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a 


,— ‘SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


PROCEEDINGS 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


WV oltmase. XX VUE. 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 





WASHINGTON : 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
19038. 





ADVERTISEMENT. 


The publications of the National Museum consist of two series: 
Proceedings and Bulletins. 

The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are 
intended primarily as a medium of publication for newly acquired 
facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, descriptions of new forms 
of animals and plants acquired by the National Museum, discussions of 
nomenclature, ete. A volume is issued annually or oftener for distri- 
bution to libraries, while in view of the importance to science of the 
prompt publication of descriptions of new species, a limited edition of 
each paper is printed in pamphlet form in advance. 

The present volume is the twenty-sixth of the series. 

The Bulletin, publication of which was begun in 1875, is a series 
of more elaborate papers, issued separately and based for the most 

art upon collections in the National Museum. They are mono- 
zraphic in scope, and are devoted principally to the discussion of 
warge zoological groups, bibliographies of eminent naturalists, reports 
of expeditions, ete. 

A quarto form of the Bulletin, known as the ‘* Special Bulletin,” has 
been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed 
indispensable. 

The Annual Report of the National Museum (being the second vol- 
ume of the Smithsonian Report) contains papers chiefly of an ethno- 
logical character, describing collections in the National Museum. 

Papers intended for publication by the National Museum are usually 
referred to an advisory committee, composed as follows: Frederick 
W. True (chairman), William H. Holmes, George P. Merrill, James 
E. Benedict, Otis T. Mason, Leonhard Stejneger, Lester F. Ward, 
and Marcus Benjamin Garton), | 

ie oe S. P. LANGLEY, 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 


Ill 





AiG On CONTENTS. 


Page. 
Basster, Ray 8S. The Structural Features of the Bryozoan 
Genus Homotrypa, with descriptions of Species from the 
Cincinnatian Group.—No. 1323. March 28, 1903¢_____- 565-591 
New species: Homotrypa cineinnatiensis, H. dumosa H. pulchra, 
H. grandis, H. libana, H. frondosa, H. communis, H. richmondensis, 
HT. nodulosa, H. austini, H. cylindrica, H. ramulosa, H. nitida, H. 
nicklesi, H. splendens. 
New varieties: Homotrypa curvata, var. precipta, H. flabellaris var. 
spinifera, H. wortheni var. intercellata, H. w. var. prominens. 
Bran, Barton A. Notice of a Collection of Fishes made by 
~H. H. Brimley in Cane River and Bollings Creek, North 
Carolina, with a Description of a New Species of Notropis 
(N. brimleyi).—No. 1339. July 6, 1903¢_____- eee ee ISON 


New species: Notropis brimleyi. 


. Notice of a Small Collection of Fishes, including a 
Rare Kel, recently received from H. Maxwell Lefroy, 
Bridgetown, Barbados, West Indies.—No. 1345. July 10, 
1903“ 163-964 


-_ 
~ 


Brenepicr, James E. Description of a New Genus and 
Forty-six New Species of Crustaceans of the Family Gala- 
theide, with a List of the Known Marine Species.—No. 
Summmmeitecemmner 29, 1902% 592% ee Sl 243-334 


New genus: Cervimunida. 

New species: Galathea californiensis, G. integra, G. paucilineata, 
Cervimunida princeps, Munida angulata, M. curvatura, M. curvipes, 
M. debilis, M. decora, M. flinti, M. hispida, M. honshuensis, M. media, 
M. mexicana, M. nuda, M. perlata, M. pusilla, M. quadrispina, M. 
sculpta, M. simplex, M. tenella, Munidopsis acuminata, M. baha- 
mensis, M. beringana, M. cylindropus, M. espinis, M. expansa, M. 
gilli, M. hastifer, M. mina, M. modesta, M. opalescens, M. tenuirostris, 
M. townsendi, M. verrilli, Uroptychus brevis, U. capillatus, U. granu- 
latus, U. jamaicensis, U. minutus, U. scambus, U. scandens, U. spini- 
ger, Plychogaster defensa. 

New names: Galacantha faxoni, Munidopsis acutispina. 





——. Revision of the Crustacea of the Genus Lepidopa.— 
uments {19034 eee. 889-895 


New species: Lepidopa websteri, L. deamex, L. mearnsi, L. richmondi. 





«Date of publication. 


VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Page. 


CAUDELL, ANDREW Netson. Notes on Orthoptera from Colo- 
rado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas, with Descriptions 
of New Species.—No. 1333. July 6, 19084 ..___._-..... 13-809 
New species: Heliastus guanieri, Melanoplus coloradus, M. latifercula, 
New variety: Psinidia sulcifrons var. amplicornus. 


. The Phasmide, or Walkingsticks, of the United 
States.——No.-11885. “July 9,/1903% 25 2 So as eee 863-885 
New subfamily: Timeminze. 
New genera: Parabacillus, Pseudosermyle, Megaphasma. 
New species: Pseudosermyle truncata, P. banksti, Diapheromera ariz- 
onensis, Timema californica. 


CLARKE, SAMUEL FEssENDEN. An Alaskan Corymorpha-like 
Hiydroid:—_No.1343., #July “11, 1903 ¢. 2. = eee 953-958 


Dati, WintiAM Heaney. Synopsis of the Family Astartide, 
with a Review of the American Species.—No. 1342. July 
TO), SOO Syne eile ee 925 ies 2 el ru geet es ee _. 9338-951 


New species: Astarte polaris, A. alaskensis, A. bennettii, A. soror, A. 


liogona, A. vernicosa. 


———. Synopsis of the Family Veneride and of the North 
American Recent Species.—No. 1312. December 29,1902¢. 335-412 

New species: Transennella stimpsoni, Tivela abaconis, T. nasuta, T. 

braziliana, Callocardia (Agriopoma) zonata, C. catharia, Cytherea 

( Ventricola) strigillina, C. (V.) callimorpha, C. (V.) magdalenz, 

Clementia solida, Pitaria tomeana, P. (Lamelliconcha) callicomata, 

Cyclinella singleyi, Chione mazyckti, C. (Lirophora) schottii, C. (L.) 


obliterata, C. (Timoclea) pertincta, Venus apodema, Paphia ( Pro- 


tothaca) staminea var. sulculosa, Psephidia ovalis. 


Fish, Prerre A. The Cerebral Fissures of the Atlantic 
Walrus.—No. 1325. April 9, 1903 ¢ 


Fisner, Wattrer K. A New Procelsterna from the Leeward 
Islands, Hawaiian Group.—No. 1322. January 29, 1908 ¢._ 559-563 
New species: Procelsterna saxatilis. 
Fow.er, Henry W. A Review of the Berycoid Fishes of 
Japan.——No. 1306.\. November 25, 1902.2 ©2. 25225 1-21 
(See also under JorpAN, Davip Srarr.) = | 
A Review of the Cepolide or Band-fishes of Japan.—- | 
NG, 1380...’ April 9;1903% ool son se hn ogee 699-702 | 
(See also under JorpAN, Davip Srarr.) | 
A Review of the Cobitide, or Loaches of the Rivers 
of Japan.—No. 1332. April 9, 1903.7. >. 2 ees T65-TT4. 


(See also under Jorpan, Davin Srarr. ) 





“Date of publication. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. VII 
: Page. 
Fowtrer, Henry W. A Review of the Cyprinoid Fishes of 
eat NO lags... duly 6, 1903 =) 2292.2 use lle. 811-862 


(See also under Jorpan, Davip Srarr. ) 


. A Review of the Elasmobranchiate Fishes of 
Seon No. 1324." Mareh 30, 19034_... 22.2. 2---=------ 593-674 


(See also under Jorpan, Davip Srarr. ) 


A Review of the Siluroid Fishes of Japan.—No. 
SEP Uo Aan eky 2 oe et es eae Shhh O 897-911 


(See also under Jorpan, Davin Srarr. ) 


Gitt, THEopoRE. Note on the Fish Genera named Macro- 
mee NO, bot, duly 6, 19038% 2.0 | ie PE 2 1015-1016 


On some Fish Genera of the First Edition of Cuvier’s 
Réegne Animal and Oken’s Names.—No. 1346. July 11, 
TE al ae On papi. ciel Rive A See ee 965-967 


On some Neglected Genera of Fishes.—No. 1344. 
EN ea ey eres tre naa Mar. ee eh Ge 959-962 


On the Relations of the Fishes of the Family Lam- 
pridide or Opahs.—No. 1340. July 7, 1903¢____-..----- 915-924 


The Use of the Name Torpedo for the Electric Cat- 
Sere oNGr tes). April) 19030.) 22. foes oa Se 697-698 


Hay, Witi1am Perry. On a Small Collection of Crusta- 
ceans from the Island of Cuba.—No. 1316. February 2, 
RPI cs, ieee en CSE SF gest) t STL CNL a PUPAE AE ye TOE aoe: 429-435 


New species: Cirolana cubensis, Palemonetes eigenmanni, P. cubensis. 


Hinps, Warren Eimer. Contribution to a Monograph of 
the Insects of the Order Thysanoptera inhabiting North 
mnerica.— No. 1310: December 20, 1909¢._.-.... 2.2... T9242 


New genera: Pseudothrips, Scolothrips, Malacothrips, Eurythrips. 

New species: .Holothrips bicolor, Chirothrips crassus, C. obesus, Limo- 
thrips avenw, Sericothrips cingulatus, Euthrips fuscus, Raphidothrips 
fuscipennis, Heliothrips fasciapennis, Trichothrips ambitus, T. beachi, 
Cephalothrips yucce, Phleothrips uzeli, P. pergandei, Acanthothrips 
magnafemoralis, Malacothrips zonatus, Eurythrips ampliventralis, 
E. osborni, Cryptothrips aspersus. 


JorDAN, Davip Srarr. Supplementary Note on Bleekeria 
Mitsukurii, and on certain Japanese Fishes.—No. 1328. 
UNE) CIN teh regs cree ee ee TS No ee eS 693-696 


«Date of publication. 


Vill TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Page. 
JORDAN, Davip Srarr, and Henry W. Fowrrer. A Review 


of the Berycoid Fishes of Japan.—No. 1306. November 
D5, A908 oe See ns Sek i Re ee 1-21 


New species: Paratrachichthys prosthemius, Holocentrus utodai. 
——. A Review of the Cepolide or Band-fishes of 
Japan.—No- 1330. “April 9;1903%.- ee eee 699-T02 
A Review of the Cobitide or Loaches of the 
Rivers of Japan.—No. 1332. " April 9,7 1903% 2-222 %65-T74 


New species: Elkis nikkonis, Orthrias oreas. 





— —-—. A Review of the Cyprinoid Fishes of 

Japan.—Nowl3s4e July 66,1903 % 224s eee eee 811-862 

New genera: Abbottina, Zezera, Biwia. 

New species: Acheilognathus cyanostigma, Abbottina psegma, Zezera 
hilgendorfi, Leuciscus phalacrocorax. 


A Review of the Elasmobranchiate Fishes of 
Japan —No; 1324. March 30, 1903: 324-2. See eee 593-674 


New genus: Zameus. 





New species: Cephaloscyllium umbratile, Squalus mitsukurti, Cen- 
troscyllium ritteri, Raja tengu. 
A Review of the Siluroid Fishes of Japan.— 
No. 13838341 iutlys fp UGO8 Ss ele te nee cee 897-911 
-—— and Epwin Cuapin Starks. A Review of the Fishes 
of Japan belonging to the Family of Hexagrammide. 
No; 1348: ted ulyy lo, MOOR@ ee glen ek iy ee ee 1003-1013 


New species: Hexragrammos aburaco. 





A Review of the Hemibranchiate Fishes of 
vapan—-No, 1308.2 December, 21900 8 ose Sean ee I-13 
New genus: .Holiscus. 
New species: Pygosteus undecimalis, Macrorhamphosus sagifue. 


———. <A Review of the Synentognathous Fishes of 
eapan.—-No. 139. February 4. 1905 9 on 2 ae eee 525-544 
New species: Hyporhampus kurumeus. 
-———. Description of a New Species of Sculpin from 
Japan.—=No.: 1326. cAprill 1003 ee eee 689-690 


New species: Cottunculus brephocephalus. 


Lucas, FrepEric A. Notes on the Osteology and Relation- 
ship of the Fossil Birds of the Genera Hesperornis, Har- 
geria, Baptornis, and Diatryma.—No. 1320. February 4, 
BIOS Oo Sete SE ak coe a tt JE Oe oe A 545-556 


New genus: /Hargeria. 





«Date of publication. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Lyon, Marcus Warp, Jr. Observations on the Number of 
Young of the Lasiurine Bats.—No. 1314. January 26, 


McMorricu, J. Puayrarr. Note on the Sea Anemone, 
Sagartia paguri Verrill.—No. 1315. January 27, 1903 ¢ 


Maren, JoserH Henry. On the Identification of a Species 
of Eucalyptus from the Philippines.—No. 1327. April 11, 
RI eee lens Se Sart et tT 


Miter, Gerrit $., Jr. Mammals Collected by Dr. W. L. 
Abbott on the Coast and Islands of Northwest Sumatra. — 
Semen. Pebruaty 3.1903 % 29 es 

New genus: Lenothrix. 

New species: Tragulus amenus, T. jugularis, T. brevipes, T. russeus, 
Ratufa femoralis, R. nigrescens, R. lenata, Sciurus mansalaris, S. 
bancarus, S. saturatus, S. pretiosus, S. ubericolor, S. erebus, Mus 
simalurensis, M. surdus, M. domitor, M. catellifer, Lenothrix canus, 
Trichys macrotis, Macacus fuscus. 


Nnepuam, James G. A Genealogic Study of Dragon-fly 
avine Venation.—No. 1331. April 16, 1903¢.___ 22... 
Prentiss, DANIEL WEBSTER. Description of an Extinct Mink 


from the Shell-heaps of the Maine Coast.—No. 1336. July 
RRR sete eter gn ete os ht tte 
New species: Lutreola macrodon. 
Rarupun, Mary J. Descriptions of New Species of Ha- 
walian Crabs.—No. 1309. November 18, 1902 “ 


New species: Cyclograpsus henshawi, Ozius hawaiiensis, 


Japanese Stalk-Eyed Crustaceans.—No. 1307. 
November 28, 19024 


New species: Clibanarius japoniucs, Parapeneus akayebi, P. mogien- 


sis, P. dalei, P. acclivis, crangon hakodatei, Spirontocaris mororani, 
S. jordani, 8. prebnitzkii, Pandalus latirostris, Pandalopsis mitsukurii, 
Palemon macrodactylus. 

New name: Dardanus haanii. 


Ricumonp, Cuartes W. Birds Collected by Dr. W. L. 
Abbott on the Coast and Islands of Northwest Sumatra.— 
No. 1318. February 4, 1903¢ 


New species: Macropygia simalurensis, Spilornis abbotti, Pisorhina 
umbra, Palzornis major, Psittinus abbotti, Pelargopsis simalurensis, 
P. sodalis, Thriponax parvus, Macropteryx perlonga, Cyanoderma 
Sulviventris, Stachyris banjakensis, Malacopteron notatum, Hypothy- 
mis abbotti, H. consobrina, Tehitrea procera, Graucalus babiensis, G. 
simalurensis, Campephaga compta, Oriolus mundus. 

New names: Columba phasma, Corvus compilator. 





Ix 


Page. 


495-496 


427-428 


691-692 


437-484 


1038-764 


887-888 





“Date of publication. 


x TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


¢ : y , Page. 
ScnucHEertT, CHarzLes. On the Lower Devonic and Ontaric 


Formations of Maryland.—No. 1313. February 3, 19034. 413-424 


SHarper, Ricnarp W. Report on the Fresh-Water Ostracoda 
of the United States National Museum, including a Revi- 
sion of the Subfamilies and Genera of the Family Cypri- . | 
dide:—No 13417) Stlyo- 0S ee ia ee 969-1001 
New genus: Spirocypris. 
New species: Chlamydotheca mexicana, Spirocypris passaica. 


Srarks, Epwin Cuarry. A Review of the Fishes of Japan - 
belonging to the Family of Hexagrammid.—No. 1348. 
Duly AS UO as Steg ss Se A vires me eee ee 1008-1013} 


(See also under JorpAN, DaAvip Srarr. ) 
A Review of the Hemibranchiate Fishes of Japan.— 
Nos308:- December 2.1902 #22 ae ee eee 57-73) 
(See also under Jorpan, Davip Srarr. ) | 
A Review of the Synentognathous Fishes of Japan.— : 
No..1319; . February 4; 1003 2-2 ee eee 525-544 


(See also under Jorpan, Davip Srarr. ) 


Description of a New Species of Sculpin from Ja- 
pan-——No; 1326. April il Q03 72 ee ee 689-690. 


(See also under JorpAN, Davin Srarr.) 


Sreppinc, Rey. THomas R. R.  Amphipoda from Costa 
Rica,—_No, 1341> July 9190845 eee _ Je ve dee. ., 925-98 
New species: Talorchestia fritzi, Hyalella faxoni. | 
STEJNEGER, LEONHARD. Rediscovery of One of Holbrook’s 
Salamanders.—No. 1321. January 29, 1903¢_....._----- 557-558 





« Date of publication. 


Piso LeU ST RATIONS. 
TEXT FIGURES. 

Page. 
MRE a TIUUINS WOLOSHILCNIUUS > Ina Be ae Rae rele aes oon aaa cee sciasee 9 
EDEN en I ON Soe wr en oe ets Sees Se ees nie oS Reet 12 
EAD OCS AT 90 RE SS Re tO a ee 14 
IRATE TELL OL Cemer ae Seamer ree a va nne Se cee ge Dats ue BSL ewes seis 17 
Cryptolithodes expansus, outline of carapace ..-.-.-..------------------------ 32 
BERiA TEpONICUS, ANLETIOr POrtion |.) 2.2 .-2.-2-5-6---.---0--+4s---+---- 35 
DNC ORTamMAnIcHs, Nett ChElped ...--— sooSce eo = cos ce ee eee te tee cee 36 
Eepanarius japonicus, right cheliped.................---...+--------------- 36 
Clibanarius japonicus, outer face of first ambulatory leg on right side -...-.--- 36 
Parapenxus mogiensis, female; a, carapace; b, sixth segment of abdomen .--- - 40 
murapenzus mogiensis, petasma, ventral view .-.-..------------------------- 40 
DIES OINGOICNSES, CNELY CUM = 20. c seek ooncn ce se ee ssa opens -no= == 40 
Parapenzus dalei, female; a, carapace; b, sixth segment of abdomen ......--- 40 
mmncieus cae, petasma, ventral view -.:.-.-.-----:-------<---2++----6-: 40 
Ie etl CNCIV CUI > ee ole ers kee vin HS = eos ee eee ee secees 40 
Parapenus acclivis, female; a, carapace; b, sixth segment of abdomen -.--.--- 41 
REET tite hers, THELV CUM = 5... So eo ss oe koe soe eas eos Ses sce eee ae 41 
marapencscus acclivis, petasma, ventral view ......-.-------:--------------<-- 41 
Brangon hakodatei, a, carapace; 6, acicle; c, cheliped.--..--.---------------- 42 
Bumenrocaris mororant, carapace of female _.....:...--------------=-----+--+- 43 
Runmoedrisyordan, carapace of female... ...:.--...---+--2+----22----++--- 44 
Bairontocaris grebnitzkii, carapace of female ......-.-...---.------------------ 45 
mpirontocaris geniculata, carapace of female .....-....----------------------- 45 
meandalus latirostris, carapace, side view......---.----------+----------------- 47 
Pandalus latirostris, carapace and antenne, dorsal view.....---..------------ 47 
Pandalopsis mitsukurii, carapace, side view .....------ Se Sees ere hee 48 
Pandalopsis mitsukurii, carapace and antennze, dorsal view ---.-.------------ 48 

Palemon macrodactylus, a, carapace; b, acicle; c, chela of second pair; d, foot 
Seipimird pair ...:..........- PERERA FEY ee OP raat ont wee gay es 52 
EM hae ion ce oe ite Ae ee Mey we Gos = 62 
macrorhamphosus sagifue .....-.-......----------- el PACE aa ae ARE theese 69 
rar Ba Se MS rey ey ieee om ag isc a 
Meme henshann. madles:.- 2)... -4. 220-25 .02-- 22sec eee leen--dee- 75 
 Cyclograpsus henshawi, abdomen of male...........-.----------------------- 76 
IRINELCINE CTT SS cee Se ete Fee ee ee ene 77 
De ea ionsis, mnarein.or front... ...52--+-2s2.2.-.--<+.240555---5e024-2 77 
NI SREP NCTA ae ne eee Oe rt Se Le he cen Sa bee ces 247 
I IIMRIRSN USL UME 8 oo ee le Sa ok ee Oe kame 249 
-Cervimunida Sana AAC TRE eae Se ene I cme ne 250 
ENA ee Seer 2 8 Ck Sa ee a ON AE eau ee ee ee sane 253 
TSAR AS eae 254 

XI 


® 


-. 


XIT LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


MONTAG MGUNUIPES 8. go. mie ero erss Wad stele a estar a ees et ee 
Marnidang@epilis..o 5. <= nob esdc cs cake ete eae s Jee oO eee eee oe eee 
MarnidaideCora x 'sc..2 oc Ses oi bc Bae os + ee eee a eee 
Muni FUNG «po cae cn ae eee ee ee eas soe ee ee eee 
Mamnida hispida. oo ...3 52h 2 c2 pee Sete ae ae Ee ee eee eee 
Manida honshuenss . 20) oe See ee ee eee ae 
Miuniddonediae oo.) e2 ko ee Gee See eet ee eee See eee 
(MUnidG MericOng 4s e BEE SSS Pe ee ee ee eee eee 
Marnida Nuddics s.8 <2. n= occ oc ee eee 
VRC DCR LOG esi eee ea aie ee 
Mania GO OUSULLG =r. Fes Boe en ee ee eee nee eee ee ee eee 
MATAR GUEDTAS DUNG. arse Se, rape was, SETS Soe ee 2 ne eee ane ie roe 


MUNIAODSIS QCUNINGLO: 42> 55> gee 2 = See eae eee eee ee 
Maidopsis (DONGMeNStS) 5s eee = Se = ee ee ee ee ee eerer 
Maimidopsis (Deringand:. Patan ne the ge ee eee eee 
IMUTICO SIS CYLUNOT OPUS Be are mote ae a oe ee ee 
Minidopsis C8pUNiss LSS ooo ey cies Soo tote wie cee = ee eee 
Miunidopsis e2panse 25222 25 5 ede es ss Be sone = see eee eee 
Maumidopsis guar c 2.2. vaso Dose een nae Se ee ese a ee eee ae es 
Mamidopsis hastifers. <3. 22 5550252 56s 252g ee eee See eee 
Munidopsis ming... 23323225 Sos Se sass Fa ee ee eee se aes ee 
Mamidopsis modest 02 - 2s. 152 5222255 See oe ee ee ee ee 
Munidopsis opdlescens: ..22 225 abe 2a cSseie sas 2 ee ein = See oo eee 
Moamidopsts: tenwirostis J..ca D2 22525 oS esos = eee ee 
Minvidopsis townsendiz 2 252282 foe ne Soa le eae eee See eee 
WiinidOpSISwvennellUana see ae eee eae Mie ag sie ane Ae a alone 
MOM CHUB COT ABIS = = r= cere SO 2 ea, < SOS is eee Aree eee 
OP CNUS COP ULGGU Sen — is ei raya hea wee eres ee 
Ui OMPICHRES: GROMULALUS oe os SS ae ene area ere Roe ee meets ate 
Oropiy chs JaMOneensis 2 ao ea 2k So 2 ee eee 
Unoptychis mvrgvus 20052 222. 22s Sate ae eee ee 
Uno DiUyCHUsPriniceps 227) f= Ss cis ae Sa ee ee ee eee ee 
Uroptijchs scambus.. 0225.2 22 oa 320d og see ten aa eee 
UropiyGhus SCONdENS: 22 Suc Pah) S i an eam eee 
WP ODL CHUS SPU OR 235 63.0.2 8 laos 2 om ee ot 
UCROUUSLET CefenSO 5522 = 25223.) So ee = ee a ee ee 
INDUCE GREG OT UC. Ooh 2 a Se bi ra aye a 
Mumida oreguria, YOUN® !.2o.2 2. <3 osee ccs Sane see ee Seis 
Mamidopsis OOMGUW 223 (ok a2 Bo ace Be ee Se aerate eee 
@rossisectionortentacle Of Sagan pagunie assess eee eee eee 
Longitudinal section of column wall of Sagartia paguri, showing sphincter 

HIMSGles Tose soe dec Poe ales SS ee eee 
GIT OLONG: CUDETESIS 2 a alr sess Sa 2 SS ek RS ee eee eae eee es 
PalemoncesCIQenManne 22. 2.250255 eee eee Bean ee 
Palemonetes cubensis; a, carapace; b, second antenna; c, eye; d, first antenna; 

e, mandible; f, third antenna; g, first chelate appendage; h, teeson and sixth 

abuominal appendage. <2.) = ce oa aoe ae em ee eee eee 
Northwestern Sumatra and adjacent islands...............-.-..---- 
Northwestern Sumatra and adjacent islands ....-....--.-.--------- 
EP POTRAMPUS UTUMNCUS 2a) 22 2 srs a coe ame e so eee eee eet 


Page. 4 


255 
256 
257 
259 
260 
262 
263 
264 
266 
267 
268 
270 
271 
273 
274 
278 
219 
280 
281 
282 
283 
284 
285 
286 
287 
288 
289 


453 
484 
524 
535 


i LIST OF TLLUSTRATIONS. 


BIN URCHTICOINOQUUS 220 Spa) oa nc\ See Se eects w Base Seda iecetscbetes 
EE ti Seren. vin ka So eee Me oe SS ase Scene See se ece shee 
Internal and external aspect of left quadrate of Hesperornis gracilis......----- 
Superior and inferior views of right pterygoid of Hesperornis gracilis ....-.-.- 
Seenecequachrymal of, Hesperormis regals -.% 0). $269. oo. oe oe bee on ee ee 
Right clavicle and part of right coracoid of Hesperornis regalis, natural size - - - 
Lateral, palatal, and dorsal views of the anterior portion of the cranium of a 

mons cornmorant, Phalacrocorax urile... 352 ecsoss beets ooo oe kebne 
Right coracoid and portion of left scapula of Baptornis advenus ......-------- 
Left humerus, radius, and ulna of Baptornis advenus...........---.....------ 
Seer epaceliaior. Baptornis advenus.o: 2s2 05 020.220 2h Seetie ne eu oke jake 
Rear Cea MV ONEOUES Sa\ on es Te en a See oe aalt Rowe ya Nein uals & 
RC CUM oni a” came A ts tee dae Chu a ono 
SCONE 2h gS gl EPR eo Si a 
Weanica eglantina: a, upper jaw; b, lower jaw; c, scale............-....----- 
moperusiucifer: a, upper jaw; b; lower jaw... 222-22 022-2225 Jack 
SME DNMID NI OT tert eect Meas. pia See Se Fete, ee Ge le 
EERE IVECO HL TaN 8 op a RO gn 
ete rch! ink ee, ee LS ee eee Le nou iL oe 
CSE SCL eter See hoe en ce ere Se a Re gn PE ere k 
DE poicd (rota a foetus) 2.02 oso fe a Ee ee es oe teed 
BMT PROCCUNUINSS to: 8S 2 dnt Me ty OR ie RAE ge SEN ete 
ER PARR ER UATUN ae Ne w Ma so Se ees ae ee Wo Go ee ea) 
RR ere een eee Sita oe hs oh a lugs 2 oe eel RS 


mre eran LOG: ween, Ree ee te oe, 28, Has has eka Sete Tee idee we 
Tracheation of the wings of two nymphs of Gomphus descriptus Banks, two 
Derek Ctae eset oa. Secon Andee! od He oe ogo hee snscecus ieee Ste 
Fore and hind wings of a grown nymph of Gomphus descriptus, showing 
og TERETE line Sele Se a caren 
Wenation of the imago of Gomphus descriptus...........2.....--------------- 
Pterostigmas: p, of Anawx junius Drury; q, of Miathyria marcella Selys; 1, of 
Neogomphus molestus Selys; s, of Uropetala carovei Selys; t, of Agrion mer- 
curiale Charpentier; u, of Anomalagrion hastatum Say; v, of Thore gigantea 
Selys; w, of Mecistogaster lucretia. Drury; x, of Caloptery« maculata Beau- 
vois; y, Microstigma sp. (?); 2, Microstigma rotundatum Selys, hind wing. - 
Tracheation of the nodal region of the nymphal wing of Anav junius Drury. . 
Tracheation of the nodal region of the nymphal wing of Libellula pulchella 
ise er cee cee NA RAN Oe Sede coc sg bodes aa iene ee 
Tracheation of the nodal region of the wing: a, of Didymops transversa Say; 
meee Corauicgasier diastatops Sely ss 222522324 2. ono Ss oe keen dade cn ce 
memes Or Lpigompiius paludosus Selys .: 2.2.2.2. --<225-c2-seeeeceeeseae see 
Wings of a fossil, undescribed, Agrionid genus, in the Museum of Compara- 
PRLS GS he eee ce as a 
Rmerncie rei rainemes Nyalind WATDY <4 2-8 s- bs c<0 cei oon a Sew eet ee eldoaenns: 
Diagram illustrating the behavior of the quadrangle in the Calopterygide ...-- 
Diagram setting forth the behavior of the triangle in the suborder Anisoptera - 
Bereo. Microdiplax.aencatula Selyso. 2.2. <2. soeccck 0s 2 Sco e ke cw ke cc ee. 
Diagram showing base of typical dragon-fly wing .................----.----- 
Diagram illustrating the procession of the triangle and the deflection of the 
anal vein and second cubito-anal cross vein in the fore wings of Libellulidx - - 
Diagram representing the recession of the triangle in the hind wings of the 
PINRO agree ee aes mera Se ee at he me ed 


666 
690 
693 
694 
695 


702 


706 


707 
708 


709 


712 


712 


716 
716 
V17 
ay 
718 
719 


720 


XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 





Page 

Forms:of the anal loop in the Anisoptera)=. 22s oe eee ee 722 
Wings of Neurothemis oculata Fabricius “2225222 on2- oes ee ee ee 724 
Wings of Fetragoneuria cynosura Say 22-2 Pe eceee ene eae eee 724 
Diagram illustrating the emergence of strong cross veins. ..-..--.------------ 726 
Diagram showing how hexagonal cells become rectangles and how cross veins 

become matched in transverse lines across the wing------.---.------------ 727 
Wings of Chalcopierys rutilans Rambur >> 2205-- 22a. fee ee ere ee ee 729 
Wings of Hagenius brevistylus Selysas 2s. sae ee eee eee 730 — 
Wings of Chlorogomphus magnificus Selys, female.......--..----------------- 733 
Wings: of Cordulegaster-sayi'Selys- 2223.0. S25 ee eee eee 734 
Wings of Phyllopetalia apicalis Selys: 2 52228542 Soa tae ee ee 734 | 
Wines of Agriogomphus sp.? occa S536 te ee ee ee 738 | 
Bases of wings of Petaluragiganted Leach S222 syne oo 739 
Wings of Tachopteryx hagent Selys 22-2. a oe ee ee eee 740 
Wings of an undescribed species of Neocordulia from Brazil. --.--- dee 741 
Base of wings of Isophlepia (fossil) in part after Deichmuller........--.-.---- 743 
Wing of Pseudophxarsp.? 5222 so 2 aciaiale nie ae ao ete 744 
Base of fore wing and a bit of hind wing of Rhinocypha sp.? .....-.---------- 744 
Calopteryx maculata Beauvois, fore wing and base of hind wing -...---------- 745 
Base of wings of. Thore gigantea Selys.. 222 4 See as eee = ee 746 
Hind: winevot (Cora incang Hagen a2 ee ae eee ee ee eee ee 747 
Wing of Megaloprepus-ceruleatus Drury — 2522 ee 2 a a ee 748 
Wings of Hemiphiehia mirabihs Selys\= 232-0 - 22 a 2 - a eee 749 
Diagram illustrating a typical (hypothetical) arrangement of the areoles in 

one of the wider spaces/of the wing: = 22-5 sa. Sa. 2 = ee ee ee ee eee 751 
Drawing of parts of wings, showing the actual ceil arrangement: a, Hpigom- 

pus paludosus: .b, Agrionoptera NHGis == 2. oe 2. ae ee me oe ee 752 
Wing ot) estatis- ainiwne Selys. coro ee eee eee cee eer reer 753 
Diagram (hypothetical) of the evolution of a brace for a unilateral fork; 

SUCCESSIVE Staves ss Sess oe Se A aes ae ce ete ote 754 
Wings of Neurobasis kaupu Brauer -\..o-18: sae eee oe oe ne oe eee 754 
Wing of Philoganga montana Selys'!2= = 2 0.2855 aes eee ee ee eee eee 755 — 
QUIS MEROVUS 2 ool ss wise se eS eae. bas oe ae ee ee oe ee Rise eee eee 768 © 
OPETs ORCAS oe Se eae ok VO SS SES eae rn etn perets eee 770 
PREUCOPCRUGINPUS ti pus. S22 DICE eo a eis oe mie ae a oe Ser oe 814 
WGRCULOGRatUs CYAROSLOMIG = 2 =e S22 TUS acta a ce meee eas aera 821 
LEM COGOMLOIMAYCUR. 20 Soe kok ah eae eee ee eee ee Ree eee eee ee 828 
TPUCOGAO OUI ee Ss on bh 8 BUN RE Se ee ee a eee ae 830 — 
TADUDIEUER PSCONUO tara Se ee eee 836 
Ongar asborind os i. 222 eos See a ee ee eee eee 842 | 
IB CUCISCUS, DALACT OCONOR (2 Oh ana ie i ee en ee ee eee 846 | 
UBCHURMULO: CENOCKETY ios = Sd io oh ie GER ee ee eee 858 | 
Palatal aspect of skull: a, Lutreola macrodon; b, Lutreola vison ingens; ¢, Lutreola 

BISON UEP COCEDNALUS a2 a ora as alos a Ra See mae tt ee 887 
Antennuls of Lepidopa miyops SS nte ss ee eee 850 | 
DOD UAOTHE VONUIBUL 5.2 Scns eee tain eo ee Oe ee ae ne oe ee eee a eee 892 
AGI COPE RECOBICTO = © 2 tno Se Sette nie Se oiace ore ee ee eee ee 892 
WPCA! WUYONS 0. bara ee ee See See se ie ae Se el 893 
Tenidepe deame, nabural gizeso.2 2 sb. 2. arise ene eee ee eee eee 893 
GOOG pH SCULEINONG Jone 5 eee ea oe ele Re ee ee tee 894 — 
WGCTRGODE MCATNSG os. at. oe enh Seen Seon ce eas ae Aa ee ee an 895 | 
OGIO PN MCRMIONGD 2 28 ko gate keke Soe ee oe a oe ee ee ee 895 


THUR ATACO TANSONNE 2. ee ae ee ee eee ee eee eee) peleyates 905 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Shoulder girdle of Antigonia rubescens. (From Starks) ...................... 
Shoulder girdle of Lampris guttata, inner view.........-...-..-.....-....... 
A restoration of the better specimen [of Hydroid], enlarged...._...........- 
Basal part of stem [of Hydroid], with the filament membrane partly torn and 

ee eet ince aa ey ety Py te io ed 
Camera outline of one of the peduncles of the gonophores [of Hydroid].-..._- 
Longitudinal section [of Hydroid] through the stem wall near its base ..... Ss 
Portion of last figure more highly magnified _.............................. 
Part of section [of Hydroid] through the basal part of a stem of ( orymorpha 

Rep ous. cons Holos ae ey es 
Portion of the same section, but a little higher up above the region of the basal 

cert aR ey erenn ies er ees BY a 


XV 


Page. 
910 
916 
919 
921 


954 


955 
955 
956 
957 


Facing page. 


OM ree ye Senn te ne SA ye 

Bee Os doUrdcos new atu ee ee 

MnPADUNOBS OCLOGTOMMUS 2 2-2 Se ee ee eee 

mre MORINGOCEDNGNUE = 2.2 SoS seo Lee eee eels 
PLATES. 

Bere orth American Piysanoptera - 22200200 200.2 0 oe ee 
Seeeeeest American: Venerag: 220-3 28. oo oo 
Sepeeee cen american Venerde:.. 02... ec meee aol yet 

i Hemales and young of Lasiurine bats................................ 
ieeeokull and teeth of Lenothriz canus, type -.........-.....2............ 
19. Part of interorbital region and palate in Ratufa pallizta and R. lanata-. 
@ 20. Cincinnatian species of Homotrypa ........................-..-...... 
meee Misukurina owstoni Jordan .-.....--. 2.5.22. -222-- cee eee... 
Ban tteral aspect of brain of walrus_:2_ 222.022.262.022 ec 
Beer locn aspect-or Wkaitl Ol walrus. . os. os. se 2.5 seek on con coco... 
pus Chasmichihys gulosus (misakius) ......2.....--2..--2-----2--2- 2. 
Meee racon-fy wing venation | -.. 2c. 2.1.22... 222-22. 
Seeeeme Amencan Orthopiera -2. 1202. a oes 
go-09. Walkingsticks of the United States _.................-...-...2-..... 
fume lalorchestia friet, Mew species. 2. o.oo en ok eo ek 
SepetUdlen a yarony, NEW EPECIeS.= <2. - 2. uote 8. - 2 eee 
eee tmicnlicamt, Resecypod@. 222522. ee ave Geb eee noe ae ke, 
eee rcmicsmay nertcarda. << eS a 
64. Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species..............-........-2--..... 
69. Herpetocypris reptans and Potamocypris SRONOGO IOs = Bat css ae ae 
66. Spirocypris passaica and Cypris virens...:.-...-..-....-..-.--........ 
RO upenie cee ee. eC Ue ae So 
68. Cypris pellucida and Cypria exsculpta ........-.--..-.--.-.------..... 
Beem CHeEMY COUEOM, AZICCO, ... ee Eos. 8 Pe ee oh eels 


242 
412 
412 
426 
484 
484 
592 
620 
688 
688 
696 
764 
810 
886 
932 
932 
952 
952 





3 #: 


Ne mae at 


A REVIEW OF THE BERYCOID FISHES OF JAPAN. 


By Davin Starr Jorpan and Henry W. Fow er, 
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University. 


The present paper contains a review of the species of Berycide and 
related families, found in the waters of Japan. It is based on material 
collected by Jordan and Snyder in the summer of 1900, and on material 
in the United States National Museum, largely collected by the United 
States Fish Commission steamer A/batross in 1900. 

The Berycoid fishes, as a whole, may be characterized by the presence 
of thoracic ventral fins, each with one spine and usually seven soft 
rays; head usually with conspicuous mucous cavities; air bladder in 
some species (Beryx, [Holocentrus) retaining its duct through life, 
in others (Zrachichthys, Polymixia) losing it with age; vertebre in 
species examined 24 to 30; shoulder girdle and pharyngeals normal, 
the post-temporal not fused with the cranium; no suborbital stay. 
The Beryces, as thus characterized, form a natural group among the 
Percomorphi, allied to Percoidei and Scombroidei, but marked as a 
whole by the occasional retention of the archaic characters of the per- 
sistent air duct and the increased number of ventral rays, both char- 
acters derived from the Haplomi, their immediate ancestors and pred- 
ecessors in the rocks as fossils. The group is a very old one in 
geologic time, older than any of the other Acanthopteri, the allies of 
Beryx, being among the earliest spiny-rayed fishes known. In the 
deep-sea forms the spinous dorsal is searcely developed, and the scales 
are usually either cycloid or wanting. In the species of tropical 
shores the spinous armature of fins and scales is better developed than 
in most of the percomorphous fishes. All, except Ap/hredoderus, are 
marine fishes, inhabiting the tropical shores or the abysses of the 
ocean. The pertinence of Polymixiide to this group has been ques- 
tioned, but according to Boulenger its skeleton is essentially Berycoid, 
although its curious barbels are almost exactly like those of J/u//us 
and U/pencus. } 

We remove the Zeid from the Berycoids, although having similar 
ventrals, because no other distinct likeness appears, and the post-temp- 
oral is attached to the skull asin the Chetodonts. The Monocentride 





PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1306. 
Proc... M. vol. xxvi—02——-1 I 





2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. | 





are doubtless modified Berycoids, and we leave them in association, 
although recognizing no very close affinities. According to Boulenger, 
the Pempberidx, with the Bathyclupeid, are near allies of the Bery- 
coids, although having the ventral rays I, 5. Boulenger also places 
Aphredoderus among the Berycoid fishes with apparent justice. He 
further relegates Stephunoberyx and Malacosarcus to the Haplomi, an- 
arrangement which may be open to question. 


FAMILIES OF BERYCOIDEI. 


a. Ventral rays I, 6 to 1, 10, usually I, 7. 
b. Chin without barbels; branchiostegals mostly 8. 
c. Dorsal fin single, with 2 to 8 spines; anal spines | to 4. 
d. Anal fin, with 4 spines its base, much long r than the dorsal base; sub-— 
orbitals narrow; scales firm; ventral rays mostly I, 10_._-- Brrycips, I. 
dd. Anal fin relatively short, shorter than the dorsal; anal spines | or 2; ven- 
tral rays mostly I, 6, scales various; suborbitals usually broad, 
TRACHICHTHYIDA, II. 
cc. Dorsal fin deeply notched, with 10 to 13 strong spines; anal spines 4; scales 
4 TUPI VEY ROU G ee e Seoet eyee yk e yews ne eee Hoxocentrip», IIT. 
bb. Chin with 2 long barbels attached just behind symphysis of lower jaw; 
branchiostegals 4; dorsal fin continuous, with 5 spines; anal spines 3 or 4; 
scales moderate ctenoid; body deep, compressed; vertebrze 29, 
Potywixiup”, LV. 
aa. Ventral rays I, 3, the spine very large; dorsal spines isolated, the anterior very 
strong; body covered with a coat of mail formed of rough scales, 
Monocenrrip®, V. 


Family I. BERYCIDU. 


Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with ctenoid, or cycloid, 
foliate, or granular scales. Head with large muciferous cavities, cov- 
ered by thin skin. Eyes lateral, usually large. Nostrils, two on 
either side. Mouth wide, oblique. Premaxillaries protractile; max- 
illary rather large, usually with a supplemental bone. Suborbitals 
narrow, not sheathing the cheeks. Bands of villiform teeth on jaws, 
and usually on vomer and palatines; no canines; no suborbital stay. 
Opercular bones usually spinous. Branchiostegals 7 or 8. Gill-mem- 
branes separate, free from the isthmus. Gulls 4, a slit behind the 
fourth. Pseudobranchize present; lower pharyngeals separate. Gill- 
rakers moderate. Cheeks and opercles scaly. No barbels. Dorsal! 
fin continuous, with 2 to S$ weak spines; anal with + spines and many 
soft rays, much longer than the dorsal; ventral fins thoracic, mostly 
I, 7, the number of rays usually I, 10, always greater than I, 5; caudal 
fin usually forked. Pyloric cceca numerous. Vertebrie 24. Fishes 
mostly of the deep seas; the general color red or black. ‘This group 
is an ancient type, a great number of extinct species being now known, 
from the Upper Cretaceous and later rocks. The following skeletal 
characters are added by Boulenger, these applying also to the Trachich- 


“yo. 130. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISH ES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 3 


thyide and Holoc entuidee. Onex or more of suborbital Pons: with 
an internal lamina supporting the globe of the eye. Anterior vertebra 
without transverse processes; all or most of the ribs inserted on the 
transverse processes, where these are developed. 





a. Seales ctenoid; teeth villiform on jaws, palatines, and vomer; vertebrie 24; muzzle 
short; chin projecting; preopercle spineless; opercles serrated; dorsal spines 4 
to 7, graduated; anal rays IV, 26 to 30; ventrals I, 10.....-..--.------ Beryzx, 1: 


(eB ReReEYExae Cuvier: 
Beryx Cuvier, Regne Anim., 2d ed., I, 1829, p. 151 (decadactylus). 


Body deep, compressed, covered with rather large, ctenoid scales, 
which are regularly “arranged. Abdomen trenchant, but without 
enlarged scutes. Head large, with thin bones and high ridges with 
deep muciferous cavities. Snout short, the mouth oblique, the chin 
prominent; eye large; both Jaws, vomer, and palatines with villiform 
teeth. Opercles serrated, the opercle usually with spine; preopercle 
‘unarmed. Caudal forked; anal spines 4, soft rays 26 to 30; dorsal 
continuous, with 4 to 6 spines; ventrals with about 10 soft rays. Air 
bladder simple. Pyloric ceeca numerous. Deep-sea fishes, beautifully 
colored, chiefly scarlet. 

(Bépvé, Beryx, a Greek name of some fish, taken by Gesner from 
Varinus. ) 


fmescalecin lateral line 64 to 65; D. ITV, 16 to 19:2... 22. 22252. =5. 2 decadactylus, 1. 
mae ocales in lateral line 71 to 76;.D. IV, 13 to 15 -.-.-..-...---.--.-.-.-.splendens, 2. 


1. BERYX DECADACTYLUS Cuvier and Valenciennes. 


Beryx decadactylus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IIT, 1829; p. 222; 
Madeira or Portugal.—Pory, Synopsis, p. 297.—GoopE and Bran, Oceanic 
Iehth., 1895, p. 175.—Srempacuner and D6DERLEIN, Fische Japans, I, 1883, 
p. 12; Tokyo.—Isurkawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 58; Tokyo.—Jorpan and 
EverMANN, Fish N. and M. Amer., I, 1896, p. 844.—SreinpacHNeErR, Ichth. 
Bericht., IV, p. 1, pl. 1; Canary Islands. 


Head, 24; depth, 23; D. IV, 16 to 20; A. III or IV, 27 to 30; P. HU, 
14 to 15: V.I,9to10. Lateral line 10 to 11, 70 to 73 (60 to 6: 2 Wiel 
out caudal scales 21 to 22. Body oblong, considerably compressed, 
its height greatest at the origin of the dorcale's scales sharply ctenoid, 
with a strong middle keel. The maxillary reaches almost to the oe 
eye very large, its upper limb impinging upon the upper profile of 
the head, and 24 in the length of the latter; operculum with an indis- 
tinct spine; the preorbital ppine about one-third the eye; snout about 








“According to Dr. Bc einen the genus Pe es is Should ae placed w an the 
Berycide. ‘‘Beryx and Pempheris agree so completely in structure, both external and 
internal, with the sole exception of the rays in the ventral fins (1, 5 in Pempheris) 
that I am inclined to doubt whether the difference between them should be regarded 
as greater than that between the former and Trachichthys.”” 


4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





two-fifths, and the inter orbitals space somewhat more than half the 
eye. The base of the dorsal exceeds its height, the latter two-thirds 
the head; the insertion of the anal is approximately in the vertical 
from the teeth to the twelfth dorsal ray, and its middle is slightly 
behind the ultimate ray of the dorsal; the distance of the insertion of 
the pectoral to the snout ts equal to the length of the base of the anal; 
the ventral is inserted under the axil of the pectoral, reaching the 
anal; caudal sirongly forked. Length, 37 em. (about 143 inches). 
(Dese eee after Giinther, Steindachner, Goode, Bean, Déderlein.) 

Deep seas; recorded from Portugal, Madeusr Japan, aad Cuba. No 
Japanese specimens veen by us. 

(déxa, ten; daxrvdos, finger.) 


2. BERYX SPLENDENS Lowe. 
KIMMEDAI (GOLDEN-EYE PERCH). 


Beryx splendens Lows, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1833, p. 142; Madeira.—GoopE 
and Bran, Oceanic Ichth., 1895, p. 176.—SreiInDACHNER and D6DERLEIN, 
Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 12; Tokyo.—Jorpan and EverMAny, Fish N. and 
M. Amer., I, 1896, p. 844.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 62; 
Yokohama. 

Head, 3; depth, 22: D. 1V 513; ALA. 2710 29: P16 tom Gave 
10 to 11. Scales 10-74-18, counted in the lateral line. Body elon- 
gate, compressed, and the deepest part forward; covered with mod- 
erate-sized scales, which are furnished with fine prickles, giving a 
somewhat rough touch. Head large, compressed, and many of the 
ridges or edges of the bones roughened or finely serrate; eye very 
large in front of the head above, 14 in the maxillary and 22? in the 
head; upper profile of the head slightly convex from the a of the 
snout; snout very blunt; lower jaw produced; mouth very oblique, so 
that the tip of the snout is level with the middle of the eye; the nos- 
trils close together on the snout in front of the eye; the posterior 
larger; the maxillary is expanded distally for a little more than half 
an eye diameter and does not reach to the margin of the eye behind; 
teeth of the jaws very fine and in bands; a short spine in front of che 
eye directed backward; symphysis with a slight knob below in front; 
snout a little less than half the eye and 14 in the interorbital space; 
interorbital space flat; gill-opening very large, the membrane free 
from the isthmus; gill-rakers long and slender, 6-16, the longest 
equal to half the eye. Dorsal spines weak, graduated to the fourth, 
which is the longest, though falling short of the first ray, which is the 
highest of the dorsal fin; the origin of the anal falls below the base of 
the posterior dorsal ray, the spines graduated to the third, which is 
the longest; soft anal highest at the first ray, then sloping down till 
about half as high, so that the posterior part of the fin is of uniform 
height; pectorals very long, equal to the base of the soft anal and 


No. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 5 


| reaching the base of the third soft ray; ventrals a little in advance of 
the dorsal but behind the pectorals and a little shorter than the latter 
in length; caudal forked, the lobes pointed; caudal peduncle com- 
pressed, two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the eye; lateral line 
high, inclined concurrent with the back, and running out on the base 
of the caudal; the rudimentary caudal rays, 3 or 4 sharp graduated 
spines above and below. 

Color in alcohol uniform pale; in life bright scarlet, silvery white 
below. This description from two specimens, length 10 inches, 
obtained by Mr. Otaki from outside the entrance to Tokyo Bay, where 
it is said to be not rare. Other specimens were obtained by Jouy near 

Yokohama. Form a little more slender than Atlantic specimens but 
otherwise similar. The species is known from Madeira and from the 
Gulf stream. 

(splendens, shining. ) 





Family Ul. TRACHICHTHYID®. 


This family is composed of deep-sea Berycoids differing from the 

- Berycidve in the short anal, shorter than the dorsal and usually with 1 

or 2 species. The dorsal is single, the ventral rays usually I, 6; the 

scales various, usually roughand deciduous; the belly compressed, with 

a serrated edge; suborbitals usually broad; vertebra, 26 to 28; color 
blackish; size, rather small. 


a. Trachichthyine.—Scales large, normally formed; teeth small. 
b. Vent normally placed, well behind the ventrals, the abdominal serree before it. 


c. Dorsal spines 7 or 8, strong, the median ones highest-...---- Gephyroberyx, 2. 





cc. Dorsal spines 6, slender, graduated. Yomer toothless; opercle entire; scales 
Texas genet er os Me a AEN eS ca gl age Ui Gyo, Se ape Rt eh Hoplostethus, 3. 

bb. Vent inserted well forward close behind the ventrals; the abdominal serrze 
DeninG=ttsvOmer LOOUMESS: :4 8 otect tt aseee eee eee ete oe Paratrachichthys, 4. 


2. GEPHYROBERYX Boulenger: 
Gephyroberyx BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., March, 1902, p. 203 (darw‘ni). 


Body rather short, covered with large rough, irregular scales; ven- 
tral ridge serrated; snout short, rounded; mouth oblique; eye large; 
very fine teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Vent far behind ven. 
trals. Branchiostegals 8; a strong spine on the shoulder girdle; one 
on angle of preopercle; a small one on the opercle; suborbital with 
radiating ridges; dorsal single, with 7 or 8 spines, strong and wide 
apart, the middle ones highest; ventral rays I, 6; caudal forked. 
Fishes inhabiting considerable depths, known from Madeira, India, 
and Japan. The genus is allied to Zyachichthys, differing in the 
stronger and more numerous dorsal species. 

(yedvpos, bridge: Beryx.) 


6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





3. GEPHYROBERYX JAPONICUS (Déderlein). 
Trachichthys japonicus DépERLEIN, Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 10; Tokyo. 


Head 24; depth 24... D. VII, 15; A-III, 12; PoE 14; Voi, 6; pores 
in the lateral line 30; abdominal serre 14. 

Body deep and compressed, and covered with small, rough ctenoid 
scales; the scales containing the pores of the lateral line a trifle | 
enlarged, and the scales on the front of the back very small. Head 
very deep and compressed, the ridges of the bones somewhat elevated 
and forming mucous cavities, over which are thin covering mem- 
branes; upper profile slightly convex, or nearly straight with the 
snout very obtusely rounded; eye small, its posterior margin a little 
nearer the gill-opening than the tip of the snout 83 in the ee ad, a little 
over 2 in the maxillary, and equal to the interorbital space; mouth 
very oblique, the maxillary extending to below the posterior part of 
the eye; nostrils large, the posterior the larger, directly in front of 
the anterior margin of the eye above, and the anterior about half an 
eye diameter distant; Jaws rough, and with a single series of small 
firm teeth along the edges; the lower Jaw projects and the symphysis 
is somewhat knobbed, so that it protrudes a little in front; vomerine 
teeth small; at the origin of the lateral line at the back part of the 
head above a sharp spine, another on the posterior margin of the 
opercle above, still another in front of the base of the pectoral, and 
one at the lower part of the preoperculum, the latter strong, long, and 
sharp; two small, short spines at the front of the snout; operculum 
strongly striate; interorbital space convex; gill-opening large; a 
rakers long, slender, pointed, seven-sixteenths; branchiosteg: ee 
gill-membrane free over the isthmus. The dorsal fin begins a short 
distance behind the gill-opening, the spinous part highest in the 
middle, then descending to the soft dorsal, which is also higher in 
front; first anal spines short, the third the longest; soft anal high in 
front, sloping behind; pectoral long, 12 in the head; ventrals short, 
not reaching the origin of the anal by half their length; caudal deeply 
emarginate, the lobes pointed; rudimentary caudal rays developed as 
6 spines above and below. Lateral line inclined from the upper part 
of the head to the base of the caudal; caudal peduncle three-fourths | 
of the eye; vent far behind ventrals, space from between the ventrals 
to the anus with a single series of bony scutes or serre. 

Color in alcohol, brown, the fins pale, the inside of the mouth 
blackish, and the peritoneum black. Length 4,°; inches. Here 
described from an example dredged by the United States Fish Com- 
mission steamer sl/batross in Suruga Bay at Station 3716. The species 
is otherwise known only from the description given by Dr. Déderlein 
of specimens from Tokyo, probably taken in Sagan Bay. Dr. Boulen- 


8; 


no. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 7 





gers speaks of the occurrence of Cap lnyrabicr rye iain Lowe (from 
Madeira) in Japan. He has doubtless reference to Gephyroberyx 
japonicus a species which needs comparison with G@. darwin, from 
which it differs, perhaps, in the presence of 7 instead of 8 dorsal spines. 


38. HOPLOSTETHUS Cuvier and Valenciennes. 


Hoplostethus Cuvirr AND VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 469 
(mediterraneus ). 

Body short and deep, much compressed. Head short, compressed, 
very blunt anteriorly, deeper than long, with very conspicuous 
mucous cavities. Eye very large. Mouth very oblique, the jaws 
equal when the mouth is closed. Maxillary long, broad behind, with 
a distinct supplemental bone, which reaches the posterior border of 
the eye. Teeth very fine, villiform, on jaws and palatines, none on 
the vomer. Suborbital with radiating ridges and a few spines; a ver- 
tical ridge on the front of the opercle. Opercle little developed, its 
spine small or obsolete; a strong spine at the angle of the preopercle; 
the long vertical limb of the preopercle finely serrated. Gill-mem- 
branes separate, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals 8. Scales 
moderate or small, ctenoid; lateral line present, its scales enlarged; 
abdomen with a series of bony plates, each ending in a retrose spine. 
Dorsal fin continuous, sbort, the spines graduated, 6 in number; anal 
with 3 graduated spines; caudal forked, its rudimentary rays spinous; 
pectorals low, rather long; ventrals I, 6, rather short. Air bladder 
simple. Pyloric¢ ececa numerous. Vertebre 11+ 15. Deep-sea fishes, 
red in color. 

Boulenger, following Lowe, unites //oplostethus with Trachichthys. 
The difference is certainly sheht, //oplostethus lacking vomerine teeth 
and having 6 dorsal spines instead of 3. 

(Ozhov, armor: o7740s, breast.) 


4. HOPLOSTETHUS MEDITERRANEUS Cuvier and Valenciennes. 
HINCHIDAI (FLINT-PERCH). 


Hoplostethus mediterraneus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 
1829, p. 469; Mediterranean Sea.—Gitnruer, Cat., 1, 1859, p. 9 —JorDAN and 
GILBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 458.—GoopE and Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 
1895, p. 181.—IsHikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 58; Kai. 

Trachichthys pretiosus Lown, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. 77; Madeira. 

Hoplostethus japonicus H1LGENDORF, Sitz. Ges. Naturforschende Freunde, Berlin, 
1879, p. 78; Japan. 

Hoplostethus mediterraneus (var. ?) STEINDACHNER, Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 10, 
pl. 1; Tokyo. 


Head, 23 to 22; depth, 2 to 24; D., VI, 18 to 14; A., ILI, 9 to 10; 
Pe, le 14 ‘to te V., I, 6; ventral scutes, 9 to 15; scales, 28 to 29. 
Body ovate, deep, compressed, and covered with small ctenoid scales, 
except those of the lateral line, which are enlarged; above and on the 


8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





back in front the scales are exceedingly small. Head very large and 
deep, the ridges of the bones elevated and forming large mucous cay1- 
ties between covered with thin transparent membranes; upper profile 
roundly convex from the snout; eye very large, in the upper half of 
the head, its posterior margin nearer the gill-opening than the tip of 
the snout, 3 in the head, 2 in the maxillary, and a little more than the 
width of the interorbital space; mouth oblique, the maxillary extend- 
ing till a short distance from the posterior margin of the eye; nostrils 
large and directly in front of the upper part of the eye, like most of 
the exposed ridges of the head roughened; the lower jaw projecting 
and with a small protruding process at the symphysis; above the 
operculum, at the origin of the lateral line a strong spine, and another 
at the end of the preoperculum below, the latter very broad; 3 bony 
ridges cross over from the eye to the preoperculum; teeth small, fine, 
and in broad bands in the jaws, forming a series slightly enlarged 
inside; no vomerine teeth; interorbital space high and convexly 
rounded; opercles with many strive; gill-openings very large; gill- 
rakers 6+16, very long and slender, much larger than the gill-filaments; 
branchiostegals 8; gill-membrane free from the isthmus; dorsal a short 
distance behind the gill-opening; the spinous fin graduated to the last 
spine, which is as long as the eye, but not as high as the anterior soft 
dorsal rays, which are the highest part of that fin, and rounded; anal 
spines with the first 2 very short, and the third very long, though 
not equal to the longest anal rays; pectoral very long, shorter than the 
head, and reaching the origin of the soft anal; ventrals short, about 
1? in the head, and not reaching the anus; caudal deeply emarginate 
and with the lobes somewhat pointed; rudimentary caudal ravs devel- 
oped as 6 graduated spines above and below. The lateral line a series 
of large pores obliquely from the upper part of the head to the base 
of the caudal. Space from between the ventrals to the anus armed 
with a single series of backwardly directed serree. Caudal peduncle 
compressed and about equal to the eye. 

Color in alcohol brown, the fins pale, the inside of the mouth and 
the peritoneum black. Total length, 9 inches. Here described from 
specimens dredged in Sagami Bay by the U. 8. Fish Commission 
steamer Albatross. 

In young examples the ventrals reach the anus, the pectorals are 
longer, the preopercular spine is longer, and in the smallest examples, 
from Kishyu, the sides are scaly like the rest of the body. All the 
specimens have the single bony bridge across the preoperculum from 
one margin to the other at about one-fourth its height. 

Coasts of Japan in deep water; our specimens dredged in deep water 
by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer <A//atross in Sagami Bay, at 
stations 2339 and 2348 and at stations 3721 and 3738 in Suruga Bay. 
We also have a small specimen from Kishyu (Kii). 


» 


* 


“No. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID PISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 9 


\ = = 

M = 7 Pe, ~ a a. 
We are wholly unable to find any , difference betw een our specimens 

a bad the accounts given of the Mediterranean species, which is also well 


diffused in the deep waters of the Atlantic. 





4: PARATRACHICHTHYS Waite. 


Paratrachichthys W arr, Scient. Results, H. M. C. 8. Thetis, 1899, p. 64 (trailli7). 
This genus is allied to Gephyroberyx, differing in the anterior inser- 
tion of the vent, which is close behind the ventral fins; a series of bony 
serre behind the vent. Scales small, rough—ctenoid; no yomerine 
teeth; dorsal spines 6, graduated. Japan to Austral’a, in deep water. 
(rapa, near: Trachichthys.) 
5. PARATRACHICHTHYS PROSTHEMIUS Jordan and Fowler, new species. 


fread, 2¢; depth, 25; D. V1, 14; A. ILI, 9; P. 1,11; V. I, 6; ven- 
tral scutes, 9; scales, 54. Body elongate, ea and covered 





Fic, 1.—PARATRACHICHTHYS PROSTHEMIUS. 


with small, rough, ctenoid scales, those of the lateral line not espe- 
cially enlarged; above, on the front part of the back, the scales are 
very small. Head large, deep, and compressed, the ridges of the 
bones somewhat elevated and forming mucous cavities between which 
are thin covering membranes; upper profile roundly convex, the snout 
very obtuse, eye large, its posterior margin nearer the tip of the snout 
than the posterior margin of the gill-opening, 22 in the head; 14 in the 
maxillary, and greater than the interorbital space; mouth very oblique, 
the maxillary extending nearly to the posterior margin of the eye; 
nostrils large and directly in front of the eye; above, teeth of the jaws 
very fine and in broad bands; no vomerine teeth; lower jaw projecting; 
most of the protruding ridges of the head roughened; above the oper- 
culum, at the origin of the lateral line a sharp spine directed back- 


10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


ward, another on the posterior margin of the opercle above, and still 
another at the end of the preoperculum below; there are no distinct 
bony ridges connecting the eye with the anterior edge of the preoper- 
culum, and the latter is parallel with its posterior edge but not crossed 
by a bony bridge; interorbital space flatly convex; opercles with many 
strie; gill-opening very large; gill-rakers 6-15, very long and slender, 
much longer than the longest gill-filaments; branchiostegals, 8; gill- 
membrane free from the isthmus. Dorsal a short distance behind the 
eill-opening, graduated to the last spine, which is the longest and 
nearly equal to the eye; soft dorsal high in front and then sloping 
behind; anal graduated to the third and longest spine, which is not 
equal to the higher soft rays; pectoral small, 15 in the head, and reach- 
ing beyond the ventrals; ventrals short, about 13 in the space between 
their own origin and the origin of the anal; caudal emarginate and 
the lobes pointed; rudimentary caudal rays devoloped as 6 graduated 
spines above and below. The lateral line obliquely running from the 
upper part of the head to the base of the caudal. Caudal peduncle 
compressed, 2% in the head. Space from between the ventrals nearly 
to the origin of the anal provided with a single series of backwardly 
directed serre. Vent in front of the abdominal serre and between 
the ventrals. 

Color in aleohol brown, the fins all pale, blackish between the man- 
dibles and over the branchiostegal membranes; peritoneum black and 
some parts of the mouth blackish inside. Length, 2; inches. Here 
deseribed from a specimen dredged at station 3730 by the U.S. Fish 
Commission steamer A/batross in Suruga Bay. 

It is numbered 50575, U.S.N.M. 

(zpooepmios, forward, in allusion to the location of the vent.) 


FAMILY III. HOLOCENTRID. 
SOLDIER-FISHES. 


Body oblong or ovate, moderately compressed, covered with very 
strongly ctenoid or spinousscales. Head with large muciferous cavities, 
eye lateral, very large; preorbital very narrow; mouth moderate, 
oblique; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary very large, with supple- 
mental bone; bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. 
Opercular bones and membrane bones of head generally serrated or 
spinescent along their edges. Branchiostegals 8. Gill-membranes 
separate, free from isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth. Pseudo- 
branchie present. Gill-rakers moderate; no barbels. > Sides of head 
scaly. Lateral line ‘present. Dorsal fin very long, deeply divided, 
with about 11 strong spines depressible in a scaly groove; anal with 4 
spines, the third longest and strongest; ventrals thoracic, with 1 spine 
and 7 rays; caudal deeply forked, with sharp rudimentary rays or 


“yo. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. iB 


fulera at base. Vertebr: ee about 27. ae y lori ic coeca 8 to 25. Air blad- 
der large, sometimes connected with the organ of hearing. General 
color red. Young with the snout sharp and produced (constituting 
the nominal genera Rhynchichthys, Rhamphoberyx, and Rhinoberyx, 
based on peculiarities of immature examples). Skeletal characters 
essentially in Leryr, the fin spines much stronger. Gaily colored 
inhabitants of the tropical seas, abounding about coral reefs. 





a. Preopercle without conspicuous spine at its angle; scales very large (about 28) 


BS MCV UO tly nee ae intel ye Gt oe wae Sn Say ores a wee Ostichthys, 5. 
aa. Preopercle with a conspicuous spine; suborbital arch simply serrated; scales 
moderate, 38 tobomouth moderate .22 Sees ek ee Holocentrus, 6. 


5 OSPTICH EY S Jordan and Evermann. 


Ostichthys (Langsdorff Ms.) Cuvier and VaLencrennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ITT, 
1829, p. 174 (japonicus; name only, passing reference). 
Ostichthys JORDAN and EvERMANN, Fishes N. and M. Am.,1, 1896, p. 846 (japonicus). — 


This genus is closely related to //olocentrus, differing externally, in 
the absence of the large spine at the angle of the preopercle and espe- 
cially in the very rough surface of the large scales. In this regard it 
differs from Myripristis, which, while lacking also the preopercular 
spine, has the scales of //olocentrus. Holotrachys (lima), another 
genus with similarly rough scales, differs from Ostichthys in having 
the scales very much smaller, about 45 in the lateral line instead of 28, 
as in Ostichthys. 

y / ara ee > 

(ooTéov, bone; iyAus, fish.) 


6. OSTICHTHYS JAPONICUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 


KINDAI (GOLDEN PERCH); NISHIKIDAI (BROCADE PERCH); UMIKI- 
NUWO (SEA GOLD-FISH). 


Myripristis japonicus Cuvipr and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., III, 1829, 
p. 173, pl. tvur; Japan Coll. Langsdorff.—Scu.ece., Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 
1847, p. 23, pl. 1x a; Nagasaki.—GtnrueEr, Cat. Fish., I, 1859, p. 25; Japan, 
China, Ile de France.—STEINDACHNER, Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 14; Tokyo. 

Ostichthys japonicus JORDAN and EvErRMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X XV, 1902, 
p. 334; Formosa. 

Head, 23; depth, 24; D. X1I,13; A. 1V,11; P. 1,16; V. 1,7. Scales, 
4-28-7. Body deep and compressed, covered with fare scales which are 
provided with parallel striz forming a prickly edge behind, and some 
of the middle ones sharp and strong. Head, large, the ridges of the 
hones large and striate; upper profile convex; eye, large, above and 
in front, 34 in the head, about 15 in the maxillary, and 24 in the height 
of the preoperculum; the mouth is very large, inclined, the maxillary 
expanded distally, so as to fall very little short of an eye diameter, 
and reaching posteriorly beyond the eye; jaws large and powerful, 
the upper scooped out in front so that the symphysis of the mandible 


a 


12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





fits in; the lower jaw projects; teeth in small rough patches or bands 
in the jaws; nostrils close together, directly in front of the eye, and 


{ 


4 


ehh 


the posterior very large, + in the eye; lips thick, fleshy, and papillose;_ 
interorbital space 1% in the eye; very slightly elevated; opercle above 
with a strong, backwardly produced spine; 9 scales along the posterior — 
edge of the preoperculum on the operculum cheeks scaled; gill-— 
opening, very large, the membrane free from the isthmus; gill-rakers, — 


6, 11, very long, slender, pointed, and 13 in the eye. Dorsal inserted 
before the posterior edge of the gill-opening, third and fourth species 
longest and strongest, about 23 in the depth of the body; soft dorsal 


highest in front, nearly equal to the highest dorsal spines; the third — 
anal spine the longest to the eye, the soft part of the spine nearly as_ 





FIG. 2.—OSTICHTHYS JAPONICUS. 


high as the soft dorsal; pectorals low, a little in front of the dorsal, — 


not reaching the vent, and 1} in the head; ventrals below pectorals | 


shorter, and the spines a trifle shorter than the fourth dorsal spine. 


Lateral line inclined to the hase of the caudal from the upper part of — 


the head. Caudal peduncle rather thick, compressed, and 1% in the 
ventral spine. 

Color, in alcohol, pale; in life, bright crimson. Length, 134 inches. 
Here described from a specimen from Giran, Formosa. 


Of this fine large fish we have examined a living specimen in the — 


Asakusa Aquarium from Misaki, and another from Giran, Formosa. 
It is oceasionally taken off the rocky headlands of Southern Japan, 
but it is nowhere common. Our figure is taken from the Giran 
specimen. 


yo. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 13 





6. HOLOCENTRUS (Artedi) Seopoli. 


reo 


Holocentrum Arvrept, Seba, II], about 1738, nonbinomial (rubrum). 
Holocentrus Gronow, Zoophyl, 1763, p. 65 (rostratus, nonbinomial) . 
, pay}, >I \ 

Holocenthrus (Gronow) Scopout, Int. Hist. Nat., 1777, p. 449 (misprint). 

Holocentrus Buocw, Ichthyol., IV, 1790, p. 61 (sogo). 

Rhynchichthys Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 1831, p. 503 
(pelamidis; young). 

Rhinoberyx Giiu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 237 (brachyrhynchus; 
young; scales said to be 25; may represent a distinct ey 

Holocentrum of authors Saat 


Body oblong, moderately compressed, the ventral outline nearly 
straight, the back a little elevated, the tail very slender. Head com- 
pressed, narrowed forward. Operculum with a strong spine above, 
below which the edge is sharply serrated; a strong spine at the angle 
of preopercle. Orbital ring, preorbital, preopercle, interopercle, sub- 
opercle, occiput, and shoulder girdle with their edges sharply serrate. 
Month small, terminal, the maxillary not extending to the middle of 
eye: the lower jaw projecting in the adult; in the young (which con- 
stitute the supposed genera Rhynchichthys and Rhinoberyx) the snout 
is much produced. Maxillary broad, striate, with a supplemental 
bone. Eye excessively large. Scales moderate, closely imbricated, 
the posterior margin strongly spinous. Lateral line continuous. 
Dorsal deeply emarginate, the spines usually 11, depressible in a 
groove; soft dorsal short and high; anal with 4 spines, the first and 
second quite small, the third very long and strong, the fourth smaller; 
caudal widely oe’ both lobes in the rudimentary rays spine- 
like; ventrals large, I, 7, the spine very strong. Species numerous, 
remarkable for the development of sharp spines almost everywhere on 
the surface of the body. 

(Ohos, whole; «évtpor, spine; spinous all over.) 

a. Scales 36 to 37. 

b. Color red, striped with white; spinous dorsal plain..........-.: spinosissimus, 7. 

bb. Color red, striped with black; spinous dorsal with black blotches. -alboruber, 8. 
aa. Scales 48; color red, striped with darker; base of pectoral and tips of caudal 

RRNA eee epee enn Sees ree eS SS Le Lena ed ee ee ittodai, 9. 


7; HOLOCENTRUS SPINOSISSIMUS Schlegel. 
ITTODAI (NUMBER ONE PERCH). 


Holocentrus spinosissimus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1847, p. 22, pl. vu, A; Naga- 
saki.—GUtnruHer, Cat. Fish., I, 1859, p. 41 (copied). 

Head, 23; ce Fes 1 Ale yee P tr Lcd es Ms a 
Seales 3-37 or 38-6. Body rather long, compressed, iad covered with 
large, striated scales, rather rough to the touch. Head compressed, 
and the upper protile somewhat convex; eye large, its posterior margin 
nearer the gill-opening than the tip of the snout, 2% in the head and equal 


14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. 





to the maxillary; snout bluntly pointed, 2 in the eye; nostrils directly 
in front of the eye, and the posterior very large; mouth inclined, the 
maxillary expanded distally till it is 23 in the eye, and reaching below 
the first two-thirds of the eye; teeth in fine, roughened bands in the 
jaws; the lips rather thick and fleshy; the lower jaw projects but little; 
interorbital space concave above and equal to about three-fifths the: 
eye; bones on the head rough, striated, and with the edges serrated;; 
two opercular spines; preoperculum with its lower angle with a strong; 
backward spine; five rows of scales on the cheeks; preorbital spine» 
strong; gill-opening large; gill-rakers 7+-10, rather short and most of | 
them poorly developed. Dorsal before the edge of the gill-opening: 
and the pectoral, the third and fourth spines the highest; soft dorsal! 
highest in front and nearly as high as the spinous dorsal; third anal) 





WY 


Fic. 3.—HOLOCENTRUS SPINOSISSIMUS. 


spine yery strong and long, though not as long as the longest rays, 
which are in front; pectoral a trifle shorter than the ventral, and about 
equal to the third anal spine; ventrals a little behind pectorals and 
with their tips reaching for nearly two-thirds the space between their 
bases and the origin of the anal; caudal emarginate, the lobes distinct; 
rudimentary caudal rays several and developed as graduated spines 
above and below; lateral lines inclosed from the head to the base of 
the caudal; caudal peduncle compressed, about two-thirds the eye. 

Color plain brown in alcohol, with traces of 9 longitudinal silvery 
bands, and the cheeks and opercles silvery. Length 7 inches. Here 
described from two examples from Wakanoura. 

Color in life brilliant scarlet, with white stripes, one stripe extending 
obliquely below the eye. 


g no, 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. a5 





This beautifully colored fish is occasionally taken on rocky shores 
in the Kuro Shiwo, of southern Japan. Our specimens: are from 
Wakanoura, where it is common in the open water. 

(spinosissimus, most spiny.) 


8. HOLOCENTRUS ALBORUBER Lacépéde. 


? Sciena rubra ForskA&u, Deser. Anim., 1775, p. 48; Red Sea. 

? Perca rubra SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 90 (after Forskal). 

? Holocentrus ruber Rijpreuy, Atl., 1828, p. 83, pl. xxi, fig. 1; Red Sea. 

Holocentrum rubrum Gitnruer, Cat. Fish., I, 1859, p. 35 (in part?); Amboina, 
Japan, Louisiades, Philippines, China, India, Red Sea.—Buieeker, Atl. Ichth. 
IX, pl. m1, fig. 4. 

(Holocentrum rubrum Day, Fishes India, pl. x11, fig. 4, is apparently some other 
fish. ) 

Holocentrum rubrum Isuikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 58; Miyakoshima. 


279. 


Holocentrum alborubrum Lackprpr, Hist. Poiss., IV, 1803, p. 372; China Seas, 
from a Japanese print.—Ricuarpson, Ichth. China, 1846, p.-223; Canton. 

? Perca praslin LackrEpe, Hist. Poiss., IV, 1803, p. 418; New Britain. 

? Holocentrum orientale CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Poiss., III, 1829, p. 197; 
VII, p. 497; Red Sea, Pondicherry. 

? Holocentrum marginatum Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Poiss., II, 1829, p. 
216; India. 


fee 2 depth oe: D., x1. 13s A. PV, 10; PLT 13d32 Ve, T, 7. 
Lateral line 3-36-7. Body elongate, compressed, and covered with 
rather large ctenoid scales. Head moderate, the upper profile strongly 
convex over the eyes; eye large, 23 in the head and impinging upon 
the upper profile; snout pointed, a little over half the eye; mouth 
terminal, inclined, the lower jaw slightly projects, and the maxillary 
does not reach the middle of the eye; teeth minute and in bands in the 
jaws; nostrils directly in front of the eye and the posterior very much 
the larger; cheeks with 4 rows of scales; interorbital space slightly con- 
cave; opercles with two strong spines; the preoperculum with a single 
strong spine below, and the preorbital spine short; head more or less 
striate, and with the edges of the bones more or less denticulate; gill- 
opening large; gill-rakers 6-10, slender, pointed, rather poorly devel- 
oped. Dorsal about over the pectorals, the spinous fin rather high, 
highest in the middle and in front; soft dorsal about over the spinous 
anal, the anterior rays the highest, but not as high as the anterior rays 
of the soft anal, which are also the highest of that fin; third anal spine 
strong, long, and at least equal to the highest anal ray; pectorals 
shorter than the ventrals, about 12 in the head; ventrals behind the 
pectorals; the spine alittle more than two-thirds the length of the fin, 
and its tip not reaching the vent; caudal forked, the lobes produced; 
rudimentary caudal rays as 4 graduated spines above and below. — Lat- 
eral line nearly concurrent with the back to the base of the caudal; 
caudal peduncle compressed, about 1+ in the eye. 

Color in alcohol brown, dark and deep above, the sides with about 





16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVI. 





9 longitudinal broad bands following the course of the scales; dorsal 
light, with the membrane between the first 3 spines, with a broad 
blackish band above, which is continued on the membrane of the rest 
of the fin as a broad black blotch in front of each spine; menwbrane, 
including the fourth anal spine to the first soft ray, black; edge of the 
caudal above and below brownish; the head above is more or less uni- 
form brownish; the lower surface of the body has a silvery appear- 
ance; membrane between the ventral spine and the first ray white. 

In life the species was deep red with white longitudinal stripes. 

Length about 5% inches. Here described from an example from 
Okinawa, Riukiu. 

Of this strongly marked species we have one specimen from Nafa, in 
Okinawa. It agrees fairly with Giinther’s description of //o¢ocentrus 
ruber, ov rather with the Japanese, Louisiade and Amboina specimens, 
having the anal spine 5 in total length, not 43, as in the Red Sea 
example, presumably typical of //. ruber. In Bleeker’s figure the 
preopercular spine is represented as much longer than in our examples. 
Day’s description and figure differ so much that we suppose them to 
belong to another species. In view of the uncertainty as to the iden- 
tity of the Japanese form with Holocentrus ruber of the Red Sea, we 
retain provisionally the name //olocentrus alboruber, which seems to 
admit of no doubt. The species may however prove fully identical 
with //olocentrus ruber. 

(albus, white; ruber, red.) 


9. HOLOCENTRUS ITTODAI Jordan and Fowler, new species. 


Head <3}; depth 26: <D.. XE 14 AS TV as Penk eee ee 
Lateral line 3-48-7. Body elongate, compressed, and covered with 
small, ctenoid scales. Head rather small, the upper profile strongly 
convex over the eyes; eye very large, 24 in the head, and impinging 
upon the upper profile; snout pointed, about 2 in the eye; mouth 
small, inferior and inclined, the maxillary not reaching to the middle 
of the eye; teeth minute and in bands on the jaws; nostrils directly in 
front of the eye and the posterior very much the larger; interorbital 
space slightly concave, cheeks with 5 rows of scales; opercles with 2 
strong spines; the preoperculum with a single strong spine below, and 
the preorbital spine short; head more or less striate and with the 
edges of the bones finally denticulate. Gill-opening large, the gill- 
rakers 5+11, slender, pointed, rather poorly developed. Dorsal about 
over the pectoral, the spinous fin rather high, highest in the middle; 
soft dorsal beginning over the origin of the spinous anal, the anterior 
‘ays the highest, but not as high as the anterior rays of the soft anal, 
which are also the highest of that fin; third anal spine strong, long, 
and equal to the highest soft ray; pectorals shorter than the ventrals, 
about 14 in the head and about equal to the third anal spine; caudal 


1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. Le 





srked, the lobes pr roduc ed; rudimentar y caudal - rays as ds graduated 
spines above and below. Lateral line inclined to the base of the cacdal; 
caudal peduncle compressed, about 14 in the eye. 
~ Color red in life, in alcohol brown, the sides with 11 white longi- 
tudinal bands following the course of the scales; spinous dorsal with 
a narrow white longitudinal band running not far from the base of 
the fin, above which in front is a broad blackish band, distinct between 
the first 3 spines only. 

Total length 44% inches. Here described from a specimen from 
Okinawa, Riukiu. 





% Fic. 4.—HOLOCENTRUS ITTODAT. 


Of this species we have a single example from Nafa, in Okinawa. 
Tt is apparently nearest to /Zolocentrus diadema, but it is markedly 
different in color. 

_ (éttodai, number one Tai or Porgy; /tto, meaning number one among 
many, (probably for its beauty.) 


Family IV. POLYMIXIIDZ. 


P BARBUDOS. 


_ Body rather elongated and compressed; scales not serrated; lateral 
line continuous with back; head compressed, and with a decurved pro- 
file; preoperculum serrated; mouth with a lateral and nearly horizon- 
tal cleft; teeth villiform, on both jaws and on palate; branchiostegal 
apertures large, the gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; 
branchiostegals 4; dorsal moderately elong ated, with several spines, 
increasing backward; anal opposite the posterior portion of dorsal, 
armed with 3 or 4 spines; pectorals with branched rays; ventral fins 
thoracic, each with a spine and 6 or Trays. Vertebre in increased 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 





= wre, ae 


18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI. 





number (29). The family is distinguished by the combination of chin 
barbels, increased number of rays, and small number of branchioste- 
gals. The increased number of ventral rays and the structure of the 
fins points plainly to Berycoid affinities. According to Boulenger, the 
skeleton is essentially that of Beryr, and the species resemble Mul- 
lide in the peculiar hyoid barbels, but in no other regard. 

A single genus, with a few species, inhabiting rather deep waters in 
the tropical Atlantic and Pacific. 


Wan POE WAVES AME On vic. 


Polymixia Lowe, Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc., 1838, p. 198 (nobilis). 
Nemobrama VALENCIENNES, Berher-Webb and Berthelot, Ichth. Iles. Canar., 
1844, p. 40 (webbii). 
Dinemus Pony, Memorias II, 1860, p. 160 (venustus). 
Characters of the genus included above. 
(woXds, many; 757s, mixing; a mixture of the characters of many 
groups. ) 


10. POLYMIXIA JAPONICA Steindachner. 
GINME (SILVER EYE). 


Polymixia japonica STEtINDACHNER, Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 12, pl. 1v, fig. 2, 
1883; Tokyo.—Isurkawa, Prel. Cat.,-1897, p. 58; Tokyo. 

. Head 2% to 3; depth 23 to 2%; D., V., 33 to 34; A., IV, 15 to 16; 
P., I, 15 to 16; V., 1, 6. Scales 7-60-16. Body long, compressed, 
with the anterior profile convex and descending from the eye to 
the snout; posterior profile gradually descending to the caudal fin; 
posterior profile nearly straight. Scales small and rough. Head 
compressed and more or less scaly; eye large, 3 in the head and 12 
in the maxillary; snout short, very obtuse, produced, about 1% in 
eye and 3 in the maxillary; mouth large, inferior, the maxillary 
expanded distally until a little more than half the eye and reaching 
a short distance behind the eye; jaws with broad, rough patches of 
minute teeth; mandibular barbels reaching the ventrals in smaller 
specimens; suborbital narrow, about one-third the eye; nostrils close 
together in front of the eye, the posterior an elongate slit, the 
anterior rounded and covered by a flap; interorbital space convex 
scaled till even with the front margin of the eye, a little less than the 
eve and 2 in the maxillary; preoperculum and operculum scaly. Guill- 
opening large, the gill-rakers 5+-9, moderate, compressed. Origin of 
the dorsal nearer the tip of the snout than the base of the caudal; the 
spinous dorsal with weak spines, graduated to the last, which is the 
longest and more than half the length of the highest soft rays which 
includes the first 7 or 8, the rest of the soft dorsal being low and of 
uniform height; anal spines weak and graduated to the fourth or 
longest; first anal ray the longest, higher than the fourth anal spine, 
and similar in shape to the dorsal; pectorals low, short, reaching 


no. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 19 





beyond the first dorsal rays and about equal to the maxillary; ven- 
trals short, beginning in front of the dorsal and extending for about 
four-ninths the distance between their own bases and the origin of the 
anal; caudal deeply forked and the lobes pointed. Lateral line oblique 
to the caudal peduncle, where it runs straight to the base of the 
caudal. — Caudal peduncle compressed and equal to the eye. 

Color in alcohol brown, above and on the back darker and richer; 
on the sides series of longitudinal stripes of silvery; base of the pec- 
toral black, together with the caudal lobes and the upper portion of 
the anterior soft dorsal rays; peritoneum black. 

Length 84 inches. Here described from examples from Misaki. 

Our numerous specimens were taken at Misaki on long lines by 
Kumakichi Aoki, the fisherman collector of the marine laboratory of 
the Imperial University of Tokyo. he species is sufficiently distinct 
from Polymixia lowe? of the Atlantic, having smaller scales and larger 
fins. It is known to fishermen as Génme or Silver Eye. 


Family V. MONOCENTRID 4. 
PINE-CONE FISHES. 


The characters of the family are those of the single genus, J/onocen- 
tris. Two species are known, Japanese and Australian. The single 
genus is notably unlike any other kind of fish whatever, but it seems 
to be nearest the Berycoids. 


8. MONOCENTRIS Schneider: 


Monocentris SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 100 (carimatus). 
Lepisacanthus LAckrEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., III, 1802, p. 321 (japonicus). 

Body short, deep, compressed, covered with very large bony scales, 
joined to form a coat of mail. Snout blunt, rounded, protruding 
beyond the mouth; mouth moderate, villiform; teeth on jaws and 
palatines, none on vomer; eye moderate; branchiostegals 8; opercular 
bones entire; suborbitals with radiating ridges. Dorsal spines iso- 
lated; soft dorsal moderate; ventrals reduced to a strong spine and 3 
soft rays. Caudal not forked. According to Boulenger, the skeleton 
of Monocentris show some affinity to that of the Berycidex, but differs 
considerably in ‘‘the total absence of ribs on any of the vertebra ante- 
rior to the seventh.” 

(uovos, one; KéVTPOY, spine.) 


11. MONOCENTRIS JAPONICUS (Houttuyn). 


MATSUKASA UWO (PINE-CONE FISH); MATSUKASAGO (PINE SCULPIN) ; 
TAIMUKO-NO-GENPACHI¢ (DICK, THE BRIDEGROOM FISH). 


Gasterosteus japonicus Houtruyn, Act. Soc. Harl., XX, 1782, pl. 11, p.329, Nagasaki. 
Scixna japonica (cataphracta) Tounpera, Nor. Act. Sei. Suec., XI, 1790, p. 102, 
pl. 111; Nagasaki. 


«@ Genpachi, a boy’s name corresponding to Tom or Dick. 


20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xvi 


Monocentris cataphracta BLEEKER, Kon. Ak. Wet. Amob., 1853, p. 5; Kaminoseki, - 

Lepisacanthus japonicus Lacrerkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., III, 1802, p. 321 (after 

Houttuyn). i 

Monocentris japonicus CuvieR and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Poiss., 1V, 1829, p. 461, 

pl. xcvu; Japan (Coll. Tilesius)—ScuLeceL, Fauna Japonica, 1847, p. 50, 

pl. xxun, fig. 1; Nagasaki—SrremnpacHNer, Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 9; Enos- 

hima, Nagasaki, Kanagawa, Philippines. 

Monocentris carinata SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 100, pl. xxiv; Japan (called 
Monocentris cataphracta on plate). 

Head 24 to 24; depth 1% to 14; D., V or VI; 11 to 12; A. 10; Pom 
13; V, 13; scales 2-12 to 14-4. Body deep, compressed, covered with 
large scales, which are very roughly striated and each with a median 
keel armed with a series of several backwardLy projecting short spines, 
so as to form 7 rows along the sides; there is a ventral keel stmilar to 
the scales along the sides. Head without scales but very rough, the 
ridges elevated and with papillose skin stretch ng from one to the 
other, leaving large mucous cavities underneath; the depth of the head 
about equal to its length; eye a little in front of the middle, 33 in the 
head, greater than the snout, and 1 in the interorbital space; nostrils 
directly in front of the eye, the posterior very much the larger; snout 
very round, obtuse, and projecting beyond the mouth; the mouth 
large, oblique, and inferior, with the maxillary extending to below 
the posterior margin of the eye; jaws without teeth; interorbital space 
roundly convex; gill-opening rather large, with well-developed flap 
and forming a free fold across the isthmus; gill-rakers somewhat 
numerous, slender, and at leastas long as half of eye; the skin between 
the jaws below is coarsely papillose or fringed; origin of the dorsal a 
little behind the gill-opening; spinous dorsal composed of at least 3, 
very often 4, very robust, strong, pointed spines, inclined alternately 
somewhat to one side of the body or the other, the first always the 
shortest, and the second always the longest, the other dorsal spines 
obsolete; soft dorsal high in the middle with rounded edge; anal high 
in front and sloping behind; higher than the soft dorsal; pectorals 
low, 14 in the head; ventral spine very strong, long, 14 in the head, 
and reaching the anus caudal with both lobes pointed, the edge emar- 
ginate; caudal peduncle a little less than the eye. 

Color in alcohol, pale brown; each scale with sixin at its base black- 
ish, forming a reticulated pattern as it shows along the edges; jaws, 
blackish; several blackish bands radiating from the eye and around 
the opercles. Total length, 5 inches. 

Here described from Nagasaki examples. 

Color in life, coppery brown above and on the fins; sides and below, 
coppery yellow; outlines of scales, blackish. 

This extraordinary little fish is rather common in clear waters with 
rocky bottom off the coast of Japan. Our numerous specimens are 
from Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay, Nagasaki, 
and Nafa in Okinawa. 





xo. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. ra) 


~ Houttuyn observes in regard to this species: ‘‘I have never seen 
the equal of it.” It is certainly one of the most aberrant of all known 
fishes. 
* SUMMARY. 
Faminy I. Berycrpa. 
1. Beryx Cuvier. 


1. decadactylus Cuvier and Valenciennes. 
2. splendens Lowe; Tokyo, Yokohama. 


Famity Il. TrRacnicnrayip®. 
2. Gephyroberyx Boulenger. 


3. japonicus (Déderlein); Suruga Bay. 
3. Hoplostethus Cuvier and Valenciennes. 


4. mediterraneus Cuvier and Valenciennes; Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay, Kishyu. 
4. Paratrachichthys Waite. 
5. prosthemius Jordan and Fowler; Suruga Bay. 
Famizty III. Honocenrrin». 
5. Ostichthys Jordan and Eyermann. 
6. japonicus (Cuvier and Valenciennes); Misaki, Giran. 


6. Holocentrus Scopoli 


“J 


. spinosissimus Schlegel; Wakanoura. 
8. alboruber Lacépede; Okinawa. 
9. ittodai Jordan and Fowler; Okinawa. 


Faminy IV. Potymiximpm. 
7. Polymixvia Lowe. 
10. japonica Steindacher; Misaki. 
Famity V. MonocentTriIp®. 
8. Monocentris Schneider. 


11. japonicus (Houttuyn); Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Suruga Bay, Nagasaki 
and Nata. 





JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEANS. 


By Mary J. Ratrupun, 


Second Assistant Curator, Division of Marine Invertebrates. 


The collection here described was obtained by Dr. David S. Jordan 
and Mr. J. O. Snyder during the summer of 1900, while making a 
special investigation of the fishes of Japan under the auspices of the 
Hopkins Laboratory of Stanford University. The specimens were 
taken along shore, mostly in the seine. The new species number nine 
shrimps and one hermit crab. To show the relation of the species 
of Parapenxus of the velutinus type, descriptions of two additional 
species in the U. S. National Museum are included. 

The drawings were made by Miss Sigrid Bentzon. The type speci- 
mens are in the U. S. National Museum. 


Order DECAPODA. 
Suborder BRACHYURA. 
Family OCYPODID®. 
EUCRATE CRENATA de Haan. 


Cancer (Eucrate) crenatus be HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 5i, pl. xv, 


he 
Hucrate crenata Atcockx, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIX, 1900, p. 300, and 
synonymy. 


Wakanourst, Kii; 2 males, 1 female. 
CARCINOPLAX LONGIMANUS (de Haan). 


Cancer (Curtonotus) longimanus bE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 50, pu. 
Wyle nt orc ; 

Carcinoplax longimanus A.cocK, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXTX, 1900, p. 303, 
and synonymy. 


Wakanoura, Kii; 4 males, 3 females, large; 15 males, 13 females, 
medium. 


PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. X XVI—No. 1307. 


bo 


24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 








CARCINOPLAX VESTITA (de Haan). 


Cancer (Curtonotus) vestitus bE Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 51, pl. v, 
fig. 3. 

Carcinoplax vestitus Mune Epwarps, Ann. Sci. Nat. (3), Zool., XVIII, 1852, 
p. 164 [128]. . 


Wakanoura, Kili; 6 males, 3 females. 


Family GRAPSID /#. 
HEMIGRAPSUS SANGUINEUS (de Haan). 


Grapsus (Grapsus) sanguineus DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 58, pl. 


9 


XvI, fig. 3: 
Heterograpsus sanguineus M1ItNeE Epwarps, Ann. Sci. Nat. (3), Zool., XX, 1853, 
p. 193 [159]. | 


Tokyo, 9 males; Misaki, Sagami, 1 male; Wakanoura, Kii, 1 female. 
ERIOCHEIR JAPONICUS de Haan. 


Grapsus (Eriocheir) japonicus bE Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 59, pl. 
XVII. : 

Eriochirus japonicus Minne Epwarps, Ann. Sci. Nat. (3), Zool., XX, 1853, p. 
176 [142]. ; 


Aomori, Rikuoku; Same, Rikuoku; Wakanoura, Kii; Chikugo 
River, Kurume, Chikugo. 


PLATYGRAPSUS DEPRESSUS (de Haan). 


Grapsus (Platynotus) depressus DE Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 68, pl. 
vill, fig. 2. 
Platygrapsus depressus Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p. 104 [50]. 


Hakodate, Hokkaido. 


SESARMA (HOLOMETOPUS) HAMATOCHEIR (de Haan). 


Grapsus (Pachysoma) hematocheir pe HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 62, 
pl. vu, fig. 4. 

Holometopus hematocheir MitNe Epwarps, Ann. Sci. Nat. (3), Zool., XX, 1853, 
p. 188 [154]. 


Mogi, near Nagasaki. 
Family PILUMNID/. 


LIAGORE RUBROMACULATA de Haan. 


Cancer (Liagore) rubromaculatus pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 49, 
pl. v, fig. 1.—Brrrno.tp, Abh. Konig]. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen, ITI, 1845, p. 18. 


Wakanoura, Kii; 16 males, 9 females. 


Es 





=. 1307. JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEANS—RATHBUN. 25 
: ATERGATIS OCYROE (Herbst). 


Cancer ocyroe Hersst, Natur. d. Krabben u. Krebse, III, Pt. 2, 1801, p. 20, pl. - 
Liv, fig. 2. 

Atergatis floridus Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX VII, 1898, p. 98, and 
synonymy. 


Misaki, Sagami. 
XANTHO SCABERRIMUS Walker. 


Xantho scaberrimus Wacker, Jour. Linn. Soe. London, XX, 1887, pp. 109 and 
115, pl. vu, figs. 1-4. 

Xantho (Lophoxanthus) scaberrimus AvcocK, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX VII, 
1898, p. 116. 


Wakanoura, Kii; 1 female. 


LEPTODIUS EXARATUS (Milne Edwards). 


Chlorodius exaratus M1tNr Epwarps, Hist. Nat. Crust., I, 1834, p. 402. 

Leptodius exaratus A. Mitne Epwarps, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, LV, 
1868, p. 71. 

Xantho (Leptodius) exaratus Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX VIT, 1898, 
p. 118, and synonymy. 


Misaki, Sagami. 
Family PORTUNID. 
OVALIPES BIPUSTULATUS (Milne Edwards). 


Platyonichus bipustulatus MitNe Epwarps, Hist. Nat. Crust., I, 1834, p. 437, pl. 
xvu, figs. 7-10. 

Corystes (Anisopus) punctata DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 44, pl. m, 
fig. 1. 

Ovalipes bipustulatus RatHBuN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., X XI, 1898, p. 597. 


Same, Rikuoku. 


LIOCARCINUS STRIGILIS (Stimpson). 


Portunus (Portunus) corrugatus be HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1885, p. 40 (not 
P. corrugatus Leach). 
Portunus strigilis Strmpson, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p. 388 [35]. 


Misaki, Sagami; Wakanoura, Kil; Nagasaki, Hizen. 

As compared to Z. corrugatus (Leach), LZ. strigilis is longer and 
narrower—length 0.85 to 0.87 of width; in Z. corrugatus, length 
0.79 to 0.8 of width. The antero-lateral margin is relatively longer 
than the postero-lateral. The median tooth of the front is more tri- 
angular, its sides at right angles to each other, tip acute; in L. corru- 
gatus the sides form an obtuse angle, which is bluntly rounded. 

Dimensions.—Male, length 22.6 mm., width 26.6 mm.; female, 
length 26.2 mm., width 30 mm. Stimpson’s type was very small, 
said to be 0.28 of an inch long, 0.3 of an inch wide. This is probably 


26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





an error, as in his, figure (unpublished) the carapace measures 13. 5 
mm. long by 15.5 mm. broad; the figure is enlarged twice, making 
the actual measurements 6.75 mm. by 7.75 mm., or 0.26 by 0.3 inch. 


PORTUNUS PELAGICUS (Linnzus). 


Cancer pelagicus Linnxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p.626. 

Portunus pelagicus Fasricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., 1798, p. 367. 

Neptunus pelagicus Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX VII, 1898, p. 34, part; 
not all references to synonymy. 


Kawatana; 1 male, 1 female. 
PORTUNUS TRITUBERCULATUS (Miers). 


Portunus (Neptunus) pelagicus DE Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 37, pls. 
Ix and x. 

Neptunus trituberculatus Mrers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), XVII, 1876, p. 221, 
and (5), V, 1880, p. 238. 

Neptunus (Neptunus) pelagicus var. trituberculatus ORrMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. 
VII, 1893, p. 74. 

Wakanoura, Kii, 1 female; Yokohama, | male, 1 female, and Hako- 
date, 1 female, U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross; Japan, 3 
pales 2 females. 

This form seems to me specifically distinct from 2. pelagicus, of 
which 32 specimens have been examined. In /. trituberculatus, the 
granules of the carapace are much finer and more numerous. There 
isa very prominent lump on the postgastric and two on the cardiac 
region. The front has only two teeth between the inner orbital teeth, 
the two small teeth at the base of the epistomial spine being absent. 
‘The middle lobe of the supraorbital border is rounded, not dentiform 
nor spiniform. The anterior margin of the arm carries 4 (in one case 
3) spines. The length of the sixth abdominal somite in the male is 
greater than its proximal width; in 7. pelagicus less, or just equal to 
that width. The sternum of the female is coarsely eee carine 
of second and third abdominal segments laterally strongly produced 
in an acute tooth or spine. 


PORTUNUS GLADIATOR Fabricius. 


Portunus gladiator Fasricivs, Suppl. Ent. Syst., 1798, p. 368. 
Neptunus (Amphitrite) gladiator AucocK, load Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX VIII, 
1899, p. 35, and synonymy. 

Wakanoura, Kii; 1 male, 1 female. 

Amphitrite media Stimpson, as figured by him in his unpublished 
report on the Crustacea of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, 
differs from /. gladiator in the nearly equal and equally advanced 
teeth of the front, the appressed and overlapping antero-lateral teeth, 
the shorter lateral spine. 


No. 1307. JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEANS—RATHBUN. NT 


PORTUNUS HASTATOIDES Fabricius. 


Portunus hastatoides Fasrictus, Suppl. Entom. Syst., 1798, p. 368. 
Neptunus ( Hellenus) hastatoides Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX VITT, 1899, 
p. 38, and synonymy. 
Wakanoura, Kii, 1 young male, | female; Nagasaki, Hizen, 4 males, 
5 females. 


CHARYBDIS JAPONICA (A. Milne Edwards). 


Portunus (Charybdis) 6—dentatus pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 41, 
pl. xu, fig. 1. Not Cancer sexrdentatus Herbst. 

Goniosoma japonicum A. Minne Epwarps, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, X, 1861, 
p- 373. 


Matsushima, Rikuzen; Tokyo; Wakanoura, Kii; Onomichi, Bingo; 
Nagasaki, Hizen. 
CHARYBDIS MILES de Haan. 


Portunus (Charybdis) miles pp Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 41, pl. x1, 
fig. 1. 

Charybdis (Goniosoma) miles Atcock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX VITT, 1899, 
p- 62, and synonymy. 


Wakanoura, Kil. 
CHARYBDIS VARIEGATA (Fabricius). 


Portunus variegatus Fasricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., 1798, p. 364. 
Charybdis (Goniosoma) variegata Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX VITI, 
1899, p. 60, and synonymy. 


Wakanoura, Kii, 1 male, 1 female; Nagasaki, Hizen, 2 males, 1 
female. 

The specimens have been compared witha photograph of Fabricius’s 
types in the museum at Copenhagen. 


CHARYBDIS TRUNCATA (Fabricius). 


Portunus truncatus Fasricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., 1798, p. 365. 

Portunus ( Thalamita) truncatus DE Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 45, pl. 11, 
fig. 3, and pl. x1, fig. 8, male only. 

Goniosoma ornatum A. MiLNE Enwarps, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, X, 1861, 
pp. 376 and 385. Not G. truncatum A. Milne Edwards, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 
Paris, X, 1861, pp. 380 and 385, pl. xxx1v, fig. 4. 

Charybdis ( Goniohellenus) ornata AucocK, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX VITI, 1899, 
p. 64, and synonymy. 

Charybdis (Gonioneptunus) truncata BorrapDaILE, Fauna and Geog. Maldive and 
Laccadive Arch., I, 1902, p. 200. 


Wakanoura, Kii; Nagasaki, Hizen. 
The specimens were compared with a photograph of the Fabrician 
type. 


28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. 





CHARYBDIS SUBORNATA (Ortmann). 


Portunus (Thalamita) truncatus DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 43, 
pl. xn, fig. 8, female only; 1849, p. 244. 

Portunus (Charybdis) truncatus, variectas, DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1838, 
p. 65, pl. xvi, fig. 2. 

Gonioneptunus subornatus OrtTMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII, 1898, p. 79, pl. 11, 
fig. 9. 

Charybdis (Gonioneptunus) truncata Atcocx, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX VIII, 
1899, p. 67. Not Goniosoma truncatum A. Milne Edwards, Arch. Mus. Hist. 
Nat. Paris, X, 1861, pp. 380 and 385, pl. xxxrv, fig. 4. 


Wakanoura, Kii; Onomichi, Bingo. 
THALAMITA SIMA Milne Edwards. 


Thalamita sima M1tNr Epwarps, Hist. Nat. Crust., I, 1834, p. 460.—Atcock, Jour. 
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX VIII, 1899, p. 81, and synonymy. 

Portunus (Thalamita) arcuatus pe HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1835, p. 43, pl. 1, 
fies 2 ple san, tose 


Misaki, Sagami; Nagasaki, Hizen. 


Family CANCRID. 
TELMESSUS ACUTIDENS (Stimpson). 


Cheiragonus acutidens Strmpson, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p. 40 [37]. 
Telmessus acutidens BENEpDIcT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XV, 1892, -p. 228, pl. xxv, 
fig. 1, and synonymy. 


Mororan, Hokkaido; Hakodate, Hokkaido (many young); Aomori, 
Rikuoku. 


Family MAIID. 


HUENIA PROTEUS de Haan. 


Maja ( Huenia) elongata pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. xxim, figs. 4, 5.4 
Maja ( Huenia) heraldica pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. xxm, fig. 6.4 
Maja (Huenia) proteus pbk Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1859, p. 95. 
Huenia proteus Atcock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIV, 1895, p. 195, and 
synonymy. 
Nagasaki, Hizen. 
PUGETTIA QUADRIDENS (de Haan). 


Pisa (Halimus) quadridens DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. xxtv, fig. 2, 1838.) 
Pisa (Halimus) incisa bk HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. xxiv, fig. 3, 1838. 
Pisa (Menaethius) incisa bE Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. G. 
Pisa (Menaethius) quadridens be Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. a. 
Pisa (Menoethius) quadridens DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1839, p. 97. 
Pisa (Menoethius) incisus pk Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1839, p. 98. 
Pugettia quadridens Ravusun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVII, 1894, p. 71, and 
synonymy. 
Hakodate, Hokkaido, and Misaki, Sagami; specimens of typical form. 





«Specific name corrected in text. 
» Pp. 65-72 and pls. xxiv, BE and Fr, Fauna Japon., Crust., appeared in 1838, accord- 
ing to Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Neerlande, Aug. 31, 1838. 


No. 1307. JAPANESE ee SYED A THBUN. 29 








DOCLEA CANALIFERA Stimpson. 
Doclea canalifera Srrmpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., IX, 1857, p. 217 [23].— 
‘ Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIV, 1895, p. 228. 
Doclea japonica OrtMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII, 1893, p. 46, pl. ui, fig. 4.— 
Axcock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIV, 1895, p. 227. 

