the Field Meetings for 
1902: 

BookHaM, on May roth; Conductors, Messrs. CARPENTER 
and Lucas. 

REIGATE, on May 24th; Conductor, Mr. Hy. J. TURNER. 
RANMORE COMMON, on June 7th; Conductors, Messrs. 
CARPENTER and STEP. 

OTFORD, on June 21st; Conductor, Mr. R. ADKIN. 

WISLEY, on July 5th; Conductors, Messrs. ASHDOWN and 
LUGgAS: 

BYFLEET, on July 19th; Conductors, Messrs. Lucas and 
SEP: 

OXSHOTT, on September 6th ; Conductors, Messrs. LuCAs 
and SouTH. 

EppinG, September 2oth ; Conductors, Messrs. HARRISON 
and MAIN. 

LouGHToN, October 4th (Fungus Foray); Conductor, 
Mr. H. MAIN. 

The meeting on September 6th was originally arranged 
for St. Paul’s Cray, conducted by Mr. Apxkin. It was im- 
possible to carry this out, owing to the falling-in of the 
Chiselhurst Tunnel, and Mr. Lucas very kindly filled the 
breach by conducting a meeting to Oxshott. The Council 
has to thank those gentlemen who have conducted these 
meetings, and made all arrangements as to tea and trains 
with such success. They feel that the good attendance of 
Members and friends have assured them that their self- 


XV 


denying efforts are well appreciated. In spite of the un- 
favourable weather on one or two occasions, the average 
attendance at the nine meetings was eighteen. 

The collections still continue under the constant care of 
our first Curator, Mr. W. West, of Greenwich, who for 
thirty years has watched over this section of the Society’s 
work so thoroughly, and the Council has much pleasure 
in tendering him hearty thanks for his unremitting attention 
during so long atime. Mr. WEsT reports that he has been 
very fortunate this year in having several large donations :— 
Dr. CHAPMAN gave forty-four species, including some of our 
rarer Lepidoptera, in very fine condition; Mr. A. HARRISON 
twelve species of Lepidoptera; Mr. CARR numerous species 
on two occasions; and from Mr. West himself a further 
addition of numerous species of Hemiptera. The best 
thanks are due to these gentlemen for their most useful 
donations. 

The Council suggests that Members exhibiting series of 
insects, and having duplicates to spare, might consult the 
collections and ascertain if representatives of the species are 
wanted therein. Especially is this desirable among the 
Micro-Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera. 

The Library still receives the chief current magazines of 
Natural History from their respective editors, and also 
additions by donation of the more useful general works on 
Natural History. Very few additions have this year been 
made to the Photograph Album, and the Council recom- 
mends that a list be kept of those Members who have con- 
tributed their pictures, and that those who have not may 
then be occasionally reminded of the fact. Mr. Sauze, 
whose care keeps the Library so well in hand, reports as 
follows :—‘‘ The books have been freely consulted during 
the past year, and the opportunity to refer to the volumes 
without taking them away in the hour preceding the meetings 
is evidently appreciated. The demand for ‘ Proceedings,’ 
though small, is encouraging, America being the principal 
quarter from which orders have come.” 

The following is a list of the additions to the Library 
during the year, and the best thanks of the Society are due to 


XV1 


those who have so generously kept the Society’s book- 
shelves furnished : 

‘‘ Hymenoptera,” by F. SMITH (n.ed.), from the TRUSTEES 
OF THE BritisH MusEvuM (Nat. Hist.). 

‘“‘ Insect Life,” by J. H. FaBre ; “‘ Mammalia ” (Cambridge 
N. H.), ‘‘ British Lepidoptera,” Vol. III, by J. W. Torr, 
from Mr. STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.E.S. 

‘““Tettigide of North America,” by Hanson, from the 
AUTHOR. 

‘‘ The Entomologist,” from Mr. R. Soutu, F.E.S. 

‘The Zoologist,”’ from Mr. NEWMAN. 

“The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” from Mr. 
M‘LacHtLan, F.R.S. 

“Science Gossip,” from Mr. J. T. CARRINGTON. 

“ Knowledge,” from the PUBLISHERS. 

‘‘The Irish Naturalist,’ ‘‘ The Canadian Entomologist,” 
‘‘ The Rochester Naturalist,” ‘‘ Entomologische Tidskrift ” 
(Stockholm), by exchange. 

Reports of the Smithsonian Society, the Entomological — 
Society of Ontario, the East Kent Scientific and Natural 
History Society, Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society, 
Croydon Natural History Society, Holmesdale Natural 
History Society (Reigate), S.-E. Union of Scientific Societies, 
from the Societies, etc. 

Pamphlets and Separata from Mr. T. D. A. COCKERELL, 
of Colorado, the Lloyd Library, Ohio, New Mexico College 
of Agriculture, etc. 

The Abstract of ‘‘ Proceedings” of the Society for 1901 
was issued in June with the very kind aid of a few staunch 
and generous Members, to whom the gratitude of all is due. 
It consisted of a book of ninety-two pages and two plates. 
The Council regrets the late date of issue of the volume, and 
trusts that it will be possible to have the Abstract for 1go02 in 
the hands of the Members by the end of March. 

In conclusion the Council wishes to congratulate the Society 
on having passed through another year’s successful work. 
They are pleased to see Members being added at each meet- 
ing, and have no doubt that during the coming year the 
work and prosperity of the Society may go on apace. 


A Few Notes on some Land Shells (Achatinella) from 
the Sandwich Islands. 


By W. T. Mancer. Read February 13th, 1902. 


THESE beautiful little shells are of very great interest, inasmuch as 
they are found oz/y in the Sandwich Islands (with the exception of 
one or two very small species). They occur in most of the twelve 
islands of the group, which lie in the North Pacific in mid-ocean, 
between the coasts of Asia and America, but are nearest to the 
American coast, from which they are about 21oo miles distant ; and 
consequently their natural history has many special features of its 
own. These shells have an especial claim to the honour of being 
ranked as a genus ; they are mostly of uniform size and substance, 
and are characterised by the same plan of convolution of six to seven 
whorls ; never umbilicated ; by a similar design of colouring, and by 
a peculiar structure of the columella. The species are nearly all 
small, and many of them are both dextral and sinistral ; some are 
found on trees and shrubs, whilst others are always met with on the 
ground. 

It is very remarkable that the average range of these species is so 
restricted as it is ; in some cases it is only two or three square miles, 
and only very few have the range of a whole island ; it is even said 
that each valley possesses its own peculiar species. Kew, in his 
‘Dispersal of Shells,” says, “The Achatinella of the Sandwich 
Islands, so remarkable for limited specific areas, have in all proba- 
bility been occasionally carried by accidental means into the midst 
of each other’s districts, but, as their distribution clearly indicates, 
they must generally have failed to establish themselves in the new 
surroundings, being unable, no doubt, to compete successfully with 
those already in possession.” Speaking of distribution, the inquiry 
naturally forces itself on us, how did these animals get to the Sand- 
wich Islands, which are of volcanic origin and 2100 miles from the 
nearest continent, and that none succeeded in getting to other 
places, or, at least, have not been discovered in other places, whilst 
other families, Helicide, for instance, are found in every country and 
nearly every island in the world? Mr. Wallace has maintained that 
all the animals now inhabiting truly ‘‘oceanic islands” must have 
reached them by crossing the ocean, or be the descendants of 
ancestors which did so, for such islands have been produced in mid- 
ocean and have never formed part of a continent. Quoting again 
from that work, “‘ The Dispersal of Shells,” it is suggested that the 

i 


2 


creatures in a state of hybernation are likely to be carried by ocean 
currents while hiding in chunks and underneath the bark of drift 
timber, or in the interstices of floating pumice, etc. Thus situated, 
they may sometimes be protected, or partially protected, from contact 
with sea water, and may be carried during calm weather to great 
distances, so that the arrival of shells or ova, still alive, on the shores 
of a foreign country, or distant island, may not be a very improbable 
event; but, of course, the most favourable conditions are required 
for not only the landing but the establishment of the creatures. 
Another means of dispersal is by birds, and although the transportal 
of shells by these agencies can only rarely happen, as Mr. Wallace 
has remarked, “‘ Nature can afford to wait,” and if but once in many 
years a single bird should convey two or three minute snails to a 
distant island, that is all that is required for us to find that island 
stocked with a large and varied population of land shells. 

Just a word about musical sounds in connection with Achatinella. 
The Rey. Glanville Barnacle (who served as astronomer to the 
Government expedition to the Sandwich Islands in 1874) has 
recorded in the “ Journal of Conchology” in 1883, that when up the 
mountains of Oahu hunting for Achatinella, he heard the most 
curious and wildest music, as if from hundreds of A¢olian harps. On 
a tree close at hand were many of these creatures, the animals 
drawing after them their shells, which, grating against the wood, 
caused a sound, and the multitude of sounds produced the fanciful 
music. On this tree he took seventy shells of many varieties, and 
twenty-three more at the root in the grass. I believe this statement 
about musical sounds has been corroborated by other observers. 

I have two specimens of Ampullaria sent me by a lady 
missionary from the West Coast of Africa, which, she says, emit a 
faint musical sound, but how it is produced I cannot find out. 
This is only another of those many puzzles which continually 
occur in the study of any department of natural history, and which 
await the attention of the naturalist observer. 


Io) 


A Life Cycle of Acidalia marginipunctata, Goze (promu- 
tata, Gn.), and other Notes on the Species. 


By Rost. ADKIN, F.E.S. Read February 27th, 1902. 


Just twenty years ago some of my Folkestone friends sent me 
larvee of Acidalia marginipunctata, with instructions to “ feed them 
on knotgrass until the autumn, and when they were ready for hyber- 
nation to put them in a large bottle with dry sticks until the spring, 
when they would feed up on plantain.” ‘The first part of these 
instructions I carried out faithfully, but had no chance of following 
them through, as the larve all perished during the winter. 

A couple of years later I took a moth of this species at Box Hill on 
July 14th, and obtained ova which hatched on the 30th of that 
month; the resulting larvee fed slowly on knotgrass until the end of 
August, when they were transferred to a pot of growing plants of 
tormentilla, bramble, etc., and kept out of doors, but under cover, 
and on the oth of June following a solitary imago appeared. 

My first attempts, therefore, at rearing the species were not particu- 
larly encouraging, and as my attention was occupied pretty fully with 
other species I did not repeat them for some years ; but falling in 
with the imago very commonly at Eastbourne for several autumns in 
succession, I became interested again, and recommenced operations 
with several batches of ova, and so far succeeded that I got the 
majority of the larve through the winter, and several of them into 
pupz in the following June, but failed to rear any moths. The 
larvee this time had been kept through the winter on growing plants, 
as in the last-mentioned case, but several other low-growing species 
were added to those mentioned. 

Having so nearly succeeded, it occurred to me that my failure was 
probably the result of some small matter in the management of the 
larvee, either during hybernation or after they commenced feeding 
in the spring ; and with a view to benefiting by the experience of 
others, who had, perchance, been more successful than myself, I 
looked up the literature bearing on the subject in such books as 
I had at hand. One would naturally expect that there would be no 
lack of detail regarding so common a species, but as a matter of fact 
the amount of useful information to be obtained was exceedingly 
scanty. For instance, Stainton’s ‘‘ Manual” (under the name of 
A. incanata) tells us that the moth appears from July to end of 
August, and that the larva feeds on pink, vetch, and yarrow, in June. 
Meyrick’s ‘‘ Handbook”—moth in June and July, larva August to 


4 


May on Achillea and Polygonum, etc. ‘Wood’s Index,” under 
names of A. zzcanata and A. contiguaria, gives date of appearance of 
the moth as end of June. Wilson’s “‘ Larvze” also gives June as the 
time of appearance of the imago, and July to May as the duration of 
the larval stage, the food-plants mentioned being mallow and yarrow, 
and knotgrass in confinement ; and sundry other authors gave much 
the same information. Buckler, in ‘‘ The Larve of British Butter- 
flies and Moths” (under the name of A. zzcanata), gives a couple of 
very good figures of the larva, except that it is perhaps impossible 
to portay in print the delightfully soft tone of colour of the 
living animal (Pl. cxviil, figs. 5, 5a), but appears to have 
left us no notes regarding them. The deficiency is, however, 
supplied by Porritt (Vol. vil, p. 108), who edited this portion of the 
work. He gives an accurate description of the larvae (which, taken 
in conjunction with the figures already mentioned, will be all that it 
is necessary to say under this head), and remarks that the larvee 
received in September hybernated for an unusually long period, did 
not commence feeding until long after other larvae had done so, and 
were not full-fed until quite the end of June ; and adds, “ This, how- 
ever, cannot be taken as a natural habit of the species, whatever may 
have been the cause in this case.” My own experience, however, is 
quite in accord with his, the period of hybernation invariably being - 
prolonged.* 

Thus left to my own, resources, I determined to follow carefully 
the habits of the imago when next I should fall in with it, in the 
hope that I might gather such hints from its habits and surroundings 
as might enable me to work out its life history under something 
approaching natural conditions. 

The desired opportunity occurred on my going to Eastbourne 
towards the end of August, 1900. For some days after my arrival I 
saw nothing of the species ; strong winds and gales swept the coast, 
rendering the exposed stones on which the insect usually rests un- 
tenable ; and it was not until the early days of September that I 
began to find them in any numbers, and even then in nothing like 
the profusion that I had seen in some previous years, but quite 
commonly enough for my purposes. 

In previous notes on this species I have mentioned its habit of 
sitting, fully exposed, on the rough blocks of stone which support 
the banks facing the sea (‘ Proc.,” 1891, p. 171; 1896, p. 108, etc.). 
At dusk it flits about among the thick masses of tamarisk that grow 
on these banks, and after a mild night, even though a fair amount of 
westerly breeze may sweep the front of the banks, the moths will be 
found settled down on the stones in the morning. Not so if the 
wind is east and the weather dull, when the moths probably find 


* The part of Barrett’s “ British Lepidoptera ”’ dealing with this species, and 
where some amount of detail regarding its habits is given, has since been pub- 
lished. 


5 


shelter among the herbage, as no doubt they also do in very stormy 
weather. After a sunny day the stones often feel quite warm to 
one’s hand when placed upon them, even late in the evening. Lalso 
noticed that in very hot, sunny weather the moths resting on the 
stones were very torpid, one frequently having to almost scrape them 
off the stones into the pill-box, but that the moment they were in the 
shade they would commence to flutter, and that, if purposely dis- 
turbed, they would fly a short distance and then settle down again 
on the sunny front of the stones; also that in the afternoon in- 
dividuals with wings still limp were frequently to be found a few 
inches up the stones, evidently having just crawled up there from 
the pupa. 

Although the moths sitting on the stones harmonise remarkably 
well with their surroundings, the facts just mentioned suggested to 
my mind that there might be other reasons for their selecting this 
position. At times they would be well sheltered from the wind, but 
this was not always the case ; indeed, more often than not, far better 
cover would have been afforded by the herbage. The explanation 
therefore appeared to be that the sun heat was a matter of vital 
importance to them, and the position in which the freshly emerged 
examples had been found appeared to suggest that the pupa also 
was not averse to a sunny corner. I therefore determined to repeat 
my former trials, and to let the insect have plenty of sunshine 
throughout its stages. The question of food, I confess, I could 
throw but little light upon. ‘Tormentilla is certainly very common 
on the banks, but so are numbers of other small plants, the only 
species that exceeds in abundance all the others being the tamarisk. 

On September 5th, 6th, and 8th, r900, I took moths which 
deposited ova, the last being laid on the 15th. At first the eggs 
were pale green, but soon changed to a dull pink, and commenced 
to hatch on the 17th. The young larvz were put in wide-mouthed 
bottles of about two-ounce capacity, with a piece of thin calico 
secured with an india-rubber band for a cover, and given knotgrass 
(Polygonum aviculare) for food. They were kept where they got a 
good deal of sunshine, and as they grew, larger bottles were 
substituted. 

By the beginning of November knotgrass failed, and the larvee, 
showing signs of hybernating, were moved into glass jars of some 
thirty-ounce capacity, about an inch of dry silver sand being put 
into the bottom to absorb any undue moisture, and a liberal supply 
of very fine, dry grass stems added, on which the larvz soon settled 
themselves. For food, small portions of a crepis (Cvepis virens, I 
believe) and chickweed (S¢e//aria media) were given at frequent 
intervals, but I could discover no signs of it having been eaten. As 
it dried, however, it formed good cover for the larve in case of 
severe weather. 

Throughout the winter the jars were kept in such a position that 
the larvz would get the benefit of any little sunshine there might be, 


6 


but in this respect they were at a disadvantage as compared with 
their wild brethren on the banks by the sea, for frequently when 
Eastbourne recorded several hours’ sunshine it was of too feeble a 
nature in London to affect the recorder; and this fact will have to be 
taken into account later on when we come to compare dates between 
the broods reared in captivity and those that had lived under natural 
conditions. But when the sun did shine upon them, even in the 
depth of winter, it was curious to see these little thread-like larve 
holding on to the grass stems and curling themselves about in the 
most fantastic manner, evidently enjoying the sun’s warmth to 
the full. 

About the middle of March, finding that the larvee of some other 
species of Aczdalia were feeding occasionally on the fresh food that 
had been given them, and as the marginipunctata appeared to be 
going through their antics somewhat more violently in the now 
strengthening sunshine, I supplied them also with such food as was 
obtainable that I thought might tempt their appetite, but was unable 
to discover that they touched it. 

On March 31st twelve larvee were removed into a separate bottle, 
supplied with tender food, kept in a warm room by night, and stood 
in the sunshine by day whenever opportunity offered. They fed very 
little, if at all, at first; but towards the end of April some of them 
began to grow rapidly, and on May atst one of them spun its cocoon, ~ 
another at that date being apparently on the point of doing so, and 
ultimately four in all pupated ; but two moths, which emerged on 
June 21st and July oth respectively, were, I believe, the only two 
reared from this lot. 

The remaining larve were divided into two lots of about equal 
numbers on April 28th, one portion being put into a flowerpot half 
filled with silver sand, and a piece of muslin tied over the top, the 
food, viz. yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and tormentilla (Lotentilla 
veptans), being kept fresh by its stalks being put in a bottle of water 
buried in the sand, and young seedling knotgrass was frequently 
sprinkled upon it also, and the pot was placed so that the sun’s rays 
shone through the muslin directly into it. The other portion was 
kept in a large glass jar and supplied with similar food. This jar 
was also kept in the sunshine, but as I deemed it advisable not to 
let the rays shine directly on the glass it was shaded by a muslin 
screen. For some time after this I could find no signs to indicate 
that either lot of larvee was feeding, neither did the food appear to 
be eaten, nor did the larvee increase in size; but about the middle of 
May it was evident that hybernation had ceased, and some of each 
lot were increasing in size. Of the two lots those in the flowerpot 
were doing the better, and on June 2nd those in the jar were shifted 
into a flowerpot also. From this time they fed up rapidly ; at first 
tormentilla appeared to be their favourite food, but later yarrow was 
taken much more freely, while the knotgrass, on which, be it noted, 
they had entirely lived before hybernation, was completely neglected, 


7 


The majority became pupz during June and the first week of July, 
but a few larvze appeared to remain stationary when about half 
grown, and these, I assumed, would go over till the time of the late 
emergence. I managed to so far confirm this that three or four of 
them fed on until early in August and then pupated, but unfortunately 
the pupz died. 

The moths forming the first emergence came out between July rst 
and 24th, probably about a fortnight or three weeks behind the time 
when that brood would be on the wing on the sunny banks at East- 
bourne ; but as I have unfortunately had no opportunity of visiting 
that locality at that season of the year, I am unable to verify the 
time at which that brood appears.* 

I succeeded in getting a pairing between moths which emerged on 
July 6th and 7th, and obtained from them a good batch of eggs, 
which hatched on the 16th of that month. The larvee fed up almost 
entirely on knotgrass, yarrow, and tormentilla, with which also they 
were kept constantly supplied, being hardly touched by them. They 
were kept as much in the sunshine as I dared to keep them at this 
time of the year, without letting their food become dried up unduly. 
Under these conditions they fed up rapidly (except about a dozen 
which remained about half grown, and are now—February, 1902— 
safely hybernating),t and commenced to spin their cocoon on August 
18th. The moths appeared between September 6th and roth. 

On August 17th I went to Eastbourne, and on that day found the 
moth fairly commonly in its usual haunts, just three weeks earlier 
than the first individual emerged in confinement. 

Briefly, then, the complete life cycle of the species appears to be : 
Ova deposited in August and early in September hatch within a 
couple of weeks; the larve hybernate and produce moths in the 
following June, except a small proportion which feed slowly, and do 
not produce moths until some two months later. Ova from the 
moths of the June emergence hatch in some ten or twelve days ; the 
majority of the larvee feed up rapidly and produce moths in August 
and early September, at the same time as the slow-feeding individuals 
of the hybernated larve ; but of this brood also a small proportion 
remain as larve, and so pass through the winter, arriving at the 
imaginal stage at the same time as the offspring of the later brood. 
These remarks must, however, be taken as applying only to the species 
as found on extreme south coast; further north it is probably but single- 
brooded, the imagines being on the wing late in June and in July. 

The species being not quite completely double-brooded in the 
south, appears to suggest the probability of the double-broodedness 
being an acquired habit of recent institution, the few larvee remaining 
over from each brood, thus taking the full time of a single-brooded 


* On July 6th, 1902, I found this species sparingly on the Eastbourne parades 
in rather worn condition. The season, it will be remembered, was a late one 
+ These larvze produced moths between July 5th and rath, 1902. 


8 


species to complete their metamorphoses, possibly being a means of 
securing the species against extermination in case of circumstances 
prejudicial to rapid development occurring. In other words, although 
the species is practically double-brooded in the south, it still retains 
a disposition to single-broodedness, which may, under certain 
conditions, become generally effective. 

I have already referred to the food of the larvee, and on a former 
occasion I expressed the opinion that although tamarisk (Zamarix 
anglica) grew so profusely all along the slopes on which the insect 
occurs, I could not think that that plant had anything to do with 
the prevalence of the insect in that particular part, further than 
affording good cover. One of my chief reasons for this was the fact 
that, although I had looked over the tamarisk bushes again and 
again, I had failed to find any signs that appeared to show that they 
had been eaten by any lepidopterous larva. However, on the 
occasion of my last visit to the locality, I happened to be returning 
along the banks early one evening, and, noticing the tops of several 
shoots to be very much eaten, I stopped to examine the cause, and 
was surprised to find a number of larve of Hadena oleracea feeding 
greedily upon them, thus showing that all lepidoptera are not abso- 
lutely averse to the plant. Possibly, then, the luxuriant growth of 
tamarisk may, after all, have something to do with the abundance 
of A. marginipunctata at the particular place, and I hope, should I 
have any luck with the larve I now have hybernating, that I may 
yet have a chance of deciding the question.* 

Yet one other point of interest came under my notice on the 
occasion of my last visit. 

There can be no doubt that a mottled-grey insect resting on the 
rough surface of a more or less grey stone is fairly well protected 
from observation ; but if that same grey insect rests upon a dark 
green ivy leaf one would naturally conclude that it would become a 
conspicuous object. It is quite true that a moth so placed would 
receive the full benefit of the direct sun heat, if that be of importance 
to it, equally with those moths resting on the stones ; but so far as 
protection from observation it would clearly be at a disadvantage. 
The ivy plants have grown very considerably of late years, and in 
many parts cover up the stones, yet it is rarely I have found moths 
resting on the leaves ; when, however, I have so found them, they 
have been just as frequent on the leaves as on the stones. It 
appeared to be a point that needed explanation, and the explanation 
that presented itself appeared to me to be a simple one. I can, 
perhaps, best convey it by describing the circumstance that brought 
it to my mind. 

As already stated, I arrived at Eastbourne on the afternoon of 


* Since this was written tamarisk was given to some nearly full-grown larve, 
but they not only refused to eat it, but appeared to avoid it even as a resting- 
place. 


9 


Saturday, August 17th, and having seen the family ¢mped/menta 
safely housed, went for a walk along the western parades. It was a 
very fine day, after somewhat showery weather just previously to my 
arrival, and it was probably about five o’clock when I started. 
I had not gone far when I caught sight of 4. marginipunctata resting 
on the stones in its accustomed manner, and having boxed two or 
three of them, I searched one of the patches of wall over which the 
ivy had completely grown ; at once I noticed a moth sitting on one 
of the ivy leaves, thought it a most conspicuous object, boxed it, and 
believing that I saw another sitting on another leaf near by, attempted 
to box it also. To do so I put the lid of the pill-box gently beneath 
the leaf, and putting the body of the box above it, drew them gently 
forward so as to scrape the moth off the leaf into the box. On 
looking into the box through its glass bottom I was surprised to find 
no moth there, and still more so to see, as I thought, the moth still 
sitting on the leaf. On a close examination, however, I found the 
supposed moth to be really a patch of grey mud, and that there were 
a very great many similar patches on the ivy leaves, all much alike in 
shape, and invariably at the tips of the leaves. It was, indeed, a 
difficult matter to single out a moth among the numberless mud 
patches, but when one’s eye did light upon a veritable moth, it also 
was sure to be near the tip of a leaf. In a former note of finding 
the species resting on the ivy leaves, made some years previously, I 
find it is there stated that the weather had been showery. The 
phenomenon so interested me that I determined to closely investigate 
it. As I have previously mentioned, I believe, the ivy plants grow 
on the rough stone walls that hold up the earth banks on which the 
tamarisk bushes flourish. ‘The soil of which the banks are composed 
is largely chalk ; after dry weather a sudden shower washes the loose, 
dusty surface of the soil down over the walls and the ivy. The shape 
of the ivy leaves is such that they collect a quantity of this muddy 
liquid near their tips, and the first gentle breeze or gleam of sunshine 
dries it, and there it remains until again converted into dust by 
excessive drying and blown away by the breeze or washed away 
by heavy rain. It appears to be only in showery weather that 
the patches are formed, heavy or continuous rain washing the 
leaves clean ; hence the phenomenon is not of very frequent occur- 
rence, but the explanation appeared to be complete. 


10 


Foreign Cyprea. 
By W. T. MANGER. Read May 22nd, 1902. 


Ir is not my intention to occupy many minutes of your time in 
the consideration of a subject which is of interest perhaps to but few 
of our members. Species of the genus of Cypvw@a are among the 
best known of the Molluscs, and form the common mantelpiece 
ornaments in nearly every household, and they are certainly one of 
the most beautiful, both in form and coloration. 

The term Cypria, Mr. J. C. Melville (who is a well-known writer 
on Conchology) says, “‘is derived from one of the many attributes 
of Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, owing, doubtless, to 
her worship not only having been inaugurated, but for long years 
principally centralised, in Cyprus, then a luxuriant island teeming 
with industrial wealth.” The term cowrie, or gowrie, is derived from 
a Greek word signifying a little pig, and this term cowrie has come 
to be employed in a general way to designate all Cypreea. Not only 
is the shell beautiful, but the animal also. Woodward well describes 
it as having a broad foot, truncated in front, mantle expanded on 
each side forming lobes, which meet over the back of the shell. 
These lobes are usually ornamented with tentacular filaments ; eyes 
on the middle of the tentacles, or near their base, branchial plume 
single, lingual ribbon long, partly contained in the visceral cavity. 
They can contract their bodies entirely within the shell, notwith- 
standing the narrowness of the aperture. They have no operculum. 
There are about 200 known species, and about 100 fossil, chiefly 
in the Tertiary. They are found in all warm seas except, perhaps, 
the East Coast of South America, but a few stragglers occur in 
temperate seas (the Mediterranean, etc). 

They are found in shallow water near shore, feeding on Zoophytes, 
etc. They are used as ornaments by some of the tribes in the Pacific 
Islands; the Friendly Islander used to wear the orange cowrie (C. 
aurantium) as a mark of chieftainship. I don’t knowif Mr. Chieftain 
is aware of the value here of this shell. I see there was a specimen 
sold the other day at public sale for #2 5s.—it is a very rare and 
beautiful shell. C. aznulus is also worn, whilst C. mauritiana, being 
a large and heavy shell, is very often made use of as sinkers to weight 
their fishing nets. C. monefa is still used in Africa and some parts 
of India for barter; their value seems to vary between 2400 to 
3200 per rupee. Cowries are represented in this country by C. 
europea, a small but beautiful shell. Our friend Mr. Step, in his 


11 


** Shell Life,” tell us that we have also Zvavo levis and Ovula patula, 
both sub-genera of Cyprea. 

It is very interesting to note the difference in appearance between 
the young cowrie and the adult. The young cowrie has a thin, sharp 
lip, with a distinct spire, sometimes covered with a fine epidermis, 
markings very indistinct ; another phase is then entered upon, ‘the 
shell becoming more solid, the dentition commences, and the pattern 
asserts itself generally in triangular or zigzag flames and waves. In 
the concluding period the mantle lobes expand on each side, covering 
the whole shell with a shining enamel, by which the spire is entirely 
concealed. ‘There is usually a line of paler colour, which indicates 
where the mantle lobes meet. Many years ago a theory was pro- 
pounded that the animal had the power of leaving his shell like 
a crab, and forming a successive number of new shells, during the 
second and third stages of growth; indeed, one gentleman stated 
that he was an eye-witness on more than one occasion of this trans- 
formation. I can only say it is very strange, considering the number 
of naturalists in all parts of the world, that this has not been observed 
by anyone else; it is, as M. Deshayes says, ‘‘opposed to the common 
laws of organisation.” Monstrosities and malformations are often 
met with in Cyprea, whilst in some genera they are very rare. 
Balani sometimes produce strange protuberances on the back of the 
cowrie, to which they have attached themselves when young. 

I have brought a few specimens for exhibition, principally to illus- 
trate the difference between the young and the adult, and the great 
variability in colour in some of the species. 


12 


Argulus foliaceus. A Contribution to the Life History. 
By FREDERICK NoaD CLARK. ead October gth, 1902. 


Classification, Literature, and Introduction. 


THE subject of my paper this evening is Argulus foliaceus, of the 
class Crustacea, sub-class Entomostraca, family Argulide, genus 
Argulus. Biologically, it is more nearlyrelated to the Copepoda than to 
any other family of the Entomostraca. So faras my information goes, 
foliaceus is the only species known in Great Britain, although others 
such as A. coregont occur on the Continent, and A. cazostomi in 
America. Furthermore one genus only is known. Little has been 
written in England concerning this interesting creature since Baird’s 
account in his “‘ Natural History of the British Entomostraca,” pub- 
lished by the Ray Society in 1850. Short notes are given by Murray 
in his ‘‘Economic Entomology,” and in Cuvier’s “Animal Kingdom,” 
vol. iii. Amongst other authorities may be mentioned Dana and 
Herrick, 1837 ; Gerstacker, Jurine, 1806 ; Leydig, and Thorell. By 
far the best description is that of Professor C. Claus (Vienna), pub- 
lished in the “Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie,” vol. xxv, 
1875, in which he gives an exhaustive account of the development 
and organisation of 4. foliaceus. 

Commonly called the “fish louse,” Avgu/us is found parasitic on 
various fresh-water fish, e. g. carp, roach, tench, stickleback, ete. It 
is from the Gasterosteus aculeatus, or three-spined stickleback, I 
have obtained my specimens. It is recorded to have been found on 
frog and toad larvee, and on the minnow, but seldom on pike, perch, 
or salmon-trout. My observations commenced in 1896, since when 
I have had good opportunities of studying its life history, having 
repeatedly bred them from the egg to the adult stage, and so on 
again. By reason of its exceptional structural character, the elaborate 
nature of its apparatus for attachment to its host, the interesting 
details of its metamorphosis, and the curious organs and mode of 
reproduction, I venture to say that a study of the Argulidee will well 
repay the scientific observer. 

I will refer later on to a more detailed description of the anatomy 
of this creature, and for the present will describe it briefly as a trans- 
parent, jelly-like animal of a greenish hue, the bulk of whose body 


appears as a slightly convex carapace, which entirely covers the- 


various organs with the exception of the eyes, swimming-feet, and 
tail (so called). ‘The adult female measures 8 mm. long by 6 mm. 
broad. ‘The male is slightly smaller, and may be distinguished from 


” ea 


* 


a Mid " fate ploadshlsite- =) Ves) | 


’ as ae ale spaislt 
i AARON | aaligats | Wer BOA art 
CS wa somal) BR Dotiinyy i. 

wi jeui ‘AVI ee 

> Sygate Dol viel lead 

4 «Mg fuctiails it slr tab’: - 7 
Batata éi x. alsa) HbA a. 


- 


‘ 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. 


ARGULUS FOLIACEUS. 


F 


_ 


G. 1.—Stickleback, with two Arguli (adult female) attached. Two 
thirds size. 

Fic. 2,—Ova of Argulus foliaceus, photographed under water. 

Magnified 15 diameters. 

Fic. 3.—Larva, just emerged. x 36 diameters. 

Fic. 4.—Female larva, third stage. x 15 diameters. 

Fic. 5.—Adult male. x 15 diameters. 

Fic. 6.—Adult female. x 15 diameters. 


ie 


Fic. 


Eng: 


L 


«& #. Noad Clark. 


13 


the female by the absence of the ovary and the two black spots on 
each lobe of the tail, which are so evident in the female even at an 
early stage. 


Development and Metamorphosis. 


The egg (Fig. 2) is of a spherical ovoid shape, measuring *35 mm., laid 
in rows three to six in breadth, of a pale yellow colour, and glued to 
its neighbour with an albuminous material. When freshly laid the 
egg is quite soft, and whitish opaque in appearance. ‘The albuminous 
matter rapidly becomes coagulated, and is seen to spread over and 
extend outside the rows of eggs in short, ribbon-like processes, 
obviously for the purpose of adhesion to the object on which the 
eggsare laid. The egg is composed of three layers—the outer, tough, 
granular, and slightly brown in colour; the middle coat, which is 
much thicker, is more transparent, though somewhat granular in 
texture ; the inner coat being transparent and membranous. ‘The 
egg mass has the appearance of closely agglutinated starch granules 
almost crystalline and transparent. Previously to hatching, the eyes 
of the larva may be plainly seen, about the fifteenth day after 
oviposition. ‘The contained larva makes its exit from the upper 
surface of the egg by cutting a longitudinal slit, the tail end first 
emerging. 

The newly emerged larva (Fig. 3) measures ‘8 mm. in length, and 
immediately sets forth in quest of a host, to which it attaches itself and 
commences feeding. Even at this early stage it is well provided 
with organs for this purpose, although in a much modified degree. 
The eyes are relatively large. The swimming-feet are undeveloped, 
their functions being undertaken by two pairs of limbs bearing sete, 
and situated at the base of the eyes. These give to the larvaa 
darting motion similar to the Daphnia. <A powerful pair of triple- 
barbed hooks or foot-jaws (which are replaced at a later stage by 
suckers) answer the purpose for attachment to the host. ‘There are 
two pairs of antennz—the anterior, or first pair, consists of a simple 
hook bearing on one side of its base an organ resembling a palpus, 
its function being probably the same ; the second pair has three 
joints terminated by a claw, and united at its base to the first pair of 
swimming sete. I have no doubt that these two pairs of clawed 
antennz are the means by which the larva makes its exit from the 
egg. Of these sete, the anterior pair at the base of the second 
antennee are situated on a stalk, and are four in number of equal 
length, with one smaller. Each of these is finely covered with 
minute cilia, and, being articulated at the base, may be moved in 
any direction by the owner. The second pair of sete are at the 
base of the first pair of foot-jaws, and adjoin the mouth organs; they 
bear three setee each as above. In this larval state the modification 
of the antenneze into swimming organs is a character of the larve of 
the higher orders of Crustacea. The second pair of foot-jaws in the 


14 


adult is represented by a very similar structure with five joints, having 
two terminal hooks and a taste-pad. 

On the third day an important change takes place, when the argulus 
makes its first moult. It then measures 1mm. The first and second 
pairs of setee are shed, the second pair of clawed antenne still re- 
maining. The four pairs of swimming-feet proper are now developed, 
the basal joints carrying two others, each of which has hairs, one 
singly, the other divided into two branches, which in their turn are 
covered with minute secondary hairs, which require the higher powers 
of the microscope to resolve. The first pair of swimming-feet at this 
stage are more developed than the others, and up to the eighth day 
are the only pair in active motion. At the apices of the lobes of the 
tail-plate are two tubercles, each terminated by three hairs; at later 
stages these gradually recede between the lobes. Their use I am 
unable to determine. ‘The first pair of foot-jaws have now four barbs 
to each claw, as well as an adjacent plain one. Surrounding the 
mouth, and attached to the base of the foot-jaws, are several chitinous 
teeth. These are probably used for making the incision in the body 
of the host prior to feeding. 

The second moult corresponds to the third stage in the life of the 
larva, and occurs from the eighth to the tenth day after hatching 
(Fig.4). The increase in size is but slight, being only1-5 mm. The sex 
may now be determined by the presence of the black spots on the 
tail-plate in the case of the female. The male organs are not yet 
developed. The most notable change is at the base of the first pair 
of foot-jaws, which are now becoming enlarged preparatory to a 
remarkable change which occurs after the next moult. On the 
under surface of the front of the carapace, a few spines appear, 
whilst the swimming-feet are gradually developing hairs and per- 
forming their proper functions. ‘The second pair of antennal hooks 
are still retained, and the tubercles at the extremities of the tail-plate 
have approached nearer the fork of the two lobes. 

The third moult, or fourth stage, commences about the sixteenth 
day, and a considerable increase in size is noticed (2°5 mm.). The 
male organs are also evident. The second pair of antennal hooks 
are cast, as are also the first pair of foot-jaws. These have become 
modified into sucking-discs, which have been gradually developing 
for the past three or four days at the base of the foot-jaws. Portions 
of the hooks still remain attached to the margin of the discs. 

About the twenty-fourth day the fifth stage begins. The most 
important change is the shedding of the hooks above mentioned, 
the merest rudiments remaining. The first and second pairs of 
swimming-feet have each developed a small, recurved branch, which 
arises from the base of the fork of the two main branches on the 
dorsal side. The growth is now very rapid. 

A few days later a fifth moult takes place. The suckers have now 
thrown off the rudiments of the hooks, and the Arvgu/us has reached 
the perfect state. Its measurement at this stage is from 4 to 5 mm. 


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EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. 


Fic. 7.—Eye (left). x 72 diameters. 

Fic. 8.—Antenna (left). x 36 diameters. 

Fic. 9.—-Sucker (front view). x 36 diameters. 

Fic. 10.—Swimming-feet of adult female, showing the recurved 
branches. Left half section of thorax. x 12 diameters. 

Fic. 11.—Genital organs of male (left pair), situated on the third 
and fourth swimming-feet. x 45 diameters. 

Fic. 12.—Tail-plate of adult female. The two black spots are the 
receptaculi seminis. The papillee referred to in the text 
lie between the receptaculi and appear as two spines 
with their apices pointing towards the middle line. 
XxX 24 diameters. 


PLATE JI. 


cldlard & Son, lp. 


6 e = 

g g 3 

(x be 5 
iw SS = 
g < g 
a fy = 


vo. F. Noad Clarh. 


15 


Exuviation now continues at intervals of a few days up to and 
during adult life. The cast skin has a most perfect resemblance to 
the animal it has left, the minutest structures being retained in the 
cast. The suckers alone appear to be shed separately from the body 
structures. I have observed ten moults in the same individual, but 
the length of time elapsing between these is longer as the season 
advances and the temperature is lower. The early development 
also of ail organs in the young is largely influenced by the chances 
of feeding and temperature. Opinions vary as to the age at which 
the larva enters the second stage ; Claus mentions five days, and 
Baird six days after hatching, but my observations go to show that 
the first moult takes place on or before the third day. 


Structural Description and Organisation. 


The carapace or shield is of a transparent greenish hue, cordate 
in shape, the anterior margin being rounded off, the posterior having 
a deep A-shaped indentation, the angle of which is occupied by the 
thorax. 

The eyes are of a deep violet colour, enclosed in a membranous 
- sac, and are areolar, like those of the Branchiopode (Fig. 7). They 
are situated on the dorsal surface of the carapace immediately below 
the antennz. This pair of eyes (for there exists another eye) consists 
of about forty facets or kernel-shaped crystalline bodies in each eye; 
the dark pigment patches radiate from the base in five rows, the 
interstices being of a greenish-yellow colour. There is a channel 
surrounding each, through which may be seen blood bodies in 
motion. The eye itself is capable of a slight twitching, rotary 
movement. The single eye above referred to has three convex 
corneal lobes encircling a triangular mass of dark pigment, and is 
placed in the middle line of the carapace on the dorsal surface, just 
above the mouth, at the apex of a triangle having for its base the 
paired eyes. Baird apparently described this organ as the brain, 
but its lenticular structure shows it to be without doubt an auxiliary 
eye. 

The antennz are on the ventral surface of the carapace immedi- 
ately above the paired eyes, but nearer to the middle line (Fig. 8). 
They consist of two pairs, the upper pair having three joints each, 
the lower four joints. Attached to the upper pair are a pair of 
acutely curved hooks having sharp points. Under the microscope 
they are seen to be traversed by a channel. At their bases are four 
hard, chitinous teeth. The structural difference between male and 
female antenne is slight; the latter are the larger of the two. 

The mouth or siphon is a curious structure, and occupies a 
central position below the single eye. It has the appearance of a 
prominent pouch, and bears two pairs of mandibles and maxille. 
These are minute, transparent, serrated plates, which are placed at 


16 


the entrance to the cesophagus. There are also an upper and an 
under lip. The whole structure is controlled by strong chitinous 
tendons connected with the muscles of the carapace. At the upper 
end of the siphon we find a sheath containing a long telescopic 
proboscis, called a poison-sting by Claus. It is a beautifully slender 
and exquisitely pointed weapon, capable of movement in any direc- 
tion ; it may be extended or retracted very rapidly. Its function is 
difficult to determine. Claus thinks that by reason of its irritating 
effect on the skin of the fish that it induces inflammation and a flow 
of blood to the punctured part. As will presently be shown, the 
blood of the fish forms the food of the parasite. 

The thorax has four slightly defined segments, some say five, best 
seen in the larval state. These correspond to the four pairs of 
swimming-feet which are attached. It commences at the base of 
the mouth, and contains the large and small stomachs, and at its 
lower extremity the dorsal heart, where it is terminated by the 
tail-plate. In the gravid female the ovarium occupies the whole 
of its ventral surface. 

Describing the feet in their proper order, one must commence 
with the pair of foot-jaws (so called). These arise from a little below 
the mouth on both sides, and lie in the middle of the carapace. 
Each consists of five cylindrical joints terminated by two claws and 
a fleshy, claw-like pad. Numerous spines cover the surface of each 
joint. To each basal joint are attached three strong chitinous 
teeth, whilst four similar teeth unattached to the foot-jaws lie 
between their bases. The foot-jaws have an independent move- 
ment, and in this respect differ from the four pairs of swimming- 
feet. Their use is apparently to assist the <Arvgulus in attaching 
itself to the fish, and in locomotion. ‘They undergo little change 
in structure from the earliest stage to the adult. 

The swimming-feet are most important organs (Fig. 10). There 
are four pairs placed on either side of the thorax. From the 
basal joint of each foot proceed two branches of about equal 
length, bearing pectinate hairs. These latter have a secondary 
structure of beautiful plumose cilia, which may be stained with 
nitrate of silver to render them more visible. The first and second 
pairs in both male and female bear short branches, which arise 
from the basal joint near the fork of the two main branches on 
the dorsal side, and curve backwards. Some authorities state that 
these recurved branches occur also on the third pair, but the most 
careful observation on my part has failed to reveal such. In the 
case of the male, as will be afterwards noticed, the organs of 
generation are situated on the third and fourth pairs of swimming- 
feet. The corresponding feet in the female have no special organs, 

The suckers are prominent organs, lying a little below the paired 
eyes, but farther apart. They are the structures referred to in my 
notes on the fourth larval stage, where they replaced the first 
pair of foot-jaws. They are fleshy, cylindrical appendages, cartila- 


17 


ginous, with membranous margins which are fringed with many 
jointed rays (Fig. 9). The extreme margin is ciliated and perfectly 
circular, its diameter measuring 0°72 mm. Four muscles are attached 
to each for the purpose of producing a vacuum in the sucker and thus 
enabling the parasite to hold on securely to its host whilst feeding, 
whilst ovipositing, or as claspers during copulation. 

The tail-plate at the extremity of the thorax is a flat, oval, bilobed 
organ. Its use is primarily asa rudder. Some consider it to be an 
organ of respiration. In the male it contains a portion of the 
reproductory organs, which are called the testicles by some authori- 
ties. In the female it has two well-defined oval black spots (one at 
the base of each lobe of the tail-plate) (Fig. 12). They are called the 
receptaculi by Claus, and their presence readily enables one to dis- 
tinguish the female. Numerous spines and glands appear on its 
surface ; some of the latter are very curiously provided with a tail- 
like duct. Inside the margin of the lobes is a blood-channel. 

The Argudus has an armament of hooks and spines of varying 
size and structure, the under surface of the carapace being studded 
with them. All point in one direction—that is, to the tail portion. 
There are some very curious spines on the under surface of the 
joints of the foot-jaws, which are probably some special sense organs ; 
some are bifid and trifid, and not unlike the scales of the lepidop- 
tera. Numerous gland-cells exist on the surface of the integument 
in addition to those on the tail-plate. 

The genital organs of A7ge/us are probably the most interesting 
of all, and their position, structure, and method of copulation are 
remarkable. 

The male genital organs are situated on the third and fourth pairs 
of swimming-feet on both sides of the thorax, and are thus in 
duplicate (Fig. 11). On the anterior margin of the first joint of the 
fourth pair is a brown-coloured, conical tubercle of a horny nature. 
Corresponding to this we find on the posterior margin of the first joint 
of the third pair of feet a vesicle called the semen-capsule, filled 
with a transparent fluid, apparently for fecundation. Previous to 
copulation this fluid is opaque and darker than the surrounding 
tissues. Five minutes after copulation this opaque matter becomes 
absorbed, leaving a transparent sac. In the middle line of the 
thorax and near to the base of the tail-plate is a dark purple- 
coloured organ, the contents being granular. This is called the 
semen bladder, and from it proceed two branches. The tail-plate, 
as before mentioned, contains two brown-coloured patches or so- 
called testicles in either lobe, but in what manner these and the 
last-mentioned structures communicate with the male fecundating 
organs is not very clear. 

The female organs comprise the ovary, the oviduct, the two 
receptaculi, and the papillae. The ovary of the gravid female occu- 
pies the whole of the ventral surface of the thorax. At puberty the 
outer coat is covered with numerous pigment-cells of typical structure. 

2 


18 


The oviduct has its orifice between the fourth pair of feet. The 
receptaculi seminis are two dark-coloured, oval-shaped bodies situated 
at the base of each lobe of the tail-plate, and, as their name implies, 
are the receptacles for the male fertilising element (Fig. 12). Claus 
says emphatically that there is no connection between them and the 
ovary; that the female fertilises the ova as they pass from the oviduct, 
by inserting in them the papilla conveying the male element. This 
is more effectually accomplished by the upward motion of the tail- 
plate during oviposition, and thus pressing the point of the papilla 
into the egg. The papille referred to are situated on the dorsal 
side of the tail-plate immediately above each receptaculum, but a 
little nearer to the orifice of the oviduct. They are minute pointed 
hooks, which lie concealed within a pouch-like sac. They com- 
municate with the receptaculi by means of delicate tubes. 


Phystological Functions. 


The circulatory system is in a rudimentary stage, so to speak. The 
heart or dorsal vessel is situate in the last segment of the thorax, 
immediately above the base of the tail-plate. Its pulsations take 
place once every second, when the blood, containing small round 
diaphanous globules, may readily be seen in circulation. The best 
situations for observing this are in the outer margin of the tail-plate 
and in the channels surrounding the paired eyes ; beyond these there 
do not appear to be any definite vessels wherein the blood circulates. 

The brain and nervous system are connected with all the vital 
organs of the body, the former being situated immediately above 
the single eye. Thence proceed, by means of central ganglia, branches 
to the paired eyes, antennze, suckers, foot-jaws, feet, and reproduc- 
tory organs. 

The muscular system is well developed, particularly in the region 
of the suckers and feet, where the striped muscle bundles may be 
seen. There are several chitinous bands connected with the muscles, 
which actuate the movement of the carapace and mouth organs. 
There are also four oval-shaped chitin rings, two on either side of 
the carapace. 

Concerning the respiratory system little is known. According to 
Claus there is no satisfactory ground for supposing that there exists 
a definite respiratory area; that the constant motion of the swim- 
ming-feet is probably connected with respiration, their structure 
being similar to the branchiopoda and their use the same. Some 
observers consider the tail-plate to be an organ of respiration. 

The alimentary system is somewhat complex. The main canal, or 
stomach intestine, as it is called, commences at the base of the 
mouth organs and occupies about one half of the thorax. It is then 
joined by a smaller channel or intestine, which terminates at the 
anal opening. ‘The large intestine has two main branches on either 


Ay) 


side, which ramify throughout the larger portion of the carapace. 
It has been suggested that these ventral branches serve as a store 
for food, so that the Avgu/us is enabled to live for several days, or 
even weeks, away from its host. 

The reproductory system will now be considered. ‘The generative 
organs having been described, I will give a short summary of my 
observations on the copulation of the Argu/us. This frequently 
takes place when attached to the fish, and at this period the female 
is seen to be fullof ova. ‘The male takes up a position on the back 
of the female and places the tail-plate underneath that of the 
female. ‘The third and fourth feet of the male are seen to be clasped 
together at their bases, the branches of which are bent under. 
This position is taken up alternately with either lobe of the female 
tail-plate, and contact appears to take place just over the recep- 
taculum. ‘The corresponding feet on the opposite side of the male 
are held motionless during this time, whilst the first two pairs of feet 
continue their usual movements. Under the microscope the semen- 
capsule on the third foot of the male’is seen from the dorsal side to 
be placed under the tubercle on the fourth leg. It appears to me 
that the semen is transferred to the receptaculum from the male 
semen-capsule by means of this tubercle, possibly by pressure 
thereon, but exact observation is very difficult, if not impossible. 
The change in the appearance of the semen-capsule from opacity to 
transparence, before and after copulation, has already been noticed. 
Copulation may be performed with either side of the organs of both 
male and female. Claus says that the female requires copulation 
on both receptaculi. Leydig is of opinion that the capsule of the 
male is placed over the papilla of the female. Copulation may last 
during several hours. 


Oviposition. 


Under natural conditions ovipositing commences about the end 
of April. There are at least two broods during the year. In con- 
finement I have records of ova laid on November 29th and hatching 
on May 6th the following year ; also others laid as late as December 
27th, when the weather was very cold and frosty. On the other hand, 
some batches laid on August 30th and September 2nd remained over 
the winter and hatched on April roth. I have also observed 
two batches of eggs hatched on February 27th, when the weather 
was mild, and continue hatching throughout March. TZzhese became 
adult on June 27th, and laid ova which hatched on July 20th (23 days). 

Statistics which I have taken from twenty cases of oviposition show 
that the average time for the laying of the egg until hatching occupies 
twenty-five days, and hatching continues over three or four days. 
The opinions of competent authorities differ widely on this point. 
Temperature no doubt influences the length of period between ovi- 
position and hatching, for I find that the later broods before hatching 


20 


occupy a longer time. Oviposition is also arrested if the Arguli 
are deprived of food. The number of eggs laid vary from 300 to 
500, and I have a record of one Avgulus of 633 eggs laid at inter- 
vals. Eggs are laid in rows of from three to six broad. 

Whilst ovipositing the three first pairs of feet are in motion, the 
fourth pair being held rigid, with their bases (which are somewhat 
prominent) pressed together over the entrance to the oviduct, as in 
the act of straining. After depositing an egg the Arxgulus raises 
itself higher up on the object on which the eggs are laid, and, moving 
a little from side to side, causes the eggs to be placed in proper order 
in the several rows. The average time occupied during the de- 
positing of each egg is eight seconds. I have already described 
under the heading of female organs the mode of self-fecundation 
of the egg by means of the papillz, and I have only to add that the 
protuberances at the base of the fourth pair of feet materially assist 
the Argu/us during this operation. The Argu/us generally dies soon 
after completing ovipositing. I have noticed that ova laid in con- 
finement are invariably fertile. My experiments were carried on by 
means of test-tubes blocked with cotton wool and placed in the 
shade at a moderate temperature. 


Concluding Remarks on the Habits and Life History. 


To the casual observer the most noticeable feature of the Avgalus 
is the incessant motion of the swimming-feet, in which the four pairs 
participate simultaneously. The pair of foot-jaws have an indepen- 
dent movement. The Azgu/us frequently makes a series of somer- 
saults, and when about to attach itself to its host the current of 
water caused by the movement of the fish’s fins gently carries it on 
to the fish. When once attached by means of the powerful suckers, 
all efforts of the fish to shake it off are in vain. The movement of 
the swimming-feet just described is never arrested during life, even 
when the Azgulus is at rest on its host, or when ovipositing. 
Occasionally one sees the Argw/us maintain for an hour or more a 
whirling motion. 

The food of the Azgulus is blood-plasma, procured by means of 
the proboscis and mouth organs. ‘The incision made on the fish is 
very minute, but a good deal of inflammation is evident. The 
favourite position of the parasite appears to be the gills, but it is 
also found on the fins and tail, underneath the gills, and even on 
the eyes. They remain attached without once leaving their host for 
as much as three or four days at a stretch; in fact, the newly-hatched 
Arguli immediately attach themselves to the fish, and only leave it 
to undergo their metamorphosis. On the other hand, the newly- 
hatched larve have been known to live five days without the host, 
and I have a record of an adult Argulus living fourteen days without 
food. Soon after the death of the host the parasites forsake it. If 


21 


hungry, or pressed for food, the stickleback will sometimes swallow 
the Arguli, but generally speaking they are avoided, and if swallowed 
are ejected from the mouth. Their abundance is probably due to 
their being distasteful to their enemies. Some I had in confinement 
were readily attacked by a /Vofonecta, and as speedily killed. 

As to their capture, I have taken as many as a dozen on one fish, 
and about the middle of June, when fish were plentiful, nearly every- 
one captured had parasites attached. In captivity the Arguli, if 
numerous, will attach themselves to the number of thirty or forty on 
one fish, and needless to say the host lives but a short time after. 
I once took a young roach with two parasites attached, which 
remained so in captivity twenty-five days. The Argudus is frequently 
captured unattached, Mr. S. W. Kemp having supplied me with 
several specimens so taken. My observations as to their existence 
in the adult state during the winter have been corroborated by a 
capture made by Mr. Kemp in a pond at Alperton, under natural 
conditions, as earlyas March 15th. Winter eggs also exist, as I have 
previously mentioned. I am of opinion that delay in hatching and 
development is mainly a question of temperature, as, for instance—a 
batch of ova hatched on October 3oth did not reach the third stage 
until November 28th, and the fourth stage on December 12th. 

The average length of life of an Argulus is probably over six 
months, and I have kept several such. ‘They are frequently victims 
of a filamentous fungoid disease precisely similar in its nature to that 
of its host. Vorticellze also infest the Avgudus from its earliest stages, 
some small captured specimens having been found almost entirely 
covered with colonies of Vorticellee. 

A remarkable capture of three 4. foliaceus is recorded by Isaac 
C. Thompson, F.L.S., collected by Dr. G. H. Fowler from the Faeroe 
Channel, 1896-1897, in the ‘‘Zoological Society’s Proceedings,” 1898, 
showing that the dzgzdus will live in salt water. These presumably 
had been conveyed to sea by the medium of some fresh-water fish. 

I have tried various methods of staining these transparent animals, 
with a view to a better differentiation of their structure, such as the 
aniline dyes, picro-carmine, osmic acid, hematoxylin, etc. Nitrate 
of silver, ;4; per cent., is the only reagent which has given me 
any satisfaction, and this only in staining the various ciliated organs. 
For their preservation as permanent specimens formalin is useless, 
as it renders the tissues opaque. Glycerine and water, equal parts, is 
the best means of killing them by immersion alive. For mounting 
as microscopic objects I can recommend Farrant’s medium, 

My specimens were taken from the Grand Junction Canal, 
Paddington, 


bo 
Lo 


On Inflation in Insects. 
By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.E.S., &c. Read November 13th, 1902. 


IN promising the Secretary that this should be a very short paper 
it was evident that it would not do to give it a long title. It 
becomes, however, very probable that the result is considerable 
ambiguity as to what the paper is about. I hasten therefore in the 
first place, in order not to disappoint too seriously the expectations 
of those members of the Society who may interpret it by the light 
of the financial jargon they learn in their business experience in the 
City, that I do not propose to say anything about the prices given 
occasionally for Goliath beetles, Papilio antimachus, great coppers, 
or other rare bugs, or as to the circumstances that govern such 
eccentricities. Nor do I intend to refer to the conscious pride with 
which many butterflies and other beautifully coloured insects 
disport themselves. 

The title is to be taken more literally ; the inflation I propose to 
call your attention to is that of the insect’s body with air. Even so 
I have still further to define my position. Nearly all insects that 
fly—that is, nearly all insect imagines—possess large air-spaces in 
their bodies. In some the greater part of their bulk is fictitious, 
being due to large air-spaces within. Many Hymenoptera—the 
common wasp and the hive bee, for example—possess an abdomen 
that may be telescoped almost into the basal segment and extended 
to great length in a few seconds. This is managed by filling or 
emptying great air-sacs within the abdomen. As this form of infla- 
tion is not my subject this evening I do not feel called on to discuss 
how far this may be to secure a proper specific gravity and balance 
during flight, how far to correspond with varying contents of honey 
or other food, and what may be its use in assisting the active 
respiration necessary to insects making such strenuous muscular 
efforts as their flight requires. 

The inflation I hope to interest you in for a moment occurs only 
once or twice during the life of each individual, to secure certain 
very definite objects. I know more of it in Lepidoptera than in other 
orders, but believe it occurs in nearly all the orders. 

My first definite observation on this subject of which I have 
any record, though I certainly had previously some general ideas: 
derived from the Lepidoptera, was made on a Dipteron, Z7pula 
fiavolineata, a species of daddy-longlegs whose larva lives in rotten 
wood. My notes on it are in the “Ent. Mo. Mag.,” vol. vi, p. 31 
(1869). In this case, when the imago emerges from the pupa it is 


23 


enlarged to much beyond the dimensions it has when ready for 
flight, and is, indeed, larger than that which it had just before in the 
pupa. 

The insect is so transparent at this stage that the process by 
which the greater bulk is acquired may be observed. The abdomen 
of the imago is for the most part a cylindrical tube of very delicate 
thin walls, which, though they contain the whole anatomy of the 
insect, appear to be little more than transparent membrane. These 
walls are distended to their full capacity and the intersegmental 
membranes fully stretched. The main contents of this hollow tube 
are in its lower half watery fluid, in its upper half or so air, or at 
least some colourless gas. 

It is by the addition of this gas to the ordinary contents of the 
skin of the insect, by what I have called “inflation,” that the 
increased bulk is obtained. 

I have no doubt whatever that a precisely similar condition exists, 
and might be easily observed in almost any other Z7pz/a, and in all 
or nearly all those Diptera that have exposed pup, fe. the 
Orthorrhaphous families. 

In the Cyclorrhaphous Diptera it is usual for the larval skin to dry 
up and forma cocoon for the pupa, and a lid is forced off this cocoon 
when the fly emerges. 

In how many of these flies I do not know, but certainly in most 
of the few that I do know, the pressure to produce this rupture is 
obtained by a great temporary sac in front of the imaginal head, 
which, after emergence, shrinks and practically disappears. This 
has various names ; the frontal vesicle seems a satisfactory one. I 
ought to know, but I do not, how far this vesicle is filled with air 
and how much with fluid, but observation of the flies immediately 
after emergence will tell us that the abdomen is largely filled with 
air, and the increased bulk of the insect, that enables it to press 
from end to end of its pupal case and so force off the lid, is un- 
questionably due to an increased total content of air. The frontal 
vesicle probably contains fluid so forced into it, as well as tracheal 
vessels. It probably has two uses, first to increase the length of the 
insect, the body of the Muscidz and allied families not being easily 
adapted for extension. The other use is to form an elastic pad by 
which to convey the pressure, a pad of uniform structure, and not 
like the front of the mature head consisting of antennz and other 
delicate and sensitive parts unfitted for transmitting pressure. In 
this respect its function is the same as the head-plate of many 
Lepidopterous pupz (Cerwra, etc.), used to protect the head in 
transmitting force for the rupture of the cocoon. It may be noted 
that the frontal vesicle is a uniform structure, without any spines for 
causing rupture, the old larval skin having a sort of suture, which 
determines where rupture shall occur so soon as the tension is 
adequate. 

In the Lepidoptera, inflation occurs at emergence from the pupa 


24 


in precisely the same way as in the Tipulide. It is not so easy to 
see in all its details as in these Diptera, on account of the scales and 
hairs with which the Lepidoptera are clothed. The following facts 
may, however, be easily observed, and have doubtless been noticed 
by most breeders of Lepidoptera. 

When the moth is mature and preparing for emergence, the pupa 
is observed to elongate, the intersegmental membranes being 
stretched, usually to their full extent. The pupa may be observed 
in this condition for a longer or shorter period, varying with the 
species and with the temperature, but it always indicates that emerg- 
ence is close at hand. If the pupa be opened early in this stage 
it is found that the added air is z¢hin the imago, since the surface 
and scales which cover it are bathed with fluid which fills all the 
space between the insect and the pupa skin. When the moth 
emerges, although it often ejects more or less urate-laden fluid into 
the abandoned pupa case, it is seen to be much more bulky than 
the mature moth. This increased bulk consists partially of fluid, 
partially of air—air that was secreted by the insect to produce the 
increase of bulk enabling it to extend the pupa case. When the 
wings are expanded and dried the abdominal bulk diminishes by 
the re-absorption of the air, and usually by the expulsion of a further 
amount of fluid loaded with urates. 

It is in my experience not uncommon to meet with a male moth 
that one takes at first for a female, on account of the enlarged 
abdomen. I have several times seen this in Zygzenas, and I show 
you a specimen of Lxnomos fetralunaria, which I succeeded in 
preserving so expanded. ‘These specimens, by some accident or 
disorder, instead of absorbing the air, reinforced it to their extreme 
capacity. In this ¢e¢ralunaria the cavity practically occupies all the 
abdomen. This inflation of the Lepidopterous imago at its emergence 
from the pupa serves several objects, or, I may say, has several different 
aspects, as assisting the moth to escape from the pupa and complete 
its transformation to an imago. 

The first and chief of these is certainly to obtain tension within 
the pupa case to cause its rupture, which occurs, of course, along the 
provided sutures. The actual escape of the moth takes place by a 
creeping or vermicular movement, very much the same as that by 
which the larva frees itself when casting its skin. But at the precise 
date of rupture no such creeping has in fact occurred, though it is 
very probable that the rupture actually occurs, and is in some degree 
assisted by them at the time when these vermicular movements 
begin to take place. 

It may be observed in many obtect pupze, and others, that if an 
attempt be made to open the pupa before the moth is ready for 
emergence, there is nearly as much difficulty in fracturing the 
pupa along the sutures provided for the emergence of the moth as 
in any other direction. I have noted this very often in obtaining 
immature wings in which to see the tracheal vessels and their relations 


25 


to the nervures. One begins by trying to crack the pupa along 
the sutural lines, as between the wings and antenne, but the result 
is almost always partial or even complete failure ; they can obviously 
only be fractured correctly by a uniform expansive pressure from 
within. This pressure may be aided by muscular movement, but 
its main source is from inflation ; it certainly is not derived from the 
moth leaving the terminal segments of the pupa and pushing forward 
to the head end, as would be the case were the process parallel with 
that by which the larva casts its skin. 

Another use of this expansion by inflation of the imago within 
the Lepidopterous pupa is to obtain an end-to-end pressure within 
the cocoon, in order to make an opening of exit. 

In the great mass of Pupz Incomplete the pupa is provided with 
a beak with which to assist the opening of the puparium, whether 
by forcing off a lid, separating the sides of a valvular opening, 
piercing a slighter place in the cocoon, or otherwise. In nearly all 
these cases the force which the beak uses against the cocoon is not 
directly derived from inflation ; the force used is muscular, and the 
fulcrum from which it acts is the armature of spines on the abdo- 
minal segment which catch on the walls of the cocoon. 

There are, however, some exceptions. In £viocrania ( purpurella, 
etc.) the work of piercing the cocoon is not performed bya beak, but 
by great jaws. These are very powerful, but are not moved at all 
by muscles attached to them in the ordinary way, as they have none. 
They appear to be moved by variations of fluid-pressure against 
their bases, and, whilst this is guided and varied by muscular action, 
its actual source seems to be the result of inflation. Again, in the 
Limacodids the pupz are very soft, and the spines arming the abdo- 
minal segments are often small and weak. ‘Their use seems to be 
confined to extruding the pupa from the cocoon after it has been 
ruptured. 

The cocoons are always very short, round, and squat, and have a 
peculiar brittle texture, so that end-to-end pressure from within, or, 
indeed, various other pressures tending to distort the cocoon, result 
in a lid being broken off one or other end. This lid is usually fairly 
circular and regular, but it is irregular in the sense that the rupture 
marking it out may occur anywhere within rather wide limits, and is 
due to general brittleness and not to the preparation of a special 
suture or valve. This is seen if a needle be used to a sound cocoon 
to break off a lid. The lid breaks off easily, starting from the point 
where the needle presses, which could not, of course, always happen 
to be exactly on a specially prepared line; nay, further, it breaks off 
as easily at the wrong as at the right end of the cocoon. It is not 
of course always, but very often is, as round and regular as that 
broken off by the emerging moth. ‘The end-to-end pressure from 
within is obtained by the expansion of the moth within the pupa 
case by inflation. That the lid shall form at the right end and with 
a minimum of tension is determined by the pupa being furnished 


26 


with a “beak,” which performs a very similar function to that 
already noted as done by the needle, in giving a point where 
pressure is brought to a focus, but not, as in the case of the needle, 
applying all the force. 

In £. /anestris the lid is not always quite so regular as in Zzma- 
codes, and a beak can hardly be said to exist on the pupa, but the 
general process for rupture of the cocoon is almost identical with 
that in Limacodes. In Lastocampa quercis exactly the same problem 
is solved in an almost identical way, but the lid removed is very 
irregular, and often fragmentary. 

In Cerura the conditions and the results are very similar to those 
in Lasiocampa. In this case a plentiful supply of softening fluid is 
used to facilitate rupture; the opening is nevertheless a fracture 
produced by the moth exerting an end-to-end pressure within the 
cocoon. 

In the allied AZvdocampa the pressure is used to keep a sharp spine 
in contact with the cocoon whilst it is carried round in an elliptical 
line, applying softening fluid as it goes and at the same time scraping 
through the softened silk and enabling the softening fluid to reach a 
further layer, till at length an oval lid gives way to the pressure the 
moth is exerting. 

There is no doubt that in the Lepidoptera at least the blood- 
tension necessary to distend and expand the wings and other parts 
after emergence is obtained by means of the inflation already fully 
in action for emergence from the pupa. 

A similar inflation occurs in Lepidopterous imagines under at 
least two other circumstances, in both instances in the Psychideze. 

In the case of the Fumeas, Luffias, and various Solenobias that 
lay their eggs very rapidly within their larval sacs or pupa cases, and 
that have after laying their eggs to arrange a certain amount of wool 
as a protection over their eggs, I have observed in several species 
that when the female has finished laying her eggs she is still quite 
unreduced in bulk but is quite translucent, the place of the missing 
eggs being taken by air. Why it is that also in many cases the 
female simply shrivels up and completes her task without any 
inflation I do not know. This certainly happens in very many 
cases: when the inflated moth has finished her work the inflation 
rapidly disappears, and she falls to the ground a shrivelled scrap, 
just as if no expansion had ever occurred. 

In the case of two species of higher Psychids, Acanthopsyche atra, 
L. (opacella), and Oreopsyche tenella, var. zermattensis, | have seen the 
female moth drop out of the larva sac after completing oviposition, 
inflated with air so as at first sight to look very much the same as 
those moths that drop out of their cases full of eggs, as many do 
that fail to be fertilised. 

In the case of the Solenobias and Fumeas the eggs are laid very 
rapidly, often within half an hour. At first the moth is a distended 
bag of eggs; at the finish she is an amorphous mite, of perhaps a 


~) 


= 
‘ 


b 


fortieth of her previous bulk ; nevertheless the process of laying the 
eggs is an elaborate one, requiring many and varied muscular move- 
ments which could not be performed satisfactorily by the shrivelled 
and empty moth ; both ends of each of its muscles would, in fact, be 
close together, and no movement could take place. Most of these 
species also have a very long ovipositor in order to reach the 
bottom of the sac or pupa case and begin laying there. As the 
laying is completed it becomes necessary to retract this long ovi- 
positor, since the laying is now close to the mouth of the sac. If 
the moth retains her bulk the ovipositor can be retracted, but not 
without, since the rods of the ovipositor in many species reach right 
up into the thorax. By means of inflation the original bulk is 
maintained, the oviposition can be properly completed, and the final 
disposition of the wool in the mouth of the sac can be satisfactorily 
managed. 

In the higher Psychids the eggs are laid in the pupa case, which 
the moth herself occupies at the same time, and one would suppose 
that inflation would not be necessary. I have, however, never 
watched the process, and know of no one that has, so that any 
conclusions we may come to are pure hypothesis. What we do 
know and see is that the moth leaves the case when egg-laying is 
finished, and it is tolerably certain that the muscular action necessary 
for extricating herself would be impossible in the collapsed con- 
dition she presents when empty of eggs. The inflation is, then, 
a necessary condition to this final journey; whether of any use 
during egg-laying we do not know, but we may imagine it does 
not occur till this is completed. Heferogynzs, who lays her eggs in 
almost an identical manner, uses no inflation, nor does she leave 
the pupa case, but dies above her eggs and forms a _ protective 
closure to the pupa case containing them, affording also a first meal 
to the young larve when they hatch. I have recently come across 
an instance of inflation in Coleoptera, in the case of Ovina (Chryso- 
chloa) tristis, var. smaragdina. The young larva, when about to 
emerge from the egg, resorts to inflation; and I find it does so also 
at its changes of moults. 

The mechanics involved in the bursting of the egg-shell and the 
emergence of the young larva is of precisely the same nature as that 
by which such Lepidoptera as £. /anestris and L. ¢estudo break open 
their cocoons. The young larva, when ready to hatch, completely 
fills the egg-shell, which is a somewhat strong, tough structure, of a 
short sausage shape, having its head at the top and its last segments at 
the lower end of the egg. It secretes air into its alimentary canal, 
and as the secretion goes on the tension of course gradually increases. 
Assuming this to go on indefinitely, a point would be reached at 
which the shell would burst irregularly, and probably explosively. 
The larva, however, is provided with three blunt points on either 
side, and their effect is to make the tension very acute along their 
line before it reaches any severe strain generally, and the egg-shell 


28 


accordingly splits on either side along this line. Once started, the 
slit extends from nearly the top of the shell to within a third of the 
bottom, probably by the protrusion of the soft body of the larva. 
An egg may occasionally be found with the larva forming a small 
protrusion on either side in this way. If the effect is aided by any 
cutting action of the points, due to movements of the larva, it must 
be within very narrow limits, as the extremities of the larva maintain 
their position unmoved till after the slitting takes place. The larva, 
on the relief of the tension, is free to move, and extricates itself from 
the shell by one of the two slits. 

When hatched the inflation does not at once Bane but 
remains and even extends to give increased bulk to the young larva ; 
this happens equally with the larvee of other viviparous species of the 
same genus, where inflation is not wanted to rupture an egg-shell. 
Its probable use is to give a more solid base for muscular action 
than is to be had from the flaccid skin of the empty young larva. 

At the further moults of Ovéza larva, inflation is again brought 
into use, its object being to rupture the effete larva skin, In each 
instance the larva is very fat and the skin fairly tense when the stage 
is complete and moulting imminent, and a slight further tension by 
inflation suffices to rupture the old skin. ‘There are now no hatch- 
ing spines, the site of the rupture (the thoracic dorsum) being deter- 
mined by sutures provided in the old skin. The newly moulted 
larva may be seen to contain several large air-vessels, and that these 
are in the alimentary canal seems clear by their escaping by the 
mouth when considerable pressure is applied to the larva. The 
process of moulting is here very different from that obtaining in 
Lepidopterous larvze ; in these the new larva creeps out of the old 
skin, the tension necessary for rupture being obtained by the new 
larva, so to speak, creeping forwards into the front segments of the 
old skin, and the empty skin is left more or less contracted and 
folded together, especially behind, where it was pushed backwards. 
Our beetle, on the other hand, leaves his skin fairly representing the 
larva, especially when it is not distorted by the opening allowing it 
to fall together again irregularly. 

The process is, in fact, very much the same as that by which most 
Lepidoptera leave their pupze; it probably obtains, with variations 
and specialisations, in all those instances amongst insects in which 
the skin to be cast has more or less solidity. 

The male of the higher Psychids also resorts to inflation when 
introducing the abdominal segments into the larval sac and pupa 
case of the female, in order to secure the necessary solidity by 
which muscular action can be effective. 

We find, then, that insects secrete gas into their alimentary canals 
in order, at various critical points in their economy, to increase their 
bulk. The object of this increase of bulk is, in a large number of 
instances, to produce tension within, and so rupture, an egg-shell, a 
larval or pupal skin, or a cocoon. This is so common and universal 


29 


that it may almost be noted as the rule rather than the exception in 
many large sections, as in emergence of Lepidoptera from the pupa. 
Another object is to produce tension of a flaccid skin in order to 
give a satisfactory fulcrum for muscular action, as in some young 
larvee, in Psychid moths that lay their eggs very rapidly, in male 
Psychids. 

A third use of inflation is to produce tension in the blood-spaces 
to assist the expansion of wings and their appendages on emergence 
from the pupa. In Lepidoptera this is the rule, and is a continuance 
of the inflation that assisted emergence from the pupa. I have 
made no observations on Hymenoptera or Coleoptera, and do not 
know whether it occurs in these orders, in which it is unnecessary for 
pupal emergence. 

I have nothing to tell you as to what the secreted gas is. It is 
most simple to call it air. Until some one collects and analyses a 
specimen we can only suppose that it is not air, but such a mixture 
of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonic acid as would be afforded by extract- 
ing the gases dissolved in the blood of the insect, probably slightly 
but not greatly modified by having to be secreted. It would be very 
unlikely to be identical with air, and it would be equally impossible 
for it to be chiefly carbonic acid. 


30 


A Visit to the Forest of Arques. 


By Harry Moore, F.E.S. Read November 13th, 1902. 


For the past year or two business has prevented me having any- 
thing like an extended holiday. During my previous cycling tours I 
had seen many spots where I should have liked to linger a day or 
two, and had mentally resolved to revisit them when opportunity 
allowed. One of those spots was the Forét d’Arques. A few days’ 
leave in midsummer had never been my lot, so when the first Coro- 
nation holidays were arranged, and the weather being fine, the 
chance was too good and the temptation too great to let slip. 

The Forest is easy of access, just outside our own doors, as it 
were. Leaving London by the 9 p.m. train on June 25th, by the 
same hour next morning I had had five hours in bed at Dieppe—all 
the more appreciated as the Channel passage had not been quite 
comfortable. The forest is situated about four miles inland from 
Dieppe ; it occupies the crest of a range of chalk hills, a sort of 
plateau, for about another four miles. It covers an area of some 
2500 acres, and at its highest point is about 400 feet above sea level. 

The trees are chiefly beech, but along the outskirts, the roadsides, 
and forest paths is to be found the usual diversity of woodland and 
copse, with just a little touch of moorland here and there. There 
are two direct roads through the forest, but drives radiate from four 
or more centres. In these cross-roads and forest paths one may 
wander all day without seeing a soul. Directing posts are to be 
found wherever required, but s7gz7-fos¢s are wanting, so that one has 
to make his way down to some village in the valley for whatever 
refreshment he may require. ‘There are a good many likely-looking 
clearings, margined with the usual tangle of undergrowth, veritabie 
gardens of wild flowers, with usually a pyramid of tall foxgloves as a 
centrepiece. These clearings in ordinary seasons one would expect 
to teem with insect life; I found the majority blank, or at most 
tenanted by a few crane-flies and immature grasshoppers. But just 
below the forest on the steep hillsides, the northern slopes facing 
Ancourt and Sauchay, various species were swarming, and this is, 
undoubtedly, the most productive collecting-ground in the locality, 
especially with regard to Lepidoptera. ‘These slopes remind one of 
many a Surrey hillside; there are plenty of juniper bushes, and at 
the time of my visit the purple orchis was in such profusion as to 
make the hill look like heather clad. I spent three days rambling 
about, and several times had to own that it is angle and not alti- 
tude that necessitates exercise. The fourth day was pouring wet, 
so I had to leave two portions of the district for some other time. 


31 


My chief object was butterfly-collecting, and, considering the in- 
clement and backward season and that one of the three days the 
wind was rather high, the fact of seeing or taking over thirty 
species, I conclude, is sufficient evidence of its capabilities, which 
the odds and ends of the other orders, gathered without effort, tend 
to confirm. 

There is a very convenient (but not frequent) train service to and 
from Dieppe, which enables one to approach and leave the forest at 
various points without the necessity of retracing one’s steps. Apart 
from entomology the whole district is interesting; the scenery is 
charming, there are Celtic and Roman remains hard by, a ruined 
castle on a neighbouring hill, and, above all, the celebrated field of 
battle on the slopes of the forest itself. 

The butterflies captured or noted were : 

Pieris brassicae, P. rape, and P. napi ; these three whites were in 
about equal numbers, but not numerous. 

Euchloé cardamines ; one ¢ seen and taken near St. Nicholas. 

Colias hyale ; one seen at Arques, another near Sauchay. I did 
not see edusa. 

Gonepteryx rhamni ; fairly common in the forest, but, of course, 
in rags. 

Aglais (Vanessa) urtice ; one fresh specimen at Eugleville. 

Lugonia (Vanessa) polychloros ; one seen near Sauchay. 

Pyrameis cardut ; a number of worn specimens near St. Martin. 
LP. atalanta ; fairly common near the main road through the forest. 

Dryas paphia ; one g seen near Archelles. 

Argyunts adippe or A. aglata ; one seen near Ancourt. 

Brenthis (Argynnis) euphrosyne; a few remnants in the forest. 
B. (A.) selene ; the commonest species in the forest. 

Melitea cinxia; a few in the forest and on the hillside near 
Ancourt ; some seemed freshly emerged, but others were in rags. 
MM. aurinia ; a few worn specimens on the hillside just below the 
forest, opposite Sauchay. 

Pararge (egeria var.) egerides ; common in the forest along dark 
portions of the road, but not easy to catch. P. (Satyrus) megera ; a 
few in the forest, some worn. 

Cenonympha arcania ; I do not know whether this is a new 
locality for this species. Lang gives its habitat, woods in Central 
and Southern’ Europe. Kane says, abundant in most parts 
of France. I found it sparingly in the forest itself, but on 
the hillsides facing Sauchay it was in profusion ; three at a time 
in the net was not unusual. Apart from the mountain variety, 
darwintana, I was not aware this species varied much ; my 
three dozen specimens were netted without discrimination. I regret 
now not taking more. However, my captures work out satis- 
factorily, exhibiting the whole range of variation as described by 
Kane and Lang, with the exception of darzwiniana and an example 
showing ‘‘a second small apical eye-spot, which sometimes appears 


32 


in the marginal shading of the fore-wings.” I have not seen 
darwiniana, neither do I know whether the absence of the apical 
eye-spot of fore-wing and the metallic marginal line are constant 
characters of this variety, but in my series of undersides several of 
that description will be noticed. On the upper side the brown outer 
marginal border of the fore-wings varies in width and density ; two 
pale-bordered and one narrow-bordered examples were taken. The 
narrow-bordered specimen has also the disc of wing unicolorous, 
owing to the absence of the dark scales usually found along the 
nervures. C. pamphilus ; not very numerous. 

Aphantopus hyperanthus ; apparently just coming out. 

Epinephele jurtina (tanira) ; fairly common near St. Nicholas and 
St. Martin. 

Callophrys (Thecla) rubt ; common in the forest and just below 
amongst the junipers, but all much worn. 

Zephyrus (Thecla) querctis ; one seen and missed in the forest. 

Cupido (Lycena) minima; abundant on the hillsides opposite 
Sauchay. 

Polyommatus (Lycena) bellargus and P.(L.) tcarus ; a few opposite 
Sauchay. ; 

Plebeius (Lycena) egon; a few on the hillside near Eugleville, 
evidently just emerged. 

Hesperia (Syrichthus) malve ; swarming on the hillsides in certain ~ 
spots, and fairly numerous in parts of the ‘forest. 

isoniades tages ; if anything, in greater numbers than malve on 


the hillsides. 
Augiades (Hesperia) sylvanus ; common, and the most generally 


distributed. 

In addition to the above were two other butterflies that I saw, but 
was unable to identify. I half expected, at least I hoped, to make 
the acquaintance of Apatura iris. I believe it is found there, and 
one day for a minute or two my hopes ran high. I saw several large 
butterflies hovering about the top of an oak tree, near which there 
happened to be a quantity of sallow. I think I perspired a bit, but 
as one turned in the sunlight I saw a glimpse of red. I had been 
watching P. atalanta. 

I did not do much with the moths. 

Hemaris tityus, L. (bombyliformis, Esp.), was fairly plentiful, both 
in sunny spots in the forest and on the open hillsides, but not easy 
to catch ; the only chance I had of a downward stroke happened to 
be successful. 

Aadscita (Ino) geryon ; evidently just coming out. I was under the 
impression the Foresters were sluggish insects. I lost those I 
attempted to box; in the bright sunshine they flit rapidly off the 
flowers, much the same as a “Skipper. ” ‘The last two I saw I netted. 

Anthrocera (Zygena) trifolii and A. (Z.) filipendule : 1 made no 
serious effort to collect the burnets, but on the third afternoon, 
while resting on the hillside facing Sauchay, I noticed one pass that 


33 


seemed peculiar; it was the specimen which I take to be the var. 
minotides, Selys, of A. ¢rifolit. It then struck me that during my 
ramblings I had not seen a single cocoon, so I started netting as the 
moths came within reach. The first few were undoubted ¢rzfolv7 ; 
several others would have been interesting had they been in good 
condition. The rest, I am afraid, are not very extraordinary fl/pen- 
dule ; however, they seemed to me to be somewhat smaller than 
average English specimens, and two of them have decided blue-green 
instead of bronzy-green wings. 

Cochlidion avellana, Kirby (fHeterogenea limacodes), was fairly 
common in the forest; the females were frequently seen in the 
road, at rest or fluttering in the dust. Its appearance to a bit of 
clay first drew my attention to it ; the resemblance is very striking— 
only in the absence of the small boy you wonder how the clay, got 
there, and so detect the deception. 

Arctia caia ; | found two full-fed larve in the forest, and brought 
them home on the off-chance of getting something good, but only 
very ordinary specimens emerged. 

Luchelia jacobe ; several near Eugleville. 

Plusia gamma; the only Noctua noticed, and this was bustling 
about everywhere. 


COLEOPTERA. 


The whole neighbourhood, especially the forest, struck me as good 
ground for the beetle hunter. I did no collecting; the specimens 
exhibited are chiefly roadway samples, but searching and sweeping 
would probably be worth the labour. Several of those I boxed are 
not without interest. Cavadws auratus, for instance, is common 
enough, but no one who has only seen a dry specimen can form any 
idea of its appearance when alive. Seen foraging in the midday 
sun, in the middle of a dusty road, its elytra glow like a live coal. 

Geotrupes sylvaticus ; this species was in extraordinary numbers ; 
dead specimens were everywhere. At one spot, where the road was 
soft, they were clustered in groups for several yards; it looked as 
though sheep had recently passed that way. 

Cetonia aurata ; along a shady stretch of road in the forest, where 
the overhanging trees prevented much sunlight penetrating, were two 
luminous spots, not above a few feet in extent, and but a short distance 
apart. In each of these spaces, within its own nebulous limits, an 
insect was hovering. I netted them both,a g and 2 Cetonia aurata. 
I had never before taken this beetle on the wing, but my impression 
was I had disturbed a courtship. 

Trichius fasciatus ; | understand British coleopterists consider this 
insect a good catch ; its popular name of bee-beetle is very apt. Its 
resemblance on the wing to Bomdbus muscorum is most deceiving. 
I must have seen a fair number during my stroll through this part of 
the forest. In an idle moment I netted, as I thought, a bee, which 


‘S4 


struck me as having something peculiar in its manner. As soon as I 
saw what it was I looked out for others, but only met with two. 
The statement of certain authors that it shows a preference for 
thistle-heads is misleading; it would be more correct to say flowers— 
in fact, whatever happens to be in bloom at the time of its appearance, 
which is practically the summer through, as I have taken it at rest on 
some umbelliferous plant, in the Gorge of the Chartreuse, as late as 
the last week in August. It is safest to net it; it readily takes flight, 
and buzzes round the killing-bottle almost before one has time to 
get the cork in. 


ORTHOPTERA. 


It was rather too early in the year to expect to do much with the 
Orthoptera, but several species were in evidence to prove that it was 
at least not a bad locality. 

Ectobia lapponica was seen on the juniper bushes on the hillside 
quite active in the sunlight. 

Stenobothrus ; several species as larvee, and one mature in clearings 
in the forest. 

Tettix bipunctatus ; must have been abundant, for they frequently 
lodged on my net while walking along, and occasionally they were 
seen hopping about the road. 

Platyclets grisea ; \arvee were common in the long grass in many 
places. 

Gryllus campestris ; young specimens were not uncommon. I 
have never taken the perfect insect, but I have seen many scores of 
larve. It is said “to be of retiring habits,” and Burr says ‘‘it 
frequents hot, dry, sandy places.” That must refer to the imago ; 
the young are very precocious, and are to be seen frequenting the 
roadway practically any and all times of the day, and without much 
choice as to locality. I brought home one alive with the idea of 
rearing it. Burr says it will readily eat lettuce ; unfortunately I 
tried lettuce-stump. My specimen ate it right enough, and with 
apparent appetite, but in a few minutes it was on its back with legs 
and antennez out straight and stark dead. 

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa ; evidence of the mole cricket was forth- 
coming in a damaged specimen found dead on the hillside opposite 
Ancourt. 


ODONATA. 


Although I saw perhaps under half a dozen different species, it 
was evidently a good district for the dragon-fly hunter. The trout- 
streams Eaulne and Béthune meander through the valleys north and 
south of the forest. 

Libellula depressa and gquadrimaculata were about, but not 
numerous. 


35 


A large species of .4/schna, probably cyanea, was fairly common, 
but all my strokes were misses. 

Calopteryx virgo afforded a sight to be remembered ; it was very 
abundant, and in all stages of imaginal development. I saw many 
hundreds in the forest, all immature, and, with the exception of one 
locality, always in company of pairs. The exception was the 
Sauchay path, where, for the better part of a mile, the sunny side 
was swarming with them, the sexes intermixed. The question was 
where they came from ; the answer I found at the end of the path. 
Emerging from the forest you overlook the valley of the Eaulne, and 
up the steep hillside, with a sidelong fluttering flight, and against 
the wind, immature C. wixgo were making their way. At this 
rendezvous they apparently choose their mates, then wander away in 
the forest, whilst their loveliness increases. I saw none making the 
return journey, but upon reaching the stream I found the sedges and 
watercress gay with these things of beauty in all their full dress 
glory. My captures were forest specimens, which, although im- 
mature, are perhaps of greater interest, showing, as they do, the 
various stages of the colour-development of the males. With one 
exception, the females seemed to me to be much alike,—that is, all 
russet, but of varying shades. ‘The exception is a green variety, and 
without any trace of pterostigma. 


HYMENOPTERA. 


It seemed to me to be a good locality for Hymenoptera. I netted 
a specimen occasionally, but did no real collecting. Several species 
of saw-flies were fairly plentiful, but I did not see a single wasp. 
That hornets abound there at times I can vouch from a previous 
experience. There were plenty of sand wasps, Aminophila, in 
places, and solitary bees, Andrena and Nomada, were tolerably 
abundant. Along certain banks JZe/ecta, with its black and white 
livery and formidable sting, was busy searching for <Azthophora 
burrows. Humble-bees and their parasitic Apathi were occasionally 
seen, but were far from numerous. 


DIPTERA. 


In one portion of the forest I was forcibly impressed with the 
abundance of Diptera, for several species of gad-flies attacked me 
with suicidal persistency. The black and yellow crane-fly, Ctexophora, 
I netted for an Ichneumon, which it greatly resembled as it flew 
across one of the forest paths. There is also a rather curious yellow 
fly, which I took at rest on the road. To me my most interesting 
capture was Stenopteryx hirundinis, the parasite of the swallow, 
which I found in my room one morning. It is on record that it can 
make itself unpleasant if it gets between the sheets. I was glad I 


36 


did not see it overnight, as I have found chamber entomology not 
always conducive to slumber. It is also said that when its host, the 
swallow, dies, it immediately takes flight. Can it fly? My specimen 
progressed by a heavy sort of hop. 

In conclusion I should like to draw attention to the very excellent 
map I used ; the whole of France, I believe, has now been issued on 
the same scale. It is published at eighty centimes a sheet. The 
scale is too large for cycle touring, but to the pedestrian, and more 
especially to the entomologist, it is invaluable. A visitor can see at 
a glance the spots to make for, as waste places and forest lands are 
alone productive in a country where hedges are either absent or 
rare, and the roads straight and interminable. 


37 


A Few Weeks in Italy. 
By G. W. Kirkatpy, F.E.S. Read December 11th, 1902. 


BEING in very poor health, mentally and physically, last May, I 
was so fortunate as to obtain five or six weeks’ holiday and a 
passage in a cargo-boat, the run taking ten days. A cargo-boat has 
the advantage of having no other passengers and of not being so 
speedy as a liner, thus ensuring a few more days of sea breezes. 
The coast of Northern Africa, comparatively so close, inspired a 
lively desire to entomologise there, but it was not to be, my cruise 
ending at Genoa. 

As will be apparent, I did little entomological investigation during 
my holiday, though when at Naples I spent two days in the vicinity 
of Vesuvius, riding and climbing to the summit by the wrong and 
much more toilsome path, owing to the rascality of my guide. The 
geological and classical interest of the environs is very great, and I 
wandered as far on the one hand as Pozzuoli, with the Zzthodomus 
—perforated columns of the Temple of Jupiter Serapis (now 
generally declared to be merely a bathing establishment), and on 
the other Castellamare and Pompeii. I have, however, prepared the 
following notes in the hope that they may be of some little interest 
to any British entomologist who proposes visiting Italy, showing him 
in what towns and cities he may find entomological centres and a 
warm welcome from genial confréres. 

Although there are a number of zealous and competent entomo- 
logical workers in Italy, they are greatly scattered, and, so far as I 
was able to judge, entomology is not a popular pastime as in more 
northern latitudes ; in many places a sweep-net and water-net had 
never been seen before, and their use was considered problematical. 

At Genoa, naturally, my first visit was to the Civic Museum of 
Natural History, charmingly situated at the summit of the pretty 
Villetta di Negro, a part of the Acquasola Park. The museum is 
small, but the entomological collections, at least in Coleoptera and 
Rhynchota, are well represented in forms from Burma, New Guinea, 
ete., while Ferrari’s collection of palaarctic Rhynchota is preserved 
here. The ‘‘ Annals,” of which over forty volumes are now com- 
pleted, hold a high position for their scientific value. I had the 
pleasure of making the personal acquaintance of the Vice-director, 
Dr. Rafaele Gestro, so well known for his coleopterological labours. 
I had known Dr. Gestro previously by correspondence, for the 
Genoan, like most Continental and unlike most British scientific 
museums, communicates its treasures freely for work among students, 


38 


and it was very pleasant to converse with the genial doctor on ‘men 
and things.” His able assistant, Mr. Mantero, labours among the 
Hymenoptera. The Coleoptera and Rhynchota, at least, are well 
known for the beautiful condition in which they are preserved, and 
it may be of interest to note that their preparation for the cabinet is 
the care of a charming young Italian lady. 

The Roman Campagna is, of course, celebrated for the labours of 
Grassi on malaria ; otherwise there is, I believe, little entomological 
work effected at Rome. Florence, which I did not visit, is the 
headquarters of the Societa Entomologica Italiana, founded in 1869. 
Adolfo Targioni-Tozzetti, who died at an advanced age last Septem- 
ber, and A. H. Haliday were two of the original members. 

At Naples I regret that my visits to Vesuvius and Pompeii left me 
no time to make myself known to any of the naturalists of the 
flourishing Zoological Station, and I regret, too, that owing to my 
hurried visit I did not realise that Portici was quite close, for here 
reside two well-known entomologists—Antonio Berlese, one of our 
foremost Coccid workers, and Ribaga, the discoverer of ‘ Ribaga’s 
Organ,” a remarkable and at present little understood stridulating (?) 
organ in the female bed-bug (A7inophilos lectularius). The labours 
of these two men are very interesting to me, and I was chagrined 
that I could not improve upon my correspondential acquaintance. 

At Turin there is quite a galaxy of men interested in insects, 
though the principal labours of some are in other directions. Dr. 
Festa, a well-known South American traveller ; Noelli, a student of 
the University who has written on Rhynchota; and Francesco 
Ferraro, a botanist who made some interesting notes on the habits of 
Mesovelia fuscata, were not in town ; but I was fortunate in catching, 
in the very act of leaving his door, Prof. Ermanno Giglio-Tos (now 
Professor of Zoology at Cagliari), who labours at Orthoptera, 
Diptera, etc., and who was so kind as to devote a great deal of his 
time to me during the two or three days I stayed at the fine northern 
city. Ialso met Dr. Camerano, herpetologist and Director of the 
Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, who is known to 
entomologists for his researches on the habits of Fovficula, etc. ; Dr. 
Borelli, the celebrated traveller in South America, whose collections 
enrich the museum, and who, since his return, works at Forficulidee 
and Scorpions. The museum is housed in the magnificent Carignano 
Palace; the entomological collections seem extensive, but only 
partially worked out yet. The “ Bollettino,” now in its eighteenth 
volume, contains much valuable matter. Achille Griffini, who for- 
merly worked here in all branches of entomology, is now Professor 
of Natural Science at Udine. 

At Pavia I was welcomed by my correspondent, Dr. Angelo de 
Carlini, a well-known Rhynchotist, and I was so fortunate as to 
receive an invitation to stay with him, which I accepted during the 
two or three days of my sojourn. The genial doctor is Professor of 
Zoology in the University, one of the most ancient and celebrated 


39 


in Europe (it was here that Columbus was a student), while his 
charming wife is Professor of Civil History. Dr. Pavesi is the 
Director and a well-known arachnologist. 

Among the entomologists at towns and cities that I could not 
visit, I may mention Dr. Emery, the specialist in ants, and Dr. 
A. Fiori, coleopterist and rhynchotist, at Bologna; Dr. A. Tosi, 
worker at bees, in Florence; Dr. G. Scarabelli, coleopterist, at Imola; 
Professor A. Piva, rhynchotist, at Rovigo; and Professor Bezzi, 
dipterist, at Sondrio. I regret that I have no information as to any 
lepidopterists. 

I was, of course, travelling during one of the worst seasons for 
Rhynchota and Orthoptera that could have been chosen, but even 
then I was much disappointed with my captures. Around Naples 
I swept the vegetation in the amphitheatre at Pompeii, and on the 
slope leading down to the sea, and also along the sides of the vine- 
yards leading to Vesuvius, but with little avail. Avzomala junti, a 
longicorn Coleopteron, was common there, and indeed throughout 
Italy. Lpinephile jurtina, Canonympha pamphilus, Pieris rape, 
and a “blue” which has become lost, were absolutely the only 
Rhopalocera to be seen. Orthoptera were all immature; Rhynchota 
were few and common—A/fihrodes bifasciata, Linn.; Megophthalmus 
scanica, Fall.; Cercopis spumaria, Linn.; Cixius nervosa, Linn.; etc. 
In the artificial ditches around new Pompeii I searched for aquatic 
forms, and found Hydrometra stagnorum, Gerris lacustris, and a 
species of Gyrinus!! The whole country around Vesuvius is, however, 
of course, very unsuitable for aquatic forms. 

The environs of Pavia are, I should say, very good indeed for a 
neuropterist. At the middle of June the lovely Ca/opteryx splendens 
was either but recently emerged or was in the act of doing so; along 
the banks of the canal which stretches from Pavia to Milan it 
was literally in hundreds. I also captured Orthetrum cancellatum (as 
determined by Mr. W. J. Lucas). This canal is fringed on either 
side with weedy waste land, varying in breadth from a few feet to 
several yards ; to the left again (from Pavia) is the high road, then 
more waste land, and an abrupt descent through bush and shrub to 
the osier-banked stream or river. The canal stretches more or less 
in this manner right along to Milan. My collecting was hasty and 
perfunctory, while on a visit to the Certosa. In Rhynchota I secured 
Cixius nervosa, Linn.; and Cixius, sp.(?); Lepyronia coleoptrata, Linn.; 
Aphrophora alnt, Fall. ; Cercopis campestris, Fall.; and C. spumarta, 
Linn.; Alegophthalmus scanica, Fall.; Tetigonia viridis, Linn.; Notonecta 
glauca (nymph), Reduviolus subapterus (nymph), and several Tetigoni- 
idee and Miridz not yet named. Dr. de Carlini has worked this district 
pretty thoroughly as regards terrene forms, but I believe close working 
for aquatic forms in all orders here would discover many interesting 
species. As Milan is on the direct route from Paris or Ostend to 
Rome, and as Pavia is only an hour’s journey from Milan, perhaps 
the hint may be accepted this year by some British workers. Of 


40 


Coleoptera I captured a number of forms, mostly, however, small 
and not yet named. Mr. S. W. Kemp has kindly identified for me, 
Anomala junit, Duftch; Zelephorus bicolor, F.; Coccinella 10-punctata, 
L.; Pederus littoralis, Grav.; Gdemera nobilis, Scop.; Laccoptus 
obscurus, Panz ; etc. 

From Milan I journeyed to Airolo, where I left the train and 
walked as far as the south end of the Pass, which was blocked with 
snow, returning (glissading for a good part of the way) for the night 
to a little cottage (inhabited by cows and their keepers) about 
5000 feet up, just over the snow-line. It was very cold here, but in 
magnificent scenery, and very bracing. During my walk I captured 
the Coleoptera Lacon murinus, Linn., and Pterostichus multipunctatus, | 
Dej ; and an earwig, Forvficula, sp. ; and some immature Orthoptera. 
Rhopalocera were abundant, a non-British Co/vas, and appa- 
rently Argynnids, etc., as well as at least two non-British Lyczenids. 
Starting before six next morning, I walked alone over the Pass, the 
only tracks throughout a large part of the way being the footmarks 
of previous travellers; a most exhilarating tramp ending, vid the 
picturesque villages of Hospitenthal and Andermatt, at Goschenen, 
where I rejoined the train for Fluelen, thence by boat to Luzern, 
where I stopped a week. 

I greatly regret the meagre entomological results of my holiday, 
but the season of year was so unfavourable that I turned my attention 
almost entirely to other matters ; and, indeed, in a short visit, art 
in the northern and central parts and physical phenomena in the 
southern parts of Italy are apt to engross the greater part of one’s 
time. 


4] 


Report of the Bookham Common Field Meeting, 
May roth, 1902. 


By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. Read May 22nd, 1902. 


ON May roth took place the first of the field meetings for the 
season of 1902. ‘Though but a few spots of rain fell during the 
afternoon and evening, still the weather, cold and generally dull, 
was altogether unfavourable. ‘This being the case, it argues well for 
the success of the large number of field meetings arranged that a 
party of eighteen should have braved the elements on so unpromis- 
ing a day. The commons between Effingham Station and Great 
Bookham formed the hunting-ground for the occasion, and the track 
to them lay along a broad green lane, which in better weather might 
perhaps prove productive. ‘Though situated on the London clay, 
the ground was firm under foot, and in most cases sufficiently dry ; 
the ponds, indeed, around which, after wandering in various direc- 
tions, the party finally assembled, were by no means too well filled 
with water. 

Though the weather was so bad, a few things were taken and 
some observations were made. Mr. Step took note of a number of 
birds—the coot, the peewit, Ray’s wagtail, the nightingale, swallow, 
swift, cuckoo, blackcap, hedge-sparrow, and blackbird,—while the 
same observer and the writer paid some attention to the flowers that 
were in blossom, and a fairly good list was the result. It included 
the white water-buttercup (Ranunculus aguatilis, form hetero- 
phlyllus) ; R. ficaria, the lesser celandine or pilewort; Cardamine 
pratensis, the cuckoo-flower, or milkmaid, as it is called around 
Kingston-on-Thames ; Viola canina, the dog-violet ; Cerastium 
glomeratum, the mouse-ear chickweed ; S¢e/laria holostea, the stitch- 
wort ; S. palustris ; S. uliginosa, a very small plant not quite in 
flower, and not identified at the time; Z/ex aguifolium, the holly ; 
Ulex europaeus, the furze; Genista anglica, petty-whin, the badge 
of the Plantagenets ; Lathyrus macrorrhizus (= Orobus tuberosus) ; 
Prunus communis, the sloe; FPotentilla tormentilla; P. fragarias- 
trum ; Crategus oxyacantha, the may, which I had not previously 
found in blossom ; Bed/’'s perenni’s, the daisy ; Taraxacum officinale, 
the dandelion ; Byronia dioica, the white bryony ; Primula vulgaris, 
the primrose; P. veris, the cowslip; Veronica chamedrys, the ger- 
mander speedwell; Awzscus aculeatus, the butcher’s-broom (rather 
plentifully), with its tiny lily-flowers on the flattened phylloclades, 
which look like leaves ; Arum maculatum, \ords and ladies, or 
cuckoo-pint ; and Luzaula campestris, the wood-rush. So much for 


42 


the flowering plants. Lguisetum “imosum, one of the vascular 
cryptogams, was growing in a great mass in one of the ponds, and 
many of the shoots bore fertile cones, a few of which were, after 
some difficulty, obtained for examination. 

The aquatic Mollusca received attention at the hands of Mr. R. A. 
Adkin, who found //anorbis complanatus, P. vortex, Linnea 
palustris, and L. truncatula. He hoped that amongst the /. 
vortex might be some ZL. sfirvorbis, but was disappointed. JZ. 
truncatula I generally look upon as fairly good, perhaps only because 
I have seldom found it. 

A Trichopteron (caddis-fly) taken and given to me _ was 
Limnophilus auricula, Two or three Diptera were taken and 
sent to Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright for identification. They were 
Libio marc, &, B. venosus, 8, 3, and Syrphus bifasciatus. To B. 
venosus, however, a query is attached. Of two Hymenoptera taken, 
one was a @ of the genus /evithous, and the other was an 
Lchneumon. 

Mr. West, of Streatham, collected material for the microscope, and 
reports :—(1) Cellular Cryptogams: Spirogyra, Closterium, and 
Volvox globator ; (2) Rotifera (besides several free-swimming 
species): Melicerta ringens, Hoscularia cornuta, Scaridium longt- 
caudum, and Rottifer vulgaris ; (3) Vorticelle : Lpistylis vagini- — 
cola, and Vorticella nebulifera ; (4) Entomostraca: Cypris, Cyclops 
guadricornis, and Chydorus sphericus; (5) he also found Hydra 
vulgaris, statoblasts of Polvzoa (species not recognised), and great 
numbers of larvae of Zphemeris. 

As regards the Lepidoptera, Mr. Bishop and others searched the 
Genista anglica for larvee of Pseudoterpna pruinata (= cytisaria) with 
some success. Mr. Bishop also reports an Ade/a captured, and 
larvee of Cheimatobia brumata ; Oporabia dilutata ; Phigalia pedaria 
(= pilosaria) ; Orthosia lota (probably) ; L£punda viminalis 
(probably), and a species of Xantiia. Other lepidopterists seem to 
have neglected their opportunities, or perhaps the postal authorities 
dealt unkindly with their contributions ! 

If the weather was bad, the catering at the Merrilands Hotel was 
not, and justice was done to the excellent tea provided. The wind 
having fallen in the evening, the walk back to the trains at Effing- 
ham Station was rather enjoyable than not, and on the whole the 
memory of the excursion—which, by the way, has become historic, 
owing to Mr. Step’s article in the August number of ‘ Pall Mall ”— 
will not perhaps be an unpleasant one after all. 


43 


Report of the Reigate Field Meeting, May 24th, 1902. 
By Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. Read June 12th, 1902. 


EACH year, when the list of field meetings is being arranged by 
your Council, some member is sure to propose a visit to Reigate. 
Why this locality is so constantly brought forward I do not know for 
certain. It may be that the chalk has a peculiar attractiveness for 
others, as it has for myself, as I was born and spent all my young 
days within sight and easy distance of it. Again, the walk usually 
taken is not a long one; the distance from the station is short; and, 
above all, given good weather, and at the right season, one can be 
sure of a good day’s sport. Whether one wishes to study Lepidop- 
tera, or Coleoptera, or Botany, there all will be found in variety, and 
among them many good local things can be secured. Even on a 
wet day one’s energies can well be devoted to the molluscs, which 
are then so very abundant on the slopes and in the coppices. 

Unfortunately on this occasion the weather, which during the last 
season was so extremely favourable, had at this date scarcely shown 
a trace of the “genial spring.” The time of spring had nearly 
passed, and yet spring’s beauteous face had been seen but seldom. 
Summer was being ushered in by most unsummerlike weather. 

However, in spite of a most inclement week, Saturday, May 24th, 
was mild and warm, even hot, and the sun on that day gave us more 
than ‘‘a fitful gleam.” But still the retarding influence of previous 
weeks remained, and life—at any rate active, apparent life—was 
dormant, producing very little to satisfy the wishes of even the most 
ardent and assiduous of our members. 

As is usual now, a section of those attending went down by an 
early train, and these, getting out at Redhill Junction, worked the 
more eastern part of the accessible hills. The main body were later 
on to investigate the more western portion. 

It seemed an unfortunate day for keeping in touch with one 
another, and complications early arose. Mr. Step, Mr. Montgomery, 
and myself met at East Croydon and went together as far as Red- 
hill, where we decided to get out, walk up the beautiful Linkfield 
Lane to Wray Common, and go over that part of the hills near the 
Suspension Bridge. By so doing we missed Mr. Carr, who had seen 
us get in at Croydon, and fully expected to meet us at Reigate when 
he alighted. However, he made the best he could of the loneliness, 
and his list of species of Lepidoptera and larve is much fuller than 
ours. He reports the following :— 

LEPIDOPTERA.—Gonepteryx rhamni, Vanessa polychloros, V. to, 
Thanaos tages, Syrichthus malve, Cenonympha pamplilus, Lycena 


44 


argiolus, Macrothylacia (Bombyx) rubi (abundant), Aidonia atomaria, 
1 Melanthia ocellata, 1 Bapta taminata, 1 B. temerata, 1 Melanippe 
vivata, 1 Ennychia nigraza (another seen), 1 Panagra petraria. 

Larv&.—Orthosia lota, Miselia oxyacanthe, Nola cucullatella, 
Lupithecia sobrinata (abundant on juniper), Aydernia defoliaria, 
Oporabia dilutata, Cheimatobia brumata, Hypsipetes elutata, Cerastis 
vaccinit (?). 

Our morning captures were few and far between, and mostly 
single representatives of common species. Lepidoptera seemed 
very scarce ; ‘‘micros” were almost totally absent. Mr. Step found 
a few Mollusca by close searching, and a specimen of Hemerophila 
abruptaria at rest on an oak paling fence was a capital object for his 
camera. Mr. Montgomery swept and beat, but only a few small and 
obscure Coleoptera resulted. Several plants peculiar to the chalk 
were seen, but all were in a very backward condition and few of 
them in flower. Even the beech woods at the top of the hill 
produced only one or two specimens of shells. On the slope near 
the reservoir Cazoptria ulicetana was in abundance around the furze 
bushes. One example each of Cyaniris (Lycena) argiolus and 
Gonepteryx rhamni were seen, with an occasional Pieris rape and 
Euchloé cardamines. The walk was delightful; the view was varied 
and extensive ; and that, perhaps, is all that can be said. Such a 
corner in the hills facing S.W. ought at this time of the year to be 
teeming with active life. 

By a misunderstanding here Mr. Step was deserted, while Mr. 
Montgomery and myself hurried to meet the main body at Reigate 
Station. He only regained us later in the day, but he, too, had 
evidently made good use of his isolation, as the following list of 
plants and molluscs observed by him will prove. 

FLOWERS.—Chelidonium majus, L.; Nasturtium sylvestre, Br.; 
Cardamine hirsuta, L.; Sisymbrium alhiaria, Scop.; Helianthemum 
vulgare, Gaertn.; Viola odorata, L.; V. sylvestris, Fries ; Polvgala 
vulgaris, L.; Stellaria holostea, 1.3; Geranium robertianum, L.; Vicia 
sepium, L.; Fragaria vesca, L.; Poterium sanguisorba, L.; Crategus 
oxyacantha, L.; Pyrus malus, L.; Sanicula europea, L.; Anthriscus 
sylvestris, Hoffm.; Cornus sanguinea, L.; Viburnum lantana, 1..; 
Sonchus oleraceus, L.; Veronica hederefolia, L.; V. chamedrys, .; 
LNepeta glechoma, Benth.; Lamium album, L.; L. galeobdolon, Craniz ; 
Ajuga reptans, L.; Mercurialis perennis ; Listera ovata, Br.; Scilla 
nutans, 5m.; Arum maculatum, L.; also a fungus, the St. George’s 
mushroom (Agaricus gambosus). 

Mo .uscs.—Cvclostoma elegans, Mull; Hyalina pura, Alden; #. 
cellarin, Mull; Avion ater, L.; Helix rotundata, Mull; Z. lapicida, 
L.; H. cantiana, Mont.; Hf. virgata, Da C.; A. caperata, Mont.; 7. 
nemoralts, Mull; A. aspersa, Mull; A. pomatia, L.; Clausilin 
Zaminata, Mont.; C. dc¢dentata, Strém.; Ferussacia lubrica, Mull. 

He had also employed his camera to some purpose, and we shall 
no doubt see the results in the shape of lantern slides in due course. 


45 


About fourteen members in all attended, and a very pleasant after 
noon ramble was made along the foot of the chalk hills west of 
Reigate, known as Colley Hills. 

From the reports sent me, pretty well the same species were noted 
by the later coming members as mentioned above. Mr. R. A. Adkin 
sent in a full list containing the same species of Mollusca as those 
observed by Mr. Step, but noting in addition white forms of Clausz/ia 
laminata and Cochlicopa lubrica, with Bulimus obscurus, Helix 
ericetorum, Hf. hispida, Hyalina glabra, A. nitidula, A. crystallina, 
and Arion hortensis. Mr. Brown and Mr. Rayward reported the 
same species of Lepidoptera as Mr. Carr and myself, except that the 
latter took a solitary specimen of /Phibalapteryx vitalbata. Mr. 
Montgomery’s and my own observations or captures, not included 
above, were :—Zhecla rubi seen, a large “white,” presumably /. 
brassicae, one P. napi, a “plume” not identified, and odd specimens 
of “micro-lepidoptera ”—Scaphila subjectana, Dichrorampha plumba- 
gana, Adela viridella, Incurvaria muscalela, Dasycera sulphurella, 
and £lachista argentella (cygnipennella). The larve of Dzéloba 
ceruleocephala were also found, but they were very small. One 
member found the nest of the meadow-pipit (Azthus pratensis) con- 
taining four eggs, which showed very extreme variation in colouring, 
from one with most of the dark colour massed at the larger end and 
very intense, to another with the colour very uniformly spread. This 
“find” was of course duly photographed. 

To sum up the observations at the meeting, one can safely say that 
everything was late and scarce ; and, although the day was delight- 
fully fine, the lesser forms of life evidently put little trust in the, for 
this year, unusual genial appearances, for not even the hardest workers 
could produce a list of observations of any respectable dimension. 

The usual “substantial tea” was provided for the party at the 
Railway Inn, and an early train brought us back to London. 


46 


Report of the Ranmore Common Field Meeting, 
June 7th, 1902. 


By E. Step, F.L.S. ead July 10th, 1902. 


No more unfortunate date could have been selected for a field 
meeting, for though the morning was only showery with alternations 
of sunshine, the afternoon was consistently wet throughout, varied 
only by an occasional deluge. Although the attendance was com- 
paratively small (nineteen), it was large when meteorological conditions 
are taken into account. But it was altogether too wet for systematic 
work, even for snail-hunting, which would have been a great success 
in this neighbourhood on a merely showery day. Little wonder, 
then, that I have been favoured with only one list, that of Lepidoptera 
from Mr. Carr, which is as follows:—Axthocharis cardamines, Vanessa 
polychloros, Thanaos tages, Lycena warus, Cyaniris (Lycena) argiolus, 
Cenonympha pamphilus, Polvommatus phleas, Lithosia aureola 
(sororcula), Rumia crategata, Bapta taminata, B. temerata, Asthena 
candidata, Melanippe rivata, Pyvrausta purpurals. 

Larv&. — Zeniocampa cruda, Cosmia trapesina, Cheimatobia 
brumata, Hybernia defoliaria, Oporabia dilutata, Eupithecia sobrinata. 

The only Mollusca actually observed were Cyclostoma elegans, 
Ftelix pomatia, H. aspersa, and Hi. cantiana. 

Respecting /Z. fomatia, I would like to remind members that at 
Reigate on June gth, 1894, as recorded in our ‘“‘ Proceedings,” we made 
the discovery that an underground chamber as large as the shell is 
excavated to receive the eggs of this snail, and is hidden by a roof 
of earth agglutinated by slime. Inall the intervening years, residence 
far from jomatia’s haunts always prevented my verification of the 
observations then made. On June 7th, 1902, within a couple of 
days of the Reigate date, I had the pleasure of showing several 
members in Westhumble Lane the various stages in this egg-laying 
process. There were specimens excavating the holes with the ‘‘foot,” 
there were others actually ovipositing, and some who were roofing in 
the furnished egg-chamber. I think this is worth recording, as it 
seems to indicate that June 7th is about the regular date to observe 
this process. 

The following plants were in flower :—Aguzlegia vulgaris, Chelt- 
donium majus, Polygala vulgaris, Geranium robertianum, Geum 
urbanum, Poterium sanguisorba, Sanicula europea, Anthriscus 
sylvestris, Galium cructata, Asperula odorata, Centaurea cyanus, 
Myosotis sylvatica, Cynoglossum officinale, Veronica officinalis, V. 
chamedrys, Lathrea squamaria, Lamium album, L. galeobdolon, 
Ajuga reptans, Habenaria conopsea, H. bifolia (sub-sp. chlorantha), 
Scilla nutans, Ornithogalum umbellatum, Arum maculatum. 


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Report of the Field Meeting held at Otford, Kent, 
June 21st, 1902. 


By Ropert ADKIN, F.E.S. Read January 8th, 1903. 


IN the report of the field meeting held at Brasted in July, rgo1, I 
dwelt somewhat fully on my reasons for selecting that locality, and it 
will be remembered that our operations were then carried out on the 
ragstone and sandy hills to the south of the valley through which 
the upper waters of the river Darenth flow. To the north of this 
valley the hills are more broken in contour, and consist largely of 
chalk soil. Some four or five miles below Brasted the river bends 
away in a northerly direction, and, flowing through a valley that 
bisects this range of hills, ultimately finds its way into the Thames at 
Dartford Creek. Otford, the base from which the field meeting now 
under review was undertaken, is situated to the east of the river, just 
after it has taken its northerly course. ‘The hill rising from it is one 
of the most chalky of the range, and, having a south-westerly aspect, 
is particularly suitable for a naturalist’s hunting-ground. Well 
within my own memory the greater portion of this hillside was an 
uncultivated down, capped by woods which, if private property, were 
sufficiently open for all practical purposes. I know of few places 
where insect life was more abundant ; Avgyxnis agdaia would fly on 
the down sides in bewildering profusion, Zycena corydon had a very 
flourishing colony, few knapweed heads were in their season 
untenanted by Lvemobia ochroleuca, to say nothing of the innumer- 
able species of Micros that found employment for one at any time of 
the day and well into the night. 

But it is hardly to be expected that such advantageous situations 
can, in these days, long remain unappropriated, especially when 
within some twenty miles of London, and it is therefore not surprising 
to find that a stately mansion has been reared in a hollow on the hill- 
side, and a large portion of the down converted into the surrounding 
park, thus materially circumscribing the available open land ; yet I 
venture to think that there is still ample opportunity for an after- 
noon’s profitable collecting by those who are content to expend their 
energies on the fringes of the woods, the few acres of still open 
waste land, and last, but not least, the hedge banks of the surround- 
ing lanes, which are unusually heavy hereabout, and not only afford 
cover for numerous moths, but their varied growth provides suitable 
pabulum for a very considerable assortment of herbaceous and tree- 
feeding larve. Therefore, in spite of its present disadvantages, the 
neighbourhood appeared to me to offer a suitable /oca/e for a field 
meeting. 


48 


The village of Otford, too, is not without interest, for although in 
the present day it is a place of very small importance, the road along 
which it is built and the two or three others that join up with it 
being mere country lanes connecting similar unimportant villages, 
yet in times of old it appears to have been a place of note. Situated 
on the “ Pilgrim’s Way,” in the direct line of route between Win- 
chester, Rochester, and Canterbury, it would no doubt have been a 
convenient halting-place for much of the traffic that passed between 
those important ecclesiastical centres. It was attached to the See of 
Canterbury before the Norman conquest ; and so early as A.D. 1070, 
and for some centuries later, it appears to have been a favourite 
dwelling-place of the Archbishops of Canterbury. So far as I am 
aware, no relics of these very early times now remain. The palace 
(or castle) was rebuilt about the end of the fifteenth century, and the 
tower, which is still standing, forms a conspicuous object, and is 
regarded as an interesting example of the decorated brickwork style 
of that period. The church is probably of more recent date, its 
register commencing with the year 1630; it is built of Kentish rag- 
stone, and forms a prominent, if not particularly picturesque object, 
near the entrance of the village. ‘The houses are for the most part 
modern, but the ‘ Bull Inn,” with its low ceilings and large fire- 
places, although recently somewhat modernised in its internal 
arrangements, still carries an air of respectable antiquity; and. 
although its present resources are perhaps not of the highest order, 
it affords a convenient.house of call for the weary wayfarer, and the 
views obtainable from the garden at its rear, across the valley to the 
sandy hills and woods of Seal Chart, are very pleasant. In the 
matter of water the village is singularly well off. In addition to the 
river, which flows hard by, there is, near the centre of the village, a 
banked-up pond, which appears to maintain a fairly constant level, 
and numerous springs of delightfully fresh clear water flow out from 
the chalk hills. Some of these are in private grounds, but one of 
them may be seen gushing out from a wall, be the weather ever so 
dry, as one passes from the railway station to the village. 

Of greater interest, however, than the historic matters connected 
with this ancient settlement are the features of the surrounding 
country. The timber of the woods already referred to consists 
largely of beech and oak, with a sprinkling of birch, maple, ash, fir, 
etc. Although in the main these woods are somewhat closely pre- 
served, they are sufficiently cut up by lanes through or alongside 
them to admit of their being fairly well worked. ‘The hedge-rows 
are a feature of the neighbourhood, not only on account of their 
bulk, but of the variety of the shrubs of which they are composed, 
among which may be mentioned oak, beech, maple, hawthorn, hazel, 
sallow, ash, damson, cherry, elder, yew, privet, broom, honeysuckle, 
clematis, etc. What small portions of the down lands still remain 
bear a growth of a very mixed character. In addition to patches of 
many of the shrubs already mentioned, there are a number of young 


49 


whitebeam trees, while the lower growing species include, among 
many others, quantities of marjoram, salad-burnet, wood-sage, wood- 
sanicle, rock-rose, mignonette, Ga/twm, Hypericum, woodruff, etc. 
Such an assortment should surely provide good collecting in any 
order, except perhaps aquatic species, for although there is no lack 
of water, it is hardly of the sort to harbour them ; and so far as I 
have been able to ascertain, Mollusca are less abundant than the class 
of country might reasonably lead one to expect—that is, if we except a 
thriving colony of Helix pomatia, from which some very fine 
examples may be obtained. 

Having thus described the place, it now remains for me to briefly 
report upon the meeting held there and the results obtained. 

On the afternoon of Saturday, June 21st, some dozen members 
met one another at Holborn Viaduct Station of the London, Chat- 
ham, and Dover Railway, with questioning looks as to whether such 
a muster was worthy the name of a South London Field Meeting, 
and, with some misgivings, proceeded by the 2.37 train to Otford. 
Happily others joined them ez vouwfe, and so made up a total attend- 
ance of seventeen—a poor muster when compared with many of the 
meetings of recent years, but probably as large as might be expected 
having regard to the unusual number of meetings fixed for the 
summer months and the prevailing unsettled condition of weather. 
In this matter, however, we were singularly fortunate, a couple of 
slight showers that fell during the afternoon tending to freshen the 
foliage and soften the air, and caused no inconvenience to any, 
other than perhaps those desirous of beating for larve, and then 
only for the short time necessary for the gentle breeze to dry the 
rain-drops from the trees. 

The route taken, on leaving the station yard, was to the right over 
the railway bridge and along the road leading to Kemsing ; and at a 
few yards beyond the point where the road from Shoreham joins is a 
footpath on the left hand, which leads beside the garden of the 
cottage attached to the kennels of the West Kent Hunt, thence up 
a steep hill, over a bit of down land between Hillydea land Flatdeal 
Woods, and eventually terminates at the top of the hill where three 
lanes meet. This is the highest point in the immediate neighbour- 
hood, and some 670 feet above sea level. Some of the party 
proceeded by the footpath just mentioned ; others continued along 
the road towards Kemsing until the lodge gates were reached, 
where, taking the lane on the left hand and skirting the opposite 
side of Flatdeal Wood, ultimately met the other members of the 
party at the hilltop. Now taking the lane on the right towards 
Woodlands for a short half-mile, and just after a sharp dip in the 
road and past a couple of cottages on the right hand known as 
“Monks in the Hole,” another and narrower lane goes off at a right 
angle on the right hand. Proceeding by this way, again for barely 
half a mile, the lane passes through a corner of Rowdow Wood and 
reaches the brow of an old quarry and a patch of broken-down 


4, 


50 


land some few acres in extent, at the foot of which the Kemsing- 
Otford Road is again joined. The railway station is hardly a mile 
to the right, and the “ Bull Inn” less than another half-mile further 
on. The whole round from the station and back again is thus 
compassed in, approximately, three miles, the hedgebanks, woods, 
downs, and fences by which it is bordered affording an opportunity 
for an infinite variety of collecting throughout its entire length. The 
accompanying map will no doubt make clear, even to those who had 
not the advantage of being present, the route taken and the positions 
of the woods and downs worked over. 

I do not think I shall be guilty of maligning any of our friends if 
I say that little serious collecting was undertaken by the party, 
although the copious notes received from some two or three mem- 
bers go to prove the ever-present exception to any general assertion. 
I am especially indebted to our President and Messrs. F. M. B. Carr, 
A. Harrison, and A. E. Tonge for notes on plants observed and 
Lepidoptera taken, and to the Rev. F. H. Wood for his remarks on 
spiders, from which the following lists are compiled, and to whom I 
take this opportunity of expressing my thanks. But are not the 
primary objects of field meetings the opening up of new areas for 
work, and the friendly intercourse among members in the midst of 
the objects that they make their common study, rather than any hard 
individual collecting during the brief space of time available on such | 
an occasion? If this be so, I think we may congratulate ourselves 
upon the attainment of yet another successful field meeting, which 
was brought to a close by the usual substantial tea, provided at the 
“* Bull Inn,” after which the party returned to town by the 9.37 train 
from Otford Station. 

Brrps’ Eccs.—Blackbird’s (Zurdus merula) nest with two eggs ; 
thrush’s (7: musicus) nest with four eggs, one of them nearly round, 
and one with three only large black blotches.—F. M. B. Carr. 

SprpERS.—CZudbiona holosericea, Theridion lineatum, Epeira cucur- 
bitina, E. atrica (callophylla), E.. umbratica (near cocoon), £. inclinata, 
Xysticus (Thomisus) cristatus, Pisura (Dolomedes) mirabilis (carrying 
cocoon). 

LEPIDOPTERA.—Jveris rape, Euchloé cardamines, Chrysophanus 
(Polyommatus) phiwas, Lycena icarus, Syriththus malve, Thanaos 
tages, Hepialus lupulinus, Euchelta jacobee, Spilosoma mendica, S. 
lubricipida, Agrotts cinerea, Dianthecia capsophila, Hadena gentste, 
Rumta luteolata (crategata), Venilia maculata, Tephrosia crepuscularia 
(F. M. B. Carr), Z: punctularia, Zonosoma linearia (trilinearia), 
Asthena luteata, A. candidata, Acidalia ornata, A. remutata, Cabera 
pusaria, Bapta bimaculata (taminata), B. temerata, Eupithecia 
venosata, E. scabiosata (subumbrata), E. oblongata (centaureata), E. 
vulgata, Melanthia ocellata, Melanippe socitata (subtristata), M. 
montanata, M. fluctuata, Anticlea rubidata, Coremia unidentaria, C. 
designata (propugnata), Camptogramma bilineata, Phibalapteryx 
vitalbata, Anaitis plagiata (very abundant), Scoparia dubitalis 


51 


(abundant), Pyrausta purpuralis, Ennychia cingulata, E. nigrata 
(anguinalis), Scopula olivalis, Crambus pratellus, C. hortuellus, Alispa 
angustella, Argyrotoxa conwayana, Fenthina pruniana, Pardta 
tripunctana, Phoxopteryx lundana, Pedisca corticana, Ephippiphora 
trigeminana, Dichorampha petiverella, Xanthosetia hamana, Chrosts 
alcella, Adela degeerella. Warvee: Nola cucullatella, Porthesia similis 
(auriflua), Cosmia trapesina, Epunda viminalis, Metrocampa margart- 
taria, Hybernia rupicapraria, H. marginaria (progemmaria), FH. 
adefoliaria, Oporabia dilutata, Anisopteryx cescularia, Hypsipetes 
sordidata (elutata). 

PLANTS.—Ajuga reptans, Asperula odorata, Atropa belladonna, 
Bellis perennis, Bryonta dioica, Clematis vitalba, Crategus oxyacantha, 
(still in bloom), Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Cytisus scoparius, 
Cynoglossum ? officinale, Daphne laureola (in fruit), Euphorbia amyg- 
daloides, Euonymus europeus, Fragaria vesca, Fumaria officinalts, 
Galeobdolon luteum, Galium crucitata, Geranium robertianum, Flelt- 
anthemum vulgare, Hypericum perforatum, Lamium galeobdolon, Lotus 
corniculatus, Ligustrumvulgare, Mercurialis perennis, Myosotts arvensis, 
Nepeta glechoma, Ophrys muscifera, Orchis mascula, O. pyramidalts (?), 
Origanum vulgare, Poterium sanguisorba, Polygala vulgaris, Papaver 
rheas, Ranunculus repens, Reseda lutea, Rosa canina, Sambucus 
niger, Scilla nutans, Scrophularia nodosa, Sinapis arvensis, Stellaria 
holostea, Sanicula europea, Solanium dulcamara, Silene tnflata, 
S. nutans (two or three plants, Carr), Zeucrium scorodonia, Trifolium 
repens, T. pratense, Veronica chamedrys, Viola canina. 


1 
Lo 


Report of the Wisley Field Meeting, July 5th, 1902. 
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. ead July 24th, 1902. 


A FINE, hot day, with fairly bright sunshine, favoured the members 
and their friends who visited the Wisley Ponds and neighbourhood on 
July 5th. Vegetation was luxuriant, and flowers were pretty numer- 
ous. The following members of the flora of the district were per- 
haps most worthy of note :—Ranunculus flammula, Lychnis flos-cucul, 
Stellaria uliginosa, Hypericum elodes, Rhamnus frangula, Agrimonia 
eupatoria, Bryonia dioica, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Gnanthe peucedant- 
Jolia, Lonicera per iclymenum, Cnicus pratensis, Erica tetralix, LE. 
cinerea, Anagallis tenella (very fine), Myosotis cespitosa, Litorella 
lacustrts, Euphrasia officinalis, Alisma ranunculoides, Carex pseudo- 
cyperus, Eequisetum limosum ; the evil-smelling Phallus tmpudicus, and 
the edible Amanita rubescens. The hornbeam, not a common tree in 
Surrey, I believe, was found in fruit. 

Amongst the Batrachians Mr. Step noticed that the common toad — 
“ Bufo vulgaris, jast emerged from the larval condition,” was swarm- 
ing on land, and the same member calls attention to a single Mollusc, 
Succinea putris, But the smaller pond abounds in water-shells, 
especially Planorbes, including P. corneas; while Zonites nitidus, a 
somewhat scarce land shell, ‘“‘ which lives in the water,” may be found 
by diligent search in one place along the margin. 

Of the Orthoptera, immature specimens of Forficula auricularia 
were noticed, and some numbers of grasshoppers belonging to the 
genus Stenobothrus were seen, but in no case, I think, quite mature, 
though some ? specimens of S. parallelus were of large size. A 
small immature green locustid (that is, grasshopper with long antennz) 
was taken from nettles. The little Zetttx dipunctatus was taken 
mature. By the large pond several specimens of L£ctobia lapponica 
were taken—in one case a pair 77 cof.,—and it was easily observed 
that the female is much lighter and rounder in outline than the male, 
and has shorter wings. ‘The male soon died, but the female was 
kept alive some time, being fed first on strawberries, then on banana. 
From the tip of herabdomen a pale yellowish-brown egg-capsule was 
protruding on July roth. At any rate, on that day it was first 
noticed, and she had been looked at most days previously. The 
capsule, therefore, is not to be seen till some time after copulation. 
At its darkest it was only of a palish sienna-brown. It was 
dropped on July 24th, having been carried about five days, a habit 
which has been noticed also in the case of some of the larger cock- 
roaches. 


53 


Most of the Neuroptera noted belonged to the Odonata, the only 
others being Chrysopa sp. The Odonata were Lzdbe/lula 4-maculata, 
Sympetrum striolatum (teneral), S. sanguineum (seen only), Orthetrum 
cancellatum (one male taken by Mr. Kemp), Les¢es sponsa (abundant), 
Anax imperator (seen only), Brachytron pratense (one), Agrion 
puella, Agrion pulchellum (a fairly good species), the local £7y- 
thromma naias, Ischnura elegans, and its var. rwfescens of Stephens, 
and ELxallagma cyathigerum (at the smaller pond). Mr. South made 
the interesting capture of a female Jschnura elegans flying off with 
Crambus pascuellus. 

Of Hymenoptera but two seem to have been taken away. ‘These, 
which were identified by Mr. A. H. Hamm, one of our members, 
were a sawfly, Ad/antus viridis (Linn.), and one of the sand wasps 
Ammophila sabulosa (Linn.), which provisions its nidus with lepidop- 
terous larvee. 

The only dipteron captured for identification was Sarcophaga 
carnarta, a large grey and black fly, one of the commonest of 
British insects. The specimen taken seemed of rather striking size 
as it alighted at the smaller pond. 

Mr. Kemp contributed a somewhat full list of Coleoptera, the 
best species being distinguished by an asterisk :—Acupalpus meridt- 
anus, Pederus riparius* (a few specimens), Homaloba scapularis* 
(caught flying), Antherophagus nigricornis, Aphodius granarius, Agrilus 
angustulus* (taken by Mr. Turner), AZelanotus rufipes, Agriotes obscurus, 
A. pallidulus, Malthinus punctatus, Grammoptera tabacicolor, G. 
rupicornis, Pachyta livida, Donacia clavipes (taken by Mr. Turner), 
D. thalassina* (abundant on Wisley lake), Chrvsomela fpoltta, 
Luperus flavipes, Notoxus monoceros, Crepidodera transversa, C. 
helxines, C. aurata, Psylliodes affinis, Ceuthorrhynchus melanostictus, 
Phyllobius argentatus, Thryogenes nerets, Ottorrhyncus sulcatus, 
Xyleborus dryophagus * (caught flying). 

Of Lepidoptera a fairly long list has come to hand from Messrs. 
Bishop, South, and Carpenter: Vanessa atalanta, Epinephile tantra, 
Cenonympha pamphilus, Pararge egeria (one), Lycena argiolus, L. 
egon, and Hesperia sylvanus amongst the butterflies. Of the moths 
we have Aydrelia uncula (not previously recorded from the locality), 
Hepialus hectus, Leucania impudens (pudorina), Plusia gamma, Erastria 
Sasciana, Ellopia prosapiaria, Boarmia repandata, Timandra amataria, 
Cabera pusaria, C. exanthemarta, Ematurga atomaria, Bupalus 
piniarta, Aspilates strigillaria (and a banded var.), Larentia viridaria, 
Eupithecia indigata, Acidalia bisetata, A. trigeminata (one), Cidaria 
picata (two), Hyspsipetes trifasciata (worn), Hydrocampa nympheata, 
H. stagnata (common), Aciptilia pentadactyla (one), Aphomia sociella 
(one ¢), Zortrix sorbiana (one ¢),Z. ribeana var. cerasana (one), 
Sericoris bifasciana (one), Retinia pinivorana (one), Catoptria cana 
(one), Metrocampa margaritarta, Iodis lactearia, Macaria liturata, 
Lomaspilis marginata, Thera variata, Camptogramma bilineata, 
Scoparia ambigualis, Crambus pascuellus, C. hortuellus, Tortrix 


54 


rosana, T. heparana, T. viridana, T. forsterana, Dictyopteryx bergman- 
niana, LPenthina variegana, P. pruniana, Sericoris urticana, S. 
lacunana, Sciaphila nubilana, S. subjectana,and Grapholitha trimacu- 
lana. Larve noted were Gonepteryx rhamni, Porthesia similis, and 
Malacosoma neustria. 

Rev. F. H. Wood looked after the spiders, and has contributed some 
most interesting notes :—‘‘ The Zycoscde were well represented—Lycosa 
agretica( Blackw.), LZ. campestris, and L. saccata. A female of L. saccata 
was captured, with cocoon attached under the abdomen by means of 
silken threads. It may be noted that Dolomedes mirabilis (which 
was found at Otford) carries the cocoon under the cephalothorax, 
where it is held by the falces and palpi and threads drawn from the 
spinnerets. The Z. saccata and her cocoon became separated on 
being transferred to a sod in a glass jar, and the cocoon fell away 
some distance out of sight of the spider. An hour later I found that 
she had regained possession of her cocoon. After two days she 
ceased to carry her cocoon, which lay quite visible in a sheltered 
position among the roots. She visited it frequently, but hunted all 
over the sod for the flies which were given her. To-day (July 16th) 
I notice that several little spiders, still very light-coloured, have 
emerged and are running in the grass. 

“One of the Sadtic¢de (jumping spiders) was beaten from buck- 
thorn. I think itis Sa/ticus coronatus, but am open to correction, as — 
itis new to me. The habits of this spider have been closely observed 
in a glass jar with soil and dry twigs. Its favourite position is on the 
gauze above, whence it watches for prey, turning its elevated cephalo- 
thorax in all directions. The eyes of Sa/ticws need notice. Forming 
three sides of a square, they are admirably placed for all-round vision. 
In front the largest two are placed between two smaller ones, and at 
the end of each lateral row are two large ones surmounting the 
smallest two. ‘The spider leaps swiftly down ona fly crawling below, 
turning completely over in its descent, and holding by a silken thread 
to its former position. ‘The falces and legs are very strong, and its 
hold on a struggling bluebottle twice its size showed its tenacity. It 
dropped suddenly from above and held on to the insect’s thorax, 
while both rolled over and over till the poison had taken effect. 

‘“ Thomiside. A most interesting find was made in the discovery 
of Zhomisus luctuosus, a beautiful spider, with clear white lines sur- 
rounding a light brown cephalothorax and brown abdomen, on which 
darker shades enclose a pinkish space. This spider was found 
guarding its cocoon in a dry leaf. It has now (July 16th) fastened 
this leaf by strong threads to a piece of bark in a glass jar. It never 
leaves its charge, except to take food placed on the threads near its 
home. Its movements, like most of the Zhomiside (crab spiders), 
are slow and generally sideways. Another Thomisus, Z: pallidus, was 
kindly handed me by Mr. F. Noad Clark. This spider is of a light 
creamy yellow. This colour is evidently a disguise. 7! /zctwosws, in 
the instance aboye, can scarcely be distinguished from the dry leaf 


5d 


in which it lurks with its white cocoon. Nearly all the spiders of the 
large family of Thomisidz, taking their prey by craft and patient 
waiting, obtain concealment from their surroundings, which they 
often resemble in colour. I placed this spider among the blooms of 
yellow jasmine, in which it lay so well concealed that an unsuspecting 
fly actually walked on to its palpi. Another of this family, 7: cztvews, 
is known to be green, yellow, and even pure white. Zhomisus is 
easily recognised by the length of the first and second legs. In 
iepaidaus the Order 1S°2,25) 3) 45 © =) 1nd, luciuasuss2. 1, Ay 3: 

“ Ciniflontide. Webs of Crniflo were seen on palings, but the 
spiders were concealed. £7gatts benigna was observed. 

‘Among the numerous members of the Zerzdizde which were 
seen on ferns and bushes, a little whitish Z. pa//ens was discovered 
guarding its cocoon on a leaf. A picture of this pyriform structure 
has often been given, as, e. g., in Blackwall. It is larger than the 
spider, and has several little points projecting from its surface. In 
this family the first and fourth legs are the longest in the female ; in 
the male, of course, the order is different, being 1, 2, 4, 3. The 
female remains near her cocoon. TZ: déneatum and 7. denticulatum 
were also observed. 

“ Epeiride. The bright green £ferra cucurbitina, which must be 
reckoned among our ‘common spiders,’ was fairly abundant. I see 
that at South Kensington it is shown on a green leaf as an example 
of protective mimicry, the colour of the abdomen harmonising 
well with its surroundings. The female found at Wisley spun her 
cocoon on July gth. £. callophylla was numerous. TZetragnatha 
extensa was met with, both g@ and @. The 2 was found by 
Mr. Noad Clark ; the ¢ was discovered ‘extending’ on a stem of 
blackthorn. This position is markedly ‘protective.’ The spider, 
at rest, extends the first two pairs of legs forward and the last pair 
backward. The front two pairs are very long; the third pair 
extremely short. The spider in this position is not easily noticed. 
It is well known that Zfezva tnclinata (frequently found in gardens) 
and £. antriada have the same habit.” 

At the “ Black Swan,” the very old-fashioned country inn at Martyr’s 
Green, full justice was done to an excellent tea. This was followed 
by a leisurely stroll along the lanes to Effingham station—a most 
enjoyable walk on a fine summer evening. Not much “dusking ” 
was done, I believe, but a large number of stag-beetles were noticed 
on the wing just before reaching the wood. Here Phallus impudicus 
generally makes its presence known by its extremely unpleasant 
smell, and does its best to mar the feelings of pleasure that one takes 
away from a delightful neighbourhood, in this case on an almost 
perfect day. 


56 


Report of the Byfleet Field Meeting, July 19th, 1902. 
By E. Step, F.L.S. ead September 11th, 1902. 


THE unpropitious weather that has characterised most of the field 
meetings during 1902 again prevailed during the latter part of the 
afternoon of July 19th, and somewhat marred the success of the 
meeting. A few of the members who went by a morning train were 
more fortunate, and had the pleasure of the long canal-side ramble 
from Woking station in bright sunshine. To these early birds also 
fell most of the worms, though some of the afternoon party made 
good use of their time. The date selected was probably the very 
best in the whole year from the point of view of the botanist, from 
the fact that the majority of waterside plants were then in flower. 

Between Woking and Maybury Bridge several examples of the fine 
flowering rush (Lutomus umbellatus) were observed ; the great water- 
dock (Rumex hydrolapathum) was also in flower, and a few feet from 
the water was found the bog asphodel (Warthecium ossifragum), with - 
a fine specimen of the twayblade (Zzstera ovata), and plenty of the 
meadow plume-thistle (Cxzcus pratensis). The canal overflow, known 
as the Flash, was almost dry, and covered with an abundance of the 
marsh bedstraw (Galium palustre), upon which Mr. Enock took no 
fewer than thirteen larve of Cherocampa elpenor. Most of these 
turned out to be very fine—32 of an inch long and 2 in diameter 
when full grown,—and all were green in colour. The sulphurwort 
water-dropwort (@inanthe peucedantifolia) was also conspicuous here, 
with the branched bur-reed (Sparganium ramosum) and the purple 
loose-strife (Lythrum salicaria). 

From Maybury Bridge to Byfleet the meadow-sweet (Sfir@a 
ulmaria) was the most conspicuous waterside flower, and with it we 
noticed the forget-me-not (J/yosotis palustris), the sweet flag (Acorus 
calamus), arrow-head (Sagittaria sagittifolia), and the two water-plan- 
tains (A/isma plantago and A. ranunculoides). The yellow water-lily 
(Muphar luteum) was in flower, and specially abundant where the canal 
broadens as it passes through the woods. The woods were ablaze 
with the bright rosy blossoms of the willow-herb (Zpclobium angustt- 
Jolium). In swampy places at Byfleet the great valerian ( Valeriana 
officinalis) was very fine, several clumps being noted that were at 
least six feet in height. Other plants noticed in flower were—ragged 
robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi), white campion Lychnis vespertina), small 
stitchwort (S/e//aria graminea), petty-whin (Genista anglica), meadow 
vetchling (Zathyrus pratensis), hemp agrimony (Zupatorium canna- 
binum), yarrow (Achillea plarmica), tansy (Zanacetum vulgare), cat’s- 


57 


ear (Aypocherts radicata), harebell (Campanula rotundifolia), cross 
leaved heath (Z71ca tetralix), fine-leaved heath (Z7ica cinerea), creeping 
jenny (Lysimachia nummularia), great yellow loosestrife (Lys¢machia 
vulgaris), foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), yellow rattle (RAznanthus 
crista-galli), marsh lousewort (Pedicularis palustris), yellow cow-wheat 
(Melampyrum pratense), common skull-cap (Scutel/aria galericulata), 
marsh orchis (Orchis /atifolia), and spotted orchis (O. maculata). 

The Lepidoptera, for a list of which I am indebted to Mr. R. South, 
included Lpinephele hyperanthus, E. ianira, E. tithonus, Lycena 
icarus, Cenonympha pamphilus, Clostera reclusa (1 larva), Gonoptera 
libatrix (1 larva), Cabera pusaria, Ematurga atomaria, Euptsterta 
obliterata (1 2), Acidalia immutata, Melanippe unangulata, Tortrix 
costana, T. xylosteana, T. rosana, T. heparana, Hedya dealbana, 
Aspis udmanniana, Sphaleroptera ictericana, Zygena trifolit, Rivula 
sericealis, Hydrocampa nympheata, H. stagnata, Ebulea crocealis, 
Scopula prunalis, Scoparia ambigualis, Mimeseoptilus bipunctidactylus, 
M. pterodactylus, Aciptilia pentadactyla, Crambus hortuellus, C. 
pascuellus, Pempelia palumbella, Sericoris lacunana, Xanthosetia 
hamana, Phibalocera quercana. Mr. Enock also took a fine batch 
of Gonopteryx rhamui \arve, and Mr. Lucas a larva of Dicranura 
zinula on Salix repens. The latter gentleman, when he went down 
to make commissariat arrangements a few days earlier, took Zvochr- 
lium crabroniformis (bembeciformis) by the canal, in the direction of 
Weybridge. 

The Rev. F. H. Wood devoted his attention to the spiders of the 
district, and he has kindly furnished me with the following list of the 
species observed :—Dolomedes mirabilis (carrying cocoon), Clubiona 
holosericea, Ergatis benigna (and nest), £. pallens, Agelena labyrinthica 
(fine male, females, and nests), Linyvphia montana, L. pratensis, 
Theridion lineatum, T. denticulatum, T. pallens, T. nervosum, T. 
varians, Epeira apoclisa, E. cucurbitana, E. callophylla, Tetragnatha 
extensa. 

Mr. Lucas complains that most of the grasshoppers were immature, 
but he identified Stexobothrus parallelus, and he added to the few 
Surrey records of the dragon-fly, Cordudlegaster annulatus, by taking 
a male by the canal near Byfleet station. For the following list of 
Coleoptera and Odonata I am indebted to Mr. Kemp :— 

COLEOPTERA.—Donacia dentata, Ochrosis salicane, Phyllobrotica 
quadrimaculata, and Anomala frischit. 

Oponata.—Agrion pulchellum, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Cordulia 
cenea, Libellula quadrimaculata, and Erythromma naias. 

A nest with eggs of the reed bunting was discovered near Byfleet 
station and duly photographed. 

About twenty members sat down to tea at the “ Victoria Inn,” 
Woodham. 


Report of the Oxshott Field Meeting, September 6th, 
1902. 


By W.o): LUUCaS, Bude gio bse 


A FINE, warm, and bright day rewarded the twenty-two members 
and four visitors who attended the Oxshott Field Meeting on 
September 25th. Perhaps the most interesting capture was that of 
a male specimen of the dragonfly, Syvmpetrum sanguineum, by Mr. 
Turner at the Black Pond. If this species had been present in pre- 
vious years it could scarcely have been overlooked, seeing that the 
pond has been under close observation with regard to the Odonata. 
We must conclude that it was a new arrival. Mr. South took a nice 
female 2schna mixta, of which species, however, there seemed to be 
few on Esher Common and none apparently at the Black Pond. 
Was it that the males were not yet out, that the females were far away 
from the pond at present, and that it was the latter we had been ° 
seeing so far? 4. grandis was observed ; Sympetrum scoticum and 
S. striolatum were common ; £xallagma cyathigerum was also com- 
mon, but of females only two were observed. One or two females 
of Pyrrhosoma tenellum were seen. On the tree-trunks on Esher 
Common were found one or two larvee of Raphidia (probably xofata), 
with abdomen very much distended, and pale in colour where the 
integuments were soft enough to distend. On the inside of the 
glass tube in which one was placed were afterwards found a number 
of spores, some of them evidently germinating. A specimen was 
sent to Kew Gardens, where it was found that the larva was attacked 
by a parasitic fungus, impusa lampyridarum. 

Of butterflies, one Pyvameis cardui in fine condition was taken at 
the sand-pits near Oxshott station; one Gonepteryx rhamnt was 
noticed ; Chrysophanus phieas was fairly plentiful on and near Esher 
Common; some other common species were also on the wing. 
Plusia gamma had been abundant on Esher Common and was still so. 


Report of the Field Meeting held in Epping Forest on 
September 2oth, 1902. 


By A. Harrison, F.L.S.,_F.E.S. 


AFTER an interval of many years a Field Meeting of the South 
London Natural History Society was held in Epping Forest, about 
twenty-five members assembling at Theydon Bois Station. The route 
taken was through Epping Thicks to Epping village—a distance of 
about three or three and a half miles. 

Entomologically speaking, the meeting cannot claim to have been 
very successful, but the ramble through the Forest was most enjoy- 
able. Lepidopterists found larvee by no means plentiful, and none 
but the commoner species fell into the beating trays. 

Mr. Kemp, as usual at our meetings, worked hard among the 
Coleoptera, and has supplied the subjoined list of his captures 
obtained by beating and sweeping. 

CoLEOPTERA.—Zeugophora flavicollis (very rare, one specimen on 
aspen leaf), L/ydtus fenestratus, Hyphydrus ovatus, Laccophilus inter- 
ruptus (Golding’s Hill Ponds), Rhagiwm inguisitor (two larve and 
one pupa, from which the imago emerged September 22nd), Dory- 
tomus pectoralts (on sallow), Afton hematodes, Notoxus monoceros, 
Phyllodecta vitelline, Carabus catenulatus, Orchestes querctis, O. fagt, 
Crepidodera helxines, C. aurata, Strophosomus capitatus, Melanoph 
thalma gibbosa, Notiophilus biguttatus, Adalia bipunctata, Halyzia 
conglobata, and Coccinella 10-fpunctata. Among the Odonata there 
were two specimens of #schna cyanea, several Sympetrum striolatum, 
and both sexes of .S. sanguineum. 

The meeting concluded with “high tea” at the Cock Hotel at 


Epping. 


60 


Report of the Fungus Foray at Loughton, October 4th, 
1902. 


By H.. Main, B.Sc., F.E.S. 


THE annual Fungus Foray was held this year in Epping Forest. 
The weather was cold and unpromising, so only a dozen members 
put in an appearance. 

Entering the Forest at Staples Pond, the route led through very 
varied scenery to the higher ground of Monk Wood, where so many 
fine beeches and oaks make this one of the most delightful parts of 
the Forest. Very few entomological specimens were taken, but fifty 
species of fungi were identified by Dr. M. C. Cooke as the result of 
the afternoon’s search. 

Tea was served at the Wake Arms Hotel. On the walk back to 
Loughton station Catocala nupta was observed on one of the road- 
side lamps, probably a rather late record. 

Mr. Kemp reports the following captures among the Coleoptera :— 
Notiophilus biguttatus, Liodes humeralis, Cis boleti, Nebria brevicollis, 
Homatlota (? sp.), Carabus violaceus, C. catenulatus. 

The list of Fungi is as follows :—Collybia radicata, Pholiota 
radicosa, Cortinarius armillatus, Clitocybe laccata, Pstilocybe spadeceus, 
Lydnum repandum (edible), Amanita mappa, Russula vesca (edible), 
Paxillus involutus, Boletus chrysenteron, Polystictus versicolor, Hygro- 
phorus turundus, Amanita rubescens (edible), Boletus scaber (edible), 
Armillaria mellea, LHypholoma velutina, Collybia velutipes, Poly- 
stictus adustus, Marasmius peronatus, Hypholoma fascicularts, Amant- 
topsis fulva, Pholiota spectabilis, Stereum hirsutum, Amanita phalloides 
(poison), Russula emetica (poison), Senzttes betulina, Lactarius 
vellereus, Russula rosacea, Rk. fellea, R. granulosa, Lnocybe pyrio- 
dora, Russula lutea, Boletus subtomentosus, Gomphidius gracilis, 
Collybia fusipes, Hygrophorus miniatus, Trametes gibbosa, Boletus 
versipellis, HHebeloma crustulioniformis, Lactarius quietus, Boletus 
edulis (edible), Fistulina hepatica (edible), Lycoperdon gemmatum, 
Scleroderma vulgare, Fomes (immature), Stereum spadiceum, Fomes 
annosus, Phallus impudicus, Gomphidius gracilis (scarce). 


61 


Lakes and their Scientific Investigation. 


By D. J. SCOURFIELD, F.R.M.S5. ead May 8th, 1902. 


It has been announced that we are this year (1902), for the first 
time in the history of science in this country, to see the commence- 
ment of a comprehensive survey of the lakes of the British Isles. 
Mr. Laurence Pullar, in memory of his son, the late Mr. Fred P. 
Pullar, has generously placed a sum of money at the disposal of 
trustees for the prosecution of the survey, and Sir John Murray, well 
known for his work in connection with the ‘‘ Challenger ” expedition, 
has undertaken to direct the investigation. 

Hitherto comparatively little has been done, and that only spas- 
modically, towards elucidating the various scientific problems 
presented by our lakes. Even the preliminary work of sounding and 
preparing bathymetrical charts of our lakes is not undertaken by the 
Ordnance Survey ; and if it had not been for surveys of two or three 
Scotch lochs made by the Admiralty, and the work of Mr. Grant 
Wilson in Perthshire, Dr. H. R. Mill in the Lake District, Sir John 
Murray and Mr. F. P. Pullar in the Forth and Tay basins, and a few 
other private investigators, we should not possess any clear idea of 
the depths and other physical peculiarities of any of our lakes. As 
regards the biological side of the subject, absolutely nothing of a 
systematic nature has been done. A large number of lakes have 
indeed been examined by various specialists for particular groups of 
organisms, but there has been no attempt at co-ordinated study of 
the biological problems of lakes. 

This is the more strange when we consider how much attention 
has been given on the Continent and in the United States to the 
subject of limnology, or lake-study, in its various aspects. The 
greatest amount of work on lakes has probably been carried out in 
Switzerland, due in great measure to the initiative and influence of 
Professor F. A. Forel, of Lausanne University. But Germany is not 
far behind in this matter, as is shown by the publications of the 
Boden See (Lake Constance) Commission, of Apstein, Zacharias, 
and many others. Austria, Italy, Russia, France, and Norway have 
also produced able limnological investigators, and on the other side 
of the Atlantic the names of Forbes, Birge, Reighard, Marsh, Ward, 
Eigenmann, and others are well known in connection with the 
scientific examination of the great inland fresh-water seas and smaller 
pieces of water of North America. 

But, it may be asked, why should we want to bother about lakes 
at all? What are the problems upon which it is expected to throw 


62 


light by a systematic survey of lakes? Well, apart from the 
desirability of having the contours of the lake-basins determined for 
the purpose of completing our maps and thus showing the exact con- 
figuration of the earth’s surfaceat the present day, there 1s the geological 
interest attaching to the much-disputed origin of lake-basins ; also 
the increasing interest in the question of water-supply from lakes for 
our great cities, and the important question of the development of 
our inland fisheries. These and many lesser problems can only 
be properly attacked when we have at our command a much more 
extensive knowledge of a large number of individual lakes than we 
at present possess. From the strictly biological point of view, more- 
over, there is one great fact which seems to justify any amount of 
work and trouble, and that is that a lake is probably the most com- 
plete and self-contained “unit of environment,” as it has been aptly 
called by Eigenmann, that occurs anywhere in nature. It is, of 
course, true that some so-called lakes are not at all well-defined 
pieces of water, but in the vast majority of cases lakes are almost 
isolated ‘ units,” with well-marked boundaries, and offering com- 
paratively simple conditions of existence. It follows from this that 
each lake is a microcosm in itself, and, as it is usually of limited 
extent, it may be studied as a whole with some hope of success. 
Owing, however, to the infinite variety in the position, age, geological 
structure, shape, etc., of the lake-basins, and also in the amount and 
quality of the water and other factors, it also follows that each lake 
has a distinct individuality of its own. Lakes, in fact, occupy the 
same position with regard to the waters of the globe that islands do 
with regard to the land, and their careful study promises even better 
results than have been obtained in the case of islands, which is 
saying a good deal. Altogether it seems probable that it will be in 
a lake, if anywhere, that it will be possible to successfully investigate, 
under natural conditions, many of the larger biological puzzles, such 
as the exact influence of the environment, the inheritance or other- 
wise of acquired characters, the laws of variation, etc. 

Before going on to consider the methods of limnological research 
a few words may be devoted to a consideration of the question as to 
what constitutes a lake. In ordinary speech the term “lake” is 
used very loosely, but there is always an underlying idea that a lake 
should be a piece of water of considerable area, although it is 
obviously very difficult to draw a hard and fast line between lakes 
on the one hand and large ponds, meres, broads, and tarns on the 
other. Depth is not, as a rule, taken into account, but, from the 
scientific point of view, this is even more important than area, and 
students of the subject now usually consider that for a piece 
of water to be properly called a lake it should not only have an area 
of, at least, some considerable fraction of a square mile (say, a 
quarter or fifth), but that it should have a depth, over a good part of 
this area, exceeding the lowest limit of growth of the Characeze and 
aquatic mosses. ‘This depth necessarily varies somewhat in different 


63 


lakes and in different districts, but may be taken to be at least forty 
to fifty feet. It appears from this that we here in the south-eastern 
section of England have no lakes in the modern scientific sense ; it 
is indeed necessary to go to the Lake District, to North Wales, to 
Scotland and Ireland to get real lakes with a characteristic lake 
fauna and flora. 

Coming now to the actual work of surveying lakes, we can consider 
the subject under two distinct heads, according to whether the 
investigations are of a physical or a biological character. From the 
physical side the first thing to be done is obviously to get a clear idea 
of the shape of the lake-basin. This must, of course, be obtained 
by sounding, and the method generally adopted for this purpose, 
where approximately accurate results only are required, is to make a 
series of traverses of the lake in a rowing boat, the depths being 
recorded after each twenty or other definite number of strokes. For 
comparatively shallow lakes a heavy plummet attached to a thin 
cord, marked in feet or yards, is often sufficient to secure fairly 
accurate readings of the depth, but it is better to use a special 
sounding machine by means of which the depth is registered 
automatically as the cord or wire runs out. For deep lakes some 
such apparatus 1s absolutely essential. From the results obtained by 
sounding the contour lines of the lake-basin may be put in on a map 
just as in the case of the ordinary land surface. In connection 
with the sounding it should be mentioned that every time a depth is 
taken a sample of the bottom mud may be brought up, and in this 
way a considerable amount of light may be thrown on the deposits 
being formed in the lake, and indirectly on many other matters. 

Continuing the physical investigations, attention must now be 
given to the water contained in the lake-basin. This is by no means 
such a simple matter as might be imagined, for it is necessary to 
make a large number of observations, extending over at least a year, 
upon the chemical composition, temperature, movement, colour, 
transparency, etc., of the water before a definite conception of its 
peculiar character in any one lake can be ascertained. It is not 
proposed to consider any of these questions in detail, but a few 
remarks on temperature and movement may be interesting. In very 
deep lakes the water near the bottom remains all the year round at 
a temperature very close to that of the maximum density of water— 
namely, 4° C. In summer the temperature falls as we go down, but 
in winter, when the surface water is near the freezing point, the 
temperature naturally rises from o° to 4° C. The stratification in 
summer, however, is not uniform. In most lakes that have been 
examined from this point of view it has been found that there is a 
rather thick upper layer of water exhibiting very little difference of 
temperature from top to bottom—possibly only 1° or 2°. Imme- 
diately under this there is a thinner layer in which a very con- 
siderable fall takes place—r1o° or more, perhaps,—after which the 
temperature decreases slowly and pretty uniformly to the bottom. 


64 


The layer in which the sudden change occurs is known as the 
““Sprungschicht” or ‘‘thermocline.” Its position varies, getting 
deeper and deeper as the summer advances, until it is obliterated 
by the complete turn-over of the water in late autumn. Professor 
Birge has shown that the presence of the “‘ Sprungschicht ” in a lake 
may be of extreme importance to the organisms living therein, and 
that it is therefore necessary for the biologist to pay special attention 
to this matter. 

Concerning the movements of the water of a lake, there are, in 
addition to the slow circulation due to temperature just described, 
various currents and oscillations of level brought about by the action 
of the wind and other causes, including, perhaps, sudden variations 
in atmospheric pressure. ‘To the latter cause must almost certainly 
be ascribed the very peculiar periodic alterations of level known as 
“seiches,” which represent a rhythmic swinging of the whole mass 
of the water. They may vary from movements of a yard or more to 
scarcely perceptible differences of level, but in all cases they occur 
in series with a gradually diminishing amplitude. The time of swing 
may vary from a few minutes to an hour or more.* 

The biological investigation of lakes now remains to be con- 
sidered, but the subject is so large that it will be quite impossible to 
deal with it adequately in this paper. A typical lake may, from a_ 
biological standpoint, be divided into three regions, each characterised 
by peculiar conditions of existence and the occurrence of special 
animals and plants. ‘These regions are—(1) the littoral, (2) the 
abyssal, and (3) the pelagic, and they necessarily require different 
methods for their examination. 

In the littoral region of lakes the conditions of existence are 
rather severe, owing to the action of the waves, the great and sudden 
variations in temperature, light, etc. The fauna and flora are not 
usually very rich, unless there happen to be small sheltered bays 
and shallow creeks here and there round the lake. The littoral 
plants, when present, are arranged in more or less definite zones 
corresponding with the gradually increasing depth of water as we 
proceed from the strand out on to the top, and down the face of the 
“lake-terrace.” Thus we get first the zone of Phragmites, Scirpus, 
etc. ; then the water-lily zone ; then the Potamogeton zone, with such 
species as P. crispus and P. lucens ; then the zone of Chara, lVitedla, 
and Fontinalts ; and lastly a zone consisting only of ground alge, such 
as Cladophora and Rhizoclonium. ‘This marks the lowest point at 
which green plants can thrive, and probably coincides with the limit 
of the penetration of light in an appreciably active form. The 
fauna of the littoral, considered in its entirety, is very varied, but the 
species are mostly similar to those of ponds and other shallower 
waters. For collection purposes a net fastened to a stick and 

* One of the results of the Lake Survey under Sir John Murray has been 


the demonstration of the occurrence of a seiche in one of the Scotch lochs 
(see ‘‘ Nature” for 12th June, 1902, p. 162). 


65 


worked by hand from the shore, and a net attached to a line for 
throwing out to greater distances than can be reached by hand, are 
usually sufficient for this region. 

The abyssal region of a great lake is a complete contrast to that 
of the littoral, for it offers the most wearisome uniformity of con- 
ditions that it is possible to imagine. The temperature is nearly 
uniform, or at any rate never subject to sudden fluctuations ; there 
are no violent movements of the water ; there is practically perpetual 
darkness, and there is a blanket of fine mud everywhere and over 
everything. There are no living plants except bacteria, but animal 
life is fairly well represented, and may sometimes be abundant. The 
most remarkable forms are perhaps blind species of Asedlus, 
Gammarus, etc. ; Limneeas, which fill their air-sacs with water ; and 
larvee of winged insects, which seem to only reach the pupa stage 
and then become sexually mature. ‘To collect from this region it is 
necessary, of course, to use various kinds of dredges and sampling 
tubes worked by means of long lines from a boat. 

It is in the pelagic region, however, that the most characteristic 
features of lake-life are to be found. Here the conditions, though 
not nearly so uniform as at the bottom, are much less liable to 
sudden variations than in the littoral region, while there is a com- 
plete absence of all solid objects to which organisms can attach 
themselves or in which they can find hiding-places from their 
enemies. It follows from this that all genuine pelagic organisms 
have to be provided with physical or mechanical means of maintain- 
ing themselves permanently suspended in the water, and that the 
only possible chance they have of rendering themselves incon- 
spicuous, either for the purpose of avoiding their enemies or for 
approaching their prey unobserved, is to become as transparent as 
possible. As a matter of fact, we do find that the majority of 
pelagic organisms either possess powerful swimming organs, or sur- 
round themselves with jelly, or develop various outgrowths in order 
to increase their area as compared with their bulk, and also that 
they are usually extremely transparent. With the exception of the 
fishes, all the organisms found in the pelagic region—and they belong 
to many groups: Alge, Rhizopods, Infusoria, Rotifers, Entomos- 
traca, etc.—are small and practically at the mercy of any currents in 
the water. They have on this account been grouped under the 
collective name of “ plankton,” and it is with the study of these 
creatures that the most recent advances in the domain of limnology 
have been made. By the use of specially constructed nets, and even 
pumps, it has been found possible to collect the life contained in a 
vertical column of water of known depth and area, and from the 
captures thus made to estimate, by means of counting small samples 
under the microscope, the probable number of each constituent of 
the plankton. Researches of this kind carried on for a year or more 
have already given us a very large amount of information on the 
remarkable changes in the abundance, vertical distribution, diurnal 


5 


66 


movements, seasonal variation of form, inter-relationships, etc., of 
limnetic organisms, about which we previously knew practically 
nothing. There seems every reason to hope that similar work carried 
on with still greater care and for longer periods will help very 
materially in solving many important biological problems which are 
at present obscure. The work, however, is tedious, and requires for 
its proper execution a small staff of specialists working together for 
at least two or three years at a permanent station by the side of a 
lake. Such a station, devoted to fresh-water biological research, will 
no doubt be started some day in this country—probably when it is 
too late to do more than fill in the details of the broad principles 
of fresh-water biology now being elucidated by many eminent 
workers on the Continent and in America. 


The following books and papers will be found useful to any who 
may be tempted to look into the subject of the scientific investiga- 
tion of lakes :— 

APSTEIN, C.—‘ Das Susswasserplankton,’ 1896. 

Birce, E. A.— Plankton Studies on Lake Mendota,” ‘ Trans. 
Wisconsin Academy of Sciences,’ etc., vol. x, 1895, and vol. xi, 
1897. 

Fore, F. A.—‘‘ Le Léman,” ‘ Monographie Limnologique,’ vol. i, 
1892; vol. 11, 1895; vol. 111, Part I, 1902. 

Foret, F. A.—‘‘ Handbuch der Seenkunde,’—“ Allgemeine 
Limnologie,” 1901. (The most generally useful work in a small 
compass on the whole subject.) 

Mii, H. R.—“ The English Lakes,” 1895. (Reprint of a paper 
“On the Bathymetrical Survey of the English Lakes,” from the 
‘Geographical Journal’ for July and August, 1895.) 

Murray, Sir J., and Puttar, F. P.—“A Bathymetrical Survey 


of the Fresh-water Lochs of Scotland,” ‘Geographical Journal,’ 
April, 1900, and March, 1got. 
Warp, H. B.-—“ Fresh-water Investigations during the Last Five 


Years.” (‘Studies from the Zoological Laboratory of the University 
of Nebraska,’ No. 31, June, 1899.) 
WEISMANN, A.—‘ Das Thierleben im Bodensee,’ 1877. 
ZACHARIAS, O.—‘ Forschungsberichte aus der Biologischen 
Station zu Plén,’ 1893 onwards. 


ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS 


OF THE 


South Zondon Entomological and Ratural Bistory 
Society. 
Read January 22nd, 1903, 


By FREDERICK NOAD CLARK. 


ENTLEMEN,—You have just heard from the Council’s 
Report that the affairs of the Society are in a flourish- 
ing condition both numerically and financially. The Society 
has now entered upon its thirty-second year of existence, 
and probably at no other period in its history has the 
average attendance of members at its meetings been so well 
maintained. The number of newly elected members also is 
a matter for satisfaction. It is particularly gratifying to us 
to find among the ranks of our younger members several 
who are doing good work in one or other of the Orders to 
which they have directed their special attention, and it is in 
this connection that we have evidence of the vitality and 
usefulness of a Society such as ours. It was a matter for 
general regret that owing to a serious accident my prede- 
cessor in the Chair, Mr. Fremlin, was absent from our 
meetings during a considerable portion of his year of office, 
and, as a consequence, was unable to deliver the usual 
annual address. I am happy to find that he has now quite 
recovered, and is with us once more. 

It is my sad duty to record the loss by death of two old 
and valued members—Major A. Ficklin and Mr. Mark 
Winkley. 

Major Ficklin’s death took place on February 4th, some- 


68 


what suddenly, after but a few days’ illness. The late Major 
was one of our oldest members, having joined the Society 
in 1872, and was President in 1880. He was essentially a 
practical entomologist, and, in the earlier days of his mem- 
bership, had taken a prominent share in the work of the 
Society. It will be remembered that a form of Dzanthecia 
luteago (var. Ficklint) bears his name, he having taken it 
during his painting rambles in Cornwall—for the Major was 
an artist of no mean attainments. In addition to his many 
occupations he was an expert angler, and as a raconteur had 
few equals. His genial presence and good fellowship at our 
field meetings will be sadly missed. 

Mr. Mark Winkley died suddenly on June 25th at his 
residence, after only afew hours’ illness. He joined the 
Society in 1888, and was an all-round naturalist. He was 
largely instrumental in forming the Streatham) Entomologi- 
cal Club, and it was to him that I owed my introduction to 
our own Society. He was a staunch advocate for the more 
general exhibition at our meetings of natural history speci- 
mens other than the Lepidoptera, although the latter claimed 
most of his attention. Like the late Major Ficklin, Mr. 
Winkley was a gentleman of great affability and genial good- 
humour. He leaves a widow and son to mourn his loss. 

Before I proceed to review the work of the Society for the 
past year, I think it necessary to refer to the annually re- 
curring and difficult question of the cost of publication of 
the Society’s ‘‘ Proceedings.”’ Perhaps I cannot do better 
than follow the example of my predecessors in office, and be- 
queath the solution of this problem to my successors, in the 
hope that the remarks and suggestions which follow may 
bear fruit. As a suggestion submitted with all deference to 
the views of our clear-sighted and worthy Treasurer, I may 
be allowed to express the opinion that at least a partial solu- 
tion of the difficulty might be found in an increased annual 
subscription to, say, 10s. 6d. This course, I have good 
reason to think, would meet with the approval of many of 
the older members. The abolition of the country member’s 
minimum subscription is another phase of the question which 
might be considered, although such a drastic change as the 
latter would require very careful deliberation. The advan- 
tages of membership of a Society such as ours are obvious, 
and are certainly cheaply purchased at the present rate of 
subscription, to say nothing of the increasing value and in- 
terest of the ‘‘ Proceedings’ themselves. Non-publication 
of these would, I feel sure, be a source of weakness and a 


69 


drawback to the usefulness of our Society. The cost of 
publication has been met hitherto by issuing a subscription 
sheet appealing to the generosity of members, but in the 
opinion of many it is to be regretted that such a course is 
found necessary. Asa source of income it has been sug- 
gested by some that the holding of an annual exhibition 
might benefit us. This, in my opinion, and judging from 
past experience, might prove a costly experiment. I trust, 
therefore, that these few remarks may be the means of 
directing the attention of members to this matter, which has 
been for some time past a source of anxiety to the Council 
in general and to the Treasurer in particular. 

The work of the Society during the past year has been 
quite up to the standard of previous years, both in the 
number and excellence of the papers read and the exhibits 
generally. A contribution of much interest, by Dr. Chap- 
man, on “Inflation in Insects,’ must be singled out as 
being, without doubt, of very great value, representing, as it 
does, an enormous amount of time and research in its pre- 
paration. The Society is also much indebted to Messrs. 
Lucas and Step for their admirable lantern demonstrations : 
to the former for so graphically illustrating our various re- 
ports of field meetings, and many interesting details of the 
captures effected; to the latter for giving us such botanical 
treats, the material for which was, in many cases, collected 
during our Saturday rambles. What the brothers Kearton 
have done in ornithology Mr. Step has and is still doing in 
the wider domain of botany. The lantern has thus been 
brought into requisition to the greatest interest and instruc- 
tion of members generally. Nor must I omit to mention 
the acquisition to the Society, and to the lanternist in parti- 
cular, of the generous gift of a new portable screen presented 
by Mr. Harrison. Mr. Stanley Edwards, with his proverbial 
kindness, continues to provide the necessary oxygen gas. 

The exhibits at the Society’s meetings have been of an 
unusually interesting nature. Those of Messrs. Kemp and 
Kirkaldy on the Coleoptera and Hemiptera have been par- 
ticularly welcome, as have also the interesting exhibits and 
papers on the Mollusca by Mr. Manger. Mr. South’s 
exhibit of Liphyra brassolis, an Australian lyczenid whose 
larva is supposed to feed on ants, struck me as being a 
subject worthy of note. The attendance on the occasion of 
the ‘‘ Varieties’ exhibition was a record one, over eighty 
members and friends being present. 

Field meetings have become an important factor in the 


70 


success of the Society, and were especially a feature of the 
past year. On these occasions the restraint of a formal 
meeting is put aside, and nervousness or hesitation to ask a 
question or offer an opinion disappears at an informal 
gathering such as a field meeting. They were nine in 
number, the average attendance of members and their 
friends having been eighteen per meeting. The organisers 
and leaders worked well, both in the selection of routes and— 
what is perhaps of not less importance—the arrangements 
for catering. The precedent established by Mr. R. Adkin 
in providing a route map for the day’s excursion is one well 
deserving of imitation. 

A field meeting is always looked forward to by the 
naturalist as a day of enjoyment such as few but lovers of 
nature ever experience. The comparing of notes with 
others of kindred tastes, and the profit derived from the 
ideas and observations of his elders, cannot fail to be of 
great value to the younger naturalist. In this connection 
one realises what an inestimable boon it is to the naturalist, 
who in later life takes up any particular branch in the study 
of natural history, to have had the advantage of an early life 
spent in the country. 

The study of botany is an excellent training for ento- 
mologists. 

Field botany and botanical exhibits at the meetings have 
been prominent features in the work of the Society during 
the past year, thanks to the fostering help of that veteran 
botanist, Mr. E. Step, and these have in a great measure 
made up for the paucity of insect captures at our various 
excursions. In the experience of an old collector, 1902 was 
the worst collecting year for over twenty years,—due, no 
doubt, to the coldness and lateness of the seasons, in conse- 
quence of which many species have deferred emergence 
until the present year, when it is anticipated that, given a 
good spring, many species will be abundant that were scarce 
last year. 

In conformity with the custom which has obtained with 
my predecessors I will enumerate the additions to the 
British fauna during the past year. 

LEPIDOPTERA.—One species new to the British list : 

Coleophora milvipennis (Zeller), reared by Mr. W. C. Boyd 
from cases on leaves of blackthorn taken near Danbury, 
Essex, and recorded by .Mr. -@.-G. ‘Barrett, FP. E.&: 
(Mi Me” 1902; 9.70), 


71 


COLEOPTERA.—Five new species and one genus are 
recorded : 

Lemostenus complanatus (Dej.), taken by Mr. Stanley 
Kemp; /P..S:, near: Dublin,“ E. M: M:,” 1902,,p..216). 

Diastictus vulneratus (Sturm.), taken by Mr. Claude 
Morley in Suffolk, recorded by Mr. E. A. Newbery 
(ies Mi M..")r9p2, 1p. 253). 

Bembidium argenteolum (Ahr.); Xantholinus cribripennis 
(Fauvel) ; Stenus argentellus (Thoms.); by the Rev. W. F. 
Johnson and Mr. J. N. Halbert (‘‘ Entom. Record,” vol. xiv, 
p- 223) 

Gynandrophthalma affinis (Hellw.), a genus and species 
new to Britain, taken by Mr. W. Holland at Wychwood, 
near Witney, Oxon., on June 18th, 1899, recorded by the 
Rev. Canon Fowler (‘‘E. M. M.,”’ 1902, p. 281). 

DipTERA.—Ten species : 

Ceratophyllus garet, a new pulex taken near Tring, in July, 
from the nest of the water-hen. So named in honour of Mr. 
G. Gare, of Bridgwater, who is an authority on fleas para- 
sitic on birds. Described by the Hon. N. Rothschild 
("Ee MigMn, E902; p.f225). 

Ceratophyllus walkert, a new pulex captured by Mr. J. J. 
Walker in a deserted mouse nest in March, 1898, at 
Chattenden, Kent. Described by the Hon. N. Rothschild 
Gone NL. Mice FOO, ip. 225). 

Meriania argentifera (Meigen), a new Tachinid taken by 
Mr. W. J. Lucas in the New Forest, beautifully figured by 
him, and recorded by Mr. C. J. Wainwright, F.E.S. 
(‘“‘ Entomologist,” 1902, p. 249). 

Ceromasia wulpit (B. & B.), recorded by Mr. C. J. Wain- 
WTIont, Edt. (°° Es M..Ma,”’ 1902,.p: 227). 

Therioplectes luridus (Fallén.), taken by Col. Yerbury at 
Nethy Bridge. Hyalurgus lucidus (Mg.), taken by Dr. J. H. 
MVaod, |, Both; recorded.: by, .Mr.,.G.,,H.,.Verrall,,. F.E:S. 
Gal MaM.\1902}.p., 110). 

Borborus notabilis, Spherocera exinua, Limosina halidayt, 
Limosina mirabilis. Four new species of the family Bor- 
horids, described: by Mr. J., E. Collin, F.E.S. (“E. M. M.,” 
1902, Pp. 55)- 2 

HYMENOPTERA.—Fotr species: 

Probolus concinnus (Wesm.), an ichneumon taken by Col. 
Yerbury from the south-west of Ireland, recorded by Mr. 
Claude Morley (‘‘ E. M. M.,”’ 1902, p. 54). 

Microgaster suffolctensis, a species new to science, the type 
of which emerged from among larve of Nothris verbascella at 


72 


Bury St. Edmunds, described by Mr. Claude Morley, F.E.S. 
(MM) ig02,sp. 4). 

Odynerus bifasciatus (Linn.), a wasp new to the British 
list, recorded by Mr. Ed. Saunders, F.L.S. (“E. M. M.,” 
1902, p. 106). 

Nyxeophilus corsicus (Marsh), an ichneumon taken in the 
New Forest by Miss Chawner and Mr. F. C. Adams, and 
recorded by Mr. Claude Morley, F.E.S. (‘‘ E. M. M.,” 1902, 
p- 173): 

HEMIPTERA.—Three species : 

Stictocoris flaveola (Bohm), an additional species of British 
Cicadina taken by Mr. W. West, in September, amongst 
long grass at Blackheath; described by Mr. Jas. Edwards, 
FESS. (es ot, MS 1902; p75): , 

Pseudophlaus waltlii (H. S.), a coreid bug captured by Mr. 
H. J. Thouless at West Walton, Norfolk (““E. M. M..,” 
1902, p. 80). 

Limotettix stactogala (Amyot), a new cicadine captured by 
Mr. Guermonprez at Pagham Harbour, Sussex, feeding on 
Tamarix ; sent by Mr. E. A. Butler to Mr. Jas. Edwards, 
F.E.S., who recorded it in “ E:\MM,"*1g02, pi17- 

ORTHOPTERA.—Two new species of Blattidz are additions 
to the British list, but may be regarded as accidental : 

Stylopyga decorata (Brunner), recorded by Mr. E. Shaw 
(‘“‘ Entom. Record,” vol. xiv, p. 295). 

Panchlora exoleta (Klug), recorded by Mr. W. L. Distant 
(fs Pei, hQO2, pr 247) . 

NEUROPTERA.—A provisional list of five species is given 
by Mr. Kenneth Morton, F.E.S.: 

Leuctra albida (Kempny), L. handlirscht (Kempny), L. hip- 
popus (Kempny), L. klapalekt (Kempny), L. migra (oliv. ?) 
(Kempny) (“ E. M. M.,” 1902, p+ 255). 

A tick new to Britain, captured by Mr. W. Hewett, of 
York, was brought under my notice and identified by Prof. 
Neumann, of Toulouse, as the male of Ixodes putus (Cam- 
bridge), who placed it under a new genus, viz. Ceratixodes, 
and described it in the ‘‘ Archives de Parasitologie,” 1902, 
p. 115. It is especially interesting as being a rare instance 
of sexual dimorphism. Found parasitic on the guillemot. 

Selecting a few of the more important works on natural 
history published during the past year, I will mention the 
following as being of especial interest. 

** Natural History of the British Lepidoptera,” Vol. III, 
by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., partakes of the exhaustive character 
of the preceding volumes, and, like them, gives the same 


73 


amount of detail concerning each species. A thick octavo 
volume of upwards of 550 pages deals only with thirteen 
species, the remainder of the Lachneides and Sphingides. 
This statement conveys but a faint indication of the immense 
amount of information brought together within the covers of 
this volume. 

“Practical Hints for the Field Naturalist,” Part II, by 
the same author, is a valuable work for collectors. 

“The Lepidoptera of the British Islands,” Part XCIV, 
completing Vol. VIII, by C. G. Barrett, F.E.S., is now 
nearing the end of the Geometers. Steady progress is being 
made with this work. 

Monograph of ‘“‘ The Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of 
the British Isles,” Part VIII, commencing Vol. II, by J. W. 
Taylor. Students of the Mollusca will welcome this issue 
after a long interval of two years since the previous part. 

‘‘ Cambridge Natural History,’ Vol. X, dealing with the 
Mammalia, by F. E. Beddard, etc. 

Monograph of ‘‘ The Coccidze of the British Isles,” by 
Robert Newstead, F.E.S., Vol. I, 1901. Published by the 
Ray Society. 

‘“‘ British Tyroglyphidz,” by A. D. Michael. A companion 
volume to his ‘‘ Oribatide,’’ and deals with the Acari, of 
which the ‘‘ cheese-mites’’ are the type. It contains nine- 
teen coloured plates of excellent quality. Published by the 
Ray Society. 

*‘ Butterflies and Moths of Europe,” by W. F. Kirby, 
F.L.S., with fifty-four coloured plates. A revised and 
extended edition of his popular work. 

History of Surrey ‘ Insecta.’’ The first volume of the 
‘“‘ Victoria History of the Counties of England.” Edited by 
Herbert Goss, F.L.S. A comprehensive and up-to-date 
list of over 100 pages devoted to the Insecta. 

Mist! of “British Diptera,” second” edition; by’ G.’’ H. 
Verrall, F.E.S. 

“List of the Beetles of Ireland,” by W. F. Johnson and 
J. N. Halbert ; ‘‘ Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy,”’ 
1g02. 

‘‘TIndex Zoologicus.”’ An alphabetical list of Genera and 
Sub-genera proposed for use in Zoology, as recorded in the 
“Zoological Record,’ 1880—1900, together with other 
names not included in Scudder’s ‘‘ Nomenclator Zoo- 
logicus.” Compiled for the Zoological Society by C. O. 
Waterhouse, and edited by David Sharp, F.R.S. 

“‘ Insect Life: Souvenirs of a Naturalist,” by J. H. Fabre. 


74 


Translated from the French. Preface by Dr. Sharp ; edited 
by Mr. Merrifield. A charming book, dealing chiefly with 
the Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, and is an ideal work for 
field naturalists. M. Fabre was elected an Honorary Fellow 
of the Entomological Society last year. 

“Photography for Naturalists,’ by Douglas English. 
Deals chiefly with zoology. Entomology is all too briefly 
noticed. Beautifully illustrated with photographs from 
nature. 

‘‘Natural History of Selborne,” an illustrated edition by 
the Brothers Kearton. Contains 123 original photographic 
reproductions in the well-known inimitable style of the 
authors. With notes by R. Kearton, F.Z.S. 

‘“‘The Naturalist on the Thames,” by C. J. Cornish. 

‘* Birds in the Garden,” by Granville Sharp. 

‘‘ Wild Fruits of the Country-side,” by F. E. Hulme. 

One has to regret the suspension for a time of our old 
friend ‘‘ Science Gossip.” I am, however, pleased to hear 
that it will shortly reappear. 

A new magazine, ‘‘ The Field Naturalist’s Quarterly,” 
commenced its career in May, 1902. 

The various monthly magazines have done much to popu- 
larise natural history in its several branches by means of 
papers written by well-known authors and illustrated with 
photographic reproductions. The technical excellence of 
some of the latter may not perhaps meet with the approval 
of the expert, but they at any rate tend to foster an interest 
in natural history. 

Mention must be made of the important contribution by 
Professor Poulton and Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on ‘‘ warning 
coloration and mimicry ’”’ recorded in the ‘‘ Transactions of 
the Entomological Society,’ entitled ‘“‘ The Bionomics of 
South African Insects.’’ A vast number of observations, 
entailing much labour and extending over a long period, on 
the palatability or distastefulness of various insects with 
warning colours are recorded, and the results appear to 
show that ‘‘ warning colour” is frequently of protective 
value, although not necessarily so. Mr. Marshall’s observa- 
tions and experiments on South African Lepidoptera prove 
without doubt that butterflies are often injured by birds, and 
thus disprove the theory that they are not liable to such 
attacks. The portion devoted to ‘‘ seasonal dimorphism ”’ 
is also of especial interest and value. Beautiful photographic 
reproductions illustrate the work. 

As evidence of the increasing interest shown by the public, 


i) 


and especially by the educational authorities, on matters 
relating to the study of natural history, I will instance 
the ‘‘ Nature Study” Exhibition, held under the auspices 
of the Nature Study Exhibition Association, at the Royal 
Botanic Gardens, Regent’s Park, in July and August last 
year. An excellent review of the work and objects of the 
Association is given by Mr. W. Mark Webb, F.L.S., in the 
“Record of Technical and Secondary Education.” A series 
of conferences was held, and addresses given by the Duke of 
Devonshire, Lord Avebury, Lord Strathcona, Professors 
Geddes, Lloyd Morgan, and Miall, Sir G. Kekewich, Mr. 
H. Hobhouse, M.P., and others. The movement may be 
regarded as the outcome of the work of the Agricultural 
Education Committee, which resulted in the Government’s 
recommendation that ‘‘ nature knowledge ”’ should be intro- 
duced into the schools under its control. The adoption by 
the Science and Art Department of Professor Miall’s syllabus 
for teaching elementary biology in part contributed to this 
result. 

Opinions were expressed at the conferences that the 
great value of ‘‘ nature study’ would lie in the direction of 
developing the faculty of observation in the young; that it 
should be regarded more as a means of education than asa 
subject for study, specialisation in the collection of natural 
history objects not being advocated. The following remark 
of Sir G. Kekewich at the conference was much to the point : 
—‘‘ The study of nature is the essence of all true education, 
and it is somewhat remarkable, and not perhaps creditable 
to our common sense, that we should have failed to fully 
realise it until the twentieth century.” 

Again, Professor Lloyd Morgan says that ‘‘nature study 
must be represented as not only the stepping-stone to science, 
but as a means of literary and artistic culture.” 

In treating of the scope of the work of the Association 
Mr. Webb referred to the possible difficulties of the scheme 
as to the question of obtaining teachers, the cost of field 
excursions to the scholars, the time occupied in the subject, 
and lastly, the danger of extermination of our fauna and 
flora by indiscriminate collecting. He does not, however, 
regard the objections as serious. As aids to “nature study ” 
the following are advocated :—the making of nature diaries 
and notes, collecting, school excursions, and the formation 
of natural history societies and museums. In this direction 
it will be noted that good work has been done by Mr. W. J. 


76 


Lucas in connection with an excellent school natural history 
society at Kingston-on-Thames. 

The exhibition was a very great success, and bids fair to 
have far-reaching effects. The official report of the Nature 
Study Exhibition Association is looked forward to with 
interest. 

And now, gentlemen, you will probably expect me to say 
a few words with reference to my favourite study—photo- 
graphy and the microscope; and, bearing in mind the 
number of members who are successfully taking up this 
work and applying it to the study of natural history, a few 
remarks thereon may not be out of place. In an annual 
address I shall not of course attempt to give instructions as 
to the working of this or that process, etc., but rather to 
indicate where the advantages of photography lie in its 
many applications to the study of entomology and natural 
history generally. Considering the large number of field 
naturalists, comparatively little has been done so far in 
permanently recording by means of the camera the many 
original and valuable observations which are continually 
being made. To the entomologist photography should be 
of very great use, whether for portraying the insect in its 
different stages of growth and metamorphosis, or in com- 
bination with the microscope in the study of the more 
minute details of structure. The larva in its natural posi- 
tion on the food-plant, and cases of protective resemblance, 
aberrations, localities, etc., should be photographically 
recorded. It is not of course always possible to photo- 
graph an insect, for example, in its natural habitat, but the 
practice of ‘‘ posing’’ dead specimens, or placing live ones 
in unnatural positions, sometimes resorted to, is one that 
should be discountenanced. 

The old reproach of want of portability of apparatus, the 
necessity for highly skilful manipulation and experience, and 
lastly, cost, can no longer hold good now that most efficient, 
portable, and inexpensive apparatus can be procured by 
every field naturalist who desires to take up the practice of 
photography. I am pleased, therefore, to find the number 
of photographers in our ranks is increasing, and much 
excellent work is being done. Messrs. Step, Lucas, and 
others have on several occasions at our field meetings 
brought their cameras into use, and shown us their results 
on the screen by means of the lantern. The interest and 
value of such demonstrations cannot be too highly esti- 
mated. 


77 


It is perhaps to the botanist that photography appeals, if 
possible, even more than to the entomologist. What more 
beautiful results from an artistic, and useful from a scientific 
point of view, can be imagined than a really good collection 
of well-executed photographs showing our wild flowers in 
their natural surroundings? I remember at the Royal 
Photographic Society’s exhibition having seen groups and 
collections of flowers, such as I venture to say for truthful 
and artistic rendering could not be surpassed, and the effect 
produced when exhibited on the screen was most admirable. 
There is one department in the study of botany which is 
worthy of more attention than has hitherto been accorded 
it, and that is the photography of the commoner British 
trees. There is room for much useful work in this direction 
in representing these at their flowering and fruiting stages, 
especially these latter in detail. 

It is unnecessary for me to further enlarge upon the 
advantages of photography in the other branches of natural 
science which more immediately concern us, such as in 
geology and zoology generally ; its good services to these 
sciences are sufficiently obvious. 

The introduction of ortho- or isochromatic plates some 
few years ago was a discovery of great value to the naturalist 
photographer amongst others. They have placed in his 
hands the power of rendering colours in their proper order 
of gradation in monochrome, or in other words, representing 
colour as truthfully as is possible in black and white. It is 
a matter of common knowledge that prior to their intro- 
duction the blues were represented as more or less white, 
whilst the yellows and reds were distinctly darker in shade 
than is seen in nature. In some special cases where the 
desired result is more difficult of attainment, or when some 
unusual difficulty crops up, the use of a colour screen 
between the sensitive plate and the object may be neces- 
sary, but, generally speaking, such cases are not of frequent 
occurrence. The employment of isochromatic plates has 
now become so general, and their advantages over the 
ordinary or uncorrected plate so universally recognised, that 
there is no doubt whatever in my mind that in every subject 
and in all kinds of photographic work their use is not only 
beneficial, but in many cases indispensable. It must be 
borne in mind, too, that the conditions attending their use 
are identical with those of ordinary plates, with the single 
exception of the necessity for greater care in the dark room 
as to the exclusion of yellow or bright red rays of light. 


78 


To the landscape photographer as well as to the botanist 
their employment is indicated as a means for a better 
interpretation of the green colours of the foliage, etc. To 
the entomologist I would say, take a specimen of Pyrameis 
atalanta and photograph it first with an ordinary and then 
with an isochromatic plate. The result should be con- 
vincing. 

The subject of colour photography is one that is attracting 
so much attention just now that I may be pardoned for 
briefly referring to the question. From time to time one 
sees reports in the lay papers of the alleged discovery of 
colour photography ; needless to say, these are more or less 
premature, although one cannot deny that several important 
steps have been taken in this direction during the past few 
years, and a vast amount of research work is still being con- 
ducted by some of our best authorities on these matters. 
Some excellent results have been achieved by Mr. Ives and 
exhibited in his “‘ Kromscope,” and, as _ transparencies, 
probably leave little to be desired. But when photographic 
reproductions in colour on paper or other opaque material: 
are anticipated it is quite another question. The results of 
Mr. Sanger Shepherd’s experiments, recently demonstrated 
at the Camera Club, are interesting from a scientific point 
of view, but it is doubtful whether they can be regarded as 
being very much in advance of the achievements of his 
contemporaries. The naturalist, in common with workers 
in other branches of science, would, of course, welcome any 
discovery in this direction. 

I do not propose, in the short time at my disposal, to give 
even a general outline as to the importance of the micro- 
scope itself in the study of biology; I will rather confine my 
remarks to demonstrating its utility to the naturalist, and 
more particularly to the specialist, when combined with 
photography, as a means of obtaining an accurate record of 
their microscopical investigations,—not only so, but also as 
an important aid in illustrating works on natural history 
subjects. Discussion has arisen on various occasions as to 
the relative merits of photomicrography and diagrammatic 
or drawn representations of natural history subjects. 
Whilst I will not attempt to deny that the former has 
its limitations, any prejudice shown has been probably 
either the result of ignorance as to the possibilities obtain- 
able by modern methods, or from attempting to photo- 
graph all but impossible subjects. Unskilfully prepared 
objects have much to answer for in this respect. It is a 


79 


well-known fact that many text-books on animal and vege- 
table histology are illustrated by diagrams depicting details 
of structure which it is safe to say could only be recognised 
in the original tissue by the expert. On the other hand, 
great though the advantages of photography over drawing 
may be, in that the “personal element” is practically 
eliminated, yet there is no doubt that in many cases a care- 
fully prepared drawing is preferable for educational pur- 
poses. The science of bacteriology owes much to photo- 
micrography, for here the latter more than holds its own. 

To produce really good work the microscopist must be an 
expert photographer. There are many who, although quite 
familiar with the modern microscope and its manipulation, 
fail when attempting photomicrography, solely by reason of 
a want of practical experience in the purely photographic 
portion of the work. 

Another important factor which will largely contribute to 
success in the practice of this work is the necessity for 
suitably preparing the specimen for photography. No lens 
or method yet discovered will enable the operator to photo- 
graph a dense chitinous insect section, and at the same time 
to reproduce the finer details of structure. The same 
remark will apply to the case of a badly stained preparation. 
Whilst on the subject of the preparation of microscopical 
specimens for photography, I might incidentally mention 
that some method for preserving insects’ eggs as permanent 
specimens is badly needed, as is also some means of dis- 
playing the neuration of wings,—such as, for example, by 
infiltration or injection of some staining agent. 

The careful worker will proceed with and record his ob- 
servations systematically. In this connection I would draw 
attention to the value attaching to a series of photographic 
representations of the life history of any particular insect. 
There are immense numbers of these whose life history and 
structure have never been accurately studied, and the ento- 
mologist will find abundant material for investigation pro- 
vided in the important changes undergone by insects during 
the period of their development. The photographer should 
be careful to represent allied structures as nearly as possible 
at the same magnification, and I scarcely need to remind him 
that his measurements should be taken on the metric system, 
such terms as ‘‘lines”’ being quite out of date. He should 
also keep an indexed record of his work, giving every par- 
ticular as to the conditions under which his results were ob- 
tained. I would recommend the naturalist photographer, 


80 


when he wishes to obtain the maximum degree of detail and 
contrast, to print his results on a smooth or glossy-surfaced 
paper, such being also more desirable from the process- 
worker’s point of view should they be required for purposes 
of book illustration. As a final exhortation I would strongly 
urge the beginner to perfect himself in the use of any good 
and well-known brand of materials and stick to them, and to 
the formule recommended by the makers. Were this course 
more generally followed there would be fewer cases of failure 
on the part of those taking up this interesting work. 

Gentlemen, in conclusion I have to thank you all for the 
honour you conferred on me when you elected me as Presi- 
dent of this Society. At that time, whilst appreciating the 
compliment, I was deeply sensible not only of the honour 
but of the difficulty of following the many eminent entomolo- 
gists who had lent the lustre of their names to the office. I 
tender to my colleagues on the Council my very hearty 
thanks for their kindly advice and co-operation, and to you, 
gentlemen, for your forbearance with my many shortcomings. 

The Society is to be congratulated upon the fact that the 
Secretaries, Treasurer, Librarian, and Curator have again 
accepted office. 

And now I have but one duty remaining, that is to intro- 
duce my successor. Mr. Step is a gentleman who is already 
well known to you as a naturalist of many parts, and as an 
author of much ability. He is one of our oldest members, 
and has always taken the greatest interest in the Society’s 
welfare. In his hands the continued success of the Society 
is assured. 


FREDERICK. NOAD CEARK. 


ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 


i 
FEBRUARY 13th, 1902. 
Mr. F. NoAap CLARK, President, in the Chair. 


IT was announced with much regret that Major Ficklin, 
one of the oldest members of the Society, and a past 
President, had died since the last meeting. A resolution of 
deep sympathy had been passed by the Council, and several 
members, including Messrs. Dobson, Lucas, and Step, spoke 
in support. 

Mr. South exhibited a specimen of Urania (Cydimon) leilus, 
Linn., and mentioned that, although a common species in 
the northern portion of South America, the specimen 
exhibited was interesting because it had been taken in the 
island of St. Kitts, one of the Leeward Group of the West 
Indies. The correspondent from whom the specimen had 
been received stated that, although he had collected insects 
in the island for many years, this was the first example of 
the species that he had seen, and he was under the impression 
that it might turn out to be new to science. 

The species of this genus are inhabitants of Tropical 
America. Some of them abound in parts of that region 
from Mexico to Brazil; others occur in some of the West 
Indian islands (notably Cuba and Jamaica); but he did not 
know of any previous record of a species of Urania from the 
island of St. Christopher. 

He added that as Urania had been used in botany before 
Fabricius introduced the name in entomology, some authors, 
including Guenée and Kirby, refer all the species to Cydimon, 
Dalman. 

Mr. McArthur exhibited some specimens of Eupacilia 
gilvicomana taken some forty years ago by Standish near 
Brighton. The species had not since been obtained in 
Britain. 

Mr. H. Moore exhibited an exceedingly fine specimen of 
the orthopteron Sanaa imperialis, from Sylhet, in N. India. 

6 


82 


Dr. Chapman exhibited specimens of Hypotia corticalis 
from the Riviera, a species partaking of the characters of the 
sub-families Pyralinge and Phycitina, and for which he had 
proposed a new sub-family, viz. Hypotiane (see ‘‘ Trans. Ent. 
Soc: Lond.;; "ip: 40; etc: 2902): 

Mr. Adkin exhibited a curious growth of two anastomosed 
Brazil-nuts. 

The Rev. J. F. Perry exhibited a large number of Coleoptera 
from South Africa (chiefly the Port Elizabeth and Grahams- 
town district), taken by himself during a short residence 
there. He states that the British Museum authorities have 
informed him that the seven species new to the National 
Collection belong to the genera Psaimmodes, Pheropsophus, 
Macrophylla, Achloa, Dichelus, and Pstlonychus. 

The Psammodes have a curious way of calling to each other 
by knocking repeatedly on the ground with the end of their 
body. 

The larva of Manticora was about two inches long. It 
lived in a burrow, just like that of Cicindela campestris. The 
shape, too, of this larva was precisely similar to that of 
C. campestris. 

The custom of the genus Anthia of ejecting an acrid fluid 
at their enemies is well known. One he took at Grahams- 
town sent this liquid over his forehead, though he held the 
insect two feet away. The sensation was like being burned 
with fine, hot ashes, but did not leave ill effects. 

Mr. Manger exhibited a very fine collection of shells of the 
genus Achatinella, and read a short paper on them, entitled 
‘“A Few Notes on some Land Shells from the Sandwich 
Islands” (see’p. I). 


FEBRUARY 27th, 1902. 
Mr. F. Noap CLark, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. South exhibited a specimen of Macaria liturata, var. 
migrofulvata, Collins (‘‘Entom.,” xxxiv, p. 364). The specimen 
was sent to him by Mr. J. Arkle, of Chester, who took it in 
Delamere Forest, July 6th, r901. Mr. South stated that the 
form was apparently not known on the Continent. 

Mr. Harrison said that the Delamere Forest form was 
usually much darker than that of the southern woods, but 
he had not met with one quite so dark as the specimen 
exhibited. 


83 


Mr. McArthur exhibited a specimen of Agrotis segetum, 
having a narrow, very dark marginal band on each of the 
hind wings. The white ground colour and the light fringe 
made the band very conspicuous. It was captured on the 
South Downs, near Brighton, in June, Igor. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited a very large and unusually perfect 
nest of Vespa vulgaris. It was obtained near Rochester in a 
hollow tree during the past season. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited imagines of Crinopteryx familiella, 
de Peyer, bred last summer; and living larve bred out of 
doors at Reigate from eggs laid by some of the moths. The 
larvee, he remarked, are at first miners, but after cutting out 
their cases they live precisely like Coleophore, instead of 
grubbing about on the ground, as nearly all the other lower 
Adelide (Incurvaria, etc.) do. He also stated that there was 
neither in the neuration, nor in any other item of structure or 
habit, anything he could find to confirm Spuler’s opinion 
that it was intermediate between the Palzeo- and Neo-Lepi- 
doptera. The position was rather above but not near to 
Incurvaria, one of the lowest genera of Adelide (Tinea 
aculeata, Spuler). 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a long series of Acidalia margint- 
punctata (promutata), the result of several broods, and read a 
paper entitled “A Life-cycle of Acidalia marginipunctata ”’ 
(see page 3). 

In the discussion which followed Dr. Chapman remarked 
that it was a most unusual thing for some larve of a summer 
brood to go over to help form the autumn brood, and he also 
noted the extraordinary fact of the insect gaining protection 
at certain times only from its resemblance to patches of dust 
occasionally in abundance on ivy leaves near its habitat. 
Mr. Montgomery referred to the mixed character of the 
genus A cidalia, one section having keeled larve and the moths 
scattered their eggs, while the other section had cylindrical 
larvee and the moths laid their eggs in batches. 


MARCH 13th, 1902. 
Mr. F. Noap CLark, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. A. L. Rayward, of Wallington; Mr. B. Stonell, of 
Clapham ; and Mr. S. P. Harry, of Clapham, were elected 
members. 


84 


Dr. Chapman gave several examples of numerous species 
of Lepidoptera to the Society’s Collections, including 
Eupithecia consignata, Hyboma (Acronycta) strigosa, J ocheera 
(A.) alm. 

Mr. Kemp exhibited living larva and imagines of the fol- 
lowing Coleoptera :—Endomychus coccineus, found on horn- 
beam in Epping Forest, March Ist, 1902; Ptilrius pectim- 
cornts, found on hornbeam in Epping Forest, March Ist, 1902 ; 
Pyrochroa serraticornis, found under moss at New Eltham, 
January 2oth, 1902. 

Messrs. A. Harrison and H. Main exhibited dark varieties 
(nigrofulvata) of Macaria liturata from Delamere Forest, with 
the type form from the New Forest. 

Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited a number of specimens of 
Lepidoptera and Odonata from the New Forest : 

Oponata.—I schnura pumilio (four), June, rg00. Pyrrhosoma 
nymphula, (a) typical male, (b) female varieties, June, 1900 
(see ‘‘ Abs.,” 1900, page 80). Agrion mercuriale (four), June, 
1900. Gomphus vulgatissimus (two), June, Igoo. 

LEPIDOPTERA.—Dryas paphia, (a) two female varieties, July, 
1898, and July, 1897; (d) var. valezina, July, 1898. Hemaris 
(Macroglossa) fuciformis, Rhinefield, June, 1900. <Aventia 
flexula, July, 1897-98. Lithosia mesomella, July, 1898. L. 
complana, July, 1897. L.deplana (helveola), July, 1898. Gno- 
phria quadra (three), July, 1898; (one) from larva, June, Igoo. 
Halias quercana (bicolorana), from larve, June, 1900. Nola 
strigula, from larve, June, 1900. Notodonta trepida (one), 
from larva, July, 1898. Asphalia ridens, from larve, June, 
1900. Triphena ves (two), July, 1898, at treacle. 
Heliothis dipsacea (one), July, 1898, Brockenhurst Heath. 
Cleora glabraria (tw 0), July, 1897-98. C. lichenaria 
(three), July, 1897-98 ; (three) from larve, Easter, 1900 
Catocala promissa and C. sponsa, mostly bred from larve. 
June, 1900. Brephos parthenias, Easter, 1899, 1900, and r1gol. 
Lobophora lobulata (three), Easter, 1899 and 1go1. Selidosema 
plumaria, males, Lyndhurst Heath, July, 1897 and 1891, and 
one female from larva, June, 1900. Hyria auroraria (muri- 
cata), Bank, July, 1808. 

Also a hornet taken from a hollow tree one Easter, and an 
egg of the night-jar (Caprimulgus europaus). The egg was 
extremely hard to find, as it was laid among a number of 
white flints on the heath between Lyndhurst and Matley. 

The var. of Dryas paphia has the basal part of the wing of 
the usual colour, and the outer portion consists of a broad 
black band, which occupies nearly half of the wing. It includes 


85 


two rows of tawny spots, one on the hind margin and the 
other parallel with it. This variety was taken in the New 
Forest, July 2oth, 1897. 

Mr. Nottle exhibited examples of Agvotis tritici and A. 
agathina, from Keston. 

Mr. Barnett exhibited a living female example of Nyssia 
hispidaria, from Chingford. 

Mr. F. Noad Clark exhibited several species of ticks, and 
contributed the following notes :—‘‘ Some weeks ago I 
received from Mr. Hewett, of York, the two specimens 
exhibited. He described them as parasites which he found 
on guillemots on the Yorkshire cliffs. On examination I 
found them to be ticks, but as they were unlike any I had 
previously seen I came to the conclusion that they were 
‘something new.’ I sent them to Mr. Wheler, of Alnwick, 
who is an authority on the ticks, and he at once pronounced 
them to be at least a species, if not a genus, new to Britain. 
At his suggestion I sent them to Prof. Neumann, of Toulouse, 
who is the Continental authority on these ticks. He was 
exceedingly interested in the specimens, one of which, a male 
Ixodes fimbriatus,* he had never before seen. He tells me 
that it had been described by Kramer and Neumann in 1883, 
who captured it during the Vega Expedition. It has never 
been recorded in Britain. It appears to favour migratory 
birds, which will account for its being found on the 
guillemot; and there is no doubt that it had come from 
remote regions. 

** The other specimen, a distended female, is Ixodes borealis, 
Kramer and Neumann, or Ixodes putus, Cambridge, and is 
also found on migratory birds, and has been taken as far 
apart as Alaska and Cape Horn. 

“I also exhibit seven specimens, nymphs and adults, of 
the common British tick, Ixodes reduvius, for comparison. 
These are found on cattle, deer, and sheep; to the latter they 
are a terrible pest, and the cause of a destructive disease 
called ‘louping-ill.”. They have also been found on birds, 
hedgehogs, moles, and bats, and even on reptiles.” 

Mr. Clark further exhibited photographs of Ixodes fimbriatus, 
showing ventral and dorsal aspects. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a living bred specimen of Dimorpha 
(Endromis) versicolora, and some pupe in the larva cases of 
Thyridopteryx ephemeriformis. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited very fine examples of Ormithoptera 


* This species is now known as Ceratixode putus. 


86 


lydius and O. socrates from the Malays, with Parnassius 
imperator and P. horsleyanus from Thibet. 

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a long-bred series of Sesza 
(Macroglossa) stellatarum, and contributed the following 
notes: 

“ July r4th.—An unusually large patch of the yellow bed- 
straw (Galiwm verum) was noticed at Bromley, Kent, situated 
in the middle of a meadow of very long grass. The stems 
of the bed-straw were conspicuously tall and fully exposed to 
the glare of the sun. A moderate-sized bunch of the flowers 
was picked, brought home, and placed in water. 

‘* July 15th.—One young larva was observed, apparently 
just hatched, but no others were to be found. A search was 
not made for ova, unfortunately. 

** July 2oth.—It was found that other larve had appeared 
on the bunch, and that in all eight were present. A second 
visit was made to the patch of bed-straw at Bromley, and as 
the result of a thorough search no less that forty-two larve 
were secured, of all sizes, from some just hatched to others 
about half-fed. Nearly all were taken from the patch men- 
tioned ; only two or three larva were discovered on the: 
smaller patches. For the first few days the larve were fed 
in cages (larger) and bottles (smaller) and placed in an open 
verandah facing N.E., getting the early morning sun. 
After that they were all put into a greenhouse having the 
full heat of the sun, but with the cages slightly shaded by 
paper placed on the top and overlapping. They fed up very 
rapidly ; in fact, to get them food was a difficulty, as they 
consumed very little but the flowers, and dropped or detached 
about as much as they ate. 

July 25th.—Several larve assumed a beautiful dark 
purple tint and ceased feeding. They wandered about for a 
short time, but soon burrowed just below the surface of the 
rubbish and spun a very flimsy cocoon, in which they changed 
to pupe. The cocoon was only just sufficient to prevent 
the rubbish from collapsing on to the pupa. 

‘* August 3rd.—All but two or three larve had finished 
pupating. 

“August 8th.—The remaining two or three had gone 
down. The pupe were all removed from their cocoons and 
placed on blotting-paper on dry sand in a fresh cage. 

“ August 24th.—One pupa began to darken, the wing- 
cases first, beginning with the outer margin. The wing- 
cases were as a rule of a deep black-brown before the rest of 
the pupa began to darken. 


87 


“‘ August 27th.—Several pupz were now quite blackened 
and the abdominal segments were much elongated, such as 
one is accustomed to notice when a pupa contains an 
ichneumon. 

‘* August 28th.—The first imago appeared. 

‘““September 30th.—Out of thirty-six larvee which were 
fed up and pupated successfully, thirty-one perfect imagines 
and three cripples were reared, two pupze only dying. When 
it was noticed that the pupz were nearly ready to emerge 
they were several times each day moistened with the breath. 
The pupz were kept indoors in a room facing nearly N. 

“The imagines invariably remained quiet for twenty-four 
hours after emergence, but were very restless if kept alive 
longer. They had a very large quantity of a blue-black Auid 
in their abdomen at emergence, some of which was left in 
the pupa-case and some was scattered about the cage. 
There remained, however, in all of them a considerable 
amount of this emergal liquid, which they got rid of with 
considerable force, when they were dropped somewhat 
violently on to the table.” 

Mr. Lucas exhibited a very large number of lantern slides 
to illustrate his remarks on ‘‘ Entomological Localities.” 
They were chiefly of well-known spots in the New Forest. 
Mr. West, of Streatham, also showed a few slides taken from 
several localities nearer London. 


MARCH 27th, 1902. 


Mr. F. Noap CLARK, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited (1) a flower spike of Saxi- 
fraga crassifolia, a Siberian plant, from a garden at Barnet 
(it was stated that the sparrow prevented the flowering of 
this plant in the London parks and gardens) ; (2) very fine 
male and female specimens of the genus Ornithoptera, O. 
borimannt, O.natas, and O. criton, from the Malay Archipelago, 
and a male of the rare O. plateni from New Guinea; (3) a 
collection of Hemiptera Heteroptera received from M. Mar- 
tandon, of Bucharest, comprising seventeen genera and 
eighty-five species, representative of all parts of the world; 
(4) a well-preserved fossil of a fern frond from West Point, 
North America. 


88 


APRIL oth, 1902. 
Mr. F. Noap Cuiark, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Main exhibited a twig of hawthorn gathered in the 
New Forest at Easter, having a large cluster of the eggs of 
Erwogaster lanestris, and remarked upon the curious spiral 
arrangement in which they were deposited and the amount 
of woolly covering over and around them. 

Rev. J. F. Perry exhibited a considerable number of 
insects from South Africa, including a large and conspicuous 
ant-lion; several species of cockroach; a mantis with 
clusters of eggs found on the gum trees; a very large Hemi- 
pteron, anda species which had a considerable portion of its 
abdomen bitten away when captured, and which seemed in 
no way inconvenienced thereby ; numerous species of Coleo- 
ptera, chiefly Longicorns, one species of which had stridu- 
lating organs at the back of the pronotum; together with 
several species of scorpions and spiders. 

Mr. Moore exhibited the following species of exotic 
Blattide :—Blabera gigantea and Monachoda laticollis (Costa 
Rica) ; Pertplaneta contraria (Philippines); P. concolor and — 
Salganea (2? sp.) (Sylhet) ; Opzsthoplatia orientalis (China) ; 
Epilampra (? sp.) and Nyctibora tenebrosa (Costa Rica) ; 
Paranacepheta indica (Assam) ; Panchlora exoleta (Costa Rica). 

Mr. Kemp exhibited a macropterous example of Hydro- 
metra stagnorum from Mitcham Common. 

Mr. R. L. Hewitt and Mr. E. Nottle exhibited series of 
Nyssia hispidaria, reared from Epping Forest parents. 
Larve hatched May gth, 1go1, fed on oak, pupated in 
eighteen inches to two feet of earth about June gth. 
Emerged January 20th to March 7th, 1902. 

Ampludasys strataria, female, parent obtained in Epping 
Forest, 1g01. Larve hatched May 12th, fed on oak, pupated 
June 22nd to July 3rd, emerged March 5th to 25th, 1go02. 

Phigalia pedaria, caught on lamps, trees, fences, etc., in 
neighbourhood of West Wickham, March, 1902. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited a large number of exotic Hemiptera 
sent to Mr. Kirkaldy and himself by M. Montandon, of 
Bucharest, together with numerous species of the genus 
Charaxes, including several fine examples of C. jaszus. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited specimens of Eriocrania subpurpurella, 
which was now very common on the fences at Oxshott. 