Wakanoura, Kii; 3 males, 3 females. 

The two largest males agree with descriptions of 2). japonica; in 
the four smaller specimens, however, the spines are all better devel- 
oped, the posterior of the branchial spines being the largest one on 
the lateral margin. Stimpson’s description was based on a young 
male, of which a figure was made, but is yet unpublished. 


HALIMUS DIACANTHUS (de Haan). 4 
Pisa (Naxia) diacantha pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1838, pl. xxiv, fig. 1; 
1839, p. 96, and pl. « 


Hyastenus diacanthus Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LNIV, 1895, p. 210, and 
synonymy. 


Wakanoura, Kili; Nagasaki, Hizen. 


MICIPPA PHILYRA (Herbst). 


Cancer philyra Hersst, Natur. Krabben u. Krebse, III, Pt. 3, 1803, p. 51, pl. 
Lyi, fig. 4. 

Micippa philyra Aucocx, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIV, 1895, p. 249, and 
synonymy. 

Wakanoura, Kii. 
MICIPPA THALIA (Herbst). 

Cancer thalia Hersst, Natur. Krabben u. Krebse, III, Pt. 3, 1803, p. 50, pl. 
LVI, fig 3. 

Micippa thalia Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIV, 1895, p. 251, and 


synonymy. 


Nagasaki, Hizen. 


Family PARTHENOPID ®. 
LAMBRUS VALIDUS de Haan. 


Parthenope (Lambrus) valida pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1839, p. 90, pl. xx1, 
fig. 1, and pl. xxu1, fig. 1. 
Lambrus validus ORTMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII, 1893, p. 414, and synonymy. 


Wakanoura, Kii. 
LAMBRUS LACINIATUS de Haan. 


Parthenope (Lambrus) laciniata pe HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1839, p. 91, pl. 
xxu, figs. 2 and 3 (valida on plate). 

Lambrus laciniatus OrtMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII, 1893, p. 415, and 
synonymy. 


Wakanoura, Kii; Onomichi, Bingo; Nagasaki, Hizen. 


a] hive Eno. n ee — (ele Biol. Soc. Wash., XI, 1897, p. 157) that Hyastenus 
isa synonym of Halimus. 


30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Family CALAPPIDE. 


CALAPPA PHILARGIUS (Linnzus). 


nr 


Calappa philargius Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXV, 1896, p. 145, and 


synonymy. 


Nagasaki, Hizen; 1 female. 


Family MATUTID. 
MATUTA LUNARIS (Forskal). 


Cancer lunaris Forsk&u, Descriptiones Animalium, 1775, p. 91. Not C. lunaris 
Rumph, 1705. 
Cancer victor Fasrictus, Ent. Syst., 11, 1798, p. 449. 
Matuta victor Fasricrus, Suppl. Ent. Syst., 1798, p. 369.—Axcock, Jour. Asiatic 
Soc. Bengal, LXV, 1896, p. 160, and synonymy. 
Nagasaki, Hizen; 1 female. 
Matuta lunaris Al\eock® should be known as J/. planipes Fabricius. 
The original of Herbst’s pl. v1, fig. 44, is probably not extant: it was _ 
not to be found during my visit to the Berlin Museum in 1896, 


Family LEUC@SIID. 
PERSEPHONA FUGAX (Fabricius). 
Myra fugax Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXV, 1896, p. 202, and synonymy. 
Wakanoura, Kii (numerous); Nagasaki, Hizen. 
I think that the genus Myra Leach is not distinct from Lersephona 


Leach. 
LEUCOSIDES LONGIFRONS (de Haan). 


Leucosia longifrons Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXV, 1896, p. 220, and 
synonymy. 
Wakanoura, Kii; 1 male. 
Leucosides Rathbun, 1897,? was substituted for Leucosia Leach, not 
Leucosia Fabricius, restricted by Latreille. 


ARCANIA SEPTEMSPINOSA (Fabricius). 


Arcania seplemspinosa Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXV, 1896, p. 265, and 
synonymy. 


Wakanoura, Kii. 
ARCANIA UNDECIMSPINOSA de Haan. 


Arcania undecimspinosa Avcock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXV, 1896, p. 266, 
and synonymy. 


Wakanoura, Kil; Nagasaki, Hizen. 


«Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXV, 1896, p. 161. 
»Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XI, p. 160. 


No. 1307. JAPANESE ees EYED ce ce 4NS—RATHBUN. 31 


Family DORIPPID. 


DORIPPE DORSIPES (Linnzus). 


Dorippe dorsipes Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXV, 1896, p. 277, and 
synonymy. 


Wakanoura, Kii; Nagasaki, Hizen. 


DORIPPE JAPONICA de Siebold. 
Dorippe japonica DE SteBop, Spicilegia Faunze Japonicee, 1824, p. 14.—FErRussac, 
Bull. des Sci., IV, 1825, p. 87.—pr Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 122. 
Dorippe callida pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. xxx1, fig. 1.¢ Not Fabricius. 
Wakanoura, Kii; 2 females. 
DORIPPE GRANULATA de Haan. 


Dorippe sima vB Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. xxx1, fig. 2.¢ Not Milne 
Edwards. 

Dorippe granulata DE HAAN, Fautia Japon., Crust., 1839, p. te Not D. granu- 
lata Alcock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXV, 1896, p. 27§ 

Minyako, Rikuzen; Wakanoura, Kii; Nagasaki, Hizen. 

D. granulata is very different from 2). facchino (Herbst). The 
surface of the carapace is covered with granules, especially dense on 
‘the branchial regions, smallest on the protogastric and frontal regions, 
absent from the sulci and from the margin of the gastric region. The 
width between the tips of the exorbital teeth is only half or less than 
half the greatest width of the carapace. The spine at the lower inner 
a gle of the orbit is very short, not nearly as advanced as the front. 
‘he roof of the endostomial canal projects as a slight rim beyond the 
front. The outer surface of the chelipeds is granulate except on the 
fingers, and, in the female and the smaller cheliped of the male, on 
the lower central and distal portion of the palm. The margins and 
‘arinee of the second and third pairs of legs, save on the dactyli, are 
granulate, the granules very fine on the propodi. 

Dimensions.—Male, length 28.3 mm., width 32.5 mm., exorbital 
width 14.6 mm., length of second ambulatory leg 76 mm. Female, 
Jength 24.6 mm., width 27.6 mm., exorbital w Gi 13.4 mm., length of 
second ambulatory leg 65 mm. 


Suborder ANOMURA. 
Family RANINIDA. 
RANINA RANINA (Linnzus). 
Cancer raninus LINN xs, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 625. 
Ranina scabra, oii, and dentata of authors. 


Misaki, Sagami, 1 male, 1 female, Nagasaki, oe 1 male. 


“Specific name corrected in text. 


32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVIL 


Family DROMIID#. 
DROMIA DORMIA (Linnzus). 


Cancer Dormia Linnaus, Amcen. Acad., VI, 1763, p. 413; Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 
I, Pt. 2, 1767, p. 1043. 
Dromia Rumphii Avcock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX VIII, 1899, p. 137, and 

synonymy. 


Wakanoura, Kii; 1 male. 
Family LATREILLIID. 
LATREILLIA VALIDA de Haan. 


Latreillia valida DB Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1839, p. 107, pl. xxx, fig. 1.— 
HEnpErsON, Challenger Rept., X X VII, 1888, p. 24. 
Wakanoura, Kil; 1 female with ova, lacking the chelipeds. The 
frontal spines have a subterminal spinule. 


Family LITHODID. 
CRYPTOLITHODES EXPANSUS Miers. 


Cryptolithodes expansus Miprs, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, pp. 21 and 47. 


Minyako, Rikuzen, 1 male. 

Length 51.6 mm., length of rostrum 9.5 mm., width 78.9 mm.; 

length measured from outer angle of orbit backward 45 mm. 
Carapace transversely oblong, without lateral angles, covered with 
minute vesicular sete springing from minute puncte, and also with 
larger puncte. There is a 
fm prominent protuberance on 
ee ne ae the cardiac region, and one 
; Ay on either side of it on the 
he branchial region, the three | 
/ forming a transverse series 
( and springing from a com-_ 
{ mon base. A similar prom- 
inence occupies the gastric 
WS region, and through it a 
median ridge runs on to the 
Boe De Ge a ial distal half of the rostrum. 
Saabs ie ee ee eras The anterior half of each 
lateral expansion is occu- 
pied by a low prominence which is tuberculated. The right expansion 
is a little larger than the left. The margin of the carapace is furnished 
with small blunt teeth or tubercles at irregular and remote intervals; 
these number about 34, the largest ones being at the outer angle of the 
orbit. The rostrum is moderately deflexed, projects well beyond the 
anterior margin of the carapace, is nearly as long as its width at base, 







No, 1507, JAPANESE STALK-EVED CRUSTACEANS—RATHBUN. . 33° 





sides: eradually converging Dard slightly convex, extremity tr crea 
“save for a small median pabercics . 
_ The eyes reach half the length of the rostrum. The second segment 
of the outer antennie has a bispinose outer crest, one spine pointing 
forward, the other backward. The acicle is much broader than its 
axial length; its distal margin (which is directed obliquely) is concave. 
In the left cheliped (the right is missing), the basis and ischium are 
tuberculous below; merus tricarinate, the inner carina cut into 4 irreg- 
ular teeth, and continuing a similar carina on the ischium; the upper. 
‘surface of the carpus is rough, the inner margin and angle laminar, 
the outer carina blunt, a blunt tooth at lower distal angle. Palm and 
fingers tuberculous inside and out, a sharp carina on upper surface of 
palm, ending distally in an acute conical tooth, a blunt carina on lower 
margin of propodus. Fingers considerably longer than upper margin 
of palm, almost meeting when closed, dactylus carinated above, carina 
ending proximally ina lobe. The ischium of the ambulatory legs is 
provided with a tooth on the posterior distal angle of the upper mar- 
gin, this tooth increasing in size from the first to the third pair. Mar- 
gins of succeeding joints broadly laminate; the meri with 1 superior 
-and 2 inferior lamine, carpi with 1 superior, propodi and dactyli with 
‘Asuperior and 1 inferior. The legs in a natural position are concealed, 
but when extended, the last and half of the penult segment reach beyond 
the carapace. 
The length of the abdomen exceeds by a small particle its width at 
base. The first segment is very short, almost linear; its width is less 
than half the width of the second. The second has a median suture 
and each half is ventrally concave. The sutures between the lateral 
plates alternate with those between the segments. The third to sixth 
‘segments, inclusive, taken together are concave; the third is narrow 
and transversely suleate. 


; Family PAGURID2. 
DARDANUS Paulson. 


‘ Pagurus Fapricius, Syst. Entom., 1775, p. 410 (part).—Srrmrpson, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p. 233 [71]. 

Dardanus PAULSON, Crust. a Sea, 1875, p. 90. 

Pagurias Benepicr, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm. for 1900, IT, 1901, p. 141. 


Dardanus, a genus made by Paulson for Pagurus depressus Heller, 
is shown by Kossmann¢ not to differ from Pagurus (so called). The 
name Dardanus is therefore available in place of Pagurias Benedict, 
the name Pagurus having been transferred to the group called upa- 
gurus by Br andt. 


« Zool. Ereed Reise Rothen Meeres, 1877, p. 76, 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 3 





3b4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


DARDANUS PUNCTULATUS (Olivier). 







Pagurus punctulatus Ourvier, Encye. Méth., Hist. Nat., Insectes, VIII, 1811, Pe 

641.—OrtTMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VI, 1892, p. 286, and synonymy. 
Wakanoura, Kii; two specimens, one in shell of Pyrula reticulata 
Lamarck.“ i 
DARDANUS SCULPTIPES (Stimpson). : 


Pagurus setifer pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 209 (not Milne’ 

Edwards). é 
Pagurus sculptipes Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p. 246 [84].— 
OrtMaNN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VI, 1892, p. 287, and synonymy; X, a 


p. 2/0. 
Wakanoura, Kii; 12 specimens in shells of Doliwm variegatumy 
Lamarck, Ranella albivaricosa Roe, Fusus inconstans Lischke, Septa 
nodifera Lamarck, and Hemifusus tornatinus Gmelin. 


DARDANUS IMPRESSUS (de Haan). 
Pagurus impressus DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 207, pl. xurx, fig. 3. | 


Wakanoura, Kii; 1 male in shell of Doliwm fimbriatum Sowerby. 


DARDANUS HAANII, new name. 






Pagurus asper DE Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 208, pl. xix, fig. 4.—) 
Srrupson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p. 246 [84]. Not P. asper 
Milne Edwards, 1848. 

Misaki, Sagami; 1 male, larger than the one figured by de Haan, in 
shell of Zurbo japonicus Roe. The thorax measures 28 mm. long, the 
larger hand 21.6 mm. long on its lower margin. 

The peduncle of the outer antenna is a little longer than the eye. 
The lower margin of the ischium of the left cheliped has a row of 3 
molariform tubercles. Lower inner margin of ischium and merus 
armed with stout irregular spines, one at the proximal end of merus 
much the strongest. Outer margin of merus denticulate; from this” 
margin a short row of tubercles extends along lower surface; upper. 
margin squamose, a terminal spine. Carpus spinose; 4 spines on inner 
margin, 4 smaller on anterior margin; 2 oblique intermediate rows, one 
of 5 spines terminating at inner distal angle, the other of 3 a 
lower distal margin in part cristiform and denuicaler 

The depth of the palm is greater than its width; lower margin 
marked by a sinuous line of strong molariform tuber alee lower half. 
of outer surface nearly smooth, densely punctate, and with fine 
granules near the margins; upper half of surface armed with tubercles” 
arranged for the most part in 4 or 5 longitudinal rows, with some. 
granules inkerspersed: near the EPRes ee they become stronger, ; 


« The shells mentpacde in ne paper were named ae Mr. C. T. Simpson. 





ey a a a Bl 


a 1307. JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEANS—RATHBUN. BD 


_and somewhat spiniform; the innermost row of 4 spines runs along the 

proximal three-fifths of the palm; the next row, of 4 spines also, 
occupies only the distal half. The pollex has a row of pearly granules 
near the upper margin; the opposing margins of the fingers are dentate, 
fitting neatly together, the proximal teeth very fine; the dactylus 
carries 3 rows of tubercles on its outer surface. 





PAGURUS MIDDENDORFFII Brandt. 
Pagurus (Eupagurus) middendorfii Branpr, in Middendorff’s Sibir. Reise, IT, 
Pt. 1, 1851, p. 108, pl. v, figs. 1-16. 
Eupagurus middendorffii Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p- 250 


[ss]. 
Eupagurus middendorffi ORT ANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VI, 1892, p. 301. 
Mororan, Hokkaido, 2 small; Hakodate, Hokkaido, 6 small, 
shells of Litorina (? sitehana Philippi) and Chlorostoma. 


PAGURUS, sp. 


Misaki, Sagami, in shells of Natica adamsiana Dunker and Lam- 
pana sp.; 2 young specimens of a species allied to P. sctosus (Bene- 
dict), P. hennerlyé (Stimpson), and P. constans 
(Stimpson). The carpus and palm of the right 
cheliped have longitudinal rows of spinules, 
those of the carpus larger than those of the 
hand, those of the margins scarcely larger 
than those on the dorsal face. 


CLIBANARIUS JAPONICUS, new species. 


Mororan, Hokkaido; 1 female (Cat. No. 
26151). 

Anterior and lateral portions of carapace 
rugose; there are about 19 tufts of hair, of 
which 13 tufts are arranged in a pear-shaped 
figure. Median tooth of anterior margin '® re ee 
more advanced than lateral tooth, and armed a, 
with a small spine, which is almost concealed beneath a tuft of bair; 
just below margin of lateral tooth there is also a small spine pointing 
outward. 

The inner portion of the eye-scales is suboval and entire; at the 
extremity below the margin is a small spine. Eyes slender, shorter 
than the front is wide. Antennular peduncle longer than eye; third 
segment a little longer than second, reaching to end of penult seg- 
ment of outer maxillipeds. (enewal peduncle not quite so long as 
eye; acicle slender, sickle-shaped, re eaching to middle of last segment. 
_ The chelipeds are more unequal than is usual in the genus. The 
left is the larger; the merus extends beyond the line of the eyes; its 
lower surface is bordered by spines within and without; superior 





36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





margin w with 2 2 dist: il spines, 3 smaller subterminal spines. The carpus 
is longer than broad, has 2 dorsal rows of spines; anterior margin 
spinose; outer face with a short row of spines at the upper distal end. 
The propodus is spinose above, the spines arranged in about seven 
uneven rows; the palm widens considerably distally; 
its inner margin is little more than half as long as the — 
dactylus; the tingers have each about 3 rows of spines 
above, their margins meet when closed, the tips cross. 
The spines have corneous tips. The cheliped is also — 
beset with bunches of hair arising near the bases of - 
the spines. 

The right cheliped reaches just to 
end of palm of left one; the merus 
falls short of the end of the eyes. 
The spines are smaller and are less 
definitely arranged in rows, the palm 
: widens very little toward its distal 
Fic. 3.—Cupanarius end, the dactylus is 1% times longer 

inpureD, ci, than inner margin of palm. 

The first ambulatory leg extends 4 
beyond left cheliped by half the length of dactylus; Fie. 4.—Crreanarts” 
both first and second pairs are stout, pilose above, = 2" on 
dactylus longer than propodus. The lower margin of 
the merus and the upper margin of the carpus of the first pair have a_ 
row of spines; dactyli of both pairs armed on inner face with several 
rows of dark spines. These legs are not striated, and in alcohol show 
no transverse bands of color. 

Dimensions.—Length of 
body 58 mm.; length of ceph-- 
alothorax 26.2 mm.; dis- 
tance from tip of rostrum to” 
cervical suture 16 mm.; 
width of anterior margin 11.1- 
mm.; leneth of eye-peduncles | 
9min.; length of propodus of » 
FIG. 5.—CLIBANARIUS JAPONICUS, OUTER FACE oF FIRST first ambulatory leg, right. 

AMBULATORY LEG ON RIGHT SIDE, & 13. side, Ae 4 mm. ; length of | 
dactylus of same 13.4 mm.; length of propodus of second ambula- 
tory leg, right side, 13.4 mm.; length of dactylus of same 15.6 mm.- 


Se ee ee ee ee 





ate 





DIOGENES EDWARDSII (de Haan). 

Pagurus edwardsii pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 211, pl. 1, fig. 1. 
Diogenes edwardsi ORTMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VI, 1892, p. 298. . 
Wakanoura, Kii (abundant), in shells of Cass/s japonica Roe, Lburna 
japonica Sowerby, Polinices ampla Philippi, Ranella albivaricosa Roe, 
Nassa gemmulata Lamarck, Siphonalia signum Roe and Turbo japon- 


2cus Roe. 
4 


ig 
~ NO. 1307. JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA NS—RATHBUN. a 


Nagasaki, Hizen, in shells of S/phonalia signum Roe and Pusus 
inconstans Lischke. 

Nearly all of the crabs have an actinian“ attached to the outer surface 
of the larger palm, while the shells may carry one or more of the 
same species. 

SPIROPAGURUS SPIRIGER (de Haan). 
Pagurus spiriger pp Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 206, pl. xix, fig. 2. 
Spiropagurus spiriger Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V1, 1892, p. 297. 

Wakanoura, Kii (abundant), in shells of Pyrula reticulata Lamarck, 
Cassis japonica Roe, Dolium variegatum Lamarck ?, young, D. jimbri- 
atum Sowerby, Hburnea japonica Sowerby, Polinices ampla Philippi, 
Ranella albivaricosa Roe, Nassa gemmulata Lamarck, and Siphonalia 
signum Roe. Nagasaki, Hizen. 


Suborder MACRURA. 
Family PALINURIDZ. 
PANULIRUS JAPONICUS (de Siebold). 
Palinurus japonicus DE SiEBOLD, Spicilegia Faun Japonice, 1824, p. 15.— 


Ferussac, Bull. des Sci., IV, 1825, p. 87.—Dr Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 
1841, p. 158, pls. xx1 and X.it. 


Nagasaki, Hizen; 3 specimens of medium size. 


Family PEN AID. 
PENZUS CANALICULATUS (Olivier). 


Palemon canaliculatus Ourvier, Ency. Méth., Hist. Nat., Entom., VIII, 1811, 
p- 660. 

Penzxus canaliculatus Minne Epwarps, Hist. Nat. Crust., I, 1857, p. 414. 

Penaeus canaliculatus Kisninovuyes, Jour. Fish. Bureau, Tokyo, VIII, 1900, p. 11, 
pls. rand vn, figs. 1, la, 1b, le. 

Penzxus canaliculatus var. japonicus Barr, Challenger Rept., X XIV, 1888, p. 245, 
pl. xxx; pl. xxxu, fig. 4; pl. xxxvu, fig. 2. 


Tokyo; Hiroshima, Aki. 
PENAEUS LATISULCATUS Kishinouye. 


Penaeus latisuleatus Kisninovuyer, Jour. Fish. Bureau, Tokyo, VIII, 1900, p. 12, 
pl.t, fie. 2; pl: vin, figs. 2, 2a. 


Nagasaki, Hizen; 1 male, 1 female. Also taken at Mogi by Dr. 
F. C. Dale, U. S.8. Palos, June 18, 1881, 1 male, 2 females; and at Tokyo 
by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, October, 1896, 1 
male, 1 female, the latter measuring 18.5 cm. long. 


@A description of this actinian, by Dr. J. Playfair MceMurrich, will be found later 
in this volume 


38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





PENA2US ASHIAKA Kishinouye. 


Penzus semisulcatus Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 44 
[113]. Not P. semisulcatus de Haan. = 

Penaeus ashiaka Kisarnovuy®, Jour. Fish. Bureau, Tokyo, VIII, 1900, p. 14, pl. 
1; pl. vit, figs. 4, 4a, 4b (not 3, 3a, 3b). 


Tokyo: Wakanoura, Kii; Nagasaki, Hizen. Females only. \ 

This species is very near 7”. sem/sulcatus de Haan (not= P. monodon 
Fabricius, Kishinouye), but the posterior gastric tooth is further back; — 
the lateral grooves reach distinctly behind that tooth, while in P. sei7- 
sulcatus the grooves fade out near the last tooth; the thelycum is — 
slightly different; the telson is longer than the sixth segment, in 7. 
semisulcatus shorter. 


PARAPENAUS AFFINIS (Milne Edwards). 


i a al in lias 


Penxus affinis Mitnr Epwarps, Hist. Nat. Crust., IT, 1837, p. 416. | 

Parapeneus affinis SmrrH, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, p. 176. 

Penaeus afinis Kisninovye, Jour. Fish. Bureau, Tokyo, VIII, 1900, p. 16, pl. rv, 
fig. 1; pl. vn, figs. 5, 5a, Sb, 5e. 


Onomichi, Bingo; 1 male, 1 female. 


PARAPEN EUS INCISIPES (Bate). 


Penxus incisipes Barr, Challenger Rept., XXIV, 1888, p. 257, pl. xxx1v, fig. 2. 
Penaeus incisipes Kisurnovuye, Jour. Fish. Bureau, Tokyo, VIII, 1900, p. 18, pl. rv, 
fig. 2; pl. vu, figs. 6, 6a, 6b. 


Wakanoura, Kii; Hiroshima, Aki; Nagasaki, Hizen. 


PARAPENAZUS JOYNERI (Miers). 


Penus joyneri Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), V, 1880, p. 458, pl. xv, figs. 8-10. 
Penaeus joyneri Kisnrnovye, Jour. Fish. Bureau, Tokyo, VIII, 1900, p. 19, pl. v, 


pl: vil, figs. 7, 7a, 7b, 7c. 


Tokyo; 2 males. 
PARAPEN AUS CURVIROSTRIS (Stimpson). 


Penxus curvirostris Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 44 [113]. 
Penaeus curvirostris Kisninovuys, Jour. Fish. Bureau, Tokyo, VIII, 1900, p. 23, 
pl. vi, fig. 4; pl. vir, figs. 10, 10a, 10b, 10e. 


Hakodate, Hokkaido; Aomori, Rikuoku; Nagasaki, Hizen. 


PARAPENAZUS LAMELLATUS (de Haan). 


Penaeus lamellatus bE Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 193, pl. xvi, figs. 4, 5.— 
KisHinovuyek, Jour. Fish. Bureau, Tokyo, VIII, 1900, p. 25, pl. v1, fig. 1; pl. 
vil, fig. 12. 


Nagasaki, Hizen; 1 female. 








4 1307. JAPAN. ESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEANS—RATHBUN. 39 
% ~ a = = ae 
7 


PARAPENAUS AKAYEBI, new species. 


_  Penzxus velutinus Bars, Challenger Rept., XXIV, 1888, p. 253 (part). Not 
P. velutinus Dana. 
Penaeus velutinus Kisninouye, Jour. Fish. Bureau, Tokyo, VIII, 1900, p. 26, pl. 
vi, Gig. 2° plo vin; fies. 11, 11a, 11d. 


I think that this species can not be Dana’s P. velutinus, as the max- 
illipeds are much shorter and the lateral spines of the telson are very 
large. Our species, however, coincides with some of the Challenger 
specimens collected in 8 fathoms in Japanese waters, labeled P. veluti- 
nus by Bate, and presented to the U. S. National Museum. The 
Japanese form is not that figured by Bate (pl. xxxn, fig. 1). His 
remarks “ indicate that he combined a number of species under the name 
velutinus. 

Kishinouye’ mentions, without description, the occurrence in 
Japan of some species very closely allied to that which he calls 

Penaeus velutinus,; there is one such species (see below) in the Jordan 
and Snyder collection, and two others in the U. 8. National Museum. 
The four species agree in their pubescence, in the lack of a carina on 
the carapace behind the gastric spine, and in the long lateral spines of 
the telson. 
— In Parapeneus akayebi (= Penaeus velutinus Kishinouye), the ros- 
trum is horizontal or nearly so, and in adults extends to the end or 
beyond the end of the second segment of the antennula. Dorsal 
spines 7 or 8, the posterior spine situated a little in front of the 
anterior third of the carapace (rostrum excluded). A pair of ventral 
“spines between the bases of the feet of the second pair. The sixth 
and seventh pleonic segments are elongate: the sixth segment is about 
three-fourths the length of the carapace. 

Dimensions.—Female, length 87.9 mm., length of carapace and 

rostrum 31.1 mm., length of carapace 17.5 mm., length of sixth 
pleonic segment, on median line, 14 mm. 
_ Localities. —Wakanoura, Kii (3 males, 1 female); Onomichi, Bingo 
(1 female); Kawatana (1 female); Nagasaki, Hizen (4 males, 1 female); 
Jordan and Snyder. coll. Japan; R. Hitcheock, coll. (1 male, 6 females; 
stypes, Cat. No. 26152), Mogi; Dr. F. C. Dale, U. 8. N., U.S. 5S. Palos, 
collector. 

This species, according to Dr. Kishinouye, is known in Japan as 
**akayebi.” 

| PARAPENUS MOGIENSIS, new species. 


The rostrum is straight, inclined slightly upward and does not 
extend quite to the end of the second antennular segment. Dorsal 





«Challenger Report, XXIV, 1888, p. 256. 
6 Jour. Fish. Bureau, Tokyo, VIII, 1900, p. 27. 


40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


spines 8 or 9, the posterior one situated at the anterior fourth of the 
carapace, or further forward than in P. akayeb:.. Ventral spines 
between the bases of the feet of 


the second pair rudimentary. The 
sixthand seventh pleonic segments 
are shorter than in 7. akayebi; 
the sixth segment is about three- 
. fifths as long as 
a 


the carapace; 
Fic. 6.—PARAPENE/US MOGIENSIS, FEMALE, xX 12; the 


seventh a 
a, CARAPACE; b, SIXTH SEGMENT OF ABDOMEN. : 


little longer 

than the sixth. The thelycum and petasma are dis- 
tinctive; the right branch of the latter is very broad 
at the end; the left branch is pointed at the end, 
and bears a few subter- & 
minal denticles. Fic. 7.—PARAPENEUS 

Dimensions.—Female, vate oe 
length 80.7 mm., length 
of carapace and rostrum 29 mm., length of 
carapace 18.1 mm., length of. sixth pleonic 
segment, measured on median line, 11.4 
mm. 

Type locality. —Mogi, Japan (with the 
preceding); Dr. F. C. Dale, U. 5S. N., U.S. S. Palos, June 18, 1881; 
2 males, 5 females. (Cat. No. 26153. 


PARAPENAZUS DALEI, new species. 

The rostrum is nearly horizontal, 

slightly convex or straight, and does not - @ 

extend beyond the Fic. 9.—PARAPENEUS DALEI, FEMALE, 
middle ot the second < 13; a, CARAPACE; 0, SIXTH SEGMENT 
antennular segment. 9 °° “"20"*% 

The dorsal spines are 7 (exceptionally 8), the pos- 
terior one at the anterior fourth of the carapace. A 
pair of ventral spines between the bases of the feet 
of the second pair. The 
sixth pleonic segment is 
longer than in P. mogien- 





Fig. 8.—PARAPENEUS MOGIENSIS, 
THELYCUM, x 43. 





Fic. 10.—PARAPENEUS SIS, but not so long as in 
DALEI, PETASMA, VEN- ) Pat Se, be cee Oe 
On hvnaW Sue. P. akayei; it is about 

two-thirds as long as the 


carapace. The left branch of the petasma has 





: 5 . e Fic. 11.—PARAPENEUS DALE™~ 
amuch more slender tip than in P. mogiensis, a eGo OCH: 


and the subterminal denticles are larger. 

Dimensions. —Female, length 57 mm., length of carapace and ros- 
tram 19 mm., length of carapace 12.5 mm., length of sixth pleonic 
segment, measured on median line, 7.9 mm. 


; 






0. 1307. eee STALK-EYVYED CRUSTACEA NS—RATHBUN. 41 


Ei ocalitics. —Six sibs oe six fem: is were taReita at Mase with the 
“two preceding species, by Dr. F.C. Dale, U.S. N., U.S. 8. Palos, 
June 18, 1881; types (Cat. No. 26154). A somewhat larger male, of 
which the eeirien and the abdomen behind the third segment are 
lacking, was captured at Hakodate, Hokkaido, by Dr. Jordan and Mr. 


Snyder. 





PARAPENAZUS ACCLIVIS, new species. 


Rostrum ascending, reaching the end ora little beyond the end of 
the second antennular segment. Dorsal spines 8 or 9, the posterior 


a 





Fic. 12.—PARAPEN/US ACCLIVIS, FEMALE, x 13; a, CARAPACE; 64, SIXTH SEGMENT OF ABDOMEN. 


spine at the anterior fourth of the carapace. A pair of ventral spines 
between the bases of the feet of the second pair. The sixth pleonic 
segment is about seven-tenths as long as the cara- 
pace, and a little shorter than the seventh. The 
_petasma is most nearly related to that of P. akayeb’. 
| Dimensions.—Female, 
- length 85.4 mm., length of 

carapace and rostrum 30 

mm., length of carapace 18 
S mm., length of sixth pleonic 
Seric, 13.—PaRaPenmus accurvis, Segment, measured on me- 











Fic. 14.—PARAPEN2US 





i; THELYCUM, x 35. dian line, 13 mm. ACCLIVIS, PETASMA, 
% . VENTRAL VIEW, x 32. 
; Type locality. = 


Japan; rae ©.bale-Us S.No 058.8224 ae vine 18, 1881; 3 males, 
p2females. (Cat. No. 26155.) 


SICYONIA CRISTATA (de Haan). 





Hippolyte cristatus pw TLAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. xiv, fig. 10. (Specific 
name corrected in text. ) 
Sicyonia cristata DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 194. 
Nagasaki, Hizen. Mogi (Dr. F. C. Dale). 
Dorsal spines 7 or 8 (4 on the carapace proper); apex of rostrum 
_ tridentate. 


A SOLENOCERA DISTINCTA (de Haan). 

Z Penaeus distinctus pe HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 194. 

. Solenocera distincta Mirrs, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, p. 302; 1879, p. 22.— 
ae Koerset, SB. Ak. Wien, XC, Pt. 1, 1884, p. 314, pl. 1, figs. 1-7. 

( Wakanoura, Kii; one specimen. 

. 





rt : 


49 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


Family CRANGONID 4. 
CRANGON CRANGON (Linnzus). 


Cancer crangon Linnxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 652. 

Crangon vulgaris Fasricius, Suppl. Entom. Syst., 1798, p. 410. 

Crangon crangon ORTMANN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, p. 179 (not 
synonymy ). 

Same, Rikuoku; Jordan and Snyder; one specimen. Hakodate, 
Hokkaido; U.S. Fish Commission steamer <A/batross, several speci- 
mens. 

I have separated from (. crangon of Kurope the form occurring in 
America (Atlantic and Alaskan coasts) under the name C. septemspi-— 
nosa Say, on account of the antennal scale being narrower at the distal 
end, this margin sloping backward toward the inner end, instead of 
forward as in C. crangon,; the spine of the scale is also proportionally 
longer in C. septemspinosa, equaling or exceeding the distal width of 
the blade, while in C. crangon the spine is usually shorter than the 
distal width of the blade. 

Japanese specimens resemble the European rather than the Ameri- 
san species. The scale is about two-thirds as long as the carapace 
(rostrum excluded). The length of the palms of the chelipeds varies 
from 2.4 to 2.8 times the width. 

CRANGON PROPINQUUS Stimpson. 
Crangon propinquus Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 25 [94]. 

Aomori, Rikuoku; 4 specimens. 

Rostrum narrow, exceeding the eyes, slightly spatulate. Scale 
measured on outer margin about five-sixths as long as carapace, exclu- 
sive of rostrum; spine more advanced than the blade. The palms of 
the chele are about 33 times as long as wide, and the distal margin 

against which the dactylus folds, is directed 
obliquely at an angle of about 45 degrees. 
The third and fourth segments of the pleon 
Pieris ; are bluntly carinate. The telson is nearly 
as long as the carapace (rostrum excluded). 
The sixth segment and the telson are flat- 
tened above, and incompletely and indis- 


b . 
tinctly suleate. 
uw CRANGON HAKODATEI, new species. 
Fic. 15.—CRANGON HAKODATET; 
a@, CARAPACE, X28; 5, ACICLE, X32; Dorsal surface pubescent, except on the 


: x 31. : . . . 
Sega oeee oe abdominal carine. One median gastric 


spine. Rostrum not exceeding the eyes, gradually tapering, tip round- 
ing. Secale (measured on outer margin) four-fifths as long as carapace, 
exclusive of rostrum; spine projecting beyond the blade as far as the 


JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA NS—RATHBUN. 43 




























distal width of the blade. The outer maxillipeds reach to the extrem- 
a of the acicular a Palms of aaa - times as ne as wide; 


— Dimensions.—Female, length of body from tip of rostrum to tip of 
telson 44.5 mm., length of carapace from tip of rostrum 12.2 mm., 


Family ALPHEID/. 
ALPHEUS RAPAX Fabricius?, Coutieére. 


? Alpheus rapax Fasricrus, Suppl. Entom. System., 1798, p. 405. 

Alpheus brevicristatus pn Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. xiv, fig. 1. (Specific 
name corrected in text.) 

Alpheus malabaricus pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 177. 

Alpheus rapax Courmsre, Ann. Sci. Nat. (8), Zool., IX, 1899, p. 14. 


Ee Beerye 0 (1); Misaki, Sagami (3); Nagasaki, Hizen (2 specimens). 
ALPHEUS BREVIROSTRIS (Olivier). 


Palemon brevirostris OLivier, Encye. Méth., Hist. Nat., Entom., VIII, 1811, 
p. 664; Tabl. Encyc. Méth., 1818, pl. cccxrx, fig. 4 

Alpheus rapax DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 177, pl. xiv, fig. 2. Not 
A. rapax Fabricius. 

Alpheus digitalis Dk HAAN, Fauna Japon., p. 178, pl. xiv, fig. 4 

Alpheus brevirostris CoutrhrE, Ann. Sci. Nat. (8), Zool., IX, 1899, p. 14. 


— Wakanoura, Kii; Onomichi, Bingo; Nagasaki, Hizen. A good 


Family HIPPOLYTID. 
SPIRONTOCARIS MORORANI, new species. 


— Very close to S. dalli Rathbun. Differs as foilows: The dorsal 
‘carina is armed with 4 equal larger spines (instead of 3), of which 
3 are on the carapace proper and one over 

the base of the eye; Sanat of Be ros- 


the tip and ae. it appear bifid. The 

rostrum is a little shorter than in S. alli, F164. 16.—srmowrocaris MoRORANT, 
reaching half way between the end of the Weegee ce oe 
antennular peduncle and the end of the antennal scale. Of the two 
supraorbital spines one is situated well behind the other; the anterior 
is neariy as strong as the posterior. The basal scale of the antennula 
eaches just to the end of the second segment. The antennal scale is 
arrower at the end than in S. da//i; the laminar portion is separated 
by a deep narrow slit from the spine. The outer maxilliped extended 


4+ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. 


reaches just to the end of the acicle; it is furnished with exopod and 
epipod; also the first three feet with epipods, as in S. da//¢.  Dactyli 
of last three feet longer than in S. da///, being more than one-fourth 
the length of their respective propodi. The sixth segment of the 
abdomen is much shorter than in S. dd//7, being less than half the 
length of the carapace (rostrum excluded). 

Dimensions. —Female, length 33.5 mm., length of carapace and 
rostrum 11.8 mm., of rostrum 5.1 mm. 

Type locality.—Mororan, Hokkaido; 1 female (Cat. No. 26157). | 


~ 


SPIRONTOCARIS JORDANI, new species. 


Near S. rectirostris (Stimpson) of which I have at hand one specimen 
from Fusan, Korea (P. L. Jouy, collector, 1885), and one specimen 
from Hakodate Bay, Japan, 115 fathoms (station 3656, U. S. Fish 
Commission steamer A/batross). 

In S. jordan? the rostrum extends barely to the end of the antennal 
peduncle, nearly straight and horizontal, slightly convex above, nar- 
row, of about even width throughout, armed with 8 spines above, of 

which 2 are behind the orbit, and 1 beneath, 

subterminal; the posterior spine is situated 

at the anterior fifth of the carapace; at its 

posterior base there is a rudiment of another 

¢ spine. As in SN. rectirostris there is no su- 

praorbital, an antennal, a very small ptery- 

gostomian spine. The antennular scale 

reaches to the end of the second anten- 

nular segment; the antennular peduncle to the middle of the antennal 

scale; this scale is very broad at its extremity, the blade exceeds the 

spine. The outer maxillipeds overreach the scale by half the length 

of the last segment. They are destitute of an exopod, but are provided 

with an epipod, as are also the first three pairs of feet. The third 

pair of feet overreach a little the first pair, their dactyli are one-fourth 

as long as their propodi. The sixth segment of the abdomen is three- 

fifths as long as the carapace (rostrum excluded). ‘Telson as long as 
the inner uropod, much shorter than the outer one. 

Dimensions. Female, length 46.5 mm., length of carapace and 
rostrum 13.2 mm., of rostrum 5 mm. 

Type local’ty.—_akodate, Hokkaido; 1 female (Cat. No. 26158). 


Fig. 17.—SPIRONTOCARIS JORDANI, 
CARAPACE OF FEMALE, X 22. 


SPIRONTOCARIS GREBNITZKII, new species. 


Near S. stylus (Stimpson), but stouter. Rostrum nearly as long as 
the rest of the carapace, reaching to end of antennal scale, straight, 
acute. Dorsal carina arising at the middle of the carapace, armed 
with 8 equal and equidistant spines, 2 of which are behind the orbit, 
the posterior one at the anterior fifth of the carapace, the anterior 
spine just before the middle of the rostrum. Lower margin armed 


Ke 


Jength of carapace and rostrum 18.5 mm., 


| No. 1307 JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA NS—RATHBUN. 45 





with 2 or 3 spines, the posterior of which is just anterior to the distal 
of the superior spines. A strong antennal, a minute pterygostomian 
spine. Eyes very small. Antennular peduncle falling short of the 
middle of the antennal scale; basal scale of antennula reaching about 


to middle of second segment. Antennal scale three-fourths as long as 


carapace; blade much exceeding spine. The maxillipeds reach just to 
end of scale, are devoid of an exopod, but provided with an epipod, 
as are the first three pereiopods. ‘The sixth segment of the abdomen is 
a little more than half as long as the carapace. 

The telson is shorter than the subequal uro- 

pods, and is armed with 4 pairs of lateral 

spinules. 


Dimensions.—Female, length 545mm... Fic. 18.—SPIRONTOCARIS GREB- 
NITZKII, CARAPACE OF FEMALE, 
< 12. 

of rostrum 8.7 mm. 


Type locality.—One specimen was secured by Dr. Jordan and Mr. 
Snyder at Mororan, Hokkaido, but as it is imperfect, I have taken for 
the type another from the same locality collected a few years ago 
by N. Grebnitzki (Cat. No. 26159). 


SPIRONTOCARIS GENICULATA (Stimpson). 


Hippolyte geniculata Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 34 
[103]. 

Mororan, Hokkaido; Jordan and Snyder; 6 small. 

Miura, Atami District, March, 1890; F. Sakamoto; 2 females with 
ova. Called ‘* Kushakoshi ebi or grass-belt shrimp.” 

Rostrum longer than the carapace (measured on median line from 
posterior margin to line of orbits), not quite reaching tip of antennal 
scale, straight, horizontal, acuminate, armed with 4 or 5 teeth above, 

1 or 2 of which are behind the orbit, and 
5 to 8 teeth below, 1 or 2 of which may 
be subterminal. A strong antennal, no 
supraorbital nor pterygostomian spine. 


_ -FiG. 19.—Srimontocaris Gextcurata, The antennular peduncle reaches abou 


CARAPACE OF FEMALE, x 132. : p 2 . 
; : one-third the length of the acicle; its basal 


scale extends a little beyond first segment. The antennal peduncle 
reaches to end of second segment of antennular peduncle; the acicle is 
a little longer than the carapace, extremity very oblique, blade exceed- 


ing by far the spine. The outer maxillipeds and the fifth pair of 


pereiopods reach just to the end of the antennular peduncle; the second 
pair of pereiopods to the middle of the acicle. The maxillipeds have 
an epipod but no exopod; the pereiopods are destitute of epipods. 
The abdomen is bent at a right angle at the third segment; in pro- 
file the angle is rounded; the posterior part of the third segment is 


Strongly compressed. This compression and angulation is very well 


marked in the adult females from Miura, much less so in the specimens, 








46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. 


two-thirds the size, from Mororan. The sixth segment is three-fifths 
as long as the carapace, and four-fifths as long as the telson. Telson 
shorter than ‘uropods, of which the inner is shorter than the outer: 
‘lateral spines 3 or 4. 

Dimensions.—Female with ova: Length 60.1 mm., length of carapace 
and rostrum 21.8 mm., length of rostrum 11.4 mm. 


PLATYBEMA PLANIROSTRE (de Haan). 


Lysmata planirostris bp HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. O.@ 

Hippolyte planirostris Dk HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. xiv, fig. 7.¢ 

Cyclorhynchus planirosiris Dp HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 175. 

Rhynchocyclus planirostris Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, 
p- 27 [96].—Musrs, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, p. 55. 5 

Rhynchocyclus mucronatus Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, 
p. 28 [96]. ; 

Platybema planirostris Barn, Challenger Macrura, 1888, p. 578. 


vine 


Hakodate, Hokkaido; 2 females with ova. ; 

In both these specimens the posterior median spine is rudimentary, — 
being present in the shape of a smooth rounded lobe. In the only” 
specimen provided with a rostrum, the teeth above the point number 
15, those below 12. Anterior margin of carapace behind the antenna 
armed with about 9 pectinated spines. Antennal flagellum nearly as_ 
long as body. The carpus of the first pair of feet is not carinate” 
above, and is provided with a tooth at the upper distal end. Carpus” 
of second pair triarticulate, first and third articles equal, both together 
nearly as long as second. 


a od ae 


Family PANDALID. 
PANDALUS HYPSINOTUS Brandt. 


Pandalus hypsinotus Branpt, in Middendorff’s Reise in den aussersten Norden 
und Osten Sibiriens, II, Zool., I, 1851, p. 125. 


ee ee | 


Mororan, Hokkaido; one young specimen about 25 mm. long. This” 
locality is an extension of the range, the species having a distribution 
from Bering Sea southward, on the one hand to the Straits of Fuca” 
and on the other to the Kurile Islands. i 


A figure will be given in the forthcoming report on the Decapoda 
of the Harriman Expedition. 
PANDALUS LATIROSTRIS, new species. ; 

; 


Carapace and rostrum as long as the abdomen, lacking one-fourth 
of the telson. Rostrum one-third longer than the carapace, basal half 
horizontal, terminal half slightly ascending, broad at base, gradually 
tapering, a prominent smooth lateral carina. Dorsal carina arising at 
the middle of the carapace, armed with a series of 16 to 18 movable 
spines, of which 4 or 5 are behind the orbit, the posterior spine at 








a Generic name changed in Errata. 4 







NO. 1307. JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEANS—RATHBUN. 47 


about the anterior sixth of the carapace, anterior spine near the mid- 
| dle of the rostrum; in addition, there is one subterminal immovable 
spine, occasionally two. Extremity of rostrum spiniform. Lower 
limb rather deep in front of the eye, gradually diminishing anteriorly, 
-armed with 10 to 13 immovable spines. Antennal spine strong; 
_pterygostomian spine much smaller, but well marked. Eyes of mod- 
erate size, corne dilated, reddish brown in alcohol. 

 Pedunele of antennules reaching about one-third the length of the 
antennal scale; basal scale half as long as first segment, second seg- 
ment about one-third longer than third. Outer flagellum reaches to 








Fig, 20.—PANDALUS LATIROSTRIS, CARAPACE, SIDE VIEW, x 1}. 


the end of antennal scale, slender terminal portion two-fifths as long 
_as thickened basal portion; inner flagellum one-half longer than outer. 
Peduncle of antennx reac fine just to the end of the second segment 
of the antennular peduncle, the scale reaches not quite to the end of the 
“rostrum, the end of the blade is very obliquely rounded and over- 
“reaches considerably the outer spine; the flagellum is as long as the 
body, exclusive of the telson. 

The outer maxillipeds reach only to the middle of the antennal 
seale, and are rather stout; the first pair of feet reach to the middle 
of the last joint of the maxillipeds. Of the second pair, the right 


x 
* 





it 


> 





Fic. 21.—PANDALUS LATIROSTRIS, CARAPACE AND ANTENN#, DORSAL VIEW, 12. 


mined bis 


foot is stouter and shorter, reaching as far as the first pair; the left 
Toot exceeds the faciieped by the length of the chela and half the 
ast carpal joint, and exceeds the third pair but little; the fourth and 
fifth pairs are successively shorter than the third, and nearer the same 
3 length than the third and fourth; the dactyli are contained a little 
more than three times in their propodi; the latter are not essentially 
‘different i in the sexes. 
_ The abdomen is smooth; the third segment is very little produced 
over the fourth. The infero-posterior angle of the fourth, fifth, and 
xth segments is armed with a spine. Sixth segment twice as long 
wide, and two-thirds as long as the telson, which is armed with 5 







: 
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ 


or 6 spinules on each side. The telson may be a little longer or shorter 
than the inner uropods; the outer uropods longer than the inner. 

Dimensions.—Female, length 127 mm., length of carapace and 
rostrum 60.5 mm., length of rostrum 34.5 mm, 

Localities. —Mororan, Hokkaido; Jordan and Snyder; 18 specimens, 
males and females, types (Cat. No. 26160). Two specimens were col- 
lected previously at the same place by N. Grebnitzki. Tokyo, 1 
young; Jordan and Snyder. 

In four instances the acicle on one side is a little longer than thaton 
the other, though both are regular in shape. 


PANDALOPSIS MITSUKURII, new species. 


Slender. Carapace as long as the abdomen, lacking half the telson. 
Rostrum one and two-thirds times as long as the rest of the carapace, 





Fig. 22.—PANDALOPSIS MITSUKURIT, CARAPACE, SIDE VIEW, X 12. 


basal half horizontal, terminal half slightly ascending, slender. Dorsal 
carina blunt, armed with 8 to 10 movable spines, of which 2 or 3 are 
behind the orbit, the posterior spine at- the anterior fifth of the cara-_ 
pace, and marking the end of the carina; anterior spine but little in’ 
front of the posterior third of the rostrum; ventral spines 13 to 18, 
becoming distally very small and appressed; tip of rostrum trifid. 
Antennal spine strong, the margin of the carapace retreating rapidly 
~ from that point; pterygos- 
aR tomian spine two-thirds) 
as large. Eyes small, | 
cornee little dilated, of au 
dark bluish-gray color in- 
alcohol, a small black ocel-- 
lus behind the corneal 
margin and on the upper 
outer surface. 

The peduncle of the an- 
tennules reaches about two-fifths the length of the antennal scale; 
second segment nearly twice as long as third; basal scale small, reach- 
ing only to middle of cornea; inner flagellum a little longer than outer 
and barely attaining the end of the rostrum. Peduncle of antennz 
reaching to the middle of second antennular segment; the flagellum 
may equal the length of the body, excluding the telson. The scale 
extends to about the distal third of the rostrum, oblong, very little 
tapering, extremity of blade oblique, projecting beyond the spine. 














Se D285 


Fic. 23.—PANDALOPSIS MITSUKURII, CARAPACE AND ANTENN®, 
DORSAL VIEW, xX li. 


NO. 1307. JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEANS—RATHBUN. 49 





The outer maxillipeds a1 are 1 rather stout, and when extended lie along 
three-fifths of the antennal scale; the antepenult segment has a narrow 
laminar expansion below. ‘The first pair of feet attain the end of the 
penultimate joint of the maxilliped; the merus joint has the expansion 
characteristic of the genus. The feet of the second pair are equal, 
carpus 11 or 12 jointed, the proximal and the distal joint elongate, the 
intermediate joints short and subequal; the chele exceed the maxilli- 
peds by the length of the fingers. The third pair reach scarcely 
beyond the second pair; the fourth and fifth pairs are much shorter 
and there is little difference in their length; the fifth pair reaches as 
far as the first pair; the propodi are three times as long as the dactyli 
in the third pair, four times as long in the fifth pair, intermediate in 
the fourth pair. 

The abdomen is strongly bent at the third segment, which is later- 
ally compressed, forming a rounded carina. The fourth, fifth, and 
sixth segments are armed with a postero-inferior spine. Sixth seg- 
ment three-fifths as long as carapace and four-fifths as long as telson, 
the latter armed with 4 or 5 spinules on each side. Telson a little 
shorter than the uropods, of which the inner pair are shorter than the 
outer, 

Dimensions.—Female: Length 105 mm., length of carapace and 
rostrum 45 mm., length of rostrum 28.1 mm. 

Type locality.—Mororan, Hokkaido; Jordan and Snyder; 55 speci- 
mens, types (Cat. No. 26161). Two specimens had been taken previ- 
ously at the same locality by N. Grebnitzki. 

The specific name is given in honor of Prof. K. Mitsukuri, of the 
University of Tokyo. 


Family ATYIDZ. 
XIPHOCARIS COMPRESSA (de Haan). 


? Ephyra compressa DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 186, pl. xvi, fig. 7. 
Xiphocaris compressa OrRtTMANN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 400, and 
synonymy. 
Lake Biwa, Matsubara, Omi; many specimens about 1 inch long; 
Jordan and Snyder. 
Tsushima Island, Japan; P. L. Jouy, May, 1885, 1 female with ova. 
Near Fusan, Korea, in fresh-water streams; P. L. Jouy, 1 specimen. 


=i 22 


CARIDINA DENTICULATA de Haan. 
Hippolyte denticulatus pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. xiv, fig. 8. (Generic 
name changed in text. ) 
Caridina denticulata pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 186.—OrTMANN, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 406. 
The rostrum extends either to the middle of the third antennular 
Be omont, to the end of that segment, or even beyond it. The dorsal 


Proc. vols xxvr—02—— 4 


Ce ae Meee ES Oe ap ee 


50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. 








spines are 14 to 18, 3 or + behind the orbit, ventral spines 4 to 6, ter- 
minal third of rostrum unarmed. The maxillipeds reach nearly to the 
end of the antennular peduncle; the first pair of feet not quite to the 
end of antennal peduncle; the carpus is about one and a half times as 
long as wide, longer than the palm of the hand; the fingers longer than 
the palm. The second pair of feet reach to the end of the antennal 
peduncle; carpus and propodus subequal in length, palm enlarged dis- 
tally, shorter than the fingers. The propodus of the fifth pair of feet 
is three times as long as the dactylus. 

A female with ova measures 22.8 mm. long; the eggs are 0.9 mm. 
long. 

Kurume, Japan; Jordan and Snyder, July 23; 1 female with ova. 
Near Fusan, Korea, in fresh-water streams; P. L. Jouy; many 
specimens. 

This species is very close to, perhaps identical with, C. pareparensis 
de Man,” from Celebes, which has a shorter rostrum, with only 2 
inferior teeth. | 

CARIDINA LEUCOSTICTA Stimpson. 


Caridina leucosticta Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 28 [97].— | 
OrtTMANN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 406. 
Atya wyckii Hickson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.(6), I, 1888, p. 357, pls. xtm and xtv. | 
Caridina wyckt ORTMANN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 405, and synonymy. — 
Kurume, July 23; about 25 specimens. é 
In most of the specimens the rostrum is broken off near its base; in _ 
none is the tip perfect. | 
Dorsal spines 17 to 23 (2 on carapace); ventral spines 14 in the only — 
specimen where complete (Stimpson says 10). Anterior third or 
fourth unarmed above, except near the tip, where there is at least one 
spine. Antennal spine high, quite above the antenna. The color and— 
white spots described by Stimpson are not visible in the preserved 
specimens. 







Family PALASMONID 2. 
PALAMON JAPONICUS (Ortmann). 


Leander longirostris var. japonicus ORTMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 519, 
pl. xxxvit, figs. 14, 14z. 
Matsushima, Rikuzen; Enoshima, Sagami; Kawatana; Nagasaki, 
Hizen. 
The reference of the name Palemon longirostris to Say by Milne 
Edwards,’ and later by de Man¢ and Ortmann,” is founded on a cleri- 
cal error. Say’ described only two species of Palemon, both Ameri- 


@ 





«Weber's Zool. Ergeb. Reise Niederl. Ost-Indien, II, 1892, p. 379, pl. xxi, fig. 25. 
b Hist. Nat. Crust., II, 1837, p. 394. 

¢ Notes Leyden Mus., ITI, 1881, p. 141. 

4 Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 519. 

éJour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 1818. 


No. 1307. JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA NS—RATHBUN. ay 


can, viz, es paigancas on page 248, aad P. tenuicornis on page 249. 
Milne Edwards? refers to both of Say’s species, to P. vulgaris on page 
394, and to ‘* Palémon tenutrostre” on page 395, but his footnote 
references ‘‘(2)” and ‘*(3)” to Say’s descriptions, instead of being placed 
correctly in the text, i. e., (2) after P. vulgaris and (3) after P. tenui- 
rostre, are made dependent, (2) on P. longirostris and (3) on P. vulgaris. 
The name P. longirostris Milne Edwards, occurring on p. 394, was 
changed by him in Errata, vol. III, p. 638, 1540, to P. styliferus, a 
name apparently overlooked by subsequent authors, but which must 
stand for that species. The name /?. /ongirostris should be used for 
the species so designated by Milne Edwards on p. 392 (= P. edwardsii 
Heller). 

Ortmann’ makes 72. japonicus a variety of 7. styliferus, but it is 
distinguished as follows: P. japonicus has no dorsal spines on the ros- 
trum except at the base, while 7. sty//ferus has 2 or 3 on the termi- 
nal half. 7. japonicus has 4 to6 ventral spines, 7. styliferus 8 to 10. 
In P. japonicus the sixth segment of the pleon i is nearly two-thirds as 
long as the carapace (rostrum excluded); in P. sty/¢ferus it is shorter, 
barely more than half the carapace. In P. japonicus the carpus of 
the second pair of feet is as long as the merus or the fingers, while in 
P. styliferus the carpus 1 is considerably shorter than merus or fingers. 

There are in the U. S. National Museum a number of specimens of 
P. styliferus from Maprichen India, collected by Francis Day. 





PALAEMON PAUCIDENS de Haan. 


Palemon paucidens de Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 170, pl. xiv, fig. 11. 

Leander paucidens Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 40 [109]. 

Aomori, Rikuoku; Matsushima, Rikuzen; Misaki, Sagami; Lake 
Biwa, Be aubara, Omi (abundant); Kawatana; Kurume; Nagasaki, 
Hizen. 

Korea, P. L. Jouy coll.: Fusan; Gensan, brackish streams flowing 
into the sea. 

The rostrum has 5 to 6 teeth above (1 on carapace), 2 to 3 below, 
and is usually bifid at extremity; it extends about to the end of the 
acicle. The branches of the outer flagellum of the antennule are 
joined for about 8 segments or less than half of the length of the 
shorter branch. In fully developed specimens the outer maxillipeds 
may or may not exceed the antennal peduncle, and the carpus of the 
second pair of feet usually exceeds the acicle. 

Dimensions.—A large female measures 66.5 mm. long. Several 
hundred specimens were taken at Lake Biwa, all smaller than those 
from salt water; a female with ova measures 38 mm. Stimpson 
records its occurrence in fresh water, in rivers near Simoda. 





@ Hist. Nat. Grant i, 1837. 
b Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 519. 
¢Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 40 [109]. 


59 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





PALA MON SERRIFER (Stimpson). 


Leander serrifer Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 41 [110].— 
Dr Man, Notes Leyden Mus., III, 1881, p. 189.—Orrmann, Zool. Jahrb., 
Syst., V, 1891, p. 525, pl. axxvir, fie. 7. 
Misaki, Sagami; Jordan and Snyder collection. Atami district; F. 
Sakamoto collector, April, 1894. 
Out of 21 specimens with perfect rostrum, 7 have 9 teeth above, 
the remainder mostly 10 teeth above; 15 have 3 teeth below, the 
remainder varying from 2 to 5 teeth. 


PALAMON MACRODACTYLUS, new species. 


Stout. Rostrum about as long as carapace, it may be a little longer 
or a little shorter, overreaching a little the antennal scale; straight in 
basal half, slightly inclined upward in distal half; armed above with 
9 to 15 teeth, 3 of which are on the carapace, 3 to 5 below, tip usually 
bifid; posterior dorsal 
tooth more remote from 
the others; the anterior 
tooth may be remote 

. from the others or re- 

d mote from the tip. Only 
large specimens have 13 

to 15 teeth above; the 

Fic. 24.—PALHEMON MACRODACTYLUS; @, CARAPACE, X 12; usual number is 10 to 

5, ACICLE, X 22; c, CHELA OF SECOND PAIR, X 22; d, FOOT 
on THIRD Park, X32, 12. Antennular pedun- 
cle reaching to distal 
fourth of scale; antennal peduncle to end of first antennular segment. 
Filaments of outer flagellum of antennula united for from 7 to 9 
joints; short filament much longer than the basal portion. Acicle 
oblong, very broad at extremity. 

Outer maxillipeds reaching beyond antennal peduncle by at least 
two-thirds of the last segment. The first pair of feet, extended, touch 
the end of the scale; the carpus is one and two-thirds times as long as 
the chela; the palm is a little longer than the fingers. The second 
pair of feet may exceed the scale by the length of the chela and part 
of the wrist. The carpus is subequal to the merus, exceeds the manus 
in length, and is distally enlarged. Palm compressed, broader than 
carpus, longer than fingers. The last three pairs of legs are very 
nearly of a length, the fifth pair attain the end of the scale; the 
dactyli of the third pair are contained twice or two and a half times, 
of the fifth pair about three times, in their propodi. 

The sixth segment of the abdomen is half as long as the carapace 
(rostrum excluded), and three-fourths as long as the telson, which has 
two pairs of lateral spinules, and at the extremity a short median and 
lateral spine and a very long intermediate spine. 


a Cc b 


NO. 1307. JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA NS—RATHBUN. 53 


~ 


Dimensions.—Female with ova: Length, 55 mm.; length of carapace 
and rostrum, 23.7 mm.; length of rostrum, 12.7 mm. 

Localities. Aomori, Rikuoku (type locality, Cat. No. 26162); Mat- 
sushima, Rikuzen; Nagasaki, Hizen. Also collected by P. L. Jouy in 
Korea, at Fusan, Gensan, and Chemulpo. 

This species in appearance much resembles /?. serr7fer, but differs 
in having, as a rule, more rostral teeth, broader acicle, longer fingers 
of second chelipeds, longer dactyls of last three pairs. In the young 
the rostrum may be a little convex above, the palm and fingers of the 
second pair subequal. 


PALAZMON PACIFICUS (Stimpson). 


Leander pacificus Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 40, 
[109].—Dr Man, Notes Leyden Mus., III, 1881, p. 137. 

Rostrum extending beyond antennal scale for about one-third of its 
length, strongly upturned toward its extremity, armed with 7 to § 
teeth above (2 or 3 on carapace), 4 or 5 below, tip usually trifid. 

The filaments of the outer flagellum of the antennule are united for 
from 10 to 12 joints; the free end of the short filament has 28 to 36 
joints; its outer margin or that which fits against the longer filament 
is strongly serrate. 

Otherwise this species is much as in ?. ajinis Milne Edwards. 

Misaki, Sagami; Wakanoura, Kii; Nagasaki, Hizen. 


BITHYNIS NIPPONENSIS (de Haan). 


Palemon nipponensis DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 171. 
Palemon nipponensis ORTMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 713, pl. xiv, 
figs. 4 and 4z, and synonymy. 
Wakanoura, Kii; Chikugo River, Kurume, Chikugo; Kurume, July 
23 (Many specimens). 


BITHYNIS LONGIPES (de Haan). 


Palemon longipes “ DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 171. 
Palzemon longipes ORtMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 715. 

Kawatana, July 22 (many specimens); Nagasaki, Hizen. 

The two foregoing species are very closely related; they may be 
separated by the following characters, which are not absolutely 
constant: 

In B. nipponensis the rostrum is usually nearly straight and bears 
12 or 13 teeth above; in B. longipes it is usually more arched and has 
10 or 11 teeth above. 

In B. nipponensis, adult, the fingers of the second cheliped are 








“1 have given a new name, Palemon ortmanni, to P. longipes (Ortmann) = Leander 
longipes Ortmann, not P. longipes de Haan. There is in the U. S. National Museum 
aspecimen of P. ortmanni from Tsushima Island, Japan, collected by P. L. Jouy. 





nearly as long as the palm, very hairy, the teeth at their base small 
and concealed in hair; in 2. /ongipes, adult, the fingers are only one- 
half as long as the palm, very little or not at all hairy. There is one 
well-developed tooth near the base of the pollex and two either side of 
it near the base of the dactylus. 

In B. nipponensis, young, the fingers are longer than the palm; in — 
B. longipes, young, they are nearly as long as the palm. : 


54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. | 
4 
ty 


Order. STOMATOPODA: 
ODONTODACTYLUS SCYLLARUS (Linnzus). 

Cancer scyllarus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 633. 

Odontodactylus scyllarus BraELow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894, p. 496, and 
synonymy.—BorraDaiLx, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 36, pl. v, fig. 6, 
and synonymy. 

Wakanoura, Kii; one male. 
The dactylus and distal end of propodus of the raptorial limb are © 
bright red in the specimen preserved in alcohol. 


: 
LYSIOSQUILLA LATIFRONS (de Haan). 

Squilla latifrons pp HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 222, pl. 11, fig. 3. 4 
Lysiosquilla (Coronis) latifrons Mrers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), V, 1880, p. 10. 
Tysiosquilla latifrons Biartow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894, p. 503. : 
Nagasaki, Hizen; one female. | 





Length from tip of rostrum to end of telson 64.4 mm.; length of — 
carapace 14.5 mm. ; 
The dactylus of the right raptorial limb in de Haan’s figure has 6— 
teeth, of the left limb 7 teeth; in our specimen the dactyli of both — 
limbs have 6 teeth. 
The posterior margin of the telson is armed with 12 small spines on | 
one side of the sinus, 11 spines on the other side. ‘ 
CHLORIDELLA/ FASCIATA (de Haan). 


Squilla fasciata pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 224, pl. 11, fig. 17 
Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) V, 1880, p. 29.—Brooxs, Challenger Rept., 7 
XVI, Stomatopoda, 1886, p. 57, pl. mm, figs.4,5; pl. u, fig. 8.—BrGELow, — 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894, p. 510. 

Tsuruga, Echizen, 2 males; Nagasaki, Hizen, 1 male, 1 female. 
The intermediate denticles of the margin of the telson are either 
S.0r 9. . 
The largest specimen measures 76.5 mm. long; carapace, 19 mm. — 
long. 4 





«In 1899 (Jour. Inst. Jamaica, II, p. 628), I called attention to the fact that the ; 
name Squilla J. C. Fabricius, 1793, was preoccupied for a genus of Amphipoda by 
O. F. Miller, 1776 and 1788, by Scopoli, 1777, and by O. Fabricius, 1780, The only 
available name for the stomatopod genus is Chloridella Miers, 1880. One who con=— 
siders Chloridella generically distinct from Squilla J. C. Fabricius should substitute a) 
new name for the latter. F 


“ 


¢ 


- x0. 1807 JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEANS—RATHBUN. 55 





CHLORIDELLA RAPHIDEA (Fabricius). 


Squilla harpax bE Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 222, pl. x1, fig. 1. 
Squilla raphidea Brertow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XVII, 1894, p. 535, and 
synonymy. 


Wakanoura, Kil; 5 specimens. 
CHLORIDELLA AFFINIS (Berthold). 
Squilla oratoria DE Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 223, pl. 11, fig. 2. 
Squilla affinis BrceLow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894, pp. 537 and 538, 
fig. 22, and synonymy. 

Aomori, Rikuoku; Same, Rikuoku; Tokyo; Tsuruga, Echizen 
(abundant); Wakanoura, Kii (abundant); Onomichi, Bingo; Nagasaki, 
Hizen. 

CHLORIDELLA COSTATA (de Haan). 
Squilla costata pk Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 223, pl. u1, fig. 5.— 
Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), V, 1880, p. 21.—BieEtow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. 
Mus., X VII, 1894, p. 511. 

Wakanoura, Kai, 2 specimens, male and female; Nagasaki, Hizen, 
3 males. 

The surface of the carapace is tuberculate, especially between the 
median and submedian carinz, the tubercles more or less confluent. 
The marginal denticles of the telson are 3-4, 6-8, 1. 

_ The largest specimen measures 87 mm. long; carapace, 22.5 mm. 
long. 








Pa 
» 


A REVIEW OF THE HEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES OF JAPAN. 


By Davin Starr Jorpan and Epwin CHaAprIn STarks, 
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University 


In the present paper is given a review of the Hemibranchiate fishes 
known to inhabit the waters of Japan. It is based on material in the 
Leland Stanford Junior University and in the U.S. National Museum, 
most of it collected by Jordan and Snyder in the summer of 1900. 
In a previous paper in these Proceedings” Mr. Starks has discussed 
the osteology of the suborder Hemibranchii and of its component 
families. 


Orden AGANTHOP EER RGITI.: 
Suborder HEMIBRANCHII. 


Opisthotics absent; parietals usually absent; exoccipitals never 
meeting over surface of basioccipitals; myodome usually absent or 
rudimentary, sometimes well developed; posttemporal never typically 
forked, sometimes united to cranium suturely; a portion of the hypo- 
corcacoid sometimes enamelled, appearing externally as a separate bone 
on either side (interclavicle); supraclavicle usually absent, small when 
present; postclavicle when present composed of a single bone; superior 
pharyngeals and usually elements of branchial arches reduced in num- 
ber; inferior pharyngeals present, not united; four anterior vertebre 
more or less elongate, sometimes united; transverse process present 
on all abdominal yertebre; snout more or less produced and tube- 
like with a small mouth at its end; ventrals abdominal, sometimes 
anteriorly placed. These fishes are allied to the Percesoces, from 
ancestors of which it is probably descended. Their relations to the 
Lophobranchii are close, the characters of the Lophobranchii being 
largely extremes of the same modifications. 

(nu, half; Boayyos, gill.) 

In the following analysis of families we adopt the arrangement of 
families as given in Dr. Gill’s valuable discussion of ‘* The Mutual 
Relations of the Hemibranchiate Fishes.” ? 





«Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X XV, 1902, p. 618. 
b Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, p. 154. 


eee rere eee 


PROCEEDINGS U, S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1308. 


58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





a. Dermal armature absent, or developed only as plates on side or back; vertebree 
numerous (30 to 36); pubic bones placed close to scapular arch; spinous dorsal 
represented by isolated spines. 

b. Vertebree anteriorly little enlarged; ventrals subthoracic, each with a sharp 


spine. 
c. Branchiostegal rays three; ventrals with one soft ray each; snout conic or 
but:slightly-tubiforms 22524-82520. - pea es Sees GASTEROSTEID®, I. 
ce. Branchiostegal rays four; ventrals with four soft rays each; snout tubi- 
POTTS heen See eae Rep eee ee ee ee ae AULORHYNCHID®, IT. 


bb. Vertebrie anteriorly (first four) elongate; ventrals abdominal or near middle 
of body, without spines, but with 6 (or 5) soft rays. 

d. Dorsal spines developed, weak; body compressed, moderately long, with 

ctenoid scales; no caudal filament.......-..--------- AuvLostomips, IIT. 

dd. Dorsal spines undeyeloped; body depressed or subcylindrical, very long 

without scales; caudal with the two middle rays produced into a long 

filamenteos: Sasi tees Se Sao ee, oes A ee FistuLarip”, LV. 

aa. Dermal armature superficial, developed anteriorly and especially about the back; 

four anterior vertebree much elongate; tail with its axis continuous with that 

of theabdomen; branchihyals and pharyngeals mostly present (fourth superior 

branchihyal and first and fourth superior pharyngeals wanting); pubic bones 
remote from the scapular arch; a spinous dorsal fin developed. 

MaAcRorRHAMPHOSID», V. 

aaa. Dermal armature connate with the internal skeleton and developed as a dorsal 

cuirass in connection with the neuropophyses; six or more anterior vertebrae 

extremely elongate; tail with its axis deflected from that of the abdomen by 

encroachment of a dorsal cuirass over the dorsal fin; branchial system usually 

feebly developed; a spinous dorsal feebly developed under the posterior pro- 

jection ‘of the dotsalsbuckler.2 sos seserore eee ee ese ee CENTRIscIDH, VI. 


Family I. GASTEROSTEIDAE. 
STICKLEBACKS. 


Body more or less fusiform, somewhat compressed, tapering behind 
to a slender caudal peduncle. Head moderate, the anterior part not 
greatly produced, but all the bones of the suspensory apparatus some- 
what lengthened. Mouth moderate, with the cleft oblique, the lower 
jaw prominent; maxillary bent at right angles and overlapping the 
premaxillary at corner of mouth. Teeth sharp, even, in a narrow 
band in each jaw; no teeth on vomer or palatines; premaxillaries pro- 
tractile. Preorbital rather broad; suborbital plate large, often cover- 
ing the anterior part of the cheeks, forming a connection with the 
preopercle. Branchiostegals 3. Gill membranes broadly joined, free — 
from the isthmus, or not; gill rakers moderate or rather long. 
Toothed superior pharyngeals 2; that of fourth arch missing or 
united to third. Opercles unarmed. Skin naked or with vertically 
oblong bony plates; no true scales. Dorsal fin preceded by two or 
more free spines; anal similar to soft dorsal, with a single spine; ven- 
tral fins abdominal, anteriorly placed and overlapped slightly at the 
side by a process from the shoulder girdle, though not connected to 
it, consisting of a stout spine and one or two rudimentary rays. — 
Middle or. sides of belly shielded by the pubic bones. Pectorals — 


; 


NO. 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 59 





rather short, unusually far behind the gill openings, preceded by a 
-quadrate naked area, which is covered with shining skin. Caudal fin 
narrow, usually lunate. Air bladder simple; a few pyloric cceca. 
Vertebree 30 to 35; anterior vertebre little enlarged. 

- Small fishes inhabiting the fresh waters and arms of the sea in 
northern Europe and America; noted for their pugnacity. They are 
exceedingly destructive to the spawn and fry of large fishes. 


a. Gill openings restricted, the membranes mesially united to the isthmus; dorsal 
q with two free spines; skin mailed, partly mailed, or naked... --.- Gasterosteus, 1. 
aa. Gill openings confluent, the gill membranes forming a broad, free margin across 
; the isthmus; dorsal spines 8 to 11, divergent; skin naked or mailed. 

; Pygosteus, 2. 
; 1. GASTEROSTEUS (Artedi) Linnzeus. 

a Gasterosteus (Anrep!) Linnxus, Syst. Nat., X, 1758, p. 489 (aculeatus). 

[ Gasteracanthus Pauuas, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb., ITI, 1811, p. 325 (cataphractus). 
f Leiurus Swarxson, Nat. Hist. Class’n Fishes, II, 1839, p. 242 (gymnurus). 

_  Sticklebacks with the innominate bones coalescent on the median 
: line of the belly, behind and between the ventral fins, forming a 


triangular or lanceolate plate. Gill membranes united to the isthmus. 
Tail slender, and usually keeled. Skin variously covered with bony 
plates. Dorsal spines 3 in number, strong, with nondivergent bases. 


Ra AN TCS -- 


| Species numerous. Fresh waters and shores of all northern regions; 
the species highly variable, those found in the sea usually with the 
E body completely mailed, the fresh and brackish water forms variously 
mailed or even altogether naked. It is probable that the reduction in 
armature is in some degree connected with life in fresh waters. It is 
i almost certain that the partly naked forms are in each species derived 
_ from mailed forms of the same region. 

(yaortnp, belly; ogréov, bone.) 

1. GASTEROSTEUS CATAPHRACTUS (Pallas). 

TOGEUWO (PRICKLY-FISH). 

= Gasteracanthus cataphractus Pauuas, Mem. Acad. Petersb., ITI, 1811, p. 325; 
“ Kamchatka. 

; qasterosteus obolarius Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., [V, 1829, p. 
; 500; Kamchatka. 

Gasterosteus insculptus RicHarpson, Last Arctic Voyage, 1854, p. 10, pl. xxv, 
; figs. 1, 2, and 8; Northumberland and Puget sounds. 

7 Gasterosteus serratus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1855, p. 47; San Francisco.— 
; SauvaGeE, Revision des Epinoches, 1874, p. 13. 


a 
- 


Gasterosteus intermedius Girarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 185; Cape 
Flattery. 

Gasterosteus aculeatus cataphractus JORDAN and GILBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 396. 

Gasterosteus cataphractus JorDAN and EyerMANN, Fishes N. and M. Amer., I, 
1898, p. 749. 

Gasterosteus aculeatus IsHrk AWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 58; Hokkaido, Kuriles, Ugo, 
Yechigo, Shimotsuke, Musashi, Usen, Niigata. 

Gasterosteus williamsoni Girarp, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 103; Wil- 
liamson’s Pass, near Saugus, California; naked form. 





60_ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


Gasterosteus TP rereiee GIRARD, roe ie. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 133; 
Kaweah R., Tulare Lake; half-mailed form. 

Gasterosteus plebeius GirARD, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 147; Presidio; 
half mailed. 

Gasterosteus inopinatus GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 147; Presi- 
dio; half mailed. 

Gasterosteus pugetti Girarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 135; Fort 
Steilacoom, Washington; half mailed. 


The following description is taken from a specimen 85 mm. long 
from Ugo, northwest Japan: 

Head 33; depth 44; eye 34. Dorsal 11-1, 13; anal1,10. Body slender, 
compressed; head small and pointed; mouth oblique, maxillary not 

reaching eye; caudal peduncle depressed, keeled. | Processes from 
shoulder eae slightly divergent, leaving a narrow, naked area on 
breast; eed area in front of pectorals equal to length of snout. 
Dorsal spines long and slender, the length equaling dice from 
snout to pupil; third dorsal and anal spines very small, curved; ven- 
tral spines long, slender, as long as snout and eye, or even longer in 
some specimens; serrate at base and with basal cusp; ventral plate as 


long as spine in many specimens, narrow, the greatest width 3} in 


length. Lateral armature complete, the plates gradually reduced in 
size posteriorly, forming a distinct caudal keel. Dark grayish or blu- 
ish black above, silvery below, with a few dark punctulations, thickest 
on caudal peduncle and near tip of ventral spines. Alaska, Kam- 


chatka, and Japan. Very abundant northward; the mailed form rarely 


or never entering fresh water. 
We have also marine specimens from Kushiro and northern Japan, 


which we have compared with specimens from Alaska and Puget 


Sound, and have found them to be similar. 
Specimens from Ibi and Mino rivers near Ogaki in Mino seem to be 
inseparable from the naked specimens from Colton, California (called 


** Gasterosteus williamsoni”). They differ gre: a from the marine— 
form in being deeper, in haying the ventral plate broad and short, in— 


being only partially armed, in being conspicuously mottled, and in 


exhibiting all of the differences which fresh-water specimens at the — 
extreme of variation from California and Alaska exhibit. Since it has — 
not been possible to satisfactorily separate the Western American — 
fresh-water species from those found in the sea, we can not consider 


these as distinct even though we have no intergrading forms at hand. 
Formule of soft rays of dorsal and anal: 














-- | | li = 
Locality. Ugo. | N. Japan. | Puget Sound. | Ibi River. te 
Dorsal Bees oes 14 13 13 Deal! ASE ABS AA SUAS AD els ist or Ties 3 etd aL | THs ete 
PAT Slee. moe ncrae | D107 10 OR Sn O me oe QO 10 OSLO a lO Re sO sO aoe & - OSS 
| 














, . 
(cxatadpaktos, cutaphractus, mailed.) 


ES RO te 


, 


No. 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE FISTHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 61 





2. PYGOSTEUS Brevoort. 


Pygosteus (Brevoort) Git, Cat. Fishes East Coast North America, 1861, p. 39; 
name only. 

Pygosteus Grit, Canadian Naturalist, 11, 1865, p. 8 (occidentalis) . 

Gasterostea SAuVAGE, Revision des Epinoches, 1874, p. 29 ( pungitius) . 

This genus is characterized by the presence of 9 to 11 divergent 
spines and by the weakness of its innominate bones. The gill mem- 
branes forma broad fold across the isthmus. Vertebre 14+ 18 = 32. 

, . . 2 / 

(xvy7, pubic region; ogtéorv, bone.) 

0 So SGT SS ay IN S'S Se Se ee ee steindachneri, 2. 
Sete OF Ia spines: 22.22 kei So ee Sh eis ole undecimalis, 3. 


2. PYGOSTEUS STEINDACHNERI Jordan and Snyder. 


Gasterosteus japonicus STEINDACHNER, Ichthy. Beitr., IX, p. 27, pl. in, fig. 2; 
Gulf of Strielok, near Vladivostok. (Not of Houttuyn. ) 

Pygosteus steindachneri JoRDAN and Snyper, Proceedings U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1901, 
p. 747, after Steindachner. 

Gasterosteus pungitius IsHikAwa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 59; Lake Inokashiro, near 
Tokyo. 

Gausterosteus sp. 18SHIKAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 59; Yamashiro. 

The following description is taken from 4 specimens from Yama- 
shiro: 

Head 32 in length; depth 44. Dorsal VIII-11; anal I-8, or 9. 
Diameter of eye equal to snout or slightly greater, contained 34 times 
in head; width of interorbital two-thirds diameter of eye; maxillary 
barely reaching to under anterior ecge of the eye in the males, 
slightly shorter in the females. 

Length of ventral spines equal to distance from tip of snout to 
middle of eye; length of middle dorsal spines two-thirds to three- 
fourths eye, last spine a little longer, equal to anal spine; length of 
pectoral equals snout and eye; length of anal base equal to dorsal base 
and equal to length of head without snout. 

Anterior part of body with vertical bony plates which decrease in 
length posteriorly and become smal! round plates on posterior half of 
body; on the caudal peduncle they form a sharp keel; they number 
from 32 to 35. 

Color in spirits very light yellowish brown with only a trace of small 
‘dusky punctulations. The membrane of the spinous dorsal dusky or 
conspicuously black. The soft dorsal and anal ranging from colorless 
to dusky. Pectoral and caudal without color. 

Numerous specimens taken from a pond at Inokashiro, Musashi, 
near Tokyo, and one specimen from Aomori differ only from these in 
being entirely devoid of plates and in being much darker or more 
dusky. The fins are all more or less dusky and the membrane of the 
spinous dorsal is not darker than the body color. Of 16 specimens 
counted an equal number have 8 and 9 spines. Both these and the 


62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. YOR 


mailed specimens from Yamashiro were presented by the Imperial 

Museum from the many examples collected by Dr. Ishikawa. . 
Steindachner’s specimens seem to haye been more slender and to have 

had higher spines than ours. . 
(Named for Dr. Franz Steindachner.) 


3. PYGOSTEUS UNDECIMALIS Jordan and Starks, new species. 


Head 3! to 32 in length; depth 5 to 53. Dorsal XI or XII (in an ® 
equal number of specimens)—10 or 11; anal1—9. Eye 84in head; snout ~ 
4; interorbital slightly less than diameter of eye. Maxillary reaching | 
slightly past anterior margin of eye. Depth of head 1} to 14 its length. ~ 

Ventral spines very short and slender, equaling in length two-thirds 1 
to three-fourths diameter of eye. The dorsal spines are subequal in ‘ 
length to the next to the last and are scarcely half the diameter of the i 
eye in length. The last one is about a third higher and is equal in 
length to the anal spine. . 





"ASS 


= SS V2 in. 


Fic. 1.—PYGOSTEUS UNDECIMALIS. 


The body is entirely devoid of bony plates in our specimens, except 
in one example where a few plates form a keel on the caudal peduncle. 

Color dark brown above, lighter below, all of the fins dusky. 

This species differs from Pygosteus steindachnert in having a more 
slender form, a slightly longer head, shorter and more slender ventral 
spines, and particularly in having more numerous and shorter dorsal 
spines. The mouth appears to be larger and the caudal peduncle to be 
thicker. The color is darker. 1 

Six specimens, the longest 58 mm. in length, presented by the Sap- 
poro Museum, were taken at Chitose in Hokkaido by Mr. Nozawa. 
The type is No. 7119, Leland Stanford Junior University Museum,” 


(undecim, eleven.) 


Family I. AULORHYNCHID&. | 


9 -AULICHTHYS Brevoort. 
Aulichthys (Breyoort) Gru, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 2349 
(japonicus ). 
Lateral line with a series of sharply keeled plates, each ending in a 
spine; pectoral fin not emarginate; ventrals inserted under middle of 
length of the pectoral fin. 


a ne 





No, 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. b¢ 


Northern Japan; one species known, well separated from the Cali- 
fornian Aulorhynchus flavidus, by the row of lateral spines; the fin 
rays about the same. 

(avircs, tube; Zydus, fish.) 





4. AULICHTHYS JAPONICUS Brevoort. 


Aulichthys japonicus { Breyoort), GiiL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 234; 
Shimoda.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List Fishes Japan, 1901, p. 60; 
Yokohama. 

Aulorhynchus japonicus STEINDACHNER Ichth. Beitr., X, 1881, p. 1, pl. v, fig. 1; 
Yokohama. 

Fistularude? Genus? Species? Isaikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 31; Nos. 551, 
552; Boshu. 

The following description is from a specimen from Tokyo, 15 cm. 
long. 

Head 3% in length; depth 2 in snout. Dorsal XXV-9; anal 1-10. 
Lateral plates 55. Postcaudal plates 13. Eye 4 in snout, 2 in post- 
orbital part of head. 

The mouth is small, the maxillary is contained 24 times in the man- 


dible, which is about half the length of the snout. From the back- 


ward-extending process from the maxillary a shallow channel runs 
backward on top of the snout to within a distance of the eye equal to 


the diameter of the eye. From the supraorbital rim a short channel 


runs forward to each side of the termination of the anterior median 
channel. The interorbital space is slightly convex and somewhat 
tugose. The length of the opercle is twice that of the rest of the 
postorbital part of the head. 

The pectoral fin is inserted a distance equal to the length of the 
opercle from the edge of the opercle. The lower raysare the longest; 
their lengthis equal to their distance from the posterior orbital margin. 
The front of the dorsal is midway between the base of the caudal and 
the middle of the opercle. The anal is directly under the soft dorsal and 
about equal toitinlength. Where the analand the dorsal are depressed 
the tips of the longest rays just reach to the base of the lastray. The 
length of the caudal equals the length of the postorbital part of the 
head. The lower edge of the shoulder girdle is rough and is only 
covered by thin skin; it appearsas a line of dermal bone and runs back 
nearly to a similar but wider line formed by the edge of pubic bones. 
The length of the ventrals equals the diameter of the eye. 

Caudal slightly dusky, other fins colorless; top of head dark; oper- 
cles dusky above with fine brown points; a dark brown streak runs 


along preorbital region to middle of eye. 


We have specimens from Tokyo, Matsushima, and Boshu. The 


Species is not rare in northern Japan on sandy shores. 


64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. 





Family II. AULOSTOMID &. 


Body compressed, elongate, covered with small, ctenoid scales, — 
Lateral line continuous. Head long; mouth small, at the end of a 
long, compressed tube. Lower Jaw prominent, with a barbel at the 
symphysis. Premaxillary feeble, not protractile; maxillary broad, 
triangular, with a supplemental bone. Teeth minute, in bands on 
lower jaw and vomer. Branchiostegals +. Gills 4, a slit behind the 
fourth. Pseudobranchixe well developed. Gill rakers obsolete. Gill 
membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Air bladder large. 
Post-temporal free from cranium. Spinous dorsal present, of 8-12 
very slender free spines; soft dorsal and anal rather long, similar pos- 
terior, with 23 to 28 rays each; caudal small, rhombic, the middle rays — 
longest, but not produced into a filament; ventrals abdominal, of 6— 
rays, all articulated; pectorals broad, rounded, the space in front of— 
them scaly. First four vertebree elongated. Two pyloric caeca. A 


single genus, with two species, found in tropical seas. . 
4 SULOS GOMUS macepede: i 

; 

Aulostomus Lackpkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1808, p. 3857 (chinensis) . : 
Aulostoma SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1845, p. 320; change of spelling. 
Polyterichthys BueeKeEr, Ternate, II, p. 608 (valentini=chinensis) . 

i 


Solenostomus Gronow, Cat. Fishes, Ed. Gray, 1854, p. 146 (chinensis). 


Characters of the genus included above. 
? / / 
(avios, tube; ¢ro“a, mouth.) 


5. AULOSTOMUS” VALENTINI Bleeker. 















VALENTIJN, Oud- en Nieuw-Oost-Ind., Amboyna, III, 1725, pp. 323, 448, 494. 
Polypterichthys valentini BurrKxer, Ternate II, about 1850, p. 608; Ternate. : 
Artostoma sinensis SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1845, p. 520; ‘“Trés rare dans les” 
mers du Japon.”’ 4 
Aulostoma chinense Ginrier, Cat. Fish., I11, 1861, p. 538; Amboyna; Aneitum | 
(not Aulostomus chinensis Lacépéde, which, after Linnzeus, is a West Indian ~ 

species. 

The following description is from a specimen 48 cm. in length from- 
Honolulu. Head 3 in length; depth 11. Dorsal XI-26; anal 26; scales” 
about 230. * 
Body elongate, compressed, the least depth just behind base of pec- 
torals where the body is constricted below. Body expanding verti- 
‘ally somewhat at soft dorsal and anal, and abrupt narrowing at caudal 
peduncle, which is long and slender with parallel sides. 
Eye contained 2% in post orbital part of head, 7% in snout. Lower 
‘aw somewhat hooked up at tip over front of premaxillary. Maxilla-_ 
ries very broad, their width a little greater than eye and twice as long. 


« Fistularia chinensis Linnzeus is based chiefly in the Solenostomus cauda rotundata on 
Gronow, which is the West Indian species, Aulostomus coloratus. The latter species / 
should properly bear the name chinensis, 


NO. 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE PFISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 65 


Scales fine, str oneky ctenoid, at nape omnes: somew air at embedded. 
Area in front of pectorals closely scaled. Head naked. 

Pectorals short and broad; their length equals twice the diameter of 
eye. Ventrals inserted midway between base of caudal and middle 
of eye. Dorsal placed directly over anal, which is of equal length. 
Base of dorsal equal to postorbital part of head and half eye. Length 
of caudal contained 32 in length of snout. 

Color in alcohol brownish, with 10 or 11 narrow light crossbars, 
between each of which is a more or less conspicuous broken bar com- 
posed of diffused spots. Fins yellowish. A black stripe across base 
of dorsal and anal rays; a round black spot on upper and lower rays 
of caudal; a black spot on base of ventrals; and one on middle of max- 
illary. Other specimens very dark, with, scarcely any crossbars. 
Others show conspicuous longitudinal light bars. 

This species, common in the tropical seas from Hawaii to India, is 
recorded by Schlegel as very rare in Japan. It doubtless belongs to 
the fauna of the Riukiu Islands. 

(Named for its discoverer, Fr. Valentijn, who wrote in 1725 on the 
*“Oud- en Nieuw-Oost-Indien” and the ‘‘ Waterdieren van Amboina.”) 


Family IV. FISTULARID. 


Body extremely elongate, much depressed, broader than deep. 
Sealeless, but having bony plates present on various parts of the body, 
mostly covered by the skin. Head very long, the anterior bones of 
the skull much produced, forming a long tube, which terminates in 
the narrow mouth; this tube formed by the symplectic, proethmoid, 
metapterygoid, mesopterygoid, quadrate, palatines, vomer, and mes- 
ethmoid. Both jaws, and usually the vomer and palatines also, with 
minute teeth; membrane uniting the bones of the tubes below, very 
lax, so that the tube is capable of much dilation. Post-temporal 
codssified with the cranium. Branchiostegals 5 to 7; gills 4, a slit 
behind the fourth. Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; 
gill rakers obsolete. Basibranchial elements wanting. Fourth supe- 
rior pharyngeal missing or anchylosed to third. Pseudobranchie 
present. Air bladder large. Spinous dorsal fin entirely absent; soft 
dorsal short, posterior, somewhat elevated; anal fin opposite it and 
similar; caudal fin forked, the middle rays produced into a long: fila- 
ment; pectorals small, with a broad base, preceded by a smooth area; 


processes from hypocoracaid greatly lengthened; supraclavicles very 


small; ventral fins very small, wide apart, abdominal, far in advance 
of the dorsal, composed of 6 soft rays. Pyloric ececa few; intestine 


short. Vertebre very numerous (4+44 to 49+28 to 33); the first four 


vertebre very long. Fishes of the tropical seas, related to the stickle- 
backs in structure, but with prolonged snout and different ventral 


fins. A single genus, with a few species. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——5 


66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





5. FISTULARIA Linneus. 


Solenostomus Kunin, Missus, IV, 1740, p..23 (nonbinomial). 

Fistularia Linn xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 312 (tabacaria). 

Cannorhynchus Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 1850, p. 211 (tabacaria; Fistularia being 
regarded as preoccupied by Donati in 1750 for a pre-Linnzean genus of 
Polyps). 

Flagellaria Gronow, Cat. Fishes, 1854, p. 146 (fistularis=tabacaria) . 


Characters of the genus included above. The bony shields, charac- 
teristic of this genus, are the following: 

1. The narrow strip along the median line of the back behind the 
skull (confluent neural spines). 

2. The pair of broader lateral dorsal shields. These shields are 
the longest, provided anteriorly with a ridge, which is prolonged and 
extends far backward between the muscles of the back. This ridge is 
flexible, and does not interfere with the lateral movements of the fish. 
It appears to serve as a base for the attachment of muscular fibers. 

3. The narrow shield on the side is the postclavicle, its posterior part 
being dilated and fixed to the lateral dorsal shields. 

4. The ventral shields are the processes from the hypocoracoids. 
Their posterior half is broadest, much pitted inferiorly. They are 
narrower before the middle, leaving a free lanceolate space between 
them, and are again a little widened anteriorly, where they join the 
clavicle and urohyal. These plates extend as far backward as the 
anchylosed vertebre. 

(fistula, a tube or pipe.) 


a. Upper lateral edges on snout sharply serrated. 

b. Two middle ridges on snout well separated, diverging on anterior part of 
snout, converging finally on its foremost part; skin nearly smooth. Color 
Oreemish s2i23 52h is she Pose Be eae See ae eee eee depressa, 6. 

bb. Two middle ridges on snout close together and parallel on anterior half of its 

length, slowly converging forward from the middle; skin rough. Color, 
meddishie? 3. ou Shoes ons ee eae ey oe ee petimba, 7. 


6. FISTULARIA DEPRESSA Giinther 


YAGARA (ARROW-SHAFT). 


Fistularia depressa GinxtuER, Shore Fishes Challenger, 1880, p. 69, pl. xxxuy,_ 
fig. D; Sulu Islands, Natal, Zanzibar, Amboyna, China, New Guinea, New 
South Wales, Fiji, Lower California.—Jorpan and EvrrMANN, Fishes N. 
and M. Amer., 1, 1898, p. 757; Gulf of California, Panama. 


The following description was taken from a small specimen 31 cm. 
in length (without caudal filament), from Wakanoura. 

Head 23 in length. Depth at pectoral fins equal to long diameter of 
eye. Width just behind pectorals three-fifths of width at a point just 
behind ventrals. Dorsal 15; anal 14. 

Body elongate, depressed, as viewed from above the sides are nearly 
parallel for a short distance behind pectorals, where it is narrower 


No. 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 67 


than posterior part of head, but grows abruptly broader at the pos- 
terior end of the upper ite val plates and tapers gradually to the 
caudal. : 

The jaws are armed with a row of fine teeth. The maxillary is con- 
tained 8} times in the snout, the mandible 54 times. Eye nearly twice 
as long as high; extreme length of orbit equal to length of maxillary. 
Interorbital space somewhat concave, less so than in 7. petimba, in 
larger specimens it is flat at the sides with a channel along its middle; 
the width is one-third of orbit. The median ridges on snout diverge 
anteriorly; the distance between them is everywhere greater or as 
great as the distance from them to the upper lateral ridge. 

The ventrals are inserted from the pectorals a distance equal to the 
distance of the pectoral from the anterior margin of the eye. They 
are separated at their base by a space equal to the long diameter of 
the eye. The dorsal and anal are directly opposite to e: a other and 
similar in shape. The skin is everywhere smooth to the touch. 

All of our specimens from Japan are plain brown greenish above, 
but as specimens from other localities may be either plain brown or 
with longitudinal stripes and spots of blue, probably blue-spotted 
examples occur. 

The following color description was taken from a fresh specimen 
from Panama, 69 cm. in length: 

Olive brown on upper parts, white below. <A pair of narrow blue 
stripes, interrupted anteriorly and posteriorly, begin at the nape, 
diverge backward, and cross the lateral line just in front of the point 
where it becomes straight, then runs just above and parallel to the 
lateral line as far as the tail. Another pair of streaks, made each of 
blue spots, run close along each side of mid-dorsal line, from a point 
above axil of pector: als to front of dorsal. Behind dorsal, a single 
series of spots occupies the median line of back. 

We have compared specimens from Panama, La Paz, Mexico, and 
from the Hawaiian Islands with our Japanese material and can appre- 
ciate no difference. The species occurs also in Samoa. 

Several specimens under 32 cm. in length were collected at Waka- 
noura, Misaki, and Matsushima. 

(depressus, depressed.) 


7. FISTULARIA PETIMBA Lacépéde. 


YAGARA. 


Fistularia Prien, John White, Voyage New South Wales, pl. uxty, fig. 2. 

Fistularia tabacaria var. Buocu, Ichth., 1794, pl. ccctxxxvui, fig. 2, ‘‘Coll. Linke 
at Leipzig;’’ wrongly figured as spotied with blue; snout serrate; 2 caudal 
filaments. 

Fistularia petinba Lackpzpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, p. 349 (excl. syn.); New 
Britain, Isle of Reunion, equatorial Pacific; based on specimens and manu- 
scripts of Commerson; snout serrate; body immaculate.—JorpAN and Ever- 
MANN, Fish N. and M. Amer., I, 1898, p. 758. 


68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Fistularia serrata Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 349 (after Bloch) .— 
Ginruer, Cat., IIT, 1861, p. 533.—Gitnruer, Shore Fishes, Challenger, p. 68, 
pl. xxx, fig. C, 1880.—JorDAN and GILBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 390.— 
IsHikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 31; Tokyo, Kii. 

Fistularia immaculata Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 349; Sea of the 
Indies; after Commerson and John White. 

Fistularia commersonii Rtiprety, Neue Wirbelthiere, 1834, p. 142; Red Sea. 

The following description was taken from a specimen 30 em. in 
length from Wakanoura: 

Head 24 in length; depth at pectorals a little less than long diameter 
of eye. Dorsal 15; anal 14. 

This species differs from / depressa in the following characters: 

The ridges on the top of snout are close together and parallel. The 
distance between them is always much less than the distance from 
them to the upper lateral ridge of snout. The head is more deeply 
sculptured and the ridges are rougher. The interorbital space is 
deeply concave and without flat supraorbital areas in the adult. The 
species may be at once distinguished by the touch, the skin feeling 
harsh like very fine shagreen. The lateral line is armed posteriorly 
with sharp bony plates. 

Some of our specimens show faint traces of broad cross-bars about 
as wide as the diameter of the eye; 3 or 4 are on the snout and 12 or 
14 on the rest of the body. It is pale or dull reddish brown in life. 
It seems to be rather less common than / depressa, but neither 
species is rare in shallow bays of Japan. This species was found at 
Wakanoura, Misaki, and Nagasaki. 

(petimbuaba, » Portuguese name.) 


Family V. MACRORHAMPHOSID 4. 
SNIPE-FISHES. 


Body compressed, oblong, or elevated, covered with small, rough 
scales: no lateral line; some bony strips on the side of the back and on 
the margin of the thorax and abdomen, the former sometimes confluent 
into a shield. Bones of the skull much prolonged anteriorly, forming | 
a long tube which bears the short jaws at the end; no teeth. Gill) 
openings wide; branchiostegals 4. Branchihyals and pharyngeals : 
mostly present, the fourth superior epibranchial and the first and | 
fourth superior pharyngeals only wanting. Two dorsal fins, the first | 
of 4 to 7 spines, the second of which is very long and strong; soft dor- 
sal and anal moderate; ventral fins small, abdominal, of 1 spine and 4 or 
5 soft rays; pectorals short; caudal fin emarginate, its middle rays not! 
produced. Air bladder large; pseudobranchie present. Gills 4, a) 
slit behind the fourth; vertebre about 24, the four anterior ones much | 
lengthened; no pyloric cceca; intestinal canal short. Three or more 
species, chiefly of the Old World, placed in two genera, Macrorham- 


phosus and Centriscops. | 
| 
| 


No. 1308. IEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 69 


a 


6. MACRORHAMPHOSUS Lacépéde. 


Macrorhamphosus LackpEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss, V, 1803, p. 136 (cornutus=scolopas). 

Centriscus Cuvier, Réegne Anim., Ist. ed., II, 1817, p. 350 (scolopax, not Centriscus, 
Linnzeus, which was based on scutatus alone). 

Macrognathus Gronow, Cat. Fishes, 1854, p. 147 (scolopax). 

Orthichthys Gru, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 234 (velitaris). 


av 


Body oblong, graduating into the caudal peduncle; back straight; 
dorsal spines about 7. Characters otherwise included above. 
/ Oh: 
(uakpos, long; paudos, snout.) 


a. Body deep, the depth 4 in length to base of caudal...-......-.....-...: sagifue, 8. 
aa. Body more slender, the depth 43 in length to base of caudal. ______- japonicus, 9. 


8. MACRORHAMPHOSUS SAGIFUE Jordan and Starks, new species. 
SAGIFUE (BIRD FLUTE). 


Centriscus sp. IsHikAwaA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 32; Kagoshima. 


Head, 2 to 24 in length; depth, 4 to 44; eye 5} to 6 in head, 34 to 4 
in snout; snout 3 to 3} in length. 










<) 
oN 
Ay 
a 
1 


Ay 
RR 

\) 

AY 


LS 
os 


La 
Sx Sy} 
Se 








Cee ea 
io 


Xb 
a 





Fic. 2.—MACRORHAMPHOSUS SAGIFUE. 


Dorsal V-12; anal 18 (or 19, counting the last very small slender 
ray, which is crowded close to the preceding one.) 

Outline of head concave from tip of snout to occiput and from man- 
dible to tip of clavicles. Dorsal outline of body convex from occiput 
to dorsal spine, nearly level between dorsals dropping steeply oblique 
at anal base to caudal peduncle, less steep on caudakgpeduncle. Ven- 
tral outline evenly curved from shoulder girdle to caudal peduncle. 

Mouth small, toothless; maxillary scarcely as long as the diameter 
of pupil. A slight ridge runs from above eye along upper lateral edge 
of snout, conspicuous near eye, growing lower anteriorly. Another 
ridge runs from the anterior margin of the eye straight forward and 
unites with the upper ridge. The preopercular ridge touches the pos- 
terior margin of the orbit and runs obliquely in a straight line nearly 
to lower margin of head under anterior margin of eye and is thence 
continued forward following the contour of snout. 


Bony strips along back and armature of abdomen as described for 
iM. scolopax. 


70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





The length of the second dorsal spine is variable, reaching only to 
the base of the rudimentary caudal rays in some examples, to above 
the middle of the longest caudal rays in the others; its insertion is 
midway between the base of the middle caudal rays and a point mid- 
way between the eye and the edge of the opercle. The pectorals equal 
in leneth the base of the anal, or the eye and postorbital part of the 
head. 

Color in spirits silvery below, brownish above; fins colorless; pale 
red in life. 

We have compared this species with two specimens of Macrorham- 
phosus scolopax from the Canary Islands. From them it differs in 
being a little more slender, and in having a slightly smaller eve and 
longer snout. 

Specimens from Misaki and Enoura on Sagami Bay and from deeper 
water at Sagami and Saruga Bays, where it was dredged by the U. 5. 
Fish Commission steamer A/batross. The type from Enoura is num- 
hered 7125 in Leland Stanford, Junior, University Museum. A co-type 
+s in the U. S. National Museum. The species is common in rather 
deep waters along the coast of Japan. 

(sagifue, the Japanese name.) 


9. MACRORHAMPHOSUS JAPONICUS Gunther. 


Centriscus japonicus Ginter, Cat. Fish., III, 1861, p. 522; Japan; China. 
Dorsal IV or V—11; anal 18 or 19. | 
The height of the body is contained 25 to 3 times in distance of! 
operculum from base of caudal. Second dorsal spine very strong, . 
not (or very indistinctly) denticulated posteriorky, the length about! 
one-fourth or two-ninths of the distance of the opercle from the’ 
caudal. | 

The above is Dr. Giinther’s description of Macrorhamphosus gracilis: 
of Europe From this species he differentiates JZ. japonicus in hav-- 
ing a shorter dorsal spine. 

The species was not seen by Jordan and Snyder. The type of Dr. | 
Giinther was doybtless from Misaki. 












Family VI. CENTRISCIDE. 


Form of body elongate, much compressed. Anterior bones of skull 
much produced and forming a long tube terminating in a small, 
mouth. Body covered with a bony dorsal cuirass which is connate: 
with the internal skeleton. Posteriorly it terminates in a long spine: 
with or without a movable spine at its end. The longitudinal axis of 
the tail 1s deflected from that of the trunk by the encroachment ol 
the dorsal cuirass over it. Vertical fins including a spinous dorsal) 
crowded together under the terminal spine of dorsal cuirass. Ventral) 


eS 


_ NO. 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. el 


abdominal. Teeth none. Parietals absent. Posttemporal suturally 


connected to cranium; supraclavicle present. Ribs developed. Post- 


-clavicles present. East Indies. Species few and small, fantastically 


formed, the translucent carapace suggesting that of a shrimp. 
7. AOLISCUS Jordan and Starks, new genus (strigatus). 


This genus differs from Centriscus Linnaeus (Amp/hisile Cuvier),“ 


chiefly in having the first dorsal spine borne by the spine which termi- 


nates the cuirass. The dorsal cuirass of Centriscus ends posteriorly 
ina long unjointed spine. This genus .#o//scus includes also o//s- 
cus punctulatus (Bianconi) and perhaps also the fossil species called 
Amphisile heinrichi. 


(aiolos, moving.) 
10. AXOLISCUS STRIGATUS (Giinther). 
Amphisile strigata GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., III, 1861, p. 28; Java. 


Head 23 in length to base of soft dorsal rays; depth 3 in head; orbit 


fii or 12 in head: 13 to 2 in postorbital part of head; interorbital 4 


orbit. Dorsal Ul, 10; anat 12. 





FIG, 3,—/EKOLISCUS STRIGATUS. 


Body very much compressed and rather elongate, resembling in 


transverse section a razor blade—thin and rounded above, tapering 


below to an extremely thin drawn out cutting edge. Head and body 


¢cuirassed with smooth, bony plates; tapering anteriorly into a long 


bouy snout; terminating posteriorly in a long spine. 