Mr. E. Step exhibited some berries of Jasminum officinale, 
and remarked that these were so rarely produced in this 


89 


country that none of the horticultural authorities considered 
it worth while to figure them, or to take account of the seeds 
as a means of propagation. A native of Northern India and 
China, there was no definite information extant as to its 
introduction, though it was known to have been in cultivation 
here as far back as 1548, and Gerarde nearly fifty years later 
mentions it as in common use for covering arbours. The 
flower has a two-celled ovary, but as a rule one of these cells 
became aborted, so that a single fruit was produced. In 
some flowers, however, both cells developed, and the result 
was twin berries, one slightly larger than the other, as seen 
to the left of the group exhibited. These berries are black, 
and each contains a large seed enveloped in a juicy purple 
pulp, rather nauseous to the taste. They ripen about 
November or December, and are at least experimented upon 
by birds, for many of them show that they have been burst 
by their bills and the seeds extracted. Mr. Step said he had 
planted a single seed in the winter of t1goo-1, which 
germinated and produceda healthy plant. The fruits shown 
had been sent to him from Bonchurch, Isle of Wight, but he 
had found them on the front of his house at Harlesden 
during each of the past three seasons, and believed they were 
produced far more frequently than was generally thought to 
pe the case. 

Other members had noted the occurrence. It was also 
remarked that Macroglossa stellatarum had been unusually 
common during the last season or two, and members were 
inclined to couple the two facts. 

Mr. F. Noad Clark exhibited the following objects under 
the microscope :—Legs of Corixa striata ; the anterior pair 
bear the stridulating organs, which consist of two rows 
of chitinous teeth of a somewhat complex structure; the 
middle pair are the ‘‘ rowers,” or oar-shaped legs, the posterior 
pair being apparently more adapted for walking. Rudi- 
mentary wings of female Orgyta antiqua, dissected to show 
upper and lower wing ; fringed scales of Pieris brassicae ; and 
cornea of drone-fly (Eyebe tenax). 

Dr. Chapman exhibited specimens of Reslerstammia erxle- 
bella, female, and contributed the following note :—‘‘ Larve 
beaten from birch by Mr. Carr at Oxshott (last field meeting 
S. L.S., Igor), a curiously colourless transparent larva, 
_which makes a tubular cocoon of very white silk, furnished 
with a hinged lid, with tucked-in flange, something like that 
of Megalopyge crispata. 

“It is placed by Spuler amongst the Tinee aculeata, and 


90 


the pupa, with only the first two abdominal segments fixed, 
supports this position ; but unfortunately the ovipositor is /ot 
a plercing one, nor is there a spiculate wing membrane. 
There are even some grounds for believing that it may 
belong to the Cochlidid-Zygzenid series rather than to the 
Tineid one. A detailed study of the larve might make this 
point clearer. So far as I have observed it, it does not 
support this view. 

‘* Herrch Shaeffer made the name Erxlebentella ; Fabricius 
called it Erxlebella, and Erxlebella it therefore is. You may 
say, if you like, it ought to have been Erxlebemella, and you 
may call Fabricius a grammatical idiot, and express your 
irritation at him by any language you choose to think suff- 
ciently proper (or improper) for the purpose; but you cannot 
alter the fact that he called it Erxlebella, and Erxlebella it is,— 
named after Erxleben, I suppose. Well, was Erxleben a 
German, who went to Rome and _ became latinised as 
Erxlebenius, or was he a Roman called Erxlebus, who 
settled amongst the Germanic barbarians and got called 
Erxleben? For grammatical purposes we may assume 
either; for systematic purposes we are entitled to know or | 
imagine nothing, except that Fabricius called it Erxlebella, a 
word that may or may not have any other meaning than the 
moth before us.” 

Mr. South exhibited a specimen of Acidalia margini- 
punctata from the hills around Clevedon. It was a form new 
to him, having the central line distinctly edged with dark 
suffusion, forming an irregular band. He also exhibited a 
number of species of British and Eastern Asian Lepidoptera, 
and read some notes thereon. He stated that, excluding 
Tineide and Tortricidz, over 300 species of Lepidoptera 
occurring in Britain were found also in Eastern Asia. The 
moths comprised 56 Sphinges and Bombyces (old style), 
106 Noctuidex, 76 Geometride, and 32 Pyralide. 


APRIL 24th, 1902. 
Mr. F. Noap CLark, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. C. R. L. Boxer, of Lee, was elected a member. 

Mr. Harrison exhibited a long-bred series of T@niocampa 
opima from ova collected at Wallasey, Cheshire. A very 
considerable range of variation was shown, more than half 
the specimens being of an extreme dark coloration. The 
type form, glossy slaty grey with broad central band, was 


91 


much in the minority. A number were greyish white with 
the central shade almost obsolete, and one or two specimens 
were of a red-brown tint. 

Mr. Main exhibited series of numerous species he had 
collected in the New Forest at Easter. 

Mr. Kaye exhibited a very fine series of Heliconius lindigit 
taken in British Guiana on the Rio Potaro, and also 
specimens of the Lepidoptera Melittia ceto and M. caudatum, 
both from South America. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a series of dark forms of 
Pstlura monacha bred from a New Forest parent taken at 
rest in 1g01. The intensity of the black markings and the 
amount of suffusion of the wings with black scales varied 
considerably in different individuals, especially in the 
females, but even in the most densely suffused specimens the 
white ground colour was discernible. 

Mr. H. Moore exhibited specimens of the following 
Orthoptera :—Polyspilota striata, Stal (Africa) ; Tenodera aridt- 
folia, Stal (Africa); Hierodula vitrea, Stal (Sylhet, India) ; 
Creoboter urbana, F. (Sylhet, India). 

Mr. Clark exhibited the following plants and flowers 
which he had just obtained from Gloucestershire : 

1. Helleborus fetidus, in flower. He pointed out that the 
typical leaves were pedate, and not digitate as in H. niger, 
and at the same time referred to the well-developed nectaries. 

2. Daphne laureola, in flower. This plant grows well in 
all chalk soils. 

3. Anemone pulsatilla, in flower. 

4. Pulmonaria officinalis, which was stated not to be an 
indigenous plant, and somewhat rare. 

5. Petasites vulgaris, the butterbur, showing both flower 
and leaf at the same time, a most unusual occurrence. 

6. Fritilaria meleagris, in flower. It was remarked that 
under cultivation two flowers were frequently produced on 
one stem. 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited a variety of Abraxas grossulariata, 
in which the black markings were extended, some coalescing 
into bands; and a specimen of Cicada montana found in the 
New Forest, together with the pupa-case from which it had 
just emerged. The case was fastened to a stem of grass. 

The Rev. J. F. Perry exhibited a specimen of the sea- 
mouse, Aphrodite aculeata, and called attention to the delicate 
hair structures, which were such beautiful objects under the 
microscope. He also showed a number of insects from 
South Africa, including Coleoptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, 


92 


with remarkable cases of mimicry among the latter. He 
made some observations on a fight between a red and a 
brown species of ant, which he had watched in progress for 
more than a week, and he referred to a species of wasp 
which habitually hunted large spiders, and carried its prey 
with great difficulty up the walls of houses to its nest in the 
roofs. 

Mr. Pearce exhibited a curious fasciated stem of the 
common 4 uricula, in which a flower-stem and a leaf-stalk had 
anastomosed and broadened out, forming a natural “‘ button- 
Hole:” 

Mr. Edwards exhibited several species of the Nymphaline 
genus Prepona and various species and races of the agamem- 
non group of the genus Papilio. 

Mr. Turner exhibited a cactus, Opuntia microdasys, having 
its stems covered with very numerous bunches of short, close- 
set, golden yellow spines. He also showed a specimen of 
the harlequin beetle, Acrosinus longtmanus, from Trinidad. 

Mr. Sich read a paper on “‘ The Lesser British Lepidop- 
tera,” and exhibited a large number of species typical of the 
various groups in the so-called Tineina section. 


MAY 8th, 1902. 
Mr. F. NoapD CLark, President, in the Chair. 


Messrs. Harrison and Main exhibited a very varied series 
of Temiocampa incerta, from Delamere Forest, Epping Forest, 
and the neighbourhood of Liverpool. 

Mr. H. Moore exhibited two species of the egeus group 
of Papilio, viz. P. ptolychus ( and 2) from the Solomon 
Islands, and P. erecthus from New Guinea. 

Mr. Hewitt exhibited three species of land Mollusca, viz. 
Azeka tridens and white var., from near Keston; Balea 
perversa, from Downe ; Clausilia laminata and white var., 
from near Keston. 

Mr. D. J. Scourfield, F.R.M.S., gave an address on ‘‘ Lakes 
and their Scientific Investigation,” and illustrated his remarks 
by diagrams and references to various works. A discussion 
took place (see page 61). 


MAY 22nd, 1902. 
Mr. F. Noap CLark, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Lucas exhibited a specimen of the rare plant Leucojum 


93 


estivum, the snowflake, from Oxford, and stated that it was 
indigenous in a few places in the basin of the Thames. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited specimens of Morpho cypris from 
South America, and several species of the genus Caligo. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited primroses, obtained by Mr. Carr 
from Cornwall, which had the five sepals of the flowers 
developed as foliage leaves except at their base. 

Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited a series of Boarmia cinctaria 
from the New Forest, showing considerable variation from 
the usual mottled form, one being nearly uniformly dark, 
another having a wide, light, central fascia, while one had a 
dark band near the base of the wing. 

Mr. Barnett exhibited specimens of Hybernia marginaria 
from West Wickham Wood, one example being uniformly 
dark, approaching the form known as var. fuscata, and 
another having a very well-defined dark band. 

Mr. South exhibited male and female specimens of Liphyra 
brassolis, Westw., together with ova, a preserved larva, larval 
skins or shells, a pupa, and an empty pupa-case, illustra- 
tive of the curious life-history of the species. The whole 
of the material was received from Mr. F. P. Dodd, of Queens- 
land, who states that the eggs of this butterfly, which is a 
member of the Lycanide, are deposited on the under side of 
the branches of trees on which nests of the ant (cophylla 
smaragdina occur, and that the larve and pupe are found in 
the ants’ nests. Although it does not devour them, Mr. Dodd 
believes that the butterfly larva subsists upon ant grubs. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited the following species of shells he had 
found in the New Forest at Easter :—Planorbis albus, P. 
sptrorbis, Limnea glabra, and Valvata piscinalis. 

Mr. W. B. Adkin exhibited series of forms of Taeniocampa 
miniosa, including four examples with the usual rosy colour 
of upper wings replaced by pale olive-greenish grey, taken in 
New Forest beginning of April, Ig02; and one with broad 
darker bar across upper wing entirely absent, other markings 
less distinct, and general colour paler than usual, bred from 
New Forest larvee March, 1897. 

Mr. Montgomery exhibited bred specimens of Pieris napi 
showing a tendency in the markings to gynandromorphism. 

Mr. Main exhibited larvee of Lithosta mesomella. It was 
noted that this larva had curious spatulate hairs. 

Mr. Manger read a short paper on “ Foreign Cowries 
(Cyprea),” and exhibited a collection of the various species 
in illustration of his remarks. A short discussion took 
place, and it was noted as especially interesting how dif- 


94 


ferent were the very young forms to the aduit specimens 
(see page I0). 

Mr. Lucas read the Report of the Field Meeting held at 
Bookham on May roth (see page 41). 


FUNE 2th, 1902. 
Mr. F. NoApD CLARK, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Ashdown exhibited living larve of Attagenus pellio 
feeding on wool. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited for identification a Noctua he had 
recently captured. It was afterwards recognised by Mr. 
South as a worn, and doubtless hybernated, example of 
Hadena protea. 

Mr. Moore exhibited a specimen of the rare Pseudacrea 
triment from South Africa. It varied from the type form in 
having a considerable area of the lower wings white. It 
was taken in the Transvaal in 1g02, and is not represented 
in the British Museum. 

Mr. Manger exhibited some volcanic dust taken from the . 
deck of the ill-fated vessel the ‘‘ Roddam ”’ by his son. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited a specimen of Gryllotalpa vulgaris 
(gryllotalpa), taken in Brockenhurst village in May, 1902; 
and also Mertania argentifera, Meig, a male specimen taken 
in the New Forest on April 30th, 1902. This species was 
not previously known as British. It is allied to M. puparwm 
(also not common), but can be separated by the fact that its 
‘‘ whiskers ’—the hairs on the ‘‘jowls”’ below the eyes— 
are black, whereas in puparum they are pale. They differ 
also in other good points, and M. argentifera is undoubtedly 
distinct and a good addition to the list. The specimens had 
been determined by Mr. C. J. Wainwright. 

Mr. R. Adkin submitted a report of the Annual Congress 
of the South-eastern Union of Scientific Societies held at 
Canterbury on June 5th, 6th, and 7th. 

Mr. Hy. J. Turner read the Report of the Field Meeting 
held at Reigate on May 24th (page 43). 


FULY oth, 1902. 


Mr. F. Noap CLark, President, in the Chair. 


The President referred in sympathetic terms to the sudden 
death of one of the Society’s members, Mr. Mark Winkley, 


95 


until recently a regular attendant at both the ordinary and 
field meetings. He stated that the Council had unanimously 
passed a resolution that a letter of condolence be sent to 
Mrs. Winkley, and suggested that the meeting should 
endorse the action of the Council. This was unanimously 
passed. 

Mr. South exhibited a short series of Melitea aurima 
from Carlisle and Central Ireland. They represented an 
unaccountable failure in rearing from a large number of 
larve. Mr. Carpenter had bred a considerable number on 
several occasions, and had never lost many at any time. 

Mr. West (Greenwich) exhibited short series of the 
following species of Hemiptera :—Podops inuncta, Sctocorts 
cursitans, Rhyparochromus chiragra, R. pretextatus, Trape- 
zonotus agrestis, Macrodena nucropterum, Plinthisus brevipennis. 
Taken by Mr. Ashby at Deal during the last week in May 
and first in June. 

Mr. Turner exhibited a flower of Phyllocactus peacocki 
measuring five and a half inches across. It was remarkable 
for the unusual brilliancy of the ‘“‘shot” colour on the 
interior segments of the perianth. It was grown by Mr. 
Head in ‘his greenhouse in Camberwell. Mr. Turner 
mentioned that a few days before he had a flower of 
P. haaget, which was of a delicate pale rose and measured 
seven inches across. 

Mr. Ashby exhibited several species of Coleoptera he had 
taken on the Deal sand-hills in June, including Zabrus gibbus, 
Saprinus virescens, Melanotus punctolineatus, Chrysomela dis- 
tinguenda, and Apion sedt. 

Mr. West, of Streatham, exhibited a piece of amber found 
by some boys at Maldon, some forty feet below the surface. 
It was not the true amber, which was the produce of species 
of pine trees, but gum anim, the fossil gum of the locust tree. 
There were numerous insects embedded in it, including one 
lepidopteron. He stated that when true amber was rubbed 
hard the smell of the pine was noticed. 

Mr. M‘Lachlan communicated the following :—On look- 
ing over the new part of ‘The Proceedings of the South 
London Entom. and Nat. Hist. Society ’’ I see (1go1I, p. 35) 
that Cotyledon umbilicus is said not to occur further east 
than Hampshire. A year or two ago I saw it commonly on 
the wall of Winchelsea churchyard, and with every appear- 
ance of not having been introduced. Several old localities 
in Kent are given in Hanbury’s ‘“ Flora of Kent.”’ 

Mr. F. Noad Clark exhibited some Jequirity seeds, and 


96 


contributed the following notes :—‘‘ (Syn. Prayer beads, 
Jumble beads, Indian liquorice.) They are the seeds of 
Abrus precatorius (Leguminose), of a scarlet colour with a 
black patch round the hilum, and are probably harmless 
when eaten, but poisonous when placed in wounds or under 
the skin. The plant is a climber, and has pea-like flowers 
of a reddish purple. By some it is called wild liquorice, on 
account of the flavour of the leaves when chewed. An infu- 
sion of the seeds is used to produce purulent ophthalmia for 
the cure of granular lids. Convicts in Mauritius have been 
known to use it for applying to their eyes to induce illness. 
The irritation thus caused is supposed to be due to a bacillus 
or a pepsin-like ferment. These seeds have a uniform weight, 
and the natives use them as a standard. It has been stated 
that their weight is the origin of the carat of gold.” 

The Report of the Ranmore Common Field Meeting, con- 
ducted by Mr. J. H. Carpenter and Mr. E. Step, was read 
(page 46). 


FULY 24th, 1902. 
Mr. F. Noap CLark, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited bred examples of A mphidasys 
betularia. The primaries were black, dusted with white scales; 
secondaries, pale ; fore-part of head, whitish; abdomen, black. 
The twelve specimens, which represent the entire brood, 
were bred this year from ova deposited by a black female 
taken in cop. with a typical male at Lee last summer. 

Mr. Kemp exhibited numerous species of Irish Coleoptera 
taken by him mainly in the neighbourhood of Dublin during 
April, May, June, and July, 1902, and contributed the 
following notes: 

Lemostenus complanatus, Dej., a species new to the British 
list, and closely allied to Pristonychus terricola. About two 
dozen specimens were taken under a fallen wall on sandy 
soil near Dublin in June, 1902. The species seems to have 
a wide distribution, being found all round the Mediterranean, 
and also in Madeira, Bermuda, St. Helena, and Chili. The 
species 1s probably an importation, but is evidently well 
established. 

Carabus clathratus, Pelophila borealis, Blethisa multipunctata, 
Chlenius mgricornis, dark forms of Pterostichus cupreus and 
Bembidium bipunctatwm, all taken under stones on the shores 
of Lough Neagh, near Belfast. 


97 


Six specimens of Bembidium argenteolum (a species 
recently added to the British list by Mr. J. N. Halbert, of 
Dublin), found among shingle at Lough Neagh, with 
B. paludosum for comparison. 

_ Aépus marinus, Phytosus balticus, Diglossa mersa, Cercyon 
littorale (yellow var.), Saprinus maritimus, and Telephorus 
darwinianus, from the ‘‘ North Bull,’ a sandbank near 
Dublin. 

A series of Cillenus lateralis found under stones on the sea- 
shore near Dublin, and Polydrusus chrysomela from the same 
locality. 

The following water-beetles :—Calambus quinquelineatus 
and C. novemlineatus, from Lough Neagh. 

Hydroporus gyllenhali, H. tristis, H. obscurus, H. morio, from 
Mt. Kippure, Dublin; and Deronectes assimilis, Hydroporus 
pictus, and H. rivalis, also from near Dublin. 

Orectochilus villosus, found freshly emerged under stones at 
Lough Neagh. 

Silpha atrata, var. subrotundata, from Dublin, and Szlpha 
dispar from Lough Neagh. 

One specimen of Haemonia appendiculata, a species not 
taken in England for many years, and a series of Donacia 
discolor. 

Chrysomela banksit, Barynotus schénherrt, and Barypetthes 
sulcifrons, from near Dublin. 

A series of Otiorrhynchus auropunctatus, a species that does 
not occur in England, from near Dublin ; and two specimens 
of Rhopalomesites tardyt from Lough Neagh. 

Specimens of Staphylinus cesareus from Lough Neagh, and 
Meloé violaceus from near Dublin. 

He also exhibited a series of the rare dragon-fly, Lestes 
dryas, from near Hanwell, Middlesex, with L. sfonsa for 
comparison. This species has only once previously been 
taken abundantly in England—in Cambridgeshire, in 1897. 
Other records are—one specimen by Mr. J. J. F. X. King in 
Ireland, and one by Mr. Briggs at Leigh, Essex. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited several species of plants sent by 
Mr. McArthur from Shetland, including Draba incana (woolly 
whitlow-grass), Plantago maritima (seaside plantain), P.lanceo- 
lata, var. vulgaris (ribwort), Cerastiwm alpinum, var. edmonsont 
(hairy Alpine mouse-ear chickweed), C. semidecandrum 
(lesser mouse-ear chickweed), Gnaphalium supinum (dwarf 
Alpine cudweed), Avrenaria ciliata, sup. sp. norvegica (Nor- 
wegian sandwort), Rubus saxatilis (stone bramble), Silene 
maritima (sea bladder campion). 

fi 


98 


AUGUST 14th, 1902. 
Mr. F. Noab Crark, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Edwards exhibited ova of Anthrocera (Zygena) trifolit, 
from Byfleet. 

Dr. Fremlin said that during a recent visit to the Isle of 
Man he had taken Dianthecia cesia and larve of Polia 
xanthomista, var. nigrocincta. 

Mr. Clark stated that he had recently visited the unique 
collection of orchids possessed by Captain Holford, and he 
described the method of the pollination of some rare hybrids. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited specimens of Nemoptera bipenms 
(lusttanica) from Bejar, in Spain. 


AUGUST 28th, 1902. 
Mr. E. STEP, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Edmund J. Riley, of 94, Drakefield Road, Upper 
Tooting, was elected a member. 

Mr. South exhibited Apamea ophiogramma, selected from 
twenty-nine specimens bred from larve feeding on ribbon- 
grass at Upper Tooting. Little variation in colour and 
marking was noted, and all the examples but one were about 
equal in size. The exception measured 23 mm., or about one 
third less in expanse than the others, which ranged from 30 
mm. to 33 mm. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited a box of ferns sent for distribution 
by Messrs. Step and Turner, from Inistioge, co. Kilkenny, 
Ireland, and read the following note :—‘‘ Mr. Turner and I 
send herewith for exhibition and distribution a sample of five 
ferns, which are the common weeds that ornament all the 
walls in this region. They are Polypodium vulgare, Scolopen- 
drium vulgare, Asplenitum ceterach, A. ruta-murania, and A. 
adiantum-nigrum. 

“There is also a patch of Hymenophyllum tunbridgense, of 
which we have found enormous quantities in one particular 
spot, covering rocks, trees, and banks near a_ beautiful 
cascade. 

‘““ We have the sole run of a wood of 700 acres, as well as 
a considerable section of the county, with no one to interfere 
with us, and foresters, keepers, gardeners, and others in- 
structed to give us any assistance we may need in our arduous 
labours. We have contrived to get about a fortnight’s enjoy- 


one) 


ment out of the few days we have been here, and are at present 
regretting that our visit will not extend to a month or so. 
The camera is making some pictorial records of our surround- 
ings, and I hope at some future meeting to exhibit lantern 
slides of these whilst Turner tells racy anecdotes of our 
experiences. 

** A salmon river flows through our demesne, and I need 
not say that, having sampled the salmon and trout taken from 
it, we find both species admirable.” 

Mr. Turner exhibited a short series of A grotis ripe bred at 
the end of June, 1902, from larve taken at Dawlish in 
August, 1g01. They showed very considerable variation, 
from a specimen having an extensive area of mealiness to an 
exceptionally dark form with scarcely a trace of white 
markings. He stated that the larva were very common 
again this year, feeding especially upon a Crucifer, Cakile 
maritima. Other years they were feeding upon a Chenopod, 
Salsola kali. The books, authors of which copy each other 
so admirably, give only hound’s-tongue, Cynoglossum officinale, 
a plant he had not noticed upon the Dawlish sand-hills. 

Mr. Kemp exhibited an example of the Colorado beetle, 
which had been taken at Tilbury in Igor. 

Mr. Bowman exhibited a large number of species of the 
genus Evebia, chiefly from Spain and Switzerland. Among 
them was a series of the very local E. christt, a species not 
recorded until very recent years, together with several speci- 
mens of E. zapatert. He also showed a series of Melanargia 
lachesis. 

Mr. South exhibited ova of Tortrix piceana, Retinia 
pinicolana, and a Queensland butterfly, Liphyra brassolis. 

Mr. McArthur sent for exhibition a curious fasciated flower 
cluster of ragwort, Senecto jacobeaa, from the Shetland Isles. 

Mr. Adkin exhibited several masses of cocoons of a species 
of ichneumon, which had emerged from the larve of Boarmia 
gemmaria. In each case the larva or larval remains was 
arched over the mass, where he had noticed it to remain 
for some while before dropping away. Dr. Chapman said 
that the larva no doubt placed itself upon a twig prepara- 
tory to change, when the Apanteles (grubs) emerged and 
placed themselves underneath; the successive emergences 
and consequent additions to the mass caused the larva to 
take up the remarkable arched position. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a specimen of Gorytes bicinctus and 
one of Scoliaula (Bohemanma) quadrimaculella, taken the pre- 
ceding week at Reigate. 


100 


SEPTEMBER tth, 1go2. 
Mr. F. Noap Cxiark, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. South exhibited a few specimens of Pig@ra curtula, 
representative of sixty-four imagines bred from ova laid by a 
female captured on May 31st at Blatchworth Heath, Hert- 
fordshire. The larve were fed on sallow instead of poplar, 
upon which they feed naturally. The whole of those bred 
were smaller and darker than the female parent ; whether as 
a result of feeding the larve upon sallow or whether due to 
seasonal dimorphism, he could not say. At present he had 
a succeeding brood of larve feeding upon sallow, and he was 
anxious to see the form of the resultant imagines. 

Mr. Turner exhibited two species of Longicorn Coleoptera 
taken by Mr. J. W. Tutt at Torre Pellice, in the Basse Alps, 
viz. Cerambyx heros (cerdo) and Purpuricenus koehlert. 

Mr. Kemp exhibited several species of Coleoptera taken 
in the New Forest during August, including Prionus coriarius, 
Halyzia 16-guttata, Tomoxia biguttata, Abdera bifasciata, 
Deronectes latus, Celiodes erythroleucus, Thymalus limbatus, 
Bembidium decorum, Orchestes iota (on sweet gale), O. tlicis, 
O. avellane, and O. rusct. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited male and female specimens of the 
beautiful and rare Hesperid butterfly, Heteropterus morpheus, 
from St. Jean de Luz, stating that it was the first time he 
had met with the species. He also showed cases and two 
male specimens of the very distinct Psychid moth, Orveopsyche 
leschenaultt, from San Sebastian, in Spain. The cases were 
covered with fine grains of sand very closely and evenly laid 
on, and the imagines were remarkable for their scaleless 
wings and long-tufted white hairs on the body. He stated 
that at emergence scales were present on the wings, but were 
so loosely attached that they almost immediately fell off. 

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited series of the Clavicorn beetles 
Soronia punctatissima and S. grisea, taken by him at Wood- 
stock, co. Kilkenny, Ireland, in the burrows of Cossus ligni- 
perda, which abounded in an old poplar tree on the banks of 
the river Nore. 

Mr. Adkin exhibited specimens of a plant from the Shet- 
land Islands, sent by Mr. McArthur, and which Mr. Step 
afterwards identified as the Highland cudweed (Guaphalimm 
supinum), a plant confined exclusively to the extreme north 
of Great Britain. 


101 


SEPTEMBER 25th, 1902. 
Mr. F. Noap CLark, President, in the Chair. 


Dr. Chapman remarked that he had found considerable 
numbers of larve of Euchelia jacobee during his stay at 
Bejar, which differed from the ordinary forms in having the 
usual broad black rings or bands broken into four black 
marks. He exhibited imagines bred from these larve, but 
these in no way differed from the ordinary typical form. 

Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited a cactus, Mammullaria centrt- 
chirra, of a different type to those he had previously shown, 
and having rosettes of long, curved, stout spines, with a 
central spine somewhat more robust and curved downwards. 

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a short series of Leucamia albi- 
puncta, representative of those he had taken in the Isle of 
Wight this year. 

Mr. Dennis exhibited a very curious variety of Scolopen- 
drium vulgare. 

Mr. Kirkaldy exhibited a cruizie (or crusie) from the 
Orkney Isles. These old ‘‘ lamps,” which were formerly in 
general use in Scotland, in cowbyres and similar places, 
and are still used in the Shetlands and Outer Hebrides, have 
elsewhere been almost entirely superseded by cheap paraffin 
lamps. He also exhibited a “‘stocking’’ cap made in Fair 
Island of the soft Fair Island wool. The pattern is remark- 
able, being of Spanish origin; similar designs are to be 
noted in Murillo’s seventeenth-century paintings. The Fair 
Islanders were taught the pattern by Spanish castaways at 
the time of the Armada. 

Mr. Kirkaldy also exhibited a sufficiently remarkable case 
of insect mimicry in the shape of some Brazilian Rhynchota 
from the same locality in the Province of Goyas. Mabelia 
pulcherrima, a new genus and species of phytophagous 
Miride allied to Lofidea and Resthenia, was shown with the 
(probably raptorial) Pyrrhocorine Theraneis oleosus, Distant, 
from Costa Rica, and T. Juvidus, Distant, from Brazil. Eury- 
ophthalmus succinctus, Linné, and E. trochanterus, Signoret, 
were also shown to exhibit the modification in form of The- 
yaneis from the more typical Euryophthalmini (= Larginz). 

Mr. Boxer exhibited a flower of garden scabious, from the 
apex of which leaves were growing. It was explained that 
the flower really consisted of an arrested axis, in which the 
leaves were metamorphosed into the various parts of the 


102 


flower. In this case the arrest was only partial, and the 
apex of the axis had gone on developing as usual. 

Mr. Kemp exhibited a considerable number of species of 
insects taken by him during the various field meetings of 
the present year, as follows: 

COLEOPTERA.—Wisley Field Meeting, July 5th.—Donacia 
thalassina, Pederus riparius, Antherophagus ngricorms, Agrilus 
angustulus, Xyleborus dryophagus. 

Epping Forest Field Meeting, September 2oth. —Zeugo- 
phora flavicollis, Ilybius fenestratus. 

Oxshott Field Meeting, September 6th.—Zeugophora sub- 
spinosa, Hydaticus senuniger, Pelobius tardus, Ilybius ater, 
I. enescens, Rhantus bistriatus, Celambus confluens, C. impresso- 
punctatus, Bidessus geminus, Hydroporus tristis, and H. wm- 
brosus. 

Ovponata.—Orthetrum caerulescens, Wisley, July 5th. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited a coloured drawing of a variety of 
Asphalia ridens bred from a New Forest larva by Mr. 
Hooker. The contrast of dark and light markings was 
unusually pronounced. The central band was almost 
uniformly black, and the basal and marginal areas almost. 
devoid of darker markings. He also showed a specimen of 
a very rare Dipteron, Physocephala mgra, from the New 
Forest, together with a female specimen of Ectobia lapponica 
and its egg-capsule. The latter insect was captured on 
July 5th 7m copula with a male, and, being placed in a box 
and fed, was noted on July rgth to have an egg-capsule pro- 
truding. This it carried until July 24th, “when it was 
dropped. 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited the following insects that he had 
reared or captured during the year:—A male specimen of 
Lasiocampa quercts, with splashes of yellow, or epaulettes, 
at base of fore-wing, bred from Deal larve ; an example of 
the same species, with male antenne and wings; body like 
female, showing egg matter through segments, but male 
colouring, bred from larve obtained at Christchurch, Hants; 
a male L. querctis, with yellow band on hind wing extending 
nearly to fringes. 

Agrotis exclamationis, with spots on fore-wing joined to- 
gether. Taken at Brighton. 

A. corticea (dark), with a white band along outside edge of 
fore-wings. Taken at Brighton. 

Mr. Lucas read the Report of the Field Meeting held at 
Wisley on July 5th, 1902, and exhibited a number of lantern 
slides in illustration of his remarks (page 52). 


103 


OCTOBER oth, 1902. 
Mr. F. Noap Ciark, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. McArthur exhibited, from the Shetland Islands, 
specimens of a moss which was undergoing the process 
of petrification. (1) The growing moss; (2) the moss 
partially covered by an earthy deposit; (3) the moss entirely 
formed into a porous, rocky mass. He also showed an 
extraordinary example of emergence from the pupa-case, in 
which an imago of Hadena adusta was emerging backwards. 
Mr. McArthur saw the pupa-case break open, and after 
sundry struggles the abdomen of the imago was thrust 
partly out. He then killed and pinned the insect. 

Mr. F. B. Jennings exhibited the following species of 
Coleoptera :—(1) Cathormiocerus soctus, Boh., Sandown, I. W., 
October Ist, 1902; (2) Gymmnetron linaria, Panz., Southport, 
Lancs, July 14th, 1902; (3) Baris lepidit, Germ., Edmonton 
Marsh, October 5th, 1902; (4) Huister merdarius, F., Brox- 
bourne, Herts, August 16th, 1902. 

C. socius lives at the roots of grass at the sides of high 
cliffs, and is extremely difficult to find on first searching ; 
when, however, the nature of its haunts is appreciated, it 
can sometimes be taken in numbers in favourable weather. 

G. linarig is a rare and extremely local insect; it lives on 
toadflax. The specimen shown was sent me by Dr. Chaster, 
of Southport, who is, I believe, the only living coleopterist 
who has taken the species in this country. 

Baris lepidii is also a local weevil, but is rather common 
where it occurs; it lives in marshes at the roots of Barbarea 
eee on which the larva, which are tiny white grubs, 
eed. 

Hister merdarius is a usually scarce species of a family of 
dung- and carrion-feeding beetles. I have recently been 
fortunate enough to find a large colony of it living in old 
gas-lime ! 

Mr. Kemp exhibited specimens of the Coleopteron Carabus 
violaceus, var. exasperatus—two from North Cornwall taken by 
Mr. Montgomery, and two from the New Forest taken by 
himself. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a specimen of Cossus ligniperda 
which emerged on July 8th last from a pupa found on the 
previous evening protruding from a round hole in the skirting 
of a fence, on which a number of examples of this species 


104 


were taken in June and July, 1889, and which were referred 
to in his paper on “‘ The Pupation of Cossus ligniperda”’ 
(‘‘ Proc. S. Lond. Ent. S.,” 1900, pp. I—5). When found, the 
pupa was protruding about half its length from the hole, 
which it exactly fitted, in the side of the board forming 
the skirting at the bottom of the fence. Evidently the 
larva had sought the rotten part of the back of the board for 
forming its cocoon, and the pupa had forced its way through 
the thin surface of the board in order to assume the position 
suitable for the emergence of the imago. Several recently 
vacated empty pupa-skins were also found at about the same 
date, in positions similar to those described in the paper 
above referred to. 

Mr. Step exhibited a rare fungus (A wricularia lobata) which 
he had found at Ashtead, on an old stump. There is only 
one other British species of the genus, A. mesenterica, which 
is met with much more frequently. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited specimens of Hybocampa (N otodonta) 
dryinopa received from Mr. Dodd, Queensland, with some 
H. milhausert for comparison, with cocoons, etc. Mr. Dodd 
has some notes on the habits of the species in the ‘‘ Entomo- 
logist,’’ 1902, page 42. 

The species, in appearance and also in habits, is obviously 
very close to our European Hybocampa milhausert. The 
similarity of the imagines.is very close; so also are the eggs. 
The larva has the same bizarre aspect as that of milhausert ; 
it has the same dorsal process on the first abdominal seg- 
ments; the latter segments are more like those of Stawropus 
fag than H. milhausert, but agree with both, and with the 
Ceruras in wanting the claspers. 

The cocoon is more like a Cerura than that of H. aioe 
is, containing many chips of various sorts like they do, instead 
of being pure, gummy silk, like H. milhausert uses. The pupa 
resembles that of milhauseri in having a frontal spike—this 
double and more prominent than that of mlhausert, which 
springs from the bottom of a depression. Both use this 
spike for making an opening in the cocoon for the escape of 
the moth. Mulhauseri (see ‘‘ Entomologist,’ 1890, page 92) 
actually, with it, cuts out an oval lid by passing the spike 
round and round the line of section, applying a softening 
fluid along the line and cutting through the silk as it softens 
till the lid is cut out. Dyryinopa acts differently (the chips 
of wood, bits of stone, etc., would prevent the process that 
milhauseri can use in the pure silk), but actually, apparently 
without the use of softening fluid (but of this I am not sure), 


105 


pierces the cocoon with the spike, and does so repeatedly 
till it has marked out a lid, much as our postage stamps are 
separated by perforated holes; then the moth is able to 
break its way out. The lid does not appear to be of the 
oval form of milhausert’s, but is rather irregular in form. 

Mr. South exhibited four aberrations of the female of 
Lycana corydon. The specimens were most kindly presented 
to him by the Rev. C. A. Sladen, who took them this year in 
Wiltshire. The first example had a white discoid spot on 
each wing, that on fore-wing with a central black dot; a 
white submarginal lunulate line; the hind wings were shot 
with blue. The second example was fairly typical, except 
that the under surface of the fore-wings was unusually white. 
The third and fourth specimens were of the form known as 
var. syngrapha, Kef. In a letter sent with the specimens 
Mr. Sladen stated that in the locality where the L. corydon 
were taken “the females vary from the typical form with a 
few dots or splashes of blue on hind wings, or all wings, to 
full-blown syngrapha.” 

Pyralis lengialis, a dark specimen captured in a village 
about twelve miles north-east of Oxford on August 22nd, 
1902. Mr. South stated that this species was first made 
known as British in 1881 by Mr. Thompson, who, together 
with Mr. Bryan, obtained specimens at Stony Stratford, in 
Buckinghamshire, in 1879 and the following year. No 
other captures of this species in Britain have been recorded. 
Distribution—Lapland, Finland, Livonia, Britain. 

Lycana numma, an example almost devoid of marking on 
the under surface of the wings, taken at Swanage July 3rd, 
1902. (Sent by Mr. Theodore H. Robinson.) 

Ematurga atomaria, a melanic male specimen taken at 
Bournemouth on June 28th, 1902. Very similar to one taken 
by the late Mr. Wellman, some years ago, in Epping Forest. 
Modifications of this form have been obtained at Oxshott. 
(Sent by Mr. Robinson.) 

Zonosoma pendularia, four specimens sent by Mr. F. C. 
Woodforde, of Market Drayton. These differed from the 
type in the dark grey coloration of the wings. The fore- 
Wings were more or less tinged with reddish, and in one 
example, which represents the extreme form, the red tinge 
was very bright and confined to the central area, which was 
defined by conspicuous pale, transverse lines. Mr. Woodforde 
thought that this form exists in certain woods in his district 
only. 

Mr. Clark read a paper entitled ‘‘ Contributions to the 


106 


Life-history of Argulus foliaceus, the Parasite of the Stickle- 
back,” and illustrated his remarks with a large number of 
very fine slides showing the minute structure of this curious 
form of animal life (page 12). 


OCTOBER 23rd, 1902. 
Mr. F. Noap CLark, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Inglis, of Clapham, and Mr. Scollick, F.E.S:, of 
Wimbledon, were elected members. 

Mr. South, on behalf of Mr. Fowler, of Ringwood, 
Hants, exhibited a series of Lithosia deplana, Esp., repre- 
senting variation of the female. One of the forms was 
dark grey in colour, with a yellow stripe on the costa, 
extending to the yellow fringes agreeing with var. ochreola, 
Hiibn. (Fig. 96). Another form had the fore-wings almost as 
vellow as in L. sororcula, and the hind wings only slightly 
tinged with grey. All the specimens were obtained in the 
New Forest. 

Mr. Tutt pointed out that when variation occurred in the 
Lithosiids it generally took one of two directions, either a 
general darkening, or an intensification of the yellow, even 
becoming golden in some species, such as L. lutarella, in the 
Alps. He also remarked upon the constancy of the golden 
yellow costa in spite of any otherwise general darkening. 

Mr. Dennis reported that at Earl’s Colne, in Essex, he had 
found a flower of the daisy (ellis perennis) with leafy bracts 
forming the involucre of the capitulum. He also said that 
on October oth there were to be found all stages of Cyaniris 
argiolus among the ivy at the same place. 

Mr. Turner exhibited a number of specimens of Hypstpetes 
furcata = sordidata = elutata, illustrative of local forms, and 
remarked upon the inconvenience caused by the continual 
change of the specific names. He quite saw that with 
increased knowledge it would be frequently necessary to 
change the generic name, but he trusted that ere long the 
specific name would reach its final determination. 

Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited some very fine forms of Pachy- 
gastria (Bombyx) trifolii bred from larvee taken in the Isles 
of Scilly. One female was conspicuously light, and the 
wedge-shaped markings on the fore-wings of several males 
were enlarged and very prominent. 


107 


Mr. Lucas exhibited a large number of lantern slides which 
he had recently made, comprising— 

1. A series illustrating some of the most beautiful spots 
in the New Forest. 

2. Several showing protective resemblances in insects; and 

3. A series of botanical slides to illustrate various vegetative 
phenomena. 


NOVEMBER 13th, 1902. 
Mr. F. Noapb CLark, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Colthrup exhibited a bred series of Lymantria monacha 
originating from the New Forest. The forms were mainly 
characterised by being very suffused with black, and the 
white marking massed towards the base of the fore-wings. 

Mr. R. Adkin stated that he had had a number of larve 
from the same source, but that the few imagines that he 
obtained were quite normal. 

Messrs. Harrison and Main exhibited long series of 
imagines of Aglais (Vanessa) urtice, reared in 1902. In his 
remarks on the specimens, which were from Eastbourne, 
Delamere Forest in Cheshire, and Argyleshire, he stated 
that the Eastbourne and Argyleshire specimens were bred 
from single colonies; the two rows of Cheshire specimens 
from two separate colonies. 

The Scottish insects are, on the whole, darker, both upper 
and under surfaces. The two Cheshire colonies are very 
distinct, one colony having orange or yellow in place of the 
usual red colour. 

In the Scottish insects and in one colony of the Cheshire, 
some of the specimens approach the banded form, but there 
is no sign of this tendency in the other Cheshire or in the 
Eastbourne insects. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a series of Lycaena corydon 
taken at Eastbourne between September 18th and 25th last. 
He called attention to the late date at which the specimens 
were taken and to the frequency of blue scaling in the 
females, also to one of them being minus the two basal spots 
on the underside of the fore-wings. He also exhibited very 
dark specimens of Acronycta menyanthidis, from Selby, York- 
shire. 

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited—(1) A long-bred series of 
Hypsilophus marginellus, from Banstead Downs. It was a 
local insect attached to the juniper, but abundant where it 


108 


occurred. The larve bunched up the twigs and leaves of 
the juniper. A handful or two of these bunches produced 
more than forty imagines. He stated that the insect could 
be found along the old Roman Road at Mickleham, which 
the Society visited in 1g01. (2) A very variable series of 
Pedisca corticana taken on a wet day in July in Epping 
Forest. The species was exceedingly abundant, literally in 
clouds, and the variation was extreme. Some specimens 
were of a deep brown-black, while at the other extreme were 
examples showing a greenish tinge. The protective resem- 
blance of the majority was exceedingly perfect, and the 
numbers present on any one tree could only be observed by 
disturbing them. (3) A male example of Pechypogon barbalis 
set to show the remarkable secondary sexual characters 
existing in the extreme and fantastic development of tufts 
and hairs on the fore-legs. No explanation of the way in 
which these remarkable structures were of use to the species 
was forthcoming. (4) Two varieties of the underside of 
Polyommatus icarus, taken at Banstead. The first, a male, 
had the ocelli on the fore-wings either absent or much 
reduced in size; the basal spots were obsolete; only four of. 
the submarginal row were present, and the marginal mark- 
ings were very faint ; on the lower wing the submarginal row 
was completely obsolete; the discoidal and the marginal 
markings only were left. The second example, a female, had 
the submarginal row of spots much enlarged and intensified. 

Mr. Kaye exhibited—(1) A very fine female variety of 
Fidonia atomaria. The ground colour was very white and 
much increased at the expense of the dark brown bands, 
some portions of which had disappeared or almost dis- 
appeared. (2) A bred series of Tiliacea (Xanthia) aurago from 
ova deposited by a female taken at Worcester Park, Surrey, 
at ivy. He stated that he had for years worked this same ivy, 
but previously had taken but two specimens of this species. 

Mr. H. Moore read a paper entitled “A Visit to the 
Forest of Arques,”’ and exhibited a number of species taken 
by him in the locality, especially referring to a series of 
Cenonympha arcania (page 30). 

Dr. Chapman read a paper entitled “‘On Inflation in 
Insects” (page 22). 

Mr. Tutt said that Mr. Moore’s paper called to mind 
several strange, and as yet unsolved, problems of distribution. 
One would expect at so short a distance from Britain to find 
a fauna practically identical with that of the south of 
England. Such, however, was not the case, for the character- 


109 


istic species of the district were non-British. Reference had 
been made to Cenonympha arcama, a well-distributed and 
common species in many Continental localities. At 
Fontainebleau Forest this species absolutely swarmed, and 
was there peculiar in its smaller size and duller appearance, 
no doubt due to being on the northern limit of its distribu- 
tion. These Arques examples were also noticeable as being 
small, poorly scaled, and not so bright in coloration as the 
typical southern forms, but still not so extreme in these 
peculiarities as the mountain form C. var. darwiniana. He 
could not understand why the species was absent from 
many apparently suitable localities in the south of England. 
Another species exhibited was a six-spotted Anthrocerid. 
Some time ago he had discussed the various forms of the 
six-spotted species, including the closely allied A. filipendule, 
A. transalpina, and A. hippocrepidis. The A. transalpina 
was a denizen of the high southern Alps, bright and 
brilliantly scaled. A. hippocrepidis was a lowland, dull, and 
poorly scaled insect. He could not see why the latter species 
should not occur in our own country, and perhaps a close 
examination of the races of the common A. filipendule in 
various localities would result in its discovery. He referred 
to several species, which occurred still nearer to England, as 
at Calais, and yet were absolutely missing from these shores, 
e. g. Chrysophanus dorilis. There were, of course, records of 
a kind of various species, but none of a character sufficiently 
pronounced to show native origin. As regards Dr. Chap- 
man’s paper, he thought that it showed its own value when 
it was regarded as the mature results of more than thirty- 
three years’ experiment and consideration. 


NOVEMBER 27th, 1902. 
Mr. F. Noap Crark, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. E. J. Hare, 163, Dulwich Grove, was elected a 
member. 

Messrs. Harrison and Main exhibited series of Eupithecia 
venosata and Dianthecia nana (conspersa), smoky and dark 
forms from the Shetland Islands, with south country forms 
for comparison. 

Mr. Cant exhibited a pair of Hemerophila abruptaria, of the 
very dark form hitherto chiefly found in Hackney. They 
were taken this year in Regent’s Park. 

Mr. Kaye exhibited a long series of forms of A nchocelis lunosa, 


110 


representing the following varieties referred to in Tutt’s 
“ Brit. Noct.,”’ vol. ii, pp. 168—170:—var. obsoleta, var. 
humilis, var. brunnea, var. neurodes, and var. agrotoides. The 
red form, var. rufa, was not shown, and Mr. Kaye said it must 
be rare, although in the work cited it was stated to be as 
common as the type. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited the following hybrid Lepi- 
doptera, and read notes: 

1. Three very perfect full-sized examples obtained from a 
pairing between a wild male Simerinthus ocellatus and a 
female S. populi, reared in captivity from a wild larva. 
The ground colour of the head, thorax, and body of the 
specimens exhibited closely followed that of the female 
parent, but the brown thoracic patch of ocellatus was very 
distinctly represented, although in a somewhat modified 
shade of coloration. The margins and pale veining of the 
wings resembled populi, and the general tone of colour in- 
clined to the grey of that species, but with the pinkish shade 
of ocellatus underlying it. The markings of the fore-wings 
appeared to embrace those of both species, while the ocelli 
of the hind wings, although prominent, were blurred. The 
larve from which the specimens exhibited were reared’ 
appeared to be robust, fed up well on sallow, poplar, etc., 
and in appearance’ were intermediate between the two 
species. 

2. A single example of a hybrid obtained by a -pairing 
between a wild male Selenia bilunaria (tllunaria) and a 
female S. tetralunaria (illustraria), reared in captivity. From 
this pairing about sixty ova were obtained, but the larve 
appeared to be sickly, and in the result only three moths 
(all males) were reared, their emergence taking place be- 
tween July 30th and August 2nd, thus being the second 
or summer brood, with specimens of which comparison 
should therefore be made. In general tone of colour the 
hybrid more nearly approaches that of tetralunaria, and the 
inner line of the fore-wings and the band on the hind wings 
follow that species. The outer line of the fore-wings, how- 
ever, is distinctly that of bilunaria, and the absence of any 
spot on the hind wings is also characteristic of that species. 

3,4. A series of hybrids obtained from a pairing between a 
male Pygera pigra (veclusa) and a female P. curtula,and between 
a P. curtula and a female P. pigra. In both cases a plentiful 
supply of ova was obtained, and the larve fed up well; and 
in each the hybrid more nearly resembles the female than 
the male parents, but the markings, more particularly the 


3 | 


“chocolate tips’ to the fore-wings, show clearly their cross 
parentage. 

Mr. R. Adkin also exhibited a specimen of Vanessa urtice 
in which the central, costal, and inner marginal spots were 
connected by a dark shade, giving the insect a very fasciated 
appearance. 

Mr. Joseph H. Carpenter exhibited four specimens of 
A patura iris bred from larve taken in the New Forest and 
hybernated. 

Also, on behalf of Mr. F. A. Oldaker, Parsonage House, 
Dorking :—(1) Gynandrous Polyommatus (Lycena) icarus ; male 
left side, female right ; taken on June 14th, 1902. (2) Aber- 
ration of P. (L.) icarus, male underside ; marginal spots very 
faint, and on each wing in place of the usual number of black 
spots there is a single spot, the rest of the wings being plain 
ashy grey. Taken on June 7th, 1902. Both were captured 
on Ranmore Common. 

He further exhibited a male P. (L.) icarus which was un- 
usually small, being about the normal size of Cupido (Lycena) 
minima. Also an aberration of Vanessa antiopa reared from 
German larve. On upper wings there was an entire absence 
of the blue spots, and on the lower wings only one small blue 
spot was present. 

Mr. Scollick exhibited a variety of Aglais urtice, having 
the ground colour of wings resembling that of Eugonia 
(Vanessa) polychloros. Bred at Merton. 

Mr. Carpenter suggested that the ground colour was exactly 
the same as that of some specimens he had bred from pup 
which had failen from their suspension and had rested on 
the earth. It was afterwards found that the imago exhibited 
had emerged from a fallen pupa. August, 1go2. 

Mr. Scollick also showed a curious aberration of Plusia 
chrysitts which he had reared in June, 1902, from a larva 
taken at Ely. The usual area of burnished markings on the 
left fore-wing was much restricted ; and although the scales 
were dark there was an absence of lustre. 

Mr. E. J]. Hare exhibited a specimen, taken at Marlborough, 
of Strenia (Opisthograptis) clathrata, in which nearly the whole 
of the lighter markings of the type form were obliterated ; 
also an aberration of Ephippiphora obscurana (gallicolana) 
having the dorsal blotch suffused with fuscous. 

Mr. J. A. Clark exhibited an almost white aberration of 
A grotis suffusa taken in South Devon September 13th, 1902; 
also two hybrids from a crossing between Smerinthus ocellatus 
(od) and Amorpha popult (¢), bred August 2gth, 1902. 


112 


Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited a series of the dragon-fly 
Oxygastra curtistt, Dale, consisting of three males, two 
females, and three nymph-skins. The imagines were taken 
by Major R. Robertson in 1902, in Hampshire. The 
nymph-skins were obtained in France by M. René Martin. 
He also exhibited three males and two females of the earwig 
Labidura riparia, taken by Miss Nellie Robertson near 
Bournemouth during 1902. On behalf of Master E. C. 
Ansorge, Mr. Lucas showed a short series of Agriopis 
aprilina having unusually dark hind wings ; these were bred 
from pupe dug in the New Forest during 1902. 

Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited a box of specimens of Polia chi 
representing the forms occurring in the Huddersfield dis- 
trict. The series showed a great range of variation from 
almost white to dark slate-colour, and including the varieties 
olivacea and suffusa. 

Mr. E. Joy exhibited aberrations, from Folkestone, of 
A phantopus (Epinephele) hyperanthus, in all of which the ocelli 
were partially or wholly obsolete. He stated that he had 
not seen it recorded, but had observed that the tendency of 
the coast form is towards a diminution of the ocelli on the 
underside, whereas in inland woods, and the New Forest in 
particular, varieties almost invariably take the form of 
enlarged or lanceolate ocelli. 

Mr. Main, on behalf of Mr. Mera, exhibited a short series 
of very dark suffused Odontopera bidentata, bred from a dark 
female taken near Leeds; also a very brilliant green example 
of Mimas (Smerinthus) tilia, bred in I902 in the London 
district. 

Mr. Turner exhibited three forms of Melanippe montanata 
taken at Amersham, Bucks, during the Coronation week— 
(1) having all the markings, except a black costal blotch, 
either very faintly present or quite obsolete; (2) an 
asymmetrical form with central band on the left fore-wing 
very much contracted in the lower half, only a streak 
remaining, while the band on the right fore-wing was fully 
developed; (3) a somewhat light form showing a darker 
marginal band to all the wings, and especially distinct on 
the hind wings. 

Mr. Russell exhibited a malformation of Pyrameis cardui, 
taken on the wing, in company with a dozen others of the 
usual type, at Margate on July 30th, 1900. In this example 
the apex of the fore-wings was much shortened, and the 
markings, although present, somewhat compressed, but with 
perfect symmetry and without crippling. 


113 


Mr. Hamm sent for exhibition a photograph of an 
aberration of Papilio machaon, which was bred on June 16th, 
1902, from larve found at Wicken Fen in August, Igor. 
Neither wings nor markings were symmetrical. The hind 
wings were more elongated than in typical specimens, and 
the antenne were shorter. There was a large amount of 
irregular black suffusion, and a suppression of some of the 
area usually yellow in colour. 

Mr. A. L. Rayward exhibited six pupz of Papilio machaon 
obtained from larve taken at Wicken Fen on August 3rd, Igo2. 
The food was fen carrot and, subsequent to capture, leaves 
of garden carrot. Of ten pupz, seven were grey-brown and 
three green, most of the grey-brown having selected brown 
stems on which to pupate, and two green ones stems that 
were green at time of pupation. Among the six exhibited, 
however, were noticed one green pupa attached to a brown 
stem and one grey-brown attached to a green stem. 

Mr. E. Step exhibited an album of botanical photographs, 
mostly taken at the Society’s field meetings during the past 
summer. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited forms of Cenonympha pamphilus 
from Cannes, Locarno, Reigate, Socterstoen (Norway), 
Bejar and Tragacete (Spain), illustrating the variation in 
marginal colouring, the development of ocelli, and especially 
in the change of tints and markings in the var. lyllus. 

Lycena corydon in Swiss forms—in the form corydonius 
from Tragacete (Spain), and in two forms of var. hispana, one 
fairly constant form from Albarracin and Cuenca, the other 
varying much in the strengthofthe black borderand from Avila. 

Erebia stygne, var. bejarensis, a large form, nearly half as 
large again as the Swiss form, and more richly coloured and 
well marked, from Bejar, in Spain. 

Lycena argus, var. bejarensis, from Bejar, a form much larger 
than any other variety of the species, brilliantly marked and 
coloured, and suggesting that argus (@gon of British lists), 
zephyrus, and lycidas are local forms of one species. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited— 

1. Strenia clathrata (black var.); this was netted in a 
stubble field near Andover, Hants, in company with numer- 
ous typical examples, July 20th, 1899. 

2. Phyllocmstis suffusella, bred series, Reigate, 1902. 

3. Lithocolletis quercifoliella, a short series bred from oak, 
and a similar series from beech. Mr. Tonge stated that he 
could find no record of the latter food being noted previously. 
Reigate, 1902. 

8 


114 


4. Lyonetia clerkella, long series bred from cocoons found at 
Reigate on cherry by Dr. T. A. Chapman, which had not 
produced a single typical example. The specimens are dark, 
and some nearly black, with the markings very indistinct 
and suffused. 

Mr. C. P. Pickett.exhibited a large number of aberrations 
of British Lyceenide, Mimas tile and Angerona prunaria, 
including— 

Polyommatus (Lycena) corydon—(1) ‘‘ dwarfs,” size of 
Cupido (Lycena) minima ; (2) unusually large, measuring 24 
inches in expanse; (3) nearly white cilia; (4) deep suffused 
black submarginal bands; (5) with P. adonis coloration of 
male; (6) females perfectly blue; (7) females, one or more 
wings shot with blue; (8) males and females, absence of 
ocelli; (9) males and females with large ocelli; (10) with 
ocelli united into streaks; (11) various shades of ground 
colour on undersides; (12) females assuming ground colour 
of typical males; (13) female very light brown; (14) 
females, very conspicuous spots on margin of hind wings. 

P. bellargus, showing similar lines of variation to P. corydon, 
and also (1) having coloration of P. corydon; (2) having 
coloration of P. icarus; (3) having shape of wings of 
Cyaniris argiolus ; (4) females, lead-coloured. 

P. astrarche—(1) dwarfs; (2) underside ground almost 
white ; (3) fore-wings with spots joined. 

Cyaniris (Lycena) argiolus, female with unusually deep 
bands. 

Cupido (Lycena) minima, right underside with spots obso- 
lete, the left normal. 

Mimas (Smerinthus) tilia, all bred from dug pupee—(r1) males 
of female coloration; (2) dark and light forms; (3) well- 
developed bands; (4) with band partially or wholly sup- 
pressed ; (5) with asymmetrical markings; (6) females with 
male coloration ; (7) female measuring 32 inches in expanse ; 
(8) almost black hind wings. 

Angerona prunaria, the results of four years’ interbreeding 
and selection between a dark male taken at Raindean 
Wood, Folkestone, and a light-banded female from Ching- 
ford. Those exhibited ranged from plain orange males and 
females to deep chocolate-banded forms of both sexes. The 
chief aberrations were—(1) exceptionally dark; (2) with 
asymmetrical markings; (3) very slightly banded ; (4) por- 
tions of the band suppressed; (5) very deeply mottled. 


115 


DECEMBER u1th, 1902. 
Mr. F. Noap CLark, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Cowham, of Stoke Newington, N., was elected a 
member. 

Mr. South exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. Arkle, of Chester, 
some varieties and aberrations of Lepidoptera, amongst which 
were a series of Cenonympha typhon, var. rothliebi, a black 
suffused male specimen of A grotis exclamationis, a very dark 
form of Cymatophora duplaris, and a pretty form of Ematurga 
atomaria, in which the outer line on all the wings was replaced 
by a broad black band. 

The specimens of rothliebi, which were from Delamere 
Forest, showed considerable variation in size, number, and 
shape of the ocelli on both surfaces, and also in the amount 
of white markings on the underside of the hind wings. In 
two examples the ocelli were more or less oval in shape, with 
the outer edge produced. In another specimen the ocelli on 
the undersides of the hind wings were larger than usual, 
especially as regards the two nearest the anal angle, and the 
white markings on these wings were well defined. The 
white markings of a fourth specimen were unusually well 
developed, and consisted of a broad, irregular-edged, trans- 
verse band, reduced to a slender line between veins two 
and four, an elongate patch at the base below the costa, 
and a curved and tapered streak beneath the discoidal 
cell extending to the band. 

Mr. Ashdown exhibited specimens of the Homopteron 
Ledra aurita, taken at Mickleham in October, 1902, together 
with larve of the same species from the New Forest. Mr. 
Turner said that the species was to be found at Chattenden 
Woods, Kent, and Mr. West had obtained it at West 
Wickham. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a specimen of Euchloé cardamines, 
in which the usually large discoidal spot on the fore-wings 
was reduced to a mere speck. 

Mr. Goulton exhibited a specimen of Catocala nupta taken 
at Balham, showing a general darkening of the colour: Mr. 
Carpenter thought this was unusual, and referred to the 
species as being of an exceptionally stable character. Mr. 
Turner had noted other dark examples in the neighbourhood 
of London. 


116 


Dr. Chapman exhibited the cocoons of Nudaria murina 
and Euchromia lethe with larval hairs similarly dispersed. 
The different effect is due to the cocoon being slight in the 
one case, dense in the other, and the hairs few and long in 
N.murina,and abundant and comparatively short in E. lethe. 
In both, the hairs are laid on as a thatch and inverted when 
the cocoon is placed as shown. Inthe case of Euchromia the 
thatch probably is useful as a thatch shedding in rain, etc. 
In Nudaria the arrangement has degenerated so as only to 
represent perhaps a spider’s nest, as such often appear in 
crannies in walls and places such as N. murina inhabits— 
or it may be the spider-nest process has, so to speak, 
accidentally taken an orderly arrangement of the hairs, 
giving a starting-point for the development of a useful thatch, 
as in Euchromia. 

Mr. Step exhibited a specimen of the winter heliotrope 
(Petasites fragrans), received from Shanklin, where it has 
become established as a wild plant. Its period of flowering 
is from November to February. 

Mr. Kirkaldy gave an account of a tour he took in 1902 
through Italy and Switzerland (see page 37). 


FANUARY 8th, 1903. 
Mr. F. NoAp Ciark, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Oldaker, of Dorking; Mr. Spityby, of Canonbury ; 
Mr. Priske, of Acton; Mr. Pratt, of Richmond; and Mr. 
Goulton, of Balham, were elected members. 

Mr. Goulton exhibited a very light form of Ematurga 
atomaria from Folkestone, and an aberration of the same 
species from Box Hill. In the latter the marginal and sub- 
marginal areas were uniformly dark. It was remarked that 
the light specimen was a good example of a form of the 
species usually occurring at Dover and Folkestone. 

Mr. Chittenden exhibited a short series of Ephyra pendu- 
lavia from Staffordshire, Ashford district, and Chislehurst. 
Those from Staffordshire were bred, and were of the 
beautiful rosy form, var. swbroseata, which is dark in ground 
colour and suffused with a rosy tint. The Chislehurst 
specimens were very pale in ground colour, with less pro- 
nounced markings. The Ashford examples were banded 
with a lighter shade. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited, for Mr. Kemp, an aberration of the 


Ley 


dragon-fly Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp, with one stigma 
missing and aberrant neuration of tip of same wing. 

Mr. Kemp exhibited a collection of the genus Donacia, 
consisting of about 280 specimens and comprising sixteen 
species. He called particular attention to the long series of 
D. discolor, showing great variation in colour, and also 
pointed out the empty cocoons of D. vulgaris, showing the 
small perforation which communicates with the intercellular 
air-spaces of the root to which it is attached, and through 
which the beetle breathes. 

Mr. Berthoud, of Hamel, West Australia, sent a large 
number of wild flowers from “ the Bush,’ which were 
exceedingly beautiful and interesting. He had read a short 
notice of the Society in the “‘ Review of Reviews.” 

Mr. Kaye exhibited examples of Amorpha austauti, a giant 
form of A. populi, and of Smerinthus atlanticus, a giant form 
of S. ocellatus, both from North Africa; together with the 
hybrid metis obtained from a crossing of Amorpha austautt 
(male) and Smerinthus atlanticus (female); and also the hybrid 
hybridus obtained from a crossing of Smerinthus ocellatus (male) 
and Amorpha populi (female). Both hybrids showed the male 
to be prepotent. It was remarked that it was extraordinary 
that metis, the equivalent of the inverse of hybridus, should be 
more frequently obtained when the actual inverse of hybridus, 
i.é.a pairing of male Amorpha populi and female Smerinthus 
ocellatus, should be so exceptional and rare. 

Mr. R. Adkin read the Report of the Field Meeting held at 
Otford, Kent, on June 21st (page 47). 

Mr. Step read the Report of the Field Meeting held at 
Byfleet on July 19th (page 56). 

Mr. Step exhibited, through the lantern, a number of slides 
he had made from photographs taken during the past year 
including field portraits of individual members, illustrations 
of protective resemblance in insects, and a series of very fine 
studies of wild flowers in the midst of their surroundings. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited on the screen a few slides illustrative 
of Wisley and the Black Pond, together with a large number 
of illustrations of protective resemblance in insects very 
kindly sent for exhibition by Mr. Hamm, of the Oxford 
Museum. 

Mr. Dennis exhibited a very fine series of slides, illustrative 
of the flowering and fruiting of our more common trees and 
shrubs, from photographs taken by himself during the past year. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited a few slides made from photographs 
of the ova of several species of Lepidoptera. 


118 


Mr. Cant exhibited views of Wisley, Oxshott, and Brasted, 
from photographs taken at the field meetings. 

Mr. Kaye exhibited a number of slides made from photo- 
graphs taken by himself during his collecting trip to British 
Guiana in Igol. . 

Mr. Clark also exhibited a few slides, illustrative of special 
growths around ponds. 


FANUARY 22nd, 1903. 
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. 
Mr. F. Noap CLark, President, in the Chair. 


The early part of the meeting was devoted to receiving 
the Report of the Council for the past year, the election 
of Officers and Council for the coming year, and the reading 
of the President’s Address (p. 67). 

The following is a list of Officers and Council elected for 
the Session 1903-4 : 

Presticni._. Step, Hol, 

Vice-Presidents.—F. Noad Clark, J. H. Carpenter, F.E.S. 

Hon. Treasurer.—T. W. Hall, F.E.S. 

Hon. Curator.—W. West. 

Hon. Librarian.—H. A. Sauzé. 

Hon. Corresponding Secretary.—S. Edwards, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 
FES, 

Hon. Report Secretary.—Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. 

Councit.—_R. Adkin, F.E.S.; T. A;,,Chapman, .M.Ds 
FOES.) He es... Fremilin, (MaRS... 7b Eas ete baie ae 
PC. S,, FES. BLE S.: GW Kirkaldy. Gas ena oan 
Eticas, “Bsa. Hee) oH. Mains. SC vsti. 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited an example of the union of two 
leaves of the Aucuba. 

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited specimens of Sympetrum 
sanguineum from the Black Pond, Esher, and from Staples 
Pond, Loughton, both being new localities for the species. 
Mr. Lucas remarked that it was interesting to note that 
although the Black Pond had been under close and con- 
tinuous observation for years the species had. never pre- 
viously been taken there. Mr. Turner also exhibited Papilio 
macrostlaus and P. philolaus from South America. 


dla’ EY: TeX. 


=o 
PAGE | PAGE 
Abnormal flower of scabious  ... 101 Hybocampa dryinopa, Dr. ane 
» of the daisy LOG: | man’s note on ... 104, 
SA Few Weeks in Italy,” paper | Hybrid Lepidoptera, Mr. Adkin’s 
by Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy 37 | note on, we 110 
Agrotis ripw, the food-plants of... 99 » Smerinthus aS 
Amber found at Maldon, Mr. Hypoliane, new sub-family 82 
West on.. ; nC ... 95 | Insect mimicry, Mr, Kirkaldy on 
Aunual General Meeting. rP . 118 | some instances of 101 
“ Argulus foliaceus: ehCiateibniion | Insects from South Africas Be 
to. the Life-history,” paper oy J. EF. Perry on. ‘ 88, 91 
Mr. F. Noad Clark 12 Irish Coleoptera, Ur. Kemp’s note 
‘A Visit to the Forest of Arques,” | on 508 S05 oe coo. ele 
paper by Mr. Fore Moore 30 | Jasminum officinale, Wr. Step on 
Balance-sheet se | the fruiting of ... ae sen tele: 
Birds and nests ‘41, 45, “50, 84 | Jequirity seeds, Wr. F. N. Clark 
Botanical photographs AeA 13 on F 9d 
British and Eastern Asian Lepi- « Lakes and their Scientific Inves- 
doptera ... oc ane 20) tigation,” lecture by Mr. D. J. 
Cacti exhibited .. 92, 95, 101 Scourfield B 61 
Cocoons of Donacia vulgaris ex- Lantern slides exbibitedy 87, 107, Male ( 
hibited : 1at7e | 118 
of Nudaria murina nd | ‘* Lesser British Lepidoptera, mT 
Euchromia lethe, Dr. | paper by Mr, Sich 92 
Chapman on . 116 | “ Life Cycle of Acidalia margini- 
Coleoptera from South | “Africa, punctata, GOze (promutata), and 
Rev. J. F. Perry’s note on 82 | other Notes on the Species,” 
Colorado beetle at Tilbury . 99 | paper by Mr. R. Adkin i 
Congress of S.E. Union of Scientitic Macroglossa stellatrum, JZ”. 
Societies.. 94 Turner’s note on ae 85 
Crinopteryx familiella, Dr. Chap. Macropterous example of Hydro- 
mans note on ,.. 83 metra stagnorum a oS 
Cruizie from the Orkney Isles ex- Malformation of Pyrameis cardui 112 
hibited ... 101 Members, list of ... lii—ix 
Death of Mr. Mark Winkley 94 | Microscope material ; ee 42, 
Fasciated flower of ragwort 99 NE slides, enabled mee Mr. 
a stem of aurienla se BS ER aN RO LOMIG arace Boome teh$) 
Ferns from Ireland, Mr. Step’s Night-jar, the : 303 sce 8M 
note on .., 98 | “Notes on some Land Shells 
“* Foreign Cypreea,” ‘paper “by Ur. (Achatinella) from Sandwich 
W. T. Manger .. 10 Islands,” paper by Mr. W. T. 
Fungi 44, 52, 55, 58, 60, 104 Manger .. L wal 
Gynandrous Lyczna icarus . 111 | Objects of the Society Joa 
Hornet taken trom hollow tree .. ... 84 | Officers and Council i, 118 


PAGE 
“On Inflation in Insects,” paper 
by Dr. Chapman sag | 
Parasite of the stickleback 106 
5 on larve of Boarmia 
gemmaria 99 
Petrified moss from Shetland 103 
Primroses with five sepals 93 
Pupal colour influenced by sur- 
roundings 113 
Report of the Council xii 
Reports of Field Meetings : 
Bookham Common, by Mr. 

W. J, Lucas x . 41 
Byfleet, by Mr. EL. Step 56 
Epping Forest, by Mr. 

Harrison ... 59 
Loughton (fungi), by ‘Ur. H. 

Main <n 5 (80) 
Otford, Kent, by “Mr. R. 

Adkin ane 47 
Oxshott, by Mr. W. on Tutens 58 
Ranmore Common, by Mr. LE. 

Step SHE 46 
Reigate, by Mr. Hy. Js Turner 43 
Wisley, by Mr. W. J. Lucas 52 

Roeslerstammia erxlebella, Dr. 
Chapman on 89 
Sea-mouse, the... 91 
Ticks, Mr. F. N. Clark’s note on 85 
Unusual emergence of a: moth 
from the pupa ... aa . 103 
Variations of Lithosia deplana ... 106 
Varieties : 
Abraxas grossulariata om 
Acidalia marginipunctata 90 
Acronycta menyanthidis 107 


Aglais urtice Hoe LOWELL 


Agriopis aprilina 55. LI 
Agrotis corticea, 102; excla- 
mationis, 102; segetum, 

83; suffusa : MAL 
Amphidasys betularin 96 
Anchocelis lunosa 109 
Angerona prunaria ... 114. 
Aphantopus hyperanthus 112 
Boarmia cinctaria ... foo 
Bombyx trifolii 106 
Catocala nupta 115 
Ccenonympha typhon 115 
Cymatophora duplaris 115 
Dryas paphia |. BAS4 
Ematurga atomaria... 105, 108, 

115, 116 
Enallagma cyathigerum ... 117 
Ephippiphora obscura nelaG 
Ephyra pendularia ... 105, 116 
Euchloé cardamines... fgg, Lil) 
Fidonia atomaria . 108 


PAGE 
Varieties—continued. 
Hemerophila abruptaria . 109 
Lasiocampa quercis. eae LOZ 
Lycena cory don, 108, 107 ; 
minima . 105 
Lycenidee ela 
Lymantria monacha... 91, 107 
Macaria liturata 82, 84 
Melanippe montanata 5 alae 
Odontopera bidentata 5 tly 
Peedisca corticana . LOS 
Papilio machaon . 1138 
Plusia chrysitis = dial! 
Polyommatus icarus,.. =o LOS 
Psilura monacha 91, 107 
Pyralis lienigialis . 105 
Smerinthus tiliz 112, 114 
Strenia clathrata el eS 
Teniocampa miniosa, 93 ; 
opima : 90 
Vanessa antiopa, 111; “ urticz, 
107, 111 
Zonosoma pendularia . 105 
Volcanic dust exhibited ... . 94 
Wild flowers from Australia Elale7) 
», plants and flowers... 41, 44, 46 
ARACHNIDA. 
Agelena labyrinthica ... aroun Bir 
Aranea cucurbitina ene ays 
Clubiona holosericea 50 D7 
Dolomedes mirabilis nee DO, OAC ON 
Epeira antriada, 55; apoclisa, 57 ; 
atrica, 50; callophylla, 50, 55, 
57; cucurbitina, 50, 54, 57; 
inclinata, 50,55; umbratica... 50 
Ergatis benigna, 54,57; palleus... 57 
Lycosa agretica, campestris, sac- 
cata 5 54 
Lynyphia denticulatum, lin eatum, 
montana, nervosa, palleus, pra- 
tensis, vurians ... re 57 
Pisura mirabilis ae zon, 100 
Salticus coronatus dic . d+ 
Tetragnatha extensa ane 55, 57 
Theridiida... aes sae . 55 
Theridion lineatum tt io OO 
Thomisus citreus, 55; cristatus, 

50; luctuosus, 54; pallidus Bee) nH 
Xysticus cristatus.. sas 50 
Borany. 

Achillea millefolium, 6; ptarmica 56 
Acorus calamus ... due fie 156 
Agrimonia eupatoria sae 52 


121 


PAGE 
Ajuga reptans... 5c coon 
Alisma scape 56 ; ranuncu- 
loides_ .., : ty 52, 56 
Anagallis tenella ... renoz 
Anthriscus sylvestris 44, 46 
Aquilegia vulgaris 46 
Arenaria norvegica gail OG 
Asperula odorata ... 46, 01 
Atropa belladonna ee eo 
Bryonia dioica 41, 51, 52 
Butomus umbellatus 56 
Cakile maritima ... a0 99 
Campanula rotundifolia ... 57 
Cardamine hirsuta 44 
Carex pseudocyperus 02 
Centaurea cyanus.... . 46 
Cerastium a i semidecan- 
drum... 97 
Chelidonium majus 46 


Chrysanthemum leucanthemum ... dl 


Clematis vitalba ... ee Sb 
Cnicus pratensis ... 52, 56 
Cotyledon umbilicus aes 
Crepis virens #1 360 We ewtd 
Cynoglossum officinale 46, 51, 99 
Cytisus scoparius .., tii ities 
Daphne laureola .., awe weet 
Digitalis purpurea . ase eet 
Draba incana ; 97 
Epilobium angustifolium | uMHoG 
Equisetum limosum : 42, 52 
Erica cinerea, 52, 57; tetralix VS 
Euonymus europeus 51 
Eupatorium cannabinum.,,, 56 
Euphorbia amygdaloides 51 
Euphrasia officinalis 52 
Fragaria vesca ae eieeol! 
Fumaria officinalis ie Bee Roll 
Galeobdolon luteum ae 51 
Galium cruciata, 46, 51; palustre 56 
Genista anglica 42, 56 
Geranium robertianum 44,46, 51 
Geum urbanum . 46 
Gnaphalium supinum 97, 100 
Habenaria bifolia, conopsea we 46 
Helianthemum vulgare ... ees Tol: 
Hydrocotyle vulgaris... « 52 
Hypericum elodes, 52; per foratum 51 
Hypocheris radicata .., HOOT 
Lamium galeobdolon 51 
Lathyrus pratensis 56 
Leucojum estivum 93 


Ligustrum vulgare a eo 


Listera ovata 00 44, 46 
Litorella lacustris... 38 52 
Lonicera periclymenum ..,, 52 
Lotus corniculatus 51 
Luzula campestris 41 


PAGE 
Lychnis flos-cuculi , 52, 56 
Lysimachia nummularia ... ee et! 
Lythrum salicaria SAC ee 56 
Melampyrum pratense o7 
Mercurialis perennis ol 
Myosotis arvensis, 51 ; cwspitosa, y 
52; palustris 56 
Narthecium ossifragum ... 56 
Nasturtium sylvestre 4 
Nepeta glechoma.. 51 
Nuphar luteum 56 


2 


(nanthe peucedanifolia .. 52, 56 


Ophrys muscifera... .. OL 
Orchis latifolia, 57; macula, Sills 

57; pyramidalis 51 
Origanum vulgare : 51 
Ornithogalum umbellatum 46 
Papaver -rhoeas ol 
Pedicularis palustris 57 
Petasites fragrans... 116 
Plantago lanceolata, maritima 97 
Polygala vulgaris... 51 
Polygonum aviculare 5 
Potentilla reptans 6 
Poterium sanguisorba 61 
Primula veris 41 
Pyrus malus 506 ony aes 
Ranunculus flammula, 52; repens 951 
Reseda lutea 51 
Rhamuus frangula. 52 
Rhinanthus crista-galli 57 
Rubus saxatilis 97 
Rumex hydrolapathum 56 
Ruscus aculeatus ... 41 
Sagittaria sagittifolia 56 
Salix repens 57 
Salsola kali aas99 
Sanicula europea... 46, 51 
Saxifraga crassifolia 87 
Scilla nutans 44, “46, 51 
Scolopendrium vulgare SLOW 
Scrophularia nodosa aysod 
Silene inflata, nutans, 51; mari- 

tima 97 
Sinapis arvensis nee 51 
Sisymbrium alliaria Fs Af 
Solanum dulcamara 51 
Sparganium ramosum 56 
Spireea ulmaria oe M2 C86 
Stellaria graminea, 56; holostea, 

51; media, 5; uliginosa 52 
Tamarix anglica .., ae 8 
Tanacetum vulgare 56 
Teucrium scorodonia oL 
Trifolium repens ... Les 51 
Valeriana officinalis re 56 
Veronica chamedrys 51 
Viola canina 51 


122 


PAGE 
CoLEOPTERA. 
Abdera bifasciata... . 100 
Acupalpus meridianus 53 
Adalia bipunctata... 59 
Aépus marinus... 97 
Agrilus angustulus O68 53, 102 
Agriotes obscurus, pallidulus 53 
Anomala frischii ... ay. 57 
Antherophagus nigricornis 53, 102 
Aphodius granarius Re 53 
Apion hzmatodes, 59; sedi 95 
Attagenus pellis ... as . 94 
Baris lepidii : . 103 
Barynotus schénherri _,., 97 
Barypeithes sulcifrons erat 
Bembidium argenteolum, 97 ; be 
punctatum, 96; decorum, 100; 
paludosum 97 
Bidessius geminus | 102 
Blethisa multipunctata ig6 
Carabus auratus, 33; clathratus, 
96; catenulatus, 60; exaspe- 
ere 108; violaceus ... 60, 103 
Cathormioceris socius ... 103 
Cerambyx heros i 100 
Cercyon littrale 97 
Cetonia aurata 5 bor 2), 
Ceuthorrhynchus melanosticus Bo 3 
Chillenus lateralis.. 97 
Chlzenius nigricornis oS eenoo 
Chrysomela banksii, 97; distin- 
guenda, 95; Le 53; sma- 
ragdina, tristis . 27 
Cicindela campestri is 82 
Cis boleti ... 4c 60 
Coccinella 10- -punctata 59 
Celambus confluens, impresso- | 
punctatus, 102; novemlineatus, | 
quinquelineatus eo 
Ceeliodes erythroleucus saa, LOO) 
Crepidodera aurata, 53, 59; helx- 
ines, 538, 89; tramsversa Heo 
Deronectes assimilis, 97; latus ... 100 
Diglossa mersa ... 97 
Donacia clavipes, 53 ; dentata, 57; 
discolor, 97,117; thalassina, 53; 
vulgaris .., , 102, 117 
Dorytomus pector alis roe OW) 
Endomychus coccineus 84. 
Geotrupes sylvaticus oO 
Grammoptera ruficornis, tabaci- 
color aes 
Gymnetron linaria ee «.. LO3 
Hemonia appendiculata ... SOT 
Halyzia Peay ay 59; 16-gut- 
tata . aoe . 110 
Hister merdarius . oot ... 103 


Homalota scapularis 293 
Homalota sp. és ae po (30) 
Hydaticus seminiger _... LOZ 
Hydroporus gyllenhali, pictus, ri- 
valis, 97; tristis, umbrosus 102 
Hyphydrus ovatus : . 59 
Ilybius zenescens, ater, 102; fenes- 
tratus, 59, 102 .. 59, 102 
Laccophilus interruptus ace 59 
Lemostenus complanatus 96 
Liodes humeralis .., oes 60 
Lupernus flavipes... w. «6288 
Malathinus punctatus... aROe 
Melanophthalma gibbosa eed, 


Melanotus punctolineatus, 85; ru- 


fiPCS)) OMee. oor ane epee 1303) 
Meloé violaceus .., ree 97 
Nebria brevicollis —1k6O 
Notiophilus biguttatus 59, 60 
Notoxus monoceros ae 53, 59 
Ochrosis salicane... nec eros 
Orchestes avellanz, ilicis, iota, 

TUSCIO ses ce 100 
Orectochilus villosus 97 
Orina smaragdina, tristis fied 
Otiorrhynchus auropunctatus, 97 ; 

sulcatus Ae aches - 
Pachyta livida... . 53 
Peederus riparius ... 53, 102 
Pelobius tardus 5. LOZ 
Pelophila borealis... 96 
Phyllobius argentatus . 53 
Phy lobrotica see nae 57 
Phytosus balticus.. : 97 
Polydrusus chrysomela v7 
Prionus coriarius ... 100 
Pristonychus terricola 96 
Psylliodes affinis ... 53 
Pterostichus cupreus 96 
Ptilinus pectinicornis 84. 
Purpuricenus kochleri_ ... 100 
Pyrochroa serraticornis ... 84: 
Rhagium inquisitor 59 
Rhantus tristriatus Lh 102 
Rhopalomesites tardyi ... ed 
Saprinus maritimus, 97; vires- 

cens aia 95 
Silpha atrata, subrotundata aq or 
Soronia grisea, punctatissima 100 
Staphylinus cesarum 97 
Strophosomus capitatus ... 59 
Telephorus darwinianus ... 97 
Thryogenes nereis 7s 
Tbhymalus limbatus . 100 
Tomoxia biguttata 100 
Trichius fasciatus... 33 
Xyleborus dryophagus 63, 102 
Zabrus gibbus__... «iOS 


PAGE 
Zeugophora flavicollis, 59, 102; 
subspinosa ane ct ore LOS 
DIPTERA. 
Bibio marci, venosus B2 ete 142 
Ctenophora wee iy 8e 
Meriania argentifera, pupar um... 94 
Physocephala nigra ae ..- 102 
Sarcophaga carnaria 53 
Stenopteryx hirundinis 3d 
Syrphus bifasciatus 42 
Tipula flavolineata 22 
HEMIPTERA. 
Cicada montana ... ee foo el 
Ledra aurita a6! i dar ES 
Macrodema micropterum 95 
Plinthisus brevipennis 95 
Podops inuncta 95 
Rhyparochromus chiragr a, pr wetex- 
tatus ... Be a9¢ sjesiyn 1D 
Sciocoris cursitans a ceetige 
Trapezonotus agrestis 95 
HYMENOPTERA. 
Allantus viridis 3 oS 
Ammophila, 35; sabulosus acc eke) 
Andrena ... adc 300 a) oO 
Anthophora ea 35 
Bombus muscorum 33 
Gorytes bicinctus ... hdones OY) 
Ichneumon oe ne coo) ee 
Melecta ... set 3d 
Nomada ... < 35 
(Ecophylla smaragdina 93 
Perithous ... 4.2 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
Acanthopsyche atra, opacella 26 
Acidalia bisetata, 53 ; contiguaria, 
4; immutata, pee incanata, 3, 
4; marginipunctata, 3, 6, 8, 83, 
90; ornata, 50; promutata, 3; 
trigeminata ..,. = we. 33 
Aciptilia pentadactyla 53 
Acronycta alni, 84; strigosa, 84; 
menyanthidis nee - 107 
Adela, 42; peaserallny Bl; 3 viri- 
della... ses 45 
Adscita geryon .,., aaa sae toe 
Aglais urtice pes 31, 107, 111 
Agriopis aprilina ... oc yea Ld'2 


123 


PAGE 
Agrotis agathina, 85 ; cinerea, 50; 


ripe, 99; segetum, 83; tritici... 85 
Alispa angustella... ses 5 eer 
Amorpha austauti, populi a aaly 
Amphidasys betularia, 96; stra- 

tauria —... o s sce OS) 
Anchocelis lunosa.. cae nea OS 
Angerona prunaria 114 
Anthocharis cardamines ... son 40 
Anthrocera filipendule, 32, 109; 

hippocrepidis, 109;  transal- 

pina, 109; trifolii see 382, 98 
Anticlea rubidata.., 50 
Apamea ophiogramma ws 
Apatura iris ae 32,111 
Aphantopus hyperanthus... 32, 112 
Aphomia sociella .., coe SOS 
Arctia caia C - oe? 
Argynnis adippe, aglaia, euphro- 

syne, paphia, selene sak 
Asphalia ridens 84, 102 
Aspilates strigillaria .> «58 
Aspis udmanniana 57 
Asthena luteata ... a So te) 
Augiades sylvanus ap eeee 
Aventia flexula ... Sct .. 84 
Bapta bimaculata, 50; taminata, 

44, 46; temerata 44, 46, 50 
Boarmia cinctaria, 93; gemmaria 99 
Bohemannia quadrimaculella 99 
Bombyx rubi, 44; trifolii a LOG 
Brenthis euphrosyne, selene ... 31 
Brephos parthenias 500 84. 
Bupalus piniaria ... 53 
Callophyrus rubi ... : a 
Catocala nupta, 60, 115; 3 pro- 

missa, sponsa... 84 
Catoptria cana... - o3 
Cherocampa elpenor sae TOO 
Chrosis alcella_... Foc sea LE 
Chrysophanus dorilis 109 
Cidaria picata... O83 
Cleora glabraria, lichenaria $4: 
Clostera reclusa ... 57 
Cochlidion avellana 33 


Coenonympha arcania, 31, 108 ; 


darwiniana, 31; lyllus, 113; 
pamphilus = pee a NS 
Colias hyale coc Ais Poy oul! 
Coremia designata, propugnata, 
unidentaria ... : 50 
Cossus ligniperda... 100, 103 
Crinopteryx familiella ... Fao tsa! 
Cupido minima ... ae 32, 114 
Cyaniris argiolus .., 44, 96, 106, 114 
Cydimon leilus 81 
Diantheecia cesia, 98 ; capsophila, ; 
50; conspersa, 109; nana 109 


PAGE 
Dicranura vinula . 560 oe DEh 
Dismorpha ver sicolor ; 5p, eH) 
Dryas paphia, 31, 84; paleeiiat AN S4: 
Ebulea crocealis 57 
Ematurga atomaria 104 


Endromis versicolor aap soy A ASD 
Ennomos tetralunaria A sain et 
Ennychia cingulata, 51; nigrata 44, 

51 


Ephippiphora gallicolana, obscu- 
rana, 111; trigeminana eo 
Ephyra pendularia, subroseata ... 116 
Epinephele hyperanthus, 57, 112; 
lanira, 32; ee 32; tithonus 57 
Epunda viminalis.. 42, 51 
Erastria fasciana ... Secomrts 
Erebia bejarensis, 113; christi, 99; 


stygne, 113; zapateri .. 99 
Eriocrania purpurella_... 35, 88 
Eriogaster lanestris wee 20, 27, 88 
Euchelia jacobee... ei 33, 101 
Euchloé cardamines 31, 44, 50, 115 
Eugonia polychloros 31 
Eupisteria obliterata eno 
Eupithecia consignata, 84; indi- 

gata, 53; oblongata, scabiosata, 

50; sobrinata, 44, 46; venosata 50, 

109 
Eupecilia gilvicomana Peel 
Fidonia atomaria ... . 108 
Gnophria quadra ... .. 84 
Gonepteryx rhamni_ 31, 43, 54, 57, 58 
Gonoptera libatrix 57 
Grapholitha trimaculana... 54: 
Hadena adusta, 103 ; geniste, 50; 
oleracea, 8; protea . 94 


Halias quercana as so8 oa 584: 
Hedya dealbana ... ane spe ltl 


Heliconius lindigii 91 
Heliothis dipsacea eeu ole 
Hemaris bombyliformis, 32 3 fuci- 
formis, 84; tityus 32 
Hemerophila ‘abruptaria 500 44, 109 
Hesperia malvee, 32; sylvanus 32, 53 


Heterogenea limacodes ... os 
Heteropterus morpheus ... . 100 
Hybernia marginaria Referer) 
Hybocampa dryinopa, milhauseri 104 
Hydrelia uncula ... 500 306 

Hydrocawpa nymphezata, stagnata 53, 


57 
Hypotia corticalis.. oC «as 02 
Hypsilophus mar cinellus J 207 
Hypsipetes elutata, fuscata, sordi- 
data, 106; trifasciata ... 53 
Hyria auroraria, muricata 84 
Ino geryon 32 
Todis lactearia 53 


PAGK 

Lasiocampa quercis 26, luz 
Leucania albipuncta, 101; im- 

pudens ... sé 300 53 

Limacodes testudo 4 el 

Liphyra brassolis ... : 93, 99 

Lithocolletis quercifoliella 113 


Lithosia aureola, 46; complana, 


84; deplana, 84, 116; meso- 

mella, 84, 93; sororcula ee (46 
Lobophora lobulata 84 
Lomaspilis marginata Hilo, 
Lycena wxgon, 32, 53; argiolus, 


44, 53; argus, 113; bejarensis, 
118; bellargus, 32; corydon, 
105, 107, 113; corydonius, 113 ; 
icarus, 32, 111; lycidas, 113; 


minima, 32, 105 ; eyngrapha, 
105; zephyrus ... 103 
Lymantria monacha sem lOV/ 
Lyonetia clerkella a was DLA 
Macaria liturata, 53, 82, 84; 
nigrofulvata .. : $2, 84 
Macroglossa stellatarum ... 86, 89 
Macrothylacia rubi 44 
Malacosoma neustria 54 
Melanargia lachesis 99 
Melanippe montanata, 50, 112; 
rivata, 44, 46; unangulata 57 
Melanthia ocellata 44, 50 


Melitaa aurinea, 31, 95; cinxia 31 


Melittia caudatum, ceto ... noo ol 
Metrocampa margaritaria | . 53 
Mimeseoptilus Bipauceiaeehy 
pterodactyla 

Mimas tiliz 112, 114 
Morpho cypris... A 93 
Nisoniades tages ... “1 nulses 
Nola cucullatella ... 44, 51 
Notodonta trepida Soo es 
Nudaria murina pela 
Nyssia hispidaria ... ome tS) 
Odontopera bidentata seh lal 
Opisthograptis clathrata ... 5 isla 
Oporabia dilutata 66 42, 46 
Oreopsyche tenella, 26; “Jeschen- 


aulti, 100; zermattensis sau: PAE 
Ornithoptera borimanni, criton, 


naias, 87; lydius, socrates 85 
Orthosia lota 5 ec 4A 
Pachygastria trifolii- eos 
Peedisca corticana et eos 
Panagra petrana ... 44 


Papilio zgeus, 92 ; antimachus, 22; 
erecthus, 92; machaon, 113; 
macrosilaus, 118; ; philolaus, 118; 
ptolychus Sd¢ se Oe 

Pararge egeria, 31; 53; “ogerides, 
megara ... Sei: see sen 


PAGE 
Parnassius horsleyanus, impe- 
rator .... . seo ole) 
Pechypogon barbalis 108 
Pempelia palumbella aot 
Phibalapteryx vitalbata ... 45, 50 
Phibalocera quercana ..... seo OE 
Phigalia pedaria, 42, 88; pilo- 
saria Sinz 
Phoxopteryx lundana 51 
Phyllocnistis suffusella can lis 
Pieris brassice, 31; gen 31, 93 ; 
rape - ; . 3 
Pigera curtula 100 
Plebius zegon atic aa ees 
Plusia gamma 323 D2, 08 
Polia chi, 112; nigrocincta fe. 98 


Polyommatus adonis, argiolus, as- 
trarche, 114; bellargus, 32, 114; 
corydon, 14; icarus, 32, 108, 


111; minima 114 
Pseudacrea trimeni 94 
Pseudoterpna cytisaria, pruinata 42 
Psilura monacha ... 500 91 
Pygera curtula, pygra, reclusa... 110 
Pyralis lienigialis x0 108 
Pyrameis cardui ... aoe 58, 112 
Pyrausta purpuralis 46, 51 
Retinia pinicolana, 99 ; ts ad 53 
Rivula sericealis ... 57 
Reeslerstammia erxlebella 89 
Satyrus megera ... sop, Gull 
Scoliaula quadrimaculella soa) GN) 
Scoparia ambigualis, 53; dubi- 

talis site 50 
Selenia bilunaria, {llunaria ia, tetra- 

lunaria ... 110 
Selidosema plumaria 84 
Sericoris bifasciana 53 
Sesia stellatarum ... OO 
Smerinthus atlanticus, ocellatus 117 
Sphaleroptera ictericana . 57 
Spilosoma mendica 50 
Stauropus fagi . 104 
Strenia clathrata ... ae LS 
Syrichthus malve 32, 43, 50 
Teniocainpa incerta, 92 ; miniosa, 

93; opima 50 90 
Tephrosia crepuscularia ... sor) 
Thanaos tages 43, 46, 50 
Thecla rubi 32, 45 
Thera variata ono 
Tiliacea aurago . 108 
Timandra amataria : soo 33 
Tortrix cerasana, 53 ; costana, 57; 

piceana, 99; sorbiana, 53 ; xylos- 

teana sec oO 
Triphena subsequa ‘ 84 
Trochilium crabroniformis 57 


PAGE 
Urania leilus us A eertoy! & 
Vanessa antiopa, 111; io, 43; 


polychloros, 31, 43, 46; urtice, 31, 


LO Fatt 
Venilia maculata ... bse ravi5O 
Xanthia aurago Be LOS 
Zonosoma linearia, 50; pendu- 
Tania ace us iby, . 105 
Zygena filipendule, 32; a i- 
folii Be ... 32, 57, 98 
MOo.Luusca. 
Arion ater, 44; hortensis 45 
Azeka tridens 92 
Balea perversa 92 
Bulimus obsecurus... .. 45 
Clausilia bidentata, 44 ; laminata 44, 
45, 92 
Cochlicopa lubrica ww. 45 
Cyclostoma elegans ee 46 
Ferussacia lubrica 44, 


Helix aspersa, 44, 46; cantis ma, 
44, 46; caperata, 44; erice- 
torum, "45 hispida, 45 ; lapi- 
cida, 44; nemoralis, 44; pomatia, 
44, 46, 49 ; rotundata, ase vir- 


gata w. 44 
Hyalina crystallina, 45 ; glabra, 

45; nitidula aiete 45 
Limnea glabra .. “isis wna 98 
Planorbis albus, 98; corneas, 52; 

spirorbis... : 93 
Succinea putris 52 
Valvata piscinalis 93 
Zonites nitidus 52 

NEUROPTERA. 
schna cyanea, 35; grandis, 58; 
mixta aon wae 500, le} 
Agrion mercuriale, 84; puella, 

53; pulchellum... 58, 57 
Brachytron pratense so BS 
Calopteryx virgo ... 35 
Chrysopa sp. wf 53 
Cordulegaster annulatus.. 7 
Cordulia PCE) ac Yi 
Enallagma cyathigerum .. "53, 58, aly) 
Erythromma nalas 53, 57 
Gomphus vulgatissimus ... 184 
Ischnura elegans, 53; pumilio, 84; 

rufescens Bs A, 
Lestes dryas, 97 ; “sponsa 53, 97 


Libellula depressa, 34; 


quadri- 
maculata AgC 


34, 57 


Limnophilus auricula ‘ 
Nemoptera bipennis, 98; lusita- 
nica so BaU 98 
Orthetrum cerulescens ... 102 
Oxygastra curtisii : aon oa 
Pyrrhosoma nymphula, 57, S4; 
tenellum : alice y0ro8 
Raphidia notata ... HSS 
Sympetrum sanguineum, 58, 58, 
59, 118; sage: 58; strio- 
latum 53, 58, 59 
ORTHOPTERA. 
Blabera gigantea... 88 
Creoboter urbana... nO 
Ectobia lapponica... 52, 102 


LONDON: 


126 


PAGE 
Forficula auricularia aes 52 
Gryllotalpa gr Sasa 34; vul- 
garis 94 
Gryllus campestris 34 
Hierodula vitrea ... 91 
Labidura riparia ... 112 
Monochoda laticollis 88 
Nyctibora tenebrosa oS 
Opisthoplatia orientalis ... Soe ucts) 
Panchlora exoleta... 838 
Periplaneta contraria 88 
Platycleis grisea ... 34 
Polyspilota striata 91. 
Sanaa imperialis .., pnolemsill 
Stenobothrus, 34; parallelus 52, 57 
Tenodera aridifolia 91 
Tettix bipunctatus "34, 52 


KNIGHT, PRINTER, 22}; BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C. 


THE SOUTH LONDON 
Entomological & aatural Historp Society 


(ESTABLISHED 1872), 


HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E. 


SSS 
OFFICERS & COUNCIL. 
1904. 


President. 
ALFRED SICH, F.ES. 


Vice- Presidents. 
He NEATING Bsc, FsE:S: Bo Sli, Eebss: 


Gouncil. 
R. ADKIN, F.ES. H. S. FREMLIN, M.R.C.S., 
F. B. CARR. F.ES. 
F. NOAD CLARK. We UCAS BA, EES. 
W. WEST (Streatham). H. A. SAUZE. 
Hon. Curator. Hon. Librarian. 
W. WEST (Greenwich). A. W. DODS. 


Hon. Treasurer. 
T. W. HALL, F.E.S., 61, West Smithfield, London, E.C. 


Gon. Secretaries. 


S. EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c. (General Sec.), 
15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E. 


H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (Report Sec.), 
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E. 


WHE SOUTH LONDON 
Entomological and Alatural Aistory Society, 


HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E, 


The Society has for its object the diffusion of Biological Science, by 
means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Collec- 
tions. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the 
Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings in each month, 
from Eight to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society’s Rooms are 
easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invite 
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to 
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting 
Specimens. 


SUBSCRIPTION. 


Seven Shillings and Sixpence per Annum, with an Entrance 
Fee of Two Shillings and Sixpence. 


All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary, 


STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., &c., 
15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E. 


eee 


PAST .PRESIDENAS' 


1872 ... J. R. WELLMAN. 1888 ... T. R. Bittups, F.E:S: 
(ttle) Sen FS LOSQi yes 3 

UOGA wa 3 1890 ... J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. 
1875 ... A.B) HARN, EES: TOOU ee Wie He RuGWEHirs En Ge 
eG) coe $ 1892 ... C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. 
1877 ci. s|-.b) BARRETT: 1893 <>--,J-))-) WWEIR, P55 ete: 
1878 ... J. T. WILLIAMS. 1804"... BE. STEP, Fotis: 

1879 ... R. STANDEN, F.E.S. 1895 .... DL. W. HALL, EELS. 

1880 ... A. FICKLIN. TOOO) ee Ik. SOUDH) Lebes: 

1881 ... V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. LOO] oo eA DUN whe Bese 

1882 ,.. T. R. Bittues, F.E.S. 1898 ... J. W. Turt, F.E.S. 

1883 ... J. R. WELLMAN. 1899 ... A. HARRISON, F.L.S., etc. 
1884... W. West, L.D.S. 1900: ::. W. J. Lucas, BiAy ES: 
1885 ... R. Soutu, F.E.S. t901 ... H.S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., etc. 
1886 ... R. ApKIN, F.E.S. 1902 ... F. Noap CLARK. 


StS) Goc 3 (Pirqo3 =. Be STEP PIES: 


EIS.) OF, MEMBERS. 


Chief subjects of Study :—, Hymenoptera; 0, Orthoptera ; 4e, Hemiptera; 
n, Neuroptera; c, Coleoptera; ¢, Diptera; 7, Lepidoptera; 00/, Oology ; orz, 
Ornithology ; 7, Reptilia; 7z, Mollusca; cv, Crustacea; 6, Botany ; #2, Microscopy ; 
e, signifies Exotic forms. 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 
1886 ADKIN, B. W., F.E.S., Trenowith, Hope Park, Bromley, Kent. 


1882 
Igor 


m2 3 
IgoI 


1895 


1895 
1888 


1872 


1884 
1896 
1887 
1889 
1g00 
1889 
1888 


1877 


1897 
1900 
1898 
1893 


Z, orn. 

ADKIN, R., F.E.S., Wellfield, 4, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham, 
Soothe o/h 

ADKIN, R. ARMSTRONG, 4, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham, 
S.E. 7: 

ANSORGE, E. C., Bedford Park, W. 7. 

ARMSTRONG, RICHARD R., 55, Granville Park, Lewisham, 
spl ay ay 4 

AsHBY, SIDNEY R., .41, Canterbury Terrace, Elgin Avenue, 
Paddington, W. Z. 

AsHpown, W. J., Belmont Road, Leatherhead. 4, ¢, he. 

Atmore, E. A., F.E.S., 48, High Street, King’s Lynn, Nor- 
folk: 7. 

Avrsury, The Right Hon. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., 
F.G.S., F.E.S., etc., High Elms, Down, nr. Farnborough, 
Kent (Zon. member).  h, 0. 


Barker, H. W., F.E.S., 147, Gordon Road, Peckham, S.E. JZ. 

BaRNETT, TuHos. L., 81, Royal Hill, Greenwich, S.E. 72 

BaRREN, H. E., 46, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E. 7. 

BarRReET?T, C. G., F.E.S., Tremont, Peckham Rye, S.E. 4, m. 

BarRRETT, J. P., 3, St. John’s Villas, Margate. 2 

BEaumont, A., F.E.S., Gosfield, Halstead, Essex. 4, ¢, he, orn. 

BENNETT, W. H., F.E.S., 15, Wellington Place, Hastings. 4, ¢. 

Bittues, T. R., F.E.S.,° 20, Swiss Villas, Coplestone Road, 
Peckham; 5.5.9 -¥, 0, 4, d,,hé. 

BisHop, E. B., 79, Alexandra Road, Wimbledon, S.W. 

BLENKARY, S, A., Clifton House, E. Dulwich, S.E. 7. 

Briss, M.-F. 37. 

Bonp-SmitTH, W., Potton, near Sandy, Beds. 2. 


YEAR OF 

ELECTION. 

1898 BOUSKELL, F., F.E.S., Sandown Road, Knighton, Leicester. 7 

1895 Bowman, K., Castle Road, Upper Walmer, Kent. @. 

1902 Boxer, C. R. L., 151, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E. 2 

1887 Briccs, C. A., F.E.S., Rock House, Lynmouth R.S.O., 
N. Devon, Z m, 2, 0, British fishes. 

1891 Briccs, H. Meap, 8, High Street, Canterbury. @, orn. 

1887 Brices, T. H., M.A., F.E.S., Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O., 
N. Devon. 7. 

1890 BristowE, B. A., F.E.S., The Cottage, Stoke d’Abernon, 
Surrey. /. 

1893 BristoweE, L. W., Durlstone, Champion Hill, S.E. 2 

1895 Brooks, W., Grange Hall, Rotherham. 72 

1898 Broome, E. G., Hurst Vicarage, Twyford, Berks. 7. 

1900 Browne, G. B., 43, Southbrook Road, Lee, S.E. 2. 

1897 Burr, Mactcoum B., B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., 12, Fitzjames 
Avenue, W. Kensington, W. o. 

1890 BuT.er, W. E., F.E.S., Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading, 
Et. 

1903 CANNON, F. G., 7, Fordwych Road, Hampstead, N. 

1888 CANSDALE, W.D., F.E.S., Sunny Bank, South Norwood,S.E. 2. 


1889 


1886 


1899 
1899 


1872 


1897 
1898 


1888 
1896 


1887 
1898 


1879 


Cant, A., F.E.S., 10, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 
Z, mt. 

CARPENTER, J. H., F.E.S., Riverdale, Leatherhead, Surrey. /. 

Carn F. B.,.46, Handen Road, Ihee, Suky 17. 

Carr, F. M. B., The Choristers’ School, The Close, Salisbury. 

Lh. 

Cuaney, W. C., 32, Stroud Road, Woodside, S. Norwood, 
S.E. (Hon. member). hy, 4, ¢. 

Cuapman, T.A., M.D., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Betula, Reigate, Surrey. 2. 

CHATTERTON, F. J. S., F.E.S., 5, Camden Studios, Camden 
Street, N.W. 7. 

CHITTENDEN, D., 98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, S.E. 2. 

Ciark, F. Noap, Paddington Infirmary, Harrow Road, 
W. mit. 

Ciark, J. -A.; F.ESS.,L.0.53° M.P:5., 57; Weston, Pari 
Crouch End, N. 2 

CiarKE, H. SHORTRIDGE, F.E.S., 2, Osborne Terrace, Douglas, 
Isle of Man. Z. 

Cope, W. (Life member). 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1899 
1go2 


1899 
1885 
1898 


1888 
1900 
1889 
1884 
Igol 


1898 


1897 


1g04 
1886 


1886 


1900 


1891 
1887 


1889 
1891 
1886 


19°35 


1899 
Igo! 
1884 


1902 


CoLTHRupP, C. W., 127, Barry Road, E. Dulwich, S.E. 2. 
CownaM, F. W., 19, Brook Road, Stoke Newington, N. 
CraBTREE, B, H., Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester. 7. 
Croker, A. J., Hurst Farm, Fleming, Assiniboia, Canada. 7. 
Crow, E. J., 26, Tindal Street, North Brixton. 72. 


Dawson, W. G., Plumstead Common, Plumstead, Kent (Zzfe 
member). e. 


Day, F. H., 27, Currock Terrace, Carlisle. 4 c. 
DEnnIs, A. W., 45, Park Street, Stoke Newington, N. 7Z, mz, 0. 


Dosson, H. T., F.E.S., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New 
Malden, Surrey. 7, orn. 


Dops, A. W., Hon. Librarian, 61, Dynevor Road, Stoke 
Newington, N. 2 


DowninG, JOHN W., F.E.S., 152, Trevelyan Road, Tooting 
Graveney, S:W... 7. 


Drury, W. D., F.R.HL.S., F.E.S., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, 
Woking, Surrey. 4 4. 


East, F. J., 42, St. Kilda’s Road, Stoke Newington, N. 2 

EDWARDS, S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., on. Sec., 15, St. German’s 
Place, Blackheath, S.E. JZ, ed. 

Enock, F., F.L.S., F.E.S., 13, Tufnell Park Road, Holloway, 
Ne cd, tei 

ENocK, J. K., 406, Birkbeck Bank Chambers, Holborn, W.C. 2. 


FILER, F. E., F.E.S., 58, Southwark Bridge Road, S.E. 4, mz. 

FLETCHER, W. H. B., M.A., F.E.S., Aldwick Manor, Bognor, 
Sussex (Zzfe member). 0. 

Forp, A., Hillside, Sunninghill Road, Pokesdown, Bourne- 
mouth, Hants. JZ «. 

FORRESTER, A. C., 42, West Kensington Mansions, W. 
Kensington. Z. 

FREMLIN, H. S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.E.S., Government 
Lymph Laboratories, Chelsea Bridge, S.W. 4 mz. 

FurnIvAL, T. F., 86, Minet Avenue, Harlesden, N.W. 7. 


GADGE, S. W., 9, Longley Road, Tooting Graveney, S.W.  Z. 

GarRREIT, H. E., 3, Brewers Green Mews, W. 7. 

Grips, L., 148, St. James Street, Montreal, Canada (Zzfe 
member). . 

GouLttTon, E. C., 4, Cornford Grove, Balham, S.W. 2 


YEAR 


vi 
OF 


ELECTION. 


1889 
1895 


1893 
1888 


1884 


1891 


1003 
1892 


1902 


1884 


1900 
1903 
1888 
1888 
1889 


1886 
1887 


1884 
1886 


1898 
1g00 


1900 


1888 
1898 
1884 


1993 
Igol 


GREENE, Rev. J. G., M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Rostrevor, Clifton, 
Bristol. 2 


GrirFiTus, G. C., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 43, Caledonia Place, Clifton, 
Bristol. Z,¢ 2. 

Hatt, A., 16, Park Hill Rise, Croydon, Surrey. 4, e4, ool. 

Hatt, A. E., F.E.S., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield. 2. 

Hatt, T. W., F.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, Stanhope, The Crescent, 
Croydon, Surrey ; and 61, West Smithfield, E.C. 2. 

Hamm, A. H., 52, St. Mary’s Road, Oxford. 7. 

Hare, E. J., 163, East Dulwich Grove, S.E. 2. 

Harrison, A. F.C.S., F.LS.. F.E.S.,-F-RINS, Uhamies 
Sugar Refinery, Silvertown, E., and Delamere, Grove 
Road, S. Woodford, Essex. 7, mz. 

Harry, S. P., 41, Binfield Road, Clapham, S.W. 2. 

HeEtps, J. A., Newstead Lodge, 91, Wood Vale, Forest Hill, 
Say? 7Z; 

Hewitt, R. L.,; ‘‘ Hlabisa ” Coalfield, Natal; S.Africa. 2 

Hickman, J., 16, Aldred Road, Kennington Park. 2 

Hitman, T. S., F.E.S., Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. /. 

Hopkins, H. E.,'5, Haseldean Road, Brockley, S.E. 7. 

Horne, A., F.E.S., 60, Gladstone Place, Aberdeen. J/. 


JAGER, J., 65, St. Quentin’s Avenue, North Kensington, W. 2. 

JENNER, J. H. A., F.E.S., 209, School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 
LO eth, 0. 

Joxsson, H., 1, Rock Villas, Maynard Road, Walthamstow. Z. 


Kane, W. F. bE V., M.A., F.E.S., M.R.I.A., Drumreaske 
House, Monaghan, Ireland. 7, mz, marine invertebrata. 
Kaye, W. J., F.E.S.,Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey. 2. 
Kemp, S. W., B.A., F.E.S., 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, 

Wise 
Kirka py, G. W., F.E.S.(S. Abb’s, Worple Road, Wimbledon), 
Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Division of Ento- 
mology, Honolulu, Hawaii. ex. rhyn.; fresh. arth.; ethnology. 
Knicut, E., 2, Lichfield Grove, Church End, Finchley, N. 


Lemany, F. C., F.E.S., Blackfriars House, Plymouth. 7. 
LEVETT, C., 107, Brockley Road, S.E. 2 

LisTER, W. K., Great Walton, Eastry, Kent. 2. 

Lowe, F., Polruan, Clarendon Road, Putney, S.W. 24 


vil 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1896 


1890 
1900 
1872 


1892 


1886 
1889 


1885 
1881 
1888 
1896 


1880 


1889 


£903 


IgoI 
1889 
1900 


1993 
1872 


1903 
1892 
1883 


IQOI 
1880 


1888 


1889 
1899 


Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 28, Knight’s Park, Kingston-on- 
Thames. JZ, 0, 2, m7. 


McArrTuour, H., 35, Averill Street, Fulham, W. 2. 

MacGer, W. H., 79, Lillie Road, S.W. 7Z 

NEACHLAN, kh. Eko, Es., F.ZS:, FES., Westview, 
Clarendon Road, Lewisham, S.E. (on. member). n. 

Main, H., B.Sc., F.E.S., Vice-President, Almondale, Bucking- 
ham Road, S. Woodford, Essex. 7. 

Mancer, W. T., too, Manor Road, New Cross, S.E. 7, ¢, er. 

MANSBRIDGE, W., F.E.S., 27, Elmbank Road, Sefton Park, 
Liverpool. 7. 

Mera, A. W., 79, Capel Road, Forest Gate, E. 7. 

Mites, W. H., F.E.S., The New Club, Calcutta, India. mz, d. 

MITCHELL, A. T., 594, High Road, Chiswick, W. 72 

MontTGcoMEry, ARTHUR M.,, F.E.S., 83, Osborne Road, 
Forest Gate, London, E. 2. 

Monrtikro, Senor A. A. DE C., F.E.S., 70, Rua do Alecrinar, 
Lisbon. 

Moore, H., F.E.S., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E. 4 2%, 
Dil, Ch C ay Met, 

NEwBERRY, Councillor C., Annandale Road, E. Greenwich, 
oy) Dad 

NeEwnuaAM, C. E., The Eyot, Hersham, Surrey. 7. 

NicHotson, W. E., F.E.S., School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 72. 

NottLe, Epwarp, Lanyar Vale, Portland Road, South 
Norwood. 7. 


OLDAKER, F. A., The Parsonage House, Dorking, Surrey. 7 


O.pHaM, C., 2, Warwick Villas, Chelmsford Road, South 
Woodford, Essex. 7. 


OVvENDEN, J., Post Office, Frindsbury, Rochester. 2 


PANNELL, C., East Street, Haslemere. Conchology. 

PEARCE, W. A., 88, Croxted Road, West Dulwich, S.E. JZ 3. 

Pepper, A. W., The Horniman Museum, Forest Hill, S.E. mz. 

Perkins, V. R., F.E.S., Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire. 
orion (el. 

PERKS) Fo bs, fr, ot. vartin’s Lane, “Charing ‘Cross, W.-C. 
zoology, mt, pond life. 

Perry, Rev. J. F., Catholic Church, Brixton Hill, S.W. 4, ¢. 

PICKIN, Jo ik., 2,.lndustry Mercace, Brixton, 5.W., 7. 


Vill 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1887 


1903 
1897 
1903 


1902 


1888 
1887 


1902 
1887 
1894 


1888 
1887 


1900 
1890 
1898 


1886 


1897 
1888 


1902 


1903 


1898 
1903 
1903 
1899 
1890 


1890 
1882 
1903 
1873 


1872 


1902 


Porritt, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., Mayfield, Edgerton, Hudders- 
field; 4,7: 

Pratt, W. B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond, Surrey. 7. 

Prest, E. E. B., Arva, Dakers Road, Forest Hill. 72 

PrisKE, R, A. R., Thirlmere, Spencer Road, Acton, W. 4 m. 


Raywarp, A. L., Lessington, Grosvenor Gardens, Wal- 
lington, Surrey. 2. 


REID, W., F.E.S., Pitcaple, Aberdeen. 7; continental . 


Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham 
Common, S.W. orn. 


RILEy, E. F., 94, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. 72. 
RoBINSON, A., B.A., 1, Mitre Court, Temple, E.C. 2 


ROBINSON, LEIGH, 13, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, 
Soe od: 
Rosson, H., 93, Watling Street, E.C. 4 0. 


ROUTLEDGE, G.B., F.E.S., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle. 
eas 

RowpEN, ALFD. OLIVER, 6, Eastgate, Exeter. 4, 0. 

ROWNTREE, J. H., Westwood, Scarborough. 2. 

RUuSSELL, A., F.E.S., The Limes, Southend, Catford, S.E. 2. 


SaLwEY, R. E., F.E.S., Springbank, Wokingham, Berks. 7. 

SANDISON, JOHN, 2, Francis Grove, Wimbledon, Surrey. 2 

Sauzk, H. A., 22, Earlsthorpe Road, Sydenham, S.E. 7. 

Scoutuick, A. J., F.E.S., The Hazels, Babbington Road, 
Streatham, S.W. 2 

SHAKESPEARE, J. J., St. Mary’s, Cobham Road, Kingston-on- 
Thames... 7. 

SicH, AuF., F.E.S., President, Corney House, Chiswick, W. 7. 

Srtmmonps, C. W., 43, Fairmead Road, Tufnell Park, N. 2 

SMALLMAN, R. S., Carlton House, Herne Hill, S.E. 2 

SMITH, E. W., 16, Tresco Road, Linden Grove, S.E. 7. 

SMITH, WALTER, 1, Arundel Villas; Hampton Road, 
Twickenham. 7/ 

SmirH, WILLIAM, 13, St. Merren Street, Paisley. 2. 

SoutH, R., F.E.S. 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting,S.W. /. 

Spirzsy, J. H., 1, Douglas Road, Canonbury Road, N. 

STANDEN, R., F.LS., F.E.S., Townlands, Lindfield, 
Sussex (Life member). 0. 

Step, E., F.L.S., Vice-President, Oakwood House, Barnett 
Wood Lane, Ashtead, Surrey. 4, m, orn, cr. 

STONELL, B., 25, Studley Road, Clapham, 5.W. 2 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1894 
1904 
I9OI 
1895 
1902 


1899 
1895 


1887 


1886 


1887 
1889 


1889 
1880 
1888 
1886 
1903 
1888 
1888 
1872 
1878 


1887 
1899 


1886 


TarBaT, Rev. J. E., M.A., Fareham, Hants. . /, oo. 

Tuompson, A. B., Garlands, Redhill. 2. 

THORNTHWAITE, W., Hersham, Surrey. 72. 

TotuHurst, J., Glenbrook, Beckenham, Kent. 7. 

TonceE, A. E., Aincroft, Grammar School Hill, Reigate. 2 

Toomss, G. W., 40, Shrubland Grove, Dalston Lane, N. 2 

TuNALEY, Hy., F.E.S., 30, Fairmount Road, Brixton Hill, 
SW... & 

TuRNER, H. J., F.E.S., Hon. Report Secretary, 98, Drakefell 
Road, New Cross, S.E. 72, ¢, 2, he, 0. 

Tutt, J. W., F.E.S., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, 
Blackheath, S.E. 4, continental 7. 


VERRALL, G. H., F.E.S., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. d. 
VinE, A. C., 45, Temple Street, Brighton, Sussex. 2 


WAINWRIGHT, C. J., F.E.S., 2, Handsworth Wood Road, 
Handsworth, near Birmingham. 72 

WaLkKER, J. J., R.N., F.LS., F.E.S., H.M.S. Katoomba, 
sydney,-Nis.W. 4 a 

WALLER, R., 2, Grand Parade, Upper Richmond Road, 
Putmey,s.W. ¢. 

WALsINGHAM, The Right Hon. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., 
F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c., Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk 
(Hon. member). l, orn. 

WarNE, ERNEST, 45, St. John’s Hill, Clapham Junction, S.W. 2 

Warne, N. D., 8, Bedford Square, W. 7. 

WEsp, S., 22, Waterloo Crescent, Dover. JZ. 

West, W., Hon. Curator, 8, Morden Hill, Lewisham Road, 
Dilia a7, C06, 

West, W., L.D.S., 75, Lewin Road, Streatham Common, 
EW. 2, mt. 

WHIFFEN, W. H. 7. 

Woop, Rev. Francis Henry, M.A., Brabourne Cottage, 
Bromley Park, Kent. 2. 

Wricut, W. H., Secretary's Department, Somerset House, 
Strand, W.C. JZ. 


Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors, 
additions, or alterations in the above Addresses and descriptions. 


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aqNnada Advadi 


REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, 1903. 


HE Council of the South London Entomological and 
Ҥ Natural History Society, in presenting the Thirty- 
Second Annual Report, are pleased to state that the 
Society is in a very prosperous condition. The member- 
ship again remains about the same as it has been for several 
years. The number of new Members nearly makes up for 
the losses. Since our last Annual Meeting thirteen Members 
have been elected,.as against sixteen who have ceased to 
subscribe to the Society, of whom seven Members have 
resigned, and nine have been written off through non- 
payment of their subscription. At the last Annual Meeting 
the Roll stood at 181; therefore the addition of thirteen 
new Members and the loss of sixteen Members makes the 
number of Members at present to be 178. 

The Auditors report that the Treasurer’s Balance-sheet 
is an unusually satisfactory one, and both the Society and 
the Treasurer are to be congratulated. 

The usual number of Meeting s has been held, and the 
average attendance, over thirty-two, shows that Members 
have maintained their interest in the objects of the Society, 
in spite of the most abnormal weather throughout the whole 
year. 

On March roth Prof. E. aB?.PouLrTon, MeAL; shania 
(President of the Entomological Society), gave a special 
address on “‘ Recent Researches in Protective Resemblance, 
Warning Colours, and Mimicry in Insects,” illustrated with 
a very large number of lantern slides. There was a capital 


Xiil 


attendance of Members and their friends, and a very pleas- 
ant and instructive evening was spent. 

On November 26th was held the Annual Exhibition of 
Varieties, at which a large number of Members and their 
friends attended. At one time during the evening quite 
eighty were in the room. The exhibits were of a varied 
and interesting nature, embracing chiefly entomological 
objects. 

The following is a list of those who have contributed 
papers, etc.:—Mr. STEP, three; Mr. ADKIN, two; Mr. Lucas, 
two; Mr. TURNER, two; Mr. BROWNE, one; Dr. CHAPMAN, 
one; Mr. ENock, one; Mr. MANGER, one; and Prof. 
POULTON, one. 

At two of the Winter Meetings the lantern was specially 
devoted to the use of Members who are employing photo- 
graphy in their investigations. Series of slides were shown 
illustrative of ova of Lepidoptera, peculiarities in the resting 
habits of certain moths and the manner in which they 
harmonise with their surroundings, the development of 
larve, etc.; also flowering plants, and nests and eggs of 
birds im situ, and other similar subjects; the exhibitors 
explaining each subject as it was thrown upon the screen. 
The Council are pleased to note the undoubted success that 
attended this innovation, and are of opinion that the inter- 
ests of the Society will be furthered by similar facilities 
being given in the future. They also desire to take this 
opportunity to express their thanks to Mr. F. Noap CLARK 
for ably operating the lantern on these and other occasions 
when it has been in use. 

The Council are extremely obliged to those gentlemen 
who so kindly contributed to the scientific utility of the 
Meetings, and at the same time helped to render them 
so interesting. Again the Council would like to emphasise 
the fact that an exhibit becomes of much more permanent 
use if full notes of some biological point in connection with 
it be given for publication, both to those present at the 
Meetings and in the Abstract of Proceedings. 

Seven Field Meetings were held during the year. To 
Messrs. STEP, Lucas, R. ADKIN, and Hy. J. TURNER, who 


XiV 


made all the arrangements for these Meetings, the best 
thanks of the Society are due. Most of these gatherings 
were successful from the point of numbers, and in most cases 
the weather was fine for the exceptionally wet year. 

ASHTEAD TO MICKLEHAM, on May 16th; Conductor, Mr. 
BStEeP, PASS. 

HORSLEY, on June 6th; Conductors, Messrs. W. J. Lucas, 
B-A., and Ro soured, F.E-S, 

LIMPSFIELD, on June 27th; Conductor, Mr. R. ADKIN, 
FES: 

WENDOVER, on July 11th; Conductor, Mr. H. J. TURNER, 
F.EcS. 

BYFLEET, on July 25th; Conductor, Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A. 

HEADLEY LANE, on September 12th; Conductor, Mr. E. 
STEP; F225. 

St. PAUL’s Cray, on October 3rd (Fungus Foray) ; Con- 
ductor, Mr. R. ADKIN, F.E.S. 

The Abstract of Proceedings for 1g02 was published a 
month or two earlier than it had been for the two previous 
years. It contained eight papers and nine Reports of Field 
Meetings, with a considerable number of shorter notes of 
interesting exhibits, comprised in xvi + 126 pages. The 
thanks of the Society are given to those gentlemen whose 
names are inscribed on the second page of the cover, for 
their very kind assistance in forwarding the publication of 
the Report, and also to those gentlemen with whose assist- 
ance the two plates and the chart were issued. 

The Society’s Album has been enriched by the addition 
of no less than one photograph—that of Mr. WEsT, our 
Curator. The Council desire to point out that each Mem- 
ber’s conscience should tell him whether he has yet carried 
out one moral condition of his membership and given his 
portrait, so that his fellow-members may in years to come 
recall some of the pleasures of the social intercourse induced 
by the Study of Natural History in our Society. 

The Society has lost the admirable services of Mr. Sauze, 
who, through pressure of business, was compelled to resign 
after six years’ careful supervision of the Society’s Library. 
The Council wish to tender Mr, Sauzgé their heartiest 


XV 


thanks for the assiduity with which he always carried out 
his honorary duties, and much regret that circumstances, 
over which he had no control, forced him to relinquish the 
office. In accordance with the Bye-laws your Council 
chose Mr. Dons as Librarian, and feel confident that he 
will ably carry on this section of the work of the Society. 
The following is a list of the Books, Pamphlets, Magazines, 
and Separata which have been acquired by the Society 
during the year through donation, exchange, and purchase. 

A handsome donation was received from Prof. PouLTON 
in connection with his Address, consisting of some forty-two 
separata, which the Society decided to bind in chronological 
order and index so as to be the more available for reference. 
The following is a list : 


A. From the “ Linnean Society’s Transactions.” 


1. External Morphology of the Lepidopterous Pupe, 


I—III. 

2. External Morphology of the Lepidopterous Pupe, 
IV and V. 

3. Natural Selection the Cause of Mimetic Resemblance, 
&c. 


B. From the “ Transactions of the Royal Society.” 


1. An Inquiry into the Cause and Extent of a Special 
Colour-relation between Exposed Larve and Pupe 
and Surfaces surrounding Them. 

2. Experimental Proof that Colours of Lepidopterous 
Larve are largely due to Modified Plant Pigments 
from their Food. 

Note on 2. 

Note on I. 

Further Inquiry into Special Colour-relations. 

Essential Nature of the Colouring of Phytophagous 
Larve ; with Accounts of Experiments. 


et ae 


C. From the “ Zoologist.” 


I. Conscious Protective Resemblance. 


XVI 


D. From the ‘ Transactions of the Zoological Society.” 
1. Examples of Protective Mimicry in British Guiana. 
2. Experimental Proof of the Value of Colour-markings 
in Reference to Vertebrate Enemies. 


E. From the ‘ Bull. of the Boston Society of Natural 
History.” 
1. Theories of Evolution. 


F. From the ‘‘ Entomologists’ Record.” 
1. Influence of Darwin upon Entomology. 
2. Hypolimnas muisippus captured at Sea. 


G. From the “ Transactions of the Entomological Society 
of London.” 
1. Notes on Colours, Markings, and Protective Attitude 
of Larve and Pupe. 
2. Further Notes on Colours, Markings, and Protective 
Attitude of Larve and Pupe, 1884. 
3. Further Notes on Colours, Markings, and Protective 
Attitude of Larve and Pupe, 1885. 
4. Further Notes on Colours, Markings, and Protective 
Attitude of Larve and Pupe, 1886. 
5. Experiments with Pupe of Pieris rapa. 
6. Further Notes on Experiments with Pupz of Pvreris 
rapa, 1887. 
Further Experiments with Pupze of Preris rapa, 1887. 
Sexes of Larve and Emergence. 
Courtship of European Acrididz. 
Colour-relations of Pupze and Surroundings. 
11. Notes on Precis octaria and P. sesamus. 
12. Protective Resemblance to Flowers of African Homo- 
ptera. Five Years’ Observation and Experiment on 
African Insects. 


2:9 gos 


H. From the “ British Association Reports.” 
1. Mimicry. 
2. Age of the Earth from a Naturalist’s View. 
3. Mimicry and African Butterflies. 
4. Mimicry and Natural Selection, 


Xvii 
5. Experimental Inquiry into the Struggle for Existence. 
6. Mimicry and South African Insects. 
I. From the “ Midland Union of Natural History Societies’ 
Reports.” 
1. Theory of Heredity. 


J. From the “ Journal of the Royal Institution.” 


1. Gilded Chrysalides. 
2. Syllabus of Two Lectures. 


K. From the “ Report of the International Congress of 
Science.”’ 


1. Mimicry and Natural Selection. 


ie. Fron ** Science.” 


1. Organic Selection. 


M. From “ Science Progress.” 


1. A Remarkable Anticipation of the Modern Views on 
Evolution. 


N. From the “ Journal of the Victoria Institute.”’ 


1. Mimicry. 


O. From the ‘ Hope Reports.” 
1. Setting and Labelling Lepidoptera. 


Books. 


‘British Lepidoptera,” Vol. VIII, by C. G. BARRETT, 
from the AUTHOR. y 

** Life of the Bee,” by MATERLINCK, from Mr. HARRISON. 

“ Coccide,” Vol. 1 (Ray Society), by NEWSTEAD, by 
Purchase. 

“ Catalogue of British Hemiptera,” from Mr. KIRKALDY. 

“Larve of British Lepidoptera,” by WuiLson, from Mr. 
i. GIBe: 

“Catalogue of North American Lepidoptera,” by Dyar, 
from Dr, CHAPMAN, 

b 


XVili 


“Aquatic Insects of New York State,” ‘Bulletin of the 
New York State Museum,’ No. 68, from Mr. L. Gis. 

‘“‘ Reports on Injurious Insects,” by ELEANOR A. ORMEROD, 
from Dr. CHAPMAN. 

“Address to Entomological Society of London, January, 
1904,” by Prof. PouLToN, from Mr. Hy. J. TURNER. 

Pamphlets from Messrs. KIRKALDY and COCKERELL, 
Smithsonian Institute, New Mexico College, Texas Academy, 
and the Lloyd Library. 


REPORTS AND TRANSACTIONS. 


The Smithsonian Institute, rgot. 

The Lancashire and Cheshire Natural History Society, 
1902. 

The Lancashire and Cheshire Natural History Society, 
Catalogue of the Library. 

The Entomological Society of Ontario, Ig02. 

The City of London Entomological Society, 1902. 

The Hastings and. St. Leonard’s Natural History Society, 
1902. 

The Texas Academy of Science, 1899—1I0901. 

The Perthshire Natural History Society, 1902. 

The East Kent Scientific and Natural History Society, 
1902. 

The New Mexico College Bulletin. 

The Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society, 1902. 

The Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society, 1902. 

The Horniman Museum, 1902. 

All by Exchange. 


PERIODICALS. 


““Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” from Mr. 
M’LAcHLAN. 

“Entomologist,” from Mr. SouTu. 

‘“‘ Knowledge,” from the Epiror. 

“Trish Naturalist,” by Exchange. 

“Canadian Entomologist,” by Exchange. 


xix 


“Science,” March, 1903, by the EDITOR. 

‘‘ Rochester Naturalist,’’ by Exchange. 

* Zoologist,” from Mr. NEWMAN. 

“Nature Study,” May, from the EpITor. 

“The Field Naturalists’ Quarterly,” No. 3, from the 
EDITOR. 


To those gentlemen named above, who have kindly added 
to the Library, the best thanks of the Society are given. 

Mr. WEsT, the one and only Curator the Society has had 
during its thirty-two years of existence, has again carried on 
his work to the full satisfaction of everybody. He reports 
the following list of donations to the Collections of the 
Society, and the Council wish to thank those gentlemen 
therein named : 

Mr. R. ADKIN and Dr. CHAPMAN have given several good 
species to the collection, and Mr. Hy. J. TURNER a store- 
box of Tortrices, Crambi, and Tinea. Mr. WEsT also 
adds that he wishes to thank Mr. Asusy for his valuable 
assistance in going through the Society’s Collections with 
a view to eliminating the mould which has appeared in 
most drawers since the building operations Most of it has 
been now removed, and only a few easily replaced specimens 
were beyond recovery. 

The Council are pleased to note the increasing use which 
the Members of the Society make of the Library and Col- 
lections for reference, and the growing custom for the 
Meeting to finish with a conversazione. In this connection 
they would like to point to the incoming Council the de- 
sirability at an early date of publishing a Catalogue of the 
Library, of which a MS. copy has already been prepared by 
Mr. SAUZE. 


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The Pearly Nautilus. 
By W. T. Mancer. Read April 23rd, 1903. 


Class—-Cephalopoda. 
Family—ARGONAUTIDA. 
Spectes—ARGONAUTA ARGO. 


TuIs is one of the most interesting of the Octopods, and occupies 
a perfectly unique position among the Mollusca. It is not homo- 
logous with the ordinary molluscan shell, not being attached to the 
animal by a special muscle, but is embraced or held to the body 
by two of the arms, which are dilated at the extremity and specially 
adapted for this purpose; the arms are furnished with minute 
secretive glands endowed with a power of calcification similar to 
that in the mantle of other Molluscs. The Arzgonauta has eight 
arms, each having two rows of suckers. When floating on the 
surface of the water, the two dilated arms mentioned are not expanded 
aloft to catch the breeze as has been so often represented : they are 
busy holding on to the shell from the outside, so that if the shell were 
taken out of the water and reversed, the animal would very soon fall 
completely out of the shell by its own weight. The Avgonauta can 
float on the water, using its arms as oars; it can swim through the 
water by the successive injection and ejection of water in and out of 
the branchial cavity ; and it also crawls on the bed of the ocean in an 
inversed position on its arms, feeding on Molluscs and Crustaceans. 
The mouth, with its parrot-like beak, is in the middle of the bases 
of the arms. One of the most curious attributes of this species is 
that the shell is constructed by the female only. The shell is simply 
involuted and not chambered, and forms a receptacle for the ova, a 
cradle for the young, and a protection for the parent. 

The male is about an inch in length, and resembles an ordinary 
octopus, having neither shell nor palmate arms. The arms are 
tapering and alike, excepting the third on the left side, which is 
specialised. Perhaps the most remarkable in the sexual relations of 
all the Mollusca (says the ‘“‘ Cambridge Natural History”) is the so- 
called Hectocotylus of the Cephalopoda. In the great majority of 
the male Cephalopods one of the arms, which is modified for the 
purpose in various ways, becomes charged with spermatophores, and 
sometimes becomes detached, and remains attached to the female ; 
the lost portion is gradually reproduced, and in due time resumes its 
former appearance. It was a long time before naturalists could bring 


] 


2 


their minds to believe that the animal found in this shell was any 
other than a parasite—a naked Octopod which took up its dwelling 
in this particular kind of shell, of which the maker and owner had 
escaped detection. This hypothesis was destroyed by Professor 
Owen many years ago, who brought before the Zoological Society of 
London the admirable observations of a lady, Madame Jeannette 
Power, who made a continuous study of these animals in her vivarium 
at Messina. ‘The result of these observations showed that the eggs 
are deposited in the discoid portion of the shell. The ova form 
a large granulated mass attached to a many branched stem ; they 
are contained in the spire of the shell in contact with the posterior 
part of the body of the mother, but sometimes project externally 
beyond the coil of the spire. In about twenty-five days after ovi- 
position the young argonaut comes out of the egg a naked octopus, 
and in about twelve days more the two front arms of the female be- 
come dilated at the extremities into a pair of membranous webs and 
commence forming a thin, filmy shell. There are about eight species 
of Argonauta inhabiting the open sea throughout the warmer parts 
of the world, notably the Mediterranean, Red Sea, the Cape, the 
Morocco Coast, etc. 

In concluding these very brief notes on this interesting and beauti- 
ful little animal, we cannot but be filled with wonder at the 
marvellously effective way in which the young are protected until 
they are able to take care of themselves, but ‘why this is the only 
creature among the Cephalopods that makes this provision, who can 
say? ‘The eggs of the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) are fixed 
around a stalk, to which every egg is separately attached ; the mother 
watches and guards the egg-clusters for some days. When the young 
emerge from the capsules, the spawn of the common squid (Lo/igo 
vulgaris) is left floating on the surface of the sea. The well-known 
eggs of the cuttle-fish (Sefza officinalis), resembling black, pointed 
grapes, are generally attached to the stems of sea-weed. In none of 
these species is there any protection to the eggs in the nature of a 
shell; this is reserved exclusively to those of the Avgonauta. 


co 


Notes on a Holiday spent near Amersham, Bucks. 
By Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. Read March 26th, 1903. 


THE powers that be having arranged that the week originally 
chosen for the Coronation of the King should be a vacation from 
duties, I thought it would be a fine opportunity to spend a holiday 
in the country, as usually at the end of June I am quite unable to 
get away for more than two days at a time. The ground lying 
between Amersham, Chesham, and Chenies has been visited by the 
Society on two or three occasions for a few hours, and a prolonged 
visit seemed to be desirable. I found a very comfortable and 
reasonable lodging at Amersham Common, and from there my daily 
excursions were centred. 

As you no doubt already know, the district is a portion of the 
southern slopes, spurs, and valleys of the Chiltern Hills, and geo- 
logically, chalk capped by gravels, sands, and clays of various depths. 
Amersham Common, so-called “common,” stands about 500 feet above 
the sea-level, and is situated on a ridge of varying width lying between 
the diverging valleys of the small streams, the Chess and the Miss- 
bourne, upon the banks of which are situated the picturesque towns 
of Chesham and Amersham respectively. The ridge is generally 
speaking flat, with somewhat sharp declivities to the two rivers. The 
northern slope to the Chess is covered by the extensive beech 
woods, which some of our members know so well, and which are 
easily approached by alighting at Chalfont Road Station of the 
Metropolitan Extension Railway. ‘The area accessible from Amer- 
sham Common is well threaded by innumerable footpaths and roads, 
many of the former being most difficult to trace. It is interspersed 
by woods, lane enlargements, small coppices, and commons, and 
notice-boards are generally conspicuous, as yet, by their absence. 
Most of my collecting was done in a circumscribed area, but extended 
excursions could easily have been made, and no doubt would have 
been most interesting. The neighbourhood is attractive to the 
ordinary visitor—fishing can be indulged in in the Chess; Milton 
lived for a time at Chalfont St. Giles, and his cottage can be visited 
by a very pretty ramble across the fields ; Great Missenden, near the 
next station beyond, is still further immersed in the Chiltern Hills, 
and has lovely walks and woods ; while further on yet lies Wendover, 
in a deep gap through the main northern escarpment, and from 
which an ascent of the beacon, 850 feet above the sea, can be made. 
The weather was exceptionally fine after the wet spring, and the sun 
brilliant and hot, although on the upland there was invariably a 
pleasant breeze. 


4 


Insect life was not particularly abundant, no doubt owing to the 
unsettled weather which had prevailed up to the date of my visit, 
yet I was able to make a fairly representative list of captures, most 
of which were obtained in the daytime, as I did no sugaring. 

Four species of butterflies only were taken. uchloé cardamines 
was very common, and_ ova were to be obtained easily in the lane 
leading to the hanging woods above the Chess. /Pararge egeria 
v. egertdes was observed, as well as a few Syrichthus malve, while 
Polyommatus icarus was abundant. The larve of Cosmotriche 
potatoria were in numbers on the stems of grass late in the evening, 
apparently “drinking” in the dew-drops, and were the only repre- 
sentative of the Lachneides. Among the Noctuides Lucldia mi 
occurred in the rough fields, and at dusk Cavadrina morpheus, 
Apamea bastlinea, eal Miana strigilis v. @thiops ; the last one would 
hardly expect. All our species of Hepialids were met with, but 
none of more than ordinary forms. C7dzx_ g/aucata represented the 
Drepanulidze and Luchelia Jacbee the Cheloniides. Two species 
of Geometers I had often wished to meet with in numbers so that I 
might see their habits and get a representative series, viz., Advaxas 
sylvata (ulmata) and Asthena bloomert. The former was in absolute 
abundance in the deeper portions of several woods, and one could 
easily get a number in the net at once, or stand in one position and 
see six, eight, or ten at a glance resting in their characteristic attitude 
on the outspread leaves of the common dog’s mercury, which grows 
so luxuriantly in the moister portions of the woods. Unfortunately 
the variation was very limited and confined to a slight difference in 
the area of the markings. The size too was remarkably uniform. 
A. bloomert was not met with. Cabera pusaria was common near 
all the woods. afta temerata and BL. taminata were just emerging. 
Asthena /uteata occurred in one lane, and 4. candidata was very 
common. Jodis lactearta was in very fine condition, and an un- 
usually “green” series was obtained. The pugs were represented 
by nice series of Z. vulgata, E. rectangulata (green), £. satyrata, 
and £. castigata, the last named being very generally distributed. 
Larentia viridaria was in good condition. The hanging wood is 
well known as a locality for very nice forms of Alelanippe montanata, 
and on this occasion its reputation was well maintained by producing 
two very fine aberrations ; one, a conspicuous asymmetrical form, 
having the median transverse band much contracted for the greater 
part of its length on one wing only, the other with only the costal 
portions of the transverse band present in a very contracted form, 
the remainder of the bands being quite absent, except a couple of 
dots on the inner margin. JZ. soczata, common, and JZ. fluctuata 
were the only other members of the genus taken. Covemia ferrugata 
and C. unidentaria were common, and Campfogramma bilineata a 
nuisance in the evening. Czdaria picata occurred sparingly, as did 
C. corylata and C. truncata. Ematurga atomaria could always be 
met with on sunny banks. 


5 


A visit to Wendover produced Zigdia adustata, two species of 
Eupithecia, EL. subumbrata and £. exiguata ; specimens of Phiba- 
lapteryx tersata and P. vitalbata. I had almost forgotten to record 
Melanippe unangulata, two specimens of which were obtained close to 
Amersham Common. The Deltoides were represented by a solitary 
example of Zanclognatha barbalis, while only two species of Crambus 
were found, C. hortuellus and C. pratellus. Scoparia dubitellus and 
Scopula olivalis were abundant, and, with a specimen of Pzonea forfi- 
calis met with at Wendover, represent the Pyralides. Of the Ptero- 
phori, the larvee of Aciptilia galactodactylus were, as usual in the 
Chenies Wood, very common on the leaves of burdock. The follow- 
ing is a list of Tortrices:—L£phippiphora brunnicheana, Sericoris 
urticana, Sciaphila subjectana, S. hybridana, Spilonota suffusana, 
Penthina pruniana, P. cynosbana, Pardia tripunctana, Tortrix 
ministrana, Ptycholoma lecheana, Stigmonota composana, Stmethis 
fabrictella, Phoxopteryx lundana, Dichrorampha plumbana, D. plum- 
bagana, D. petiverella, Argyrotoza conwayana, and Xanthosetia 
hamana. 

Among the Adelidz a few Adela viridella and A. degeerella were 
captured, and at Wendover a colony of the beautiful A. sz/zedla was 
met with, the males assembling around a few females which were 
sitting on hawthorn leaves in the hot morning sunshine. A few 
Eriocephala seppella were swept off flowers as representatives of the 
Micropterygides. Among the Tinez recognised were Ge/echta terrella, 
G. anthyllidella, G. scriptella, Gliphipteryx tripunctana, Dasycera 
sulphurella, Lampronia quadripuncta, Gécophora tripunctana, Scardia 
cloacella, and Enicostoma lobella. 

Next to the Lepidoptera the Coleoptera received most attention, 
my younger son devoting his time mainly to sweeping the abundant 
flowers and foliage of the lanes and path-sides. Most of the following 
identifications have been very kindly made by Mr. West :— 
Carabide: Brachinus crepttans, which when captured continued to 
give out the small clouds of smoke, Harpalus ruficornis, and /H. eneus. 
Chrysomelide : Gastrotdea polygoni, Phyllotreta ochripes, and Chry- 
somela polita. ongicornes: Grammoptera tabacicolor (in great 
abundance on Umbelliferee), G. ruficornis, Clytus arietis, and a single 
specimen of Zoxotus meridianus (on the stem of Scrophularia). 
Coccinellidee: Coccinella septempunctata, Halysia 22-punctata, and 
HI. 14-punctata. Staphylinide: Quedius fulgidus and Tachyporus 
solutus. Pyrrhochroide: Four fine specimens of Pyrochroa 
serraticornis. Rhyncophora: Polydrusus uniformis, Phyllobius pyri, 
P. argentulus, Sttones suturalis, S. ononidis, Cionus scrophularia, 
C. pulchellus, C. blattarie, C. hortulanus, Caliodes fuliginosus, 
C. quadrimaculatus, Apion minimum, A. fagi, A. miniatum, FLypera 
variabilis, Anthonomus rubi, and Rhynchites minutus. Elateride : 
Corymbites holosericeus, Athous hemorrhoidalis, A. vittatus, Lacon 
murinus, Melanotus rufipes, Agriotes pallidulus, Limonius minutus, 
and Dolopius marginatus. Telephoridz: Generally common ; 7eée- 


6 


phorus rusticus, T. nigricans, T. lividus, T. bicolor, T. lituratus, 
T. hemorrhoidalis, Rhagonycha limbata, R. fuscicornis, Malachius 
viridis, M. bipustulatus, and Anthocomus fasciatus. Anobiide : 
Anobium domesiicum. Mordellide: Anaspis frontalis, A. melanopa, 
and A. forcipater. CXdemeride: Abundance of Gdemera lurida. 
Dermestidz : Ad¢tagenus pellio. Nitidulide: MAleigethes rufipes, 
M. picpes, Byturus sambuct, and B. tormentosus. Bruchide : 
Bruchus ater. Tenebrionidee: C7stela murina. 

I searched particularly for dragonflies along the two streams, but 
only met with Lzbellula depressa and Agrion puella, both examples 
being at some distance from any water. In June one looks for the 
female wasp to be scanning the banks, but only one was seen. 
Among the hosts of Coleoptera the following is a list of the 
Heteroptera which were met with :—Sehirus bicolor (a few), Podops 
inuncta (a few), MJonanthia cardui (numerous), Airis levigatus 
(abundant), Votochilus contractus (common), Velia currens, Gerris 
najas, and from juniper at Wendover five specimens of Acanzthosoma 
tristriatum. 

The shells and slugs which have been previously reported to the 
Society (1899, p. 92) as occurring were still abundant in the Chenies 
Woods. 

The larks were exceedingly common, and the cries of the peewits 
were heard all around. A few nests only were noted, such as those 
of the thrush, blackbird, and yellowhammer. 

Flowers were abundant, and a list of a few of the more striking 
plants may be of interest. The goat’s-beard along the waysides, 
several species of veronica, the one in the beech woods being 
especially brilliant; in one wood the foxglove showed many very 
fine spikes; the Chenies beech woods produced abundant small 
specimens of the toothwort; in some parts a few specimens of 
Verbascum thapsus and V. scrophularie were seen ; Szlene inflata was 
not uncommon; the orpine (Sedum telephium) grew in abundance 
in the hedgerows of one meadow ; along the valley of the Chess the 
yellow iris was common; one wood near the station produced fine 
specimens of the stinkhorn, in the same wood I was informed that 
the rare coral-root was to be found in early spring; many small, 
straggling spikes of the bird’s-nest orchis (Veo¢tia) were to be found 
in the Chenies Wood, along with plenty of the Cephalanthera, and in 
many meadows Orchis maculata appeared. I might mention that 
the wych elm is a common tree in all the woods of the neighbour- 
hood as well as the beech. 

From the above it may be judged, I think, that the lover of Nature 
may spend a really enjoyable holiday in this fine upland district, and 
no doubt sojourns at other times of the year, and in other years, 
would furnish lists of denizens which would greatly enlarge the fore- 
going. 


Report of the Ashtead to Mickleham Field Meeting, 
May 16th, 1903. 


Conducted by Epwarp STEP, F.L.S. Read May 28¢h, 1903. 


THE field-meeting season has again begun under unfavourable 
meteorological conditions. Though the morning of May 16th 
opened with bright sunshine, it was cloudy and dull before noon, 
and the members alighted at Ashtead during a smart shower. So 
unpromising was the outlook that a number of those in attendance 
elected to go farther by train and join the main body at Mickleham. 

The route from Ashtead Station ran across the village and wd 
Rectory Lane to the Downs, until the old Ermyn Way was reached, 
along which the party journeyed to Headley Lane. There were 
scarcely any insects observed on the wing, and the vegetation was 
too wet to sweep or beat. On the other hand, the moisture was too 
recent to have awakened the snails, with the exception of /He/zx 
pomatia, which swarmed in the narrow lane by the copse above 
Ashtead—much farther north than I had believed them to exist in 
this neighbourhood. The activity of this species was obviously 
connected with pairing. 

The spring flowers were all but over, and the more characteristic 
chalk flora had not begun to blossom, so that there is very little 
to record in this department. Hedge garlic (Sésymbrium alliaria) 
and beaked parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris) lined all the hedges, and 
the greater stitchwort (S¢e//aria holostea), the germander speedwell 
(Veronica chamedrys), and ivy-leaved speedwell (V. hederefolia) were 
abundant. ‘The greater celandine (Chelidonium majus) was in flower 
at Ashtead. Wild hyacinths (Sc//a nutans) abundant in the copses, 
and ground ivy (Vegeta glechoma) and bugle (Ajuga reptans) made 
blue the hedge-bottoms, where the cuckoo-pint (Avum maculatum) 
was also conspicuous. A few blooms of cowslip (Primula verts), 
pilewort (Ranunculus ficaria), and moschatel (Adoxa moschatellina) 
lingered to show that spring was not quite ended. The wayfaring- 
tree (Viburnum lantana), was of course abundant on the chalk, as 
also was the wild strawberry (/ragaria vesca). Winter cress 
(Barbarea vulgaris) was noted in flower at Ashtead and on 
Mickleham Downs. 

Birds and their nests in considerable variety were plentiful. Mr. 
Turner has supplied me with a list of those he noted; the nests 
including those of blackbird (common), song thrush (common), 
greenfinch (common), hedgesparrow, bullfinch, chaffinch, ringdove, 


8 


sparrow, and chiff-chaff; and the birds seen or heard were the 
nightingale, cuckoo, and lapwing. 

The few insects noted or taken are as follows : (Mr. Carr’s list)— 
Imagines: Axticlea nigrofasciarta (derivata), Melanippe fluctuata 
and Eupithecta exiguata, all on fences. Larvae: Lithosia deplana, 
Miselia vxyacanthe, Rumia luteolata (crategata), Crocallts elinguarta, 
Boarmia repandata, B. rhomboidaria, B. abtetaria, Hemithea strigata 
(thymtaria), Cheimatobia brumata, Oporabia dilutata, Eupithecia 
sobrinata, Thera variata, Hypsipetes sordidata (elutata), and Himera 
pennaria. In addition some of us beat the larve of Lupithecia 
sobrinata from the junipers on Leatherhead Downs, and Mr. Turner 
beat a larva of Uropteryx sambucaria from beech. Mr. Turner took 
the following Micros :—Zz¢hocolletis pomifoliella, L. viminetella, L. 
guercifoliella, L. corylt, and Nematois swammerdamella. Mr. E. J. 
Hare took in addition to some of the above, Adela wiridella, 
Nepticula floslactella, Gracilaria hemidactylella and Mucropteryx 
purpurella, together with larvee of Boarmia abtetaria. 

The entire party foregathered at Burford Bridge Hotel, where 
twenty-three sat down to an excellent tea. 


Report of Field Meeting at Horsley, June 6th, 1903. 
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. Read September 24th, 1903. 


JUNE 6th—the day set apart for the field meeting at Horsley—was 
fine and fairly bright. It was, moreover, warm without being un- 
pleasantly hot. 

Though insects may not perhaps have been quite so plentiful as to 
satisfy the more ardent lepidopterists, yet they seem, nevertheless, to 
have provided a very fair list; and then, of course, Horsley allows 
good scope for those whose inclinations are towards other branches 
of natural history. Taking all things together, therefore, the twenty- 
five members and friends who met at the ‘‘ Duke of Wellington ” can 
scarcely fail to have had a pleasant day, although their cabinets may 
not have profited to any marked extent. 

On leaving Horsley Station the way to the ‘‘ Duke of Wellington ” 
at East Horsley lies along a pleasant road, with its hedgerows at this 
time of the year a garland of flowers. Here the geological formation 
is London Clay, but at the inn this gives place to a narrow band of the 
Lower London Tertiaries, which in turn are overlaid by the chalk, with 
characteristic flora and fauna, both of which it was the object of the 
party to investigate. Mr. G. Young (of the Battersea Field Club), 
who joined the field meeting, tells me that this narrow band of Lower 
London Tertiaries (rarely more than a quarter of a mile wide) forms 
a persistent border to the northern edge of the outcrop of the chalk, 
and that its position is indicated by the course of the main road from 
Croydon to Guildford, while the long string of towns and villages 
which it connects are all situated on this narrow strip. Their names 
are Croydon, Beddington, Carsharlton, Sutton, Ewell, Epsom, 
Ashtead, Leatherhead, Fetcham, the two Bookhams, Effingham, East 
and West Horsley, East and West Clandon, Merrow, and Guildford. 
A track-way following the same line seems to be prehistoric, dwellers 
along its course in those early times probably finding it convenient 
to have the chalk downs for pasturage on the one ‘hand and the 
woods on the London Clay for protection on the other, while the 
springs at the edge of the chalk gave them a reliable supply of good 
water. 

The Upper Chalk was found exposed in a pit not a quarter of a 
mile from the village. The chalk is soft and white, and contains a 
fair number of flints. Some slight attempt was made with Mr. 
Young’s assistance to test its fossiliferous qualities, with the result 
that some half dozen species were discovered. They were (1) a 
small portion of a sea-lily (Bourgaticrinus, sp.) ; (2) portions of a large 


10 


bivalve (Jnoceramus lamarckit), one specimen apparently having been 
at least a foot in diameter ; (3) two specimens of a small sponge 
(oro sphera) ; (4) two specimens ofa small sea-urchin (Zchinoconus 
conicus); (5) one very fine specimen of Zchinocorys vulgaris, cut out 
with some difficulty almost without a flaw; (6) a specimen of 
Echinoconus subrotundus, found amongst rubbish in the pit. Whether 
any neolithic finds have been made in the immediate neighbourhood 
I do not know, but some have taken place at Netley Heath, and more 
at Headley and Walton Heaths, all of which are on outlying patches 
of these Lower London Tertiaries. 

In addition to the pit, the many characteristic chalk lanes and 
other interesting spots in the neighbourhood were visited, and the 
various captures and finds made and observations noted are now to 
be discussed. 

No Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, or Diptera have been reported. 
There are a few Neuroptera (Linn.)—Mr. South took Agrion puella 
near Effingham; the others belonged to the Planipennia. ‘These 
were the large snake-fly (Raphidia notata), the delicate little lacewing 
(Hlemerobius micans), the lacewing with blue-tinted wings (Chrysopa 
ferla), and the two common species of Panorpa—communis and 
germanica. 

Of beetles, the following were taken :—Si/pha atrata, Byrrhus pilula 
(one dead), Sixodendron cylindricum, Meélanotus rufipes, Athous 
hemorrhoidalis, Dascillus cervinus, Cryptocephalus aureolus, Cistela 
murina, Rhynchites eguatus, Phyllobius pyri, P. argentatus, LNott- 
ophilus biguttatus, Clivina fossa, Pterostichus madidus, Harpalus rufi- 
cornis, Creophilus maxillosus, Paderus riparius, Telephorus fuscus, T. 
lividus, Malachius bipustulatus, Melolontha vulgaris, Clytus arietis, 
and Aiarus campanule. 

On this occasion by far the largest number of captures was amongst 
the Lepidoptera. Of the butterflies, besides whites a fair number of 
species was met with. Mr. Carpenter found the egg and larva of 
Luchloé cardamines as well as the female ovipositing. Gonepteryx 
rhamni and Argynnts euphrosyne were both observed. Canonympha 
pamphilus seems to have been the only one of the browns. There 
were three blues—folyommatus icarus, Cupido minima and P. 
astrarche. The rest were Zhecla rubi, Nemeobius lucina, Syrich- 
thus malve, Nisoniades tages and Adopea sylvanus. In addition 
Mr. South met with two specimens of Chrysophanus phleas between 
Effingham Junction and Ockham, where also he found (in addition 
to other butterflies) S. ma/v@ fairly common, a few specimens having 
the lower spots on the forewings confluent. Mr. Browne reported 
C. minima asleep on grass-stems. Messrs. Carr and Richards 
reported larvee of Zephyrus guercus. ‘Turning to the moths, the only 
Sphingid was Smerinthus populi (found at rest). The Bombyces were 
flepialus lupulinus, Euchelia jacobee (fairly common), Dasychira 
pudibunda, (a pair in cop.), and Drepana falcataria. The Noctuz 
were represented by a few species—Xylophasia rurea, Hadena thalas- 


ll 


sina, Anarta myrtilli, A. luctuosa, Plusia gamma (one or two 
specimens noted by Mr. South between Effingham Junction and 
Ockham), Plusta moneta (two pupee found by Mr. Richards in the 
garden of the “ Duke of Wellington” on De/phinium plants), Luclida 
mi, £2. glyphica, and Phlogophora meticulosa. Larve of Teniocampu 
stabilis and TZ. pulverulenta (cruda) were found by Mr. Carr. Owing 
to the fact that scarcely two (!) members seem to use the same name 
for the Geometers, it is almost a hopeless task for an outsider to 
collate the various notes, but the list seems to be as follows :—£Lfvone 
advenaria, Rumia luteolata, Lodts lactearia, Zonosoma linearia, 
Asthenia candidata, Acidalia remutaria, Cabera pusarta, C. exanthe- 
mata, Lapta bimaculata, Strenia clathrata, Panagra petraria, Macaria 
liturata, Ematurga atomaria, Fidonia pintaria, Lomaspilis marginata, 
Melanippe montanata, M. fluctuata, M. sociata, Camptogramma Obt- 
lineata, Anaitis plagiata, Larentia viridaria ( pectinitarta), Lupithecta 
oblongata (centaureata) (one), Z. tenuiata, E. exiguata (one) ; and larve 
of Phigalia pilosartia, Hybernia aurantiaria, H. defoltarta, Chetmato- 
bia brumata, and Oporabia dilutata. fPyralides were Pyrausta 
punicealis, Botys pandalis, B. hyalinalis, Loxostege verticalis, Scoparta 
ambigualis and S. dubitalis. Crambites: Crambus pratellus (very 
abundant), C. chrysonuchellus (abundant), and C. hortuellus. ‘Tor- 
trices: Zortrix lecheana, T. ministrana, Pardia bipunctana, Anchylo- 
pera lundana, Catoptria hypericana (three specimens). ‘Tine: 
LNemophora swammerdamella, Adela fibulella, Harpella geoffrella, and 
Gracilaria swederella. Inaddition, between Effingham Junction and 
Ockham Mr. South took amongst the Micros, Pyrausta aurata (a few), 
P. purpuralis (one), Ephippiphora pflugiana (two males), Arg yvrolepia 
hartmanniana (two), Xanthosetia hamana (common),and Glyphipleryx 
Juscoviridella (abundant). 

With regard to the Hemiptera, Mr. Kirkaldy reports that on 
arriving at Horsley a search was commenced for the bug Hwsarcocoris 
melanocephalus, Fabr., which Mr. Turner had captured in the neigh- 
bourhood a few years previously, and whose food-plant he was 
desirous to determine. In the course of half-an-hour’s examination 
and beating Mr. Turner found a pair, and afterwards nine more, 
while Mr. Kirkaldy secured two 27 cof. and two separate individuals. 
Between them they established the fact of its occurrence on S/achys 
sylvatica, each thinking that the observation was an original one. 
But on looking up the literature Mr. Kirkaldy found that Lethierry, 
in an apparently separately printed and little-known work (‘ Revue 
des Hemiptéres de Belgique,” Lille, 1892, pp. 1-2), records the species 
as “ Partout sur Szachys sylvatica.” The new observation is, how- 
ever, useful as confirming this statement, since E. Bucaille, in his 
“Catalogue des Hemiptéres au Départment de la Seine-inférieure ” 
(“‘Bull. Soc. amis des Sci. Nat. de Rouen, 1887,” pp. 143-181), records 
it as “Sur les luzernes, des orties et un peu partout, mai a fin aott.” 
It may be, possibly, that he has mistaken the exact spot of his 
captures, inasmuch as here at least the Szachys is always found close 


12 


to and intermingled with nettles. Messrs. Kirkaldy and Turner 
came to the conclusion that “ysarcorts lies concealed in the flower- 
heads and under the leaves of the Stackys, coming out on the 
upper parts of the leaves during bright sunshine. Picton and 
Lethierry, in their catalogues, state “‘ Europe” as the distribution of 
the species, but in the short time at disposal Mr. Kirkaldy could not 
trace records from Italy or Scandinavia. Centrotus cornutus, Linn., 
was found in great abundance, but only by beating oak trees. 
Bucaille says, “Sur les genéts, les Preris agutlina, les jeunes 
chénes.” <A few specimens of Zomaspis vulnerata, Germar (= Tric- 
cophora sanguinolenta of many authors) weré captured, beaten from 
oaks—in fact, oak trees afforded by far the best sport of the day. 

Although the Mollusca abound at Horsley, but little search was 
made for them. Amongst the few secured were Zonz?es nitidulus, 
Flelix aspersa, H. cantiana, H. caperata, H. virgata, and Cyclostoma 
elegans. On the trunks of the beech trees in one place there were a 
number of forms of /Z. caferata, and the shell was well protected on 
the bark. 

As is usual on the chalk in June, flowers were plentiful, the follow- 
ing being some of the best amongst them :—Milk-wort (Podygada 
vulgarts), Woodruff (Asperula odorata), cross-wort (Galium cruciatum), 
white campion (Lychnis vespertina), tufted vetch (Vzcza cracca), 
slender tare (V. ¢etrasperma), bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), 
dogwood (Cornus sanguinea), spindle-tree (Lwonymus europaeus), 
rest harrow (Oxonzs arvensts), broom (Cytisus scoparius), purging flax 
(Linum catharticum), rock-rose (fHelianthemum vulgare), sanicle 
(Sancula europea), wood forget-me-not (yosotzs sylvatica), germander 
speedwell (Veronica chamedrys), thyme-leaved speedwell (V. sexpylh- 
folia), louse-wort (Pedicularts sylvatica), bugle (Ajuga reptans), early 
purple orchis (Ovchis mascula), fragrant orchis (/fabenaria conopsea), 
lesser butterfly orchis (77. dcfola), great butterfly orchis (//.chlorantha), 
white helleborine (Cephalanthera pallens), guelder-rose (Viburnum 
opulus), and yellow dead-nettle (Zamum galeobdolon).. The fly 
orchis and the bee orchis were sought for, but were not found. 

During the day a few very good instances of “protective re- 
semblance” were noticed. While walking up to the village from 
Horsley station with Messrs. Carr and Richards, the latter called 
our attention to the hedge-bank. I could at first see nothing of 
interest there, but it at length dawned upon me that a “‘ dead leaf ” 
on a grass-stem was not really such, but a poplar-hawk moth hanging 
at rest in its characteristic fashion. 

Later in the day, when Mr. Step was on the point of taking a 
photograph of a butterfly orchis, he noticed a brown, crumpled leaf 
lying on a nettle close by. Recognising shortly that it was not a 
leaf, but an ‘“‘angle-shades” moth, he secured a photograph of it. 
His eye being thus educated he soon afterwards found another 
angle-shades, but this time it was a leaf ! 

I accompanied Mr. Richards to some rough ground where the 


13 


chalk shewed amongst the herbage to find Acontia luctuosa. We 
noticed a fair number and caught a few. They flitted a short 
distance, and then settled down on the herbage or ground. When 
moving their black and white markings made them difficult to follow 
with the eye, and when they settled they were equally hard to see. 
‘They, indeed, seemed to be protected both by their manner of flight 
and their habitat. The little grizzled skipper was flying at the same 
place, and when they chased one another it was not easy to tell them 
apart, and when they separated you, of course, followed the wrong 
one! I succeeded in tracking a specimen down and boxing it, but 
the best method of capture seemed to be to watch the insect down, 
and, after the manner of a novice, to bring down the net  per- 
pendicularly over it as it rested. 

In conclusion, I have to thank very heartily Messrs. Young, Richards, 
Kirkaldy, Step, Hare, South, F. M. Carr, Crow, Adkin, Browne, 
Scollick, and Priske for sending me notes—in some cases extremely 
interesting ones—and so for enabling me to compile this repert. 


14 


Report of a Field Meeting held at Limpsfield Chart, 
June 27th, 1903. 


By Rosert ADKIN, F.E.S. Read October 22nd, 1903. 


Ir will be remembered that the field meetings placed under my 
charge during the past two years, viz. Brasted (‘‘ Proc.,” rgo1, pp. 20 
—23) and Otford (“ Proc.,” 1902, pp. 47—51), were held on the hills 
bordering the River Darenth, and when it was suggested that I 
should undertake the arrangements for one during the present year 
it occurred to me that I could not do better than fix upon some 
adjacent part of this picturesque Kentish district, and accordingly 
Limpsfield Chart was chosen. 

It should, however, be mentioned that, by the arbitrary division of 
counties, Limpsfield Chart belongs to Surrey, and it is very doubtful 
whether any of those attending the meeting set foot in Kent during 
any part of their ramble; but as it forms the western extremity of the 
Kentish ragstone hills, and many of the tiny rivulets which go to 
make the River Darenth, already referred to, have their origin in its 
midst, I think we may, for our present purposes, accept the natural 
rather than the artificial boundary, and regard it as belonging to the 
West Kent district. Its name too has a distinctly Kentish ring, for 
I know no other county where the wooded common lands are desig- 
nated by the name ‘ chart.” 

Having selected the venue for the meeting, my first business was 
to work out a means for reaching it. Westerham is the nearest 
railway station, and anyone who may like to further investigate the 
locality, and can make his own arrangements as to trains, will find it 
an easy walk thence to the chart. The way, on leaving the station 
and gaining the High Street, is to the nght through the village and 
to the left just after passing the pond ; when little more than half a 
mile up the lane an ill-defined footpath on the right across a field 
brings one to the lower end of the chart, the distance from the rail- 
way station being perhaps a mile and a half. Or the path through 
the park may be followed to near the hill-top, and then, turning to 
the right through the woods or along the Edenbridge and Oxted 
Road, the upper part of the chart will be reached. But, although 
Westerham is the nearest railway station, the train service on that 
branch did not admit of convenient arrangements for a party being 
made by that route, and I had, therefore, to fall back upon Oxted as 
the only other available station whence we might gain our destina- 
tion, and, indeed, by doing so secured some very distinct advan- 
tages; for, being on a line worked jointly by the S.E.&C.R. and the 


15 


L.B. & S.C.R., the train service is, for a place of its size, exception- 
ally frequent, and the former company having no stopping station 
between London and Croydon, the time occupied on the journey is 
considerably reduced. On the other hand, it is just two miles further 
away from the chart, and two very uninteresting miles they are—first 
along the high road, which is rapidly becoming bordered by more or 
less desirable villa residences, and then over Limpsfield Common, a 
none too attractive bit of furze-covered land now used as a golf- 
links, and uphill nearly the whole way, so that the prospect of any 
collecting on this part of the route is very poor; but once over the 
common the half mile of lanes leading to the woods are pleasant 
enough, and the hedges and broken ground at their sides no doubt 
worth the attention of the collector. 

The accompanying map will no doubt enable any one desiring to 
reach the district zz7@ Oxted to find their way without difficulty, but 
I might mention that, should they not specially wish to visit the 
“Hoskins Arms,” a short distance may be saved by leaving the rail- 
way station on the down-platform side and keeping to the main 
road, instead of following the route indicated, to the P.O. wall-box. 

Any really fine days in the summer months of the year of grace 
1903 are surely events to be recorded, and Saturday, June 27th, is 
therefore worthy of special mention. The weather for some time 
previous to the zoth had been very bad, barely fourteen hours sun- 
shine was recorded for the week ending on that date, while for the 
same period a rainfall of 3°73 inches was registered, bringing the 
total for the first three weeks of the month to approximately 63 
inches, thus easily beating any previous record for the whole month 
of June. Temperature, too, had been low, the exposed thermo- 
meter falling to within three degrees of freezing-point on one night 
during the week above referred to, while one day maximum was 
only 49°. But on the 21st the weather began to mend, and 
although night temperatures were occasionally low, those of the day 
rose steadily from 61° on Sunday, 21st, to 84° on Saturday, 27th, 
the day of the meeting. 

The sun was shining brightly when some fourteen members left 
London Bridge Station (S.E.R.) in the carriages specially reserved 
for them on the 2.13 train, and, being joined by others ex vow/e, the 
total attendance, on arrival at Oxted Station about three o’clock, was 
brought to twenty-two. Carriages were in readiness, and the party 
thus conveyed over the uninteresting two miles of road already 
referred to, to the cross-ways by “‘ Briars Cross” at the top of the 
common, where the journey on foot was commenced. 

Taking the lane on the left hand—many of the party at once com- 
menced collecting, while others took the opportunity of securing 
photographs of many of the picturesque bits of scenery that were 
met with by the way—and continuing past Ridland’s Farm on the 
left and the hop-garden on the right to Whitemare Pond, the heather- 
covered borders of the chart were reached. Some hundred yards or 


16 


so further on the more heavily timbered woods were entered, and 
the greater part of the afternoon was spent in their investigation. 

The High Chart, as this district is marked on the map, although 
perhaps better known locally as Limpsfield Chart, taking its name 
from the adjacent village, stands, as its map name implies, at a good 
elevation, the greater portion of it ranging between 500 and 600 feet 
above sea-level. ‘The timber is similar to that of the other hills of 
the range, the larger trees being chiefly oak, beech, and fir, with an 
occasional white-beam, an abundance of birch in all sizes from 
little bushes to ancient forest kings, with here and there a bit of 
sallow, nut, and such like; while the ground 1s covered with heather, 
bracken, bilberry, and sundry other of the usual low-growing plants, 
Galium, including a patch or two of G. verum, being not uncommon 
on some of the more open parts. 

In so promising a district, and on such a warm sunny afternoon 
as we were favoured with, one would naturally expect insect life to 
be abundant ; but it was by no means so, the bad weather of the 
week previous had left its mark, even sun-loving Lepidoptera ap- 
peared to be shy at getting on wing, and the beating-stick dislodged 
the more retiring species only at rare intervals, larvae were con- 
spicuous rather by their absence than otherwise, and searching the tree- 
trunks for moths was a wearisome occupation. Fortunately, however, 
sufficient were found to provide the photographers of the party with’ 
material for sundry illustrations of resting insects, Mr. Enoch securing 
some interesting examples in colour-photography. Working their 
way through the woods, the various groups of members eventually 
found themselves in the Long Walk, a wide and straight path running 
almost due north and south, and turning to the right until the main 
road was reached ; some went on to Kent Hatch to avail themselves 
of the fine views obtainable over the lowlands towards East Grin- 
stead and Ashdown Forest in the distance, while others busied 
themselves by collecting along the outskirts of the woods, all 
eventually meeting at the ‘‘ Carpenters’ Arms,” whence the return 
journey was commenced, and after a pleasant though perhaps some- 
what warm walk, the “ Hoskins Arms Hotel,” near Oxted Station, 
was reached, and the high tea there provided having been partaken 
of, a pleasant half-hour was spent in the spacious garden attached to 
the hotel, the return to London being made by the 9.40 train. 

I have already referred to the comparative scarcity of Lepidoptera, 
the only order that appears to have received any serious attention on 
the occasion—a scarcity, be it noted, which appears to have been very 
general throughout the season of 1903. It will therefore not be 
expected that any long list of captures will be available, but such as 
I have been able to compile from the notes very kindly sent to me 
by some fourteen of the members present is appended. One of the 
species mentioned, Cymatophora fluctuosa, is perhaps worthy of 
attention. The larva feeds on birch in autumn, and the moth may 
be attracted to “sugar ;” and I doubt not that if some of our more 


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17 


energetic members were to set their minds to it, they would have 
little difficulty in completing their series of this delicate species. 

One species of dragonfly only was met with, namely Zzde//ula 
depressa. 

Nests of the wood-ant (Formica rufa) were seen in profusion, some 
of them being of large dimensions and in a variety of positions, and 
were, not without some little difficulty, photographed by Mr. Step 
and others. 

Many of the commoner flowering plants were in full blossom, and 
I am also indebted to the last-named gentleman for the following 
list of those that came under his notice ; and at the Yalden Spring, 
a delightfully clear little pool just within the borders of the wood, a 
number of plants of the hard fern (Zomaria spicant) were found. 

LEPIDOPTERA.—Lveris brassicae, P. rape, P. napi, Euchloé carda- 
mines (several quite fresh examples), Zpcnephele tithonus, £. canira, 
Cenonympha pamphilus, Polyommatus phleas, Lycena icarus, Hylo- 
phila prasinana, Lithosia mesomella, Nemeophila russula, Arctia 
villica, Phalera bucephala, Cymatophora fluctuosa, Agrotis strigula 
(forphyrea) (flying over heather in sunshine), /ecatera serena, 
Hypena proboscidalis, Rumia luteolata (crategata), Lodis lactearia, 
Zonosoma punctularia, Z. liniaria (triliniaria), HHemithea strigula 
(thymiaria), Asthena candidata, Acidalia subsericeata, Cabera pusaria, 
Macaria notata, Ematurga atomaria, Bupalus piniaria, Lomaspilis 
marginata, Larentia viridaria ( pectinitaria), Thera variata Mela- 
nippe fluctuata, M. unangulata, Camptogramma bilineata, Cidaria 
fulvata, C. corylata, Scoparia dubitalis, S. ambigualis, S. cembrea, 
Scopula olivalis, Crambus hamellus, C. pascuellus, C. pratellus, 
Sciaphila hybridana, Prays curtisellus. 

PLANTS IN FLOWER.—Zamus communis (black bryony), Veronica 
serpyllifolia (thyme-leaved speedwell), Lotus corniculatus (bird’s-foot 
trefoil), A/yosotis palustris (forget-me-not) (some very fine examples 
growing near the Yalden Spring), Orchis maculata (spotted orchis), 
Sarothamnus scoparius (broom), Lryonia dioica (white bryony), 
Lonicera periclymenum (honeysuckle), Galium mollugo (great hedge 
bedstraw), G. saxatile (heath bedstraw), Stachys sylvestris (hedge 
wound-wort), Vzcta cracca (tufted vetch), V. sepzum (bush vetch). 


ti) 


18 


Report of the Field Meeting held at Wendover on 
July 11th, 1903. 


By Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. Read January 14th, 1904. 


A visit to the north-west escarpment of the Chiltern Hills at ° 
Wendover a year or two ago induced me to suggest that a field 
meeting of the Society should be held there. ‘The Council, therefore, 
I suppose, requested me to arrange for one to take place, and 
although I should much have preferred some one with more know- 
ledge of the locality to have led, yet I endeavoured to do my best. 
The original date chosen, July 25th, was somewhat late for an 
elevated and usually dry locality ; so when the date was very kindly 
altered to July 11th to suit my personal convenience, there seemed a 
better prospect of a more successful meeting from a collecting point 
of view. Unfortunately members who had practically looked forward 
to joining were, owing to the tardy alteration of date and other causes, 
unable to attend, and less than a dozen met to enjoy the capital 
hospitality of the ‘Shoulder of Mutton” near the station. 

As usual, the company, small as it was, split up into two sections. 
The advance party, consisting of Mr. South, Mr. Scollick, and myself, - 
again divided, the two former staying at Chalfont Road, where, by the 
bye, they took only one example of Adraxas sylvata and one of 
Asthena blomeri, while I, alone, went on to investigate a remote part 
of the Wendover area, and more particularly to see what dragonflies 
were to be obtained around the large reservoir, which is so con- 
spicuous a feature on the plain seen from the top of the beacon, 

The second party arrived late, and appeared to be almost exhausted 
and at their last gasp from the terrible deprivation they had suffered 
on theirjourney. Their compartment, I understand, had been full, 
and the term “ full” generally means something on Saturday after- 
noon about 2 o’clock on a London suburban railway, on the Metro- 
politan Railway in particular, and on the Baker Street Extension 
especially. However, all things have an end, and a few minutes of 
fresh air with a short, brisk walk soon produced a revivifying effect 
and sufficient impetus to give the necessary physical endurance for a 
climb of some hundreds of feet to the top of the Chilterns. 

The weather was beyond, far beyond, one’s expectation for such a 
year. It was simply delightful, and I think we all thoroughly 
appreciated it. 

I have received three lists of captures, which I will take in order. 
Mr. South reports Lpinephele jurtina (tantra), Aphantopus hyperan- 
thus, Pamphila sylvanus, and Polyommatus icarus as the only Rhopa- 


19 


locera he noticed, but not commonly. Of the Heterocera he 
captured either single examples or a few of Asthena luteata (two), 
Acidalia dimidiata (scutulata) (two), A. imitaria (three), Cidarta 
dotata ( pyraliata) (a few), Scotosta vetulata (four), Zanclognatha 
tarsipennalis (one), Z. grisealts (one), Scoparia cembre (one), S. dudt- 
talis (a few), Mimeseoptilus pteodactylus (common), Aciptilia tetra- 
dactyla (one), Graph. trimaculana (a few), Sciaphila subjectana, and 
S. wirgaureana. In addition to these Mr. Scollick reports taking 
Cidaria fulvata, Hypena proboscidalis, Scopula olivalis, Zonosoma 
linearia, Larentia didymata, Aciptilia pentadactyla, Metrocampa mar- 
garitaria, Scopula prunalis, and Ligdia adustata. Myr. Carr has 
reported the following list :—Canonympha pamphilus, Cupido minima, 
Fladena dentina, Boarmia repandata, Todis lactearia, Asthena candi- 
data, Cabera pusaria, Melanthia ocellata, Melanitppe montanata, 
Camptogramma bilineata, Phibalapteryx tersata (and ova), P. vitalbata, 
Eubolia plumbaria, Hypena proboscidalis, Eurrhypara urticata, 
together with most of the species observed by other members. He 
also reports the following Larvee :—Lznomos erosaria, Ligdia adustata, 
Triphosa dubitata, together with a whitethroat’s nest containing four 
eggs. 

My list contains the following additions to the above :—/Pyramets 
cardut, Pierts brassice, Hadena porphyrea, Melanippe fluctuata, 
Rumia crategata, Crambus culmellus, Anthrocera filipendule, and a 
few Micros. Around the reservoir I found Lxa/lagma cyathigerum 
sparingly, and no other species of Odonatarwas observed. However, 
in the neighbourhood, I found a large number of larvee of Cucullia 
verbascl feeding on Scrophularia aquatica growing in a ditch. In the 
reservoir I had the pleasure of seeing a swan sitting on her nest, 
which consisted of a huge mass of uprooted and torn-off flags, leaving 
a large area around quite denuded. 

This seems very little result for so promising a district. But we 
all were of opinion, from the ‘lay of the land,” and from the varied 
vegetation, that the potentialities for entomological work were great, 
and that persistent effort would no doubt result in a much better 
return. It seemed little use to remain for dusking, and the railway 
arrangements being by no means accommodating, most of us returned 
to London by an early train. I believe those two gentlemen who 
did remain got little for their pains. 


20 


Report of a Field Meeting held at Paul’s Cray Common, 
October 3rd, 1903. 


By Ropert ADKIN, F.E.S. Read October 22nd, 1903. 


THE closing field meeting of the season was held at Paul’s Cray 
Common and Petts Wood on Saturday, October 3rd, and was devoted 
chiefly to the collection of fungi. The district has already been 
described in the report of a former meeting held there (“ Proc.,” 1900, 
pp. 17, 18), it is therefore unnecessary to dwell upon the beauties of 
its scene, or the many points of interest that it possesses for the 
collector. 

In the matter of weather we were again singularly fortunate, for 
although the proverbial wetness of the season had not failed to assert 
itself during the days immediately preceding the meeting, no doubt 
preventing the attendance of many members who, had the prospect 
been more settled, would have been present, and even that morning 
had not been without its warning shower; but the afternoon was 
delightfully fine with genial sunshine and a soft westerly breeze, an. 
ideal autumn afternoon for a country ramble. 

The ten members comprising the party assembled at Chislehurst 
Station of the S.E.R. at about 3 o’clock, and proceeded by way of 
Chislehurst Common and the St. Mary Cray Road to Paul’s Cray 
Common. Here fungi were found to be common enough, so far as 
concerned numbers, but the variety of species was not great, and 
the recent rains, although no doubt advantageous to the development 
of quantity, had not been altogether good for the quality, many of 
the individuals found being far too advanced to admit of their being 
gathered for identification; but no difficulty was experienced in 
selecting a considerable number of the fresher specimens. Having 
spent some little time in investigating the common, a move was 
made for Petts Wood, and just within the gate a goodly colony of 
that interesting but malodorous species Phallus impudicus was found 
in various stages of development, including the so-called “ egg” 
stage, a fine example of which Mr. Step took in the hope of securing 
a series of photographs illustrating its development; but in this, I 
understand, he was only partially successful, owing to the remarkable 
rapidity with which it takes place. Further on in the wood a couple 
of dead birch trees produced some very fine specimens of Polyporus 
betulinus and P. applanatus, some of the best examples of which were 
secured by Messrs. Cowham and Dods respectively, who, at consider- 
able risk of the dead stems collapsing under their weight, shinned up 
the trees and cut them out. By the time that the extremity of the 
wood was reached the light was rapidly failing, and it therefore re- 


21 


mained only for us to retrace our steps. In doing so we fell in with 
another member of the Society, who shall be nameless, who, having 
more regard for Lepidoptera than for fungi, had ‘‘ sugared” a number 
of the trees to which such common species as Azchocelis pistacina, 
Cerastis vaccinit, Xanthia fulvago (cerago), X. flavago, etc., were 
already coming in some numbers, and this was as much as we saw of 
that order in the perfect state, for the afternoon had been absolutely 
barren in that respect. Some few larvae, however, had been beaten, 
among them several Amphidasys betularia not yet half grown, a 
striking record of the unpropitious climatic conditions of the past 
summer. On the way back a halt was made at the ‘‘ Bull’s Head” 
Hotel at Chislehurst for tea, after which a pleasant stroll to the 
railway station brought the party there in good time for the 8.23 
train home. 

Mr. Stanley Edwards, who collected for the purpose of recording, 
submitted his basket to Dr. M. C. Cooke, who, from its contents, was 
able to identify upwards of thirty species, the remainder, for the 
reason already mentioned, being too far gone to be recognisable ; 
and Mr. Step added another ten species from those that he had 
taken home for photographic purposes, of which we shall no doubt 
see more anon, bringing the total of those identified to forty-two 
species, a list of which is attached. 

Dr. M. C. Cooke’s list: Amanita mappa, A. pantherinus, Amant- 
topsis vaginata, Clitocybe clavipes, C. opacus, C. ditopus, C. laccatus, 
Collybia maculata, C. butyracea, Mycena flavo-albus, M. capillaris, 
Llypholoma fasciculare, Psilocybe ericeus, Bolbitius tener, Cortinarius 
sanguineus, Lactarius turpis, L. pallidus, L. subdulcis, L. quietus, 
Russula lepida, R. furcata, R. vesca, R. rosacea, R. azurea, R. granu- 
losa, R. fragilis, R. lactea, R. ochroleuca, Boletus scaber, Polyporus 
betulinus, Thelephora laciniata, Scleroderma vulgare. 

Mr. Step’s list: Amanita muscarius, A. rubescens, Russula nigri- 
cans, R. virescens, Clitopilus prunulus, Stropharia semiglobatus, 
Boletus edulis, B. badius, Polyporus applanatus, Phallus impudicus. 


22 


A Fortnight’s Collecting at Dawlish. 
By G. B. Browne. Read January 14th, 1904. 


It was after reading the notes of Mr. Turner upon Dawlish, in our 
‘Proceedings ” for 1900, that I formed the determination of paying 
a visit at the first opportunity to that exceedingly pretty and interest- 
ing part of Devonshire, the more especially as that brilliant insect 
Callimorpha hera was to be obtained there. I may say at once that, 
although the dates of my visit were arranged with a reasonable 
prospect of coming across this species, I did not see a single speci- 
men of C. kera or hear of one being taken during the time I was 
there—from July 23rd to August 7th. The weather was very unsettled 
and wet the first six or seven days, and although the rest of the time 
was fine with the exception of a few showers, the wind was cold and 
kept persistently north-west, nearly always blowing so strong in the 
day as to render collecting and beating very uncomfortable. 

The disappointment in not finding C. era kept me continually on 
the move, and every day was spent in exploring the country round in 
the hope of seeing that insect. Although by so doing I missed 
visiting some spots of more general interest, I got pretty well 
acquainted with that most charming feature of Devonshire scenery, 
the beautiful paths and lanes that lie all around, whose banks 
and hedges teem with objects of interest in every branch of natural 
history. For variety one could turn to the sea-shore with its cliffs of red 
sandstone, and that beautiful walk along the top called the Ladies’ Mile 
and, further on, the Warren, a capital collecting ground. Fora more 
extended walk there is the two-mile climb to the top of Haldon, running 
through woods belonging to the Hoare family, of Fleet Street fame. 
When you arrive at the top there is a magnificent expanse of moor 
and heather with scattered birches and pines—a fine hunting ground, 
I should say, earlier in the season, but insects seemed very scarce on 
the two occasions I went up there. A few Sat¢vyus semele were taken 
in fair condition, but the weather was cloudy and the wind high, and 
captures were a work of some difficulty. There are few more 
charming and exhilarating spots than the top of Haldon with Dawlish 
lying at your feet. 

“The Monk of Haldon” humorously alludes to Dawlish as 
follows : 


“Then low at your feet, 
From this airy retreat, 
Reaching down where the fresh and salt water meet, 
The roofs may be seen of an old fashioned street ; 


23 


Half village, half town, it is pleasant but smallish, 
A place I'd suggest 
As one of the best 
For a man breaking down who needs absolute rest, 
Especially, too, if he’s weak in the chest ; 
And known, where it happens to de known, as Dawlish. 
may be gayer 
But as for the air, 
It really cannot for a moment compare 
With snug little Dawlish—at least, so they say here.”’ 


Having been, so to speak, introduced to Dawlish by Mr. Turner, 
it seemed quite in the proper order of things that, immediately on 
my arrival there, the first person I heard was coming down in a day 
or too was Mr. Turner himself. I was very glad indeed at this, for 
I knew that his general and special experience would be of great 
assistance to me during my stay. We had some pleasant outings 
together, and I owe it entirely to his kind help that I was enabled to 
come away with about thirty pupe of Aryophila murals. This 
insect was only just about emerging when I left. I took two 
imagines, but from my pupze only about nine emerged, and some of 
these were partial cripples. It is necessary to keep these pupze 
rather damp, which is all right when normal conditions prevail, but 
we had such a spell of cold and wet weather in August that it was all 
against their successful emergence, and most of the pupze damped off, 
the last emergence taking place on September ist. 

I found the most profitable work by day was beating for 
Geometers, but this was sadly interfered with by the wind. Among 
the results were— 

Cidaria picata: this species was not at all uncommon, and in 
fair condition, but its capture was a work of some difficulty owing to 
the high wind generally prevailing, most specimens flying high and 
being biown over the top of the hedge ; Limmelesta decolorata, one 
taken ; Cidaria dotata, mostly rather worn; elanippe unangulata, 
in fair condition ; JZ. rivata, not common; JV. soctafa, plentiful and 
in good condition, the dark-banded form usually ; JZ. fuctwata, not 
many seen; MWelanthia ocellata, three taken in good condition—one 
small clean form; Acédalia tmitaria, fairly plentiful (a good many 
no doubt missed owing to the colour-resemblance to C. dz/neata) ; 
A, interjectaria, one ; A. bisetata, plentiful ; A. scutulata, | should say 
fairly plentiful, but mistaken at times for A. dzse/ata ; Cilix spinula, 
one; Hypsipetes elutata, plentiful, but worn ; Lupithecta subnotata, 
one ; Coremia unidentaria, plentiful ; C. ferrugaza, fairly plentiful. I 
obtained a few ova from a worn female, the larvee from which 
(eighteen in all) fed up and pupated in due course. Somewhat to 
my surprise one imago emerged on October 31st last, the weather at 
the time being warm and moist. Both this insect and the parent 
were of the same distinctive red coloration. TZphena tanthina, 
two fine specimens, and others seen. Camptogramma bilineata, a 
most unmitigated nuisance, especially at dusking. I used to take a 


24 


small electric flash lamp in my pocket in the evening, putting on the 
light as soon as I got an insect in the box. A great majority of these 
were always dz/inea¢a, and were at once promptly rejected. Vudaria 
mundana, one specimen taken at rest on a tree-trunk on Dawlish 
lawn. I did not know the insect at the time, or I ought to have 
worked for more. Sryophila perla, a few found resting on walls. 
Lubolia palumbaria, one specimen on Haldon. 

Dusking produced— Arctia fuliginosa, one fine red form ; Guophos 
obscurata, one dark form; Cadligenia miniata, eight good specimens, 
all rather larger than usual; Lz¢hosza stramineola, one; L. griseola, 
plentiful; Z. complanula, plentiful; Ludbolia bipunctata, not common; 
Acdala aversata, three specimens; A. emarginata, one; Pseudo- 
terpna cytisaria, worn; Hemithea thymiaria, worn ; Odonestis pota- 
toria, several seen; Selenza zllunaria, and several of the carpets 
already noted; Boarmia rhomboidaria,an uncommon form; Hepzalus 
sylvinus and HY. humuli; Dianthecia capsincola, one; Abraxas 
grossulariata, plentiful as usual, I came across none but the typical 
form. 

As to sugaring, the record is unfortunately a most meagre one. 
This kind of work, to be of much value as a test of a neighbourhood’s 
capabilities, should be done systematically and regularly and, as far 
as possible, in all kinds of weather. I did my best to fulfil these 
conditions and, except on two impracticable nights, I treacled down 
in the Warren every evening during my stay with quite disappointing 
results. I had expected great things from such a promising neighbour- 
hood, and the spot I selected seemed the very place where most of 
the coast insects would be found, as well as those of a more general 
character. Every insect I thought it worth while to take at sugar is 
included in my exhibit, and I think you will agree with me that 
such a result for a fortnight’s hard work in such a district, at that 
time of the year, is most disproportionate. It is true that the con- 
ditions were unfavourable, but they were not more so than during 
my visit to Deal in August, 1902, when everything simply swarmed 
at sugar, and 1902 generally was by no means a good year in this 
respect. Besides being the least productive, my work here was 
carried on under most unpleasant conditions, the chief being the 
loneliness and dampness, indeed you really required to be equipped 
as for fen work, and I did not have this advantage. I noticed one 
peculiar circumstance in a dilapidated old Noctua, which came four 
nights in succession to almost the same post. This particular insect 
had one of its wings deformed, and there was no mistaking it when 
it put in its appearance time after time. 

The insects noted at sugar were Lewcania putrescens, one slightly 
damaged ; Z. pallens, L. impura, and L. lithargyria, all compara- 
tively plentiful ; Zyatira batis, one, worn; 7. derasa, a few in fair 
condition ; Z7iphena interjecta, one with a fine reddish colour ; 
Hadena oleracea, Noctua plecta, and Agrotis puta, a few only; A. 
triticl, one only seen; Caradina blanda, two; Miana furuncula, 


25 


fairly plentiful ; Amphipyra tragopogonis, one; Brvophila murals, 
one. 

The common sorts, such as Afamea oculea, Noctua xanthographa, 
Aylophasia polyodon, Triphena pronuba, etc., were all there as a 
matter of course, but only a few even of these were to be seen. 
Anthrocera (Zygena) filipendule swarmed in the Warren, and the 
thistle-heads were covered with them by day and night. The pupze 
could also have been taken by hundreds on the grasses and sedges. 
I did not notice any varieties. 

The butterflies noted were Dryas paphia, a few worn specimens ; 
Argynnis aglaia, a few seen on Haldon ; Pararge megera, plentiful 
on warm days; Mipparchia (Satyrus) semele, fairly plentiful on 
Haldon ; Aphantopus (Epinephele) hyperanthus, one large form ; 
Lipinephele tithonus, plentiful ; 2. zanzra, worn ; Chrysophanus phleas, 
few only seen; Zephyrus quercus, a few worn specimens seen; 
LEugonia (Vanessa) polychloros, one seen; Aglazs (Vanessa) urtice, 
plentiful ; Vanessa zo and Pyramets atalanta, only a few of each 
species seen; the common Pierids were fairly represented, and of 
the blues Polyommatus (Lycena) alexis was not common, and only 
two Cyaniris argiolus seen high up, driven by the wind; Zhymedicus 
(Hesperia) thaumas, a few worn specimens. I myself did not see 
either Colias edusa or C. hyale. The weather was very unfavourable 
for butterfly work all the time, the wind being the chief drawback. 

From what I had heard before I went to Dawlish I had expected 
that “light” would have proved very profitable, and so I believe it 
would have been, if the weather conditions had been favourable 
and the ‘“‘light” itself had been there. I had made the necessary 
arrangements with my landlady to stop out half the night, if needful, 
and it was therefore with intense disappointment that I learnt that 
there was something the matter with the town gas-works, and that 
only the lamps in the town itself were lit, and even these were put 
out at 11 p.m.! I had early experience of this on returning one 
night from sugaring. The air was a little warmer than usual, and, 
as there seemed some chance of insects appearing, I stopped at the 
first lamp, which, by the way, was nearly opposite the turning where 
Mr. Turner lodged, and captured a few common moths, which I had 
to reject as they were all worn. I was hoping for something better 
to come along when a man came up and paused, watching me. I 
thought he was merely interested in what I was doing, and so 
entered into conversation with him. He then said he was waiting 
to put out the lamp, but if I was catching anything valuable he 
would be pleased to wait a few minutes. He gave me some infor- 
mation as to the doings of others at the gas lamps, particularly 
referring to one well-known resident, which only made my regret the 
keener in thus missing an interesting hunting ground. The very 
night before I came away all this was altered, and the lamps every- 
where in and around Dawlish were in full swing again, for the benefit, 
I hope, of those who came after me, 


26 


During my stay I kept a good look-out all the time for Lvemodia 
ochroleuca, but I fancy I was too early for that beautiful species, as 
the specimens I captured last year (1902) at Deal were taken on the 
21st August in fine condition. 

It being rather an off-time for larvee, I did not work for them, 
with the exception of one afternoon vainly spent in searching for 
Agrotis ripe. Myr. Turner came across some V. zo larve during 
our first ramble together, and some of the results are shown in my 
exhibit. I should judge that the neighbourhood possessed good 
possibilities in this respect. 

I have endeavoured in these few notes to put before you my 
personal reminiscences of what was a very pleasant and very busy 
holiday, and I trust that they have not been altogether uninteresting 
to you. I have not gone into more general matters connected with 
that very beautiful part of Devonshire, as these have already been 
dealt with by Mr. Turner in his previous notes, and he will no doubt 
make up for my present deficiencies in those which he is about to 
give you. I have to thank him most heartily for his companionship 
and for his help, at all times most cheerfully rendered. 


27 


More Desultory Days at Dawlish (Supplementary to 
Mr. Browne’s Notes). 


By H. J. Turner, F.E.S. Read January 14th, 1904. 


AFTER the admirable paper you have heard from Mr. browne my 
own notes must appear to be very deficient. In fact, my entomology 
was, I think, more desultory than ever. 

I am omitting from the present list most of the species which I 
recorded previously. Among the butterflies no species new to me 
occurred, and those I had previously recorded (“ Abstract Pro. S. 
Lond. Ent. Soc.,” p. 22, etc., 1900) were very scarce or quite absent. 
No Sphingide were even seen, and of the Anthroceridz only 
A. filipendule occurred sparingly. <A solitary specimen of Ca/d- 
morpha hera was the only example of the Euchelide taken or 
observed ; this species has, I believe, been unusually rare this 
season, no doubt owing to the hard life the larvae have in a mild wet 
winter. In the Eutrichide a Cosmotriche potatoria was the only 
example taken. Aryophila perla (two) and B&B. murals (a few bred 
from pup) represent the Bryophilide. The latter species was 
certainly not so common as usual, although a diligent search always 
produced some pupe. Jana bicoloria represented the Apameide, 
in numbers, as usual, on its favourite haunts, the low slopes near the 
sea, with a single Afamea didyma. Among the Noctuide were 
Triphena pronuba and T. comes; but the larvae of Agrotis rife were 
exceedingly small, and such difficult larvae as they are to deal with, I 
thought it much better not to take any. 

Turning now to the Geometers. The Ennomide were represented 
by Lugonia quercinaria and Selenia bilunaria, var. juliarta. The 
Boarmiide were illustrated by Cleora lichenaria and Boarmta gem- 
maria. The Acidalidze have Asthena candidata (a very late example), 
Acidalia virgularia, A. bisetata (exceedingly common), and A. dime- 
diata. The Zerenide afforded plenty of Aéraxas grossulariata. 
The Larentiide were represented by Zufpithecia tsogrammata, Cidarta 
picata (in some numbers), Melanippe unangulata, and HHypsipetes 
Jurcifera (sordidata). Of the Pyralide the best capture was in Botys 
asinalis (obtained from among its food-plant, Audbza peregrina) ; 
Pyrausta purpuralis, Pionea forficalis, and Ebulea sambucalis were 
also taken. The Hypenide, represented by Ayfena proboscidalis, 
were a nuisance everywhere. The Pterophoride taken were JZcmese 
optilus pterodactylus and Aciptilia pentadactylus. The Crambide 
observed were Crambus culmellus (in great numbers) and C. penedlus. 
Two forms of Aphomia sociella represent the Galleridz. 


28 


In my previous notes the Tortrices and the Tinez were repre- 
sented by only two species. On this occasion I have a more exten- 
sive list of both groups. 

Taking the Tortrices first, I have eight species of the family 
Tortricidz : Zortrix xylosteana, T. rosana, T. heparana, T. ribeana, 
Peronea variegana, P. ferrugana, Dictyopteryx holmiana, and D. 
jorskaleana. The Penthinidz were represented by Penthina varte- 
gana. In the Spilonotide were Hedya ocellana, H. aceriana, 1. 
dealbana, H. neglectana, and Spilonota rosecolana. ‘The only species 
of the Sericoridz was a solitary Aspis udmanniana. ‘The Sciaphilidz 
was also represented by one species. In the Grapholithidz were 
Grapholitha penkleriana, Pedisca corticana, P. profundana, Dichro- 
rampha petiverella, and D. stmpliciana. 

The Tineina: the Tineidz consisted of one species, Z7nea nigrt- 
punctella. Three species of Plutellidze were found, Cerostoma lucella, 
C. radiatella, and Harpipteryx xylostella. The Hyponomeutidee 
were represented by Ayponomeuta plumbellus and /1. evonymellus. 
Six species of the Gelechiidee were found, PAzbalapteryx quercana, 
Depressaria costosa, Gelechia mulinella, G. maculea, G. tricolorella, 
and G. gerronella. The Coleophoride were represented by an un- 
identified species, which at the time I took for Coleophora solitart- 
ella, on account of the very numerous mines of that species in 
Stellaria holostea. A specimen, Lithocolletis quercifoliella, alone 
represented the family Lithocolletide. 

Among other orders I made a few stray captures, of which doubt- 
less the most worthy of notice were Cordulegaster annulatus, the 
only dragonfly seen, and a fine specimen of the rare beetle Prionus 
coriarius, caught flying by my son. 


29 


ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS 


OF THE 


South Zondon Entomological and Hatural VYistory 
Society. 


Read January 28th, 1904. 


By Epwarp STEP, F.L.S. 


ENTLEMEN,—Probably in order to secure uniformity in 
our published reports, the Bye-laws of the Society lay 
upon each retiring President the necessity of preparing and 
reading an address before he makes way for his successor. I 
believe I am correct in saying that among actual and 
possible Presidents this bye-law is by no means popular, and 
it has even come to my knowledge that men well qualified for 
the office have declined nomination solely on account of this 
condition. I must confess that I sympathise with this 
feeling, for though I have never held back when asked to 
read a paper or deliver a lecture to the Society, I do feel that 
I have nothing to say of sufficient importance to be made a 
special feature of an annual meeting, and possibly to be 
printed 7m extenso in our “‘ Proceedings.” I think it would be 
better if this were an optional rather than a compulsory 
matter, so that he who had something to say could feel 
warranted in saying it, whilst he who felt no special call for 
speech might be silent and yet break no law. 

The statistics relating to membership, meetings, and 
finance have already been placed before you in the Report of 
the Council and the Treasurer’s Balance-sheet, and there is 
little need for me to traverse the same ground. Though the 
past year has been marked by no new departure or by any 
circumstance of special note, I feel that we may congratulate 


30 


ourselves upon the fact that we have maintained our position, 
that our indoor meetings have not fallen off, and that our 
field meetings have been well attended in spite of continuous 
bad weather. In this last respect the past season has been 
phenomenal, and though I believe the temperature of the 
whole year has been above the average, the summer has been 
singularly deficient in warm, sunny days, and insects on the 
wing have been very scarce. 

Messrs. Adkin and Turner succeeded last season in in- 
troducing us to new localities—a very desirable thing to do. 
There are many variations that might be made in the routes 
chosen, even for old and well-tried localities, but in practice 
the conductors are handicapped by three things—the railway 
service, the shortness of the afternoon, and the question of 
commissariat. There are places within twenty miles of 
London not yet visited by us as a Society where the distance 
from a railway station, combined with an inconvenient 
service, puts the place beyond the range of practical politics 
for an afternoon excursion. There are others that might be 
compassed, but the would-be conductor shrinks from the 
awful responsibility of taking a score or more of. healthy 
naturalists to an enchanting spot where there is no means of 
rewarding their labours by some sort of a meal. 

Many years ago, before our Saturday afternoon trips were 
inaugurated, the Society organised an annual whole-day 
meeting at Three Bridges, and I believe some attempt was 
made a few years back to revive this idea in a visit to the 
New Forest. These excursions were complicated by con- 
nection with Bank Holidays, when the difficulty of making 
suitable arrangements is greatly increased. Would it not be 
possible, once in a summer, to have a whole day together in 
some choice locality far afield, unhampered by bank-holiday 
crowds or beanfeasts ? I think it is worth consideration. 

There is one respect in which I am glad to say our report 
differs from most of its predecessors—that is in the fact that 
death has made no inroads upon our membership. We have 
missed several regular attendants from our meetings, but we 
are proud to know that their absence is due to their having 
been called to scientific work in distant fields. In_ this 
connection I would mention our friends, Mr. Kemp in Ireland, 
and Mr. Kirkaldy in far-off Honolulu. Gifted and enthusiastic 
scientific workers, we parted with them regretfully, but I 
think we are justified in believing that their future work will 
add to the prestige of the Society, with which they are still 
connected, 


31 


One paragraph in the Report may, to members not fully 
conversant with all the facts, convey the impression of a 
considerable defection of members during the year; but the 
numbers reported as struck off had practically ceased to be 
members for some years. The Bye-laws direct the Council to 
expunge the names of members whose subscriptions are three 
years in arrear; but the Council, in applying this instruction 
is careful to do so in the best interests of the Society—taking 
into consideration the circumstances of each case so far as 
they can be ascertained, and never losing a member if a little 
patience and friendly intervention will secure him. There 
comes a point, however, beyond which failure to strike off 
defaulters would be contempt of the Bye-laws and a betrayal 
of the trust reposed in the Council by the general body of 
members. From many years’ experience on the Council I 
can say that I have never known the bye-law to have been 
applied with anything approaching harshness. 

The season, as you all know too well, has been an 
exceptionally bad one for collectors; it is, therefore, a 
matter for congratulation that the British Fauna Lists have 
been enlarged by nearly a score of species. There are many 
naturalists who are of opinion that the fauna and flora of 
these islands have been worked out, and that one must go 
abroad for new fields of discovery. The steady addition 
yearly to the insect lists, however, shows that this 1s certainly 
not the case among invertebrates, and this year we have had 
a notable addition to our known species of British vertebrates 
in the identification by Mr. F. Pickard-Cambridge of the 
Giant Goby (Gobius capito) as an indigenous fish. This case 
is particularly interesting to me, because Mr. Pickard- 
Cambridge’s discovery was made in the very rock-pools at 
Portscatho where I had collected and studied for several 
years. I, indeed, feel that his identification carries with it a 
considerable amount of reproach to myself, for I know the 
fish very well, and ought to have distinguished it years ago. 
The truth is, so far as fishes are concerned I was chiefly 
working with the aid of Couch’s “ British Fishes,’’ where 
this species is actually figured, but under the name of Gobio 
mger. Couch describes G. niger as attaining a length of nine 
or ten inches, and so I never questioned his accuracy, but as 
a matter of fact the true G. miger does not exceed five inches. 
G. capito was never recorded except from the Mediterranean 
until Mr. G. A. Boulenger found it on the Breton coast in 
1899. His suggestion then that it might turn up on the 
Cornish coast led Mr. Pickard-Cambridge to search for it in 


32 


August last, and to find it in the species figured by Couch as 
G. niger. The lesson of such a discovery seems to be that our 
flora and fauna is not so certainly worked out as we 
commonly take it to be, and that there are still rewards for 
those who will set themselves to the thorough exploration of 
a particular restricted area. 

Coming to the additional species of insects, which will 
probably have greater interest for you, we have no less than 
three species of LEPIDOPTERA. 

Ophiusa stolida, Fab., is a beautiful Noctuid whose habitat 
is in Asia Minor, North Africa, and Southern Europe. It 
was taken at sugar by our member, Mr. Jager, near Dart- 
mouth, in September. Its very fresh appearance when 
exhibited at our meeting points to its having at least emerged 
from the pupa in this country, and as Mr. Jager took it in 
the neighbourhood of its usual food-plant (bramble), it seems 
probable that it may have passed through all its stages in 
this country. The capture is recorded in ‘E. M. M.’ p. 269, 
1903, and a photograph and description appeared in ‘‘ The 
Queen” of December roth, 1903. 

Thalera fimbrialis, Scop., a Geometer of Central, Southern,. 
and Eastern Europe, was taken by the small son of Mr. 
Charles Capper at Beachy Head, in August, 1902, and has 
since been identified by Mr. C. G. Barrett (“E. M. M.,” p. 
216, 1903). 

Nephopteryx similella, Zinck., isa new British Phycid, taken 
by Mr. Bernard Piffard in the New Forest in June, rgo1, and 
later by Mr. C. Gulliver in the same locality. It is recorded 
by Mas iC. .G.iBarrett in Ba MMe pee aoos: 

In addition to these new species it is worthy of note that 
this has been a Carduwi year, the species being specially 
abundant during the fourth week in September, and Mr. W. 
Eagle Clarke’s experiences on the Kentish Knock Lightship 
point to the probability that the insects came on a light 
S.E. wind from the Continent. During the period of this 
visitation, Mr. T. Ashton Lofthouse took at Middlesborough 
a specimen of the Noctuid, Xylophasia zollikoferi, only 
twice previously recorded in this country (‘“E. M. M.,” 
Pp. 290, 1903). 

Deilephila livornica, a species of rare occurrence, has been 
bred by Mr. Jager from a larva obtained in Devonshire. 

COLEOPTERA :—F ive species new to Britain have been 
recorded. 

CEdemera virescens, L., though taken by Mr. Jas. Edwards, 
F.E.S., in central Norfolk, as far back as June, 1884, and 


33 


considered by him at the time to be @. lurida, has only now 
been identified as G!. virescens, a species widely distributed 
on the Continent (“ Es. M..M:” p./64,.1903). 

Hydroporus bilineatus, Sturm., was similarly taken as H. 
granularis in 1891, by Mr. A. J. Chitty, F.E.S., but is now 
identified by Mr. E. A. Waterhouse (“‘ E. M. M.,”’ p. 143, 1903). 

Tetropium fuscum, Fabr., 1s described by Dr. Sharp 
(““ E. M. M.,” p. 198, 1903) from a specimen obtained by his 
daughter, Miss M. A. Sharp, by sweeping in the New Forest 
in June last. A specimen of the same insect had been taken 
at Betchworth in July, 1901, by Mr. Herman Saunders, and 
identified by Mr. Champion, but not recorded at the time 
because it was felt it might be but a casual introduction 
CAM. Ms. cpt 2281903). 

Criocephalus polonicus, Motsch.,a Longicorn new to Britain, 
was taken by Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis, and all the stages in 
its life-history were exhibited by him at the Entom. Soc. 
London. At the same meeting Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe 
exhibited— 

Aphanisticus emarginatus, from Parkhurst Forest, as an 
addition to our fauna. 

Then, I may add, as new to Ireland though not to Britain, 
Soronia punctatissima, Ill., which Mr. Turner has recorded, 
in our ‘* Proceedings” (p. 41), as among the spoils of our 
joint visit to Co. Kilkenny in August, 1go2. 

HYMENOPTERA.—Two species have been added to our list. 

Odynerus (Hoplopus) stmillimus, Morawitz, a wasp, taken 
near Colchester by Mr. W. H. Harwood, is described by 
Mit Edward>Saunders, PUR.S., in “2. Me M.,” 1903, p. 6. 

Ammophila luffit, a species new to science, was taken by 
Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S., at St. Ouen’s Bay, Jersey, 
in 1goI, but not identified by him as a distinct species until 
he again took it in 1903 (“‘ E. M. M.,” p. 247, 1903). 

DIPpTERA.—Six additional species. 

Chamesyrphus lusitanicus, Mik., is a new syrphid fly taken 
by Miss Allard at Boat o’ Garten, Inverness-shire, in July, 
1902, and since identified by Dr. Sharp (‘ E. M. M.,” 1903, 
p- 197). 

Pachygaster nuinutissimus, Zett., is a species and genus new 
to Britain. It was taken at Wells by Mr. C. G. Lamb in 
July, 1902, and has been identified by Dr. Sharp. In 1903, 
whilst in the New Forest, Mr. Lamb and Miss Sharp 
captured three examples of another species, which Dr. Sharp 
believes to be a Neopachygaster, but is not yet quite satisfied 
AS EOGnevexack species (( 7. MM :;¥ 1903) "p.'221). 

3 


34 


Phortica variegata, Fall., a drosophyllid fly new to Britain, 
has fallen to the same enterprising collectors. Miss Sharp 
took it near Brockenhurst, and a few days later the same 
species rewarded Mr. C.G. Lamb. Recorded in “‘ E. M. M.,” 
1903, p. 248, by Dr. Sharp. 

Agathomyia viduella, Zett.—Two males and one female of 
this platypezid fly were taken in 1902 and 1903 by Mr. J. H. 
Wood, M.B., from a young sycamore in Stoke Edith Wood, 
and identified by Mr. Collin. 

Ceratophyllus dalet is a flea new to science, although taken 
some years ago. Mr. C. W. Dale obtained it from a wood- 
pigeon’s nest at Glanvilles Wootton, and regarded it as 
C. columba, Wulcken and Gerv., but the Hon. N. C. Roths- 
child considers it distinct from every known species, and has 
named it in honour of Mr. Dale (‘‘ Entom.,”’ 1903, p. 297). 

HEMIPTERA : 

Myrmecorts gracilis, Sahlb., is an ant-like bug, of which a 
single male was taken at Fleet, Hants, by Mr. E. A. Butler, 
and identified by Mr. E. Saunders, who describes it as one 
of the most interesting additions that have been made to our 
insect fauna for may years. It was taken near a nest of 
Lasius niger, and its ant-like form is no doubt mimetic 
(ee Miy Me, P 1903s p. 260). 

Kermes quercis, L.,a Coccid obtained by Mr. H. J. Burkill 
from Wimbledon Common in May, 1902, has been identified 
by Mr. R. Newstead, A.L.S. In July, 1902, the same species 
was found by Mr. Brockton Tomlin in Sherwood Forest 
(SE ave.” a908..pa57): 

To British Neuroptera there have been no additions, but 
it is worthy of note that a female example of Sympetrum fons- 
colombii, Selys, was taken by Mr. W. C. Boyd in June, near 
Trewoofe, in W. Cornwall. 

Agrion hastulatum, Charp., added to the British list on the 
strength of a single specimen taken at Aviemore by Col. 
Yerbury in 1900, has been taken in the same locality in 1903 
by Mr. J. J. F. X. King, who has been more fortunate than 
Col. Yerbury, for he is able to speak in the plural of “ typical 
specimens )(4E MoM. 1903 h0p. 202): 

In the domain of natural-history literature the year has 
not been very eventful. One of the most important scientific 
volumes of the year is— 

“A Monograph of the Tsetse Flies, (genus Glossina, 
Westw.) based on the Collection in the British Museum,” by 
Ernest E. Austen (printed by order of the trustees). 
Although there are only seven species of Glossina known 


35 


to science, the fearful results to man and his cattle and 
horses ensuing from the attacks of these flies gives the subject 
an importance of the highest character. So that the author 
and the B. M. trustees are fully justified in devoting a volume 
of 330 pages to the elucidation of this small genus. 