Outline of head concave above from occiput to tip of snout; the 
rostral tube bent upward anteriorly and terminating in an extremely 
small toothless mouth. The length of the mandible is less than half 
the diameter of the eye. The interorbital is convex and longitudinally 
striated; its width is equal to the diameter of the eye. The supraor- 
bital margin of the eye is a projecting rim. 

The third lateral plate of the body is nearly twice as long as deep; 
its lower edge is midway between the outline of the back above it and 
the base of the ventral fin. There are 11 lower ventral plates (ribs), 2 
in front of the pectoral and 9 behind. 





«The name Centriseus Linnaeus, was based on nie us scutatus Bae described 
after Gronow. It is therefore equivalent to Amphisile of Cuvier and Acentrachmerot 


Gill, and can be used neither for Macrorhamphosus nor for oliscus. 


(2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. . 





Directly below the posterior spines the vertical fins are crowded. 
The spinous dorsal and soft dorsal point nearly straight backward, the 
‘audal obliquely downward, and the anal straight downward. The 
pectoral is inserted hehind the opercle a distance equal to the diameter 
of the eye and the postorbital part of the head; its posterior margin is 
slightly concave; the extreme upper and lower rays are the longest, 
the former a little longer than the latter. The ventrals are inserted 
midway between a point below the anterior orbital rim and the base 
of the posterior anal ray. They are in some individuals long (prob- 


ably a sexual variation) and are contained 14 in the depth of the body 


above them: in others they are short, equal to or slightly exceeding 
the diameter of the eye. The first dorsal spine is equal in length to 
or slightly exceeds the distance of the pectoral from the edge of the 
opercle. From the end of the process which bears it a tiny spine 
projects downward and is connected to the dorsal spine by a membrane. 


The fish is evidently able to lock the dorsal spine in a horizontal posi-_ 


tion. When declined it projects downward at right angles to the 
spine that bears it. The second and third dorsal spines are curved 
slightly downward. The second reaches about three-fifths of the dis- 
tance from its base to the base of the first. The tips of the dorsal 
rays reach a very little past the tip ef the second dorsal. The length 
of the caudal rays are equal to the length of the dorsal rays. The 
anal rays are shorter and are about equal to the length of the base of 
the fin. 

Color brown, lighter above; a dark streak running through the eye 
appears as a double streak on opercles, thence takes an irregular 
course to pectoral base, behind which it 1s continued along the naked 


portion of the body below lateral plates, where it widens slightly at. 


tach rib; behind it crosses the caudal vertebre and ends between the 
spinous and soft dorsals. 

Numerous speciinens were obtained from Yaeyama, Ishigaki Island, 
Riukiu, having been collected by Capt. Alan Owston. 

(strigatus, striped.) 

SUMMARY. 
Suborder HEMIBRANCHII. 
Family I. GaAsTEROSTEID®. 
1. Gasterosteus (Artedi) Linnzeus. 
1. cataphractus (Pallas); Kushiro, Ibi River, Mino River. 


2. Pygosteus Brevoort. 


bo 


steindachneri Jordan and Snyder; Yamashiro, Inokashiro, Aomori. 
3. undecimalis Jordan and Starks; Chitose, Hokkaido. 





NO. 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. i: 
Family II. AvLoRHYNCHID2®. 
3. Aulichthys Brevyoort. 
4. japonicus Breyoort; Tokyo, Matsushima, Boshu. 
Family II. AvuLosromip®. 
4. Aulostomus Lacépede. 
5. valentini Bleeker. 
Family IV. Fisrunartm®. 
5. Fistularia Linneeus. 
6. depressa Ginther; Wakanoura, Misaki, Matsushima Bay. 
7. petimba Lacépéde; Wakanoura, Misaki, Nagasaki. 
Family V. MAacrorHAMPHOSID®. 
6. Macrorhamphosus Lacépéde. 
8. sagifue Jordan and Starks; Misaki, Enoura, Sagami Bay, Saruga Bay. 
9. japonicus Ginther. 
Family VI. Crenrriscip®. 
7. Aoliscus Jordan and Starks. 
10. strigatus (Gunther); Ishigaki Islands. 





DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF HAWAIIAN CRABS. 


By Mary J. Ratuprun, 


Second Assistant Curator, Division of Marine Invertebrates. 


Mr. H. W. Henshaw, of Hilo, Hawaii, has from time to time sent 
crustaceans to the U. S. National Museum. Among them are two 
erabs which appear to be undescribed. The species of Cyclograpsus 
has since been taken also by Mr. R. C. McGregor. 

The figures are drawn by Miss Sigrid Bentzon. 


CYCLOGRAPSUS HENSHAW/I, new species. 


Carapace four-fifths as long as broad, sides subparallel for nearly 
three-fourths of their length. Surface almost smooth, punctate, the 
puncte coarse on the front, a few depressed granules in the antero- 
lateral region; cervical suture and gastro-cardiac suture faintly 
marked. Postero-lateral 
region crossed obliquely by 
broken granulated lines. 
Margin of front not visible 
in a dorsal view, straight, 
about three-eighths as wide 
as carapace, granulate. 
Lateral edges margined, 
granulate, and entire. Al|- 
coholic specimens show 
six white spots on the an- 
terior half of the carapace, one on either side of the gastric region 
just in front of the middle and two farther forward, arranged trans- 
versely nearer the lateral margin. 

Chelipeds subequal. Merus granulate on upper margin and spar- 
ingly so on outer surface; inner margin denticulate, usually furnished 
with a lobe on the distal half. Carpus for the most part smooth; inner 
margin and angle granulate. Hand and fingers smooth; fingers gaping, 
inner edges crenulate. 

The ambulatory legs area little rough. The merus joints are granu- 
late on the anterior margin, the granules continued sparingly on the 





Fig. 1.—CYCLOGRAPSUS HENSHAWI, MALE, x 12. 





PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1309. 


or 


76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ 


upper surface. The anterior margin of the propodi is covered with 
short black bristles. The dactyli have six rows of the same, in which 
the spinules are almost hidden. 

Dimensions.—Length of male 13.5 mm.; width 17 mm.; fronto- 
orbital width 11.7 mm.; width of front 6.2 mm. Length of largest 
male 16 mm.; width 19.5 mm. 

Localities.—Hilo, Hawaii; H. W. Henshaw, collector (types, Cat. 
No. 22857). Kahului, Maui; R. C. McGregor, collector. Oahu, Ga/a- 
thea expedition; received from Copenhagen Museum, labeled ** C. ezne- 
reus Dana.” 

This little crab is not rare in the Hawaiian Islands. It has been 
found by Mr. Henshaw under stones at high-water mark, associated 

with (. granulatus Dana, which may be distin- 
euished by its arcuate side margins and the dense 
granulation of the anterior two-fifths of the cara- 
pace. C. cinereus Dana, of which there are speci- 
mens in the U. S. National Museum from San 
Lorenzo Island, Peru, has a narrower carapace, and 
the abdomen of the male wider and of a different 
form (see Dana’s figure). The new species ap- 
Fic. 2.—Cyciocrarsus proaches nearest to-C. parvulus de Man“ from Atjeh, 
HENSHAWI, ABDOMEN byt the front is wider in our species, the upper 
ee ies margin of the orbit is not directed backward, the 
merus of the maxilliped is longer, and the sixth seement of the abdo- 
men of the male shorter. 


OZIUS HAWAITIENSIS, new species. 


Length of carapace four-sevenths of width. Carapace convex both 


in a longitudinal and transverse direction. A narrow depressed area. 
extends around the front and antero-lateral region as far as the: 


penultimate tooth. Surface irregularly punctate; the anterior third is 


roughened with depressed granules and irregular pits. The anterior” 


part of the mesogastric region is very narrow and marked by deep) 


grooves. There is a shallow gastro-cardiac suture; otherwise the 
boundaries of the regions are not indicated. On either side are two 
shallow pits disposed obliquely in front of the middle. The fronto- 
orbital width is three-sevenths of the entire width. The front is about 


as wide as the orbits, and so deflexed that its real margin is not visible: 


in a dorsal view; the margin is four-lobed, the inner lobes larger than 
the outer and separated from each other by a deeper and narrower 
sinus than from the outer. The inner orbital tooth is well marked. 
Antero-lateral margin cut into four teeth; the first is almost obliter- 
ated in the adult, being merged with the orbital angle; its outer 
margin is longer than that of the secend. The second and third are 
of equal length, the second most prominent. 








« Zool. Jahrb., Syst., IX, 1896, p. 350; 1898, pl. xxx11, fig. 42. 


No. 1309. NEW HAWAIIAN CRABS—RATHBUN. 77 


The subhepatic and subbranchial regions are roughened near the 
anterior and lateral margins of the carapace. A ridge runs from 
near the posterior end of the first antero-lateral tooth to the lower 
margin of the orbit. 





Fic. 3.—OzIUS HAWAIIENSIS, FEMALE, 12. 


Chelipeds unequal (in the-female). The merus has a subterminal 
notch on the upper margin. The outer surface of the carpus and 
upper surface of the manus are roughened with irregular and mostly 
transverse pits, the intervening ridges deeply punctate. The carpus 
has two blunt inner teeth, one below the other. The fingers are black, 
marked with a few slightly im- 
pressed lines of pits; the pollex is ee een 
wider than the dactylus, which is Ce eS eS 
considerably longer than the upper Fis. 4.—Ozrus HAWATIENSIS, MARGIN OF FRONT, 
margin of the palm. The fingers eS 
of the larger hand gape a little; each has a larger tooth near the base. 
The ambulatory legs are sparsely hairy. 

Dimensions.—Length of female with ova 16 mm.; width 28 mm.; 
fronto-orbital width 12.5 mm.; width of front 6 mm. 

Type locality. —Hilo, Hawaii, under stones at high-water mark; 
H. W. Henshaw, collector (Cat. No. 22852). Only females and young 
have been secured. 

Ozius hawatiensis differs from allied species, such as O. verreauxis 
Saussure and Y. truncatus Milne Edwards, in lacking a sharp ridge 
on the carapace, extending obliquely inward ané forward from the last 
or penultimate antero-lateral tooth. 











CONTRIBUTION TO A MONOGRAPH OF THE INSECTS ( )F 
THE ORDER THYSANOPTERA INHABITING NORTH 
AMERICA. 





By Warren Etmer Hinps, 
Of the Massachusetts Agricultural ¢ ‘ollege. 


INTRODUCTION. 


| Very little attention has been given to the Thysanoptera of North 
America. So far as I can learn, descriptions or names of only twenty- 
three species have thus far (June, 1902) been published, besides three 
which have been recognized as previously described from Europe. 
Of the twenty-six species thus known in this country, four at least are 
certainly unrecognizable (Limothrips tritici Packard, J hlwothrips mali 
Ritch, P. caryx Fitch, Thrips Phyllowere Riley). Of the remaining 
twenty-two, six have been found identical with previously described 
species and therefore become synonyms—the large number is not 
surprising as many: of the early descriptions are entirely too brief to 
insure positive identification. Therefore only sixteen species have 
hitherto been known to occur in this country. We may say that 
almost no systematic work has been done on the order in the United 
States, and, with the exception of a study of the ‘* Thripide of Iowa,” 
by Miss Alice M. Beach, most of. the descriptions are scattered 
through different publications. I have endeavored to collect and 
present here such important facts as have already been published 
relating to members of this order, together with the observations 
which I have been able to make. An attempt has been made to place 
the work upon a systematic basis, and in order to make the deserip- 
tions uniform, and thus comparative, all the existing types that it has 
been possible for me to see have been examined and redescribed. In 
all, thirty-seven species are thus treated in the systematic part of this 
paper. Other descriptions which it has not been possible for me to 
place are given together by themselves in the hope that some one 
more fortunate or skillful than myself may have material by which 
to identify them. 











PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1310. 
79 


& 
80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


There are given herein descriptions of eighteen species which I 
believe to be new, all but two of them having been collected at 
Amherst. Massachusetts, and within a radius of 2 miles of the Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural College, but even this field has not yet been 
thoroughly collected. The abundance of new species obtained within 
such narrow limits shows us how very little has been done upon this 
order and therefore it will not be surprising, when more attention 
shall be given to these tiny insects by collectors, if this small order, 
which has been considered as insignificant in numbers as well as in 
the size of its individuals, should prove to be quite extensive in the 
number of its species. Of the new species described in this paper, a 
complete set of types has been deposited in the Massachusetts Agricul- 
tural College; a set of cotypes, so far as they exist, has been deposited 
in the United States National Museum; a third set of cotypes I have 
retained for my own use, and the remainder I have also deposited in 
the Massachusetts Agricultural College. The number of specimens 
from which the species has been described follows each description. 
Eleven of the thirteen previously described American species have 





been redescribed as have also a number which I believe have been ° 


previously described in Europe. Descriptions of early stages have 
been given where known and the authority therefor noted in each 
‘nstance. It will be noticed that in all cases the description of the 
female precedes that of the male, or the latter may be wanting 
entirely. Among the Thysanoptera the females are much more 


abundant than the males and also more characteristic when both are | 


known. For these reasons all of the descriptions are based mainly 
upon the female. It would be impossible to give a bibliography of | 
the species of this country without including many references to) 
European works. Therefore the bibliography is intended to include» 
the literature of this order for the world rather than for North) 


America alone. Each reference has been numbered so that it could be’ 


referred to by number when desired without repeating the whole title. 


Such references have been made by inserting the bibliographical | 
number inclosed by a parenthesis where authority for a statement is | 


referred to, thus, (1). 

I desire here to acknowledge that I am under many obligations to 
those who have assisted in making this paper more complete by kindly, 
loaning type specimens, without the examination of which the identifi- | 
cation of several species could not have been certain. I should state; 
that these types were not loaned to me directly, but to Prof. C. Haj 
Fernald, who kindly took upon himself the responsibility for them, 
but as I have been the one to profit by them it gives me pleasure to. 
express my thanks to Prof. J. H. Comstock, through whose kindness) 
I was able to see the type of Limothrips poaphagus; to Prof. Herbert) 
Osborn for the privilege of examining at my leisure his type of Z: hrips 


| 


a 





_ No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 81 


striata; to Prot. C. P. Gillette for the loan of his supposed Thrips 
striatus; to Prof. H. E. Somers for sending the types of Miss Beach 
and Professor Osborn, with their kind permission, to Dr. Henry 
Uzel for the positive identification of Thrips tabaci with his Thrips 
communis, and finally to Dr. L. O. Howard and Mr. Theodore 
Pergande for giving me access to the material in the United States 
National Museum collection. 

This paper forms the major portion of a thesis for the degree of 
doctor of philosophy at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, where 
it has been prepared under the supervision of Prof. Charles H. Fernald 
and Dr. Henry T. Fernald, who have charge of the work in the depart- 
ment of entomology. To both, for the many ways in which they have 
guided and encouraged me in the work of the past three years, I give 
my heartiest thanks. 


HISTORY OF THYSANOPTERA. 


These insects were first described by DeGeer in 1744, under the 
name Physapus (2). Linneeus ignored this name and placed the four 
species known to him ina genus which he called 7/r/ps, locating it in the 
order Hemiptera, immediately after his genus Coccvs (5). In 1806, C. 
Dumeril raised the group to the rank of a family, which he called 
Vesitarses or Physapodes but retained it in the order Hemiptera 
(44). C. F. Fallen (47), in 1814, changed the name of the family to 
*Thripsites,” but did not change its ordinal position, and this name 
was retained by Newman (61) as the name of a ‘‘ natural order,” which, 
however, had only family value. In 1825, Latreille (50) used for 
them the names Thripsides and Physapi. A. H. Haliday, in 1836, 
published an extensive study of the British insects belonging to this 
group and concluded that they should be given ‘the rank of an 
order, for which he proposed the name Thysanoptera (63). Probably 
about two years later, Burmeister (69) also gave them ordinal rank, 
with the name Physapoda, since which time most writers have 
adopted one or the other of these ordinal names. Those who adopt 
Physapoda appear to base their preference largely upon the priority 
of Dumeril’s use of the name Physapodes, Physopoda (Physapoda) 
being a re-formation of the term. It does not, however, seem to the 
writer that this position can be sustained, as at that time there was no 
genus Physopus, DeGeer’s name having no standing, as it was given 
before the tenth edition of Systema Nature.“ 

‘It seems therefore that Haliday was the first to give the group the 
rank of an order and to apply thereto a properly formed ordinal name: 
Thysanoptera, from Sioavos, a tassel, and zrepor, a wing. This 
basing of the name upon characters of the wings is in accord with 
general usage in the various orders of insects. I believe that Thysan- 





“See Canons V and XIII, A. O. U. Code, 1892. 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 6 





82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 








optera can claim priority and correctness of formation and should 
therefore be adopted. 

While the scientific name of the group has been subjected to so 
many changes, the most frequently used common name has persisted 
unchanged since the time of Linnzus. It is nothing more or less 
than the name which he gave to the genus Thrips, and is now applied 
in the same form to any individual of the order. It is therefore 
incorrect to drop the ‘*s” when referring to an individual, as is 
frequently done. Thrips is a Latin name derived from the Greek 
Spup, meaning a wood-louse, and is in the singular number and mas- 
culine gender, as will be also all generic names of which it forms the 
termination. 

Various other common names based upon two of the most striking 
characters of the group have also been used to a limited extent: Blad- 
der feet (Blasenfusse or Vesitarses), referring to the peculiar structure 
of the extremity of the leg, is appropriate and much used by German 
writers. Fringe-wings, from Thysanoptera, has also been used, but 
much more rarely. 


SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THYSANOPTERA. 


The systematic position of this group has undergone unusual change 
since its establishment by Linneus. Working as he did upon the 
most striking superficial characters, Linneeus recognized in Thrips 
certain affinities with the Hemiptera-Homoptera, in which order he 
placed them. About 1828 through the anatomical studies of Straus- 
Durcheim and Latreille, sufficient evidence was obtained to lead 
Latreille to separate them from the Hemiptera and place them among 
the Orthoptera. By other writers they have been regarded as Pseudo- 
neuroptera, but at the present time the general opinion is that they 
form an order by themselves. 

So far as the writer can learn, the best work dealing with this ques- 
tion has been done by Jordan (309). His studies were made princi- 
pally upon //leliothrips dracenx Heeger, representing the Terebrantia 
and Phlwothrips brunnea Jordan, representing the Tubulifera, but 
many other species were also considered and his conclusions are based 
upon anatomical (both external and internal) and biological considera- 


rl 
3 
; 





+, 


tions. The following is a free translation of a portion of Jordan’s — 


conclusion. 


In regard to the place of Physapoda, we must classify them according to their — 


immersed germ band and their larval form in the line of the Orthoptera, Homoptera, 


Hemiptera, wherein they should be placed according to their anatomy and biology. — 


In habits the Physapoda, especially the larvee, resemble small Cicadelline. The 
hypognathism of Thrips is found in such marked degree that the mouth cone comes 
to lie under the prothorax as in the case of Homoptera, especially Phytophthira. 
The number and position of the ocelli resembles the Orthoptera s. 1. more than the 
Homoptera, while the position of the antennze is similar to that of the Orthoptera 


Bae chee: > 


No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 83 





and Aphidee. In the structure of the mouthparts, the Physapoda are not as far 
removed from the Orthoptera as are the Rhynchota; the Physapod proboscis is of a 
type between the biting mouthparts of Orthoptera and the sucking mouth of the 
Rhynchota, by which it is not meant that the Homoptera have developed from our 
Physapoda. The biting mouth organs of the Orthoptera are here concealed by the 
transformation of the mandibles into piercing bristles and the growing together of 
the labrum with the maxillee and labium, while the piercing bristles form a short 
tube to the sucking proboscis. In this respect the Physapoda should be considered 
as Rhynchota together with the Homoptera and Heteroptera. 

Thrips have the free prothorax in common with the Orthoptera s. 1. and the Ryn- 
chota. The development of the meso and metathorax shows that at least the meta- 
sternum and mesosternum are nearly equal to those in the Orthoptera, while the 
absence of the metaphragma, which is always present in the Orthoptera, and the dis- 
appearance of the long metathoracic muscles which are not reduced there, bring 
Thrips into close connection with the Homoptera. The first ventral ring is main- 
tained through the absence of the first ventral plate and the entrance of the dorsal 
plate into the thoracic covering in the Physapoda just as in many Orthoptera s. 1., 
but a quite similar condition is also shown in the first abdominal segment of the 
Homopterous Psyllidee, a sign that Orthopteroid characters may be retained even in 
genuine Rhynchota. 

A reduction of the system of venation of the wing takes place in the Phytophthira 
as in the Physapoda, but not in the same degree in the Orthopteras. 1. Tho Physapod 
wing isa Phytophthiran wing in which the large spread is greatly reduced, as in the 
Pterophoridie, by the development of long fringes. 

In regard to the concentrated nervous system, Thrips come very close to Rhyn- 
chota and are far removed from the Orthoptera, but in this connection it is worth 
noting that the aberrant Mallophaga, provided with biting mouth parts, also possess a 
concentrated nervous system. Aside from these doubtful cases, all other Orthoptera 
have a developed chain of ventral ganglia. The tracheal system of Thrips has the 
small number of three or four pairs of stigmata. We find the stigmata reduced 
usually in the breathing organs of holometabolous insects. Among the Rhynchota we 
find it as in the Coccidze; all other Rhynchota and the Orthoptera are holopneustic. 
The alimentary canal of Physapoda is characterized by the possession of four mal- 
pighian vessels which occur in like manner in all Rhynchota with the exception of the 
Aphid which have none, and the Coccidze which have two urinary organs. The 
Orthoptera have a large number of urinary tubes, with the exception of the Termi- 
tide and Psocidse with six and the Mallophaga with four. The long, slender zeso- 
phagus of Terebrantia which reaches even into the abdomen is found also in the 
Psyllide, the large loop of the midgut of Terebrantia is characteristic of many Homop- 
tera, but in these the enlargement of the loop of the gut running back, takes place 
at the beginning of the midgut. 

The male sexual apparatus, with its simple, often pear-shaped testes, resembles the 
Mallophaga about as much as the Phytophthira; the female organs, from the rosette 
arrangement of the ovarian tubes, resembles the tubes in the Rhynchota; the want 
of connective strands of the eggs with the germ area places the ovaries especially 
beside those of the Cicadelline. The genital armature of the Terebrantia is found in 
the Grthoptera and Phytophthira. 

_ Jn anatomical respects, therefore, the Physapoda come nearer the Homoptera than 
the Orthoptera s. 1. There is also a series of biological facts which strengthen still 
further the connection of these insects with the Homoptera. First, I would recall 
that the Physapoda with their nymph and pronymph stages, in which they take no 
nourishment, exhibit a very similar transformation to that which is known to take 
place in Coccid males. The parthenogenesis of Thrips is not Orthopteroid, but a 
method of reproduction which is peculiar chiefly to the Phytophthira. The frequent 


sai i 
oceurrence of apterous species without rudiments of wings, the condition that one _ 
sex is so frequently winged while the other is wingless, that among the normally — 
winged species there appear individuals with reduced wings, that the latter phenom- | 
enon occurs especially toward autumn; all these are occurrences which take place to 
a considerable degree in the Phytophthira. 

The manner of nourishment of Thrips, their life in larval colonies, the rapid and 
successive development of each generation, the sucking of plant roots by the larve, — 
the periodical swarming of multitudes of the winged species give to Thrips through- 
out an Aphid-like character. 

Therefore we can not doubt that we must separate the Physapoda from the 
Orthoptera s. 1., but we must still determine whether we may incorporate them into 
the Rhynchota. If we maintain the division of the insects into eight orders (Thysa- 
nura, Orthoptera s. 1., Rhynehota, Neuroptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, 
and Coleoptera) and include in these orders the aberrant Siphonaptera, Mallophaga, 
Strepsiptera, the first in the Diptera, the others in the Orthoptera and Coleoptera, 
then we must also consider the Physapoda as Rhynchota and divide the Rhynchota 
into Heteroptera, Homoptera, and Physapoda. 

But if, according to Brauer’s classification, we break up the conglomeration of the 
Orthoptera s. 1. into several orders of insects equivalent to the well-defined Coleop- 
tera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Neuroptera, and also consider the 
aberrant Siphonaptera as a single order, just as the Bryozoa, Echinorhyncha, etc., 
represent aberrant types of worms, then there is no necessity for destroying the unity 
of the type of the Rhynchota by the incorporation of the Physapoda, but we can 
erect for Thrips a new order, the phyllogenetic value of which we find in that they 
have branched off from the line of the Orthoptera-Homoptera-Heteroptera where the 
Orthopteroid characters of the Homoptera are not entirely suppressed, and that they 
exhibit special mouth parts which morphologically still remain somewhat Orthop- 
teroid, but functionally are quite Rhynchotoid. The Mallophaga with their Rhyn- 
chota-like nervous system and their four malpighian vessels must have branched off 
before the Physapoda. Their special connection with the Physapoda arises from 
the form of the tracheal stigmata in the development of the thorax in which the » 
metanotum, as in the Physapoda, is larger than the mesonotum in contrast with all 
Rhynchota and Orthoptera. If we collect the Mallophaga, Psocidee, and Termitidee » 
as Corrodentia with Brauer, then we must place Physapoda in the system between 
Corrodentia and Rhynchota. 


84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. xxvii 


; 
4 


COLLECTION OF THYSANOPTERA. 


As the life habits of species of this order differ very greatly, the 
methods of collection must be varied according to the species. The 
majority of these insects are to be found in flowers, grass, etc.; many 
are found exclusively in turf or near the surface of the ground; others, 
are taken most commonly under the bark of trees, on foliage, etc. 

For the grass-inhabiting species, I have found a short-handled sweep-_ 
ing net, made of fine muslin, most serviceable. Other cloths may be 
used, but the texture must be considerably finer than that of cheese: 
cloth or many of the smaller species can easily pass through it and 
escape. Asa white background greatly facilitates the observation of | 
these small creatures, the contents of the net may be carefully exam- 
ined by slowly turning it inside out without emptying it or the net. 
may be emptied and the contents be examined upon a sheet of white: 
paper carried for the purpose. Small phials serve as convenient recep- 


* 


+ 





No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 85 





tacles for the collections from various plants or other sources and thus 
they may be kept separate if desired. The most convenient method 
yet found for catching these lively little animals is to moisten a fine 
eamel’s-hair brush and place it directly upon the escaping actively 
jumping or flying forms. Those that are more sluggish in their move- 
ments can be easily lifted upon the point of the brush and transferred 
to the phial, which may be stoppered with a cork or wad of cotton. A 
label giving such data as it is desired to preserve may be placed in the 
phial or attached to the outside and a bit of the food plant may well 
be placed inside with the insects. In this bottle they may be kept 
alive for some time, if it is not convenient to preserve them at once. 

Uzel recommends for collection from flowers, inclosing the flower 
head, insects and all, in a four-cornered paper bag, folding the upper 
edge over twice and fastening with a pin. Flowers of only one sort 
should be placed ina bag. The contents of the bags are examined at 
home upon a sheet of white paper and the escaping creatures captured 
with the aid of a fine brush dipped in alcohol. In winter, dried flow- 
ers and grass stems yield many hibernating forms. 

Tree-inhabiting species may be found by beating over a white sur- 
face, or foliage may be collected and sifted by means of a fine beetle 
sieve, which is a great convenience for this work. In this way may be 
found also many species inhabiting turf, moss, fallen foliage, or decay- 
ing bark. The sifting may be done directly over white paper or the 
siftings collected by means of a fine bag fastened around the sieve and 
examined at the collector’s leisure at home. Some species are known 
to inhabit certain oak galls and probably other galls will be found to 
shelter other species. The gall is, as a rule, the work of some other 
insect which the Thrips has appropriated for its home, but in Aus- 
tralia some galls are said to be formed by the Thrips themselves. Both 
Uzel and Jordan state that many inhabit fungi, but I have not yet 
found any in such a location. 


PRESERVATION AND MOUNTING. 


Various methods of preserving these tiny insects have been tried. 
Being so small that it is impossible to study them without the aid of 
‘a compound microscope, the method has been sought for which would 
best preserve the natural form and color of the insect and the most 
satisfactory results have been obtained in the following simple way: 

The specimens to be mounted, having been brought into the labora- 
tory alive in small bottles, are quickly killed, and at the same time 
cleared, by dropping them directly into xylol in which they are left 
for about an hour. They may then be mounted directly in balsam dis- 
solved in xylol without danger of cloudiness resulting from moisture 
in the insect body. The mounts are clear, natural colors are well 
preserved, and when dried they are permanent and always available 


86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





for study. Working with such small insects, it is difficult to arrange 
them satisfactorily upon the slide, but with patience and care this can 
be accomplished fairly well. The wings should be spread, and this 
condition has, as a rule, been most easily obtained by transferring the 
insect from the xylol to the center of a clean slide, and then teasing 
the wings out to the desired position by means of a fine bristle. The 
balsam is then placed on the cover and gently lowered onto the insect. 
As the balsam spreads it tends to carry out the wings, legs, and 
antenne so that they are in a position for study. It is a convenience 
in study to have two specimens on the same slide, one being dorsal, 
the other ventral side up. Specimens of different species should not 
be placed upon the same slide. If it is desired to keep a large num- 
ber of duplicates, it is not, perhaps, advisable to mount them all in 
this way, as they can be fairly well preserved by placing the living 
insects directly in about 80 per cent aleohol. Alcohol is, however, 
liable, or even likely, to cause an abnormal distension of the body, 
especially with Tubulifera, and if some of these distended specimens 
are afterwards mounted permanently for study it will be found that 
their general appearance has become so changed that the species 1s 
scarcely recognizable. For this reason I can recommend alcohol only 
for duplicates of well known species and never for undescribed 
material. 

While balsam mounts, made as described, seem to be best. for pre- 
serving the general natural appearance of the insect, mounts made in 
another way are more useful for study of the chitinous structure. 
Everything but the chitin is dissolved by allowing the specimen to 


mascerate for from twenty-four to thirty-six hours in a cold 10 per. 


cent solution of caustic potash, or by boiling for a few minutes in a 


little of the same solution. When thoroughly cleared the specimen 
may be mounted directly in elycerin, or washed in water, dehydrated 
in alcohol followed by xylol, and then mounted in balsam. Such 


mounts can be examined under high-power lenses and reveal many | 
fine details of chitinous structure which can not be seen in ordinary 
mounts. 

A few words in regard to glycerin mounts may save some one such) 
disappointment and loss as my experience with them has caused me. 
During one summer quite a large number of mounts were made by 
placing the insect directly into elycerin contained in a low cell, made 
either of white zinc cement or hard glycerin jelly, the cover glass: 
being carefully sealed on with the white zinc cement in each case. 
These mounts were beautifully clear at first and were placed aside for 
study during the winter. When examined again after a few months 
they were found to be ruined and worthless. Nearly every specimen 
was more or less thickly covered, especially around the spiracles and 
thin membranous areas, with dense clusters of white, needle-like 


no. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 87 


crystals, many oF which were ee floating tirough: ie Gcena 
Asa result these slides, containing most of the results of a summer’s 
collecting, had to be thrown away. The exact composition of the 
crystals was not determined, but it is supposed that they were mostly 
phosphates which had been dissolved in the juices of the insect’s body. 
As the juices were gradually drawn out, the phosphatic salts, not 
being soluble in the glycerin, were deposited as the white crystals. 
There are still other objections to glycerin as a mounting medium 
for Thysanoptera, though it may be all right for other insects. The 
dark pigment of the eyes is frequently dissolved out by glycerin, and 
spreads all through the head, suffusing it with a dark color, which 
obscures all details in that region. Furthermore, glycerin does not 
preserve the tissues of the body fora very long time. They gradually 
go to pieces, the segments spread apart, and the mount becomes 
worthless in the course of a few years. Of course this objection to 
glycerin does apply to the mounting of chitin which has been cleared 
from all soft tissues by treatment with caustic potash solution, as 
chitin is unaffected by glycerin. 


EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 
INTEGUMENT. 


Adult.—The chitinous skeleton of these insects is quite firm. The 
body wall is made up of strongly chitinized, rigid plates joined together 
by thin and very flexible membranes. The texture of the plates 
appears usually to be quite uniform in different parts of the same 
specimen. In the head, especially, several of them are so smoothly 
joined that no sutures are visible. The thin connecting membrane 

may be smooth and of a uniform thickness, or, as in many parts of 
the Tubulifera, it may show a peculiar structure in the nature of regu- 
lar, distinct, very minute, plate- like thickenings, varying in form but 
Brien circular or hexagonal, giving a decidedly granular appearance to 
the area. 

The chitin is frequently thrown into more or less distinct folds or 
ridges, most frequently transverse in direction, but often branching 
and running together to form a reticulated structure. The back of 
the head and the pronotum are most frequently marked in this way. 
Sometimes the ridges become very thick and pronounced, and form a 
regular network over the surface so conspicuous as to be of use in 
classification (L/eliothrips, Parthenothrips, see Plate VI, fie. 64). This 
reticulation may extend over the whole outer surface of the body, 
legs, and even the fore wings, but always seems to be heaviest upon 
the head and pronotum. It is not known to occur in the olothr ipidee, 
but is found in several species of Thripide, and I have discovered it 
in an undescribed species of Phlaothripide. 


88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





In certain parts of the body there are found invaginations of the 
chitinous, external skeleton serving as advantageous points for the 
attachment of muscles. These can best be seen on the meso and 
metasternal plates of winged species of Thripidee, and are darker than 
the plates in color. Many species show a narrow, transverse line 
across the second to seventh dorsal abdominal plates near the anterior 
edge of each. This dark line is caused by-a chitinous, ridge-like 
thickening forming an arch on the inside of each of these plates. 

The chitin of the skeleton is rarely entirely unpigmented.  Pig- 
mentation may take place in the cuticle itself, when the color is usually 
gray, yellow, brown, or black, or color may appear from pigments 
deposited in the hypodermis or fat-body. Such deposits are usually 
very irregular and of a yellow, red, or purple color. Pigments are 
frequently present in both places in the same individual. Metallic 
colors do not oceur. 

Larva.—Vhe chitin of the larva is much less firm than that of the 
adult, and there is scarcely any differentiation in texture or structure 
between the plates and connecting membranes. The surface is not 
reticulated, but is usually considerably wrinkled transversely and 
roughened, though sometimes it is quite smooth. 

Pigments are rarely present in the chitin of the larva, and when 
they do occur the colors seem to be Jimited to gray, yellow, or brown. | 
Larvee are usually cf yellow or red color, but these colors are due to — 
hypodermal or fat-body pigments, and to some extent, perhaps, to the 
body fluids. : 

Pupa.—The delicacy of the chitinous covering of the early stages | 
‘an be seen during the period of transformation. It is then thin, — 
smooth, and often shining. The cuticle forms a delicate sheath around — 
the wings, antenne, and legs, and toward the end of this stage can be — 
plainly seen separated from the body of the inclosed adult. i 

Integunental appendages.—These are present in the form of hairs, i 
bristles, or spines which are variously modified. They are frequently — 
borne upon small warts or tubercles which can be most distinctly seen — 
upon the cheeks of many Tubulifera. The membranes of the wings — 
are thickly set with microscopic hairs, usually either darker than the— 
membrane itself or sharing its color. In some species (Sericothrips, 
various species) the abdomen is also thickly set with microscopic hairs, ¢ 
giving it a sleek, velvety appearance, and whorls of similar minute 
hairs often mark the antennal segments. The posterior fringes of the — 
wings are always composed of long slender hairs, usually more or less” 
spiral or wavy in appearance and inserted either directly into the edge — 
of the wing (Tubulifera) or attached by a joint toa fixed base upon the — 
edge (Terebrantia). This joint allows of motion only in the plane of © 
the wing and toward its tip; it facilitates the folding of the hairs into— 
line with the edge of the wing when the latter is brought to rest. r 


‘ 


"| 


No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 89 


In nearly all species numerous short, small spines are borne upon 
the various parts, especially upon the prothorax, legs, and antenne. 
Larger and more conspicuous spines or bristles mark especially the 
exposed parts of the body such as the vertex of the head, the angles 
of the prothorax, the veins of the wings in the Terebrantia, and the 
last two or three segments of the abdomen. Special modifications of 
these larger spines are found in many adult Tubulifera in the form of 
hairs which have usually a slender shaft and at the tip are roundly 
knobbed or irregularly funnel-shaped, though sometimes they are 
short and cut off squarely at the tip where they are fully as large as at 
their base. 

Larve and pupe of both suborders, in many cases, bear such 
knobbed or funnel hairs which, when present in the pup, are even 
longer and more slender than in the larvee. The spines in many cases 
are placed in quite regular segmental rows, both in transverse and 
longitudinal directions. 





HEAD. 


The form of the head is peculiar and extremely variable. (See figs. 4, 
14, 27, 55, 93, 107, etc.) But while this variation is great between 
different species, the proportion of length to breadth in the same 
species is very constant. The different sclerites forming the head are 
so completely fused as to be indistinguishable and we can therefore 
designate the regions of the head only ina general way. The dorsal 
portion back of the eyes is called the occiput, that between the eyes 
and extending forward to the bases of the antenne is the vertex, 
between the bases of the antenne and the attachment of the mouth 
cone on the ventral side is the frons, while the sides of the head are 
called the cheeks (genze of other orders). The usual appendages of 
the insect head are present and ‘will be considered separately. 

Antennxe.—These are inserted upon the extreme front of the head 
and stand quite closely together upon the front margin between the 
eyes. They are always much longer than the head and may be two or 
three times as long. The number of segments is a character of much 
importance in classification and varies from six to nine. The form of 
the segments ranges from cylindrical to almost spherical, and this 
character is also of importance in classification. The spines upon the 
segments become more numerous as the apex is approached, and on 
the intermediate segments are mostly borne upon the apical half of 
each. The Molothripide lack the specialized form and arrangement 
of the spines which is found in Thripide; their antenne are quite 
uniformly clothed with short hairs or bristles. In the Thripide this 
general hairiness is lost, except in those species having whorls of hairs 
around intermediate segments, while a few much longer and usually 
more conspicuous spines are developed. The antennal spines of Phloe- 
othripide resemble in a general way those of Thripide. In both 


90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 








these families certain spines seem to have undergone much modifica- 
tion and to have become specialized as sense organs of some particular 
sort. (See Plate XJ, figs. 123, 124.) They are larger than the unspe- 
cialized spines, thin walled and almost transparent, and usually end in 
a blunt point. In some species they are quite prominent, but as a-rule 
are inconspicuous and require a careful adjustment of the light to be 
clearly seen. They are always simple in Phlceothripide and are 
usually borne upon segments three to tive, sometimes three to seven. 

In the Thripide similar structures are found, but they have under- 
gone even greater specialization in most cases. In a few genera 
(Chirothrips, Limothrips, Aptinothrips, and Parthenothrips) they are 
simple and stand singly, one to a segment, upon the outer angles of 
segments three, four, and sometimes five, and upon the inner side at 
about the middle of six. In most cases, however, it appears that two 
of these specialized spines have approached and united at their base, 
so that we find upon the upper side of segment three and the under 
side of four, near their tips, a peculiar crescentic organ having the 
same apparent structure as the specialized spines just described and 
borne upon a small stalk standing ina clear, membranous area. (Plate 
XI, fig. 128.) In some cases these organs are shaped much like the 
horns of cattle and are curved in two directions, being curved forward 
and also toward the axis of the antenna. The fifth segment sometimes 
bears a simple spine and another one is also well developed upon the 
inner side of the sixth. The function of these structures is uncertain, 
but they are usually called sense cones. 

In the Aolothripide an entirely different type of sense organ is 
found, though the two may possibly have much the same function. 
Upon the underside of segments three and four are narrow, much 
elongated longitudinally, thin, membranous areas, situated upon the 
outer half of each segment and a very small round spot of similar 
structure is similarly placed near the tip of segment five. (Plate XJ, 
fig. 122.) These membranous areas strongly suggest an auditory 
function, but this is, perhaps, only a possibility. 

Abnormal antenne are not uncommon, and one or both may be 
deformed. The most common variation is in the line of a reduction 
in the number of segments through the fusion of two or more of the — 
apical ones. Such deformed antenne may not be shorter than the 
normal ones, but there is usually some reduction in length. In one 
case, at least (Aptinothrips rufus var. connatticornis), there occurs a 
regular and apparently normal fusion of the two segments constitut- 
ing the style of the typical form with the sixth segment (Plate V, figs. 
52, 54), which in this case is considered as a varietal distinction. An 
increase in the number of segments above the normal, by a division of 
one or more, is not known. 

The antennx are carried extended forward in front of the head, and — 


"No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 91 


are not normally laid back along the body when at rest. In the 
Terebrantia the first two segments are usually markedly broader than 
the others. ; 

Larval antennz vary considerably from those of adults. The num- 
ber of segments is constantly smaller, and the form is generally 
changed. Sense cones are not present, and the arrangement of spines 
is quite different from that in the adult. 


ORGANS OF VISION. 


Lyes.—Adult Thrips possess faceted eyes, which are borne upon 
the front angles of the head and extend downward onto the frons 
about as far as they do upward onto the vertex; rarel y they are situ- 
ated farther back upon the sides of the head, but still near the front, 
They are circular, oval, or reniform in outline. The size and number 
of facets varies considerably in different species, as does also the close- 
ness of the facets to each other. The eyes are quite large, as com- 
pared with the size of the head, being together about one-half the 
width of the head through them. In many species, especially in Tere- 
brantia, they are strongly protruding (Helvothrips, Parthenothrips). 
The individual facets are usually considerably swollen, and small hairs 
project from between them, thus giving the eyea peculiar resem- 
blance to the surface of a raspberry. The cornea is quite thick, trans- 
parent, usually slightly tinged with yellow, and appears like a light- 
colored margin around the outside of the eye. The part of the head 
closely adjoining the eye is frequently also much lighter in color than 
the remainder of the head. 

The pigmentation of the eye is dense and dark, so that, as a rule, 
by transmitted light the eye is entirely opaque, while by reflected 
light it may be red or very dark purple in color. 

The eyes of larve are much smaller and simpler than those of the 
adults. They consist of but few large, separated facets, and are situ 
ated farther back upon the sides of the head. 

Ocelli.—These are adult structures, and are not present in larve, 
though the pigment of the developing ocelli can sometimes be seen 
late in the larval stage. They are not always present, however, even 
in the adults. They are three in number, situated more or less closely 
together between the eyes on the vertex of the head, and are placed 
always in the form of a triangle, with its apex forward. Rarely only 
two ocelli are present, and it is then the front one which is wanting. 
Ocelli are present in all winged forms, and usually also in the short- 
winged forms of winged species. They are absent, however, in 
entirely wingless species. 


MOUTH PARTS. 


The mouth parts of Thrips are difficult to study, and so pecul larly 
modified that it has been found hard to determine their homologies. 


92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





This fact accounts largely for the many changes which have been made 
in the classification of this group. It is now generally admitted that 
their action is largely suctorial. They exhibit structures which seem 
to show a transition from a mandibulate to a haustellate form, and for 
this reason are of peculiar interest. 

As a whole the mouth apparatus appears as a broad, unjointed cone 
attached to the extreme posterior edge of the under side of the head, 
being carried so far back that its attachment to the rest of the head 
lies largely under the pronotum (Plate X, fig. 111). The apex of the 
cone is usually quite sharp, but never as slender as in the Hemiptera, 
and lies, when at rest, in a depression of the prosternum between the 
fore cox. In many species the mouth cone is bluntly rounded. In 
the Terebrantia it is attached to the frons by a strongly chitinized 
thickening, running more or less obliquely across the under side of the 
head. In most species this dark thickening is nearer the left eye than 
the right and is connected by a similar thickening with the margin of 
the left eye (Plate XI, fig. 120). This connection is wanting on the 
right side, though a portion of the thickening still remains close to the 
right eye. In the Tubulifera the base of the mouth cone is much more 
nearly symmetrical and the connections with the eyes are entirely 
wanting (Plate XI, fig. 127). 

Asymmetry.—sSo far as we can learn, Prof. H. Garman was the first 
to call attention to the very peculiar asymmetry which is characteristic 
of the mouth parts of the members of this order, and he gave a new 
interpretation to certain of these parts, which we believe to be correct. 

Not only is the connection of the mouth cone, as a whole, with the 
frons asymmetrical, but also some of the individual parts of the mouth 
are markedly so. The most striking of these are the form of the— 
labrum and the absence of the right mandible. These parts will be 
considered more in detail by themselves. 

Labrum.—tThe labrum forms the front wall of the cone (Plate XI, 
figs. 120, 127). It is decidedly asymmetrical in all Thysanoptera, but — 
especially so in the Terebrantia. It is irregularly triangular in form, 
does not reach to the endocranial thickening, but is attached by its 
broad base to the clypeus by an indistinct membranous connection. 
From the base it narrows to the tip, where it is more or less rounded — 
in Terebrantia, but is quite pointed and spine-like in many Tubulifera, 
though bluntly rounded in others. It is drawn out much farther 
toward the right cheek than toward the left, and on the right side also 
approaches most closely to the transverse thickening. The labrum is 
usually abruptly darker in color than the area between its base and 
the transverse thickening. 

Mawille.—The mixille are broad, flat, and external. Like the 
labrum, they are wedge-shaped or triangular in general form, and they 
constitute the side walls of the mouth cone. They taper toward their — 


No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 93 


tips, where they are quite sharply pointed and strongly chitinized, and 
may reach slightly beyond the labrum. At about the middle point of 
the side of each maxilla is borne a two or three segmented palpus. 
In the Molothripide this is always three segmented and geniculate; 
in the Thripidee it is composed of two or three approximately equal 
segments and is straight, the segments being cylindrical but decreas- 
ing successively in diameter; in the Phloothripide it is always two 
segmented and the segments are very unequal in length, the basal one 
being short and rounded while the second is long, slender, and cylin- 
drical. The terminal segment is in all cases provided with a few touch 
bristles which are but rarely distinctly and easily visible. 

Labium.—The labium is believed to be formed by the union of the 
second pair of maxiile and in many insects evidence of this can be 
seen, but in the Thysanoptera there is no visible suture along the 
median line, though sometimes a deep median notch is present at the 
tip. It forms the hind wall of the mouth cone and is, as a rule, con- 
siderably broader at the tip than the other parts. In many species, of 
Tubulifera especially, it is very broad and heavy at the tip, but in 
others it is narrowed and the whole mouth cone is then usually elon- 
gated and pointed. Standing closely together, each upon a membra- 
nous space a little to one side of the middle of the tip, are the two or 
four segmented, cylindrical, labial palpi. The maximum number of 
segments is here found also in the Molothripide, and the minimum 
number in the Thripidz and Phleothripide. Around the tips of the 
labial palpi are borne a few touch bristles similar to those upon the 
maxillary palpi. 

Within the hollow cone formed by the parts just described lie the 
protrusile, piercing organs of the Thysanopteran mouth. These 
organs are three in number and of two kinds. Their homologies have 
been confused by various writers. 

Mandible.—This is the large, unpaired, piercing spine lying on the 
left side in the mouth cavity. It has been variously interpreted as 
epipharynx, mouth spine, etc. In the right side of the head there is 
no trace, or but a mere vestige, of the corresponding organ. The 
absence of the right mandible appears to be closely correlated to all 
the asymmetry of the mouth parts of these insects. The mandible con- 
sists of two parts, though these are not separated in any way. The 
large bulbous base appears to be mostly muscular and is attached to the 
endocranial thickening behind the left eye close to the angle which is 
made by the endocranium at this point, and about in line with the 
branch from this thickening running to the left eye in Terebrantia, 
which branch thus appears to form a strong brace. On the right side 
the absence of this endocranial branch is doubtless due to the non- 
development of the right mandible, and the labrum has grown out 
farther on the right side to take the place in some measure of the 


94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVI. 








wanting structures. The muscular base is short and abruptly con- 
stricted, and from this point to the tip the mandible continues as a 
slender, strongly chitinized spine having a very sharp point. This 
structure is capable of protrusion for only about one-fourth of its 
length, and therefore appears to be used only for piercing the outer, 
tougher tissues of plants. The mandible in the Tubulifera is decidedly 
shorter and more bent than is that in the Terebrantia. 

Maxillary lobes.—This pair of piercing organs has been considered 
by the majority of writers as the mandibles, but such they surely are 
not. Dissection shows that they are attached by a movable joint to 
the bases of the maxille. Each lobe is composed of two parts: A short 
basal, muscular arm or lever attached to the maxilla, and at the other 
end united to the enlarged, muscular base of the spine which is very 
slender and strongly chitinized. These spines are longer and more 
slender than the mandible and are developed alike on each side. When 
retracted into the mouth, the basal arm or lever extends obliquely for- 
ward so that the lever forms an acute angle with the spine, which then 
reaches just to the mouth, but when protruded the lever is brought 
down toward the mouth so as to straighten this joint, and the spine is 
thus thrust out from the mouth opening to a considerable distance. 
As these spines are more slender and protrude farther from the mouth 
than does the mandible, it appears probable that the latter is used to 
start the puncture through the hard, tough outer tissues, while the 
weaker lobes of the maxille, penetrating deeper through this opening, 
reach into the inner tissues. Some writers have stated that the three 
spines are hollow and used as suction tubes, but I have not found this 
to be the case in the species examined. 

There is a marked difference in length of the maxillary lobes in the 
two suborders. In the Tubulifera they are extremely long, and when 
retracted curve far forward under the eyes, while in the Terebrantia 
the bend of the lobes scarcely reaches beyond the transverse thickening. 
In the Tubulifera these lobes are altogether longer than the entire head 
and can be protruded in many species as far as the hind edge of the 
mesosternum. 

Other mouth structures.— Attached to the inner surface of the labium 
are certain other chitinized structures hard to describe and of uncer- 
tain homology, but considered by some as an hypopharynx. 

Larve.—The mouth parts of the larva are much the same as those 
of the adult, though weaker and less strongly chitinized. The chitin 
of these structures is shed at each molt, and may then be seen con- 
nected with the cast-off skin. 

Movements of mouth parts.—The parts forming the external-wall of — 
the mouth cone are not free, being united by a membranous connection | 
along their sides. At the tip of the cone there is a small opening. It | 
thus appears that structurally these insects are incapable of biting or | 


| 
| 
=| 


No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 95 





chewing their food to any degree, though it has been stated that par- 
ticles of leaf tissue have been detected in their excrement. This may 
be accounted for by the fact that the mouth parts are quite strongly 
chitinized at their tips, and so may serve, to some extent, to rasp 
or tear the tissues, small particles of which may be drawn into the 
alimentary canal with the sap. 


THORAX. 
(Plate XI, figs. 116-119, 125-127.) 


The thorax is composed of three distinct segments, each of which is 
well developed. The prothorax is separated from the mesothorax hy 
a deep constriction and is freely movable. The other thoracic seg- 
ments are closely grown together and form what. is conveniently 
called the pterothorax. The larval thorax shows no particular chitin- 
ized plates and its whole structure and the arrangement and develop- 
ment of the spines have been but little studied. 

Most previous descriptions of the thoracic structure of these insects 
have been very brief. Unfortunately Dr. Uzel has given the entire 
anatomical part of his monograph in Hungarian, and therefore his 
description of the thorax has not been available. It is evident that 
there is considerable variation in the thoracie structures in different 
species, and it may be that when carefully worked out these parts will 
be found to have considerable importance in classification, whereas 
they have not been used in this way heretofore. A general deserip- 
tion of the parts of the thorax is difficult to give and must be subject 
to much modification in many species as the homologies of some parts 
are not well established. 

Prothorax.—This segment is as wide or wider than the head and 
varies much in its proportions and form. It is rarely much longer 
than wide, usually exceeds the mesothorax in length, and in most cases 
approximately equals the metathorax. The form in the Terebrantia 
is usually more or less rectangular, with the sides and hind edge espe- 
cially somewhat rounded. This form is also found in some Tubulifera, 
but as a rule among them the thorax is trapezoidal, being much wider 
at the hind edge than at the front. This trapezoidal form appears to 
be closely related to the development of the fore legs, since in the 
genus Chirothrips where the fore legs are extremely thickened there 
Is found the same form of prothorax as in the Tubuliferan genera 
where the fore femora are also enlarged. 

The pronotum is strongly chitinized. In the Thripidee it is usually 
more or less transversely striated and often bears numerous small 
spines. In the other families it is generally smooth. 

In most Thysanoptera the prothorax bears long conspicuous spines, 
the number and arrangement of which are much used in classification. 
These stand usually around the outside of the pronotum—one or two 


| 


96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ° VOL. XXVI. 


at each angle and a pair on each of the transverse margins, and in 
some species one in the middle of each side. The maximum number 
is therefore twelve. When only one or two pairs are present they 
are at the hind angles. The form and size of these spines is also varia- 
ble. They may be quite short and inconspicuous or nearly as long as 
the protonum itself. In many Plceothripide they are knobbed or 
funnel shaped at the tips. 

Ina number of species of Tubulifera, a division of the pronotum 
into plates near the hind angles has been observed. Two triangular 
plates coming up from behind the middle on the side and at about the 
hind angles meet at a point considerably within the margin and above 
the fore coxe. The prosternum is less strongly chitinized than the 
pronotum and at about the middle of the fore edge is often indented 
to accommodate the mouth cone. The insertions of the fore cox are 
at the hind angles and the distance between them depends upon the 
width of the hind edge of the prothorax. In some species the proster- 
num appears to be entirely membranous, while in others there are two 
small plates between the coxe near the hind margin. The episternum 
and epimeron are more easily distinguishable in most Tubulifera than 
in Terebrantia. 

Mesothorar.—The mesothorax is a broad, short segment, often the 
broadest of the body. The mesonotum is shorter than the mesosternum, 
though the latter approximately equals the metasternum as a rule, in 
consequence of which the division between the meso and metathoracie 
segments is oblique. The mesoscutum is usually a rather hexagonal 
plate, somewhat broader than long, and has thickened edges which are 





bent inward and used for the attachment of muscles, as is shown by — 


cross sections of this region of the body. A narrow prescutum can 
be easily distinguished in some species, though in others it appears to 
be closely fused with the scutum. On each side of the scutum isa 
membranous area upon which the fore wings are inserted, at the 


bases of which there are chitinous thickenings for the attachment of 
muscles and also serving as pivotal points. A small, curved, triangular 
tegula is present in many, if not all, Terebrantia. Upon its broad 


edge, next the base of the wing, it is furnished, in Holothrips, with 


a row of five or six small, stout spines which point directly toward | 


the base of the wing, upon which, very near its base, there stands a 
somewhat larger, curved spine which, when the wings are extended 


in flight, points toward and would appear to engage some one of those — 


upon the tegula. This is a peculiar and interesting structure the 
purpose of which can only be conjectured. In Thripide the tegula is 


present, but I have found no species having the spines fully developed, | 


though little knobs or vestiges of such structures are present in some 
cases. The tegula is not always distinctly visible. At each anterior 
angle of the mesothorax there is a larger or smaller spiracle, which is 


. 


m: 


% 


y 


No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 97 





usually much elongated and narrow in Terebrantia, while in Tubulifera 

itis more rounded. In front of the spiracle a narrow plate extends 
up over the shoulder and meets the mesoscutum. This plate in some 
cases is only an upturned portion of the broad mesosternum, but in 
others is distinctly separated therefrom. This plate may be called the 
episternum, either separate or fused with the mesosternum. Behind 
the spiracle and below the attachment of the fore wings, there are one 
or two quite broad skeletal pieces which are rather triangular in shape. 
The mesosternum usually covers the whole ventral surface of the seg- 
ment and its edges bend upward at the sides (e. g., [Heliothrips, see 
Plate XI, fig. 119). In some species, however, it is an hexagonal plate 
similar to the mesoscutum and but little larger, while the episternal 
and epimeral plates are elongated and meet the sternum upon the 
ventral surface. Upon the median line of the sternum there is in all 
species, though very weak in the wingless ones, a quite deep chitinous 
invagination more or less forked and serving for the attachment of 
strong muscles (Plate XF, figs. 117, 119, 127). These endothoracie 
structures are plainly visible in most species. The middle legs are 
inserted far apart at the very hind angles of the mesosternum. 

Metathorav.—This segment is usually slightly narrower than the 
preceding and generally tapers slightly to the base of the abdomen. 
Its dorsal plates are two, usually distinctly separated: a scutum and a 
scutellum. On each side of these a membranous strip continuing that 
from the mesothorax, extends backward to the base of the abdomen. 
The hind wings are attached quite close to the fore wings and in a sim- 
ilar manner. Near the bases of the hind wings lies in Tubulifera a 
very distinct rounded or oval spiracle. This spiracle is present and 
visible in many (Uzel says ‘‘all”) Terebrantia, but I have been unable 
to find it in some species; in others it is extremely small and appar- 
ently functionless, while in still others it can be distinctly seen. The 
metasternum is broad and its edges curve upward around the sides of 
the body. At the front edge of this side lies a narrow triangular 
plate, the meta-episternum, while the meta-epimeron is here a narrow 
elongated plate lying above and close to the upturned edge of the 
sternum. The metasternum bears also a prominent endothoraciec 
structure in the middle and the edges of the plates are often bent 
inward and thickened. The attachment of the abdomen is so oblique 
that the hind cox lie beneath the first abdominal segment. The hind 
coxw are well separated and the sternum usually projects back between 
them as a distinct lobe or conical protuberance. 

Variation in the structure of the pterothorax in wingless species.—The 
pterothorax is similar in both short and long winged individuals and 
We may expect to find at times long winged specimens of usually short 
Winged species. In species which are entirely wingless, however, or 
in those one sex of which is always wingless, a marked yariation in 

Proc. N, M. vol. xxvi—02 fi 








: ; 
98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI. 








the pe ocaee of = pterothorax | is evident in the wingless individuals 
(Plate XI, fig. 125). The size of the pterothorax becomes greatly 
reduced in such cases as no great muscular development is needed to 
move the legs alone and the pterothorax is, perhaps, but little larger 
than the prothorax. The dorsal plates of both segments lose the usual 
form and become rectangular and transversly broadened, extending 
over the membranous space which is usually present along each side. 
No traces of wings are present and there is no longer any place for 
them. As a consequence of the decrease in musculature the endo- 
thoracic structures have become very much weaker, though still plainly 
visible. 


APPENDAGES OF THE THORAX: LEGS. 


The legs of Thrips are among their most characteristic structures — 
and can hardly be mistaken for those of any other insects, whether 
short and powerfully thickened or long and slender. They are com- 
posed of the usual parts of the insect leg, which may be readily dis- | 
tinguished. The attachments to the thorax are quite far apart and at . 
the very hind edge of each segment. The fore legs are often shorter ~ 
and thicker than the others and more specialized. 

Cova.—This basal segment is large, usually subconical and quite — 
freely movable. The fore coxe, especially in Phlceothripide, often 
bear a few short, very stout, sharp spines and one long spine at the 
outside, but aside from these spines the coxe exhibit little that seems _ 
to be worthy of note. : 

Trochanter.—This is a short, small segment between the coxa and ~ 
the larger femur, its line of nse nen: with the latter being often 

considerably ppc : 

Femur.—This, the first prominent segment of the leg, 1 is quite longi 
and more or ieee cylindrical or fusiform. The fore pair is frequently 
distinguished by much greater thickness than those of the other legs, 
(especially in Phleothripidee), the enlargement taking place in the upper 
side of the base and diminishing toward the outer end. In Chirothrips— 
the lateral surface is strongly chitinized and bent backward somewhat 
at the tip so as to appear almost tooth-like at that point. In thickened — 
femora, especially, the inner side toward the base is grooved to receive 
the base of the tibia when the latter is closed inward, and in a few _ 
species with this kind of femur the angles here have become sharply 
pointed and chitinized so as to form two sharp teeth at the tip (Plate 
VIII, figs. 89, 90). . 

Tibia. —The tibia i is, as a rule, about as long as the femur and more 
nearly cylindrical or often club-shaped in idea It is most slender 
near its base where it is often slightly bent. At the extremity within, 
in a few species, the tibia bears an erect, stout, recurved hook or tooth 
as it is usually called. ; 

4, 
i 








No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 99 


Tarsus.—This is the most distinctive part of the leg. Asa rule it 
is composed of two segments, though in larvee and the fore tarsi of 
many species but one is present. The division between the two is 
oblique so that the under surface of the first segment is longer than the 
upper. Both segments are more or less cylindrical. The last seement 
terminates in a cup-shaped or hoof-like end which has been mistaken 
sometimes for a third tarsal segment. Upon the inner side of the fore 
tarsi are found structures which are nearly always characteristic of 
families. The Aolothripidee, in both sexes and it is stated also in the 
pupal stage, bear upon the tarsus a peculiar hook-like structure the 
function of which is not understood. (See Plate I, fig. 9.) The finger- 
like hook is bent back upon itself, pointing toward the base of the 
tarsus and almost touches the point of a short, stout spine standing 
erect at its tip. In many species of Phlcothripide, though not in 
all, there is on the inner side of the tarsus a more or less stout tooth 
which stands nearly erect and is slightly recurved at its tip, and when 
this tooth is strongly developed, the tarsus, so far as is known, has 
only one segment. ‘The development of this tooth seems also to be in 
proportion to the degree of development of the fore femur and its 
function appears to be to act as a hook in giving a firm hold and thus. 
assisting the little creature in crawling through small places. Some 
Phleeothripide show no traces of sucha tooth and all grades of develop- 
ment can be found in different members of this family. Both sexes 
usually possess such a tooth, though that of the male is sometimes 
much stouter than that of the female. In the Thripide the tarsi are 
simple, without either of these structures in nearly ail species, only a 
few having a small tooth. 

The tarsi are usually said to be clawless, but I do not consider this to 
be always the case, for some species have one and some two distinct, 
apparently movable claws on the sides near the end. 

Spines.—Each segment of the leg may bear numerous spines, and 
some of these may be particularly well developed and worthy of note. 
In many Tubulifera there is upon the inner and lower side of the 
femur near its base a slender spine very much longer than any of the 
others. The hind tibia in most species of Thripide is furnished with 
a row of ,stout spines along the inner side and in many species a pair 
of similarly stout spines is borne at the tip of each tibia. Other 
specialized spines are sometimes found. 

Bladder.—This structure, so remarkable and characteristic as to 
suggest the name Physopoda for the order, is protrusile from the end 
of the last tarsal segment. It is found in all species and in both adults 
and young, but its structure and action does not seem to be quite the 
same in the mature and immature stages. 

As has been said, the end of the adult tarsus is cup-shaped. ‘The 
wall of the cup is firm and in some parts, especially the underside, 


100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


strongly chitinized. Into the mouth of this cup is fitted a very deli- | 
cate, protrusile, membranous lobe or bladder. When the foot is 
raised or at rest, the bladder is wholly withdrawn into the end segment 
and becomes invisible, as is the case in a majority of mounted speci-_ 
mens. The end of the tarsus is now blunt and flat and often seems to 
be minutely haired. The bladder is, however, always protruded and 
brought into action when the tarsus is put down or brought into con- 
tact with an object. The membrane is then pushed out and forms a 
lobe, larger in many cases than the cup portion which had previously 
wholly contained it. The mechanism of this complicated structure is” 
very interesting but difficult to study. It has, however, been worked 
out, partially at least, by both Jordan and Uzel. The following para-_ 
graph on this point is gathered from Jordan’s description and my” | 
own observations: | 
Bladder mechanism.—A strong chitinous rod, attached to muscles. 
in the tibia, runs out through the tarsus and ends in the broadened, | 
heavily chitinized under surface of the cup. The end of the plate is 
drawn out into weak cords running to the outer parts of the cup wall. | 





Opposite the chitinous rod lies a double fork provided with a joint. 
The fork is cut short at a chitinous rod lying in the terminal seg- 
ment of the tarsus and is movably jeined thereto. Both arms of the 
fork are connected with the chitinous rod at their base by a tendon, 
Between the fork and the terminal plate of the chitinous rod the wall. 
of the cup is usually thin and quite transparent, but in Phloeothripidee 
especially it is quite strongly chitinized and opaque. Looking dows 
upon a foot that is inactive (bladder retracted) so that the chitinous 
rod lies along its middle line, the end appears more or less pear-shaped 
and small. Upon the surface lies the terminal enlargement of the 
rod, while the double fork occupies the sides. Between the tips of 
the fork the extremity appears folded in toward the middle. Whe 
the foot is brought into action the chitinous rod is drawn back some= 
what, so that the attached fork is erected and spread out. Te rrevi-, 
ously invisible bladder is now thrust out from the end of the tarsus. 
The ends of the fork and the chitinous rod continue into the bladder 
wall as fine rays. The bladder is elastic and very mobile, easily ac= 
commodating its one to the surface upon which it rests. Looking at 
a larval tarsus from the side, the chitinous rod is seen to run obliquely 
from the middle of the tibia to the under wall of the cup. Here it 
appears to end suddenly without being broadened into a plate as in) 
the adult; still the end of the rod is continued into the wall of the cu )| 
as fine rays. The dorsal part of the cup is occupied by a curved claw, 
the basal part of which is attached to a sort of bracket-like thickening; 
of the wall of that part of the end segment at the base of the cup. 
Furthermore, the base of the claw is united to the chitinous rod by a 
sinew, and above the extremity of the claw the tarsus is drawn out 
into a membranous, longitudinally folded lobe. When viewed from) 







_ No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 1 O1 





above, it is seen that the bases of the claws are strongly broadened 
within and somewhat less so without, and that the inner prolongations 
touch and are flexibly joined together. Both claws are supported upon 
the bracket-like ring at the base of the cup, while the folded mem- 
branous wall reaches beyond the claws. The chitinous rod unites near 
the support with the two tendons coming from the outer projections 
of the claws. When the bladder is brought into an active condition, 
the claws bend out from each other and the folded portion between 
them spreads out, while the distal portion, unseen in the inactive foot, 
becomes pushed out as the bladder. By a proximal pull upon the 
chitinous rod the tendons are drawn back and the claws thereby are 
spread out, moving around the bracket-like support with which they 
are connected as ona pivot. As the claws are grown together with 
the folded lobe, the lobe must be unfolded, but this does not explain 
how the membranous lobe can be protruded as a swollen bladder, Tf 
a swollen bladder be pricked or ruptured the blood pours out and the 
bladder collapses quickly. We must therefore conclude that blood 
pressure, acting with the mechanism just described, is largely instru- 
mental in the protrusion of the bladders. 

Other organs of doubtful function.—In the basal segment of the 
tarsus or the extremity of the tibia there has been found in a few 
Kuropean species a small, pear-shaped organ which has been consid- 
ered as a gland, and some have thought this the structure which pro- 
duced the swelling of the bladders, but as this supposed gland is much 
smaller than the bladder which it is supposed to fill, this can not be, 
and its function remains still problematical. 

Near the line of union of the femur with the trochanter, Trybom 
has found in certain Pheeothripide an organ or a group of organs 
which suggest to him the auditory organ on the base of the tibia in 
some Locustide. Trybom speaks of' this structure as an elongated, 
thinly chitinized area, almost transparent. The areasare found on the 
side of the base of each femur near the line of its union with the 
trochanter. They are variable in shape and may be different on the 
opposite legs of the same pair. In each light area is a row of round 
structures having a dark point in the center of each. 

These peculiar structures are. small and easily overlooked, but 
Trybom has seen them in many species of Terebrantia as well as 
Tubulifera, and the writer has seen them in every species in his own 
collection. It appears, therefore, that they are always present, but as 
to their function we can only guess. 


WINGS. 


The wings of Thysanoptera are no less characteristic than are their 
feet. To be sure each character shown by them may be found in the 
Wings of some other group of insects; nevertheless the combination of 
characters found here is unique. They are long, slender, membranous, 


102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





fringed, and not folded; they have few veins, and upon the hind edge 
of the base of each there is a usually distinct lobe or scale. The fore 
and hind wings are formed quite similarly. When at rest, the wings 
are folded back flat upon the abdomen, the fore wing covering the 
hind one completely and the pairs lying parallel in the Terebrantia, 
while in the Tubulifera the wings all overlap at their tips so that the 
full surface of only one can be seen when they are at rest. The wings 
are usually about as long as, though sometimes much longer than, the 
abdomen, but in many Tubulifera they are shorter. The wings of 
Molothripidx are proportionally the broadest in the order, being in 
the middle about one-seventh as broad as their length. Those of 
Thripide are much more slender, ranging from one-tenth in the fore 
wing of Parthenothrips to about one-twenty-sixth in that of some 
Sericothrips,; the average in the species of this family known to me is 
about one-fifteenth. Three general types of wing are found in the ~ 
order, each of which is characteristic of a family. ; 

Family types.—ZBolothripide possess wings which are compara- — 
tively broad, as we have seen. Their breadth continues nearly to their j 
tips, where they are broadly rounded. (Plate I, fig. 2.) The hind 
wings resemble the fore wings closely in general outline and size. 

The wings of Thripide are distinctly different from the preceding. 
Besides being much more slender, they taper from base to tip, where — 
they are sharply pointed, the whole wing being usually slightly curved — 
so as to be quite sabre-shaped. (Plate II, figs. 16, 23.) The fore wing ~ 
of Purthenothrips approaches most closely that of Aolothrips, being 
broad and straight but pointed instead of rounded at the tip, and the ~ 
venation is very different. The hind wings are somewhat shorter and — 
narrower than the fore wings. 

The third type of wing (Plate VII, fig. 75), found in the Phleeothrip-— 
ide, resembles that of Molothrips in being broad and rounded at the — 
end. The hind wing is also similar in size and form to the fore wing. — 
In some species the wing is narrowed in the middle so that it resembles — 
somewhat a shoe sole. Other characters, as venation, fringing, etc., — 
separate them very decidedly from the olothripide. 

Venation.—The venation is even more characteristic of the families 
than the form of the wings. In the olothripide, the fore wings — 
show the most complex venation found inthe order. They are entirely — 
bounded by a strong ring vein and pierced by two longitudinal veins | 
extending from the base to near the tip, where they bend outward and — 
join the ring vein. Four or five cross veins are also present, two 
uniting each long vein with the ring vein at about the first and second 
thirds of the wing and one cross vein uniting the long veins before — 
the middle. The hind wings have no fully developed veins. 

In the Thripide the veins are much less prominent, except in Par-— 
thenothrips. One or two longitudinal veins are present, but cross — 
veins have very nearly disappeared, though vestiges of most of those 





‘No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 103 


found in Molothripide can sometimes be observed in this family. 
The hind wings have always one longitudinal vein, but no ring or 
cross Veins. 

The wings of Phlceothripide are marked by the absence of veins. 
In both fore and hind wings alike there is but a partial development 
of one median longitudinal vein. This is quite strong and marked at 
the base, but rarely reaches to the middle of the wing before it disap- 
pears. There is no trace of a ring vein. 

Fringing.—As a rule, fringes of long, slender hairs are borne upon 
both margins of the wing and so make up for the narrowness of the 
membrane. The hind fringe is always present, but the fore fringe is 
nearly absent in olothripidee, always present in Phlceothripide, and 
more or less fully developed in Thripide. The front fringe consists 
of a single row of hairs which, when fully developed, are stouter in 
Terebrantia than those upon the hind edge, but in Phloeothripide they 
are similarly developed on both edges. In some Thripidew the front 
fringe is vestigial, being very weak and sparse, or it may be entirely 
absent. On the hind wings the front fringes are more uniformly well 
developed than upon the fore wings, and both fringes are single. The 
hind fringe of the fore wing in Terebrantia consists of two rows of 
hairs so placed that they stand, when in flight, at different angles to 
the edge of the wing and thus by crossing give mutual support and 
form a mesh-work which is more strongly resistant to the air. The 
hind fringe hairs of both wings in Terebrantia are more or Jess wavy 
or spiral in form while those of the front fringes are straight, as are 
also both fringes in the Tubulifera. The hind fringes of both wings 
of Tubulifera are single except that near the end of the fore wing the 
fringe is double for a short distance. The length of the hind fringes 
is from two to seven times the breadth in the middle of the wing. 
Fringes are wanting near the base of the wings. 

The method of insertion of the fringes differs in the suborders and 
is of interest. In the wings of Tubulifera the hairs are inserted 
directly for some distance into the membrane of the wing, where they 
gradually disappear. They are so flexible near the base that they can 
be bent back along the edge when the wings are folded at rest. In 
Terebrantia, however, the fringe hairs are borne upon small support- 
ing bases on the edge of the wing and are in general stiffer than are 
those of Phlcothripide. One row of those upon the hind margin is 
attached differently from the other. The hairs stand upon small, 
conical, basal enlargements, to which they are attached by a joint soas 
to allow an easy folding of the long hairs toward the tip. Toward the 
base of the wing, however, the side of the somewhat conical support is 
drawn out into a point, which prevents the folding of the hairs toward 
the base and keeps them at nearly right angles to the edge of the wing 
during flight. 


104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





Spines upon wings.—In the Terebrantia the entire upper surface of 
the wing is thickly set with microscopic spines which are wanting in 
Tubulifera. Besides these there are usually borne along the longitu- 
dinal and costal veins some larger, prominent spines, which vary in 
number, size, and arrangement sufficiently to give in many species of 
the Thripide characters of specific and generic value. Those borne 
upon the costa appear intermixed with the fringe hairs, though really 
they are not in the same plane. Their development seems to be in 
inverse proportion to that of the fringe, so that when the latter is 
strongly developed the costal spines are not larger than those upon 
the other veins, but when the fringe is weak or absent the costal 
spines develop greatly and to some extent replace it. 

In Molothripide the spines upon the veins are always quite small, 
while the front fringe of the fore wing is wanting. In Phleeothripide 
there are usually three stout, erect spines near the base of the vein in 
the fore wing. 

Taking flight.—\t has been frequently noticed and mentioned that 
many of these insects throw up the end of the abdomen, much as do 
the rove beetles (Staphylinide), as though threatening to sting. This 
movement is made to assist in the proper spreading of the wings for 
flight. When at rest, the fringe hairs lie along the hind edges of the 
wings and are more or less interlaced. As the abdomen is raised, the 
wings are drawn down over its sides in such a manner as to make it 
appear that the spines upon the sides of the abdominal segments are 
used to some extent as a comb by means of which the hairs are 


straightened out and put in their proper position. This operation — 
often has to be repeated several times before the wings are brought 


into a condition for successful fiight. Phe power of springing, pos- 
sessed by some species, also seems to be of assistance in taking flight. 


These statements apply only to Terebrantia, however, no observations 
7 ? 3 


having been made upon Tubulifera. 


Coordination of the wings.—This is accomplished in a manner — 


strongly suggestive of the Hymenoptera, though the structures con- 
cerned are less highly developed. Upon the costa of the hind wing, 
near its base, stand about five short spines in Terebrantia and two or 


three in Tubulifera, which are hooked at their tips. When the wings — 
are spread in flight these tiny hooks engage a membranous fold on | 
the underside of the scale of the fore wing. Beyond these small — 


hooks stands a single stouter spine which also forms a hook. From 


the hind angle of the scale of the fore wing proceed two long, stout — 
spines, standing so closely together as to often appear like one, and — 


these engage the solitary stouter hook on the hind wing. Thus united 


the wings move together, but as the connection is so near the bases of | 


the wings it can not be very strong. 


Reduction of the wings.—I\t is an interesting fact that in this order — 








(ioe api et 


Mea 
—" 


No, 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 105 





the wings may be fully developed, reduced to short pads not reaching 
beyond the thorax, or even entirely absent. Intermediate conditions 
are rare, though I have found a few specimens in which the wings 
were about one-half their normal length and entirely functionless. 
These three conditions may occur even in the same species (C//ro- 
thrips manicatus Haliday). When the wings are reduced, the little 
pads are rounded or oval in shape and are laid closely upon the 
thorax. The fore pad is larger, bears a few small spines, and covers 
the spineless hind pad completely. No fringes are present, but the 
fore pad has a distinct scale. Trybom, who has made quite an exten- 
sive study of this subject (425), recognizes eight classes into which 
these insects may be divided according to the varying conditions of 
the wings. 

1. Both sexes entirely wingless. 

2. Males and some of the females wingless. 

3. Males entirely wingless, but females with normally developed 
wings. 

4, Long winged and wingless individuals of both sexes occur. 

5. Males and a majority of females with reduced, but a number of 
females with normally developed wings. 

6. Both sexes always short winged. 

7. Long winged as well as short winged individuals of both sexes 
occur. 

$. Both sexes always long winged. 

The appearance of a long winged generation following several 
which have short wings is strongly suggestive of a similar condition 
among the Aphids. In at least some species of Thysanoptera where 
this condition obtains the summer generations develop long wings 
while the fall generations are almost entirely short winged, so that 
nearly all the hibernating females have only wing pads. Long and 
short winged forms commonly alternate in the same sex, but short 
winged and entirely wingless forms of the same sex are not known. 
When only one sex is wingless it is the male. Wing pads are usually 
rather difficult to see, but their presence or absence can be deduced 
from the structure of the thorax, even though they are themselves 
invisible. 

ABDOMEN. 

The form of the abdomen varies from cylindrical to elongate-ovoid. 
In Terebrantia the segments are nearly cylindrical in cross section, 
while in Tubulifera the abdomen is flattened, giving the cross section 
an elliptical outline. The terminal segments especially are differ- 
ently formed and characteristic of the suborders. The abdomen is 
always composed of ten segments, of which the second to the seventh, 
inclusive, are similarly formed in nearly all cases, while the others are 
variable and bear the most distinctive characters of the abdomen. 


106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Terebrantia.—In the Terebrantia each segment except the first and — 
the last three is composed of a broad dorsal plate reaching to the _ 
sides, a somewhat narrower ventral plate, and one or two very narrow 
plates on each side connecting these. Jordan states that one of the 
_ two pleural plates comes from the ventral, the other from the dorsal — 
plate, but the dorsal pleural plate is sometimes wanting or indistinct. 





The dorsal plates of segments, two to seven inclusive, are usually 
strengthened, especially in the Terebrantia, by a chitinous ridge- 
along the inside somewhere in the anterior third, and this appears 
externally as a darker, narrow stripe on these segments. The first 
segment has a well-developed dorsal plate covering the hind part of 
the oblique metathorax, and small side plates are present in some cases, — 
while the ventral plate is so short and small as to be easily overlooked. 
In the females the ventral and pleural plates are wanting upon seg-_ 
ments nine and ten, the broad dorsal plate bending around the sides_ 
and approaching beneath to form the sheath for the ovipositor. In _ 
both sexes all the segments are similar except the last two or three, 
which in the females usually form a more or less sharp cone, while in 
the males, as a rule, the end is bluntly rounded; only a few species — 
are formed alike in both sexes. . 
Spines.—Each segment bears, as a rule, but few spines, which are 
small upon the anterior segments, but increase in size and prominence 
posteriorly. These are most prominent upon the sides of the seg-— 
ments and especially around the last two, where they are called anal — 
spines and are frequently very long and stout. In some species, as 
Quaintance has observed (454), these stout anal spines are the weapons 
of offense and defense. 
Tubulifera.—Iin this suborder all but the first and the last one or two 
segments are formed alike. Each is composed of only a dorsal and a 
ventral plate joining at the sides by an indistinct suture. The ventral 
plate of the first segment is only slightly, if at all, developed, while the: 
terminal segment appears to be a simple cylinder or tube and is formed 
alike in both sexes. The dorsal plate of the first segment, in some 
species, is drawn out anteriorly into a rounded projection, attaching to 
the metathorax, and on each side of the projection is a separate side 
plate. The arrangement and relative development of the lateral spines 
is much the same as in the Terebrantia. As a rule, upon the dorsal 
plates of segments two to seven inclusive, on each side at about one- 
fourth the cross diameter of the segment from the edge, there stands 





























spines. These dorsal spines appear to serve entirely for the confine- 
ment of the wings when at rest. The last segment bears at its tip 
circlet of long, slender hairs, usually as long as, or longer than, the” 
segment itself. ‘ | 


NORTH AMERIC. AN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 107 





: Stigmata. —Kither three o or : four | pairs of stigmata are » present in 
‘Thysanoptera. In the adult they appear constantly at the anterior 
angles of the mesothorax, and on the sides of the first and eighth abdom- 
inal segments, while the fourth pair, always present in Tubulifera and 
sometimes distinguishable in Terebrantia as well, occurs close behind 
the attachment of the hind wings. Uzel states that four pairs of spi- 
TYacles are present in the Terebrantia. This is surely often the case, 
but the metathoracic pair is very small, and in some species I can not 
find it even in specially prepared mounts, and in some cases where 
traces of the stigma can be found, I am convinced that it is vestigial 
and really functionless. The mesothoracic stigma is frequently elon- 
gated dorso-ventrally, sometimes being very narrow. 

In the larve the stigmata are situated at the front angles of the 
mesothorax and upon the sides of the second (instead of the first) and 
eighth abdominal segments. 

The structure of a stigma is peculiar. In a surface view at the 
sharpest focus, upon an anterior abdominal stigma of, e. g., Anapho- 
thrips striatus, cleared in caustic potash, the stigma appears to be 
made up of a number of irregularly polygonal, cell-like bodies, sep- 

arated from each other by dark lines and each cell showing one or 
more dark spots near its center. In focusing down onto its surface, 
its appearance changes quite strikingly. As it first comes into v oe 
though before it is clearly seen, it appears as a dark field with quite 
regular, small, light spots, the dark lines giving a reticulate appear- 
ance. When a little more nearly in focus, the cells appear dark, while 
the central spots and the intercellular lines and angles are very much 
lighter. Brought into sharp focus, the cells are seen to be more irreg- 
ular than they appeared at first, the surface appears light acioned, 
whereas formerly it appeared dark, while the intercellular lines and 
central spots have now become dark (Plate X, fig. 112.) This reversal 
of the light and dark parts is peculiar and very noticeable. On one 
side of the center a larger, rather indistinct, rounded area can usually 
be seen, which is the bulbous enlargement at the end of the trachea 
Opening by a quite large orifice to the exterior. A cross view of a 
stigma (Plate X, fig. 113) shows a remarkable structure. The cellular 
areas are now found to be mushroom-like bodies with slender stalks, 
Standing with their heads close together. These are quite strongly 
ehitinized and dark. Whether the little air chambers between them 
connect in any way with the trachea has not yet been determined. 


SEXUAL CHARACTERS: TEREBRANTIA. 





_ Female ovipositor.—The most prominent external sexual character 
of the female is the ovipositor which is attached to the ventral side of 
the eighth and ninth abdominal segments (Plate XI, fig. 121) and is 


108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XVI 


plainly visible through the body of the insect. It is composed of four . 
distinct plates or valves, two of which, forming the under or anterior 
pair, are attached to the very narrow ventral plate of the eighth seg-— 
ment and two, forming the upper or posterior pair, are attached to the — 
sides of the ventrally extended dorsal plate of the ninth segment. The 
ovipositor as a whole is curved either upward (Zolothripide) or down-— 
ward (Thripide) and terminates in a very slender, sharp point. The 
valves lie very closely together, but their inner surfaces are grooved, 
forming a passageway for the egg. The two plates on each side are 
fitted together in such a way as to slide back and forth upon each other 
without being displaced. The upper edge of the lower plate is grooved 
and into this groove fits a ridge or tongue formed by the lower edge 
of the upper plate. The upper edge of the upper plate, except at its 
base, is fitted with sharp, saw-like teeth pointing toward the base of the- 
valve. The lower plate is provided with similar teeth on the under 
side of its distal third, while the middle third bears a number of pecu- 
liar, broad-cutting teeth. The ovipositor is movably connected with— 
the abdomen by a number of small supporting plates or levers which — 
also assist in its manipulation. 

In at least two species of Thripidze known to me, the ovipositor does — 
not appear to be functional though it is plainly present (Chirothrips— 
obesus and Thrips perplexus). 

When not in use, the ovipositor is drawn up close to the body and 
is received into, and entirely enveloped by, a membranous sheath — 
along the last two segments which is made possible by the absence of 
the ventral plates at this place. The sexual opening is between the— 
eighth and ninth segments in all Terebrantian females. 

As a rule the conical form of the tip of the abdomen also indicates a 
female. In many of the light colored species, just in front of the base 
of the ovipositor, is a plainly visible internal organ which has some- 
times been called the seminal receptacle. It ale appears as a 
small spherical or rounded body of an orange or brownish color, — 
agreeing closely in this respect with the color of the spermaries of the 
males in species where males are known. This organ presents the 
same appearance, however, in certainly unfertilized females of bisexual 
species, and it is also always present, having the same size and color 
in several species known to me in which the males are extremely rare 
or possibly wanting altogether. Certainly a seminal receptacle can not 
be functional in parthenogenetic species, yet I have found this organ 
constantly present through eight or ten generations of a species bred 
in the laboratory where males were never produced. 

Male.—Males are, as a rule, considerably smaller than the females. 
The abdomen is usually bluntly rounded at the end instead of sharply 
conical, though a few species resemble the females in this respect. 
The stoutest spines are usually at the sides of the ninth segment. In 





22 


k 


No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSA NOPTERA—HINDS. 109 





Kolothripide this segment is much larger than the others and is 
drawn out at its hind angles into hooks and processes which apparently 
assist in copulation. The sexual opening is between the ninth and 
tenth segments, and frequently from this point there protrudes more 
or less of the retracted copulatory apparatus, which is usually entirely 
drawn into the ninth segment through the walls of which it can be 
more or less distinctly seen. Three separate outer parts, which are 
strongly upeurved, can be seen proceeding from a complex basal part 
and the entire apparatus is protrusile. Within the abdomen the two 
elongated, irregularly pear-shaped, orange or brownish colored sper- 
maries are plainly perceptible, lying usually in about the seventh and 
eighth segments. Upon the ventral surface of the second to the 
seventh abdominal segments, inclusive, in many species there are dis- 
tinct rounded or transversely elliptical depressions found only in the 
males. Males are often lighter in color and quicker in movement 
than the females. 
TUBULIFERA. 


Female.—The sexual characters of Tubulifera are much less distinct 
and numerous than are those of the other suborder. The end of the 
abdomen is tubular and the sexual opening is between the ninth and 
tenth abdominal segments in both sexes. In this region are also found 
the strictly distinctive characters. In the female the basal edge of 
the tube is regular and entire. Near the hind edge of the ninth seg- 
ment below there is a short, strongly chitinized rod (Plate X, fig. 115) 
which is dark and plainly visible in light colored species, but when 
the body at this point is nearly opaque, the rod can not be seen and 
the question of sex is often in doubt. 

Male.—The male is usually smaller and more slender than the female, 
the sixth, seventh and eighth segments of the abdomen being noticeably 
narrower. The base of the tube is cut out below in the form of a 
semicircular notch (Plate X, fig. 114), which can usually be plainly 
seen except in very dark specimens, and through the opening formed 
by this notch the sexual apparatus can be protruded. The structure 
of this apparatus is much the same as in the Terebrantia and in light 
colored specimens it can be seen wholly retracted within the ninth 
Segment. In some species this segment bears a broad scale at the base 
of the tube. In a few species the sixth segment bears on each side a 
thick, fleshy, unjointed appendage. The males in many species have 
more strongly thickened fore femora and stouter teeth upon the fore 
tarsi than do the females. 

Copulation.—This I have rarely observed, and therefore the follow- 
ing statements are main ly gathered from Jordan’s article (306). 

In the Tubulifera the male rests upon the back of the female, and 
holding firmly to her thorax by his legs, he places the ventral surface 
of his abdomen along the side of the abdomen of the female and bends 



























110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





the extremity under the abdomen of the female, so that the ventral 
surfaces of the last segments are toward each other. The copulatory. 
apparatus of the male is then pushed out, while the female bends th 
tube upward so as to leave the sexual opening free. Copulation lasts 
for about half a minute, when the female begins to move and the male. 
leaves ber back, but the connection is not at once broken, and the 
stronger female drags the attached, struggling male behind her for 
some distance. One male fertilizes a number of females successively, — 
In one case Jordan states that a male of Phlwothrips brunnea Jordan, 
in one-fourth of an hour, fertilized six females, and his spermaries- 
were still about half filled. . 

In the Terebrantia the males are carried around upon the backs of 
the females and the union takes place in much the same manner as has 
just been described for the Tubulitera. 


DEFORMITIES. 


Slight deformities are by no means rare. The most common form 
consists ina reduction in the number of segments in one or both anten- 
nx, brought about, in most cases, by the fusion of two or more seg- 
ments at the end, though intermediate segments are sometimes want 3 
ing. It frequently happens that the-antenna with fused segments is 
searcely shorter than the normal one. Only very rarely does it appear 
that a reduction in number is the result of injury, though this would 
seem very possible. So far as is known, an increase over the normal 
number by a division of segments never takes place. Sometimes the 
wings are so deformed as to be useless. Deformities in the abdomen 
are very rare, but [have found two cases. One in which the posterior 
segments were constricted being abruptly smaller than the preceding, 
the other with a half segment wanting on the left side at about the 
middle of the abdomen. The right half of the segment was wedge- 
shaped, reaching in to the median dorsal line and giving the abdomen 
a corresponding crook at that point. 


REPRODUCTION. 


The method of reproduction in this group is of interest and also has 
an important bearing upon its distribution. So far as known, it 1s} 
always oviparous and sexual, but two distinct forms are common in 
most species. 

Bisexual reproduction.—TVhis is the normal and most common form 
but the two sexes are not found in anything like equal proportions, as 
females are almost always more abundant than males. This may be™ 
the case and reproduction yet be entirely bisexual, as in some species. 
perhaps in all, one male fertilizes a number of females. Ina few species 
the males are found abundantly throughout the year; in others they are” 
abundant only at certain seasons; in others males are rarely found al 


y No. .1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 111 


i my time; in still others, while the females are very abundant, males 
‘are EP enoven. The explanation for the relative scarcity or absence of 
males is found in the second method of generation. 
| Unisexual reproduction.—Parthenogenesis is the usual mode of 
Bie roduction in at least ten species, all Terebrantia, and probably 
occurs very frequently in many others, though positive statements 
can not be made upon this point until more extensive collecting has 
Deen done and life histories have become better known.@ 
i: It seems that parthenogenesis must take place to some extent in 
‘those species in which the males are comparatively rare or are active 
for only a short season. However, no such thing as a regular alterna- 
tion of generations, as in Aphide, is yet on to exist among Thy- 
‘sanoptera. In his studies of Parthenoti ‘aps dracenex Jordan found 
that the normal method of reproductior in warm greenhouses was 
‘unisexual, while on plants standing in a «ool room an abundance of 
males was developed, and this condition lasted in the cool room 
Bbroughout the winter season. The males of Aptinothrips rufus have 
been Sond only at haying time, and then only very rarely. 
















SS 
ly 


‘ DISSEMINATION. 


It has already been noted that in most species there appear for some 
per of the season, in some generation or in one sex, individuals bear- 

ng fully developed wings, and we can not doubt that the wings play 
ia large part in the distribution of the species. Certain it is that the 
power of flight is greater than would seem possible with such delicate 
wings as ee insects possess. After harvest or toward autumn some 
species fly in large numbers, and in some instances have caused con- 
siderable annoyance by entering houses for hibernation. Winds may 
e: asily carry them for paneidevable distances, and when so scattered it 
is evident that their power of parthenogenetic repr oduction is of great 
assistance in the establishment of the species in a new locality. Spe- 
cies living under the bark of trees growing upon the banks of streams 
a are probably often carried for long distances on wood floating in the 
ater, as some species which have been observed are found to ee 
p large degree of moisture and even submersion for some time without 
, njury, and moist, dec aying wood is their normal food. Species living 








fh. 
it 
iy. 
| 








te 


japon cultivated plants, as in greenhouses, have doubtless been icone 
ated in commercial ways. Strange as it may seem, a species which 
is entirely wingless (Aptinothrips rufus Gmelin) is one of the most 
wv widely distributed, It is hard to believe that this species can have 
attained its present distribution in both Europe and America through 


she slow method of crawling. 





| a Males of the following species included in this paper are rare or unknown: Par- 
thenothrips dracenx, Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis, Aptinothrips rufus, Anaphothrips stria- 
is, Thrips tabaci. Some others are too little known to be placed here. 





i 

























EE? PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Per haps if may not be too much out of place here to speak more par- 
ticularly of other movements a aside from flying. The Tubulifera are 
very slow and deliberate in their movements, both in crawling and) 
flying, and they never spring or run. Terebrantia vary in this. 
respect, though in general they are much more active, and many run) 
quite rapidly and fie flight quickly. Some possess a power of: 
springing which is well developed and often used in place of flight., 
The abdomen, head, and prothorax are raised and the little creature: 
balances itself by its middle legs. Then suddenly the upraised parts: 
are brought down together and the insect is thrown a considerable: 
distance by the force of the contact. | 


DEVELOPMENT. ‘ 


Oviposition.—As may be inferred from what has been said of the: 
sexual apparatus of the two suborders, each has its own method of | 
oviposition. The Terebrantian female cuts a slit with her saw through) 
the epidermis and deposits her eggs singly in the tissue of the plant.. 
The process of oviposition is as fallen in Anaphothrips striatus | 
will doubtless hold in most points for the group: 

The abdomen is raised somewhat and the ovipositor is let dog 
from the sheath till it is nearly at-right angles to the body. The) 
abdomen is arched to bring the weight of the body to bear upon the) 
slender saw, the valves of which are then moved back and forth upon: 
each other by powerful muscles in the ninth segment. The toothed! 
blades are gradually worked down somewhat obliquely into the tissue, 
and when the slit is sufficiently large there may be seen successive con=) 
tractions of the abdomen as the egg is pushed out between the valves 
of the ovipositor and under the epidermis till it is nearly concealedy 
The entire operation requires about one and a half minutes, and upon} 
its oe es eae moves off a non ee to rest or feed, 


i 


to deposit their eggs externally. 

The number of eggs laid by a single female has been observed only) 
in the case of Anaphotheips striatus, from a number of oe an 
a lot of 5 females being 72. These Pecan were amet in the: 
laboratory upon females confined in bottles. The percentage of eggs) 
which hatched was also observed in this species and was found to 
vary in the laboratory from 35 to 40 per cent. It seems very probable 
that the artificial conditions under which these experiments were 
made must have in this case greatly reduced the percentage that 
hatched below the normal. . 




































"x0, 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTER. {—HINDS. 143 


Tubulifera deposit their eges externally, either oe or in groups, 
upon leaves and flowers or under bark, ete., according to their habitat. 
e _ The period of oviposition in all species in this order is quite long. 
Ligg.—The eggs of Terebrantia are more or less Stn and 
‘slightly bean-shaped. They are colorless, delicate in structure. and no 
micropyle is apparent. The position of the eggs in a thin leaf is easily 
‘seen upon holding the leaf before a bright light, when they appear as 
_ brighter spots in the darker green tissue of as ee Eggs are laid in 
Bimost any green part of the plant, but not in the petals of flowers. 
The eggs of Tubulifera are of an elongate-oval shape, attached with 
_the long axis perpendicular to the surface, and have at the free end a 
thickening of the chorion with a mic ropyle in the middle. The eggs 
ety from yellow to brownish in color. 
Eimbryology.—The development of the embryo can be observed in 
® translucent eggs of Terebrantia. Various writers agree in stating 
‘that the germ band is immersed. Before revolution the appendages of 
the embryo lie along the convex side of the egg, after revolution along 
‘the concave side. The length of the egg stage varies considerably in 
‘different species and, even within the same species, according to the 
weather conditions. So far as life histories are known, fe stage 
‘appears to last from three to fifteen days in Terebrantia, but no record 
ds found upon this point for the Tubulifera. The ed eyes of 
dey eloping embryos are particularly prominent. If the egg bed dries 
the egg is quickly destroyed, but if moist, even though decaying, the 
development continues. 
| Emergence of the larva.—When ready to emerge, the young Tere- 
brantian larva breaks through the tender poring and pushes up 
through the slit in the epidermis made for the insertion of the ege. 
The lar va works its way up till all but the tip of the abdomen is fr ee, 
but remains supported by the tip in this upright position until he 
antenne and legs have separated from the body, to which they are at 
first closely applied, and have become sufficiently dried and hardened 
for use. It then falls forward onto its feet and is r eady to travel or 
to feed almost immediately. No observations have been found on this 
point for the Tubulifera, but just as their eggs are laid singly or in 
groups, so also do we ae the larvee 
| Larval stage.—The length of the fener stage varies with the species, 
and the statements recor ded place it at from five to forty days. 
_ When just hatched the head of the larva is ver vy large in proportion 
to the body and the mouth parts are essentially like those of the adult. 
The thoracic segments are subequal. The abdomen is strongly con- 
tracted and very rough. As the larva grows the thorax and Porn 
enlarge noticeably, while the head shows little change. In some spe- 
cies (eliothrips) the abdomen becomes strongly distended and shining 
as though under considerable pressure, anda globule of fluid excre- 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 8 


=e 


De ie igs aes a 





114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


ment is frequently held by the hairs around the anus. The larvee are 
less active than the adults and have no power of springing. The lar- 
‘al antenna always has fewer segments than the adult. In Phlco- 
thripide the number is constantly seven. Thickened femora and tar- 
sal hooks do not occur, the tarsus appears to be one segmented, and 
claws may or may not be present. The structure of the foot is much 
more distinct than in the adult. The eyes are not compound, but com-— 
posed of afew separated facets, which are strongly elevated and always _ 
circular in outline. The number of facets increases in successive molts, i 
but the circular form is retained. The rudiments of the ovipositor or 
genital apparatus appear on the under side of the eighth and ninth 
seoments as indistinct lobes. The food habits of the larvee are just as” 
varied as are those of the adults, and some species are also found upon | 
the roots of plants. 
Molts. From two to four molts appear to occur while in the larval” 
stage, the last marking the change to the pupa. The chitinous cover-_ 
ing of the internal mouth parts and of the bladders can be distinctly 
‘seen in the cast skin. When larve have become full grown theyj 
cease to feed, become restless, and seek some very secluded place in 
which to molt. In this search they are so successful that in many? 
species pupe are hard to find. : 
Nymph or Pupa.—The metamorphosis of Thysanoptera is peculiar, 
for though complete in many respects, it is much less so in others. 
Two stages are distinguishable while in the nymph condition. Afte 
the last larval molt, the insect still retains its larval appearance, the 
antenne are extended, and the pro-nymph is moderately active. The 
wing pads are partially developed, extending to about the second 
abdominal segment, and the beginning of the formation of the adult 
appendages can be seen. After another molt, the true nymph stage is 
reached and the animal remains quiet unless disturbed, when it is 
‘apable of slight movement. No food is taken during this period 
The antennz are laid back upon the head and prothorax; their seg- 
mentation has become indistinct and the adult antenna can be seem) 
within the nymphal skin. The number of facets in the eyes greatly 
increases, producing the adult condition. The legs are inclosed in 
loose sheaths and the wine pads reach to and from the sixth to the 
eighth segments. The pads extend obliquely outward along the sides 
of the body and do not cover each other. The fringes appear along 
the edges of the forming wings, the fore fringe being directed toward 
the tip and hind fringe toward the base of the wing. The forming 
lobes representing the ovipositor elongate, and those on each side over: 
lap but remain separate. Within them develop the pointed valves of 
the adult ovipositor, which now extends to.the tip of the abdomen 
The development of the male genital apparatus takes place in a very, 
similar way to that of the ovipositor of the female. The nymph stage 


| 
4 
| 
1 
| 
4 
4 


tama 


























0.1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 115 





is passed in some secluded place, pup being found in the loose soil 
about the base of the plant, in the leaf sheath, or some similarly pro- 
tected place, and many have been recorded as transforming in galls. 
When these changes have been completed, another molt takes place and 
the adult emerges. 
_ The most noteworthy points in the metamorphosis may be summa- 
rized as follows: The larva resembles the adult in general form and in 
mouth parts; wings are developed in external sheaths; the transitional 
‘stage between larva and adult is quiet, and during it no nourishment 
is taken. The metamorphosis is therefore intermediate between com- 
plete and incomplete. 
_ LMibernation.—Thysanoptera pass the winter in either larval. pupal, 
or adult stages. Many species, without doubt, hibernate in very nearly 
the same places in which they have fed. The bark-inhabiting forms 
remain in such places, together with many of the leaf forms which 
migrate onto the trunk. The dried stems of flowers and grasses shel- 
ter many species, while many of the leaf-inhabiting forms fall to the 
ground and are among those which may be found under fallen foliage, 
in moss, etc. Lichens and fungi shelter some as winter guests, while 
dead grass and turf contain many forms. It appears very probable 
that some of the larve which have been found upon the roots of 
plants were hibernating there rather than feeding thereon, as has been 
upposed. 
| The hibernating individuals appear to be able to withstand extreme 
degrees of cold and moisture. I have brought in a number of species 
thered by pulling the frozen grass from bare mowings in midwinter 
fter a temperature of—21° F. Upon being brought into a warm 
room, they very soon became active and ran about. 
Thrips emerge from hibernation very early in the spring, and as 
on as their normal food plants begin to grow most of them are ina 
condition to deposit eggs for a new generation, which in some cases in 
assachusetts hatch during the latter part of April or the first of May. 
Length of life.—Few observations have been recorded upon this 
int, but it seems improbable that even the longest lived exceed a 
ingle year. Among those species which produce several generations 
n a season, the hibernating individuals must live for at least seven 
nonths in the northern United States while the summer generations 
re much shorter lived. Their age however, as a rule, considerably, 
xceeds the length of the life cycle, for oviposition is a slow process, 
md in Anaphothrips striatus is known to extend over a period of 
ve or six weeks. Asa result of this there is an indistinguishable 
verlapping of broods. I have kept a female of a midsummer gen- 
ration of A. striatus confined in a bottle in the laboratory for almost 
ve weeks. This species has eight or nine generations in a season, 
nd may therefore be expected to be one of the shortest lived in 




























































116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





testa cli 


ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS. 
INJURIOUS FORMS. 


Small and apparently insignificant though these insects are, they can, 
not be disregarded from an economic standpoint. Only a few species, 
to be sure, must be considered as decidedly injurious, but these are. 
widely spread and hard to control. Doubtless much damage, really, 
caused by these tiny foes, has been attributed to more conspicuous but: 
less injurious insects. The most important species in this country, 
belong to the family Thripide. The economic importance of each of. 
these species is considered in connection with its description, butt 
there are, however, some general points worthy of note which may 
be considered together here. | 

Feeding habits.—Thrips are found upon most flowering and some 
flowerless plants. The general mode of feeding is the same through- 
out the order. The green parts of the plant, chiefly, are punctured. 
by the piercing mouth parts and the sap withdrawn therefrom by sucs| 
tion. The emptied plant cells become white and shriveled as they dry 
up and the insect, standing usually parallel to the veins of the leaf, 
moves on to fresh cells. The traces of their feeding are thus left in 
irregular streaks of dried, whitened cells. Behind them, as they feed, 
they leave rows of dots of dark colored excrement, which, it seems, 
have sometimes been mistaken for eggs. . 

On flowers Thrips are most abundant in summer, Burmeister states 
that the nectar of flowers furnishes them with nourishment, and Per: 
gande has expressed a similar opinion (219); but this does not seem te 
me to be the case, as when present on flowers they are found sucking} 
sap, not nectar. They feed to some extent upon the petals, but no 
so freely as upon the green parts. The inner surface of the sepals i 
a favorite place for feeding and oviposition. The essential parts of 
the flower come in for their part of the general attack and it is just 
here that the greatest injury to the plant is caused. Injury of thi 
sort has been reported, especially upon strawberries by Quaintane 
(454), and upon apple and other fruit blossoms by Osborn (218, 223 
924), in which cases they caused so much injury to the styles by them 
punctures as to prevent fertilization and the setting of the fruit. (See 
Euthrips tritici, p. 152.) Probably Euthrips tritict and Thrips tabae 
are guilty of most of such injuries. Mally has recorded a very simila, 
injury to cotton bolls by an undetermined species of the family Th ri 
pide (841). Many other flowers, though perhaps of less economis 
importance, are similarly attacked. Flower species feed also upor 
leaves. 

On the leaves of plants and trees may be found a large variety © 
species, most of which feed mainly upon the under surface of th 
leaves, probably chiefly for protection from sun, rain, and enemies 


0.1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 17 


though it is also possible that more tender tissues may be an attraction. 
Such species avoid the light and, if a leaf be turned over, the insects 
will move around to the under side again. The constant sucking of 
myriads of larve and adults soon causes the feeding ground to wither, 
the leaf becomes encrusted with dead cells and dark colored spots of 
excrement and it is not long before its death results. Unless disturbed, 
most species do not travel much, and thus in time there appears to be 
something of a colony feeding around the place where the mother has 
fed and deposited her eggs. Though many plants thus suffer from 
the destruction of their leaves, the onion seems to be most severely 
afflicted. (See Thrips tabaci, p. 183.) 

_ Grasses and cereals may be included in a third class in which the 
nature of the injury is somewhat different. Besides the abstraction of 
sap from the leaves of these plants, Thrips cause a greater injury by 
attacking the tender axial stems, thus cutting off directly the supply of 
sap to the head, which therefore fails to bear fruit and may be entirely 
killed. This is the way in which ‘‘Silver Top” is caused, and it is 
impossible to estimate with any degree of accuracy the damage which 
results to the hay crop. Besides working in this way, Thrips are 
charged with attacking directly the growing kernels of cereals. In the 
case of wheat, rye, oats, etc., they suck the nutritious milk directly 
from the growing kernels in the ear and produce an abortive condition 
of much, if not all, of the head, which is then called ‘* pungled.” 

_ Greenhouse species appear to be becoming more numerous and more 
injurious each year. The principal injury here is done to the leaves, 
and nearly all kinds of greenhouse plants are subject to attack. Thrips 
tabaci, which has recently come into prominence, especially in cucum- 
ber and carnation houses, has an unusually wide range of food plants. 
It has already proved to be a serious pest, capable of the complete 
destruction of a crop, and is exceedingly difficult to control. 


BENEFICIAL FORMS. 


Predaccous Thrips.—The late B. D. Walsh once expressed the opin- 
ion that Thrips ‘‘are generally, if not universally, insectivorous, and 
that those that occur on the ears of the wheat, both in the United 
States and in Europe, are preying there upon the eges or larve of the 
Wheat Midge (Diplosis tritic/), and are consequently not the foes, as 
has been generally imagined, but the friends, of the farmer” (127 and 
132). Such an opinion from so eminent an entomologist is likely to 
have some basis in fact, though we question whether his conclusion is 
even usually correct. Thrips have been frequently found in the galls 
caused by other insects, either with the makers of the galls or alone, 
and the conclusion has been drawn, though frequently, we suspect, 
without a direct observation to that effect, that the Thrips were prey- 
ing upon the makers of the galls. Walsh also writes that he has 


4 
Pe 


ae 


118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


‘*found Thrips preying upon the gall-making larve of more than 
twenty different galls, so that there is now no manner of doubt in my 
mind that Thrips is a true cannibal insect” (132). All recorded 
observations which I have seen seem to agree that such gall-fre- 
quenting forms belong to the Phloeothripide, and in very many of 
the cases noted it is said that they are in the pupal stage (123). 

It seems to me entirely possible that in many cases their presence 
in the gall may be incidental, they having entered it for protection, 
It is impossible for Thrips to make for themselves an entrance into_ 
any closed gall, and when present in such it can only be after the exit 
of the gall maker or some parasite upon it, so here certainly the Thrips 
is not predaceous. Furthermore, 1t does not seem improbable from 
what we know of the food habits of the Tubulifera, which feed mainly 
upon leaves or decaying wood or fungi, that they may live peacefully in- 
company with the true maker of an open gall which they can readily 
enter, finding there the same favorable conditions for abundant food 
and a secure retreat as does the gall maker. Phylloxera galls have 
often been found to contain Thrips, but the same doubt exists as to” 
the real purpose of their being there. Walsh states that he has found 
six or seven red Thrips pup in nearly every gall of Phyllorera 
caryae-folize, This observation shows-plainly one object for which these 
insects seek out and enter galls, as a safe refuge during pupation, 
and this will account for the frequent presence of larvee and adults in 
both inhabited open galls, as those of Phylloxera, and deserted closed 
galls, as those of Cynipide. It may be true that Thrips prey upon the 
gall makers, but further observations upon this point are desirable 
before we can fully accept that conclusion. 

“Thrips phyllowere” of Riley’s manuscript (one of the Phlcothri- 
pide) is said by him to *‘do more than any other species to keep the 
leaf-inhabiting grape Phylloxera within bounds” (165). A species of 
Phleothrips has been observed destroying eggs of the Gypsy Moth 
(353). | 

Some species of Thripide have been observed feeding upon other 
insects and are undoubtedly beneficial. Zhrips 6-maculatus has been 
repeatedly observed feeding upon ‘‘mites” or ‘‘red spiders,” and 
other species have been said to do the same. Riley observed a Thrips 
larva feeding upon the eggs of the Curculio in Missouri (148a and 144). 
Thrips trifasciatus Ashmead is apparently predaceous and was observed 
feeding on the cotton Aleurodes (Alewrodes gossypi7) in Mississippi 
(386). I have occasionally noticed that under the influence of con- 
finement without plant food Anaphothrips striatus, which is certainly 
normally herbivorous, becomes cannibalistic and will feed upon its own 
species. 

Flower fertilizers.—It is very probable that a few flowers, of which 
the ‘‘ wild pansy” is one, are fertilized by Thrips, although such a 
relation must be exceptional. Few flowers are adapted to thus profit 























No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. ray 


by the presence of Thrips, as their action would tend almost entirely 
to self-fertilization of the flowers, which Nature does not generally 
approve. Therefore I believe that their value in this way must be 
very limited. 





NATURAL CHECKS. 


Insects and Acari, etc.—The most important insect enemy appears 
to be Triphleps insidiosus Say, which is very common on flowers and 
may often be found with a Thrips impaled upon its rostrum and 
held in the air while the captor sucks the juices from the body of its 
victim. The eggs of Zriphleps are laid ina similar manner to those of 
Thrips and the larvee of the former also prey upon the larve of the 

latter. The length of the life cycle of Zriphleps is about the same as 

that of Thrips. Jfegilla maculata also devours Thrips in great num- 
bers when both are abundant. Chrysopa and Syrphus larvee have 
been found feeding upon the larvee of Zhrips tabaci. Heeger has 
recorded Seymnus ater, Gyrophaena manca, and some fly larve as 
preying upon them, and Uzel has found Zp/phleps inénuta also. 

I have frequently found Anaphothrips striatus bearing one or more 
small, scarlet Acari (probably the larve of a Zrombidium) attached to 
some membranous area of the body. 

Both Uzel and Quaintance have found the eggs and adults of Nem- 
atode worms in the bodies of Thrips, Uzel recording over 200 worms 
from one specimen. 

Plant parasites. —Thaxter (297) has taken Hinpusa (Hntomophthora) 
sphaecrosperma Fries from a species of Thrips which it was destroying 
in larval, pupal, and adult stages. Pettit has found in Michigan 
another parasite which he thinks will prove to be a Gregarinid (464). 
It was most abundant in the moist breeding cages, causing the insects 
to die and turn black. I have rarely found a fungus growing in a 
dead specimen-which appears to be a species of Macrosporiwm, but it 
was not possible to tell whether the fungus caused the death of the 

insect or came in later. 

Rain.—Of all the natural checks, none can compare in efficiency 
with a hard dashing rain. It has been noted that Zhrips tabaci and 
Anaphothrips striatus, which become extremely abundant during hot, 
dry weather, disappear almost entirely as soon as the heavy showers 
of midsummer begin, and as long as such showers continue at frequent 
intervals the Thrips do not again become abundant. The same result 
will probably be found true in most outdoor leaf-inhabiting species. 


ARTIFICIAL CHECKS. 


These fall naturally into two groups, insecticides and cultural 
methods. 

_ Insecticides.—So far as we know, no attempts to control Thrips by 
means of insecticides have been made outside the United States. Here 





























120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





a at 


each of the three most important economic species, 77 hrips tabact, 
Euthrips tritici, and Anaphothrips striatus, has been experimented 
with considerably. Webster recommends, for Thrips tabaci in the 
field, spraying thoroughly with 1 pound of Standard whale-oil soap in 
8 vallons of water (476), and he says also, ‘*The grassy borders of 
ditches have been sprayed with kerosene with excellent results.” 
Quaintance (454) tried many insecticides for Thrips tabaci and Luthrips 
tritic’ in Florida and found that ‘‘ rose leaf insecticide”—1 pint in 8 
eallons of water—killed from 65 to 70 per cent of the insects, and was 
the most successful of anything tested. For Thrips tabaci he recom- 
mends ‘‘whale-oil soap (Anchor brand), at the rate of 1 pound of 
soap to + gallons of water,” or ‘‘rose leaf insecticide at the rate of 
pint to + gallons of water.” 

Sprays must be very thoroughly applied to do even fair service, and 
ditches and margins around fields, as well as the ground between rows, 
should be treated also. Even with the most careful treatment many 
of the tiny insects will escape the spray, and the embedded eggs are 
entirely unharmed. Therefore, spraying, to be at all successful, must 
be repeated after a short interval. It must be admitted that at best 
spraying is an unsatisfactory remedy; still, it is perhaps the best 
method we know of at present for field work. . 

In greenhouses spraying may be more successful than In the field. 
but fumigation methods are here preferable. These also must b 
repeated in about a week to be successful. The most satisfactory 
results have here been obtained by the vaporization at night of 20 ce. 
of ‘* Nikoteen” in 750 cc. of water for 5,000 cubic feet of space. This — 
treatment did not injure the cucumber plants, while nearly all of the 
Thrips tabaci were killed (471). 

Cultural methods.—Vhese are undoubtedly too important to be 
neglected, even if insecticides be used, and in some cases they may — 
prove even more efficient than the latter. For the Onion Thrips, Web-_ 
ster says: ** All culls, tops, and other refuse of onion fields should be 
burned in the fall.” He also recommends the burning of the grass” 
along ditches and around the margins of the fields in winter or early 
spring to destroy the hibernating insects (476). & 

For the Grass Thrips it seems that cultural methods are the only 
ones that can be of any considerable help. A thorough burning of 
the old grass in early spring before growth begins destroys large 
numbers of hibernating insects—Thrips and many others. The attacks 
of the Grass Thrips are worst upon old, worn-out meadows, fields, and 
lawns, largely because Pow pratensis (June grass) is most common in’ 
such places. Infested grass should be cut as early as possible or fed 
green. So far as I can learn, the seed of June grass is sold only in 
lawn mixtures and is not used for field seeding, though it comes in 
naturally as the other stouter-growing species which are usually sown 
run out. The appearance of a large amount of ‘Silver Top” is there- 


“No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. Lot 


a) 
H 


fore a sign that the field is becoming exhausted. Such fields should 
_be plowed, and it is advisable to plant with some cultivated crop for 
at least one season before re-seeding. 


fF 
i 


CHARACTERS OF THYSANOPTERA. 














Small insects; length ranging from one-fiftieth to one-third of an 
inch. Wings usually present; four in number, long, narrow, mem- 
branous, never folded, with at most two longitudinal veins and few or 
“no cross veins; hind margin always, front margin usually, fringed 
with long, slender hairs much exceeding in length the breadth of the 
“membranous part of the wing; wings laid horizontally along the 
abdomen when at rest; wings sometimes reduced to short pads not 
reaching beyond the hind edge of the thorax and entirely absent in 
a few species. 
_ Mouth parts intermediate in form between those of sucking and 
chewing insects, but probably used almost entirely for sucking; 
arranged in the form of a cone situated on under side of head and 
placed so far back that it lies almost entirely under the prothorax (see 
Plate X, fig. 111), and is more or less concealed from the side by the 
fore coxe and femora. Mouth cone formed by the labrum, the broad, 
flat, triangular, external portion of the maxille bearing each a two or 
three segmented palpus, and the labium bearing two or four seg- 
mented palpi; these external parts grown together and not freely 
movable. Mouth always asymmetrical, only the left mandible being 
developed. Mandible and lobes of the maxille modified as internal, 
_protrusile, bristle-like piercing organs. 
Antenne quite slender, six to nine segmented, situated closely 
together upon vertex of head. Ocelli always present when long 
‘Wings are present, always absent in entirely wingless forms; usually 
present, sometimes absent, when wings are reduced to pads. Protho- 
-rax distinctly separated from mesothorax* and freely movable. Meso 
and metathorax firmly and closely united; metanotum longer than 
mesonotum. Tarsi usually two but sometimes one segmented; the 
terminal segment fitted at the tip with a protrusile, bladder-like organ 
which can be withdrawn entirely within the segment so as to be invis- 
ible. Abdomen ten segmented. Terminal segment either conical or 
tubular. Three pairs of stigmata are always present and a fourth 
pair is found in all Tubulifera and many Terebrantia. In the adult 
these are situated one pair each upon mesothorax and first and eighth 
-abdominal segments. The metathoracic pair in Terebrantia is small, 
invisible except in carefully prepared specimens, and in some cases I 
have been unable to find any trace of it. In the larva the stigmata 
are distributed in the same way except that they are present on the 
econd abdominal segment and not on the first. 
Young resemble adults in general form, structure of mouth parts, 
and in food habits. There is, however, a distinct pupal stage during 


Seenieetiteinetadiementiine toe ee eee 













7 






























mieh the insect moves very little or not at all, and takes no food, 
The wings develop entirely during this stage and are outside the body | 
skin. The metamorphosis approaches closely to a complete one, but 
on account of the similarity of larval and adult forms and mouth parts 
‘t must still be considered as incomplete. Reproduction is oviparou 


and frequently parthenogenetic. 


METHOD OF MEASUREMENTS. 


species. Another difficulty which has been noted in some descrip 
tions is the giving of comparative dimensions relative to other spe= | 
cies. This may be useful to the collector if he happens to have or 
know all the species referred to; otherwise he is at an utter loss 
know what is meant. Having experienced these difficulties at various — 
times, the writer came to the conclusion that es ch Ce shou 


nation and separation of these insects. The eye can not be relied 
upon for exactness in this matter, as has been frequently found in the- 
course of this work, and therefore all measurements given in the fol-_ 
lowing descriptions have been made in the same way, by means of an 
eyepiece micrometer, as follows: A stage micrometer of reliable make 
was first proven to be accurate by comparison with a steel millimeter, 
scale, then with each combination of lenses used the number of spaces 
on the image of the stage micrometer covered by the scale of the eye-— 
piece micrometer were determined, two points being selected where — 
the divisions coincided. Then the number of spaces covered on the — 
stage micrometer was divided by the number of spaces of the eye-— 
piece micrometer covering them, and the quotient was, evidently, the 
fraction of a micromillimeter upon the stage shown a one division of 
the eyepiece micrometer. This quotient may be called the factor of: 
the eyepiece micrometer for that combination of lenses and will hold 
unchanged for any object measured with that magnification, but will 
of course vary for every other magnification. Tieneaeeee Using a 
1-inch objective ‘and a 1-inch eyepiece (Bausch and Lomb) with the- 
tube closed, I find that the fifty divisions of the eyepiece micrometer 
cover, say, exactly 1 millimeter of the stage micrometer. Dividing 
then 1 millimeter by 50, I have two one-hundredths millimeter, which 
is the factor for that combination of lenses. Now, placing the object 
to be measured upon the stage, we find, e. @., that forty -five spaces of 
our eyepiece micrometer just cover the object to be measured. Mul-- 
tiplying by the determined factor, we have two one-hundredths milli- 
meter times forty-five, which equals ninety one-hundredths millimeter 
as the length of the object measured. This method has been used in| 







e. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 123 





the determination of length and breadth of the species herein 
described. 
When comparative lengths only are desired, as e. @. in the compara- 
_ tive lengths of segments of antenne, relative length and breadth of the 
head, etc., there is no need to determine the actual measurement. It 
is sufficient to compare directly the number of spaces read upon the 
eyepiece micrometer, and this is the method used in such cases. In 
the case of the comparative lengths of segments of the antenna, all 
measurements have been made with a 4-inch objective and a 1-inch eye- 
piece. The measurements given show, therefore, not only a compari- 
son between the segments of one antenna, but also between the see- 
ments of all antennz so measured. The number of the segment has 
been given above the line, and directly below it the number of spaces 
of the eyepiece micrometer covering that segment. Illustration: 
Number of segment, 1 2 3 .4 5 ete. 
Spaces of micrometer, 5 10 14 12 9 ete. 

It has been found that there are slight individual variations in the 
lengths of corresponding segments in different specimens of the same 
species, and even in the two antenne of the same specimen, still there 
is in general.a quite close agreement in this respect and the propor- 
tions hold very well. The antennz were selected for such critical 
study, because there is an evident variation in the proportional lengths 
of segments in each species, and because the antenne are the most 
surely available for a careful, accurate study of any organs of the 
insect. Then, again, proportional measurements do not vary nearly as 
much as do the absolute measurements of different sized individuals. 

All statements made as to lengths, both actual and comparative, in 
the descriptions herein given are based upon actual measurements 
made in one or the other of these ways, an average being taken of the 

total number of specimens used in the description. 

In describing colors it has been my intention to follow a few definite 
rules, which are given herewith: First, to name colors in plain, well- 
known terms when possible; second, when the color being described 
appears to result from a mixture, in equal proportions, of two more 
elementary colors, they have been given together in the same form and 
connected by a hyphen (gray-brown); third, when a predominant 
ground color is modified by more or less mixture with another color, 
the name of the ground color has been given last with the modifying 
color preceding it (grayish brown). Depth of coloring is indicated by 
such words as light, dark, ete. 


INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS. 


Individual variation must always be considered in specific determi- 
nations and due allowance made therefor. The most common variation 
will naturally be found in the line of color. It is probable that toa 

slight extent the age of the individual may influence the depth of the 


yer 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM. = VOL, XX ; 


> 


124 
oo rio. heeause a short time is required, in several species which have 
heen observed at least, after the emergence of the adult from the pupa 
staoe before the full depth of coloring is acquired. There is, however, 
a common variation in color, apparently not due to difference in age, 
producing in some of the most variable species color varieties. These 
may be either lighter or darker than the color of the typical form, but, 
so far as our observations have gone, complete intergrades are to be 





found. 

A yariation from the usual number of segments in the antennee is 
quite frequently met with, but this is always in the line of a reduction 
in number due usually to a fusion of the last two or more segments. 

The length and breadth of the abdomen is, perhaps, the most variable 

character, as in most species the segments are slightly telescoped natur- 
ally, and being connected with each other by a flexible membrane are 
capable of oreat distension. This may be caused naturally by the simul- 
taneous development of a number of eggs in the ovaries of a female, 
When specimens are mounted in balsam, glycerin, or any such medium 
for study, there is danger of compressing the body of the insect if” 
‘are be not taken to have present plenty of the mounting medium, and 
the usual result of this compression is the distension of the abdomen. 

Measurements of a series of specimens show that a variation, often 

amounting to one-sixth, sometimes as-high as one-fourth, frequently 
occurs between the extremes in the size of individuals in the same 
species. 

SYNOPSIS OF SUBORDERS AND FAMILIES. 

Female with a saw-like ovipositor. Terminal segment of abdomen of female 
conical; that of males rarely like females, but usually bluntly rounded. Fore 
wings with at least one longitudinal vein reaching from base to tip of wing. 

1 aa TEREBRANTIA (p. 124). 2 

Female without an ovipositor. Terminal segment tubular in both sexes. Both 
pairs of wings similar in structure with only one median longitudinal vein, and 
this only partially developed, never reaching to tip of wing. . TuBULIFERA (p. 187). 
Includes single family Phlceothripide. 


Antennze with nine segments. Wings broad and rounded at the tips; fore wings 
with cross veins. Ovipositor of female up-curved .._.-- AXOLOTHRIPID#E (p. 126). 

Antenne with six to eight segments. Wings usually narrow and pointed at tips, 
without cross veins. Ovipositor of femaledown-curved_.THRiprpx (p. 132). 


CHARACTERS OF TEREBRANTIA. 


Antenne have from six to nine segments, the terminal segments 
being usually much smaller than the preceding. Ocelli absent in the 
entirely wingless forms (Aptinothrips rufus) as in all wingless Thysa- 
noptera, and sometimes in the wingless males of species in which the — 
females are winged, they are present in all long winged forms. Maxil-_ 
lary palpi usually three, sometimes two segmented, and labial palpi 
usually two, sometimes four segmented. 











‘No. 1310. _ NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. I 25 


. 


Prothorax rarely longer than broad, but usually transv erse, fre- 
quently twice as wide as long ery rectangular in general outline 


and scarcely wider at the find edge than at the fore edge, except in the 
genus Chirothrips, in which it is strongly broadened behind, where it 


~ 


is about twice as wide as at front edge. The fore wings are broader, 


stronger, and much more specialized than the hind wings, shaded 
darker, if shaded at all. Asa rule they have more veins, there being 
usually two, sometimes apparently only one, fully developed longitu- 


dinal veins besides frequently a strongly developed vein following the 


border of the wing and known as the ring vein; cross veins are present 
insome cases. The veins are usually set with more or less numerous 
-and conspicuous spines which vary in size, the smallest being minute 


and indistinct, the largest extremely stout and conspicuous, exceeding 


‘in length the breadth of the membrane of the wing. The membrane 


itself is thickly set with numerous microscopic spines. A fringe is 
always present upon the hind margin, consisting on the hind wing of 
one, on the fore wing of two rows of long usually wavy hairs. On 


the fore wing these rows appear to be placed at different angles to 


the edge, so that instead of the hairs being parallel when the wing is in 


action, they cross each other at a slight angle, thereby forming a mesh- 
-work which must add materially to the strength and resistant power 


of the wing. Spines such as are found on the other veins are wanting 


-upon the hind margin. The fringe upon the front is always shorter 


than that upon the hind edge and is composed of a single row of 
stouter, more bristle-like hairs. The development of the fore fringe 


“appears to be in inverse proportion to that of the spines borne upon 


the costal edge, and when these last are very stout the fringe is ves- 
tigial, though sometimes both fringe and spines are wanting on the 
costa. In many cases the sbading of the fore wings takes the form of 
dark cross bands alternating with light or almost white bands or areas. 
The hind wings are more slender and more delicate than the fore wings 
and have but one median longitudinal vein, usually fully developed, 
and no ring or cross veins. The median vein is without spines such 
as are borne upon the veins of the fore wing. The hind fringe is 
single instead of double and the fore edge always bears a more or less 
well-developed fringe. Shading of the hind wings is very slight and 
a distinct banding of them is not known. When at rest the wings are 
laid straight back upon the abdomen, the fore wing of each side com- 
pletely covering the hind wing and en pair lying “parallel to but not 


upon the other. The hind fringes are very foals or jointed at their 


attachment to the wings and when at rest point backward between 


them. The wings are very frequently reduced to small, rounded or 
oval pads which are usually invisible even when present. Rarely they 


are entirely absent, but when this is the case the structure of the 


thorax indicates the fact. The fore legs are often more thickened 


a 


i 


126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVIg 





re = - : aes 4 ; . q 
than the others—in the genus Chirothrips they are extremely thick-7 
ened. The hind legs are usually longest and sometimes exceed the 


3 


abdomen in length. a 

The abdomen is constricted somewhat at its junction with the thorax ~ 
and is always ten segmented. The terminal segments are usually § 
shaped differently in the two sexes; in the females the last three seg-— 
ments form a cone the apex of which is quite pointed, and rarely the 
last seoment is rather tubular instead of conical. The abdomen of 
the male is usually more slender and lighter than that of the female, 
and asa rule its end is much more blunt, though occasionally shaped 
much like that of the other sex. The ninth segment is comparatively — 
laree and contains the genital apparatus, and frequently the tenth 
segment is also much retracted within it. In the females the sexual 
opening is between the eighth and ninth abdominal segments, but in” 
the males it is between the ninth and tenth. 

The female has a four-valved, saw-like ovipositor fitted to the under- 
side of the eighth and ninth segments and reaching to about the tip of © 
the abdomen, sometimes a little beyond. When at rest this apparatus 
lies partially concealed in a sheath on the underside of the last three 
segments; when in action it can be let down so as to work at almost 
any angle less than 90 degrees. The copulatory apparatus of the 
male is almost or entirely withdrawn into the body, but it is freely — 
protrusile. 3 

The males are often quicker motioned and more active than the 
females. Most of the members of this suborder move rapidly, though — 
some are quite sluggish; they run rapidly and take flight readily. — 
Some species, provided with well-developed wings, seem loath to use— 
them, and many possess a considerable power of leaping. 


Family AZZOLOTHRIPID 2. 


The antennx are nine segmented. Ocelli are present in both sexes. — 
The maxillary palpi are three segmented, and the labial palpi two or 
four segmented. The wings are large, broad, and rounded at the— 
outer ends. In addition to a heavy ring vein, each fore wing has two 
longitudinal veins extending from its base to tip, where they unite with — 
the ring vein on each.side of the tip, while the hind wings have only 
a vestige of a median longitudinal vein. Four or five cross veins are— 
present in each fore wing. The fore wings are without a fringe upon” 
the front edge, though some more or less stout hairs are there present 
in some species. Both sexes bear a peculiar hook-like appendage on 
the underside of the second segment of each fore tarsus. (See Plate I, 
fig. 9.) The ovipositor of the female is bent upward so that its convex 
side is ventral. The males have the first abdominal segment much — 
longer than the second. The members of this family run rapidly, 


having very long legs, but they do not appear to have the power of 
springing. 


0. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. Tae 









The genus Zolothrips is the only one of the three genera of this 
family found in the United States. 


Genus HOLOTHRIPS Haliday. 


: Head about as broad as long. Ocelli present in both sexes. Anten- 
‘ne nine segmented, the last three or four segments being very much 
‘shorter than the preceding and closely joined together; third segment 
much longer than any other. Maxillary palpi three segmented, 
‘geniculate. Prothorax about as long or a little longer than the head, 
without large bristles. Legs very long and slender; fore femora 
omewhat Sarekonad in both sexes; hind femora broadened; fore tibive 
“unarmed; second fore tarsal segment, in both sexes, with hook-like 
‘appendage. Wings usually present in both sexes; fore wing some- 
what narrowed before the middle; fore part of the ring vein fur- 
nished with very short hairs, which hardly overreach the edge of the 
wing. Fore wings white, with two broad, dark cross bands. First 
abdominal segment in the males much (one than the second, and the 
ninth segment is drawn out at the hind angles into short clasping 
organs or hooks. 
} The two species which I place here can be distinguished by the 
presence of a white band around abdominal segments two and three in 
pte female of A. b7color, which band is wanting in the female of A. 
fasciatus. The last four segments of the antenna taken together are 
| Feonich longer in A. bicolor than the fifth, while in A. Sasciatus the last 


sl 
four segments together are approximately as long as is the fifth alone. 







ZEOLOTHRIPS FASCIATUS (Linnezus). 





if Plate I, figs. 1-3. 

ry 

«Thrips fasciata Linnxvus, Syst. Nature, 10th ed., 1758, p. 457. 

5 Thrips fasciata Linnauus, Fauna Svecica, 1761, p. 266.—Grorrroy, Histoire 


abrégée des Insectes, 1764, p. 385. 
Thrips fasciata Linn mus, Syst. Naturee, 12th ed., Holmize, and 13th ed., Vindo- 
bone, J, Pt. 2, 1767, p. 743. 
Thrips fasciata Fasricius, Systema Entomologia, 1775, p. 745. 
Thrips fasciata SCHRANK, Enumeratio Insectorum Austriz indig., 1781, p. 297. 
Thrips fasciata Fasrictus, Species Insectorum, II, 1781, p. 397. 
Thrips fasciata Fasricius, Mantissa Insectorum, II, 1781, p. 320. 
Thrips fasciata GMELIN, Linn. Syst. Nat., 13th ed., Pt. 4, 1788, p. 2223. 
Thrips fasciata BERKENHOvT, Synop. Nat. Hist. Gt. Br. and Ire., 1789, p. 123. 
Thrips fasciata Faprictus, Entom. Systematica, [V, 1794, p. 229. 
Thrips fasciata Stew, Elem. of Nat. Hist., II, 1802, p. 114. 
Thrips fasciata Fasricius, Systema Rhyngotorum, 1803, p. 514. 
Thrips fasciata Turron, A General Syst. of Nat. (Transl. from Gmelin’s Syst. 
Nat., 18th ed.), II, 1806, p. 717. 
Aolothrips (Coleothrips) fasciata Hatipay, Ent. Mag., III, 1836, p. 451. 
| Molothrips fasciata Burmeister, Handbuch d. Entom., II, 1838, p. 417. 
_ Molothrips fasciata AMyor and SErRvVILLE, Hist. nat. d. Ins. Hemipt., 1843, p. 646, 





128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXV 





; Baloibrivs (Coleothrips) fasciata THALIDAY, Walker, Homopt. Ins. of Brit. i 


Pt. 4, 1852, p. 1117, pl. vu, figs. $1— 42. 
Molothrips fasciata Havarr, Sitzungsb. d. Acad. d. Wiss. Wien, VIII, 1852 


pp- 135-136, pl. xxi. 
Coleothrips trifasciata Frrcw, Count. Gent., VI, Dec. 1855, p. 385. ; 
Coleothrips trifasciata Frrcx, Second Rept. Nox. Ins. N. Y. 1857, p. 308 (or 540). 
Thrips fasciata DE Man, Tijdschr. v. Entomol., 1871, p. 147. 
Eolothrips ( Coleothrips ) fasciata, REUTER, Diaeneeee ofver nya Thysanop. f 
Finl., 1879; p. 7, or Otv. Fin. Soc., XX], 1879, po 214. 
Coleothrips fasciata PERGANDE, Brtomelenie April, 1882, p. 95. 
Coleothrips trifasciata WrBsTER, Rept. Dept. Agr., 1886, p. 577. . 
Coleothrips trifasciata TuaxTEr, Rept. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1889, (1889), p. 180, 
Coleothrips 3-fasciata Rirey-Howarp, Ins. Life, III, 1891, p. 301. 
Coleothrips trifasciata TowNsEND, Canad. Ent., XXIV, 1892, p. 197. 
Coleothrips trifasciata GrtLETTE, Bull. 24, Col. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1893, p. 15. 
Coleothrips trifasciata Davis, Bull. 102, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1893, p. 39, fig. 10. 
Coleothrips trifasciata CocKERELL, Bull. 15, N. Mex. Agr. eae Sta., 1895, p. 7 
Eolothrips fasciata Uzer, Monographie d. Ord. Thysanop., 1895, p. 72, pl. a 
fig. 4; pl. v, figs. 46-48. 
Coleothrips trifasciata Davis, Special Bull. No. 2, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896, 
p. 13, fig. 4. 
Eolothrips fasciata Témpet, Die Geradfligler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 286, pi 
XXIII. 


Female.—Length, 1.63 mm. (1.36 to 1.76 mm.); width of mesotho 
rax, 0.30 mm. (0.27 to 0.84 mm.). General collor yellowish brown to) 
dark brown. Head slightly wider than long, rectangular in outline,) 
retracted slightly within prothorax; cheeks arched but slightly behind 
eyes; front nearly straight; surface of head but faintly striated an 
bearing numerous minute spines. Eyes large, black, elongated down- 
ward; borders of eyes light; ocelli ernie well spa orange- 
yellow with maroon crescents. Mouth cone sharply pointed; maxil= 
lary palpi geniculate, three segmented; labial palpi four segmented; 
chitinous thickening extending from left eye connected with that at 
juncture of mouth cone with frons; just a trace of such thickening 
extends down from right eye; the two spines standing at base of 
frons close to transverse thickening are less than twice as long as sub= 
antennal pair of spines. Antenne nine segmented, nearly three: 
times as long as head and very slender, approximate at base; relative” 
lengths of segments: 





















last . Seon are lone lee rl and from base of six they taper. 
epally to the ap: eaten brows except tip of two and all but 


(ttonmiy aothed AE ae spines; those around tip of two being 
much the stoutest; no sense cones present, but both three_and fou 





~~ 


0. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 129 








have an elongated, narrow, membr: anous sense area on iden side of 
outer half; five bears a small, rounded spot of similar texture near 
tip below. 
_ Prothorax somewhat wider than long, and a little wider than head, 
‘nearly rectangular in shape; sides but slightly arched, without con- 
-spicuous spines but with numerous minute ones. Mesothorax smoothly 
rounded at front angles. Metathorax slightly narrower at front end 
than mesothorax and tapering somewhat posteriorly. Wings always 
present, about one-seventh as broad as long, rounded at tips; fore 
wing heavily veined having a ring vein and two longitudinal veins 
which extend from the base and join the ring vein just before the tip 
of the wing; fore vein united to costa by two cross veins at one-third 
and eds its length; longitudinal veins united by one cross vein 
just before the middle and the hind vein is joined to the hind ring vein 
opposite the outer front cross vein; hind wing veinless. No fringe 
upon costa of either wing, but costa and longitudinal veins set with a 
number of short, dark spines; hind fringe hairs short and straight, 
double row on fore wing. Fore wings with three white bands (at base, 
middle, and tip) and wider dark brown cross bands between these; 
hind wings with similar areas, but the two darker bands are so pale 
gray that they are hardly noticable. Legs gray-brown, dark brown 
in dark specimens, very long and slender; fore femora slightly 
thickened and tarsi armed with a peculiar, hook-like structure opposed 
toa stout tooth something like a forefinger and thumb (Plate I, fig. 9); 
first segment of all tarsi very short; all legs thickly set with short 
spines; all tibiee armed with very ooh spines at tips. 

Abdomen about two-thirds the length of the whole body, small at 

base, enlarging to the middle; segments frequently overlapping con- 
siderably in the last half; last three segments long and tapering to tip; 
ovipositor very long and up-curved; spines upon last two segments 
long, dark, and conspicuous. Entire body yellowish brown to dark 
brown; connective tissue red. 
Redescribed from seven specimens. No males found. 
Food plants. — Alfalfa, buckwheat, celery, clover, Composite, oats, 
onion, tansy, wheat, various grasses and weeds. 
| Habitat.—England (Haliday), Vienna (Heeger), Finland (Reuter), 
Germany (Jordan, Bohls, near Berlin, Uzel), United States: Connecti- 
cut, Indiana, lowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Mexico, New York, 
Ohio. 

Larva.— ‘Larva yellow, the abdomen behind deeper orange, a whorl 
of hairs on each segment, more conspicuous on the last two; prothorax 
elongate; antenne shorter than in the perfect insect, the number of 
mints similar; mouth nearly perpendicular, not inflected under the 
breast; joints of maxillary palpi not very unequal.”—Haliday. 

Life history unknown. Fitch observed that it was abundant on 


Proc. N. 





~ 


7 a4", 





— a er 









130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





wheat early in the season and afterward passed to later-flowering 
pi ints, such as tansy (Zanacetum vulgare). Webster found it common 
in all stages on buckwheat in Ohio. 

Thaxter believed that this species caused the rust of oats in Con- 
necticut. Davis has reported it as the most common species on the 
heads of clover in Michigan, and found it both in and out doors on 


many plants. 
ZEOLOTHRIPS BICOLOR, new species. 


Plate I, figs. 4-9. 


Female.—Length, 1.9 mm.; width of mesothorax, 0.29 mm.; width 
of abdomen, 0.38 mm. General color light yellowish brown to dark 
brown. 

Head as wide as long, also as long and as wide as prothorax; cheeks” 
slightly arched behind eyes; anterior margin slightly arcuate; occiput 
transversely striated, quite thickly clothed with minute spines. Eyes 
large, black, a downward, coarsely granulated, each facet dis- 
tinct, slightly pilose; ocelli separated, bright reddish yellow, mar-- 
gined inwardly with maroon crescents. Mouth cone sharp; maxillary 
palpi three segmented, geniculate, third segment very small; labial 
palpi four segmented, first segment very short. Chitinous thickening 
around left eye connected with that uniting mouth cone to frons; only 
a short vestige of such thickening below right eye; two long, slender 
spines are borne upon frons in front of the middle of the transverse 
thickening and one equally long spine upon middle of labrum; these 
spines are many times as long as any others upon the head. Antena 
as long as head, pro and mesothorax together, slender, filamentous, 
approximate at base; relative lengths of segments as follows: 


BB 8) ee 
8.1. 13.2 37.1 29 19.6 19608 Steams 











y 


Segment one thickest, as long as wide; three to six slightly nar-— 
rower than two; seven to nine tapering; the last very minute and 
conical. All segments, except three, of uniform brown color; three 
is very pale yellowish white, except brown band around apex; two is” 
brown at base fading to light yellowish at apex. Segments three to- 
nine quite evenly clothed with fine hairs of uniform size; three and 
four bear each a narrow, light-colored, membranous strip on a 
part of underside, indistinct upon ies on account of its light color; 7 
a small elliptical spot of similar structure near tip of five beneath. 

Prothorax nearly square, slightly constricted in middle, with num- 
erous minute spines, but none conspicuous. Mesonotum transyer atm 
striated; fore angles of mesothorax broadly rounded. Metanotum 
reticulate; metathorax tapering posteriorly. Wings broad, rounded 
at tips; fore wing with two longitudinal veins which bone outward 


| 
| 
: 
3 


. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 131 


just before the tip and unite with the ring vein; fore longitudinal vein 
- united to front part of ring vein by two cross v eins at about the first 
and second thirds of its le sngth and to the hind vein by one cross vein 
just before the middle of the wing; hind vein united to hind part of 
ring vein by one cross vein at sa three-fifths the length of the 
wing. Fore part of ring vein and both longitudinal veins set with 
numerous short, dark spines; both pairs of wings thickly covered with 

microscopic spines; no fringe upon front edge of fore wings, but a 

very light one upon hind wings; posterior fringe on fore wings double, 

on hind wings single; hind wings veinless. Wings clear white; fore 

pair conspicuously marked with two broad, brown bands so that there 

are narrow white bands across the base, middle, and tip of the wing; 

hind wings almost clear white. Legs concolorous with body, very 

long and slender; fore femora slightly thickened, but less than half as 
wide as long; second segment of fore tarsus fitted with a peculiar 
hook-like structure recurved toward base of segment and at tip 
opposed toa stout tooth. All legs quite thickly set with small spines; 
hind legs much the longest, nearly as long as wings; each tibia armed 
at apex with two or more stout spines. 

Abdomen small at base, enlarging gradually to its sixth segment, 
where it is about one-fifth as wide as the body is long; eight, nine, aad 
ten tapering uniformly and quite abruptly; no marked difference in 
length of segments. Posterior part of segment one and segments two 
and three white or yellowish in color; remainder of abdomen yellowish 
brown to dark brown. No spines apparent upon the abdomen, except 
on last three segments; nine bears a circlet of eight long slender 
bristles near its posterior edge; ten bears six similar bristles. Ovipos- 
itor very powerful, up-curved, and extending a little beyond the tip of 
abdomen. 

Described from nine females. 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 6323, U.S.N.M. 

Male.—Length but little more than 1 mm.; width of mesotho- 
rax slightly less than one-fourth body length. General color tawny 
yellowish with brown extremities to appendages, not nearly as dark 
as female. 

Head subequal in length and breadth and slightly smaller than 
prothorax; spines in front of transverse thickening at base of mouth 
cone not conspicuously long. Antenne three and one-half times as 
long as head, almost equal to length of abdomen; relative lengths of 
segments as follows: 


- 





Outer two-thirds of antenna dark brown; first three segments light 
vray-brown, two and basal half of three being lightest; antennz very 






29 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. axis 





hi airy. ‘Hind lees: very slender, Jonger than abdomen; all femora and 
fore tibie brownish yellow shaded darkest above; middle and hind] 
tibie and tarsi gray-brown to dark brown. A 

Abdomen very small, but slightly longer than antennz and not as 
broad as mesothorax, narrowed somewhat at attachment to thorax, 
increasing gradually in breadth up to ninth segment; tenth segment 
very abruptly smaller and conical. Segment one very lone and marked — 
by two brown, longitudinal carinze dividing it into thirds dorsally, : 
Ninth segment also peculiar, being very long and as broad as any in~ 
the abdomen; hind angles produced into a pair of claspers, also bearing 
a pair of stout spines; tenth segment small and set with quite long, : 
stout spines. Second, third, and fourth segments nearly white, some- 
times irregularly suffused with yellow; rest of abdomen tawny yellow. 

Described from three males. 

Cotype.-—Cat. No. 6328, U.S.N.M. 

These males differ much more than is usual from the description of 
the female but it seems that they are more closely allied structurally to 
A. bicolor than to A. fusciatus, and so I place them with the former 
species. 

Food plants.—Brunella vulgaris, Panicum sanguinale, bindweed, 
and various grasses in mowings. 

[labitat.—Ambherst, Massachusetts. 


Seimei 


+ > oa 


ntti eral ee diet 


Family THREPID A. 


The members of this family have from six to eight segmented — 
antenne (apparently nine segmented in Anaphothrips striatus and — 
Pseudothrips inequalis); the segments beyond the sixth are usually — 
short and form what is called the style. Maxillary palpi are usually — 
three, sometimes two segmented; labial palpi never composed of more | 
than two segments. The wings of Thripide are usually slender, 
gradually tapering more or less and pointed at the tips. The fore wings, 
as a rule, present two parallel longitudinal veins, the front one run- 
ning from the base to near the tip of the wing; the hind vein appears 
usually as a branch from the fore vein at about one-third the length — 
of the wing. Sometimes, however, all connection between these veins 

is wanting. Cross veins are rarely visible, though traces of them can — 
sometimes be seen. The ring vein is not usually very heavy or promi- 
nent. A fringe is generally present upon the front margin of the fore 
wing, but may be vestigial. More or less stout spines are found along — 
the veins and costa of the fore wing. The hind wing has one median, — 
longitudinal vem without spines and no cross or ring veins, but the | 


costa bears a frmge. The ovipositor of the female is bent downwaten 
i. e., concave side ventral. 





| No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 133 





SYNOPSIS OF THRIPID. 


1 es With velg Minseomn Shite Mera vee ree te eT oe a pee ee 2 
Antenne with seven segments......-.-----.- Pe rt bie is Bare eyae ee See 11 
9 ae with markedly reticulated surface......-...--------- Feliothrips (p. 168) 
may ewivhoitirenculare: suviace \2) ite Sek tol ll lef ck ete elle 3 
3 ce wit clothed with fine hairs and haying a silky luster_ Sericothrips (p. 141) 
Bedawithouncotwing otding hairs. Soe eh oe et bok oa ee ak wh 4 
4 ae two segments of the antenna longer than the sixth... Raphidothrips (p. 158) 
Pari two. serments shorter thanisixth 12.052 25-522 0254.222 2-2 -32-20 63h 5 
Terminal segment of abdomen with a pair of extremely stout, short spines 
5 MELE lyr aOVe sash tear h aa rs Je Lk SE ESS oe Limothrips (p. 138) 
Terminal segment without unusually stout spines.......--...----------- 6 
Antenne with second segment drawn out into an acute process on outer 
6 [ DIN ALD eae Pam carpet ape es Men ein ol Pa Seat ee wae ete CR SM Chirothrips (p. 183) 
Second segment of antennz normally symmetrical. ..-..--..------------ 7 
7 wes eolbbandowines wanting 22.422 oes oc esl ee Aptinothrips (p. 166) 
ree liirancdewancrcorenent eens eee ance ere tin ae Tew i Dae 8 
8 ee ioSspiNes ah hind angles:oL-probhorax. 26 $2 sic 202 see: Ses Pl rk ee ee 9 
Without spines at hind angles of prothorax...-..------- Anaphothrips (p. 160) 
9 ee ith two long spines at each hind angle of prothorax .---.....-.------- Or? 
With one long spine at each hind angle of prothorax--- -- Pseudothrips (p. 146) 
10 au ithout a long spine at middle of each side of prothorax .... Huthrips (p. 147) 
With a long spine at middle of each side of prothorax--.-.- Scolothrips (p. 157) 
rT oe wings broad and without front fringe .--..-...---- Parthenothrips (p. 175) 
Fore wings slender, spines on outer half fewer than on basal... Thrips (p. 178) 


Genus CHIROTHRIPS Haliday. 


Body thickened. Head very small and in front of the eyes drawn 
out into a three-cornered process upon which the antenne are situated. 
Ocelli present in the females and located very far back; wanting in 
the males. Antenne eight segmented, the second segment ending in 
a blunt prominence at the outer angle. Maxillary palpi three seg- 
mented. Prothorax nearly twice as long as the head, and trapezoidal 
in form, being about twice as broad at the hind edge as at the fore 
edge. Two prominent spines present at the hind angles or wanting 
in some species. Legs short; the fore pair extremely thickened, so 
that the tibie are short and broad and the tarsi small. Wings long 
and very slender; fore wing with two veins upon which there stand a 
few small spines; front fringe well developed. Males wingless. 


SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. 


With two moderately long spines at each hind angle -.....--- manicatus (p. 134) 
Macaout lone spines at the hind anples.-25-4<.-..._ 22.222. 2enn5sese se 2 
encomecte ont yollow Ms. ese fs oh es et 22 ees obesus (p. 187) 
\ Abdomen OGIO LO Willlessse pee ae nee coe Le EA 2 crassus (p. 136) 





CHIROTHRIPS MANICATUS Haliday. 
Plate II, figs. 14-16. 


Thrips ( ¢ ‘hirothrips ) manicata HaLipay, Entom. Mag., III, 1836, p- 444, 
Thrips manicata BURMEISTER, Handb. d. Entomologie, II, 1838, p. 413. 
Thrips longipennis BURMEISTER, Handb. d. Entomologie, II, 1838, p. 413. 
Chirothrips manicata AMyor and SERVILLE, Ins. Hemipteres, 1843, p. 642. 
Chirothrips longipennis AMyor and SERVILLE, Ins. Hemipteres, 1848, p. 642. 
Thrips ( Chirothrips ) manicata HALLIDAY, Walker, Homopt. Ins. Brit. Mus., 1852, 2 


p. 1106, pl. v1, fig. 12. 


Thrips (Chirothrips) manicata Revver, Diagn. ofy. nya Thysanopt. f. Finland, 


(1878-79), pp. 6, 6. 


Chirothrips antennatus Osporn, Canad. Ent., XV, 1883, p. 154. 
Chirothrips antennatus LrNDEMAN, Bull. d. Soc. Imp. d. Nat. d. Moscow, LXIT, | 


1886, No. 4, pp. 322-325, fig. 12. 


Chirothrips manicata JABLONowSKI, Termes. Fuzetek, X VII, 1894, p- 47. 
Chirothrips manicata Uzer, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 80, pl. 1, fig. 2; 


pl. vi, fig. 49. 


VOL. XXVI1, 






Chirothrips manicata Tiimert, Die Geradfiigler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 287. 


It male. 
0.27 mm. (0.24 to 0.382 mm.). 
yellowish brown. 


Head somewhat shorter than wide, almost conoid in shape, frequently — 
hidden up to the eyes in the prothorax; cheeks only about one-third 
the length of the eye; head prolonged into a triangular process in 
front of the eyes; a row of four small spines across the head between 
the front edges of the eyes and one small spine on each side of the 
Eyes large, black, rather coarsely faceted; ocelli 
subapproximate, almost white or pale yellowish with heavy maroon 


anterior ocellus. 


-Length 1 mm. (0.84 to 1.18 mm.); width of mesothorax 
General color quite uniform dark 


| 
3 
| 


Ce il ka is 


crescentic inner margins, placed in a low triangle far back between 


hind half of eyes. 
palpi three segmented. 


as follows: 





ee eee see 
0.8 0:9 ~6.4:. 1.02101 Seams 


Mouth cone short, broad and blunt; maxillary 
Antenne less than twice the length of head; _ 
segments thick and more or less rounded; relative lengths of segments 


Basal segments very broad and almost contiguous; two drawn out — 
into a short, blunt angle on outer side; three and four bear each one 


very stout, blunt sense cone on outer angle. 
tips of two and three frequently yellowish. 


All segments brown; 


Prothorax large, trapezoidal, a little less than twice as long as head, 
as wide as head in front and twice as wide behind; sides nearly 
straight; surface dotted with numerous very small spines and marked 
with transverse, arched wrinkles, giving it a sealy appearance; numer- 
ous small spines stand at hind edge, and two spines at each hind angele 


are much larger than the others. 


Mesothorax a little broader than 


ie 


ie 


‘= 
\ 


& 


“xo. 1510. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. : 135 


‘the prothorax, widest behind, sides curving forward; metathorax 
‘abruptly somewhat narrower, and its sides curve inward to base of 
‘abdomen. Wings nearly always fully developed in females, about 


four-fifths as long as body and in middle about one-seventeenth as 
broad as long, sharply pointed at ends, heavily fringed on both edges. 
Hind longitudinal vein branches from the fore at about one-fourth 


the length of the wing; fore vein bears six or seven spines before the 


branching off of the hind vein; beyond this the fore vein bears 
usually two and the hind vein four spines; costa bears numerous 
short spines. Fore wings gray-brown; hind wings gray. Legs short 
and powerful; fore femora extremely short, nearly as broad at base 
as long, wrinkled on surface and at tip outside with chitin turned up 
into a sort of tooth; fore tibiz also extremely short and thick; each 
tibia bearing a row of spines of gradually increasing length and stout- 
ness on inner side toward tip; these are most strongly developed on 
hind legs. Legs dark brown except tarsi more or less gray or 
yellowish. 

Abdomen broader than mesothorax, hardly twice as long as broad 
(segments usually overlapping considerably and giving a dark and 
light brown banded appearance); spines around last two segments 


moderately long and stout, dark brown and conspicuous; ovipositor 


of good length. Color of abdomen uniform dark brown; recepta- 
culum seminis inconspicuous or invisible. 

Redescribed from ten females. 

Male.—Length 0.83 mm. (0.66 to 0.96 mm.); width of mesothorax 
0.22 mm. (0.20 to 0.24 mm.). 

Ocelli wanting; spines on head as in female. Relative lengths of 
antennal segments as follows: 


1 2 3 + > 6 7 8 
Jed iowaue + 0.0; 4-4-2520. 1.8 18 


Segments two and three pale yellowish. Wings entirely wanting. 
Abdomen more narrow than in female and bluntly rounded at the end. 
Ninth segment very large, conoid; tenth segment retracted therein; 
ninth with a short stout spine on each side of the hind edge above; 
genital apparatus protruding beyond the tip of tenth segment; a 
rounded light depression in middle of ventral plates on segments 
three to six. 

Described from five males. 

tood plants.—Flowers of various grasses and cereals, clover, wild 
carrot. 

Habitat. —England (Haliday), Germany (Burmeister, Jordan, Bohls), 
Finland (Reuter), Russia (Lindeman), Bohemia (Uzel), United States: 
Manchester, Iowa; Amherst, Massachusetts. 


136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. all 


i 1 


— 


Life history unknown except that they hibernate in dried flower 





ae 


stems and in turf. . 
I have compared my specimens with those of Osborn’s C. antennatus 


and they are identical. . 
CHIROTHRIPS CRASSUS, new species. 
Plate II, figs. 17-20. 


Female.—Length 0.78 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.26 mm. Gen- 
eral color of head and thorax brown; abdomen gray-brown or yellow- 
ish brown. 

Head very small, slightly wider than long, narrowed in front 
between the eyes and elongated anteriorily; distance between eyes’ 
equal to one-half the width of head; frons between antenne bluntly 
acuminate. Eyes reddish orange by reflected light; ocelli placed in a 
low triangle far back between hind edge of eyes; each ocellus pale, 
margined inwardly with a dark-red crescent. Mouth cone very short 
and broadly rounded; maxillary palpi short, three segmented. Anten- 
nx approximate at base; relative lengths of segments as follows: 


Or 





ie One ee 6 ee 
156 oT 6b Coes 


_ Basal segments large, longitudinally compressed, nearly twice as 
wide as long; segment two drawn out at outer angle into an acute 
process; three with slender peduncle, subpyriform, bearing one promi- 
nent sense cone on outside, as does also four; four and five rounded; 
four nearly as thick as long; five somewhat narrower; six elongated; 
seven and eight moderately slender. One and two pale straw yellow; 
three to six shading gradually to a medium brown; seven and eight 
also medium brown. 

Prothorax one and one-half times as long as head, one and three- 
fourths times as wide as long, twice as wide at posterior edge as at 
anterior; sides nearly straight, indented above fore cox, with prom- 
inent spines at posterior angles. Mesothorax one and one-fourth times 
as wide as prothorax, quite a deep constriction between mesothorax and 
metathorax; pterothorax with more or less rusty tinge. Wings long, 
saber-formed, slightly overreaching the tip of the abdomen; fore wings 
shaded with gray, hind wings nearly clear. Fore longitudinal vein 
extends through the wing; hind vein arises from fore vein at one-third 
its length; both veins disappear before reaching the tip of the wing. 
Fore vein bears two spines on distal half; hind vein bears five spines. 
Legs short; fore pair strongly thickened; all femora grayish or yel- 
lowish brown; fore tibie and all tarsi pale yellowish; middle and hind 
tibie brownish at bases and above, fading to pale gray or yellow 
beneath and at extremities. 


NO. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. = OT 


% 


, 


Abdomen elongate-ovate in outline, bluntly pointed at tip, one and 
four-fifths times as long as broad; spines upon last twe segments short, 
weak, and inconspicuous; ovipositor short and weak. Color rusty- 
gray brownish upon sides, and pale yellowish upon last two segments. 

Described from two females. 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 6324, U.S.N.M. 

Male.—Length 0.66 mm. (0.58 to 0.78 mm.); width of mesothorax 
0.23 mm. (0.19 to 0.25 mm.). General color of head and prothorax 
‘grayish or yellowish brown; pterothorax abruptly pale yellowish, 
‘shading through gray to chestnut brown upon last two abdominal 
. segments. 


Head as wide as long, 








. without ocelli; relative lengths of antennal 
‘segments as follows: 

; 1 2 3 4 5 6 it 8 

AA O20 20.9 25.0 Oi) C9). 252-0 2-6 





_ Prothorax one and one-third times as long as head, and one and one- 
half times as wide as long; mesothorax one and one-sixth times as 
wide as prothorax; wings wanting; terminal two segments conoid; 
“spines thereupon slightly more prominent than in female. 

Described from seven males. 
Cotype.— Cat. No. 6324, U.S. N.M. 
Food plant.— Panicum capilare. 
Habitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts. 
Life history unknown. 


CHIROTHRIPS OBESUS, new species. 


Plate II, figs. 21, 22. 





Female.—Length 0.78 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.29 mm.; width 
of abdomen 0.275 mm. General color of head and thorax yellowish 
brown; abdomen pale yellow. 

_ Head very small, as wide as long, narrowed anteriorly, much elon- 
gated between the eyes, acuminate between basal segments of antenne. 
Eyes dark, relatively large, occupying sides of head from close to base 
of antenne almost to posterior edge of head; distance between eyes 

one-half the width of head; ocelli rather small and placed very far 
back between hind edge of eyes; anterior angle of triangle formed by 
ocelli is very obtuse; color pale yellow, margined inwardly, or entirely 

surrounded by red patches. Mouth cone very short and blunt; max- 

‘illary palpi short, three segmented. Antenne one and three-fourths 

times as long as head, situated upon the elongated portion thereof; 
relative lengths of segments as follows: 

Dede Te Aee | DR eO 38 


1 
Ae ea TRE Re pe A ONG 8 








138 PROCE EDINGS: OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


vw 





First segment muc h compressed longitudinally; transverse diamete 
more than twice its length; two very strongly drawn out externally 
‘nto a stout. conical elongation; segments three, four, and five rounded; 
three with a quite long peduncle; three and four each bear one stout, 
transparent sense cone upon outer angle. Color of one and two clear 
pale yellow; three to six becoming gradually more brownish; six to 
eioht uniformly chestnut brown. ; 

Prothorax one and one-third times as long as the head; anterior edge 
but slightly wider than hind edge of head; sides slightly concave, 
divergent so that width at posterior edge is more than twice that at 
anterior edge; hind angles acute, without long spines; sides quite” 
deeply indented above fore coxe. Sides of mesothorax rounded, con-_ 
verging anteriorly; met tathorax narrower than mesothorax, its sides | 
also rounded but converging posteriorly. Color of thorax fone yel- | 
lowish brown, sometimes splashed with red. Fore legs very short and 
extremely thickened; other legs short, but not thickened. Legs pale 
yellow, middle and hind tibize slightly brownish on upper side, basal 
part of fore femora shading to light brown. Wings long, sabre- 
formed, overreaching tip of abdomen, shaded with gray. Two long” 
veins, the hind one branching from the fore at about one-third the | 
length of the wing; both veins disappear before reaching the apex. 
Each vein bears four to six spines; basal third of wings “unfringed;, 
fore fringe sparse, long and slender. 

Abdomen ovoid, acuminate at apex, broadly attached to metathorax, — 
one and two-thirds times as long as broad. Spines upon last two seg- 
ments very short and weak, 7 those upon ventral plates weak and 
inconspicuous. Ovipositor very short and weak, apparently not func-— 
tional; tenth segment split open above. Color of abdomen uniformly — 
clear pale yellow, except apex brownish and posterior edges of seg-— 
ments faintly brownish, receptaculum seminis over base of ovipositor 
bright reddish orange. 

Described from three specimens. 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 6325, U.S.N.M. 

Male unknown. 


ible hci 


Food plants.— Festuca ovina, Poa pratensis. 
Habitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts. 


Genus LIMOTHRIPS Haliday. 


Body powerful. Head longer than wide, broadened behind, and ip 
front of the eyes extending into a triangular projection upon which 
the antennxe are borne. Ocelli present in females, but wanting in| 
males. Antenne eight segmented; third segment drawn out into a 
blunt, triangular process at outer angle. Maxillary palpi two seg- 
mented (LZ. cerealium three?). Prothorax somewhat shorter than 
the head, slightly broadened at hind edge; hind angles provided with 


r 1310. ee AMERICAN THYSA LE ae A—HINDS. 139 





one long, stout spine. Legs rt rather short and thic ik Wi ing’s quite 
Jong and of medium breadth; costa bearing a fringe; veins bearing a 
few short spines. Terminal segment of abdomen in female elongated 
somewhat and approaching a tubular form, split open above; each 
side bears a short, extremely stout spine and similar stout spines are 
borne upon the sides of the eighth segment. 

Male entirely wingless. End of abdomen bluntly rounded; ninth 
segment bears a stout spine at middle of each side and a pair of simi- 
Jar spines stands closely together near the dorsal line above. 

Species of this genus move slowly and have no power of leaping. 
I found only the new species avenx of the genus. 


= SS 
crea 


LIMOTHRIPS AVENZ, new species. 
Plate I, figs. 10-12; Plate II, fig. 13. 


Female.—Length 1.57 mm. (1.48 to 1.66 mm.); width of mesothorax 
0.28 mim. (0.26 to 0.30 mm.). Form elongated, slender. General color 
dark yellowish brown. 

Head a little longer than wide, tapering a little anteriorly; cheeks 
very slightly arched; surface of head not at all, or but very faintly, 
cross striated and bearing a few scattered minute spines; front strongly 
arcuate, produced considerably between bases of antennze; color of 
head dark brown. Eyes of moderate size, black with yellow margins, 
triangular above, protruding slightly; ocelli fairly well separated, 
anterior one smallest, pale yellow with very dark red crescents on 
inner margins. Mouth cone short and moderately thick; maxillary 
palpi short, only two segmented. Antenne rather short, about one 
and one-half times as long as the head, considerably separated at 
bases; relative lengths of segments as follows: 


lise 
oO 





AAA AG 1029) 21005 1A e 





i] 


eee Oe OE 2B 
) 


Oo 
Oo 
a 


Segment one much wider than long; two cup-shaped; three to five 
clavate; six fusiform; seven and eight slender, cylindrical; one and 
two dark brown; three to eight shading gradually from pale brownish 
gray to more or less dark brown; outer angles of three and four strongly 
developed (three especially so, though obtuse), and each bears one long 

pointed sense cone; six also bears one long, slender sense cone on inner 
side at two-thirds its length. 

Prothorax a little shorter than head and about one and one-third 
times as wide as long; sides diverging from head posteriorly; only 
one long stout spine at each posterior angle; other spines scattered and 
minute; transverse margins nearly straight; sides slightly rounded; 
concolorous with head. Mesothorax about one and one-third times as 
wide as prothorax; metathorax abruptly narrower; sides nearly par- 
















140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 





allele pterothorax more or less rusty brown in color. Wings present, 
‘lone and slender, about one-seventeenth as broad in middle 
long, tapering eradually from base to tip; two longitudinal veins, n 
fore wine, the second branching from the first at about one-fourth its 
leneth; both veins and costa beara few short, rather stout, dark brown | 
spines: costa about twenty, fore vein about twelve, of which only two | 
stand beyond the middle of the wing; hind vein about nine spines; 
fore wings dark, smoky gray; hind wings very slightly gray; costal} 


frinoeslone. Lees rather short, but not thickened; femora and middle | 


9. 


quite 


hind tibiz alone bearing stout spines. 
Abdomen about two-thirds the length of the body and only abo 


at tip of tenth. Spines on sides of abdomen weak and inconspicuo Ss 
before the seventh segment; eight bears three or four short, very 
stout, slightly curved, dark brown spines on each side; nine bears a_ 
circlet of long, slender spines; tenth segment split open above, sharply — 
pointed at tip, and on each side above is a short, very stout, straight, 
dark brown spine reaching but slightly beyond the tip; color of 
abdomen gray-brown, shading to almost black at tip; connective tissue” 
pale yellow; surface of segments finety reticulated. ‘ 
Described from eight long-winged females. 
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6326, U.S.N.M. 
Male.—Length 1.05 mm. (1.02 to 1.08 mm.); width of mesothorax 
0.22 mm. (0.20 to 0.22 mm.). 
Head as broad as long. Ocelli generally wanting, though some- 
times vestiges are present. Antenne only one and one-third times as 
long as the head; relative lengths of segments: 
L525, 8 roe Or aso deanna 


4:89. TC ee as 





8 
3 


Color paler than in female, with more of a yellowish tinge, becoming 
yellowish brown at tip. Pterothorax without traces of wing pads; 
the dorsal plates very broad, being as wide as first abdominal segment. 
Head and thorax yellowish brown; legs yellow; femora and tibie con- 
siderably shaded with brownish. 

Abdomen but little more than twice as long as wide, though seg- 
ments overlap considerably, giving it a yellowish brown and dark- 
brown cross-banded appearance; bluntly rounded at tip; segment nine 
very large and bluntly conoid; segment ten small, cylindrical, and 
plainly visible retracted within the ninth: copulatory apparatus pro- 
Jecting a little from ten. Close together in middle of nine above stand | 
two extremely short blunt spines borne upon broader black, chitinous: 


oy 


No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. AT 














projections, the inner edges a ic h are parallel and fhe blak ae 
ing tapers to a point anteriorly; on eac ‘h side of these peculiar proc- 
esses stands a long, slender spine; at about the middle of each side of 
‘ninth segment is a very abrupt, angular, chitinous projection shaded 
almost black, supporting on the inside of it an exceedingly- short, 
stout, dark brown, blunt spine; other spines on this segment slender, 
but not very long. Segment ten is blunt at end and bears a row of 
short, small spines above; close to hind edge; nine is cut out on upper 
side over about half of ten, which at tip does not quite reach to tip of 
nine or under side; abdomen yellow-brown. 

Described from four specimens. 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 6326, U.S.N.M. 

Food plants. —Oats, Festuca pratensis. 

Habitat.—Pennsylvania, Massachusetts. 

Life history unknown. 

This species was very abundant upon and caused much damage to 
oats at State College, Pennsylvania, during the summer of 1898. 





Genus SH RICOTHRIPS Halliday. 


Body broad and having a silky luster due to the presence of numer- 
ous minute spines on the abdominal segments. Head fully one and 
one-half times as wide as long. Eyes large and protruding; ocelli 
present in both sexes. Antenne eight segmented. Maxillary palpi 
‘three segmented. Prothorax much longer than the head, without long 
spines at hind angles (one present in S. varvabilis). Legs, especially 
hind pair, quite slender. Wings either reduced or fully developed; 
when present, the fore wing is broad at basal fourth, the remainder 
being very narrow; only one longitudinal vein developed; fore fringe 
Jong; spines on veins numerous and moderately developed. Abdomen 
‘in some species strongly arched and its segments broad and short; tip 
of abdomen conical in both sexes. Abdomen of male much more slen- 

der throughout. 
Species of this genus leap readily. 
— The characters of this genus are extended to include the following 
species: 





SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. 


Body nearly black except segments four, five, and six of abdomen almost white; 


__ wings reduced ......-..-----------++--++++-2+-02222-222----- cingulatus (p. 141) 
Body yellow with brown or gray markings; wings present and with two spines on 
ian sourth, where hind vein usually is -..: 2522-20-52. 2-2 variabilis (p. 148 


SERICOTHRIPS CINGULATUS, new species. 
Plate ITI, figs. 27-29. 
— Female.—Length 1 mm. (0.84 to 1.25 mm.); width of mesothorax 
0.25 mm. (0.22 to 0.31 mm.); width of abdomen 0.37 mm. (0.31 to 


0.45 mm.). General color very dark brown; abdomen cross- banded 
with white in the middle. 





142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ‘NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 4 


© 























eee at the insertion of ao nnthortaeel Eyes small, rounded 
strongly protruding, occupying together only one-half the width 
the head, black, oe el: ated; margins vent yellow, oc preg 


Mouth cone reaching to san cae oe ode of aco max- 
illary BaP ee segme mes ae very eee as ae as hea 1 


ments: 
i 2 3 4 5 6 nee 
58 9.9 16.4 145 199 123-32 7 
Basal two segments thickest; spines slender and inconspicuous, 
Segments one, tw 0, and ae light yer one fhe pe ot brown 





| 
n 


than prothorax; et beeen ce notal plates dark prowl 
sides of metathorax not converging posteriorly; metanotum much 
wider than long. Wings reduced, the pads reaching only to the first 
abdominal segment. Fore and middle legs of approximately sami 
length; fore pay Jee hind pair longest and quite slender; all 


Callow ae more Ghee at basal attenuations, fore pair lightest; 
tarsi uniformly yellowish, slender, and tapering evenly from thei 
bases to tips. Surface of all femora and tibie thickly covered with 
transverse ridges; spines upon hind tibix especially long and slende1 


uniformly thickly covered with minute spines which appear most 
clearly as a fine fringe at posterior edge of each segment; a transverse 
dorsal row of about twelve quite uniformly long, brownish spines 
regularly spaced across the middle of segments ree to six, and si 
similar spines stand in as Inany small, dark depressions along the 
posterior edge of the sternal plates of these segments. First thre e 
abdominal segments light brown; four, five, and six abruptly pale 
gray, or yellowish gray, tinged with pron in middle of dorsum, 
most broadly on sixth segment; last four segments again abruptly 
dark brown. A narrow, ane brome transverse, chitinous thickening 


= 
‘No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 143 


ok 


(appearing as a stripe) extends across two-thirds of the width of the 
dorsal plates of segments two to seven near their anterior edges; 
spines upon terminal segments short and weak. 

This species possesses a well-developed power of leaping. 

Described from twenty specimens. 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 6327, U.S.N.M. 

Male.—Length 0.87 mm. (0.66 to 1 mm.); width of mesothorax 
0.21 mm.; width of abdomen, 0.27 mm. (0.22 to 0.30 mm.). 

Relative lengths of antennal segments: 


epee ee ee ee!) 8 
e101. 1S. t09 19.87° 918! 3.7 











End of abdomen shaped as in female; a transverse elliptical depres- 
sion in the middle of ventral plates of segments five to seven. Seg- 
ment nine long and tapering; tenth elongate and retracted within the 
ninth. Genital apparatus appears to be wholly protrusile. Testes 
large and brownish yellow in color. 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 6827, U.S.N.M. 

Food plants.—Various grasses. 

Habitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts. 

Life history unknown. 


SERICOTHRIPS VARIABILIS (Beach). 
Plate II, fig. 23; Plate III, figs. 24-26. 
Thrips variabilis Beacu, Proc. lowa Acad. Sci., 1895, III, 1896, pp. 220-223. 

Female.—Length 0.84 to 1.28 mm.; width of mesothorax about one- 
fourth the length of the body. General color yellow, with more or 
less striking brown or gray-brown markings. 

Head about two-thirds as long as broad, broadest through eyes, 
retracted considerably into prothorax; cheeks moderately full, con- 
verging somewhat posteriorly; anterior margin nearly straight, but 
slightly elevated between bases of antennz. Spines upon head incon- 
spicuous; but one moderately long spine on each side of fore ocellus, 
and one behind each hind ocellus; a row of fourshort, strongly curved 
spines across front near margin, and a few small spines upon cheeks; 
color of head pale yellow with dusky shadings. Eyes moderately large, 
protruding a little, nearly black, coarsely faceted, plainly pilose, occu- 
pying about three-fifths the width of the head; ocelli large, approxi- 
mate, reddish orange, heavily margined inwardly with maroon, situated 
upon a slightly raised area between the eyes. Mouth cone tipped with 
black; maxillary palpi slender, three segmented. Antenne eight seg- 
mented, more than twice as long as head, bases separated by about 
two-thirds the width of a basal segment; relative lengths of segments: 





SO AS 
ae) 































144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXYI 





Seoment one nearly spherical and slightly narrower than two which i, 
broadest: three and four fusiform; five similarly formed to four at its 
hase, but quite broad at its apex, and rather broadly joined to six which 
with style tapers gradually to tip. Color: One white and nearly tra s 
parent; two pale or brownish yellow; three and four pale yellow; three 
lieht brownish at tip and four in outer half; remainder of antenna light 
to dark brown, base of five somewhat lighter. | 

Prothorax about three-fourths as long as wide, a little longer and @ 


versely striated on dorsum; only one long, slender spine at each hind 
anele= anterior third of pronotum concolorous with head, remainder 
marked with a saddle-shaped patch of brown, the anterior edge of 
which is concave and sharply defined; six or eight medium-sized spines 
stand in this dark border, behind it there are six more or less well- 
defined brown spots. Pterothorax large and apparently symmetrically 
formed on account of first segment of abdomen being closely joined 
metathorax and closely approaching it in color; meso and metathorax 
equally wide and about one and one-half times as wide as the pro- 
thorax; metanotal plate light brown; rest of pterothorax bright or 
dusky yellow, except small brown spots at anterior edge of mesonotum 
and at anterior angles. Wings long, reaching to tip of abdomen 
fore wings very slender beyond the basal fourth, breadth at middle 
only about one twenty-sixth their length; only the fore longitudinal 
vein is fully developed, though vestiges of the hind vein may be seen 


vein placed at regular intervals; two isolated spines stand upon the 
last fourth of the wing on the line where the hind vein might be 
expected; the scale bears four spines along its inner edge and one 
discal near its base. Fore wings uniformly dusky or marked with 
three white and two gray-brown cross bands alternating; scale also 
gray-brown; anterior fringe long and fine on outer two-thirds of costa, 
Legs, especially hind pair, quite long and slender; general color pale 
yellowish with brown markings on fore femora above, both outer and 
inner sides of fore tibize, around outer halves of middle and hind 
femora, around middle of these tibie, and bases of all bladders. Tarsi 
slender and tapering; hind tibie without stout spines within. 

Abdomen cylindrical, tapering sharply from anterior edge of eight 
or acute avoid; two to two and one-third times as long as broad; thickly 
clothed with minute slender spines appearing most: prominently as é 
fringe on hind edges of dorsal plates. Eight to ten spines upon eack 
segment from two to eight, two or three of these stand quite closely 
together in a group upon each side, and the middle pair stand very 
closely together upon segments two to five, but separate more widely 
upon following segments and become larger; spines upon last two seg- 







. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 145 





ents short, weak, and not strongly radiating. Segments two to seven 
‘marked with a very prominent dark-brown cross line at anterior third 
‘of each; on each side of these segments behind this line is a more or 
ess extensive brown shading which on seven extends clear across the 
back; ground color of these segments is white or pale yellowish gray; 
eight, nine, and ten are without the brown markings, and are pale or 
dusky yellowish. 
_ Male.—Similar to female with the following exceptions: Length 
0.64 mm.; width of thorax 0.19 mm.; abdomen only four-fifths as 
wide as thorax, and more than twice as long as wide, nearly cylindrical 
to seventh segment; eight to ten conoid; spines upon last segment 


short; the testes large and brownish orange. 


y : : 
: Relative lengths of antennal segments: 

pe ee oy Bi ts 8 

e oe lO Oe oe AOL oa 

ie 

r 

Var. a. female.—Head and front third of prothorax clear, pale yel- 


_Jow; pterothorax darker yellow; hind part of prothorax and metano- 
tum abruptly brown; abdomen pale yellowish with very conspicuous 
dark brown cross-streak at first third of segments two to seven; on 


each side behind this streak is a narrow brown shading which upon 


"seven extends clear across the back. Fore wings slightly tinged with 
yellowish, darkest at base. Brown spot on femora above, darkest on 


hind femora. Abdomen acute ovoid. 
Food plants.—Clematis, clover, elm, hackberry. 
Habitat.—lowa, Massachusetts. 
“Var. b. male and female.—Body pale yellowish, immaculate; apical 


_ joints of antenne black, remainder pale; wings and fringes tinged with 


yellowish.” —Beach. 

Food plants.—Hawthorn, hackberry. 

Habitat.—lowa. 

“Var. c. male and female.—Wings nearly uniformly fuliginous; 
last three joints of antenne, distal half of joints 4 and 5 black, some- 
times intermediate altogether dusky; brown markings very distinct, 
confined to two large spots on thorax and scutellum respectively, the 
latter oblong and approximating posteriorly; abdomen immaculate.” 
Beach.“ . 

Food plants.—Hawthorn, hackberry. 

Habitat.—lowa. 

“Var. d. male and female.—This variety is characterized by having 
the wings fuliginous, trifasciate with white bands, and in being more 





al have seen and studied the specimens of Miss Beach labeled “ Thrips variabilis 
Beach, Var. c. male and female types.” These specimens seem to me to fit much 
better her description of ‘‘ Var. d.”’ An emended description based upon these speci- 
mens would not be distinguishable from the foregoing description of o Var. d.*? 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 10 








146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ 








heavily marked with brown; the markings on the thorax and bands at | 
bases of first, second, and third (sometimes of second and third only), 
and seventh and eighth segments of the abdomen are extended until 
they coalesce and form broad bands; the dorsal surface of the head is 
hrown: sometimes all of the caudal segments are brown; the legs are™ 
white. with brown streaks on dorsal surface of femora, an frequently 


on tibiew also; antenne same as in preceding variety.” Beach. ; 
Food plants.—Cucumber, grass, smartweed. 2 
Habitat. —lowa, Massachusetts. 
PSEUDOTHRIPS, new genus. 

Head much broader than long. Ocelli present. Maxillary palpil 
three segmented. Antenne eight segmented (apparently nine seg- | 
) 


mented, owing to an apparent division of the sixth segment). Pro- . 
thorax much longer than head and somewhat broadened posteriorly; — 
one stout spine at each hind angle. Wings with two longitudinal | 
veins which, with the costa, are thickly and regularly set with quite 
prominent spines; fore fringe well developed. Abdominal segments 
two to eight, inclusive, bear across the middle of each dorsal plate 
four weak spines, of which the middle two are close together upon 
anterior segments but diverge posteriorly. 

This genus is erected for the single species ¢neqgualis. 

(ysevda, false; Apu.) 

PSEUDOTHRIPS INEQUALIS (Beach). 
Plate III, figs. 30-32. 
Thrips inequalis Bracu, Proc. lowa Acad. Sciences, 1895, III, (1896), pp. 223-224. 

Female.—Length 0.88 mm.; width of mesothorax, 0.22 mm.; gen- 
eral color yellow; thorax and abdomen tinged with orange. 

Head fully one and one-half times as broad as long, slightly con- 
stricted at hind edge, and retracted into the prothorax somewhat; 
cheeks full; anterior margin nearly straight. Eyes of medium size, 
rounded, slightly protruding, slightly pilose; ocelli large, well sepa- 
rated, with orange-red margins; ocellar bristles present, but not very 
long or prominent. Mouth cone moderately sharp and somewhat 
shaded with brown at tip; maxillary palpi three segmented. Antenne 
over two and one-half times as long as head; eight segmented, though 
there appear to be nine segments; relative lengths of segments as 
follows: 

Ue eae + 


Z 8 
Aire wise 


6 
8+2 3 

Segment six has a distinct annulation around it at four-fifths its 
length, the outer part appearing much like a separate segment. Seg- 
ments one and two quite stout and rounded; three irregularly, and 
four regularly clavate; seven and eight psikinidieaead Segment one 
paler than two, concolorous with head: three to six pale yellow in 





bo] ~T 


Oo] ox 






i: No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 147 


basal parts, shading to dark brown toward ‘the tips: seven and eight 
dark brown; spines distinct but not prominent, becoming more slen- 
der toward the tip. 

| Prothorax about one and one-half times as long as head, and one 
and one fourth times as broad at posterior edge; sides nearly straight, 
diverging backward; dorsal surface bearing a number of small, dark 
‘spines, mostly near lateral and posterior borders; one stout, promi- 
nent spine at each hind angle. Mesothorax over one and one-half 
times as wide as head; sides rounded and converging anteriorly; fore 
angles prominent. Metathorax but little narrower than mesothorax; 
its sides nearly parallel, curving inward abruptly at hind angles. 
Wings reaching almost to tip of abdomen; two longitudinal veins quite 
prominent; both veins and costa thickly and regularly set with prom- 
inent dark brown spines; costal twenty-four to twenty-eight, fore 
vein eighteen to nineteen, hind vein ten to eleven, scale five, internal 
one. Fore wing about one-fifteenth as broad in middle as ioe shaded 
faintly yellowish; costal fringe well developed. Legs dusky yellow, 
quite slender; fore femora slightly thickened; femora and tibie bear- 
ing numerous short spines; inner side of hind tibizw with but few 
stouter spines except one pair at tip; each hind tarsal segment with 
one stout, dark spine on the side; a dark brown spot on under side of 
each tarsus at tip. 

Abdomen elongate-ovate; few dark spines along the sides; segments 
two to eight bear across the middle of each ddoreal plate four weak 
spines, the middle two are close together upon anterior segments, but 
diverge posteriorly; posterior edge of nine bears a circlet of six stout 
spines, the median pair being only slightly more than half as long 
as the others. All spines on body, and spines and fringes on wings 
conspicuously dark brown; abdomen dusky yellow, dark brown at 
extreme tip. 

Redescribed from one female, ** Type” of Miss Beach. 

Male unknown. 

Food plant.—Aster. 

Habitat.—Ames, Iowa. 

This species bears a close general resemblance to Huthrips tritic?, 
with which it was taken. 





Genus EUTHRIPS Targioni-Tozzetti. 
PHYSOPUS.¢ 
Ocelli usually present but sometimes more or less rudimentary. 
Antenne eight segmented. Maxillary palpi three segmented.  Pro- 





«The name Physapus was used by Amyot and Serville for this genus in 1843, but it 
‘ean not hold, as this name was previously used by Leach for a genus of the Neurop- 
tera in 1817. 

I have been unable to see Targioni-Tozzetti’s characterization of his genus Luthrips, 
but as nearly as I can tell it may include the species which have been placed in the 
genus Physopus, and I therefore adopt it for this genus. 












148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





thorax as lone or somewhat longer than the head, with two long spines 
upon each hind angle and one similar spine upon each anterior angle 
in many species, but this is wanting in others. Legs usually unarmed, 
but in a few species with a stout tooth on under side of fore tibia at 
end. Wings usually fully developed but sometimes reduced. When 
present they are moderately broad, have two longitudinal veins which 
are set with numerous stout spines at regular intervals in those species 
having a spine at the fore angle of the pronotum. Spines upon 
abdomen moderately stout; anal spines long and slender. 
These species are active and can spring. 


SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. 


{General color of body yellow -.-.-..---------------+---+--+-++++-+----------+- 2. 
\General color of body brown ..--<-- 22-22 -- 2 oe te eee oa 
{Fifth antennal segment about five-sixths as long as four .... occidentalis (p. 152). 
= \Fifth antennal segment about two-thirds as long as fourth -...... tritici (p. 148). 
, JAntennze about three times as long as head -.----..------------ fuscus (p. 154). 
° |Antennz but slightly more than twice as long as head.-.-.-.- nervosus (p. 155). 


EUTHRIPS TRITICI (Fitch). 
WHEAT THRIPS. 
Plate LV, figs. 36-39. 


Thrips tritici Frrcu, Count. Gent., VI, Dec. 13, 1855, p. 385. 

Thrips tritici Frrcu, Rept., 11, Nox. Ins. N. Y., 1857, pp. 304-308. 

Thrips tritici ASHMEAD, Orange Insects, 1880, p. 72. 

Thrips tritici OSBORN, Canad. Entom., XV, 1883, pp. 152, 156. 

Thrips tritici OsBorN, Trans. Iowa St. Hort. Soc., X VIII, 1883-1884, pp. 520-521; 
Coll. Bull., 2, lowa Agrl. College, 1885, pp. 96, 97. 

Thrips tritici Hupparp, Ins. Affect. Orange, 1885, p. 164, fig. 77, pl. x1, fig. 5. 

Thrips tritici Forses, Centralia, Il]., Sentinel, 1887; Prairie Farmer, June 4, 1887. 

Thrips tritict Lintner, Cult. and Count. Gent., LI, June 9, 1887, p. 459. 

Thrips tritici Weep, Prairie Farmer, LIX, 1887, p. 343; Trans. Ill. St. Hort. Soe., 
1887, pp. 230-233. 

Thrips tritici OsBorn, Insect Life, I, 1888, p. 141. 

Thrips tritici WEED, Popular Gardening, III, 1888, p. 176. 

Thrips sp. Comstock, Bull. XI, Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta., 1889, p. 131. 

Thrips tritici Ritey-Howarp, Insect Life, I, 1889, p. 340. 

Thrips tritici Forses, 16th Rept. St. Entom., Ill., 1890, p. ix, pl. v, fig. 4; 17th 
Rept. St. Entom., Il., 1891, pp. xiii, xv. 

Thrips tritici WEED, Ins. and Insecticides, 1891, p. 95. 

Thrips tritici Forses, Insect Life, V, 1892, pp. 126, 127. 

Thrips tritici Weester, Bull. 45, Ohio Exp. Sta., 1892, pp. 207, 208. 

Thrips tritici Townsend, Canad. Ent., XXIV, 1892, p. 197. 

Thrips tritici BRUNER, Rept. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr., 1893, (1893), p. 457, fig. 96. 

Thrips tritici Bruner, Nebr. St. Hort. Rept., 1894, (1894), pp. 163, 214, fig. 82. 

Thrips tritici ASHMEAD, Insect Life, VII, 1894, p. 27. 

Thrips tritici Craw, 4th Biennial Rept. St. Bd. Hort., Calif. for 1893-94, 1894, | 
p. 88. 

Thrips tritici Weep, Ins. and Insecticides, 1895, p. 146. 

Thrips tritici Uze., Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, pp. 220, 278. 

Thrips tritici Smrrn, Economic Entom., 1896, p- 102, fig. 73. 


a 
r 


% 


|g 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 149 





Thrips tritici LIntNER, 11th Rept. N. Y. St. Entom., 1896, pp. 247-250. 

Thrips tritici Rois, 10th Ann. Meet. Fla. St. Hort. Soc., 1897, p. 97. 

Thrips tritici QuAINTANCE, Bull. 42, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1897, pp. 552-564. 
Thrips tritici Powers, Fla. Farmer and Fruit Grower (editorial), March 27, 1897. 
Thrips tritici QUATNTANCE, Bull. 46, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1898, pp. 77-103, figs. 1-9. 
Thrips tritici Howarp, Bull. 18, N. 8., U. 8. Dept. Agri., 1898, p. 101. 

Thrips tritici Rours, 11th Ann. Meet. Fla. St. Hort. Soc., 1898, pp. 54-38. 

Female.—Length about 1.22 mm.; width about 0.26 mm. General 
color brownish yellow, thorax tinged with orange. 

Head three-fourths as long as broad and four-fifths as long as pro- 
thorax, but slightly withdrawn therein; cheeks but slightly arched 
behind the eyes and converging slightly posteriorly; anterior margin 
very nearly straight; back of head transversely striated. Eyes large, 
dark, and slightly pilose, occupying together about three-fifths the 
width of the head; ocelli present, sub-approximate, pale yellow, mar- 
gined inwardly with bright reddish orange crescents; spines between 
ocelli on each side long and conspicuous; post-ocular spines shorter. 


Maxillary palpi three segmented. Antenne nearly two and one-half 


times as long as the head; relative lengths of segments: 


ei. 4 5 6 Gos 
Gaeta Pole ore 10,5 2.9 

Color: One pale yellow; two light brown, base sometimes yellowish; 
three light yellow in basal half, remainder shaded light brown; four 
and five brown, yellowish at bases; six, seven, and eight brown. 
Spines upon antennal segments, especially two to five, quite stout and 
conspicuous. 

Prothorax rather rounded, three-fourths as long as broad; one pair 
of stout spines at each angle, also one short anteriorly directed spine 
standing close to lower one of each fore pair; between each posterior 
pair and median line stands a row of five spines, number four alone 
being large; color of prothorax pale orange-yellow. Mesothorax 
rounded at anterior angles; mesonotal plate with one stout spine at 
each lateral angle and two pairs of small spines on posterior margin. 
Metathorax tapering but slightly posteriorly; metanotal plate bearing 
four spines close together at anterior edge, the middle pair being 
much more stout and conspicuous. Wings nearly reaching the end of 
abdomen; breadth at middle about one-twelfth their length; shaded 
but slightly; each fore wing has two longitudinal veins extending from 
base to tip of wing; spines on veins at regular intervals; costa twenty- 


six to twenty-eight; fore vein twenty to twenty-two; hind vein fifteen 


to eighteen; scale five, interior of scale one; a light, sparse fringe on 
costa of each wing; posterior fringes heavy and wavy. Legs clear 
pale yellow, sometimes slightly shaded with light brown above, quite 
thickly set with short brown spines; a pair of stout spines at extremity 
of each tibia; rows of spines on inner side of hind tibix rather weak. 


150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 











Abdomen cylindrical-ovate, pointed at the apex; dark brown stripe 
aACTOSS segments two to seven near their anterior edges; dorsal plates, 
except nine and ten, shaded more or less with brown; three or fou ‘ 
moderately stout brown spines stand out prominently upon the pale 
ae Toer sider or segments two to eight; terminal spines long, stout, and 
dark colored; tip of abdomen dark brown, 

Redescribed from eight females. 

Male.—Leneth about 0.7 mm. (0.64 to 0.80 mm); width of meso- | 
thorax 0.195 mm. (0.18 to 0.22 mm.). General color pale yellow, 
darkest upon pterothorax. . 

Kyes somewhat smaller than those of female. Antenne about two ; 
and one-third times as long as the head. Relative lengths of segments : 
as follows: 


4.3) 8 


AiG Ot es A ee 208 6 Tee a 
11) 10:3 269 0a = eae 


Wings large and reaching beyond the tip of the abdomen. End of ; 
abdomen (ninth segment) bluntly conical; tenth segment retracted and _ 
not reaching the tip of the ninth; nine bears four pairs of long, stout, : 
dark spines, of which one pair stands on each side near the anterior — 
end of the segment, and one pair on each side near the tip; near the 
middle above stand two short spines. 

Described from four specimens. 

Food plants.—Altalta, apple, asparagus, aster (cultivated), bind- 
weed, blackberry, buttercup, canna, cherry, clover, cone-flower, dan- — 
delion, dog-tooth violet, English pea, goldenrod, grasses, hardhack, — 
heal-all, heliotrope, honeysuckle, hydrangea, lilies, mesquite, orange, — 
pea, peach, pear, pink, plum, potato, raspberry, red clover, rose, — 
shrubby Althea, smartweed, Solidago bicolor, Spiranthes simplex, 
squash, strawberry, sunflower, sweet william, wheat. 

Habitat.—California, District of Columbia, Florida, Mlinois, Iowa, @ 
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York. + 

The following descriptions of early stages are taken from Quain- 4 
tance: “ 

Fqg.—Size 0.25 by 0.1 mm.; clear whitish in color; oblong, curved 
in shape. 2 

Larva, first stage.—Length about 0.5 mm.; width of thorax nearly — 
0.1 mm.; body fusiform, gradually tapering caudad from fifth or sixth — 
abdominal segment. Color, clear whitish; eyes reddish. Antenne 
distinctly four-jointed:; basal joint cylindrical, short; second somewhat 
urn-shaped, with distinct distal rim, about as long as broad; third joint — 
conical, apex of cone united to second; fourth fusiform, widest near 
basal fourth, quite as long as other three joints together. Joints two, 
three, and four ringed, two and three rather obscurely, but on fourth 
joint the rings are quite pronounced, where, on distal part, they 





“Bull. 46, Fla. Exp. Sta. 


oa TD 


"xo. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 151 


‘¥ 





appear to divide the joint into short, cylindrical segments. On the 

fourth joint the rings are minutely setate. Numerous large sete are 

also present on all joints, most numerous on fourth. Legs stout; hind 
femur about as long as tibia; tarsus one-jointed, terminating in claw- 
like fork; bladder-like expansion of adults apparently wanting. 

- Abdomen composed of ten segments, marked dorsally with four longi- 
tudinal rows of sete anda row on each side. Allof these setee appear 
to be somewhat enlarged and rounded distally, except one pair on 
dorsum of last segment. On tenth segment these sete «re quite long, 
being from two to four times longer than the others. 

Larva, second stage.—Length about 1 mm.; width of thorax about 
0.22 mm.; shape about as in stage one.- Color of body deep orange 
yellow; legs and antenne lighter; eyes reddish; antenne four-jointed, 
as in first stage; basal joint short, cylindrical, about one-half as long 
as wide: second, subcylindrical, somewhat longer than wide; third, 
subconical, about a third longer than wide; fourth, about as long as 
proximal three together, fusiform, thickest about basal fourth. Joints 
three and four plainly ringed, the rings of fourth joint quite distinct 
and minutely setate, as in first stage. Large sete are also present 
about as in stage one. Femur of hind legs about as long as tibia; tar- 
sus one-jointed, somewhat forked distally, and bearing a membranous 
expansion. 

Nymph or pupa, young nymph.—Resembles the full-grown larva in 
shape; in color it is much lighter, being light yellow, with legs, 
antennx, and wing-pads still lighter. Eyes reddish. 

In the antennz, legs, and wing-pads the nymph skin appears some- 
what as a sheath to these parts of the forming adult. The antenn 
are three or four jointed, apparently, thick and clumsy. The basal 
joint is large, swollen, slightly longer than wide; the second is about 
twice as long as wide and somewhat constricted in middle. Third 
joint is about a third longer than second, gradually tapering distally 
to an obtuse end. When the nymph stage is first entered the antenne 
project cephalad in normal position. In six or eight hours, however, 
they are laid back over the head and prothorax. In the hind legs, 
femur and tibia of about equal length; tarsus indistinctly one-jointed, 
very short, and rounded distally. Wing-pads short, scarcely reaching 
caudal end of second abdominal segment, bearing one or two sete. 
Abdomen as in larva, with dorsaland lateral rows of setee, which, how- 
ever, are acute. On the dorsum of ninth segment, near caudal margin, 
are four stubby, hook-like processes, curving cephalad, which appear 
to be the four modified setee of this region. 

Mature nymph.—Length about 1 mm.; width of thorax about 0.22 
mm.; color light yellow; shape very similar to that of adult Thrips. 
Nymph skin more or less separated from the body of the adult within, 
particularly so in the legs, antenne, mouth-parts, wing-pads, and 










152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





caudal end of atdomen® phos wing-pads reach to about the sixth 
seginent. 

Lif, history.—**The life cycle of Thrips tritict is quite short, requir- 
ing but twelve days. Eggs are deposited in the tissues of infested 
plants, and hatch in three days. The larval state lasts for about five 
davs. during which time the insect makes two molts, the second when 
emering the nymph stage. The nymph stage continues for about 
four days, during which time they take no food, rarely move to any 
extent, but remain hidden away.” 

Economic considerations.—This is one of the most widely spread 
and generally injurious species in this country. The specimens from 
which Fitch described the species were taken at Geneva, Wisconsin, 
from a wheat field which was being injured by the little pests. At 
various times it has been noticed swarming in the blossoms of orange 
and causing injury thereto. It is a very common species on a large 
number of flowering plants, both wild and cultivated, but unless pres- 
ent in great numbers their injuries are likely to pass unnoticed. By 
far the greatest damage appears to be done to strawberries, in the 
blossoms of which they swarm, and by their punctures of the essential 
parts of the flower they prevent its fertilization and the consequent 
development of the fruit. This failure of bloom, though perhaps pro- 
duced at times by other insects and in other ways, is known to grow- — 
ersas *‘buttoning.” The most serious injuries ee been reported 
from Florida and Illinois. In Florida the strawberry crop in some 
sections has been reduced to one-third in dry seasons. 


EUTHRIPS OCCIDENTALIS Pergande. 


Thrips sp. CoquttiETt, Ins. Life, IV, 1891, p. 79 ; 
Huthrips occidentalis PERGAND®, Ins. Life, VII, 1895, p. 392. 
Female.—Length about | mm.; width at mesothorax about one- | 
fourth the body length. General color head pale lemon yellow, 
thorax orange yellow, abdomen brownish yellow. | 
Head about one and one-third times as broad as long, three-fourths 
as long as the prothorax and considerably withdrawn into the latter. | 
Eyes eather large, occupying together about three-fifths the width of | 
the head, dark, slightly pilose; ocelli subapproximate, pale yellowish, 
margined with reddish orange crescents; one very prominent spine 
between ocelli on each side: post-ocular spines very conspicuous. 
Maxillary palpi thee segmented. Antenne about two and one-half — 
times as long as the head; first segment slightly shorter than the style; 
two is one : and one-half ae as long as one; three is longest; four is 
six-sevenths as long as three; five is five eras as long as four; six | 
nearly as es as ice seven very short, about one-fourth as long as _ 
five; eight is one and three-fifths times as long as seven. Color of one 
translucent whitish; two brownish yellow (uniform), basal parts of — 





wee: 1510. NORTH AMERICAN EE oe 1—HINDS. Pao 
oO = = 


three, four, and hee e pale Follow ish; apical parts shading quite 
abruptly to light brownish; six uniformly brown; sty le slightly 
lighter than six. Spines upon antennal segments, especially two to 
four, are unusually stout and prominent. 
Prothorax nearly one and one-third times wide as long; color 
intermediate between that of head and pterothorax. One pair of 
prominent, stout spines at each angle; one short anteriorly directed 
spine close to the lower one of each fore pair; a row of tive small 
spines (the fourth is stoutest) stands on each side of hind margin 
between pair at angle and median line. Anterior angles of mesotho- 
rax rounded; metathorax slightly narrower than mesothorax, its sides 
nearly straight and parallel; mesonotal plate bears one stout spine at 
each lateral angle and two pairs of small spines on posterior margin; 
metanotal plate bears two pairs of spines close to anterior edge, the 
middle pair being much the stouter; color of pterothorax bright 
orange. Wings very slightly yellowish; both longitudinal veins 
extend from base to tip of wing; both internal and the costal veins 
bear very stout, brown spines set at regular intervals; costa twenty- 
four to twenty-six, fore vein nineteen to twenty-two, hind vein fifteen 
to eighteen, scale five, internal on scale one. Fringe upon costal edge 
is very light, that upon hind edge is long and wavy; cross veins can 
‘sometimes be seen between the longitudinal veins and between the 
fore and costal veins at about two-fifths their length from base and 
sometimes a third at about four-sevenths between the fore and costal 
veins. Legs uniformly concolorous with head, bearing numerous 
small spines; a pair of strong spines at inner side of tip of each tibia. 
Abdomen elongate-ovate in outline, conical at apex; a transverse, 
narrow, brown band extends across anterior part of segments three to 
seven; brownish tinge on abdomen fades behind sixth segment leaving 
‘only the apex of the cone brown; a group of three or four stout spines 
‘stands upon each side of segments two to eight; terminal spines long, 
‘stout; all spines brown. 
Male.—Length about 0.65 mm.; width about 0.17 mm. Lighter in 
color than the females; nearly a uniform lemon yellow, slightly darker 
on throax; form more slender; apex of abdomen blunt, terminated on 
‘sides by two pairs of long, stout, inward curving spines; ninth seg- 
‘ment also bears two pairs of very long, stout spines near its posterior 
border and near the dorsal line on this segment is a pair of short 
‘spines; the brown bands across the abdomen of female are wanting in 
males and they have fewer spines on sides of segments; the bright 
orange-colored testes are very prominent. 
Food plants.—Apricot, orange, potato, and various weeds. 
Habitat. —California. 
_ Redescribed from specimens at the U. 5. Department of Agriculture, 
Division of Entomology—presumably types. 













154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX. 


Jt 





Remarks.—This species 1s very gta to Luthrips tritici (Fitch 
but it has a longer though more retracted head, which is also slightly 
wider: the terminal segment of the antenna is one and three-fift 8, 
times as long as seven; spines on body stouter and more prominent. 

30th £ sani tritici and Luthrips occidentalis approach very close 
to Physopus nigriventris Uzel. 


EUTHRIPS FUSCUS, new species. 
Plate IV, figs. 40, 41. 


Female.—Length 0.93 mm. (0.70 to 1.08 mm); width of mesothorax 
0.21 mm. (0.18 to 0.24 mm.). General color brown. In dark speci: 
mens the abdomen is blackish brown; in light specimens the general 
color is yellowish brown. | 

Head about one and one-half times as wide as long, about one-fourth | 
retracted into prothorax; occiput deeply wrinkled transversly; ante- 
rior margin of head slightly and smoothly elevated in middle; cheeks. 
straight and parallel. Eyes moderately large, occupying together 
about one-half the width of the head, dark, slightly protruding; 
margins pale yellow; ocelli smaller than facets of eye, pale yellow 
margined with dark red, widely separated, posterior ones contiguous: 
with yellow margins around eyes; one stout spine in front of each 
posterior ocellus. Mouth cone short and tapering abruptly; maxil- 
lary palpi slender, three segmented.” Antenne inserted a little below. 
the margin, about three times as long as dorsal length of head; 
relative length of segments: 














‘ 

ieee 3 Ae 5 6 98 é 

5 (8.8 102 10 ot eee 3 

4 

First segment rounded, one-third broader than long; two is cupa 


clavate; three with very slender peduncle; six cylindrical-ovate. 
Antennx quite uniformly brown (sometimes three, four, and five 
lighter gray-brown, especially at bases), only segment three somewhat 
more yellowish; spines on segments two to five quite stout and dark 
colored. Color of head uniform grayish to orange-brown. j 

Prothorax fully one and one-half times as wide as long and one and 
two-fifths times as long as the head; sides arched; angles rounded; 
wider behind than in front; one large curved spine at each anterior 
angle and another on anterior margin between this and the median 
line; two stout spines at each posterior angle, the inner one of which 
is much the weaker; also a stout spine on the posterior edge between 
the pair and the median line; other spines on prothorax small and not 
conspicuous. Mesothorax but very little wider than the prothorax; 
projecting prominences at anterior angles; mesonotum broad, a 


shaped; three to six subequal in thickness; three to five clove 








d 


. 


Xo. 1310. subee: TH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 155 


= - — a — 


prominent s spines; posterior edge 1 ne early straight for one- third the 
width of the segment; metathorax narrows abruptly after the anterior 
edge till narrower than prothorax, then sides run nearly parallel to 
abdomen; mesonotum with two pairs of spines near anterior edge, the 
outer one of each pair being much less stout than the inner one; meso- 
thorax and metathorax together not longer than the prothorax. Wings 
reduced, barely reaching to the first abdominal segment; pads set with 
several stout spines. Legs of medium length and of moderate size, 
quite thickly set with short bristles, concolorous with, or usually 
lighter than body; bases of posterior femora and inner sides of 
posterior tibiz more yellowish; thorax colored nearly like head. 

Abdomen one and one-half times as wide as the mesothorax (short- 
winged female) and twice as long as broad, or nearly twice as long as 
head and thorax together; elliptical in outline except that apex is 
conical; broad, dark bands cross the abdomen at the anterior edge of 
dorsal plates on segments two to eight. Each segment except one and 
ten bears two or three short, stout spines on sides; in addition to 
these nine bears a circlet of eight unusually long, strong spines, and 
ten also bears a circlet of six long spines though these are somewhat 
shorter than those on previous segment. Segment ten is split open 
above; color of abdomen yellowish brown to brown-black, usually con- 
siderably darker than head and thorax; segments usually more or less 
telescoped. 

Described from eighteen short winged females taken in hibernation 
in February and Nopanoer 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 6328, U.S.N.M. 

Food plant.—Grass ? 

Habitat.—Massachusetts. 

Life history unknown. 











EUTHRIPS NERVOSUS (Uzel). 


Plate III, figs. 33, 34; Plate IV, fig. 35. 
Physopus nervosa Uz, Monographie d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 102. 
Thrips (Euthrips) maidis Beacu, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sciences, 1895, III (1896), 
pp. 219; 220. 

Female.—Length 1.33 mm. (1.22 to 1.39 mm.); width of meso- 
thorax 0.32 mm. (0.28 to 0.84 mm.). General color dark yellowish 
brown. ‘ 

Head somewhat pentagonal in form, not as long as wide; cheeks 
straight and converging slightly posteriorly; front broad and obtusely 
angular; back of head transversely wrinkled and bearing a few minute 
spines. Eyes rather small, black with light yellow borders, rounded 
‘or oyal in outline; ocelli yellow, widely separated, posterior ones con- 
tiguous with light borders around eyes; one very long slender spine 
on each side midway between ocelli. Mouth cone pointed, tipped 





a 4 


ioe 


156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XxVis 




























with biack; maxillary palpi three segmented. Antennv slightly more” 
than twice as lone as head and very slender beyond second segment; 
comparative leneths of segments as foilows: 





ay 3 4 5) 6 Cages 
6 All -Ale SalOs oy wise 15:34. 93s 


Color of antenne dark brown, except segments three and four and 
extreme base of five abruptly yellow. Spines on first segments quite | 
dark and conspicuous, becoming paler and more indistinct toward the 
tip. 

Prothorax approximately as long as head and a little wider, almost 
rectangular in form, bearing many prominent spines; one at each fore 
angle and two at each hind angle are longest: one half way betwee nn 
fore angle and median line on front margin and one similarly placed: 
on hind margin are intermediate in size; numerous others are smaller, 
Color of head and prothorax dark brown. Mesothorax approximately 
as wide as length of antenne; front angles obtusely rounded; metanotal 
plate bears four spines close to front edge, the middle pair being large 
and prominent, the others small; pterothorax yellowish brown. Wings 
present, fully as long as the abdomen, about one-twelfth as broad as 
long, sharply pointed at ends; surface of wings thickly covered with 
minute, dark-colored spines; both longitudinal veins and costa of fore — 
wing thickly and regularly set with quite long, dark-colored spines; 
costa has from twenty-five to twenty-nine, fore vein from sixteen to | 
twenty-two, hind vein from fourteen to sixteen; fore wings shaded 
with gray; veins not prominent; costal fringe of fore wings weak and _ 
less than twice as long as costal spines. Legs moderately long, not 
thickened; femora dark brown, yellow at extremities; tibisx and tarsi 
yellow; tibise shaded more or less with brown around middle aiid tarsi 
with prominent dark brown spot at tip within; each tibia with a pair | 
of prominent, dark brown spines at tip within and a row of from five 
to seven short brown spines on inner side of hind tibize. 

Abdomen about two and one-half times as long as width of meso 
thorax, somewhat cylindrical in shape, but enlarging from base to hind” 
edge of second segment and tapering evenly from eighth segment to_ 
tip. Spines along sides and around tip of abdomen very dark brown 
and conspicuous; those on segments nine and ten are long and sub- 
equal on both segments. Color of abdomen dark brown, shading 
toward tip; connective tissue yellow; last segment split open above. — 

Redescribed from six females; no males found. Compared a 
identified with Thrips (Luthrips) maidis Beach. 

Food plants.—Corn, various grasses (first spring flowers, Uzel). 

Habitat.—Bohemia (Uzel): Ae Iowa; Amherst, Massachusetts 

Life history unknown, except that it hibernates in turf. 











NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 157 





SCOLOTHRIPS, new genus. 


: Head wider than long, retracted considerably into prothorax. 
Byes protruding; ocelli present. Maxillary palpi three segmented. 
oC short and thick; sense cones very long. Prothorax slightly 
onger than head and somewhat broadened posteriorly. Spines 
arranged as follows: One at each anterior angle, one halfway between 
these angles and the median line, one at the middle of each side, two 
at each hind angle, and one between this pair and the middle of the 
hind margin. Wings present, slender, with two longitudinal veins 
and ring vein orale developed; fore fringe very weak but spines on 
veins very strong. Intermediate abdominal segments with one spine 
‘on each side at the hind angle. 
_ This genus is erected for the species 6-maculatus. 
ee s, prickly or thorny; pz.) 


x 
; SCOLOTHRIPS 6-MACULATUS (Pergande) 

, Plate IV, figs. 42-45. 

: Thrips 6-maculata PERGANDE, Trans. St. Louis Acad., V, 1894, p. 542. 

' Thrips pallida Beacu, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sciences, 1895, III, (1896), pp. 226-227. 





_ Female.—Length, 0.83 mm. (0.72 to 0.97 mm.); width of meso- 
‘thorax, 0.21 mm. (0.18 to 0.25 mm.). General color clear pale yellow. 
_ Head about three-fourths as long as wide, frequently considerably 
tetracted within prothorax, even to the eyes sometimes; cheeks 
‘straight and parallel; front margin rounded; vertex elevated between 
the eyes. Eyes large, protruding; posterior ocelli nearly contiguous 
with mar gins of eyes; one very long, backwardly curved spine stands 
in front of each posterior ocellus, and two pairs of curved spines stand 
upon the margin in front. Maxillary palpi slender, three segmented; 
labial palpi very long and slender. Antenne rather short and com- 
pact; inserted below front margin; approximate at base, relative 
lengths of segments: 


. 





1 = 


See 4 Gaal Ge 2 ne 8 
4.9 6d 


Tee OSBe Gi eOehy vs B55 


“1 © 
-] 


=] 
S 
fe 


Segment one cylindrical, about two-thirds as thick as two, which is 
more rounded; seven and eight rather thick. Color of one and two 
nearly white, the remainder almost uniformly dusky gray; spines on 
segments two to five long and prominent as are the sense cones; the 
‘sense cone on the inner side of six arises below the middle of the 
segment and reaches beyond the end of the seventh. 