“A Treatise on Zoology,” edited by Prof. E. R. Lankester. 
Another volume—being the second fasciculus of Part I—of 
this scholarly. work has been issued, and deals with the 
Structure of Animal and Vegetable Cells, by Prof. J. B. 
Farmer, F.R.S.; the Foraminifera, by J. J. Lister, F.R.S.; 
the Sporozoa, by Prof. E. A. Minchin; and the Infusoria, by 
Sipe etickson, FAK SS: 

‘“*Man’s Place in the Universe,” by Alfred Russel Wallace. 
A book, the scope of which is sufficiently indicated by its 
title and the name of its illustrious author. 

““ Mostly Mammals,” by R. Lydekker. Athough this is a 
gathered sheaf of magazine articles, the interest is continuous, 
and it contains much matter that will be found highly sug- 
gestive to the student of evolution. 

‘““Coccide of the British Isles,” by Robert Newstead, 
A.L.S. A second volume of this important monograph has 
been issued by the Ray Society. 

‘“‘ British Mammals,” by Sir Harry Johnston, G.C.M.C. 
With coloured plates and illustrations by the author. A 
modern work dealing with the mammalian fauna of these 
islands has long been a desideratum, and this new volume of 
the Woburn Library will be welcomed by many. 

Whilst speaking of scientific literature I may be permitted 
to mention with regret the passing away of the ‘great 
philosophic writer, Herbert Spencer, whose monumental 
works clearly demonstrated the universal application of the 
doctrine of Evolution, and who was almost the last of that 
band of intellectual giants by which the Victorian era was 
distinguished. 

By far the most important research of the past year, so far 
as insect life is concerned, was the elucidation of the means 
by which that hitherto mysterious African scourge known as 
“Sleeping Sickness ”’ is disseminated. And this discovery 
makes the publication of Mr. Austen’s book on the Tsetse- 
flies specially apposite, although as one reads one cannot 
help regretting that its issue had not been hindered for a few 
months that it might have included the report of the Royal 
Society’s Commission upon this subject. For it has now 
been ascertained, I think beyond doubt, that one of the 
Tsetse-flies (Glossina palpalis) is the carrying agent by which 


36 


Trypanosomiasis is spread. It is within the knowledge of all 
here that the great scourge of certain parts of Africa is the 
Tsetse-fly (Glossina morsitans) which kills off buffaloes, oxen, 
and horses by tapping the blood-vessels of these beasts for 
purposes of refreshment, and leaving behind certain Protozoa 
known as Trypanosoma, which prey upon the corpuscles of 
the blood, and sooner or later reduce the victim to an 
emaciated condition which ends in death. 

Much controversy has raged over this subject; that is to 
say, as to the real nature of the disease called Nagana, or fly- 
disease—whether it was contagious in the ordinary way, or 
due to some irritant or morbid matter ejected by the fly. 
The natives believed that the diseased condition only followed 
actual fly-bites, and told how the fly avoids the neighbour- 
hood of human excrement, and was therefore absent from 
the immediate vicinity of the settlements. Explorers from 
the sixteenth century onward noted the effects of these fly- 
bites, and many imagined the proboscis had a poison-gland 
at its base, like the sting of the wasp. There were not 
wanting those, however, who held that the fly was a mere 
accidental concomitant of the disease, and neither a cause 
nor an agent in its dissemination. One is surprised to find 
Edward Newman in this company, and declaring with great 
conviction in the ‘‘ Entomologist ” for December, 1870, that 
the Tsetse was ‘‘a myth.” He says, “I have always protested 
against the importation of a myth like the Tsetse into the 
domains of science ; the mixture of truth and fable in matters 
of science is always to be deprecated.” The last statement 
embodied a very proper sentiment for any naturalist to hold or 
express, but so far as the Tsetse was concerned, I think the 
mass of the evidence then available strongly supported the 
views of the explorers and natives that the fly was at least an 
agent. However, in the year 1895, Surgeon-Major Bruce, of 
the Army Medical Service, was sent by the Governor of Natal 
to Zululand to investigate the Tsetse-fly Disease, or Nagana ; 
and his report gives a description of the fly, and describes 
his experiments upon it in relation to the native big game 
and such domestic animals as the horse, donkey, dog, and 
cattle. He traced out the distribution of the disease. The 
Tsetse-fly is not greatly unlike our Clegg (Hematopota 
pluvialis) ; but, unlike the majority of Diptera, it does not lay 
eges. These are retained not only until they hatch, but 
until the larva is nearly as large as the abdomen of the parent 
and full-fed. They are extruded as active yellow larve 
ready to pupate as soon as they have found a suitable hiding- 


37 


place. They emerge as flies five or six weeks later. Before 
feeding, the abdomen of the fly is so empty that the upper 
and lower walls appear to be in contact, but after a few 
minutes the fly has imbibed so much blood that the abdomen 
has swollen to such an extent that its lower walls are trans- 
parent and the colour of the blood shows through. Unlike 
the Clegg, both sexes of the Tsetse-fly indulge in the blood- 
sucking habit. Bruce kept some of these flies in captivity 
for some days, until their previous meal had become entirely 
assimilated and the abdomen resumed its empty condition, 
and then fed them daily upon dogs for periods varying from 
ten days to two months. The dogs remained healthy, and 
thus showed that the mere bite of the Tsetse-fly was not 
capable of giving rise to the disease. 

Then the flies were fed in turn upon dogs known to be 
suffering from Nagana and healthy dogs, with the result that 
these latter became affected by the disease. Many experi- 
ments were made, but briefly it may be said, that in all cases 
where the flies were fed first on diseased and then upon 
healthy animals, the blood of the latter yielded after a short 
interval countless examples of a Heematozoon, now known as 
Trypanosoma brucet. This Hematozoon appears to feed upon 
the red corpuscles of the blood, producing a condition of 
anzmia, emaciation, prostration, and finally death. 

So much for Nagana. In more recent years a disease 
called Sleeping Sickness began to spread with alarming 
rapidity among human beings in Uganda, and several vessels 
homeward bound from East Africa were found to have 
among their crews men suffering from this terrible com- 
plaint. Last year the Royal Society appointed a commission 
to inquire into this disease, which was promising to prove a 
serious bar to the colonisation of Uganda. The commission 
consisted of Surgeon-Major eles Colonel) Bruce, Dr. 
Nabarro, and Captain Greig, of the Indian Medical Service. 
The report of that commission has now been published, and 
forms most interesting reading. From certain facts com- 
municated to him by the doctor in charge of the hospital, 
who had detected Trypanosomes in the blood of the patients, 
Colonel Bruce got the idea that they might owe their 
presence to the attacks of Tsetse-flies, and he directed his 
inquiries to test this. As the results of his experiments and 
researches, described in detail in the report, we may regard 
it as being now established that the Sleeping Sickness is a 
human Tsetse-fly disease, and is caused by the activity of a 
Hematozoon (Trypanosoma gambiense, Dalton) in the blood 


38 


and cerebro-spinal fluid of man and monkeys: that the 
Trypanosoma Is carried from the sick to the healthy by the 
biting of a distinct species of Tsetse-fly (Glossina palpalis), 
and that the occurrence of the disease coincides with the 
distribution of this particular species of fly. Dogs and rats 
are only partially susceptible to inoculation, but efforts to 
innoculate guinea-pigs, donkeys, oxen, goats, and sheep 
have so far yielded negative results only. 

And now, in conclusion, a few more words concerning our 
own Society. One very noticeable feature of the last few 
years is the large extent to which photography has been 
brought to our aid. I do not intend to speak upon this 
subject in general, because that was done last year by my 
predecessor, who I may almost describe as a life-long photo- 
grapher, whilst some of us can only claim a few years’ 
acquaintanceship with the camera. What I regard as most 
important in the photographic exhibits here during the past 
year are the contributions to the life-histories of insects illus- 
trated by the camera, especially those of larvee and pupz 
shown by Messrs. Main and Goulton, and the very beautiful 
ova photographs of those gentlemen and Mr. Tonge. It has 
been decided by the Council to solicit prints of many of 
these photographs, and I have no doubt that before long a 
definite scheme for their preservation in albums accessible 
to members will be prepared. I feel quite certain that 
photography is destined every year to play a more important 
part in the work of the naturalist, and I quite look forward 
to see nearly all works on natural history illustrated by its 
aid. Everybody knows how often in the past the work of 
artists, who have illustrated our scientific works, has been 
spoiled by engravers and colour-printers who have not 
understood what they were reproducing, and who have failed 
to realise the importance of truthfully preserving every detail 
of the original design. We also want a wider use of the 
camera in the field, though, of course, there are many 
branches of natural science in which this is almost 1mpos- 
sible. The specimen posed in the studio makes a more 
attractive picture, but when we can succeed in getting 
photographs of the creatures at liberty and in their natural 
habitat, I think they will have a greater scientific value than 
those of bred examples under more or less artificial condi- 
tions. There have been almost endless portraits published 
of the well-fed animals at the Zoo; but I should like to 
know that the sportsman of the future, instead of journeying 
to far countries armed with a gun to help in the rapid exter- 


39 


mination of the big mammals and birds, would arm himself 
with the camera, and bring us back reliable pictures of these 
creatures as they roam their native forests and prairies. 
Such photographs would soon result in the improvement of 
the stuffed specimens in our museums, which are often set 
up in a manner that gives a quite wrong impression of the 
animal. 

And now, having detained you long enough, I will make 
way for my successor. There is no occasion to introduce 
him to you, for you all know Mr. Sich as an experienced 
entomologist ; one, moreover, who has paid great attention 
to the smaller Lepidoptera, which are not so generally 
collected and studied. Under his Presidency I look forward 
to a year of success for the Society, and I trust it will also 
be one of pleasure and satisfaction to him, who may rely 
with confidence upon the cordial co-operation of all his 
colleagues. 


EDWAKD) SYEP: 


40 


ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 


FEBRUARY t2th, 1903. 
Mr. E. STEP, F.L.S., Prestdent, in the Chair. 


Mr. Barnett exhibited a very lightly marked specimen of 
Ematurga atomaria and a very pale Tephrosia luridata (ex- 
tersaria), both from W. Wickham woods. 

Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited specimens of (1) Evasmia 
pulchella, one of the most brilliantly coloured species of all 
the Lepidoptera, belonging to the family Chalcoside ; (2) 
Campylotes histrionicus, belonging to the same family, and 
very un-moth-like in appearance; (3) Aveas galactina, be- 
longing to the Arctiidae; these three species were from 
Darjeeling. He exhibited specimens of Abraxas sylvata from 
Amersham, Bucks, and from Assam, which were almost 
identical in tint and markings. On behalf of Mr. Day he 
exhibited a box of Coleoptera consisting of some three dozen 
species taken in Cumberland, mainly near Carlisle, including 
Hydrothassa hannoverana, Omalium septentrionts, A gabus con- 
gener, Hydroporus incognitus, Quedius auricomus, Hydrobius 
picicrus, Stenus guynemert, Rhynchites cupreus, etc. He also 
showed a box of moths, chiefly of Pyralidz, from Assam, 
including representatives of some twenty-five genera. 

Mr. Enock exhibited a considerable number of lantern- 
slides to illustrate his lecture, entitled ‘‘ Notes and Photos.” 
His remarks and pictures dealt mainly with the transforma- 
tion details of the dragonfly Brachytron pratense and of 
Gonepteryx rhanm. 


FEBRUARY 26th, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. F. G. Cannon, of Hampstead, was elected a member. 
A Special Donation was announced of a large number of 


4] 


separata, consisting of articles on “‘ The Theory of Protective 
Resemblance in Insects,” by Professor Poulton, from the 
Author. 

Mr. Turner exhibited a number of species of Lepidoptera, 
Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera taken during a trip to 
Co. Kilkenny, Ireland, in August, 1902. He stated that the 
weather was very unfavourable to insect life, and most of the 
insects captured were common species. Perhaps the most 
notable species was the Coleopteron, Sorvonia punctatissima, 
of which there had hitherto been only a doubtful record for 
Ireland. The species had been found in some numbers in 
Cossus burrows in a poplar tree, in company with the closely 
allied species S. grisea. The list of species taken is valuable 
as a record of distribution, especially that of the Hemiptera, 
which have been very little worked in the country. The full 
list has appeared in the “ Irish Naturalist” (vol. xii, 1903, 
pp. £82, etc.) 

Mr. G. B. Browne exhibited a considerable number of 
species of Lepidoptera, and contributed the following 
notes : 

‘“‘ Aided by a successful fortnight at Deal and its vicinity 
in August, I have been enabled to add something material to 
my collection in a year that has certainly not been a favour- 
able one. In the ten days I actually spent at Deal I set 
over four hundred insects, and you will observe that I have 
shown the captures in that locality in some detail. Among 
them are extended series of Agrotis tritict and A. valligera, 
which were by far the most plentiful there. Representatives 
of most of the other species are also shown. It is possible 
that an inspection of the varieties of A. tritict will excuse the 
error I was unfortunately led into of recording this species 
in the “ Entomologist” as A. obelisca, an error afterwards 
corrected. 

‘*Among other captures are shown an example of Syrichthus 
malve var. taras, taken at Hailsham in the middle of June; 
some Porthesta chrysorrhe@a, bred from larve taken at Hail- 
sham at the same time; Papilio machaon and Arsilonche 
albovenosa, from larve taken at Wicken the previous year ; 
Dicycla oo, taken on a gas-lamp between Lee and Chislehurst 
last June; Apamea ophiogramma, taken in my garden at Lee; 
and also what I am told is Acidalia osseata, also taken at 
Lee; and Geometra vernaria, taken off a gas-lamp opposite 
my house. A railway embankment runs at the back of my 
garden, which no doubt accounts for the opportunities that 
come in my way there. 


42 


‘“‘T also show a locust taken at Deal. These were rather 
plentiful in the privet hedge there, and one came to sugar. 

‘“On my way home from the New Forest in the middle of 
July I took, in a field near Guildford, a worn specimen of 
Pyramets cardu.” 

Mr. Step gave a full account of a visit to Ireland in 
company with Mr. Turner in August, 1902, and illustrated 
his remarks with lantern-slides of the choicest views and 
various studies of wild flowers. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited a series of slides to illustrate the 
habit of various lichens. 

Mr. Dennis exhibited a series of slides illustrating the 
characters of various forest trees. 

Mr. Goulton exhibited some very fine micro-photographic 
slides of eggs of Lepidoptera. 


MARCH 12th, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. Hickman, of Kennington Park, and Mr. Furnival, of 
Harlesden, were elected members. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited living examples of the three 
European species of the genus Thats, viz. T. rumina, T. 
polyxena, and T. cerisyt. He also showed specimens of a 
Docophorus, probably communis, from a blackbird. This 
genus of bird parasites (Mallophaga) has a jointed appendage 
in front of the antennz. Giebel says that such a structure 
occurs in no other insect. He also says he does not know 
what use it is for. The use is tolerably obvious, viz., as 
Piaget points out, toact asa special guard for the base of the 
antenna when the insect pushes its way amongst the fine and 
often spiculated filaments of feathers, etc. The more difficult 
question is, what is it? How does a jointed appendage arise 
here? Is it an ordinary bristle remarkably developed? Is 
it part of the antenna, or what ? 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited series of Acidalia aversata and 
read the following notes : 

‘From a non-banded, reddish-coloured female, taken in my 
garden on July 16th, 1901, ova were obtained, from which 
fifty-six moths were reared during June and July of the 
following year, of which four were reddish in colour and non- 
banded, thus closely following the female parent; twenty- 
three were non-banded, but not reddish in colour, therefore 


43 


only partially following the female parent; twenty-nine 
were banded, thus in neither respect resembling the female 
parent. 

‘* From a banded female, taken on July 2oth, 1go1, within a 
couple of yards from the same spot, ova were also obtained, 
and moths were also reared in the following June and July 
to the number of fifty-two, of which sixteen only were banded, 
and thus resembled the female parent: thirty-six were non- 
banded, and therefore did not follow the female parent. 

‘“‘ In neither case was the male parent known, and it is quite 
possible that some ova may have been deposited by the 
parent females before they were captured; but assuming 
that to have been the case, it is worthy of note that in 
both instances the moths that did fellow the female 
parents were neither the first nor the last of the brood to 
appear, but were bred during the central part of the period 
over which the emergences extended, and at the time when 
the largest numbers were coming forth. I have on several 
former occasions reared broods from both banded and plain 
female parents, and whereas from 50 per cent. to 60 per cent. 
of the offspring of the former have invariably followed the 
known parent, I have never previously reared banded moths 
from a non-banded parent. It is quite possible that in the 
present case both females may have paired with males of the 
opposite form; but even assuming that to be so, the propor- 
tion of the progeny following the female parent appears to 
be less than usual.” 

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited two specimens of Larentia didy- 
mata, bred from larve fed on broom from Glenbeigh, Co. Kerry. 
They were remarkable in having a very reduced central 
black band, and in having all the markings very clearly 
defined with the ground colour very pale. Broom is a most 
unusual food-plant, Teucriwm, Anemone, and such like plants 
forming the ordinary pabulum. 

.Mr. Edwards exhibited the skull of a rabbit having most 
remarkable dentition, the result, no doubt, of an injury. 
Several of the teeth had grown to an extraordinary length 
and were most curiously curved. 

Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., the President of the Entomo- 
logical Society of London, gave a long address on “ Recent 
Researches in Protective Resemblance, Warning Colours, 
and Mimicry in Insects,” and illustrated his remarks with a 
very large number of lantern-slides. There was a large 
attendance of members and their friends. 


44 


MARCH 26th, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. E. Warne, of St. John’s Hill, Clapham, was elected 
a member. 

Mr. Jennings exhibited a series of the very local Crypto- 
cephalus bipunctatus, L. (v. lineola, F.), taken at Charing, Kent, 
in June, 1902, on hazel bushes. 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited hybernating colonies of the larve 
of Porthesia chrysorrhea, from Newhaven, where similar 
colonies could be found in almost every hedge. The larve 
were already beginning to wander, no doubt from the warmth 
of the weather just experienced. 

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited the two remarkable Ithomiines, 
Methona confusa and Thyridia psidii, from the Essequibo 
river, British Guiana, two butterflies which so closely 
resemble one another that they can scarcely be distin- 
guished except by the neuration. A specimen of the 
Methona was also shown from Paraguay, where the: 
black markings are less intense, and where also the Thyridia 
has undergone a similar change. Professor Poulton had 
referred to this remarkable instance in his recent address to 
the Society. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a very dark specimen of Smerin- 
thus popult, bred from a larva found at Bexley, Kent. Com- 
pared with a normal Kentish example and one from Suther- 
land, which were exhibited with it for the purpose, it was 
considerably darker than either, not only in the olive-grey 
markings of the fore-wings, but also in the red patch of the 
hind-wings. In this latter respect it much more closely 
resembled the Scotch than the Kentish form. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited specimens of the Dipteron 
Lastoptera rubt, a Cecidomyid, that makes swellings in the 
stems of brambles. They were bred from a gall taken recently 
at Reigate. 

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a large number of species of 
various orders of insects, collected at Amersham at the end 
of June, Igo2, and read notes on the district and its fauna 
and flora (see p. 3). 


45 


APRIL oth, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. Dennis sent for exhibition flower-spikes of the tooth- 
wort, Lathrea squamaria, from near Halstead, Essex. Mr. 
Step noted that it was a true parasite, generally found on 
hazel-roots, and that the date of its flowering this year was 
somewhat earlier than usual. Mr. Turner had found it in 
flower at Amersham in 1902 at the end of June. 

Mr. Boxer exhibited flower-spikes of the same plant from 
Shropshire. 

Mr. Main exhibited some large leaves sent to him from 
Ceylon, attached to the main ribs of which were pupa-cases 
of some species of butterfly. Unfortunately the imagines 
had emerged in transit, and could not be determined. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a short series of male and female 
Pligalia pedaria, bred from York larvz, particularly to show 
the intense black coloration which had been developed in 
both sexes. 

Mr. Fremlin exhibited under the microscope some gall- 
mites, which had attacked the black-currant bushes in his 
garden at Hackbridge. The buds of the bush were much 
enlarged, but had not opened out, and no leaves were 
developed from them. He called attention to the early 
appearance of the glow-worm this year, and Mr. Step said 
that his daughter had noted the same early appearance. 

Mr. Turner exhibited a type form of Crocallis elinguaria 
from Durham, and also a specimen of v. trapezarta, a form 
having a very dark central band across the fore-wings, taken 
in 1889 at Brockley. He also showed a short series of 
Cleora glabraria from the New Forest, and remarked on the 
species having recently been found in North Devon. Mr. 
Adkin said that the principal locality for the species was in 
the New Forest, but that occasional specimens were taken 
in various districts. 


APRIL 23rd, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. Harrison and Mr. Main exhibited a long series of 
Teniocampa munda, bred from ova laid by two females taken 
in Epping Forest. These two broods exhibited practically 


46 


the whole range of ground colour existing in the species, 
from clear whitish grey (pallida), through dark grey (grisea), 
to reddish ochreous (the type), and red brown (rufa). The 
extreme dark specimen was very rich and deep in tint. 
Many of the grey forms were speckled with dark scales, 
pulverulenta-like. The fuscous shade of the reniform stigma 
was very apparent in all. The orbicular varied much in 
size, and in a few specimens was very indistinct. In a 
number of the grey examples the central shade was very 
apparent, but in most of the darker ones it was scarcely 
perceptible. One or two grey specimens had the basal line 
very well developed, but the abbreviated basal line was quite 
absent in all. The elbowed line was but little traceable, 
except in a few specimens, in which the dots were in well- 
developed series. Most of the specimens had the full com- 
pliment of six well-developed black spots in the subterminal 
line (geminatus), the two central ones being large and jet 
black in all. The costal pair of spots were the least devel- 
oped, and in a few examples quite absent. In a few speci- 
mens additional dots were present, either just below the 
central pair or just above the inner-angle pair. It was: 
remarkable that there was no tendency to the form without 
the subterminal dots (¢mmaculata). He also showed a long 
series of Hybernia marginaria (progemmaria), bred from ova 
deposited by ‘‘ black’”’ parents taken in Delamere Forest. 
The series comprised eleven “‘ black’ males, twelve typical 
males, and fourteen females, of which eleven were either 
black onwvery. dark.9,. . 

Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited (1) specimens of the local 
tineid Blabophanes imella from Bonhill, Dumbartonshire; (2) 
specimens of Lita (Xenolechia) aethiops, a Gelechiid only occur- 
ring in the N. of England and in Scotland, from the same 
locality as the last species; (3) a series of Sztones griseus, 
taken on April r1th at Horsell Common, by beating broom; 
(4) living larve and cases of the following Coleophorids :-— 
C. genista, on Genista anglica, from Loughton; C. cespritizella, 
on Juncus, from Loughton ; C. pyrrhulipennella, on heath, from 
Horsell Common; and C. albitarsella, on ground ivy, from 
Ashtead. (5) Larve of Porthesia chrysorrhea from the 
Esterell, S.E. France, sent by Mr. Tutt; and (6) larve and 
cases of Coleophora auricella,(?) feeding on a labiate plant 
from Locarno in S. Switzerland, sent by Dr. Chapman. 

Mr.. Goulton exhibited a female glow-worm, and it was 
pointed out that the male, female, and larva all exhibited 
the power of “glowing.” He also exhibited a striking 


47 


variety of Noctua festiva in which the area beyond the angled, 
transverse, dark shade which passed between the stigmata 
was of a very dark, rich, chestnut brown; and a variety of 
Plusia gamma having the red spot much intensified, and a 
general red suffusion of the fore-wings, in place of the 
silvery gloss in the type form; it was referable to v. rufescens. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited the marsh violet (Viola palustris), 
from Oxshott. 

Mr. West (of Greenwich) exhibited specimens of three 
species of Hemiptera, taken at Box Hill on April roth, viz. 
Corimelena scarabeoides, Tropistethus holosericeus, and Zettt- 
gometra impressopunctata. 

Mr. Carr exhibited living larvzee and cases of a Psychid, 
Bacotia sepium, beaten from fir in the New Forest. 

Mr. Clark exhibited a piece of lead pipe which had been 
considerably gnawed by rats. It was a portion of a waste- 
pipe from a sink, and no doubt had become corroded by 
grease. It was suggested that sweet salts of lead had been 
formed by the acids of the waste, and had been a strong 
attraction to the animals. Several instances were adduced 
by members of pipes being bored by rats for the sake of 
moisture, and one or two members had known mice to have 
been the culprits. 

Mr. Step exhibited living specimens of Anthrenus 
muse@orum, L.; also photographs of the following flowering 
plants:—Toothwort (Lathrea squamaria), daisy (Bellis per- 
enms), wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa), marsh marigold 
(Caltha palustris), wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella), furze (Ulex 
euvopeus), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), and hawthorn 
(Crategus oxyacantha). The last named was photographed 
on April 11th, a very early date for May blossom. 

Mr. Turner reported that he had heard from several 
members who were abroad. Dr. Chapman, who was at 
Locarno, had stated that cold weather prevailed there, but 
that on April 2oth some twenty species of butterflies were 
noted. Mr. Tutt, who was at Alassio in N. Italy, had stated 
that the weather at Hyéres during the first fortnight in April 
was perfect. Mr. Sich, who was on the shores of Lake 
Como, had stated Papilio podalirius was quite common 
during Easter week. 

Mr. MacArthur and Mr. Cant reported that they had 
recently seen a furze-chat hawking successfully for Brephos 
parthentas. Several members reported that they had repeat- 
edly seen birds catch butterflies on the wing. 

Mr. Manger exhibited the shells of the pearly nautilus 


48 


(Argonauta argo) in various stages of growth, and read a 
short paper on the structure and habits of the species. (See 


ps a) 


MAY 14th, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. J. J. Shakespeare, of Kingston-on-Thames, was elected 
a member. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited (1). a pair of the very rare 
and local Graéllsta isabella, bred from larvee brought from 
Bronchales in 1901; (2) a piece of bark from Albenga (Italian 
Riviera) closely set with cases of Apterona crenulella, as 
were many trees there, over large portions of their trunks ; 
also imagines bred from Locarno, 1g02; (3) living specimens 
of Carabus auratus from Aix-les-Bains; and (4) newly 
hatched praying mantis (these had died on the way to the 
meeting). 

Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited (1) a collection of shells taken 
in the New Forest district. Except as regards the water-. 
shells, which are plentiful in the streams and some of the 
pools, the Mollusca do not seem well represented in the 
forest. The case contained eleven land-shells, thirteen water- 
shells, and a few sea-shells from the coast in the neigh- 
bourhood. The shells were collected only spasmodically, 
and no doubt there are other species to be found. (2) A 
photograph of pennywort, or navelwort, Cotyledon wmbilicus, 
taken on May 5th at Brockenhurst, which it was thought, 
when the plant was under discussion at some previous 
meeting, was near the eastern limit of its range in England. 
It was very common in the hedgerows around Brockenhurst 
at the beginning of May. Mr. M’Lachlan had pointed out 
that there were several localities given for the plant in the 
county of Kent in the recently published “ Flora of Kent,” 
by Hanbury. (3) A large spider, taken amongst hot-water 
pipes in an orchid-house at Virginia Water. Presumably it 
is not British, but whence it came is uncertain, seeing that 
packages came the same day from South America, Java, and 
Borneo. 

Mr. F. B. Carr exhibited living larve of Ellopia prosapiaria 
(fasciaria) and Bryophila perla, both from Brockenhurst. 

Mr. West (Greenwich) exhibited three species of Staphy- 
linide@ of somewhat rare occurrence, viz. Mycetoporus angularis, 
taken among dried leaves at Shirley ; M. nanus, taken at Box 


49 


Hill in moss, and Pseudopsis sulcata, obtained by shaking 
decayed vegetable matter at Oxshott. 

Mr. Step exhibited photographs of Panolis piniperda and 
Tephrosia punctularia in their position of rest on the trunks of 
trees. They were observed at Oxshott. 

Mr. Priske exhibited specimens of Testacella haliotidea from 
Acton. 

Mr. Kirkaldy called the attention of the’meeting to his article 
on “ The Maternal Solicitude of Female Insects for their 
Young” (“ Entom.,” 1903, p.113),and urged members to make 
observations on this subject during the present season, especi- 
ally as the evidence obtained so far was of a conflicting nature. 

Mr. Turner called attention to the fact of birds attacking 
butterflies, and asked members to observe during the year 
and make notes upon any instance they may meet with, so 
that a report may be prepared and published. 

It was suggested that members who were making photo- 
graphs of scientific objects should give the Society a print, 
so that an album or albums could be arranged, to illustrate 
some branch of Natural History. The ova of Lepidoptera 
was suggested as a subject to begin with. 


MAY 28th, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. Lister, of Eastry, Kent, was elected a member. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a very large female of Euchloé 
euphenoides from Cannes. Expanse 48 mm., about a quarter 
of an inch (6 mm.) beyond the size of an ordinarily large 
specimen, 30 to 42 mm. being the usual range. A few others 
of the species were shown for comparison, and some Polyom- 
matus baton and Fidonia plumistraria from the same place. 

Mr. Turner exhibited cases, with living larve, of the 
following species of the genus Coleophora :—C. artenustella and 
C. maritimella, on Artemisia maritima, from Benfleet ; C. nigrt- 
cella, on hawthorn, from Benfleet, and reported that one 
specimen of this species was found feeding on Smyrnium 
olusatrum, an introduced Umbellifer; C. anatipennella, on 
sloe, from Benfleet ; C. ibipennella, from Oxshott, on birch ; 
C. bicolorella, on hazel, taken by Dr. Chapman at Box Hill 
during the Society’s field meeting; C. hemerobtella, an un- 
common species, sent from Chiswick by Mr. Sich, who found 
it on hawthorn; and a number of young curved cases which 

4 


50 


had not been identified, found at Ashtead, on elm. He also 
showed a nearly full-grown larva of Phorodesma smaragdaria 
from Benfleet, where the species would probably soon be 
exterminated by the destruction of its food-plant in the 
repairing of the sea-walls. 

Mr. Kirkaldy exhibited a very curiously shaped egg of the 
common fowl, small, elongated, and similarly shaped at both 
ends. 

Mr. Goulton exhibited a specimen of the Coleopteron 
Phytodecta viminalis from Ranmore. Mr. Ashby said that 
the species had been somewhat common recently at Oxshott, 
on willow. 

Mr. West exhibited photographs taken during the Society’s 
meeting at Box Hill. 

Mr. Step exhibited photographs of Eupithecia exiguata and 
Melanippe fluctuata in their resting positions on _palings. 
These were taken during the Society’s meeting at Ashtead. 
Dr. Chapman remarked “that he had usually observed the 
latter species with its head close to the next pale and the 
body nearly horizontal. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited a number of specimens of the shell of . 
Limnea auricularia from the Thames at Kingston. 

Mr. Step read the Report of the Field Meeting held at 
Mickleham on May 16th, 1903 (see page 7). 


FUNE ith, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited (1) two specimens of Am- 
sopteryx escularia, one from Dorking and the other from 
Lewisham in the London suburbs, and called attention to 
the decidedly duller and darker colour of the latter example 
contrasted with the brighter country specimen; (2) a very 
dark suffused Hybernia marginaria (progemmaria) from Dork- 
ing, in which only the outer margin of the transverse band 
and the submarginal row of dots were lighter; and (3) a 
series of Dasycera sulphurella, bred from decaying wooden 
posts near Golding’s Pond, Loughton, and called attention 
to the sexual dimorphism, the males being much less bright, 
while the females have in addition a bright yellow longi- 
tudinal streak from the base, a yellow wedge-shaped costal 
blotch directly above the inner marginal blotch which occurs 
in both sexes, sometimes an additional short streak from the 


51 


base, numerous scattered shining scales, and antenne thick- 
ened by dense and large scales from the base to about half 
their length. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a larva of Thestor ballus, sent by Mr. 
H. Powell, of Hyéres, bred from the egg; and also an imago 
of Orina (Chrysochloa) tristis var. smaragdina, bred from the egg 
at Reigate (parent from pine, Lago Maggiore), but at large 
from last September as a full-grown larva till it was found 
this morning as an imago. Others have appeared during the 
past few days. 

Mr. H. E. Garrett exhibited a very fine series of Triphena 
fimbria, bred from larve obtained at Wimbledon Common 
in 1903. The varieties shown comprised (1) pale yellowish 
grey, the type fimbria ; (2) a darker ochreous form, var. rufa? ; 
(3) arich chocolate or mahogany-brown form, var brunnea ; 
(4) a dark olive-green form, var. solani. Dr. Chapman noted 
that the white wedge-shaped costal blotch was very con- 
spicuous in all the dark olive examples, but only slightly 
apparent in the lighter ones. 

Mr. McArthur exhibited bred series of Eupithecia venosata 
from the Shetland Islands. The examples from Cunnings- 
burgh in the south were much darker in ground colour, and 
often larger than those from Unst in the extreme north of 
the Islands. He stated that the larve were always found on 
Silene inflata, and never on S. maritima. 

Mr. Jager exhibited Habenaria conopsea, Orchis maculata and 
Ophrys muscifera from the neighbourhood of Dover; and also 
Aceras anthropophora from Reigate. 

Mr. West, of Greenwich, exhibited the rare Necrophorus 
vestigator, taken from a dead rook, and Harpalus servus, found 
under stones ; ; also the very uncommon Hemipteron, Gnatho- 
conus picipes, Fall. All were taken the last week in May, at 
North Denes, Great Yarmouth. 

Mr. F. B. Carr exhibited ova of Hylophila prasinana, which 
may be described as nearly flat, ribbed, and when laid they 
are entirely yellow, but after three or four days the centre 
turns to a red-brown and gradually becomes darker, the rim 
remaining yellow. Dr. Chapman stated that he had noticed 
a great resemblance between the ova of this species and 
those of the Acronyctas. 

Mr. Sich exhibited larve of Teaniocampa muiniosa from 
Brentwood, where it was somewhat local. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited beautiful coloured drawings of 
Ephyra pendularia, var. subroseata, the local Staffordshire form 
of the species described, ‘‘ Ent.,”” xxxv, p. 275, (1902). 


52 


Mr. McArthur reported having just bred a puss moth 
(Dicranura vinula), which had been lying over from Igot. 
The larva was from the Isle of Lewis. Mr. Enock has bred 
the same species, which had gone four years. Mr. Sich said 
that he had found the larve of this species on sallow growing 
at San Moritz, 6000 to 7000 feet elevation, and he had also 
found the larva of D. furcula at about the same elevation. 


FUNE 25th, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. Councillor Newbery, of East Greenwich, was elected 
a member. 

Mr. A. L. Rayward exhibited shells of Buliminus montanus, 
collected at Great Missenden, Bucks, on May 3rd, 1903, 
among herbage in beech woods. Mr. Step remarked that it 
was a very local species. 

Mr. Turner exhibited living imagines of Coleophora mgri- 
cella and C. fuscedinella, bred from Benfleet and Lewisham. 
larve respectively. 

Mr. Jager exhibited (1) specimens of the Orchid, Herminium 
monorchis, from Reigate; (2) examples of Papilio polydamas, 
from South Texas; (3) a larva of Chelonia plantagimis, which 
had been attacked by a worm, probably Gordius aquaticus ; 
and (4) a Tarantula sp? from India. Mr. West said that he 
had measured a Gordius, which exceeded thirteen inches in 
length. Mr. Turner, referring to the plant exhibited by Mr. 
Jager, said that he had not found it at Reigate, although he 
knew the district well, but it occurred in quantity near the 
Sevenoaks Road at Polhill, and also could be found near the 
zigzag road at Box Hill. 

Mr. Enock exhibited proteus, a very large species of Ichneu- 
mon, which had emerged from a pupa of Ewmorpha elpenor, the 
larva of which was taken near Woking last year during the 
Society’s field meeting. He also showed several slides he 
had made by means of colour-photography, a subject in 
which he was much interested. 

Mr. Dennis exhibited a specimen of the grass-pea (Lathyrus 
missolia) from Horsley. Mr. Turner said that the plant 
occurred also near Leigh, in Essex. 

Mr. Hall exhibited a specimen of fasciated flowers of the 
garden foxglove. The inflorescence had the general appear- 
ance of the flower of a large Campanula. He stated that 


53 


seeds were produced and similarly aberrant flowering occurred 
each year in his garden. 

Mr. West, of Greenwich, exhibited a series of the very 
local species of Rhyncophora, Polydrusus chrysomela, which he 
had taken on Chenopodium, in its old locality at Milton, near 
Gravesend, Kent. 

Mr. R. Adkin gave a short report of the Annual Congress 
of the S. E. Union of Scientific Societies which had just 
been concluded at Dover. 


ULE aGL MOO: 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. West, of Greenwich, exhibited several species of 
Hemiptera, which were taken by Mr. Ashby at Deal and 
Weymouth, and which he forwarded during the month of 
June, 1903—Podops inuncta, Liocoris cursitans, Pseudophlaus 
fallem, Rhyparochromus pretextatus, R. chiragra, Trapezonotus 
agrestis, and Aphanus lynceus, all from Deal; Salda lateralis 
from Weymouth. He also exhibited Eusarcocoris melanocephalus 
and Guathoconus albomarginatus from Horsley; and from 
Milton, near Gravesend, the Coleoptera, Afion malvea, 
Hemoma curtist, Cercyon littoralis, and C. depressus ; the last 
two species were found under sea-weed just above high-water 
mark. 

Mr. Sich exhibited a living example of Geometra vernaria, 
which he had just captured at Chiswick. 

Mr. Goulton exhibited a specimen of the local plant, Ajuga 
chamepitys, from Box Hill. 

Mr. Turner exhibited cases, with living larve, of what he 
supposed to be Coleophora celibipennella, which Dr. Chapman 
had just sent to him from Spain. He also showed living 
examples of C. badiella from Lewisham, and of C. cespititiella 
from Loughton, both species bred from the larve previously 
exhibited. 

Mr. Lucas reported that Mr. Porritt had taken several 
species of 42schna isosceles in the eastern counties. He also 
remarked on the appearance of Mimulus luteus in the ditches 
near Kingston ; numerous localities were mentioned for the 
plant by several other members. 


54 


FULY 23rd, 1903. 
Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. McArthur exhibited three female specimens of 
Argynnis aglaia of a very unusual size, the largest measuring 
2°92 inches (74 mm.), and a male which had the black 
markings much extended; also an example of Epinephele 
jurtina (vantra), in which the left marginal and submarginal 
areas were very pale. All were from Brighton. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited a specimen of WHelzaca tenebrata 
(arbutt), taken on Nutfield Marsh, Redhill, and the sawfly 
Pamphilius flaviventris, bred from a larva found in Tilgate 
Forest feeding on blackthorn last August. 

Mr. Sich exhibited ova of Geometra vernaria, which had 
been laid by the female captured at Chiswick. They were 
just on the point of hatching. 

Mr. Clark exhibited a specimen of the Heteropteron, 
Capsus lanarius, which he had just taken in his garden. It 
was remarked that the species frequently appeared among 
cultivated flowers. 

Mr. Step exhibited photographic studies of the greater 
broomrape, the rockrose, the foxglove, the wild strawberry 
(flower and fruit), the wood spurge; the spider orchis, the 
butterfly orchis, the fragrant orchis, the white helleborine, the 
bramble, and the great willow herb. 

Mr. S.R. Ashby exhibited a specimen of Polystichus vittatus, 
from Walmer, taken in June; and a series of Limobius 
mixtus and Lixus bicolor from Deal, taken in June. 


AUGUST 13th, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. Goulton exhibited several specimens of Hypsipetes 
sordidata (elutata) from Ranmore Common, including a green 
form barred with very deep black, and a wholly dusky form. 
He also showed a short series, bred from ova laid by a dark 
female of the above series, and pointed out that they were 
all lighter than any of the captured specimens. He also 
called attention to a female of the same species, which had 
yellow eyes instead of black. This last was captured in the 
Isle of Wight. 


55 


Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited a large number of Coleoptera 
he had taken this year at Salisbury and in South Devon. 

Mr. Ashby exhibited series of the local Coleoptera, Har- 
palus caspius and H. sabulicola, from Portland, taken in June. 

Mr. McArthur exhibited a specimen of Cossus cossus 
(ligniperda), taken at the electric light in King’s Street, 
Hammersmith, and referred to a curious habit of the species 
in flying rapidly round the light two or three times, and then 
dropping suddenly to the ground. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a series of Eupithecia exiguata, and 
contributed the following note :—‘‘ Two or three rather worn 
females of an Eupithecia were taken among others near 
Brighton. They were not identified at the time, but for 
some reason which I have not been able to ascertain, the 
captor thought that they might be E. fraxinata, but evidently 
had some doubt, as the ova that he obtained from them he 
sleeved in two lots, the one on ash and the other on sallow. 
Those on the sallow all died, while those on ash fed up well, 
and produced pupz. This led to the conclusion that they 
must be E. fraxinata, and more of the original moths were 
sent to me as that species. Although in a condition that 
rendered identification by no means easy, I had little doubt 
that they were referable to H. exiguata. To make sure, how- 
ever, I managed to secure some of the pupz which the 
ash-fed larvae had produced, and had the satisfaction of 
rearing from them the series exhibited.” 

Mr. West, of Greenwich, exhibited series of the genus 
Acalles among the Rhyncophora. He said that this genus 
is a very obscure one, numbering more than a hundred 
species. Thirty-four are found in Europe, and the remainder 
are distributed over other parts of the world. The three 
species exhibited were the British representatives of the 
genus, and were taken by beating dead twigs, principally 
oak, at Darenth Wood, in July, 1903. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited the larve of Nusoniades tages 
nearly full grown, from ova laid on Lotus corniculatus. He 
also showed a larva of Orgyia splendida, which differed from 
O. antiqua in being without the head and tail plumes of the 
latter species, although it possessed the brushes on the 
middle of the back. He called attention to a living example 
of Parnassius apollo he had just bred from Spain, as being 
exactly like the common Swiss form. It was characteristic 
of those he had met with this year, and quite different from 
the forms he had previously exhibited, as the result of his 
visit in 1902. 


56 


Mr. Turner exhibited larve of Phibalapteryx tersata, from 
ova laid by a female captured at Wendover, on the occasion 
of the Society’s field meeting on July 11th, and also larve 
of Spilosoma fuliginosa, from ova, some of them feeding up 
rapidly, while others apparently intended to hibernate. 

Mr. Step, on behalf of Mr. Turner, exhibited the so-called 
“bone” of the cuttle (Sepza officinalis), from the mouth of 
the River Exe, in Devonshire, and stated that such objects 
were Common on some parts of the S.W. coasts, the cuttles 
having probably been killed and consumed by conger eels. 


AUGUST 27th, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. Hare exhibited a variety of Acidalia aversata in which 
the outer half of both fore- and hind wings was suffused with 
dark fuscous. 

Mr. Dodds exhibited several curious aberrations of the 
male of Ocnerta dispar, more or less extensively streaked with 
the ground colour of the female. He had inbred the species 
for the last three seasons, and this variation had not ap- 
peared previously to the present year, except in one speci- 
men in the second season, which he had thrown away, 
presuming that it had been stained slightly in the cyanide 
bottle. The larva were sleeved on apple each year. 

Mr. Garrett exhibited a very small male specimen of 
Porthesia similis (auriflua), taken on Wimbledon Common 
on August 12th, 1903, and measuring only one inch in ex- 
panse of wings; also a female Polyommatus corydon, with 
blue marks along the costa of the right fore-wing, forming a 
broken streak from base to apex. The latter was taken at 
Purley on August 13th, 1903. 

Mr. West and Mr. Ashby reported that they had been 
warned out of the open sand pit in the centre of Oxshott 
Heath while searching for Coleoptera, because ‘it interfered 
with the birds getting their evening meal.” 

Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited— 

1. A collection of Lepidoptera made in Salisbury district 
during 1903, including Eugonia (Vanessa) polychloros, Neme- 
obius lucina, Polyommatus (Lycana) corydon, Lithosia mesomella 
(Romsey), Lithosia (aureola) sororcula, Eutricha (Gastropacha) 
quercifolia, Notodonta dicteaa, Acronycta tridens (from larva), 
one Leucania straminea, one Xylophasia sublustris, Triphena 


o7 


interjecta, Duianthecia conspersa, Plusia moneta, Amphidasys 
strataria (prodromaria), Eurymene dolabraria, Cleora lichenaria, 
Minoa euphorbiata, Eupithecia pulchellata, Numeria pulveraria, 
Mesotype virgata (Stonehenge), Orobena extimalis (margaritalis), 
and many others. 

2. Cabera pusaria, var. votundaria, bred. 

3. Plusia moneta, bred from Northwood larve, and co- 
coons of the same species, some of which were white, some 
yellow, and some mixed. He stated that the white cocoon 
dipped in water becomes yellow, and that the entirely yellow 
cocoons were spun by larve in metal boxes, the others by 
those kept in ordinary glass-top boxes. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited an example of Limenitis sibylla, 
in which the white markings were somewhat reduced in 
size, and partially obscured by a dusting of black scales. 
Also an example of Cleora glabraria, in which a dark patch 
extended over the basal third of the fore-wings. Both were 
reared from the New Forest larve during the past summer. 

Mr. Step exhibited the very large Heteropteron, Belo- 
stoma grande, sent to him from Trinidad, and there known as 
the “‘ Electric cockroach.” Its body measures over four and 
a half inches in length. 

Mr. West exhibited the three British representatives of 
the Heteropterous genus, Pilophorus, all taken at Oxshott in 
August, viz. P. cinnamopterus, on pines, P. perplexus and 
P. clavatus, on oak. 

Mr. Adkin remarked on the unusually abundant evidences 
of larval depredations in the gardens this season. 

Mr. Carr stated that he had in two days obtained no less 
than sixty male specimens of Orgyia antiqua, by assembling 
with a bred female. 


SEPTEMBER toth, 1903. 
Mr. E. STeEp, F.L.S., Prestdent, in the Chair. 


Mr. H. E. Garrett exhibited a specimen of Pyramets 
atalanta, with the red band on the left hind wing marked 
with yellow spots, and the right one also slightly marked. 
It was bred from Arundel larva in July, 1903. 

Mr. Goulton exhibited a living larva and case of Coleophora 
limosipennella, feeding on birch, from Oxshott, together with 
photographs of the larve of Cucullia verbasci, C. lychnitis, 


58 


Acronycta alm, Pterostoma palpina, and of a species of 
Eupithecia feeding on Campanula glomerata. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a series of Zonosoma lineanria, 
reared from West Sussex ova. The individuals showed a 
certain amount of variation in colour and the intensity of 
the central line, and in one a small wedge-shaped mark ex- 
tended inwards from the central at about one-third of its 
length from the costa. 

Mr. Main exhibited examples of three species of New 
Zealand butterflies, including Pyramets gonerilla. 

Mr. Carr exhibited living larve of Melanthia albicillata . 
and Cosmotriche (Odonestis) potatoria, and asked if any member 
had known the larve of the latter species to feed for two 
winters. At the present time he had larve not yet full 
fed, which had lived through the last winter and were 
apparently going to hibernate a second time. Mr. Carpenter 
thought it a most unusual occurrence, and said that no 
doubt the unprecedented bad summer was one of the causes. 
He had found that the caterpillars of butterflies had this 
year very considerably extended the length of their larval 
life. Mr. Adkin doubted whether ordinary single brooded 
insects had the power of going over a second winter in the 
larval state, although they might produce two broods or 
partial broods in one season. 

Mr. West, of Greenwich, exhibited a series of the Homo- 
pteron, Gargara genista, which he had taken on broom at 
Oxshott in September. The species was a very local one, 
and when he first met with it the males were in the proportion 
of twenty to one of the females; but when he looked for it 
at a later date, the proportion was reversed. 

Mr. Step exhibited seeds of the Chili pine, Avaucaria 
imbricata, which he had just received from Woodstock, Co. 
Kilkenny. They were produced on the large specimen tree, 
of which he had exhibited the photograph at a previous 
meeting. He also showed a photograph of the cluster of 
four cones at the end of a branch, and stated that the weight 
of,the cluster exceeded 164]lbs. He described the cones 
and their method of growth at some length, and stated that 
it was rarely that any number of seeds were fully developed 
on the trees in this country. 

Mr. Adkin exhibited a specimen of the flower-head of the 
yarrow which was of a very deep pink. He had found it at 
Eastbourne, where it was most conspicuous among a host 
of the ordinary white heads. 

Mr. Clark exhibited photographs of the ova of Eutricha 


59 


(Gastropacha) quercifolia, showing very clearly the remarkable 
dark and light banding. 

Mr. Carpenter wished to record the unusual occurrence of 
a species of butterfly copulating in captivity. He said that 
Mr. Joye had a brood of larvee from a bred pair of Pararge 
egevta, which he had enclosed together in a bandbox covered 
with leno, and exposed to the full sun. It was noted that, 
with the exception of Mr. Bateson’s experiment with Pieris 
napt and vy. bryom@, most of the records of such pairings 
contained an element of doubt. 


SEPTEMBER 24th, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. South exhibited (1) a short series of Aflecta nebulosa, 
reared from larve received from Mr. Thompson, of Chester, 
who collected them in Delamere Forest in the spring of 
1903. All the moths bred were darker than the typical form 
of the species, but only two of var. vobsont, Collins, appeared. 

(2) Series of Cabera pusaria, bred from larva obtained in 
September, 1902, from Oxshott and Wisley in Surrey, and 
from Epping Thicks, Essex. All the larve were beaten 
from birch, and as most of them appeared to be nearly full 
grown, they were allowed to pupate in the cages, to which 
they were transferred without any supply of food beyond 
that placed with them when collected. 

From the result it would seem that some of the larve did 
not obtain sufficient nourishment, and as a consequence 
produced undersized imagines. In the aberrant character 
of the markings these small examples resemble votundaria, 
but in the shape of the wings they do not differ much from 
the larger specimens with typical markings. 

Mr. F. B. Carr exhibited (1) specimens of a brood of 
Malacosoma neustria, bred from ova found on sallow in the 
New Forest. All the specimens were of the same dull 
brown shade, and none of the red tint, which he believed to 
be the normal colour. About half of the males were pale, 
and half were of the same shade as the females. 

(2) A larva of Cleora glabraria, which was taken in the 
New Forest at Easter and was still feeding. 

Mr. Boxer exhibited a collection of butterflies and moths 
from Durban, collected by Mr. W. T. Temple. 

Mr. West (Greenwich) exhibited short series of three 


60 


species of Hemiptera, taken from broom at Oxshott in 
September—(1) Livilla ulicis, (2) Dictyonota strichnocera, and 
(3) the rare D. fuliginosa. 

Mr. Adkin sent for exhibition from Eastbourne a spray of 
the tamarisk (Tamarix gallica, L.), and one of the sages, 
and communicated the following note: 

“TI do not remember to have often seen tamarisk blooming, 
and as some few bushes about here are in full blossom, I 
thought a sample might interest some of our members, and I 
am therefore sending a couple of sprigs of it under separate 


cover by same post. With them I have puta bit ofa Salvia - 


that is used here very effectively as a garden border plant ; 
you will notice that the flowers are insignificant and among 
the green leaves some distance down the stem, its effective- 
ness being due to the colour of what appear to be the 
terminal leaves of the shoot. I daresay you may be familiar 
with it, but it was new to me, and so I am sending it on 
the off-chance of its being interesting to others who may 
not have come across it before. 

‘* Lepidoptera are scarce here; of course one finds a fair 
number of ‘‘ blues” in their special haunts, chiefly Polyom- 
matus corydon, with just an occasional P. icarus, but so far 
not one P. bellargus has shown up. A few Aglais urtice 
and an occasional Pyrameis cardui may be seen. The only 
really common species is Plusia gamma, which since Monday 
has been quite abundant, although up to that time it had 
been seen only very sparingly. Even the drizzling rain of 
yesterday and the sea-fog with which we are favoured to-day 
do not appear to have affected its liveliness, but I have so 
far been able to detect no movement in any particular 
direction; it appears to simply hover about from flower to 
flower, whether on the downs, or in the gardens, or even at 
the window flower-boxes.” 

Mr. Lucas read the Report of the Horsley Field Meeting 
held on June Oth, and illustrated his remarks with lantern- 
slides (see page Q). 


OCTOBER 8th, 1903. 


The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. F. A. Oldaker exhibited series or examples of the 


following species of Lepidoptera : 


61 


Apatura iris, bred from larvee (Brockenhurst), June 30th, 
July rst, 4th, and 6th, 1903. The females were particularly 
fine. 

Gastropacha (Lastocampa) querctfolia, bred from larve 
(Leatherhead), June 30th, July rst, 2nd, 3rd, and 5th, 1903. 

Triphena tanthina, bred from larvee (Galashiels), June 23rd 
to 30th, 1903. 

T. fimbria, bred from larve (Arlington, Sussex), July 6th 
to roth, 1903. 

Pstlura monacha, bred from ova (New Forest), July 2nd, 
5th, roth, and r4th, 1903. 

Plusia moneta, bred from pupee (Tilgate), June 24th, 25th, 
and 26th, July 4th, 1903. 

Sesia myopeformis, one specimen, bred from larva (Dorking), 
July 2nd, 1903. 

Lophopteryx carmelita, one example, taken from lamp (Dork- 
ing), May rst; and 

Agrotis cinerea, taken from lamps (Dorking), May 28th, 
June rrth and 16th, 1903. 

Mr. E. B. Bishop exhibited a bred series of Plusta moneta, 
and read the following notes: 

“The specimens exhibited were reared from larvee found 
on April rath, 1903, on Aconitum napellus in a wood near 
Chinnor, @non I mention this fact, as in most records of 
this now comparatively common insect the larva has been 
found on Delpliniwm in gardens. Even in this case there 
was a cottage within a few hundred yards, and it is quite 
likely that the Aconitum was not truly wild. The larve 
were then very small, feeding gregariously out of sight in 
the spun-up heads of the plants, and would have passed 
unnoticed but for the presence of an entomological expert 
in Mr. Bacot. 

“Perhaps the following notes will be of some slight inter- 
est :—The larvee were fed up on Delphinium, and until the last 
moult (or possibly the last but one) were gregarious and 
retiring in their habits, their black tubercles showing up 
conspicuously against their green ground colour. Moulting 
appeared to be a very tedious process, sometimes necessi- 
tating almost a week of laying up in (at any rate the last 
moult) what could almost be called a special cocoon spun 
for the purpose. It is somewhat difficult to be quite sure 
of the habits of larvae in captivity, but I am inclined to 
think that after the last moult but one the gregarious 
habit is given up, though the larve do not yet feed exposed. 
One larva which I isolated spun a most elaborate retreat 


62 


for its last moult, drawing a small leaf closely together, 
closing up every aperture, and lining the interior with silk. 

“After the last moult the larva becomes a clear pale green, 
practically without spots or markings, and feeds exposed. 
The change in appearance produced by the last moult is 
most noticeable. I can only describe it in language which 
may sound somewhat archaic to advanced members. It 
seems like a jump in a single moult from a Micro to a 
Macro larva. 

“As has been noticed, the cocoon is white when spun. 
When it becomes yellow the change is presumably due to 
the action of moisture. The pupa is attached to the inside 
of the cocoon by cremastral hooks. 

‘“‘The singular and conspicuous process in the pupa, ex- 
tending far beyond the wing-cases, is no doubt a sheath for 
the very long proboscis, but even then it seems to me, in 
my superficial ignorance, much too wide for the purpose, 
though Dr. Chapman could no doubt explain all about it. 
In the exhibits herewith I have tried to illustrate some of 
the matter touched upon.”’ 

Mr. R. South exhibited (1) a series of twelve specimens . 
of Vanessa urtica, reared from larve that were taken from 
nettle when quite small and afterwards fed up on hop. 
Except in the case of three of the examples, no aberrational 
result was exhibited, and the variation in the three excep- 
tions was simply an encroachment of the ground colour on 
the usually yellowish space between the black costal spots 
1 and 2 on the fore-wings, and a narrowing of the reddish 
fulvous band of the hind wings. 

(2) Cleora glabraria; about twenty-five larve of this 
species were obtained from the New Forest, and appeared to 
feed well and eventually pupate satisfactorily. Only four- 
teen moths emerged, mostly of the ordinary pale speckled 
orm. Two of the specimens, however, were rather greyer 
than usual, and one was considerably suffused and clouded 
with blackish. 

(3) Acidalia trigeminata; a female of this species, taken 
at Wisley on July 5th, 1902, deposited about twenty eggs. 
The larve hatched in due course, and some of them, about 
half a dozen, fed up rapidly, pupated, and attained the moth 
state in September. The other larve hibernated, and could 
not be induced to continue feeding. Most of these died in 
the spring, and only two attained the perfect state, one moth 
emerging on June 2nd and the other on June roth, 1903. 


63 


Mr. Tonge exhibited series of the following species of 
Lepidoptera : 

(1) Conchylis dipoltana ; a short series taken near Brighton, 
August, 1903, by A. C. Vine, Esq. 

(2) Crambus alpinellus ; a short series taken near Arundel, 
August, 1895, by A. C. Vine, Esq. 

(3) Senta ulve (maritima); four males and one female, 
taken near Lowestoft, June 28th, 1903, by exhibitor. 

(4) Leucama straminea ; one specimen, bred from a larva, 
found on sedge near Low estoft, June 28th, 1903, by exhibitor; 
and 

(5) Leucania obsoleta ; one specimen taken near Lowestoft, 
June 28th, 1903, by exhibitor. 

Mr. Goulton exhibited photographs of the larve of 
Odontopera bidentata, Jocheera (Acronycta) alni, Sphinx ligustrt, 
Hemaris fuciformis, Biston lurtaria, Halias ‘prasinana, and 
Phorodesma smaragdaria. 

Mr. West, of Greenwich, exhibited a series of the local 
and conspicuous species of Hemiptera, Aradus depressus, 
taken at Darenth, under bark. 

Mr. F. B. Carr exhibited living specimens of the Hemi- 
pteron, Acanthosoma tristriatum, beaten from juniper at 
Salisbury. 

Mr. F. Noad Clark exhibited a fungus taken from a 
recently erected oak gate at Paddington. Mr. Step said it 
was a species of Pleurotus. 

Mr. Step exhibited specimens of the fungi Polyporus 
betulinus.and P. applanatus, taken at St. Paul’s Cray, on 
Saturday, October 3rd, together with photographs of Phallus 
unpudicus at various stages of its development. He also 
made some remarks on the various more or less unsatisfac- 
tory methods which had at times been made to preserve fungi. 

Mr. Step then gave an address entitled ‘‘Some Notes on 
Marine Fishes,” and illustrated his remarks with lantern- 
slides of the early stages of the sole, the full-grown conger, 
the white hound (a British shark), the early stages of the lump- 
sucker, the angler and the grey gurnard, the mature angler, 
the father lasher, the red gurnard, the streaked gurnard, the 
john dory, the boar fish, and the red mullett. He referred 
to the protective coloration of fishes, and showed slides 
giving the character of the shores where he had carried on 
most of his observations for some five years. 

Mr. Step also exhibited slides to show the settling habit of 
Pyramets cardu and Vanessa atalanta in nature on flowers, and 
the resting habit of Panolis piniperda and Melanippe fluctuata, 


64 


OCTOBER 22nd, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. C. W. Simmonds, of Tufnell Park, N., and Mr. J. 
Ovenden, of Frindsbury, Rochester, were elected members. 

Mr. South exhibited very interesting series of Zyg@na 
trifolii and A. filipendule from various localities, together 
with varieties, and some supposed hybrids, and read the 
following notes on the exhibit. 

“At the end of July and the beginning of August this 
year I made one or two entomological excursions to Wey- 
bridge and the district around. Although captures of 
insects on these occasions were not very numerous, the 
journeys were not wholly devoid of interesting result. A 
weakness for overhauling specimens of any species subject 
to aberration induced me to pay a visit to a spot near the 
canal where Zygena trifolit is fairly abundant in some 
seasons. This year, however, it was not common in its old 
haunt, and I only saw about a dozen there altogether Oddly 
enough, two of these were varieties worth taking, and a 
third had a small extra dot between spots 3 and 5. A 
few days later, in company with Mr. Scollick, I went 
down to the same ground, but there were then no ¢érifolit 
to be seen there, so we determined to hunt up the new 
home of the species, and after considerable roaming about — 
we succeeded in doing this. 

‘However, before we came upon trifoli we struck a colony 
oOhZe filipendule, and on examining the specimens, which, as 
the day was rather gloomy, were resting on the grass and 
other herbage around, we found several examples agreeing 
exactly with the form of the species I had previously 
obtained at Northwood, Middlesex, in May and June, and 
which were referred to var. hippocrepidis, Steph. (‘‘ Entom.” 
xxx, p. 181). We also found what was still more important, 
four mixed pairs of trifolic x filipendule; in all cases the 
male belonged to Z. trifolii. 1 took two of these pairs, and 
afterwards gave one of them to Mr. F. B. Carr, who informs 
me that the female deposited ova, from yenien he now has 
larvee feeding. The female of my pair also laid a good batch 
of eggs and the larvee subsequently hatched. Unfortunately 
I lost the majority through being unable to give them the 
necessary attention. At the present moment I have only 
three alive, but these seem to be doing well on a plant of 


65 


Lotus that I potted up for them after the bulk of the mischief 
had occurred. I hope that Mr. Carr will be more success- 
ful with his larve and get a fair number through to the 
perfect state. 

“In any case the fact is now well established that trifolii 
and filipendule do, only occasionally perhaps, cross in a state 
of nature. At Northwood the two species occurred together, 
but I never saw an instance of cross-pairing in that locality. 
As in the Surrey locality, the colony of each species was not 
far removed one from the other, but there was this differ- 
ence in the two cases. In the Middlesex district it was 
filipendule that was observed on a portion of the trifoli 
ground, whereas in Surrey it was trifoli: that had invaded 
the filipendule colony. Possibly, if search had been made 
among the Middlesex filipendule, mixed pairs might have 
been found; unfortunately this was not attempted. 

‘* As has been already stated, some specimens taken on the 
filipendule ground in Surrey, and, I may add, also bred from 
cocoons obtained there, were of the hippocrepidis form, and 
I cannot see that they are separable in any way from ex- 
amples of the same form taken with typical filipendule in 
May and June at Northwood. If other evidence were 
wanting, these July and August captures would prove that 
the form /ippocrepidis is not confined to the May and June 
filipendula. In his masterly treatment of the Anthroceride 
(Zygenide) Mr. Tutt (Brit. Lep.,” 1. pp. 414—546) devotes 
fully fifty-eight pages to an elaborate and exceedingly in- 
structive dissertation on trifolw and filipendule. He would 
seem to consider that we have two well-defined forms of 
trifolit, and he deals with hippocrepidis, Steph. (tutti, Rebel) 
as though it were specifically distinct from trifoli ; but so far 
as I am able to follow his remarks it would seem that he is 
not very strongly convinced that hippocrepidis can be separ- 
ated, as a species, from filipendule. Any way, the evidence 
he is able to adduce does not lend very much support to 
the suggestion that it is distinct. 

“Formerly I was inclined to doubt that the form referred 
to as luppocrepidis was the result of a cross-pairing, but in 
the light of recent observations I find that I must modify 
that view. <A fact of some considerable significance is that 
wherever filipendule and trifoli: occur at the same time, in 
a common area, and sufficiently near for the two species to 
intermingle, there we find the form hippocrepidis in some 
numbers. So far as my limited opportunities of investigat- 
ing the matter permit of any conclusion being arrived at 

5 


66 


on this phase of the subject, I believe that it is always the 
male trifolit that seeks the female filipendul@, and my reasons 
for this are—(1) The four mixed pairs found in Surrey were 
in each case trifolit @ x filipendule ?, and occurred in the 
colony of the latter species; two of the females had only 
just left the pupa, and their wings were not fully developed. 
(2) The form /hippocrepidis occurs among the colonies of 
filipendule, and not, so far as my observations extend, among 
those of trzfolit. 

“The time of year given for hippocrepidis (as a species) is 
May and June, but I have shown that the same form occurs 
also in July and August. If, as 1am now much inclined to 
believe, hippocrepidis is a hybrid resulting from the union of 
trifolu. and filipendul@, it may naturally be expected that 
slight differences would be exhibited in one or more of the 
earlier stages, and these Mr. Tutt has commented on from 
the very limited material at his disposal. The form is re- 
corded from a good many places, and I should suppose that 
there is no doubt but that the specimens have been correctly 
determined. It would be interesting, therefore, to know 
whether tvifolit was really absent from any locality in which 
hippocrepidis has been reported to occur.” 

Mr. McArthur exhibited a short series of Hepialus humuls 
v. hethlandica, taken in Unst in 1882. 

Mr. Dodds exhibited specimens of the Coleopteron, 
Corynetes rufipes, found alive in a box of cigars. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited a wedding cake, which had been 
under a glass shade in a confectioner’s shop in the city for 
some twenty-two years. The whole of the interior part 
had been demolished by beetles, and even the sugar had 
been closely riddled by their burrowing. Countless num- 
bers of dead specimens were lying around, and a few living 
ones were obtained by the members. The species was 
recognised as Anobium paniceunt. 

Mr. F. B. Carr exhibited a series of captured males of 
Orgyia antiqua, together with a series of examples bred froma 
captured female. The latter were much larger than the former. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited some very fine photographs of the 
larve of Duloba caruleocephala, Asphalia flavicornis, Sesia 
(Macroglossa) stellatarum, Eumorpha (Cherocampa) elpenor, and 
Theretra porcellus. 

Mr. West exhibited short series of two species of the 
Hemiptera, Microphysa elegantula, from Darenth, taken on 
lichen-covered trees, and Cardtastethus fasciiventris, from 
Box Hill, The latter is a rare species, 


67 


Dr. Chapman exhibited an album of photographs showing 
the embryonic development of Botys hyalinalis, and taken by 
Messrs. Hammond and Jeffreys. It consisted of five or six 
series of photographs taken at short intervals, showing the 
gradual changes in the development of the larva within the 
ovum. They were exceedingly well developed, and showed 
the smallest details very clearly, thus forming a unique 
record of embryonic growth from the moment of exclusion 
of the ovum until the hatching of the larva. This species 
is peculiarly adapted to such observation, as its egg is very 
flat and possesses an unusually transparent shell. 

Mr. E. Step exhibited specimens of Helvella crispa, Fr., 
and Clavaria coralloides, L., from Ashtead, and remarked 
that all the Helvelle appear to be rare in the neighbour- 
hood of London, though Cooke records several from Epping 
Forest. He said: ‘“‘On October 17th H. crispa was really 
plentiful at the foot of the chalk downs, and I could have 
gathered several pounds of it. Cooke describes it as only 
occurring one or two at the time—at most half a dozen—and 
gives the impression that it makes a dish greitly to be 
desired. Worthington Smith, however, says they have 
little flavour and are very tough. I should say they have 
too much flavour—an earthy one, like spinach,—but I did 
not find them actually tough. I should imagine that the 
taste for them has to be cultivated, and I regard them as 
better to look at than to eat.” 

Mr. Step also exhibited photos of the above species, and 
of Lycoperdon gemmatum, Merulius aurantiacus, Hygrophorus 
virgineus, Tricholoma nudus, Tricholoma terreus, and Pleurotus 
ostreatus. 

Mr. R. Adkin read the Reports of the Field Meetings at 
Limpsfield (see page 14) and St. Paul’s Cray (see page 20). 

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited specimens of Theofe endocia, T. 
foliorum, and Nymphidium lysimon, with figures of the larvee 
and pupz from Trinidad. All these were found to live on 
friendly terms with species of ants, and the ants milked the 
larvee above the anal segment. The two first species feed on 
cocoa, and the last on Cassia sp. 


© 
NOVEMBER ti2th, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. Jager exhibited a specimen of Ophiusa stolida, a Noc- 
tuid new to Britain, captured at sugar near Dartmouth on 


68 


September 23rd, 1903. It is a known inhabitant of Asia 
Minor, N. Africa, and Southern Italy. (See ‘‘ Ent. Mo. 
Mag.,’’ 1903, p. 269). 

Mr. J. W. Kaye exhibited two remarkable aberrations of 
Taemocampa stabilis : (1) A‘female example with shining pale 
hind wings, with the transverse line and lunule distinct; the 
fore-wings were brick-red. Thespecimen suggested a hybrid 
between miniosa and stabilts. It was taken at Caterham in 
1893. (2) A female specimen with grey fore-wings, the lines 
strongly black, and a broad black fascia passing through the 
reniform stigma. 

Mr. McArthur exhibited a specimen of Hippotion (Chero- 
campa) celerio, captured at Brighton by Mr. Clayton, at the 
railways works, on October 24th, (see ‘‘ Ent.,”’ 1903, p. 292). 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited a large number of the various 
species and forms of British Anthrocerids (Zygzenids), and 
contributed the following note: 

“Series of Z. meliloti from the New Forest. One specimen, 
with spots confluent on the right wing only. A series of var. 
hippocrepidis (Steph.) from Folkestone, and a series of three 
filipendule from Shoreham, Kent, for comparison. Chief. 
points of difference noted: The fore-wings in var. /ippocrepidis 
are broader, and in colour the males are a dark blue-green 
(more like the colour of Z. trifoli1). In the females they are 
light bronze-green, like the males and females of Z. fili- 
pendula. The hind wing of var. /ippocrepidis hasa very broad 
border of blue-green (like Z. trifolit), with a notch of the 
same colour, where the outline of the wing breaks in, just 
before it reachesthe analangle. In Z. filipendule the border 
is narrow, and the notch is not generally present. The var. 
hippocrepidis emerged from pupz, June 15th to 30th, 1902, 
and the Z. filipendule emerged July 21st to 28th of the same 
year. One specimen of Z. filipendule had all spots confluent. 
A series of Z. trifolit from Folkestone and Torquay, in- 
cluding the var. confluens, and a series of Z. lonicere from 
Ireland and Flamborough, for comparison. The latter from 
Flamborough were extremely large, being far and away the 
largest insects in the whole exhibit. 

‘““ A series of Z. minos from Wales (Abersoch) were also in- 
cluded.” 

Dr. Fremlin exhibited an example of Hemaris (Macroglossa) 
bombyliformis, taken this season in the New Forest. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited very finely executed photographs of 
the ova of Numeria pulveraria, Cpe autumnaria, and 
Hemerophila abruptaria, 


69 


Mr. F. Noad Clark exhibited flowers and a fruit of the 
strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), picked a few days before in 
Gloucestershire. Mr. Step remarked that the fruit took 
twelve months to perfect after the flower, hence the appear- 
ance of flowers and fruit at the same time. Mr. Clark also 
exhibited a photograph of the teazel. 

Mr. West exhibited a short series of Sitones griseus from 
Oxshott, where it was common on broom. At Yarmouth he 
had met with it at the roots of grass. Mr. Turner noted 
that he had taken the species at Woking on broom, and that 
it was more commonly taken near the coast; but very few 
inland localities being known. 

Mr. Step exhibited two species of fungus from Ashtead, 
Hellvella lacunosa, and Xylaria hypoxylon, the candle-snuff 
fungus. On behalf of Mr. Carr, he also showed specimens 
of Hypholoma epixanthus. 

Mr. Dennis exhibited a number of lantern slides, consisting 
of studies of flowers and foliage, and of illustrations of the 
geological formations in N. Wales, near Snowdon. 

Mr. Goulton exhibited lantern slides of lepidopterous 
larve and ova, and a few studies of orchids. 

Mr. Main exhibited numerous lantern slides of lepido- 
pterous larvee, imagines, and pupe. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited lantern slides of lepidopterous ova, 
larve, imagines, and pupe. 

Mr. West (Streatham) exhibited lantern slides of a large 
number of diatoms, and a few studies of flowers. 

It was suggested by the President that members exhibiting 
slides of ova and larve of Lepidoptera should make prints 
of their chief exhibits, and give them to the Society towards 
the formation of an album for future reference. 


NOVEMBER 26th, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


The evening was devoted to an exhibition of varieties, 
special forms, and notable captures in all orders. 

Mr. J. A. Clark exhibited a gynandromorphous specimen 
of Cyamris argiolus, taken in Yorkshire in May, 1903. The 
left side wings were female and the right side were male in 
coloration. He also showed a uniformly smoky example of 
Ligdia adustata, taken at Bexley in March, 1903. 

Mr. Chittenden exhibited the following forms and varieties : 


70 


—Four Heodes (Chrysophanus) phlaas, one dark and one light 
(from Ashford, Kent, 1895), one with blue spots on hind wings; 
four female Nyssa lapponaria, bred 1903, Perthshire; six 
Hypsipetes (Hydriomena) elutata, moorland forms, Yorks., 1903; 
one example of H. elutata with red bars on.the fore-wings, 
Ashford, Kent, 1903; four Spfilosoma lubricepeda v. radiata, 
black fringed, very dark, bred near Huddersfield, 1903; and 
eight other dark specimens of the same form from the same 
source. 

Mr. MacArthur exhibited three aberrant specimens of 
Amorpha (Smerinthus) populi—(1) a very pale example; (2) a 
strongly reddish example; (3) an unusually well-marked 
male specimen; and (4) a photograph of a remarkable 
underside of Pieris rapa, in which the lower wing had two 
large distinct black spots on the disc. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited specimens of Argynmis aglata, 
taken near Brighton in July last, including a male example, 
in which the dark marginal markings were extended inwards, 
in the case of the fore-wings coalescing with the submarginal 
spots, and in that of the hind wings enclosing them; and 
on the underside the silvery basal spots were elongated, and: 
joined upwith the second row, thus forming three broad silvery 
stripes, extending from the base nearly to the centre of the 
wing. One in ‘which the submarginal black spots were 
unusually large ; and three unusually richly coloured females. 
Also a partially bleached female specimen of Epinephele 
taniva from the same locality; a male specimen of Cleora 
glabraria in which a black patch extended from the base to 
near the centre of the fore-wings, from the New Forest ; 
strongly marked examples of Zonosoma linearia from Good- 
wood; anda specimen of Smerinthus ocellatus-populi hybrid, 
which emerged, July roth, 1903, from a larva reared in 
1go1, it having remained for two years all but one month 
in pupa. 

Mr. Adkin also exhibited a long series of Boarnmua repan- 
data from various English, Scotch, and Irish localities, to 
show the great local variation which occurs in that species. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a large number of specimens of 
Heodes (Chrysophanus) phi@as, taken in various parts of 
Western Europe, especially to illustrate the geographical 
and seasonal variation of the species, rather than to show 
the range of aberration to which it was subject. He made 
particular reference to the size, and the influences which 
control it; to the form, particularly with regard to the tail 
development ; and to the colour, its richness, increase or 


il 


decrease of the ground colour, and all intensities of suffusion. 
He discussed the varieties v. suffusa, V. eleus, and ab. schmidti 
with special reference to Mr. Pickett’s exhibit, and also 
pointed out the peculiarities of the Lapland forms which are 
ranged under v. hypophig@as. In conclusion he stated that 
the predominant Central European form was typical H. 
phleas, that of Southern Europe was H. phlaas var. eleus, 
and that of Lapland, etc., was the form H. phle@as var. hypo- 
phleas, although each race had the capability of producing 
the other forms, and did do so in nature. 

Mr. Moore exhibited a specimen of H. phleas from the 
Himalayas, from which almost the whole of the copper had 
disappeared from the fore-wings while the hind wings were 
normal, and also specimens from America (Indiana to Cape - 
Breton) somewhat small but closely resembling the Lapland 
form H. hypophleas. 

Mr. Carpenter exhibited several series of beautiful bred 
specimens of separate broods from Abbot’s Wood, Folkestone, 
and Bude. Each brood had a facies peculiar to itself, 
although the divergence was but small. 

Mr. Montgomery a long series with many pale and sparsely 
spotted specimens which had emerged late in November. 

Mr. Harrison and Mr. Main exhibited (1) bred series of 
Dianthecia conspersa (nana) and Eupithecta venosata from the 
Shetland Islands, with south-country typical specimens for 
comparison. The Shetland D. conspersa were all very much 
darker than our southern forms, and some were almost black. 
The £. venosata had a dull smoky colour for the ground 
colour of all the wings, very different from the yellowish 
colour of the type. 

(2) Series of Aflecta nebulosa, bred from larve collected in 
Delamere Forest this year. Some of the specimens were of 
the usual dark form from Delamere, and several were the form 
known as var. vobsont. For comparison, specimens were 
shown from Cornwall, New Forest, and Argyllshire, all of 
which were much lighter than the Delamere series. 

(3) A series of Noctua brunnea, bred from larve taken this 
year in Delamere Forest. 

(4) A series of Notodonta dromedarius, bred from larve 
taken in Delamere Forest in September, 1902. These appeared 
to be a decidedly darker race than the southern form. 

(5) A specimen of Euchelia jacobee, bred from New Forest 
larve. This specimen had the hind wings and markings on 
the fore-wings of a very pale pink or salmon colour. 

(6) A bred series of Noctua bata, from larve taken in Dela- 


72 


mere Forest this year. They showed a considerable amount 
of variation, and there was one particularly pale specimen. 

(7) Series of Hipparchia (Satvrus) semele from Cornwall 
and from Eastbourne. The specimens from the chalk at 
Eastbourne had the undersides of all the wings much lighter 
than the Cornish specimens. 

(8) Aseries of Melanargia galatea from Cornwall. 

Dr. John H. Spitzby exhibited and discussed the variation 
of (1) series of Edmund Reitter’s group of Carabi multi- 
setosi (seta in groups on labial palpi); interesting because 
this group is placed about the middle of the groups into 
which Reitter divides the genus Carabus.  Platycarabus 
creutzert, from Austria ; Platycarabus depressus, from Austrian 
Alps; Chetocarabus intricatus, Jura and Austria; Chetocara- 
bus adoms, Greece; Mesocarabus catenulatus, Jura, France, 
England and Scotland; Mesocarabus genet, Corsica; Mego- 
dontus violaceus, Lake of Lucerne, England (Leicester and 
Kent) ; Megodontus v. purpurascens, France and Austria. 

(2) Series of varieties of Cetonta aurata and Potosia cuprea. 
Cetomia aurata v. piligera, Switzerland; v. lucidula, Monte 
Bré, Lugano; v. pisana, Monte Bré, Lugano; v. valeszaca, 
France; v. /ispanica, Malaga; Potosia cuprea v. cuprea, 
Lugano; v. obscura, Lugano ; v. metallica, Lugano; v. trans- 
fuga, Italy. 

(3) Potosta affinis v. mirifica, Syria; Cetonischma eruginosa, 
Lugano ; and C. speciosa v. jousselini, Syria. 

Dr. Sequiera exhibited a box of most interesting and 
remarkable varieties of Lepidoptera, including Vanessa 10, 
uniformly suffused with slate-blue; Catocala nupta, with 
smoky-black margins ; Polygonia c- album, an underside with- 
out any trace of the usually conspicuous white ‘‘comma ” 
mark ; Hemerophila abruptaria, strongly marked melanic 
forms from the New Forest ; Nemeophila russula, female with 
wholly black hind wings; Colias edusa, with pale scales 
uniformly strewn over the black portions, making the marginal 
bands very ight; and Anthrocera (Zygena) filipendule, with 
very pale salmon markings. 

Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited specimens of (1) Labidura 
vipartia, which had the last two seasons been found somewhat 
commonly near Bournemouth. They were extremely pale, 
resembling the sand, but get dark in drying. He said that 
the lightest specimen had not faded much. 

(2) A pupa of Lucanus cervus, and stated that it was found 
in a kind of cocoon, but the appendages were free, as in the 
specimen at present. 


73 


Mr. Simmonds exhibited a long series of bred Cucullia 
gnaphaliu from Sevenoaks, and a variety of Epunda lichenea 
without the usual reddish or greenish markings, very uni- 
formly mottled and pale, and which may perhaps correspond 
to var. calvescens of Polia flavicincta, a pale form induced by 
its environment. 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited a long series of Bryophila muralis 

(glandifera) and B. perla, and one specimen of B. impar 

(Warren) for comparison, micro-photos. of the eggs of the two 
former species (by A. E. Tonge, Esq.), preserved larve and 
empty pupa-cases of both species, and a specimen of the 
Ichneumon fly (Celichnewmon consinulis, Wesm), together 
with an empty B. glandifera pupa-case from which an 
ichneumon imago had emerged. 

The series of B. glandifera included the various shades of 
green of the type, a pink form from the Isle of Wight, a 
black form from the same place, very dark forms from S. 
Devon, and including vars. pallida, obscura, flavescens, and 
viridis (Tutt) and var. par (Hub). 

The series of B. pevla ranged from very pale type specimens 
to very dark ones, and a row of the var. suffusa (Tutt). 

Among them were two specimens, male and female, of a 
very striking variety—the fore-wing of both are pearly white, 
the usual markings just discernible, and the wings have the 
appearance of being dusted over with flour. The scales have 
not been rubbed off, and are plainly to be seen under a glass, 
and the fringes on the fore-wings are perfect, as are those on 
the hind wings, with the exception of a small notch jarred 
off when removing the insects from the setting board. 
One of the insects was drying its wings when taken, and 
both were taken within a foot of each other, on the same 
wall, where very pale specimens of B. glandifera have been 
taken in other years. Another specimen was not only suf- 
fused with red, but the markings were nearly all of the same 
colour. 

Mr. G. B. Browne exhibited the following :—(1) A series of 
A plecta (herbida) prasina and A. nebulosa, taken at Hailsham, 
June, 1903, together with a light form of A. nebulosa, taken 
in the New Forest, July, 1902, and dark forms taken at 
Sutton Coldfield, in 1go2. 

(2) Polyommatus (Lycena) icarus (alexis) ; a few specimens 
taken at Folkestone, in June, 1g02, one female showing a 
bleached hind wing. 

(3) Heodes (Chrysophanus) phl@as ; a short series taken in 
various places to show local forms. 


74 


(4) Camptogramma bilineata; a few varieties taken at 
Folkestone, in June, 1903. 

(5) Luperina testacea ; a very light form taken at Lee. 

(6) Melanthia ocellata, with very dark black band; taken 
at Dawlish, July, 1903. 

(7) Tenocampa munda; a brown form, taken at Chisle- 
hurst, 1902. 

Mr. H. Main exhibited two living examples of Blatta 
australasie found among imported bananas. 

Mr. Dods exhibited some very remarkable and aberrant 
bred male forms of Ocnerta dispar, in which irregular and 
unsymmetrical patches of white appeared on all four wings ; 
in some specimens the total area of these patches quite 
equalled half the area of the wings. The species had been 
inbred for three years, and the larve sleeved on apple in the 
garden. 

Mr. E. C. Goulton exhibited, among others, an example of 
Eubolia linitata from Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, having a 
decided yellow ground. 

Mr. West (of Greenwich) exhibited his collection of one 
hundred and sixty-six species of British Homoptera and: 
twenty-one species of Psyllina, all collected within the last five 
years in Kent and Surrey, and with one exception (Cicadetta 
montana) taken by himself. No less than one hundred and 
twenty-four species were taken within three miles of his 
home near Blackheath. 

Mr. Dobson exhibited twenty-six species of dragonflies 
collected by himself during 1903. Among the species were 
a remarkable extreme form of Lzbellula quadrimaculata, var. 
preanubila, Anax iwmperator, Gomphus vulgatissimus, Aischna 
mixta, Ischnura pumilio, and Agrion mercuriale. This was a 
notable result for a year in which the absence of sunshine 
was so marked a feature. He also exhibited an admirable 
wire frame, invented by himself, to form a stand for an 
exhibition box or cabinet drawer. 

Mr. Jager exhibited an example of Phryxus (Deilephila) 
livornica, which he had bred, September 27th, 1902, from a 
larva found at large in S. Devon, at Starcross. 

Mr. C. P. Pickett exhibited varieties and aberrations of 
the following species: 

Epinephele jurtina (vanira) ; several bleached specimens, 
one male with female coloration, the brown patches on fore- 
wings being exceptionally large; a long row of undersides, 
the marking being more striking than usual; from Dover, 
August, 1903. 


ey 


Polyommatus (Lycena) corydon ; very long series, both male 
and female, with some remarkable undersides. Males: dwarf 
specimens (no larger than Cupido mimima) to extra large. 
Females: dwarf to extra large imagines, one of a brown 
coloration, several deep shotted and striated, one almost 
black in colour and without any markings; several of ab. 
imequalis (undersides varied in coloration from blackish grey 
to almost the normal male coloration); all from Dover, 
August, 1903. 

Cyamris argiolus; series of deep-banded females, from 
Worthing, August, 1902; the black bands exceptionally deep 
and rich in colour. 

Heodes phleas ; series from Dover, August, Ig0I, Ig02, and 
1903. Males of 1903 are much more suffused than usual ; 
two females with a row of blue dots on under wings. 

Arctia catia; series bred from Tottenham larve, 1903. One 
specimen with markings running lengthwise, giving it a 
curious appearance. 

Callimorpha dominula ; series bred from larve taken Easter, 
1903, Walmer. Three with the under wings much suffused, 
more proportion of black than scarlet. 

Abraxas grossulariata ; bred from Tottenham larve. One 
very dark female, one very light male, appertaining to var. 
laticolor. 

Spilosoma lubricipeda and var. radiata; series, ranging 
from a plain lubricipeda to darkest (almost wholly black) 
radiata. 

Angerona prunarta ; showing the newly described aberra- 
tions “picketlaria and pallidaria ; several deep-banded males 
with chocolate hind wings; a bleached male of a cream 
colour; a banded male appertaining to the plain orange 
form; a deep chocolate-banded female with right-hand 
upper-wing chocolate band suffused with yellow, as if going 
back to orange type ; bred June, 1903. 

Aphantopus (Epinephele) hyperanthus ; specimen attacked by 
a bird while sitting, showing the mark of the bird’s beak on 
both wings; taken at Clandon, July 18th, 1903. 

Mr. Cannon exhibited the following species of Lepidoptera: 

Euvanessa antiopa; series bred June, 1902, from ova 
deposited ‘by female» from S: of Prance;* no variation ; 
several imagos failed to emerge, probably owing to lack of 
warmth. 

Limenitis sibylla; female, underside, variety, right second- 
ary damaged; taken at Clay Hill, New Forest, July 4th, 
1897, almost identical with a figure in Newman’s “ British 


76 


Butterflies.” Upper side not completely black, but shewed 
faint white markings both on primaries and secondaries. 

Melitea aurinia ; series bred from Irish larve, June, 1903. 
No striking varieties. Thirty-three per cent. of the pupe 
did not emerge as imagos, owing to the inclement weather. 
The pupz contained “perfectly formed insects, and were 
quite up to full size. Every care and attention were given to 
the larvae, very few of which were stung by ichneumons. 

Cenonympha davus, var. vothliebi; series taken at Withers- 
lack, July, 1903. Typical except one male, which has the 
primaries partly bleached. Saw a female deposit on the 
beak rush, which was forwarded to Mr. Frohawk, who states 
that the larva will not feed on the rush, but feeds up on 
common grasses in confinement. 

Argynms (Brenthis) euphrosyne; a strongly marked female, 
taken in May, 1901, near Reading, Berks. Strongly marked 
on upper side of primaries, underside normal. 

Carsia imbutata ; series taken at Witherslack, July, 1903. 
One of the specimens agrees with the third figure in New- 
man’s ‘ British Moths.” 

Xanthia ocellaris; one taken in November, 1894, and 
another taken in October, 1899. 

Mr. Manger exhibited a case containing twenty-two species 
of the gorgeous South American Nymphalid genera Cata- 
gramma, Perisama, and Callicore, including Perisama 
(Catagramma) oppelu, Perisama (Catagramma) lineata, Perisama 
(Catagramma) alicia, Catagramina peristera, Callicore (Cata- 
gramma) nystog rrapha, Callicore (Catagramma) marchalit, 
Catagramma hydaspes, Catagramma columbiana, Catagramma 
cyllene, Catagramma humboldtu, Catagramina eunomia, Cata- 
gramma mionina, Catagramimayjanetra, and Catagramma sorana. 
‘Most of the species of these genera are of a Velvety black, 
with blue, green, crimson, or ochreous bands and markings 
on the upper sides, while on the under surfaces of the wings 
there are numerous types of curious arrangements of spots, 
bands, and rings, one section being known as the “ Eighty- 
eights,” on account of the similarity of the markings to the 
figures 88. 

Mr. Schooling exhibited a varied series of Sfzlosoma fult- 
ginosa, bred from ova, and also a fine series of Xylocampa 
areola (lithorhiza). 

Mr. E. Step exhibited a series of fifty-six photos. of British 
fungi, illustrating the genera Scleroderma, Lycoperdon, Phallus, , 
Sparassts, Helvella, Clavaria, Thelephora, Merulius, Dedalea, 
Polystictus, Fomes, Fistulina, Boletus, Coprinus, Hypholoma, 


77 


Paxillus, Pholhiota, Cantharellus, Hygrophorus, Pleurotus, Lac- 
caria, Lactarius, Russula, Tricholoma, Amamta, and Xylaria. 
The following members brought microscopes and exhibited 
a considerable number of objects under them :—Messrs. Cant, 
Edwards, Fremlin, N. D. Warne and West (Streatham). 


DECEMBER oth, 1903. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. R. S. Smallman, of Herne Hill, and Mr. Ansorge, of 
Kingston-on-Thames, were elected members. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited an example of a floral mimetic 
Orthopteron, and contributed the following note: 

“The specimen that I exhibit is closely allied to, if it 
is not identically the same as Gongylus gongyloides, a 
floral simulator, a species found at Midnapur, where 
Sontal women and children hunted them out and 
brought them in, hanging on twigs of a bush. They are 
said to be found on rose bushes, and at Midnapur 
were known as rose-leaf insects, from the circumstance 
that when the insect is more developed and furnished 
with wings, the foliaceous appendages are said greatly to 
increase in size and exactly to resemble rose leaves. Dr. 
Anderson, however, was disposed to think that more 
than one species might probably occur in the Midnapur 
district. They feed upon houseflies and grasshoppers, the 
former being preferred, as the latter are too strong for them; 
but they will also eat small fragments of plaintain and 
custard apple. The species was shown to the members 
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1877 by Dr. I. Ander- 
son. 

Mr. McArthur exhibited (1) a male specimen of Hepialus 
humult from Shetland, showing white patches on the under- 
side of exactly the colour of the white upper side. The 
scales were noted to be fully developed. (2) Two examples 
of Dianthecia nana (conspersa) from the Isle of Lewis, both of 
which were very dark, together with five examples from 
Shetland, all of which were lighter, two considerably lighter, 
from the presence, more or less, of orange patches. 

Mr. West, of Greenwich, exhibited two species of aquatic 
Heteroptera from near Montreal, the huge Belostoma 
americana, and the smaller Zaitha fluminea. He also 
exhibited a Cicadid from the same locality, Cicada tibicen. 


78 


Mr. Dobson exhibited a very light specimen of Amphipyra 
pyramidea, taken in his garden this year. He stated that, 
although he had sugared persistently in the same place for 
thirty-eight years, he had never before taken the species at 
Malden. For comparison he showed an ordinary New 
Forest form which was distinctly suffused with mahogany 
colour. 

On behalf of his son, he exhibited (1) a bred specimen of 
Pygera curtula, which was deep in colour, with a light- 
coloured example taken on a lamp at Malden; (2) a series 
of large and rich examples of Sfilosoma fuliginosa, bred, with 
a small one captured in the New Forest on June 8th. 

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a book on fungi containing 
nearly forty plates. It was published in 1759 in Italy. 
The author, Battara, was one of the pioneers in the study of 
fungi, and a genus is named after him. 

Dr. Chapman read a paper on an excursion to Spain last 
summer. He detailed his route, some travelling experiences, 
and some of the features of the collecting grounds visited. 
He exhibited a number of the specimens taken, calling 
attention specially to the Evebia evias and E. stygne, taken. 
flying together, and resembling one another very closely in 
size, colour, and in the E. evias losing the apical eye, and 
so approaching in marking to E. stygne; differing in these 
respects from the better-known alpine form of the species, 
which seldom or never fly together, and differ considerably 
in size, colour, and markings. Some E. evias very much 
approached E. zapateri, a species in an adjacent region, but 
with which E. evzas cannot occur, as E. zapatert is a month 
or more later in emergence, even should they occur on the 
same ground, which is not improbable. A group of homeo- 
chromatic butterflies from Guétbary were also remarked 
on, viz. Satyrus dryas, Cenonynipha edipus and Heteropterus 
morpheus, all very dark in colour, flying lazily together in 
small swamps, and wholly unmixed with the butterflies of 
various other colorations, abundant both in species and 
specimens, in the country around. Especial attention was 
called to a new form of Heterogyms (H. canalensis) to 
Pyrausta alborivulalis, new to Western Europe, and to a 
new Psychid, Pyropsyche moncaunella (‘‘ Ent. Record,” xv, 
Pp. 324). 

The Society is indebted to Dr. Chapman for copies of the 
plate illustrating the life-history and structural details of 
Pyropsyche moncaunella. 


7903. S. L.,#nt. Soc. JEN Il 


FHlorace Knight, del. André & Sleigh. Lid. 


Pyropsyche moncaunella. Chapm. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 


Fig. 1.—Imago 6, Pyropsyche moncaunella, rather over twice natural size ; 
the large specimen figured is 22°5 mm, in expanse. 


Fig. 2.—Neuration of fore-wing of P. moncaunella from camera drawing. 
Fic. 3.—Neuration of hind wing of P. moncaunella from camera drawing. 


Figs. 4 and 5.—Neuration of fore-wings of P. moncaunella from camera draw- 
ings, from two specimens in which a missing vein is partially 
represented; Fig. 4 would indicate that the missing vein is 
vein 5. 


Fic. 6.—A similar example from hind wing, the reappearing vein is probably 
vein 3. 


Fic. 7.—Fore-wing of Phalacropterix muscella for comparison, there is prac- 
tically no portion of 14 between its union with ta@ and its 
bifurcation, this is, however, represented in some specimens 
(1a arising from 14, as shown in figure, is a slip in copying). 


Fic. 8—Hind wing of a variation of neuration in P. muscella. 16 is usually 
simple; in this specimen it branches not only as in P. moncau- 
nella, but a second time. On the other side of the same 
specimen it branches much as in moncaunella. These variations 
found in a few specimens illustrate the plasticity of the neuration 
in Psychids. [The wing form in P. angustella (which is hardly 
congeneric with—afra, Heyl.=plumifera, Ochs.) is nearest to 
P. moncaunella of any Oreopsychid, but the neuration is less 
close than that of P. muscella. It would possibly result from 
the plasticity referred to that a sufficiency of specimens would 
bridge over the differences. | 


Fic. g9.—Newly-hatched larva x 13 diam. 


Fic. 10.—Fullgrown larva ¢ x rather more than 2. 


Jon 


Fic. 11.—Case of g x about §. 
Fig. 12.—Case of g x §, pupa-case protruding. 

Fies. 13 and 14.—Two cases $ x about §. 

Fic. 15.—Male pupax 3. The dorsal ridges are perhaps a little exaggerated. 


Fic. 16.—Male pupa, abdominal segments 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 more magnified 
to show the mounting of dorsal armature on ridges. The re- 
versed hooks of the intersegmental membrane are hardly large 
enough to show even with this magnification. The ridges end 
in a point instead of fading out, as shown. 


Fic. 17.—Female pupa x 3. 


Fig. 18.—Skin cast by 9 larva on changing to pupa (from camera sketch). 
The specimen is unusually perfect, and satisfactory for one 
obtained in this way. The head is crushed, and the ventral 
aspects of 8th, oth, and roth abdominal segments are obscure, 
and there is a fold (on each side unfortunately) which makes 
the lower lateral plate of the second thoracic doubtful; for the 
rest, the sketch gives all the tubercles of the larva, but to make 
them at all visible, the very minute secondary ones at anterior 
borders of segments and against spiracles are a little exag- 
gerated. 


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FANUARY 14th, 1904. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. East, of Stoke Newington, was elected a member. 

Mr. Adkin exhibited a series of Acontia luctuosa, reared 
from ova obtained from a moth taken at Eynsford in June, 
1902. He said that he understood that the species was 
generally supposed to be double-brooded, but in this case, 
whether from the coolness of the season or other circum- 
stance, the whole of the pupze remained over the winter. 
The eggs hatched on July Ist, 1902, and the larve went 
down in from four to five weeks of that date, but the first 
moth did not emerge until June 29th, 1903, and the last on 
July 1oth. In reply to a question he said that the larve fed 
up readily on Convolvulus arvensis. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited a batch of ova of Hybernia rupica- 
praria, and also a specimen of the large and curious Ortho- 
pteron, Dinarchus dasypus, Ulig., from near Bucharest, sent to 
him by M. Montandon. 

Mr. Dennis exhibited the fruit of the butcher’s broom from 
Epping Forest, where, although the plant was common, the 
fruits were seldom obtained. It was stated to fruit more 
freely in the counties south of the Thames, and very freely in 
the New Forest. He also exhibited the fruit of the western 
plane, and called attention to the curious loose fibrous stems 
by which they were suspended from the twigs, and said that 
this gave such a freedom of movement that the slightest 
breath of wind was considered to facilitate the distribution 
of the seeds when ripe. He also pointed out the withered 
staminal flowers, which had not yet fallen. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited another series of photographs of the 
ova of Lepidoptera, including Argynms thore, Hybernia rupica- 
praria, Hemerophila abruptaria, Eugonia quercinaria, Eubolia 
cervinaria, Tiliacea citrago, Anchocelis rufina, A. pistacina, 
Mellinea circellaris, and Arctia fasciata. 

Mr. West exhibited Dermestes lardarius, which he had bred 
from almonds, among which it had occurred somewhat 
freely. 

Mr. G. B. Browne exhibited a large number of Lepidoptera 
captured by him at Dawlish between July 23rd and August 
7th, 1903, and contributed a paper descriptive of Dawlish 
and his exhibit (see page 22). 


80 


Mr. Turner added some remarks on a few species not 
included in Mr. Browne’s list, together with a list of Tortrices 
and Tinea observed, and a notice of a few captures in other 
orders (see page 27). 

The Secretary read the Report of the Field Meeting held 
-on July 11th, 1903 (see page 18). 


FANUARY 28th, 1904, 
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


The first meeting was devoted to the business of receiving 
the Report of the Council for the past year, the announce- 
ment of the results of the election of the Officers and Council 
for the coming year, and the reading of the President’s 
Address (page 29). 

The following is a list of members elected as Officers and 
Council of the Society for the Session 1904-5. 

President.—Alfred Sich, F.E.S. 

Vice-Presidents—H. Main, B.Sc., F.E.S., E. Step, F.L.S. 

Treasurer.—T. W. Hall, F.E.S. 

Librarian.—A. W. Dods. 

Curator.—W. West (Greenwich). 

Hon. Corresponding Secretary.—Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., 
ete: 

Hon.Report Secretary. =—-H. [> Turner, FES: 

Council.—R. Adkin, F.E:S.; F. Noad Clark; F. B. 
Carr oS: Fremlin,, M.Rv@.S LL. RiCP3 Saale 
Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.;-H. A.'Sauzé: W. West (Streathana): 

Mr. Thompson, of ‘ Garlands,’ Redhill, was elected a 
member. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited another short series of photographs 
of the ova of Lepidoptera, including those of Petasia cassinea, 
Epineuroma popularis, Epione apiciaria, Hybernia aurantiania, 
and Cidaria populata, all magnified twenty diameters, to- 
gether with a photograph of an imago of Theretra porcellus in 
the position of rest. 

Mr. Step exhibited Nephrops norvegicus, the Norway lobster, 
a Crustacean found on our northern shores and along the 
Irish coasts, especially in Dublin Bay, from which circum- 
stance it is known as the Dublin prawn. Under this name 


i 


81 


it has lately been frequently on sale at certain oyster shops 
in London. Messrs. Newberry and W. West, L.D.S., testi- 
fied to its excellence from a dietetic point of view. 

Mr. H. J. Turner reported that he had heard from Mr. A. 
J. Croker, one of the old members of the Society, who had 
recently emigrated to Assiniboia, Canada, and gave the 
following extracts from his letters: 

“October 22nd.—The trip up the St. Lawrence, I can 
never forget. Just imagine 500 miles of beautiful wooded 
banks, with the maples of a lovely tint of pink. The river is 
very dangerous for navigation, and we had to anchor two 
nights before reaching Montreal. Ontario is a very wild 
country, but most interesting. It is mountainous and well 
wooded, not of excessive elevation, but continuous for 
hundreds of miles. Upon reaching Fleming we had six 
miles to drive, but the rain was then so terrific that we could 
not drive through and had to wait until the next day. Since 
that time up to now (October 22nd) we have had no further 
rain. We have had continuous sunshine every day, very hot, 
but cold at night, half an inch of ice on the ‘‘slews,” or 
shallow ponds, but thawed clear by ten o’clock. This is 
what the Canadians call the ‘“‘ Indian Summer.”’ The sun- 
set is simply grand. I think this will be a fine country for 
insects; of course just now the cold nights have stopped any 
collecting, but I was surprised to take a Colias, allied to our 
edusa, on October 18th. I also took a Plusta much like our 
gamma, and another Noctua, allied to Plusia, and this 
morning in the house I met with a specimen of Alucita hexa- 
dactyia. One of my brothers had saved some pieces of 
butterflies, and among them I recognised a species of Danais 
and a fine species allied to Enodia hyperanthus. The country 
is, 1 am told, exceptionally rich in dragonflies, which is due, 
no doubt, to the abundance of ‘‘slews.” Strange to say, 
Artemisia maritima is one of the most common plants on the 
prairie, but that can doubtless be explained by the soil being 
mostly charged with alkali or very salty. I wonder if Phoro- 
desma smaragdaria occurs. We are exceptionally rich in 
birds, and have already had grand sport shooting amongst 
the prairie chicken; in England we should call them grouse. 
It is nothing to see seventy or eighty go up at once. Many 
species of wild duck, mallard in countless numbers, teal (blue 
and green-winged), widgeon, pintail, heron, crane, bittern, 
crake, and numbers of small birds. They say that they are 
simply swarming in the spring, as there are so many “ bluffs ” 
all over the place for breeding in. Among the mammals I 

6 


82 


have seen a prairie wolf (could have shot it), musk rat, red 
fox, gophers, and prairie dog. Deer are common about twenty 
miles away, I understand.” 

‘December 14th.—My homestead will be at Redvers, about 
twenty miles from the Moose Mountains, and is very wooded. 
I have been down there once and had a rough time of it. 
There are 160 acres, and a certain amount has to be broken 
up each year. I shall trysome entomological work, but fear 
I shall not be able to do a lot until I get the place a bit forward. 
On our road to Redvers we had to cross ariver about as big as 
the Catford stream, but banks about three quarters of a mile 
one side to the other. A very gentle slope, wooded and broken, 
just the sort of place to fire one’s ardour. What it must be 
like in the summer I don’t know, but they say it is a veritable 
paradise, and just the sort of place for fritillaries and blues. 
They say the wild plants are numberless, large lilies as big as 
any hot-house ones, and grow in millions. The butterflies, 
too, fly up in clouds, so I think there is a good time in front. 
Later on I may get up farther, into Alberta, British 
Columbia, etc. Apple trees do not grow in Assiniboia as yet ; 
all manner of means are being tried to grow them, but - 
Ontario is the spot, or British Columbia. Have not done 
much shooting lately, only jack rabbits (pure white). Wolves 
are fairly common, but have not had a chance of a shot yet, as 
it wants a rifle, a shot gun is too fine. The country is now 
covered with snow, and will remain so until spring. We 
have just had a very cold “snap” the last three days, 30°, 
35°, 40° below zero. I have had my nose frozen, but it 
soon recovered with care. This happened through driving 
two hours in a blizzard, after horses that broke and joined a 
herd of fifty or sixty. We now have the journey to do 
again. The houses are kept very warm, stoves in the centre 
of the room, and I guarantee warmer here at 20° below zero 
than at 10° of frost in London. A great many of the birds 
nest here, especially water-fowl, with such facilities for 
breeding. The land is studded with “slews,” with scrub 
growing round them, which makes fine cover; but I find 
nearly all the birds migrate in winter, and only snow-birds, 
hawks, owls, prairie chicken, grouse, and sparrows remain 
with us. The last are very common, but of brighter plumage 
than our British.” 


INDEX. 


_ 
PAGE PAGE 
Acalles, Mr. West’s note on the “More Desultory Days at Daw- 
genus... 55 lish,’ paper by Mr. H. J. 
Acidalia ByETEAtAS aaa an here- Turner ... ae stone ee 
dity by Mr. R. Adkin.. ... 43 | Norway lobster, Ur. Step’s re- 
“A Fortnight’s Collecting at marks on the... 80 
Dawlish,” Pepe by Mr. G. B “Notes and Photos,” lecture ty : 
Browne ... me ee Mr. Enock bar . 40 
Arbutus, fruit of . — ... 69 | “ Notes on a Holid: ay “spent near 
Balance-sheet “Es xox Amersham, Bucks,” paper by 
“Bone” of the cuttle... son, O18) Wb Jeb dh Turner aie ws OG 
Butcher’s broom exhibited, fruitof 79 | Objects of the Society ... ee. Alt 
Catagramma, exhibited by Mr. Officers and Council coc i 
Manger .. 76 | Parasitic worm in larva of Che- 
Collecting at Deal, notes ely Mr. lonia plantaginis wi son BY 
G. B. Browne ... : 41 | Past Presidents ... il 
Donations to the Library ... xv | Photography an aid to the study 
Kupithecia exiguata, Mr. R. of natural history ae . 58 
Adkin on rearing ... 55 | Photographs of flowering plants 47, 
Fasciated flowers of foxglove son Os 48, 54, 69 
Floral mimetic Orthopteron, Jf. on of fungi 67, 76 
Edwards’ note ona ... sere i 93 of lepidoptera, 49, 50, 
Fossils noted ; 9 58, 68, 66, 67, 69, 79, 80 
Fungi 20, 21, 63, 67, 69, 76, 78 | Plusia moneta, MW. Bishop on ... 61 
Furze-chat hawking aes ... 47 | President’s address we ye 29 
Gall-mites under the microscope 45 | Pupa-cases from Ceylon ... we 4D 
Giant Goby, the ... dss ... 381 | Puss moth two years in pupa ... 52 


Glow-worm, the 45, 46 

Gynandromorphous specimen of 
Cyaniris (Lycena) argiolus ... 69 

Hybrid Smerinthus ae apne 


Insects from Ireland Bee von 4 
Lantern slides exhibited.., 40, 42, 63 
Lead pipe gnawed by rats sno aE 
Letters from Mr. Croker, extracts 
from ; nee aed a ROU 
Mallophaga ww. AZ 


** Maternal Solicitude a “Beale 
Insects for their Young,” J/~. 


Kirkaldy on the ee see tO 
Members, list of ... is Soon petiht 
Mollusca 7, 12, 48, 52 


5 from the New I orest ... 48 


“ Recent Researches in Protective 
Resemblance, Warning Colours, 
and Mimicry in Insects,” ad- 
dress by Prof. E. B. Poulton... 48 
Reports of Field Meetings : 
Ashtead, by Mr. E. Step ... 7 
Horsley, by Mr. W. J. Lucas 9 
Limpsfield Chart, *y Mr. R. 