; Prothorax slightly longer than the head, but only about three-fourths 
as long as wide, broadened somewhat posteriorly and rounded at hind 
angles, sides curving gently inward anteriorly; spines extremely long 
and slender, ar feed as follows: One at each anterior angle, one half 


158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XVI, 


Wily shetwe en these a the me ‘cia line, one at middle of each side, two 
at each hind angles and one between this pair and middle of hind mar- 
ein. Mesothorax about one and one-third times as wide as the pro- 
thorax. with one slender spine at middle of each side. Wings long, 
reaching nearly to tip of abdomen, at middle about one-seventeenth as 
broad as long, pointed at tips. Fore wing with two longitudinal veins 
and a very heavy ring vein; hind longitudinal vein branches from the” 
fore vein at about one-third the length of the wing. Spines upon — 
costal and both longitudinal veins very long and stout, fully equaling” 
those upon the anal segments; costal vein bears from fifteen to twenty, : 
fore vein from nine to eleven, hind vein five or six (the third and 
fourth spines, sometimes the second also, which I have counted as_ 
standing upon the fore vein, stand at the same angle to the wing as do 
those upon the hind vein and really belong thereto, though the veins 
have united); the front fringe of the fore wings is extremely sparse, 
short and weak, and does not extend to the tip; hind fringes also” 
unusually short. Fore wings are characterized by three light brown- 
ish spots on each—one at base of wing, one immediately beyond sepa-_ 
ration of longitudinal veins, and the third halfway from the second 
to the tip of the wing (the third is a band extending clear across the 
wing). Legs concolorous with body, sparsely set with slender spines. 
Abdomen cylindrical-ovate, pointed at extremity, surface smooth; ~ 
only one spine of any prominence at posterior side angles of segments 
two to eight; spines upon segments nine and ten not as strong as those ~ 
upon the wings; color nearly uniformity pale yellow without prominent 
markings. . 
Redescribed from ten specimens. | 
Male. —Male smaller than female, but otherwise agreeing very closely — 
with the foregoing description. Abdomen bluntly conical at tip; tenth 
segment partially retracted within ninth, which is cut out in last half — 
above the tenth; spines borne on top and sides of nine are shorter and 
weaker than those on wings. 
Described from one specimen. . 
Food plants.—** Found on many plants infested with red spider, on— 
which it has repeatedly been observed to feed.”—Pergande. ‘‘ Feed-— 
ing on mites in fold of cottonwood leaf.”—Bruner. Taken on bean, 
blackberry, elm, and hop.—Beach. 
Habitat.—Missouri ‘; Ames, Iowa; Barraboo, Wisconsin; Lincoln, 
Nebraska. 
- Thrips pallida Beach is positively identical with this species, as has 
been learned from an examination of her types. 


Genus RAPHIDOTHRIPS Uzel. 


Ocelli present. Antenne eight segmented; the fifth segment short 
and cut off abruptly at the end so that it joins the base of the sixth by 
an unusually broad surface; style very slender, composed of two equally — 





: 0 . 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 159 





Doe segments, which are ‘together : as ES as are ‘the fifth ‘and sixth. 
Maxillary palpi three segmented. P fee a little longer than the 
head and somewhat broader at the hind than at the fore edge; no long 
spine at the front angles, but two at each hind angle. Legs unarmed. 
Wings usually reduced, but when present they are of medium length, 
and have two longitudinal veins which are set with small spines. 

I find here only the new species fusc/pennis. 














RHAPHIDOTHRIPS FUSCIPENNIS, new species. 


Plate V, figs. 46-48. 





Female.—Length 1.32 mm. (1.20 to 1.66 mm.); width of meso- 
thorax 0.24 mm. (0.22 to 0.27 mm.). General color nearly uniform 
chestnut brown. 

Head as long as wide, but little shorter than prothorax, into which 
it is retracted a little; anterior margin slightly elevated and rounded: 
constricted a bit close behind the eyes; cheeks nearly straight behind 
the constriction and diverging slightly posteriorly so the head is 
widest at hind edge; back of head finely striated. Eyes quite large, 
rounded, protruding; margins light; ocelli present, larger than facets 
of eye, light colored with dark crescentic margins, well separated, but 
posterior ones not contiguous with margins around eyes; ocellar spines 
very long and conspicuous; post-ocular spines quite large. Mouth 
cone extending back to anterior edge of mesosternum, slender, so that 
head from below appears considerably elongated; labial palpi small; 
maxillary palpi quite long, slender, and three segmented. Antenne 
twice as long as head; relative nea of segments: 





Be eA E a 6 Pe 8 
ee del Ls OED 6.20: 10,5: < Book Br D5: 


First segment shortest, cylindrical; second cup-shaped; third pedi- 
eellate; third, fourth, and sixth are approximately equal in thickness; 
third and fourth elliptical; fifth constricted at base and increasing in 
size to apex, where it is cut off abruptly and unites by its entire w idth 
to the equally broad base of sixth, which tapers gradually from one- 
third its length to its apex, where it is but slightly wider than seventh; 
seventh and eighth slender, cylindrical. Color: First and second uni- 
formly slightly lighter brown than head; third and fourth pale yellow 
with slight brownish tinge; fifth shading from color of fourth to a lit- 
tle lighter than sixth; sixth, seventh, and eighth eray-brown; spines 
long and fairly conspicuous. 

Prothorax slightly wider than long, widest at posterior angles; sides 
but slightly arched; no prominent spines at anterior angles; two stout 
spines stand close together at each posterior angle; surface finely 
striated and set with a few scattered small spines; bases of spines light 























160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





yellowish; pronotum frequently extending considerably over 
edoe of mesonotal plate. Mesothorax about one and one-third ° 
as the prothorax and considerably wider than metatho 
at its anterior edge; anterior angles of mesothorax very acute; 
ispicuously large spines upon pterothorax. Wings someti 
when present, long and about one-thirteenth as broad 
middle as long; fore wings shaded with gray, pale brownish al 
veins, clear at base; second longitudinal vein arises at about two- 

the leneth of the wing, its origin indistinct. Spines upon all ve 
quite long and slender, but not thickly set or very conspicuous; @ 
hears seventeen to nineteen, fore vein eight or nine, hind vein eé 
or nine. Wing pads, when present, not overreaching the pterotho 
Lees moderately strong, but not thickened; femora and tibie d 
brown like body; inside of fore tibize, extreme tips of the others 
all tarsi pale gray or yellow; legs scatteringly set with fine spines 
apex of hind tibie alone bearing a pair of stouter spines. s 

Abdomen very long—almost twice as long as head and _ thoray 
together—and three times as long as broad, nearly cylindrical, tap 
ing abruptly from anterior edge of eighth segment to the apex; 
ments overlapping more or less when abdomen contains no eggs; 
uniform dark brown without conspicuous markings or spines exe 
those upon two terminal segments, which are quite long and slend 

Described from six females, five of them long-winged. 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 6329, U.S.N.M. 

Male unknown. ‘ 

This species agrees very closely in most respects with 7. longistylos 
Uzel, but differs in the following points: Head as wide as long; seco 
antennal segment somewhat shorter than third, fourth, and sixth; 
seement lighter colored at tip than sixth. Body length, average (exe 
sive of ege-filled females), 1.25 mm. 

food plant.—Grass. 

Habitat.—Massachusetts. 

Life history unknown. 


as wide 
except 
no col 


reduced; 





Genus ANAPHOTHRIPS Uazel. 


Ocelli present. Antenne eight segmented (apparently nine 7 
A. striatus). Maxillary palpi three segmented. Prothorax abouta 
long as head. Legs unarmed. Wings usually present (usually ab 
in the fall generations of stratus), with two longitudinal veins; sp 
upon veins small and inconspicuous. No stout spines at angles of pre 
thorax; all spines on body short except the anal spines, which are sho1 
and slender (in stratus they are short and stout). 4 

Males have usually two pairs of very short, stout spines upon thi 
ninth abdominal segment above, of which the anterior pair is stronge 
than the posterior. a 


i" 
+5 
x0. 1310, NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 16 











Species of this genus have no power of springing. 
In this genus I find only the species strzatus. 


ANAPHOTHRIPS STRIATUS (Osborn). 
GRASS THRIPS. 
Plate V, figs. 49-51. 


Limothrips poaphagus Comsrock, Syllabus ot Course of Lectures at Cornell and 
Peoria, 1875, p. 120. 

Limothrips poaphagus Lintnrr, Rept. N. Y. Agr. Soc., 1881-82. 

Thrips striata OsBorn, Can. Ent., XV, 1883, p. 159. 

Limothrips poaphagus FERNALD, Grasses of Maine, 1885, p. 42. 

= — NE: Parmer, June 19) 1886: 

Lintner, 3d Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1887, pp. 96-98. 

Limothrips poaphagus Comstock, Introd. to Ent., 1888, p. 127. 

Thrips striatus PackarD, Ent. for Beginners, 1888, p. 73. 

FietcHer, Ent. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 152. 

—— —— Howarp, Ent. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 152. 

Limothrips poaphagus Osporn, Ins. Life, I, 1888, p. 140. 

Thrips striatus PACKARD, Stand. Nat. Hist., 2d ed., II, Append., 1888. 

FLercHeER, 19th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1888, p. 11. 

Fiercuer, Ann. Rept. Exp. Farms, 1888, pp. 59-62. 

Limothrips poaphagus Lintner, Rept. N. Y. Agr. Soc., 1888. 

Phloeothrips poaphagus FiercHer, 20th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1889, pp. 2, 22. 

Broprz, 20th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1889, p. 8. 

Limothrips poaphagus Lintner, 5th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., 1889, pp. 153, 304, 

Ossorn, Can. Ent., X XIII, 1891, pp. 93, 96. 

—— ——_ }yercHeEr, Ins. Life, V, 1892, p. 124. 

=. Forses, Ins: Life, V, 1892, p. 127. 

—— —— FrercHer, Ann. Rept. Exp. Farms, 1892, p. 3. 

Limothrips poaphagus Comstock, Man. for Study of Ins., 1895, p. 120. 

Limothrips poaphagus Uzer, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanopt., 1895, pp. 279, 485, 446, 448. 

Thrips striata UzeL, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanopt., 1895, p. 220. 

Hopxins—Rumsey, Bull. 44, W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896, pp. 270, 271. 

—— —— SmiruH, Economic Ent., 1896, p. 102. 

Putnam, N. E. Farmer, July 2, 1898. 

Anaphothrips striata Hips, 37th Ann. Rept. Mass. Agr. College, 1900, pp. 81-105, 
4 pls., 33 figs. 

Anaphothrips striata FERNALD and H1nps, Bull. 67, Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1900, 
pp. 3-9, pl. 1, figs. 1-6. 





























Female.—Length 1.3 mm. (1 to 1.6 mm.); width of mesothorax 0.25 
mm. (0.23 to 0.26 mm.). General color yellow, with more or less dusky 
or brownish shading upon some parts. 

Head very slightly wider than long, rounded in front; cheeks straight 
and parallel; surface back of eyes faintly striated; head yellow with 
brown posterior border, without long spines. Eyes small, rounded, 
black or very deep purplish red; ocelli subapproximate, yellow, with 
orange-red margins. Mouth cone moderately sharp, and very promi- 
nently tipped with black; maxillary palpi three segmented. Antenne 
approximate, about twice as long as head, eight segmented, though 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 11 





























162 





PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXY 


seomented, owing to the division of the sixth seg 


apparently nine 3 
ment by an oblique suture at about three-fourths its length. Rela 


tive leneths of segments: 


| 2 3 4 5 6 © 8 
5 85 f1 10 10 9572357235325 





Seoments one and two rounded; three to six fusiform. One is pale, 
snost white; two light brown; three lighter than two; three to six 
shading gradually to dark brown, almost black; spines pale and not 
conspicuous. 

Prothorax but slightly longer and a little wider than the headj | 
sides rounded slightly and without prominent spines. Mesothorax | 
much wider than prothorax; fore angles obtusely rounded.. Meta-_ 
thorax quite smoothly joined with mesothorax and tapering gradually 
to base of abdomen. Wings usually present in summer generations, 
reduced to mere pads in hibernating females; when present, approx 
mately as long as abdomen, about one-thirteenth as broad as long and 
tapering gradually; two longitudinal veins in fore wing extendin, 
from base to tip; veins quite prominent, being darker than rest of 
wing. All veins bear a few very small, rather indistinct spines; 
fringe on fore edge well developed, being nearly half as long as pos- 
terior fringe. Fore wings shaded with yellowish gray; hind wings 
nearly white. Legs of medium length and size; stout spines only on 


dle, curving outwardly at both ends. ' 
Abdomen quite long, cylindrical, widening somewhat at first twe 
segments and tapering from eight to tip; eight to ten sharply conical. 
Spines on nine and ten short and weak, but dark-colored and quite 
conspicuous; other spines on abdomen small, pale, and indistinct 
Abdomen pale yellow; segments one to seven slightly dusky on top, 
segment ten shading to dark brown at tip. | 
Redeseribed from six long-winged and four short-winged females, 
Male unknown. 
Food plants.— Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense. 
[have also found genuine ‘‘silver top” upon the following list 0} 
grasses at Amherst, Massachusetts, but I can not positively connect 
this species with all the injury: Poa serotina, P. nemoralis, P. ¢o 
pressa, P. arachnifera, P. fletcheri, P. aquatica, P. trivialis, P 
cxesia, Agrostis alba, A. canina, A. stolonifera, A. vulgaris, Festuet 
dleoll, F. heterophylla, F. datior, F. ovina, F. duriuscola, F. rubra 
Panicum crus-galli, P. sanguinale, Elymus striatus, E. virginie s 
Bromus erectus, B.inermis, Avena flavescens-vera, Agropyrum caninum 
Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Lolium perenne. 


> 


NO. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 168 





Habitat.—Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, 
Ontario. 

I have sought in vain for the males of this species, for although I 
have mounted over a thousand specimens, and have bred many more 
in bottles in the laboratory, and have taken and examined large num- 
bers of them in the field, I have never seen any that I even suspected 
were males. A series of experiments begun in the laboratory in July 
and continued into December showed that no males are developed in 
the autumn generations. Experiments were begun the following sea- 
son by obtaining hibernating females before the weather was warm 
enough for them to move out of doors and confining them in bottles 
in the laboratory. These became active and deposited eggs, from 
which succeeding generations developed without the appearance of 
any males. 1 conclude, therefore, that this species is parthenogenetic, 
and reproduces without the intervention of males, at least for a series 
of generations, in this locality. 

The following descriptions are of the early stages: 

Eggs.—The eggs are reniform, and vary in length from 0.265 mm. 
to 0.33 mm. and in width from 0.085 mm. to 0.145 mm. The average 
dimensions taken from twenty-five eggs are: Length, 0.288 mm.; 
width, 0.11 mm. The color is a translucent white. By transmitted 
light the eggs are seen to be filled with a mass of yolk globules which 
vary considerably in size. 

Larva.—As the larva emerges from the egg it is very soft, shiny, 
and nearly white. The eyes are purplish red in color; the appendages 
are folded closely against the ventral side of the body. The length 
soon after emergence is about 0.3 mm. and the width is about 0.1 mm. 
Body tapers from eighth segment to tip; head is nearly as wide as the 
thorax. Antenne are comparatively large, approximate at base, and 
composed of seven segments, of which the last four are closely joined 
and appear almost like a single conical segment; fourth segment is 
larger than any other, and distinctly ringed with whorls of minute 
hairs; the second and third are indistinctly ringed; basal segment 
bears one small spine on inner side; two has four spines which are 
directed forward and one very long spine which is directed backward 
toward the head; the third bears five short spines, and the terminal 
part of the fourth and each of the following segments a number of 
spines, which are quite long and stout. Legs are stout; tarsi one 
segmented and terminated by two claws. The bladder-like expansion 
is present. Abdomen much compressed longitudinally and, except the 
tenth segment, marked with six longitudinal rows of set, three pairs 
to each segment. The four dorsal rows also extend forward along the 
thorax and head; tenth segment bears six-very long setee—two dorsal, 
two lateral, and two ventral. 

The full-grown larva is fusiform, about 1.2 mm. in length and about 
0.3 mm. in breadth, while the width of head isabout 0.1mm. Antenne 





ee 
164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVK | 





seven segmented, somewh: ut separated at their base and rather thick 
tor their length; color darker than that of the body, often nearly 
black; segmentation beyond fourth segment more distinct than in- 
ie ens larva; first four segments suneael in thickness, and third | 
and fourth nearly equal in length, and each as long as this first and — 
second segments together; last three segments much smaller; fifth” 
shortest. Spines ar ranged much as in younger stage; third segment | 
distinctly ringed and without sete. Each segment, except last two, | 
bears short spines which are slightly thickened at their extremitiogy 
and arranged as in the young larva; spines on last two segments long , 
and acute. Integument of body roughened by transverse rows of | 
clearly defined ridges. Body marked by dorsal and lateral longitudinal i 
stripes of yellow which are most distinct upon thorax; dorsal stripe — 











widest. 

Pupa.—its general form resembles that of the larva; color of legs, 
wing pads, and antennx clear white; thorax and abdomen very light 
yellow; eyes bright red. When the pupal stage is first entered the 
antenne are apparently three or four segmented, much shortened, and 
directed forward as in the larva; but after a few hours they are laid 
back upon the head and thorax. Wing sheaths short and developed 
outside of the body; legs thick and clumsy. Upon dorsal side of 
ninth segment, near posterior margin, are four prominent, stout, 
recurved, hook-like processes; abdominal setz slender and acute. 
Wing sheaths finally extend to the sixth segment and fore pair bear 
a few small spines. : 

Life history.—About 98 per cent of the adults which hibernate are 
of the short-winged form, while from 90 to 95 per cent of the first 
eeneration in the spring develop long wings, and this form predomi- 
nates until late summer, when the proportion declines, and in October 
only a small number of winged adults can be found. ‘The females 
continue to deposit eggs and the young larve develop and may be 
taken from the grass upon warm fall days till snow covers the ground; 
but so far as I can find, only the adults survive the winter. Hiber- 
nating females do not appear to suffer from exposure to a temperature 
of —21° F., and they may be brought in at any time during the winter 
by pulling a few handfuls of grass from infested fields and bringing 
it into a warm room, where the little animals will very soon become 
lively and begin to crawl. Accidentally it was found that they could 
survive for several days though completely submerged in a weak solu- 
tion of potassium hydrate, and they have been found to revive after 
being frozen solid in a 2 per cent solution of the same; but so far as_ 
my experiments went, freezing in pure water killed them. The females 
become active very early in the spring and the development of eggs 
begins. As many as eight apparently fully developed eggs have been 
seen at one time in the body of one of these hibernated females. Ovipo- 


. 


oe 


: 
- No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 165 





sition soon begins, and lasts for from four to six weeks in many cases. 
They seem to oviposit as readily at night as in daylight. The deposi- 
tion of an egg requires about one and one-half minutes. The eggs may 
be readily seen in the leaf by holding it before a light, when they appear 
as small, lighter spots; they may be easily separated from the leaf by 
stripping off the epidermis. The length of the egg stage varies from 
ten to fifteen days for the first generation to from four to seven days 
during the heat of summer. 

The length of the larval stage varies from two weeks in early spring 
to about four days in midsummer. The mature larve select secluded 
places in which to transform and are hard to find in the field, but it 
appears that they usually go down to the basal leaves near the root or 
into the sheaths higher up the stem. The pupal stage is longer for 
the long-winged females than for the short, in the former requiring 
four or five days in early spring, whereas the short-winged form 
requires only from two to three days at the same season. As the 
weather becomes warmer they transform more rapidly. The appear- 
ance of a number of winged adults early in May marks the maturity 
of the first generation, but as the length of the period of oviposition 
exceeds the length of time required for the early stages, there is no 
distinct line between the generations out of doors after this time. 
The length of the life cycle is from about twelve to thirty days. 

Common name.—Since Professor Comstock’s first mention of the 
injury done by this species of Thrips to June grass and timothy, sev- 
eral economic entomologists have referred to the most conspicuous 
effects of its work, the dead tops of these grasses, as ‘‘Silver top” or 
** White top.” Many have questioned the agency of Thrips in produc- 
ing this injury and have ascribed it to some other suctorial insect, but 
the majority of writers are now inclined to credit Thrips with a large 
part, if not all, of this damage. As they had no means of identifying 
the little pest, they have usually referred to it as the *‘ Grass Thrips.” 
This name has been very generally used for this species and for no 
other, so far as we can learn. It therefore appears to be the gener- 
ally accepted common name. 

Economic notes.—Extensive injuries to grass have been reported 
from the New England States, New York, southern Canada, Ohio, 
northern Illinois, and Iowa. Without doubt the insect causing this 
damage infests a larger territory than this, for it is so small that 
it easily escapes observation, and the damage done by it is often 
attributed to other agencies. In southern Maine, Professor Fernald 
reported (258) that by haying time one-fourth of the June grass (/%oa 
pratensis) in the fields was dead and worthless. In 1887 it produced 
great injury around Emmet, Ohio, where 30 per cent of the grass was 
killed (272). In 1888 and 1889 widespread injury was reported from 
New York (291) and Ontario (822), where it appeared to work most 







166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X 


upon lawns and meadows. In Massachusetts, especially in dry se - | 
sons, its injuries are severe, it having been stated by Prof. W. Py | 
Brooks that this tiny foe does more damage to grasses here than any 
other single insect. : 


Genus APTINOTHRIPS Haliday. 


Body slender, almost naked. Head longer than wide, extending” 
forward in a blunt projection between the eyes. Eyes small; ocelli” 
wanting. Antenne eight segmented (six segmented in A. rufus var. | 
connatticornis). Maxillary palpi three segmented. Prothorax shorter — 
than the head and somewhat broadened posteriorly, without long spines — 
at angles. Legs short; femora plainly thickened; tibiz very slender at 
the base, the remainder unusually broad; tarsi equally broad. Wings” 
entirely absent. Hairs at end of abdomen short and very slender. 

Males with two spines in middie of ninth segment above. , 

Species of this genus move slowly and have no power of springing. 

I have found only the species 7fus and its variety, connatticornis, — 
belonging to this genus. 


APTINOTHRIPS RUFUS (Gmelin). 


Plate V, figs. 52-64. 


“ Der rothe Blasenfuss’? v. GLEICHEN, das Neueste aus dem Reiche d. Pflanzen, — 
1764, pl. xvi, figs. 6 and 7. 

Thrips rufa GMELIN, Caroli a Linné Systema Nat., 1788, p. 2224. 

Thrips rufa Nicnoison, Journ. Nat. Phil., 179-, pl. vin, fig. 1. 

Thrips ( Aptinothrips) rufa Hauipay, Entom. Mag., 1836, p. 445. 

Thrips ( Aptinothrips) rufa Hatrpay-WaALKER, Homopt. Ins. of Brit. Mus., 1852, 
p- 1103, pl. v, figs. 5-11. 

Aptinothrips rufa LixpEMAN, Bull. Soc. Imp. d. Natur. d. Moscow, 1886, pp. 
319-320, fig. 11 

Aptinothrips stylifera TryBom, Entom. Tidskriit, Arg. 15, Haft. 1-2, 1894, pp. 
41-58. 

Aptinothrips rufa Uzet, Mon. der Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, pp. 152-154, pl. 11, 
fig. 17; pl. vi, figs 78, 79. 

Aptinothrips rufa TryBom, Ofv. Ak. Forh., 1896, p. 613. 

Aptinothrips rufa Reuter, Uber die Weissiihrigkeit der Wiesengriser in Finland, 
1900. Scattered references, especially pp. 92-120. 

Aptinothrips rufa Timpr., Die Geradfligler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 290. 


Lemale.—Length 1.22 mm. (1.06 to 1.80 mm.); width of mesothorax 
about 0.18 mm. (0.16 to 0.20 mm.). General color, entire body and 
legs clear, pale yellow; outer part of antenne, mouth parts, and tip of 
abdomen shaded with brown. Body slender and smoothly fusiform. 

Head considerably longer than broad, rounded in front; cheeks 
straight and parallel. Eyes small, black, oval, composed of few 
facets, situated at anterior angles, protruding very slightly; ocelli 
always absent. Mouth cone moderately long, not sharply pointed, 
tipped with brown-black; maxillary palpi three segmented. Antennz 








ie 
{ 0. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 167 









only one and three-sevenths times as long as the head, approximate at 
base, composed in the typical form of eight segments of following 
relative lengths: 





Segment one is broadly rounded; two has an unusually constricted 
basal stalk, though it is broader than that of three; three to five bear 

each one quite slender sense cone on outer angle, and six has one on 
inner side beyond the middle; spines and sense cones upon all segments 
pale and inconspicuous. Antenne concolorous with head at base, but 
shading outwardly gradually to brown-black at tip. 

Prothorax slightly shorter than head and a little broader than long; 
smooth and without spines. Pterothorax a little broader than protho- 
rax, without spines or traces of wings. Legs short and thick, all 
nearly equal in length, concolorous with body; tarsi tipped with brown 
within. 

Abdomen unusually long and slender, nearly three and one-half times 
as long as its greatest diameter, about twice as wide as head, nearly 
cylindrica 1 to Senin seement, then tapering toa point at tip. No 
spines upon ntaee except around segments nine and ten; these are 
quite short and slender and stand out nearly perpendicularly to the 
surface upon which they are borne. Extreme tip of ten shaded yery 
dark brown. 

Redescribed from three specimens. 

Males unknown to me. According to Haliday, they are clear yel- 
low, and the saffron-yellow spermaries show through the abdominal 

valls. The ninth abdominal segment bears two spines in the middle 
above, not far from the hind edge. 

Var. connatticornis Uzel.—This variety agrees very closely with the 
typical form except that the antenne have only six segments; the 
relative lengths of segments are as follows: 


“I| bo 


3 
5 T6566 16:3 

The sixth, seventh, and eighth segments are grown together into one 
compact sixth segment of an elongated conical form. The abdomen 
may be a little shorter in proportion and broader. 

No males have been taken. 

This species appears to be surely Apt. rufus Gmelin, but it is larger 
and differs in some other respects. 

food plants.—Various grasses and in turf. 

Habitat.—England (Haliday), Russia (Lindeman), Sweden oy 
Bohemia, Peace Helgoland (Uzel), Finland (Reuter), United States: 
Amherst, Massachusetts. 

Life history unknown. 


168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. on 


Genus HELIOTHRIPS Haliday. | 

Body, especially the head and prothorax, with a deeply recticulated 
structure. Head broader than long, uneven, somewhat broadened 
behind, and with a sharp hump between the eyes in front. Cheeks 
not arched. contracted into saddle-shape in the middle. Eyes promi- 
nent but not protruding. Ocelli present. Antenne eight segmented; 
second segment of style very much longer than the first and provided 
with a short, slender hair at the tip. Maxillary palpi sometimes 
two, sometimes three segmented. Prothorax shorter than the head, 
without long spines at angles. Legs unarmed. Wings present, not 
reticulated. Fore wing broad at base, with two longitudinal veins, 
though the fore vein runs very near to and sometimes fuses with the 
costa; veins set with slender spines; fore fringe, in some species, very 
weak and sparse, and when this is the case the costal spines are very 
strongly developed. Anal spines weak and light. 

The characters of this genus have been extended to include these 


species 
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. 

[All tilbise: yellow... 2-1: 2-226 22s S32 ae ee oe = 2 
\Middle and hind: tibie brown. .-.222 22502 2525525 525-2 42 eee 3 
, |Antennze nearly three times) as long as+head) 2222 e222 sasee eee femoralis (p. 172) 
“ |Antenne only about twice as long as head....-..--.----- hemorrhoidalis (p. 168) 
Antennze two and one-half times as long as head; segments three and four modio- 
| liform. Maxillary palpi three segmented-.....-..----------- fasciatus (p. 174) 
° \Antannee twice as long as head; segments three and four fusiform. Maxillary 
palpi twosegmenteditttsi:. 5 2224 see ee ee fasciapennis (p. 171) 


HELIOTHRIPS HAEMORRHOIDALIS (Bouche). 


Thrips haemorrhoidalis Boucnk, Schidl. Garten-Insecten, 1833, p. 42. 

Heliothrips adonidum Waripay, Entom. Mag., III, 1836, p. 443. 

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Burmeister, Handb. d. Entomologie, II, 1838, p. 412. 

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis BurMEIsTER, Genera Insectorum, colored illustration, 
1838. 

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Amyor and SERvILLE, Ins. Hemipt., 1848, p. 641. 

Fleliothrips haemorrhoidalis HatipaAy, Walker, Homopt. Ins. Brit. Mus., 1852, p. 
1002, pl. vi, fig. 13. 

Feliothrips haemorrhoidalis Heecer, Finfte Fortsetzung. Sitzungsb. Kais. akad. 
Wiss., Wien, IX, 1852, p. 473, pl. xvir; separate, Wien, Gerold, 1852, VIII, 
pp. 3-4. 

Thrips haemorrhoidalis Bremi, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1855, pp. 313-315. Reprinted 
from Abhandl. d. Zurich Gartenbau-Gesell., III, pp. 260-261. 

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Low, Verhandl. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch., Wien, 
XVII, 1867, p. 747. 

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Borspuvat, Ent. Hortic., 1867, pp. 283-235, fig. 32. 

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Packarp, 17th Ann. Rept. Mass. Bd. Agr., 1870, p. 
263, pl. 1, fig. 2; Injurious Ins. new and little known, Daols 

Thrips adonidum Coox, 3d Ann. Rept. Pom. Soc. Mich., 1873-74, 1874, p. 501. 

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Packarp, Half Hours with Ins., 1881, pp. 118-119, 


fig. 86. 


t 


| No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 169 





| Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis PERGANDE, Psyche, III, 1882, p. 381. 
Heliothrips Lerrvrer, Ent., XV, 1882, p. 240. 

Thrips haemorrhoidalis Frié, Prirodopis zivocisstva, 1882, p. 113. 

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis LintNER, 2d Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1885, pp. 29, 31, 38, 56. 

Feliothrips haemorrhoidalis , Bull. Soc. Ent. Belgique, X XIX, 1885, p. Luxx. 

FHeliothrips adonidum Cameron, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow (new ser.), I, 
1886, p. 301. 

Feliothrips haemorrhoidalis Tarctont-Tozzerri, Cronaca entomologica dell anno, 
1887, (1888), p. 5 (7). 

FHeliothrips haemorrhoidalis Jorvan, Zeit. f. Wissens. Zool., XLVII, 1888, pp. 541— 
620, pls. XxXxVI-XXXVIII. 

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Reurrr, Meddal. af. Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn., X VII, 

' 1891, pp. 164-168. 

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Uzer, Mon. d. Ord, Thysanopt., 1895, pp. 168-170, 
pl. v1, figs. 90-92. 

Thrips (Heliothrips) haemorrhoidalis FRANK, Die tierparasitiiren Krankheiten der 
Pflanzen, 1896, p. 154. 

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Burra, Riy. Patol. Veget., VII, No. 1-4, pp. 94-108; 
continued, VII, Nos. 5-8, 1898, pp. 129-135, 136-142. 

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Témpei, Die Geradfligler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 290. 





Female.—Lenegth 1.23 mm. (1.12 to 1.389 mm.); width of mesothorax 
0.30 mm. (0.25 to 0.35 mm.). Color of head and thorax dark brown; 
abdomen yellowish brown, fading at tip to brownish yellow. Entire 
body and legs showing reticulating chitinous thickenings, which are 
heaviest upon the head, thorax, and anterior sides of abdomen. Head 
one-fourth wider than long, outline very irregular and rough; cheeks 
slightly concaved, narrowed abruptly near posterior edge into a short 
neck; anterior margin strongly arcuate; dorsal surface of head bears 
a few small spines, the bases of which appear like small air bubbles 
in the angles of reticulations; frons reticulated. Eyes protruding 
considerably, strongly pustulated; three ocelli situated on sides’of an 
elevation between the eyes, separated considerably from margins of 
eyes, pale yellowish, very faintly or not at all margined inwardly by 
erescentic pigmentation. Mouth cone short, blunt, not reticulated; 
maxillary palpi three segmented, second segment longest; labial palpi 
short. Antennz twice as long as head; relative lengths of segments 
as follows: 


ee i ees 8 
4 


3 
Oe SB etd 








Or| 


Oo 
<S 
J 


Second segment thickest, others very slender, especially peduncle 
and basal half of three; seventis nearly cylindrical, narrow, no thicker 
than bases of four and five; eight is very slender, tapering slightly, 
and bearing a single very slender bristle at its tip. Color of one and 
two light brownish yellow; three, four, and five clear pale yellowish; 
six abruptly brown, yellowish in basal third; seven and eight vray. 
Spines upon antennal segments pale and inconspicuous, three especially 
long ones being situated one each upon the outer angles of three and 













170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Xv 





four and the inner angle ne sixes segments three to five faintly 
annulated. 4 

Prothorax transverse, only about three-fourths as long as head, but 
nearly twice as wide as long, rounded at the angles; sides slightly con? 
caved, bearing a few Saal spines, of which a the bright bases are — 
usually visible; reticulation heavy, but interrupted across the midail 4 
Mesothorax one and one-fourth times as wide as the prothorax; 
reticulation upon mesonotum quite heavy, regular upon anterior half, 
upon posterior half elongated toward a deep incision in the hind — 
margin of the plate, the longitudinal thickening becoming weaker, — 
Metanotum prominent, triangular, strongly reticulate Wings very 
slender, not nearly reaching to tip of abdomen, broadened abr ape at 
base to more than twice their diameter at middle; only one distinct 
longitudinal vein, and this sends off a short oblique branch to costal 
vein. Anterior fringe very short and sparse; posterior quite long and_ 
heavy; no prominent spines upon veins. Legs rather short and shoul 
pale yellowish, except cox brownish; first and second pairs abou 
equally long; hind pair a little longer; all legs reticulated. 

Abdomen elongate-ovate, pointed at tip; dorsum reticulated; seg-— 
ments two to eight with irregular transverse brown line near front 
edge of each. Spines upon abdomen mostly small and indistinct; most 
prominent ones situated upon middle of dorsum of segments two to. 
eight, close to median line; these gradually increase in size posteriorly; 
anal spines short and weak. Color of abdomen varies from brownish — 
yellow to dark brown; last two segments usually much lighter but less_ 
variable in color than rest of abdomen, being regularly brownish yel- 
low tipped with dark brown. 

tedescribed from eight females. 

Male unknown. 

In Germany this species is called ‘*‘ Black Fly.” 

tood plants.- =u ispidium, azaleas, Croton, dahlias, fern ns, Liliaces, 
Pellea hastata, Phlox, pinks, verbenas, vines, ete. 

Habitat.—England (Walker, Cameron), Germany (Bouché, Bur- 


SEE Ba 


PE leahdk tethe kes 


i> 


¥ *3 SLT 


: . zt c a 5 
meister, Bremi, Jordan, Bohls), Vienna (Heeger, Low), Finland (Reu-_ 
ter), United States: District of Columbia, Iowa, Massachusetts, 
Michigan. : 
Buea ete gots + 
Life history unknown. ( 


In his original description Bouché states that he believes the native 
land of this species is America. In both countries, however, it has 
been found almost entirely confined to greenhouses and feeding upon 
greenhouse plants. i 

It has been very injurious in some places. Packard calls it ‘‘one of | 
our greatest pests in hothouses,” and Cook records it as ‘‘one of the 
worst pests around Detroit, at ie and in the southern counties” 
of Michigan. 










| 


No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 1 


~] 
i 





HELIOTHRIPS FASCIAPENNIS, new species. 
Plate V1, figs. 58-61. 


Female.—Length 0.92 mm. (0.90 to 0.94 mm.); width of mesothorax 
0.22 mm. (0.22 and 0.23 mm.). General color yellowish brown or 
dark brown. Head, thorax, and legs distinctly but not deeply 
reticulated. 

Head about one and one-third times as wide as long; form rather 
rectangular; front margin depressed at insertion of antenne; cheeks 
nearly straight. Eyes dark, quite large, prominent but hardly pro- 
truding, margins lighter; ocelli present, approximate, pale yellow 
with dark crescentic margins, well removed from eyes. Maxillary 
palpi small, two segmented. Antenne eight segmented, twice as 
long as head; relative lengths of segments: 


Mone 3) Adio ibeeeh 58 
a 6) TP SI0 9515 3.528 





_— 
t 


Segment one much narrower than two and almost spherical; two is 
thickest segment.and but little longer than thick; three and four fusi- 
form; five clavate; six and seven together of same form as five only 
inverted; eight very slender and terminated by an equally long hair. 
Segments one and two, outer half of five, six, seven, and eight brown; 
three, four, and basal half of five pale yellow. Spines on three, four, 
and five long, dark, and prominent; color around bases of those on 
three and four brownish. 

Prothorax as long as head and less than twice as wide as long; sides 
rounded slightly and diverging somewhat posteriorly; without prom- 
inent spines at angles; concolorous with head and reticulation of about 
same depth. Mesothorax somewhat wider than prothorax; anterior 

edge about straight and angles nearly right angular; membrane yellow; 
plates brown. Wings long, overreaching the abdomen; fore wing 
quite slender beyond basal fourth at which point the hind longitudinal 
vein branches from the fore vein; width in middle about one-tifteenth 
its length; both veins run close to edges of the wing, the fore one 
becoming fused with the costa while the hind one remains distinct. 
Internal veins set with few short spines; costa set with stout spines 
but without fringe except for slight vestiges along the middle; hind 
fringe long, dark, and wavy. Wing dark brown crossed with three 
bands of white as follows: At one-fifth, three-fifths, and four-fifths its 
length; outer part of scale also white; the brown area at the tip is 
confined to edge on border around last fifth, the middle here being 
grayish and in continuation of the last white band. Legs fairly stout 
but not thickened, weakly reticulated; femora yellowish brown to 
dark brown; front pair lightest and yellow at tips; fore tibie yellow 
shaded with brown around middle; the other tibiz brown, yellow at 






172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 





tips: all tarsi pale vellow with brown shading at bases of bladders; 


spines weak and light colored; hind coxe large, approximate, andl 
ee 


about twice as long as wide. : 

Abdomen elongated ovoid, about twice as long as wide; width of 
seoments gradually increasing up to the fourth, shen decreasing grad- 
ually to tip; greatest width equal to about twice that of head; dark 
line across seoments one to eight irregular, conspicuous only on the 
lighter specimen; that on segment one curving forward greatly in 
middle. Surface of abdomen very faintly reticulated, but this is not 
visible on darker specimen; spines on last two segments short and 
fine; color yellowish brown to dark brown, lightest along middle. 

Described from two females. 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 6330, U.S.N.M 

Male unknown. 

Food plants.—Taken on grass. 

Habitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts. 

HELIOTHRIPS FEMORALIS Reuter. 
Plate V, figs. 55, 56; Plate VI, fig. 57. 
Heliothrips femoralis Reuter, Meddel. af. Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 
XVII, 1891, p. 166. 
Heliothrips cestri PERGANDE, Ins. Life, VII, No. 5, 1895, pp. 390-391. 
Heliothrips femoralis Uzer, Mon. d. ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 170. 
Heliothrips femoralis Bercrotu, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, XL, 1896, Pt. 2, p. 67. 

Female.—Length 1.3 mm. (1.12 to 1.5 mm.); width of mesothorax 
about one-fourth the body length. General color dark brown to yel- 
lowish brown, lighter at extremities. Entire surface of body weakly 
but plainly reticulated. 

Head two-thirds as long as broad, widest in front; anterior margin 
depressed at insertion of antenn; vertex carinated; bases of antenne 
separated by a prominence as high and nearly as wide as the first 
antennal segment; two transverse wrinkles near back of head more 
prominent than the others; behind the anterior one of these two the 
longitudinal parts of the reticulations become very faint; spines upon 
head scattering and small. Eyes quite large, protruding anteriorly, 
coarsely granulated: eyes and margins of ocelli bright, dark red by 
reflected light; ocelli placed on sides and front of a distinct elevation 
on top of head between eyes. Head light brown with light yellowish | 
longitudinal stripe on each side between eye and ocelli. Maxillary 
palpi three segmented, short, small; labial palpi minute. Antenne 
eight segmented, slender, nearly three times as long as head; relative | 
lengths of Pomieni as Billoses 


Les 2) 3s ae eran 8 
2 8.8 16.6 12.2 11° (8% 4a) wis 








—! 


Segment one cylindrical, three-fourths as broad as two, which is” 


ER 


c 
¥ 


No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 173 





barrel-shaped and annulated; remaining segments narrower than these 
two and more elongated; three and four fusiform; seven and eight 
nearly cylindrical; eight very slender; one, two, and three nearly 
concolorous, light yellow with tinge of gray or brown on one and 
two; four and five light yellow in basal half, shading to light brown on 
apical half; six, seven, and eight uniformly chocolate brown; segments 
two to five annulated; spines slender, light colored. 

Prothorax transverse, about one-fifth wider than the head, twice as 
wide as long and shorter than the head; sides rounded; without con- 
spicuously large spines. Mesothorax about one and two-thirds times 
as wide as the head; anterior angles prominent; mesonotum with deep 
incision on posterior margin; metanotum with four spines standing in 
a square near its center. Wings present, long, about one sixteenth 
as broad as long; fore wings broadened at base, with two longitudinal 
veins, the second branching from the first not far from the base of 
the wing. Spines upon veins of fore wing stout, dark colored, and 
set at uniform distances; costa bears seventeen to twenty, fore vein 
fourteen to seventeen, hind vein ten to thirteen, scale three to five 
besides pair at its tip; spines on basal fourth of wing are light colored, 
smaller and much less conspicuous; anterior fringe on both wings 
fairly long and stout; posterior fringe long, slender, and dark colored. 
Wings grayish brown to dark gray, lighter between the longitudinal 
veins; three nearly white cross bands; one across base before branch- 
ing of veins, another at three-fourths the length of wing and the third 
across the tip. Legs: All tibie, tarsi, and fore femora yellow; mid- 
dle and hind femora dark brown, yellow only at ends; spines upon 
legs small and inconspicuous except ten to twelve on inner side of 
hind tibie. 

Abdomen broadly ovoid, conical at tip, twice as wide as head; ovi- 
positor long and slender; tenth segment split open above; segments 
two to eight with dark cross line near anterior edge. Two or three 
spines on sides of each segment from two to eight, not conspicuous; 
anal spines weak. Color of abdomen yellowish brown to dark brown; 
last two segments much more yellow, but shading to brown at poste- 
rior edges. 

This species has the power of springing. 

No males found. 

food plants.—Amarillis sp., Aralia, Arum, Cestrum nocturnum, 
Chrysanthemum, Crinum, cacumber, Dracaena spp., Hucharis grandi- 
flora, Ficus elastica, F. grandiflora, Gardemia, Gossypium, Hydrangea, 
Mina lobata, moonflower, Pandanus, Phoenix, Richardia aethiopica, 
tomato, V7¢7s. 

Habitat.—Helsingfors, Finland (Reuter), United States: District of 
Columbia; Amherst, Massachusetts. 

Life history unknown. 


174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


HELIOTHRIPS FASCIATUS Pergande. 





Heliothrips fasciata PERGANDE, Ins. Life, VII, No. 5, 1895, pp. 391-392. 


© 


Female. —Leneth 1 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.29 mm. Body 
faintly reticulated. General color dark brown. re 

Head about two-thirds as long as wide; cheeks straight; anterior 
margin depressed at insertion of antenne; color uniformly brown, - 
Eves small, black, not protruding; ocelli pale yellowish margined 
with reddish. Mouth cone moderately long; maxillary palpi slender, 
three segmented. Antenne two and one-half times as long as head, 
eight segmented; bases separated by low elevation; relative lengths of 


segments: 





A <9 913 215959. 1655: 232 oeeeaes 


Segment one rounded, wider than long; two is broadest, constricted 
abruptly at base, broad at outer end; three and four are of similar 
shape: modioliform (uniformly constricted at each end with median 
enlargement regular); outer end of five is quite broadly cut off; six 
is abruptly constricted at base, outer half tapering gradually; seven” 
nearly cylindrical; eight tapers gradually and bears one very long, 
slender hair at tip nearly as long as segment itself. One and two 
uniformly brown, concolorous with head; three and four with light 
brownish ring around middle of enlargements; remainder pale yellow- 
ish, as is also basal half of five; rest of antenna brown; spines around 
middle of segments three and four and near end of five are long, — 
dark, and conspicuous. 

Prothorax fully twice as wide as long, slightly wider at posterior 
edge than at anterior, without conspicuous spines, colored like head. | 
Mesothorax widest at posterior edge; sides curving gradually inward | 
to anterior edge. Metathorax as wide at front edge as mesothorax | 
is at hind edge, and its sides curve gradually to base of abdomen, so” 
pterothorax appears smoothly rounded. Wings present, extending to’ 
tip of abdomen, slender except where broadened at base; two Jongi-- 
tudinal veins, the second branching from the first near the broadened 
base; the fore vein then inclines toward the costal and runs contiguous - 
with it to tip of wing; the hind vein runs close to hind edge, but is dis- 
tinct. Costal spines twenty in number, very large and stout, much 
longer than the very weak fringe; fore vein bears four stout spines at 
basal third and two not far from tip; hind vein bears five moderately 
long spines; posterior fringes dark, heavy, and wavy. Wings gray-. 
ish brown, darkest over veins; fore wings at base and a rather broad 
band at three-fourths their length transparently white, darkest brown 
around the outer shaded portion. Legs of medium length; femora 
and tibie dark brown except around outer ends of femora, and both. 


| 

‘No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 175 
—— a ——— es a —— 
extremities of tibiz pale yellowish; tarsi also yellowish, brownish 
around tips; legs bearing quite a number of inconspicuous spines; 
hind tibie alone bearing stout spines at their tips. 

Abdomen broadly ovate, pointed at tip, wider than thorax. Color 
dark brown, somewhat lighter on last two segments. Anal spines 
weak, especially on last two segments; the few spines on sides of seg- 
ments two to eight are inconspicuous. 

Redescribed from one specimen at U. $8. Department of Agriculture, 
Division of Entomology. 

Male not, known. 

Food plants.—Orange leaf infested with Aspidiotus aurantii. (Prob- 
ably not feeding on scale.) 

_ Habitat.—Yuba County, California. 

Life history unknown. 





Genus PARTHENOTHRIPS Uzel. 


The body, principally the head and prothorax, with deeply reticu- 
lated structure. Head broader than long, with a hump in front between 
the eyes; cheeks swollen, constricted into a short neck at hind edge. 
Eyes protruding; ocelli present. Antenne seven segmented, very 
slender except the first two segments; style one segmented, hair-like, 
as long as the sixth segment and bearing a slender hair of equal length 
at the tip. Upon the third to the sixth segments, separated from each 
other, there are always two sense cones. Maxillary palpi two see- 
mented, the second segment being distinctly longer than the first. 
Prothorax plainly shorter than the head, uneven, broadened posteri- 
orly, with one long spine upon each hind angle. Legs unarmed. 
Wings very broad and long, so that they reach beyond the end of the 
abdomen. ‘The fore wings have the form of a ‘‘cake-knife;” their sur- 
face is reticulated and there appears to be only one longitudinal vein 
and a very strongly developed ring vein. The vein arising from the 
base of the wing bends forward at the first fourth of the length of the 
wing and unites with the unusually strong ring vein from that point, 
while the hind vein, branching from the main vein at this point, bends 
toward the hind edge of the wing and runs parallel to it, but remains 
distinct. The fore fringe has disappeared and its place is taken by the 
stout costal spines. The hind vein is set with stout spines at regular 
intervals. Beyond the first fourth the wing is somewhat narrower 
than at the basal fourth. The front edge is nearly straight and the hind 
edge bending forward unites with it to form a sharp point. The last 
two abdominal segments are distinctly narrowed in the females. The 
Spines at the end of the abdomen are weak and light. The species 
belonging here have the power of springing. 

I have found only the species dracaenx of this genus, 


ee 


BOTY AO 







176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVIL 





PARTHENOTHRIPS DRAC/AEN£ (Heeger). 
Plate VI, figs. 62-65. 

Heliothrips dracene Hencer, Sitzungsb. d. math.-naturw. Classed. kais. Akad. d, 
Wissensch., Wien, XIV, December, 1854., p. 365. Separata. Beitrage zur 
Naturgeschichte d. Insecten Osterreichs, pp. 3-7. 

Thrips dracene Reaet, Bull. phys.-mathem. Acad. Sciences, St. Petersburg, 
XVI, 1858, pp. 333-336; Melang biolog., I, 6, pp. 628-633. 

Heliothrips dracenx Vv. FRAUENFELD, Verhandl. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch., 
XVII, Zool. Miscellen, XIII, 1867, pp. 793-801. 

Heliothrips dracenx PERGANDE, Psyche, III, 1882, p. 381. 

Parthenothrips dracenx Jorvan, Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool., XLVITI, 1888, pp. 541-620 
(Biological part). ; 

Parthenothrips dracene Reuter, Meddel af. Soc. Fauna et Flora Fennica, X VII, 
1891, p. 166. Z 

Heliothrips dracene Trysom, Entom. Tidskrift, 15 Arg., Haft 1-2, 1893, pp. 
56-58. 

Parthenothrips dracene Uzet, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanopt., 1895, pp. 171-173, pl. m1, 
fies. 12-14; pl. vi, fig. 93. 

Parthenothrips dracene Témpet, Die Geradfliigler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 291. 

Female.—Length about 1.15 mm.; width of mesothorax about 
0.28mm. General color dusky yellow, more or less strongly shaded 
with brown, especially upon the abdomen. Head, thorax, and wings 
covered with more or less clearly defined reticulating ridges. 

Head widest in front through the eves, four-fifths as wide as length; 
general shape quadrangular above, though front margin is somewhat 
elevated in middle; heavily reticulated; cheeks straight, but abruptly 
constricted at hind edge, neck-like; color quite uniform brownish yel- 
low. Eyes black, very strongiy protruding at fore angles; a slight 
depression surrounds each eye; ocelli small, approximate, with dark 
red margins contiguous, situated upon a slight elevation between the 
eyes and well removed from them. Maxillary palpi two segmented, 
the second segment being longer and more slender than the first. 
Antenne seven segmented, very slender beyond second segment, 
about two and one-half times as long as the head; relative lengths of - 
segments: 


Sp 
=~] 


eee o 1 > 





5 OT 20.52 0 WGioaerise oer aes 
Segment one nearly spherical, fully as long as broad, narrower than 
two, which is thickest; three to six subequal in thickness and about 
one-half the diameter of two, faintly ringed; seven very slender and 
bearing at its tip a still more slender spine, which may be nearly as long” 
as the segment. Segments one and two slightly more dusky yellow 
than three to five; five is shaded with brown at its tip; six and seven | 
brown or gray-brown. | 
Prothorax transverse, fully twice as wide as long and about two- 


thirds as long as the head, wider behind than in front; sides somewhat | 


| 
! 


4 


NO. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. aL re 





rounded; surface reticulated like head and concolorous with it; one 
stout spine at each hind angle. Pterothorax on dorsal line only two- 
thirds as long as wide, one and one-fourth times as wide as prothorax; 
metathorax nearly as wide as mesothorax; color of pterothorax some- 
what more yellow than head and prothorax; mesonotal plate deeply 
incised in middle behind; reticulations converging to anterior end of 
this incision. Wings very long and about one-tenth as broad, over- 
reaching the abdomen considerably; form and venation unique; fore 
wings somewhat longer and about one and one-half times as broad as 
the hind wings; their front edge runs straight clear to the tip: the 
hind edge runs nearly parallel to it till near the end, where it curves 
forward to join the fore edge at the tip; the entire wing is bounded 
by one very heavy ring vein. There appears to be only one longi- 
tudinal vein; this at about basal fourth of wing curves forward to the 
costal vein, which it joins;¢ then it curves backward and runs parallel 
with and quite close to the hind edge till it joins the ring vein before 
the tip. The costa bears no fringe, but is set with numerous stout 
spines as is also the longitudinal vein; hind edge bears a double fringe 
of long hairs; surface of fore wing shows faint reticulation. There 
ave three rather faint brown spots on fore edge, the darkest being 
where the fore vein joins the costa, and one longer spot on hind edge; 
spines standing in these spots are much darker than the others. Legs 
concolorous with body, finely reticulated; hind coxe approximate; 
fore femora brownish yellow, the others brown, yellowish at extremi- 
ties; tibie and tarsi concolorous with second segment of antenne; 
tarsi tipped with dark brown; spines very weak and light colored. 

Abdomen distinctly wider than thorax and broadly joined to it; 
about twice as long as broad, ovoid, pointed at tip; general color 
brown or yellowish brown; last three segments yellow; sometimes 
the sides of each segment are much more yellow than its brown central 
area; anterior edge of segment one is curved forward very abruptly 
in the middle forming a rounded apex to the dorsal plate; prominent 
dark stripe on anterior edges of three to seven; anal spines weak and 
light. 

Redescribed from five females taken in Amherst, Massachusetts, on 
Kentia and Ficus. I have no male, but Heeger says: 

Male.—The abdomen in males is distinctly more slender than in 
females; is yellow-brown, thinly chitinized; about twice as long as the 
meso and metathorax together; almost cylindrical, with tapering anal 
extremity; naked, set with some long bristles only at the hinder edge 
of the last three abdominal segments. 

Food plants.—Dracena, Ficus castica, Kentia balmorina. 











“1 believe that the fore vein coincides with the costal from the spot where they 
join, the cross vein being more apparent than real, and that the vein which runs 
parallel with and close to the hind edge is really the hind vein. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02. 19 





























178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


~ Habitat.—Vienna (Heeger, Frauenfeld), Finland (Reuter), St. 
Petersburg (Regel), Germany (Jordan, Bohls), Bohemia (Uzel), United. 
States: Washington, District of Columbia; Amherst, Massachusetts. _ 
The early stages are described as follows: | 
The eggs are nearly membranous, greenish white, elongate~_ 





kgq- 
ovate, +,” long, half as broad. ¢ 
Larva.—Larve are milky white, nearly cylindrical; only the last_ 
three abdominal segments taper gradually to a blunt point; they are 
peut 14!" long, ‘i as pe The head a aps conical, a little an 
pans are thin, fone OF dienes nee seus like. “lavas are on the — 
sides of the head, circular, not raised; relatively large and clear red. 
The antenne are thread-like, white ith gray points, five segmented, 
somewhat ee than the he: id; first three segments small, cup- shaped, 
of equal size; fourth, candle: shaped, about as long as first three _ 
together; fifth is gray, conical, very pointed, coment longer than 
the fourth. 
The thorax is somewhat longer than the antennze, swollen, flat 
beneath; prothorax is rounded- triangular, somewhat shorter flan the 
pterothorax, the segments of which are grown together, and are 
aluigated-rre tangular aud rounded. ‘The legs are close together, with 
very large cox; nearly as long as the antenne; middle pair noticea-_ 
bly shortest, hind pair longest; femora shorter and thicker than tibize,” 
which are cylindrical; tarsi very short, indistinctly two segmented. 
Abdomen spindie- shaped nearly as broad and somewhat more thai | 
twice as long as the entire thorax; the nine segments are hardly per 
ceptibly marked, equality long and set at sides with single, knobbed— 
hairs. . 
Nymph or pupa.—The nymphs in the last days before their trans-— 
formation are whitish, fusiform; their eyes are raised, round, and 
red; antenne indistinctly eight segmented, laid back over the head 
near one another; wing sheaths ing at the sides of the abdomen, — 
slender, bottle-shaped, poaehine to ae fore edge of the sixth segment | 
and set with many transparent, white hairs, as is also the spindle= 
shaped abdomen; the hind edge of the next to the last and the end of 
the last segment, a with single, knobbed hairs. 











Genus THRIPS Linnzus. 


Ocelli present. Antenne seven segmented (style one eae | 
Maxillary palpi three segmented. Prothorax regularly somewhat 
longer than the head; two long spines always present upon its pos- =] 
terior angles. Fore legs cole unarmed, Wings usually present, 
moderately broad, with fore fringe developed and veins set with shor 
spines. 


he species belonging here have the power of springing. 





"No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 179 








* Although this is the largest genus of the order, I have here found 
but two species which I can place in it. These two may be easily 
distinguished by their colors. 


_Head brown, thorax reddish brown, abdomen yellow or gray-brown .perplexus(p. 184). 
Color uniformly light yellowish varying to brownish yellow. -..---..- tabaci (p. 179). 


THRIPS TABACI Lindeman. 
ONION THRIPS. 
Plate VII, figs. 69-71. 


? Limothrips tritici Packarp, 2d Ann. Rept. Ins. of Mass., 1872, pp. 5-8, 2 figs. ; 
19th Ann. Rept. Secy. Mass. Bd. Agr. for 1871, pp. 333-336, 
in 9th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Geog. Sury. Territories for 
pl. txvur, figs. 3-5. 

Thrips on onion plants, Sarptey, Bull. 10, Miscell. Information Roy. Gardens, 
1887, p. 18. 

Thrips tabaci LinpDEMAN, Die schidlichsten Insekten des Tabak in Bessarabien, 
1888, p. 15, 61-75. 

Thrips sp. Taaxter, Ann. Rept. Conn. Exp. Sta. for 1889, 1889, p. 180. 

Thrips sp. Rirey-Howarp, Insect Life, III, 1891, p. 301. 

Thrips tabaci RrrzEMA Bos, Tierische Schidlinge und Nitzlinge, 1891, pp. 577, 
578. 

Thrips tabaci Taraiont-Tozzerti, Animali ed Insetti del Tobacco in Erbal del 
Tobacco Secco, 1891, pp. 222-224. : 

Thrips sp. LintNER, Count. Gent., LVII, Oct. 27, 1892, p. 809; Abstract in 9th 
Rept. Ins. N. Y., p. 445. 

Timothrips sp. BAkrr, Amer. Florist, VII, 1892, p. 168, fig. 

Thrips striata ? Gitterre, Ann. Rept. Col. Exp. Sta. for 1892, 1892, p. 36. 

Thrips on onions, Wesster, Ins. Life, V, 1892, p. 127. 

Thrips striatus GILLETTE, Bull. 24, Col. Exp. Sta., 1893, pp. 13-15, figs. 11, 12. 

Thrips striatus Ritny-Howarp, Ins. Life, VI, 1893, pp. 4-5, 343. 

Thrips striatus ? GitLerrr, 5th Ann. Rept. Col. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1892, 1893, 
p- 36; 6th Ann. Rept. Col. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1893, p. 55. 

Onion Thrips, Suirn, Ann. Rept. N. J. Agr. Col. Exp. Sta. for 1893, 1894, p. 441. 

Limothrips tritici Wepsrrr, Ins. Life, VII, 1894, p. 206. 

Thrips allii StrRRINE and Lows, Bull. 83, N.S., N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1894, pp. 
680-683, pl. m1. 

Thrips allii Wessrer, Ohio Farmer, Aug. 2, 1894, p. 97; Aug. 23, 1894, p. 157; 
Nov. 7, 1894, p. 373. 

Thrips alli StrrtNe and Lows, 13th Ann. Rept. N. Y. Exp. Sta. for 1894, 1895, 
pp. 758-760, pl. 

Thrips allii OsBorN-MAuuy, Bull. 27, lowa Agr. Exp. Sta.,1895, pp. 1389-142. 

Thrips tabaci PERGANDE, Ins. Life, VII, 1895, pp. 892-395. 

LTimothrips tritici Wrpster, Bull. 58, Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., 1895, pp. xxxiii- 
xxxiy, fig. 3; also in Ins. Life, VII, 1895, p. 206. 

Thrips communis Uzet, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, pp. 176-179, pl. v1, 
fig. 100. 

Thrips tabaci UzeL, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 447. 

Thrips tabaci SLINGERLAND, Rural New Yorker, LV, 1896, p. 561. 

Thrips tabaci FRANK, Die tierparasitiiren Krankheiten der Pflanzen, 1896, 
p. 134. 

? Thrips sp. near tabaci Davis, Special Bull. 2, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896, p. 13. 


2 figs.; reprinted 
1875, pp. 742-744, 


180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 








® Thrips on aaieaas SMITH, Mfeonomie Ent., 1896, p. 102. 
? Thrips on cuc umber, Brirron, 20th Rept. Conn. Exp. Sta. for 1896, 1897. 
Thrips tabaci SIRRINE, 15th Ann. Rept. N. Y. St. Exp. Sta. for 1896, 1897, ppy- 
612-615 
Onion Thrips, SIRRINE, Bull. 115, N. Y. Exp. Sta., 1897, p. 70: | 
Onion Thrips, SuNGERLAND, Rural New Yorker, ‘May 8, 1897, p. 309. 
Thrips tabaci LuNTNER, 51st Ann. Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 363; 
Separata, 13th Rept. Inj. Ins. ING 1898, p. 363. 
Thrips striatus GrLLETTE, Bull. 47, Col. ie Sta., 1528, p. 44. | 
Thrips tabaci: QUAINTANCE, Bull. 46, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1898, pp. 103-114, figs, | 


10-12. 
Thrips tabaci Howarp, Yearbook, U. 8S. Dept. Agr. for 1898, 1899, pp. 142, 148, | 
fig. 27. | 


Thrips tabaci Perrrr, Bull. 175, Mich. Exp. Sta., 1899, pp. 343-345, figs. 1, 2. 

Thrips tabaci QUAINTANCE, 3ull. 20, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., p.59. Remedies, vari- 
ous authors, 1899, p. 60. 

Thrips tabaci WEBsTER-MALLY, Bull. 20, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., 1899, pp. 67-70. 9) 

Thrips in Greenhouses, FerNALD-Hrps, Bull. 67, Mass. Exp. Sta., 1900, pp. 9-12. | 

Thrips communis Témpet, Die Geradfligler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 293. 

Thrips tabaci GARMAN, B fll 91, Kentucky Exp. Sta., 1901, pp. 42-45. 

Thrips tabaci WEBSTER, oun Columbus Hort. gee XVI, 1901, No. 3, 7 ppm 
4 figs. | 

Thrips tabaci H1nps, Proc. 17th Ann. Cony. Soc. Amer. Florists, 1901, pp. 90-92. | 





Female.—Length about 1.1 mm.; width about one-fourth the length. 
Color quite uniformly light yellowish varying to brownish yellow. 

Head one-fifth wider than long; cheeks slightly arched behind the 
eyes; frons slightiy arcuate between them; occiput indistinctly trans- 
versely striated; hairs upon the head few and minute; eyes not pro- 
truding, coarsely granulated, very dark red by reflected light, black) 
by transmitted light, sparsely pilose; ocelli subapproximate, standing 
well back to the line of the hinder edge of the eyes but posterior 
ocelli not contiguous with margins of eyes; color light yellow, mar- 
gined inwardly with light brown crescents. Maxillary palpi three 
segmented; first and third segments equally long, second shorter. 
Antenne seven segmented; relative lengths of segments as follows: 


Ds Be ola Eero eee 
£4 Bt Ti) WO" a6 oni | 


Segment one short and globose; two barrel-shaped; three to five 
pedunculate, elongated ovoid; five joined by moderately broad surface 
to base of six which tapers somewhat from its middle to its apical 
end; seven tapering slightly, blunt at apex. Segment one lightest in 
color, clear ight yellow; two, six, and seven nao light grayish 
brown; three lieht brownish yellow; four and five colored like three at 
their bases but apices nearly as dark as six. 

Prothorax as long as head, one-half wider than long; pronotum, 
indistinctly transv oc sthinted and sparsely clothed with small 
spines; each hind angle bears a pair of very stout, conspicuous spines, 








“No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. TRI 





and between these pairs, along the hind edge of pronotum, stands a 
row of three smaller spines on each aie. Metathorax one-third wider 
than prothorax; metanotal plate bears a few small spines. Wings 
about one-fourteenth as broad as long, slightly colored with light 
yellow; costal fringe of fore wings composed of short, stout bristles 
intermixed with a row of shorterspines. Fore longitudinal vein bears 
from ten to twelve spines arranged in three groups, as follows: Two 
groups upon the basal half of vein, the first of three or four spines, 
the second group of three, and beyond the middle of the wing four to 
six spines scattered at considerable distances along the yein to its tip; 
when only four are present in last group they stand at nearly equal 
distances apart; hind vein bears from fourteen to seventeen spines. 
Occasionally one or two cross veins may be seen between the fore vein 
and the costal at about one and two-thirds its length, but usually they 
are not present; hind vein arises from fore vein at about the middle 
of second group of spines. Hairs composing posterior fringes on both 
wings are long, slender, wavy, and light colored. Legs concolorous 
with body or somewhat lighter, quite long and slender; second seg- 
ments of tarsi much longer than first; spines on inner side of hind 
tibix weak, except the pair at its extremity; legs sparcely clothed 
with fine hairs. 

Abdomen as wide, or slightly wider, than the mesothorax, about 
twice as long as wide; each dorsal plate of segments two to eight 
marked near its anterior edge with a narrow, transverse line of dark 
chestnut-brown color, widest at its middle and tapering gradually 
toward the sides, disappearing at the upper edge of the groups of 
three to five short spines which stand upon these segments just above 
the pleural plates. Posterior edge of ninth segment bears a circlet of 
eight long, stout spines, most prominent dorsally; terminal segment 
bears six spines which are nearly as long as the preceding; besides 
these long spines both of these segments bear a few finer spines. 

Redescribed from many specimens. 

Male.—*Head and abdomen yellowish white; thorax yellow. The 
first two antennal segments white, the third at the end very weakly, 
the fourth and fifth more strongly shaded with gray; the sixth is gray, 
at the base or even to the middle white; the seventh segment entirely 
gray. Wings present.”—U-zel. 

food plants.—Apple, aster (cultivated), blanket flower, blue grass, 
cabbage, candytuft, catnip, cauliflower, celery, chickweed, cinque- 
foil, clover, coneflower, crab-grass, cucumber, dandelion, /yechthites, 
Erigeron canadensis, four-o’clock, garden leek, goldenrod, heal-all, 
honeysuckle, Jamestown weed, jimson, kale, melons, mignonette, 
mullein, nasturtium, onion, parsley, pink, plum, pumpkin, Rubus sey- 
eral species, shepherd’s purse, Specllaria, squash, stonecrop, sweet 
clover, timothy, tobacco, tomato, turnip, wheat. 





182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX 











Habstat.—Russia (Lindeman), England (Shipley), Italy (Targioni- 
Tozzetti), Bohemia, Helgoland (Uzel), Bermuda, United States: Mas- 
sachusetts. Connecticut, New York, Long Island, Pennsylvania, New” 
Jersey, District of Columbia, Virginia, Florida, Kentucky, Ohio,” 
Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, southern Canada, Colorado, Cali. 
fornia. 

The early stages are described by Quaintance “ as follows: 2 

qq. Length 0.26 mm.; width 0.12 mm.; in shape the egg is 
elliptical and curved. Fresh eggs are clear white. In eggs with 
advanced embryos, the reddish eyes are distinctly visible. 

Larva, first stage.—(About one-half hour after hatching). Length, 
0.38 mm.; width of thorax, 0.14 mm.; somewhat fusiform in shape; 
eradually tapering caudad from fourth or fifth abdominal segment; 
body, legs, and antennz clear white; eyes reddish. Head in dorsal 
aspect about as broad as long; the eyes are situated at the cephalic 
lateral margins; no ocelli. In cephalic aspect the head is seen to be 
considerably produced—ventrad and caudad; suboval in outline. The 
four jointed antenne are borne upon the vertex, and are approximate at 
base. Basal joint short, cylindrical, about half the length of second; 
second segment subpyriform, slightly longer than wide; third sub- 
spherical, about as long as secoad; fourth joint as long as the proxi- 
mal three together, club-shaped, thickest near the basal third, tapering 
distally toa point. Joints three and four ringed; in the distal part 
of four these are much more pronounced, dividing it into what might 
be taken for short, indistinct segments. The antennee bear sete, which 
are much more numerous on fourth joint. Legs stout; coxa and 
trochanter short; femur about as long as tibia and tarsus together. 
The tarsus appears to be composed of but one joint, which terminates 
distally in two diverging claw-like processes; the bladder-like expan- 
sion on tip of tarsus does not seem to be present in this stage. Abdo- 
men composed of ten segments; on the dorsum are four longitudinal 
acute sete, and a row on each lateral margin. On the tenth segment 
these sete are quite large, being from two to four times longer than” 
the others. : 

Mature larva (second stage).—Length 0.94 mm.; width of meso- 
thorax 0.22 mm. Body elongate; abdomen tapering caudad from 
about fifth segment. Head slightly longer than wide. Color green- 
ish yellow, varying to greenish white. Legs and antenne lighter; eyes 
reddish brown; ocelli wanting. Sete practically as in stage 1. 
Antenne four-jointed;? basal joint short, cylindrical; second, sub-— 
cylindrical, about twice as long as first. Third joint a fourth longer 





“Quaintance, Bull. 46, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. 

>**Lindeman regards the antennze as six jointed, but to me joint four has not 
appeared to allow of being considered as made up of three joints, although there are 
four more or less well-defined parts, as determined by the rings, which, if considered 
as joints, would make seven in all, instead of six.” 


i 
, 


No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 183 





than second; subpyriform, united to second by narrow *‘neck,” rather 
‘closely ringed. Fourth, about as long as proximal three together, 
club-shaped, ringed as in stage 1. Antenne bearing setee much more 
numerous on fourth joint. Tarsi without the pronounced claw-like 
structures of the first stage. In other respects essentially as in pre- 
ceding stage. 

Nymph (about two days old).—Length about 0.7 mm.; width of 
mesothorax about 0.15 mm.; color yellowish, varying to almost color- 
less; eyes reddish. Pupa-skin somewhat separated from the body 
proper, being particularly noticeable in the caudal end of the abdomen, 
wing-pads, legs, and antennze. In these two latter the joints are very 
obscure, the pupa-skin covering them as a sheath. The wing-pads 
reach to about the eighth abdominal segment. There are numerous 
setee on the body, antennse, legs, and wing-pads. On the abdomen 
they have practically the same position as in the adult larva. The 
dorsal setze of the last segment in the nymphs are very stout, almost 
hook-like, curving cephalad. 

Life history.—Dyr. Lindeman’s conclusions, quoted by Dr. Lintner, 
are so different from those which have been reached by workers upon 
the same species in this country that we are led to suspect that he has 
confused the early stages of very different species. 

In Massachusetts, using specimens found infesting a cucumber house 
in January and February, I have found that the egg stage varies from 
four to seven days. Pupation takes place in seven or eight days and 
lasts for nearly a week, when the adults emerge and after a few days 
lay their eggs. The whole life cycle ina greenhouse thus occupies 
from three to four weeks. 

In Florida Quaintance found that the egg stage lasts in summer 
from three and a half to four days; the larval stage from seven to nine 
days, during which time the larva molted twice; the nymph stage four 
days, the total life cycle thus requiring about sixteen days. There 
appeared to be no distinct broods at any season. 

In Ohio Professor Webster has found that this species hibernates 
in larval, pupal, and adult stages, the first predominating, being found 
in matted grass or refuse tops left in the onion fields, and that they 
safely passed through winters when the temperature fell to —23 to 
—25 degrees F’. 

Economic considerations.—Dr. A. S. Packard, in 1872, was the first 
to record the ravages of the ‘‘ Onion Thrips,” which he called Zimo- 
thrips tritici Fitch, believing it to be identical with the ‘* Wheat 
Thrips.” While Dr. Packard’s description is unidentifiable, it is suffi 
cient to show that the insect was not Thrips tritici Fitch, nor did it 
belong to the genus Limothrips. Furthermore, Packard states that 
the antenna consists of eight segments, which would separate it from 

Thrips tabaci, which has only seven. Still the injury recorded is so 
like that which is known to have been committed by Thrips tabaci at 


184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 





é 
various times that I have ine eluded a reference to it under this species, | 
though its correctness is questionable. 

Dr. Packard found that this insect has been observed attacking onions — 
for fifteen years previously, but the damage in 1872 was unusually 
severe in Essex County, Massachusetts, amounting that year to at 
least one-tenth of the crop, and having a money value in that one> 
county of at least $10,000. 

In 1889, Dr. Thaxter found the Onion Thrips generally distributed 
and very injurious to onions in Connecticut, the injury produced being 
known as ‘* White Blast.’ 

The next report of very serious injury was made by Prof. C. P._ 
Gillette from Colorado, where for several seasons it had been noticed 
as very abundant and doing considerable harm. It has also been found 
a serious pest all through the Middle States and in several of the | 
Atlantic coast States as well as on the Pacific coast. This shows its ) 
very wide general distribution, and since its attacks seem to be most | 
severe upon onions and cabbages—two important garden crops—it_ 
must be considered as, perhaps, the most injurious species of the order. 


THRIPS PERPLEXUS (Beach). 


Plate VI, figs. 66-68. | 


Sericothrips? perplexa Bracu, Proc. lowa Acad. Sciences, 1895, III, (1896), pp. 
216-218. - 

Female.—Length 0.935 mm. (0.80 to 1.0 mm.); width of mesotho- | 
rax 0.197 mm. (0.18 to 0.21 mm.). General color: head brown and 
thorax reddish orange-brown, very much darker than the pale yellow | 
or gray-brown abdomen; body slender. 

Head very large, eee pentagonal, approximately as long as_ 
broad or but slightly shorter, almost as large as prothorax, within | 
which it is slightly withdrawn; cheeks nearly straight and parallel; 
anterior margin broadly elevated; without special prominences between | 
bases of antenne; occiput transversely wrinkled; without conspicuous | 
spines. Eyes black, not protruding, together occupying about one- 
half the width of the head, margins lighter colored; ocelli conspicuous, 
large and well separated, placed far forward, all three being in front 
of the middle of the eyes, reddish yellow with maroon inward margins; 
ocellar bristles moderately long. Maxillary palpi three segmented. | 
Antenne fully twice as long as head, subapproximate; relative lengths | 
of segments: | 





Ae aS iB A ee eee 
55. 17.6 104 TON is: eet 


Segment one broader than two which is intermediate in thickness 
between one and three; three and four thickest at about their middle . 
then tapering eradually to the ends; seven bluntly conical. Spines | 





‘Bo. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 185 
—_—<— ~ ~-— 
long and slender, but not very conspicuous; those on three to five 
nearer the middle than usual. Color of one, two, five, six, and seven 
brown like head; three and four pale yellowish or gray; four shaded 
slightly with brown, increasing toward tip; basal constriction of five 
yellowish. 

Prothorax not longer and but very slightly wider than the head, 
nearly square, without stout spines upon fore angles but with two 
long spines at each hind angle. Mesothorax about one and one-half 
times as wide as head, slightly wider than metathorax; greatest width 
at hind edge; color reddish or orange-brown. Wings reaching 
usually beyond the tip of abdomen, about one-seventeenth as broad as 
long; fore wing with two longitudinal veins; the origin of the hind 
yein indistinct; neither vein heavy; costa set with about twenty quite 
long spines besides the fringe hairs; fore vein bears ten to twelve 
rather weak spines and the hind vein about thirteen similar spines. 
Legs rather short; fore femora slightly thickened; yellow to gray- 
brown, bases of bladders dark brown; spines small except row of 
eight or nine on inner side of hind tibiz. 

Abdomen nearly cylindrical and long, two and two-thirds times as 
long as wide; but very slightly wider than mesothorax; last three 
segments very short and tapering very abruptly to the acute apex. 
Color pale yellowish or grayish brown, very much lighter than thorax 
and head; ninth and tenth segments shading to brown-black; inter- 
seomental membranes pale yellowish or gray. Segments not over- 
lapping; receptaculum seminis placed far back beneath eighth dorsal 
plate, very conspicuous, bright orange-red; ovipositor indistinct, 
vestigial; tenth segment split open above and sides nearly meeting 
beneath; anal spines long, slender, not very dark. 

Redescribed from seven females taken on grass at Amherst, Massa- 
chusetts. 

Male unknown. 

Food plants.— Cyperus sp., corn and grass (lowa), Dactylis glomer- 
ata, Panicum sanguinale, and various other grasses (Massachusetts). 

Habitat.—Ames, Iowa; Amherst, Massachusetts. 

These specimens have been compared with Miss Beach’s types and 
are identical. The vestigial condition of the ovipositor, however, 
misled her into thinking her specimens all males, whereas they are 
really all females. 

This species is exceptional among the Terebrantia in lacking a 
functional ovipositor, but it is surely vestigial in this case. The 
egos are very large, while the ovipositor is disproportionately short 
and weak, and it seems that it must be impossible for this species to 
deposit its eggs in the plant tissue. In this respect they thus show a 
divergence toward the Tubulifera, which lay their eggs wholly exter- 














186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV 


mally: It also seems probable that the so-called **rod” of the Tubu. 
liferan female is but the vestige of a former ovipositor. The wins 
venation also indicates that the olothripide come nearest the prime 
itive form and that Phleothripide have diverged farthest from th 
type, with the Thripide somewhere in between. This species is- 
therefore of considerable interest as possibly being one of the puidem 
posts to the phyllogeny of the order Thysanoptera. 








CHARACTERS OF TUBULIFERA (PLGZOTHRIPID:). 3 


The members of this suborder agree so closely in general characters 
that they have all been included in the single family Phleothripide, 
They are, as a rule, considerably larger a more powerfully formed 
than the Terebrantia, some of them being the giants of the order. 

In the insects belonging to this suborder the head is always as long” 
as broad, and may be two or three times as long. In most of those 
species which have comparatively short heads the front is smoothly” 
rounded, but in those having very much elongated heads the vertex is 
conside rably elevated, in some cases even forming a very prominent 
conical projection of the vertex beyond the bases of the antennae. 
The eyes vary widely in size and number of facets. Ocelli are gen- 
erally present. The cheeks are usually nearly straight and parallel, 
and in some species ‘set with more or less numerous spine- bearing 
warts. Nearly every species has a pair of well-developed spines stand- 
ing immediately behind the eyes, and therefore called post- -ocular 
spines. The antenne are invariably eight segmented in the adult 
stage and the sense cones on the intermediate segments are always 
simple. The mouth cone varies in form, being in some species short 
and blunt, and none of the external parts are acute at the tips; in. 
others the labrum is abruptly constricted beyond the middle, its end 
forming a sharp spine-like process, which reaches beyond the broadly 
rounded labium; in still others the entire mouth cone, labium and 
all, is elongated and tapers to a quite slender tip, which, however, 
is not spine-like. These different forms of mouth cone have been 
thought to possess a generic value in classification, but my studies 
thus far have led me to the conclusion that too hiek a value has 
been placed upon this single character. The maxillary palpi have 
always two segments, of which the basal is very short, and the labial 
palpi are also two segmented, though frequently they are short 
and indistinct. 3 

The prothorax has, in most cases, a trapezoidal form, and this is 
especially noticeable in those species in which the fore femora are 
much enlarged. The regularity of the outline of this trapezoid is, 
however, more apparent than real, as will be seen by reference to Plates. 
VIII, IX, and X. The projecting fore coxe fill in the hind angles” 
so smoothly that in many cases careful focusing is necessary to show 
that the outline is not entirely that of the proiaee: alone. ‘The pro-_ 


Mau alate 


me Osi. 


: “No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—ITINDS. 187 





notum usually bears around its outer portion a number of conspicuous, 
Jong spines. The fore femora are frequently greatly enlarged, and 
when this is the case there will be found upon the fore tarsus a more 
or less stout tooth or hook. In most species the femora and tarsal 
teeth are larger in the males than in the females. The pterothorax is 
very compact and nearly rectangular in outline. The wings, which 
are usually present, are all very similar in form, venation, etc. They 
-are cither quite slender throughout or somewhat constricted near the 
middle, and are rounded at the tips. They have almost no veins, there 
being no ring or cross veins, and only one partially developed median 
yein in cach wing. Along the margins of each wing there is borne a 
long, slender fringe, which is single except near the outer end of the 
hind margin of the fore wing, where it is double for a short distance. 
The membrane of each wing lacks microscopic spines such as are 
found upon the wings of Terebrantia. When brought to rest the 
wings are laid back closely upon the middle of the abdomen, so that 
they overlap in their second halves. They are here held in place, and 
the long, slender fringes confined by the rows of inwardly curved 
spines which stand upon each side of the second to seventh segments. 
In some species the wings are reduced to short, rounded pads, while 
in others even these are wanting. 

The abdomen is very similar in both sexes, except that in the male 
it is usually more slender, especially through the sixth, seventh, and 
eighth segments. The female has no ovipositor, The sexual opening 
is between the ninth and tenth segments in both males and females. 
The last segment is a simple tube in both sexes and at its base, beneath, 
are found the distinctive sexual characters. The female is distin- 
guished by a short, strongly chitinized rod upon the ninth segment 
near the base of the tube which is regular and entire. The male is 
distinguished by a semicircular notch in the base of the underside 
of the tube, providing an opening for the protrusion of the copulatory 
‘apparatus which is wholly retracted into the ninth segment. In many 
species the abdomen is somewhat flattened dorso-ventrally so that a 
cross section is elliptical in outline. 

Tubuliferans live usually in secluded places, as between the parts of 
composite flowers, under the bark of trees, on the underside of foliage, 
in galls, moss, turf, fungi, etc. Their movements are very deliberate 
and they never run or spring. 


SYNOPSIS OF PHL(HOTHRIPID A. 
Body more or less thickened, head less than one and one-half times as 


Me aa me ween ce tert ee te Sone Mtoe. ee eee a he Stk 
{ Breadth of abdomen of female nearly or quite one-half its length ..----.-- 


Body slender, head more than one and one-half times as. long as wide -- -- 8 
1 


o> bo 


Breadth of abdomen of female not nearly equal to one-half its length - -- - - 4 
3 Head broadly rounded in front, cheeks without warts. -.-..-.Trichothrips (p. 191) 
MumnmArTOWeM dm front... 2. Sons kb sas see eek aes ----- Eurythrips (p. 202) 


ee nd 
tires Ww 


185 PROCE] EDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXYVI 


( Wings always present, ee aie eTapne fisies 2 Soe Se 





Genus ANTHOTHRIPS Uzel. 


oI Wines usually reduced, usually inhabitine) barks ors tities 
_ ( Cheeks without spine-bearing warts. -----------------------4 Anthothrips (p 
? ( Cheeks with spine- -bearing warts ..-.----------------------------------- 
Fore femora with teeth at tip w ithin, intermediate antennal segments un- 
3 | usually long and slender. -.----------------------------4 Acanthothrips (p. 198) _ 
2 Kore femora without teeth in female and usually in male, intermediate 
antennal segments not elongated....--------------------- Phileothrips (p. 195) — 
_ ( Head very large, rounded in front.--.-.------------------ Cephalothrips (p. 194) | 
‘Sartead stnall, narrowed in front..0222 Jo.) 02564 = eee Malacothrips (p. 200) — 
-¢ Head more than twice as long as wide. --------------------- Idolothrips (p. 206) — 
: \ Head less than twice as long as wide ©....-2-,---=-===2-2-5- Cryptothrips (p. 205) | 
| 


Head but little longer than wide, reunded in front; cheeks nearly | 
parallel, without warts. Antenne nearly twice as long as the head. 
Ocelli and wings always present in both sexes. Wings narrowed in- 
the middle. Mouth cone not longer than the breadth at its base; 
labrum narrowed toward tip but not sharply pointed. Fore tarsi 
armed with a tiny tooth which is somewhat larger in males than in- 
females. Males without a scale at base of tube. 

The two species belonging here may be easily separated by the 
presence or absence of spines upon the head. In A. niger (p. 188) 
the cheeks are smooth, without spines, and there are no post-ocular 
spines, while in A. verbasci (p. 189) the cheeks bear small spines not 
standing on warts and the post-ocular spines are well developed. 

ANTHOTHRIPS NIGER (Osborn). 
Plate VII, figs. 72-75. 

Phleothrips nigra OsBorn, Canad. Entom., XV, 1883, p. 154; Rept. U.S. Dept. 
Agr. for 1887, (1888), pp. 163, 164; Ins. Life, I, 1888, pp. 137-142; Insi 
Life, V, 1892, pp. 112-113.—Davis, Bull. 116, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1894, 
pp. 62, 63. 

Anthothrips nigra Uzet, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 242. 

Female.—Length 1.5 mm. (1.1 to 1.8 mm.); width of mesothorax 
0.34 mm. (0.8 to 0.4 mm:.). General color more or less dark reddish 
brown. 

Head approximately as long as broad, longer than prothorax, 
smoothly rounded in front; cheeks straight, parallel, and without 
warts. Eyes small, finely faceted; ocelli quite large and well sepa- 
rated, posterior ocelli almost contiguous with margins of eyes; no 
post-ocular bristles. Mouth cone shorter than its breadth at base and 
blunt at tip. Antenne subapproximate, as long as width of meso- 
thorax; segments quite short and stout; fourth thickest and most 
rounded; relative lengths of segments as follows: 





1 2 is 4 5 ni be 8 
NO ADS 19:9. I TOR eee G ae 





A ; 
_ No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 189 


- Color nearly uniform brown; three and base of four yellowish 
brown; spines short and weak; sense cones short and blunt. 

Prothorax one-half as long as breadth to outer angles of coxe; 
front and hind edges nearly parallel, gently curved; one short spine 
at each posterior angle and one nearly halfway between this and 
middle of hind edge. Mesothorax somewhat wider than prothorax 
but usually less than twice as wide as the head; sides of pterothorax 
nearly straight, shorter than its breadth. Legs short and moderately 
stout; fore femora but slightly thickened; fore tarsi armed with a 
tiny tooth near tip within; middle and hind tibie with one prominent 
spine externally at tip. Legs brown; middle and hind tarsi slightly 
yellowish, sometimes brown; fore tarsi and tip of tibix yellow. 
Wings always present, narrower in middle than at ends, shaded with 
brown only at base, where fore wing bears three erect spines. Wines 
and fringes nearly equal; fringes single, except on hind border of fore 
wing near tip, where for seven or eight hairs they are double. 

Abdomen about twice as broad as head, averaging about two and 
one-half times as long as wide; segments overlapping somewhat; sides 
nearly parallel to middle, then tapering gradually to base of tube. 
Tube about four-fifths as long as head, only slightly tapering; sides 
straight; terminal spines shorter than tube. All spines on abdomen 
short, weak, and not conspicuous. 

Redescribed from seven specimens. 

Male unknown. 

Food plants.— Achillea millefolium, ox-eye daisy, red clover, white 
clover, various grasses. 

Habitat.—lowa, Michigan, Massachusetts. 


ANTHOTHRIPS VERBASCI (Osborn). 


Plate VII, figs. 76-78. 





OssBorN, Ins. Life, I, 1888, pp. 137-142. 
Phleothrips verbasci Ossorn, Proc. Iowa Acad. Se., III, 1896, p. 228. 

Female.—Length 1.8 mm. (1.42 to 2.12 mm.); width of mesotho- 
rax 0.38 mm. (0.32 to 0.44 mm.). General color dark brown. 

Head but slightly, if any, longer than wide; cheeks nearly straight 
and parallel, set with few minute spines; post-ocular bristles prom- 
inent; hind margin of head not covered by front margin of prothorax. 
Eyes finely and closely faceted, rounded, not protruding; ocelli 
widely separated, posterior ones contiguous with the light margins 
of eyes; front ocellus placed at extreme vertex. Mouth cone about 
as long as it is broad at base, pointed. Antenne approximate, almost 
twice as long as head; relative lengths of segments: 





= 








1 ee oko 6 7 coe 
OPO sel ees eam Amalia, © OG 













VOL. XXVI. 


190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





Segment three cl: ae foun fusiform: five and six becoming mor 
sle nder and less fusiform; seven ya val; eight sharply conics 4 


sieht sie Seen - bere sesame pale salle Sind 
pale and weak: sense cones short and blunt. 

Prothorax short, only about three-fourths as long as head; fore and_ 
hind margins nearly parallel and curving backward; one stout spine. 
at each angle, one in middle of sides, and one on each side between | 
those at the angle and the median line on both fore and hind margins; 
hind angles appear to entirely cover the fore coxx as arule; each fore 
coxa bears one stout spine. All these stout spines are blunt but not | 
knobbed. Sides of pterothorax full and smooth; fore angles oblique; 
color of thorax uniform dark brown or yellowish brown, more or less | 
irregularly mottled with dark red. Wings present, adem in mid- 
dle, transparent except at base, where the fore wing bears three long. 
spines upon the remnant of the single median vein. Fringes long, 
single, except near end of hind fringe of fore wing where it is doubil 
for ten or twelve hairs. Legs moderately long and slender; fore 
femora only slightly thickened; fore tarsus one segmented and armed 
with a tiny tooth. All femora and middle and hind tibie dark brown; 
middle and hind tarsi slightly yellowish or grayish brown; fore tibiz 
and tarsi bright yellow like middle of antenne; fore tibiz shaded 
a little with brown toward their bases outside. One long slender) 
spine near base of each fore femur below; each fore coxa with one- 
long spine. | 

Abdomen broadly joined to metathorax and but slightly wider, 
widest at base but less than twice as wide as head; segments more or} 
less imbricate, tapering gradually to tube. Tube about four-fifths as- 
long as head, tapering slightly, not swollen at base, bearing a circlet 
of spines at tip which are enone than the tube. All spines on abdom: 
inal segments slender and rather faint; color of abdomen quite uniform | 
yellowish brown to dark brown. In the lightest colored specimens : 
the irregular dark mottlings show up most prominently. 

Redescribed from eight females. 

Male. —The male agrees quite closely with the foregoing description; 
it is usually somewhat smaller throughout; relative lengths of antennal 
segments are as follows: 


1 2). 98) 9 Ge ae 


8.5 11.5 13.54 15ers eee 


Fore tarsi are armed with a medium-sized tooth, which is larger than 
that in the female. Of the four spines standing near the hind edge of | 
the ninth segment, the outer pair is very short, stout, and acute; the 
abdomen seems to be somewhat more slender than in female. | 

Described from four males. 






0, 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 191 


— Food plant.—Mullein. 
Habitat.—Ames, Iowa: Amherst, Massachusetts. 








Genus TRICHOTHRIPS Uzel. 


saree 


_ Head about as broad as long, broadly rounded in front. Eyes 
small. Ocelli present in both these species, but often wanting. Mouth 
cone not longer than its breadth at base; labrum pointed at tip. Fore 
femora somewhat enlarged and tarsi armed with a tooth. Wings 
usually wanting, but present in both these species, slender throughout. 
Abdomen very broad and heavy; tube very slender in proportion to 
width of abdomen; no scale at base of tube in the male. 

The two species which I have placed in this genus may be distin- 
guished by the following characters: 
Sueimilyoas long asthe head = 1<...- <2 .0..2.----.22-l------ beachi (p. 192) 
Sere bwo-thirds as long as the head...._._...........--..--...---- ambitus (pp. 191) 


TRICHOTHRIPS AMBITUS, new species. 
Plate VIII, figs. 81, 82. 


- Female. Length 2 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.45 mm. General 
color brownish yellow shading to brown or reddish brown. 

Head slightly longer than wide, widest just behind the eyes, rounded 
in front; cheeks straight and converging posteriorly; at hind edge 
only six-sevenths the diameter at widest part; frons slightly elevated 
between bases of antennze; post-ocular bristles present; a few scat- 
tering small spines upon head not raised upon warts; surface faintly 
reticulated. Anterior half of head light brown flecked with reddish, 
posterior half fading to yellow at the neck. Eyes small, finely gran- 
ulated, compact, not pilose, purplish by transmitted light, reddish 
orange by refiected light; ocelli present, subapproximate, pale yellow 
Margined inwardly with reddish brown crescents. Mouth cone reach- 
ing nearly to posterior edge of prosternum; maxillary palpi two seg- 
mented; labial palpi short and thick; labium broad and rounded; 
maxille converging abruptly below the palpi and short. Antenne 
one and three-fourths times as long as the head, eight segmented, 
though the joint between seven and eight is very indistinct; relative 
lengths of segments as follows: 


Gu 
ee 


5 
(Oe ciSesOe ObecOl <20 15 


o0| 0 


_ Segment one truncate, conical; two constricted toward base into a 
broad stalk, cut off squarely at end; three to seven slenderly stalked 
at bases; three to six clavate; seven cylindrical-ovate, very closely 
united by full width of end to eight which is conical. Color of one 
le brownish yellow; two and three clear yellow; four yellow at base 







199 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


shading to light brown at end; remaining segments dark brown. 
Sense cones on segments three to six very long a slender; transpar 
ent spmes upon each segment also long and slender 

Prothorax thre e-fourths as long as head and three fifths as long ag 
wide; fore cox project considerably beyond posterior angles. One 
medium length spine on each side of middle and near anterior edge 
one near each anterior angle, one at middle of each side and one longer 
one at each posterior angle. Mesothorax equal in width to prothorax 
and concolorous with it; mesonotum bears one long spine close to base 
of each fore wing. Metathorax equal in width to mesothorax, nar-- 
rowed but very slightly posteriorly, pale yellow in middle, shaded on 
sides, splashed with red. Each fore coxa bears a single long spine on. 
outer side; fore femora somewhat enlarged; each femur bears ¢ single 
long, erect spine on the outer side near its extremity; tarsi short and 
thick, fore pair armed with a stout tooth. Femora gray-brown, fore | 
pair yellowish brown; fore tibie and tarsi pale yellow; caedle and 
hind tibiz and tarsi almost white. Wings reaching to tip of abdomen; 
both pairs equal in size, edges parallel, heavily fringed; fore wings 
bearing a costal group of three long slender spines between the fringe: 
and base of wing. Color of wings dea: transparent, except a slightly, 
clouded band across fore wings at about one-third their length. i 

Abdomen broad and ee last three segments tapering abruptly 
at sixth segment one and one-sixth times as broad as thorax. Tube 
two-thirds as long as head and at middle one-seventh as bro ad as the 
fourth aidomanal: segment; terminal spines about as long as tube. A 
stout bristle projects anteriorly from each side angle of first segment; 
each following segment, except tube, bears on each side one spine; 
these are short upon first segment and increase in length and size pos 
teriorly. Color brownish yellow in middle, shaded aan dark reddish 
brown on sides; tube bright brownish yellow tipped abruptly with 
gray-brown. 

Described from one female. 

Male unknown. 






















Food plant.—Grass. 
Habitat.—Awherst, Massachusetts. r 


TRICHOTHRIPS BEACHI, new species. 
Plate VII, fig. 79; Plate VIII, fig. 80. 


Female.—Length 1.84 mm. (abdominal segments one-third tele- 
scoped); width of mesothorax 0.48 mm. General color y ellow-brown. 
Head as broad as long, rounded in front; cheeks slightly converging 
behind the middle, set with scattered, small, stout spines borne upon 
small warts; post-ocular bristles quite long and acute. Eyes small, 
finely faceted, rounded; ocelli large, distant, posterior two almost 





% 
‘ 
a 


. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 193 









‘contiguous with light yellowish margins around eyes, color reddish 
yellow. Antennx more than twice as long as the head; length and 
breadth of segments increase gradually from base to middle, then 
decrease to tip of antenna; relative lengths of segments as follows: 


Peers 475" 6 


8 
Seow ko eh 145 3 





Color dark brown; bases of three to five yellowish; spines of 
medium length, but not very conspicuous; sense cones about one- 
third of the length of the segment bearing them. 

Prothorax about five-sixths as long as head, and nearly twice as 
broad as long, broadly rounded at hind edge; spines upon fore edge 
much smaller and weaker than the mid-lateral and those on hind edge; 
all these spines are acute. Mesothorax about one and one-half times 
as wide as prothorax, uniting closely and evenly with metathorax so 
that sides of pterothorax are nearly straight. Wings present, long and 
powerful; fringes long, double for from nine to eleven hairs in hind 
fringe of fore wing near tip. Legs of medium size and length; fore 
femora a little thickened and tarsi armed with a very tiny tooth; mid- 
dle legs much the smallest. All femora chestnut brown; tibize at base 
brown, fading to yellowish at tips; fore tibix lightest; tarsi yellow. 
Fore cox project a little beyond sides of prothorax and each bears 
one long spine; each femur bears one long slender spine on under 
side near base; three or four long slender spines stand around tips of 
middle and hind tibi. 

_ Abdomen large and heavy, somewhat broader than thorax, slightly 
more than twice as broad as head; segments overlapping about one- 
third; sides nearly parallel up to eighth segment, then tapering very 
abruptly. Tube slender in middle, about one-eighth the breadth of 
the abdomen, fully as long as the head, tapering but slightly; ter- 
minal circlet of spines shorter than tube; spines on abdomen light 
colored. 

Color of whole body generally yellowish brown, lightest along mid- 
dle of back of thorax and abdomen: abdomen darkest where segments 
overlap; thorax and abdomen show some irregular dark red hypo- 
dermal pigmentation. All spines acute. 

Described from one female taken under quince bark in early spring, 
together with many bright-red larve around it. 

Male unknown. 

Food plant.—Taken under quince bark. 

_ Habitat.—Ambherst, Massachusetts. 

_ I take pleasure in naming this species for Miss Alice M. Beach in 
Tecognition of her work upon the Thripidee of Iowa. 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——13 








194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXV 





Genus CE PHALOTE EEE S ere 


Head considerably longer than its bre adth or the length of the pro | 
thorax, broadly rounded in front and larger than in most species im 
proportion to the other segments. Eves small; ocelli present. Anten-_ q 
ne about one and one-half times the length of the head. Mouth cone | 
shorter than its breadth at base; labrum not narrowed in the middle | 
and ending in a blunt point. Fore femora slightly thickened and | 
tarsi with a tiny tooth. Wings usually reduced or wanting entirely, 
Male without a scale at base of the tube. | 

I place here only one species, yece. 


CEPHALOTHRIPS YUCC£:, new species. 





Plate VIII, figs. 83, 84. 















Female.—Length 1.48 mm. (1.40 to 1.56 mm.); width of meso- | 
thorax 0.29 mm. (0.28 to 0.30 mm.). General color yellowish brown, | | 
irregularly mottled with dark-red hypodermal pigmentation. | 

Head broad and large, about one and two-fifths times as long as 
wide; cheeks slightly arched and smoothly joined to eyes, converging” 
slightly toward neck; front smoothly rounded; post-ocular bristles. 
present, but rather small and not prominent; cheeks smooth. Eyes_ 
small, each being less than one-fourth the breadth of the head through | 
them, triangular above and surface even with that of head, very dark | 
red in color; ocelli small, situated far forward, quite widely separated, | 
with very dark red inner margins. Mouth cone short and rather 
blunt. Antenne nearly one and one-half times as long as head, con-— 
siderably separated at bases with but slight elevation between them; 
relative lengths of segments as follows: ‘| 


1 2 3 4 5 6 v 8 
6.5 ° 11.6, 12.50 Taro eS se ee eee! 





Segments three to five subequal in breadth and similar in shape. 
Antenne yellow, segments one and two shaded with brownish. Sense_ 
cones quite long and slender; spines shorter and light colored, so} 
inconspicuous. 

Prothorax two-thirds as long as head and across outer angles of 
coxe about one and two-fifths times as wide as head; sides of thorax | 
really considerably indented above fore coxe. Anterior marginal| 
and mid-lateral spines wanting; those at angles present, but weak and} 
inconspicuous. Pterothorax as broad as prothorax through coxe, 
equal to about one-fifth the length of the body; its sides straight and) 
parallel; about four-fifths as broad as abdomen. Wings usually” 
reduced to mere pads, but when occasionally present they are of mod- 
erate length, though not very powerful. (Winged specimens have the. 


0. 1310, NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 195 





pterothorax nearly as w wide as the abdome en.) meee rather short and 
thick; fore cox project somewhat beyond thorax; fore femora 
‘slightly thickened and the tarsi armed with a tiny tooth; tibia of each 
Tee slightly shorter than its femur; all tarsi short and thick. All 
femora and middle and hind tibie brown; all tarsi and fore tibie, 
except at base outside, pale yellow; a prominent brown spot at tip of 
tarsi within. 

Abdomen about three-fifths the length of the body; about one and 
one-fourth times as broad as the mesothorax; nearly cylindrical to 
seventh segment, then sides curve smoothly to base of tube. Tube less 
than one-half as long as head and at middle only about one-ninth the 
breadth at middle of abdomen. Spines on abdomen of moderate 
tength, slender, acute, light colored, and not prominent. The abdo- 
‘men is darkest at sides and tip; on each side of segments two to 
eight, slightly outside the line of wing-confining spines, there is a 
rounded or elliptical clear yellow spot. The bedy lacks any striking 
coloration. 

Described from ten wingless and two winged females. 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 6331, U.S.N.M. 

Male.—The males are about five-sixths as large as females. Their 
antennz are about one and two-fifths times as long as the head; there 
‘appears to be less difference in the length of antennal segments than 
in female; relative lengths of segments as follows: 








ee 8. oT 8 


Git lee 10> 010 987d.) O75. "%, 





ns 


Abdomen about one and one-fifth times as broad as mesothorax; 
tube about one-half as long as head and at middle about two-fifteenths 
as broad as middle of abdomen. 

Described from nine males, all short winged. All of my males 
were taken in September, and it may be that winged specimens occur 
earlier in the season. 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 6331, U.S.N.M. 

Food plants. — Yucca jfilamentosa, goldenrod. 

FHabitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts; Washington, District of 
Columbia. 





Genus PHLGOTHRIPS Haliday. 


_ Head somewhat longer than wide; ‘cheeks with small warts, each 
bearing a tiny spine. Intermediate antennal segments not particu- 
larly elongated; the whole antenna less than twice as long as head. 
| Mouth cone as lens or longer than its breadth at base and narrowed; 
labrum sharply pointed at tip. Fore femur enlarged and tarsus 
armed with a tooth. Wings not narrowed in middle, present in both 
‘sexes. No scale at base of tube in male. 













196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


; | place two species in this genus. They may be separated by the 
following characters: | 
All femora dark brown; tibiee and tarsi bright yellow: 22 sseeer see uzeli (p. 196). 
Legs gray-brown; tarsi somewhat lighter; fore tibize yellowish. .-pergandei (p. 197). 

The female of the species vze/ comes within the definition of the 
venus Phleothrips, but the male of this species has the teeth at the: 
tip of the fore femora, which is the principal character upon which 
Uzel has separated his genus Acanthothrips. This species, therefore, 
appears to unite the characters of these two genera, and as more 
emphasis is placed upon the description of the female than upon that 
of the male, I have preferred to include this species in the established” 
eenus Phlwothrips rather than to erect a new genus for it. 


PHLGOTHRIPS UZELI, new species. 
Plate VIL, figs. 87-90; Plate IX, figs. 91, 92. 


Female.—Length 1.76 mm. (1.72 to 1.86 mm.); width of mesothorax” 
0.39 mm. (0.38 to 0.40 mm.). General color dark brown with yellow — 
tibie and tarsi. 4 

Head about one and one-fourth times as long as wide, rounded in- 
front; cheeks nearly straight and parallel, set with several short, stout _ 
spines borne upon smali warts; post-ocular bristles quite long and 
knobbed. Eyes moderately large,- rounded, finely faceted; ocelli 
prominent, distant, reddish yellow, posterior ones contiguous with 
light borders of eyes. Mouth cone long and pointed, reaching to pos 
terior edge of prosternum. Antenne about one and three-fourths 
times as long as the head, slightly more than twice as long as width of - 
head; relative lengths of segments as follows: 5 


he 2. Br Sa eee Cpe 
9.72 12.3 “18 1815 16ers eee 





one-third the length of the segment bearing them. 

Prothorax two-thirds as long as head, and to angles of coxe twice 
as wide as long; usual anterior marginal, posterior marginal and mid- 
lateral spines present, knobbed. Mesothorax slightly wider than pro-— 
thorax; sides of pterothorax straight and converging a little to base of 
abdomen. Wings long and powerful. Legs of medium length and 


femora dark brown; all tibiz and tarsi bright yellow, the middle and 
hind ones being slightly shaded with brown. 





No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 197 





Abdomen large « and stout, about four times as long as he: ad, as wide 
“as mesothorax; sides nearly parallel to seventh segment, from there 
tapering roundly to base of tube; segments overlapping about one- 
. Tube four-fifths as long as head; sides straight and converging 
‘slightly; breadth in middle one-seyenth that in middle of abdomen; 
Germinal circlet of hairs about the length of the tube, very slender. 
; Spines on sides of abdomen blunt; abdomen quite uniformly yellowish 
brown (dark brown where segments overlap). 
Described from three females. 
© Cotype:—Cat. No. 6332, U.S.N.M. 
Male.—Males about ea as iarge as females. Cheeks 





slightly fuller; relative lengths of antennal segments as follows: 


4 
S 
2 
® 
z 


A ch 3 4 5 6 7 8 


Peo t eG tel Ors bor. tae Tt 7.9 





_ Fore femora larger than in female and terntinating in two teeth at 
tip within; fore tibixe have each a small tooth near base within; teeth 
on fore tarsi large. (The teeth upon femora and tibie are not found 
at all in the female of this species.) Tube at middle about one-sixth 
the width at middle of abdomen; abdomen tapering slightly. 
_ Deseribed from five males. 
& Cotype.—Cat. No. 6332, U.S.N.M. 
Food plants.—Taken on various grasses, clover, and (/imus montana 

var. pendula. 

Habitat.—Anmherst, Massachusetts. 

This species is named for Dr. Henry Uzel, of Koénigeriitz, Bohemia, 
whose Monograph of the Order Thysanoptera js by far the best work 
that has been published upon this order. 


PHLG@OTHRIPS PERGANDEI, new species. 


Plate VIII, figs. 85, 86. 





Female.—Length 1.68 mm. (abdominal segments overlapping for 
about one-fourth their length); width of mesothorax 0.42 mm. Gen- 
eral color yellowish brown, with considerable irregular red hypoder- 
“mal pigmentation. 
Head about one-sixth longer than wide, widest close behind the 
eyes, rounded in front; cheeks slightly curved and bulging behind 
eyes, converging slightly posteriorly, set with a number of short, 
stout spines borne upon quite prominent warts; post-ocular bristles 
long and knobbed. Eyes about medium in size, slightly elongated, 
finely faceted; ocelli quite large, distinct, subapproximate, reddish 
_ yellow with date red crescentic margins, situated well forward upon 
vertex, which is slightly elevated. Mouth cone quite lone, reaching to 
back of prosternum; labrum sharply pointed and overreaching the 






a 


198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX 


labium. te twice as long as width of head; relative lengths of 


seoments as follows: 





J0. 14 99 91 1% 14 eae 




















Color of antenne brown with bases of three, four, five, and six 
decreasing in area and intensity of yellowishness; sense cones about 
one-third the length of segment three; spines quite long, dark, and 
conspicuous. 

Prothorax only five-sevenths as long as head, and to outer angles of 
fore cox slightly more than twice as wide as long; usual prothoracie¢ 
spines present, quite long and knobbed. Mesothorax as wide as width 
across fore cox, closely joined with prothorax; pterothorax very 
compact, sides converging slightly to base of abdomen. Wings long 
and powerful. Legs quite strong; fore femora much thickened, over” 
one-half as broad as head; fore tarsi armed with a small tooth. Colal 
of legs uniformly gray-brown; tarsi somewhat lighter; fore tibive yel- 
lowish. shaded with brown at bases and on top. 

Abdomen less than twice as broad as head, equal in width to meso-_ 
thorax, nearly cylindrical to eighth segment; eighth and ninth taper- 
ing abruptly to base of tube. Tube only renee as long as head; 
sides straight, tapering somewhat; breadth in middle about one-eighth 
that of middle of abdomen; terminal hairs a little longer than tube. — 
All large spines on body, except those on hind edge-of nine and at tip 
of tube are short and knobbed; those on nine and tube are acute. — 
Color of abdomen pale brownish yellow, lightest in middle; blood-— 
red pigmented tissue confined mostly to sides of abdomen in this 
specimen. 

Described from one female. 

Male unknown. 

Food plant.—Taken on grass. 

Habitat.— Amherst, Massachusetts. 

I name this species for Mr. Theodore Pergande, by whom several o 
our native species have been described. 


Genus ACANTHOTHRIPS Uzel. 


Head somewhat longer than wide; cheeks with spine-bearing warts 
Antenne very nearly twice as long as head; intermediate segments 
elongated and bearing very long sense cones. Mouth cone consider- 
ably longer than its breadth at base and quite slender.. Fore femora 
enlarged in both sexes and with one or two teeth at tip within; tarsus | 
armed with a stout tooth (Uzel says the tooth is weaker in the male — 
than in the female). Wings present in both sexes. No scale at base— 
of tube in the male. § : 

| 


. 


2 


‘No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 199 


iI have placed the single species magnafemoralis in this genus, though 
Ido not know the female. The characters of the fore femora and 
antenne are sufficient to separate it generically from PAlwothrips. 


ACANTHOTHRIPS MAGNAFEMORALIS, new species. 
Plate IX, figs. 93, 94. 


Male.—Length 2.16 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.42 mm. General 
color yellowish brown with antenne, legs, and eighth and ninth abdom- 
inal segments banded with nearly transparent or yellowish white. 

Head nearly one and one-fourth times as long as wide; cheeks bulg- 
ing abruptly and greatly behind the eyes, then converging to the neck, 
which is as wide as the diameter through the eyes; cheeks, especially 
anterior parts, set with short spines borne upon very prominent tuber- 
cles; front between eyes very narrow, carinated. Eyes large, finely 
faceted, reniform above, inner edges parallel; ocelli small, approxi- 
mate, and placed between the middle of the eyes. Proboscis long, 
slender, pointed; labrum sharply pointed. Antennz scarcely twice as 
long as the head and very slender; relative lengths of segments as 
follows: 


Missi Dini ies Ay | 5 GirechG8 
Oe he PO 265, 28s Vy dbs 9 


Segments one to five subequal in thickness; three to five similar in 
shape, elongated, urn-shaped; eight sharply conical.. Segments one, 
two, seven, and eight quite uniformly dark brown; bases of three to 
five and tips of three and four pale yellowish, nearly white on three; 
six entirely pale yellow, with slight brownish tinge on outer half; 
antenne appear annulated with pale yellow and dark brown. Spines 
and sense cones long, slender, and light colored; the cones on three to 
five fully one-third the length of segment three and on six about three- 
fifths its leneth. 

Prothorax about two-thirds as long as head: width to outer angles 
of cox nearly twice its length; transverse margin nearly straight; 
the usual stout spines on thorax and abdomen, except those at tip of 
tube, are extremely short and blunt. Mesothorax slightly wider than 
the abdomen; middle of pterothorax concaved slightly. Wings long 
and rather slender. Legs moderately long; fore femora extremely 
thick and large, almost as wide as length of fore tibiew; fore femora 
armed with a stout tooth at the tip within; fore tibixe bent outward at 
base; fore tarsi one segmented, armed with a very stout tooth; middle 
and hind tibiz rather short and swollen in the middle, their tibis 
quite slender and their tarsi two segmented. Fore femora yellowish 
brown; fore tibix and tarsi pale yellowish, tibie alone shaded with 
brown on middle of outside; middle and hind femora almost trans- 
parent white at base, outer half shaded with brown and having a 


900 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





roundish, light yellowish spot on side of dark area; middle and hind — 


tibiw pale yellowish at base and tip, banded with dark brown around — 


the middle, these tarsi pale yellow, brown at tips; surface of all legs 
rough, being thickly set with minute warts, each bearing a small — 


spine. 


Abdomen about two-thirds the length of the body, tapering gradu- 


ally from second segment to tip; width at second segment but slightly 
less than that of mesothorax. Tube slightly more than three-fourths 
as long as head; diameter at middle of tube about one-sixth that at 
middle of abdomen. Sides of metathorax and surface of abdomen, up_ 
to about the seventh or eighth segment, peculiarly roughened with — 
closely set small warts, many of which bear small spines. The tube — 
is nearly cylindrical, without a scale at its base, and at the tip bears a 
circlet of eight extremely long, slender, acute hairs, which are nearly 
three times as long as tube. The basal third of tube is very pale yel- 
lowish white; the outer two-thirds is abruptly brown-black; segments 
eight and nine pale yellow; three to seven appear irregularly striped 
with pale yellow and dark brown; dorsal stripe pale yellow and about 
the width of the wings; a subdorsal row of dark-brown, semicircular — 
spots, which stand one in the middle on each side of these segments 
with the straight side toward the dorsal line, gives the appearance of 
a subdorsal stripe; then follows on each side an irregular, pale yellow 
stripe, and the middle of the sides of the segments is shaded with 
brown. Spines on sides of abdominal segments and the back of eighth 
and ninth are extremely short and blunt. 

Described from one specimen. 

Female unknown. 

hood plant. ¢ 

/labitat.—Miami, Florida. 


MALACOTHRIPS, new genus. 


Head plainly longer than wide and narrowed in front. Cheeks full — 


and with spine-bearing warts; vertex elevated. Antenne nearly twice 
as long as head. Mouth cone as long as its breadth at base, reaching 
the hind edge of the prosternum; labrum quite sharply pointed at tip. 


Prothorax two-thirds as long as head. Pterothorax somewhat con- — 


stricted in middle. Fore tarsi with a tiny tooth. Wings usually 
reduced to pads. Abdomen large and full in the female. A closely 
lying scale at base of tube in the male. 

Phis genus contains only one species, zonatus. 

(Hakakos, soft; Apu.) 


MALACOTHRIPS ZONATUS, new species. 
Plate IX, figs. 95-98. 


Female.—Length 1.62 mm. (1.50 to 1.68 mm.); width of pterothorax 
0.30 mm. (0.27 to 0.84 mm.). General color pale bright yellow on 


ee oe 


No. 1810. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 201 





thorax and segments one, three, four, and five of the abdomen; head 
and other abdominal segments brown. Body apparently weakly 
chitinized. 

Head nearly one and one-third times as long as wide, narrowed in 
front; cheeks moderately full and set with a few small spines borne 
upen small warts; head appears constricted close behind the eyes, and 
slightly so at neck; post-ocular bristles well developed; front of head 
between eyes developed into a prominence bearing the antennz; ver- 
tex produced into a sort of hump, which, however, does not overreach 
the insertion of the antenne. Eyes small, finely faceted, dark pur- 
plish red, surrounded by pale yellow margins; ocelli present, subap- 
proximate, borne well forward upon the hump, the front ocellus being 
upon its vertex; pigmentation around ocelli bright red. Mouth cone 
moderately long and slender; labrum abruptly constricted and sharply 
pointed at tip. Antenne approximate at base, almost twice as long as 
head; relative lengths of segments as follows: 


Wipe esawes asta Oe aeG eign co Br 
9.8 13.5 184 16.5 15.8 18.9 12.4 11.4 








Basal segments large, truncate-conical, placed divergently; three 
clavate; from three to eight the segments become gradually more nar- 
row. Antenne nearly uniformly brown, except three, which is yel- 
lowish brown; spines and sense cones quite long, but slender and light 
colored, so inconspicuous. 

Prothorax about two-thirds as long as head and across outer angles 
of cox about twice as wide as long. All the usual prominent pro- 
thoracic spines well developed, but light colored; hind margin not 
sharply defined. Pterothorax in middle slightly narrower than width 
across fore cox; mesothorax short, slightly narrower than metatho- 
rax and slightly brownish yellow in color. Wings reduced to very 
small pads, each fore pad bearing three quite long, bluntspines. Lees 
of medium length and middle and hind pairs quite slender; fore coxee 
projecting considerably beyond thorax; fore femora slightly thickened 
and tarsi armed with a small tooth. All legs pale yellow or pale 
brownish yellow with prominent brown spot within tip of tarsus. 

Abdomen about one and two-fifths times as broad as metathorax, 
quite stout to eighth segment, then sides converging to base of tube. 
Tube about three-fourths as long as head and one-third as wide at mid- 
dle as long; sides straight, tapering slightly; terminal spines about as 
long as tube; spines on sides of abdomen pale, but quite prominent in 
reduced light. Segment one is concolorous with metathorax; three to 
five are clear, bright yellow; two, six, seven, and eight are yellowish 
brown, darkest on sides; nine and tube are darkest brown. 

_ Described from four females. 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 6333, U.S.N.M. 







202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI, |} 





Malv._Leneth about five-sixths that of female; head and prothorax 
nearly as long as in female; relative lengths of antennal seements 
follows: 

pope up ee 5 6 t 8 
(0 11 16 14 138° ieee 





Abdomen only about four-fifths as long or as broad as in female and 
tapering more uniformly from base to tip. 
Described from two specimens. 4 
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6333, U.S.N.M. | 
Food plant.—Vaken in turf. 
Habitat.— Amherst, Massachusetts. 


EO ROY as EUR Ss men ven Geils. 


Head as long or somewhat longer than wide, narrowed in front. 
Eyes small and vertex between them elevated. ne fully twice | 
as long as the head and thicker than in most species. ' Prothorax: 
about two-thirds the length of the head. Fore tarsi with a small’ 
tooth, which is larger in the male than in the female. Wings usually, 
reduced to short pads. Abdomen unusually large and heavy in pro-| 
portion to the rest of the body. Males with a closely lying scale at 
the base of the tube. | 

The species umpliventralis is the type of this genus. 

(evpus, broad; Fz.) ‘ 

The two species belonging to this genus may be separated by the 
breadth of the abdomen, which in ampliventralis (p. 202) is about one | 
and two-thirds times as wide as the pterothorax, while in osbornd (p. 208) | 
it is only about one and one-fourth times as wide as the pterothorax. | 





EURYTHRIPS AMPLIVENTRALIS, new species. 
Plate IX, figs. 99-101. 


Female.—Length 1.08 mm. (1 to 1.20 mm.); width at middle of}! 
pterothorax 0.24 mm. (0.22 to 0.25 mm.). General color of head and 
legs clear yellow to brownish yellow; body shading posteriorly to dark, 
brown beyond middle of abdomen. | 

Head slightly longer than wide, slightly narrowed in front, broadest 
at neck; cheeks diversine gradually behind the eyes; vertex drawn | 
out into a hump between and in front of the eyes; post-ocular bristles: 
quite long; head clear, brownish yellow with some red hypodermal 
pigment on vertex. yes extremely small and composed of but very 
few large facets, slightly protruding, oval in outline, black; ocelli) 
wanting. Mouth cone short and blunt; labrum not onstnttel beyond 
middle. Antenne approximate, large, and heavy, fully twice the: 
length of the head, with peculiar, semicircular, shelf-like support! 
visible on under side at base; relative lengths of segments as follows: | 


| 
| 
| 
1 





1. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 203 


ie 








Is 2 3 4 5 6 i 8 
at ois 5 108 11,9 9:5 6.4 

Segment one is broadest, cylindrical, and following segments decrease 
gradually in diameter; three is clavate, four to seven each barrel- 
shaped, with a short stalk. Antennal segments shade gradually from 
concolorous with head at base to very dark brown at tip; spines and 
sense cones very long, slender, and quite prominent. 

Prothorax quite variable in length, butaveraging slightly more than 
two-thirds as long as head; width also unusually variable, but averag- 
ing twice its length and equal to width of pterothorax. Anterior 
marginal spines wanting; others present, moderately long, blunt, but 
not knobbed. Pterothorax very small, rather shorter than prothorax 
and usually slightly narrower. Wings reduced to mere pads. Fore 
and middle legs rather short and thick, but hind legs quite long and 
slender; fore femora but slightly thickened and tarsi armed with a tiny 
tooth. Legs concolorous with head; femora shaded somewhat with 
brown, but without hypodermal pigment. 

Abdomen exceedingly large and heavy, about one and two-thirds 
times as broad as pterothorax; posterior half rounding up to base of 
tube. Tube fully two-thirds as long as head and almost one-half as 
broad at middle as it is long; sides straight and tapering evenly; 
terminal hairs slightly shorter than tube; spines on sides of abdomen 
quite long and prominent. 

Prothorax concolorous with head, but much more suffused with 
irregular, bright red hypodermal pigmentation. (Seen by reflected 
light on white background.) Pterothorax and base of abdomen more 
shaded with brown, and the latter becoming darker toward tip, where 
it is dark brown or almost black. Pterothorax, and sides of abdomen 
especially, thickly marked with bright red hypodermal pigment. 

Described from five females. 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 6334, U.S.N.M. 

Male unknown. 

food plant.—Taken in turf in fall. 

Habitat.— Amherst, Massachusetts. 





EURYTHRIPS OSBORNI, new species. 


Plate X, figs. 102, 1038. 





Female.—Length 1.12 mm. (1 to 1.22 mm.); width of mesothorax 
0.27 mm. (0.25 to 0.30 mm.). General color light yellowish brown to 
dark brown; head and legs yellow. 

Head approximately as long as wide, narrowed in front; the antenne 
standing upon a triangular projection between the eyes; head enlarged 
quite abruptly behind the eyes; cheeks not converging posteriorly. 
Kyes very small, depressed, finely faceted, almost oval in outline, 


i 


Bs 


904 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 








seoments as follows: 










AG 
Oo 


1 2 4 be sO em 
83 10.5- 15.8 149 4129 11-9] 


Segment one large and cylindrical; two cup-shaped; three ver 
slender at base. clavate: four to seven also slender at bases, decreasing 
eradually in diameter and length of stalk; eight enlarging to one- i 
its length and then tapering to a sharp point. Color shading gradu- 
ally from concolorous with head at base to dark brown at tip. = 
and sense cones long, slender, and quite conspicuous. Head clear, pal 
yellow to brownish yellow. 3 

Prothorax and pterothorax (in short-winged specimens) along dorsal 
line, each approximately as long as head; “width of prothorax across- 
coxe nearly twice its length, its sides indented considerably above: 
them. Anterior marginal spines wanting; others present as usual (at 
angles, mid-lateral and posterior marginal) long, slender, and blunt. 
Mesothorax approximately as broad as prothorax; in long-winged | 
specimens about one-fourth longer than in short-winged, and also 
slightly fuller. Legs short and moderately stout; fore femora but) 
slightly enlarged and tarsi armed with a small tooth; one long, erect, 
knobbed spine upon the back of each femur. Legs yellow; femora | 
shaded with brown; in darker specimens femora more strongly shaded. 

Abdomen large and heavy; fore angles abrupt; about one-half us 
wide as long; nearly cylindrical to on segment, then sides curve. 
roundly to base of tube. Tube as long or slightly nos than head, 
about one-third as broad in middle as nae more slender in outer thai 
in basal half; terminal spines only about two-thirds as long as tube; 
those on sides of abdomen quite long and prominent, knobbed. : 

Thorax and abdomen uniform in color, abruptly darker than head 
and legs, ranging from yellow-brown to dark brown, with considerable e, 
dark red, irregular, hypodermal pigmentation. , 

Deseribed from ten females, eight long and two short winged, 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 6335, U.S.N.M. 

Male.—Males about six-sevenths as large as females. Relative’ 

lengths of antennal segments as follows: 















Bt 
#4 
zi 





i 2° 8 * 4-95 Spee 
8 10-126 19 19) 202 Rete eare 








The prothorax is a little wider than the mesothorax. Fore femora | 





0. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 20D 





nsiderably enlarged and tooth upon tarsus quite stout. Abdomen 
more slender than in females and tapering more gradually. 

_ Described from five mates, all short winged. 

§ Cotype.—Cat. No. 6335, U.S.N.M. 

_ Food plants. —Grasses. 

_ Habitat.--Amherst, Massachusetts. 

_ This species is named for Prof. Herbert Osborn, who has for many 
years shown considerable interest in the study of these tiny insects. 





Genus CRYPTOTARIPS Uzel, 


Head cylindrical, fully one and one-half times as long as wide. 
Byes large and prominent. Vertex strongly elevated and bearing the 
anterior oceilus at its extremity. Mouth cone about as long as its 
breadth at base and reaching about two-thirds across the prosternum; 
labrum blunt. Prothorax about as long as width of head. Legs 
slender; fore femora but slightly enlarged; fore tarsi unarmed. Wings 
present, slightly narrowed in middle. Male with a scale at base of 
tube. 


I find only one species belonging to this genus, @spersus. 
CRYPTOTHRIPS ASPERSUS, new species. 


Plate X, figs. 104-106. 





Female.—Length 1.68 mm. (1.45 to 2 mm.); width of mesothorax 
0.32 mim. (0.28 to 0.36 mm.). General color yellowish brown to brown- 
black; body and legs considerably marked with irregular, dark-pur- 
plish, hypodermal pigmentation. 

Head cylindrical, one and one-half times as long as wide, about as 
wide as length of prothorax; cheeks almost straight and nearly parallel, 
set with a few minute, slender spines; postocular bristles short; sur- 
face of head finely cross-striated. Eyes quite large, finely faceted, 
very slightly protruding, dark-purplish red with pale yellowish inner 
margins; ocelli present, small and inconspicuous, frequently concealed 
by local hypodermal pigmentation, situated far forward; posterior 
ceili close to margins of eyes, front one on apex of prolonged vertex 
of the head. Mouth cone rather short, reaching only to middle of 
prosternum; maxillary palpi long and slender; sides of labrum straight, 
its point blunt. Antenne inserted below vertex, approximate at base, 
slightly more than one and one-half times as long as the head, quite 
slender; relative lengths of segments as follows: 


Disa + 5 6 Lay. 8 
fe ee te A816 = Th Id-.6 8 
Segments one and two concolorous with head; three pale yellow; 
test of antenna shading gradually to dark brown at tip, except bases 
of four and five, which are pale yellow; spines and sense cones short 
and i inconspicuous. 


206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXY: 





Prothorax small, scarcely two-thirds as long as head. One spine 
each posterior angle alone prominent; those at fore angles smalle 
than the anterior marginals; ali indistinct; midlaterals w anting; poss 
terior marginals small and not visible except on lightest specimen 
with careful focusing. Pterothorax approximately as wide as abdomen; 
its sides nearly straight and parallel. Wings present; hind fringe of 
fore wing double for five or six hairs near tip. Legs long and slen= 
der; fore coxe projecting strongly; fore femora sce coe thic kened | 
and tarsi unarmed; one spine near base of each femur below much 
longer than others on legs and longest on fore femora; legs concol- 



















orous with body. y 
Abdomen long and slender, cylindrical to about seventh segment, | 
about twice as wide as head, from seventh segment tapering quite | 
eradually to tube. Tube short, only one half as long as head; its sides | 
straight and converging slightly; width at middle about one-third 
width of head; terminal hairs about as long as tube. Spines at sides: 
of abdomen slender, pale, and not very prominent; segments usually, 
overlapping considerably; sides darkest in color. i 
Described from eight females. 
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6836, U.S.N.M. 
Male.—Male about five-sixths as large as female, though antennal 
are of about same size in both sexes; relative lengths of segments as 
follows: x 
LD 3 Ae 6 Sone 
8 19." 16:5 16) To. eoes ieee 








Abdomen much smaller than in female and tapering gradually from 
base to tip. 
Described from one specimen. 
food plant.—Grape. 
[labitat.—Ambherst, Massachusetts. 


Genus [IDO LOT ERE S petellticlanyac 


Anterior ocellus remote from the base of the antenne. Proboscis 
reaching the base of the prosternum; labial palpi papiiiform; vein 
one of the fore wings shortened by one-half or abbreviated. Head 
very long, rounded; abdomen hoitlowed out. Antenne siender, three 
or four times as long as the thorax; prothorax unequally tuberculated; 
metatarsi unarmed. Size large, marked with three or more lines. 

In this genus I find onty the species con/ferarum. 





IDOLOTHRIPS CONIFERARUM Pergande. 
Plate X, figs. 107-110. 


Idolothrips coniferarum PERGANDE, Entom. News, VII, 1896, pp. 63-64. 
Idolothri me ana um TRYBOM, F estskrift f6r oer oE 1896, p. 218. 











“This generic deseription i is translated from Haliday’ 8 original description. 





Be 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—IHINDS. 207 
; 
| 





_ Female.—Length oat te mm. (3 3+ to 4. 26 mm. o breadth of meso- 
thorax 0.55 mm. (0.50 to 0.60 mm.). Color coal-black without mark- 
ings. 

~ Head long and cylindrical; proportional length more variable than 
in most species, but averaging about two and one-third times as long 
as wide; surface of head transversely finely striated; cheeks set w ne 
a number of short, stout spines; head broadened a trifle just before the 
neck-like constriction at the base; vertex produced into avery promi- 
nent, conical hump in front of the eyes and overreaching the insertion 
of the antennxe. Eyes large, finely faceted, bulging slightly, extend- 
ing as far around on under side of head as on upper; ocelli small, 
widely separated, the anterior one occupying the extreme vertex; the 
posterior ones, nearly on a line with the middle of the eyes and close 
to their margins, are often invisible, unless in fav orable light, owing 
to the opacity of the head. Mouth cone short and rounded. Antennze 
approximate at base, inserted under the vertex, only about one and 
one-sixth times as long as the nead, and slender; relative lengths of 
segments as follows: 


Ware ig 6 fi 8 


1210-38 230) 9G 17-5 13:38. 15 

Segment one concealed at base; three to five clavate; six to eight 
fusiform. Three mostly yellow (two-thirds); four nearly one-half, 
and five about one-third yellow; rest of antenna brown-black. Spines 
and sense cones light and inconspicuous, but the cones especially are 
long, slender, and acute; three apparently bears only one sense cone, 
and that is on outer side; six has but one, which is on inner side; four 
and five have four each. 

Prothorax small, only about two-fifths as long as head; only the one 
long spine on the outer angle of each fore coxa is at all conspicuous. 
ae othorax appears nearly square; sides straight and parallel; more 
than twice as wide as head. Wings present, but short as compared 
with great length of abdomen, not reaching beyond fifth or sixth seg- 
ment, heavily fringed; hind fringe of fore wing double for about 26 
hairs near tip. Legs short as compared with length of body; fore 
femora but slightly thickened and tarsi armed with a tiny tooth; legs 
set with a number of quite long, slender, black spines. Legs black, 
except fore tibie dark yellowish brown along middle of inside, and 
all tarsi dark brown. 

Abdomen extremely long and slender, about two-thirds the length 
of the entire body and less than one-fourth as wide at base as it is 
long; tapers gradually from second segment to tube. Tube of female 
fully five-sixths as long as head and a little more than one-third the 
width of head; iad hairs weak and only about two-thirds the 
length of the false. spines on sides of abdomen short and weak. 

\ Redescribed from four females. 
aad 








205 EO Ee OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


fant one fonsles ioe 4. 2 mm. ee to 4.10 sah They are 
somewhat more sle Lee espe Cl ially three one eee of abdomen. 


than in female, about one and oniestitit times as a as need: “ctl 
leneths of segments as follows: 


Ms 


1 2 3 4 oe 6 4 By 
[4.90 49 34 995 22105 2 ee alae 


Prothorax nearly one-half as long as the head; fore femora consid= 
erably thickened (almost as broad as the head) and each fore tarsus_ 
hearing an extremely stout tooth; fore tar si and inside of tibiee yellow. 

Abdomen at second segment only two-elevenths as broad as long; 
tube three-fourths as long as head and very slender. ‘ 

Male newly described from two specimens. a 

Food plants.— Pinus ops, Juniperus virginiana, and Abies sp. i 

Found on either green or dry branches in spring and early fall and : 
hibernating under bark. : 

Hubitat.—Near Washington, District of Columbia; Amherst, Massa~ 
chusetts. 
UNCLASSIFIED DESCRIPTIONS. 2 


LIMOTHRIPS TRITICI (Fitch) Packard. $ 


“The females alone are winged, the males being wingless and closely 
resembling the larvee. The body of the female is smooth and shin- 
ing, uniformly open yellow, with no other markings; the legs are. 
a little paler toward the articulations. The antenne are eight- jointed, 
slightly longer than the head; the two basal joints are the largest; the 
three succeeding joints equal, regularly ovate, the sixth a little longer 
than the fifth; seventh and eighth minute, seventh a little shorter than’ 
eighth, each joint bearing four large bristles. This species differs) 
from the European Z. ceraliwm in having but eight joints, the seventh 
and eighth being minute, and with no intermediate short one, as. 
described in the European insect. 7 

“The prothorax is square, the scutellum short, crescent-shaped, and) 


the abdomen is long and narrow, smooth and shining, ten-jointed. 


Length, four one-hundredths of an inch, or less than half a line. ; 
‘The larva (fig. 2) is entirely gre penien yellow, the head and protho- 


rax of the same color as the rest of the body. The eyes are reddish. 
The feet and antennx are whitish, not annulated, as in JZ. cceralium. 
The feet (tarsi) consist of but a single joint ending ina point. . 

“The male differs from the larva in having two-jointed feet (tarsi) 
and seven-jointed antennw, those of the larva being four-jointed. ‘The: 
second joint is exactly barrel-shaped, with two ridges or lines sur- 
rounding it, third and fourth joints long, ovate, the third being a lit- 
4 





” 


: 
no. 1510. - NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 209 





— = 





tle larger than the fourth, and with about twelve transverse lines, there 
being about eight on the fourth joint, from the end of which projects 
a remarkable tubercle, as seen in the figure. The fifth joint is square 
at the end, with about eleven transverse lines, and three or four stout 
hairs externally; sixth joint minute and spherical, while the seventh is 
three times as long as the sixth, and is finely striated, and with four 
unequal stout hairs. It is just twice the length of the female, meas- 
uring 0.08 inch.” 
THRIPS TRIFASCIATUS Ashmead. 





‘* emale.—Length 0.8 mm. Light brown; eyes strongly faceted, 
purplish-brown in certain lights; three basal segments of the abdomen 
above, dark brown; segments 4, 5, and 6 white; apical segments light 
brown, the sutures dusky; legs, except hind femora toward tips, white; 
wings linear, strongly fringed, without nerves, the ground color brown 
or fuscous, with three transverse white bands, i. e., the front wings 
have a white band at base, another at about two-thirds their length, 
and with the apices white. 

** Habitat.—Near Utica, Mississippi.” 


THRIPS SECTICORNIS Trybom. 


I have been unable to see the description of this species which was 
published in Ofversigt af k. Vetenskaps-Akademiens. Férhandlingar, 
1896, page 620. 

PHLC@OTHRIPS MALI Fitch. 


‘‘This insect measures only six-hundredths of an inch in length and 
one-hundredth in width. It is polished and shining, and of a blackish 
purple color. Its antenne, which are rather longer than the head and 
composed of eight nearly equal joints, have the third joint of a white 
color. The abdomen is concave on its upper side, and is furnished 
with a conical tube at its tip which has a few bristles projecting from 
its apex. The wings when folded are linear, silvery-white, and as 
long as the abdomen; they are pressed closely upon the back, spread- 
ing asunder at their bases, and appear like an elongated Y-shaped 
mark. Viewed from above, the head is of a square form, longer than 
wide. The first segment of the thorax is well separated from the 
second, is broadest at its base, and gradually tapers to its anterior end, 
where it is as wide as the head. The following segment is the broad- 
est part of the body and square, with its length and breadth equal.” 


PHLC@OTHRIPS CARY Fitch. 


‘This insect is 0.07 long, of a deep black color and highly polished. 
Its head is narrower than the thorax and nearly square. The third, 
fourth, and fifth joints of the antenne are longer than the others, yel- 
low, and slightly transparent; the last joint is shortest and but half as 
— . Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02-——14 


= 


é 


210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. —_ VoL. XXVI. 





thick as those which precede it. The abdomen is egg-shaped, with its 
tip drawn out into a tube thrice as long as it is thick, with four long 
bristles at its end, and the abdomen is furnished with bristles at each 
of its sutures. The wings do not reach the tip of the abdomen. 
They are white and slightly transparent and fringed with black hairs, 
In its larva state it hasa more slender linear form. witha dull greenish 
vellow head, a white thorax witha broad black band anteriorly, a pale 
red abdomen with a black band at its tip, and whitish legs.” 


FOSSIL THYSANOPTERA. 


Tiny though they are, these insects are not unknown as fossils. The 
White River deposits are the only ones in this country from which they 
are yet known. Three species, representing as many genera, have been 
found there in Tertiary rocks, and have been described by Dr. S. H. 
Seudder (174, 336), whose descriptions of these insects follow. The 
last two genera are extinct. Of the genus J/elanothrips, no living 
representative has as yet been found in this country, though a species 
of this genus is known in Europe. 


MELANOTHRIPS EXTINCTA Scudder. 


Melanothrips extincta ScuppEr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875, p. 221; 
Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., XIII, 1890, p. 371. 

‘*Head small, tapering; the only appendages visible are the antenne; 
these are only sufficiently preserved to recognize that they are very 
long and slender, longer than the thorax. The thorax is rather small, 
quadrate; wings nearly as long as the body, fringed on the costal 
border as in Palxothrips fossilis. The abdomen is composed of only 
eight joints, but is very long and very tapering, fusiform, the last joint 
produced, as usual in the Physapods; the third joint is the broadest; 
of the wings only the costal border and a part of one of the longi- 
tudinal veins can be seen; there are no remains of legs. 

‘Length of body, 2.2 mm.; of antenne, 0.8 mm.; of head, 0.14 mm.; 
of thorax, 0.5 mm.; of abdomen, 1.56 mm.; greatest breadth of 
abdomen, 0.5 mm. ! 

“Chagrin Valley, White River, Colorado. One specimen, W. 
Denton.” | 

Genus LITHADOTHRIPS Seudder. | 

Bat 

Lithadothrips Scupprr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875, p. 221; Rept. 
U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., XIII, 1890, p. 372. | 

‘‘Allied to Melanothrips Haliday. The head is large, broad, globose; 
the eyes exceedingly large, globose, each occupying on a superior. 
view fully one-third of the head; the antennz very slender, equal, as 
long as the thorax, the joints eight or nine in number, cylindrical, 
equal, scarcely enlarging toward their tips. The prothorax is no 


ine 





NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. PA 





larger than the head, of equal breadth with it, the w hole thorax shaped 
asin Paleothrips. Only fragments of the wings remain, sufficient to 
render it probable that they agree well with the character of the group 
to which Melanothrips and Molothrips belong. The legs resemble 
those of Paleothrips, but are slender and appear to be rather profusely 
supplied with hairs. The abdomen differs considerably in the two 
specimens referred to this genus. In one it is very broadly fusiform, 
the tip a little produced, nine joints visible, the apical furnished with 
a few hairs, and bluntly rounded at the tip; the other has the sides 
equal, the apex not at all produced, but very broadly rounded, only 
seven or eight joints vaguely definable. 
**A single species is known.” 


LITHADOTHRIPS VETUSTA Scudder. 


Lithadothrips vetusta ScuppEr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875, p. 222; 
Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., XIII, 1890, p. 372. 

‘The specimens, both of which represent the upper surface of the 
body with fragments and vague impressions of the members, are too 
poorly preserved to add anything to the above description of their 
generic features, excepting the following measurements: 

** Furst ee tact of body 1.76 mm., of antennz 0.6 mm., 
of thorax 0.6 mm., of abdomen 0.87 mm.; breadth of head 0.28 mm., 
of thorax 0.52 mm., of abdomen 0.56 mm.; length of fore femora, 0.37 
mm. ?; breadth of same, 0.14 mm.; length of hind femora, 0.42 mm.; 
breadth of same, 0.13 mm. 

** Second speciémen.—Length of body 1.96 mm., of antenne 0.76 mm., 
of thorax 0.56 mm., of abdomen 1.10 mm.; breadth of head 0.38 mm., 
of thorax 0.59 mm., of abdomen 0.59 mm. 

** Fossil Canyon, White River, Utah. Two specimens, W. Denton.” 


Genus PALA OTHRIPS Scudder. 


Palxothrips ScuppER, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875, p. 222. 


**This genus is allied to Molothrips Haliday. The head is small, 
globose; eyes rounded, much smaller than in Lithadothrips; antenne 
slender, fully as long as the thorax, not more than seven jointed, the 
joints cylindrical, subequal. Prothorax considerably larger than the 
head, the thorax as a whole very large, stout, and tumid; fore femora 
very stout, scarcely more than twice as long as broad; fore tibiz also 
stout, a little longer than the femora; the other legs are moderately 
stout, long, reaching beyond the tip of the abdomen, with a few scat- 
tered, rather short, spinous hairs; the hind tarsi three jointed, the last 
joint smaller than tie others, and altogether two-sevenths the length 
of the tibie. Fore wings unusually peoad. broadest apically, w here 
their breadth more than equals one-fourth of their entire length, pro- 
vided with two longitudinal veins, dividing the disk into three nearly 
3y 





212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XxVI 


equal portions, connected in the middle by a cross vein, and with - 
either border by other cross veins at about one-third and two-thirds of 
the distance from the base to the tip of the wing; the wing is heavily 
fringed, especially along the hind border. Hind wings veinless, nearly 
as long, and at the tip nearly as broad, as the fore wings. Abdomen 
nine jointed, half as long again as the thorax, rather tumid, scarcely — 
or not at all produced apically.” 


PALAZZOTHRIPS FOSSILIS Scudder. 


Palxothrips fossilis ScuppER, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875, 
pp. 222-223.—Zirre,, Handb. d. Paleontology, I, Pt. 2, 1885, p. 784) 
fig. 999; Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., XIIT, 1890, pp. 373-874. 

‘‘Head small, tapering a little in front, where, however, it is broadly 
rounded. The antenne are certainly seven jointed, and none of the 
apical joints show any indication of being connate, the last joint being 
of the same length as the two preceding it, tapering, and bluntly 
pointed; none of the joints show any enlargement in the middle, but 
the middle joints are slightly larger at the distal extremity than at the 
base; they appear to be destitute of hairs. The prothorax is sub- 
quadrate, a little broader than long, with rounded sides; the fore 
femora are unusually stout, as long as the width of the prothorax. 
The longitudinal veins of the fore wings approach each other somewhat 
abruptly in the middle, where they are united by a cross vein, and at 
the tip of the wing they curve away from each other; the two cross 
veins on the lower third of the wing are, respectively, slightly farther 
from the base of the wing than the corresponding veins of the upper 
third; the fringe on the posterior border is largest near the tip of the 
wing, where the hairs are about three times as long as those on the 
costal border. The first hind tarsal joint is scarcely longer than broad, 
cylindrical; the second of about the same length, but decidedly broader 
at apex than at the base; the apical joint is nearly globular, smallest 
at base, as large in the middle as the base of the other joints. There 
are a few hairs at the tip of the abdomen and a few short ones on the 
hind tibiz; the apical ones stouter than the others, resembling spines; | 
but the insect appears to have been unusually destitute of hairs, _ 
excepting on the wings, where not only the edges but also all the 
veins are fringed. | 

** Length of body 1.6 to 1.8 mm.; of antenne 0.58 mm.; of fore” 
femora 0.32 mm.; breadth of same 0.14; length of fore tibiz 0.32_ 
mm.; of hind femora 0.38 mm; breadth of same 0.11 mm.; length of | 
hind tibiz 0.42 mm.; of hind tarsi 0.12 mm.; of fore wings 1.4 mm.; 
of hind wings 1.27 mm.; greatest breadth of fore wings 0.37 mm.; 
length of prothorax 0.16 mm.; breadth of same 0.32 mm.; length of | 
whole thorax 0.64 mm.; of abdomen 0.92 mm.; greatest breadth of the 
same 0.37 mm. 


| 
** Fossil Canyon, White River, Utah. W. Denton.” 






No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. oS 


GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 


As has been shown in Jordan’s conclusion in regard to the system- 
atic position of this group (see p. 82), Thysanoptera have branched off 
from the line of the Orthoptera-Hemiptera and resemble the Homop- 
tera more closely than they do any other group. 

Starting with a given form which we may call Prothysanopteron, I 
believe that changes in the degree of development of any of its organs 
must be correlated with changes in its habits and environment. What 
was Prothysanopteron like? Judging from its line of phyllogeny, it 
must certainly have been an active running and flying insect, having 
elongated mouthparts which were probably becoming suctorial in 
function and bearing near the other extremity of the body a saw-like 
ovipositor. Having these organs which would be concerned in the 
chief relations of its life to its environment-—nutrition, locomotion, 
and reproduction—what can we infer as to the habits of that primi- 
tive insect? It fed externally upon the juicy parts of plants, probably 
puncturing them with its elongated mouthparts and sucking up the 
exuding juices. It flew from flower to flower or tree and ran about 
actively thereupon. In the tissue of its food plants it deposited its 
egos, cutting the necessary slits for them with its saw-like ovipositor. 
Its legs, used chiefly in running or crawling, would present few, if 
any, modifications, while its wings, though surely slender, were prob- 
ably broad as compared with those found in the order to-day, and the 
hairs which happened to stand along their edges had begun to elongate 
so as to compensate, in some degree, for the narrowness of the mem- 
branes. With such an insect and such habits as this hypothesis sug- 
gests, if we can name reasonable changes in habits which, acting m 
accordance with the laws of Nature as we know them to be acting 
to-day, will produce the various forms of insects which we now include 
in this order, we feel that our hypothesis can be as well sustained as 
any such hypothesis with reference to primitive forms is capable of 
being. 

If some of the descendants of our external-feeding Prothysanopteron 
in their struggle for existence should, in the course of numerous gen- 
erations, acquire a habit of feeding in some well-protected part of the 
plant, e. g., inside the closely rolled central leaves of Yucca filamentosa, 
where they would be comparatively safe from the attacks of their ene- 
mies (a change of habit easily produced by natural selection), then, 

this environment being favorable, they would no longer find as fre- 
quent or as urgent use for their wings and legs as had their ancestors, 
‘and they would be favored by remaining in a very restricted place. 
Asa result, wings would degenerate from disuse, and the movements 
of the insects upon their feet would become slower. Wings might, 
and probably would, be a distinct disadvantage in such a fectneted 
pei so that many influences would tend toward their reduction, 


| 


914 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. “7 





which, however, “eould not be complete without entailing a decided 
disadvantage to the species by hindering its spread to other food plants. 
Nature has established her line of equilibrium somewhere between the) 
two extremes, and we have a majority of short-winged individuals: 
favored by the absence of long wings, but yet in nearly every species 
will be preserved in some sex, generation, or individuals fully devel-| 
oped wines to assist in the’ spr eading of the species. This line of | 

‘“halance” will be affected by nearly every habit of the species, so that. 
we may naturally expect to find it in different places in species having. 
different habits, and such is indeed the case. (See p. 105.) | 

Such a change of habit from frequenting an exposed to a protected 
feeding ground would affect other organs than the wings. There 
would no longer be any need of embedding the eges for protection, 
and should the atmosphere prove sufficiently moist, they would: 
undoubtedly develop though laid upon the surface of the leaf or stem. | 
This would save much of the energy of oviposition, and in the course 
of time the practice of embedding the eggs would cease altogether. | 
Having now no use for the ovipositor, that, too, would degenerate | 
from disuse till, at most, a mere vestige would remain of this origi- 
nally well-developed organ. Some such course of development I be- 
lieve to have taken place in the Phloeothripide, and the chitinous rod 
now found on the underside of the ninth abdominal segment just in: 
front of the sexual opening seems best explainable as the remaining 

vestige of the former ovipositor. (See Plate X, fig. 115.) As the: 
ovipositor became weaker and weaker other changes feed to this. 
must have been in progress. The sheath which had contained the 
ovipositor, being no longer needed, would naturally become closed up. . 

The ventral plates which had previously disappeared to provide room 
for the sheath would not again develop, but the edges of the dorsal 
plates closing around still further would meet on the ventral line. 
forming the tube of the Tubulifera. At the same time the sexual | 
opening seems to have moved backward till it reached the hind part! 
of the ninth segment, where it is now found. 

Other modifications of the Prothysanopteron, found in the Tubulifa 
era (mainly), may logically be traced to this one change of habit. I 
refer to the trapezoidal form of the prothorax, the enlargement of 
the fore legs, and the development of a tooth upon the fore tarsus. 
which thereby has lost one segment in a large number of forms, also. 
the flattened character of the body, and possibly its elongation. 

In regard to the modifications of the prothorax and the fore pair of 
legs, it is very evident that they may all be related to the one simple. 
change of habit in regard to the place of feeding, which has been. 
assumed. Naturally considerable effort would frequently, perhaps: 
usually, be required to drag their bodies through such narrow places: 
as those in which they lived. Any variation in the line of a more: 





} 
| 
| 
| 
} 


| 
| 
’ 
| 


; 


NO. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 215 





powerful development of the muscles of the fore legs or of any modifi- 
cation of the tarsus which would tend to give a firmer hold in crawling, 
being favorable to the insect, would be preserved by natural selection, 
and thus in the course of many generations the tarsal tooth and the 
powerful, thickened femora of most Tubulifera would be developed. 
There would also be a correlative broadening and flattening of the 
prothorax, which would necessarily result in pushing farther apart the 
fore coxe, which are attached to its hind angles. The logical result of 
these changes is the trapezoidal form of the prothorax always found 
in those species having such thickened femora and well-developed 
tarsal hooks. 

The elongation and flattening of the body are doubtless referable in 
some degree to the same change in the conditions of external life, for 
such a changed form would certainly have been favorable to its pos- 
sessors, and we are surely safe in assuming that the favorable changes 
are the ones which have been preserved, while the unfavorable ones 
have been eliminated. We do not presume to say that all the descend- 
ants of Prothysanopteron followed this suggested line of change; some 
of them certainly may have done so. Neither do we presume that all 
the descendants of those which did follow some such line of develop- 
ment would continue in an even similar environment till all the modi- 
fications which have been named had been accomplished. We have 
just as much reason to expect a change of environment any where along 
the phyllogenetic line as at its beginning, and such changes certainly 
must have taken place. What would be the result if this were the 
ease? Different environments acting upon different subjects, or even 
upon like subjects, would favor entirely different variations. Struc- 
tures which had become developed during the changes subsequent. to 
Prothysanopteron might be lost, but those that had been lost could 
never again be developed in their original form; e. g., tarsal teeth 
and thickened femora might develop and then disappear, but an ovi- 
positor of the original type would never again be found in the Tubu- 
lifera. We would expect then that the descendants of Protubuliferan 
would vary in habits, habitat, form, and life rather than in the tubu- 
lar nature of the terminal segment of the body. Such is indeed the 
case, and so while there do take place great modifications of each 
organ, the presence of the tube is constant. We feel justified in con- 
cluding that the family Phlceothripide has now diverged far more 
widely from Prothysanopteron than has either of the families of the 
Terebrantia. 

_ The two families constituting the suborder Terebrantia resemble 
each other quite closely in many respects. We find between them no 
such marked points of difference as we do between each of them and@ 
the Phleothripide. The principal differences which do exist are 
Mainly various modifications of the same organ, and the most impor- 


ex 
nS 


5 


- 





O16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,_ 


4 
tant structures which we must notice are the antennz, wings, and ovi- 
positor. What are the chief points of difference that we find in the 
structure of these organs? Only a modification in the structure of 
each organ has taken place. In Holothripide we find always nine | 
seemented antenne, comparatively broad wings, which are rounded at 
their extremities, and have, in the fore wing, the fore fringe and | 
the spines along its veins very weakly developed, a strong ring vein, 
two longitudinal veins, and four or five cross veins, and finally a 
strongly developed ovipositor, which curves upward toward the tip of 
the abdomen. In Thripide we find antenne with from six to eight 
segments, wings which are nearly always slender and quite sharply 
pointed at their tips; that in the fore wing the fore fringe and numer- | 
ous spines along its veins are nearly always well developed, two | 
(sometimes only one) longitudinal veins are present, the ring vein is — 
rarely strongly developed, cross veins are absent or but slight traces 
of them occasionally appear, the ovipositor is moderately well devel- 
oped in most cases, but sometimes is small, weak, and functionless, 
though it is always plainly present and curves downward away from 
the tip of the abdomen. 

Between these two families we shall find it much more difficult to 
decide just what influences may have favored the development of the 
differences noted. Certainly many influences were concerned, and 
they could not have been of such a nature as to favor such radical 
changes as have resulted in the development of the Tubulifera. Rather 
than attempt to outline these varied influences and their probable 
results, we prefer, in this case, to base our conclusions upon the gen- 
eral tendencies which now appear to be acting, and which we may 
reasonably assume to have been acting in the same way during much, 
perhaps all, of the past history of this suborder. 

We have shown that Phlceothripide have diverged more widely from 
Prothysanopteron than have any other members of the order. A 
comparison of the antenne in the three families will aid us in deter- 
mining the order in which the families must be arranged. In the 
Phlcothripide these organs are always eight segmented. The inter- 
mediate segments are, as a rule, much thicker in the middle than at 
the ends, and are sometimes rounded. Stout spines are borne around 
the apical thirds of segments two to six, inclusive, and more slender 
spines are more generally distributed over the last two segments. A 
whorl of small spines stands also around the first third of each segment 
from three to six, inclusive, and simple, stout, specialized sense cones 
are borne at about the outer third of these segments in most cases. 
The antenne of Thripide consist of from six to eight segments, of 
which the intermediate ones are always considerably thicker in the 
middle than at their ends. Stout spines are usually present around 
the apical ends of segments two to five inclusive. More slender spines 


ie 


i 


no. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. Pay 


are generally distributed over segments six, seven, and eight, and 
from three to five whorls of small spines are often discernible around 
the middle half of each intermediate segment. Sense cones are found 
upon segments three to six, inclusive; in some cases these are all sim- 
ple, though in the majority those upon segments three and four are 
double or crescentic in form. The antenne of Molothripide have 
always nine segments, of which the intermediate ones are always much 
elongated and regularly cylindrical in form. Stout spines are found 
only around segment two, while the remaining segments, except the 
basal, are thickly set with small spines, which are irregularly, but 
generally distributed. Of these last two types of antenna, that of 
Thripidze unquestionably approaches more closely to that of Phlceo- 
thripide. Granting that the latter exhibits the extreme degree of 
divergence from the original type, we must place Thripide next, and 
this leaves the antenna of Aolothripide as resembling most closely 
that of Prothysanopteron. 

If we examine the wings in like manner, we shall find that both 
pairs of those of Phlceothripide are similar in form, long, slender, and 
rounded at their ends. Ring vein and cross veins have entirely disap- 
peared. Each wing has only one longitudinal vein, which is median 
and though quite strong at its base usually disappears before the mid- 
dle of the wing. The fringes upon both margins are equally well 
developed and quite similar in all respects. The membrane of the 
wing is smooth and the veins are not set with spines except for about 
three, which usually stand near the base of the vein in the fore wing. 
Thripide have wings which differ in many regards from those of 
Phieothripide just described. The fore and hind winys are dissimi- 
lar in many respects. They are both, however, long, very slender 
(except the fore wing of Parthenothrips), and sharply pointed at the 
tips. The fore wing is always somewhat stronger than the hind wing 
and has more veins and heavier fringes. There are usually present in 
it two fully developed longitudinal veins (sometimes only one), and 
these disappear before reaching the end of the wing. The ring vein, 
though very strong in the one species of Parthenothrips, is weakly 
developed in most species and in some is hardly distinguishable. 
Traces of cross veins can sometimes be seen, but they are never 
strongly developed except the one between the two longitudinal veins 
at the first third of the wing. While entirely absent (with the excep- 
tion named as strongly developed) in most species, there may occa- 
sionally appear individuals having wings which show traces of cross 
veins, and it is very significant that these always occur at just the 
same positions in the wing as are occupied by the cross veins of Molo- 
thripide, which will be more fully described in connection with that 
family. The hind wing has one longitudinal vein which is median, 
but no ring or cross veins are present. Fringes usually occur upon 


918 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 








both margins of both wings, but are ‘Gimerenn upon the two margins, 
the fore fringe being single, shorter, and usually stouter than the hind 
one. The veins of the fore wing alone bear more or less strongly 
developed spines w hich upon the costa may even take the place of the 
fringe. The membranes of both wings are thickly set with very 
minute, microscopic spines. In /Holothripidse we find wings which | 
are long, comparatively broad, and rounded at their extremities. 
Here also the fore and hind wings are dissimilar in many respects, 
the fore wing being stronger and far more heavily veined. The — 
fore wing has always a strongly developed ring vein,“ two longitudinal 
veins which extend throughout the wing and unite with the ring vein — 
on each side of the tip, and four or five well-developed cross veins — 
situated as described on p. 129. The hind wings have no fully devel- 
oped longitudinal vein and no trace of cross or ring veins. No fringe 
is developed on the front margin of the fore wing and only a very 
short, weak fringe is here present upon the hind wing. The veins of — 
the fore wing bear only short spines and the membranes of both wings — 
are thickly set with small spines which, though minute, are larger 
than the similar spines in Thripidee. 

Comparing now these three types of wing point by point, and bal- 
ancing the weight of evidence, we are led to the conclusion that A¥o- 
lothripidx and Phloeothripide stand at the extremes in respect also to 
their wings, with Thripidee somewhere between them but nearer to the 
former than to the latter group. The strong, constantly developed 
ring vein of Aolothripide has become much weaker or entirely dis- 
appeared among Thripidee, while in the widely divergent Phlceothrip- 
ide no trace of it is found. Cross veins are also disappearing in 
Thripidie, and their occasional presence in much the same position in 
the wing as in Aolothripide suggests the idea that they are under- 
going degeneration and that ee process has gone farther in some 
species than in others. In Kolothripide the longitudinal veins join 
the ring vein near the tip, in Thripide they do not reach this point but 
taper out and disappear before the tip, while in Phleeothripide they 

rarely reach beyond the middle of the wing. The microscopic spines 
upon the membranes and the comparative development of the fore 
fringes both point to this same relation of the families. In only one 
character do the wings of the extreme groups closely resemble each 
other—this is in the broadly rounded tips. The Phloeothripide being, 
as we have seen, the most widely divergent group, we must conclude 
that, so far as wings are concerned, those of Molothripide resemble 
most closely the wings of Prothysanopteron. 

In regard to the ovipositor but little will need to be said. It is 
always found more strongly developed in Aolothripide than in Thrip- 





“This heayy ring vein is a most remarkable character and, so far as the writer can 
learn, nothing like it is found in any other order of insects. 


' 


no. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA 







HINDS. 219 





— ee = : - ! = 
‘ids, while in Phlceothripide it is entirely wanting. Moreover, there 
exists in Thripidee a wide variation in the degree of its development, 
as has already been shown. So in this respect, also, we must place our 
three families in the same relation to each other, and if Prothysanop- 
| teron possessed an ovipositor, as we can not doubt from its phyllogeny 
-must have been the case, the well-developed organ found in Molo- 
thripide must very probably approach most closely to the primitive 
form. 

Summarizing the conclusions which we have now reached, we find, 
first, that the Tubulifera (Phlaothripide) have diverged more widely 
from Prothysanopteron than have either of the families of the Tere- 
brantia. Second, a comparative consideration of antennae, wings, and 
ovipositor shows that Afolothripide and Phloeothripide present the 
extreme types of these structures found in the order. Therefore we 
conclude that the AZolothripids most nearly preserve the characters 
present in the Prothysanopteron ancestor of this order. From this it 
appears that the descendants of Prothysanopteron early divided into 
two main groups, one of which diverged widely from the original form 
and has developed the Tubulifera of to-day. The other of these 
groups continued nearly along the original line, but in time it divided 
again and a group (Thripidee) branched off, taking in some respects the 
direction of Phlosothripide, while in the majority of characters it fol- 
lowed a line of its own. The group which still continued most nearly 
in the original direction includes the insects which we now place in 
the family “olothripide. 











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~ 80. 


81. 
82. 
*83. 


84. 


85. 


*102. 
103. 
104. 
105. 
106. 


«107. 
108. 
109. 


*110. 
ell: 
112. 

£113. 


114. 
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116. 
7. 


#118. 
2119. 
120. 


pes 


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924 


121. 
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129. 
130. 
Se 


99) 
os. 
99 
oo. 

*134. 


*135. 


136. 
137. 
158. 
159. 
140. 
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142. 
143. 
1434, 
144. 
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147. 
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163 
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Pe VATE REE 


yl. Iv, fig. 23. 

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Wacner, R., Stett. Ent. Zeit., XX VII, 1866, p. 67. 

Dryro.e, E., Annales de la Soe. Ent. de France, 4th ser., VI, 1866, Bulletin, — 
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Watsn, B. D., Pract. Entomol., I, 1867, pp. 19, 49-51. ; 

Sc eee S. H., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XI, 1867, p. 117. 

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Ritey, C. V., 6th Rep’t Ins. of Missouri, 1874, pp. 50-51, fig. 9. 


we 


no. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 925 











166. Beruuns, C. J. 8., 5th Rep’t Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1875, p. 60. 
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179. Macauister, A., Introd. to Animal Morphology and Syst. Zool., Pt. 1, 1876, 
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183. TAscHENBERG, E. L., Brehm’s Thierleben, 2d ed., IX, 1877, Insekten, pp. 567, 
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189. Boprerzky, N., Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool., XX XI, 1878, p. 202. 
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191. Packarp, A. S., Zool. for students and general readers, 1879, p. 370. 
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195. Reuter, O. M., The Scottish Naturalist, V, 1880, pp. 310-311. 
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198. AsHmEAp, W. H., Orange Insects, 1880, p. 72. 
199. Cosrr, A., Comptes Rendus, XCI, 1880, pp. 462-463. 
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203. Packarp, A. S., Half hours with Insects, 1881, pp. 118-119, fig. 86. 
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205. Bennett, Psyche, III, 1881, p. 249. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02———15 





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206. Darwin, C., Psyche, III, 1881, p. 250. 
207. Hart, W. E., Psyche, III, 1881, p. 204. 
208. Kircuner, Psyche, III, 1881, p. 256. 
209. Taraioni-Tozzertr, Annali di Agric. No. 34, scientific part, 1881, pl. 11, “| 
s 





14, 15, Art. V, pp. 120-134. 

210. TARGIONI eee 3ull. Ent. Soe. Ital., XIII, 1881, p. 210. 

211. Ormerop, E. A., Manual Inj. Ins., 1881, pp. XXVU, XXvlil, 86-88, figs. 

212. Howarp, L. ae Rept. Dept. woe , 1881, p. 137. 

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214. Lintner, J. A., First Ann. Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1882, pp. 79, 3038, 332. 

¥215. Krauss, H., Tooluneene Jahresbericht, f. 1880, Pt. 2, 1882, p. 185. 

216. PerGanpr, Th., Entom. Monthly Mag., X VIII, 1882, pp. 235-236. 

217. PerGanpg, Th., Entomologist, XV, 1882, pp. 94-95. 

218. Ossporn, H., Psyche, III, 1882, p. 369. 

219. PerGanpg, Th., Psyche, III, 1882, p. 381. 

220. Lerevre, E., Entomologist, XV, 1882, p. 240. 

221. , Wiener Entomologis. Zeitung, I, 1882, p. 104. 

222. Duncan, P. M., The Transformations of Insects, Sixth thous., 1882, pp. 376-377. _ 

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224. Osporn, H., Trans. Iowa St. Hort. Soc. for 1882, 1883, pp. 205-209. ng 

225. SAUNDERS, Wm., 13th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1882, 1883, p. 66. 

226. SaunpERs, Wm., Ins. Inj. to Fruits, 1883, pp. 158, 238. i 

227. Packarp, A. S., Guide to Study of Ins., 8th ed., 1883, pp. 69, 80, 378, 547-550. 

228. Packarp, A. S., 3d Rept. U. S. Entom. Commission, Pt. 3, 1883, p. 297. q 

229. Sicarp, Henrt, Elements der Zoologie, 1883, p. 422 

230. Coox, A. J., Ins. Orchard, Vineyard, etc., 1883, pp. 122-123, figs. 100-102. 

231. Osporn, H., Canad. Entomol., X V., 1883, pp. 151-156. ci 

232. Arum and Lanpors, Lehrbuch der Zoologie, 5th ed., 1883, p. 109. 

233. CassELi, Natural History, VI, 1883, pp. 146-147. 

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235. Curtis, J., Farm Insects, 2d ed., 1883, pp. 285-289, 431-482, pl. 5, figs. 7-9, pl. 
0, figs. 14-17. ; 

236. Packarp, A. 8., Amer. Nat., XVII, Pt. 2, 1883, pp. 820-829; Ann. and Mag. 7 
Nat. Hist., (5), XII, 1883, pp. 145-154. 


ftowes 


Ente AY Sa ae! 
- 2 om 





Agams sy 








*237. Costa, A., Atti Acad. Napoli, (2), I, 1883, p. 71 
238, , Entomologisk Tidskrift, 1884, p. 90. : 
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240. Wiruaczit, E., Zeit. f, Wiss. Zool., XL, 1884, p. 633. 
241. Ciaus and Sepawick, Elem. Text- Hose of Zool., 2d ed., Pt. 1, 1884, p. 559; sth 
ed., 1892. 
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243. OrmeERop, K. A., Guide to Methods of Ins. Life, 1884, pp. 30, 149, 150, fig. 
244. TArGIonti- ae Trt, Letta alla R. Acead. dei Georgeult 1885; Di Aleuni Rap-— 
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245. WHITEHEAD, 11th Rep’t to Agr. Dept. Gt. Brit., 1885, pp. 152-153. f 
246. Kirpy, Wm., Text-book of Entomology, 1885, p. 95, 2d ed., revised and aug- y, 
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247. Osporn, H., Coll. Bull. 2, St. Agrl. College, lowa, 1885, pp. 96-97; Trans. Iowa 
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248. Woop, Animate Creation, III, 1885, p. 393. z 
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200. Zirrer, Handb. d. Paleontology, I, Pt. 2, 1885, p. 784, fig. 999. 
251. , Bull, Soc. Ent d. Belgique, 1885, p. lxx. 





Ba) te or 


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#256. 
¥257. 
r 258. 
*259, 
— 260. 
261. 
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*263. 

264. 


265. 
—*266. 


§ 267. 
#268. 
269. 


= 270. 
e271. 
. Lintner, J. A., 40th Rep’t N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist. for 1886, 1887, pp. 96-98. 
S273. 

274. 
| 275. 
=7276. 


272 


277 


~ 


#293. 


- 294, 
#295, 
296, 

297. 








—_ 


: eee i Ae, Eeeond Rep’t Ins. of N. Y., 1885, pp. 29, sas 56. 

. Fernap, C. H., Grasses of Maine, 1885, p. “42. 

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1885, pp. 237-413. 

Werner, H., Handb. d. Getreidebaues, 1885. 

Krauss, H., Peoleecanes Jahresbericht fur 1883, Pt. 2, 1885, p. 160. 

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Hupparp, H. G., Ins. Orange, 1885, pp. 164, 165, fig. 77, pl. x1, fig. 5 

Perez, J., Comptes rendus, de I’ Acad. d. Sciences, CII, 1886, pp. 181-183. 

Krauss, H., Zoologischer Jahresbericht for 1886, Pt. 2, 1886, p. 222. 

BrrrKkau, Px., Archiy f. Naturgeschichte, LII, 1886, Pt. 2, p. 126. 

Taraioni-Tozzerri, Atti d. R. Accad. d. Georgofili, 4th ser., VIII, 1886, pp. 
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Leunis, J., Synopsis d. Thierkunde, 3d ed., II, 1886, pp. 535-537, figs. 

Lrypeman, K., Bull. Soc. Imp. d. Naturalistes d. Moscow, LXII, 1886, No. 4, 
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Scupper, 8. H., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 31, 1886, p. 63. 

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, New England Farmer, editorial note, June 19, 1886. 

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Lone, Our Insect Foes, 1887, p. 27. 

Nicnotson, H. A., Manual of Zoology, 7th ed., 1887, p. 408. 

Woop, Insects at Home, 1887, pp. 259-260, fig. xxvii. 

Weep, C. M., Prairie Farmer, LIX, 1887, p. 343; Popular Gardening, III, 
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*278. 
#279. 
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281. 
= 282. 
5*283. 
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285. 
286. 
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— 288. 
_ 289. 
5*290. 
a291. 
5* 2.92. 


Berrkav, Pu., Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, LIII, Pt. 2, 1887, p. 131. 

ForBEs, S. A., Centralia, Illinois Sentinel, 1887; Prairie Farmer, June 4, 1887. 

Para pane: J., Annalen d. k. k. Naturh., atrameanes 1887. 

Vv. SCHLECHTENDAL, D., Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss., LX, Pt. 6, 1887, pp.551-592. 

Cook, A. J., in W. J. Beal’s Grasses of North America, I, 1887, pp. 375, 401. 

Suretey, A: E., Bull. 10, Miscel. Inform. Roy. Gardens, 1887, p. 18. 

LinpEeMAn, K., Entom. Tidskrift, VIII, Pts. 2-3, 1887, pp. 119-127. 

Ro.ieston and Jackson, Forms of Animal Life, 2d ed., 1888, p. 510. 

Howarp, L. O., Entomol. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 152. 

SmirH, Entomol. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 152. 

Wesster, F. M., Entomol. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 152. 

FLEtTcHER, J.. Entomol. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 152. 

Lintner, J. A., Vinyardist, I], May 1, 1888, p. 113. 

Lintner, J. A., Albany Evening Journal, July 7, 1888, p. 7, col. 3 

BerreGrota, EF. parin es rendus de la Soe. Ent. d. Sean) YO. 98, XXXII, 
1888, p. Xxx. 

Linpreman, K., Die schiidl. Insekten d. Tabak in Bessarabien, 1888, pp. 15, 
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LinpEMAN, K., Psyche, V, 1888, p. 23. 

Hoskins, T. H., Garden and Forest, I, 1888, pp. 476-477. 

Ospory, H., Rep’t U. S. Dep’t Agr. for 1887, 1888, pp. 163-164. 

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228 
298. 
*299. 
300. 
301. 
302. 
303. 


304. 


305. 


306. . 


307. 
308. 
309. 
FLO! 
SMe 
ol2. 
313. 
314. 
B15. 
316. 
Siz: 
*318. 


319. 
320. 
o21. 
322. 
323. 
d24. 


325. 


*326. 


327. 


328. 


329. 
330. 


del. 


oo2. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 
Pita 
Osnorn, H., Ins. Life, I, 1888, pp. 187-142. 
Low, F., Wiener Landwirtschaftliche Zeitung, 1888. 
Packarp, A. S., Entom. for Beginners, 1888, pp. 55, 73, figs. 58, Se 
PACKARD, A. 8., Riverside Nat. Hist., 2d ed., 1888, Appendix. 
FLETCHER, J., 19th Rept Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1888, p. 11. 
Woop, Tu., The Farmer’s Friends and Foes, 1888, pp. 154-159, fig. 
Tarciont-Tozzerri, Cronaca entomologica del’anno 1887, 1888, pp. 3, 5, 8 (or 
5; #; 10): 
Comstock, J. H., Amer. Naturalist, XXII, March, 1888, pp. 260-261. 
TorpAN, K., Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool., XLVI, 1888, pp. 541-620, pls. XXXVI-XXXVII, 
91 figs. 
Lintner, J. A., Fourth Rep’t Ins. of N. Y., 1888, pp. 66, 198. 
Comstock, J. H., Introduction to Entomol., 1888, pp. 123-127, figs. Wd, es 
Ritey-Howarp, Ins. Life, I, 1888, p. 167. 
Unsanin, W. H., Embryology of Physopoda, Moscow, 1888? 
Fiercuer, J., Ann. Rep’t Exp. Farms for 1888, 1889, pp. 59-62. 
Ritey-Howarp, Ins. Life, I, 1889, p. 340. 
NicHotson, Dictionary of Gardening, IV, 1889, pp. 30-31. 
Ritey, C. V., Ins. Life, I, 1889, p. 301. 
Lintner, J. A., 5th Rep’t Ins. of N. Y., 1889, pp. 302, 304. 
Jorpan, K., Journ. Roy. Micros. Soc. Lond., 1889, Pt. 2, pp. 203-204. 
Corrs, E. C., Indian Museum Notes, I, 1889, pp. 109, 110. 


Uzet, J., Puchyinatky (Physopoda), Vesmir. Praha. Boténik osmnicty; Cislo — 


21, 1889, pp. 241, 243, a 245; cislo 22, pp. 258, a 259. 
THaxter, R., Ann. Rep’t Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1889, 1889, p. 180. 
Lane, Lehrbuch d. Vergleich. Anatomie, Pt. 2, 1889, p. 454. P 
Comstock, J. H., Bull. XI, Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta., 1889, p. 131. 
Fiercuer, J., 20th Rep’t Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1890, pp. 2, 3. 
Bropigr, 20th Rep’t Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1890, pp. 8, 9. 
Wesster, F. M., Ins. Life, II, 1890, p. 266. 
Rrtey-Howarp, Ins. Life, II, 1890, p. 338. 
Mayer, P., Zoololischer Jahresbericht for 1888, 1890, pp. 60-62. 
GARMAN, H., Bull. Essex Institute, X XII, 1890, pp. 24-27. 
Ritey-Howarp, Ins. Life, ITI, 1890, pp. 34, 77, 128. 
GARMAN, H., Ins. Life, III, 1890, p. 83. 
Garman, H., Canad. Entomol., X XII, 1890, pp. 215, 216. 
Forses, S. A., 16th Rep’t St. Entom. of IIL, 1890, p. ix, pl. v, fig. 4. 
Kriicer, Berichte d. Versuchs-Station f. Zackerrohr in West Java, 1890. (No- 
ticed editorially in Exp. Sta. Record, Dec., 1891.) 


3. Mayet, V., Les Insects de la Vigne, 1890. 
. Hyarr and Arms, Guides for Science Teaching, No. VIIT, 1890, pp. 115-114, 


fig. 62. 


5. OrmeRoD, E. A., Manual of Inj. Ins., 2d ed., 1890, pp. 97-99, 384. 

3. ScuppER, 8S. H., Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., XIII, 1890, pp. 371-374, figs. 

. Lintner, J. A., 7th Rept. Ins. of N. Y., 1891, pp. 316, 366, 384. 

. Osporn, H., Canad. Entom., X XIII, 1891, pp. 93-96. 

9. Epwarps, 21st Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1891, p. 103. 

. Forses, 8. A., 17th Rept. Ins. Illinois, 1891, pp. xiii, xv. 

- Matty, F. W., Bull. 24, U. S. D. A., Div. of Entom., 1891, pp. 30-31. 

. Lane, Textbook of Comparative Anatomy, Transl. by H. M. and M. Bernard, 


I, Pt. 1, 1891, p. 440. 


. Ritey-Howarp, Ins. Life, IIT, 1891, p. 301. 
. Wesster, F. M., Ins. Life, III, 1891, p. 453. 
. Rirzema Bos, Tierische Schiidl. u. Nutzl., 1891, pp. 574-578, fig. 349. 











orgs 





7 No. 1810. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 229 
346. Taratont-Tozzerri, Animali ed Insetti del Tobacco in Erbal del Tobacco Seceo, 


347. 


348. 
349. 
#350. 


*351, 


302. 
353. 
304. 
355. 
356. 
357. 
308. 
309. 
360. 
361. 
362. 
363. 
*364. 
*365. 
366. 
367. 
368. 
369. 


370. 
371. 
372. 


373. 
o74. 
375. 
376. 
377. 
*378. 
379. 
380. 
381. 
382. 
383. 
384. 
385. 
386. 
387. 
*388. 
389. 
390. 
*391. 


392. 


1891, pp. 222-224. 

Bouts, J., Die Mundwerkzeuge d. Physapoden, Inaug. dissert. GOttingen, 1891, 
36 pp. 

Baker, Amer. Florist, VII, 1891, p. 168, fig. _ 

Weep, C. M., Insects and Insecticides, 1891, p. 95. 

Reuter, O. M., Meddal. af. Societas pro Fauna et “lora Fennica, X VIT, 1891, 
pp- 161-167. 

Hormann, J. H., Verein f. vaterl. Nattirkunde in Wurtemberg, XLVIT, 1891, 
pp. 24-28. 

Coquitert, D. W., Ins. Life, IV, 1891, p. 79. 

FERNALD, C. H., Bull. 19, Mass. Exp. Sta., 1892, p. 116. 

Ritry-Howarp, Ins. Life, 1V, 1892, p. 354. 

Riury, C. V., Ins. Life, V, 1892, p. 18. 

Osporn, H., Ins. Life, V, 1892, pp. 112-118. 

FietcHer, J., Ins. Life, V, 1892, pp. 124, 125. 

Forsss, 8. A., Ins. Life, V, 1892, pp. 126, 127. 

Wesster, F. M., Ins. Life, V, 1892, p. 127. 

TownsEenp, C. H. T., Canad. Entom., X XIV, 1892, p. 197. 

ScHNEIDER, Book of Choice Ferns, I, 1892, pp. 170, 172. 

Kosus, J. D., Bull. 43, Proefstation, Oost-Java, 1892, figs. 1-4. 

GituETTE, C. P., Ann. Rept. Col. Exp. Sta. for 1892, 1892, p. 36. 

Rizey, C. V., Bull. 39, Smithsonian Inst., Part F, 1892, pp. 18-19, fig. 22. 

TASCHENBERG, E. L., Brehm’s Thierleben, IX, 1892, pp. 609-611, 2 figs. 

Criaus and Sepewick, Elem. Textbook of Zool., 4th ed., I, 1892, p. 559. 

Lintner, J. A., Country Gentleman, Oct. 27, 1892, p. 809. 

Ormerop, E. A., Textbook of Agric. Entom., 1892, pp. 33, 195-197. 

Tararont-Tozzerri, Animali ed Insetti del Tobacco in Erbe e del Tobacco Secco, 
1892, pp. 9, 10. 

Luaaerr, O., Bull. 28, Univ. of Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1893, pp. 120-121. 

GREEN, Indian Museum Notes, IJ, 1898, No. VI, p. 172. 

Korps, H. J., Einfiithrung in die Kentniss der Insekten, 1893, pp. 211, 225, 
284, 287, 598. 

Lintner, J. A., 8th Rept. Ins. of N. Y., 1893, pp. 254, 255. 

Fiprcuer, J., Ann. Rept. Exp. Farms for 1892, 1893, p. 145. 

Bruner, L., Rept. Neb. St. Bd. Agr. for 1893, 1893, p. 457, fig. 96. 

Woopworta, C. W., Rept. Agr. Exp. Sta. Univ. Calif. for 1891-1892, 1893. 

Davis, G. C., Bull. 102, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1893, p. 39, fig. 10. 

JABLONOWSKI, J. Potfuz. Termes. Kozl., XXII, 1893, pp. 17-24. 

GILLETTE, C. P., Bull. 24, Col. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1893, pp. 13-16. 

Lintner, J. A., Ninth Rept. Ins. of N. Y., 1898, pp. 377, 445. 

Smirn, J. B., Ann. Rept. N. J. Agr. Col. Exp. Sta. for 1893, 1893, p. 441. 

GILLETTE, C. P., Ann. Rept. Col. Exp. Sta. for 1893, 1893, p. 55. 

Hoskins, Psyche, VI, 1893, p. 557. 

Ritry-Howarp, Ins. Life, VI, 1893, p. 45; 1894, pp. 211, 348. 

Osgporn, H.,.Ins. Life, VI, 1893, pp. 74, 80. 

AsHMEAD, W. H., Ins. Life, VII, 1894, p. 27. 

Tryzom, F., Entom. Tidskr., XV, Pts. 1, 2, 1894, pp. 41-58. 

Bruner, L., Ann. Rept. Neb. St. Bd. Agr. for 1893, 1894. 

McMuraicu, J. P., Textbook of Invertebrate Morphology, 1894, pp. 509, 510, 526. 

Davis, G. C., Bull. 116, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1894, pp. 62, 63. 

JABLONOWSKI, J., Termes Fuzetek, XVII, 1894, pp. 44-47, pl. m1; pp. 95-99, 
pl. tv. 

Wesster, F. M., Ins. Life, VII, 1894, p. 206. 


*394. 
395. 


396. 


397. 


398. 
399. 
400. 


401. 
402. 
405. 
404. 
405. 
406. 
407. 
408. 
409. 
*410, 
*411. 
412. 
*413. 
414. 
415. 
416. 


434. 
*435, 
436. 


457. 


458. 


2 Grrrmgand Lows, Bull. 83, new series, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1894, pp. 680-682, 


5. Trysom, F., Lilljeborgs Festskrift, 1896, pp. 213-229. 

5. Lapureav, A., La Nature Ann., XXIV, 1896, p. 80, 1 fig. 

. SLINGERLAND, M. V., Rural New Yorker, LV, 1896, p. 561. 

. GarmAN, H., Amer. Naturalist, XXX, 1896, pp. 591-593, 1 pl. 

. TryBom, F., Zool. Centrabl., IV, No. 12, 1896, p. 419. 

. THEOBALD, F. V., Insect Life, 1896, pp. 200, 210, 211 (London). 
. Frank, Die tierparasitiiren Krankheiten d. Pflanzen, 1896, pp.1381-134, fig. 35. 
32. Smirn, J. B., Economic Entomology, 1896, pp. 101-108, fig 73. 
. Zeuntner, L., Overzicht van de Ziekten van het Suikerriet op Java 2 deel. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXYI 





pl. 11; also in 13th Ann. Rept. N. Y. Exp. Sta. for 1894, 1895, pp. 758-760, pl. 
Reuter, E., Finska Landtbruksstyrelsens Meddelanden, 1894, No. VII. 
Durry-PERGANDE, Trans. St. Louis Acad., V, 1894, pp. 533-542, pls. x, x1. 4 
Nace, Wu., Biol. Zool., X VIL, 1894, pp. 67-182; Summary in Biol. Centrabl., 
XIV, pp. 547-551. { 
Wesster, F. M., Ohio Farmer, Aug. 2, 1894, p. 97; Aug. 23, 1894, p. 157; 
Nov. gal 1895, p- Biloe 4 
SMITH, : B., Rept. Entomol. N. J. Agr. Col. Exp. Sta. for 1893, 1894, p. 441. 
Craw, A., Fourth Bien. Rept. St. Bd. Hort. Calif. for 1893-94, 1894, pp. 87, 88, 
Woopwortu, C. W., Fourth Bien. Rept. St. Bd. Hort. Calif. for 1893-94, 1894, ~ 
p. 140. 3 
3ruNER, L., Introd. to Entomology, 1894, pp. 9, 44, 185, 189, 186, 202, 295. 
Bruner, L., Rept. Neb. St. Hort. Soc. for 1894, 1894, pp. 163, 214, fig. 82. 
CocKERELL, T. D. A., Bull. 15, N. Mex. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1895, p. 71. 
OsporN-MALLY, Bull. 27, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta., 1895, pp. 159-142. 
Wesster, F. M., Bull. 58, Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., 1895, pp. xxxiii, xxxiv, fig. 3. 
Ormerop, E. A., 18th Rept. Obs. on Inj. Ins., 1895, p. 41. 
Corrs, E. C., Indian Museum Notes, III, 1895, p. 48. 3, 
Comsrock, J. H., Manual for the Study of Ins., 1895, pp. 119-120, figs. 137, 138. 
Uzex, H., Monographie d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, 500 pp., 10 pls. 
. Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, LXI, Pt. 2, 1895, p. 214. 
UzEL, H., Zool. Centrabl., III, No. 24, ee pp. 845-848. . 
Trysom, F., Entom. Tidskr., X VI, Pts. 1-2; 1895, pp. 1o7—194. rf 
Buorescu, Feuille Natural, X XV, 1895, p. 76. 
PEerRGANDE, TH., Ins. Life, VII, 1895, pp. 390-395. 
Suarp, D., Cambridge Nat. Hist., V, 1895, pp. 172, 173, 175. 
Lintner, J. A., 49th Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1896, pp. 241-250; also, ~ 
as 11th Rept. Ins. of N. Y. for 1895, 1896, pp. 241- 250, 








7. Davis, G. C., Special Bull. No. 2, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896, au 13-14, fig. 4. . 
. Beaca, A. M., Proc. Iowa Acad. Se., 1895, III, 1896, pp. 214-22 


9. Osporn, H., Proc. Iowa Acad. Se., 1895, ILI, 1896, p. 228. € 
. Brrerots, E., Ann. Soc. Ent. Beene XL, 1896, pp. 66-67. ~ 
. PERGANDE, TH., Entomological News, VII, 1896, pp. 63-64. @ 


2. Hopxrns-Rumsey, Bull. 44, W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896, pp. 270-271. 
23. Trypom, F., Ofy. Ak. Forh., 1896, pp. 618-626. : 
. Tryzom, F., Ent. Tidskr., X VII, 1896, pp. 87-104, figs 1-4. Abstract in Amer. 









Nat., XX XI, 1897, pp. 545-546, 4 figs. 


Vijanden nit het Dierenryk. Arch. Java-Suikerind, 1897, 10 pp. See also 
Zool. Centrabl., 1898, p. 803. 
Brirron, W. E., 20th Rept. Conn. Exp. Sta. for 1896, 1897. 
JapLonowskl, J., Potfuz. Termes. Kozl., 1897, pp. 146-157. 
SoMERVILLE, Wm., Farm and Garden Ins.,1897, pp. 60, 61, fig. 20. 
Comstock, J. H., Insect Life, 1897, pp. 74, 75, fig. 57. 
Srrring, F. A., 15th Ann. Rept. N. Y. St. Exp. Sta. for 1896, 1897, pp. 612-613 





zg 
> 


439. 
440. 
441. 

¥449, 
443. 
444, 
445. 

#446. 

#447, 
448. 


449. 
450. 


451. 
452. 
453. 
454. 


455. 
456. 
*457. 
458. 


459. 
460. 
461. 
462. 
*463, 


464. 
465. 
466. 
467. 
468. 
469, 


470. 
471. 
472. 


473. 
474, 
475. 
476. 
477. 
¥478. 
 *479, 
> 480. 


) 
| 
1 No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. fol 





QuaintTance, A. L., Bull. 42, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1897, pp. 552-564. 

Pacxarp, A. 8., Zoology for high schools and colleges, 10th ed., 1897, p. 348. 

Tapuin, W. H., Garden and Forest, X, Mar. 17, 1897, p. 106. 

Rotrs, P. H., 10th Ann. Meet. Fla. St. Hort. Soc., 1897, p. 97. 

Ecxstern, Forstliche Zoologie, 1897, p. 566. 

SrrRIneE, F. A., Bull. 115, N. Y. St. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1897, p. 70. 

SLINGERLAND, M. V., Rural New Yorker, May 8, 1897, p. 309. 

Lucas, Ros., Archiy f. Naturgeschichte, LXI, 1897. 

Acioqug, A., Fauna de France, IT, 1897, Orthopteres. 

Revrer, O. M., Acta Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn., X VII, 1897?, No. 2, 69 pp., fig. 
Abst. in Zeitsch. f. Entom., V, Dec. 15, 1900, p. 387. 

Howarp, L. O., Bull. 18 (new ser.), U. S. Dept. Agr., 1898, p. 101. 

Lrytner, J. A., 51st Ann. Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 363. Also 
in 13th Rept. Inj. Ins. of N. Y., 1898, p. 363. 

Rotrs, P. H., 11th Ann. Meet. Fla. St. Hort. Soc., 1898, pp. 34, 38. 

Putnam, F. A., New England Farmer, July 2, 1898. 

Burra, P., Riv. Patol. Veget., VII, No. 1-4, 1898, pp. 94-108. 

QuarntTance, A. L., Bull. 46, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1898, pp. 77-114, 12 figs.; 
Abst. in Exp. Sta. Record, X, No. 9, pp. 867, 868. 

Packarp, A. 8., Textbook of Entomology, 1898, p. 597. 

Howarp, L. O., Yearbook, U. 8. Dept. Agr. for 1898, 1899, pp. 142, 148, fig. 27. 

Matsumura, M., Zool. japon., III, No. 1, 1899, pp. 1-4, 1 pl. 

Burra, P., Riv. di Patol. Veget. VII, Nos. 5-8, 1899, pp. 129-135, 136-142, pl. v, 
figs. 1, 2, 3; pl. vim, figs. 19-22 

Bruner, L., Ann. Rept. Neb. St. Hort. Soc. for 1898, 1899. 

Puppet, M., Schr. nat. Ges. Danzig. N. F., X, 1899, pp. 46-48. 

CarPenter, G. B., Insects, their Structure and Life, 1899, pp. 183-185, fig. 100. 

SHarp, D., Cambridge Nat. Hist., VI, 1899, pp. 526-531, fig. 254 

DEL GueErcio, G., Atti della R. Acad. dei Georgofili, X XII, No. 1, 1899, pp. 
50-76, 6 figs. Also in Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., X XX, pp. 165-186, 6 figs; also in 
Nuove Relazioni della R. Sta. di Ent. Agraria, No. 1, 1899, pp. 207-233, 5 figs. 

Perrit, R. H., Bull. 175, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1899, pp. 343-345, figs. 1, 2. 

QuarnTance, A. L., Bull 20 (new ser.), U. S. Dept. Agr., 1899, p. 59. 

Wesster, MAtty, Bull. 20 (new ser.), U. S. Dept. Agr., 1899, pp. 69-70. 

Trysom, F., Ent. Tidskrift, XX, 1899, pp. 194-196, 267-277. 

SCHENKLING, S., Illust. Zeitsch. f. Entom., V, No. 1, Jan., 1900, p. 9. 

Hinps, W. E., 37th Ann. Rept. Mass. Agr. College, 1900, pp. 81-105, 4 pls., 
33 figs. 

Smirn, J. B., Rept. Entom. Dept. N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1899, 1900, pp. 427, 428. 

FrerNALD-Hinps, Bull. 67, Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1900, pp. 1-12, 1 pl. 

Reuter, E., Acta Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn., XIX, 1900, pp. 16, 17, 68-75, 92- 
94, 97-99, 115, 116, 117, 120. 

Tipe, R., Die Geradfliigler Mitteleuropas, 1901, pp. 278-298, pl. xx1mt, 7 figs. 

Garman, H., Bull. 91, Kentucky Exp. Sta., 1901, pp. 42-45. 

Leonarpt, G., Gli Insetti Nocivi, IV, 1901, pp. 614-657. 

Wesster, F. M., Journ. Columbus Hort. Soe., X VI, No. 3, 1901, 7 pp., 4 figs. 

Hinps, W. E., Proc. 17th Ann. Cony. Soc. Amer. Florists, 1901, pp. 90-92. 

Lucas, R., Archiv f. Naturgesch., LXV, ii, 1901, p. 900. 

Reuter, O. M., Ofv. Finska Vetensk. Forh. Helsingfors, XLIIT, 1901, p. 214. 

CHITTENDEN, F. H., Florists’ Review, April 17, 1902, pp. 738-740. 


INDEX TO GENERAL SUBJECTS. 


Introduction ......-..--22--- 2006-25 = eee aie ie = eee ere 
History of Thysanoptera ...-..-.------------------+-+++--+--+-++----++-------- 
Systematic position of Thysanoptera....-.-----------------+-------+-+------- 
Collection of Thysanoptera -..-.-.-------------------------++---+----------- 
Preservation ax Outing eo See eee nna 
External anatomy....---------<-- <5 =25 525 fee oo oe 
Integument: adult, larva, pupa -.--.-------------------------------------- 
Head antenns 22225. ee oe Se oe ee eee ee ee eee 
Organs of vision: eyes, ocelli....-..-------------------------+------------- 
Mouth parts: labrum, maxillze, labium, mandible, maxillary lobes, other mouth 

structures, movements of mouth parts ----------------------------------- 
Thorax: prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax, variation in structure of ptero- 

thorax invwingless species 2222 92 = = ea ee 


Appendages of the thorax . :=--5. -- 22-222 - S25 32 oe ih ie 
Legs: coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, spines, bladder, bladder mech- 
anism, other organs of doubtful function- <=> === eae eee y 
Wings: venation, fringing, spines upon wings, taking flight, coordination of 
the wingsreduction of the win@S-2 2-2-2... === =e ee 
Abdomen: Terebrantia, Tulbulitera -22--2e-00- esse eee eee eee 
Sexual charaeters: £35); < 52. scr soe = rte 
Terebrantia: female, ovipositor; male’ 322-2 ee ee ee 
Tubulitera: female; male copul atoms es sae 
Deformities 2 3s. 26525 12.22 e once se eeee eet cee Ae eee ee eee 
Reproduction: bisexual reproduction, unisexual reproduction .....-.-------- 
Dissemination. Loc... 26s. ae Soc eee ok Se ee ee ee 
Development: oviposition, egg, embryology, emergence of the larva, larval 
stage, moits, nymph or pupa, hibernation, length of life..........---.---- 
Keonomié considérations-:.- 2.2.2. i222-c20 es =e ss eee eee eee 
Injurious forms: feeding habits,.2:2.2 2221-2 33-0) eee 
Beneficial forms: predaceous thrips, flower fertilizers. .......--------------- 
Natural checks: insects and acari, etc., plant parasites, rain.....-.---------- 
Artificial checks: insecticides, cultural methods -...........---------------- 
Characters of Thysanoptera ..2..22)..22) 2eee eee ee 
Method of measurements |... + -1-. 2.322 55) Se ee 
Individual variations <2... pe 
Synopsis'or suborders amd tamales ye ees eee eer 
Characters of Terebrantia.. 2.22. j.02 ice ee te ee oe ee 
Characters of Aeolothripide —. 2... 222.2222 jee ee 
Characters:‘of Thripidee ...2.. -.. 3.252 2522 eee 
Synopsis of Thripide) ..-... ss. ..<c5.2 eee See ee ee 
Characters of Tubulifera (Phiceothripidss).. — 22. 22 esas. mee se 
Synopsis of Phloothripids-.. . 252.5222. a eee 
Unclassified ‘descriptions: - .. 2.2.2.2 2 322 oy see 
Fossil Thysanoptera .... 502 22.2.2 5. ees 
General considerations...- ....- 2 .....c02 s-seb oe ee ee ree 
Bibliography... -- 2.2502... 22.0 n se ee 


Index to families, genera and species 
Index :to foed plants: ...... 2.22. 52 2 


Explanation of plates... 2... 2.2.2. Sscc eee Sark nl eget ea cee eM ee eee 
232 





{INDEX TO. FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 


Family names are in small caps. 
names are in small type. 


Generic names begin with a capital, and specific 
Synonyms are italicized. 


References to descriptions are in heavy type. 


Page. 
Acanthothrips ---.----- 188, 196, 198, 199 
LONI Lee eee te aioe ei 168, 169 
PROMO TERT TDA Sache ese ere aes = 87, 
4 89, 90, 93, 99, 102, 103, 104, 108,109, 
124, 126, 186, 216, 217, 218, 219 
SA olothrips -2-.=---- 96, 102, 127, 128, 130 
Pulenrodess= ste eee secs 2s--sec= = 118 
ATT, Se ae EO an I ee 179 
PUN nities eee ee ee ee thse 191 
ampliventralis..-...------------- 202 
Baya phothrips. 2 =- 22 4.-+: 107, 111, 112, 
; 115, 118, 119, 129, 132, 133, 160, 161 
BiCMOS a ne. ere aja Wala See 134, 186 
UmilvoWarsy 0S) sees seseneeoserectce 188 
SSG a renee 105, 111 
Aptinothrips --. 90, 111, 124, 133, 166, 167 | 
aspersus ....-----.-------------- 205 
Prsreiobid os S22 hse oe se 175 
FiCieeeoe ee Sey. fs Soste oe acs ce 119 
PUIG ees eR SS aes 175 
SURG acer eres Ste re eerie = 139 
recrelniseee pe ser oe ey ele 191, 192 
BpieOlOriaso este tan cece aes. a ae 130, 132 
ele igee 2s? aed es oe as cee 170 
We RIEMNG etstey rs es oe So ae 82,110 
BRE tee Se anc eis 79, 209 
Baye to liee oa Ae Soe 2: 118 
mephalothirips.2..--2.~----s+- 188, 194 
Beer UUs ees ee a ede 138, 208 
GIR Ieee ea oes as 2 eae eas eee 172 
Sairothrips 2.5. -..----- 90, 95, 98, 105, 
108, 112, 125, 126, 183, 134, 136, 137 
BESEU sop ee o.oo a eee 119 
Brrelauis 2203 aoe See -emt en 141 
NETS See Rie ele ke carpe 81 
BEOURT IPS OPE re ae he oasis 127, 128 
communis ...-.---------++-- 81, 179, 180 
Romine releases sere afore = celace 206 
Sconnatticornis.......-.----- 90, 166, 167 
STN GUIS Ne Mey yee i fp aiete eee <= 133, 136 
meryptothrips. 5.2. -.-.--<----' 188, 205 
mOynipide .........--++---------- 118 


‘e 


© 


y 





Page. 

Giracsenies be eese aes SOs ide Lp LG 
HmMplsayeteet ) 22 ee oe. hse. 119 
Entomophthora.2— .-------+-2-s 119 
Hury Gotlps: o25'.2)2 ses === 187, 202, 203 
ietaT Ss UE oe Se eae eee 116, 

120, 138, 147, 148, 152, 154, 155, 156 
Rb Chameeer-menee eee ne ee tee meets S 210 
fanciapeninise ss 32 oS. 2 - . Se 168,171 
FAS CIAL ee ce tes | ara ets oe 127, 128, 174 
fISClA LISS eae See 127, 132, 168,174 
HOMO Ae eae eee Se 168, 172 
fOssilig yaar ee eee 212 
fiserpeninisy. 202. ef ene eae see 159 
RUSCUS eee ee See oe ees 148, 154 
PURSY Pili sept Ae een see eee 118 
SEAsshi impasse cae ee 120, 161, 165 
Gyrepieiasee-" 23. fs<Se5-2e 119 
heemorrhoidalis -=--------- 111, 168, 169 
ICIS pee oes. ae See 82,176 
Heliethnipss =.= sos. fssoesaree 87, 91, 97, 

111, 113, 133, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174 
iidolothnips:S: 2+ 2225. <222<=-5- 188, 206 
NGO UALISe set aoe eine ee = = 132, 146 
HABIGNGSUS Aa ot aes Se oe ee ee 119 
Limothrips ....-- 79, 80, 161, 179, 183, 208 
Pamothripsys.: 2. s-2 =.<- 90, 133, 188, 159 
Inithadotheips:)-2-22.-2-—---s-~ 210, 211 
longipennmis: 1.5 -8—- == J=22-- esse 134 
longistylosas. = 2s -2-<-- 2-25-=-= 160 
Macresportum): .23-2..----2=---- 119 
MAGUN Aen ree me ae ee 119 
magnafemoralis ---..------------ 199 
TEES Ge Nees coat 155, 156 
Malacoinmips sas eos 246 cs 188, 200 
LINEN eee res oe pera eat oie a sel 79, 209 
TAL Cee ee ee eerie erecta im = 119 
TANT CALA See ence aeictciea\ reer 154 
MANICALUIG: soos] a= See acim a 105, 133, 134 
Aieoaliae es oso eae nae s<s= se 119 
Melanothripes. sos.) --<----~'=- 210 
TAREE eM ee ere ions emer oie 119 
ESO Gane oo et eee aneeees 118, 158 








i 


934 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVI | 
Page. Page 
ONVORA {o.oo 155 -|) 6=maecul ata ee 157. 
WERVOSUBC = ce bos se eee 148, 155 || 6-maculatucs = ses ee 118, 157 
Ripert ele. os 188 | sphaerosperma:=.2 222222 >ss see 119 | 
PP aim BS we coe ee ee 188 | striata:? S525 a ee nee 81,179 
nied veritris cs. Gas Se eee 154 | striata 2-2 sa eeeeoe eee 81, 161 
Aaa ieee he pet eee 108; 112,133; 18% |: striatusse = eee ee ee 179 
Dedontalig oe eee 148, 152,154. | striatus. 2a eee eee 107, 111, 
onion thrips: 0 2ee 2s sees 120, 179, 183, 184 112, 115, 118, 119, 120, 132, 160, T@mS) 
OshOriil 22 to cnt eee ee 202,208 | styliferd.-— << Soe nee ee 166 — 
Palzcothirips sae. ase ese 211,212 Syrphus Sa 119 . 
PONG Se nee ae Scien eee 157, 158:'|-talael > 2 ee ee Sif. | 
Parthenothrips ES a aot at oranades 87, init 116, Lely 119, 120, NGS 180, 183 | 
90; 91. 102, 111, 133, 175,076,217 |) PaarPipa = sso. 79, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 95, 
perpandel... 2( 2.2. sete seere 197 96, 99, 102, 103, 104, 108, 116, 118, _ 
perplekat:. See eer eae 184 124, 132, 133, 186, 216, 217, 218, 219 
perplexus ee NE eee 108, Le 7) 184 Thrips ye aa ed 79, 80, 81, 118, 127, | 
PHL@OTHRIPIDE ....--------- 87, 89, 90, 134, 148, 145, 146, 148, 152, 155,156, | 
93,96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 114, 157, 158, 161, 166, 168, 169, 176, 183 
118, 186, 187, 215, 216; 2L7, 21S \009 (Ehnips2.< se eee ee eee Sir 
Phimothirypss > sAgees. cones 161, 188, 189 82, 108, 111, 112, 116, 117, 118, Tae 
Phileothripsiss2 222 saves cee lo: 120, 1383, 178, 179, 180, 183, 184, 209 
82; 110, 118, 188, 195, 196; 197, 209 | TamrpsipEs T 2-2 eeis ee Sir 
Py lloxeras isn anak eee enone 118 || Tisgepsrres’ 22) _ 2) 25ers 81 
puydloxene coo. noe e eee 79, 118. | “Trichethrips 2.2 = oessae 187,191, 192 
IPVSMPT, 25022 5 JOS ee were 81 |*8-fasciatas: 22 se ee eee 128 
IPHYSSEODESS oe Sou saa 2 eee Sl | trtfasctata, a sae ee 128 
Physapus: 22205 Vso eee 147 | txtfasciattiss 22325 See eee 118, 209 
PM BOPUS 2 SIo ee 8 Os 815147, 154,955: | @riphleps (se ao eee 119 
OCPROGUSE ser: Se A eee SOG | ntnitiet= sere es eee 79, 179, 183, 208 
Rseudothmipseesss se ee eee 132133146 |) tritici) =o eee 116, 120, 147, 148, 154 
Raphidothripstsss=esse. ses 133, 158,159 |:‘Trombidiumis.- 22. <5 45s=eeeeee 119 
redtspider® 0 ees. et Deel ee 118, 158 || ‘waelis. S25. 2 a See ae 196 
MUA Meee Ee eee ak a ee GGi4| Eviarstaloils eee 141, 148, 145 
MUMS pee Pe 90;.111, 124, 266; 167 | verbaseiess< 23 ae ee ee 188, 189 
colo thnipseser sae Sea eee 133,157 -| V ESITARSES- ¢2<2 =e ee 81, 82 
SCyMUNUIS ah tee aes eee 119+) ‘vetusta..22 = ..3-2 tS eee ae 211 
SCCHEORTIAN aids ee ae ee 209 | wheat thrips::= sees see 148, 183 
SEMCONTIPS =F Seon. A 184 +] *ytleeses 2 ae ee 194 
Sericothrips..------ 885.102, 133.91419143 |vzonatugis= = eee ee 200 


INDEX TO FOOD PLANTS. 


Generic hames begin with capitals, specific and common names with small letters. 


Scientific names are italicized. 





Page. 
VAD LCS tne as oN er alee Pie 208 
PACIUL ULE Cena) oa etre Ones epee hs Aen 189 | 
BLNBOURCU ern Ae Reg oe ee ag 173 | 
PA OO DUTT aire eae oats an epee 162 | 
MOMS Rca DAN ea) eis: Me aes 162 | 
eM a teeth eal bea ac ae 162 | 
suielt eer el erty ee eet Sao Oe 129, 150 | 
ALLL CO RASS esp rare on ak SL 150 | 
PALO URS Se aa ae Pe ek Ene 173 


Page. 
apple 2.5. che Sa eee 150, 181. 
apricot: 2: 2 52 ees oe eee 153 
AQUabiCd s <see 02 eee eee 162 
arachniferd!;-2 Saeee See eee 162, 
AT GhGix. 28 eee 173 
Arn Nenaleruit 22 = ee ee 162 
Anite. cp paneer 173 
asparagus.:0 43" e eae See 150, 
Aspidium 328 eee 170, 














ie 
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 2355 
: Page. Page. 
Tee rer ne Pate pal OOS Eumiuses ee ee ee oe 162 
BRE Se oe eee eco Ste 1G2r is Mnelish pea s/f. 1 2.0.2 bes. ece 150 
TES ae ae Oh ME RCCHELES een cee oe ee 181 
Barner re oy. ee BA WO MRE OCIS ee fof ak Se a ais 2 Soe on wk 162 
BEIT Leet as he ee SS fle ENRON ORR eras Wn ee ona see keke es 181 
ertnipeeens eee Cot Nees IS OS EIEMEPICHUUEIS eee eae oe ook tee ee 173 
ere ee a 1S UAC eg 21: | a ee ee ee aS 170 
Memrptweed ...222.5.22.222...2-2- ISAO: i estUCa e. = 225252 eke seks 138, 141, 162 
reeR iy cos ou Lb eck SOM StiEnausss oan es Nes ka Dee 173, 177 
Beenicet ower........-.--.-.--:- UGH | eOntOsOk mae tse ee te 195 
BPE ee ae en EST | RMADERCONS-OONG@o. = = =e Sas aaa se oe 162 
Gis ie Ser er an et. 8 NODE A elChenie eens tee ce cane oe the ee 162 
SIP Noee ee oo ere See ete IS2EIsTOUr-OLClotkess oaks Sete eee 181 
Bara eAG oc hee a eS ee OMS OT MG ONCE eae aa fen 2s oe ee 173 
MNECCOID 2 Sls eet bs TLS 2 HOOs | pardon leek: 5.26 520 5. 226 <5 See 181 
BEERS i oe kee sac sue ioe HSI bSs> | gtomeraids ios 222 bai kn 2s 245524 2 185 
Ree oe i Et te 162i Mepldenrod.=-2.:i.iss<.25: 150, 181, 195 
BETES SE ee ee ie OS Sie eG OSR Liens Se are cee eee 173 
TID Sg aa Se a 1SEs | orandyiora 2... 2.,.2225-202h52-<2%2 173 
LYRE i ES Es aL ea ee MODS Per Syke ae a ele eee i wae 206 
UTD SSS a ae 1162 | grass' 2 ..2- 146, 155, 160, 172, 185, 192, 198 
Been Rts we OP ee oe, OOn |S emaSSed= eee eee oe ers, 129, 132, 135, 
EE a ee 137 145, 150, 156, 167, 185, 189, 197, 205 
BSc om 2 aoe a. eek hs isc es 1814 | shackpentye .c. $= 22<.=a2$sece2 145 
BEBO Wet: © eae con gait Se ies Sie ehandnackmae = te a son cea ee 150 
EE Se) a Sere catia 3 PZ PRIGNE StALG See =e ee cs eee 170 
R= 2 Ps 2 oe be Hi aie Cig 1s iso i ebawinonm lite. eh es oe 145 
I-A eek ee eines ne ee ne oe eieal-allexees saat eee C St oo Ge oe 150, 181 
|. > ae ie ees ilps) FHOMOLO pe Saas <2 225 toh -sa2se eee 150 
RECs ce See x Be oe es SHE | SCCCTOPUMILG. 22 en S22 eee ese ee 162 
BMRIUNCMUM ©. - 2222022552522. iia | shtoneysuckle: = 2222222222 sess 2 150, 181 
EEE ES ae a ee POs AOD eee hee oes Bo See ae 158 
MER rea oe eres Ser Sc SS tee Ay) AY OPONGED a 2.223 5 ssk cusses 150, 173 
mere OO eI 30) ligand. 15OF SI 97-| Wnermiss coos ss oniccccnecsessee525< 162 
HOSUR os <a Be esis Lecisees Sete LPORIMOpSe teas seseceesen sss cst eee 208 
ML RUSSU Mine aise oe Ok te See ee 162 | Jamestown-weed ....-.--..--.-.- 181 
Bemealower = 222.22... 2.2.i2222 SOS iba |p SOTA eee a Sete Se Pe ee 181] 
RIE a erg a ee Bs oe L5G S5s| CINE Crassees os es sealers Se 120, 165 
BITING OO pe ios eee WSs Rei UnU Genistein ea ee 208 
BAB STISS = ere he aaa tines Sts kales sae ate vem eR eal we a et ees 181 
Bema nll 222 bea oT RS PS ede CRUIGE a2 RE Sy peo 9D Ea ok 17%, 
RI ete Se oe see Swe ds a EGO" | PANO sere Seems ooo oe aoe LTO 
MMT pee ine Se See aes ee ANG all IT SEE eer ete erect MS? ee oe er 150 
Meeoumber..... 1.2.2.2... IAG HITS: 18h is lobOtd eels Seteeeer see she Sos. = 173 
NO USL See ee USE AROL ILIV ere ee RC ets eR ae ee oy 162 
Se eee eee ae [Rar etNEN ONS apace Paes aeons ak 181 
Roe Moe SNe sist QOS MNO CRG UNG Bean sat tase Al Sak 150 
ELIS Se ge 150 UeieamimeMonete: = sb oe Sot B Se 181 
mee-tooth violet -.-..---.---..--+ sO yimmllenouitinn eee os oo eS 189 
SE Se eee i nee NEON e ehnee hes Sofas cc ee ace Ste khs 
BERNE So ol os Soo gic ees Gamo eee ee econ 197 
ary Pista MNOOMMOWER = a522 0 cos 2s keees oe 173 
per cre oe Sie UG aleroilleimieateeyhe Bete He OS. oe 181, 191 
a ay T5St oe nasturtiemat? 25524 SL ee 181 
i. 


sah 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





236 

e Page. 
MEMOTOUUS nic Solon aslo eee Soe eee 162 
NOCLUTIVUNU =~ = os 2 cats ose wiele ea 173s 
SAtsrsee see oe eee eee 129, 130, 141 
oleoll pe eran a lesthe ett mel es Teese an holt ths See hes em Yue tees ene tLe 162 
ONIONS Sane eee see Sees 129, 181, 184 
OLA OG we ses = she rea rete L501 bosiiio 
QUITO poe a ee ee ee 138, 162 | 
Ox-eye Galsyi- =. 2522-492 s-eee 189 
(RON OGNUS oo See ee EE eee 173 
RONCHI Seee ee oe ae eee 132, 137, 162, 185 
Parsley) 2285. Sasaeee =~ eee 18] 
Wea e= Shee wes ak Se nee eee 150 
Nese 222 Fes Se se oe eee 150 
TOCA ee Sere a tee eee secre eee 150 
Pel eG sean een ck ae eee eee 170 
DETIO e as iaars Sees eeeee 197 
DEG ENIUC eae alae eters ee 162 
PRleuim ea es sears Cee 162 
PROG eee ak Se 170 
PROCHUR Ro ee he oe a ee 173 | 
Dime eee Sys Fan: Se es 150, 170, 181 
Pius earn Be Bes ee 2 ener regs 208 
lume As eee eA aa 150, 181 
ROUSE eae et etek corns 120, 138, 162, 165 
DOLALON A eRe tay eee ee eee 150, 158 
MOT UETIBC Rae es 8 ee fan aes 162 
OT LENS Spee ees 120, 188, 141, 162, 165 
PObUINAD Kal 2s eis Ses Soya rere a 181 
CUM CE sats seins ase ee ee 193 
LAS pPHeLtyesee see: Cee ae 150 
TECNClOVEG Ss aeewoe oe eee 150, 189 
CRON Ca prs on es eee 173 
OSC Bal cros chore oe ae a ee a 150 
LOT Gis Sane aE leet hee ee ee 162 
BPRAUD UG i ge Sea eee Boe epha ean a ae 181 
SCUNOLLUN CLC ee eee 132, 162, 185 
SPT OULU ates ae oy ep ke et eo eee a a 162 
shepherd’ shpurse:ss-ces e-0 eee 181 











shrubby Alhéa = esos eee 

silver topic. 22225 See 2 eee 120, IE 
SIMPL EL: eee eee 0 
smartweed 2 /hecte se: e+ Ne eee 146, 150. 
Solidago... X22 a oe oe ee 50 
Specillariac®. 2 S235se eee 1 
Spiranthes = 32228222 eee 50 
squash... 22 252-82 322 seeeee 150, 181 
stoloniferd.- 2222-225 3 eee 2 
StONECIOPp) 222-52 c asec eee eee 
strawberry 22.3: 52422266 see 

StAtUs Ss Sees ee ee eee 
sunflower 2.220022. Sseeee ee ( 
sweet clovers: 3. s2- =e. eae 150, 181. 
sweet william 2-2 265.24. ee ( 
Tanacttum:- 3 52a eee 

talisy : 2 ee eee 129, 130 
timoth y, 2s 223 eo 165 181 
tobaceO: 2s. 28 eee 1 
tomato: 5332 Sess ee ee 173, 181 
trividlis*: =. eee eee ee ee 162 
uth tes eee eee 167, 202 
turnip Ae... Sees Se eee 181 
Ointisask2 a eee 197) 
Verbeng 2 22S hee eee eee 170° 
WINES 23. SSR eee See 170. 
UIPCUVAN 2°. Sho ge 208 
VU GUNUCUS = Sas oe a ee 162— 
Vitis 2.55 es ee eee 173 
WULGOTeS. 5352 hoe eee 130. 
UGGS Sai oS ce eee 132, 162 | 
Weeds... 5scn.2 Soe ae eee 129, 158 | 
Wheat: 2 tote eee oer 129, 150, 181 
white: blast 22223632533 -2es- eee 184 
white clover. -22--s4— 5-2 ooo 189) 
white topic. .<3e58 sesso ee 165 - 
wild. carrots. 228 2 Sass. - 4 eee 135. 
VrCCdits 2 a5 Soa ee eee eee 


195 | 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


In the figures of wings of species of Terebrantia the hind fringes are not fully represented on | 


account of their great length. 