Adkin ist noo dlzh 
Wendover, by Mr. H. J. 

Turner... 18 
Paul's Cray Common, by Mr. 

R. Adkin ... 20 


Report of the Annual Congress of 
“hes S. E. Union of Scientific 
Societies site ‘ale soo, 1133 


PAGE 
Report of the Council xii 
“ Sleeping Sickness ” ee eCOO, 
«Some Notes on Marine Fishes,” 
Mr. Step’s address on., 63 
Spiders from orchid- house at Vir- 
ginia Water : 48 
Tamarix gallica, Ur. ““sdkin’s 
note on ... 60 
“The Pearly Nautilus (Argonauta 
argo),” paper by Mr. Pain 1 
Trypanosomiasis ... 36 
Tsetse-flies Bi) 
Varieties— 
Abraxas grossulariata 75 
Angerona prunaria ... mae lle 
Aplecta nebulosa 59, 71 
Arctia caia co 8 
Argynnis aglaia 54, 70 
Bryophila muralis, perla eo 
Cabera pusaria 59 
Callimorpha dominula 5, CS 


Carsia imbutata 
Catocala nupta # ad: Bal 
Chrysophanus phleas 70, 71, 75 
Cleora glabraria 57, 62, 70 


Colias edusa ... 72 
Crocallis elinguaria san slO 
Cyaniris argiolus,.. 69, 75 
Epinephele ianira 70, 74: 
Epunda lichenea 73 
Hrebia evias ... 78 
Kubolia limitata 74 
Euchelia jacobez 71 
Hemerophila abruptaria 72 
Hypsipetes elutata ... 70 
Ligdia adustata 69 
Limenitis sibylla 75 
Melanippe montanata 4 
Nemeophila russula... arei2 
Ocneria dispar 56, 74 
Phigalia pedaria 45 
Plusia gaunma 5 47 
Polygonia c-album ... 72 
Polyommatus (Lyczna) cory- 
don x x 6, 75 
Pyrameis atalanta set aM 
Smerinthus populi 44, 70 
Teniocampa munda . 40 
= stabilis 68 
Triphena fimbria ae toll 
Vanessa io, 14,72; urtice... 62 
Zonosoma linearia 58 
Zygena filipendulee ... 64, 72 
33 meliloti, 68; trifolii 68 
Weather on the Continent in 
AyD rilieatees 47 
Yarrow with deep pink flowers... 58 


PAGE 
Borvany. 
Aceras anthropophora ... ie 
Adoxa moschatellina is 
Ajuga chamepitys, 53; reptans 7, 12 
Anemone nemorosa 47 


Arthriscus sylvestris 7 
Artemisia maritima Re scl! 
Araucaria imbricata 58 
Arbutus unedo 69 
Arum maculatum 7 
Asperula odorata ... 12 
Barbarea vulgaris i 
Bellis perennis AT 
Bryonia dioica... 17 
Caltha palustris 47 
Cephalanthera pallens 12 
Chelidonium majus i 
Cotyledon umbilicus 48 
Crategus oxyacantha 47 
Cytisus scoparius ... 12 
Kuonymus europzeus 12 
Fragaria vesca is 
Galium cruciatum, 12; frollagon 17; 
saxatile, 17; verum ... 16 
Habenaria bifolia, 12; chlor antha, : 
12; conopsea 12,15 
Helianthemum vulgare ee, 
Herminium monorchis 52 
Lamium galeobdolon rere 
Lathrea squamaria 45, 47 
Lathyrus nissolia... 52 
Linum ecatharticum 12 
Lomaria spicant ... ily 
Lonicera periclymenum ... ee A 
Lotus corniculatus apa Ly 
Lychnis vespertina Bee 0 
Mimulus luteus . 5d 
Myosotis palustre, 17 ; sylvation 12 
Neottia nidus-avis hae sc: 
Nepeta glechoma Zi 
Ononis arvensis 12 
Ophrys muscifera roe 
Orchis maculata ... Gate Oo 
»  mascula Ne PAD, 
Oxalis acetosella ... 47 
Pedicularis sylvatica 12 
Polygala vulgaris. 12 
Primula veris i 
Ranunculus ficaria i 
Rubia peregrina ... 27 
Sanicula europea... 12 
Sarothamnus scoparius lg 
Scilla nutans 7 
Scrophularia aquatica 19 
Sedum telephium 6 
Silene inflata : 6 
Sisymbrium alliaria 7 


Stachys sylvestris 300 oe 
Stellaria holostea .,. 
Tamarix gallica .,, 
Tamus communis .., ous 
Taraxacum officinale 660 eee 
Ulex europeus... 505 ere 
Verbascum scrophularie poe 
35 thapsus 
Veronica chameedrys, 7, It 
dervefolia, 7 ; serpyllifolia 
Viburnum arene 7; opulus 
Vicia cracca, 12; tetrasperma 
Viola palustris... 


he- 
12, 


COLEOPTERA. 


Acalles eee a 
Agabus congener ... 
Agriotes pallidulus ; noc 
Anaspis frontalis, 6; melanopa ... 
Anobium paniceum 560 Soc 
Anthonomus rubi... 
Anthrenus muszorum ,.. 
Aphanisticus emarginatus 
Apion fagi, 5; malve, 53; 
tum, 5; minimum Or 
Athous hemorrhoidalis 
>»  vittatus 
Attagenus pellio ... 
Brachinus crepitans 
Bruchus ater 
Byturus sambuci, tomentosus 
Byrrhus pilula 
Carabus auratus 
Cercyon depressus, littoralis 
Cetonia aurata : 
Cetonischma eruginosa, spec iosa 
Cheetocarabus adonis, imbricatus 
Chrysochloa tristis 
Chrysomela polita ‘ 
Cionus blattarie, hortulanus, pul- 
chellus, scrophulariz 
Cistela murina 
Clivina fossor 
Clytus arietis 2 
Coecinella septem- punctata 
Ceeliodes fuliginosus, quadrimac- ~ 
ulatus 83 
Coryinbites holosericeus ... 
Corynetes rufipes .. 
Creophilus maxillosus 
Criocephalus polonicus 
Cryptocephalus aureolus, 10; 
punctatus, lineola 
Dascillus cervinus sh zie 
Dermestes lardarius Aae ane 
Dolopius marginatus 


minia- 


— 


es 


c 2 


bie 


PAGE 

Gastroidea polygoni e. 739 
Grammoptera ruficornis, tabaci- 

color sae ane Me mesh 8. 

Heemonia curtisi ... or 53 


Halyzia 14—punctata 22—punctata 3) 
Harpalus zneus, 5; caspius, 55 ; 
ruficornis, 5,10; sabulicola, Bae 


servus ... oe AGC 51 
Hydrobius picicrus 40 
Hydroporus bilineatus, 33; 3 incog- 

nitus : S00 .. 40 
Hydrothassa hannoverana .. 40 
Hypera variabilis ... sce 3604 | 
Lacon murinus ocop 
Limobius mixtus ... Sm OK 
Limonius minutus 5 
Lixus bicolor me tee 54 
Lucanus cervus ‘ de 
Malachius bipustulatus, 6, 10; 

viridis 30 400 en, 28 
Megodontus violaceus... ao, 
Melanotus rufipes 5, 10 
Meligethes vulgaris 5 A) 
Mesoc: arabus catenulatus, genei 72 
Miarus campanule ah soo UO) 
Mycetoporus angularis, nanus 48 
Necrophorus vestigator 51 
Notiophilus biguttatus 10 
(Edemera lur ida, 33; virescens 32, 33 
Omalium septentrionis 40 
Orina smar: agdina, tristis 51 
Paderus riparius . A ae LO) 
Phyllobius argent: tus, pyri 5, 10 
Phyllotreta ochripes ) 
Phylodecta viminalis 50 
Platycarabus creutzeri, depressus 72 
Potosia affinis, cuprea 72 
Polydrusus chrysomela 53 

3 uniformis 5 
Polystichus vittatus 54: 
Prionus coriarius ... ade 28 
Pseudopsis suleata 49 
Pterostichus madidus 10 
Pyrochroa serraticornis ... 5 
Quedius auricomus 40 

» fulgidus 5 
Rhagonycha fuscicornis, limbata. 6 
Rhynchites equatus, 10; oe eus, 

40; minutus , 5 
Sinodendron eylindricum | 10 
Silpha atrata 10 
Sitones griseus 46, 49 

>  ononidis 5 

»  suturalis BS Bor ad) 
Soronia grisea, 41 ; punctatissima 

34, 41 

Stenus guynemeri 500 soo 2) 

Tachyporus solutus tie tego 


PAGE ' 


Telephorus bicolor, 6; fuscus, 10; 
hemorrhoidalis, 6; lituratus, 6; 
lividus, 6, 10; nigricans, 6; 


rusticus ... wae sa8 AG 

Tetropium fuscum 300 500 

Toxotus meridianus iis a 
DIPTERA. 


Agathomyia viduella ce 
Ceratophyllus dalei 
Chamesyrphus lusitanicus 
Glossina morsitans, 36; palpalis... 


Hematopota pluvialis 
Lasioptera rubi... 800 
Neopachygaster 


Pachygaster minutissimus 
Phortica variegata 


HEMIPTERA. 


Acanthosoma tristriatum 

Aphanus lynceus .., 

Aradus depr essus. : aoe 

Belostoma americana, 77 ; grande 
Cardiastethes fasciiventris 

Centrotus cornutus 

Cicada tibicen ... Sig: 

Cicadetta montana sae 

Corimelzena scarabeeides ... 


Kusarcocoris melanocephalus 11, ! 


Gargara geniste arc 

Gerris najas 

Gnathoconus albomarginatus, 53; 
picipes 

Kermes quercus 

Liocoris cursitans... 


Livilla fuliginosa, strichnocera, 
WHOS aac aE Sin 
Microphysa eleg: antula ... 30 


Miris lmvieatus: 

Monanthia cardui.., 

Myrmecoris gracilis 

Notochilus contractus ; 

Pilophorus cinnamopterus, clava - 
tus, perplexus ... “ae at 

Podops inuncta_... fine 6, 

Pseudophleus falleni 

Rhyparochromus chiragra, pr eetex- 
tatus 

Salda lateralis 

Sehirus bicolor 

Tettigometra impressopunctata... 


Tomaspis vulnerata we on: 
Trapezonotus agrestis... tee 
Tricophora sanguinolenta noc 


Tropistethus holosericeus aot Cade 

Velia currens nas Ses ea 6 

Zaitha fluminea ... Ae ee tive 
HYMENOPTERA. 


Ammophila luffi ... 960 we «80 


Ccelichneumon consimilis pa i783 
Formica rufa ae ate ped, 
Hoplopus simillimus stn os eee 
Ichneumon proteus a val OR 
Odynerus simillimus oe Mee, 188 
Pamphilius flaviventris .., sop. a! 
LEPIDOPTERA. 


Abraxas grossulariata, 24, 27, 75; 

sylvata, 4,18,40; ulmata ... 4 
Acidalia aversata, 24, 42, 56; 

bisetata, 23, 27; dimidiata, 19, 

27; emarginata, 24; imitaria, 

19, 23; interjectaria, 23; osse- 

ata, 41; remutaria, 11; scutu- 

lata, 19, 23; subsericeata, 17; 

trigeminata, 62; virgularia ... 27 
Aciptilia galactodactyla, 5; pen- 

tadactyla, 19, 27; tetradactyla 19 
Acontia luetuosa ... 6 Als a9 
Acronycta alni, 58; tridens ... 56 
Adela degeerella, 5; tibulella, 11; 


sulzella, 5; viridella 2 15518 
Adopeza sylvanus ... ne po 9) 
Aglais urtice ae BA ae 160 
Agrotis cinerea, 61; obelisca, 41 ; 

porphyrea, 17; puta, 24; ripe, 

26, 27; strigula, 17; -tritici, 

24, 41; valligera pe ceed: 
Alucita hexadactyla Sor wee USL 
Amorpha populi ... con. 
Amphidasys betulariz, 21; pro- 

dromaria, 57; strataria em af 
Amphipyra pyrunidea, 4 78; tra- 

gopogonis Sou : PASS c5) 
Anaitis plagiata ... abo aaa SL 
Anarta myrtilli ... aa jae OMG 
Anchocelis pistacina aes seuneZil 
Anchylopera lundana_... sae, Lil 
Angerona prunaria ae Rel 2 
Anisopter: yx escularia ... 50 
Anthrocera tilipendule 19, 25, “27, 72 
Anticlea derivata, vigrofasciaria... 8 
Apumea basilinea, 4; didyma, 27 ; 

oculea, 25; ophiogramima Adc 
Apatura iris fide wee WGI 
Aphantopus hyperanthus... 18, 25, 75 


PAGE 
Aphomia sociella . t 4 20 
Aplecta herbida, 73; nebulosa, 59, 


71, 73; prasina, 73; robsoni 59, 71 


Apterona crenulella is AS 
Arctia caia, 75; fuliginosa, 24; 
villica ‘oo uy 
Areas galactina 40 
Argynnis aglaia, 25, 70; euph- 
rosyne ies 10, 76 
Argyrolepia har tmanniana 11 
Argyrotoza conwayana 5 
Arsilonche albovenosa 41 
Aspis udmanniana 3 sss 28 
Asthena blomeri, 4, 18; candidata, 
Am i LOS 270s lute: ita. 4, 19 
Bacotia sepium... ese wa AT 
Bapta bimaculata, 11; taminata, 
temerata 4 
Blabophanes imella 4.6 
Boarmia abietaria, 8; gemmuaria, 
27; yrepandata, 8, 19, 70; 
rhomboidaria 2 8, 24 
Botys asinalis, 27; hyalinalis, 11, 
67; pandalis sive is AD 
Brenthis euphrosyne 10 
Brephos parthenias see 47 
Bryophila glandifera, 73; impar, 
73; muralis, 28, 25, 27, 73; 
perla aa 24, 27, 48, 73 
Bupalus piniaria . IL 
Cabera exanthemaria, 11 ; ‘pus: iria, 
4,11,17,19,57, 59; rotundaria, 
57, 59 
Calligenia miniata ; 24 
Callimorpha dominula, 75 ; hera... 22 
Callophrys rubi : ftp tl: 
Camptogramma bilineata 2 TVG 
19, 23, 74 
Caradrina blanda, 24; morpheus 4 
Carsia imbutata 76 
Catocala nupta 72 
Catoptria hypericana 11 
Cerastis vaccinii ... See 
Cerostoma lucella, 28 ; radiate 28 
Cheimatobia brumata 8, 11 
Chelonia plantaginis 52 
Chcerocampa celerio 6S 
Chrysophanus phleas . 10, 25, 70 
71, 73 

Cidaria corylata, 4,17; dotata, 19, 

23; fulvata, 17; Se 4, 23, 

25 eee 19 
Cilix glaucata, 4 3 spinula natLS 
Cleora glabraria, 45, 57, 59, 62, 

70; lichenaria ... 27 


Cwenonympha cedipus, 78; davus, 
76; pamphilus, 10, 17, igh. 
rothliebii re os aenltG 


87 


PAGE 


Coleophora albitarsella, 46 ; anati- 
pennella, 49; artemisiella, 49 ; 
auricella, 46; bicolorella, 49; 
ceespititiella, 46, 538;  czelibi- 
pennella, 53; fuscedinella, 52 ; 
genistw, 46; hemerobiella, 49 ; 
ibipennella, 49; limosipennella, 


57; maritimella, 49; nigricella, 

49, 52; solitariella t wie 
Colias edusa, 25, 72, 80; hyale ... 
Conchylis dipoltella ae 
Coremia ferrugata, 4, 23; unid- 

entaria .., 4, 
Cosmotriche pot atoria 4, 27, 


Cossus ligniperda... d 
Crambus alpinellus, 63 ; chrysonn 


Depressaria costosa : 

Dianthecia capsincola, 24; con- 
spersa, 57, 71, 77; nana 

Dichror ampha petiverella, 5, 28 ; 
plumbana, 5; simpliciana 

Dicranura furcula, vinula aie 

Dictyopteryx re ae holmiana 

Dicycla oo.. 

Drepan: u falcatari la 

Dryas paphia 

Ebulea sambucalis 

Ellopia fasciaria, prosapiaria .. 

Ematurga atomaria 4, 11, 17, 

Emmelesia decolorata 

Enicostoma lobella 

Knodia hyperanthus 

Ennomos erosaria . 

Ephippiphora brunnichiana, 
pflugiana 06 

Ephyra pendularia, “subroseata aa 

Kpimephele hyperanthus, 22, 75 ;~ 
ianira, 17, 18, 25, 54, 70, 74; 
jurtina, 18, 54; tithonus Wis 

Epione advenaria ... - Soe 

Epunda lichenea ... 

Hrasmia pulchella 

Erebia evias, stygne, zapateri 

- Kremobia ochroleuca 


5; 


chellus, 11; culmellus, 19, 2 
hamellus, 17; hortnellus, bs in 3 
pascuellus, 17; eet Zl 
pratellus... sas 5, ws 
Crocallis elinguari ia, 8, 45; tr apez- 
aria 
Cucullia gnaphalii, 73; lyclnitis, 
57; verbasci ‘ IS) 
Cupido minima 10, 19, 
Cyaniris argiolus . 69, 
Cymatophora fluctuosa 16, 
Dasy cera sulphurella 5, 
Dasychira pudibunda 306 
Deilephila livornica er? 


PAGE 
Eriocephala seppella no Pepe te) 


Euchelia jacobee... 4, 10, 71 
Euchloé cardamines 4,10, 17, 49 
Euclidia glyphica 11; mi seca al: 


Eubolia bipunctata, 24; limitata, 
74; palumbaria bs 19, 24 
Eugonia cone ee 25,56; seed 
cimaiialeens : oe ae 
Eumorpha elpenor: o6C ae Oz 
Eupithecia castigata, 4; centaur- 
eata, 11; exiguata, bytes, 2UIe 
50, 55; fraxinata, 55;  iso- 
grammata, 27; oblongata, 11; 
pulchellata, 57; rectangulata, 
4; satyrata, 4; sobrinata, 8; 
subnotata, 28; subuimbrata, 5; 
tenuiata, 11; venosata, 51, 71; 


vulgata .. a x on 
Eurr hypara urticata see els 
EKutrichia quercifolia 300 55a, 
Euvanessa antiopa es bho 
Fidonia piniaria ... 300 eee 
Gastropacha quercifolia ... ase 16 
Gelechia gerronella, maculella, 


mulinella, tricolorella ... pe eS. 
Geometra vernaria 41, 58, 54 
Glyphipteryx fuscoviridella socal 
Gnophos obscurata 360 sas 
Govepteryx rhamni 10, 40 
Grapholitha penkeleriana, 28 ; tri- 
maculana - ly 
Gracilaria hemidacty lella,. 8; swe- 
derella ... ee Aer el 
Graéllsia isabelle .. Bor im AS 
Hadena dentina, 19; oleracea, 24; 
porphyrea, 19; thalassina ... 10 


Se ie xylostella des ne ZS 
Harpella geoffrella Ee Soe) aru: 
Hecatera serena ... 17 

Hedya aceriana, dealb: ana, ‘neglec- 
tana, ocellana ... es aes 
Heliaca arbuti, tenebrata we «Ob 
Hemaris bombylifor aE! 54 Os 
Hemerophila abruptaria ... 68, 72 
Hemithea strigata, thymiaria, 8, 17, 
24 


Heodes eleus, hypophlceas, phlceas, 
70, 71, 78, 75; schmidtii, suf- 
fusa ove all 
Hepialus hethl: indica, 66 ; “humuli, 


24, 66, 77; Lpobeaty rye ru 

VADISI eee . 24 
Hesperia thaumas.. oat So 48) 
Heterogynis canalesis said eo ile! 
Heteropterus morpheus .,. Breet fe: 
Himera pennaria ... atin RANT te) 
Hipparchia semele aes 25, 72 


Hippotion celerio.,. a06 J 208 


PAGE 
Hybernia aurantiaria, defoliaria, 
11; marginaria, progemmaria, 


46,50; rupicapraria ... oes eee 
Hydriomene elutata ao vida O 
Hylophila prasinana L731 
Hypena proboscidalis .., 17,19, 27 


Hyponomeuta evonymellus, pluin- 
bellasiieee. noe nae 2s. 
Hypsipetes elutata, 8 » 28, DA, 70; 
furcifera, 27; sordidata 8, 27, 54 
Todis lactearia 4,11, 17, £9 
Lampronia quadripunctella Pee) 
Larentia didymata. 19, 435 viri- 
daria, 4, 11, 17; pectinitaria, 
Wi, I7/ 
Lasiocampa quercifolia ... pen al 
Leucania impura, lithargyria, 24 ; 
obsoleta, 63; pallens, putres- 


cens, 24; straminea 56, 63 
Ligdia adustata 5, 19, 69 
Limenitis sibylla ... bit 


Lita ethiops Re : . 46 
Lithocolletis coryli, pomifoliella, 
8; quercifoliella, 8, 28; vimi- 
netella .., sibs eS 
Lithosia aureola, BG: complanula, 
24; deplana, 8; ‘griseola, 24; 


mesomnellat 17, 56; sororcula, 

56; stramineola a was 24 
Luperina testacea... sae eta a 
Lomaspilis marginata ie aly 
Lophopteryx carmelita ... SO (ail 
Loxstege verticalis Sc Bon 


Lycena alexis, 25; astrarche, 10; 


corydon, 56, 753. icarus, 10, 

(33 minima  .. te DLO 
Macatia liturata, 11; motets old 
Macroglossa bomby infor mis soo) hs) 
Malacasomea neustria aoe 59 
Miana ethiops, 4; bicoloria, ans 

furuncula, 24; strigilig aatuaAl 
Melanargia galatea ; 72 


Melanippe fluctuata, 4, 8, Tl. 17, 
19, 23; montanata, 4, 11, 19; 
rivata, 23; sociata, 4, 11, 23; 
unangulata : by Ligon ee 
Melanthia albicillata, 58; ocellata, 19, 


23, 74 
Melitza aurinia ... Soc soe (A 
Mesotype virgata .. re Reet ay 
Methona confusa . fos we 44 
Metrocampa margaritaria 3x a 
Micropteryx purpurella . ris 
Mimeseoptilus pterodactylus 19, 27 
Miselia oxyacanthe : 
Nemeobius lucina... 10, 56 
Nemeophila russula 17, 72 


Nemophora swammerdammella ,, 8,11 


PAGE 
Nephopteryx similella_ ... nog, Ore 
Nepticula floslactella ... 8 
Nisoniades tages ... “10, 55 


Noctua baia, br unnea, 71; festiva, 
47 ; plecta, 24; xanthographa 25 


Notodonta dictwa, 56; drome- 
darius ... 4 Ses nage Fl 
Nudaria mundana. be we 24 
Numeria pulveraria A; 57, 68 
Nymphidium lysimon _... ia OF, 
Nyssia lapponaria... pon 00, 7h 
Ocneria dispar... 300 56, 74 
Odonestis potatoria 24, 58 
(ecophora tripunctana ... ie oO 
Ophiusa stolida 32, 67 


Oporabia autumnaria, 68; dilutata 8,11 
Orgyia antiqua, 55, 57, 66 ; splen- 


dida 500 65 (OY) 
Orobena marg: aritalis, extimalis.. 57 
Peedisca cor ticana, profundana ... 28 
Pamphila sylvanus don eS. 
Panagra petraria ... so all 
Papilio machaon, 41; podalirins, 

47; polydamus... : xo OS 


Pararge egeria, 4, 59; megera BSS Mi 2o 
= 


Pardia tripunctana 5, 11 
Parnassius apollo... 260 sc OD 
Penthina cynosbana, pruniaria, 5 ; 

variegana 500 Be or 20 
Peronea ferrugana, variegana .., 28 
Phalera bucephala a sie Lz 
Phibalapteryx tersata, 5, 19, 56; 

vitalbata 200 ..0, 19 
Phibalocera quercana ves soo Ae 
Phigalia pedaria, 11, 45; pilosaria 11 
Phlogophora meticulosa ... apa ll 
Phorodesma smaragdaria... 50, 81 
Phoxopteryx lundana... 5 
Pieris brassicw, 17, 19; bryonie, 

59; napi, 17, 59; eu 17, 70 


Bienes forficalis ... NO edl 
Plusia gamma, 11, 47, 60; imonetne cn 


57, 61 
Polia Seeieeace saa set ; 72 
Polygonia ec- album ete 72 


Polyommatus alexis, 25; astrarche, 
10; bellargus, 60 ; corydon, 56, 
60, 75; icarus, 4, 10, 18, 60, 
73; phleas pa ae See et Le 
Porthesia auriflua, 56; chrysorr- 
heea, 41, 44, 46; similis ne oO 


Prays curtisellus ... ik peer lh 
Pseudoterpna cytisaria ... Jase aA 
Psilura monacha ... 300 spo (OL 
Pterostoma palpina Sys OS 
Pygera curtula ... 5 78 
Pyrameis atalanta, 25, 57 3 car dui, 

19, 42; gonerilla Foe OS 


PAGE 
Pyrausta alborivulalis, 78 ; aurata, 
11 ; punicealis, 11 ; purpuralis 11, 27 
Pyropsyche moncaunella... 78 


Rumia crategata, 8, 17, 19; 
luteolata to, dlls ILz/ 
Satyrus semele 22, 25, 72 
Scardia cloacella ... 5 
Sciaphila hybridana, 5, 17; sub- 
jectana . 5, 19 
Scoparia ambigualis, tel 17; cem- 
bree, 17, 19; aaiaralig si alls Alyy 188) 


Scopula olivalis, 5,17; prunalis... 19 


Scotosia vetulata ... Bon! ese) 
Selenia bilunaria, 27; illunaria, 

24; juliaria ss... ss wa eae 
Senta maritima, ulve .., eens 
Sericoris urticana... ar wal yO 
Sesia myopeformis ace go5, all 
Smerinthus populi 10, 44, 70 
Spilonota rosecolana, 28; suf- 


fusana ... 5 
Spilosoma fuliginosa, 56, "16, 78; 

radiata 4. : 2 70, 75 
Strenia clathrata .., Tis mel 
Syrichthus malvex, 4, 10; taras.. 41 
Teniocampa cruda, 11; miniosa, 

51; munda, 45; pulverulenta, 


11; stabilis  ... Aen OS 
Tephrosia luridata, extersaria ... 40 
Thalera fimbrialis Ses sno 
Thais cerisyi, Boner rumina.,, 42 
Thecla rubi : : sc | LO) 
Theope endocia, foliorum aay BO 


Thera variata Re sea 
Thestor ballus ... ee Sao IL 


Thyatira batis, derasa ... soo 
Thymelicus thaumas _.., Se 3) 
Thyridia psidii ... ee soa 
Tinea nigripunctella 50 ago | PAS) 
Tortrix heparana, 11; lecheana, 
5; ministrana, 5, 11; ribeana, 
roseana, xylosteana ... 28 


Triphena comes, 27: fimbria, 61; 


ianthina, 23, 61; interjecta, 24, 

61; pronuba 25, 27 
Triphosa dubitata.. aes soo dl) 
Uropteryx sambucaria Soe 8 


Vanessa antiopa, 75; cardui, 60; 
io, 72; polychloros, 56; urtice 62 


Manthosotia hamana yy alal 
Xanthia cerago, flavago, fulvago, 

21; ocellaris... ae son AS} 
Xenolechia aethiops 7e .. 46 
Xylocampa areola.,. pee iG 


Xylophasia polyodon, 25; rurea, 
10; sublustris, 56; zollikoferi 32 

Zanclognatha barbalis, 5; en 
tarsipennalis Sag : spa, le 


yi 


PAGE 
Zephyrus quercus.. 10, 25 
Zygeena confluens, 68; filipendule, 
25, 64, 68, 72; hippocrepidis, 
64, 68; loniceree, 68 ; 
68 ; trifolii oc 
Zonosoma linearia, 11, 17, 19, 58, 
70; punctaria, 17; trilinearia 17 


NEUROPTERA. 
Aschna isosceles, 53; mixta ... 74 
Agrion hastulatum, 34; mercu- 
riale, 74; puella 6s 10 
Anax imperator ... wa Se 
Brachytron pratense 40 
Chrysopa perla 10 


90 


Cordulegaster annulatus ... 

Enallagma cyathigerum ... 

Gomphus vulgatissimus ... 

Hemerobius micans 

Ischnura pumilio ., 

Libellula depressa, 6, 17; quad- 
rimaculata aoe 


Panorpa communis, germanies eee 


Raphidia notata ... 0 
Sympetrum fonscolombii.. 
ORTHOPTERA. 


Dinarchus dasypus 
Labidura riparia . 


LONDON: KNIGHT, PRINTER, 22%, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C. 


PAGE 


79 
72 


THE SOUTH LONDON 
Entomological & Alatural Mistory Society 


(ESTABLISHED 1872), 


HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E, 


—S SS 
OFFICERS & COUNCIL. 
1I905—6. 


President. 
H. MAIN, B.Sc., F.E.S. 


Vice- Presidents. 
ALERED” SICH, - £5: S: Be SEEPS E-E:S. 


‘Council. 

R. ADKIN, F.E:S. W. J. KAYE, F.ES. 
F. B. CARR. W.. J. LUCAS, B.AG, F.E)S: 
F. NOAD CLARK. H. A. SAUZE. 
A. HARRISON, F.LS., F.Z.S., W. WEST (Streatham). 

PEL Se ee. 

Hon. Curator. Hon. Librarian. 
W. WEST (Greenwich). A. W. DODS: 


Hon. Treasurer. 
T. W. HALL, F-.E.S., 61, West Smithfield;-Londen, B.C. 


Hon. Secretaries. 
S. EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c. (Generai-Sec.), 
15, ot. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E. 


H J. TURNER, F.E.S. (Report Sec.), 
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E. 


THE SOUTH LONDON 
Entomological and Aatural History Society, 


HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E, 


The Society has for its object the diffusion of Biological Science, by 
means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Collec- 
tions. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the 
Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings in each month, 
from Eight to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society’s Rooms are 
easy of acces; from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invite 
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to 
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting 
Specimens, 


ADAP 


SUBSCRIPTION. 


Seven Shillings and Sixpence per Annum, with an Entrance 
Fee of Two Shillings and Sixpence. 


All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary, 


STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., &c., 
15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E. 


PAST. .PRES TD E Ns: 


1872 ... J. R. WELLMAN. 1889. ...°R) Ro Bittues, F°E.S. 
nS7igunee a | 1890 ... J. T. Carrinaton, F.L.S. 
LO7AWes. 3 | 1891 ... W. H. TuGwe tt, Pu.C. 
1875 ... A. B. Farn, F.E.S. | 1892... C. G. Barrett, F.E.S. 
1876120. 5 1893 = J. J. WEIR) F.Ess ete: 
1877 ... J. P. BARRETT. |. 1804'°... Ho StTEP, Pulls. 

1878 ... J. T. WILLIAMS. fy, 1895, >... W. HALL FESS. 

1879 ... R. STANDEN, F.E.S. 1896 ... R. Sout, F.E.S. 

1880 ... A. FICKLIN. 1897 ... R. ADKIN, F.E.S. 

1881 ,.. V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. | = el CGS. vue] ee UD rhb: 

T8620 lee ILE UPS SBS 1899 ... A. Harrison, F.L.S., etc. 
1883 ... J. R. WELLMAN. |. 1900) 3s. WJ LUCAS) BeAG GE. Bes: 
1884 ... W. West, L.D.S. | 1go1 ... H.S. FReMtIn, F.E.S., etc. 
1885... R. Sourn, F.E.S. | 1902... F. Noap Crark. 

1886 ... R. ADKIN, F.E.S. |) 31903" =. ee (SREP Aes: 

1887 le 1904s. 0A. (SIGH MEE S: 


1888 ... TR. Bitnors FES. || 


EFS i. OR «MEMBERS, 


—+9+—_ 


Chief subjects of Study :—, Hymenoptera; 0, Orthoptera ; 4e, Hemiptera ; 
n, Neuroptera; c, Coleoptera; d, Diptera; 7, Lepidoptera; 00/, Oology ; orm, 
Ornithology ; 7, Reptilia; 7z, Mollusca; cv, Crustacea; 6, Botany ; #2, Microscopy ; 
e, signifies Exotic forms. 


1882 
IgOl 


egos 
IQO1 


1895 


1895 
1888 


1872 


1884 
1896 
1887 
1900 
1888 
1877 


1897 
1898 
1893 
1898 


1895 
1902 


YEAR OF 
* ELECTION. 
1886 ADKIN, B. W., F.E.S., Trenowith, Hope Park, Bromley, Kent. 


Z, orn. 

ADKIN, R., F.E.S., Wellfield, 4, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham, 
Se EY 

ADKIN, R. ARMSTRONG, 4, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham, 
SBS Mm: 

ANSORGE, E. C., 12, Addison Road, Bedford Park, W. 7. 

ARMSTRONG, RICHARD R., 55, Granville Park, Lewisham 
SB G7. 

AsHBY, SIDNEY R., 41, Canterbury Terrace, Elgin Avenue, 
Paddington, W. 7. 

AsHpowNn, W. J., Belmont Road, Leatherhead. 7, ¢, he. 

Atmorg, E. A., F.E.S., 48, High Street, King’s Lynn, Nor- 
folk;” 2. 

AVEBURY, Lhe Right ‘Hon. “ord, DCL F:R.S., F.E:S., 
F.G.S., F.E.S., etc., High Elms, Down, nr. Farnborough 
Kent (Hon. member). h, 6. 


BARKER, H. W., F.E.S., 147, Gordon Road, Peckham, S.E. /. 

BaRNETT, THos. L., 81, Royal Hill, Greenwich, S.E. 7. 

Barren, H. E., 46, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E. 7. 

BarRRETT, J. P., 3, St. John’s Villas, Margate. 7 

BENNETT, W. H., F.E.S., 15, Wellington Place, Hastings. 4, c. 

Bittups, T. R., F.E.S., 20, Swiss Villas, Coplestone Road 
Peckham, S.E. 4, 0, ¢, d, he. 

Bisuop, E. B., 2, Hunter Road, Guildford. 2. 

Buss, M. F., Coningsburgh, Monpelier Road, Ealing. 7. 

Bonp-SmiTH, W., Potton, near Sandy, Beds. 2. 

BouskELL, F., F.E.S., Sandown Road, Knighton, Leicester. 2 

Bowman, K., Castle Road, Upper Walmer, Kent. 2 

Boxer, C. R. L., 151, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E, © 4 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1905. 


1887 


1891 
1887 


1890 


1893 
1895 
1898 
1900 
1897 


1890 


1903 
1888 
1889 


1886 


1899 


1899 
1872 


1897 
1898 


1888 
1896 


1887 
1898 
1879 


1899 


1902 


BRIAULT, G. H., 6, Burlington Gardens, Acton, W. 7 

Briccs, C. A., F.E.S., Rock House, Lynmouth R.S.O., 
N. Devon. 72, m, x, 0, British fishes. 

Briccs, H. Mean, 8, High Street, Canterbury. 4 orn. 

Brices, T. H., M.A., F.E.S., Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O., 
N. Devon. 7. 

BristowE, B. A., F.E.S., The Cottage, Stoke d’Abernon, 
Surrey. /, 

Bristow, L. W., Durlstone, Champion Hill, S.E. 2 

Brooks, W., Thundercliffe Grange, near Rotherham. 7. 

Broome, E. G., Hurst Vicarage, Twyford, Berks. 7 

Browne, G. B., 43, Southbrook Road, Lee, S.E. 72 

Burr, MAtcoum B., B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., 23, Blomfield 
Court, Maida Vale. o. 

But ter, W. E., F.E.S., Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading, 
a,c 


Cannon, F. G., 7, Fordwych Road, Hampstead, N. 


CaNSDALE, W.D., F.E.S., Sunny Bank, South Norwood,S.E. 7: 


Cant, A., F.E.S., to, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 
Z, mt. 

CARPENTER, J. oe F.E.S., Redcot, Belmont Road, Leather- 
head, Surrey. i, 

Carr, F. B., 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E. 7. 

Carr, F. M. B., Hadfield Hall, Durham. 7 x. 

CHANEY, W. C., 38, Woodside Road, S. Norwood, S.E. 
(Hon. member). h, t, ¢ 

CuapmaN, T.A.,M.D., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Betula, Reigate, Surrey. 

CHATTERTON, F. J. S., F.E.S., 5, Camden Studios, Camden 
Street, N.W. 7. 

CHITTENDEN, D., 98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, S.E. 2. 

Ciark, F. Noap, Paddington Infirmary, Harrow Road, 
W. mit. 

Cruark, J. A. F.S. oL..DIS." MBS 575. estan roe 
Crouch Fad, N. 7. 

CLARKE, H. SHORTRIDGE, F.E.S., 2, Osborne Terrace, Deuaee 
Isle of Man. 7. 

CiopeE, W. (Life member). 

CoLTHRUuP, C. W., 127, Barry Road, E. Dulwich, S.E. 2. 

Cowna, F. W., 19, Brook Road, Stoke Newington, N, 


VEAR OF 


ELECTION. 

1899 CRABTREE, B. H., The Acacias, Levenshulme, Manchester. 7. 
1885 Croker, A. J., Hurst Farm, Fleming, Assiniboia, Canada. Z. 
1898 Crow, E. J., 26, Tindal Street, North Brixton. 2. 


1888 
1g00 
1889 
1884 


Igol 


1897 


1904 
1886 


1886 


1891 
1887 


1889 


1891 
1886 
1903 


1899 
Igol 
1884 


1go2 
1895 
1904 


1893 
1888 


Dawson, W. G., Shortlands House, Shortlands, Kent (Zif 
member). 2. 

Day, F. H., 27, Currock Terrace, Carlisle. 4, ¢. 

Dennis, A. W., 12, Brownlow Road, Dalston. 7, mz, d. 

Dosson, H. T., F.E.S., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New 
Malden, Surrey. JZ, orn. 

Dons, A. W., Hon. Librarian, 61, Dynevor Road, Stoke 

Newington, N. 72. 

Drury, W. D., F.R.H.S., F.E.S., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, 

Woking, Surrey. 4 0. 


East, F. J., 42, St. Kilda’s Road, Stoke Newington, N. 2 

Epwarps, S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Hon. Sec, 15, St. German’s 
Place, Blackheath, S.E. 4, e/. 

Enock, F., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.M.S., F.R.H.S., 42, Salisbury 
Road, Bexley, Kent. d@, mz. 


FILER, F, E., F.E.S., 122, Stockwell Road, Brixton, S.E. 4 mz. 

FLETCHER, W. H. B., M.A., F.E.S., Aldwick Manor, Bognor, 
Sussex (Life member). 1. 

Forp, A., Hillside, Sunninghill Road, Pokesdown, Bourne- 
mouth, Hants. JZ «. 

FoRRESTER, A. C., 35, Old Queen Street, Westminster. 7. 

FREMUIN, H. S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.E.S., Government 
Lymph Laboratories, Chelsea Bridge, S.W. 2, mz. 

FuRNIVAL, T. F., 86, Minet Avenue, Harlesden, N.W. 72. 


GADGE, S. W., 9, Longley Road, Tooting Graveney, S.W. 7, 

GarRRETT, H. E., 3, Brewers Green Mews, W. /. 

Gizs, L., 148, St. James Street, Montreal, Canada (Life 
member). . 

GouLTON, E. C., 4, Cornford Grove, Balham, S.W. 7 

GrirFiTHs, G. C., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 43, Caledonia Place, Clifton, 
Bristol: 4,¢2 

Grosvenor, T. H. L., 8, Gloucester Road, Redhill, Surrey. 2. 


HAL, A., 16, Park Hill Rise, Croydon, Surrey. 74, ¢4, oo/. 
Hatt, A. E., F.E.S., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield. /, 


vi 


YEAR OF 

ELECTION. 

1884 Hatt, T. W., F.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, Stanhope, The Crescent, 
Croydon, Surrey ; and 61, West Smithfield, E.C. 72 

1891 Hamm, A. H., 22, Southfields Road, Oxford. 7. 

1903 Hare, E. J., Dunham, Boscombe, Hants. 2. 

1892 HARRISON, A.,>F:C.S., F.L:S., 25.5. FR SES.) Ebames 


1902 
1900 
1903 
1888 
1888 
1889 


1886 
1887 


1884 
1904 


1886 
1898 


1900 
bcelore) 


1888 


1898 
1884 
1903 
Igo! 
1896 


1890 
1892 


1886 


Sugar Refinery, Silvertown, E., and Delamere, Grove 
Road, S. Woodford, Essex. 4, mz. 
Harry, S. P., 29, Rowland Road, Balham, S.W. JZ. 
Hewitt, R. L., “ Hlabisa” Coalfield, Natal, S. Africa. 7. 
Hickman, J., 16, Aldred Road, Kennington Park. 2 
Hitman, T. S., F.E.S., Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. 72. 
Hopkins, H. E., 5, Haseldean Road, Brockley, S.E. 7. 
Horne, A., F.E.S., 60, Gladstone Place, Aberdeen. 7Z 


JAGER, J., 65, St. Quentin’s Avenue, North Kensington, W. 2. 

JENNER, J. H. A., F.E.S., 209, School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 
L6H Utd 

Jopson, H., 1, Rock Villas, Maynard Road, Walthamstow. Z. 

Joy, E. C.. 34, Fairholt Road, Stoke Newington. 2. 


Kane, W. F. vE V., M.A., F.E.S., M.R:1.A., Drumreaske 
House, Monaghan, Ireland. 7, mz, marine tnvertebrata. 
Kaye, W. J., F.E.S.,Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey. 7. 
Kemp, S..W., B.A., F.E.S., 37, Trinity College, Dublin. 4 ¢. 
KirKALpy, G. W., F.E.S., Sugar Planters’ Association, Hono- 

lulu, Hawaii. ex. rhyn.; fresh. arth. ; ethnology. 
Knicut, E., 2, Lichfield Grove, Church End, Finchley, N. 


LEMANN, F. C., F.E.S., Blackfriars House, Plymouth. 7. 

LEVETT, C., 107, Brockley Road, S.E. 2 

LisTER, W. K., Great Walton, Eastry, Kent. 2. 

Lowg, F., 92, Hurlingham Road, Fulham, S.W. 24 

Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 28, Knight’s Park, Kingston-on- 
Thames. JZ, 0, 7, m. 


McArtuur, H., 35, Averill Street, Fulham, W. 2 

Main, H., B.Sc., F.E.S., President, Almondale, Buckingham 
Road, S. Woodford, Essex. 7. 

MancER, W. T., 100, Manor Road, New Cross, S.E. JZ, ¢, ev, 


Vil 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1889 


1885 
1881 
1888 
1896 


1880 


1889 


1904 
a5 


Igo! 
1889 
1900 


1903 
1872 


£993 
1892 
1883 
1905 


IgoI 
1880 


1888 


1889 


1899 
1887 


1903 
1897 
1903 


MANSBRIDGE, W., F.E.S., 27, Elmbank Road, Sefton Park, 
Liverpool. 7@. 

Mera, A. W., 79, Capel Road, Forest Gate, E. 2. 

Mites, W. H., F.E.S., The New Club, Calcutta, India. 2, 3. 

MircHE Lt, A. T., 594, High Road, Chiswick, W. 2 

MontTGoMERY, ARTHUR M., F.E.S., 34, Thalimar Gardens, 
Pembridge Road, N. Acton, W. 7. 

MontTIERO, Sefior A. A. DE C., F.E.S., 70, Rua do Alecrinar, 
Lisbon. 

Moore, H., F.E.S., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E. 74, 4, 
CG Ost, 6h. Cra, mt. 

Moore, H. W., 34, Farnaby Road, Shortlands. 


Newserry, Councillor C., Annandale Road, E. Greenwich, 
Sen 

NeEwnuA\M, C. E., The Eyot, Hersham, Surrey. 7 

NICHOLSON, W. E., F.E.S., School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 72 

NoTtrLe, Epwarp, Lanyar Vale, Portland Road, South 
Norwood. /. 


OLpDAKER, F. A., The Parsonage House, Dorking, Surrey. 7 

OLDHAM, C., 2, Warwick Villas, Chelmsford Road, South 
Woodford, Essex. /, 

OvENDEN, J., Post Office, Frindsbury, Rochester. 72 


PANNELL, C., East Street, Haslemere. Conchology. 

PEARCE, W. A., 88, Croxted Road, West Dulwich, S.E. JZ, 6. 

PENN-GASKELL, W. W., Halcyon Lodge, Lyford Road, Wands- 
worth Common, S.E. 

Prepprr, A. W., The Horniman Museum, Forest Hill, S.E. mz. 

Perkins, V. R., F.ES., Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire. 
Ee Hsu 

Perks, F. P., 22, Mary’s Buildings, St. Martin’s T.ane, 
Charing Cross, W.C. zoology, mt, pond life. 

Perry, Rev. J. F., Catholic Church, Brixton Hill, S.W. JZ, ¢. 

PICKIN, J. R., 2, Industry Terrace, Brixton, S.W. 7. 

Porritt, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., Mayfield, Edgerton, Hudders- 
field. 2. 2: 

Pratt, W. B., ro, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond, Surrey. 4 

Prest, E. E. B., Arva, Dakers Road, Forest Hill. Z. 

Peiskk, R, A. R., Thirlmere, Spencer Road, Acton, W. 4, m. 


vlil 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


1902 


1888 
1887 


1904 
1902 
1887 
1894 


1888 
1887 


1900 
1904 
1890 
1898 
1886 


1897 
1888 


1902 
1903 
1898 
1903 
1899 
1890 


1890 
1882 
1903 
1873 


1872 


1902 


1894 


Raywarp, A. L., Lessington, Grosvenor Gardens, Wal- 
lington, Surrey. 72. 

Reip, W., F.E.S., Pitcaple, Aberdeen. 7, continental L. 

Ricz, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham 
Common, S.W. orn. 

RicHARDs, Percy, Wellesley Cottage, Kingston Hill, Surrey. 

Ritey, E. F., 94, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. 7Z. 

Rosinson, A., B.A., 1, Mitre Court, Temple, E.C. 2 

Ropinson, LrrcH, Parliament Mansions, Victoria Street, 
Westminster, London, S.W. 2. 

Rosson, H., 9, Trump Street, E.C. Z, 4. 

RoutLence, G.B., F.E.S., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle. 
‘peas 

RowpeEn, ALFD. OLIVER, 6, Eastgate, Exeter. 4 0. 

Row.anp-Browy, H., F.E.S., Oxhey Grove, Harrow Weald. 72. 

RowntTreEE, J. H., Folkton Manor, Ganton, Yorks. @. 

RussELL, A., F.E.S., The Limes, Southend, Catford, S.E. 2, 


Satwey, R. E., F.E.S., Springbank, Wokingham, Berks. 7. 

SANDISON, JOHN, 2, Francis Grove, Wimbledon, Surrey. ¢. 

Sauzk, H. A., 22, Earlsthorpe Road, Sydenham, S.E. 7. 

Scottick, A. J., F.E.S., 8, Mayfield Road, Merton Park, 
Wimbledon, $.W. 2 


SHAKESPEARE, J. J., St. Mary’s, Cobham Road, Kingston-on- | 


Thames. 7. 

Sicu, Aur., F.E.S., Vice-President, Corney House, Chiswick, 
IWS 7. 

SMALLMAN, R. S., Wressil Lodge, Wimbledon Common, / 

Situ, E. W., 16, Tresco Road, Linden Grove, S.E. / 

SmiTH, WALTER, 6, Exmouth Villas, Hampton Hill, Middle- 
Sexis uy 

SMITH, WILLIAM, 13, St. Merren Street, Paisley. 2. 

Sout, R., F.E.S. 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting,S.W. /. 

Spitzpy, J. H., 1, Douglas Road, Canonbury Road, N. 

STANDEN, R., F.L.S., F.E.S., Townlands, Lindfield, 
Sussex (Life member). 1. 

Strep, E., F.L.S., Vice-President, Oakwood House, Barnett 
Wood Lane, Ashtead, Surrey. 6, m, orn, cr. 

STONELL, B., 25, Studley Road, Clapham, §.W. 2 


TarbaT, Rev. J. E., M.A., Fareham, Hants. /, oo0/. 


fe We 9 eth 9 


YEAR OF 
ELECTION. 


tg04 THompson, A. B., Garlands, Redhill. 2. 

1901 THORNTHWAITE, W., Hersham, Surrey. 7/. 

1895 Totuurst, J., Glenbrook, Beckenham, Kent. /. 

1902 Toncg, A. E., Aincroft, Grammar School Hill, Reigate. 2 

1899 Toomss, G. W., 40, Shrubland Grove, Dalston Lane, N. 2 

1895 TuNALEY, Hy., F.E.S., 13, Becmead Avenue, Streatham, 
SW f. 2. 

1887 TURNER, H. J., F.E.S., Hon. Report Secretary, 98, Drakefell 
Road, New Cross, S.E. 2, ¢, 2, he, 0. 

1886 Tutt, J. W., F.E.S., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, 
Blackheath, S.E. 4 continental 2. 


1887 VERRALL, G. H., F.E.S., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. a. 
1889 VINE, A. C., 45, Temple Street, Brighton, Sussex. 72. 


1889 WAINWRIGHT, C. J., F.E.S., 2, Handsworth Wood Road, 
Handsworth, near Birmingham. Z. 

1880 WALKER, J. J., F.L.S., F.E.S., ‘‘ Aorangi,” Lonsdale Road, 
Summertown, Oxford. 4 ¢. 

1888 WALLER, R., 2, Grand Parade, Upper Richmond Road, 
Putneys 0. W 7. 

1886 WALSINGHAM, The Right Hon. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., 
F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c., Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk 
(Hon. member). 1, orn. 

1903 WARNE, ERNEST, 45, St. John’s Hill, Clapham Junction, S.W. 2. 

1888 WarnE, N. D., 8, Bedford Square, W. 2. 

1888 WEBB, S., 22, Waterloo Crescent, Dover. 7. 

1872 West, W., Hon. Curator, 8, Morden Hill, Lewisham Road, 
Sin. Z- 6 he. 

1878 West, W., L.D.S., 75, Lewin Road, Streatham Common, 
SW. 2; mie. 

1887 WHIFFEN, W. H., 12, Garlands Road, Redhill. 2 

1905 WINKWORTH, J. T., 290, Burdett Road, E. 7 

1899 Woop, Rev. Francis Henry, M.A., Brabourne Cottage, 
Bromley Park, Kent. 7 

1905 WRIGHT, J., 30, Coleman Street, Woolwich, S.E. 7. 

1886 WricuHr, W. H., Secretary’s Department, Somerset House, 
Strand, W.C. JZ. 


Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors, 
additions, or alterations in the above Addresses and descriptions, 


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REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, 1904. 


HE Council of the South London Entomological and 

ne Natural History Society, in presenting the Thirty- 

third Annual Report, is pleased to state that the 
Society still continues in a satisfactory condition. 

During the past twelve months eight new Members have 
been admitted, four have resigned, and we have to record with 
sorrow the deaths of three Members—Mr. C. G. Barrett, a 
former President of the Society, Mr. McLachlan, for many 
years an Honorary Member, and Mr. J. A. Helps. At pre- 
sent, therefore, the Membership stands at one hundred and 
seventy-eight, comprising three Honorary, five Life, thirty- 
five Country, and one hundred and thirty-seven ordinary 
Members. 

The Treasurer’s Balance-sheet, duly audited, is printed at 
pages x and xi, and is eminently satisfactory, a result for which 
the best thanks of the Society are due to Mr. T. W. Hall. 

The Society has again had to regret the long absence of 
its President, who through domestic affliction has been com- 
pelled to reside abroad. Members, however, will be pleased 
to know that his family are now thoroughly restored to 
health, and may hope that he, as Vice-President, will be able 
to give valuable aid to the Society during the coming year. 

The Meetings have been as well attended as in former 
years, and even the Summer Meetings were on no occasion 
badly attended. The general exhibits have not been quite 
so numerous as the Council could wish. 

The Council suggested, early in the year, that it would be 


X1ll 


_well to devote an occasional evening to the exhibition of 
lantern slides prepared by the Members. This was acted on, 
and the lantern was placed at the disposal of Members on 
three evenings during the year. The Council is pleased to 
report that a ready response was made by the Members, and 
a large number of admirable slides of biological subjects were 
exhibited on each occasion. At all those meetings, and on 
other evenings also, when the lantern has been in use, Mr. 
F. Noap. CLARK carried out the necessary arrangements, 
and the Council desires to thank him most heartily for his 
valuable assistance. 

The Annual Special Exhibition of Varieties was held as 
usual in November, and was again a very successful gathering, 
in spite of the particularly unpleasant weather which pre- 
vailed. The objects were more numerous than in 1903, and 
in scientific interest were second to none of those exhibited 
on previous occasions. 

The average attendance at the Ordinary Meetings has 
been about thirty. In accordance with Bye-law XVI the 
Council appointed Mr. R. Ashby as Recorder of Attendances, 
an arrangement which has acted very well. 

Six papers, two addresses, and six reports of Field Meet- 
ings have been contributed to the Society, and of these the 
following Members were the authors: Mr. E. Srep, four; 
Messrs. Lucas and MANGER, two each; Messrs. R. ADKIN, 
ROWLAND-Brown, Burr, A. SicH, J. W. Tutt and Rev. F. 
H. Woop, one each. The Council desires to thank these 
gentlemen for their kindness in thus coming forward to aid 
the Society in its work. 

In reply to a communication from the South-Eastern 
Union of Scientific Societies on the protection of rare and 
local plants, your Vice-President, Mr. E. STEP, wrote a few 
remarks which were adopted by the Council and in due 
course forwarded to the Secretary of the Union. 

Seven Field Meetings were held during the year, but there 
was somewhat of a falling off in the attendance. The follow- 
ing is a list of the places visited : 

ASHTEAD, on May 14th; conducted by Mr. STEP. 

BookHAM, on June 4th; conducted by Mr. STEP, 


XIV 


EYNSFORD, on June 25th; conducted by Mr. R. ADKIN. 

MICKLEHAM, on July 9th; conducted by Mr. STEp. 

BYFLEET, on July 23rd; conducted by Mr. Lucas. 

EppiInGc Forest, on September roth; conducted by Messrs. 
HARRISON and MAIN. 

OxsHOTT, on October Ist; conducted by Messrs. Lucas 
and STEP. 

The Council wishes to thank these gentlemen for the 
trouble they took in making all the necessary arrangements, 
and to intimate its regret that so few members were able to 
attend these most pleasurable gatherings. 

It having been found somewhat difficult to prevail upon 
members to take the office of President, your Council 
thought it advisable to alter Bye-law IV, Section 3, so that 
it would not be absolutely necessary to elect a new President 
every year. This matter was submitted to a Special Meeting 
held on November roth, when it was decided by an over- 


whelming majority that the word “two” should be substi- — 


tuted for the word ‘‘ one,” so that the rule now reads: No 
Member shall hold the office of President for more than two years 
consecutively. 

The Society’s Collections still remain under the able care 
of Mr. W. WEstT (Greenwich), who reports that : 

‘‘The donations to the Society’s Collections during the 
year have been very poor. Mr. TonGeE, with a kind gift of 
nearly fifty specimens, comprising thirty-five species of 
British Lepidoptera, and Mr. R. ApkIN, a further kind con- 
tribution of about fifty specimens in the same Order, were 
the only donors. I hope that during the year 1905 there 
will be an improvement, as I have marked fresh lists of the 
Lepidoptera. These can be had on application to either 
Mr. AsHBy or myself. During the year I have had much 
assistance from Mr. Asupy in the supervision of the cabinets. 
There are still a few of the commoner species which want 
renewing, and which perhaps some of our younger members 
will be able to assist in replacing. I am pleased to say that 
at nearly every meeting Members consult the collections.” 

Your Council early in the year considered the question of 
the “ Tugwell ’’ Herbarium, and a small sub-committee was 


XV 


appointed to investigate its condition. As a result it was 
decided to have the collection carefully gone through and 
placed in such a condition as to be of service to any member 
who wished to consult it. Mr. Step most kindly undertook 
to carry this out, and there has been handed to the Curator 
the species in nineteen families of plants. 

The Library has been under the care of Mr. A. W. Dods, 
the new Librarian, who reports that although only a fair 
number of books have been borrowed, yet members have 
made considerable use of the Library before and after the 
meetings. 

The following is a list of the books, pamphlets, magazines, 
etc., which have been added to the Library ens the 
year: 


Books. 


BaTEs’ “‘ History of British Sessile-eyed Crustacea,” by 
purchase. 

Hrincx’s ‘“ History of British Marine Polyzoa,” by purchase. 

Hincx’s “ History of the British Hydroid Zoophytes,” by 
purchase. 

CUNNINGHAM’S ‘f Marketable Marine Fishes,” by purchase. 

FLOWER and LYDDEKER’s “‘ Mammalia,” by purchase. 
‘‘ Handbook of Instruction to Collectors,’ and ‘‘ Guide to 
the Coral Gallery at the British Museum,” from the Trustees 
of the Museum. 

HoLianp’s ‘‘ Moth Book of North America,” from Mr. 
GIBB. 

Porritt’s “List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera,” from the 
AUTHOR. 

Tutt’s “ British Lepidoptera,” vol. iv, from Mr. STANLEY 
EDWARDS. 

BarRRETT’s ‘British Lepidoptera,’ vol. ix, from the 
AUTHOR. 

STEP’s “‘ Wayside and Woodland Trees,” from Mr. N. D. 
WARNE. 

‘Miscellanea Entomologica,’” by Dr, CHAPMAN, from the 
AUTHOR, 


XV1 


PERIODICALS, MAGAZINES, ETC. 


The “‘ Entomologist,” 1904, from Mr. SouTH. 

The “ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” from the late 
Mr. McLAcuHian. 

The “ Irish Naturalist,’’ by exchange. 

The ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,”’ by exchange. 

The ‘‘ Entomologisk Tidskrift,” by exchange. 

The ‘‘ Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science,” by 
exchange. 

The ‘‘ Rochester Naturalist,’ by exchange. 

The ‘‘ Proceedings of the Perthshire Society of Natural 
Science,” by exchange. 

The ‘‘ Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Natural 
History Society,” by exchange. 


PAMPHLETS, REPORTS, ETC. 


‘Annual Report of the Lancashire and Cheshire Natural 


History Society,’ by exchange. 

* Bulletin of the New Mexico College,’ Nos. 48 and 49, 
from Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell. 

‘Transactions of the City of London Entomological and 
Natural History Society,” by exchange. 

‘Report of the Horniman Museum,” from the London 
County Council. 

“Colorado College Studies,”’ from Mr. Cockerell. 

“Report of the New Mexico College of Agriculture,”’ from 
Mr. Cockerell. 

‘‘Natural Ornamental Plants of New Mexico,” from Mr. 
Cockerell. 

The usual ‘‘ Abstract of Proceedings” of the Society for 1903 
was issued at the beginning of May, and consisted of a volume 
of 110 pages, with a coloured plate and a chart, generously 
presented by Dr. CHAPMAN and Mr. R. ADKIN respectively. 
For financial aid in producing this Report the Society are 
much indebted to those members whose names are mentioned 
elsewhere, 


a a it a i ee ee 


= 


Notes on the Genus Coleophora. 
By ALFRED Sicu, F.E.S. Read February 11th, 1904. 


To the fifteenth volume of the ‘‘ Entomologist’s Record” our 
worthy Secretary, Mr. Henry J. Turner, contributes a valuable paper 
on the Coleophorids. 

On page 88 he writes: “I know there are other lepidopterists 
equally interested in the group, and possibly some mutual help with 
material, and a checking of observations made, ought to be arranged, 
so that an advance in our knowledge of the group might be 
chronicled.” 

During the past season I have endeavoured to qualify myself, so 
that I might be accounted worthy to be.reckoned among the “ other 
lepidopterists,” and with this end in view I beg leave to bring forward 
these rough notes. 

I propose, firstly, to give an outline life history of Coleophora 
Juscedinella ; secondly, a few remarks on the Coleophorid case ; and, 
thirdly, some notes on the Coleophorid larva. 


Coleophora fuscedinella, Zeller. 


The female moth, flying around the food-plant at dusk, alights on 
the underside of a leaf, near the apex. She walks down the centre 
of the leaf, feeling the surface with the ovipositor as she proceeds. 

By this method, sooner or later, she will find the angle formed by 
the midrib and a lateral rib, the two ribs forming an obstruction to 
the ovipositor in its course. Having thus found the angle, she 
adjusts her position so that by curving the abdomen under her the 
ovipositor is brought parallel with the surface of the leaf. It is then 
thrust well into the angle, among the long hairs, springing from the 
ribs, and the egg is laid. Occasionally more than one egg will be 
laid in the same angle, but not often more than two. Ina confined 
space the moth, like other moths, will lay large batches of eggs on 
leaves or in niches of cork, or even on a smooth surface such as 
glass. I believe, however, in freedom that one only, or two ova 
generally squeezed together, to be the usual number. With regard 
to the total number of ova which one C. fuscedinel/a is capable of 
laying, I do not think it can be very large. One female laid fifty-one 
eggs before I let her fly, but I do not think she had then parted with 
all her ova, though probably with the greater proportion. 


2 

Though, like many of the ova of the Microlepidoptera, their shape 
is much modified by their surroundings, they may be described as 
ovoid. The micropylar end is somewhat truncated and usually 
rather less in diameter than the nadir, which is normally evenly 
rounded, though it readily takes the shape of any surface against 
which it may have been pressed by the moth’s ovipositor. 

The long axis measures 0°4 mm., and the shorter ones 0°25 mm, 

The micropylar area may be described as a shallow basin. In the 
centre lies the micropyle. This consists of a minute but deep pit 
with seven grooves running down it. Under a low power it appears 
merely as a rosette composed of seven elongated cells. The micro- 
pyle is surrounded by an irregular collar or raised flange. Beyond 
this is a second, larger ring of raised points connected with the inner 
collar by about nine cross-ribs. These ribs are continued over the 
edge of the micropylar area, where they are raised so high at the 
border that they haye the appearance of papilla. ‘These nine ribs, 
with others, perhaps less prominent, between them, run down the 
ege-shell to the nadir, where they become less distinct. They are 
all crossed at irregular intervals by lesser raised lines running round 
the egg at right angles to the ribs, the interspaces forming quad- 
rangular cells. In other words, the sculpture on the walls of the 


ovum might be described as consisting of a series of shallow pits . 


arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. 

When first laid the colour of the ovum is pale yellow, but in nine 
or ten days the colour becomes rather deeper in tint. A minute red 
dot is also usually visible. About the fourteenth day the ovum 
shows a large dark fuscous spot at the micropylar end. This is 
caused by the dark head of the young larva showing through the 
egg-shell. 

On the seventeenth day the first batch of eggs hatched. I should 
say that about seventeen days would be the average length of time 
that C. fuscedinel/a passes in the egg stage. Of course the length of 
this stage depends very greatly on the type of weather prevalent 
during the period. Two batches which I had during this cold 
summer took twenty-one days to hatch. The greater bulk of the 
eggs will hatch out on the same day. When about to leave the egg 
the young larva gnaws a hole at the micropylar end, through which 
it finally escapes. It does not eat the egg-shell. The empty shell 
does not collapse, but remains stiff. It 1s almost colourless, the 
yellow tint of the ovum before hatching being due to the yellow 
body of the larva showing through the shell. 

Many authors state that the Coleophorids begin life as leaf-miners, 
and so they do, but as Coleophorid leaf-miners, not as true leaf- 
miners. The true leafminer eats its way out through the base of 
the egg into the leaf without ever coming in contact with the atmo- 
sphere. The genus Mepéicula and also that of Phylocnistis furnish 
good examples of true leaf-miners. 

But the Coleophorids, at least GO: OE) comes out of the 


Se agelies y 


‘ 
| 


3 


egg and wanders about until alighting on a suitable place to com- 
mence the mine. 

C. fuscedinella will wander about for some hours before starting 
the mine. The place chosen for entrance into the leaf lies usually 
at the angle formed by a rib and the lamina of the leaf. Here it 
appears to be less difficult for the larva to bite through the cuticle of 
the leaf, probably on account of the substance lying behind the 
cuticle at this point being less solid than it is in other parts of the 
leaf. Here the young larva bites out a minute circular hole and 
commences to eat its way into the parenchyma between the upper 
and lower cuticle of the leaf. At first the larva mines steadily 
forwards, being apparently anxious to get its body hidden in the 
mine. One I had under observation on July 30th, 1903, had mined 
a sufficient distance into the leaf to completely cover itself in rather 
over two hours after commencing the mine. When well within the 
leaf the larva does not confine itself to the forward movement, but 
eats irregularly on all sides, just as a Coleophorid does in its later 
larval life. The mine from this cause mostly assumes a pear-shaped 
form. It is well known that the Coleophorid larva while feeding 
periodically leaves the mine and crawls backwards to the end of its 
case in order to eject the excrement. The young larva also crawls 
to the entrance of its mine for the same purpose, and having this 
habit a long, narrow mine would be inconvenient. It therefore con- 
fines its Operations to a space lying noi very far from the original 
entrance to its mine. 

Usually it remains in the first mine till it has cut out its case, but 
if for any reason the first mine becomes untenable, it will come out 
and re-enter the leaf at another point, or even go toa fresh leaf, 
differing again cn this point from a true leaf-miner. 

From eight to ten days after hatching the larva will stretch itself 
out flat to undergo its first ecdysis, thrusting the old head well for- 
ward. The body then has a peculiar barred or striped appearance. 
To what this appearance is due I cannot say. I suggest that the 
old larval skin turns a brownish colour on the dorsal area of each 
segment, but that the inter-segmental membrane remains colourless. 

The skin being stretched, the colourless portions are brought into 
view, alternating with the brownish dorsal area; hence the barred 
appearance. In about twenty-four hours the larva will have changed 
its first skin and, after recovery, commences to make its first case. 
It moves round the edges of the mine, eating out any portions which 
would come in the way of its case. It then cuts a slit in both the 
upper and under cuticle of the leaf on one side of the space in which 
it intends to make the case and fastens these two cuticles together 
with silk. It then repeats this operation on the other side of the 
space, taking care, however, to leave a portion at the apex and at 
the base of the case uncut. When the sides are firmly spun together 
the small space of uncut cuticle at the apex of the case is severed 
from the leaf, but the two cuticles are here not sewn together, as 


+ 


they form the aperture at that end of the case. The larva then 
crawls down to the base and finally completes the case by biting 
through first one and then the other cuticle, thus cutting it com- 
pletely away from the leaf. It then, bearing its case, walks off in 
well-deserved triumph, though the way in which the newly acquired 
habitation flops about borders on the ridiculous. 

The larva now soon finds a suitable spot on the under side of a 
leaf where it can fasten its little case and bore into the leaf. Here 
it recommences to feed in the usual coleophorid manner. As the 
larva increases in size the case becomes too small to contain it 
comfortably, so the larva increases the size of the case, for C. 
fuscedinella does not at this period form another fresh case, as I 
believe C. egxvphipennella does. ‘The case is enlarged in two ways: 
When the larva, having fastened its case to the leaf, has mined all 
round to a convenient distance, it loosens the case from the leaf and 
moves to a fresh place. In freeing the case it does not sever the 
silk strands by which the case was attached, but cuts a ring out of 
the leaf cuticle, thus freeing the case and adding to it at the same 
time. So that, after the larva has mined in three or four different 
places, the case will have been prolonged by the attachment of 
three or four rings, composed of silk and leaf cuticle, to its basal 
aperture. 

At the same time the larva increases the width or depth of the 
case by spinning a silk border along the ventral and apical margins 
of its dwelling. After eight or ten weeks the original first case will 
appear as a black patch on the back and sides of the now enlarged 
case, but, unless examined carefully, it will be difficult to see where 
the piece of leaf which formed the first case ends and the added 
silken portion begins. 

The case at this period has some superficial resemblance, but of 
course in microscopical miniature, to the bivalve molluse, AZva 
truncata, in its living state, when the epidermis is still on the shell 
and the wrinkled tube which encases the syphons is still attached. 

‘The larva now prepares for hibernation. It crawls off the leaves, 
seemingly being aware that if it remained on them it would fall with 
them to the earth. It now attaches its case by the basal aperture 
very firmly to the bark of a tree of the food-plant. ‘The site fre- 
quently chosen is the angle formed by the stem of a twig and the 
next year’s leaf-bud. In this situation it braves the autumnal gales 
and the winter’s cold without any further protection. 

In the early spring, when the leaves are still very small, the larva 
loosens its case from the bark and recommences to feed. It still 
continues enlarging its case by rings of cuticle and silk as previously 
described, but the silk and the rings now added are of a much lighter 
colour, and, after a few weeks, the old winter case,which has now 
become almost black, contrasts strongly with the pale additions of 
the spring. When the leaves of the food-plant, be it birch, horn- 
beam, or hazel, have grown sufficiently large, and when the leaf 


5 


cuticle has become sufficiently stout to provide the materials for the 
second and, in this species, final case, the larva attaches the enlarged 
winter case to the cuticle of a leaf near the base, bores into the leaf 
and mines out a long space beside the margin of the leaf. Out of 
this space it perfects a new case exactly in the same manner as 
. C. hemerobiella, to be presently described. The new case, however, 
is very different to the old one in appearance, being straight and 
fairly cylindrical. 

It is perhaps one of the earliest mistakes made by the young 
collector of the Coleophorids when he finds the small bent cases and 
the long straight cases, all on the same birch-tree, and erroneously 
concludes, from the different size and appearance of the cases, that he 
has got two different species of the genus. 

The larvee in their new cases continue to feed in exactly the same 
way as in the earlier stages, but of course they make much larger 
and hence more conspicuous blotches in the leaves. After feeding 
in this manner, chiefly on the under side of the leaves, for a few 
weeks, the larvee leave the under side and fasten their cases very 
firmly either on the stem of the food-plant, or, as is more often the 
case, on to the centre of the upper side of a leaf, usually choosing a 
leaf which has not been mined by them. With the case in this 
position the larva is, so to speak, standing on its head, but after 
some time it turns round inside the case and reverses its position. 
It now undergoes pupation, the larval skin finding its way to the 
bottom of the case with the head uppermost so that the pupa rests 
upon it. In about a month or six weeks the moth escapes through 
the apical opening of the case. 

As the Coleophorid pupa is not protruded from the case in emer- 
gence, and as the case remains exactly the same in appearance after 
emergence of the moth, it is difficult to tell, on finding a case in 
July, whether the moth has emerged or not. The best way to settle 
the point is to examine the apical aperture of the case with a lens, 
and if any lepidopterous scales are observed we may safely conclude 
that the moth has flown, and a delicate squeeze of the case will 
prove that it is empty. 

I know nothing of the method of emergence adopted by the 
Coleophorids, though I have sat hours with them before me in 
hopes of witnessing their manner of leaving the case, or cocoon, as 
at this stage it has become. In confinement, the moths pair a very 
few hours after emergence, and the female will begin laying one or 
two days after pairing. 


CASES OF THE COLEOPHORIDS. 


The case of the Coleophorid larva is in no way analogous to the 
shell of a Mollusc, which is firmly attached to the muscles of the 
animal itself. The Coleophorid case is not essential to the larva’s 


6 


existence, but must be looked upon merely as a convenience. The 
case forms while the larva is feeding a shelter from the inclemency 
of the atmosphere, and a retreat or hiding-place from its enemies, 
and when the larva is full fed it has no need to go to the trouble of 
spinning a cocoon, for the case already built is admirably suited to 


the purpose. The Coleophorid larva is quite free to quit or abandon / 


its case at any time should this act be necessary. The larva may be 
taken from its case, examined, and replaced in its case without 
suffering injury, provided always the operation be delicately per- 
formed. In fact, an exchange of cases may be made, not only 
between individuals but between species, and the larvee will walk off 
in their strange cases apparently quite unconcerned. Of course, it 
is a well-known fact that several species of this genus habitually make 
entirely new cases, but only, however, at certain periods of their 
existence. Nevertheless some of these species may be induced to 
make a new case at a time when under ordinary conditions they 
would not do so, and even a species like C. /¢xeo/ea, which increases 
.its case by the addition of “leaf fragments,” as Meyrick aptly puts it, 
will make an entirely new case if circumstances favour such a pro- 
ceeding. The cases are therefore merely shelters for the larvee. 
Flimsy as they are when newly made, they become very tough, 
forming a most efficient protection. From their great variety and 
from the skilful methods employed in building them, we may argue 
that they must be of very ancient origin. 

Although the cases differ so greatly in appearance, the funda- 
mental form is the same—that is to say, a hollow cylinder, open at 
one extremity and more or less closed at the other. The principles 
of construction appear to be of two kinds—one, the commoner, that 
of joining together the margins of two more or less symmetrical 
walls, so that a flat case is made like the scabbard of a sword, which 
is afterwards formed into a hollow cylinder by pushing out the walls ; 
the other by addition of parts on the same principle that beads are 
threaded on a string. Sometimes both principles are employed, as 
in the case of species like C. /¢zeo/ea, where one flat case is added to 
another. 

In all instances that have come under my notice the interior of 
the perfect case is always lined with silk. The exterior of the case 
usually harmonises with the larva’s surroundings; and in many 
instances, such as the case of C. onosmel/a on the tip of a bugloss 
leaf, or more especially the case of C. uncicolel/a on a sprig of ling, 
the resemblance of the case to portions of the food-plant is so exact 
that the case is practically indistinguishable. On the other hand, 
the almost black pistol cases of species like C. zbipennella and C. 
anatipennella are quite conspicuous, as they rest on the upper side of 
a leaf. But these, especially when the newest portions are spun of 
white silk, have a strong similitude to a bird’s dropping. 

When the Coleophorid larva is very small, it makes a minute case, 
but as the larva grows it has to enlarge its shelter. The enlargement 


PY ae toe Le ee 


5 
( 


is usually carried out in one of the four following methods: firstly, 
by addition of silk only, as, for example, Coleophora tbipennella ; 
secondly, by the addition of portions of food-plant and silk, as 
C. albttarsella ; thirdly, by addition of portions of food-plant without 
visible silk, as C. /7xeolea ; and, fourthly, by quitting the small case 
and making an entirely new larger case, as C. hemerobiella. The 
individuals of a species invariably construct and enlarge their cases 
by the same method. I have bred many specimens of C. zbzpennella 
and C. anatipennella, both of which increase their cases by the 
addition of silk only, but how they do it I have not yet observed. 
The cases seem to grow gradually. I believe the larva spins inter- 
mittingly at the margins of the case. When the larva of C. a/bitar- 
sella is about to enlarge its case, it first, by means of silk, firmly fixes 
the case on to the edge of a leaf of the food-plant, usually ground 
ivy (Glecoma hederacea). It then mines outa more or less rhomboidal 
space at this edge of the leaf, cuts out and joins together the two 
then empty cuticles, which are already fast to the case, and eventually 
lines the cuticles with silk. This is the way in which the case is 
lengthened. As the larva grows not only longer but also stouter, it 
requires at the same time to widen its case, or rather to make it 
deeper. This is effected by cutting open the lower seam or margin 
of the case and extending the margins by silk to the required depth. 
This silken extension is pale in colour at first, but becomes darker 
with age, though frequently a sharp keel of whitish silk may be seen 
in quite old cases. At first sight the case of C. adbitarsella appears 
homogeneous, but if examined with a lens the added leaf-segments 
may be easily observed, as well as the hairs which grow on their 
surface, while the keel of the case will be found to consist of silk 
only. In fact, the complete case really is formed of a silken tube 
strengthened by segments of leaf cuticle laid saddle-wise in a row 
over the back. 

C. dineolea, a common species feeding on the black horehound 
(Ballota nigra), when about to enlarge its case, also fastens it 
on to the edge of a leaf where the larva mines out a comparatively 
large space+—in fact, as far as it can conveniently reach without quitting 
the case. This large piece is then added to the case, the larva 
cutting it out of the leaf, and thus the case becomes both lengthened 
and widened at one and the same time. The dentations of the leaf 
included in the portion mined become the ornaments of the case. 
The larva as soon as the new portion of the case is cut out from the 
leaf walks off; it does not wait to complete the lining. After the 
larva has fed the case gradually becomes opaque, as though the 
larva required a certain amount of food for the secretion of sufficient 
silk to complete the lining. This method of case enlargement is 
adopted by many species, such as C. onosmella, C. bicolorella, C. 
viminetella, etc., but there is another method of case enlargement by 
leaf fragments, which we can very well observe in such species as C, 
juncicolella, C. geniste, and C. saturatella, These species, feeding 


8 


on small-leafed plants, such as Cad/una and Genista, cannot hide 
themselves on the undersides of leaves like C. lineolea, C. viminetella, 
and others. Therefore they make themselves inconspicuous by so 
constructing their cases that these shelters have the appearance of 
being actually portions of the food-plant itself. When the case is 
formed of such small leaflets as those of Cadluna or Cytisus, it 
usually follows the principle of the beads on the string, but the hole 
through which the string passes is occupied by the larva itself. I 
have watched C. saturazel/a on a broom-leaf enlarging its case. The 
process is as follows: the larva mounts to the apex of the leaf and 
commences to mine a little on one side of the midrib. It mines out 
sufficient parenchyma to clear the tip of the leaf, which it then splits 
down the centre, wedging its case into the slit thus formed. The 
case, with half the leaf sticking out on either side, is then fastened by 
silk firmly into the split leaf, the rest of which is then mined out, and 
lastly, the whole cut off at the base. The basal half of the leaf now 
forms the additional habitable portion of the case, while the project- 
ing tip of the added leaf on one side and the split off portion on the 
other, form the ornaments of the case. In drawing the added leaf to 
shape the larva causes it to wrinkle a great deal in that part which 
forms the tube or prolongation of the case. 

When, in early summer, the hawthorn leaves have grown sufficiently 
large and the cuticles have become firm enough, * we may find the 
larva of C. hemerobiella spinning its curiously curved first case to the 
base of a hawthorn leaf. When the case is firmly attached the larva 
commences mining out—that is, eating out the parenchyma in a 
straight line close to the edge of the leaf for a distance of about twice 
the length and double the width of its own body. To do this it must, 
of course, come quite outside its old case. When the mine is com- 
pletely cleared of the parenchyma the larva cuts a slit in both 
cuticles by gnawing along the inner margin of the mined space, from 
the base, w here the old case is attached, to the apex. It then spins 
the two severed cuticles firmly together. The new case is now a 
sheath composed of two walls, and is still attached to the leaf at base 
and apex. The larva now mounts to the apex and severs one and 
then the other cuticle from the leaf, but does not unite the lately 
severed portions. It then returns to the base and treats that in the 
same manner, clinging to the leaf with its thoracic legs as it finally 
cuts the case clear of the leaf. It now crawls off in its new case, 
leaving the old one attached to the leaf as though it were still 
inhabited. After a day or two it completes the new case by forming 
three valves at the apical aperture and by lining the case thickly with 
silk. This process is adopted by the C. fuscedinella group and also 
by the C. /émosipenella group, except that the latter does not after- 
wards close the apical aperture by three flaps. 

These, as far as I know, are the four chief methods adopted by the 
Coleophorids in enlarging their dwellings. 1 must, however, mention 
that the methods of case enlargement, though differing so greatly, do 


ee ee ee - 


9 
not at all point to a wide or, perhaps, any difference of origin, or 
even to any very remote separation of the groups, but, on the con- 
trary, rather serve to show how strictly the Coleophorids are bound 
together. For certain species use two or more methods in the course 
of their existence. For instance, C. fuscedinedla begins by cutting 
out a case from the leaf; it then enlarges it with silk and also by 
addition of leaf fragments, and, finally, in making its last case, 
returns to the cutting-out process. 


THE LARVA OF THE COLEOPHORIDS. 


So far as I know them these all have very marked characteristics. 
They are stout, with a smooth polished appearance, and are armed 
with plates on the thorax and on the anal segment. I believe that 
the shape and position of these plates will be found of great use in 
determining the species of this genus, when in the larval stage. The 
legs are large and strong—a usual feature in case-bearing larve, 
while the abdominal claspers, except the anal pair, are small and weak. 
When the larva is taken from the case it holds the body in an arched 
or curved position and progresses by means of the true legs, never 
attempting to make use of the ventral claspers. This is even notice- 
able in the newly-hatched larve when it leaves the egg. It crawls by 
means of the thoracic legs, arching the body so as to lift the venter 
high above the surface on which it crawls, supporting the weight of 
the body by resting the anal segment on the surface. It never 
adheres by the anal claspers like a geometer larva, but rather drags 
them after it, remotely reminding the observer of a Je/olontha larva. 
So highly arched is the body that an inequality in the surface or a 
breath of air may overturn the larva. It soon, however, rights itself, 
but retains the curved position even when lying on its side. 

It is curious that this arched position of the abdomen is again 
adopted by the female moth when seeking a suitable situation on the 
surface of a leaf where she may safely deposit an egg. 

When in the case or when mining in the leaf the ventral claspers 
may be of great use to the larva, but I believe the strong anal 
claspers are chiefly used for grasping the case when the larva is 
moving from one leaf to another. When a larva, feeding in the mine, 
has stretched itself almost entirely out of its case and is startled, it 
suddenly, in about two quick movements, withdraws itself into the 
case. This is, I believe, accomplished by the larva, already securely 
anchored by the anal claspers, suddenly contracting its extended 
body and so withdrawing it into the case. The ventral claspers do 
not appear to play any part in the movement; it seems to have 
nothing akin to the rapid backward wriggle of the Tortrix larva. 

One would imagine that in a genus where the prolegs apparently 
are of very little use there would be a tendency among the more 
advanced members to lose the prolegs. That such a tendency 
exists among the Coleophorids we have, I think, abundant proof. In 


10 


the first place these ventral prolegs, in all the species I have yet 
examined, are very small and weak when compared, for instance, 
with Sphingid, a typical Noctuid larva. When the larva is dead it is 
difficult to see them at all, though usually the very imperfect circles 
of black hooks situated on the discs of the prolegs serve as a guide. 

When, however, a living larva is held in such a position that a 
lateral view of the ventor is obtained these prolegs may be very easily 
observed, for the larva will thrust out one pair after another in its 
vain endeavours to free itself from restraint. 

If we carefully examine, by this and other means, certain species 
of this genus, we shall see that they, like the Gracilariids, are without 
prolegs on the sixth abdominal segment. They have already lost one 
pair. 

When, in prehistoric days, the Geometrid larva began to find some 
of its ventral prolegs more hereditary than useful, it was, no doubt, 
as Mr. Tutt suggests (“‘ Brit. Lep.,” vol. i, p. 53), merely a matter of 
speed which determined which pair of the ventral prolegs should go 
first. The Geometrid larva, when arching the body to crawl quickly, 
and bringing up the posterior segments rapidly, gave the anterior 
pairs of prolegs less time in contact with the surface crawled on—that 
is to say, made least use of these pairs, and therefore these anterior 
pairs of ventral prolegs were the first to be-lost. Then, as more work 


was thrown on the last pair of ventral prolegs, namely, those situated - 


on the sixth abdominal segment, this pair became strengthened and 
enlarged, and, subsequently, to such a degree that the third pair 
situated on the fifth abdominal segment became unnecessary and 
therefore disappeared too. As examples illustrating this idea we 
may compare the larvee of Gonodontis (Odontopera) bidentata, Anisop- 
teryx escularia, and other Geometrids. 

The movements of the Coleophorid larva are of the methodical 
order. For instance, even when making a new case there is none of 
the excitement and rapid motion that we see in some other families 
of the Tineina when making new dwellings. Therefore in the 
Coleophorid larva there is no question of speed involved, and con- 
sequently we should not expect the process of losing the prolegs to 
be of the same nature as it was in the Geometrid larva. From the 
persistent manner in which the abdomen of the Coleophorid larva is 
held in a curved position, as previously described, we may, I think, 
argue that the position itself offers some advantage to the larva, and 
that, also, this advantage was enjoyed by, and this position adopted 
by, the early ancestors of the modern Coleophorids. Now when the 
larva is crawling by aid of its true or thoracic legs and holding the 
abdomen in the arched position with the anal segment persistently 
incurved and resting on the surface crawled on, the pair of ventral 
prolegs least likely to come in contact with the surface crawled on 
will be those nearest the incurved anal pair. My meaning may be 
made plainer by making the sign used as a note of interrogation 
represent the larva by writing it horizontally, thus— _, the straight 


ie oe 


f 
5 
} 
f 
i 
< 


ll 


part of the sign standing for the head and thorax of the larva. As 
this last pair of ventral prolegs, z.e., those on the sixth abdominal 
segment, will be the least often used, it follows that this pair will also 
be the most liable to be lost, and it is this pair on the sixth abdominal 
segment, or, as some writers might say, on the tenth segment, which 
in certain species is absent. A careful examination of the larve of 
Coleophora fuscedinella, hemerobiella, and “Limosipennella will reveal 
the fact that besides the anal claspers there are only three pairs of 
ventral prolegs, the sixth abdominal segment being destitute of pro- 
legs. In the first-named species this fact holds good in the newly- 
hatched larva, and I presume that this is also the case with the other 
two species. Meyrick (“‘ Handbook,” p. 642) suggests that the rush- 
feeding Coleophorids are the most primitive of the genus, and this 
view is, I suppose, generally accepted by those who have taken 
thought on the subject. The egg of the only species of this section 
that I know is certainly of a lower type than that of C. fuscedinedla. 
If, then, the early or ancestral Coleophorid larva had four pairs of 
abdominal pro-legs we should at least expect to find a trace of the 
fourth pair in the less advanced rush-feeding species. If we examine 
the larva of C. caespiticied/a, a common representative of this section, 
we shall notice that the fourth pair—that is, the prolegs on the sixth 
abdominal segment—are as well developed as the other three pairs. 
It is the same with C. murinipennel/a. The fourth pair, however, 
persists also in some less primitive species, as, for instance, in C. 
bicolorella, 

Réaumur, Zeller, Frey, Stainton, and Heineman all agree in stating 
that the larve of the Coleophorids have sixteen legs. Meyrick has 
not noted the fact that some species have only fourteen, and _ there- 
fore it is to be presumed that he was also unaware of this fact. The 
fact, however, appears to have been noticed by the artist who drew 
the figures of the larve of Coleophora limosipennella and C. con- 
spicuella in Stainton’s “Natural History of the Tineina” (vol. iv, pl. IT, 
fig. 2a, and vol. v, pl. IX, fig. 2a respectively), as both these larvee 
are shown without pro-legs on the sixth abdominal segment. 

In conclusion, I will venture to prophesy that in the near future 
the present convenient genus Co/eophora will be split up into certain 
genera or sub-genera, and we shall therefore have to burden our 
memories with a few more names, but whether the study of insects 
will be enhanced by this process we must leave time to discover. 


Bb 


Modern Requirements in Oval and Larval Description. 
Byij..W.Turt, EGS, 
(Abstract of Address March toth, 1904.) 


Mr. Tutt referred to the admirable work which was being done 
by a number of members of the Society in obtaining photographs of 
the ova, larvae, and pupze of Lepidoptera, but strongly expressed the 
view that this work, good as it was, did not go far enough for our 
modern requirements. He desired that those who took the trouble 
to obtain and photograph these objects should add to them a sum- 
mary of all the obtainable details as to form, structure, colour, 
comparison, etc., so that future workers may have a mass of detail 
upon which to generalise and our science may benefit and progress 
thereby. Dr. Chapman’s papers during the last few years had produced 
a complete revolution in our ideas concerning these early stages, and 
his methods of study had given us a mass of detailed information of 
inestimable influence on all the more modern schemes of classification. 

Broadly speaking, he said that the eggs of all Lepidoptera are 
divisible into two groups, which are known technically as “upright ” 
and “flat” eggs. Every egg has a tiny little rosette of minute cells, 
which contains a number of microscopic canals leading into the 
interior of the egg, and by means of which the fertilisation of the 
egg is effected. This rosette is the micropyle, and if the egg be laid 
so that the micropylar axis is vertical to the surface on which it 1s 
laid, it is called an “ upright” egg, and if laid so that the micropylar 
axis is horizontal to the surface on which it is laid, it is called a “flat” 
one. Eggs of butterflies are upright eggs, while the greater number 
of those of moths are flat eggs. It will be found on closer examina- 
tion, that the upright eggs are, as a rule, eggs with only two axes of 
measurement, the vertical and the horizontal, the latter being the 
same in all directions, a horizontal section being circular. In the 
flat egg there are three different measurements, length, width and 
height, the two horizontal axes being of different lengths, and the 
horizontal section roughly elliptical in outline. 

Upright eggs are generally ribbed vertically, hemispherical or rather 
more than a hemisphere, showing very fine sculpture and with the 
micropyle at the top. Flat eggs are generally comparatively smooth, 
with scarcely any or no trace of markings or reticulations and with 
the micropyle at the end. Besides the above characters, notes should 
be made of the sculpture of the shell, the more or less transparency, 
the character and completeness or incompleteness of the ribbing, the 
colour and its changes at different ages of the eggs, and the smooth- 
ness or roughness, dulness or glossiness, of the surface. 

Attention should also be given to the general habit of the egg- 


-S . er. oe 


13 


laying of a species, where, at what time of day, in large or small 
batches, whether naked or covered, whether protected or exposed. 
How long does the egg stage last ? and what is the relation between 
this and the habit of deposition? Are the eggs numerous or few ; 
and what are the sizes of the batches; or are the ova laid singly 2 
What changes take place with the fertile eggs which are or are not to 
be observed when the ova are infertile? The sizes of the ova should 
be very carefully measured, and to all photographs should be 
appended the magnification. 

Turning to the consideration of the larvee, Mr. Tutt called atten- 
tion to the generally cylindrical shape, the segmentation, the regional 
division into head, thorax and abdomen, etc. He then stated at 
some length what has now become of far more importance than these, 
viz. the position, numbers and character of the tubercles that bear 
sete or hairs, and which are found on certain well-defined areas of 
the body. He described their position on the various segments, 
their absence or presence at different instars, their varying position 
in the different groups, and their various peculiarities and modifica- 
tions ; at the same time his remarks were illustrated by numerous 
diagrams very kindly prepared and lent him by Mr. Bacot. The 
* special nomenclature of these tubercles was as follows: Tubercle i 
(the two front ones on the dorsum of each segment) ; Tubercle ii 
(the two hinder ones on the dorsum) ; Tubercle iii (above each of 
the spiracles); Tubercles iv and v (just below the spiracles, but 
often moved to neighbouring positions); Tubercle vi (between iv 
and v); and Tubercle vii (on the upper outside margin of the 
legs). These are known respectively as: (i) anterior trapezoidals ; 
(ii) posterior trapezoidals ; (ii1) supra-spiraculars ; (iv and vy), sub- 
spiraculars (v sometimes becoming pre-spiracular, and iv becoming 
post-spiracular) ; (vi) laterals ; and (vil) marginals. 

Besides all the usual statements as to colour, markings, detailed 
measurements and appearances of head and various segments, the 
number of sub-segments and their characters and appendages, the 
number and position of the prolegs, etc., there should also be noted— 
the position of the spiracles, the character, arrangement, and complete- 
ness of the hooks on the prolegs, the structure of the primary and 
secondary sete and their variation in number, position and develop- 
ment, the presence of any secondary tubercles, and whether any hairs 
are present not connected with the definite tubercular structures. 

It was necessary to note all these points at the successive instars, 
‘and particularly was it all-important to most carefully make a detailed 
description of the newly-hatched larvze, for often such records were 
found to be of immense value for classificational purposes, when per- 
haps details at any other instar may be of comparatively little value. 

For fuller details see Dyar, “ A Classification of Lepidopterous 
Larve,’’ Ann. New York Acad. Sci. vu, p. 18; Tutt, ‘“ Nat. Hist. of 
Brit. Lep.,” 1, pp. 6-54; VIII, pp. 1-22; “ Hints on Collecting 
Lepidoptera,” pt. 111, pp. 3-32 (1905). 


14 


The Spondylidz (Thorny Oysters). 
By W. T. MANGER. 
(Read April 14th, 1904.) 


THE shells which I have selected to say a few words to you about 
belong to the family Spondylidz (thorny oysters), coming imme- 
diately after the oysters proper, which, however, they do not resemble 
either in their internal structure or in outward appearance ; they more 
closely resemble the Pectens (scallops), but are more spiny and 
heavier, and united by strong interlocking teeth. They have no 
byssus, and the ligament is internal, whilst the mantle margin has a 
row of eyes like the Pectens; lke them, also, they are sometimes 


brilliantly coloured, and they live, with few exceptions, attached by . 


one of the valves to rocks, stones, coral or shells. Spondylus 


aurantius is sometimes found attached to Chama lazarus. Chama’ 


is totally different to the Sfozdy/us, being one of the principal families 
of the sub-order Carvdiacea (to which belong the cockles). From 
the fact that small quantities of water are sometimes enclosed in 
cavities in the inner layers of the shell, they have been called water- 
clams or water Sfondy/t. Woodward tells us that the secretion of 
colour by the mantle depends greatly on the action of light ; shallow 
water shells are as a class warmer and brighter coloured than those 
from deep water, and bivalves which are habitually stationary (like 
Spondylus) have the upper valve richly tinted, whilst the lower one 
is colourless ; this is not, however, always the case. Spondvlus leuca- 
cantha is richly coloured on both valves. There are about seventy 
living species of Sfondy/us, and about eighty fossil, and they are 
met with in depths up to about 1oo fathoms of water. ‘They are to 
be found in all the warmer seas, the Pacific, West Indies, West 
America, Mediterranean, etc., but it has no representative in Britain. 

Spondvlus, like the oysters, are free swimmers at birth, but in a 
very short time they settle down and become attached to something, 
and some species are contorted and twisted in very curious shapes. 
Pearls are sometimes found in Spondy/z, more especially in Spondylus 
gedaropus, and ay are usually of a green or rose colour. As a 
consequence of the great beauty of most of the species they have 
always been eagerly sought after by collectors, and years ago, when 
these things were rare, they have fetched very high prices. 


2s 4-3 view 


15 


Notes on Argyroneta aquatica and some other Spiders. 
By Rev, F. H. Woop, M.A. Read April 28th, 1904. 


AMONG what writers of little handbooks on aquaria used to call 
“interesting objects,” few perhaps can compete in attractiveness 
and pleasing qualities with Arvgvroneta aquatica, known as the 
diving water spider. 

It is, however, a question, whether in most cases this Arachnid 
has not been kept and observed more for its appearance and inter- 
esting habits than for purposes of scientific study. Still, there must 
have been a strange lack of observation if a desire for more know- 
ledge as to the habits of this and other spiders has not been, in 
some way, kindled. And, further still, the whole question of sub- 
aqueous respiration is brought into prominence by the silvery gleam 
of the sheath of air, enclosing the whole of the abdomen, and 
extending along the sternum, or breastplate, under the cephalo- 
thorax. 

‘The same fundamental scientific axiom, that organisms breathing 
atmospheric air must be in possession of a sufficient supply if life is 
to be maintained under water, has been, perhaps, already noticed 
in evidence in the case of aquatic Coleoptera: for instance, in such 
arrangements as the anal bubble retained by the Dytiscide and 
Gyrinidz, closing and revealing the supply of air lying over the 
spiracles under the elytra; and the film of air lining the whole 
under-surface of the Hydrophilide, accomplishing the same life- 
sustaining work in a different way, as again in the case of Hemiptera 
like Wotonecta glauca. 

There is, however, one broad, universal method in the retention 
of external air, made use of alike by spider, beetle, or bug, namely, 
its entanglement on a hairy, or downy, and somewhat oily surface. 
This will be found to be the case whether we examine the hairy 
fringe slightly visible on the upper surface of the abdomen, beyond 
the elytra, of Dytescus marginalts or Gyrinus natator, or the strongly 
marked pubescence of (say) AZydrous piceus and Notonecta glauca. 
But, in the case of spiders, this adaptation is most conspicuous, 
not only in A. aguatica, but in members of the family Lycoside, 
of the Genera Dolomedes and Pirata, to which I hope to refer 
further on. 

The abdomen of A. aguatica is very hairy, the hairs on the under 
surface are of considerable length, as well as those which are thickly 
set on the sternum. Sufficient air is thus retained to cover and 
supply the breathing-holes on the lower side, near the base of the 
abdomen, and also to prevent its soft*covering from becoming 


16 


sodden by undue exposure to the wet. I have noticed, in cases 
where water spiders have been kept without an opportunity of 
leaving the water, that they have eventually succumbed, and even 
the temporary refuge of a leaf or piece of cork is not sufficient. 
These spiders leave their watery haunts at times, it would seem, for 
hygienic as well as hunting purposes. An interesting little notice 
from the Rey. O. Pickard-Cambridge’s “‘ Spiders of Dorset ” (vol i, 
p. 471) may be quoted. He once kept, he writes, a male spider of 
this species for three years in Durham ; and every night this spider 
came out and wandered about the room. It came to an untimely 
end, as it was found one morning in a dying condition. 

As a parallel case, I need only refer to the well-known fact that 
the hirsute covering on the thorax and abdomen of a beetle like 
Flydrous piceus will, in time, lose its gloss and. air-retaining power ; 
and the same applies again to Hemiptera like Wofonecta glauca. 

But a unique feature comes before us for our study, when we con- 
sider this air-breathing organism, as not only passing the greater part 
of its existence under water, but as emerging from ova laid and 
hatched in a silken chamber of captive air. The development of a 
spider being merely one of growth, without transformations, there is 
not, of course, as in some insects, e.g. the Odonata, any adaptive 
larval or pupal form with respirative processes suitable for sub- . 
aqueous life, until the great change takes place to the airy flight 
of the imago. The water is, to Avgyroneta, merely a surrounding 
medium through which it passes, and in which it lingers and works, 
as a diver might carry on his avocations under the sea. In either 
case, the very element in which occupations are carried on is the 
one from which danger is to be feared, and from which, as far 
as respiration is concerned, no aid but only destruction is to be 
expected. 

The little water spider, at birth, not only finds in its little dome 
all the life-sustaining properties of an airy chamber into which it at 
once enters from the egg, but it has around it a supply from which 
it can freely draw and carry away round itself all that it needs for its 
passage through the water, and to which it can return for further 
supplies. It is evident that without the air carried into the nest by 
the mother before she lays her eggs, there would not only be no 
medium in which the young could live, but also no means of obtain- 
ing any protection in the first journey for surface-air. The alternative 
would be that the eggs might be laid and hatched on dry land ; but 
then the habits of Avgyrone¢a would be entirely altered, becoming 
more like those of Dolomedes or Pirata, and no longer entitling her 
to the distinct epithet ‘‘ agwatica.” 

Before passing on from this part of the subject, I should like to 
draw attention to an apposite little paragraph which caught my eye 
in the January number of “ Knowledge” (1904): “ At the Meeting of 
the Zoological Society Mr. R. L. Pocock called attention to some 
Australian spiders (of the genus Des/s). They live in crevices of 


iy 


rocks between the tide-marks on the shore, and, by spinning a 
closely-woven web of silk over the entrance, imprison a mass of air 
in which they are able to live during the flood-tide.” The interesting 
point here is not the carrying down of air to be used under water, 
but the capturing and retaining of air already possessed. The 
closely-woven web of silk, besides enclosing air for use, would, no 
doubt, also act as a protection, preventing the Australian spider from 
being washed out of its crevice by the waves. At the same time, the 
situation is precisely that of 4. agwatica living in air enclosed by a 
closely-woven web of silk under water, and able to prevent the water 
from penetrating into its haunt. 

Passing now to matters purely descriptive, and in a small measure 
personal, as far as observation is concerned, it may be well to state, 
by way of preface, that this spider, included by Mr. Blackwall in the 
family Drassidze, seems to have definitely found its place among the 
Agelenide. Among other structural reasons Mons. E. Simon (‘“ Les 
Arachnides de France” ) notices that 4. agwatica has three, not two, 
tarsal claws (g7zffes ¢arsales), a fact which alone would exclude it 
from the already somewhat crowded family Drassidee. In A. aguatica 
the two upper claws are toothed, the lower plain. ‘The striated or 
indented cephalothorax, which Mons. Simon mentions among the 
features of the Agelenidz, is also noticed in A. aguwatica, the sides of 
the shield being strongly wrinkled. The legs and cephalothorax are 
brown with a reddish tinge, the abdomen is dark olive. The female 
averages half an inch in length, the male being still larger—an 
unusual feature among spiders ; but Mons. Simon draws attention to 
the fact that the males of Agelenidze are, on the average, equal in 
size and strength to the females, and, though severe struggles some- 
times take place on the web they are not, as in the case of Epeiride, 
overcome and eaten. ‘The legs of this species are long and hairy, 
well adapted for swimming. The order is somewhat remarkable : 
male, 1, 4, 2, 3; female, 4, 1, 2, 3. When we remember that the 
female, when making her nest, brings down a considerable globe of 
air, which she holds with her hind legs, and releases into the dome 
which she is making, the advantage of their length is obvious. 

I had frequent opportunities, many years ago, when living in 
North London, of obtaining these spiders from ditches near the Lea, 
at Tottenham. The following are the proceedings of a female, 
before laying her eggs, which were hatched in due course in my tank. 
A silken dome was spun among some leaves of Avachar?s alsinastrum. 
This was the mere roof of the dwelling. The spider then rose, and, 
elevating her abdomen out of the water, entangled a quantity of arr, 
which, joined to the bubble usually around her body, gave her an 
extra supply. She then descended, holding this air with her hind 
legs till she came under the dome, mien oHe released it. The silk 
which she had spun and the leaves and stalk of the plant held the 
bubble ; and the spider kept bringing down fresh supplies of air till 
a bubble about the size of a hazel-nut was formed. Round this she 

2 


18 


kept spinning till she had made a diving-bell, into which air was 
introduced from time to time, till the whole of the interior was dry. 
In this nest the spider laid her eggs, which, of course, I could not 
see. The spider was captured towards the end of August ; I am not 
certain of the date, but, from a note made at the time, it was on 
September 17th that I first saw the little spiders spreading over the 
water-plants. ‘Their appearance was that of little silver beads. In 
those busy days I am afraid the safety of infant spiders did not 
receive sufficient attention. There were three small Prussian carp on 
the scene, who had always treated the mother with distant respect ; 
but, on my return home after a short absence, I considered the fish 
responsible for the disappearance of the young A7vgyroneta. 

The places where I have.been able to meet with A. aguatica bear 
out the accuracy of the Rev. J. G. Wood’s statement, that this 
species is especially fond of inhabiting quiet and rather deep ditches. 
But on one occasion I caught it, unexpectedly, in the bed of the 
River Nene, near Northampton. It is possible that it may have been 
living in the stream, but there was a quiet backwater quite near, 
leading to a mill. I have never heard of its being found in that 
river on any other occasion. It was with some surprise that I read 
in the Rey. O. Pickard Cambridge’s “ Spiders of Dorset ” that he had 
never found it in that county; but, as his record goes back to 1881, 
it is quite possible that it has been found since. And, of course, it: 
would need searching for in a special way. The ditches near Oxford 
draining into. the Cherwell and the Isis seem to have supplied this 
spider somewhat plentifully (J. G. Wood). 

The-* Other Spiders ” mentioned at the head of this paper are 
entirely distinct in family and habits from A. aguatica.. The fact of 
their being more or less aquatic in their habits, and being frequently 
seen on, if not in, the water, seems to give them some title for 
inclusion in our present study. 

The whole family, Lycoside (wolf-spiders), includes spiders of 
distinctly predatorial and hunting habits. The genera have under- 
gone considerable re-arrangement since the division adopted by Mr. 
Blackwall. I purpose to consider briefly members of two genera, 
Dolomedes and Firata. And here, already, we may notice that a 
spider often seen carrying its cocoon attached to its body, in the 
same way as Dolomedes fimbriatus, no longer ranks among the 
Lycosidz by the name of Dolomedes mirabilis, but has been placed 
ina family of its own (Pisauridz) as P’saura mirabilis. In the genus 
Dolomedes we still retain the one English species, D. fmbriatus. I 
must crave indulgence in treating of this spider, as I have never seen 
it alive. It is a large spider, we are told (Staveley), common in the 
fens of Cambridgeshire. The female sometimes measures three 
quarters of an inch in lengh. She carries her cocoon, says Mons. 
Simon, in her cheliceree, and when the young spiders are about to 
come out, she places it upon some plant near to the water, and 
fastens it by means of irregularly woven threads. 


19 


The spiders of genus Dolomedes, says the Rey. O. Pickard-Cam- 
bridge, all seem of aquatic habits, and run on the surface or dive 
under the water. The colour of this handsome spider is rich dark 
brown, with a broad band of yellowish buff down each side, and a 
double row of little white spots on the abdomen (J. G. Wood). 

These rows of white spots are very conspicuous in several species 
of this family, and especially in spiders of the genus Avvaza, which 
we next consider. Five species are recorded by the Rey. O. Pickard- 
Cambridge as British : pzscatortus, Cl. ; hygrophilus, Thor. ; prraticus, 
Cl. ; Anorrit, Scop. ; and da#zans, Bl. The separation of the genus 
Firata from that of Zycosa, in which several authors, such as 
Blackwall, included it, is a distinct gain in accuracy. The genus 
Pirata (again to quote Simon) has its habits analogous to those of 
Dolomedes. \ts members are always found on the banks of ponds, 
marshes, rivers, etc. P. £norrii is commonest in mountainous 
countries, near rapid streams and waterfalls. 

When our Society visited Wisley on July 5th, r902, many yellowish 
brown spiders, mostly P. feraticus or P. hygrophilus, might be 
observed running on the edge of the lake, the females carrying their 
little whitish cocoons attached under the abdomen by means of 
silken threads, and differing in this respect from /ysaurva and 
Dolomedes, which carry the cocoon by means of the palpi and falces, 
and, I may add, Pholcus phalangtordes, which also holds it by the 
falces. 

The tenacity with which the Lycosidz will hold on to their cocoon, 
and fight for it, is well known. A spider of the genus Zycosa (Par- 
dosa, Sim.), L. amentata (saccata, Blackw.), which I brought home 
from Wisley with her cocoon, became separated from her charge as 
I was putting her into a glass jar. As I have already mentioned, 
in notes made at the time, though the cocoon Jay hidden for a 
considerable time from the spider, it was carefully sought for and 
re-attached by threads to her abdomen. Eventually, she deposited 
it under a root of grass, and many of the young spiders emerged, 
and lived for some time in my care. I fed them on aphides from 
the rose-trees, a diet which I have found acceptable to most infant 
spiders. They also sucked, with still greater relish, midges and 
gnats ; but the skin of a house-fly proved too tough for their tender 
falces. I give these few observations of a species allied to Prrata 
merely as a general indication of the habits of the family. 

With reference to the semi-aquatic habits of /vra¢a, these spiders 
run with great ease and rapidity. They do not seem able to swim. 
I have often compelled them by touch to seek refuge under water, 
and their action has been simply that of crawling down the nearest 
plant. Their habits, in this respect, are more like those of the 
Parnidz, among Coleoptera, than of the Dytiscidze, of which we are 
reminded by the bold, open swimming of A. agwatica. While most 
of the life of Pzva¢a is spent on the surface of the water, where they 
display great swiftness and catch their prey, it would appear that their 


20 


descent below the surface is merely a protective measure. An arach- 
nid of these habits would not require the complete and lasting supply 
of air which is so conspicuous in the appearance of 4. agwatica. All 
that we notice, for instance, when P. fzvaticus is driven under water 
is the formation of bubbles entangled by the hairy abdomen, con- 
stituting a sufficient temporary protection, but no deep and complete 
atmospheric envelope like that of 4. aguwatica. 

To return again to this last-named spider, before closing this 
paper, Mons. Simon suggests that Rossi has fallen into some confu- 
sion in mentioning three species of Argyroneta (trilineata, palustris, 
bicolor) as occurring near Nice, and that he has included in the genus 
young specimens of Dolomedes and Pirata. 

This remark explains to some degree why, in treating of Avgyroneta, 
I have added notices of some other spiders. I can only wish that 
I had been able to add the results of more personal knowledge and 
observation ; but, while I hope that time and diligence may entitle 
me, later, to speak with more certainty and precision on the Avanezda, 
I can, at present, only bring before you the impressions of a learner 
in this interesting but complicated branch of biological study. 


se '— 


Notes on British Orthoptera. 
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. ead May 12th, 1904. 


In dealing with the Orthoptera it is unnecessary to state that we 
have to do with one of the neglected orders of insects, which really 
means, I suppose, that the insects comprising it do not appeal to 
the collector as such—he who has the courage to attack them must 
be a naturalist also, which it is needless to say a collector may not 
always be. If this is so, it is rather surprising that so few among the 
many active workers of our Society have turned their attention to 
this really interesting company of insects. 

Those members of the order that may fairly be considered British 
comprise a satisfactory little group of only thirty-nine species. By 
British we, of course, mean those that are known, or reasonably 
suspected, of breeding i in Britain, whether they are truly indigenous 
or not. 

This paucity of species puts the order well within the range of a 
naturalist whose time is limited, although he will very soon discover 
that there is plenty of scope for his activity. For, thanks to the 
neglect with which the Orthoptera have been treated, life-histories, 
habits, distribution, and so on are in most cases still to be found out. 

It is noteworthy that, as soon as a few entomologists began to 
turn their attention to our dragon-flies, a cerfa sedes was found for 
practically all the dowbtfu/ species, and two vez ones were added to 
the British list. We do not feel at all certain that such would not 
be the case with the Orthoptera also if they were given an equal 
amount of attention. 

Earwigs, cockroaches, Mantids, Phasmids, grasshoppers, locusts, 
and crickets constitute the Orthoptera, but of these the Mantids and 
Phasmids are not represented in Britain. The order is well defined, 
and few systematists seem to wish to readjust the boundaries. 

But perhaps /#e great point in favour of studying the Orthoptera 
is the fact that, leaving out the Aptera—the Thysanura and Colem- 
bolla of Lubbock—this order contains the oldest insects that have 
survived to the present geologic age. 

In support of this statement it is sufficient to point to the geologic 
record, the very incomplete metamorphosis, the frequent absence or 
slight development of the wings and elytra, and the mandibulate 
mouth. Another point testifying, I think, to the age of the group is 
the presence of the cerci—posterior antennee perhaps in some cases 
—throughout the British species. These cerci are very characteristic 
of the apterous insect Campodea staphylinus, which may or may not 
be a very primitive insect come down to our time, but at any rate is 
of an early type. This simple insect calls to mind a newly-hatched 


22 


and therefore wingless, earwig, in which the forceps (cerci) are pro- 
portionately much longer and simpler than they are in the imago. 
It should be noticed also that cerci are present in many cases in 
another old order—the Neuroptera. 

Yet another point in favour of this group of insects! Those who 
take it up will be practically free from the wearisome strife over 
names—that incubus of modern entomology. ‘There is, in fact, very 
little controversy with regard to priority in the case of the British 
Orthoptera. It may be that as it is not a show-order those who take 
it up do so from the naturalist’s point of view only—from the interest 
attaching to the insects themselves, their habits and life-histories— 
and so do not worry themselves about such unessentials as the dry 
bones of nomenclature. 

We might divide the British Orthoptera into three groups accord- 
ing to their status in our fauna : 

(1) Those considered to be indigenous. 

(2) Not indigenous, but naturalised, as shewn by their breeding 
here 

(3) A large but uncertain number of casuals-—interesting no doubt, 
but whose names should not appear upon our lists: 


1. INDIGENOUS. 


Forficulodea.—1, Labidura riparia ; 2, Labia minor ; 3, Forficula 
auricularta ; 4, Forficula lesnet; 5, Apterygida media ( = albipennis). 

Blattodea.—6, Ectobia lapponica ; 7, Ectobia hvida; 8, Ectobta 
panzer. 

Acridiodea.—9, Mecostethus grossus; 10, Stenobothrus lineatus ; 
t1, Stenobothrus viridulus ; 12, Stenobothrus rufipes ; 13, Stenobothrus 
bicolor ; 14, Stenobothrus elegans ; 15, Stenobothrus parallelus ; 16, 
Gomphocerus rufus ; 17, Gomphocerus maculatus ; 18, Tettix bipuncta- 
tus; 19, Tettix subulatus. 

Locustodea.—20, Leptophyes punctatissima ; 21%, Meconema-varium ; 
22, Xiphidium dorsale; 23, Locusta viridissima ; 24, Thamnotrizon 
cinereus ; 25, LPlatyclets grisea; 26, Platyclets brachyptera; 27, 
Platyclets roeselit ;* 28, Decticus verructvorus.* 

Gryllodea.~— 29, Nemobius sylvestris ; 30, Gryllus campestris ; 31, 
Grvllotalpa gryllotalpa. 


2. NATURALISED, BUT NOT LIVING IN THE OPEN. 


Forficulodea.— 32, Anisolabis annulipes ; 33, Chelidura arachidis. 
Blatlodea.—34, Phyllodromia germanica ; 35, Blatta orientalis ; 
36, Blatta americana ; 37, Llatta australasiea ; 38, Leucophea surina- 
4 fo ® Fs 
mensts. 


Gryllodea.—39, Gryllus domesticus. 


* These three insects occupy at present a somewhat precarious footing on 
the list, ; 


ea 


a oo 


~~. Pee) ee 


The Pectens (Scallops). 
By W. T. MANGER. Read November 10th, 1904. 
Order—Lamellibranchiata (Plate-gilled Molluscs). 
Family—PECTENID. 


I suppose there is no member of the great class Mollusca that is 
better known to the majority of us than the Pectens (scallops). 
Most of us have eaten them, and all of us have seen them exposed 
for sale in the fishmongers’ shops. I don’t know that I can add 
anything new to the numerous descriptions of this animal that have 
appeared (notably that able work of our President, entitled ‘‘ Shell 
Life”), but I thought that a few foreign specimens for comparison 
with our English forms would be both interesting and instructive. 
In their scientific order they follow on closely to the oysters, but 
they differ from them very much, both in their internal economy 
and in their form, colour, and sculpture.. The British Pectens, of 
which there are ten or eleven species, vary very much in colour and 
appearance, and also in size. ‘The species commonly eaten is 
Pecten maximus, but P. ofercularis is also eatable. P. maximus is 
the largest British Pecten, and may be taken as the type of the 
family. Itis not within the scope of these notes to give you a 
scientific description of the animal that makes this shell ; it is suffi- 
cient to remind you that the two valves are held together by the 
adductor muscle, and joined with a strong ligament. The action of 
this india-rubber-like hgament is in opposition to that of the adductor 
muscle, so that when the latter close the valves they compress the 
ligament. The ocelli are placed along the two edges of the mantle 
so as to receive the light when the shell gapes; these eyes are 
remarkably large and prominent and vary in number very much. 
In P. maximus, P. opercularis, and P. jacobeus there are 80 to 120. 
They are highly developed, and bear a considerable resemblance to 
the vertebrate type of eye, but for all that their range of vision does 
not appear to be very great. The Pecten has ceased to use its foot 
as an organ of progression, but they can flit or fly (especially when 
young) for considerable distances in the water by flapping the valves 
together ; as they grow older they become more sedentary, and are 
often found thickly covered with acorn-shells, Sezfuw/a, Zoophytes, 
etc. They get their living in the shape of minute particles, animal 
and vegetable, which are contained in the water which they breathe. 
Most of the Pectens spin a byssus when young, by which they can 
attach themselves to rocks, etc. There are about 180 species of 
Pectens known, and over 400 are recorded as fossil from the 


24 


carboniferous striata. They are world-wide in their distribution, 
and are found at depths from a few to 3000 fathoms. ‘The British 
Museum has lately acquired a Pecten which was dredged in the 
Antarctic Ocean, in Victoria Land, by the Newnes expedition in 
ten fathoms of water. 

The British Pecten opercularis is a beautiful shell, nearly round 
and very variable in colour, as you will see by the specimens ex- 
hibited. It is found in 15 to 25 fathoms. ecten varius also, as the 
name would indicate, is very variable, and is found on all our coasts. 
P. tigrinus is a small, beautifully marked species ; but the smallest 
British Pecten is P. semz/is, which is very small indeed and very 
fragile. The specimens shown are from Loch Fynne; they are not 
immature as one would suppose from their appearance, but adult 
and never get any bigger. Pectens are generally hermaphrodite, 
but sometimes the sexes are separate. One species, Pecten jacobeus, 
from the Mediterranean, we are told, was worn in the hat as a badge 
by pilgrims who had been to the Holy Land. 

In foreign Pectens we find all the characteristics of the English 
in an exaggerated degree, whether it is size, colour, sculpture, or 
variableness. Some of the tropical species are perfectly fascinating 
in their beauty and colouring ; notably I would call your attention to 
Pecten glaber from the Hebrides and P. sexatorius from Amboyna. 

Woodward tells us that the secretion of colour by the mantle 
depends greatly on the action of light. Shallow-water shells are, as 
a class, warmer and brighter coloured than those from deep water. 
The usual shape of the valves is for the lower one to be hollowed 
out and the upper valve flat or nearly so; in /ecten sinensis from 
China this is exaggerated, as you will see. The colour of the valves 
usually differs very much ; notice ?. japonicum from Japan—one side 
is quite white and the other a warm brown, exactly the colour of 
the sand on which it is found. ‘The valves are often unequal; an 
exaggeration of this may be seen in /ecfen yessoensis from Japan. 
At first sight it would appear that the valves were not pairs, but on 
comparison with several specimens of this species at the British 
Museum I find the form is very constant. Pecten mage/lanicum from 
the Straits of Magellan is a shell not often met with ; notice the 
strength of the valves and the absence of colour, characteristic of all 
shells from that stormy region. I would also point out a series of 
Pecten letus from the Island of Hiro Shima, Japan, that land of 
curious things ; there are seven specimens, all the same species of 
this beautiful shell, ranging in colour from pure white to a rich dark 
brown. I call your attention to it, as it is a rare shell. Another 
beautiful thing is Paten pallium from the East Indies ; you will 
notice in this species the valves are both alike in form and 
coloration. 

All Pectens are more or less beautiful, and you can well under- 
stand that they have always been highly prized by conchologists 
and collectors. There are many questions that one would like to 


OE 


25 


ask about these things. ‘To what end is all this wealth of colour and 
sculpture? We can understand the beautiful markings and colours 
in the plumage of some birds when it is displayed before the ad- 
miring female; we can in some measure account for the superior 
beauty in the male Lepidoptera and Coleoptera ; but this beauty in 
the lowly Pecten living 200 feet below the surface of the water—who 
can explain its uses? Who can give us a reason for the prodigality 
of beauty, which is revealed to us by the microscope, in the lowest 
forms of life? One becomes lost in speculation, and it is, I suppose, 
only by patient and persevering observation and study that we can 
hope to unravel any of Nature’s mysteries which are waiting to be 
solved. 


Report of a Field Meeting held at Ashtead and Epsom, 
May 14th, 1904. 


By Epwarp Step, F.L.S. Read September 22nd, 1904. 


A CONSIDERABLE amount of faith in the weather was required on 
the part of members undertaking to attend the first field meeting 
of the year ; but that faith was abundantly justified by the glorious 
sunshine that greeted the advance section when they alighted in the 
morning. ‘The time prior to the arrival of the afternoon section was 
spent in exploration of an eastern portion of Ashtead Common, and 
the lanes around Ashtead Park and the Downs above. ‘The united 
party ascended the Common and skirted the woods to its northern 
boundary, and then struck across Epsom Common to the town, 
spending some time ex vowfe at the Stew Pond and a smaller pond 
close by. 

Very few lists have been received from members present, so that 
the subjoined record of captures and observations must not be 
regarded as at all complete. 

The plants in flower included: Hawthorn (Crategus oxyacantha), 
blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), crab (Pyrus malus), lady’s smock 
(Cardamine pratensis), stitchwort (Sze//aria holostea), wood violet 
(Viola sylvestris), jack-by-the-hedge (Srsvmbrium alliaria), goldielocks 
(Rununculus auricomus), bugle (Ajuga reptans), winter cress (Barbarea 
vulgaris), water crowfoot (Ranunculus trichophyllus), wood anemone 
(Anemone nemorosa), primrose (Primula vulgaris), cowslip (P. veris), 
slender tare (Vicia tetrasperma), wayfaring tree (Viburnum Lantana), 
beaked parsley (Cherophyilum sylvestris), thyme-leaved speedwell 
(Veronica serpyllifolia), germander speedwell (V. chamedrys), celan- 
dine (Chelidonium majus), bluebell (Sced/a nutans), needle-whin 
(Genista anglica). 

The Stew Pond on Epsom Common, and a small pond surrounded 
by willows near it, yielded spiked water-milfoil (AQ@rcophydlum 
spicatum), water thyme (Anacharts alsinastrum), water starwort 
(Callitriche verna), ivy-leaved duckweed (Lemna ¢risulca), floating 
pondweed (Potamogeton natans), stonewort (Chara vulgaris), From 
these ponds Mr. West, L.D.S., obtained a number of microscopic 
organisms, including Vagtnicola, Vorticella, Volvox globator, Stentor 
miillert, Floscularia cornuta, Stephanoceros eichornit, Melicerta ringens, 
as well as the two polyps A/ydra vulgaris and H. viridis. In the 
same ponds were many of the aquatic Coleoptera and Hemiptera, 
chiefly attended to by Messrs. West (Greenwich and Ashby), and, of 
course, the smooth newt (Zéssotriton punctatus), and the warty newt 
(Triton cristatus). 


——~ ss, ee |. eee 


27 


The birds or nests noted were: nightingale (Daw/ias /uscinia), 
cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), lapwing (Vanellus cristata), starling 
(Sturnus vulgaris), jackdaw (Corvas monedula), thrush (Zurdus 
musicus), blackbird (Zusdus merula), bedge-sparrow (Accentor modu- 
Jaris). A single specimen of the ringed snake ( Z7vofidonotus natrix) 
was found. 

The Coleoptera were more abundant than anything else, and the 
list from the hon. curator (Mr. West), included fifty-five species, 
all generally common in the South of England. Mr. Ashby gives 
seven additional species, and I believe others were taken by Messrs. 
Ansorge, Ashdown, and Priske ; but these gentlemen have not yet 
reported. Mr. West also took three species of Hemiptera, all common. 

Respecting the Lepidoptera, Mr. Turner again devoted attention 
to the Coleophora, and he contributes the following notes : 

“Among the group of the “ Micro”-Lepidoptera the genus 
Coleophora, to which I devoted my attention during the ramble, was 
represented by the following species : C. solitaried/a ; larvee and cases 
in considerable numbers on its food-plant, S¢e//aria holostea, in the 
lane leading from the northern end of the common east of the railway. 
Its congener C. ofivacce/da, however, did not put in an appearance. 
C. geniste ; larve and cases were common on the Genista anglica, 
after crossing the line to the west. C. cespttitiella? and C. 
glaucicolella ? were in countless numbers on the two species of 
rush growing in the swampy portions of the common to the east 
of the line after re-crossing. C. fuscedinella; this species was 
brought to me by various members, and, as usual, beaten out of 
various bushes—sloe, white thorn, birch, elm, etc. C. grvphipennedla, 
one case beaten from rose by Mr. Edwards, who also met with 
numerous larvee of C. zzgrzce//a while beating sloe. Four fine cases of 
C. currucipennella were met with on birch by Mr. Sich and myself, 
after considerable searching. Other species were looked for, such as 
C. lutipennelle, on oak, and C. albicosta on furze, but without success. 
Even the common C. murinipennella, one of the earliest to emerge, 
and which should have been flying over the wood rush (Zwzz/a), was 
conspicuous by its absence. As a whole the representatives were 
decidedly scarce as compared with other years.” 

Mr. A. W. Dods took a pair of Lophopteryx camelina in cop., and 
larvae of Meselia oxyacanthe. Mr. B. Stonell’s labours with the beating 
tray were rewarded by larvze of JV. cwcud/atella (common), P. fedaria 
(common), 4. defoliaria, H. aurantiaria (common), M. oxyacanthe 
(one), JZ. margaritaria (one), also Cheimatobia boreata and C. 
brumata. Mr. Ashby reports Panagra petraria. 


The ramble finished up at Epsom, where twenty-six members and 
friends took tea together. 


Report of a Field Meeting held at Bookham Common, 
June 4th, 1904. ° 


By Epwarp STEP, F.L.S. Read September 22nd, 1904. 


THE attendance at the second field meeting showed a falling off 
from the numbers of the first, though we were again favoured with 
fine weather. A small party went down in the morning and investi- 
gated the eastern border of the Common, working towards Fetcham. 
The main body in the afternoon brought the total attendance up to 
nineteen. Some time was spent around the large ponds, but these 
were not found so productive as usual. Then a course was taken 
through the woods to the north. 

The plants in flower noted included: Lesser marsh wort (//e/os- 
cladum tnundatum), birds-foot (Ornithopus perpusillus), marsh speed- 
well (Veronica scutellata), water speedwell (V. anagaddis), germander 
speedwell (lV. chamedrys), brooklime (V. éeccabunga), wood loose- 
strife (Lysimachia nemorum), lousewort (Pedicularis sylvatica), eye- 
bright (Zuphrasia officinalis), petty-whin (Genzsta anglica), bugle 
(Ajuga reptans), tuberous bitter vetch (Lathyrus macrorhizus), water- 
cress (Wasturtium officinale), bush vetch (Vicia sepium), broad-leaved 
pond-weed (Potamogeton natans), green-winged orchis (Orchis morio), 
spotted orchis (O. macu/ata). 

The mud-horsetail (Zguésetwm limosum) with which one of the 
ponds is filled was in fruit, and Mr. Lucas reports the adder’s tongue 
fern (Ophioglossum vulgatum) in the green lane leading to Effingham 
Junction. The same gentleman reports the parasitic fungus Ap7ch/e 
typhina on grass, and on it were the larve of the fly Azthomyza 
spreta, which devours the fungus, making radiating excursions from a 
central shelter made by itself something after the manner of a coccid. 

The Lepidoptera have been reported by Messrs. South, Scollick, 
Turner, Bishop, and Ashby. ‘The list includes : 

Euchloé cardamines, Lyvcena tcarus, Cenonympha pamphilus, Sy- 
richthus malve, Drepana binaria (= hamula), Heliaca tenebrata 
(= arbuti), Tephrosia punctularia, Zonosoma punctaria, Acidalia 
remutata, Panagra petraria, Bapta temerata, Eupithecia castigata, 
EL. vulgata, EF. exiguata, Melanippe unangulata, Coremia designata, 
C. unidentaria, Penthina pruinana, Pardia tripunctana, Catoptria 
ulicetana, Glyphipleryx fuscoviridella, Pieris rape, P.napt, P. brassicae, 
Polyommatus phlwas, Nisoniades tages, Thecla rubt, Gonepteryx rhamnt, 
Asthena candidata, Eupithecia lariciata, Larentia pectinitaria, Me- 
lanthia ocellata, Melanippe soctata, Apamea basilinea, Hadena geniste, 
Larentia viridaria, Noctua plecta, Cidaria truncata (= russata), 
Cabera exanthemaria, and Pedisca solandriana. 


29 


In addition, the following were taken in the larval stage: 
Nola cucullatella, Porthesia similis (= auriflua), Tentocampa cruda, 
Pseudoterpna pruinata (= evtisaria), Hybernia defoliaria, Chetmatobia 
brumata, Xylophasta sublustris, and Tortrix viridana. 

The Coleophorids found (all in the larval stage) were Coleophora 
lutipennella, in numbers on oak, but local; C. genzsfe, in vast 
numbers on Gevzsta anglica; C. fuscidinella very general on various 
trees and shrubs; C. eryphipennella, a few on rose, and a few 
C. solitariella on Stellaria holostea. Whilst searching the oak, the 
curious boat-shaped cocoon of 4/ylophila bicolorana was found, from 
which a fine example of the perfect insect has since emerged. 

Of Neuroptera Mr. Lucas reports: Psocidia: Ceclius flavidus ; 
Perlidia: Memoura vartegata (a stone-fly); Ephemeridia: Zepéo- 
phlebia helvipes (= submarginata) (a May-fly); Odonata: Agrion 
fuella was plentiful on the Common, both sexes being taken; a 
larger species observed on the Common was apparently Zzbed/ula 
depressa, either a 2 or an immature ¢ ; Planipennia: Panorpa 
germanica g(a small scorpion-fly) ; Trichoptera: Zémnophilus centralis 
(a small caddis-fly). 

Diptera also recorded by Mr. Lucas: Lmfpis ¢essellata, F. ; 
Flelophilus trivittatus, ¥. (2 figured in Verralls’ ‘British Flies,’ 
vol. vill); Azgyra, sp.; Scatophaga, sp. 

Orthoptera.—Near Effingham Junction Mr. Edwards beat out 
forficula auricularta (2) and a couple of very small green grass- 
hoppers, which Mr. Lucas had no doubt were nymphs of AZeconema 
varium. 

CoLEoPTERA.—The following list is contributed by Mr. S. R. 
Ashby: Dromius linearis, Meligethes rufipes, Byturus tomentosus, 
Attagenes pellio, Athous hemorrhotdalis, A. vittatus, Agriotes palle- 
aulus, Dolopius marginatus, Telephorus rusticus, T. hemorrhoidalts, 
Rhagonycha limbata, R. pallida, Dasytes crosus, Callidium alnt, 
Grammoptera rujficornis, Tetrops preusta, Bruchus atomarius, Orso- 
dacna cerast, Anaspis frontalts, A. geoffroyi, A. ruficollis, A. maculata, 
Anthonomus pedicularius, and A. riubi. 

The Mollusca were not worked, but in a rivulet from one of 
the ponds very dark specimens of Zimnca palustris were clustered 
together in vast numbers ; P/anorbis complanatus was also observed. 

Mr. West’s search for microscopic material was rewarded by 
Daphnia pulex, Cyclops quadricornis, Cypris, Hydra viridis, Stentor 
mullert, Vorticella nebulifera, Closterium lunula, Tardigrada sp., 
Floscularia cornuta, Rotifera vulgaris, and Paramecium. 

A party of eighteen took tea together at Merrylands Hotel, and a 
little work was done afterwards. 


30 


Report of a Field Meeting held at Eynfsord, Kent, 
June 25th, 1904. 


By Ropert ADKIN. Read January 12th, 1905. 


EyNsForD is another of those villages on the banks of the 
river Darenth that offer facilities as a convenient base from which 
a half-day field meeting may be held. From London it 1s dis- 
tant some eighteen miles, and is situated on the cross road between 
Farningham and Sevenoaks. It has a railway station about half 
a mile from the village, on the Swanley and Sevenoaks branch 
of the L.C. & D. Railway. Ranges of hills rise to the east 
and west of it, the former, with which we are at the moment more 
intimately concerned, attaining by a gentle rise an altitude of, in 
round numbers, 500 feet. Of the districts already visited in this 
series of Field Meetings it most nearly resembles Otford, from which 
it is distant some five or six miles, and the country is of quite 
a different type from that of the “Charts” at Brasted and Lymps- 
field. The woods are all of modern origin and consist chiefly of 
narrow strips or comparatively small patches, no doubt planted with’ 
the primary object of affording protection for game, and the open 
land is pretty closely cultivated. At first sight one might be in- 
clined to think that there was little chance of profitable cellecting 
of any sort, but on closer acquaintance one finds. that the woods 
are fairly prolific ; indeed, the profusion of moths, chiefly Geometers, 
that I met with during a hurried ramble through these same woods 
on May 28th was greater than I had seen elsewhere for many years. 
Almost every tree trunk was tenanted, sometimes by half-a-dozen 
specimens and perhaps as many species, and every tap at the under- 
growth set numbers of individuals hurrying off to fresh cover. 
These woods are also interesting in that they are one of the nearest 
places to London, if not the nearest, where one may find the 
columbine (Aguilegia vulgaris, Linn) growing wild. The green helle- 
bore (Hed/eborus viridis, Linn) also is very abundant on their borders, 
but I fear the former of these plants is doomed to extinction, for, 
whereas where not twenty years ago it was to be found commonly one 
has now a difficulty in finding even one or two examples, Many of 
the hedgerows also in the district are of unusually heavy growth and 
afford good cover for moths and suitable feeding-places for their 
larve. Occasionally a bit of waste ground, too poor for cultivation, 
but covered with an abundance of rough herbage, may be met with, 
and suggests possibilities for the micro-lepidopterist and the hymen- 
opterist. So much for the district. 

The meeting was hardly the unqualified success that it had been 
hoped it would be. Arrangements had been made for the accommo- 


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dation of a party fully up to the average numbers that attend our field 
meetings, but at the time when members and their friends should have 
been assembling at Holborn Viaduct Station rain was falling in a 
perfect deluge ; it was but a shower, it is true, but one of those 
showers that drive one to any shelter that may be at hand irrespective 
of trains to. be caught or ever so pressing engagements to be kept, and 
as a consequence only some ten members left by the 2.37 train and 
in about an hour’s time reached Eynsford. Such showers as that 
which we had experienced in London are often local, and we had 
great hope that this particular one had not travelled in the same 
direction that we had, but on leaving the station and taking the 
footpath almost opposite it under a few trees and then along the 
upper end of Channell’s Nurseries, we soon found that it, or one of 
equal severity, had preceded us and made walking unpleasant, and 
the hedgerows, which all along this path are very dense, unworkable, 
added to which a fitful breeze that was blowing from the north- 
west was at times distinctly chilly. It was therefore thought well to 
push on for the woods, in the hope that the higher trees and thicker 
brushwood might have kept the ground dry and would form a pro- 
tection from the breeze. Accordingly little time was spent on in- 
vestigating the hedgerows, and any nests of larve of Zvrtogaster 
lanestris, not the only species that is often to be found commonly 
on this spot, that may have been there were passed by. Arriving at 
the brow of the hill and passing through a gate that stands at an 
angle rather to the left hand, then skirting the first portion of a wood 
which is fenced in with barbed wire and adorned with numerous 
boards warning people not to trespass, another path leading from 
the village joins up ; a little further on a grassy path on the right 
leads into the wood, and shortly after, turning abruptly to the left, 
traverses the centre of it. Any hopes of drier work in the woods 
were here soon dispelled; for not only were the trees and under- 
growth dripping, but walking through the long grass which covered 
the path was suggestive of wading through the borders of a reedy 
pond rather than walking on land, and it is needless to add that, 
under such conditions, insects of any sort were not readily to be 
found. Continuing along this path for perhaps rather less than 
half a mile, avoiding any abrupt turnings on either hand, but follow- 
ing the trend to the left where it divides at about two-thirds of the 
distance, we arrived in a by-road, Bower Lane by name. Turning 
to the right—that is, still going away from Eynsford—for perhaps a 
couple of hundred yards and then turning to the left along the edge 
of another wood brought us to an uncultivated hillside. Here the 
breeze had dried the herbage, but it was getting late in the afternoon; 
and as sunshine is an all-important element for the successful 
working of rough open ground, it was hardly to be expected that we 
should retrieve our fortunes, and I fear that more attention was paid 
by most of the party to the wonderful crop of wild strawberries that 
were here found in full perfection than to any very serious attempt 


32 


at collecting insects, but the majority of such captures as were made 
were obtained hereabouts and along the borders of the adjacent 
wood. Working along this waste land, keeping the wood on the 
left hand, another track passes through the wood, the entrance to it 
being behind a slight projection from the border of the wood. This 
track leads back to Bower Lane, along which a walk of approxi- 
mately a mile, more or less down hill all the way, brought us to the 
village of Eynsford, and a few paces to the right to the Eynsford 
Castle Hotel, where mine host, one Godfrey by name, had spread 
a sumptuous repast for our edification of which an abundant supply 
of freshly gathered strawberries formed but one of the features, and, 
it was generally agreed, to some extent compensated for the dis- 
appointments experienced in the earlier part of the afternoon. The 
repast finished, a pleasant walk, variously estimated by the natives 
at from ‘‘about five minutes” to “ half an hour,” but which in reality 
is a little more than half a mile, brought us to the station again, 
and the party, which had now reached the total of thirteen, returned 
to London by the 7.30 train. 

As is customary, I append a list of species noted during the 
meeting, compiled from notes very kindly sent in by those members 
who were present; but it will be readily understood that, having 
regard to the adverse climatic conditions under which we laboured, 
it cannot be regarded as by any means representative of the species 
that one may ordinarily expect to find in the district either entomo- 
logically or botanically ;.and for the ‘guidance of those who may 
wish to further investigate the capabilities of the neighbourhood 
an outline map, showing at a glance the route taken, is attached. 

List of species noted— 

Insects—LEPIDOPTERA : Lfinephele tanira, Canonympha pam- 
philus, Lycena tcarus, Hesperia thaumas, H. sylvanus, Euchelia 
jacobee, Leucoma salicis (pupa), Zanclognatha grisealis, Asthena 
candidata, Cabera pusaria, Melanippe rivata, M. montanata, 
M. fluctuata, Camptogramma bilineata, Mimeseopiilus phaodac 
tvlus (larvee and pupe), JZ. pterodactylus, Aciptilia galactodactyla 
(pup), Zortrix viridana, Xanthosetia hamana, and Laspeyresia 
nigricana. Of the last-named species Dr. Chapman mentions seeing 
four and five specimens resting together on Vzdurnum. 

Plants: Reseda lutea, Fumaria capreolata, Helianthemum vulgare, 
Bryonia dioica, Dipsacus sylvestris, Knautia arvensis, Melampyrum 
pratense, Scrophiularia nodosa, Echium vulgare, Euphorbia amyg- 
daloides, Helianthemum vulgare, Lychnis vespertina, Silene inflata, 
Fragaria vesca, Helleborus viridis (in fruit), Orchis maculata, and 


Ophrys apifera. 


ee 


33 


Report of a Field Meeting at Leatherhead Downs, held 
on July oth, 1904. 


CONDUCTED BY EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. 


THE attendance of members at this meeting was small in spite of 
the fine weather. The party met at Ashtead station, some of the 
members having journeyed by each of the two routes, and proceeded 
by the village and Crampshaw Lane to the Downs. On the partly 
open plantation beside the footpath here the tall broomrape (O7o- 
banche elatior) was again conspicuous, and among the other plants 
in flower we noted the following : Cenxtaurea scabiosa, Calamintha 
acinos, Anthyllis vulneraria, Hippocrepis comosa, Papaver rheas, 
Flehianthemum chamecistus, Ononis repens, Pastinaca sativa, Daucus 
carota, Viola tricolor, Tragopogon pratense, and Convolvulus arvense. 

Along the Ermyn Way we found Campanula trachelium, Bryonia 
dioica, Papaver somniferum, Atropa belladonna, Spirea filipenduda, 
Phyteuma orbiculare, Thymus serpyllum, and at Cherkley we en- 
countered Mr. Turner with spikes of Veo¢tia nidus-avis, which he had 
brought from Mickleham, where he reported having also seen plenty 
of Verbascum lychnitts. 

Observations and captures of insect life include the following : 
Mr. Turner—larve of Cucullia lychnitis, most of them covered with 
ova of an ichneumon. A few hours next day resulted in the success- 
ful cleansing of these, and Mr. Turner had the satisfaction ultimately 
of rearing and pupating them. Lepidoptera on the wing, he reported, 
were scarce, but in the afternoon a quiet corner had produced plenty 
of Mimeseoptilus fuscodactylus, and later he pointed out a linnet’s 
nest in a juniper-bush. 

Among Lepidoptera Mr. Ashdown reports Czdaria fulvata, C. 
dotata, EEmmelesia decolorata, Melanippe procellata, Euboha limitata, 
and Scopula olivalts. Mr. Edwards’ list includes: pznephele 
tantra, Cenonyvmpha pamphilus, Lycena tcarus, Augiades sylvanus, 
Adopea thaumas (linea), Pieris rape, P. brassicae, Drepana falcula, 
Melanthia bicolorata (rubiginata), M. albicillata, Melanippe rivata, 
Cidaria fulvata, Eubolia plumbaria (palumbaria), E. limitata (men- 
suraria), Hemithea strigata (thvmiarta), Hecatera serena, Crambus 
pascuellus, and one example of the Dipteron, Volucella bombylans. 
Mr. South, in addition to the Lepidoptera previously named, mentions : 
Habrosyne derasa, Acontia luctuosa, Hypena probocidalis, Acadalia 
dimidiata, Eupithecia sobrinata, Asthena luteata, Coremia designata, 
Eucosmia vetulata, Crambus perlellus, Alucita (Aciptilia) pentadactyla, 
and Orthotenia striana. Mr. Lucas contributes the following : Or- 
thoptera: Nymphs of Lepsoplyes punctatissima, Meconema varium, 

3 


34 


and an earwig, no doubt Forficwla auricularia. The locality seemed 
suitable for / /esmeZ, but none were found. One earwig nymph, about 
half grown, had on it no less than six large bright-red Acari. A 
wrinkled black thread protruding seemed to be the faeces—about 
half as long as the insect. Was this apparently diseased condition 
due to the presence of the Acari? Neuroptera—Planipennia : Panorpa 
communis 9 (the larger scorpion-fly). 

The Ermyn Way was followed as far as Cherkley, and then the 
party descended by way of Downs Lane to Thorncroft, thence by the 
cricket-field and Leatherhead Bridge to the Old Running Horse, 
where, to the number of fifteen, they sat down to tea. Some of the 
party returned from Leatherhead station, others proceeded along the 
lanes to Ashtead, and did a little dusking around Barnett Wood on 
the way. 


woe DALE OE mh.  .4* 


7 v. 


35 


Report of a Field Meeting held at Byfleet, July 23rd, 
1904. 


By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. Read January 12th, 1905. 


THREE years in succession this Society has organised a field meet- 
ing on the bank of the Basingstoke Canal, and on each occasion, 
though the morning was fine, rain came on in the afternoon. On the 
date “of the last excursion, however, the rain was neither heavy nor 
lasting—it was necessary to keep up a reputation, and that being 
accomplished, the weather speedily improved. 

Thirteen members and three visitors arrived in detachments by 
various trains, the last one patronised being that reaching Byfleet 
station at 3.18 p.m. Collecting, observation, and photography were 
the order of the day, till 7 p.m., when full justice was done to an 
excellent meat tea at a very moderate charge served at the Victoria 
Inn at Woodham on the further side of the canal. Most of the party 
returned to town by the 8.19. : 

Anyone who has not seen the Basingstoke Canal, and has in his 
mind the recollection of some unlovely midland canal, laden with 
coal-barges, will be delightfully surprised should he visit the T-shaped 
piece of water having Woking, Weybridge, and Wisley at its three 
extremities. 

That stretch of the canal passing between the villages of Byfleet 
and Woodham which has for three successive years been visited in 
July by our Society lies on a low-lying part of the Bagshot beds of 
the Upper Eocene geologic age, the height of the land above sea- 
level being roughly from sixteen to thirty yards only. The district is 
more or less swampy, there being much higher ground bordering the 
valleys of the Wey and the Bourne, both of which streams flow near 
on their course to the Thames by Weybridge. Though geology 
proper is out of the question, yet the botany and zoology of the 
district, which depend upon its geological formation and situation, 
are particularly interesting, species, both vegetable and animal, being 
numerous, and often worthy of more than ordinary attention. 

As regards the botanical side of the life of the district, some 
of the most noticeable plants met with were: The white water lily 
(Nymphea alba), yellow water-lily (Muphar lutea), arrowhead (Sagzt- 
taria sagittifolia), a rather local plant, water plantain (A/sma 
plantago), branched bur-reed (.Sparganium ramosum), smaller cat’s- 
tail (Zypha angustifolia), great reed (Phragmites communts), lesser 
reed ( Calamagrostis epigeios), yellow loosestrife (Lys¢machia vulgarts), 


36 


purple loosestrife (Zytirum salicaria), marsh wound-wort (.Stachys 
palustris), meadow-sweet (Sfir@a ulmaria), gipsywort (Lycopus 
europeus), tufted vetch (Vicia cracca), tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), 
sneesewort (Achillea ptarmica), flea-bane (Pulicaria dysenterica), 
greater skull-cap (Scu¢ellaria galericulata), great valerian ( Valeriana 
officinalis, var. sambucifolia), comfrey (Svmphytum officinale), hemp 
agrimony (Lupatorium cannabinum), water bistort (Polygonum am- 
phibium), harebell (Campanula rotundifolia), fine-leaved heath (Z71ca 
cinerea), cross-leaved heath (£7vica tetralix), yellow-pea (Lathyrus 
pratensis), false cyperus (Carex pseudo-cyperus), and Canadian-weed 
(Elodea canadensis). 

On first reaching the canal from the station in the afternoon a king- 
fisher was observed, and Mr. Step reports the presence of the moor- 
hen, coot, female wild duck with young, and the finding of a nest of 
the whitethroat containing three eggs. 

Turning to the insects, a number of dragon-flies were recorded, but 
none that were not previously known for the district. Those found 
were -2ischna grandis, two; Calopteryx splendens ; Platycnemtis pen- 
nipes, one on the Common; L7zythromma natas ; Pyrrhesoma nym- 
phula, one seen, I believe ; /schnura elegans, numerous, one var., 
rufescens, being taken; Agrion pulchellum, one taken by Mr. South ; 
Enallagma cyathigerum, numerous. £. naias and A. pulchellum are 
local insects, and this part of the canal is one of their well-known 
haunts: 

Of the Planipennia two were taken, a lace-wing (CArysopa ven- 
tralis), and a suspicious-looking scorpion-fly. This latter was a 
female which bore some resemblance to the scarce Panorpa cognata. 
Consequently I sent it, for his opinion, to Mr. K. J. Morton, of 
Edinburgh, who returned it to me named as cogvafa. ‘Though it is 
not easy to distinguish species of Panorfa in the absence of males, I 
think we may regard this as belonging to the scarce species. The 
range of P. cognaza in Britain does not seem to be very clear, but the 
only other localities I know are Folkestone and the New Forest. It 
is, at any rate, I think, an addition to our county list. 

Of Coleoptera there is a fairly good array: Loricera pilicornts, 
Llybius fenestratus, Tachinus rufipes, Meligethes eneus, Scirtes hemt- 
sphericus, Donacia versicolora, Lema lichenis, Phyllodecta witelline, 
Galerucella sagittarte, Chetocnema subcerulea (one specimen), Cassida 
eguestris, Apion ulicts, A. frumentarum, A. vicie, A. hookert, A. 
minimum (scarce and local), A. unzicolor, A. hydrolapatht, Strophosomus 
corylt, Gymnetron antirrhini (= G. noctts), Nanophyes lythri (common 
on purple loosestrife). 

Of Diptera two species were identified as Poletes lardaria (2) 
and Leptis lineola. 

Notes on the Lepidoptera are far from numerous. Mr. Ashdown 
reports Aphantopus (Epinephele) hyperanthus, and an uncommon- 
looking lepidopterous larva, which none of the party could identify, 
but which produced common enough ichneumons. Mr. Priske found 


ee ee eee ee ey 


37 


cocoons of a burnet moth, most probably Axthrocera (Zygena) 
filipendule, all of which contained an ichneumon in a very tough 
inner cocoon of its own. After opening one of these cocoons in 
October he found that the parasite was still in the larval state. 

Amongst the Hemiptera the last-mentioned observer found the 
shield-bug, Pcromeris bidens, in the larval stage, and kept it till it 
matured, and Mr. Jennings took the Homopteron, Aphrophora salicis, 
on sallows. 

Mr. Step was able to add the mollusk Hedix arbustorum to the 
list for the district. 

As regards pond-life of the minuter kind, both botanical and 
zoological, Mr. W. West considers the captures as a whole were 
particularly good. He reports as follows: The Bryophyte: Azced/a 
fiuttans. Algee: Volvox globator and Closterium moniliferum, 
Polypes: Aydra viridis and HZ. vulgaris. Entomostraca: Daphnia 
pulex, Cyclops quadricornts, Diaptomus castor, and Cypris tristriata. 
Rotatoria: Lactnularia soctalis, Conichilus volvox, Melicerta ringens, 
Limnias ceratophylli, Floscularia ornata, Stephanoceros eichornit, and 
various unrecognised free-swimming Rotiferee. Infusoria: Vorficella 
nebulifera, Vaginicola crystallina, Zoothamnium arbuscula, Actinophrys 
sol, and Efistylts, as well as the freshwater sponge (Sfongilla fluvia- 
tilis). There were also numerous water-mites of various shapes and 
colours. 

In conclusion I should like to thank Messrs. Ansorge, Ashdown, 
Jennings, Priske, Step, Ward, and West for sending me notes, with 
the help of which J have been enabled to draw up this report. 


Report of a Field Meeting held in Epping Forest, 
September roth, 1904. 


By A. Harrison, F.L.S., F.E.S., and H. Main, B.Sc., F.E.S. 
Read January 26th, 1905. 


THE route taken on this occasion was practically the same as on 
the 1902 excursion, viz. from Theydon Bois station through Epping 
Thicks to Epping village. About a dozen members turned up, and 
the walk, although not very successful as regards entomological results, 
was most enjoyable. 

After tea at the Old Thatched House at Epping, some members 
tried sugaring in the ‘‘ Thicks,” but very few insects were attracted. 

Mr. F. M. B. Carr reports the following captures : 

Oponata: Sympetrum striolatum. 

Lepidoptera : Chrysophanus (Polyommatus) phleas, Canonympha 
pamphilus, Orgyia antiqua, EEnnomos erosaria (one, female), Cidaria 
testata (one), Hepialus sylvanus, Agrotis suffusa, Triphena pronuba, 
Calymnia trapezina, Xanthia ferruginea, Amphipyra pyramidea, 
Gortyna flavago (pupa). Larve: Halas prasinana (common), 
Porthesta similis (one), Dasychira pudibunda (one), Lophopteryx 
camelina (one), Clostera reclusa (in dwarf sallow), Drepana lacer- 
tinaria (three), 2. dbinaria (three), Acronycla psi, Amphidasys 
betularia (common), Odontopera bidentata (common), JAletrocampa 
margaritaria (common), Rumia luteolata, Cabera pusaria, Numeria 
pulveraria (one), Hemithea strigata, Ephyra trilinearia (common), 
and Lapta temerata (a few). 

Mr. Harry Moore adds the following observations : 

Stenobothrus parallelus (Zett) was not as common as usual. 

Hymenoptera were represented by two or three species of Bomébus, 
flalictus, etc., and a solitary example of Zehneumon luctatorius (Linn). 

A few species of Diptera were very numerous, Tipulide especially ; 
the Syphid He/ophilus pendulus (L.) was almost as common, but of 
the larger Sericomyia borealis less than a dozen specimens were seen. 


Pee ect, 


ANNO AL ADDRESS TO THE.«MEMBERS 


OF THE 


South London Entomological and Natural History 
Soviet. 


Read January 26th, 1905. 


By AEBRED.SIcH, PLS, 


—<<$$9O6——_ 


ENTLEMEN,—When my illustrious predecessor, Mr. Step, 
commenced his memorable address last year by de- 
ploring the fact that our Bye-laws compel a President to 
deliver an address I certainly did not in the least agree with 
him, because I thought, and hold the same opinion still, that 
from the comfortable point of view of a member not in 
office it is the one moment of the year which provides a 
small thrill of excitement. 

When a President rises to deliver his address the other 
members present have one thought in their minds: they feel 
that someone is in rather a tight place and they are interested 
to see how he will wriggle out of the net which Bye-law 19 
has cast around the presidential chair. 

Being myself now in this glorious fix, I feel the force of 
my predecessor’s argument, but if I can make one tithe of 
the impression on you that he did on us all last year I shall 
feel also that my torture has not been entirely in vain. 

I think perhaps my first duty should be to ask for your 
kind indulgence and pardon for my prolonged absence during 
the year. This, as I think you all know, was caused by 
illness in my family, which necessitated a sudden journey of 
over 900 miles. I am happy to say now that my family has 
been quite restored to health. I think our worthy Secretary 
will bear me out when I say that up to my departure and 
since my return I have not missed any meeting. And, 


40 


gentlemen, I feel assured that one and all of you will endorse 
the remark when I affirm that during my absence the affairs 
of this Society have been watched over by our able vice- 
Presidents, Mr. Step and Mr. Main, in so careful and thorough 
a manner that the Society has rather benefited than other- 
wise by the prolonged absence of its temporary head. 

You have heard the Council’s Report read, and also that 
of the Treasurer. Though our cash balance stands at rather 
a lower figure this year than last, it is simply a matter of 
transfer. During the year we had the opportunity of adding 
to our assets some valuable scientific works ; these had to be 
paid for, and by the expenditure of another small item we 
have greatly increased the value of our herbarium. So that 
in reality our total assets compare very favourably with those 
of last year. 

Your Council have thought fit to recommend to you 
during the past year an alteration in the Bye-laws, which 
alteration was duly made at a special meeting held on 
November roth. We are therefore now able, if we so desire, 
to re-elect a President for a second year of office. 

There is another matter which your Council have taken 
in hand; that is, the reparation of the Tugwell Herbarium. 
This, I consider, is for the Society a most important matter. 
The late Mr. Tugwell, a former member of this Society, and its 
President in 1891, formed an excellent collection of dried 
plants which were subsequently presented to the Society. 
This collection has now been put into thorough order in 
such a manner that any plant may easily be referred to and 
also its place ascertained in the last—I think 9th—edition 
of the ‘‘ London Catalogue of British Plants.”’ But please 
mark, for this is important, all this reparation has been 
carried out without interfering with either the specimens or 
their labels, so that the collection is still the Tugwell collection. 

Now, gentlemen, I said the Council had taken this work 
in hand; they did so, but the real labour has been borne 
entirely by one member of the Council. I know that his 
modesty, had I allowed it to interfere, would have prevented 
me making special reference to this point. But I feel really 
that Mr. Step truly deserves the gratitude of this Society. 

I think, perhaps, that one of the features of our meetings 
of 1904 has been the frequent exhibition of photographs of 
lepidopterous ova, larve, and imagines, besides other insects, 
and also of wild flowers in a living and natural condition. 
These photographs are not only of great scientific value, but 
also in many cases of great beauty. The chief contributors 


41 


have been Messrs. Dennis, Noad-Clark, Goulton, Lucas, 
Main, Step, and Tonge. It is extremely desirable that 
entomologists should now be able to compare the ovum of 

one species with that of another species, and matters would ~ 
be greatly aided if a series of microphotographs of ova were 
easily procurable. I hope I shall not be guilty of betraying 
a State secret if I say I have heard a whisper that Mr. Tonge 
and Mr. Tutt are seriously considering the joint publication 
of such photographs, with descriptions. I only hope it is true. 

Another feature which must not pass without mention is 
the great number of the species of the genus Coleophora which 
have been exhibited in one or more stages by our indefatigable 
honorary secretary, Mr. Henry J. Turner. 

Before terminating my remarks on the special affairs of 
this Society, it is my sad duty to have to record the passing 
away from our midst of two entomologists, both members of 
our Society. 

Robert McLachlan, who died on May 23rd last, in his 
67th year, was born near Ongar, in Essex. He seems very 
early to have shown a leaning towards natural history studies, 
and began, like so many of us, by turning his attention to the 
butterflies. In order to increase his knowledge of their food- 
plants, showing even at this early age the true naturalist he 
was, he took up the study of botany. When eighteen years 
old he went on a voyage to Australia and China, and brought 
back a large collection of plants. Later he seems to have 
made many journeys to the French and Swiss mountains, 
and while on the Continent made the acquaintance of several 
men of entomological eminence; thus his mind was early 
widened and freed from that insular prejudice which is so 
apt to hinder the development of a stay-at-home Briton. 
His first contribution of any length on the Trichoptera was, 
I believe, published in the ‘‘ Entomologists’ Annual” for 1861. 
Later, in the ‘‘ Transactions of the Entomological Society,” 
he wrote a monograph of the British Caddisflies, one of the 
British Neuroptera-Planipennia, and a catalogue of the 
British Neuroptera. In the ‘“ Ent. Mo. Mag.” he published 
a monograph of the British Procide. His chief work, how- 
ever, was his ‘‘ Monographic Revision and Synopsis of the 
Trichoptera of the European Fauna,’ with a supplement. 
This work, containing over 600 pages and some 2000 figures 
of structural details from his own drawings, appeared in 
nine parts during the decade 1874-1884. Of his works, 
these are perhaps the most useful to the student of the 
British Neuroptera, but he contributed articles and Reports 


42 


to the journals of almost every important Entomological 
Society of Europe. He joined the Entomological Society of 
London in 1858, was President in 1885 and the following 
year. In 1877 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. 
He was also member of numerous continental societies. He 
was elected an hon. member of this Society in 1872, and, to 
show the interest that he took in its welfare, I will call 
attention to a note from his pen which was read at the 
meeting held on July roth, 1902. In his decease the entomo- 
logical world loses a great naturalist and a ready but an 
exceedingly careful writer. His works will long remain a 
storehouse of entomological treasure, and his memory will 
be kept green by those who knew him personally, for they 
realise that they have lost a genial and sincere friend. 

Charles Golding Barrett, who left us so recently, only 
passing away on December 11th last, was born at Colyton,. 
Devonshire, in 1836. He entered the Civil Service at the age 
of 20, and his occupation causing him to reside in various 
parts of the British Isles, gave him an opportunity of studying 
the Lepidoptera, which was his especial order, in many and 
varied localities. Owing to his great energy and unsparing 
pains he took full advantage of this circumstance and amassed 
a vast store of first-hand information. I think it safe to say 
that Mr. Barrett took with his own hands more species of 
British Lepidoptera than any other entomologist. He was, 
however, much more than a collector, for he worked out the 
life-histories of many species which were not previously: 
known, and contributed a large amount of literature to the 
different periodicals in the shape of papers and notes. In 
1880 he joined the editorial staff of the ‘“‘ Entomologists’ 
Monthly Magazine,” and his ‘‘ Notes on British Tortrices,”’ 
which ran for eighteen years, are among the best of his 
writings. Since 1893 he was engaged on his large work, 
“The Lepidoptera of the British Islands,” of which nine 
volumes have been issued. I think it would have been to 
the greater benefit of entomological science had he commenced 
this work with the consideration of the Tineina, for we have 
so many works on the larger moths and so few on the smaller 
ones, and now, alas! we shall be unable to share in the great 
knowledge of the smaller species which he undoubtedly 
possessed. It is, however, pleasing to hear that his prepared 
manuscripts will probably enable the Tortricina to be com- 
pleted. 

In 1889 Mr. Barrett joined this Society, and was elected 
President for 1892. 


43 


It is not, however, for his valuable writings that many of 
us hold our late friend most dear; his heart was ever open 
to the call of anyone desiring knowledge, which he gave 
freely and in so delightful a manner that he endeared himself 
to all who knew him. 

In March last Joseph Merrin died at Gloucester, at the 
age of 82. Though of late years he seems to have been less 
active, yet at the time of his death he was engaged on a 
county list of the ‘ Victoria Natural History.’ He will be 
most widely remembered by his useful ‘‘ Lepidopterists’ 
Calendar.” 

I now come to the list of new species which have been 
added to our Fauna during 1904. Though the Lepidoptera 
remain stationary, the year is remarkable on account of the 
additions to other orders. 

In considering the Mammals, the most important event 
has undoubtedly been the discovery of the Orcadian vole 
(Microtus orcadensis, Millais), a species entirely new to science. 
It is very much larger, much darker, and the fur has a softer 
and denser appearance than that of the common field vole, 
but the fundamental difference lies in the molar teeth, which 
are of a distinctly different pattern. This highly important 
addition to the Fauna of the world was noticed by Mr. Millais 
on the Island of Pomona, the main island of the Orkneys, 
I believe two or more years ago, but was only brought 
forward definitely this year. The account of the discovery 
and specific description will be found in the ‘ Zoologist,” 
July 15th, 1904, page 242. 

One expects to see new insects discovered in our islands 
every year, but the recording of a mammal new to science 
is an important event. 

The chief event recorded in the annals of British ornitho- 
logy for the year is the breeding in Britain, I cannot say 
where, as this is very properly not disclosed, of the black- 
necked grebe (Podicipes nigricollis). Mr. Aplin writes of 
this in ‘‘Zoologist’”’; as there were more nests than one it 
looks as though the birds were really established. 

The only new species in Mollusca recorded as British this 
year is, I believe, Paludestrina anatina (Drap.). This has for 
our Society a special interest, as Mr. Le Brockton Tomlin 
discovered it in some shells gathered from Oulton Broad by 
Mr. Claude Morley (‘‘ Journal of Conchology,” 1904, p. 11). 

Another record seems worth mentioning, that is, the 
occurrence at Box Hill of a /eft-handed specimen of the 
Roman snail Helix pomatia. Vhis was picked up by Mr, 


44 


Hy. J. Turner on May rst last, and is recorded by F. B. 
Jennings in “‘ Conchological Journal,” 1904, p. 96. On page 
106 of the same Journal Mr. Denison Roebuck gives an 
interesting account of the discovery in some numbérs in pine 
forests, situated in four different places in Scotland, of the 
little slug Limax tenellus, which was beginning to have a 
somewhat shadowy claim to-our Fauna. All naturalists will 
welcome the re-establishment of this member of Limacide, 
which are none too common in our islands. 

We now arrive at the Insecta, and the names of the new 
species combined form rather an overpowering phalanx, and 
I therefore propose only to read out to you those which 
appear the most interesting. To the Coleoptera eight new 
species have been added : 

Aulonium sulcatum (Oliv.) is rare on the Continent. It 
was discovered in July last by Mr. C. J. C. Pool at Enfield, in 
all its stages, showing that it was not absolutely a chance 
capture; but unless it is found in other British localities its 
record as British seems likely to be a short one, for bricks 
and mortar will, I fear, soon exterminate it in Enfield. 

Ocyusa mgrata (Fair), taken by Mr. Claude Morley in 
Suffolk in rgo0o, but first recorded by Mr. Newberry, in the 
Sse ML. Nt, t rQo4, p25 T. 

Criocephalus rusticus (Dej.), taken by Col. Yerbury in 
Scotland this year. This differs from many of the new 
insecta of 1904 in being of a large size. It is now in the 
collection of the British Museum (‘‘ E. M. M.,” 1905, p. 15). 

Euconnus maklim, taken by Dr. Norman Joy in Berkshire 
in 1901, but first described as British in 1904 (“‘ E. M. M.,” 
1904, p. 6). 

Catops sericatus, separated from C. sericeus by Mr. Champion 
Cr. MM; 8904, 3p7.78)- 

Malachius barnevillet, taken by Mr. Thouless at Hun- 
stanton in 1899 and recorded by Mr. Champion (“E. M. M.,” 
1905, p- 15). 

A gathidium badium, taken by Dr. Chaster under bark, near 
Lake Ulleswater, in 1903 (“‘ Ent. Rec.,” 1904, p. 18). 

Longitarsus curtus, taken by Mr. Tomlin in the Isle of Man 
in 1903 (“ E. M. M.,” 1904, pp. 60 and 179). 

DipTERA.—The dipterists have been most active during 
the last year, and their efforts have culminated in the dis- 
covery of no less than twenty-seven new species, of which 
three are new to science. 

Callicera yerburyt (Verr.) was taken in 1904 in Scotland 
by Col. Yerbury (“ E. M. M.,” 1904, p. 229). 


£5 


Threticus compar. (Eat.) and gemina (Eat.) were described 
by the Rev. A. E. Eaton in his paper in the “‘ E. M. M.” on 
the Psychodidz, which will always be an important contri- 
bution to the literature of the diptera, as he therein describes 
five new genera (‘‘ E. M. M.,” 1904, pp. 57-59). 

A paper of great importance published in the “ E. M. M.” 
during 1904, and to be continued, is Mr. Verrall’s ‘“ List of 
British Dolichopodide, with Tables and Notes,” in which at 
least seven new British species have been or will be described. 

Other new Diptera are: 

Corethra obscuripes, found at Newmarket and exhibited at 
the Ent. Soc. meeting, May 4th, 1904, by Mr. Collin (“‘ Ent. 
Soe. Lon.-Proz,”’-xxxtil). 

Neottamus cothurnatus, taken by Mr. Holland at Oxford 
and exhibited by Mr. Verrall at the above-mentioned 
meeting. . 

Asteia elegantula, taken in 1903 by Mr. Jenkinson on the 
banks of the Findhorn in Scotland (‘‘ E. M. M.,” goa, p. 4). 

Dilophus ternatus, near Cromer, 1903. 

Chyliza vittata, near Bungay, 1902. 

Tanypeza longimana, near Bury St. Edmunds, 1899. 

These three species identified by Mr. Collin and recorded 
by Rev. E. N. Bloomfield (“ E. M. M.,” 1904, p. 61). 

Callimyia elegantula ?, Agathomyia boreella, Homalomyia 
difficilis and Palloptera letabilis, all four taken in Hereford- 
shire by Dr. Wood in 1904 (‘‘ E. M. M.,” 1905, pp. 5 and 8). 

Periscelis annulata and Ochthera mantispa, both taken by 
Mr. Lamb in 1904, the former in the New Forest and the 
latter at Padstow (‘‘ E. M. M.,”’ 1904, p. 277). 

In Mr. Verrall’s list of the Dolichopodide (‘ E. M. M.,” 
1904, p. 165) the following new British species occur: 

Chrysotus monochetus. 

Dolichopus analusiacus (‘“E. M. M.,” 1904, p. 226). 

Dolichopus laticola (Verr), aspecies new to science, described 

SS Mis Mit: F904 j.p:.197. 

Hydrophorus rufibarbts. 

Porphyrops patula. 

Sympycnus spiculatus. 

Systenus adpropinquans. 

The following four species are first recorded as British in 
the “Ann. Scot.N. Hi:;t 1904: 

Sciara rufiventris, p. 30. 

Oncomyia sundervallu, p. 221. 

Hydrotea pilipes, p. 158. 

Sapromyza affinis, p. 129. 


46 


For these particulars I am indebted to the kindness of 
Mr. Verrall. 

Three species of Hemiptera have been brought forward 
during the year to enrich our Fauna: Drymus confusus, from 
Dorsetshire, and Salda setulosa, from Hampshire, both re- 
corded by. Mr E. A’ Butler (Esp Mi.cMs, 7004 ep275) 5 
Ripersia europea, first taken by Mr. Tomlin near Swanage, 
in the nests of Formica rufa (‘‘E. M. M.,”’ 1904, p. 282). 

We have four new species of Hymenoptera recorded 
during the year: 

Crabro styrius, taken as far back as 1894 at Shiere and 
other places. 

Halictus semipunctalatus, taken at Lyme Regis in 1903. 
Both these are recorded by Mr. Saunders in “ E. M. M.,” 
1904, p. IO. 

Halictus fulvicornis, separated from H. subfasciatus by 
Mr. Saunders (‘‘ E. M. M.,” 1904, p. 250). 

Rhadinocerea micans, hitherto confused with other species, 
is separated by “Rev.<F. .D:> Monice -(° E2\MirM, 5. rga4; 
p-. 100). 

Mr. Morley describes (“ E. M. M.,” p. 37) for the first 
time the male of the ichneumon, Barichneumon heracleane. 

Two Trichoptera, Oxyethira mirabilis, a species new to 
science, and O. sagittifera, new to Britain, were taken at 
Rannock by Mr. Kennith Morton, to whose kindness I am 
indebted for these particulars. 

I have received much assistance in drawing up these 
faunistic notes from the following gentlemen, besides those 
already mentioned: Messrs. W. L. Distant, W. F. Kirby, 
E. A. Smith, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, and A. H. Hamm, 
to all of whom I tender my best thanks. 

Tam sorry that in Lepidoptera we have nothing new to 
record; let us hope we shall be able to discover some new 
species during the coming season. 

The year has been perhaps remarkable on account of the 
great number of specimens of Phryxus (Deilephila) livornica 
which have been captured. It compares in this way with 
the year 1860, which was also a livornica year, and curiously, 
too, in that year a specimen of Gonepterye rhamnt resembling 
G.cleopatra was taken near Rotherham. This year Mr. Lucas 
(“‘Entom.,” p. 240) records a similar specimen as reared 
from a larva taken by Mr. Weir. 

In Mr. Claude Morley’s Ichnewmonologia Britannica we have 
a volume which as far as Great Britain is concerned breaks 
entirely new ground. It is a comfort to know that we can 


47 


now have a reasonable chance of naming some of those 
beautiful insects with which most of us are more or less 
acquainted. There may be those who would like to name 
them in order more effectually to breath anathemas on them. 
It is to be hoped that another volume of this work will be 
issued before long. 

“Catalogue of British Coleoptera,” by Professor Beare and 
Mr. Donisthorpe. The coleopterists of Britain must have 
eagerly looked forward to the issue of this catalogue, and 
must now be grateful to the authors whose joint labours 
have given them such an eminently useful, up-to-date work- 
ing list. 

‘““ Eleanor Ormerod, LL.D., Economic Entomologist, 
Autobiography, and Correspondence,” edited by Robert 
Wallace. This contains, as Mr. Lucas writes (‘‘ Entom.,”’ 
vol. xxxvii, p. 219), a delightfully fresh autobiography, followed 
by a biographical sketch by the editor, and a large amount of 
correspondence. 

“The Mammals of Great Britain and Ireland,” by J. G. 
Millais, F.Z.S., vol. 1. This sumptuous work, when com- 
pleted by the issue of vols. ii and iii, will be facile princeps of 
any books ever written on this subject. The present volume 
deals with the Bats, Insectivora, and Carnivora, as far as the 
end of the seals. Some of the numerous and beautiful plates 
are produced by the aid of the camera, but many of them are 
reproductions of highly artistic pictures by the author. As 
this work in its present form must really be looked on as an 
édition de luxe, it is to be hoped that a cheaper edition may 
subsequently be issued. 

Part X of Mr. Taylors’ most excellent work, the “ Mono- 
graph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British 
Isles,’ was published in June. It deals with only four species 
of slugs, but these are treated very thoroughly, except, perhaps, 
in the accounts of their habits, which might have been ex- 
tended. We have as yet only plates of Limax maximus and 
L. cinereo-niger, but hope soon to see the figures of the other 
species. 

‘“* Wayside and Woodland Trees,” by Edward Step, F.L.S. 
This is a delightful book to put in. one’s pocket when ona 
country ramble, or if read after returning, it will most cer- 
tainly incite to further rambles, and the perusal of it will 
surely increase even the tree-lover’s love of trees. 

To the foreign as well as to the British lepidopterist, the 
most important work of the year is Volume IV of Mr. Tutt’s 
‘“‘ British Lepidoptera” ; for although this volume only deals 


48 


with twelve species, these few insects are so exhaustively 
treated, and on such a wide basis, that no student of the 
Lepidoptera, whether his study be general or specialised, can 
afford to be without a reference work of such marvellous 
utility. A comprehensive work such as this, however, has 
its thorn as well as the rose. When it reaches the young 
and aspiring entomologist, it may for a time cool his ardour. 


He may feel that he has neither the time nor, if he be modest, 


the capacity to attempt anything approaching the same com- 
pass. Let the aspirant, however, not be discouraged, but let 
him continue his observations in the lines he has chosen, and 
sooner or later he will discover new facts or will be able to 
confirm doubtful ones. When he has in this way added 
something to knowledge, let him record it as soon as possible, 
that others may have the new light, however feeble, thrown 
on their work. For from the accumulation of notes and 
records of observations arises the material out of which the 
more comprehensive scientific works are largely composed. 

Perhaps I may here take the opportunity without being 
considered presumptuous, to remind the older as well as the 
younger entomologists that it is really their duty to record 
as soon as practicable any fresh truth that they have dis- 
covered. We all know there are several entomologists of 
great experience who are still more or less active in the field, 
but whose pen, unfortunately for their brethren, is almost 
idle, and we can, alas! recall the names of many, now no 
longer among us, whose great knowledge, never published, 
has almost entirely passed away with them. 

The subject I desire to bring before your notice to-night is 
one that, I believe, has not been brought forward at this 
Society on any previous occasion. I wish to call your atten- 
tion to the joy of animal existence ; I want to emphasise the 
triumph of animal life. Of course by this I do not allude to 
mere animal existence, to the dull life of a beast, as exempli- 
fied by the life, for instance, of a prize pig, that spends all 
its time either in sleeping or eating. Such an existence is 
certainly without care, but as surely without joy. What I 
do mean is the joy of the wild life, of the life that the free 
creatures of the field and forest lead when left to themselves, 
uninterfered with by the hand of man. 

It is many years ago since the first idea of this fact dawned 
upon me; but since that time my observations have brought 
it home to me again and again, so that for some years now it 
has been with me a settled conviction. 

As soon as I became aware of this fact I altered my method 


*e 


OO a, 


49 


of studying Nature. I almost gave up collecting altogether, 
because to collect meant to destroy, to bring prematurely to 
an end the joyous life of the creature collected. 

And besides, I had found that to observe the wild free life 
in Nature, to draw conclusions from observation and tc 
prove or attempt to prove those conclusions, was a far 
higher and much more fascinating pleasure than that of 
collecting. 

Yet collecting has its pleasures, for it satisfies one of man’s 
natural instincts, the inborn love of hunting. It is also the 
surest, most rapid, and perhaps the only way to acquire an 
accurate knowledge of the distinctions of the various species 
of any special class under study, and of the names by which 
they are known to other men. Of course if we only wish to 
observe creatures for our own benefit, we need not trouble 
in the least about the names that men have given to them. 
Observation will usually teach us soon enough the difference 
between one creature and another. But if, as we very soon 
do, we desire to read what others have observed or more 
especially if we wish to record our own observations for the 
benefit of others, we must with the greatest accuracy 
determine the name of the creature whose habits we are 
studying. 

Collecting is therefore by no means to be depreciated, for 
it is a splendid introduction to study and usually a most 
healthful pursuit, besides being the source of innumerable 
pleasures. However, the pleasures of collecting are not to 
be compared with the pleasures derived from the study of 
the life-histories of the living creatures. By life-history I 
mean much more than the life-cycle. The more we study 
the living things and the closer we get to the real truth of 
their lives and to the laws which govern these wild beings 
and form their habits, the greater becomes the fascination of 
study and the more intense the desire to penetrate yet farther 
into the heart of Nature and, not to wrest from her, as some 
say, but ask her to reveal to us more of her wonderful laws, 
-to light up for us more of those secrets which are still 
hidden from our understanding. 

Now, if we go into the wilds, whether it be the bare, wind- 
swept uplands, or the forest with its tangled growth of 
brambles and undershrubs below and its tall trees rising up 
into the airy regions above, or whether it be the stretch of 
sand between high- and low-water mark on the sea coast, with 
innumerable rocks and pools or hung with seaweed; if we 
go to these wilds and study the creatures that have their 

4 


50 


homes in such places, we shall probably be struck, firstly, by 
the wonderful fitness of each wild creature to the particular 
kind of wilderness which it inhabits; and secondly, it will 
gradually dawn on us that the life of these wild beings, so 
admirably suited to their homes, is one full of joy, if not of 
exultation. 

I believe the popular notion of an animal’s life might be 
summed up somewhat in this manner: It comes into the 
world with a perpetual desire to eat and with an ever-present 
fear of being eaten. All its actions are governed by what is 
termed “instinct,” which teaches it blindly to satisfy its animal 
desires on the one hand and to escape its enemies on the 
other. It may, of course, have moments of pleasure, but 
in any case it is ever haunted by the fear of death either 
by starvation or by some sudden calamity. 

That an animal’s life may not only be free from care, but 
may even bea career of triumphs such as man hardly knows 
on this earth, is not, I believe, a popular notion. Yet Iam 
convinced that, in the majority of cases, the triumphant 
career truly expresses the essence of animal existence. 

This is an idea which is very easy to state, but, I fear, 
difficult to prove. And though I have long been convinced 
of it myself, I would scarcely have brought it forward had I 
not been emboldened’ by lately reading a book written by 
one in touch with wild life, which expresses in a clearer and 
more delightful manner than I am able to do the main issues 
of this idea. 

The animal life, that of the American woods, of which 
William Long writes in his ‘‘School of the Woods,”’ is 
widely different to that with which I am acquainted. My 
experience is chiefly of the insect world of England. — Yet I 
venture to say that while listening to the smaller voices of 
Nature in the English wilds, I have caught the notes of the 
same joy of life which Long describes, and which seem to 
ring like music through the wild life of the larger and more 
highly organised creatures of the American forests. Perhaps 
one of the most convincing lessons of the joy of animal 
life may be obtained by watching, if Fortune favour us, any 
family of young animals at play, for in that case we can 
hardly fail to be impressed by the joyful spirit of their 
gambles. 

Everybody has, no doubt, noticed how squirrels will, when 
disturbed on the ground, run to and ascend the nearest tree. 
As soon as they know they are safe they will peer round the 
branches and watch the intruder without the slightest fear. 


51 


In England squirrels are, of course, well acquainted with 
human beings; but in wilder countries, where man is a 
scarcer animal, squirrels show even a greater curiosity and 
more boldness. In fact, curiosity is one of the leading points 
in the animal character. 

I have often watched the lizards sunning themselves on 
the hot walls of the more southern parts of Europe. They 
will remain the whole morning basking in the sun. If any 
danger threatens them, they slip instantly into their holes, 
where they are in perfect safety, but only to peep cautiously 
out again the very next moment. When the weather is wet 
or cold they do not quit the hole. When they feel hungry, 
which appears to be about once or twice a week, they stalk 
the insects on the wall. The alert and confident way in which 
they hold up their heads and survey the surroundings, and 
the lance-like rapidity with which they throw themselves on 
their prey, both go to show that the lizards are masters of the 
situation, and they know it, and rejoice accordingly in their 
powers. But what about the insects which also love to bask 
in the hot sunshine on the same walls with the lizards? I 
have watched them too, and they appear to be equally happy 
If a lizard is hunting and he comes their way, all they have 
to do is to quit the wall in haste. If the insect be too lazy 
or too stupid, it pays the extreme penalty, and the lizard gets 
its dinner. On the other hand, if the insect escapes, it soon 
settles down again, perhaps coolly beside another lizard that 
is clinging quietly on the wall. The flies and other insects 
may, perhaps, avoid the onslaught of the lizard in the same 
half-unconscious way that man draws back his head if any 
near object suddenly comes across his line of vision. I do not 
believe they can possibly understand that the object which 
causes them to change their situation is a lizard, and that it 
wants to eat them. 

Everyone must have noticed the bold, rapid movements ox 
Sesia (Macroglossa) stellatarum, the humming-bird hawk moth, 
when on the wing. Here is an insect endowed with marvel- 
lous flight. It can pass through the air at an enormous 
speed with apparently hardly an effort ; it can turn this way 
and that way, up and down; it can even remain suspended, 
hovering in the air. Man when seated in a motor-car, or 
more happily on a toboggan, enjoys the rush through the air, 
the exhilarating movement, but he has to keep, more or less, 
in close contact with the ground.  Sesza stellatarum, however, 
is under no such restriction. Its realm is the air, and it 
follows its own sweet will in its wanderings, often, I believe, 


52 
revisiting the same spot, at the same hour of the day, for 
several days in succession. 

How far it roams no manknows. It visits the violas high 
up on the mountains, it flies along the very sea shore. It 
dashes into the market-places of the towns, probing the 
flowers on the stalls, and even those held in the human hand; 
it feeds among the choicest blossoms in imperial or royal 
gardens, and it finds its way to that one solitary pot of 
geraniums on the window-sill, perhaps the only spot of 
colour in that dingy back street of the great city. But every- 
where it exhibits the same rapid, joyous, confident flight. 
Surely its career is one of triumph ! 

Many times in the gloaming of a summer's evening I 
have watched the flight of that beautiful little tineid, Tznea 
cloacella. It will fly gently hither and thither in a quiet 
corner, almost as if it were a kind of pendulum. It is not 
seeking its lady-love, for then its flight is different; it is not 
even searching for food, but simply flying to and fro in idle 
enjoyment. 

If on one of those delicious days of the merry month of 
May so often dilated on by the poets, and which most of us 
have occasionally experienced, we go towards sundown into a 
meadow where Luzula grows, we shall most probably be able 
to watch the desultory flight of that grey-green little moth, 
Glyphipteryx fusceviridella. We shall find it sitting crosswise 
on a bent of grass, moving its wings up and down like fans. 
Then it flys off, threading its way among the taller grass- 
stems, till it finds a blade of grass bending over horizontally 
on a spike of Luzula, on which it can settle in its favourite 
manner and fan its wings. After a few seconds it will take 
another flight, and again settle, only to fly off again. Thus it 
will pass an hour or more, never going very far, but always 
taking things easy and enjoying the warm, soft air of the late 
afternoon. 

Stainton appears to have noticed this joy of existence ; for 
he writes thus of one of the smallest of all moths, Nefticula 
pygmeella: “It isa pleasant sight to see this minute insect 
darting backwards and forwards among the hawthorn-leaves, 
evidently in the acme of enjoyment” (‘‘ Insecta Brit.,” 
p- 296). 

I have mentioned the joyous flight of these species, not 
because they appear to have an exceptional enjoyment of 
life, but because they are all common and easily to be ob- 
served. Many more examples might be cited, and I believe 
that the same joyous life is common to all species, but I 


53 


think that these few examples will serve to show my meaning 
and support my idea. 

Were I well acquainted with the other orders of the 
Insecta, I could no doubt bring forward examples from the 
Coleoptera, Odonata, etc. It seems to me that the mazy 
dance on the surface of the water indulged in by the species 
of the genus Gyrinus, and also the triumphant flight of 
4éschna grandis as it skims over the pond, cleverly avoiding 
the net of the acquisitive and all too sanguine collector, are 
both manifestations of the joy of life. However, as I have 
never studied these insects, I know nothing of their method 
of life, neither of their joys nor of their sorrows, if they have 
any. 
You will perhaps have noticed that in citing these examples 
I have in almost all instances used the word watch, and for a 
very distinct reason. If we merely see these creatures at play, 
if we only look at them in passing, we shall not be aware that 
they are playing—that they are simply enjoying life. We 
shall merely have a picture of creatures at rest or creatures 
in motion, with this or that background. But if we watch 
them—that is, if we observe them attentively to-day, to- 
morrow, this year, the following year, as long and often as 
opportunity may allow, we shall perceive much more of their 
life, we shall begin to understand, not only what they are to 
us, but we may in part discover what their existence really 
means to them. And to the pure biologist this latter point 
is of the utmost importance. 

So much for the bright, joyous side of insect life; now let 
me turn your attention to the reverse—to the fears and 
sorrows of animals, or more particularly of insects, for it is 
with them that I am now chiefly concerned. 

Fear is apprehension of danger or pain. Our fears are born 
of experience, or perhaps more often of imagination. I do-not 
believe that insects possess the faculty of imagination, so that 
we may at once dismiss this factor from our consideration. 
Experience may, perhaps, in some rare cases induce fear in 
insects, but even this appears to me very doubtful. Insects, 
as a rule, can have so very little experience that would be 
likely to induce fear. For the accidents that an insect can 
meet with which do not end in death seem to be extremely 
few. Should an insect meet with a bad accident it can 
scarcely recover—death in some form is sure to overtake it 
speedily. For instance, should a winged insect be badly 
injured by a bird or a bat, and yet escape, it will fall to the 
ground, only to become sooner or later the prey of a shrew 


54 


mouse, toad, or predacious beetle. Besides, an insect’s life 
is mostly of too short a duration to allow it to gain any 
experience, especially in those insects which have a complete 
metamorphosis, for even if experience were gained in the 
earlier stages, it could scarcely be of use in the later ones. 
Then, again, an insect can hardly have any knowledge of, 
and therefore any fear of, death itself. What can an insect 
know of death ? The carnivorous beetles that live by the 
death of other creatures, though they continually see death, 
can scarcely recognise that their own end will also soon 
come. They cannot apply the idea of death to themselves, 
neither can the burying beetles, when engaged in hiding the 
‘body of a dead animal. Besides, what is death to an insect ? 
I do not believe that the natural death of an insect is ever a 
painful disunion. In the great majority of cases I believe 
that death to an insect either comes swiftly and suddenly, as 
when it falls a prey to some other creature, or steals gradually 
over it, as when an insect dies of cold or desiccation. In no 
case do I believe there can be any foreboding. 

This is possibly also the case even with the more highly 
organised animals. 

Of course, we know that insects are destroyed in vast 
numbers by those mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects 
which feed on them, and perhaps in far greater numbers by 
insect parasites. But I do not believe that an insect has 
this knowledge, and therefore, though surrounded by so 
many dangers, it has no fear of them. While an insect has 
life I maintain that its life is a joyous one, though there 
seems to be some melancholy exceptions, such as the poor 
creatures which the butcher bird impales on a thorn. 

There is another and very different factor—our old friend 
the survival of the fittest—which exercises a great influence 
on the enjoyment of life among wild animals and insects. 
The weakling, the physically unfit, and the aged all soon die 
in one way or another, so that those creatures which retain 
life are the stronger and more perfect individuals, which 
consequently are more capable of enjoying life. 

Therefore, it seems to me that the terrors which many 
people appear to believe haunt the wild animal, and make 
its life one of misery, have in reality little, if any, existence 
at all. Now, with regard to an animal’s enjoyment of life— 
I mean the higher animals. I put it in this way: The fact 
is, an animal does not wor7y. It is extremely watchful, and 
the moment danger is perceived it takes measures to escape. 
But when danger is not present the animal enjoys its life 


55 


because its great powers of recognising and avoiding danger 
give it that feeling of security which brings peace and con- 
tentment. 

But I believe the joyous life of an insect stands really 
upon a totally different ground. As I have endeavoured to 
show, an insect can scarcely have any experience of danger, 
it can hardly have any wisdom derived from the previous 
avoidance of danger, because if it does avoid danger, it does 
so unconsciously, without ever recognising the danger it has 
avoided. An insect enjoys life, not because it rejoices in 
its knowledge and power of escaping danger, as I think the 
higher animals may do, but because it is absolutely ignorant 
of danger. It is a perfect organism, and enjoys its perfection 
in total ignorance of the dangers which surround it. 

Let me here quote a verse from the poet Rogers, written 
perhaps some seventy or eighty years ago: 


“Child of the sun! pursue thy rapturous flight, 
Mingling with her thou lov’st in fields of light ; 
And where the flowers of Paradise unfold 
Quaff fragrant nectar from their cups of gold.” 


Anyone who has paid the slightest attention,to insect life 
will readily admit that insects can and do, Without doubt, 
enjoy the pleasures of life thus described by the poet. But 
these pleasures do not alone constitute that joy of life which, 
I claim, insects possess. By the joy of life I mean, not only 
the absence of fear and pain, but a positive actual pleasure 
in existence, arising from the perfection of their constitution, 
from the fitness of the creatures to their environment. 

And now, gentlemen, before I descend from this height to 
which by your kindness you elevated me, I have one more 
duty to perform. It is, I am glad to say, a very pleasant 
one—in fact, the only solace left. I have the pleasure 
to introduce to you my successor, Mr. Hugh Main, 
Bachelor of Science, Fellow of the Entomological Society, 
and member of other scientific societies. He is a keen 
student of the Lepidoptera, an excellent photographer, 
and versed in microscopical lore. I am aware that this 
is well known to you all, just in the same way that we all 
know at least two of Mr. Main’s excellent personal quali- 
ties, his clear insight and his modesty. Ihave just tried to 
prove to you that an insect enjoys its life on account of 
its fitness to its surroundings, and for the same reason I feel 
assured that Mr. Main will enjoy his presidential existence. 


56 


ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 


FEBRUARY 11th, 1904. 
Mr. A. Sicu, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. MontGomery exhibited examples of Ocneria dispar, in 
which a large semicircular portion at the apex of each hind 
wing was wanting. He stated that a friend was breeding 
the insect in some numbers, and a few of this aberrant form 
appeared. Two of them were paired, and nearly the whole 
of the progeny of this pair were similarly affected. Mr. Enock . 
remarked that in 1878 he had a brood of the same insect, 
which showed exactly similar characteristics. 

Mr. South exhibited several albino and xanthic aberra- 
tions of Epinephele tithonus. The specimens were taken by 
Mr. G. M. Russell on the Chalk Downs in S. Hampshire, 
one in 1898, two in 18gg, six in 1goo (species abundant in 
1900). The yellow specimens seem to be referable to ab. 
minckt, Seebold. For the whitish form, Mr. Verity of 
Florence, Italy, who took two g and one § examples in 
August last on Mount Matanna, proposes the name subal- 
bida. Mr. Verity has also named a similar form of E. ida 
as ab. albida, the latter from the Tuscany coast. 

Mr. Kaye exhibited several photographs of the Potara 
river, British Guiana, and made remarks on the localities 
adjoining. 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a series of Leucoma (Liparts) 
salicis reared from pupe collected in July last at Herne Bay, 
Kent. He said that his chief object in making this exhibit 
was to obtain information. The pup were sent to him by 
Mr. Lachlan Gibb, who during a visit to Herne Bay found 
the pup in great numbers in folded leaves of the poplar- 
trees that grow near the sea front. Mr. Gibb had told him 
that while on a similar visit in Igor he had noticed the 
moths swarming about the same trees; so abundant were 


57 


they that the street boys were hunting them with their caps 
asa pastime. There appeared to be good reason for believing 
that migratory swarms of this species arrived on our east 
coast from time to time, and any evidence tending to confirm 
this supposition would be valuable; and although, in this 
instance, it might not now be possible to obtain direct 
evidence, it would be useful if any one was in a position to 
say whether the species had been common in Herne Bay in 
the seasons immediately preceding 1891, or, indeed, in any 
recent years. It would also be interesting to know whether 
the insect continued to occur in considerable numbers in the 
district in years to come. 

Mr. Newberry exhibited several fine species of Indian 
Coleoptera, and a large water-bug, together with an example 
of the Dublin prawn (Nephrops norvegicus). 

Mr. West (Greenwich) exhibited an example of the very 
rare beetle Gynandrophthalma affinis taken at Wychwood, 
Oxfordshire, in 1899. The species was recognised as new 
to the British List by Mr. Holland in 1go2. 

Mr. H. Moore exhibited specimens of large species of 
Coleoptera from Natal, together with a very prettily marked 
larval form of a large Orthopteron. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a series of brilliant but very small 
specimens of Cyaniris argiolus from Moncayo, Spain, with 
specimens of the gorgeous Arctia fasctata, which he had 
recently bred from larve obtained in the same locality. He 
also showed a fine series of the beautiful Chrysophanus 
amphidamas, bred from pupe obtained from Germany. The 
amount of ‘‘shot” colour on some of the examples was 
unusually large. 

Mr. Sich read a paper entitled ‘“‘ Notes on the Genus 
Coleophora” (see page 1), and a short discussion took place. 


FEBRUARY 25th, 1904. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


It was announced that three valuable works on the British 
Fauna had been purchased for the Library by the Council, viz., 
Hinck’s ‘‘ Marine Polyzoa,” Hinck’s ‘‘ Hydroid Zoophytes,”’ 
and Bate and Westwood’s “ Sessile-Eyed Crustacea.”’ 

Mr. Edwards exhibited a striking variety of Hypena 
vostralis, having a broad light-brown costa, a large blotch 
about the middle of the hind margin extending one third 


58 


into the wing, and a narrow streak from the angle along the 
inner margin, both of the same colour as the costa. 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited a very light variety of Abraxas 
grossulartata, in which there were only a few black dots and 
spots on the disc and at the base of the fore-wings, and a 
marginal row of dots on the outer margin of both fore and 
hind wings. The yellow clouding was confined to a small 
basal area and to a narrow area along the submarginal line 
of dots. He also showed a blotched form of Argynms 
(Brenthis) euphrosyne, and a series of photographs of various 
varieties and aberrations in his collection, including very 
dark Strenia clathrata, almost white Bryophila muralis, very 
light B. perla, very light and dark forms of Lymantria (Psilura), 
monacha, and dark Polta chi. 

Mr. Manger exhibited a very curiously stained form of 
Callidryas drya from Demerara. It was probable that the 
marking had been caused by the fluid, expelled from the 
abdomen soon after emergence, having touched the wings. 
He also showed an example of Helicopis cupido of the typical 
form from Brazil, and a specimen of the very beautiful light 


form found in Demerara, together with examples of Megis- 


tanis beotus found in New Grenada. 

Mr. Alfred Sich exhibited a specimen of Bedellia sommnu- 
lentella with its pupa-case. The pupa reminds one of the 
Pierid pupa in miniature. He also exhibited a lantern 
slide of a twig of currant, from Chiswick, very much like the 
larva of a geometer moth. 

Mr. Montgomery exhibited very long and varied series of 
Pieris napi reared from ova. 

The remainder of the evening was devoted to the exhibi- 
tion of lantern slides. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited slides of larvee and ova of Lepi- 
doptera. 

Mr. Warne exhibited slides of orchids and choice flowers. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited slides illustrative of protective re- 
semblance, on behalf of Mr. Hamm. He also showed slides 
of plants, lepidopterous larve, and of interesting spots in 
the New Forest. 

Messrs. Harrison and Main exhibited slides of Diatoms, 
Foraminifera, and plant life. 

Mr. Goulton exhibited slides of lepidopterous larve. 

Mr. Dennis exhibited slides illustrative of the haunts of 
flowers and the characteristic and varying aspect of trees. 


Mr. Noad Clark exhibited slides of Foraminifera and 
Polycistina. 


— 


a 


59 


MARCH oth, 1904. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. Colthrup exhibited a number of eggs of the Lesser 
Tern, showing considerable variations in the markings. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited specimens of the following species of 
butterflies he had just received from Siam: Anosta plexippus 
and the form archippus, Junonia atlites and Aphneus hima- 
layanus. He also exhibited photographs of female Lycena 
tolas, bred by Dr. T. A. Chapman, natural size, showing 
resting pose; ovum of Thera juniperata, im siti on a juniper- 
leaf, magnified 20 diameters, kindly lent by Mr. H. Main; 
and ova of Hybernia rupicapraria, magnified 20 diameters. 

Mr. Manger exhibited the remarkable seed vessels of 
Martynia proboscidea, a native of Mexico, which terminate in 
two long curved beaks or hooks. The genus contains about 
ten species of herbaceous plants. 

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a living specimen of the locust 
Acridium egyptium (Linn), and contributed the following 
note: ‘‘This specimen was brought to me by a flower- 
hawker, who found it in a basket of Mimosa, on February 
29th last. Although I have tried it with various sorts of 
green-stuff, it appears to have eaten little or nothing. It has 
been kept on the kitchen mantelpiece, and becomes lively 
towards evening. I have not heard it myself, but those 
about the house say it has been chirruping like a little bird. 
Singularly enough, Fischer, in a note on this species, says 
that ‘it has not only a song deceptively like that of a bird, 
but also a mimicry of habits, for if anyone approaches the 
perch on which it is sitting it at once flies offto another at a 
short distance.’ The species is solitary in its habits, but is 
now more or less familiar to Londoners, as quite a number 
during recent years have been introduced in crates of vege- 
tables—chiefly, I believe, from N. Italy.” 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited (1) a male variety of Bupalus 
pimaria, in which the usual dark markings were represented 
by two small ill-defined dark spots on the costa of each fore- 
wing and dark spots on the fringes, the whole of the remainder 
of the wings being of a pale brownish yellow, with the veins 
darker brown. The specimen was taken at West Wickham 
Wood in June, 1888. 

(2) Also an example of Callimorpha dominula, in which the 
usual red colour of the hind wings was replaced by yellow. 
It was taken at Dover in July, 1897. 


60 


Mr. Sich exhibited sketches of several species of larve, 
illustrating the main characters of the various groups of the 
Lepidoptera. 

Mr. McArthur exhibited two specimens of the extra- 
ordinary S. American moth Thysama agrippina (strix), the 
larger specimen measuring more than ten inches across the 
expanded wings. Mr. Kaye said that he had seen the species 
alive. It was accustomed to sit on the trunks of trees 
with expanded wings, geometer-like, although it was really a 
noctuid. . 

Mr. Tutt then gave an address entitled, ‘‘ Some Modern 
Requirements in Oval and Larval Description,” illustrating 
his remarks by blackboard sketches and a large number of 
diagrams, prepared by Mr. Bacot (see ‘‘ Practical Hints for 
the Field Lepidopterist,’ Part III, chapters 2 and 3). 

A considerable discussion ensued. Mr. Sich wished to 
know if there was any hard and fast line between flat and 
upright eggs, and instanced the egg, a species of Coleophora, 
which had been described as belonging to opposite sections 
by two observers. Dr. Chapman said that oval and larval 
description was by no means an easy matter. In some in- . 
stances flat eggs simulated those of the upright section and 
vice versa. As a fact, the two groups necessarily ran into 
each other, and no definite line of demarcation could possibly 
be made between upright and flat eggs, which would hold 
good in every instance. Mr. Clark asked Mr. Tutt if he 
could suggest the use of the complicated grouping of the 
setze in larve, and was answered in the negative. He also 
noted that glycerine was a good medium for keeping material 
for microscopical examination. Dr. Chapman said that for 
permanent preservation no doubt some form of alcohol or 
formalin was the better preservative, but as this hardened the 
tissues it was much better to use glycerine as a temporary 
preservative for material it was desired to examine. Mr. 
Tonge wished to know the best way of using the micrometer 
with the microscope, and several members were desirous of 
similar information. Mr. Clark very kindly offered, later on, to 
give a demonstration of the various methods of microscopical 
measurement. Mr. Tutt replied, and stated that he had 
expressly omitted to mention the difficulties of the subject. 
He had only touched upon the main features of what was 
required for scientific purposes, and again urged the members 
to do more than merely photograph the ovaand larva, to add 
as close descriptions as possible on the lines he had detailed 
in his address. 


61 


MARCH 24th, 1904. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. Main exhibited (1) Coleoptera from Cape Colony, 
(2) Hemiptera from W. Africa, and (3) aspider taken among 
a cargo of sugar from Java. 

Mr. Goulton exhibited photographs of the ova of Ptilophora 
plumigera and Eubolia cervinata. He also showed photo- 
graphs of the larvee of Amplidasys strataria, Drepana ungucula, 
Biston hirtaria, and Odontopera bidentata. 

Mr. Manger exhibited a large beetle, Macrodontia cervi- 
corms from Demerara. 

Mr. West exhibited an example of the rare British longi- 
corn beetle, Monohanmus sutor, taken at Great Yarmouth, on 
a doorstep, 1n 1903. 

Mr. McArthur exhibited a bred specimen of Pachnobia 
hyperborea (alpina) which had no trace whatever of the left 
hind wing. 

Mr. Malcolm Burr gave a very interesting address on his 
tour in the countries bordering on the eastern shores of the 
Adriatic Sea, with especial reference to Montenegro. He 
illustrated his remarks upon the characteristics of the people, 
the topography, and the peculiar entomological fauna with 
a large number of lantern slides, made from photographs 
taken by himself during his journey. 


APRIL 14th, 1904. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. Tonge exhibited a further series of photographs of 
the ova of Lepidoptera, including A ugiades (Pamphila) comma, 
Anticlea badiata, Biston hirtaria, Oporina croceago, Cerastts 
vaceinu, and Hybernia marginaria. 

The President exhibited specimens of the shells of Limnaa 
peregra from the fountain basins in Trafalgar Square. They 
were of the typical form although the shells were somewhat 
thin. Mr. Clark said that their origin in:that situation was 
due to the custom of the sellers of watercresses washing 
their market purchases in the basins in the early morning. 
The thinness of the shells was no doubt due to the paucity 
of lime in the water. 


62 


Mr. B. Adkin exhibited examples of Pachygastria (Bombyx) 
trifolii and contributed the following note: 

“The examples of Bombyx or Pachygastria trifolia shown 
comprise six of the pale variety, probably ab. flava (Tutt), 
and two of the darker variety, possibly ab. rufa (Tutt), which 
perhaps show something like the two extremes of the varia- 
tion in the colouring of the species found in England. Some 
in Mr. Woodforde’s collection were from the N.-W. Coast, 
and of a colour intermediate between those shown. I con- 
sider this an interesting insect, from its showing so much 
variation even in the same locality.’ ‘ 

The very dark $ and were bred from larve taken in 
Scilly, while the pale gs and $s were bred from Kent 
larvee. Several members testified as to their want of success 
in breeding this species from the egg. 

Mr. Main exhibited photographs of Gonepteryx cleopatra 
received from Dr. Chapman, Nyssta Iuspidaria, from Epping 
_ Forest, the larve of Selenia bilunaria, and imagines of 
Endromis versicolor, and Leucophasia sinapts. 

Mr. Moore exhibited a fish taken from the Thames, which 
was said to beasalmon. It was, however, identified asa carp. 
It weighed about 1} lbs., and was caught off Rotherhithe. 

Mr. Manger exhibited a beetle, Homopheta albicollis, taken 
on a steamer by his-son while cruising among the West 
Indian Islands, where it is generally distributed. 

Mr. Step exhibited specimens of the British saxirage 
Chrysosplenium opposttifolium from Westcote, Surrey. 

Mr. Main exhibited ova of Colias edusa, var. heltce, laid by 
a female specimen sent to him from Hyéres by Dr. Chapman. 
They were deposited either singly or in small batches. Ina 
short time they changed from white to a bright red, and in 
one stage were prettily variegated. They were deposited 
upright on a glutinous, pellucid base. 

Mr. Manger exhibited a large number of shells of the 
family Spondylidz, to illustrate “his paper on this section of 
the Mollusca (see page 14). The President and others took 
part in the discussion which followed. 


APRIL 28th, 1904. 
The,PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. Tonge exhibited an album of photographs o1 the ova 
of various species of Lepidoptera, including those of A stero- 
scopus nubeculosa, Pachnobia rubricosa, Taentocampa munda, 


63 


Xylina socia (petrificata), T. instabilis, T. cruda, T. populeti, 
Asphalia flavicorms, Endronus (Dimorpha) versicolor, Larentia 
multistrigaria, and Colias edusa, var. helice, the last from ova 
laid by afemale sent from the South of France by Dr. Chapman. 

Several members had experienced great difficulty in 
breeding A. nubeculosa, and Mr. Adkin said he had found 
that success could be obtained by (1) very carefully washing 
the food-plant before giving it to the larvae, (2) giving suffi. 
cient friable earth for the larve to pupate in, and (3 ) allowi ing 
the pupz to remain even for two or three years if ae imagines 
did not come out the season following pupation. 

The Rey. H. Wood exhibited the following spiders to illus- 
trate his paper: (1) Epetva angulata, ? ; (2) E.gibbosa, g ; 
(3) E. diademata, 3; (4) Philodromus margaritatus, 9 ; (5) 
Theridion vittatum, g; (6) E. cucurbitina, 83; (7) Cyclosa 
(Epetra) conica 2, all obtained for him by Mr. Carr in the 
New Forest; and also Argyroneta aquatica, $ and ?, Pisaura 
(Dolomedes) mirabilis, g, and Pirata hygrophilus (the last 
two species with their cocoons), taken by himself. The 
A. aquatica were alive in their chambers in a jar of water. 

Mr. Carr exhibited a specimen of Elater pomorum, a rare 
beetle taken from rotten birch-wood in the New Forest. 

Mr. Clark exhibited an abnormal bloom of the common 
primrose from his garden. Last year the plant was obtained 
from the woods and showed no sign of a stalk upon which 
the flowers were borne. This year a polyanthus-like stem 
had been produced. Mr. Stepsaidthat in the primrose the stem 
existed in a very diminutive form in the crown of the plant, 
and cften when placed under exceptional circumstances be- 
came developed. He considered this to be a reversion to 
the family form of flowering, as all the other members of the 
genus had fully-developed stems to support the flowers. 
Several members asked if this were the oxlip. Mr. Step 
said that the oxlip was a very local plant, and only existed 
wild in a very restricted area in the Eastern Counties. 

Mr. Garrett exhibited ova of Brephos parthenias from a 
female taken on Wimbledon Common April 3rd, tg04._ He 
said that he had obtained these ova by keeping the moth 
under a glass shade in which were twigs of birch, and by 
admission of sunshine. This is the only way in which he 
had been able to get this species to lay. The ova are oval 
in shape and without any markings. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited a photograph of the ova of this species. 

Mr. E. Step exhibited living specimens of the hairy violet 
(Viola lurta) from Mickleham Downs, and called attention to 


64 


several points by which it may be readily distinguished from 
V. odorata, to which it bears some general resemblance. 
The leaves are narrower, more triangular, hairy beneath on 
leaf stalks, and with the edges more or less incurved, the 
spur longer and ending in a slight hook; the lower position 
of the bracts on the flower-stalk, and the shortness or entire 
absence of runners. White flowers are almost as plentiful at 
Mickleham as those of the normal purple tint, whilst an 
intermediate form has much paler flowers with a white centre. 

Mr. Manger exhibited a very perfect specimen of the 
elephant beetle, Megasoma elephas, from Venezuela. The 
delicate pile with which the thorax, head, and elytra are 
covered at first was practically intact. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited specimens of Papilio neptunus from 
the Malay, P. karna from Java, P. andremon from S. America, 
and Morpho anaxibia g and ? from Brazil. 

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited living larvee and cases of: 

(1) Coleophora lixella, with its case made of pieces of the 
various grasses upon which it feeds. He noted that in its 
pre-hybernating stage the larva feeds exclusively on Thymus 
serpyllum, from the calices of the flowers of which it forms a 
rough case. These cases may occasionally be found aban- 
doned in the spring and affixed to the stems of grasses. It 
was a somewhat rare species. 

(2) Coleophora conyz@, with its case made of portions of the 
cuticle of the leaves of Inula conyz@ or I. dysenterica. In its 
young stage it has a straight case, very dark and apparently 
made of silk, in which it hybernates and feeds for a time in 
spring. This it later on abandons and mines into a leaf, 
leaving its young case behind. It soon builds a newcase from 
the cuticle of the leaf, which is very hairy. When this is too 
small it abandons it and forms another, leaving the old one 
affixed to the mine. Thus it differs from many cuticle- 
builders, which enlarge their cases rather than build new 
ones. This species, he stated, was an exceedingly local one. 

(3) Coleophora troglodytella, with its smooth case made of 
silk. This species was feeding on J. dysenterica, and was 
fairly common in some districts of Great Britain; it often 
occurred on Eupatorium cannabinum. 

He stated that he was indebted to the kindness of Mr. 
Eustace Bankes, of Corfe Castle, Dorset, who had sent him 
numbers of larve of all three species. They were all found 
in the Isle of Purbeck. 

Mr. Sich exhibited a short series of Crambus chrysonuchellus 


from the chalk hills east of Guildford, and ¢ and apterous 9s _ 


a 


65 


of Taleporia tubulosa ( pseudo-bombycella), together with cases 
of the larvae, some of which showed the empty pupa case 
sticking out of the end. 

Rev. H. Wood, M.A., read a paper entitled ‘‘ Notes on 
Argyroneta aquatica and other Spiders” (see page 15).| 

In answer to various questions, Mr. Wood said that 
A. aquatica often left the water for long periods, even so long 
as six months. At night they were prone to wander, and 
when kept in the confinement of a small jar did not survive 
long, possibly owing to all facility for wandering being cut | 
off. It must also be remembered that the gs must leave the 
water to seek the ?. The air in the chamber did not need 
to be changed frequently, as, for instance, during hibernation 
it remained unchanged for a lengthy period. Feeding took 
place always in the air, either of the chamber or above the 
water, or with the head immersed in a bubble of air. The 
prey was often entangled in the threads spun for the purpose 
in the water. The changes of skin necessary for growth 
always took place in the chamber, and the old skin was 
pushed out into the water. 


MAY 12th, 1904. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Mr. Goulton exhibited photographs of several species of 
spring larve, including Aventia flexula, Hepialus humult, Phi- 
balapteryx lapidata, Noctua xanthographa, Leucama pallens, and 
A phantopus hyperanthus, var. arete. 

Mr. Ansorge exhibited four males and one female of Dytiscus 
circumflexus, taken from one small pond at Northwood, 
Middlesex. It was stated to be an unusual occurrence for 
so many of these beetles to be taken together. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited the lichen Sticta pulmonaria, called 
“lungs of oak,” from the New Forest. The peasantry of the 
Forest considered it a cure for coughs, and to prepare it for 
this purpose the lichen was boiled with a little liquorice. 

Mr. Stonell exhibited and gave notes on (1) varieties of 
Thera variata from Brockenhurst and Oxshott. Those from 
the former place emerged from the pupa April 3rd_ to 
May 8th. Those from Oxshott began to emerge on May Ist. 
The larve of these were full grown on April 17th, when they 
were collected. All the New Forest specimens were small 
and indistinctly marked, a few having the colouring reversed, 

5 


66 


t.e. area of wings dark brown, with a paler band. The 
Oxshott specimens were very large and brightly coloured, 
the band traversing the fore-wings being almost black. 

(2) Anthrocera purpuralis (minos), taken in Perth. These 
were considered to be more distinctly marked than is usual in 
this species. 

(3) A variety of Abraxas grossulariata, believed to be 
peculiar to Perth. It wasa small, rather dark, prettily-marked 
form, of which a great many individuals have the markings 
. asymmetrical on the fore-wings. There is also a form, believed 
to be peculiar to Hawick; unfortunately, he did not possess 
a specimen to exhibit. This form is very large and pale, 
the usual spots on the fore-wings being replaced by thin 
black dashes. Hind wings pure white, sometimes slightly 
spotted. 

(4) A number of specimens of Efpinephele ianira, taken at 
Lyndhurst, each having one or more wings more or less 
bleached. This phase of aberration was rather common at 
Lyndhurst in 1902, and was very conspicuous, the pale 
mark giving them a strange appearance when flying. 


(5) Epinephele tithonus, taken at Lyndhurst, having the dark - 


band of the right hind wing replaced with fawn colour. 

(6) Melanippe sociata, a specimen taken at Wimbledon, 
having the median band greatly reduced; within a few yards 
of this specimen, on the same fence, a similar var. of M. 
fluctuata was taken. 

Mr. Rayward exhibited ova of Pachnobia rubricosa and 
of Saturnia pavoma, from females taken at Wimbledon and 
in the New Forest respectively. He also showed the larva 
of Noctua baja and an ichneumon, bred from a larva of 
Pericallia syringaria (Brockenhurst), together with the pupa- 
case, showing the silken thread, three inches or so long, by 
which it hangs suspended from a leaf or twig of the plant 
on which the host has fed. 