PLATE I. 


Fig. 1. olothrips fasciatus Linneus. Head, prothorax, antennee, and fore legs of | 


2 62 
female. I 


S) 


3. Molothrips fasciatus, end of abdomen of female. 


4. Molothrips bicolor, new species. 


: 62 
female. 


5. Aolothrips bicolor, end of abdomen of female. " 


. Molothrips fasciatus, left fore wing of female. 


6 


189 


Head, prothorax antennze, and fore legs of | 


62 


Fig. 


NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 237 








~J] 


9. 


10. 


Ti 


sullby 


14. 


15. 


16. 


lft 


18. 


24. 


. Limothrips avere, right fore wing of female. a 


. Sericothrips variabilis (Beach). Left fore wing of female. = 


. Sericothrips variabilis, end of abdomen of male. 


. sEolothrips bicolor, anterior part of abdomen at junction with metathorax 


: , : : 85 
showing first abdominal segment of male. —. 


‘ ; : : : 85 
.Eolothrips bicolor, end of abdomen of male. —. 


: : . : 74 
_Kolothrips bicolor, left antenna of male. oe 


: : oe: 213 
Fore tarsal hook present in both sexes of Molothripid:e. 1 


: ; thee 7 . ee 8) 
Limothrips avene, new species. End of abdomen of female. 2. 


Timothrips avene, end of abdomen of male. = 


62 


PLATE Il. 


: ; : ~ ° ac 85 
Limothrips avenx, new species. End of abdomen of female. T° 
Chirothrips manicatus Haliday. Head, prothorax, antennie, and legs of 
107 
female. —_. 


aie i é : : 107 

Chirothrips manicatus, end of abdomen of male. ae 
P ; ; OR , Shc 62 

Chirothrips manicatus, left fore wing of female. —. 

Chirothrips crassus, new species. Head, prothorax, and antennze of female. 
107 

ee : Bete 107 

Chirothrips crassus, end of abdomen of female. a 


‘ : : 107 
Chirothrips crassus, head, prothorax, antennze, and fore legs of male. ls 


: , : 107 

Chirothrips crassus, end of abdomen of male. ae 

Chirothrips obesus, new species. Head, prothorax, antennee, and fore legs of 
: 107 
female. —. 


Chirothrips obesus, end of abdomen of female. eS 


107 


PLATE III. 


Sericothrips variabilis (Weach). Head, prothorax, and antennze of female. 
107 


1 
107 


. Sericothrips variabilis, end of abdomen of female. ae 


107, 
1 


. Sericothrips cingulatus, new species. Head, prothorax, and anter' © of 


female. a 


238 


Fig. 2 


Fig SF 
1g. ov. 


36. 
107 = | 
eee as : ; ele e: 
37. Euthrips tritici, end of abdomen of female. “ie ; 
ATS) setae 107 | 
38. Euthrips tritici, end of abdomen of male. a | 
Dy sat aC Pt sit set es ts Uta 85 : 
39. Euthrips tritici, left fore wing of female. =u .| 
40. Euthrips fuscus, new species. Head, prothorax, antennze, and fore legs of 
female. LOR | 
1 | 
Bi ne 107 | 
41. Euthrips fuscus, end of abdomen of female. a 
| 
42. Scolothrips 6-maculatus (Pergande). Head, prothorax, antennz, and fore 
legs of female. oe 
Brae Seti : 107 
43. Scolothrips 6-maculatus, end of abdomen of female. —_—- 
1 
44. Scolothrips 6-maculatus, end of abdomen of male. =. 
Ore ene 53 : Se ee 107 
45. Scolothrips 6-maculatus, right fore wing of female. =H 
PLATE Y. 
Fig. 46. Raphidothrips fuscipennis, new species. Head, prothorax, antennze, and for 
oe 8 | 
legs of female. ae ; 
ete agin ode ke , 85 | 
47. Raphidothrips fuscipennis, end of abdomen of female. T | 
Ry eR Sewn ; 2 89 
48. Raphidothrips fuscipennis, left fore wing of female. aE 
49. Anaphothrips striatus (Osborn). Head, prothorax, and antenne of female 


9g 


30. 


50, Anaphothrips striatus, end of abdomen of female. 1 =| 






























PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX 
aes ce 107 
Sericothrips cingulatus, end of abdomen of female. ao 
Sericothrips cingulatus, end of abdomen of male. a 
Pseudothrips inequalis (Beach ). Head, prothorax, antennze, and fore legs af 
: 107 ‘ 
female. ane | 
. : 3 s 1 cg 
Pseudothrips inequalis, end of abdomen of female. a :| 
4 | 
Nee hee ‘ : y 107 = | 
Pseudothrips inequalis, right fore wing of female. ae F 
Euthrips nervosus (Uzel). Head, prothorax, antenne, and fore legs of 
: 62 : 
female. e : 4 
4 ; 62 a 
Buthrips nervosus, end of abdomen of female. rc 4 


PLATE IV. 7 





. 
2 


Euthrips nervosus (Uzel). Right fore wing of female. = 


Juthrips tritici (Fitch). Head, prothorax, antennee, and fore legs of female. 





89 
." 








Fig. 


Fig. 


aes a 


NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 239 





53. 


dd. 
59. 


56. 


59. 
60. 


61. 
62. 


63. 


64. 


69. 


. Anaphothrips striatus, right fore wing of female. 


. Heliothrips femoralis Reuter. Left fore wing of female. 


. Parthenothrips dracenx, lett fore wing of female. 


1 
. Thrips perplexus, end of abdomen of female. ae 


. Thrips tabaci, end of abdomen of female. 
. Thrips tabaci, left fore wing of female. 

. Anthothrips niger (Gepoeay Head, prothorax, and fore legs of female. 
. Anthothrips niger, end of abdomen of female. T 


. Anthothrips niger, left antenna of female. T" 





y~ 


89 
iE 


. Aptinothrips rufus (Gmelin). Head, prothorax, and antennze of female. 


107 
a 
107 


Aptinothrips rufus, end of abdomen of female. ae 


07 


1 
I 
Heliothrips femoralis Reuter. Head, prothorax, antennze, and fore legs of 
62 


Aptinothrips rufus var. connatticornis Uzel. Antennee of female. 


female. 


Seer et ; : : 62 
Heliothrips femoralis, end of abdomen of female. L 


PLATE VI. 


62 
rT 


. Heliothrips fasciapennis, new species. Head, prothorax, and antenne of 


female. a 


= oe : ; aie =O 07 
Heliothrips fasciapennis, end of abdomen of female. - i 


: ; : met : 167 
Feliothrips fasciapennis, right antenna of female. Sigs 
85 
7 
Parthenothrips dracenx (Heeger). Head, prothorax, antennz, and fore legs 


Heliothrips fasciapennis, right fore wing of female. 


=F 62 
of female. os 
5 


; 62 
Parthenothrips dracenx, end of abdomen of female. = 


Parthenothrips dracenx, portion of reticulation from head of female. 


bo 
—_—_ 
Oo 


62 
a 


. Thrips perplecus (Beach). Head, prothorax, antenne, and fore legs of 


female. “/ 
emale, alba 


— 


07 


107 


. Thrips perplexus, left fore wing of female. —>—- 


1 
PLATE VII. 
Thrips tabaci Lindeman. Head, prothorax, antennze, and fore legs of | 
107 


f le. 
emale i 


107 
is 
85 
EB 
62 
85 
85 


240 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 















PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 
75. Anthothrips niger, left fore wing of female. a = 
76. Anthothrips verbasci (Osborn). Head, prothorax, antennze, and fore legs of - 
‘ 50 = |) 
female. : + 
| bi 
. i, end of abdomen of female. 2 =| 
77. Anthothrips verbasci, end of abdomen ¢ SS aie 
Stn . 85 
78. Anthothrips verbasct, left antenna of female. ris 
79. Trichothrips beachi, new species. Head, prothorax, antennz, and fore legs” 
Vie 50 2 
of female. —. S. 
1 a 
PLATE VII. + 
50 i 
80. Trichothrips beachi, new species. End of abdomen of female. a ki 
é i 
81. Trichothrips ambitus, new species. Head, prothorax, antenne, and fore 
: : 50 a 
femora of female. 7 . 
82. Trichothrips ambitus, end of abdomen ot female. ai 
83. Cephalothrips yucce, new species. Head, prothorax, antennze, and fore legs 
of female. oo > 
50 : 
84. Cephalothrips yucce, end of abdomen of female. i : | 
85. Phlewothrips pergandei, new species. Head, antennze, prothorax, and fore legs 
&, 
= e 
of female. pu 5 
1 ; 
SL SR TSTE : a : ay 50 f 
86. Phicothrips pergandei, end of abdomen of female. i : 
87. Phlwothrips uzeli, new species. Head, prothorax, antennz, and fore legs of 
5 3s 
50 3 
male. —. 3 
ay | 
ya ee , 5 ire Se 50 =| 
88. Phieothrips uzeli, end of abdomen of male. : 
1 
; A 2 tee 4 8 
89. Phleothrips uzeli, under side of right fore leg of male. = 
90. Phleothrips uzeli, upper side of left fore leg of male. = : “3 
PLATE IX. : 
91. Phleothrips uzeli, new species. Head, prothorax, antenne, and fore legs of 
female. o8) ; 
1 \ £ 
92. Phieothrips uzeli, end of abdomen of female. pes i 
& 
93. Acanthothrips magnafemoralis, new species. Head, prothorax, antennze, and 
fore legs of male. 50. + 
1 \ 
: : rr 
94. Acanthothrips magnafemoralis, end of abdomen of male. - $ 
95. Malacothrips zonatus, new genus and new species. Head, prothorax, 
antennze, and fore femora of male. 50) | 
1 
96. Malacothrips zonatus, end of abdomen of male. >. i 
¥ 
% 





NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 241 


97. Malacothrips zonatus, head, prothorax, antenne, and fore legs of  fe- 





50 
male. —. 
1 
Pees : ae re 
98. Malacothrips zonatus, end of abdomen of female. r 
99. Eurythrips ampliventralis, new genus and new species. Head, thorax, and 


: 62 
fore legs of female. 
100. Hurythrips ampliventralis, end of abdomen ot female. 


’ 


101. Eurythrips ampliventralis, left antenna of female. 


8) 
PLATE X. % 


. 102. Eurythrips osborni, new genus and new species. Head, prothorax, anten- 
62 
r: 


103. EHurythrips oshorni, end of abdomen of female. 


nee, and fore legs of female. 


62 


104. Cryptothrips aspersus, new species. Head, prothorax, and fore legs of 
: 50 
female. 2, 

2 ; ; wer 50 
105. Cryptothrips aspersus, end of abdomen of female. °°. 


106. Cryptothrips aspersus, right antenna of female. . 


7. Idolothrips coniferarum Pergande. Head, prothorax and fore legs of 


99 


vo 
male. = 
‘ : =. vs : ; 50 
108. Idolothrips coniferarum, end of abdomen of male. 1 
: : : save 30 
109. Idolothrips coniferarum, head, prothorax, and fore legs of female. 
110. Idolothrips coniferarum, right antenna of female. i 


111. Thrips tabaci, longitudinal-vertical section through anterior part of body 
showing form of head and thorax and position of nervous system and 


83 


alimentary canal. + 


112. Anaphothrips striatus, surface view of stigma from first abdominal seg- 
716 ‘ 
ments 22 =~. 
ii 
113. Anaphothrips striatus, cross section through stigma from first abdominal 
. 716 
segment. a 
114. Anthothrips verbasci, under side of last two abdominal segments of male; 
: ; 62 
A, notch in base of tube. T 


115. Anthothrips verbasci, under side of last two abdominal segments of female; 
ao 


a 


A, chitinous rod. 7 : 


PLATE XI. 





9 » 
ig. 116. Kolothrips fasciatus, dorsal view of pterothorax of female. e Al, first 


abdominal tergite; A2, second abdominal tergite; M1, mesoscutum; M2, 
metascutum; M3, metascutellum. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 





16 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV 


: : 2 
¢, 117. Holothrips fasciatus, ventral view of pterothorax of female. ee _C, coxa; 


S1, first abdominal sternite; 52, second abdominal sternite; T, trochanter. | 


eRe 3 : : 62 
118. Heliothrips femoralis, dorsal view of pterothorax of female. TT: A 
abdominal tergite; A2, second abdominal tergite; M1, mesoscutun 


metascutum; M3, metascutellum. 
62 


119. Heliothrips femoralis, ventral view of pterothorax of female. I" ET, en-— 


dothoracic invaginations; MS, mesosternum; MT, metasternum. 


; ‘ ‘ se 115 
120. Anaphothrips striatus, face ol REM Cee =: 





1, first 
1; M2 





ay Sy ql 5 et 
KC, endocranial thickening at — 


base of mouth cone; LI, labium; LP, labial palpi; LR, labrum; MD, 


mandible; ML, internal piercing lobe ef maxilla; MP, maxillary 
MX, maxilla. 


121. Anaphothrips striatus, side view of end of abdomen of female; ovipositor 





: Sy aoeder 107 
lowered into position for use. ——. 
: a 213 
122. _Lolothrips bicolor, under side of antennal segments two to five. i 
sense areas. 
213 


123. Thrips perplexus, upper side of antennal segments two to seven. 
sense cones. 

124. Trichothrips ambitus, upper side of antennal segments two to seven. 
SC, sense cones. 4 


ae ; ° . nue 1 
125. Limothrips avene, dorsal view of pterothorax of wingless male. eI 


lpi; 
palpi; 


ans 
~ 


o 


A 
- 


Peaiettectia ova prary? 


TR 
2 
tere Hee 


150 





07 AT 


first abdominal tergite; A2, second abdominal tergite; M1, mesoscutum,; 


M2, metascutum. 





126. Anthothrips verbasci, dorsal view of head and thorax of female. 


62° Ad 
i 


1s 


first abdominal tergite; A2, second abdominal tergite; M1, mesoscutum; — 


M2, metascutum; M3, metascutellum. 


. 
a 





127. Anthothrips verbasci, ventral view of head and thorax of female. 


62 aie 
; EDs 


endothoracic invaginations; MS, mesosternum; MT, metasternum; S1,_ 


first abdominal sternite; S2, second abdominal sternite. 





e 
S 
oe 


bi ht 
a SDS in aN 


aC NN © 






PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. | 







SS 
ES Ss 
. J YX S 
MELAS VY 





WWMMMAM 


NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 286, 237. 








PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. II 


NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 237. 








PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. III 


NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 237, 238. 

















PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. IV 






SSS SSS SSS 
35 ; RNS WV WSSSS SS SSS = 


\ SAQA 
SMM OM we oom SS a 


SS en ee ae LO 


YZ LZ, _ .—— — Poe 


4 


NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. 


For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 238. 









PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. V 


SS SS % ye 
oe gm a 


ele 


MYM 










NWR SS 
WIMMER 


NoRTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 238, 239. 









PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. VI 


BIT Fy 
VM MYWII YYW 


\\y 
S 


CREEK —— 


eK 


WEA MAAN 





68s 


WOR MWS = = 


— a 


2D Se ae 
LILLE 


NorRTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 239. 











PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. VII 


a 
— 


AS WS : een 
2S NA RISES SN 
eee ah 





NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 239, 








-U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI_ PL. VIII 





NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 240, 








U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI_ PL. IX 





NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 240. 








PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. X 


NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 241. 








_u. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XI 





NorRTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 241, 242. 
























DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW GENUS AND FORTY-SIX NEW 
® SPECIES OF CRUSTACEANS OF THE FAMILY GALA- 
THEIDA, WITH A LIST OF THE KNOWN MARINE 
SPECIES. 


By James E. Brenepicr, 


Assistant Curator of Marine Invertebrates. 


The collection of Galatheids in the United States National Museum, 
upon which this paper is based, began with the first dredgings of the 
U. 8. Fish Commission steamer Albatross in 1888, and has grown 
as that busy ship has had opportunity to dredge. 

During the first period of its work many of the species taken were 
identical with those found by the U. S. Coast Survey steamer Blake, 
afterwards described by A. Milne-Edwards, and in addition several 
new species were collected. During the voyage of the Albatross to 
the Pacific Ocean through the Straits of Magellan interesting addi- 
tions were made to the collection. Since then the greater part of the 
time spent by the A/datross at sea has been in Alaskan waters, where 
Galatheids do not seem to abound. However, occasional cruises else- 
where have greatly enriched the collection, notably three—one in the 
Gulf of California, one to the Galapagos Islands, and one to the coast 
of Japan and southward. 

_ The U.S. National Museum has received a number of specimens 
from the Museum of Natural History, Paris, and also from the Indian 
Museum, Calcutta. 

_ The literature of the deep-sea Galatheid from the nature of the case 
is not greatly scattered. The first considerable number of species were 
described by A. Milne-Edwards from dredgings made by the Blake in 
he West Indian region. Prof. S. I. Smith then described some 
interesting forms from the U. 8. Fish Commission dredgings off the 
east coast of the United States. This was followed by the report 
of the Anomura of the voyage of the Challenger, by Prot. J. R. Hen- 
derson, which contained descriptions of many species of Galatheids 
rom widely separated localities. In 1893 Dr. Faxon published pre- 
liminary descriptions of 24 new species from the A/batross expedition 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1311. 
. 243 


244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. oil 








to the Galapagos Islands in 1891; also 38 species and subspecies dredged — 
by the Indian survey ship /nvestigator since 1884 have been described 
by Wood-Mason or by Alcock and Anderson. 


Family GALATHEIDZ. 


The Galatheidz, as has often been pointed out by recent writers; 
belong to the Macrura Anomalia, but with more or less brachyuran 
relationships. . 

In form they resemble the true Macrura, and are closely related to 
the Porcellanide, which at first sight, on account of their form and 
habits, would be placed with the Brachyura. 

Most of the Galatheide live on the bottom and, with the exception 
of a few forms like Grimothea and Pleuroncodes, probably do not 
swim freely to any great distance. Some of the genera are blind, 
inhabiting deep water and even abyssal depths, others again have a 
well-developed cornea divided into facets. While many Galatheids 
must prefer a sea bottom affording numerous hiding places, others, — 
as some of the genus Uroptychus, are well fitted for climbing on 
sponges, hydroids, or corals. 

Occasionally a specimen will be found with a small worm tube on 
its carapace, though usually they are as completely free from any 
foreign growth as are any of the more active Crustacea. More fre- 
quently the carapace will be distorted by the presence of an Isopod 
parasite in the branchial chamber. 

This family presents problems in classification of considerable 
interest. The genus M/unidopsis, as now constituted and upheld. by 
some good naturalists, is made to include several of the genera estab- 
lished by A. Milne-Edwards. In a long and able article“ on the sub- 
ject, A. Milne-Edwards and E. L. Bouvier contend for the generic 
distinctness of the groups. With the groups united in one genus, 
the species differ widely in form, more widely than is desirable, 
because the name does not convey to the mind a sufficiently distinct 
picture of the forms designated by it. On the other side of the ques-_ 
tion it may be said that if the genera were divided a satisfactory key 
could not be made on generic lines unless perhaps in the case of 
Galathodes. 

The species placed in the genus Munda come fairly well under one 
generic name, with the possible exception of one or more species some- 
times placed under Gr/mothea, about which much has yet to be learned, 
especially in regard to the young forms, which do not seem to have the 
same development as the young of other species. Individual varia- 
tions within the species are not uncommon. Sometimes the abdomen 
will be unarmed, where usually it is armed. This is more often true 


«Considerations Generales sur La Famille des Galatheides, Ann. des Sci. Natr., (7), 
XVI, p. 191, 1894. 


i ta Sat 


no.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 245 





_ in species having an armature of very small spines, as if chance condi- 


tions more easily pushed aside the less emphatic character. In old 
specimens of some species (and perhaps of all) the spines have a tend- 
ency to become blunted or even aborted, the chelipeds to become 
elongated, and the fingers to be separated by a hiatus. The relative 


lengths of the supraocular spines are as a rule uniform, and, in con- 


nection with others, furnish a very good character. The size and 


arrangement of the spines of the carapace and also of the abdomen, if 


BOA See. 


armed, are important. Correlated with other characters, the width 
of the lines of the carapace, the length and character of the cilia, and 
the size of the granules are of value in determining species. 

Some of the species in the U. S. National Museum are represented 
by but few specimens or even single individuals. In other cases the 
representation is greater. Large numbers of J/uneda iris A. Milne- 
Edwards, were taken on the tile-fish grounds during the first year’s 
work of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer /7%sh //awh. So numer- 
ous in fact was this J/wnida that it gave character to the ground. Yet 
two years later, when the Albatross went over the same ground, the 
hauls of the beam trawl showed that this species, formerly so abun- 
dant, was wanting. ‘Three degrees farther south, however, in latitude 
37° north, numerous specimens were found. 

It will be remembered that the so-called tile-fish (Lopholatilus 
chamaeleonticeps Goode and Bean) was found abundantly during the 
year 1880, and that some time afterwards a vessel passed through 
miles of water covered with dead fish of this species. It was not again 
taken for a long time. The Fish Commission steamer A/batross 
dredged and set trawl lines on the ground time and again without 
taking either tile-fish or J/wnidas; and even farther south, where the 
Munidas were found in abundance, the fish were not to be had. It is 
interesting to note that the bottom Crustacea suffered at the same 
time and probably from the same cause. 

Munida refulgens, M. tenella, and M. pusilia, species with elongated 
chelipeds, have, like J/. cris, been found in large numbers, while J/. 
subrugosa and M. quadrispina, are species with short prismatic cheli- 
peds, and are represented in the collection by a smaller but yet plentiful 
number of specimens. Some interesting, though by no means novel, 
deductions may be drawn from the character and environment of some 
of the genera. 

The mass of ova carried by the female J/unida contains a very large 
number of individuals in comparison with some genera of the family 
living in much deeper water. To count the individuals in the egg 
mass of a Galathea or Munida would be a long task, while to count 
those of a Munidopsis, Galacantha, or Uroptychus would be a very easy 
matter. Some species of Uroptychus live in moderate depths that 
furnish innumerable hiding places. Here there is abundant protection 


246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ie 





for the individual. The natural inference is that the young indi- 
viduals of the species having large eggs and few in number, do not 
encounter the dangers which must be common to the species having 
numerous eggs, and, asa matter of fact, it can hardly be supposed 
that a Galacantha or a Munidopsis, blind and with limited activity, 
passes an eventful life on the soft bottom of the deep sea. 

Another matter worthy of consideration is that where the brood is 
small and matures near the parent it is not liable afterwards to become 
ereatly scattered, a fact which would be expected to aid in the form- 
ation of races and species in the same way that it is known to have 
done in the cases of nonmigrating birds inhabiting islands or other 
isolated localities. And here it may be remarked that little is known 
of the range of any species in the deep sea. Only a beginning has 
been made. <A dredging station here and there shows a few of the 
forms of life which the dredge chances to bring up from a very limited 
area. Until the sea bottom has been examined to a very much greater 
extent it would seem better to hold that distinguishable specimens 
from distant places represent distinct species rather than subspecies. 

In sharp contrast with those Crustaceans which have few eggs and 
live under conditions where the individual must be better cared for 
are those haying an immense number of eggs, as, for instance, some 
of the shallow-water Brachyura, in which the bulging egg-mass is but 
partly covered by the abdomen, and nearly equals the body of the crab 
in size. Here the eggs are minute and when hatched become free 
swimming and are carried by the currents to distant places to live or 
die, as the place proves suitable or not. This effort of nature is par- 
alleled by the forest tree which yields seed, season after season, during 
a long lifetime and perhaps dies without leaving a single descendant. 
But if this effort has not greatly increased the individuals of the 
species in question, it has always been ready to do so if opportunity 
offered, and in the meantime has helped to sustain the life of myriads 
of other living things. 

In this paper 45 species are described as new. The keys to the 
species were made to include all the Galatheids in the U. S. National 
Museum. Following the descriptions a list of the known species, with 
partial synonymy, has been given. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 
Genus GALATHEA Fabricius. 
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GALATHEA EXAMINED. 


a. With only two spines or tubercles on the front of the gastric area. 
b. Hands without spines except on the margins............---- squamifera, p. 303 
b. Hands with spines on the palm. 
c. Three pairs of spines on the rostrum beyond the basal pair. 
d. Row of four or five spines on the palm. 
é: Palm wide 2s6ise..-. 1.25.52 a ee strigosa, p. 303 





( 
¥ 


* 





No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 947 
e. Palm narrow. 

f. Spines of rostrum weak -.--.--- een eee ean kt andrewsi, p. 300 

j-aSpines OL LOStrUM strone-.. 25-25-52 --- 5-2-2 +e eee intermedia, p. 302 

d. Row of nine or ten spines on the palm of the hand... -.-- orientalis, p. 302 


c. Two pairs of spines on the rostrum beyond the basal pair.californiensis, p. 247 
a. With more than two spines or spinules on the front of the gastric area or none. 
b. With a row of spinules on the front of the gastric area. 


c. Rostrum entire beyond the basal spines -.--..-.-.-.--.--...-. integra, p. 248 
ec. Rostrum armed. 
d. Lines on the carapace strong, elevated, few .............--- rostrata, p. 303 
d. Lines but little elevated, more numerous........-.------ intermedia, p. 302 


b. Without a row of spinules on the front of the gastric area. 
c. Spines on the rostrum weak or none. 


d. No spines on the rostrum beyond the basal pair-------..--- agassizi, p. 300 
d. With spines on the rostrum beyond the basal pair. - ---- paucilineata, p. 249 
c. Spines on the rostrum large...........-.------ dispersa and nexa, pp. 801, 302 


GALATHEA CALIFORNIENSIS, new species. 


The rostrum is more than twice as long as the eyes. It is armed 
with two pairs of stout spines. The sides of the rostrum are parallel 





Fig. 1.—GALATHEA CALIFORNIENSIS, X j. 


between the spines. At the angle formed by the base of the rostrum 
and the front there is a pair of small spines. The carapace lacks but 
little of being as broad as long; the transverse ridges are elevated and 


248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


slightly set with hair. There are six spines on the margin behind — 
the antennal spine. On the gastric region there is a pair of spines 
directly behind the posterior pair on the rostrum. The chelipeds are 
long and stout, very spiny and moderately hairy; the merus has five 
rows of spines; the carpus has three rows on its inner surface and four 
rows on its upperand outer surfaces; the outer surface of the palm has 
three rows of spines which are continuous with rows on the merus 
and carpus. The merus and carpus of the ambulatory legs are spiny; 
there is one row on the crest of the merus and two on the carpus; the 
propodus and dactyl are scabrus. The merus of the maxillipeds is~ 
armed with one long stout spine and one short one. 

Length of a large male from the front to the end of the telson, 61 
mm.; length of cheliped, 100 mm.; length of merus, 38 mm. 

Locality.— Albatross station” 2946, lat. 338° 58’ NP: long. 119° 3G 
45” W.; depth, 150 fathoms. 

Type.—Cat. No. 20551, U.S. N. M. 


GALATHEA INTEGRA, new species. 


To the eye the rostrum is entire from the spine-like point to the 
spine which forms the inner angle of the orbit; under a lens the lat- 
eral margins are seen to end in spinules at about one-sixth of the dis- 
tance from the apex to the cornea; beyond these spinules the rostrum 
is spine like in shape; behind the spinules the margins run divergently 
back to a point opposite the spines which form the inner angles of the 
eyes, where the direction is changed to parallel; the portion of the 
rostrum between the eyes is excavated in the form of a very open V. 

The outer angles of the orbits are guarded by spines. A little 
behind and to one side of these spines are the smaller spines of the 
antero-lateral angles. 

The carapace is armed on the gastric region with four spines placed — 
in a transverse row. Between this row of spines and the posterior 
margin the median line cuts six long raised transverse lines. In addi- 
tion there are more or less short, intermediate lines. The spines of 
the lateral margin, six or seven in number, are fragile, often wanting. 

The merus of the maxillipeds is armed with a single large spine. 

The chelipeds are elongated, in large specimens, with widely gaping 
fingers; the merus is sparsely set with short, stout spines; the carpus 
has a row of four spines on its upper surface and a row of five or six” 
on the inner margin, but its most prominent armature is a single very 
large spine a little below the inner row. Three rows of spines arm 
the palm; those of the crest are the largest and most numerous. 

Length of carapace, including rostrum, 7.5 mm.; length of cheli- 


“A complete list of the dredging stations of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer 


Albatross, compiled by Mr. C. H. Townsend, will be found in U. S. Fish Commis- 
sion Report for 1900, pp. 393-419. 


i 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 249 








peds, 30 mm. Taken from numerous stations off Honshu Island, 
_ Japan; the types are from Albatross station 3708, in 60 to 70 fathoms. 
Type.—Cat. No. 26168, U.S.N.M. 
Galathea integrarostris Dana, resembles this species. It has a 
rostrum with margins unbroken by spines, but much shorter and 
broader in proportion to its other measurements. If Dana’s figure is 
correct, the inner angle of the orbital sulcus is shaped by an incision 
of the rostrum which forms 
a broad tooth, which can not 
possibly be confounded with 
the sharp slender spine of @. 
integra. 
'GALATHEA PAUCILINEATA, 
new species. 


The rostrum is rather nar- 
row, with a few small spines 
on the sides; at the angle of 
the front and rostrum there 
are two short paired spines, 
which stand out well from the 
margin; those of the rostrum 
proper lie closely along the 
margin. On the front, above 
the insertion of the antenne, 
there is a small paired spine; 
the antero lateral angle is rounded; there are five or six spinules on 
the lateral margin. 

The raised lines that cross the carapace are widely separated and 
little ciliated. The merus of the maxillipeds is armed with a single 
long and slender spine. The ambulatory feet are slightly spinulose 
on the crests of the meral and carpal joints. 

Length of the carapace, 6 mm.; breadth, 5.5 mm. 

Type.—Cat. No. 20552, U.S.N.M. 

Locality.— Albatross station 2818, latitude 00° 29’ 00’ S., longitude 
89° 54’ 30” W., in 392 fathoms. 





Fic. 2.—GALATHEA PAUCILINEATA, xX 3}. 


CERVIMUNIDA, new genus. 


Like Munida, but with a compressed rostrum which is arched so as 
to permit free movement of the eyes, and bears large teeth. 


CERVIMUNIDA PRINCEPS, new species. 


The rostrum in this species is armed with three sharp triangular 
_ teeth, two on the upper margin in advance of the eyes and one below 
E and in advance of the upper ones; in addition to this armature one or 


250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


more spinules are usually found between the apex and the two teeth 
above. 

The direction of the rostrum is horizontal but opposite the eyes it 
forms an arch, resuming its horizontal direction beyond. In cross 
section the rostrum is triangular with the short side below, the lower 
margins are carinate, the carina running around to the supra-ocular 
spines: the.length of the rostrum from the tip to the base of the free 
portion of the supra-ocular spines is equal to the distance from the 
latter point to the posterior margin of the gastric region. 

The supra-ocular spines reach the middle of the eyes; their free por- 
tions are equal in length to the antero-lateral spines. 

The gastric pair of spines are large and sharp with no intermediate 
armature; in line outside isa small paired spine and in some specimens 
a second much smaller one; an unusual spine in the gastric area is at 
the intersection of the first ciliated line with the median line of the 
carapace; the usual spines occur at the extremities of the ciliated line. 








FIG. 3.—CERVIMUNID* PRINCEPS, X 2. 


There is a single paired spine in the fork of the suture and one in the 
usual place just behind the suture. The lower margin of the merus 
of the maxillipeds has a spine at each extremity. 

The chelipeds are elongated; spines are scattered over the merus 
and carpus; the fingers are longer than the ridge of the palm; the 
movable finger is armed with a row of spines on the inner surface just 
below the ridge; numerous small spines are scattered over all surfaces 
of the palm, except the lower; the chelipeds are hairy in the large 
specimens; the ambulatory legs are squamose and hairy. 

The abdomen is armed. The 12 specimens examined show for the 
most part eight spines on the second and fourth segments; the third - 
segment shows six, seven, or eight spines, but usually six; in the other 
segments the number of spines also varies but not so frequently. 

The length of the largest specimen examined is 147 mm., an 
from the base of the rostrum, 27 mm.; chelipeds, 102 mm. 

Type.—Cat. No. 25464, U.S.N.M., front Albatross station 3698, in 
153 fathoms off Honshu Island, Japan. 









No.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 251 








Genus MUNIDA Leach. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS MUNIDA EXAMINED. 


v 

; 1. Abdomen unarmed. 

: a. Rostrum with several lateral spines near the apex.----.----- refulgens, p. 312 
‘ a. Rostrum without spines at apex. 

. 6.) Palm-much shorter than the fingers -... 222.2220 22-2... mexicana, p. 264 
: b. Palm ranging from a trifle shorter to much longer than the fingers. 

; c. Palm and fingers subcylindrical. 

: d. No spines posterior to the middle transverse depression. . simplex, p. 272 


d. With spines posterior to the middle of the transverse depression. 
e. Supraocular spines not reaching the middle of the eyes -debilis, p. 256 
e. Supraocular spines reaching the middle of the eye. ----- irrasa, p. 310 
c. Palm and fingers flattened. 
d. With several spines posterior to the middle transverse depres- 


Slot eae ee sere ates Sac are Salt ae ee. esculpta; p: 270 
d. No spines posterior to the middle depression... .-... quadrispina, p. 269 


2. Second segment of the abdomen armed. 
a. Chelipeds more than four times the length of the carapace, including the 
rostrum; palms subeylindrical, armed with but few spinules. 
. b. Supraccular spines, reaching nearly to the distal margin of the cornea. 
iris, p. 310 
b. Supraocular spines, short, not reaching the cornea -..--.----- pusilla, p. 268 
a. Chelipeds less than four times the length of the carapace. 
b. Gastric spines, with two or three small intermediate spines. 
e. Cornea but little larger than the peduncle. 


d. Merus of maxillipeds armed with one spine -..-.-.-..------. perlata, p. 266 
d. Merus armed with two spines .._-...--..------- microphthalma, p. 311 
: c. Cornea wide, spreading; much larger than the peduncle. 
r d. No spines on the margins of the fingers. 
e. Fingers three times length of palm -.-...-..------ curvamana, p. 307 


e. Fingers not three times the length of palm. 
jf. Rostrum cutlass-shaped, elevated to an angle of 45 degrees above 


Wmeon carapace a mere eS ae enc lSes Jie nt curvatura, p. 253 
7 Romsrum siemoid, horizontal. 62. o22.2.%- 2..--- andamanica, p. 306 

: d. With spines on the margins of the fingers. 

E e. Supraocular spines, reaching beyond the eyes. ----- propingua, p. 312 

: e. Supraocular spines not reaching beyond the eyes. 

5 jf. Fingers straight. 

; g. Spines in the gastric row, six. 

; h. One spine inthe triangular area _.......--- sancti-pauli, p. 312 

=! h. No spines in the triangular area .--...----.-.---- decora, p. 257 

5 g. Spines in the gastric row, twelve -----.------ honshuensis, p. 261 

é Rese ipets GanVeC cones, Cyt lg ee on curvipes, p. 254 

: b. No intermediate spines. 

: c. Fingers much longer than the palm -__-.--....----------- forceps, p. 307 

$ c. Fingers shorter than the palm. 

5 d. Hand bent downward at the base of the fingers, all surfaces spinu- 

% LOS yas ees pee tai eer eRe ee Feet ee eo 5 angulata, p. 252 

: d. Hand not bent, broad, spinulose on outer surface and margins. 

2 


nuda, p. 265 





3. Second and third segments of the abdomen armed. 

a. A pair of spines between the large gastric pair. 
b. Without spines behind the cervical suture. (See 2 above). --decora, p. 297 
db; With spines: behind the: cervical suture -..-......--..--------- obesa, p. 311 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——18 


252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





at. a ithout spines between the large gastric pair. 
. With a pair of spines near the middle of the gastric region... .valida, p. 314 | 
4 Without middle gastric spines. ! -- -2 22 33202525 eee media, p. 262 
4. Second, third, and fourth segments of the abdomen armed. 
. Posterior margin of the carapace armed. ¢@ 
Bs Spines of the posterior margin more than two. ‘ 
c. With spines on the cardiac region. 


d.. Cardiac spines one only... ==2.---2 2-52 S22 jee evermanni, p. 307 
d. Conte spines more than one. 

.. Cardiac spines one palr..252222822 23) eee ees perarmata, p. 311 

e.. Cardiac spines in two SOWs=2 222. eee eee hispida, p. 259 

c. Without spines on the cardiac region.....--.-..--------- bamffica, p. 306 


b. Spines on the posterior margin one or two. 
c. Fourth segment of the abdomen with a pair of spines on the anterior 
margin and a single spine on the median line near the posterior margin. 
d. Spines on the middle of the gastric region one or more. 


e. Supraocular spines longer than eyes. ---..-.------!.2-- affinis, p. 305 
e. Supraocular spines shorter than eyes ..-....--.--------- Hlinti, p. 258 


d. Without spines in the middle of the gastric region. 
e. With a row of spines on each side of the cardiac region. -normani, p. 311 
e. Without rows of spines on the branchial region near the cardiac 


region 2 Us -b2uiosse. ee Se eee eee prolixa, p. 318 
c. Fourth segment of the abdomen without median spine. 
d. Supraocular spines longer than the rostral spine... ----- Wench p. 3l0 
d. Supraocular spines not longer than the rostral spine-.-.-stimpsoni, p. 313 
a. Posterior margin of the carapace unarmed. 
b. Chelipeds long and slender; merus cylindrical. ..-----.--.--- tenella, p. 274 


b. Chelipeds short and stout; merus prismatic. 
c. Two or more spines on the outer margins of both fingers of the cheli- 
peds 22 Tea PS 2 SES ee a on eee eee ee constricta, p. 807 
c. No spines on the outer margins of the fingers. 
d. Merus of the maxillipeds unarmed. 


e. Eyes produced beyond the line of the sides... - gregaria, young, p. 308 
e. Eyes not produced beyond the line of the sides .----. gregaria, p. 308 
d. Merus of the masa llipedsianmede =e =a ae eee subrugosa, p. 314 


MUNIDA ANGULATA, new species. 


The carapace is broadest a little behind the middle. The gastrie 
region has eight spines, six of which are in a line behind the oe 
These spines are subequal in size. A single spine is placed on the 
side near the margin of the hepatic area; s ataple spines on the anterior 
branchial regions are the only other spines on the carapace, excepting 
those of the lateral margins. The supraocular spines are about one- 


half the length of the eyes. The rostrum is moderately long and- 


nearly horizontal. The peduncles of the eyes are stout and a little 
longer than usual; the cornea is less dilated. The front retreats from 


the eye spines. _ The inferior margin of the merus of the maxillipeds- 
is armed with two spines. The chelipeds are spiny and spinulose; the 
fingers are eae al and in all Tecoma ene are in contact 


@Oc ene specimens ane an posterior margin a carapace unarmed. 





4 





j 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 253 





throughout the length of their prehensile edges. A striking char- 
acter of this species is the shape of the hand, which is bent downward 
from the base of the fingers. A row of from two to six spinuies 
arms the second segment of the abdomen; in some specimens the 
armature is wanting. 

Length of the abdomen, 9 mm.; length of chelipeds, 20 mm.; 
length of palm, 5.5 mm.; length of fingers, 4 mm. 


ea 
ie 





nk Go «S 
he 


Pa Dnfliny 
Fic. 4.—MUNIDA ANGULATA, x 4. 


Locality.— Albatross stations 2370, 2372, 2406, 2411, 2418, m 2%, 
2, 26, 27, and 24 fathoms. 


fl Pipe —Cat. No. 20532, U.S.N.M., station 2406. 
A 
ie MUNIDA CURVATURA, new species. 


a The rostrum is long, sharp, and a little compressed, beginning at its 
se it curves rapidly upward, so that at its tip its direction is 45 
degrees from the line of the carapace. The supraocular spines 







954 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV 













diverge but littte, they extend forward nearly to the extremity of the 
eyes. | 
"The eyes are large with a brown iris, which has small, but distinct. 
facets. zt 

The carapace is broadest at about the anterior third, the gastric 
pair of spines are large, a pair of much smaller spines are intermediate, 
outside of the pair is a paired spine, 
equal to the intermediate spines ins 
size: outside of this are one or more) 
very small ones; at the extremities of | 

the first ciliated line are the only other 
rae Stee spines on the surface of the carapace, 

, with the exception of two spinules” 
behind the fork of the cervical suture. The ciliated ridges are rather 
coarse: between the ridges are lines having short cilia. | 

The merus of the maxillipeds is armed with two well-separated. 
spines. 

The chelipeds are short and stout, the spines of the distal extremi- 
ties of both merus and carpus are unusually large. The palms have 
three rows of spines on the outer surface, there are no spines on the 
margins of the fingers. The distal extremities of the merus of the 
ambulatory legs are very large. 

The second segment of the abdomen is armed with eight good-sized 
spines. 

The length of the carapace from the base of the rostrum is 17 mm.;: 
length of rostrum 9 mm. ; length of chelipeds 40 mm. 

Locality.—From Albatross station 3698, off Honshu Island, Japan, 
153'fathoms. 

Type.—Cat. No. 25466, U.S.N.M. 





FIG. 


| 
MUNIDA CURVIPES, new species. | 
| 


The carapace is broadest in the middle; it is crossed by numerous 
strix which are strongly setose. The gastric region is armed with six 
spines, those of the gastric pair are much the largest; two paired spines 
at the side make up the six; the one nearest the side is opposite the 
second spine on the margin, or the one next behind the antero-latera 
spine. Between the gastric spines are three granules, one of whicl 
has a sharp point to be seen only with a lens. Three spiny granules 
are situated close to and behind the gastric pair. The greater part 0 
the rostrum is unfortunately lost; the supraocular spines reach the 
end of the cornea. The peduncle of the antenne is armed as in Munid 
spinosa Henderson, with the exception of the terminal article whert 
the spine is so small that it can not be made out except under a lens 
The eyes are much smaller than in many species of the genus. Th 
merus of the maxillipeds is armed with two long spines; the margil 


® 









between them is straight and not at all as shown in the figure of Jf 
| inosa. The chelipeds are long and rather slender, armed with slen- 
der spines placed for the most part in rows; there are about eighteen 
spines on the merus, large and small; the carpus has at least an equal 
number; there are four rows of spines on the palm; the fingers of the 
Jeft hand are unarmed; those of the right are both armed. 

The second segment of the abdomen is armed with six spines, which 
nearly equal the gastric pair in size; the other segments of the abdomen 


are smooth. 





oa Fic. 6.—MUNIDA CURVIPES, X 1}. 
a2 


_ This species is closely related to Munida spinosa Henderson. It is 
“separated by the lines of the carapace, which are not so strong, by 

e different shape ef the pleura of the abdominal segments, and if 
the Challenger figure is correct, the merus of the maxillipeds is very 
ifferent.¢ 







«Challenger Report, Anomura, J. R. Henderson, XX VII, 1888, p. 128, pl. 111, 
ig. 3, a, b. 










256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI,_ 








Measurements.—Length of specimen from the base of the free part 
of the rostrum to the end of the telson 30 mm.; length of the cheliped — 
40 mm.; palm 10 mm.; fingers, 8 mm. ; 

Locality.—A lbatross station 2788, off Port Otway, Patagonia, in 1,050 
fathoms. 

Type.—Cat. No. 20533, U.S.N.M. 

MUNIDA DEBILIS, new species. 7 


The carapace is broad in front; the spines of the antero-lateral 
angles are longer than the free portion of the supraocular spines. 





ho 


Ay 
NW 


Fig. 7.—MUNIDA DEBILIS, x 4. | 
There is a row of eight spines on the front of the gastric area and a | 
spine at the extremities of the first continuous ciliated line. Between) 
this line and the gastric row is a ciliated line interrupted at the median 


| 


line by a semicircle of the same character. 
| 
| 


= 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEAN aa NEDICT. Diet 


The rostr um is long a slender: the lateral margins are dentic ‘ulated 
near the apex; the eupraceiilar spines are united to the rostrum for 
‘one half their length. The peduncles of the eyes are short and the 
‘cornea very much dilated. The inferior margin of the merus of the 
maxillipeds i is armed with three spines, two on the proximal half and 
one on the distal angle. ‘The chelipeds are long, slender, cylindrical, 
‘and scabrous; the inner margin of the merus is armed with about six 
large spines; there are three on the upper surface; the carpus has a 
single large spine at the distal inner angle. This species is easily 
distinguished from any other described species from the West Coast 
by its slender elongated che- 
liped in connection with the 
unarmed abdomen. 

Locality.— Albatross station 
9829, lat. 22° 59’ 00” N., long. 
109°55’00” W.,in 31 fathoms. 

Type.—Cat. No. 20534, 
U.S.N.M. 


MUNIDA DECORA, new species. 


The carapace is crossed by 
six continuous ciliated and 
granulose lines; between 
these lines are numerous 
other lines of the same char- 
acter, but broken into small 
ares, which are arranged in 
beautiful patterns. The car- 
apace is nearly devoid of 
spines; there are two on the 
gastric area in the usual 
place, with several spinules 
‘in line between and at the my Ah 
sides; posterior to this row 
there are no spines on the 
‘surface. The marginal spines are small. The supraocular spines 
diverge and reach nearly to the extremities of the eyes. The rostrum 
is strong—about twice as strong as the supraoculars—and is serrate 
“near the end, above and below, and on the sides. The peduncles of 
the eyes are very short and much constricted; the cornea is dilated 
vat the sides. The inferior margin of the merus of the maxillipeds is 
armed with two large and widely separated spines, between which 
are one or more spinules. 
The chelipeds are broad, flattened, and hairy. ‘The spines of the 





Fic. 8.—MUNIDA DECORA, X 1}. 





a 


958 PROCEEDL..GS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


dice il margin of fie: merus are Taree: fone of the carpus are smaller, 
There are four rows of spines on the palm—one on each margin — 
and two on the surface behind the gape of the fingers; there are — 
also two spines on the crest of the palm, in a parallel line with the © 
marginal row; a single spine is placed near the middle of the in- 
side of the palm; the inside surface is roughened by numerous spiny 








granules. 

The ambulatory feet are compressed and moderately spinose. The | 
abdomen has a line of spines on the second segment. 

The specimen described is a female measuring 33 mm. from the front 
to the end of the telson; length of larger cheliped, 39 mm.; length of 
palm, 7 mm.; length of fingers, 7 mm. | 

Mera South of Cuba; Albatross station 2133. Lat. 19° 55’ 55” ' 
N.; Long. 75° 48’ 03’" W. In 290 fathoms; eight specimens, one large } 
and seven small. | 

Type.—-Cat. No. 7810, U.S.N.M. | 

One of the largest of the small specimens measures 17 mm. in 1 
length. They differ from the large one taken for the type in having 
but one row of spines on the outside of the palm and several in having | 
the third segment of the abdomen armed with only two spines. The | 
supraocular spines are shorter. 


MUNIDA FLINTI, new species. 


length. The supraocular spines are shorter than the eyes, both the 
rostrum and the supraoculars are smoother than in J/. affines. As in | 
that species the normal number of spines on the gastric area is seven, | 
the middle spine, however, is often wanting, the other spines of the 
‘arapace are the same as in affinzs. The tranverse lines and the gran- 
ules are not crowded as in afin7s, and the cilia do not reach from line | 
to line. 

The armature of the abdomen is the same as in afinds except in the: 
lateral spines, which number two on each side of the central pair on 
the second segment and but one on the third segment, while the fourth | 
segment has only the central pair and a single posterior spine on the: 
median line. The chelipeds are scabrous and spiny; the merus has_ 
about fourteen spines on or near the crest, and here and therea single: 
spine on other parts of the surface. The palm of the hand is densely { 
scabrous, the spinules are few and scattered. The dactyl has a row of | 
widely separated spinules on its margin. The prehensile edges of the) 
fingers are set with hair and armed with well separated teeth; between | 
the teeth the edge is crowded with denticles. 

This species is much like afin/s and stimpsoni in general appear-- 
ance, but very different from either in detail. Named for Dr. J. M., 


| 

| 

| 

‘ 

The rostrum usually extends beyond the eyes about one-half of its ! 











a & 


SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 259 








Mint, U. S. Navy, surgeon on the U.S. Fish Commission steamer 


Fi1G. 9.—MUNIDA FLINTI, X 2. 


; Locality.— Albatross station 2402 in 111 fathoms, two specimens; sta- 
tion 2403 in 88 fathoms; station 2404 in 60 fathoms, eleven specimens. 
| Lype—Cat. No. 9778, U.S.N.M. 


MUNIDA HISPIDA, new species. 


The carapace is broadest at about the posterior third; the breadth 
at the posterior margin is greater than the front. The front is 
fattened, almost transverse between the supraocular spines and the 






260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ 
spine behind the antenne. The transverse lines are strong, granulose, ' 
and sometimes spinulose. ; 





7 


33 ere RAS 


are 


a 

SCA ee 
> > 
OES 


oe a at i 


“age eee 
>_> 
Pt 217. 
es) 


> Pe 
eet pe 


SSS 
Riess 





Fie. 10.—MUNIDA HISPIDA, x 3. 


The gastric spines are small; a much smaller pair is placed in advance 
and a little closer together. On the median line of the gastric region 
there are five or six spines, and on a ridge behind these there is a row 






0.1311, SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 261 


= 





Be pinules: at the eae eres are Ene spines obliquely placed; a num- 
ber of spinules are scattered over the anterior portion and sides of 
this area. There are about sixteen spinules on the triangular area; 
-aspine on the branchial area just behind the apex of the triangle, 
and another paired spine just behind this. The posterior border of 
the carapace has an armature of low spines about eighteen in number 
in the figured specimen, and about ten in the smaller ones; the spines 
_of the lateral margin number from seven to ten. 

The rostrum is more than twice as long as the supraocular spines; 
‘itis slightly sigmoid and minutely serrate. The supraocular spines 
area little longer than the eyes, are stout at the base and taper rapidly 

to a sharp point, The merus of the maxillipeds is armed on its in- 
-ferior margin with two spines, which are widely separated. The 
chelipeds are stout, prismatic, and spinose. The merus of the ambu- 
latory feet is triangular in cross section; both upper and lower anterior 
“margins are thickly set with short curved spines. 

The second, third, and fourth segments of the abdomen are armed, 
the second and third with two rows of spines and the fourth with a 
single row; the second row of the double rows is composed of smaller 
“spines, and in all but the largest specimens these are usually wanting. 

Length of the type from the extremities of the rostrum and telson, 
-83mm.; length of right cheliped, 186 mm.; merus, 70 mm.; palm, 53 
-mm.; fingers, 30 mm. 
= Loca Albatross station 2817, Galapagos Islands; A/batross sta- 
tion 2987. Off Lower California seven specimens much smaller than 
the type. 
| Type.—Cat. No. 20535, U.S.N.M. 

_ The variation between the large specimen taken for the type and 
_ the smaller specimens is considerable. The carapace of the smaller 
ones lack many of the spinules, and the spines are Jarger; the fourth 
segment of the abdomen may show only two small protuberances in 
place of the row of spines. The chelipeds are much shorter, and they 
are armed with definite rows of spines; the palm is prismatic, and the 
prehensile edges of the fingers are in contact throughout. ‘The 
“rostrum i in some of the smallest is slightly bent upward. With all 
this variation, however, the specimens intergrade, and in my opinion 
Be ive no eround for separation. 
| 








MUNIDA HONSHUENSIS, new species. 


The rostrum is slightly sigmoid, and is more than twice the length 
of the supraocular spines, which do not quite reach the cornea. 
The spines of the gastric area are sixteen in number—twelve in the 
“gastric row, a pair separated by the first ciliated line, and a paired 
‘Spine at the base of the antero-lateral spine; there is a single paired 
Spine in the fork of the cervical suture and one ack of the fork. 





262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. =i 


a a \ 
eG 





The spines of the merus of the maxillipeds are large and situated at— 
the extremes of the segment. 

The chelipeds are short, stout, and prismatic; the spines of the distal 
portion of the merus are very large, becoming smaller proximally. 

There are four rows of spines on the carpus. The largest occupy 
the crest, the smallest the row on the outer surface near the lower 
margin. Medium-sized spines occupy the rows that arm the inner and 
outer surfaces. The outer margins of the fingers are each armed with 
four rather large spines. 

The second segment of the abdomen is armed with nine spines, which 
are short and blunt. 

The length of the carapace from the end of the rostrum is 16 mm.; 
length of chelipeds, 26 mm. 

One specimen, female, from A/batross, station 3708, in 60 to 70 
fathoms, off Honshu Island, Japan. 

Type.—Cat. No. 25472, U.S.N.M. 

This species is an addition to the: group of which 
Munida militaris Henderson is the typical example. 
It differs in not having spines on the median line of 
the carapace and in its shorter and less divergent 
supraoculars. 

The hands of this species are compressed, the out- 
line of the palms is straight, and not as shown in the 
figure of J/. malitaris in the Challenger report; the 
outer surface of the palms is made up of two planes 
which intersect at the median row of spines. 

Two males were taken at station 3739 in 55 to 65 
fathoms, which differ from the specimen taken as the 
type in that the chelipeds are elongated, and are without any promi- 
nent spines, there are numerous small spines on the merus and carpus, 
afew on the palm, and one or two on the margins of the fingers. 
There is a hiatus between the fingers, the prehensile edges of which 
are set with small teeth even in size and with rouned ends; the hiatus 
which extends the length of the fingers is filled with bristles which 
arise from the lower surface of both fingers. 





FrGg. 11.—MUNIDA 
HONSHUENSIS, 21 


age 


MUNIDA MEDIA, new species. 


The carapace is widest in the middle; the sides are arcuate, the 
anterior portion is armed with six or seven spinules. 

The transverse striz are not crowded; are both granulated and cili- 
ated; the cilia are iridescent. The postocular or gastric spines are 
small; a much smaller paired spine stands at the side in line with them; 
another paired spine is placed farther down near the hepatic region. 
The cervical groove is deep; where it meets the side there is a notch; 
the cilia in both branches are longer than elsewhere. The triangular 


No. 1311, SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 26% 





areolation in the fork of the groove is armed with five or six spinules. 
There are also several spinules on the anterior border of the branchial 
‘region. The posterior border of the carapace is unarmed. 

The rostrum is slender and elongated, equaling in length the width 
of the carapace; the supraocular spines are short, not reaching the 
distal extremity of the cornea. The inferior border of the merus of 
maxillipeds is armed with three slender spines 
proximal being the longest. 











graded in size, the 


cee eed ne ee ee 





Fic. 12.—MUNIDA MEDIA, x 4. 


The eyes are large with spreading cornea. 

The chelipeds are long, slender, and subcylindrical; the merus and 
carpus are armed with slender spines, the palm with spinules. 

The merus of the ambulatory iegs has a row of spines on the upper 
_ margin; in line with these there are five or six on the carpus; the lower 
margin of the propodus has a row of seven spinules. 

_ The second segment of the abdomen has a row of eight small spines 
and the third segment a single pair. The other segments are smooth, 


y 


pt 


264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 









The length of the body from the front to the end of the telson is 
10 mm.; length of the chelipeds, 24 mm.; length of the palm, 5 mm.; ; 
length of the fingers, 4.8 mm. | 

Locality. —Oft Habana, Albatross station 2343, 279 fathoms. 

Type.—Cat. No. 9524, U.S.N.M. ; 


MUNIDA MEXICANA, new species 





aR crus aan ii 
oa Nasi! 
Ne ! 





“if Lean es 
“A ) Ny l NWN \\\ 


Fig. 13.—MUNIDA MEXICANA, 31, 
The carapace is widest at about the beginning of the posterior third; 


from the widest point it tapers forward to a rather narrow front. 
The ciliated lines are unusually distant; the cilia are short. 


No 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEA NS—BENEDICT. 265 



















There are eight spines on the gastric area, six in a transverse line 
and two separated by the length of the first ciliated line. There is a 
paired spine in the fork of the cervical suture; no spines occur posterior 
to these. 

The rostrum is nearly twice the length of the eyes, its upper margin 
is slightly roughened; the supraocular spines are about one-half the 
Jength of the eyes and twice the size of the antero-lateral spines. The 
merus of the maxillipeds is armed on the inferior border with three 
slender spines and by three small denticles and a spine on the opposite 
border. The merus of the anterior feet shows upward of twenty-five 
spines when viewed from above; the carpus is short and is armed with 
spines and spinules; the palm is short and spinulose; the fingers are 
much longer than the palm, and in some specimens have a large hiatus 
near the base. The abdomen is unarmed. 

_ The length of the largest specimen is 12 mm. from the front to the 
end of the telson; length of the chelipeds, 29 mm.; length of dacty], 
10 mm.; length of palm, 5.2 mm. 

_ Locality.—West coast of Mexico, 9 to 783 fathoms; stations 2794, 
2809, 9816, 2826, 2829, 2833, 2988, and 3012. 

f pe. DCit 20536, Gx: New. ; ee ern station 2816, off Galapagos 
‘ Bands. 

Variations: The proportionate length of the fingers varies. 


a 


MUNIDA NUDA, new species. 


ae RPE 


The carapace is broadest anteriorly. The transverse lines are widely 
sic and are almost devoid of cilia; the only unbroken line runs 
ACTOSS the middle of the gastric region; it is conspicuous on account 
of its straightness and its ending at a spine on the sides of the gastric 
region. There are eight subequal spines on the gastric region—four 
in a row near the front and a pair on each side near the hepatic region; 
the larger one of the pair is higher up on the area and at the end of 
the straight carinated line. The front is broad and produced in the 
middle. The supraocular spines are short and stout, not reaching 
more than one-half the length of the eyes. 
_ The rostrum is compressed, serrate above, less so on the sides, and > 
mooth below. The merus of the lower border of the maxillipeds is 
rmed with one large spine. The chelipeds are strikingly different 
rom those of any species examined. They are short; the merus has 
bout ten spines; the largest are on the distal margin; the carpus has 
wo or three large ones on the inner margin and a large number of 
smaller ones on the upper surface; the outlines of the hand are ellip- 
tical; spines run along the borders nearly to the ends of the fingers; 
th ee are upward of fifty spines on the outer surface; the inner sur- 
lace is free from spines. The second segment of the abdomen has 




















266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





four spines. “Length of body, 12 mm.; length of cheliped, 17 mg 
of palm, 4 mm.; of fingers, 4 mm. > 

Locality. Alhatpods station 2338, latitude 23° 10’ 40” N., longitude 
89° 90! 15” W.; 189 fathoms. One male. Cat. No. 9516, U.S.N.M. | 








Fic. 14.—MUNIDA NUDA, X 4}. 


MUNIDA PERLATA, new species. 


The carapace is broadest in the middle, where it nearly equals tht 
distance from the posterior border to the line of the gastric spines 
In the single specimen obtained there are but two spines on the cara’ 
pace; these are on the gastric area. In line with these, between amt 
outside, are tubercles which in some specimens would probably ocew 
as spines. he ciliated lines are elevated. There are six small spine 
on the margin behind the antero-lateral angle. The eyes are small 









“merus are small, except those of the distal border, where there are 
four very large ones. There are two large spines on the inner margin 
f the carpus and smaller ones elsewhere. The hand is very hairy; 










The second 


~e-)s 


AGO ILE FICE RE TORE ON RAN rag 


Fig. 15.—MUNIDA PERLATA, X 23. 


_ This species in some of its characters superficially resembles small 
specimens of J. propinqua Faxon and of JM. mécrophthalma A. M. 
Edwards. From the first it is distinguished by its small eyes, from 
_ both by the armature of the maxillipeds. The supraocular spines are 
also much shorter in perlata than in mécrophthalma. 

Length from the front to the end of the telson, 24 mm.; length of 
the cheliped, 21 mm.; length of palm, 4 mm.; length of fingers, 4mm. 
 Locaiity.—Station 2808, off the Galapagos Islands; 634 fathoms. 
One female with eggs. 

> Type.—Cat. No. 20538, U.S.N.M. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 19 





ae 


068 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUS 





MUNIDA PUSILLA, new species. 

The carapace is broadest posteriorly; the sides are arcuate. The 
transverse lines of cilia are iridescent. The spines and spinules of the 
gastric area vary in number; the largest are those of the pair behind 
the supraocular spines; in line with these are one or more pairs of 
spinules; there is also a pair close to the hepatic area. There are two 





Fic. 16.—MUNIDA PUSILLA, X 4. 


or three spinules in the fork of the cervical suture and one on the 
branchial region behind the fork of the suture. The sides of the front 
retreat a little to the antero-lateral angle. The supraocular spines are 
less than one-half the length of the eyes. The rostrum is long and 
slender and is raised but little above the horizontal. The superior mar-_ 


JUM. VOL. XXVvnue 


i 


Lape 


“No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 269 


~ 





gin of the maxillipeds is armed with but a single spine. The anterior 
feet in the male are very long and slender; in many specimens there is 
a prominent hiatus near the base of the fingers of one hand; in one 
specimen the hiatus exists in both hands. The spines, or rather spin- 
ules, of the merus are very small; the palm is scabrous, much as in 

. ris. There are but few very small spines on the ambulatory legs; 
the only ones at all prominent are those at the distal ends of the merus 
and carpus. The second segment of the abdomen of many specimens 
has a widely separated pair of spinules; in other specimens with 
correlated characters the spinules are wanting. 

The females are readily distinguished by the shorter and more spiny 
chelipeds. The spinules of the second segment of the abdomen are 
often wanting, as in the males. 

Male: Length of body, 10 mm.; chelipeds, 28 mm.; palm, 8 mm.; 
fingers, 4.5 mm. 

Locality.— Albatross station 2405, Gulf of Mexico; also, at stations 
9120, Caribbean Sea; 2365, 2372, 2406, 2407, and 2640, Gulf of Mexico. 
A lot of three specimens is labeled ** Warsaw, New Providence.” 

Type.—Cat. No. 20539, U.S.N.M. Station 2405. 


MUNIDA QUADRISPINA, new species. 


The carapace is narrowest near the front margin; the posterior 
angles are much rounded. 

There are six spines on the gastric area, four in a line in the usual 
place behind the supraocular spines, and one on the sides near the hepatic 
region; the terminal spines of the line are very weak and small, but 
one spine occupies the anterior branchial region. The marginal spines 
vary from eight to ten in number. 

The rostrum is long and compressed, moderately serrate above and 
slightly so below. The supraocular spines do not reach quite to the 
ends of the eyes; they are united to the rostrum for nearly one-half 
of their length. The eyes are small. The merus of the maxillipeds 
is armed on the inferior border with four spines; the first and last are 
long, the others short. The distal ends of the terminal segments of the 
maxillipeds are rather more dilated than is usual in the genus. 

The anterior feet are well set with spines and spinules. The merus 
has fourteen spines; the carpus about twenty spines and spinules:; and 
the palm upwards of thirty. 

The ambulatory feet are compressed; the meral and carpal joints are 

‘Spiny-—spines short, blunt, inconspicuous. 

Length of a large specimen, 35 mm.; length of palm, 15 mm.; length 
of fingers, 13 mm. 

Locality.— Albatross station 2960; 267 fathoms, 2878. 

Type.—Cat. No. 20537, U.S.N.M. 

Also taken at stations 2861, 2866, 2871, 287 
B170, 3183, 3445, 3449, 3454; 3457, : see 364 
if 





Q7 


8, 2886, 29386, 30538, 3104, 
: » 
) 


, and 3673. One speci- 


. 





270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXV 





men in the collection is labeled Sitka, Alaska, Dr. W. H. Jones, U. Say 
N., 1882, No. 13947. 3 

The merus of the maxillipeds is commonly armed with four spines — 
on the lower border; variations are numerous; while the two medium 
spines are usually smaller than the others. This is not always the 
as they may range from small tubercles to large spines. 





case, 





e 


OREO eee, 





Ak 









3 
ie if 


2 





52 
> 
¥ 


Fic. 17.—MUNIDA QUADRISPINA, * 1}. 


MUNIDA SCULPTA, new species. 5 


The carapace is broadest behind the middle, and is moaerately swol- 
len. The ciliated lines are rather more than usually elevated, and its” 
anterior edges are thickly set with minute denticles. The cilia are. 
worn from the anterior and central portions of the surface, but on the 
region near the fifth pair of legs are intact, and are brightly irides- 
cent; the cilia cover about two-thirds of the space between the line 
The carapace is armed with more spines than is usual in species witl 







0.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. O01 






unarmed abdomens. A row oe ‘bight spines on fhe aaah area 1s 
rranged in size as follows: The gastric pair is the largest: the next 
re.the second and fourth pairs; those of the third pair are little more 
than spinules; a little behind the third and fourth paired spines of 
‘the front row is a spinule, and on the sides are two other paired spines. 
On each of three females there is a denticle near the extremities of a 
ciliated line forming the anterior margin of the posterior lobe of the 


al ht wt 





Fie. 18.—MUNIDA SCULPTA, X 2. 


gastric area. These spinules are wanting in the three males. In the 
fork of the cervical suture are three or four spines; on the border 
behind the suture there is a row of from three to five paired spinules. 
_ The rostrum extends beyond the eyes by more than one-half of its 
length, it is slender, slightly compressed, and is obscurely serrated 
bove. 

_ The supraocular spines extend to about the middle of the eye. The 
ntero-lateral spines equal the supraoculars in length. 


~ 


The inferior border of the merus of ‘ee m: methods is nana with, 
three or more spines on the proximal and one on the distal end. 

The chelipeds are shorter than those of J/. ¢rrasa. The merus has 
three rows of ten or more spines in good alignment; the surfaces on 
each side of the middle row are flat and diverge at an angle of 90 
decrees. There are seven or eight spines on the carpus and two rows 
on the inside of the palm; all of the articles are scabrous throughout. 

The abdomen is unarmed. 

The type specimen is an ovigerous female, and is more nearly perfect 
than the others. Unfortunately, the exact locality is unknown; it is 
labeled ‘‘Caribbean Sea, 1884.” All of the other specimens come from 
the north of Cuba. These specimens differ from the type in having 
the supraocular spines less divergent and in having three spines on 
the merus of the maxillipeds where the type has four; the distal 
terminal spine is also wanting in these specimens. The type measures 
from the front to the end of the telson 32 mm.; width, 12 mm.; length 
of chelipeds, 38 mm.; length of palm, 9 mm.; length of fingers, 9 mm. 

Locality. —Albatross station 2159; 98 fathoms; one male and one 
female. 

(Station 27, Iowa State University Expedition; two males and one 
female.) 

Type.—Cat. No. 8942, U.S.N Y.M. 


MUNIDA SIMPLEX, new species. 


The carapace is broadest behind; the transverse ciliated lines are 
well separated; the cilia are iridescent and extend forward one-fourth 


of the distance to the next line. There are six spines in line near the 


front of the gastric area and a single spine at the extremes of the first 
ciliated line. Two paired spines are situated in the fork of the cervi- 
cal suture, making twelve spines in all on the surface of the carapace. 

The eyes are nee ; the supraocular spines extend to the cornea. In 
the type specimen the lower border of the merus of the maxillipeds is 
armed with a long spine and three rudimentary ones in the other speci- 
mens; the merus has but one or two rudimentary ones. 

The chelipeds are long and cylindrical, and under a lense they are 
lightly scabrous; the scale-like areas are bordered with iridescent cilia, 

The merus has about twenty-five spines, large and small, in a dorsal 
view. ‘The spines of the carpus are small; there isa row of small spines 


near the crest of the palm. The hands are long and a little curved 


inward, and bent slightly downward from the base of the fingers, 
which are a little longer than the palm. In the specimen selected for 
the type the chelipeds are unequal; the left one is the smaller, and 
has the most marked bend at the base of the fingers, making a large 
shallow sinus in the lower outline; the outline of the dacty! is con- 


cave; the curves in the right hand are not so strong as in the left, and 


De, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 
: 


. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 273 


etter moprcsent, she: hands of the three specimens from the other 
: 

The length of the body from the front to the end of the telson is 
14mm. The chelipeds are 34 and 37 mm. in length, respectively, and 
the palm of the right is 9 mm.; the fingers, 9.2 mim. 





Qo aye 


Fig. 19.—MUNIDA SIMPLEX, X 3. 





Type.—Cat. No. 7789, U.S.N.M., from Wibotrose St ation 2169; depth 
78 fathoms. 

A second specimen was taken at station 2320 in 150 fathoms; two 
other specimens were taken at station 2322 in 115 fathoms: the three 
Stations were off Habana, Cuba. 









274 








PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


MUNIDA TENELLA, new species. 





(Se SSO 






se Oud 


Fig. 20.—MUNIDA TENELLA, X 3. 


: 
The carapace is broadest in the anterior-middle, tapering slightly 
forward to the slender spines behind the antenna. The ciliated lines — 


a 





‘No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 275 





re well separated, re oie are enone and slightly iridescent; the lines 
are for the most part unbroken. The gastric pair of spines is small, 
and the other spines of the gastric row are very small; in some 
specimens they should be designated as spinules. There are eight 
spines in the gastric row and two at the extremities of the first cili- 
ated line, making ten spines on the gastric area. A large spine occu- 
pies the area in the fork of the Pe ical suture and a second paired 
spine the border just behind the fork. 

The rostrum is about twice as long as the eyes; two or more 
spinules break the continuity of the sides: the upper border is sub- 
serrate. The supraocular spines are small and reach only about the 
middle of the eyes. 

The eyes are large, the cornea is much inflated, and the peduncles 
are very short. 

The inferior margin of the merus of the maxillipeds is armed with 
a large spine on the proximal part and by a short spine on the distal 
part. The merus of the chelipeds is armed with three rows of spines, 
the inner row with seven, the middle with six, and the outer with nine. 

There are five spines on the carpus, three on the distal border, and 
two small ones on the inner margin. The upper margin of the palm 
has a row of from ten to fourteen small spines. The ambulatory feet 
are spinulose. The second segment of the abdomen has a line of six 
spines, the third and fourth two each. 

Length of a large specimen, from the front to the end of the telson, 
18 mm.; length of chelipeds, 39 mm.; of palm, 9 mm.; of fingers, 
8mm. Taken by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer A/batross at 
several stations off St. Josephs Island, Gulf of California, in from 39 
to 71 fathoms. 

Type.—Cat. No. 20540, U.S.N.M. 

Variations: The gastric row of spines may have six spines in small 
specimens. The rostrum may show several spinules or none. The 
second segment of the abdomen may have but one pair of spines in 
some of the smaller specimens; usually six can be made out under a 
lens. 





Genus MUNIDOPSIS Whiteaves. 
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MUNIDOPSIS EXAMINED. 


a. Eye spines present. 
b. Eye spines short, conical. 
ec. Chelipeds short, bearing but few spines. 


d. Carapace broadest behind; gastric area with six spines. ---- aculeata, p. 315 
d. Carapace broadest in front; gastric area with two spines. subsquamosa, p. 327 
ec. Chelipeds elongated, bearing numerous spines. 
d. Abdomen unarmed. 
e. Auxiliary eye spine at the base of the large eye spine. ----.-.scabra, p. 325 
eA miany eve Spine: Wanting .— 5242.2. 252. Sones. -n- ==. -tannert, p. 327 
321 


4 che yeti SV eS Pec iel on (o/0 EOE See a ce hystrix, p. 
3 b, Eye spines long. 


bo 
~I 
Sa 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. SAV ie 








+. Without spines or teeth on the front behind the antennal pedunele. 


d. With four spines on the posterior margin of the carapace -.--bairdi, p. 317 _ 
d. Without spines on the posterior margin; margin roughened by a large | 
number of sharp granules. ¥ | 
e. Rostrum straight; = =. 2-5 ose ae ee antonii, p. 316 — 
e. Rostrum’ curved. => === see eee beringana, p. 279 
¢. With spines or teeth on the front behind the antennze. 

d. Spines wanting on the gastric area ......---------------spinoculata, p. 327 

d. Spines on the gastric area two or more. 
e. One eye Spine .-.---- = -- <2 + sae oe = a ee crassa, p. 318° 


e. Two eye spines. 
yf. Crest of palms spiny. 
g. Merus of chelipeds with ten to twelve spines (exclusive of the ter- 


minal spines)io 222.222 25 — ose ae ee similis, p. 326 
g. Merus of chelipeds with six to eight spines -...-.----- verrilli, p. 291 
f. Crest of palms not spiny .--.--------------------------- nitida, p. 323 


a. Eye spines not present. 
}. Rostrum broad, with subparallel sides; extends considerably beyond the eyes 
where it terminates in a trident. 
¢. Rostrum long and strongly bent upward, as in Galicantha. 


d. Carapace without spines except on margin ..-.---.-------- expansa, p. 282 
d. Carapace with spines on the surface ...-.------- bee Se ieee gilli, p. 283 


c. Rostral point short, horizontal (Galathodes). 
d. Gastric area armed with two spines or spinules. ! 
e. Palm spiny above and below --.--..=-----=2--.2-_----..- Uri ee 
e. Pali’ not spiny .2 22 52 2222 See = ae ee mina, p. 285 
d. Gastric area without spines or spinules. 
e. Maxillipeds with the inferior margin of merus armed with three spines. 
J: Sides! of rostrum: CONVEX] == en —-— eee eee tridentata, p. 328 
f. Sides of rostrum) straight 222 22-o. 2 se eee bahamensis, p. 278 
e. Maxillipeds with the inferior margin of the merus armed with two spines. 
f. Both spines slender from the base. 
g. Carpus of chelipeds with a single long slender spine -tenuirostris, p. 289 
g. Carpus with three long slender spines. ..--.--------- latifrons, p. 321 
f. Both spines not slender. 
g. Fingers of the chelipeds acuminate from base to tip-acuminata, p. 277 
g. Fingers not,acuminate: —- = 2¢45-02-5- 5= modesta, p. 286 
b. Rostrum not tridentate. 
c, Abdomen unarmed. 
d. Eyes movable. 
e. Gastric area with two very short conical spines -- ---- - - platirostris, p. 324 — 
e. Gastric area without spines. 
jf. With a sharp spine at the anterolateral angle. 
g. Rostrum broadest at base. 


h. Spine of anterolateral angle very short.---.----- cylindropus, p. 281 
h. Spine of anterolateral angle long .........---------- sigsbei, p. 326 
g. Rostrum broadest in the middlewee2s. = eee armata, p. 316 — 
J. Without spine on the anterolateral angle. g 
g. Eyes long, cylindrical 33. cylindrophthalmus, pp. 319, 281 — 
g.*Byes'short: 22.2 ee eee =f Soa polita, p. 324 
d. Eyes immoyable. : 
e. Surface of carapace smooth, punctate =-_ 2225-2. ss=eeeeeee espinis, p. 282 
e. Surface of carapace rough, coarsely granulated ......---- squamosa, Pp. 327, 
c. Abdomen armed with spines or tubercles. a 





Ho.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. ° 277% 
—— Say - 
‘ d. Rostrum armed with ise spines. 


e. Rostrum armed with a single pair of lateral spines. 


7 OMcmon Mane UNAnINed- 2.22.2 2502...5---5---.--2-5 erinaced, ~. 320 
f. Posterior margin armed with spines. 
Pee Spier AOUC WO MK oi mciass == - ten saas- 2! - = +. ------8pinifer, p. 327 
Pop MmesqiiMmerous, (Sinai, 22... kee ee ee sericea, p. 326 
e. Rostrum armed with two or more spines on each side. 
PoebiyGemMiOna Dene att oe oc sl Leese cs. Sos et ee le... opalescens, p. 287 
RaelyeoreuMlerer eS 8 oo. So oe c)s temo v le knee hamata, p. 320 


d. Rostrum not armed with lateral spines. 
e, Armature of the abdomen not confined to the median line. 

f. Armature of abdomen consisting of small conical spines, uniform in 
size, placed in a double row on the second, third, and fourth 
SGOT CT eee ee ey eee ce iahsinic ote nara cies cle wae orto scobina, ~. 325 

. Armature consisting of prominent spines on the median line and a 
single spine on each side. 
g. Spines on the posterior margin of carapace, 2 ..---: serratifrons, p. 326 
g. Spines on the posterior margin of carapace, more than 2-hastifer, p. 284 
e. Armature of abdomen confined to the median line. 
f. Gastric area armed with 1 or more spines or tubercles. 


Ge OsunMeGe PrESseMe ssa ns secacieeciss Sess -- 24. - ss latirostris, p. 321 
g. Rostrum curved upward. 
h. Median line on the gastric area free from spines ----- villosa, p. 330 


h. Median line on the gastric area armed with spines or tubercles. 

i. Orbicular sinus well developed. 
k. Rostrum strongly curved upward and much longer than the 
OWES Se Scie Ss SEE ee robusta, p. 325 
k. Rostrum nearly horizontal and but little longer than the eyes. 
tounsendi, p. 290 

i. Orbicular sinus lacking. 

k. Carapace of nearly uniform width, widest in middle, not cut 


HMO LOWS sem a pasos cr. sobs. 2 oo co sumplem, p. 320 
k. Carapace not uniform in width, cut into lobes by cervical 
sutures. 
I. Broadest near anterior end .........----.- longirostris, p. 322 
l. Broadest near posterior end......--------- curvirostra, p. 319 
jf. Gastric area lacking spines or tubercles. @ 
g. With sharp anterolateral spines...--....c-...----- abbreviata, p. 315 


g. Anterolateral spines wanting. 
h. Rostrum short, broad, concave, apex rounded. 


Lata pace.ai uniiorm width «5-62 -52--.—--.- longimana, p. 322 

i Carapacesproagest in front'. 222... 22262 es e325 = carinipes, p. 317 
h. Rostrum acuminate. 

i. Lateral margins of carapace straight -.......---- quadrata, p. 325 

Zanllateralemarcinsarcuate 3 -2—co-ssese5 cet k sesh aspera, p. 316 


MUNIDOPSIS ACUMINATA, new species. 


The rostrum extends beyond the eyes about one-third of its length; 
the base is broad; the rostral point is twice as long as the lateral 
points. The antennal spines are alittle smaller than the rostral spines. 
The spines of the lateral margin are four in number, including the 





oM. aspera may be an nee: as the rough eae are general on the carapace. 









ye) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





anterolateral spine. The posterior spine is situated just behind the 

branch of the cervical suture, as indicated by a slight notch; the ante-_ 

rior branch of the suture ends in a notch just behind the anterolat-— 
eral spine; both branches are_ 
indistinct, while the groove is 
well marked behind the gastrie 
area, 

The carapace is roughened 
by short, granulose ruge; 
there are no spines on any part 
of the gastric area. The spines 
of the ambulatory legs are con- | 
fined to the crests of merus and 
carpus. The chelipeds have 
spines on the crest and on the 

“\ inner margin of the merus and 
on the distal margin of the 
carpus. . 

The lower margin of the hand 

is nearly straight, with a slight 


aa swelling at the palm andaslight 


Ne - > sinus at the base of the fingers; 


Ape rp the fingers are acuminate, the 
Dl NA OLN Cater: 
Ut chee 


outline of the closed fingers 
See atte eee from the base to the tip is tri- 
FIG. 21.—MUNIDOPSIS ACUMINATA, X 2. ; : X 2 oe 
anguiar. This feature distin- 
guishes the species from all related forms of the subgenus Galathodes. 
The two specimens, one male and one female, were taken by the 
Albatross at station 2663, in 421 fathoms, off South Carolina. 
Type.—Cat. No. 11490, U.S.N.M. 





7 
i) 


MUNIDOPSIS BAHAMENSIS, new species. 


The rostrum is seven-eighths as long as it is broad at the base, 
measured from the base to the base of the lateral points; between the 
points it is three-fourths the length of the base. The lateral teeth are 
large and stand out well from the margin. The inferior margin of 
the merus of the maxillipeds is armed with three spines; the proximal 
spine is broad at the base; the second is as long and is uniform in 
size; the third is short, sometimes inconspicuous or wanting. The 
merus of the chelipeds has two rows of spines and two large spines 
between them; the carpus has a large spine at the inner angle and a 
smaller one at the condyle; the palm is broad and unarmed; in large 
specimens there is a hiatus between the fingers. The upper margins 
of the meral joints of the ambulatory feet bear a row of spines; the 


7. 





0.131. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS--BENEDICT. 279 








as, 


carpal joints have a single spine placed at ine Reel Seale of the upper 
margin. 
_ Length of a large male from the front to the end of the telson, 44 
mm.; length of chelipeds, 51 mm.; length of the carapace, 18 mm.; 
width, 16 mm. 

Locality.— Albatross station 2669, 352 fathoms, off the coast of 
Florida. 
Type.-—Cat. No. 20555, U.S.N.M. 






Cie, 


Fig. 22.—MUNIDOPSIS BAHAMENSIS, x 1}. 


MUNIDOPSIS BERINGANA, new species. 


Three specimens of a Munidopsis were dredged in Bering Sea, 
which at first sight would be called JZ anton/7,; but a careful examina- 
tion shows that Ane texture of the carapace differs, that the rostrum 
is curved and not as in IZ anton//, which, though directed upward, is 
perfectly straight. 

The carapace of the Bering Sea species is, in its texture, more like 


_ @ Allowance must be made for the figure of this species, as the specimens were soft; 


the exuvice still partly attached to one. The small one is, however, hard, and this 


in 


ae 


confirms the specific characters given to the large specimens. The short rugose lines 
of the posterior sides are more marked in the specimens than in the figure. 
t 


§ 


280) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X 








that of the Jf antonii figured by Henderson in the Challenger Ano- | 
mura. The sharp granules are arranged in short lines or squame on | 
the posterior portion of the carapace. The specimen figured has 
about twenty short, sharp spines on the gastric area. The smallest 
specimen, a male, has fifteen; a large female, with a part of the exu- | 
vie yet attached, has the same spination as a specimen of J/. antonis 
from the Paris Museum of Natural History (taken by the Zalésman), 
but otherwise it is like its companions. The 7a/isman specimen and 
the Bering Sea species agree in being broadest behind and tapering | 
eradually forward; the Challenger figure shows a species slightly nar-_ 
rower a little beyond the middle; the figure of the latter also shows | 





Fig. 23.—MUNIDOPSIS BERINGANA, 


wie 





| 
| 
a slight difference in the spines of the gastric ¢ a single spine in | 
the center where the other species have ine In comparing JZ. berin | 
gana with M. aculeata Faxon, the spination of the gastric area is very 
similar. The cornea of aculeata is much larger than ber/ngana and | 
the eye-spines smaller; the ruge of the posterior portion of the cara-. 
pace are coarse and separated in aculeata, and exceedingly numerous | 
and crowded in beringana | 
Length of the large female, figured from the middle of the pos- 
terior margin to the margin behind the eye, 32 mm.; greatest width, | 
28 mm. 4 
Locality.—F rom Albatross station 3608, neere7c’s fathoms. ‘ 
Type.—Cat. No. 20557, U.S.N.M. i 


_ 
gi 


no.13. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 281 
ee ; 


MUNIDOPSIS CYLINDROPUS, new species. 


_ The rostrum is sharp; the distal one-half is triangular in cross sec- 
‘tion; it extends horizontally forward beyond the eyes by about one- 
half of its length. From the apex to the eyes the upper margin is a 
‘sharp ridge; from this point the ridge is forked, the branches running 
back to the front of the gastric areolation, inclosing a slight triangular 
depression. The antero-lateral angles are right angles with sharp 
apices; that portion of the front which lies between the bases of the 
antennz is much advanced beyond the line of the angles. 

The articles of the antennal peduncles are each about as lone as 
broad; the flagelli are long and thread-like, reaching 
far beyond the chelipeds. 

The carapace is 5.5 mm. in breadth and 6.5 mm. in 
length, measured from the front behind the eve; the 
lateral margin is but slightly arcuate from the middle 
to the front, but much more so posteriorly.. The 
areolations are protuberant; the surface is everywhere 
broken by raised transverse lines varying greatly in 
length. 

The chelipeds measure 20 mm. in length and are ric. 24—Mvsrpor- 
almost uniformly 1 mm. in diameter throughout, the — “8,CY!NPReres, 
palm enlarging to 1.2 mm. at the base of the dactyl. : 

‘The merus and carpus are granulated, while the palm is smooth and 
slightly iridescent; two spines arm the inner surface of the merus and 
two or three the distal margins of both merus and carpus. 

The fingers are shorter than the palm; their prehensile edges are 
thin and minutely dentate. The ambulatory feet are granulated; with 
the exception of a small graduated comb under the dactyls they are 
free from spines. 

The merus of the maxillipeds is armed with two spines. 

The abdomen is wanting in both spines and tubercles; the margins 
of the second, third, and fourth segments are raised, forming deep 
transverse channels. 

This species in its general appearance very much resembles J/un/- 
dopsis cylindrophthalmus, but close inspection shows marked differ- 
ences in many characters. The latter species has a much broader 
Tostrum and smaller eyes; the ‘arapace is much smoother, and its 
antero-lateral angles are rounded. 

This single specimen, a female without eggs, was taken by the 
Albatross at station 3697, in 265-120 fathoms, off Honshu Island, Japan. 
& Lype.—Cat. No. 26163, U.S.N.M. 















z 


Sywws as 


QS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 











MUNIDOPSIS ESPINIS, new species. 















The rostrum is about three times as long as broad in the middle 
the apex is blunt. The carapace is about as broad as long, subquad- | 
rate: the antero-lateral angle is formed by a broad, triangular, blunt | 
tooth, which projects be yond the base of the rostrum. The marein | 
between the rostrum and the tooth is divided by a triangular projee- 
tion into two parts; the inner part is semicircular. In this the eye is 
immovably fixed both to the front and rostrum. On the margin 
behind the antero-lateral tooth is a double-pointed tooth; behind this 
and in front of a deep transverse depression is a small tooth. 





Fig. 25.—MUNIDOPSIS ESPINIS, X 23. 


This species is altogether without spines, with the exception of two 
on the merus of the maxillipeds. 

The carapace is 7.5 mm. in each dimension. 

Locality.— Albatross, station 2351, 426 fathoms, off Yucatan. 

Type.—Cat. No. 20559, U.S.N.M. 


MUNIDOPSIS EXPANSA, new species. 


The front extends forward horizontally and ends in two points and) 
a sharply upturned rostrum. The carapace is very broad, and, except- 
ing on the margin, is altogether devoid of spines; the surface is rather 
crowded with short, semicircular, raised lines; the antero-lateral angles| 
are formed by triangular teeth, the points of which are directed for- 
ward; behind the angles are two teeth on a small lobe and a third one 
at about the middle of the margin. The merus of the maxillipeds 1s 
unarmed. The distai margins of the meral joints of both the chelipeds 


r 


No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 283 


and ambulatory legs are armed with tubercular spines; the chelipeds 
are much shorter than the body. 

Length of the body from the tip of the rostrum to the end of the 
telson, 52 mm.; length of the chelipeds, 30 mm.; length of carapace 
from the sinus behind the eye, 20 mm.; breadth in the middle, 22 mm. 

Locality.— Station 2663, 421 fathoms, off Florida. 

Type.—Cat. No. 20561, U.S.N.M. 








Wn Orrakect NU 


Fic. 26.—MUNIDOPSIS EXPANSA, 14. 


MUNIDOPSIS GILLI, new species. 


The rostrum projects forward and ends in two horizontal points and 
a sharply upturned rostral point, as in Galicantha. The portion of the 
front behind the rostrum is unarmed. The lateral margins are very 
uneven. A lobe bearing a small spine marks the antero-lateral angles; 
behind the angle is a lobe with two points, followed by a sinus, then 
another short spine or point. There are eight or more small tubercu- 
lar granules on the posterior border and numerous similar granules 
scattered over the carapace and legs The different areolations are 
protuberant; the gastric area is surmounted by three spines, placed 
at the points of an equilateral triangle; there are two short spines on 
the cardiac area. The merus of the maxillipeds is armed with three 
spines; the first is very stout at the base, the second is slender, the 
third is short. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 20 








984 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





eg 
The Gneneeas are shorter than the body. The second, third, and 
fourth segments of the abdomen are each armed with a single spine. — 
Length of body from the rostrum to the end of the telson, 58 mm.; _ : 
length of carapace from behind the eyes, 24 mm.; breadth, 19.5 mm. 
Localita _—Albatross, station 2629, 1,169 fathonts: off Bahamas 
Islands. 
Type.—Cat. No. 20562, U.S.N.M. 
Named for Dr. Theodore Gill, associate in zoology, U. 5. National 


Museum. 





Fic. 27.—MUNIDOPSIS GILLI, x 1. 


MUNIDOPSIS HASTIFER, new species. 


The rostrum is rather broad, its sides are arcuate, the apex is acute, 
and the margin is cut into small serrate teeth; a prominent carina runs 
from the apex to the highest part of the gastric protuberance. The 
sides and front meet in an obtuse angle which is armed at the apex 
with a small spine. 

The front runs forward from the angle to a point almost under the 
eye, then back around the eye to the rostrum, leaving the eye ina 
semicircular orbit in which the eye moves slightly. 

The carapace is about one-sixth longer than broad, the areolations— 
are protaberant and curiously armed with compressed spines, many 


YN 
ON 
=, 
— 


0.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 2385 


having sharp procur rved points, especially those near the sides of the 
carapace; the gastric area has two large spines of this nature and 
numerous smaller ones. There are two on the median line on the 
eardiac area. The posterior margin of the carapace is raised, the 
middle third is free from spines, but on either side of this space is a 
pair, rather large and procurved. 

The chelipeds are about three times the length of the carapace, not 
including the rostrum; the merus is set with rows of elongated gran- 
ules, the middle inner surface is set 
with three sharp spines on one 
cheliped and with two on the other; 
there are three spines on the distal 
margin. The armature of the car- 
pus is similar; the palm is thickly 
set with small spiny granules below, 
large ones run along the upper mar- 
gin in a well-formed line. There 
is a line of hair along the ridge of 
the movable finger; the hiatus 
formed by the fingers is set with 
hair. The ambulatory feet are 
thickly set with spiny granules. 

The second. and third segments 
of the abdomen are armed with 
spines, the second segment has two 
spines in a central position on the 
posterior margin, and a_ paired 
group of two on tbe surface nearer 
the side; the third segment has a spine on the median line on the ante- 
rior margin and a pair separated by the line on the posterior margin, 
also smaller spines near the sides. 

The carapace of the largest specimen, a female without eggs, is 9.5 
mm. in length measured from the orbit, and 8 mm. in width; the 
chelipeds are 28 mm. in length, the palm at the base of the dactyl 1s 
3.2mm. in width, the fingers are 4.5 mm. long, and the palm 6.8 mm. 

Three specimens were taken at A/batross station 3697 in 265-120 
fathoms, off Honshu Island, Japan. 

Type.—Cat. No. 26164, U.S.N.M. 


MUNIDOPSIS MINA, new species. 





Fig. 28.—MUNIDOPSIS HASTIFER, X 23. 





The rostrum is about as long as broad, measured from its base to 
the base of the lateral points. The distance between the lateral points 
is about five-eights of the length of the base. The carapace is elon- 
gated: the sides are slightly arcuate and armed with four short spines. 
There are two short spines on the gastric area, as in J/. tredens 


qv 


LMAO 


286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 








A. M. Edwards. The merus of the maxillipeds is armed with four 
spines. The first is very broad, but sharp pointed; the second is 
slender: the third and fourth are short. The merus of the right che- 
liped has a row of small spines on the upper margin and three or four 


large spines on the inner surface. The carpus is armed on the distal 
margin with five spines. The palm is slender, a little compressed 
smooth on the sides, granular above and below. 


eneseern>} 


Se owen ae ae 


4 
| 
| 





Fic. 29.—MUNIDOPSIS MINA, X li. 


Length of body from the tip of the rostrum to the end of the telson, 
40 mm.; length of carapace from the front to the posterior margin, 
16 mm.; width of carapace, 12.5 mm. 


Locality.— Albatross station 2818, 392 fathoms, off Galapagos Islands. 
Type.—Cat. No. 20557, U.S.N.M. 





MUNIDOPSIS MODESTA, new species. 


The rostrum is broad; the rostral point is very much fonger than 
the lateral points at its base. 


The antero-lateral and other marginal spines are small for this see- 
tion of the genus. The carapace is inconspicuousty set with short hair; 


: 
‘No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 287 


the hair on the chelipeds and ambulatory legs is long, but not at all 
‘dense. There are no spines on the carapace. 

The inferior margin of the merus of the maxillipeds is armed with 
two short, sharp-pointed teeth. The spines on the merus of the cheli- 
peds vary in number, in most specimens there are four or five on the 
inner surface. There is but a single true spine on the carpus, situated 
at the inner angle. The hands are smooth; the palms are rather 
broad. The ambulatory feet are almost unarmed; the terminal spines 
of the meral and carpal joints are the most conspicuous. 





Fig. 30.—MUNIDOPSIS MODE™.a, X 3. 


~ 
E 


Length of the carapace from the front behind the eyes, 8.5 mm.; 
breadth of carapace, 7 mm.; length from the tip of the rostrum to 
the end of the telson, 22 mm.; length of chelipeds, 22 mm. 

Locality.— Albatross station 2818, 392 fathoms, off Galapagos Islands. 

Type.—Cat. No. 20553, U.S.N.M. 

A number of specimens, one small female with eggs. 





MUNIDOPSIS OPALESCENS, new species. 
The rostrum is sharp pointed, triangular in section, armed on the 
sides with three or four spines irregularly placed. The carapace is 
subquadrangular in shape; the antero-lateral angles are armed with a 


288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. al 





e 





—— 


single spine, which stands out diagonally and curves forward. The 


| 
| 


areolations are very protuberant; three spines arise from the gastrie 


area, a transverse pair near the front and one on the median line 


farther back. There is a large spine on the cardiac area, followed by 
one or more smaller ones; three spines on the post-branchial area are 
in line near the margin; behind the antero-lateral angles there are 
three spines onthe margin. The posterior border is armed with six or 










(Ca 


Fic. 31.—MUNIDOPSIS OPALESCENS, 22. 


more spines. In addition to the spines enumerated there area variable 


number of spinules and spiny granules scattered over the surface. 


The second segment of the abdomen is armed with two large spines; 


anterior to these at the sides are one or more paired spinules. The 
third segment is armed with four spines, a pair on each of the two 
ridges; the anterior pair are the larger. The inferior margin of the 
merus of the maxillipeds is armed with four spines, the third is 


usually the shortest; the superior margin has three or four small 
denticles. 


7 


male and a little arcuate in 


yes. se 


ess SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—B5 SENEDI Cr 289 


= SS a 











3 The chelipeds are icnder: the spines on the merus are distantly 


“placed in three principal rows; there is a very large spine at the inner 
angle of the carpus; many smaller ones are arranged in three rows. 
The palm has a single row of spines on the superior margin; the 
-fingersareshort. Color very light, with bréiliant opalescent reflections. 

Length of a female from the margin behind the eyes to the end of 

the telson, 20 mm.; length of chelipeds, 2 27 mm. 

i Aibarross station 2781 in 348 fathoms and 2785 in 449 
fathoms, off Patagonia. 
Type.—Cat. No. 20558, U.S.N.M. 


MUNIDOPSIS TENUIROSTRIS, new species. 


The length of the rostrum from base to tip is equal to one-half the 
width of the carapace at the antero-lateral angles; the distance 
between the lateral points is 
two-fifths of the length of 
the base. The carapace is 
hairy and devoid of spines; 
the anterior half of the lat- 
eral margin is straight in the 


the female; the margin be- 
tween the spine above the 
antenne and the base of the 
rostrum is transverse; the 
antero-lateral and other 
spines of the margin are 
subequal. 

The inferior margin of 
the merus of the maxillipeds 
is armed with two slender 
spines and one very short 
conical one. There are two 

‘rows of spines on the merus 
of the chelipeds, with two 
large spines between them; 
the hands are flattened and ; 
a little elongated. ac nae 

Length of the carapace Fig. 32.—MUNIDOPSIS TENUIROSTRIS, X 2. 
from the margin behind the 
eye to the middle of the posterior margin is 11 mm.; breadth of cara- 
pace, 9mm.; length of cheliped, 32 mm. 

Locality.— Albatross station 2415, 440 fathoms, off the coast of 
Georgia. 

Type.—Cat. No. 20560, U.S.N.M. 





29() PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


MUNIDOPSIS TOWNSENDI, new species. 


The carapace is a little longer than wide, measuring from the base 
of the rostrum. In shape it is almost as quadrate as J/. quadratus 
Faxon. The areolations are protuberant, and the entire surface is 
thickly set with tubercular granules subequal in size. These granules 
extend to the end of the rostrum. The rostrum is short and narrow, 
extending but little beyond the eyes. A tooth on the margin behind 
the antenne forms the outer angle of the orbital sinus. 

The posterior margin is armed with granules of the same size and 
character as the surface of the carapace. 

The second and third segments of the abdomen are armed each with 
a large tubercle; the tubercles and the surfaces of the segments are 
covered with the same granulations as the 
carapace; the other segments are smooth. 

The upper surface of the merus of the 
cheliped is armed with about fifteen short 
and very stout spines; the lower surface is 
semicylindrical and smooth; the carpus is 
armed with nine to twelve short tubercles. 

The palm is rather longer than the fin- 
gers and a little narrower. On the outer 
surface, in line with the gape of the 
fingers of the right hand, are the three 
largest spines on the cheliped; near the 
crest and parallel with the line of large 
spines is a row of very much smaller ones. 
The fingers are compressed, thin, and 
evenly toothed on the prehensile edges. On the left hand the three 
spines behind the gape are replaced by six smaller ones, and one or 
two of the parallel rows are hardly indicated. 

The merus of the ambulatory feet is tubercular or spiny on the distal 
half, the carpus is tubercular, and the propodus is smooth with the 
exception of a line of three to four conical spines on the upper surface. 

The dactyls are short and much curved. The merus of the maxilli- 
peds is armed with two short, stout spines. 

Length of carapace, from base of rostrum, 
8 mm. 

Named for Mr. C. H. Townsend, who served as naturalist on the 
U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. 

The type is a female with eggs from A/batross station 2818. 

Type.—Cat. No. 26167, U.S. N. M. 





Fig. 33.—MUNIDOPSIS TOWNSENDI, 


QitornOxees 


Ss 


( mm.; greatest width, 


g 


a: SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 291 





ie. 


MUNIDOPSIS VERRILLI, new species. 


The rostrum is slender and triangular in cross section; the upper 


margin runs back as a carina to a point behind the spines of the gas- 


tric region; the rostrum is slightly bent upward. The front from the 
base of the rostrum to a point under the anterolateral spine is nearly 
straight and is at an angle of about 45 degrees to the median line. The 
eyestalks are armed with two spines, of which the inner is much the 
longer. The carapace is iridescent; the short and rather elevated 
ruge are hairy. The abdomen is unarmed. 





Fic. 34.—MUNIDOPSIS VERRILLI, X 12. 
3 


The merus and carpus of the ambulatory legs are spiny. The merus 
of the chelipeds is triangular in cross section; it has four spines on the 
upper ridge and two on the inner; there are five or six spines on the 
carpus, and two prominent spines on the crest of the palm; the pre- 
hensile edges of the fingers are evenly dentate. 

This species is related to W/. brev/inana Henderson and to J. esliata 
Wood-Mason and to M/. nitida Milne-Edwards. 

Taken by the Albatross at stations 2919 and 2923, off southern 
California. 

Named for Prof. A. E. Verrill. 

Type.—Cat. No. 20656, U.S.N.M. 


292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. <i 


Genus UROPTYCHUS Henderson. 
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF UROPTYCHUS EXAMINED. 


a. Lateral margin of the carapace armed with spines or spinules. 
}. Merus without spines, except at the articulation with the carpus. 
ce. Rostrum but little longer than the eves. 


d. Gastric: region SIMO Oth Sessa eye ee eee armatus, p. 330 — 
d. Gastric region rough .... 22-222. 2225225-- 20 ee see = ane se SCONCE an mae 
c. Rostrum about twice the length of the eyes.......--..-...- granulatus, p. 298 


b. Merus spiny. 
ce. Spines on the merus few. 


d. Rostrum broad, triangular, not twice as long as the eyes. ...minutus, p. 296 
d. Rostrum about three times the length of the eyes ___-_..--.: spiniger, p. 298 
c. Spines on the merus numerous. 
d. Without spines on the gastric region) 52-—- 2 eee bellus, p. 3381 
d. With spines on the gastric region. 
e. Spines on the lateral margin short and StOutem es aces pubescens, p. 832 


e. Spines on the lateral margin long and slender. 
f. Chelipeds long and slender;. spines on the crest of the palm larger and 


more numerous than those of the lower margin .--..-.spinosus, p. 333 
f. Chelipeds stout, with spines of the crest and lower margin longer and 
about equal in size‘and number™--45-2 225 se seer eee princeps, p. 296— 


a. Lateral margin of the carapace unarmed. 
). Carapace and legs densely spinulose (including lateral margin) --rugosus, p. 333 
hb. Carapace not spinulose. 
c. Carapace pubescent Pe AOR I ere ee capillatus, p. 293 
c. Carapace not conspicuously pubescent. 
d. Rostrum about twice the length of the eyes. 


_e. Cornea not larger than the eyestalk ........-....-..-- jamaicensis, p. 294 
e. Cornea spreading, much larger than the eyestalk ....--.--- nitidus, p. 332 
d. Rostrum not twice as long as the eves. 
Gs NROS brea Cyr trae eal a ere brevis, p. 292 
e. Rostrum flat, triangular. 
f. Outline of hands arcuate on both margins. ------. ------- uncifer, Pp. 333 
f. Outline of hands straight on both margins. 
g. Rostrum longer than eyesi2 sos e see eee ee occidentalis, p. 332 
g. Rostrum much shorter than eyes -..---------------- scambus, p. 297 


UROPTYCHUS BREVIS, new species. 


The rostrum is short, subeylindrical, and blunt. The only armature 
of the carapace is at the antero-lateral angles, from which a fingerlike 
tubercle extends directly forward. 