Mr. Dennis exhibited a photograph of a fine plant of 
Petasites officinalis from the Lea Valley. Mr. Turner remarked 
that Mr. South and he had met with a very large quantity of 
this plant in full bloom on May 5th, 1903, adjoining the canal 
beyond Rickmansworth. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited an album of another set of photo- 
graphs of ova recently taken by him. They were all magnified 
20 diameters: (1) T. polyxena var. cassandra, received from 
Dr. Chapman; (2) C. argiolus, received from Dr. Chapman ; 
(3) D. pudibunda, received from Mr. L. W Newman; (4) S. 
carpint, received from Mr. L. W. Newman; (5) N. chaomia, 


67 


received from Mr. L. W. Newman; (6) D. coryli, received 
from Mr. L. W. Newman; (7) T. stabilis, received from Mr. 
H. Main; (8) X. lithoriza (areola), received from Mr. H. 
Main; (9) B. notha, received from Mr. L. W. Newman; (10) 
S. illunaria (colour orange-red), received from Mr. L. W. 
Newman; (11) 7. biundularia (colour light green), received 
from Mr. L. W. Newman; (12) B. cinctaria (colour light 
green), received from Mr. L. W. Newman. ; 

Mr. Turner exhibited the following larve-and cases of the 
genus Coleophora, C. pyrrhulipennella, on heather, from the 
New Forest, taken by Mr. Main, and from Shirley, taken 
by Mr. West (Greenwich); C. alcyonipennella, from near 
Ranmore Common, on Centaurea nigra; C. solttariella on 
Stellavia holostea, from Chiswick, taken by Mr. Sich, and 
from Lewisham; C. hemerobiella, on hawthorn, from Chiswick, 
taken by Mr. Sich; C. albitarsella, on marjoram, from 
Dorsetshire, sent by Mr. Bankes; C. olivaceella, one case 
only, on Stellaria holostea, from Lewisham ; and C. lineolea, 
on Ballota nigra, from Lewisham. 

Mr. Main exhibited a very large species of ‘‘ silver-fish,”’ 
which came over in a cargo of sugar from Java, together 
with a spider from the same place. 

Mr. McArthur exhibited a nice series of finely-marked 
Agrotis cinerea from the neighbourhood of Brighton. 

Mr. Barnett exhibited Plusta moneta, from Welling, Kent. 

Mr. Manger exhibited a specimen of the crab Grapsus 
maculatus from the West Indies. It was stated to be a very 
active species, jumping on the faces of the races, and to be 
distributed in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. 

Mr. Carpenter exhibited a photograph ofa pupa of Euchloé 
cardamines, and stated that the pupe of larvee which pupated 
on the zinc top of the breeding-cage were of a decidedly zinc 
colour, those on the green stems of the food-plant took on 
the green colour of the seed pods, while those on the drab- 
coloured food were of a drab colour. 

Mr. Sich exhibited a small snail, Hyalina crystallina, from 
the County of London, gathered at Hammersmith the same 
day. 

Mr. T. W. Hall exhibited a twin flower head of Narcissus 
poeticus. It was a case of fasciation of the flower stems, and 
not, as was more usual, a duplication of the flower. 

Mr. Lucas gave a very interesting address, with lantern 
illustrations, entitled ‘‘ Notes on British Orthoptera,” and 
asked specially for particulars of the occurrence of the various 
species (see p. 21). 


68 


MAY 26th, 1904. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


The President reported the death of Mr. R. McLachlan, 
F.R.S., a member of the Society, and referred in suitable 
terms to his scientific attainments, and to the work he had 
carried on for so many years in the less worked orders of the 
Insecta. Mr. Rowland- Brown also paid a tribute to the 
deceased gentleman, whom he had known very intimately for 
some years as a fellow-officer on the Council of the Ento- 
mological Society of London. - Dr. Chapman wished to 
associate himself with the expressions of regret at the loss 
sustained. Mr. Adkin, as a near neighbour for many years, 
spoke of him as a staunch and faithful friend. 

A vote of condolence was passed, the members standing. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited spikes of the true Ophrys aranifera, the 
spider orchis, and of Orchis militaris, they were both from 
Wye, Kent. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited (1) a few butterflies taken at 
Pont du Gard (South France), the most interesting, perhaps, 
being a few Chrysophanus gordius and some Syrichthus sida@; 
(2) a larva of Thais polyxena var. cassandra suspended for 
pupation, showing the girth, which is afterwards attached 
to the cephalic cremaster, turned round the first abdominal 
segment, in a similar position to that in other girthed pupz ; 
(3) pupee of Libythea celtis showing how the structure of the 
cremaster and bend of the last segments causes the pupa, 
though a suspended one, to lie against the surface of attach- 
ment much as a girthed pupa would do. 

Mr. Carr exhibited the larva of Phorodesma bajularia, to 
show its habit of clothing itself for protection, with the débris 
of the male flowers of the oak. 

Mr. West (Greenwich) exhibited a short series of 4s and 
2s of the rare beetle Asphyra punctata, and pointed out the 
extreme sexual dimorphism. They were sent to him by Mr. 
J. Edwards, who took them at Colesbourne, Gloucester. He 
also showed fifty-eight species of Coleoptera and three species 
of Hemiptera he had taken at Ashtead on May 14th during 
the Society’s Field Meeting. 

Mr. Sich exhibited the pupa of a beetle, and it was generally 
considered to be that of Ocypus olens. 

Mr. Turner exhibited four more species of the genus 
Coleophora, viz. cases and larve of (1) C. viminetella, taken at 
Chalfont on sallow; (2) C. baditpennella, taken at Lewisham 


69 


on elm; (3) C. ochrea, sent to him from Dorset by Mr. Eustace 
Bankes, feeding on Helianthemum vulgare; and (4) C. curruc- 
pennella, feeding on birch, and found by Mr. Sich and himself 
at Ashtead during the Field Meeting on May 14th. Hethen 
exhibited white flowered examples of the bugloss, Ajuga 
veptans and Orchis mascula, the early purple orchis, and stated 
that the bluebell and foxglove both occurred with similar 
white forms in the same wood, at Chalfont, Bucks. In the 
same place the hybrid between the primrose and cowslip was 
by no means uncommon. From Chenies Wood he exhibited a 
fine spike of the bird’s nest orchis, Neottia nidus-avis,and stated 
that quantities of the plant were to be obtained. In close 
proximity, in moister parts, the white yellow and brown 
forms of the slug, Arion ater, were observed by him in abund- 
ance. In an adjacent hedge he had taken a specimen of 
Helix nemoralis in which the whole of the five bands were 
coalesced into one for the whole length of the helix. This 
was considered to be an unusual form. He also showed speci- 
mens of the candle-snuff fungus (Xylaria hypoxylon) ; the pupa- 
case with pupa-skin protruding of A dela viridella taken from 
the stem of an oak-tree; and a bunch of the “ flowering” 
moss (Polystrichum communis), all from Amersham Common 
district. 

Dr. Chapman, referring to the white flowers exhibited by 
Mr. Turner, asked if any member could suggest a theory for 
the occurrence of white examples in some localities, and a 
discussion ensued. It was generally thought that such a 
variation was possible in all plants and anywhere as a mere 
sport, although some members would suggest insufficiency of 
proper nourishment or defective organisation. The change 
of colour in the bluebell in Mr. Adkin’s garden Mr. Step did 
not think was caused by the crossing with cultivated 
hyacinths, as the two plants were not sufficiently close in 
relationship to produce hybrids. 

Mr. Main had visited the New Forest at Easter and reported 
that everything was backward and scarce. Larve of A grotis 
agathina was the only species in anything like abundance. 
Members generally have found the season late. 

Mr. Rowland-Brown read a paper entitled ‘ Collecting 
Butterflies in the Alps.” In the ensuing discussion it was 
remarked that butterflies often came up from the valleys with 
ascending currents of air, although Mr. MacArthur’s experi- 
ence in the Himalayas was exactly opposite to this. Dr. 
Chapman said that with regard to P. delius and P. apollo, he 
had never yet met a doubtful specimen, the antenna difference 


70 


being at all times constant. It was noted that these two 
species were accustomed to roost in holes in banks and walls, 
which they carefully investigated previous to occupation. 


FUNE gth, 1904. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


Dr. Chapman exhibited ova of Coleophora laricella, laid by 
a female bred by Mr. Turner from the Isle of Purbeck. He 
stated that they were upright eggs with the micropyle at the 
top, which was composed of 5 to 7 large “ cells,’’ from which 
thirteen or fourteen very bold ribs sprang and ran down to 
the base. They were laid on the lower sides of the needles 
of larch. He also showed the cocoon of Thats polyxena, which 
consisted of a few strands of silk attached to twigs. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited a fungus, Epichloe thypina, very 
commonly parasitical on grasses, upon which the larva of a 
fly was feeding. He showed photographs of the ova, the 
larva, and the channels of the larva in the fungus. The in- 
cipient spore-bearing under-layer was the portion consumed. 
(The resulting imagines bred from these larvee were afterwards 
determined by Mr. G. H. Verrall to be a dipterous species— 
Anthomytia spreta, Giraud). 

Mr. Lucas also exhibited ova of the large ladybird, Halyzia 
ocellata, and specimens of parasites (Mymaridz) on the ova 
of Orgyta antiqua. 

Mr. West exhibited specimens of the Capsid Harpocera 
thoracica, the females of which he had taken, at dusk, on 
Ranmore Common; he called attention to their curiously 
knotted antenne. 

Mr. Carr exhibited ova of Actdalia remutaria. 

Mr. Turner exhibited casesand larvee of Coleophora bicolorella, 
a very local species, which he had met with in some numbers 
at Chatham feeding upon nut. He stated that unlike most 
species of the genus the larve fed upon the most exposed 
part of the bushes, three and four cases being frequently 
found on one leaf at the top of the highest shoot. 

An interesting discussion took place on the Season. 
Mr. Harrison said that in the early spring insects were 
fairly common, but at Whitsun in the New Forest collect- 
ing was practically.a failure. Nothing could be obtained by 
beating, and what insects he met with were late in appear- 
ance. Larve on heath were plentiful, especially A gvotts 
agathina, and earlier in the year Scodiona belgiaria larve had 


a 


been numerous. A few Nemeobius lucina, Hemaris tityus 
(bombyliformis), and H. fuciformis were noted. Reports had 
come to him that in Delamere Forest larve were also scarce. 

Mr. Carr had done a considerable amount of beating for 
larve, but found all things very scarce. 

Mr. Bishop reported that at Horsley Nemeobius lucina were 
abundant, but that most species were !ate and scarce. Of 
Polyommatus icarus he had only seen three or four ; Gonep- 
teryx rhamnt had been unusually scarce, but Euchloé car- 
damines had been in fair numbers. In the New Forest he 
too had found beating for larve a decided failure. He had, 
however, obtained the larve of T@miocampa populeti in con- 
siderable abundance. 

Mr. Brown said that he had met with some species. of 
spring larve in numbers—Triphena fimbria and Boarmia 
vepandata for example. Imagines were, however, extremely 
scarce everywhere. It seemed to him that low-feeding larve 
were as common as usual, but that larve feeding on trees 
and bushes were exceptionally scarce, as were the larve of 
all sun-loving species. 

Mr. Turner remarked that he had found but little evidence 
of larvee on the various trees and shrubs which he had 
examined for species of the genus Coleophora. In letters he 
had received from correspondents in various parts of the 
country were expressions of the great scarcity of larve and 
imagines during the present season. 


FUNE 23rd, 1904. 
Mr. E. STEP, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Carr exhibited a double-sized cocoon of Lasiocampa 
querets. It differed also in colour from the normal cocoon, 
in being of a dirty cream-white. 

Mr. Moore exhibited a very small frog which he had found 
among a number of insects in papers received from Peru. 

Mr. Ashby exhibited specimens of Callidium alni and 
Orsodacna cerast, two species of Coleoptera taken by him on 
the occasion of the Field Meeting at Bookham on June 4th. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited larvee of Agdistis bennettit, sent to 
him by Mr. Ovenden from Rochester, and also ova of the 
same species laid on dock. 

Mr. South exhibited living larve of Nyssta lapponaria 
feeding on birch. He remarked that as a British insect 


72 


this species was extremely local, but apparently plentiful in 
two localities in Scotland. 

Many members remarked on the general scarcity of insects 
this season, except as regards a few species which were 
locally abundant. 


FULY 14th, 1904. 
Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Stonell exhibited two series of Tviphana fimbria, bred 
from larvee taken in the New Forest in two successive years 
on the same restricted area. The first series was composed 
entirely of light forms, while the second year’s series was 
composed of specimens, all of which were dark, with one 
exception, and this approached, but was not as light as, the 
first year’s series. He also exhibited a series of Lelia cenosa 
from various collections ; one of the specimens showed black 
spots on the hind-wings. 

Mr. Dennis exhibited the green fruit of the almond-tree, 
and said that this was being produced freely in most places 
this year, whereas for the last few years it had been very 
scarce. 

Mr. Enoch exhibited on behalf of Mr. Newman, of Bexley, 
living larve from two eggs laid by a female Notodonta 
dvomedarius that had paired with a male N. ziczac, also typical 
larvee of each species for comparison. The hybrid larve 
more nearly resemble the larvee of N. dromedarius than the 
larve of N. ziczac. 

Mr. Priske exhibited examples of the Coleoptera A poderus 
coryli, Rhynchites aequatus, and Otiorrhynchus sulcatus from 
High Wycombe, Bucks. 

Mr. Step exhibited a series of photographs of plants, 
including a series of the Surrey orchids. 


FULY 28th, 1904. ? 
Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Percy Richards, of Kingston Hill, Surrey, was elected 
a member. 

Mr. Enoch exhibited for Mr. Newman, of Bexley, a cocoon 
of Eutricha quercifolia (in siti). 

Mr. Edwards exhibited specimens of Volucella bombylans, 
and V. pellucens, from Leatherhead, taken at the Field 
Meeting on July gth. 


73 
cd 

Mr. West (Greenwich), exhibited a large number of insects 
collected at Great Yarmouth, from June 13th to 25th, com- 
prising eighty-four species of Coleoptera, eighteen Hemip- 
tera, and three species of Tenthredinide. Among the 
Coleoptera were: Donacita dentipes, D. thalassina, D. simplex, 
D. vulgaris, D. sericea, Erirhinus nerets, Galeruca calmariensis, 
Polydrusus confluens, Sctrtes hemisphericus, and Hippuriphila 
modeeri ? 

Among the Hemiptera were Plagiognathus pulicarius, P. 
saltitans, “Pecilocy tus vulneatus, a species recently added to the 
British list by Mr. Thouless, and Onychumenus decolor. 


AUGUST 11th, 1904. 
Mr. E. STEP, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Ashby exhibited a specimen of Liparus germanus, one 
of our rarest weevils, taken at Folkestone in July, 1904. 

Mr. West reported that during two weeks’ collecting in 
the New Forest, near Brockenhurst, from July roth to 23rd, 
he had obtained ninety-nine species of Coleoptera, twenty- 
seven of Heteroptera, thirty-eight of Homoptera, and a 
few species of other orders: Strangalia quadrifasciata, Tele- 
phorus testaceus, Phyllobrotica quadrimaculata, and Orchestes 
tota were the most notable amongst the Coleoptera; Picromerus 
bidens, Monanthia dumetorum, and M. hwnult were the best 
Heteroptera. Of Homoptera the best capture was the very 
rare species Oltarus leporinus. 

Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited several fossils obtained < 
Watchet in N. Somerset, from the Lias formation, meliies 
small Ammonites and shells of the genus Gryphea, together 
with specimens of the local ‘‘ alabaster,” a form of gypsum. 

Mr. Main exhibited pupz and small larvae of Everes ar giades, 
from ova deposited by a female sent from South France by 
Dr. Chapman. The larve were feeding on the seed-pods 
of Lotus corniculatus, in which they bored holes and 
extracted the seeds. He stated that the larve were very 
great cannibals and attacked the pupe as well as other larve. 
Both larve and pupe were very difficult to see on the food- 
plant on account of their protective resemblance. 

Mr. Priske exhibited a specimen of the British Cicada, 
Cicadetta montana taken in the New Forest during the first 
week in August. He also exhibited a poplar kitten (Dicranura 
bifida) which had emerged from a larva obtained this year. 

Mr. Step, for Mr. Priske, exhibited a leaf of Clematis jack- 


74 

manni, a portion of which had become petaloid, an instance 
in support of the view that the floral organs were simply 
modifications of leaves. The portion of a petaloid nature 
was thinner, without leaf neuration, and the green chloro- 
phyll was not present. Mr. Step stated that leaves and 
bracts close up under the inflorescence were the more usual 
to be modified in a petaloid direction. 

Mr. Carr exhibited a larva of Smevinthus ocellata from which 
parasites had emerged the previous year, and noted that 
much of the larval skin still retained its normal green 
coloration. 

Mr. Adkin remarked upon the unusual abundance this year 
of Mania maura in Lewisham, and several members reported 
from various districts that they had also met with the species 
in some numbers. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited three male and fourteen female 
specimens of the Papilio memnon, and called attention to 
the sexual dimorphism and to the polymorphic forms of 
the. female. The series included: és from Sumatra, 9s 
(tailless) from Hong Kong, ? (tailed) from Tungu, ?s (tailed) 
(achates) from Assam, etc. Wallace says: ‘‘ The polymor- 
phism is strikingly exhibited by the females—one set of 
which resemble the males in form, with a variable paler 
colouring ; the others have a large spatulate tail to the hinder 
wings, and a distinct style of colouring which causes them 
closely to resemble P. coon, a species having the two sexes 
alike and inhabiting the same countries, but with which they 
have no direct affinity. The tailless females exhibit simple 
variability, scarcely two being found exactly alike even in the 
same locality. The és of the island of Borneo exhibit con- 
stant differences of the under surface, and may therefore be 
distinguished as a local form, while the continental specimens, 
as a whole, offer such large and constant differences from 
those of the islands, that I am inclined to separate them as 
a distinct species, to which the name of P. androgeus may be 
applied. We have here, therefore, distinct species, local 
forms, polymorphism, and simple variability, which seem to 
me to be distinct phenomena, but which have been hitherto 
all classed together as varieties. I may mention that the 
fact of these distinct forms being one species is doubly proved. 
The males, and the tailed and tailless females, have all been 
bred from a single group of the larvae, by Messrs. Payen and 
Bocarmé, in Java. I myself captured in Sumatraa 6 (P. 
memnon) and a tailed 2 (P. achates) under circumstances 
which led me to class them as the same species.” 


ae —— | 


AUGUST 25th, 1904. 
Mr. HuGuH Main, B.Sc., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Barnett exhibited a short series of Strenia clathrata, 
showing three stages in the darkening and enlarging of the 
banded markings, and a short series of Ematurga atomaria, 
showing considerable suffused darkening of the markings. 
He also exhibited two larvee of Amorpha (Smerinthus) popult, 
which were feeding on white poplar, and which were ex- 
tremely light in colour, assimilating wonderfully to the colour 
of the food-plant, except that the orange spots were con- 
spicuous from the greater contrast of the ground colour. 
Mr. Tutt believed that this form only occurred with larve on 
Populus alba. 

Mr. West exhibited two rare species of Hemiptera, taken 
at Darenth Wood on August 21st—Corizus capitatus obtained 
by sweeping Hypericum perfoliatum, and Aneurus levis under 
oak bark. The latter is a very curious species, and the 
flattest found in this country. 

Mr. Tutt remarked that he had found insects generally 
abundant on the Continent, but nearly everything was worn 
and the higher Alps were dried up. The season had been 
very early, and insects had passed through their stages very 
rapidly. Dr. Chapman said that the season appeared some- 
what advanced in Spain. 


SEPTEMBER 8th, 1904. 
Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Edwards exhibited a series of the Danaine butterfly 
Tivumala hamata from Samoa, one of the smaller species 
of the group and indigenous to the warmer parts of 
Australia. 

Mr. Moore exhibited a large spider from Durban, and a 
specimen of that curious dipterous parasite of the common 
swallow Stenopteryx hirundints. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited a photograph of the well-known New 
Forest character, ‘‘ Brusher Mills,” and coloured drawings 
of varieties of Gonepteryx rhamni; a male bred by Mr. J. Weir 
from a larva taken in the New Forest about June 26th, 1904, 


76 


was similar to G. cleopatra in colour, but less intense orange. 
Also Cyamiris (Lycena) argiolus, a female specimen, taken by 
Mr. H. J. Baker in the New Forest, August Ist, 1904, a 
dark form, with well-developed marginal borders; together 
with photographs of the bogbean, flowering for a second 
period this season, and of the burreed, both from the New 
Forest. 

Mr. Step exhibited, on behalf of Mr. West, of Streatham, a 
spike of the orchidaceous plant Spiranthes e@stivalis, from 
Lyme Regis. Messrs. Lucas and Step had met with the 
species in some numbers in the New Forest in mid August. 
Mr. Step explained the difference between S. e@stivalis and 
S. autumnalis as follows: In Spivanthes estivalis the tubers 
are cylindrical and the flower spike is lax, while in S. autwm- 
nalis the tubers are oblong and the flowers are arranged 
spirally, all looking one way. In the Irish form (S. romanz- 
offiana) the spike is dense, with the flowers 3-ranked. This 
last form is confined to Ireland. 

Mr. Fremlin exhibited bred specimens of the broad- 
bordered hawk-moth, Hemaris fuciformis, some of which still 
retained the ‘“‘ deciduous” scales, and he also showed some 
of these scales mounted as microscopic objects. The pedicles 
were seen to be very short and badly developed. 

Mr. Dennis exhibited the fruit. and seeds of the deadly 
nightshade (A tropa belladona), and the vice- President warned 
members not to handle the specimens too freely, as possibly 
their eyes might be affected somewhat if subsequently rubbed 
by the fingers. 

Mr. Manger, on behalf of Mr. Pearson, exhibited a few 
species of butterflies from the Swiss Alps, including—Polyom- 
matus hylas, P. eros, Rusticus argus, Cenonympha arcana, Bren- 
this amathusia, Melitaa dictynna, Chrysophanus virgauree, and 
C. dorilis. 

Mr. West, of Greenwich, exhibited developed and un- 
developed forms of Orthostira parvula and Ceratocombus 
coleoptratus, both species from Oxshott. 

Mr. Fremlin reported that a large moth, probably Saturnia 
pyri, was abundant recently around the electric lamps in 
Paris. 

Several members reported having taken or seen specimens 
of Agrius (Sphinx) convolvuli this season, and that Thyatira 
batis and A grotis exclamationis were very common. 

Mr. Turner, on behalf of Mr. Tutt, exhibited a few butter- 
flies sent from Cairo by Mr. Groves, including Danais chry- 
sippus, Anthocharis belemnia, var. glauce,and A. belia. 


=e! 
-1 


SEPTEMBER 22nd, 1904. 
Mr. HuGuH Main, B.Sc., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Ernest C. Joy, of Stoke Newington, was elected a 
member. 

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a living specimen of the cricket 
(Gryllus campestris) found outside his house in Lower Road, 
Deptford, no doubt having been attracted by the electric light. 
He also showed a number of species taken during the Society’s 
Field Meeting at Epping on September roth, including nice 
series of the Diptera Helophilus pendulus and Sericomyia 
borealis, specimens of the grasshopper, Stenobothrus parallelus, 
and of the Ichneumon, J. /uctatorius ; algo, from Tasmania, a 
short series of males and females of the beautiful metallic 
Lamprima aurata, a Lucanid beetle, showing considerable 
sexual dimorphism as well as polymorphism of the male. 

Mr. A. Harrison and Mr. H. Main exhibited a nice series 
of Carsia paludata, taken at Simonswood Moss, near Liver- 
pool, at the end of July, 1904, and a bred series of Cirrhedia 
xerampelina, from larve taken near Llangollen. 

Mr. Edwards brought for exhibition short series of both 
males and females of Gonepteryx rhamnt and G. cleopatra 
with reference to the remarks on the species at the previous 
meeting. Mr. Tutt said that he felt quite sure they were 
distinct as species, from his experience with them in the 
field. Although they flew together in some places, yet on 
the wing they could readily be distinguished by one who 
was familiar with them. Again, the latter species was very 
restricted in its area of distribution, and its usual food-plant 
(Rhamnus alaternus) was by no means generally distributed. 

Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited a male. specimen of 42schna 
isosceles, one of eleven he had taken in the Norfolk Broads 
in June last, also a specimen of Orthetrum cancellatum from 
the same locality. He stated that the former species had 
been taken many years ago in the Fens by Mr. C. G. Barrett, 
but that up to now there had been no subsequent captures. 
It was only obtained by netting it from a boat. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited male and female specimens of the 
grasshopper, Gomphocerus rufus, from Bookham Common. 
It is a somewhat local species in this country, and easily 
recognised by its knobbed antenne, which are conspicuously 
white at the tip. 

Mr. Turner exhibited specimens of the larvee of Phorodesma 


78 


smaragdaria, which he had met with on the Essex marshes 
when searching for larve of the Coleophorids. He also 
showed a photograph of the larve on their food-plant 
(Artemisia maritima), to illustrate the wonderful protective 
resemblance. No one seemed quite certain how many 
larve there were. He had received it from Mr. W. H. 
Edwards, of Worcester. 

Mr. Dodds exhibited a specimen of Locusta vtridissima 
from Felixstowe. Mr. Turner said that it was common on the 
Isle of Wight and several other places on the South Coast, 
but he had not heard of any being taken on the East Coast. 

Mr. West exhibited three out of the six British species of 
the coleopterous genus Chetocnema (Plectroscelts), viz. C. sub- 
cerulea, C. hortensis, and C. confusa, all taken by sweeping at 
Wisley on September 18th. 

Mr. Browne exhibited several species of Noctuide from 
Deal, including specimens of Xylophasta polyodon, very dark, 
almost black, Phibalapteryx lignata, and Hydrecia mictitans, 
var. paludis, all taken in August. 

Mr. Step communicated the Reports of the Field Meeting 
at Ashtead and Epsom on May 14th, and of the Field 
Meeting at Bookham on June 4th (see p. 26). 


OCTOBER 13th, 1904. 
Mr. HuGcu Malin, B.Sc., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited: (1) Two species of A scalaphus 
taken by Dr. Chapman this year—A. coccajus in South France 
in May, and A. longicornis in Spain in July; (2) one 
male and two females of the earwig Apterygida media 
(— albipennis), all living specimens from the Faversham dis- 
trict, not far distant from Westwood’s old locality for the 
species. The specimens shown were taken by Mr. A. J. 
Chitty and sent to him this month (October). The species 
may be known by its russet colour, the absence of wings, 
and the simple form of the male forceps, with a spur near 
the middle. 

Mr. H. Moore exhibited several specimens of an unde- 
termined species of Cicada from Tasmania. 

Mr. Turner exhibited imagines and cases of the local 
Coleophorid, C. vibicella. The former were from Trench 
Wood, taken about the year 1886 by Mr. Edwards, of 
Worcester, who stated that he had recently searched for the 


ne 


species in its old locality, but without success. He also 
showed the life-history of C. laricella, consisting of (1) a 
bundle of larch needles showing depredations of the larve ; 
(2) cases i sit? on the needles; (3) cases in their position, 
at the bases of the needles, for changing skin and pupation ; 
(4) the small hybernating case in the axil of the needle 
twig; (5) the case to show its angle of attachment to the 
needle; (6) cases to show the new additions which the 
growing larve have to insert in the case to make it large 
enough for them; (7) cases to show the reversed position of 
the case and mouth-opening after this addition; and (8) a 
pupa. 

Mr. Joy exhibited a series of Lycena (Polyommatus) bellargus 
bred from ova deposited by a female specimen obtained at 
Folkestone. They emerged in September and were unusually 
small even for a second brood. The larve were fed upon 
growing plants, but were very shy feeders; they were not 
cannibals. It was suggested that if fed separately they might 
have attained a more usual size. Mr. Main said that some 
Lycena argiades he had bred from South France ova com- 
prised both full-sized and small examples. 

Mr. Carr exhibited the unusual sized cocoon of Lastocampa 
querctis, which he had previously shown. As no moth had 
emerged from it he had opened it and inside found a crippled 
imago, together with a batch of ova and a distorted pupa, 
both, of course, dead. Mr. Harrison reported having found 
three larve of Eviogaster lanestris spun up in a common 
cocoon and Mr. Montgomery had had as many as five larvee 
of Malacosoma neustria in one cocoon. Neither had found 
any imago emerge from these compound cocoons. Dr. Chap- 
man suggested that it would be well-nigh impossible for an 
imago to come out, as it could not bring its power into full 
play to force open the cocoon. No one had met with such 
cocoons in nature. 

Mr. West, of Greenwich, exhibited four species of grass- 
hopper from Boxhill— Stenobothrus parallelus, S. elegans, 
Gomphocerus rufus, and G. maculatus. 

The remainder of the evening was devoted to an exhibition 
of lantern slides prepared by the members. 

Mr. Goulton exhibited slides of the larva of Gonepteryx 
rhamnz in various positions during the act of pupation, and 
also of the larva and pupa 77 szti. 

Mr. West, of Streatham, exhibited a very nice series of 
slides of corals. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited—(r1) several slides showing the develop- 


80 


ment of the ova of the frog; (2) slides showing larva, ova, 
and details of the beetle, Halyzia occellata; (3) a slide of 
Orchis militaris sent to him from Wye; (4) slides showing 
lepidoptera at rest on trunks of trees; (5) various flowers; 
and (6) a slide from a photograph showing how roots have 
altered the sand through which they had grown by extracting 
the iron in Oxshott sand-pit. 

Mr. Dennis exhibited—(1) a capital series of studies of 
trees at various periods of the year, together with their 
flowers, fruits, and seeds; and (2) slides of several species of 
orchids, including a white specimen of the bee orchis. 

Mr. Main exhibited a series of views showing special tree 
combinations in Epping Forest, 


OCTOBER 27th, 1904. 
Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Goulton exhibited a series of photographs of lepidop- 
terous larvae on their respective food-plants as follows: 
Colias edusa, from ova laid by a var. helice, Hepialus humuli, 
Cosmotriche potatoria, Lithosia deplana, Thecla querctis, and 
Nola cucullatella. 

Mr. Harrison and Mr. Main exhibited series or examples 
of the following species of Lepidoptera: Macaria alternata, 
(bred), Cleorva lichenaria, Dianthecia luteago, var. ficklim, D. 
conspersa, Leucophasia sinapis, Polia xanthomista, ALgeria mus- 
ciformis, and Boarmia gemmaria, all from Bude, N. Cornwall, 
with examples of the last species from London and Dela- 
mere for comparison with the Cornish specimens. 

Mr. West (Greenwich) exhibited the case of a large 
species referable to the Psychide, from S. Africa. 

Mr. Turner said that he had found a number of larve and 
cases of Coleophora virgaure@ on golden rod at Sevenoaks, 
in the neighbourhood of which place members had told him 
the plant occurred. Several larvee of Eupithecita expallidata 
had also been taken by him at the same time, but these were 
apparently ichneumoned. 

Mr. Carr reported that some ants had been very persistent 
in attacking his larve, and by no means unsuccessfully. Mr. 
Turner noted that he had frequently seen ants descending 
trees with small larve in their jaws. 

Mr. Step communicated the following short note on the 
fungus foray held at Oxshott on October Ist, 1904 : 


81 


‘Although the afternoon was as fineas could be desired, 
the morning had been very wet, and the party was conse- 
quently even smaller than had been expected. But an 
enjoyable ramble was spent, and specimens were abundant 
and in good condition. 

“We have already printed lists of the Oxshott fungi in 
our ‘ Proceedings,’ and it seems unnecessary to repeat the 
names. It may be stated, however, that I was able to iden- 
tify forty-nine species, and there were some others that had 
passed the identifying stage before I had time to thoroughly 
deal with the full collection. | Seven species are additional 
to the lists we have previously given for Oxshott. These are 
Amanita virosus, Stropharia squamosa, Stropharia spintriger, 
Lactarius cimicarius, Boletus variecolor, Boletus impolitus, 
Polyporus ketthit. 


NOVEMBER ioth, 1904. 
Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Fremlin exhibited, under the microscope, the wing of 
Hemaris fuciformis to show both the more or less permanent 
scales and the scales which are usually shed immediately 
the imago commences its active life after emergence from the 
pupa. 

Mr. Harrison and Mr. Main exhibited a short series of 
Dianthecia albimacula, from Folkestone; specimens of Cyma- 
tophora duplaris, including two melanic specimens from 
Simonswood Moss, Lancashire, and one typical Delamere 
form, together with an example of Melanargia galatea, with 
a streak of black running through the light basal patches of 
white in the fore-wings, and a typical specimen for com- 
parison. Both specimens were from N. Cornwall. 

Mr. Step exhibited photographs of the white-beam tree 
and of aspecies of fungus, Phlebiwm radiata, found on thebark 
of tree-trunks at Oxshott. He pointed out the curious 
method of spore-bearing on spines which was characteristic 
of this fungus. 

Mr. Main exhibited (1) two large Reduviid species of 
Hemiptera, which are said to attack human beings ; (2) a 
species of Dovylus with a small asymmetrical nervure in the 
right fore-wing, both from West Africa. 

Mr. Manger exhibited a large portion of his collection of 
the Molluscan shells of the Pecten group, and read a short 
paper on tne exhibit (see p. 23). 

6 


82 


SPECIAL MEETING. 
Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


In accordance with Bye-Law 20 (Special Meetings) and 
Bye-Law 21 (Alterations of Bye-laws), a special meeting of the 
Society was held on the evening of November roth, immedi- 
ately on the close of the ordinary meeting, to consider an 
alteration of Bye-Law 4, Section 3 (Periods of Continuance 
in Office). 

Bye-Law 4, Section 3, reads as follows : 

“All shall be elected annually, and shall be eligible for 
re-election, with the exception that no member shall hold 
the office of President for more than one year consecutively 
and the two senior ordinary members of Council (seniority 
being reckoned by length of continuous service as ordinary 
members thereof) shall not for twelve months be eligible for 
election.” 

The Council unanimously recommended that the words 
“two years”? be substituted for the words ‘‘ one year,’ and 
that the rule read as follows : 

oi . .. that no member shall hold the office of 
President for more than two years consecutively, : 

After considerable discussion, the proposal was put from 

the Chair, and was carried by an overwhelming majority. 


NOVEMBER 24th, 1904. 
Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. H. W. Moore, of Farnaby Road, Shortlands, Kent, 
was elected a member. 

Special exhibition of varieties—Mr. F. G. Cannon ex- 
hibited on behalf of Mr. Frohawk, (1) a long series of Colias 
edusa (var. helice) bred in the autumn of 1900, from helice ova, 
showing every gradation from typical white examples to 
typical edusa ; he also showed varieties of both helice and edusa, 
the latter bred from edusa eggs; (2) a series of Colias hyale 
showing gradation in extent of markings, and a fine pale 
aberration with all the usually black markings replaced by 
very pale opalescent colouring. 

Mr. Harrison and Mr. Main exhibited the following species 
and forms of Lepidoptera, and contributed notes : 

(1) An example of Argynnis aglaia, from North Cornwall, 
with light, almost white patches on both wings on the left 


83 


side. The wings on this side are rather smaller than those 
on the right. | 

(2) A specimen of Epinephele jurtina (ianira), from North 
Cornwall. <A dull, somewhat bleached example. 

(3) Zonosoma pendularia, var. subroseata. Two specimens 
from Staffordshire, and one of the type for comparison. 

(4) Boarmia repandata. A series from North Cornwall, with 
var. conversaria, and other series from Wiltshire, and from the 
Isle of Lewis. The Cornish insects have a buff or yellowish 
tone, and are generally lighter than the Wiltshire specimens. 
The Hebrides series had been exhibited here before, but were 
brought again for comparison with the southern insects. 

(5) Aplecta nebulosa, series from North Cornwall, from Dela- 
mere Forest, including var. vobsont, and from Epping Forest. 
‘The Cornish form is light, and practically indistinguishable 
from insects taken in several of the southern counties, and 
also in Scotland—in Argyllshire. The Delamere and Epp- 
ing insects are very much alike, except that we do not find 
the melanic form known as robsont, and intermediates 
between this and the prevailing form, in Epping Forest.” 

(6) Mzana strigilis—Series from North Cornwall and from 
Delamere Forest. In a long series taken in Cornwall there 
were none of the black form, but there was a considerable 
range of variation in colour. Almost all the specimens taken 
in Delamere Forest were of the black form exhibited. 

(7) Hybernia marginaria.—A few melanic insects, and one 
typical and one intermediate, taken in a suburb of Liverpool 
last spring. The dark forms seem to be very common there. 

(8) Preris napi.—One cabinet drawer containing examples 
of the spring brood from North Cornwall, where this species 
seems to be somewhat larger than those obtained from other 
counties. ‘‘ For comparison we have put in specimens of the 
same brood from Enniskillen. Among the Cornish insects is 
one female with the under-surface of a deep yellow, almost 
orange colour. The artificial light hardly does justice to 
this colour. The Cornish series is bred from ova deposited 
by the summer brood, whilst the Enniskillen series is from 
ova deposited by the spring brood, and remaining in pupa 
through the autumn and winter till the following spring. 
(9) A drawer of the same species, being the summer brood 
from Enniskillen and from Delamere Forest, both series 
being bred from ova deposited by the spring brood. The 
Irish specimens are, as usual, much more strongly marked, on 
both upper and under surfaces, and are handsomer insects 


than the English.” 


84 


(10) A short series, mainly females of particularly strongly 
marked P. napi, from Kilkenny, brought by Mr. Montgomery, 
for comparison with the other P. napi. These were of the 
spring brood, bred from ova laid by the summer brood, and 
showed the species in perhaps its darkest form for this brood. 

Mr. Montgomery exhibited a series of Leucophasia sinapis, 
consisting of bred and captured specimens, of both broods, 
from Berkshire, Cornwall, Devonshire, Worcestershire, and 
the New Forest, showing a certain amount of seasonal and 
geographical variation. 

Mr. Hickman exhibited an extremely dark aberration of 
Arctia caia, and contributed the following note : 

‘(On August rst, 1903, at Wye, in Kent, I found a pair of 
Arctia caia. They were sitting on bramble by the side ofa ditch, 
and the female subsequently deposited about one hundred 
ova. Larve from these hatched six days later. They fed on 
bramble for about six weeks, then a number of them died. The 
others continued feeding and growing, but very slowly, through 
the winter, and began to pupate in April, 1904, the moths com- 
mencing to emerge on June 4th, 1904. The result was forty 
specimens, fourteen of which were crippled, with nothing ex- 
ceptional about the markings, but of a good size. The food- 
plants were bramble, dock, and cabbage. The second brood 
from pairing of the above was from about 300 ova. At the 
beginning of July a number of larve from these hatched and 
fed up very quickly (others are feeding now [November 24th] 
after hybernating two months), pupated by August 20th, and 
the moths emerged in September and October. There were 
seventy specimens, including six aberrations, twenty deformed, 
and eight aberrations, also crippled. I have now a lot ofova 
quite green in colour from the second brood. The food of 
the second brood of larve was principally cabbage, with small 
quantities of bramble and dock at times.” 

Mr. Crow exhibited a remarkable rosy form of Calymma 
trapezina from Hayes, and a specimen of Pyramets atalanta 
showing xanthic spots; the latter reared from a larva taken 
at Elmer’s End. 

Mr. Stonell exhibited a gynandrous specimen of Ertogaster 
lanestris, the wings and antenne on the right side male 
and those on the left side female, and there was a tuft on the 
right-hand side at the anal extremity of the abdomen. 

Mr. E. C. Joy exhibited a bred series of Pararge egerta, 
reared from ova laid by a female taken in Devonshire, June, 
1903. They emerged in August of the same year. He also 
showed two series obtained from a pairing induced in cap- 


85 


tivity from specimens of the above brood: (1) 80 per cent. 
hybernated as pupe, and emerged early in the following 
May; (2) 20 percent. hybernated as half-fed larve, emerging 
the following June. 

Mr. Chittenden exhibited the following forms and aberra- 
tions: Spilosoma lubricipeda, var. radiata, very black, from 
Huddersfield larve, with black cilia in the fringes; Phigalia 
pedaria (pilosaria), blackish, from Yorkshire; Nyssta hispidaria, 
blackish, from Epping Forest; Boarmuia repandata, very dark, 
from York; Acidalia inornata, very dark, from Ashford, Kent; 
Hybernia marginaria, melanic forms and var. fuscata, from 
Perth; Larentia multistrigaria, a very dark melanic form ; 
Hypstpetes ruberata, bred from Aberdeen larve ; Cymatophora 
duplaris, black, from Market Drayton; Pharetra menyanthidis, 
very dark, from Yorkshire; Xylophasta monoglypha, black, 
from Ireland ; Caradrina morpheus, very dark, from Ashford, 
Kent; Agrotis segetum, black, from Ashford, Kent; A. excla- 
mationts, black, from Ashford, Kent; A. corticea, black, from 
Ashford, Kent ; Noctua xanthographa, from Durham, black, 

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited (1) a specimen of Saturnia 
pavonta, in which the wings and body were undoubtedly those 
of the female, but the antenne were distinctly male. It was 
reared by Mr. H. McArthur from a larve collected in the 
Isle of Lewis in 1gor, and had remained in pupe from that 
time until May of the present year; (2) an example of 
Syrichthus malvé taken at Brighton in May last, in which 
the prevailing colour was very much blacker than is usual 
in this species; (3) and a very fresh specimen of Sp/inx 
convolvult that was taken at rest on a fence high up on the 
downs at Eastbourne on September 18th last. 

Mr. R. Armstrong Adkin exhibited a long and greatly 
varied series of the Mollusc Helix virgata from Eastbourne. 

Mr. Harris exhibited a very interesting series of Hemero- 
phila abruptaria bred from a pairing obtained in captivity 
between a male captured at Ilford on May 26th, 1904, and 
a female taken at Clapton on May 25th, 1g04. The series 
showed a considerable number of the more or less extreme 
melanic forms originally reported from Hackney. 

Mr. Goulton exhibited a series of Eubolia cervinaria from 
Purley and Littlehampton; Hypsipetes elutata from Ranmore, 
showing extreme dark forms; Boarmia repandata from Ran- 
more and Banstead, including several light vars.; Oporabia 
dilutata from Ranmore; and Pseudoterpna pruinata (cytisaria) 
from Bookham. He stated that with regard to P. pruinata 
four larve were left in the cage with some dead Gemista, and 


86 


when noticed they had spun up. These emerged with more 
or less brown on the wings. 

Mr. Brown exhibited the following species, with various 
forms and varieties: Hydroecia nictitans, var. paludis, taken 
at Deal in August; Aspilates citraria, varied forms, taken at 
Deal in August. 

Xylophasia polyodon, a very dark form, taken at Deal in 
August, with three others of the more ordinary type. _ 

Cidaria russata and C. immanata, a series reared from ova 
deposited by females taken at Horsley in July. 

Polyommatus (Lycena) corydon, varieties of undersides of 
males and females taken at Reigate on August Ist. 

Pseudoterpna pruinata (cytisaria), a light form bred from 
larvee taken at Bookham on June 4th. 

Hypsipetes sordidata (elutata), varieties taken at Hailsham in 

uly. 
: Boarmia repandata, a light variety, bred. 

Amphidasys betularia, three bred specimens, showing light 
and dark forms. 

Leucania comgera, a dark specimen taken at Deal in 
August, as against an ordinary form taken at Lee a month 
earlier. 

Mr. Dobson exhibited the dragonflies he had taken in 
Hampshire and Surrey during the last two years. Total 
number of species 27. For Hampshire, 22; for Surrey, 
18; in Hampshire only, 9; in Surrey only, 5; common 
to both counties, 13. In the list of the species H = Hants, 

— SUGECY os ae 

Sympetrum siriolatwm, H.S.; S. scoticum, H. S.; Libellula 
MEPVESS; Ede Sar es quadrimaculata, | ee ig ‘Orthetrum 
caerulescens, H.; ‘Cordulia anea H. Sigg Gomphus vulgatis- 
simus, H.; Cordulegaster annulatus, H.; Anax wmperator, 
H. S.; Brachytron Wed H.; 4schna mixta, H.; AE. juncea, 
ae EB. cyaned, Tas. sais. evandis, SES : Calopteryx virgo; H.; 

C. splendens, SS: 5 Leesias sponsa, ese Platyenemis pennipes, S ua 
Eryt thromma naias, S.; Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Seis tet tenel- 
lum, SoH. ; Ischnura ‘puinilio, Hes Y: elegaus,- Vis S. ; Agrion 
pulchellum, S.; A. puella, H.S.; A. mercuriale, H. ; Fadl 
lagma cyathugerum, H. S. 

Mr. H. Moore exhibited (1) aspecimen of Heliconius siculata, 
Riffarth, from Trinidad (a species of the Melpomene group), 
having a small transverse red spot on each of the hind wings 
towards the costal margin ; (2) a series of Heliconius cydno, 
Doubl, showing the range of variation of the white markings 
of the fore- -wings. 


— 


ee 


87 


Mr. H. E. Garrett exhibited a series of Pyrameis (Vanessa) 
atalanta, takenat Carlton Park, Northamptonshire, September, 
1904, one specimen with yellow markings in red bands on the 
hind wings. 

Mr. South exhibited the following species and varieties : 
A plecta (Melanchra) nebulosa, Hufn. Three specimens repre- 
senting var. vobsont, Collins, var. thompsoni, Arkle, and the 
ordinary Delamere Forest form. These were kindly pre- 
sented to him by Mr. J. Arkle, of Chester. 

Examples from Ireland, N. Devon, Surrey, and Yorkshire 
were added to show something of the range of variation of 
this species in the British Isles, and each of these was typical 
of the district or the country from which it came. 

Polia chi, var. olivacea, Steph. A female specimen taken at 
Bishop Auckland, Durham, in August, 1903, together with a 
selection from forty-three specimens reared in July, 1go4, 
from ova which she had deposited. It was noted that the 
offspring were all of the same form as the parent. 

Abraxas grossulariata, L. A specimen with buff-coloured 
ground but more or less typical markings. The only aberra- 
tion of any note that occurred among some 200 specimens 
reared from larve obtained at Purley in 1904. 

Eurrhypara urticata. A specimen with the discoidal and 
the inner marginal black spots of forewings confluent; the 
other black markings on all the wings much intensified. This 
example was bred in June, 1904, among many others of the 
typical form, from larve found in rolled leaves of garden mint 
at Balham, in the autumn of 1903. 

Peronea hastiana, L. A short series reared from larvze 
collected at Wisley, Surrey, and an extensive series, includ- 
ing several named forms, from larva obtained on the Lan- 
cashire coast by Mr. Baxter of St. Anne’s-on-Sea. 

Pedisca (Epiblema) solandriana, L. A series of sixty speci- 
mens collected in two afternoons at Oxshott in September, 
1904. ‘‘ Examples of the forms trapezana, Dup., and ratana, 
Dup., most numerous, but solandriana (type), sinuana, Hb., 
and parmatana, Hb., are well represented. One specimen 
seems to be referable to sordidana, Dup., and another appears 
to agree with sylvana, Hb. 128.” 

Mr. G. T.. Porritt exhibited a fine bred series of A grotis 
ashworthi from Penmaenmawr, N. Wales, this season. 

Mr. J. Kaye exhibited a series of Pseudoterpna priuinata 
(cytisaria) ; one specimen, bred from Byfleet, had a very narrow 
dark, well-defined, central fascia, and several bred specimens 
from Bude showed a suppression of all markings. One 


88 


exhibited the white marginal band only, and had no trace of 
the central fascia. He also showed a specimen of the largest 
known species of Longicorn beetle Titanus giganteus from 
Potaro, in British Guiana. 

Mr. Philip J. Barraud exhibited— 

(1) Epinephele jurtina (tantra) 3, var. anommata, having 
the usual apical white pupilled spot absent from fore wings, 
and on the under side of the hind wings only minute black 
specks in place of the usual spots. It was captured at 
Brockenhurst, June 23rd, 1904. 

(2) Spilosoma menthastri, 3 ,a brown aberration resembling 
the forms from Lancashire and North Ireland. Captured May 
25th, 1901, on Bushey Heath. 

Rev. J. E. Tarbat exhibited— 

(1) 3 Evebia aethiops, with bleached marks on the left fore 
and hind wings. 

(2) g Euthemonia russula, with band ie hind wing very 
faintly marked. 

(3) 2 Pecilocampa popult, with left hind wing slightly crippled 
and small rudimentary wing anterior to right fore wing. 

Mr. Bacot exhibited varieties of Hybernia defoliaria, cap- 
tured Epping Forest; Agrotis saucia, bred, Sandown, Isle 
of Wight ; Ennomos quercinaria, bred, London stock ; Malaco- 
soma neustria, bred, S. Devon; Demas coryli, bred, Epping 
Forest ; Spilosoma lubricipeda, var. zatima, bred, Mr. 
Raynor’s race; Spilosoma urtice, bred Norfolk race. He 
exhibited a long series of the last named species, consisting 
of eight broods belonging to three generations, all originating 
from a single batch of ova laid by a female captured in 
Norfolk. These showed a very wide range of variation 
as regards their spotting, from extreme forms that might 
easily be mistaken for the allied S. menthastrt to speci- 
mens having only one or two minute spots on the fore 
wings. . 

Mr. L. B. Prout exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. P. Mutch: 
Fine pale aberrations of Agrotis ypsilon (suffusa) and 
Phlogophora meticulosa from Isle of Wight; also interesting 
aberrations of A.saucia and A. segetum from Isle of Wight, 
and Cleora glabraria, much marked with black, from the 
New Forest. He also showed on his own behalf—very 
variable series of (1) Melit@a cinxia, bred from the Isle of 
Wight, mostly in one aberrant brood reared in 1902 under 
exceptionally unfavourable climatic conditions; (2) Aporophyla 
australis with the blackish ab. ingenua, Frr., from Sandown ; 
(3) Melanthia ocellata, the specimen figured in ‘‘ Barrett,” Pl. 


89 


338, Fig. 2b; (4) Eubolia bipunctaria, dark, from N. Devon; 
and (5) exceptionally dark aberrations of Luperina testacea 
from Sandown. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited representatives of the genera closely 
allied to the genus Papilio (sens. strict.) and contributed the 
following note : 

Eurycus is a small genus including one or two species from 
Australia and New Guinea. The type E. cressida is common 
in Australia, and is remarkable for the dissimilarity of the 
sexes, and, unlike most butterflies, the ? is smaller than 
the ¢. 

Euryades is confined to the Argentine Republic and the 
neighbouring countries of S. America, is intermediate between 
Eurycus and some of the more typical groups of S. A. 
Equitine. 

Luehdorfia, Criiger, is a genus found in N. China, Amurland, 
and Japan. 

Sericinus inhabits the same area as Lueldorfia, but is not 
known to occur in Japan. 

Armandia thaidina, found in Western China and Thibet. 
It was first brought from Mou-pin by the French missionary 
Abbé David. 

Bhutanitts lidderdalui, named after Lidderdale, who captured 
it in Bhutan, at a height of 5000 feet above the sea.- 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a. drawer of specimens of 
Chrysophanus taken this year in Spain. They consisted of a 
series of males and females of C. virgauree var. megit, from 
Pajares and from La Granja, and varied from very nearly the 
ordinary European type, thougha large number more or less 
miegit as described, viz. with distal and three apical spots to 
well-spotted specimens, the females very highly coloured,clearly 
marked and large; a series of pil@as, chiefly from La Granja, 
varying from a bright “‘ British” form to dark eleus; also a 
drawer of Erebias from Spain, taken during the last three 
years, showing the associated forms of E. evias and E. stygne 
from several localities, the remarkably bright and large var. 
of E. stygne, v. bejarensis, and a fine series of E. palarica,a 
new species that appears to be the largest in the genus, 
and has a very strikingly distinct facies, although said to 
be very closely related to E. stygne. 

He also showed, on behalf of Mr. Tutt, a number of series 
of the Chrysophanids from various mid-European sources. 

Mr. Turner exhibited a copy of Moses Harris’ ** Aurelian,” 
first edition, which he had recently bought at a second-hand 
bookstall for a few shillings. Only one plate and one leaf 


90 


were missing ; the remainder of the plates were in very good 
condition. 

Mr. Manger exhibited the following species of Japanese 
Crustacea : Pseudo-grapsus sanguineus, Macrophthalmus jap- 
onicus, Philyra pisum, Leucosta umdentata, Gontosoma dentatus, 
Dorippe japonica, Lambrus affinis, Neptunus sangunolentus, 
Mentppe hardwicku, Leptodius affinis. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited three albums of photographs of the 
“ova of Lepidoptera. Most of them had been taken with the 
aid of electric light, and their clearness of definition was 
remarkable. 

Mr. Carr exhibited, on behalf of Mr. F. M. B. Carr,.a 
specimen of Vanessa to in which the eye-like spots on the 
hind wings were most imperfectly developed and very 
obscure. 

Mr. West exhibited the larva of. the Hessian fly under his 
microscope, and Mr. Fremlin examples of Radiolarian ooze 
from the Challenger Expedition. . 


DECEMBER 8th, 1904. 
Mr. E. STEP, F.L.S., Vice-President, in. the Chair. 


Mr. Grosvenor, of Redhill, Surrey, was elected a member. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited some thirty-five species of British Lepi- 
doptera, which he brought to place in the Society’s Collection. 
A hearty vote of thanks was passed to him for his gift. 

Mr. West, of Greenwich, exhibited a specimen of the rare 
coleopteron Tvopideres sepicola, taken by him in the New 
Forest. He stated that only one or two other British speci- 
mens were known. 

Mr. Edwards exhibited specimens of Celioxys elongata, 
a parasitical bee, and said that Celioxys was a genus 
occurring in North and South Africa, North and South 
America, Asia, as well as in Europe. In Britain there were 
only five species. Most of the species were stated to be 
parasitical on Megachile and Saropoda. The genus had 
not been observed either in Scotland or Ireland. The species 
exhibited flies from June to August. 

Mr. Garrett exhibited several blue stones which were found 
in the gizzard of a Russian fowl. . 

Mr. Dobson exhibited a long series of Geometra vernaria 
caken at Malden, Surrey, a little after dark, sitting on the 
leaves of a creeper around his house, together with a‘ nice 


91 


varied series of Aglossa cuprealis taken on curtains in his 
house, no doubt attracted into the house by the light. Plusia 
chrysitis had also been seen by him around the lights. 

The remainder of the evening was devoted to an exhibition 
of lantern slides. 

Mr. Tonge exhibited slides of the ova of a number of 
species of Lepidoptera. 
Mr. Lucas exhibited slides of imagines, orchids, flowers, 
fungi, etc. 
Mr. Goulton exhibited slides of lepidopterous larve. 
Mr. Step exhibited slides of lepidopterous larve. 
Mr. Main exhibited slides of Lepidoptera in various stages, 
showing their resting positions. 
Mr. Dennis exhibited a series of slides showing the flower- 
ing and seeding of plants and trees. 


FANUARY 12th, 1905. 
’ The President in the Chair. 


Mr. Sich referred to the death of Mr. C. G. Barrett, the 
well-known entomologist, and a former President of the 
Society, which occurred on December 11th, and it was 
resolved to send a letter of condolence to Mrs. Barrett and 
family. | 

Mr. Colthrup exhibited a specimen of the ringed plover in 
winter plumage, and pointed out its characteristics. 

Mr. West (Streatham) showed a copy of the ‘ Sporting 
and Dramatic News,” in which an illustrated account of one 
of the Society’s Exhibitions had been given some years ago. 
There were included seyeral more or less recognisable por- 
traits of members of the Society. 

Mr. Main exhibited two species of Panorpa, P. communis, 
and P. germanica from Folkestone. 

Mr. Lucas exhibited pairs of the three British species of 
Panorpa, P. communis, P. germanica, and P. cognata. He 
stated that the latter was a very scarce species, and that as 
the two allied species were also exhibited, acomparison could 
be made. Of P. cognata he also exhibited a female example, 
which had been taken during the Society’s meeting at 
Byfleet in July, 1904. From the same place he also showed 
Chrysopa ventralis. 

Mr. E. Step reported that he had been able to make con- 
siderable progress with the first half of the Tugwell Herba- 


92 


rium, and now wished to hand over to the curator the 
following natural orders: Rununculacea, Nympheacea, Papav- 
ervacee, Fumariacee, Cruciferae, Resedacea, Cistinee, Violariea, 
Polygalea, Frankeniacee, Caryophyllea, Tamariscinea, and 
Elatinee. A further portion would be forthcoming at the 
next meeting. 

In presenting this first batch he would like to report 
exactly what had been done. The original mounts had 
undergone a necessary trimming of discoloured and ragged 
edges, but the whole of Mr. Tugwell’s data remained un- 
touched ; they had then been mounted each in a four-page 
cover of cartridge paper, so that in future the collection 
could be turned over and searched without fear of damage to 
the most delicate specimens. Mr. Tugwell had named and 
numbered his specimens by the ‘London Catalogue of Plants,” 
3rd edition (circa 1850). Since that date many alterations 
have been made in classification and older names have been 
revived. In order, therefore, to make the collection useful 


to readers of modern botanical literature, the first page of 


each new mount had been numbered and named in accord- 
ance with the latest (gth) edition of the ‘*‘ London Catalogue” 
(1895). By this method the collection had been brought 
up to date without the slightest interference with Mr. 
Tugwell’s own identifying marks and records, many of which 
are of great interest as indicating the former flora of districts 
that have now become merged in the metropolis or under- 
gone similar destructive processes. 

Mr. Goulton exhibited a short series of photographs of 
Lepidopterous larve. 

Mr. Joy exhibited specimens of Aphantopus (Epinephele) 
hyperanthus (x) having white ocelli on the upper side of the 
hind wing; (2) ab. avete and near var. arete having the ocelli 
of the underside either wholly or partially reduced to mere 
dots, and (3) a form with elongate ocelli on the under side 
approaching the form known as ab. lanceolata. 

Mr. R. Adkin gave an account of the annual meeting of 
the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies held at Maid- 
stone during the summer of 1904, and at which he attended 
as the Society’s delegate. 

He then read the Report of the Field Meeting held at 
Eynsford on June 25th, 1904 (see p. 30). 

Mr. Lucas read the Report of the Field Meeting held at 
Byfleet on July 23rd,1g04 (see p. 35), and afterwards showed 
a number of lantern slides of which some had been kindly 
lent to him by Mr. Hamm, of the Hope Museum, Oxford. 


a = 


93 


Messrs. Step and West also showed series of slides illus- 
trative of the Field Meeting. Messrs. Tonge, Dennis, and 
Clark had also brought slides. 


FANUARY 26th, 1905. 
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. 


The first portion of the meeting was devoted to the business 
of receiving the Treasurer’s Balance Sheet (p. x) and state- 
ment, the reading of the Council’s Report for the year 
(p. xii), the announcement of the results of the election of 
Officers and Council for the ensuing year, and the reading of 
the retiring President’s Address (p. 39). 

The following is a list of members elected as the Officers 
and Council of the Society for the year 1904-5 :— 

President.—Hugh Main, B.Sc., F.E.S. 

Vice-Presidents.—Alfred Sich, F.E.S., and E. Step, F.L.S. 

Treasurer.—T. W. Hall, F.E.S. 

Librarian.—A. W. Dods. 

Curator.—W. West (Greenwich). 

Hon. Secretaries—Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., etc. (Corres- 

ponding), H. J. Turner, F.E.S. (Report). 

Counctl.—Messrs. R. Adkin, F.E.S.; F. Noad Clark; F. B. 

Saray. Harrison, F:1e:S., F.7:9.3 FlESS., ete: Wa fe 
Kaye, F.E.S.; H. A. Sauzé; W. West (Sitreathant). 

Votes of thanks were passed to the President, Treasurer, 

Officers, and Council for their services during the past year. 


ORDINARY MEETING. 


Mr. HuGH Matin, B.Sc., President, in the Chair. 

Dr. Chapman exhibited a living specimen of Doritis apol- 
linus, bred from a pupa sent from Syria. 

Mr. Step presented another instalment of the re-arranged 
Tugwell Herbarium, including the natural orders—Hyperi- 
cine@, Malvaceae, Linea, Geraniacee, Rhamnea, and Legu- 
Minose. 

Mr. Main reported that on the previous evening (January 
25th) Mr. Harrison and he had collected Hybernia rupica- 
praria, Phigalia pedaria (pilosaria), Cheimatobia brumata, H, 


94 


marginaria (progemmaria), and Pterophorus monodactylus, in 
Epping Forest, in some numbers. 

Mr. Turner read the following notes on the entomology of 
Assiniboia, which he had receiv a from Mr. A. J. Croker: 

“The season opened up very late; not until nearly the end of 
April did the snow vanish, and then what a state trails and 
land were in, the ravines with water rushing along at a rapid 
rate! But it did not take long to dry up, and all over the 
prairie out came the crocuses in millions. It was well on 
towards June, however, before any Lepidoptera appeared, 
the first species being a solitary specimen, in appearance 
like Cenonympha pamphilus, but larger and darker; this was 
followed by a very pretty fritillary, somewhat like Brenthis 
euphrosyne, but with a different under-side. This latter occurred 
abundantly, and after these some fresh species were met with 
nearly every day, and in odd times I have managed to get 
together a nice little representative set, which I will send 
on shortly. Euvanessa antiopa occurs here, but not very 
commonly. I have only succeeded in taking one, and what 
a graceful insect it is on the wing! I have also bred three 
specimens of a very large moth, like that large American 
silk-producing moth, from cocoons, which I found attached 
to willow stems. There does not appear to be a great variety 
of butterflies here, but the species that do occur are very 
prolific, and are very closely allied to British species. Two 
species of Colias are very abundant. One day when on the 
trail I noticed a very brilliant patch some distance away, 
and when I came a little nearer, up went a cloud of one of 
the Colias sp.? Whata sight! Just imagine driving into a 
cloud of thousands of C. edusa, only this species is far more 
attractive, and I shall be sending you a nice series later on. 

In the evenings during July and August I did a bit of 
night-work. A long grass, called ‘red top,” growing in low 
places, seemed the attraction, and I have taken many speci- 
mens of Noctuz at it, strange to say, most of them allied to 
our British forms. One very common species, out in August 
in millions, must be Noclue augur. But perhaps it would be 
better for me to attach my notes to the several species when 
I send them on. One drawback here to collecting in August 
is the prevalence of boisterous wind. 


CORRIGENDUM. 


99 


*“ Proceedings, 


190322). ub. shor Sibeatly Nautilus,” read 
“The Argonauta.” 


a ee ae 


END EX. 


——#00———— 
PAGE PAGE 
Almormal flowers— | Kxhibition, annual special 82 
Ajuga reptans 69 | Field Meetings: 
Bluebell 69 Ashtead and Epsom, by Mr. 
Foxglove 69 He Step* 7... Scr Sori meas, 
Narcissus poeticus 67 Bookham Common, by Mr. 
Orchis mascula 69 HE. Step <5 2S e28 
Ophrys apifera 80 | Byfleet, by Mr. W. J. Lucas 35 
Viola hirta 63 | Epping Forest, by Messrs. A. 
Abnormal growths— | Harrison and H. Main ... 38 
Clematis jackmanni... 73 Eynsford, Kent, by Mr. 
Hybrid between primrose and Robert Adkin 30 
cowslip ... ae aac 2: Leatherhead Downs, by Mr. 
Primrose... 63 EH, Step... 33 
Acridium eeyptioum, Mr. “Moore's Oxshott Fungus Foray, by 
note on.. : 59 Mr. BE. Step iS, 80 
Bschna isosceles in the Fens 77 Gonepteryx rhamni and G. cleo- 
Annual Address, by Mr. Alfred | patra, distinctness of . Fit ACs 
Sich, President.. des .. 89 | Gryllus campestris in Deptfor d. 77 
Ants attacking larve a: 80 | Hybrid larvee from Notodonta zic- 
Apterygida media (albipennis), zac g x N.dromedarius ? ... 72 
occurrence of .., 78 | Immigration of Leucoma salicis, 
Aretia caja, breeding of varieties | _ note by Mr. R. Adkin 56 
of, note by Mr. Hickman 84 | Important publications of the year 47 
Shea aquatica, Rev. H. Japanese Crustacea, exhibited ’y 
7o0d’s notes on 65 Mr. Manger 90 
Balanee. sheet . ..x, xi | Larva of Dipteron feeding on 
Cases of the Coleophor ids. | parasitical fungus rs Boat (0) 
Chrysophanus, Spanish, exhibited Larve of the Coleophorids Bn *9 
by Dr. Chapman 89 | Letter from Mr. Croker (Canada) 


Coleophorids, M7. Turner's notes 
on ... 64, 67, 68, 70, 78, 80 
Colias edusa.and C. hyale, breeding 


varieties of, note by Mr.Frohawk 82 

* Collecting Butterflies in the 

Alps,” paper by Mr. Rowland- 
Brown 69 
Donations to the Collections xiv 
A Library XV 

Double cocoon of Lasiocampa 
quercis.. 71, 79 

Erebia palarica, a new species, 
note by Dr, Chapman ... 89 


extracts from 
Life history of Coleophora fusce- 
dinella ... d 1 
Limnwa 


peregra. in Tr afalgar 
Square, Wr. Sich’s note on 61 
List of indigenous and naturalised 
British Orthoptera 22 
Localities— 
Ashtead and Epsom 26; 


Bookham 28; Boxhill 79; 
Byfleet 35; Bude 80; Darn 
Wood 75 ; Deal 78 ; Dept- 
ford 77; Epping Forest 


PAGE 
Localities—continued 
38, 93; Eynsford 30; Great 
Yarmouth 73; Horsley 71; 
Leatherhead Downs 33 ; New 
Forest 73, 63; Oxshott 81; 
Pont du Gard 68 ; eee 78. 
Members, list of , ili 
“* Modern Requirements | in Oval 
and Larval Description,” ab- 
stract of an address hy Mr. 
J. W. Tutt 30 12 
New species added to the British 
Fauna . 43 
“ Notes on Argyroneta aquatica 
and some other Spiders,” paper 
by Rev. F. H. Wood... 15 
“Notes on the Genus Coleophora,” 
paper by Mr. Alfred Sich 1 
“Notes on British Orthoptera,” 
paper by Mr. W. J. Lucas 21 
Nyssia laponnaria, Mr. South’s 
notes on... aajeeral! 
Obituary — 
C. G. Barrett 42, 91 
R. McLachlan 41, 68 
Objects of the Society... ii 
Odorata of Surrey and Hamp- 
shire, list of, by Mr. Dobson ... 86 
Officers and Council Ay, 98 
Ova of Coleophora laricella, note 
by Dr. Chapman a ete YAY 
Pachygastria trifolii, Mr. 3B. 
Adkin’s note on eh sop O2 
« Panorpide, British,” note on by 
Mr. Lucas. 91 
Papilio memnon, Mr. Rdwards’ 
note on the group ne oe tS: 
Past Presidents, list of . ii 
Pectens (Scallops), paper ay Mr. 
W. T. Manger .. 23 
Photographs of— 
diatoms, ete. jer DSO 
haunts of special plants and 
insects ; 
lepidoptera, 58, 61, 62, 66, 78, 
79, 80, 90 
orchids and plants, 58, 70, 72, 76, 
79, 81 
protective resemblances... 58, 79 
Pieris napi, spring broods of, from 
various localities, notes on, by 
Mr. Montgomery 83 
Report of the Council xii 
Rules, alteration of 82 


Spilosoma  urtice, successive 
broods of,exhibited by Mr, Bacot 88 
Spiranthes estivalis, ete, Mr. 


Step’s note on ... 76 


ites) 
for) 


58 


PAGE 


““Spondylide (Thorny Oysters),” 


paper by Mr. W. T. Manger... 14 
“ Spring Season”... ... 70, 75, 69 
“The Joy of Animal Existence,” 
by Mr. Alfred Sich ... seers 
“ Tour in Montenegro,” an address 
with lantern illustrations by 
Mr. Malcolm Burr fn bil 
Tubercles of Larve, Nomencla- 
ture of . 559 ise: 
« Tugwell ” ‘Herbariom ... 40, 92, 93 
Varieties of— 
Abraxas grossulariata 58, 66 
Acidalia inornata +89 
Agrotis segetum _.... ite ae 
Amorpha (Smerinthus) populi 75 
Aplecta nebulosa Oe 
Arctia caja -. 84 
Argynnis aglaia rey Se 
Boarmia repandata ... Baars) 
Bryophila muralis <a 8oS 
Bupalus piniaria +} ae 
Callimorpha dominula ot) 59 
Calymnia trapezina fe .. 84 
Chrysophanus virgaurex 89 


Colias edusa, 62, 82; C. hyale 82 
Cyaniris argiolus ey es |) 


Cymatophora duplaris 85 
Epinephele hyperanthus 92 ; 

E. tithonus 56, 66; KE. ida 

56; EK. janira 66, 83, 88 
Erebia blandina 88; E. evias 

89; E. stygne 89 
Eurrhypara urticata,,. 87 
Eriogaster lanestris ... 84 
Gonepteryx rhamni.., 75 
Heliconius siculata .. 86 
Hemerophila abruptaria 85 
Hypena rostralis 57 
Luperina testacea 89 
Melanthia ocellata ... 88 
Melitza cinxia 88 
Miana strigilis 83 
Ocneria dispar ae 56 
Pachygastria trifolii 62 
Pieris napi 83 
Pecilocampa populi... 88 
Peedisea solandriana.. 87 
Polyommatus corydon 85 
Pseudoterpna pruinata 87 
Pyrameis atalanta .... 87 
Saturnia pavonia . 3 85 
Spilosoma lubricipeda 85; 

urticée : wei 88 
Thera variata 65 
Triphena fimbria 72 
Vanessa io 90 
Zonosoma pendularia ia 83 


APTERA, 


Campodea staphylinus ... etl 


BATRACHIA. 

Lissotriton punctatus... wae ZO 
Triton cristatus ... aS ee ELAS. 
Botany. 

Achillea ptarmica... ses -- 36 


Ajuga reptans.., 26, 28, 29 


Alisma plantago ... ao ao 


Anacharsis alsinastrum 17, 26 
Anemone nemorosa sae Foe ce) 
Anthyllis vulneraria Site woe’ 
Aquilegia vulgaris aid aos eh, 
Artemisia maritima We Sah 
Atropa belladona ... : 33, 76 
Ballota nigra a a 7,67 
Barbarea vulgaris... & ree 
Bryonia dioica amis 32, 33 
Calamagrostis epigeios ... Soe 8) 
Calamintha acinos aa Nad oo 
Callitriche verna ... sat te 620 
Calluna ... ae be ane 8 
Campanula rotundifolia, 36 ; 
trachelium see ane Shy) 343) 
Cardamines pratensis... eee 
Carex pseudocyperus ... . 86 


Centaurea nigra, 67; scabiosa ... 33 
Cherophyllum sylvestris ... Spo 
Chara vulgaris... Bae te s2G 


Chelidonium majus : sear AS 
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium eon 
Clematis jackmanni - custo 
Convolvulus arvense So: 36g 
Crategus oxyacantha ... Bete PAS 
Cytisus ... oat Ae Seats: 
Daucus carota... sf Sach a 
Dipsacus sylvestris me Soon S34 
Echium vulgare ... 203 she BY 
Elodea canadensis ay Soreasclo] 
Equisetum limosum es s6ay Is} 
Erica cinerea, 36; tetralix eee 30 
Eupatorium cannabinum 36, 64 
Euphorbia amygdaloides... ope a4 
Euphrasia officinalis Sua Spe ees) 
Fragaria vesca_... sh ie 82 
Fumaria capreolata 32 
Genista, 8; anglica 26, 27, 28, 29 
Glechoma hederacea ee 7 


Helianthemum chamecistus, 33; 


vulgare . a 32, 69 
Helleborus viidis 30, 32 

' Helosciadium inundatum sees. 
Hippocrepis comosa ae S aigieh 


PAGE 
Hy, ericuim perfoliatum ... ses 
Inula conyza, 64; dysenterica .., 64 
Knautia arvensis ... on ie Oe 
Lathyrus macrorhizus, 28; praten- 
sis me Sc ss5, 200 
Lemna trisulea ae ane ann aD 
Lotus corniculatus 73 
Luzula s : 27, 52 
Lychnis vespertina Soe oe eter 
Lycopus europeus si oon sy 
Lysimachia nemorum, 28 ; vul- 
garus... ne ape Sas cee 
Lythrum salicaria ~~ ROS) 
Martynia proboscidea_... Pu: 
Melampyrum pratense... fog pate 
Mimosa ... =e any oo 
Myriophyllum spicatum ee Soom 
Narcissus poeticus ies 6 
Neottia nidus-avis ; 33, 69 
Nasturtium officinale... Japcee 
Nymphea alba, 35; lutea ot aD 
Ononis repens __... ae tee nek 
Ophioglossum vulgatum ... ered 
Ophrys apifera, 32; arenifera ... 68 


Orchis maculata, 28,32; mascula, 
69; militaris, 68, 80; morio... 28 


Ornithopus perpusillus ... ster 28 
Orobanche elatior.. wis soe 
Papaver rhaas, 33; sfmniferum 33 
Pastinum sativa ... Jar Riot 
Pedicularis sylvatica 5s Bears) 
Petasites officinalis Pee SoA ee 
Phragmites communis... sy oD 
Phyteuma orbiculare _... reat 
Polygonum amphibium ..,. <2) 30 
Polystichum communis ... 2569 
Populus alba awe ame si fo 
Potamogeton natans 26, 28 
Primula veris, 26; vulgaris eo 
Prunus spinosa. su PE 20 
Pulicaria dysenterica ... 230 10 
Pyrus malus oe 366 Sees) 


Ranunculus auricomus, 26; tri- 
chophyllus ae Soc ena 20 


Reseda lutea sae sia Re ae) 
Rhamnus alaternus ee en Ty 
Sagittaria sagittifolia ... Rope erode 
Scilla nutans = a anek Leow 
Scrophularia nodosa wae Pehle 
Seutellaria galericulata ... ee KOO: 
Silene inflata Are me sage deen 
Sisymbrium alliaria aut Be eo 
Sparganium ramosum_... Scam eoO 
Spiranthes estivalis, 76 ; autum- 
nalis, 76; romanzoffiana none 
Spirwa filipendule, 33; ulmaria 36 


Stachys palustris ... st 30 
Stellaria holostea... 26, 27, 29, 67 
7 


e 


Pe | 
15 | 


PAGE 
Sticta pulmonaria.,.. AGE POD 
Symphytum officinale 36 
Tanecetum vulgare Te OO 
Thymus serpyllum 33, 64 
T'ragopogon pratense so) ie} 
Typha angustifolia 35 
Valeriana officinalis 36 
Verbascum lychnitis 33 
Veronica anagallis, 28; beecabunga, 

28 ; chamedrys, 26, 28; scutel- 

lata, 28; ser vias 505 
Viburnum lantana.. 26 
Vicia cracea, 36; sepium, 28; tetra- 

sperma ... 3 Ad) 
Viola hirta, 63 ; oduratas 64; syl- 

vestris, 26; tricolor Aaouee 
COLEOPTERA. 
Agathidium badium 44, 
Agriotes pallidulus F ee, 
Anaspis frontalis, 29; geoffroyi, 

29; maculata, 29; ruficollis ... 29 
Anthonomus pedicularius, 29; rubi 29 
Apion frumentarium, 36; hookeri, 

36 ; hydrolapathi, 86; minimum, 

36; ulicis, 36; Mie 36; 

WACIEO ee 36 
Apoderus coryli” 72 
Asphyra punctata... 68 
Athons hemiormboidalis 20: vittatus 29 
Attagenes pellio . 29 
Auvlonium sulcatum 44. 
Bruchus atomarius 29 
Byturus tormentosus Bae c4) 
Callidium alni 29, 71 
Cassida equestris ... ee 36 
Catops sericatus, 44; sericeus 44 
Chetocnema subcerulea .., 
Criocephalus rusticus 44: 
Dasytus serosus 29 
Dolopius marginatus peer cae: 
Donacia dentipes, 73 ; sericea, 73 ; 

simplex, 73; thalassina, 73; 

versicolora, 36; vulgaris 73 
Dromius linearis ... 

Dytiscide .. : 

Dytiscuscircumflexus, 65; marginalis 15 
Elater pomorum ... ae 63 
Erirhinus nereis ... 73 
Euconnus maklini 44. 
Galeruca calmariensis "3 
Galerucella sagittaria 86 
Grammoptera ruficornis ... pac Ag) 
Gymmetron antirrhini, 36; noctis 36 
Gynandrophthalma affinis 57 
Gyrinide ... abi no bene le) 
Gyrinus, 58; natator ... ee ID 


98 


Halyzia ocellata 
Hippuriphila mosteeri 
Homopheeta albicollis 
Hydrophilidz 

Hydrous piceus 

Ilybius fenestratus 
Lamprima aurata... 
Lema lichenis 

Liparis germanus .., 
Longitarsus curtus 
Loricera pilicornis 
Macrodontia cervinicornis 
Malachius barnevillei 
Megasoma elephas 
Meligethes eeneus, 36; 
Melolontha one 
Monohamnus sutor 
Nanophyes lythri .. 
Ocypus olens 

Ocyusa nigrata 
Orchestes iota 
Orsodacna cerasi .., 
Otiorrhynchus sulcatus 
Phyllobrotica quadrimaculata 
Phyllodecta vitellinze 
Polydrusus confluens 


“ane 


rufipes x 


Rhagonycha limbata, 29 ; pallida. 


Rhynchites zquatus 
Scirtes hemisphericus 
Strangalia quadrifasciaria 
Strophosimus coryli 
Tachinus rufipes 
Telephorus 
rusticus 29; testaceus.. 
Tetrops preeusta 500 
Titanus giganteum 
Tropideres sepicola 


CRUSTACEA. 


Dorippe japonica ... 
Goniosoma dentata 
Grapsus maculata... 
Lambrus affinis 

Leucosia unidentata 
Leptodius affinis ... aio 
Macrophthalmus japonicus 
Menippe hardwickii Ane 
Nephrops norvegicus 
Neptunus sanguinolentus 
Philyra pisum 
Pseudograpsus sanguineus 


DIPTERA. 


Agathomyia boreella ... 
Anthomyia spreta... 

Argyra ~~... see be 
Astia elegantula ... one 


36, 


hamorrhotdalis, 29; 


PAGE 
Callicera yerburyi... de 
Callimyia elegantula 45 
Chrysotus monochetus 45 
Chyliza vittata 45 
Corethra obscuripes 45 
Dilophus ternalis ... w. 45 
Dolichopus analusiacus, ‘45 ; lati- 
cola ee 45 
Empis tessalata_... 29 
Helophilus pendula, 38, 77; trivit- 
tatus 29 
Homalomyia difficilis 45 
Hydrophorus rufibarbis ... 45 
Hydrotza pilipes ... 45 
Leptis lineola bc 36 
Neoitamus cothurnatus ... 45 
Ochthera mantispa 45 
Oncomyia sundervallii 45 
Palloptera letabilis tae 45 
Periscelis annulata 45 
Polietes lardarius... Soe 36 
Porphyrops patula 45 
Sapromyza affinis .., 45 
Scatophaga ; 29 
Sciara rufiventris ... ite ey 
Sericomyia 38, 77 
Stenopteryx hir undinis 75 
Sympycnus spiculatus 45 
Systemus adpropinquans ... 45 
Tanypeza longimana SEED 
Threticus compar, 45 ; genre feteee tO 
Volucella ees 33, 7 ; pel- 
lucens “ ea 
FOssILs. 

Ammonites c 73 
Gryphea ... me 73 
FUNGI. 

Amanita virosus SL 
Boletus impolitus, 81 ; variecolor 81 
Epichlée typhina .. vs 28, 70 
Lactarius cimicarius soos. teil! 
Phlebium radiata .. 81 
Polyporus keithii . tin 81 

Stropharia spintriger, 81; squi 
mosa  .. oe 81 
Xylaria hypoxylon 69 
HEMIPTERA, 
Aneuris levis (6) 
Aphrophora salicis 55 37 
Ceratocombus ek ga 76 
Cicada : 78 
Cicadetta montana 73 


FAGE 
Corizus capitatus ... 75 
Drymus confusus .., 46 
Harpocera thoracica bec reo) 
Monanthia dumetorum, 73; hun- 
uli ; hee 73 
Notonecta glauca so T5saG 
Oliarus lepori ina 73 
Onychumenus decolor 73 
Orthostira parvula egies LO 
Picromeris bidens.., 37,73 
Plagiognathus pulicarius, 73 ; sal- 
titans... avis. 
Plectroscelis Aeecne. 78 ; hor- 
tensis, 78; subcerulcea.. 78 
Peecilocylus vulneatus ... PREPAC. 
Ripersia europa 46 
Salda setulosa 46 
HYMENOPTERA. 
Barichneumon heracleanz 46 
Ceelioxys elongata 90 
Crabro styrius 46 
Formica rufa as 46 
Halictus fulvicornis, 46; semi- 
punctulatus, 46; subfasciatus... 46 
Ichneumonon luctatorius 38, 77 
Megachili ... 90 
Rhadinocerzea micans 46 
Saropoda 90 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
Abruptaria, Hemerophila... 85 
Achates, Papilio : 74. 
Aiscularia, Anisopteryx ... 10 
/Ethiops (blandina), Erebia st, 88 
Agathina, Agrotis... 69, 70 
Aglaia, Argynnis .., SOL 
Albicillata, Melanthia 33 
Albicosta, Coleophora _... 27 
Albida ab. (ida), Epinephele 56 
Albimacula, Diantheecia ... preach 
Albitarsella, Coleophora ... 7, 67 
Aleyonipennella, Coleophora sO 
Alpina (hyperborea), Pachnobia... 61 
Alternata, Macaria 80 
| Amathusia, Brenthis Sia ae 
Amphidamus, Chrysophanus 57 
Anatipennella, Coleophora 6, 7 
Anaxibia, Morpho 64. 
Andrezmon, Papilio 64. 
Androgeus, Papilio 74, 


Anominata ab. (jurtina), Bpinephele 88 


Antiopa, Kuvanessa . G4 
Antiqua, Orgyia ... 88, 70 
Apollo, Parnassius 69 


Arbuti, Heliaca 28 
Arcania, Cenonympha 76 
Archippus, Anosia : 59 
Areola (lithoriza), Xylina feef07 
Arete var. (hyperanthus), Aphan- 
topus (Epinephele) ... 65, 92 
Argiades, Everes ... “i iss he 
Argiolus, Cyaniris... 3. 045-00, 16 
Argus, Rusticus ; sade) 
Ashworthii, Agrotis me FOL 
Atalanta, Pyrameis ya 84, 87 
Atlites, Junonia f 59 
Atomaria, Ematurga 75 
Augur, Noctua 94 
Auranti: aria, Hibernia 27 
Auriflua (similis), Porthesia 29 
Australis, Aporophila 88 
Badiata, Anticlea... es 61 
Badiipennella, Coleophora 68 
Baja, Noctua AS 66 
Bajarensis var. (stygne), Erebia.. 89 
Bajularia, Phorodesma 68 
l’asilinea, Apamea 28 
Batis, Thyatira 76 
Belgiaria, Scodiona 70 
Belia, Anthocharis - 76 
Bellargus, Polyommatus ... 79 
Bennettii, Agdistis fh refi 
Betularia, Amphidasys. ... te 86 
Bicolorana, Hylophila aS, 
Bicolorata (rubiginata), Melanthia 33 
Bicolorella, Coleophora... 7, 11, 70 
Bidentata, Gonodontes (Odonto- 
PETA) eee he ap Os 38; Ol 
Bifida, Dicranura . vest MO 
Bilineata, Camptogramma 32 
Bilunaria, Selenia.. j Anite eye 
Binaria (hamula), Drepana 28, 38 
Bipunctaria, Eubolia ao he 
Biundularia, ‘Tephrosia 67 
Beeotus, Magistanis : 58 
Bombyliformis (tityus), Hemaris 71 
Boreata, Cheimatobia 27 
Brassice, Pieris... wae "28, 32 
Brumata, Cheimatobia ... 27,29, 93 
Cespititiella, Coleophora... IS 
Caja, Arctia ane ot pret Gee 
Camelina, Lophopteryx ... 27,38 
Candidata, Asthena 580 28, 32 
Cardamines, Euchlée  ... 28,67, 71 
Castigata, Eupithecia ... 28 
Cassandra var. (polyxena), Thais 6A, 68 
Celtis, Libythea oe Spee ols, 
Cervinaria, Eubolia nat 61, 85 
Chaonia, Notodonta Efe OG 
Chi, Polia ... soe spd Bae a 
Chrysippus, Danais : 76 
Chrysonuchellus, Crambus 64 


PAGK 
Chrysophanus ... 80 ano ish) 
Cinctaria, Boarmia FA OT 
Cinerea, Agrotis ... oe wee Od) 
Cinxia, Melitea ... ee Bathe mits: 
Citraria, Aspilates ie a, 36 
Clathrata, Strenia... wie 58, 75 


Cleopatra, Gonepteryx 46, 62, 76, u 
Cloacella, Tinea ‘ise SC 

Coenosa, Lelia ... ea 72 
Coleophora ...1, 27, 57, 60, 67, 68, 71 
Comma, Augiades (Pamphila) Bao)! 


Conigera, Leucania a oa. OO 
Conspersa, Diantheecia_... Eo aOU! 
Conspicuella, Coleophora teh 2 


Conversaria var. ° (repandata), 
Boarmia., : 2 aoe 
Convolvuli, Agrius we 76, 88 
Conyze, Coleophor a ita o. 64 
Coon, Papilio neo oe i: | 
Corticea, Agrotis ... its me OS 
Corydon, Polyommatus ... cae 


Coryli, Demas_ ... ca 67, 88 
Cressida, Eurycus se Seasick) 
Croceago, Oporina asc Sor amiolt 


Cruda, Tzeniocampa ane 29, 63 
Cucullatella, Nola... cee 2h 293 80 
Cupido, Helicopis... nae en do 


Cuprealis, Aglossa nitic re 
Currucipennella, Coleopliora 27, 69 
Cydno, Heliconius 86 
Cytisaria (pruinata), Pseudoterpna. 

29, 85, 86 
Decolorata, Melanippe ... Spices) 
Defoliaria, Hibernia wa 24, 29)'88 
Delius, Parnassius ae. Ape tet) 
Deplana, Lithosia... oes Ae whl) 
Derasa, Habrosyne 30 eos 
Designata, Coremia ee 28, 33 
Dictynna, Melitza a3 ogee (3 
Dilutata, Oporabia tes Sacer) 


Dimidiata, Acidalia ae Ors 
Dispar, Ocneria ... oe ae DO 


Dominula, Callimorpha ... Race 582: 
Dorilis, Chrysophanus —... pee 3) 
Dotata, Cidaria ... os eS 
Dromedarius, Notodonta Seay Ke 
Dryas, Callidryas ... os ASE Cs: 


Duplaris, Cymatophora ... 81, 85 
Edusa, Colias a ... 80, 82,94 
Egeria, Pararge ... 84. 
Elutata (sordidata), Hy psipetes 8 "85, 86 
Kros, Polyommatus : 76 
Erosaria, Ennomos So eG 
EKuphrosyne, Brenthis is (Argymnis) 58,94 
Euryades a 89 


Eurycus... ec Ser Bee isid) 
Kvias, Erebia ath awe Beets) 


Exanthemaria, Cabera .., ane 


PAGE 
Exclamationis, Agrotis ... 76, 85 
Exiguata, Eupithecia ... .. 28 
Expallidata, Eupithecia ... sree.) 


Faleula, Drepana ... i sek 183) 
Fasciata, Arctia ... at PSST 
Ferruginea, Xavthia ans seas 


Ficklini var. (luteago),Dianthecia 80 
Filipendule, Anthrocera (Zygena) 37 


Fimbria, Triphena 2 71,72 
Flava ab. (trifolii), Pachnobia ... (2 
Flavago, Gortyna ; Soe eols: 
Flavicornis, Asphalia .., e638 
Flexula, Aventia ... a a 6S 
Fluctuata, Melanippe 32, 66 
Fuciformis, Hemaris 71, 76,81 
Fulvata, Cidaria ... 5 oS 
Fuscata var. (marginaria), Hiber- 
nia : a 
Fuscedinella, Coleophora, 1, 2, es ‘4, 859 
2a; a 
Fuscodactylus, cae ee Si N2i3o 
Fuscoviridella, Glyphipteryx 28, 52 
Galactodactylus, Aciptilia aceon 
Galathea, Melanargia _.., feo 
Gemmaria, Boarmia ‘ oO 
Genistz, Coleophora ca: 27, 28, 29 
Glabraria, Cleora .. Sie patois: 
Glauce var. (Belemnia), “Antho- 
eharisiais. e218 
Glaucicolella, Coleophora Aaa tl 
Gordius, Chrysophanus ... Se. 68 
Grisealis, Zanclognatha .., wee oe 


58, 66, 87 
4, 27, 29 


Grossulariata, Abraxas 
Gryphipennella, Coleophora 


Hamana, Xanthosetia ... ead enOe 
Hamata, Tirumala aap se FO 
Hamula (binaria), Dr epana =580 028 
Harna, Papilio... Ace dua GAL 
Hastiana, Peronea ee Oe 


Helice var. (edusa), Colias 62, 63, 80, 82 
Hemerobiella, Coleophora 5,7, 8, 11, 47 


Himalayanus, Aphneus ... 2 00 
Hirtaria, Biston ... ae en 6k 
Hispidaria, Nyssia 62, 85 
Humuli, Hepialus : 65, 80 
Hyale, Colias 523 ae Bie te 
Hylas, Polyommatus —_... 76 
Hyperanthus, Aphantopus (Epi- 
nephele) 36, 92 
Hyperborea (alpina), Pachnobia . 61 
Ibipennella, Coleophora ... 6, 7 
Icarus, Polyommatus 28, 32, 33, 71 
Illunaria, Selenia ... F eT 
Immanata, Cidaria prpiiee> 16) 
Inornata, Acidalia tae fe TO 
Instabilis, Taniocampa ... 68 
lo, Vanessa ae we wee 


Jolas, Lycena__.,, or Tee OU 


101 


Jacobeee, Kuchelia ee 32 
Janira (jurtina), Epinephele, 32, 33, 66 
83 


Juncicolella, Coleophora ... ee ORM 
Juniperata, Thera ae i 
Lacertinaria, Drepana ... jae ils, 
Lanceolata ab. SS Laer 2 ae 
nephele ... 92 


Lanestris, Eriogaster 
Lapidata, Piibalapteryx ... .. 65 


Lapponaria, Nyssia cle eel 
Laricella, Coleophora... 70,79 
Lariciata, Eupithecia ... neeZs, 
Lichenaria, Cleora a Tape 
Lidderdalii, Bhutanitis ... etl Oo. 
Lignata, Phibalapteryx ... TS 


Limitata (mensuraria), Eubolia,. 33 


Limosipeunella, Coleophora 8,11 
Lineolea, Coleophora 6, 7, 8, 67 
Lithoriza (areola), Xylina et Oe 
Livornica, Phryxus se .. 46 
Lixella, Coleophora ae ww «64 
Lucina, Nemeobius ar Screg fll 
Luctuosa, Acontia... se ati OO 
Luehdorfi:.. nae aks SOS, 
Luteata, Asthena,. $e Enc 3 
Luteolata, Buwiten oes S36 
Lutipennella, Coleophora... 27, 29 
Lychnitis, Cucullia 5x vette So 
Malvee, Syrichthus 28, 85 
Margaritaria, Metrocampa 27, 38 
Marginaria (progemmaria), Hib- 
ernia 61, 83, 85, 94 
Maura, Mania... : Peony () 
Melpomone, Heliconius ... Ge ao 
Memnon, Papilio ... ae ea FA 
Moneta, Plusia ... is ea YA 
Menthastri, Spilosoma ... Fen 
Menyanthidis, Pharetra ... 8S 
Meticulosa, Phlogophora An SS 
Miegii var. (Virgaurez), baa 
phanus .. as 
Mincki var. (tithonus), _Bpine: 
phele... : 56 


Minos (Purpuralis), " Anthrocera.. 66 
Monacha, Lymantria (Psilura)... 58 
Monodactylus, Pterophorus Renae Oe 


Monoglypha, Xylophasia... Hee GS 
Montanata, Melanippe ... wie B82 
Morpheus, Caradrina ... iSO 
Multistrigaria, Larentia... 63, 85 
Munda, Tzeniocampa ... eon 
Muralis, Bryophila ae ae 8S 
Murinipennella, Coleophora a7) 


Musciformis, Aigeria (Sesia) ... 80 
Napi, Pieris 28, 58, 83, 84 


Nebulosa, Aplecta... 88, 87 
Nepticula ... a <t iw eg 


Neptunus, Papilio 
Neustria, Malacosoma 
Nigricana, Laspeyresia 
Nigricella, Coleophora 
Notha, Brephos ine 
Nubeculosa, Asteroscopus 
Ocellata, Melanthia 
Ocellata, Smerinthus 
Ochrea, Coleophora 
Olivacea, var. (chi), Polia 
Olivaceella, Coleophora 
Olivalis, Scopula ... 
Onosmella, Coleophora 
Oxyacanthe, Miselia 
Palarica, Erebia 

Pallens, Leucania.. 
Paludata, Carsia ... 


Paludis var. (nictitans), Hy droecia 


78, 86 


Pamphilus, Ceenonympha, 28, 32, 33, 


Parmatana ab. 
Pedisca.. aie 
Parthenias, Brephos 

Pascuellus, Crambus 
Pavonia (carpini), Saturnia 


38, 94 


(Solandriana), 


33 


66, 85 


Pectinitaria (viridaria), Larentia 28 
Pedaria (pilosaria), Phigalia 27, 85, 93 
Pentadactylus, Aciptilia Ca 33 


Perla, Bryophila ... 58 
Perlellus, Crambus [es Se 
Petraria, Panagra ... 27, 28 
Pheodactylus, Mimzseoptilus % 
Phileas, Chrysophanus 28, 38, 89 
Phyllocnistis Bs 2 
Piculata, Heliconius Ae 86 
Piniaria, Bupalus... 59 
Plecta, Noctua 28 
Plexippus, Anosia... 59 
Plumbaria, Eubolia 33 
Plumigera, Ptilophora wb) 
Polyodon, Xylophasia 78, 86 
Populeti, Tzeniocampa 63, 71 
Populi, Amorpha ... Bere A) 
Populi, Pecilocampa 88 
Potatoria, Cosmotriche 89 
Prasinana, Halias ... 38 
Proboscidalis, Hypena 33 
Procellata, Melanippe 33 
Progemmaria (marginaria) 94 
Pronuba, Triphena 38 
Pruinana, Penthina 28 
Pruinata (cytisaria), Pseudoterpna 
28, 85, 86, 87 
Pseudobombycella (tabulosa), 
Taleporia ; ie GO 
Psi, Acronycta 5 
Pterodactylus, Mimeseoptilus 32 


PaGk 
Pudibunda, Dasychira .,.. 38, 66 
Pulveraria, Numeria ia Aone Sys: 
Punctaria, Zonosoma = pases! 
Punctularia, Tephrosia ... . 28 
Purpuralis (minos), Anthrocera .. 66 
Pusaria, Cabera ... ass 32, 38 


Pygmeella, Nepticula ... fe PGP 
Pyramidea, Amphiphora... Sa Ors) 


Pyri, Saturnia... eS 
Pyrrhulipennella, Coleophora SaGT 
Quercifolia, Eutricha ... Peaer fi 
Quercinaria, Ennomos .,.. 42188 
Quercis, Lasiocampa .... 59 


oa Thecla i 71, 80 
Radiata var. (lubricipeda), Spilosoma 85 
Rape, Pieris 28, 33 
Ratana ab. (solandriana), Pedisca 87 
Reclusa, Clostera .. side Are iis. 
Remutaria, Acidalia 28, 70 
Repandata, Boarmia 71, 83, 85, 86 
Rhamni, Gonepteryx 28, 46, 71, 75, 

Mts PO 
Rivata, Melanippe “ 32, 33 
Robsoni ab. (nebulosa) Apleeta.. 83 
Rostralis, Hypena... wor 
Ruberata, Hypsipetes.... ae OO 
Rubi, Thecla ess cic ens 
Rubricosa, Pachnobia ¥ 62, 66 
Rufa ab. (trifolii), Pachygastria 62 
Rupicapraria, Hibernia ... 59, 93 


Russata, Cidaria ... 28, 86 
Russula, Erithemonia ... Sesaens ts, 
Salicis, Leucoma 32, 56 
Saturatella, Coleophora ... AAS Ein: 
Saucia, Agrotis ... AF Boa eis. 
Segetum, Agrotis... 85, 88 
Serena, Hecatera ... eR PoPee333) 
Sericinus a Fe ear89 
Side, Syrichthus .. ao 68 
Similis (aurifiua), Por thesia "29, 38 
Sinapis, Leucophasia 62, 80, 84: 


Sinuana ab. (solandriana), Pedisca 87 


Smaragdaria, Phorodesma pees )s) 
Sobrinata, Eupithecia.., Forma 019) 
Socia (petrificata), xylina Soya 
Sociata, Melanippe 28, 66 
Solandriana, Peedisea 28, 87 


Solitariella, Coleophora ... 27, 29, 67 


Somnulentella, Bedellia ... ee 08 
Sordidana ab. (solandriana), 
Peedisca.. oy OO 
Sordidata (elutata), Hy psipetes 85, 86 
Stabilis, Teniocampa .... 67 


Stellatarum, Sesia (Macrogloseun) 51 
Strataria, Amphidasy s 61 
Striana, Orthotzuia KE Ussavi8s 


| Strigata (thymiaria), Hemithea 33, 38 


Strigilis, Miana ... viet: 


PAGE 
Strix (agrippina), Thysania 
Stygne, Erebia 89 


Subalbida ab. (tithonus), Epinephele Be 
Sublustris, Xylophasia 
Subroseata var. (pendular a Zono- 


2¢ 


soma 2 woe 88 
Suffusa (ypsilon), Agrotis | 38, 88 
Sylvana ab. (solandriana), Peedisca 87 


Sylvanus, Augiades (Hesperia)32, 33, 38 
Syringaria, Pericallia ; 66 
Tabulosa eae cella), Tale- 


poria .., : 65 
Tages, Nisoniades fee AS, 
Temerata, Bapta ... e 28, 38 
Tenebrata (arbuti), Heliaca 28 
Testacea, Luperina 89 
Testata, Cidaria 38 
Thaidina, Armandia Og 
Thaumas (linea), Adopza 32, 33 
Thompsoni var. ule)» Ap- 

lechaier 87 
Tithonus, Epinephele 56, 66 
Tityus (bombyliformis), Hemaris 71 
Trapezina, Calymnia 38, 84, 
Trapezana ab. (solandriana) Pe- 

discae 2... 87 
Trifolii, Pachygastria (Bomby ) 62 
Trilinearia, Ephyra 38 
Tripunctana, Pardia 28 
Troglodytella, Coleophora 64 
Truncata (russata), Cidaria 28 
Ulicetana, Catoptria ; 28 
Unangulata, Melanippe ... 28 
Unguicula, Drepana 61 
Unidentaria, Coremia 28 
Urtice, Spilosoma 88 
Urticata, Eurrhypara 87 
Vaccinii, Cerastis ... 61 
Variata, Thera 65 
Vernaria, Geometra 90 


Versicolor, Dimorpha (Endy romis) 62, 63 


Vetulata, Eucosmia 33 
Vibicella, Coleophora Bad AS: 
Viminetella, Coleophora ... 7,8, 68 
Virgaurez, Coleophora 76, 80, 89 
Viridana, Tortrix ... 29, 32 
Viridaria (pectinitaria}, Larentia 28 
Viridella, Adela 69 
Vulgata, Eupithecia = 28 
Xanthographa, Noctua 65, 85 
Xanthomista, Polia cy 80) 
Xerampelina, Cirrheedia .., cd 
Ypsilon (suffusa), Agrotis 88 
Zatima var. (ubrieepeda), Spilo- 
soma... 2 8S 
Ziczac, Notodonta 72 


103 


60 | 


PAGE 
MAMMALS. 
Microtus orcadensis 43 
MoLuLusCa. 
Arion ater 69 
Cardiacea ... 14 
Chama lazarus of ; 14. 
Helix arbustorum, 37; nemoralis, 

69 ; pomatia, 43 ; vulgata 85 
Hyalina erystallina ses (OY 
Limax cinereo-niger, 47; maxi- 

mus, 47; tenellus : 43 
Limnza palustris, 29; peregra... 61 
Mya truncata : ae 4 
Paludestrina anatina 43 


Pecten glaber, 24; jacobzeus, 23; 
japonicum, 24; letus, 24; 
maximus, 23; * megallanicum, 
24; opercularis, 23, 24; pallium, 


24; senatorius, 24; similis, 24; 

sinensis, 24; tigrinus, 24; varius, 

24; yesseensis, 24 24 
Pectenide ... Se 23 
Planorbis complanatus 29 
Spondylidz bad 
Spondylus aurantins, 14; ; gedaro- 

pus, 14; leucacantha ... 14 


NEUROPTERA. 


Ascalaphus coccajus, 78; longi- 
cornis ... ae Sap Sse avis) 


Ceecilius flavidus ... seers) 

Chrysopa ventralis 36, 91 

Dorylus ae yo toll 

Leptophlebia helvipes (submar- 
ginata) ... 

Limnophilus centralis 29 

Nemoura variegata 3 Seba se) 

Panorpa cognata, 36, 91; com- 
munis, 34, 91; germanica 29, 91 

ODONATA. 

Aeschna cyanea, 86; grandis, 36, 

58, 86; isosceles, 77; juncea, 

86; mixta , 86 
Agrion mercur iale, 86 ; puella, 29, 

"86; pulchellum 36, 86 
Anax imperator 86 
Brachytron pratense 86 
Calopteryx splendens, 36, 86 ; 

WAITGOnn soa shoe asl 
Cor dulegaster annulatus .. 86 
Cordulus zenea ae Sa elt) 
Enallagma eyathigerum . nec 36, 86 
Ery thromma naias 36, 86 


PAGE 
Gomphus vulgatissimus ... soo) eld) 
Ischnura elegans, 36, 86; var. 
rufescens 36; pumilio ... 86 
Lestes sponsa 86 
Libellula depressa, 29, 86; ‘quadri- 
maculata 86 
Orthetrum cezrulescens, 86; can- 
cellatum Mey? 
Platycnemis pennipes Fe 36, 86 
Pyrrhosoma nymphula, 36, 86; 
tenellum 86 
Sympetrum scoticum, 86; " striola- 
tum ee 3 ae 38, 86 
ORNITHOLOGY. 
Accentor modularis 27 
Corvus monedula ... 27 
Cuculus canorus ... Zit 
Daulias luscinia 27 
Podicipes nigricollis 43 
Turdus musicus 27 
Sturnus vulgaris ... ie 27 
Vanellus cristata ,., oy. 27 
ORTHOPTERA. 
Acridiodea., Ss Bae BAe 
Acridium mery pticum 59 
Apterygida media (albipennis) 78 
Blattodea ... 22 
Forficula auricolari cae 29, 34; jesnei 34 
Forficulodea 22 
Gomphus maculatus, os rufus 1, iy 
Gryllodea ... 50 22 
Gryllus campestris : 77 
Leptophyes punctatissima 33 
Locusta viridissima 78 
Locustodea fay Ae 
Meconema varium : 29, 
Stenobothrus elegans, 79; paral- 
lelus ae ae DOs hile ho 
Pond LIFE. 
Actinophrys sol. ae Sense SH) 
Closterium lunula, 29; moniliferum 387 
Conichilus volvox... tay. 
Cyclops quadricornis 29, 37 
Cypris, 29; tristriata eee Oe 
Daphnia pulex 29, 37 
Diaptomus castor... icahloe 
Kpistylis : 37 
Floscularia corn uta, 26, 29; or nata 37 


104 


PAGE 
Hydra viridis, 26, 29, 37; vulgaris 
26, 37 
Lacinularia socialis 37 
Limnias ceratophylli 5 oa 
Melicerta ringens... 26, 37 . 
Paramecium a 29 
Riciella fluitans 37 
Rotifera vulgaris ... 29 
Spongilla fluviatilis on Be 
Stentor miilleri sea 26, 29 
Stephanoceros eichornii ... 26, 37 
Tardigrada aie eats AS) 
Vaginicola 26; ae ;OG 
Volvox globator 26, 37 
Vorticella 26 ; nebulifera 29, 37 
Zoothamninmn arbuscula ... ASE 
REPTILE. 
T'ropidonotus natrix aye ead 
SPIDERS. 

Aglenide ... 17 
Areyroneta aquatica, 15, ‘16, 17, 

18, 19, 20, 63, 64; besos: 20; 

palustris, 20; trilineata 20 
Cyclosa (Epeira) conica . 63 
Desis af sd; ee aes 
Dolomedes, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20; 

fimbriatus, 18 ; mirabilis 18 
Drassidz ai ately 
Epeira angulata, 63: conica, 63; 

euenrbitinus, 63; diademata, 

gibbosa ... 63 
Epeiridee 8 Petia! Er | 
Lycosa (Par dosa), ‘19; amentata 

(saccata) : ekg 
Lycoside ... sc 15, 18 
Philodromus margaritatus pore 8s 
Pholeus phalangioides 19 


Pirata, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20; hygro- 
philus, 19, 63; kmnorrii, 19; 
latitans, 19; piraticus, 19, 20; 
piscatorius : 

Pisaura (Dolomedes) mirabilis 

Pisauride .. : 


sre) 
ah 68 
18 


Theridion alata sas 168 
TRICHOPTERA. 
Oxyethira es Ra 46 ; Stet 
fera 8 peer: 


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