The carapace is remarkable for its dimensions, being much broader 
than long; the broadest portion is near the posterior margin; the 
front is about one-half the breadth; the sides are immarginate. 

The merus of the maxillipeds is unarmed. The merus of the cheli- 
ped is cylindrical, armed at the distal upper angle with a single small 
spine; the carpus is a little compressed, with a row of 5 small tuber- 
cles on the upper margin and a spine and 2 tubercles on the distal 
border. The palm is compressed to a thin crest above; the crest is 









10, 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 293 











serrate; the fingers touch only at the tips; a tubercle on each extends 
across the hiatus. The propodal 
joints of the ambulatory legs are 
flattened andcurved, forming more 
than a semicircle in connection 
with the curved dactyls. 
Length of the carapace from the 
‘margin behind the eyes to the end 
of the median line, 5.5 mm.: 
breadth, 6.8 mm.; length of ros- 
trum, 1.5 mm. 
Locality.—Albatross station 
9351 in 426 fathoms, lat. 22° 41’ 
00” N.; long, 84° 16’ 30” W., off 
Yucatan. 
Type.—Cat. No. 20566 U.S.N.M., female with eggs. 


gs 





FIG. 35.—UROPTYCHUS BREVIS, X 13. 


UROPTYCHUS CAPILLATUS, new species. 


The rostrum is as long as the carapace; its breadth at the base is 
equal to one-balf of its length. The carapace is broader than long, 
armed on the lateral margin with a number of spin- 
ules; all surfaces are granular and covered with short 
hair. This speciesismuch nearer to U”. rugosus than 
to any other in the collection; it differs in having a 
dense coat of short hair where in 7ugosus it is long 
and scattering; the spines of the margin of the am- 
bulatory legs are smaller and more numerous in cap- 
ilatus; the upper margins of the propodal joints of 
the ambulatory legs are spiny only on the proximal 
half in rugosus. In this species the whole margin is 
spiny. The chelipeds are wanting in both specimens. 

Length of carapace, 3 mm.; breadth, +mm.; length 


fo UzorrrcHus * of rostrum, 3 mm. 
CAPILLATUS, X 3 3. ‘ 





Locality.— Albatross station 2353 in 167 fathoms, 
fat. 20° 59’ 00” N., long. 86° 23’ 00” W. 
Type.—Cat. No. 20565 U.S.N.M. 





UROPTYCHUS GRANULATUS, new species. 


The rostrum of a large female is 5 mm. long, is broad at the base, 
and sharp at the apex. It is slightly depressed, in conformity to the 
curve of the convexity of the carapace; it is deeply concave at the 
base. The antero-lateral angles are armed with stout spines. Near 
_ this is a smaller spine at the outer angle of the broad and deep orbital 
‘sulcus. The lateral margins of the carapace are very strongly arcuate 
and unevenly serrate. There is a spine on the margin behind the 








anterior branch of the cervical depression and one behind the posterior 
branch. On the carapace near the first spine there is a tubercle which 
in a smaller female is replaced by a spine; in a third and much 
smaller specimen this spine is but slightly indicated and the serrations 
and spines are inconspicuous. 

The surface of the carapace is set with large, well-separated granules, 
The chelipeds are long, cylindrical, and free from spines, except at 
the articulations. The surfaces, however, have the same character of 
granulations as the carapace. The ambulatory legs are smooth; the 
dactyls have a row of short, horny teeth, which form a comb on the 
lower margin. 





By Eats 
AME TUNIS. XS 


Fic. 37.—UROPTYCHUS GRANULATUS, X 1. 


Length of carapace, 11 mm.; breadth between the antero-lateral 
angles, 7 mm.; a little behind the middle, 12 mm.; at the posterior 
margin, 10 mm.; length of chelipeds, 59 mm.; of the palm, 18 mm.; 
of the fingers, 8 mm. 

Taken by the Albatross at station 2818 in 392 fathoms, Galapagos 
Islands. Three females, the two largest with eggs. 

Type.—Cat. No. 20567 U.S.N.M. 





UROPTYCHUS JAMAICENSIS, new species. 


The rostrum is deeply excavated on the basal half of its surface; it 
is flat above and below. The surface of the carapace is moderately 
swollen; the lateral margins are arcuate, ending at the antero-lateral 


294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.. 


x 


bland 


e 


“ai 


evo. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 295 


angles in a small paired spine. The carapace is smooth, glabrous, and 
punctuate under a lens. The chelipeds are long; the carpus is much 
longer than the merus and equal to the palm; both merus and carpus 
are cvlindrical; the palm is compressed; the fingers are less than one- 
half the length of the palm; the merus and carpus have a spine at 
each of the anterior condyles. 





Fig. 38.—UROPTYCHUS JAMAICENSIS, X 1}. 


Length of the carapace, 8 mm.; greatest breadth, 9 mm.; length of 
the rostrum from the margin behind the eyes, 5 mm.; breadth of ros- 
trum at base, 2.5 mm. 

Locality.— Albatross station 2117, in 683 fathoms, lat. 15° 24’ 40” N., 
long. 68° 31/30” W., Caribbean Sea. 

Type.—Cat. No. 20568, U.S.N.M. 






296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ 





UROPTYCHUS MINUTUS, new species. 


2 

- 

> 
e 
rl 


The rostrum is long, sharp, and broadat the base; the sidesare straight. 
The carapace is broadest near the posterior margin; the lateral mar-_ 
gins are armed with six or seven spinules, and converge to a narrow — 
front. The species is 
remarkable for the 
large size of the hands. 
The palm is com- 
pressed; the immobile 
finger is longer than 
the dactyl, which 
closes inside of its 
hooked apex; there 
are several large 
spines on the merus 
and carpus. ‘The pro- 
podal joints of the am- 





Fic. 39.—UROPTYCHUS MINUTUS, x 33. Fig. 40.—UROPTYCHUS PRINCEPS, X 1}. 


bulatory legs have four or five long, slender spines on the lower margin. 
This is the smallest species oon Length of carapace, 3 mm.; 
chelipeds, 10 mm. 
Locality.— Albatross station 2120, in 73 fathoms, off Trinidad. 
Type.—Cat. No. 7833, U.S.N.M. 


UROPTYCHUS PRINCEPS, new species. 





The rostrum is long, sharp pointed, broad at the base and curved 
downward; four or five small spines lie along its margins irregularly 
placed. The carapace is broader than long, flattened, armed on the mar- 
gin with fine, long, slender spines. A row of spines extends across the 
‘arapace a little behind the front; the row is interrupted in the middle. 
There are numerous spinules on the carapace near the margins. | 








No.131. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 297 


—— _ 


The upper distal angle of the merus of the maxilli ipeds is armed 
with a single spine; the corresponding angle of the following joint 
with two. 

There are four lines of spines on the merus of the chelipeds; the 
“spines near the distal margin are long; there are seven rows on the 
“carpus; the palm is compressed and long; eleven spines on the crest 
‘and fifteen on the lower margin; a few spinules are placed on the 
outer surface near the carpus and crest; the inner surface is smooth. 

The ambulatory legs have a single row of spines on the crest of the 
meral and carpal joints; the meral joints have two additional rows 
below. 
The carapace is 12.5 mm. in length and 13.5 mm. broad. The ros- 
trum is 5.5 mm. long; the iiclipeds 55 mm. in length. 
Locality.— Albatross station 2752, in 281 fathoms, lat. 13° 34’ 00” N., 
long. 61° 04’ 00" W., Lesser Antilles. 
Type.—Cat. No. 20564, U.S.N.M. 


UE fPietaak 


“RGN 





UROPTYCHUS SCAMBUS, new species. 


The rostrum is triangular, its apex reaches the base of the cornea. 
The front is cut back into semicircular orbits, which are continuous 
with the rostrum on the inside and 
nearly so with the finger-like projection qm 

at the antero-lateral angles which guard / 4 y) 
the outer angles of the orbital sinus. 
The carapace is broader than long, | 
measuring 7 mm. in length to 8 mm. in 
breadth, it is convex in all directions, 
and has no marginal or other spines; 

the surface is glabrous; the sides are, 
prolonged at the antero-lateral angles 
‘into finger-like processes, which do not suggest spines. In shape the 
carapace is triangular, with rounded posterior apices and the anterior 
apex cut off to make room for the eyes and other appendages. 

The merus of the maxillipeds is unarmed. 

The elongated chelipeds are unarmed, with the exception of some 
slight projections at the distal margins of the merus and carpus and 
two tubercles in the gape of the fingers. 

The ambulatory feet are cylindrical; the dactyls are subprehensile, 
and armed beneath with a row of little spines which are hidden hy a 
dense growth of hair. 

It will be seen by the figures that this species is very closely related 
to Uroptychus brevis of the Antillian region; the subprehensile dac- 
_tyls common to both, in conjunction with the proportions of the cara- 

pace, might well enough warrant generic distinction, if the genus as 
at present constituted was overcrowded, which can hardly be claimed 


for ake 
au 





IG. 41.—UROPTYCHUS SCAMBUS, X 2}. 


298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


The type and only specimen is a female with eggs, dredged by the 
Albatross off Honshu Island, Japan, at station 3706, in 337 fathoms. 
Type.“ ‘at. No. 26165, U.S.N.M. 





UROPTYCHUS SCANDENS, new species. 


The rostrum is about 1.2 mm. in length, narrow, pointed, concave — 
above. The posterior line of the orbital sinus is but little behind the | 
line of the antero-lateral angles. The eyes | 
are cylindrical and about 1 mm. in length. 

The carapace is4mm. in length, measured | 
from the orbit to the posterior margin at the | 
median line and 4.5 mm. in breadth. | 

The lateral margins are spinulose; a few 
spinules are placed along the side of the gas- | 
tric region, replaced on the front of the re- | 
Fic. 42.—URoprycHus scaNDENS, ojon by granules. The antero-lateral angles ; 

os are armed with spines a little 
larger than those of the margin. 

The chelipeds are long, slender, and altogether lack- 
ing in armature, with the exception of a tubercle on the 
prehensile edge of the movable finger; the opposing 
finger has a sulcus into which the tubercle nicely fits. 

The dactyls of the ambulatory feet are short and 
blunt; a fringe of short sharp spines render them pre- 
hensile in no small degree. The carapace and legs are 
set with long fine hair. 

The type and only specimen is a female, with eggs, 
dredged by the <A/batross at station 3715, in 68-65 
fathoms, off Honshu Island, Japan. 

Type.—Cat. No. 26166, U.S.N.M. 


UROPTYCHUS SPINIGER, new species. 













FG. 43.—UROPTY- | 

The rostrum is slender and sharp pointed, concave on —CHUS._ SPINTGEE 
the upper surface of the basal half. The antero-lateral =~ 
angles of the carapace are marked by large and very sharp spines. | 
The lateral margins are armed with spines of uneven size, the one) 
behind the antero-lateral is small, followed by a large one, which in: 
turn is followed by two much smaller ones. 

The meral and carpal joints of the maxillipeds are each armed on: 
the distal upper angle with a single spine. The coxa and ischium of 
the chelipeds are each armed with a single spine; the merus with six) 
very stout spines, three in a transverse row on the proximal portion, | 
two near the middle, and one on the distal margin; there are three or! 
four on the surface of the carpus and four short conical spines on the} 
border next the palm. The merus of the ambulatory legs has two) 
spines on the upper border. | 








No. 1311, SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 299 


we 








_ Length of carapace, 3.7 mm.; breadth, 4 mm.; length of rostrum, 
3 mm.; length of chelipeds, 18 mm. 

Locality.— Albatross station 2152, in 387 fathoms, off Habana. 
Type.—Cat. No. 7795, U.S.N.M. 


Genus PTYCHOGASTER A. Milne-Edwards. 
PTYCHOGASTER DEFENSA, new species. 





Fic. 44.—PTYCHOGASTER DEFENSA, X 1. 


The rostrum is slender and styliform, about twice as long as the 
eyes. The gastric area is armed with seven slender spines similar to 
the rostrum in appearance, but somewhat shorter; one is placed in the 
center of the area and the others at equal intervals from it, forming a 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02—— 21 


R 


300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


circle; four spines on the cardiac area form a square; there are six” 
paired spines on the branchial areas and one on the hepatic. 

The first and second segments of the abdomen are each armed with 
a row of large spines; the third, fourth, and fifth segments have a 
large paired spine on the side with a smaller spine close behind it; 
the sixth segment has a group of about twelve spines. The spines of 
the legs are long, slender, and curved, numerous but not crowded. 

This species is distinguished from /. dnvestigatoris Alcock and 
Anderson by the larger size and lesser numbers of the spines on the 
chelipeds and ambulatory feet, and by the armature of the abdomen. 
The spines of the carapace seem to be a little longer in P. defensa, but 
in general the species are closely related. 

Length of body from the margin behind the eyes to the end of the 
telson, 33 mm.; of the cheliped, 104 mm.; of the first ambulatory leg, 
60 mm. 

Locality.— Albatross station 2818, in 392 fathoms, Galapagos Islands. 

Type.—Cat. No. 20563, U.S.N.M. 


LIST OF KNOWN MARINE SPECIES OF GALATHEID&. 
GALATHEA ACANTHOMERA Stimpson. 
Galathea acanthomera Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p. 252. 
Bonin Islands, between coral, at a depth of 1 fathom. 
GALATHEA ACULEATA Haswell. 


Galathea aculeata HASwELL, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, VI, p. 761; Cat. 
Aust. Crust., 1882, p. 162. 


GALATHEA AEGYPTIACA Paulson. 


Galathea aegyptiaca Pautson, Izsledovaniya Rakoobraznikh Krasnago Morya, I, 
Kief, 1875, p. 94, pl. xu, fig. 1-1b. 


GALATHEA AFFINIS Ortmann. 
Galathea affinis ORTMANN, Zool. Jahrb. System., p. 252, 1892, pl. u, fig. 9. 
GALATHEA AGASSIZI A. Milne-Edwards. 


Galathea agassizi A. M1tng-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 47.— 
A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., (7), X VI, 1894, 
p. 252; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 17, pl. 1, figs. 6-15. 


West India region. 


GALATHEA ANDREWSI Kinahan. 


Galathea andrewsi KiINAHAN, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc., Dublin, LH, p. 58, pl. xvi, 
fig. 8. 
Galathea intermedia Bonnter, Bull. Sci. France et Belg., (3), XIX, 1888, p. 180. 
Specimens in the Museum can be distinguished from G. intermedi 
(see key, p. 247); the review is, however, incomplete 


0.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 301 





GALATHEA AUSTRALIENSIS Stimpson. 


Galathea australiensis Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p. 251. 
Galathea australiensis HaswE.1, Cat. Aust. Crust., 1882, p. 161. 


, GALATHEA BREVIMANA Paulson. 
i 


4 
‘ Galathea brevimana Pauuson, Izsledovaniya Rakoobraznikh Krasnago Morya, I, 


i Kief, 1875, p. 95. 

; GALATHEA CALIFORNIENSIS, new species, see p. 247. 

GALATHEA CORALLICOLA Haswell. 

: Galathea corallicola Hasweu, Cat. Aust. Crust., 1882, p. 162; Proc. Linn. Soe, 
New South Wales, VI, p. 761. 

f GALATHEA DEFLEXIFRONS Haswell. 


Galathea deflexifrons HAswELL, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, VI, p. 761; 
Cat. Aust. Crust., 1882, p. 163. 


Albany Passage, among Comatulids. 
GALATHEA DISPERSA Spence Bate. 


Galathea dispersa Spence Bare, Jour. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., III, 1859, 
p. 3.—Bonntkr, Bull. Scient. France et Belg., (3), XIX, 1888, p. 154, pl. x1, 
figs. 1-3. (See for synonymy.) 


GALATHEA ELEGANS Adams and White. 


Galathea elegans ADAMs and Wuirr, Zool. Samarang, Crustacea, pl. xu, fig. 7.— 
HasweEL., Cat. Aust. Crust., 1882, p. 163. 


Holborn Island, 20 fathoms. 
GALATHEA GIARDI Th. Barrois. 


Galathea giardi TH. Barrots, Crust. Podopht. de Concarnean, 1882, p. 22; Cat. 
des Crust. Marins Recueillis aux Acores, 1888, p. 21, pl. m1, fig. 1. 
GALATHEA GRANDIROSTRIS Stimpson. 
: Galathea grandirostris Strmpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p. 252. 


Japan, Kagosima Bay, in 5 fathoms. 


GALATHEA INCONSPICUA Henderson. 


a 

t Galathea inconspicua HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X VI, 1885, p. 408; 
Voyage of the Challenger, XX VII, Anomura, 1888, p. 122, pl. x11. 

GALATHEA INTEGRA, new species, see p. 248. 

; GALATHEA INTEGRIROSTRIS Dana. 

) Galathea integrirostris Dana, U. 8. Explor. Exped., Crust., 1858, p. 482, pl. xxx, 

| fig. 12. 

4 Dredged at Tahaina, Sandwich Islands. 













- @Galathea integra differs in that the rostrum is very much more acute in integra 
and the merus of the maxillipeds is short and broad, its inner margin armed with a 
_ large spine. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX I 





302 


GALATHEA INTERMEDIA Lilljeborg. 





Galathea intermedia LittsEBorG, Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl., 1851, p. 21. = 
Galathea parroceli GOURRET, Décapod. Macrou. nouv. du Golfe de Marseilles, 
Compt. Rend. Acad., CV, 1887, p. 1034. 4 
Galaihea intermedia Bonnier, Bull. Scient. France et Belg., (3), XIX, 1888, 
p: 130. 3 


7 


Bonnier makes G. andrewst a synonym of this species. Of they 
correctness of this I do not feel at all sure. a 






GALATHEA LABIDOLEPTA Stimpson. 
Galathea labidolepta Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p. 251. 
Cape of Good Hope. } 

GALATHEA LATIROSTRIS Dana. 
Galathea latirostris Dana, U. S. Explor. Exped., Crust., 1858, p. 480, pl. xxx, fig. ae 
Fiji Islands. Among corals and in cavities of the coral rock. , 
Nearly colorless. . 
GALATHEA LONGIMANA Paulson. 


Galathea longimana Pautson, Izsledovaniya Rakoobraznikh Krasnago Morya, I, 
Kief, 1875, p. 94, pl. x11, fig. 2-2a. 


GALATHEA LONGIROSTRIS Dana. 


Galathea longirostris Dana, U. 8. Explor. Exped., Crust., p. 482, pl. xxx, fig. 1 
Fiji Islands. Brought up on a comatula from a depth of 10 


fathoms. 
GALATHEA MACHADOI Th. Barrois. 


Galathea machadoi Barrors, Cat. des Crust. Marins Recueillis aux Acores, 1888, | 
p. 22, pl. u, fig. 2-10.—A. Minne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. Ges: 


Sci. Nat., (7), X VI, 1894, p. 252. 
GALATHEA MAGNIFICA Haswell. 
Galathea magnifica Haswext, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, VI, p. 761; Cat. | 
Aust. Crust., p. 162. 
GALATHEA NEXA Embleton. 
Galathea neva EMBLETON, Proc. Berwick. Nat. Field Club.—Bonntkr, Bull. Scient. | 
France et Belg., (3), XIX, p. 149, pl. xu, figs. 6,8. (See for synonymy.) 
s| 


GALATHEA ORIENTALIS Stimpson. 


Galathea orientalis Stimpson, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p. 252. 
Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., 1892, p. 252, pl. 1, fig. 10. ‘ 


In the Strait of Lyimoon near Hongkong, in 25 fathoms. z 
On 


po 


s 





SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 3038 





GALATHEA PAUCI-LINEATA, new species, see p. 249. 


GALATHEA PUBESCENS Stimpson. 







Galathea pubescens Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p. 252. 
Japan, in the port of Hakodadi, and at the island of Ousima, in 25 
to 35 fathoms. 

GALATHEA PUSILLA Henderson. 


Galathea pusilla HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 407; 
Voyage of the Challenger, X X VII, 1888, p. 121, pl. xn, fig. 1. 


Off Twofold Bay, Australia, in 150 fathoms. 
GALATHEA ROSTRATA A. Milne-Edwards. 


Galathea rostrata A. Mitnr-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 47.— 
A. Mrtne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., (7), X VI, 1894, 
p. 252; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 14, pl. 1, figs. 1-5. 


; West India region. 
GALATHEA RUFIPES Edwards and Bouvier. 


Gclathea rufipes A. MILNE-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat. Zool., 
. (7), XVI, 1894, p. 252; Exped. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talisman, 
Brachy. et Anom., 1890, p. 280, pl. xxrx, figs. 4-8. 


Cape Verde Islands. 
GALATHEA SPINOSOROSTRIS Dana. 


Galathea spinosorostris Dana, U. S. Explor. Exped. Crust., 1858, p. 480, pl. xxx, 
fig. 9a. 


Sandwich Islands. 


GALATHEA SQUAMIFERA Leach. 


“A 


Galathea squamifera Leacn, Edin. Encycl., VII, p. 398. 

Galathea fabricti Leacu, Encyel. Brit. Supp., pl. xx. 

Galathea squamifera Leacn, Malacostraca Podophthalmata Britanize, 1815, pl. 
xxvint A., fig. 1.—Bonnier, Bull. Scient. France et Belg., (3), XIX, 1888, 
p. 148, pl. xi, figs.1-5. (For synonymy see this. ) 


Northern Europe. 
GALATHEA STRIGOSA Linnzus. 


Cancer strigosus Linn mus Syst. Nat., 12th ed.,/ 1766, p. 1052, No. 69. 

Astacus strigosus PENNANT, Brit. Zool., 1777, pl. xiv, fig. 26. 

Galathea strigosa Fasricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl., 1798, p. 414.—Bonnier, Bull. 
Scient. France et Belg., (3), XIX, 1888, p. 160, pl. xx1u1, figs. 4-6 (synonymy ). 


: 
| 
; 
| 
7 
| 


Northern Europe. 


GALATHEA SUBSQUAMATA Stimpson. 
Galathea subsquamata Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X, 1858, p. 252. 


[sland of Ousima. 











304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





GALATHEA VITIENSIS Dana. 


Galathea vitiensis Dana, U. S. Explor. Exped. Crust., 1858, p. 481, pl. xxx, fig. 10a, 
Fijis, about corals. Length, one-fourth of an inch, nearly colorless, . 


GALACANTHA. 
GALACANTHA CAMELUS Ortmann. 


Galacantha camelus OrtMANN, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., p. 257, 1892, pl. 11, fig. 14. 


GALACANTHA DIOMEDE£ Faxon. 


Galacantha diomedeex Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1893, p. 180; Mem. Mus. i 
Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 79 ero lsiexexavauitiexcele 


GALACANTHA FAXONI, new name. 


Galacantha rostrata Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 52; Mem, 
Mus. Comp. Zool., XVIII, 1895, p. 78, pl. B, figs. 1, la. 

The differences which in my opinion separate this species from ; 
C. rostrata of the West Indian region were clearly seen by Mr. Faxon, — 
He had before him seven specimens from stations 3862, 3400, and_ 
3414. His conclusions were that ‘*The A/batross specimens differ — 
constantly from the typical West Indian form in the following partic- 
lars: The spines at the antero-lateral angles of the carapace are more | 
divergent, the anterior spine being more nearly parallel with the axis 
of the body; the posterior spine is relatively longer; the abdomen 
is smoother toward the central part of the segments; the dorsal spine— 
of the fourth abdominal segment is smaller. In other regards there 
is considerable variation among different individuals.” 


GALACANTHA INVESTIGATORIS Alcock and Anderson. 


Galacantha investigatoris ALcock and ANDERSON, Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXIII, — 
1894, p. 173.—Atcock, Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crustacea, 1895, pl. x1, fig. 4. 

Galacantha rostrata var. investigatoris ALcocK, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. Indian 
Museum, 1901, p. 276. 


Arabian Sea, off the Island of Minicoy, 1,200 fathoms. 


GALACANTHA ROSTRATA A. Milne-Edwards. 


Galacantha rostrata A. Mrtnr-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1880, VIII, p. 
52.—S. I. Smirx, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., X, 1882, p. 21, pl. rx, fig. 2; Ann. 
Report U. 8. Fish Com. for 1882, 1884, p. 355.—A. Miine-Epwarps and | 
Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 271.—Faxon, Mem. Mus, 
Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 78, pl. B, figs. 1, la; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., | 
XIX, No. 2, 1897, p. 60, pl. rv, figs. 21-24. 

Galacantha talismani H. Fruno., La Vie au Fond des Mers, 1884, pl. 111.—Eb, 
Prrier, Les Explorations Sous-Marines, 1885, fig. 8, p. 341.—HENDERSON, | 
Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 167, pl. xx, fig. 1. 

Galacantha bellis HENDERSON, Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 167, 


pl. x1x, fig. 6. ‘ 
Galacantha areolata Woop-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 200. f 
z} 


ie 


’ 


— NO.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 805 
| i Munidopsis rostrata 8. I. Smiru, Proc. U. 8. National Museum, VIT, 1885, p. 493; 


Report of the U. 8. Fish Com. for 1885, 1886, p. 45, pl. vi, fig. 1. 
Galacantha rostrata Aucock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust., 1901, p. 275. 


Western Europe and West Indies. 


GALACANTHA SPINOSA A. Milne-Edwards. 


Galacantha spinosa A. M1tNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIIT, 1880, p. 
53.—A. MILNE-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat. Zool., (7), 
XVI, 1894, p. 270; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, p. 56, pl. rv, figs. 
15-20. 


GALACANTHA TRACHYNOTUS Anderson. 


Galacantia trachynotus ANDERSON, Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LX V, 1896, p. 100.— 
Axcock, Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crustacea, 1896, pl. xxv, fig. 3. 

Galacantha spinosa var. trachynotus AucocKk, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust., Indian 
Museum, 1901, p. 277. 


Arabian Sea, 912-931, and 947 fathoms. 


PLEURONCODES Stimpson. 
PLEURONCODES MONODON (M. Edwards.)? 


?Galathea monodon M. Epwarps, Hist. Nat. Crust., II, 1837, p. 276. 

?Pleuroncodes monodon Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. N. Y., VII, 1860, p. 245.— 
Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X XIV, 1893, p. 176; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
XVIII, 1895, p. 72, pl. xv, fig. 3. 


PLEURONCODES PLANIPES Stimpson. 
Pleuroncodes planipes Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, April, 1860, 
p. 245. 
CERVIMUNIDA, new genus, see p. 249. 


CERVIMUNIDA PRINCEPS, new species, see p. 249. - 
MUNIDA Leach. 
Munida Lracua, Dict. Sci. Nat., X VIII, 1820, p. 52. 


MUNIDA AFFINIS A. Milne-Edwards. 


Munida affinis A. Mrune-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 48.— 

' A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat. Zool., (7), X VI, 1894, 
p. 257; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 53, pl. mt, fig. 14. 

Munida afjinis Benepicr, The Anomuran Collections made by the Fish Hawk 
Expedition to Porto Rico, U. S. Fish Commission Bull. for 1900, p. 147. 


This species was taken off Habana at stations 2169 in 78 fathoms, 
2321 in 230 fathoms, 2329 in 118 fathoms, 2346 in 200 fathoms. Off 
the south coast of Cuba at stations 2129 in 274 fathoms, 2130 in 175 
fathoms, 2131 in 202 fathoms, 2133 in 290 fathoms, 2135 in 250 
fathoms. Off the west end of Cuba at station 2350 in 250 fathoms. 
One lot is labeled station 2138 in, 23 fathoms off the east end of 


ene 


306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


Jamaica. It is possible that some mistake has been made in this sta-— 
tion number, as this species did not occur in other shallow-water 
dredging. 


es 


ey se 


MUNIDA ANDAMANICA Alcock. 


Munida militaris var. andamanica Aucock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII, ~ 
1894, p. 321; Illus. Zool. of Investigator Crust., 1895, pl. xu, fig. 2; Dese. 
Cat. Indian Deepsea Crust., Indian Museum, p. 242. 

‘* From the Andaman Sea,” ‘* 173-419 fathoms, and from the Arabian 
Sea, in the neighborhood of the Laccadives and Maldives, 210-860 
fathoms.” 

MUNIDA ANGULATA, new species, see p. 252. 


MUNIDA AUSTRALIENSIS Henderson. 


Munida subrugosa var. avstraliensis HENDERSON, Challenger Report, X X VII, 1888, 
p. 125, pl. x1, fig. 3. 
The characters given by Mr. Henderson are sufficient for specific 
rank in the absence of intergrading forms. 
Challenger station 162 off East Moncoeur Island, Bass Strait; depth 
38 to 40 fathoms. Several specimens, the majority of which are 
females; the body of the largest measures only 25 mm. in length. 


MUNIDA BAMFFICA (Pennant). 


Astacus bamfficus Pennant, Brit. Zool., IV, 1777, pl. x1, fig. 25. 

Galathea rugosa Fasricius, Ent. Syst., 11, 1798, p. 472; Suppl., p. 415. 
Galathea longipeda Lamarck, Syst. des Anim. sans vert., 1808, p. 128. 

Munida rondeletii Gorpon, The Zoologist, X, 1852, p. 3678, London. 

Munida bamfia Norman, Report on Dredgings, Shetland, 1868, p. 265. 
Munida tenuimana G. O. Sars, Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand. Christ., 1871, p. 257. 


Munida bamfia Bonnier, Bull. Sci. France et Belg., (3), XIX, 1888, p. 164, pl. 
xiil, figs. 7 and 8. 


Munida bamfica A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Crustaces Decapodes 
provenant des campagnes du yacht l’ Hirondelle (1886, 1887, 1888), Pt. 1, 
Brachyures et Anomoures, Res. Camp. Scient., Albert, I, Pt. (, 1894, p.7835 
pl. vn, fig. 1-7; Pt. 12, XIII, 1899, p. 75, pl. rv, figs. 6-16, Monaco. 

The ten figures in the last work referred to show the variations of 
this species. From this work and that of J. Bonnier full synonymy 
and reference can be made out. 

European waters. 


MUNIDA CARIBEA Stimpson. 


Munida caribea Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, VII, 1860, p. 244. 
Dr. Faxon says of this: *‘The specimens doubtfully referred to, 
Munida caribea Stimpson, by Prof. 8. I. Smith are Munida tris of 
Milne-Edwards. Stimpson’s Wunida caribea is absolutely indeter- 
minable from his brief notice of it, and the types were burned in the 
great Chicago fire. The name car/bea should then be dropped and 
Milne-Edwards’s zrés and+/rrasa should be retained.” 


(Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XVIII, 1895, p. 73. i 


SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 307 





MUNIDA COMORINA Alcock and Anderson. 


Munida comorina Aucock and ANverson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), I, 
1899, p. 18; Illus. Zool. Invest. Crust., pl. xii, fig. 3. 


MUNIDA CONSTRICTA A. Milne-Edwards. 





~ Munida constricta A. Mitne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, 
p. 52.—A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bovuvirer, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., (7), XVI. 
1894, p. 256; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 40, pl. 11, fig. 5. 


West India region. 
MUNIDA CURVATURA, new species, see p. 253. 


MUNIDA CURVIMANA Edwards and Bouvier. 


Munida curvimana A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat. 
Zool., 1894, (7), X VI, p. 256; Exped. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talisman, 
Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 287, pl. xxix, fig. 12-16. 


MUNIDA CURVIPES, new species, see p. 254. 
MUNIDA CURVIROSTRIS Henderson. 


Munida curvirostris HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X VI, 1885, p. 412. 
Munida militaris var. curvirostris HENDERSON, Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, 
Delo o ye plan he. 7. 

Habitat.—Station 200, off Sibago, Philippines; depth, 250 fathoms; 
bottom, green mud. An adult male measuring 25 mm. in length (not 
including the rostrum). Station 210, off Zebu, Philippines; depth, 
875 fathoms; bottom, blue mud. An adult female measuring 20 mm. 
in length. 


MUNIDA DEBILIS, new species, see p. 256. 
MUNIDA DECORA, new species, see p. 257. 
MUNIDA EDWARDSII Miers. 
Munida edwardsii Miers, Alert Crustacea, 1884, p. 560, pl. 11, fig. A. 
MUNIDA EVERMANNI Benedict. 


Munida evermanni Brenepict, Anomuran Collections made by the Fish Hawk 
Expedition to Porto Rico, 1901, p. 146, pl. v, fig 4. 


MUNIDA FLINTI, new species, see p. 258. 
European seas. 


MUNIDA FORCEPS A. Milne-Edwards. 


eR ee SIS AHI 


Munida forceps A. M1tNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 49.— 
Perrier, Les Explorations Sous Marines, fig. 109, p. 220.—A. MILNE- 
Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat. Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 256; 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 28, pl. 11, fig. 8. 


West Indian region. 


3505 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ | 







MUNIDA GRACILIPES Faxon. 


Munida gracilipes Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 179; Mem. =| 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 77, pl. xvi, figs. 2-2b. " 


Gulf of Panama. 
MUNIDA GRACILIS Henderson. 


Munida gracilis Hexperson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 4125 
Challenger Report, X XVII, 1888, Anomura, p. 143, pl. xrv, fig. 4. 


Challenger station 166; depth, 275 fathoms, west of New Zealand, 


Two specimens. 
MUNIDA GRANULATA Henderson. 


Munida granulata HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 409; 
Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 133, pl. xrv, fig. 3. 

Challenger station 173; depth, 315 fathoms, off Fiji Islands. Nine 
specimens. 

Henderson says of this (page 134): ** The second and third abdominal | 
segments bear six spinules each, four of which are arranged on the- 
anterior and two near the posterior margin; the third segment bears five 
spinules, a mesial one being present on the posterior margin, which is_ 
somewhat prominent.” Did he not mean third armed segment rather | 
than third segment, which he had just described? His figure shows 
spines on the second segment only. - 


MUNIDA GREGARIA (Fabricius). 


Galathea gregaria Fasricics, Ent. Syst., I, 17938, p. 473. 
Grimothea gregaria Leacu, Dict. d. Sci, Nat., XVII, 1820, p. 50.—Dana, U. Se 
Expl. Expd. Crust., XIII, 1852, Crust., Pt. ‘1, "py 488) pl. xxi, figy Ie 
Grimothea nove zelandix FruHo1, Passage de Venus, Mission de l’Te Campbell, | 
1874, p. 426. (Institute de France. ) 
Munida gregaria Mirrs, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1881, p. 73. 
Munida subrugosa HenveERsoN, Challenger Report, X XVII, 1888, Anomura, p. 124.) 
Munida gregaria A. Mitxe-Epwarps, Mission Scient. du Cap Horn, Crust., 1891, | 
Pee 2, plait, dig. we 
Guérin’s figure of ‘* Grimotea gregaria” * shows eyestalks as long as 
those of the New Zealand specimen, but it seems to have little else in: 
common, A. Milne-Edwards has given the best account of the differ- 
ences separating this species from JZ. swhrugosa and has shown ina good. 
figure the differences observed between its own adult and immature 
forms. In my opinion the question of the identity of the Cape Hern) 
species with that from New Zealand remains yet an open question, | 
which can only be settled by comparison of a large series of specimens) 
from both localities. | 
The young of Munida gregaria differ more from the adult than is! 
the case with the young of any other species represented in the col.) 


*Guérin, Voyage de la Coquille, I, Pt. 2, 1830, p. 32; Atlas, pl. 1, fig. 1. al 


a a a 


orn Ve 


“= Tre, my . 


No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 3809 


lection. In three specimens from New Zealand, the rostrum is only a 
little longer than the eyes and the supraocular spines are very short 
and much more divergent than in the adults. The eyestalks are pro- 
portionately longer than in any species of the genus in the collection. 
In alcohol the eyes are transverse in direction and extend beyond the 
line of the sides by about one-half of the diameter of the cornea. 
The antero-lateral angles are 
rounded in the young, in sharp 
contrast with the angles of the 
adult, which are armed with a 
large double spine, giving it 
an angular appearance. The 
carapace in the young has the 
two spines on the gastric area 
behind the supra-ocular spines 
and a very small paired spine in 
line with these. The posterior 

zB a . i Fic. 45.—MUNIDA GRE- Fig. 46.—MUNIDA GRE- 
margin of the cervical suture is ee. GARIA, YOUNG, x 21. 
armed with four spines. In 
addition to these spines in the adult there are about eight spines on 
the first ciliated line behind the gastric pair and another pair posterior 
to these. The armature of the abdomen is the same in both forms; 
the maxillipeds are similar, but longer in the young. 

The three specimens from New Zealand range about 45 mm. in 
length while numerous specimens of the adult from the Straits of 
Magellan range from 110 to 115mm. Younger specimens may vary 
much more from the adult form. 





on? ifn 
Ay wl ign yee 
Picea emcee eee | 

] 





MUNIDA HASWELLI Henderson. 


Munida haswelli HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 411; 
Challenger Report, XX VII, Anomura, p. 139, pl. 1, fig. 5. 


Challenger station 163A, depth 150 fathoms, off Twofold Bay, 
Australia. One male and three young. 
MUNIDA HETERACANTHA Ortmann. 
Munida heteracantha Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., VI, 1892, p. 255, pl. 1, fig. 12. 


Japan. 
MUNIDA HISPIDA, new species, see p. 259. 


MUNIDA HONSHUENSIS, new species, see p. 261. 
MUNIDA INCERTA Henderson. 


Munida incerta Henperson, Challenger Report, X XVII, 1888, p. 130, pl. xin, 
fig. 4. 


Challenger station 200, depth 250 fathoms, off Sibago Island, Phil- 
ippines. One imperfect specimen. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI. 





d10 


MUNIDA INORNATA Henderson. 





Munida inornata Henperson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 41158 
Challenger Report, XX VII, Anomura, 1885, p. 140, pl. xv1, fig. 6. ¥ 


Challenger station 219, depth 150 fathoms, north of New Guinea, — 


One specimen. 
MUNIDA IRIS A. Milne-Edwards. 


Munida iris A. Mitne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 49.— 
A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), X VI, 1894, p. 
256; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 21, pl. 11, figs. 2-7. 
Munida caribea? 8. I. Smrru, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., III, 1881, p. 428; VI, 1883, 
p. 40, pl. m1, fig. 11; Report U. 8. Fish Commissioner for 1882, 1884, p. 255, — 
and Report for 1885, 1886, p. 39. 
Munida, species indt. 8S. 1. Smrru, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, 1882, p. 
Albatross station 2420 
A very 


22 Dla 


Off the eastern coast of the United States. 
inadepth of 47 fathoms, and at numerous other stations. 


abundant species. 
MUNIDA IRRASA A. Milne—Edwards. 


Munida irrasa A. M1itnE-Epwarbs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 49. 
Munida caribeea A. Mitnr-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 49.— 
A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bovuvirer, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, 
p. 256; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 25, pl. 1, figs. 16-20; 
pli mm, fig et: si 


Southeastern coast of the United States and West India region. 


MUNIDA JAPONICA Stimpson. 


Munida japonica Strmpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil., X, 1858, p. 252.—Orr- 


MANN, Crustacea of the Semon Collection, 1894, p. 24; Jena.—Mrsrs, Proce. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 51. 


In Kagoshima Bay, Japan, in 20 fathoms. 


MUNIDA LONGIPES A. Milne-Edwards. 


Munida longipes A. M1tne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 50.— 
A. Mitnse-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, 3 
p- 257; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 44, pl. m1, figs. 9-135 


West India region. 
MUNIDA MEDIA, new species, see p. 262. 
MUNIDA MEXICANA, new species, see p. 264. 


MUNIDA MICROPHTHALMA A. Milne-Edwards. 


Munida microphthalma A. MrutNe-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1880, VIII, ~ 
p. 51.—Henperson, Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 127, pl. - 


111, fig. 4. 


Bi (alah = 





No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 311 








Munida microphthalma (A. M. Epwarps?) Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

XXIV, 1893; p. 179; Mem. Mus. Comp. -Zool., XVIII, 1895, p. 78.—A. 
Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894. p. 256; 
_— Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 32, pl. 1, figs. 9-13. 


— West India region. 
MUNIDA MICROPS Alcock. 
Munida microps Aucock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII, 1894, p. 326; Tllus. 


Zool. Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 5; Dese. Cat. of Indian Deep- 
& ‘Sea Crust., Macrura and Anomalia, in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 240. 


MUNIDA MICROPS var. LASIOCHELES Alcock. 


ae oeety 


Munida microps var. lasiocheles Aucocx, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII, 
p- 327; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. x1m, fig. 8; Desc. Cat. of 
Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 241. 


MUNIDA MILES A. Milne-Edwards. 


Munida miles A. Mtune-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VILL, 1880, p. d1.— 
Henperson, Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 126.—A. Mitne- 
Epwarps and Bouvirr, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), X VI, 1894, p. 256; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 35, pl. 1m, figs. 1-4. 


CVE tT RES 


West India region. 


MUNIDA MILITARIS Henderson. 


Munida militaris HenpERsoN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X VI, 1885, p. 410; 
Challenger Report, X X VIT, 1888, Anomura, p. 137, pl. yrv, figs. 2, 5. 

Munida vitiensis HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X VI, 1885, p. 410. 

Challenger station 173, depth 315 fathoms, off Matuku. Station 192, 
depth 140 fathoms, off Little Ki Island. Amboina, 100 fathoms. 


FPG TS IS FERS ERY 


s MUNIDA NORMANI Henderson. 
a Munida normani Henprerson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 408; 


, Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 129, pl. xu, fig 5. 
Challenger station 173, off Matuku, Fiji Islands; depth, 315 fathoms. 


MUNIDA NUDA, new species, see p. 265. 


we 


MUNIDA OBESA Faxon. 


Mumda obesa Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1895, p. 176; Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 73, pl. xvt, figs. 1, 1a. 
Gulf of Panama; station 3355 in 182 fathoms and station 3389 in 210 
fathoms. ' 
MUNIDA PERARMATA Edwards and Bouvier. 


Munida perarmata A. Mitnr-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., 
(7), XVI, 1894, p. 257; Résult. des Camp. Scient. de ’ Hirondelle (Supp. ) 
et de la Princesse-Alice, Pt. 13, 1899, p. 81; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et 
du Talisman, Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 305, pl. xxx, fig. 1. 





PROM RIE EL SGP, PED! Pr 


European waters. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, ; 
— 


A 
+ 


MUNIDA PERLATA, new species, see p. 266. 


MUNIDA PROPINQUA Faxon. 


Munida propinqua Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 178; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 76, pl. xvi, figs. 1, la. 
Gulf of Panama and near the Galapagos Islands, 385 to 511 fathoms. 


MUNIDA PROXIMA Henderson. 
Munida proxima HenpErson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X Vi, 1885, p. 410; 
Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 135, pl. xin, fig. 2. 
Challenger station 219, north of New Guinea; depth 150 fathoms. 


Three adult specimens, one with ova. 
MUNIDA PUSILLA, new species, see p. 268. 
MUNIDA QUADRISPINA, new species, see p. 269. 


MUNIDA REFULGENS Faxon. 
Munida refulgens Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 177; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 75, pl. xvu. 
Off Cocos Island, off coast of Ecuador, and near Tres Marias Islands; 
depth 42 to 112 fathoms. Sixty-seven specimens. 


MUNIDA ROBUSTA A. Milne-Edwards. 


Munida robusta A. Mitne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 48.— 
A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvirr, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 
256; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 42, pl. i, figs. 6-8. 


West India region. 
MUNIDA SANCTI-PAULI Henderson. 


Munida sancti-pauli Hexpersox, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1889, 
p. 411; Challenger Report, X X VIT, 1885, Anomura, p. 142, pl. 11, fig. 6. 
St. Paul’s rocks; depth 10 to 60 fathoms. A female with ova anda 
young male. 
MUNIDA SCABRA Henderson. 
Munda scabra Henprerson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X VI, 1885, p. 409; 
Challenger Report, X X VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 134, pl. xv, fig. 1. 
Station 192, off Little Ki Island; depth 140 fathoms. Fifteen speci- 
mens. 
MUNIDA SCULPTA, new species, see p. 270. 


MUNIDA SEMONI Ortmann. 


Munida semoni ORTMANN, Crustacea of the Semon Collection, Jena, 1894, p. 24. 


aes ye Se 


0. 1311. aac NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. he 


MUNIDA SIMPLEX, new species, see p. 272. 


” 


MUNIDA SPINICORDATA Henderson. 


Munida spinicordata HeNDERsoN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X VI, 1885, p. 
413; Challenger Report, X X VII, 1888, Mou p- 146, pl. xv, fig. 3. 


Challenger station 174d, off Kandavu, Fiji; depth 210 fathoms. A 
male specimen. 


MUNIDA SPINIFRONS Henderson. 


Munida spinifrons HenpErson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., , X VI, 1885, p. 412; 
Challenger Report, X X VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 144, e mY) fies Je 


Challenger station 113a, anchorage off Fernando Noronha; depth 7 
to 25 fathoms. A single specimen. 


MUNIDA SPINOSA Henderson. 


Munida spinosa HenpErson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 408; 
Voyage of the Challenger, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 128, pl. 1, fig. 3. 


Challenger station 320, off Rio de la Plata; depth 600 fathoms; bot- 
tom green sand. Several specimens, the majority of which are young. 


MUNIDA SPINULIFERA Miers. 


Munida spinulifera Miers, Crustacea in Zool. H. M. 8. Alert. 1884, p. 279, pl. 
xxx1, fig. AA—Henperson, Challenger Report, X X VII, 1888, p. 128 


Arafura Sea, 32 to 36 fathoms. 


MUNIDA SQUAMOSA Henderson. 


Munida squamosa Henperson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ( 


5), XVI, 1885, p. 409; 
' Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, p. 131, pl. xm, fig. 1. 


Challenger station 219, north of New Guinea; depth 150 fathoms. 


MUNIDA SQUAMOSA var. PROLIXA Alcock. 


Munida squamosa var. prolixa ALcocK, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), NIL, 184, 
p. 322; Illus. Investigator Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 3; Des. Cat. of the Indian 
Deep-Sea Crust., 1901, p. 244. 


MUNIDA STIMPSONI A. Milne-Edwards. 


2 Munida stimpsoni A. Miune-Enwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 

47.—HeEnpDERsON, Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, p. 126, pl. xrv, fig. 1.—A. 
3 Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvirr, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), X VI, 1894, p. 257; 
s - Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 48, pl. rv, figs. 1-13.—BENE- 


' pict, Anomuran ee made by the Fish Hawk Expedition to Porto Rico, 
} 1901, p. 147, in U. S. Fish Commission Bulletin for 1900. 

ft 2 

. West India region. 

: 





214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 4 
——$_____________§ 
# 


MUNIDA SUBRUGOSA Dana. 


Munida subrugosa Dana, U.S. Exploring Expedition, XIII, 1852, Crust., p. 479, 
pl. xxx, fig. 7.—Murrs, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Crust., 1874, p. 3, pl. m1, 
fic. 2; Cat. New Zealand Crust., 1876, p. 68.—Taraion1 Tozzerri, Crust. 


Magenta, 1877, p. 234, pl. xin, fig. 5. 
Galathea subrugosa CUNNINGHAM, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., (Zool. ), X XVII, 1871, 
p- 495. 
Munida subrugosa A. Mrtne-EKpwarps, Mission Scient. du Cap Horn, Crust., 1891, 
p. F. 36; pla, fer: 


MUNIDA TENELLA, new species, see p. 274. 
MUNIDA TRICARINATA Alcock. 


Munida tricarinata Aucock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII, 1894, p. 324; 
Illustrations of the Investigator Crustacea, 1895, pl. x11, fig. 1; Descriptive 
Catalogue of the Indian Deep-Sea Crustacea in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 
246. 


Andaman Sea, 112 fathoms; Arabian Sea, off the N. Maldive Atoll, 
210 fathoms. 


MUNIDA TROPICALIS Edwards and Bouvier. 


Munida tropicalis A. M1LNE-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvirr, Bull. Mus. of Nat. Hist., 
III, 1897, p. 364; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talisman, Brachyures et 
Anomoures, 1900, p. 286, pl. xx1x, figs. 9-11. 


La Praya, 75 to 127 fathoms. 
MUNIDA TUBERCULATA Henderson. 
Munida tuberculata Henprerson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1895, 
p. 413; Challenger Report, X XVII, 1888, Anomura, p. 145, pl. xv, fig. 2. 
Challenger station 173, 315 fathoms, off Matuku, Fiji Islands. Two 
specimens. 


MUNIDA VALIDA S. I. Smith. 


Munida valida 8. I. Smrre, Proc. U. S. National Museum, VI, 1883, p. 42, pl. 


Henderson in the Challenger Anomura, page 126, makes this species — 
identical with J/. mcles. A. Milne-Edwards and E. L. Bouvier” make 
it distinct. Several fine specimens in the Museum collection bear out 
the latter view. 


MUNIDA VIGILIARUM Alcock. 


Munida vigitiarum Awucock, Des. Cat. of the Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the — 
Indian Museum, 1901, p. 243. 


«Ann. des. Sci. Nat., Zool.,-(7), XVI, 1894, p. 256 






‘No. 1811. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 315 








MUNIDOPSIS Whiteaves. 


ges a TS 


Munidopsis Wuirraves, Amer. Jour. Arts and Sci., 3d ser., VII, 1874, p. 212. 


— 
roy 
7 


MUNIDOPSIS ABBREVIATA (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Galathodes abbreviatus A. MItne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, 
p- 5d. 
Munidopsis abbreviata A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., 
(7), XVI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 91, 
* larva, ies Ie 
Blake station 195, in 502 fathoms; Martinique. Stations 161 and 162. 
in 583 and 734 fathoms; Guadeloupe. 


MUNIDOPSIS ABDOMINALIS (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Elasmonotus abdominalis A. MitNne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 
1880, p. 61.—A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., 
(7), XVI, 1894, p. 282; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 101, 
pl. vu, figs. 7-10. 


Blake station 291. in 200 fathoms. Barbados. 
MUNIDOPSIS ABYSSORUM (Edwards and Bouvier). 


Munidopsis abyssorum A. Mit~ne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Bull. Mus. Nat. 
Hist., III, 1897, p. 365; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talisman, 
Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 319, pl. xxx, figs. 15-19. 


European waters. 
MUNIDOPSIS ACULEATA Henderson. 


Munidopsis subsquamosa var. aculeata HENDERSON, Challenger Report, XX VII, 
1888, Anomura, p. 153, pl. xv1, fig. 1. 

Munidopsis subsquamosa aculeata Faxon, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, 
p. 86. 


Challenger station 146, depth 1,375 fathoms, between Marion Island 
and the Crozets, a single specimen; also station 3802, depth 1,450 
fathoms, west of Patagonia. 


MUNIDOPSIS ACUMINATA, new species, see p. 277. 
MUNIDOPSIS ACUTA (A. Milne—Edwards). 


Galathodes acutus A. Mitne-Epwarps, Comp. Rend. Acad. des Sci., 1881, p. 982. 

Munidopsis acuta A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 
Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 230; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talisman, 
1900, p. 312, pl. xxx, figs. 2-4. 


MUNIDOPSIS ACUTISPINA, new name. 
Munidopsis aculeata A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 
Zool., (7), XVI,p. 275; Expéd. Scient. du Trayailleur et du Talisman, Brachy- 
ures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 327, pl. xx x1, figs. 1-4. 
A new name is necessary as aculeata was used by Henderson in the 
Challenger Anomura. See under aculeata, above. 


: Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—0? 99 


RE RRO b78, © 





VOL. XXVI, £ 


516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
MUNIDOPSIS AGASSIZII Faxon. o 
Munidopsis agassizii Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 182; Mem: 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 88, pl. xvim, figs. 44a. 
Albatross station 3389, depth 210 fathoms, Gulf of Panama. 


MUNIDOPSIS ANTONII (A. Milne-Edwards). 
Galathodes antonit A. M1LNE-Epwarbps in Filhol, La Nature, XII, 1884, p. 231, fig. 2. 
Munidopsis antonii HenpErson, Voyage of the Challenger, XX VII, 1888, Ano- 


mura, p. 151, pl. xvut, fig. 1. 
Munidopsis antoni A. MitNE-EpDWARDS and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat. 
Ixpéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talisman, 


Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p: 270; 
Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 321, pl. tv, fig. 2; pl. xxx, figs. 20-24. 


MUNIDOPSIS ARIES (A. Milne-Edwards ). 


Orophorhynchus aries A. MitNe-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880. 
p. 58.—A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), 
XVI, 1894, p. 287; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XILX, 1897, No. 2, p. 111, pl 
rx fies /=1lls pls aioss bee. 

Blake station 236, in 1,591 fathoms, west India region. 


MUNIDOPSIS ARIETINA Alcock and Anderson. 


Munidopsis arietina Aucock and ANDERSON, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, XLII, Pt. 
2, 1894, p. 171; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. xu, fig. 3. 


Munidopsis (Orophorhynchus) arietina AucocK, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the 
Indian Museum, p. 269. 


Bay of Bengal in 1,520 fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS ARMATA (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Elasmonotus armatus A. Mitnre-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, 
p. 61.—HeEnperson, Challenger Report, XX VI, 1888, Anomura, p. 159, pl. 
x1x, fig. 5.—A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), 
XVI, 1894, p. 282; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 104, pli 


vill, figs. 11-14. 
Blake station 137, in 625 fathoms, West India region. 
MUNIDOPSIS ASPERA (Henderson). 
Elasmonotus asper HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X VI, 1885, p. 416; 
Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 163, pl. x1x, fig. 4. 
Munidopsis aspera Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 188; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 96. 
Challenger station 311, off Patagonia, in 425 fathoms. Upward of a— 


dozen specimens. 


SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 317 





MUNIDOPSIS BAHAMENSIS, new species, see p. 278. 


MUNIDOPSIS BAIRDII (Smith). 







Galacantha bairdii Samira, Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1882, 1884, p. 356. 
Munidopsis bairdii Smirn, Proc. U. 8. National Museum. VII, 1884, p. 493; Ann. 
Report U.S. Fish Commission for 1885, 1886, p. 649, pl. v, fig. 2.—Faxon, 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 83. 


_ Albatross station 2106, in 1,497 fathoms, off Virginia. 





sane aie: Map pat TaD 


Fig. 47.—MUNIDOPSIS BAIRDII, X 1. 


MUNIDOPSIS BERINGANA, new species, see p. 279. 


MUNIDOPSIS CARINIPES Faxon. 


AEM ete CHA eae ip ah a r 


Munidopsis carinipes Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 189; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 97, pl. xxiv, figs. 1, la, 1b. 

Elasmonotus carinipes Aucock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 1894, NIII, p. 
333.—A. Mrzne—-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XIV, 
1893, p. 281. 


= Albatross station 3353. in 695 fathoms, off Panama. 
MUNIDOPSIS CENTRINA Alcock and Anderson. 


Munidopsis centrina Avcock and Anxprrson, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIT, 
Pt. 2, 1894, p. 170; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 6. 
Munidopsis (Orophorhynchus) centrina AvcocK, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the 

Indian Museum, 1901, p. 270. 


Bay of Bengal, in 1,520 fathoms. 





318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI. 


MUNIDOPSIS CERATOPHTHALMUS Alcock. 


Munidopsis ceratophthalmus ALCocK, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the Indian 
Museum, 1901, p. 271, pl. m1, fig. 2. 


Andaman Sea, in 480 fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS CILIATA Wood-Mason. 


Munidopsis ciliata Woop-Mason, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 200.—F axon, Mem. Mus, 
Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 84, pl. xvi, fig. 18. 

Munidopsis brevimana Henprerson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), 1885, XVI, p. 414; 
Challenger Report, Anomura, XX VII, 1888, p. 154, pl. xvi, figs. 1 and 2,— 
Axcock, Illus. Zool. of the Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. xi, fig. 3. 

Munidopsis ( Orophorhynchus) ciliata Aucock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the 
Indian Museum, 1901, p. 267. 

Dr. Faxon’s specimens were from Albatross stations 3353, in 695 
fathoms; 3363, in 978 fathoms; 3392, in 1,270 fathoms; 3393, in 1,020 
fathoms. Five specimens at the four stations. 

Professor Henderson’s specimens were from Challenger stations 191 
off the Arrou islands, in 800 fathoms, and 218 between Papua and the 
Adiniralty islands, in 1,070 fathoms. 

The Indian Museum specimen was taken in the Bay of Bengal, in 
1.310 fathoms. 

Professor Henderson’s figures 1 and 2 in the Challenger report 
probably represent two distinct species; not only the much smoother 
carapace and lack of prominent lateral spines in the young form 
shown in fig. 2, but the remarkable difference in the line of tbe front 
from the antero-lateral angle to the end of the rostrum, if the figures 
are correct, marks a difference not due to age. This is all the more 
likely, as the form shown in fig. 2 was taken at a distance’ from the 
form shown in fig. 1. 

Munidopsis nitida \. Milne-Edwards, from the West India region, 
as has been pointed out by Dr. Faxon, is a closely related species; 
SLX Specimens in this museum from station 2140 off Jamaica show a 
great range in size; five are under 6 mm. in length, and one is 21 mm., 
measured from the tip of the rostrum to the posterior margin of the 
carapace; in all, the lines of the front are much like JA c7liata, as 
shown in Professor Henderson’s fig. 1, while the carapace is much 
more like fig. 2. 


MUNIDOPSIS CRASSA S. I. Smith. 


Munidopsis crassa 8. I. Smrrg, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VII, 1885, p. 494.—A MILNE- 
Epwarps and K. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 1894, (7), XVI, p. 275. 
Off the east coast of the United States, Albatross station 2224, in 
2.574 fathoms, latitude 36 





SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 





319 
MUNIDOPSIS CRINITA Faxon. 
; Munidopsis crinita Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 185; Mem. 
& Mus. Comp. Zool., X VITI, 1895, p. 92, pl. xx, figs. 3, 3a. 
Galathodes crinitus A. MitNre-EKpwarps and Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool.. 


(7), XVI, 1894, p. 279. 


Albatross station 3384, in 458 fathoms. off Panama. One female. 


MUNIDOPSIS CURVIROSTRA Whiteaves. 


Munidopsis curvirostra W nireAves, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, (3), VII, 1874, p. 
212.—S. I. Surry, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, 1882 


Ds 2s alvin, ies 2 
and 3. 


Off east coast of North America. 


MUNIDOPSIS CYLINDROPHTHALMA (Alcock). 


Klasmonotus cylindrophthalmus Aucock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII, 1894, 
p. 333; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 4. 
Munidopsis ( Elasmonotus ) cylindrophthalmus Aucocx, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. 
in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 272. 
Andaman Sea, 188-220, 250, 


and 265 fathoms; Arabian Sea, 406 
fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS CYLINDROPUS, new species, see p. 281. 


MUNIDOPSIS DASYPUS Alcock. 


Munidopsis dasypus Aucock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII, 1894, p. 329; 
Illus. Investigator Crust., 1895, pl. xu, fig. 9; Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. 
in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 252. 


Bay of Bengal, off the Andamans, 480 and 561 fathoms; Andaman 
Sea, 498 fathoms: Arabian Sea, 636 fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS DEBILIS (Henderson). 


Galathopsis debilis HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X VI, 1885, p. 417, 
1885. 


Elasmonotus debilis Henprrson, Challenger Report, XX VII, Anomura, 1888, p. 
165, pl. xvut, fig. 4. 


Challenger station 173, depth 315 fathoms. A male specimen. Sta- 


tion 210, among the Philippines, depth 375 fathoms. A male specimen. 


MUNIDOPSIS DEPRESSA Faxon. 


Munidopsis depressa Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X XIV, 1893, p. 189; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VITI, 1895, p. 96, pl. xx11, figs. 2-2b. 


Albatross station 3425, in 680 fathoms, off Mexico. One male. 


VOL. XXVI, 





320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


MUNIDOPSIS EDWARDSII (Wood-Mason). 





Elasmonotus edwardsii Woop-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 201. 
Orophorhynchus edwardsii MitNE-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.,~ 
. ne 
é, 


1894, (7), XVI, p. 287. 


Munidopsis ( Orophorhynchus) edwardsii Aucocx, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in 
q % 


the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 265, pl. 11, fig. 4. a 

; 

Bay of Bengal, in 1,300 and 1,310 fathoms. ~ 
3 


MUNIDOPSIS ERINACEA (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Calathodes erinacea A. Mr~NE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 53. 

Munidopsis erinacea Henperson, Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 
149, pl. xvi, fig. 4. —A. Minne-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., — 
(7), XVI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 67, pli 


vil, figs. 9-12. 
Milne-Edwards’s specimens were from a number of stations in the 
West India region in depths that range a little aboye 400 fathoms” 
(steamer blake). 
MUNIDOPSIS ESPINIS, new species, see p. 282. 
MUNIDOPSIS EXPANSA, new species, see p. 282. 
MUNIDOPSIS GILLI, new species, see p. 283. 


MUNIDOPSIS GOODRIDGII Alcock and Anderson. 


Munidopsis goodridgii Aucock and ANDERSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), I, 
1899, p. 21; Illus. Investigator Zoology, Crustacea, 1899, pl. xiv, fig. 25 
Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 258. 


A single female from off the Travancore coast, 430 fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS GRANOSA Alcock. 
Munidopsis granosa Aucock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 
1901, p. 266, pl. m1, fig. 1. 


Bay of Bengal, in 1,520 fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS HAMATA Faxon. 


Munidopsis hamata Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 187; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 95, pl. xx1, figs. 2—-2b. 
Albatross stations 3394 and 3395, in 411 and 730 fathoms, Gulf of 
Panama. = 
MUNIDOPSIS HASTIFER, new species, see p. 284. . 
MUNIDOPSIS HEMINGI Alcock and Anderson. ‘ 
Munidopsis hemingi Aucock and ANpERSON, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., (7), _ 
IIT, 1901, px 19; Illus. Zool. of the Investigator, Crust., pl. Liv, fig. 4,.— ALCOCK, — 


Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 251. > 
Off the Travancore coast, in 430 fathoms. . 









‘no. 1511. SOME epee DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 321 
3 MUNIDOPSIS HENDERSONIANA Faxon. 
2 
= Munidopsis hendersoniana Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 190; 
; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 100, pl. xxiv, figs. 2-2c. 
: Orophorhynchus hendersoniana Epwarvs and Bovuyrer, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.. (7) 
< 


XVI, 1894, p. 287. 


 Adbatross station 3393, in 1020 fathoms, Gulf of Panama. 


MUNIDOPSIS HYSTRIX Faxon. 


Munidopsis hystrix Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 183; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 89, pl. xrx, figs. 1, 1a. 

Albatross station 3417, in 493 fathoms. Off Acapulco. Stations 
3424 and 3425 in 676 and 680 fathoms. respectively, off Tres Marias 
Islands. 

MUNIDOPSIS INERMIS Faxon. 


Munidopsis inermis Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 191; Mem. 
Mus. Com. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 98, pl. xxi, figs. 2, 2a. 


> 


Albatross station 3354 in 322 fathoms. Gulf of Panama. 


MUNIDOPSIS IRIDIS Alcock and Anderson. 


Munidopsis iridis Aucock and ANpERson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), III, 1899, 
p. 20; Illus. Investigator Zool., Crust., 1899, pl. xurv, fig 


@, 1.—ALcock, Cat. 
Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 255 


Fifty-two specimens from off the Travancore coast, 430 fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS LAVIGATA ( Henderson). 


Galathopsis lievigatus HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, 


p. 417. 
Elasmonotus lievigatus Challenger Report, X XVII, Anomura, p. 164, pl. xvi, 
fig. 3. 


Challenger station 219, depth 150 fathoms, North of Papua. One 
specimen. 


MUNIDOPSIS LATIFRONS (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Galathodes latifrons A. MruNne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, 
p. 57.—A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvirr, Ann. Sei. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 
1894, p. 279; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 94, pl. vin, 
figs. 2, 3. 


Blake station 288, in 399 fathoms, Barbados. One specimen. 


MUNIDOPSIS LATIROSTRIS Faxon. 


Elasmonotus latifrons Henperson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X VI, 1885, p. 
416; Challenger Report, X XVII, 1888, Anomura, p. 160, pl. x1Xx, fig. 1. 
Orophorhynchus latifrons A. MitNe-Epwarps and I. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. 

Nat. Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 287. 
¢ Munidopsis latirostris Faxon, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VILI, 1895, p. 99. 


Albatross station 3381,-in 1,772 fathoms, off Malpelo Island. One 
f female. Station 3391, in 153 fathoms, Gulf of Panama. One female. 
< 
ie 


3292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


MUNIDOPSIS LEVIS (Alcock and Anderson). 


Bathyankyristes levis Avcock and ANpERsoN, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIII, 
1894, Pt. 2, p. 175; Illus. Zool. of the Investigator, Crustacea, pl. Lv, fig. 3. 

Munidopsis ( Bathyankyristes) levis Avcocx, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the 
Indian Museum, 1901, p. 274. 


Arabian Sea, in the neighborhood of the Laceadives, 636 fathoms. 
MUNIDOPSIS LIVIDA (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Elasmonotus lividus A. Mitne-Epwarps, in Ed. Perrier, Les Explor. sous- 
marines, 1886, fig. 242. 

Orophorynchus lividus A. Mrtne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 
Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 287, and fig. 12, p. 208; Expéd. Scient. du Tra- 
vailleur et du Talisman, Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 343, pl. rv, fig. 


3) Pls XXX Hos i 22) 
MUNIDOPSIS LONGIMANA (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Elasmonotus longimanus A. MitNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, 
p. 60.—A. Mitnre-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., 
(7), XVI, 1894, p. 282; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 106; 

pl. rx, figs. 1-6. 
Blake station 195, in 502 fathoms, Martinique; station 130, in 451 
fathoms, Frederickstad; station 221, 423 fathoms, St. Lucia; station 
188, in 372 fathoms, Dominica; station 222, in 422 fathoms, St. Lucia. 


MUNIDOPSIS LONGIROSTRIS Edwards and Bouvier. 


Munidopsis longirostris A. MitNe-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Bull. Mus. Nat. 
Hist., 1897, p. 365; Résult. des Camp. Scient. de I’ Hirondelle et de la Prin- 
cesse-Alice, Pt. 12, 1899, p. 82; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talis- 
man, Crust. Deca., Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 314, pl. rv, fig. 4; pl. 
Xxx, figs. 5 to 9. 


MUNIDOPSIS MARGARITA Faxon. 


Munidopsis margarita Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X XTV, 1893, p. 184; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 91, pl. xx, fig: 2. 
Albatross station 8404, in 385 fathoms. Male and female. Near the 
Galapagos Islands. 


MUNIDOPSIS MARGINATA (Henderson). 


Elasmonotus marginatus Hexprerson, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, 
p. 416; Voyage of the Challenger, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 161, pl. xrx, 
here ae 

Orophorhynchus marginatus A. MrtNE-Epwarps and FE. L. Bouvrer, Ann. des Sci. 
Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, pp. 286, 287. 


Challenger station 168, off New Zealand; depth, 1,100 fathoms; 
bottom, blue mud. 


80.13. = SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 393 





MUNIDOPSIS MARIONIS (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Galathodes marionis A. M1tNe-Epwarps, Rapport sur la faune sous-marine, p. 
17 (note). 

Orophorhynchus marionis A. MILNE-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvrer, Ann. des. Sei. 
Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 287; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du 
Talisman, Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 340, pl. xxxu, figs. 14-16. 


European waters. 
MUNIDOPSIS MEDIA Edwards and Bouvier. 


Munidopsis media A. MitNn-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvirr, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 
Zool., (7), X V1, 1894, pp. 275, 325; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talis- 
man, Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 325, pl. xxx, fig. 25. 


European waters. 


MUNIDOPSIS MIERSI (Henderson). 
Elasmonotus miersi HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X VI, 1885, p. 416; 


Voyage of the Challenger, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 162, pl. xix, fig. 3. 


Challenger station 173, off Matuku Island, Fiji; depth, 315 fathoms; 
bottom, coral mud. 


MUNIDOPSIS MILLERI Henderson. 


Munidopsis miller’ HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., , XVI, 1885, p. 414; 
Challenger Report, X X VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 155, ay Xvil, fig. 3. 
Challenger station 207, depth, 700 fathoms, off Tablas Island, Philip- 
pines. A female with ova and two males. 


MUNIDOPSIS MINA, new species, see p. 285. 
MUNIDOPSIS MODESTA, new species, see p. 286. 
MUNIDOPSIS MORESBYI Alcock and Anderson. 


Munidopsis moresbyi ALcock and ANDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), II 
1899, p. 22; Illus. of the Investigator, Tonle Crust., 1899, pl. xu, fig. 3.— 
Axcock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crustacea, 1901, p. 259. 


Arabian Sea, off the Travancore coast, 430 fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS NITIDA (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Orophorhynchus nitidus A. MitNe-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, 
p. 59. 

Orophorhynchus spinosus A, M1LNe-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, 
p. 98. 

Munidopsis nitida A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 
Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, 
Pics vi. hes, 6,7. 


Llake station 163, in 769 fathoms, Guadeloupe. Station 180, in 982 
fathoms, Dominic: 


ie 


Oe 
) (aD 


394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 








MUNIDOPSIS OPALESCENS, new species, see p. 287. 
MUNIDOPSIS ORNATA Faxon. 
Munidopsis ornata Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 186; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 87, pl. xx, figs. 1, la. 


Albatross station 3404, in 885 fathoms, Galapagos Islands. 


MUNIDOPSIS PALLIDA Alcock. 


Munidopsis subsquamosa var. pallida Aucocx, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII, 
1894, p. 331; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crustacea, 1895, pl. xin, fig. 7. 

Munidopsis ( Orophorhynchus) subsquamosa var. pallida Aucock, Cat. Indian Deep- 
Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 268. 


Bay of Bengal in 1,803 fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS PARFAITI (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Elasmonotus parfaiti A. MitNE-Epwarpbs, in Filhol, La Vie au Fond des Mers, 
1885, pl. vi. 

Orophorhynchus parfaiti A. MtLNE-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. 
Nat., Zool., (7), XVI., 1894, p. 287; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du 
Talisman, Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 236, pl. mn, fig. 1; pl. xxx, 
fig. 11-13. 


European waters. 


MUNIDOPSIS PILOSA Henderson. 


Munidopsis pilosa HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 415; 
Challenger Report, X XVII, Anomura, 1888, p. 157, pl. xvu, fig. 4. 
Challenger station 196; depth 825 fathoms, near Philippine Islands. 
One male. 


MUNIDOPSIS PLATIROSTRIS (A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier. ) 


Orophorhynchus platirostris A. MILNE-Epwarpbs and Bouvigr, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 
(7), XVI, 1894, p. 287; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 114; 
pl. rx, figs. 12-15; pl. x, fig: 3. 
U. S. Coast Survey steamer //assler, December 27-30, 1871, LOO 
fathoms, Barbados. 


MUNIDOPSIS POLITA (S. I. Smith). 


Anoplonotus politus 8. 1. Smirn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 50, pl. m, fig. 
1; pl. 1, figs. 1-5a. : 
Kast North Atlantic. 
Dr. Faxon says:” ‘As the genus Anoplonotus of Smith does not seem 
to be sufficiently distinct from /Vlasmonotus, it is here merged, with the 
latter, in M/unédopsis.” 








“Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XVIII, 1895, p. 81. 


F 


te 


70.131. = =SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 325 


MUNIDOPSIS POSEIDONIA Alcock and Anderson. 
Munidopsis poseidonia Aucock and ANDERSON, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIII, 
Pt. 2, 1894, p. 167; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., pl. x1, fig. 2. 
Munidopsis (Galathodes) posidonia Atcock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the 
Indian Museum, 1901, p. 263. 
Bay of Bengal, off Madras coast, 210 fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS QUADRATA Faxon. 


Munidopsis quadrata Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 188; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., 1895, p. 97, pl. xxi, figs. 1, le. 
Elasmonotus quadratus A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bovvrer, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.. 
(7), XVI, 1894, p. 282. 
Albatross station 3424, in 676 fathoms, and station 3425 in 680 
fathoms, Tres Marias Islands. 


MUNIDOPSIS REGIA Alcock and Anderson. 

Munidopsis regia Aucock and ANDERSON, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX III, Pt. 2, 
1894, p. 168; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 1; Cat. Indian 
Deep-Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 261. 

Arabian Sea, off Colombo, 142-400 fathoms, Andaman Sea. 405 


fathoms. 
MUNIDOPSIS REYNOLDSI (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Galathodes reynoldsi A. MitNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, 
_ p. 56. 
Munidopsis reynoldsi A. MitNr-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), 
XVI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XTX, 1897, No. 2, p. 80, pl. v1, 
figs. 1-5. 


Blake station 138 in 2,376 fathoms, Ham’s Bluff. 


MUNIDOPSIS ROBUSTA (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Galathodes robustus A. M1LNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VITI, 1880, p. 54. 


Munidopsis robusta A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., (7), XVI 
b 
) 


1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 69, pl. v1, figs. 
15-20; pl. vu, fig. 1. 
Blake station 258 in 159 fathoms, Grenada. 


MUNIDOPSIS SCABRA Faxon. 
Munidopsis scabra Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 186; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 93, pl. xx1, figs. 1, la. 
Albatross station 3424 in 676 fathoms, and station 3425 in 680 
fathoms, Tres Marias Islands. 


MUNIDOPSIS SCOBINA Alcock. 
Munidopsis scobina Aucock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII, 1894, p. 880; Illus. 
Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. xu, fig. 1; Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. 
Indian Museum, 1901, p. 254. 
Northern end of the Bay of Bengal, 193, 240, 272, 405-285, and 409 
~ fathoms. 


¥ 


gy 


. 


326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


MUNIDOPSIS SERICEA Faxon. 


Munidopsis sericea FAXon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X XIV, 1893, p. 184; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 90, pl. xix, figs. 3, 3a. 


OO>( 


Albatross station 3394 in 511 fathoms, Gulf of Panama. 
MUNIDOPSIS SERRATIFRONS (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Galathodes serratifrons A. MrtNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, No. 1, 
1880, p. 55. 
Munidopsis serratifrons Hexprerson, Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, 
p. 149, pl. xvi, fig. 3.— A. Mitnr-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, p. 78, pL wi nes 24: 
Blake station 185 in 333 fathoms, Dominica; Challenger station 
56. off Bermuda, in 1,075 fathoms; A/datross station 2154, in 310 
fathoms, off Habana, Cuba. 


MUNIDOPSIS SHARRERI (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Orophorhynchus sharreri A. MttNe-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIIT, 1880, 


p. 59. 
Munidopsis sharreri A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 


Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2; 
p. 71; pl. vai, fig. 2-0: 


Santa Cruz. in 248 fathoms, steamer Blake. 


MUNIDOPSIS SIGSBEI (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Galathodes sigsbei A. Mitne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 56. 
Munidopsis sigsbei HENDERSON, Challenger Report, X X VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 150, 
pl. xvi, fig. 2.—A, Mr~ne-Epwarpsand Bouvirr, Ann. desSci. Nat., (7), 
XVI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 83, pl. v; 


fig. 8-26. 





Blake station 200 in 472 fathoms, Martinique. 
MUNIDOPSIS SIMILIS S. I. Smith. 


Munidopsis similis S. I. Smrrg, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VII, 1885, p. 496.—A. 
Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 
1894, p. 275. 


Off the east coast of the United States: A/batross station 2192, lati- 
tude 39°, in 1,060 fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS SIMPLEX (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Galatnodes simplex A. Mitnre-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 56. 

Munidopsis simpler A, Mitne-Epwarps and Ek. L. Bouvrer, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 
Zool., (7), X V1, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897,- No. 2: 
p. 89, pl. v, figs. 2-7. 


XN ae . - a ’ re VO a 
Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, 333 to 982 fathoms. 


xo.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 397 


§ MUNIDOPSIS SPINIFER A. Milne-Edwards. 


Munidopsis spinifer A. MItne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, 
p. 54.—A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvter, Ann. des Sci. Nat. Zool., (7), X VI, 
1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 64, pl. vir, figs., 
6-8. 
Blake, station 146, in 245 fathoms; St. Kitts. Station 100 in 250 
to 400 fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS SPINOCULATA (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Orophorhynchus spinoculatus A. MILNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 
1880, p. 59. 

Munidopsis spinoculata A. MILNE- Se cate and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. 
Nat., Zool., (7), X Vi, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, 
No. 2, p: 75, pl. vi, figs. 8=11. 


Dominica, in 824 fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS SQUAMOSA (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Orophorhynchus squamosus A. MitNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 
1880, p. 58. 

Elasmonotus squamosus A, Mitne-EKpwarps and E. L. Bouvirr, Ann. des Sci. 
Nat., Zool., (7), X VI, 1894, p. 282; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool, XIX, 1897, No. 2, 
p. 99, pl. vi, figs. 4-6. 


St. Lucia. in 116 fathoms. 
MUNIDOPSIS STYLIROSTRIS Wood-Mason. 


Munidopsis stylirostris \WWoop-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 1891, p. 201.— 
Aucocx, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII, 1894, p. 328: Illus. Investigator, 
Zool., Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 6. 


Arabian Sea, in 738, 824, 836, and 947 fathoms. 
MUNIDOPSIS SUBSQUAMOSA Henderson. 


Munidopsis subsquamosa HenpERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, 
p. 414; Challenger Report, XX VII, Anomura, 1888, p. 152, ve xvu, fig. 4.— 
Aucock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in Indian Museum, 1901, p. 256; 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 85. 


Challenger, station 237, in 1875 fathoms, off Yokohama. 
MUNIDOPSIS TALISMANI Edwards and Bouvier. 


Munidopsis talismani A. MitNe-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 
Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 275; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talisman, 
Brachyures and Anomoures, 1894, p. 316, pl. xxx, figs. 11-14. 

Kuropean waters. 
MUNIDOPSIS TANNERI Faxon. 


Munidopsis tanneri Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXTV, 1893, p. 187; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., XVIII, 1895, p. 94, pl. xxur, figs. 1, la. 


Albatross station 3396, in 259 fathoms, gulf of Panama; station 3397, 
in 85 fathoms, Gulf of Panama. 


f+ 
open 





328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


MUNIDOPSIS TAURULUS Ortmann. 
Munidopsis taurulus OrrMANN, Zool. Jahrb., System, 1892, p. 256, pl-m, figs aes 
MUNIDOPSIS TENAX Alcock. 
Bathyankyristes spinosus Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIIT, 1894, Pt. 2, 
p. 174, pl. 1x, fig. 2; lus. Zool. Investigator, Crustacea, pl. Lv, fig. 2. 


Munidopsis (Bathyankyristes) tenax AvcocK, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. Indian 
Museum, 1901, p. 273. 


Andaman Sea, off Ross Island, 265 fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS TENUIROSTRIS, new species, see p. 289. 


MUNIDOPSIS TOWNSENDI, new species, see p. 290. 


MUNIDOPSIS TRACHYPUS Alcock and Anderson. 


Munidopsis trachypus Aucock and ANDERSON, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIIT, . 


1894, Pt. 2, p. 169; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 2.— 
Ancock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. Indian Museum, 1901, p. 262. 


Arabian Sea. north of the Laceadives, 636 fathoms. 


MUNIDOPSIS TRIZENA Alcock and Anderson. 


Munidopsis triena Aucock and ANDERSON, Jour, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXITI, 1894, 
Pt. 2, p. 168; Illus. Investigator Zool. Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 5. 

Munidopsis (Galathodes) triena Aucock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. Indian 
Museum, 1901, p. 261. 


Bay of Bengal, off the Andaman coast, in 240-290 and 375 fathoms, 
MUNIDOPSIS TRIDENS (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Galathodes tridens A. MttNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 
57.—A. Mrtne-Epwarpsand Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., (7), X V1, 1894, p. 
279: Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 96, pl. vu, figs. 13-15; 
pl. vi, fig. 1. 


Blake station 148, in 208 fathoms, St. Kitts. 
MUNIDOPSIS TRIDENTATA (Esmark). 
Galathea tridentata Esmarx, Forhdl. Skandin. Naturt., 7 Méde, (1856), 1857, p. 157. 


Galathodes rosaceus A. MrtNE-Epwarps, Rec. de Fig. de Crust., 1885, pl. x11, 
fig. 1. 


Galathodes tridentatus A. Mitng-Epwarpbs and E. L. Bouvier, Crust. Hirondelle 


et Princesse-Alice, Monaco, 1899, p. 83. 
> Munidopsis rosacea Aucock and ANnpERSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1899, (7), 
Depo: 


Miunidopsis ( Galathodes) ? tridentata Avcock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust., Indian 
Museum, 1901, p. 264. 


Two hundred and thirty-seven specimens were taken in the Arabian 
Sea, off the Travancore coast, in 480 fathoms.” 






0. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 329 


MUNIDOPSIS TRIFIDA Henderson. 


& 
s 
E 


Munidopsis tritida Henperson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 415; 
Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 156, pl. xv1, fig. 2 


Galathodes trifidus A. MItNE-Kpwarps and Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. ae Zool, 
(7), XVI, 1894, p. 279. 

Challenger station 310, in 400 fathoms, Sarmiento Channel, Pata- 
-gonia. 

Mr. Henderson describes his specimens as having ‘*a few short hairs 
scattered over the surface.” This is true of the specimens in this 
museum, one from <A/batross station 2781, in 348 fathoms, and one 
from station 2785 in 449 fathoms. Both stations are off the west coast 
of Patagonia at no great distance from the type locality of J/. trifida. 

Alcock and Anderson“ have referred to J/. tr/fida specimens from 
the ‘“‘Arabian Sea, north of the Laccadives, 636 fathoms; Bay of Ben- 
gal, off the Andamans, 480 fathoms; Andaman Sea, 498 fathoms.” 
Contrary to the character of the type and topotypes, these specimens 
are described as tomentose. ‘‘Body and appendages tomentose. 
Carapace when denuded transversely rugose, especially postero- 
laterally.” 

It does not seem at all. improbable that specimens from localities so 
widely separated and differing so much in the amount of hair (the one 
being naked and the other clothed) would show additional diverse 
characters when placed side by side; however, in the absence of inter- 
grading specimens, this character alone renders the forms specifically 
distinct. I therefore propose that the form from the Indian Seas be 
known as Junidopsis tomentosa. 


MUNIDOPSIS UNGUIFERA Alcock and Anderson. 


ores unguifera ALcocK and ANDERSON, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXILI, 
Pt. 2, 1894, p. 172; Illus. Investigator Zool., Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 4.— 
Re doc K, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust., 1901, p. 253. 


Bay of Bengal, in 145-250 fathoms, Andaman Sea, in 490 fathoms. 
MUNIDOPSIS VAILLANTI (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Elasmonotus vaillanti A. MitNe-Epwarps, Comp. Rend. Acad. des Sci., p. 932, 
Dec., 1881.—A. Mrtne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., 
(7), XVI, 1894, p. 282; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talisman, Brach- 
yures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 333, pl. xxx1, fig. 8-10. 


MUNIDOPSIS VERRILLI, new species, see p. 291. 
MUNIDOPSIS VICINA Faxon. 
Munidopsis vicina Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 181; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 85, pl. xvin, figs. 2-2a. 
Albatross station 3360, in 1,670 fathoms, Gulf of Panama: station 
3382 In 1,793 fathoms, Gulf of Panama. 


«Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal. LXIII, Pt. 2, 1894, p. 168. 





330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ 





MUNIDOPSIS VILLOSA Faxon. | 


Munidopsis villosa Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 182; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 86, pl. xrx, fig 2. 


Albatross station 3394, in 511 fathoms, Gulf of Panama. 
MUNIDOPSIS WARDENI Anderson. 


Munidopsis wardeni ANDERSON, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXV, Pt. 2, 1896, p. 
99; Illus. Investigator Zool., Crust., pl. Lv, fig. 1.—Ancock, Cat. Indian 
Deep-Sea Crust, 1901, p. 257. 
Arabian Sea, in 406, 457-589, 459, and 531 fathoms; Bay of Bengal, 
in 480 and 594-225 fathoms. 


UROPTYCHUS Henderson. 


Diptychus A. Mitne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 61 (name 
preoccupied ). 
Uroptychus (new name) Hrnprerson, Report Voyage Challenger, 1888, p. 173. 


UROPTYCHUS ARMATUS (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Diptychus armatus A. MILNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 
59.—A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bovvirr, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), 
XVI, 1894, p. 306.—Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, No. 2, p. 132, pl. x1, figg 
3; pl. xu, figs. 8 and 9. 


Blake station 241; depth, 163 fathoms; Cariacou. 
UROPTYCHUS AUSTRALIS (Henderson). 


Diptychus australis HENDERSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 420. 
Uroptychus australis HENDERSON, Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 
179, pl. xxt, fig. 4. 
Challenger station 171, near the Kermadec Islands; depth, 600 
fathoms. 


UROPTYCHUS AUSTRALIS var. INDICUS Alcock. 


Uroptychus australis var. indicus Aucock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. Indian 
Museum, 1901, p. 284. 
Arabian Sea, off Cape Comorin, 459 fathoms; Bay of Bengal, off 
Ceylon, 805 fathoms. 


UROPTYCHUS BACILLIMANUS Alcock and Anderson. 


Uroptychus bacillimanus Atcock and ANDERSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), IJ, 
1899, p. 25; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., 1899, pl. xiv, fig. 3.—ALcocK, 
Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in Indian Museum, 1901, p. 285. 
A young male and female from off the Travancere coast, 430 
fathoms, and an egg-laden female from off Ceylon, 320-296 fathoms. 


"no. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 331 


5 





t UROPTYCHUS BELLUS Faxon. 


Uroptychus bellus Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 193; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., 1895, p. 102, pl. xxv1, figs. 2-2b. 
Diptychus bellus A. MtuNE-Epwarps and Bouvigr, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., 
XVI, 1894, p. 306. 
Albatross station 3354, in 322 fathoms. Station 3355, 182 fathoms, 
off Panama. 


UROPTYCHUS BREVIS, new species, see p. 292. 
UROPTYCHUS CAPILLATUS, new species, see p. 293. 
UROPTYCHUS FUSIMANUS Alcock and Anderson. 


Uroptychus fusimanus Aucock and ANDERSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), III, 
1899, p. 26; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., 1899, pl. xurv, fig. 4.—ALcock, 
Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. Indian Museum, 1901, p. 283. 


Seven specimens from off the Travancore coast, in 430 fathoms. 


UROPTYCHUS GRACILIMANUS (Henderson). 


Diptychus gracilimanus HENDERSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 
420. 

Uroptychus.gracilimanus HENDERSON, Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, 
p: 181, ple xx, fig. 5. 


Challenger station 164B, off Port Jackson; depth, 410 fathoms. 
UROPTYCHUS GRANULATUS, new species, see p. 293. 


UROPTYCHUS INSIGNIS (Henderson). 


Diptychus insignis HENDERSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 419. 
Uroptychus insignis HENDERSON, Challenger Report, Anomura, XX VII, 1888, p. 
170; pl--xx1, fig. 1. 


Challenger station 145A, off Prince Edwards Island; depth, 310 
fathoms. 
UROPTYCHUS INTERMEDIUS (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Diptychus intermedius A. MrLNe-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, 
p. 63; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, No. 2, 1897, p. 127, pl. xu, fig. 1-7. 


Blake station 241; depth, 163 fathoms; Cariacou. 
UROPTYCHUS JAMAICENSIS, new species, see p. 29 
UROPTYCHUS MINUTUS, new species, see p. 296. 


UROPTYCHUS NIGRICAPILLIS Alcock. 


Uroptychus nigricapillis ALcocK, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. Indian Museum, 
1901, p. 283, pl. 111, fig. 3 


Andaman Sea, 669 fathoms. 


Proce. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 93 





332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 





UROPTYCHUS NITIDUS (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Diptychus nitidus A. Mitnn-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 62.— 
A. Mrine-Epwarps and Bouvirr, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zeal » (7), SEMA, a 
p. 306; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool.; XIX, 1897, p. 184, pl. x1, figs: 21, 22: pil 
x11, figs. 10-16. 

Uroptychus nitidus Henprrson, Challenger Report, Anomura, XX VII, 1888, p. 

174, pl. xx1, fig. 6. 
Blake station 137; depth, 625 fathoms; Frederickstadt. Station 
227; depth, 273 fathoms. | 


UROPTYCHUS NITIDUS var. CONCOLOR (Edwards & Bouvier). | 


Diptychus nitidus var. concolor A. M1txe-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. — 
Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 306; Résult. des camp. scient. de l Hirondelle | 
(supplément) et de la Princesse-Alice, Pt. XII, p. 87, pl. 1, fig. 2.—Epwarps | 
and Bouvier, Expéd. Sci. du Travailleur et du Talisman, 1900, p. 360, pl. rv, 
pl. xxxul, fig. 15-19. 

Uroptychus nitidus var. concolor M. CAuLurery, Result. de la camp. du Caudan, IT, 
p. 393. 


UROPTYCHUS OCCIDENTALIS Faxon. 


Uroptychus nitidus occidentalis Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 
192; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 101, pl. xxv1, figs. 1, la. 
Diptychus nitidus var. occidentalis M1LNE-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. 

Nat., Zool., (7), X VI, 1894, p. 306. 
Albatross, station 3384; depth, 458 fathoms; off Panama. 
See Uroptychus occidentalis, Key, p. 292. 


UROPTYCHUS PARVULUS (Henderson). 


Diptychus parvulus HENDERSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 420. 
Uroptychus parvulus Henperson, Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, p. 177, pl. xx1, 
fiom: 
Challenger station 310; Sarmiento Channel, Patagonia; depth, 400° 
fathoms. 


UROPTYCHUS POLITUS (Henderson). 


Diptychus politus HeNpDERSoN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 420. 
Uroptychus politus HENDERSON, Challenger Report, Anomura, X X VII, 1888, p. 178, 
pl: vi; tig. 2: 
Challenger station 171, near the Kermadec Islands; depth, 600 
fathoms. 


UROPTYCHUS PRINCEPS, new species, see p. 296. 


UROPTYCHUS PUBESCENS Faxon. 


Uroptychus pubescens Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X XIV, 1893, p. 192; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 101, pl. xxv1, figs. 3, a, b. 
Diptychus pubescens A. Mitng-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), 
XVI, 1894, p. 306. 
Albatross stations 3354, in 322 fathoms, and 3355, in 182 fathoms, | 
off Panama. S| 
| 


no.131. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 333 





UROPTYCHUS RUBRO-VITTATUS (A. Milne-Edwards. | 


Diptychus rubro-vittatus A. MItNE-Epwarps, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 
1894, p. 306; Expéd. Sci. du Travailleur et du Talisman, 1900, p. 356, pl. 
xxx, fig. 6-14.—M. Cavuuiery, Résult. de la camp. du Caudan, Pt. De 
1896, p. 393. 


UROPTYCHUS RUGOSUS (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Diptychus rugosus A. MitNe-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 
63.—A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 
1897, No. 2, p. 124, pl. x1, figs. 4-14. 


West India region, in 95 to 240 fathoms. 
UROPTYCHUS SCAMBUS, new species, see p. 297. 
UROPTYCHUS SCANDENS, new species, see p. 298. 
UROPTYCHUS SPINIGER, new species, see p. 298. 


UROPTYCHUS SPINIMARGINATUS (Henderson). 


Diptychus spinimarginatus HENDERSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 
419. 

Uroptychus spinimarginatus HENDERSON, Challenger Report, Anomura, XX VII, 
1888, p. 176, pl. xx1, fig. 2. 


Challenger station 170, off Kermadee Islands; depth, 520 fathoms. 
Y I 
UROPTYCHUS SPINOSUS (A. Milne-Edwards and E. L. Bouvier). 


Diptychus spinosus A. M1LNE-Epwarvs and Bouvier, Ann. des. Sci. Nat., Zool., 
(7), XVI, 1894, p. 306; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 129, 
pl. x1, figs. 15-20. 


West India region. 





UROPTYCHUS TRIDENTATUS (Henderson). 


Diptychus tridentatus Hexprerson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 421. 
Uroptychus tridentatus Hpenprerson, Challenger Report, X X VII, 1888, p. 181, pl. 
Vie tiger ls 
Amboina, depth ? 
UROPTYCHUS UNCIFER (A. Milne-Edwards). 


Diptychus uncifer A. M1LNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 63.— 
A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.,(7), X VI, 1894, p. 306; 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 140, pl. x1, figs. 1 and 2; pl. 
xut, figs. 17-29. 

Blake station 232; depth, 88 fathoms; St. Vincent. Station 273; 
depth, 103 fathoms; Barbados. Station 269; depth, 124 fathoms; St. 
Vincent. 





PTYCHOGASTER A. Milne-Edwards. 
Ptychogaster A. Mitne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 63. 


PTYCHOGASTER DEFENSA, new species, see p. 299. 


334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,_ 





PTYCHOGASTER FORMOSUS A. Milne-Edwards. 


Ptychogaster formosus A. MitNe-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvirr, Ann. des Sci. Nat., | 
Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 205, fig. 9; p. 216, fig. 20.—A. MiLnre-Epwarps and | 
EK. L. Bouvier, Expd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talisman, Crust. Decap. 
Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 350, pl. 1, fig. 2; pl. xxxu, fig. 1-5. See 
for Synonymy. 


PTYCHOGASTER HENDERSONI Alcock and Anderson. 


Ptychogaster hendersoni Aucock and ANDERSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan., 1899, 
p. 23.—Ancock, Cat. Indian deep-sea Crust. Indian Museum, 1901, p. 280; | 
Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., pl. xiv, fig. 2. 


PTYCHOGASTER INVESTIGATORIS Alcock and Anderson. 


Ptychogaster investigatoris Aucock and ANDERSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan., 
1899, p. 24; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., pl. xiv, fig. 1.—A.cock, Cat. 
Indian deep-sea Crust. Indian Museum, 1901, p. 281. 


PTYCHOGASTER LAEVIS Henderson. 


Ptychogaster levis HENDERSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 418; | 
Challenger Rept., X XVII, 1888, Anomura, p. 172, pl. xx, fig. 3.—A. MILNE- } 
Epwarpsand E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), X VI, 1894, p. 302. 





PTYCHOGASTER MILNE-EDWARDSI Henderson. 


Ptychogaster milne-edwardsi HENDERSON, Narr. Chall. Exp., I, 1885, p. 900, fig. 330; _ 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), 1885, X VI, p. 418; Rep. Anomura Challenger Ex., | 
MEX VILE 1888; pala, pl saxige 


PTYCHOGASTER SPINIFER A. Milne-Edwards. 


Ptychogaster spinifer A. Mitne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 
64.—A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), 
XVI, 1894, p. 302; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, No. 2, 1897, p. 118; pli 
1x, fig. 16-22; pl. x, fig. 4-16. 


EUMUNIDA S: I. Smaith: 


EUMUNIDA PICTA S. I. Smith. 


Eumunida picta 8. I. Smirx, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 44, pl. u, fig. 2; | 
pl. i, fig. 6-10; pl. tv, fig. 1-38; Report Com. Fish and Fisheries, p. 46 || 
(1885), 1886.—A. Mitnr-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 
Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, pp. 211, 230, fig. 14; Expéd. Sci. du Travailleur et du 
Talisman, Brachyures et Anomoures, p. 364, 1900, pl. v, fig. 1; pl xxvu, | 
fig. 26; pl. xxxun, figs. 20-24. 


EUMUNIDA SMITHII Henderson. 


Eumunida smithii HeNpDERson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 413; 
Voyage of the Challenger, Report on the Anomura, XVII, 1888, p. 169, pl. | 
Xv, fig. 5. | 





bP RTE YA, TER 


SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY VENERIDA AND OF THE 
NORTH AMERICAN RECENT SPECIES. 


By Witiiam Heartry Datt, 


Honorary Curator, Division of Mollusks. 


This synopsis is one of a series of similar summaries of the families 
of bivalve mollusks which have been prepared by the writer in the 
course of a revision of our Pelecypod fauna in the light of the material 
accumulated in the collections of the United States National Museum. 
While the lists of species are made as complete as possible, for the 
coasts of the United States, the list of those ascribed to the Antilles, 
Central and South America, is probably subject to considerable addi- 
tions when the fauna of these regions is better known and the litera. 
ture more thoroughly sifted. No claim of completeness is therefore 
made for this portion of the work, except when so expressly stated. 
So many of the southern forms extend to the verge of our territory 
that it was thought well to include those known to exist in the vicinity 
when it could be done without too greatly increasing the labor involved 
in the known North American list. 

The publications of authors included in the bibliography which 
follows are referred to by date in the text, but it may be said that the 
full explanation of changes made and decisions as to nomenclature 
arrived at is included in the memoir on the Tertiary fauna of Florida 
in course of publication by the Wagner Institute, of Philadelphia, for 
the writer, forming the third volume of their transactions. The rules 
of nomenclature cited in Part II] of that work (pp. 561-565) are 
those upon which this revision has been founded, and are believed to 
express the opinions of the majority of those who have given thorough 
study to the subject of nomenclature. Authors who do not accept 
the British Association rules, as thus developed, can not expect to find 
their personal views reflected in this revision. 

It may be thought that the subdivision of groups has been carried 
farther than desirable, to which the writer can only reply that in 
tracing the genealogy of our recent species through the Tertiary, 





PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXVI—No. 1312. 


336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVIL 


from horizon to horizon, he has found the minor divisions of yery 
ereat assistance, the more thorough scrutiny and study which they 
naturally require, and which is irksome to superficial students, being 
essential to really thorough work in paleontology, and no small help 
in handling the recent forms. On the other hand, those whose studies 
do not require this insistence on apparently minor characteristics do 
not need to use the sectional names, and may easily fall back on those 
names by which the larger groups are called. 


The family Veneride represents the culmination of Pelecypod evo- | 


lution, so far as this may be represented by any single family. In 
beauty of color and delicacy of color pattern, in multiplicity and 
variety of sculptural developments, in wide distribution and bathy- 
metric range, the Veneridee equal if they do not surpass any other 
Teleodont group. While the shells are often exquisitely beautiful, 
the coloration and appendages of the soft parts are also frequently 
similarly attractive, leading to wonder why parts which are always 
covered by the mud or sand or hidden between the valves should 
develop such beauties. The periostracum is usually thin and incon- 
spicuous, but sometimes by color or quality of surface adds attractive- 
ness to shells otherwise dull or colorless. 

The geographical distribution of groups in the Veneride has some 
marked characteristics, which are especially brought out when the dis- 
tribution is scrutinized by the minor-groups, such as sections. Omit- 
ting fossils, which in the main agree very closely with the recent 
species in distribution, Swnetta and the whole group covered by 
Gafrarium and Lioconcha, except the section Gouldia,; Meretrix, and 
most of the sections of Cytherea, except Cytherea and Ventricola, 
Mysia, Gomphina, Macridiscus; most of the sections of Aatalysia, 
and all the great group of Paphia, except the usually dull and unat- 
tractive Protothaca, are unknown in the waters of the New World. 

On the other hand, 7ransennella, Pachydesma, Hysteroconcha, Cycli- 
nella, and Parastarte appear to be exclusively American. Lutivela 
and Hucallista belong to the southeastern shores of America, Liocyma 
to the boreal seas, Saxidomus and Protothaca to the west coast of 
America, with slight extensions to northeastern Asia and Australasia. 
Venus is originally and typically American, with one emigrant in 
northern Japan. Gemma and Psephidia agree in the main with 
Venus. No member of the group of Circe or Gafrarium occurs on 
the Pacific coast, though I anticipate that Gow/dia will turn up there 
sooner or later. Chionella, Pitaria, Natalysia, and Venerupis are 
almost ubiquitous. Of the Dosiniins only Clementia and Dosinidia 
are known to be residents of America. In harmony with the late 
development and specialization of the family is the fact that of the one 
hundred and thirty-seven species known as American only two exist 
on both shores of North America. Eighteen species extend through 


| 








SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERID.E—DALL. pet 


~ the temperate and boreal regions, belonging to twelve groups, of which 

_ Saxidomus and Psephidia have no representatives known in our trop- 

ical waters. The Tropics in America have representatives of twenty- 

“nine groups, of which Z7vela and Chione are the most prolific a 

“species; none of the other groups exceeds four species. In individuals 

the groups of the Temperate Zone seem to be most prolific, such as 
Venus, Protothaca, Saxidomus, and Agriopoma, and from these the 
greater portion of the food supply derived from members of this 
family by man is obtained. 

The southern limit of the tropical fauna on the west coast of South 
America is near Payta, Peru. On the east coast it descends at least as 
far as Rio de Janeiro, its northern limit reaching the latitude of Cape 
Hatteras offshore and Cape Canaveral on the actual coast. On the 
west coast the temperate fauna meets the northernmost extension of 
the tropical fauna near Point Conception, California. The northern 
limit of thestrictly temperate-region fauna, on the west, is the line of 
floating ice in winter in Bering Sea, about the latitude of the Pribilof 
group of islands. On the east we may put the boundary near Cape 
Breton Island, but, owing to the inshore polar current on this side of 
the continent, the arctic species reach farther south and the census of 
the temperate fauna is more meager than on the more favored north- 
west coast of the continent or the western shores of Europe in the 
same latitude. 

The recognizable ancestry of the Veneride appears in the Upper 
Cretaceous or Lower Eocene. No true Venerid, in the strict sense, 
appears before the Tertiary. The modifications followed through the 
successive horizons are most interesting. Thus, in the Oligocene we 
have //yphantosoma with fine zigzag chiseling of the surface. In the 
Pliocene this sculpture is obsolete and its traces hardly-to be found. 
The recent type has a smooth surface, but when attacked by decay the 
manner in which the shell weathers reveals the zigzag internal struc- 
ture hidden under an apparently normal, smooth exterior, and the 
color-pattern frequently follows a zigzag lineation which is no longer 
expressed in terms of sculpture. 

The beauty of the shells has led in some cases to a traffic in them by 
means of aboriginal trade. Thus //ysteroconcha was long carried to 
the Orient by the Lascar crews of ancient Spanish galleons, and this 
has led to wrong ideas of geographical distribution. J/eretrix is a 
favorite with the Chinese and Japanese, not merely as a source of food 

or ornament, but is incorporated into lacquer work and imitated in 
porcelain or pottery. The common Venus of our own eastern coast 
was the source from which the Dutch and Indians prepared their shell 
money or wampum and ceremonial belts. A south European species 
in ancient times was the emblem of Aphrodite, and in the South Seas 
species of Veneride were largely used for personal adornment. 


338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 7OL-aae 





TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF NORTH AMERICAN VENERIDA. 
W.=WEST COAST; E.=EAST COAST. . 


[Extralimital species in parentheses. ] 





Temperate) Tropical 
or Ore- : 
gonian. | Panamic, 

GENUS AND SECTION. 




















Dosinia: 

Dosinidia, = 22..242ck secs te Sooo eee ee eee inte Po aha letes a 
Glementiat 2-22. s2522:5255 eed he ee ee 22 e\ 2: |) 2 
Transennella: 2. 3.2.-..=.2ss- osse soe eee ee ee See eee ee ale oa 
Tye@lay cis ct Sos Sere le ere Sen ae Sear rele ey are cre eee ee ay 

Pachydesma: ; - :..--2.4¢ 122+ 225 sles o's Hake SiS eee ee Pee 
Gafrarium: = 

Gouldiavcss2. wo. 2. fee re ee eee tee ee ae eee 38 
Macroeallista.s.¢.<.2sss282.222 52 s22h Zoe es eee Ld oR oneal Cae i 

Chionella 2 22..5s22522 22 22 Se eee eee eee See hed 1s 
Amaamtis. <2) 2os22 3s. nee ssn cS ae oe = heptane ee eer ee --+-|---) 1) 

Hueallistaj. 2. js joe tes 2b eiereeyae epeste tee ee snes |S Let ee i= 
Callocardiai: 2uc226 22.25. 25 ss ee Se ee ee eee SS Secon ee it 

SAS ORTS ICO ONAN GR = eter re ee a ececiy dale 3 
Pitanlas 2 si... 2204) 0s be iheek Se) ee ee si daleeoat = ee 62 

Ebysteroconchay 22. eos eee Ne by aaa EO ee a SAE evel eee 1 

ame liiconchas: .o5. 3 2ve Ste: ee ee a eee ee = Aa sal 1% 
Cytherea: Jo csoin se bie sot oe See Re eee eee eee eae 3. sae ec]/aall 1 

Ventricola 22 2b ee ee Jo eee a ieee 43 
SSK CLOTS Soci ei moe ae este Se ee arc ce [O22 oe 
Cyclinellas. 2. 2S sc... Sese seks eee ais eee ee eee ee lesa aga) eee eee 1g 
Chionesi = 26) ee eee, ee Ss be etal = S| oO om 

Tim oclea.=2-.2 S225. sae ae ose ee ee eee eee | nae (eae 4 

Lirophora3.j25.2)..22 22452238 Sees ee eee eee brash Soeeed pee 2 
Anomalocardia sn. .occ2c se os saci ane Bee eee eee eae fea es baa 5 
Wi TN US) ols ise sche ere oe te ye tel ee a Ht i 1 2 
Miarceia= 34230204 howd ol te eee a ee ee ee 1 |. aS a 

Venerella)... So... 223 oc ee See ee eee Lit 
Protothaca. secs 2 Se ne ee eee ee 1 |..2) 2 ae 

GCallithacais. co esos 5 es ae eee 1..| 225. |: 222 Soe 
TOC yMas. oooh oot 255s hie ee ee eee eee 3 |> l |e 
Wenerupiss. 3.2 6145-22 sch see eee eee 1h 
Gemma, Pos5 oe 52 fabs shee ee ee Se ee 3 ti)! leg See i 
Parastarte. 2. 22.5202 5-25 205 2 ie eee [eae eee so2 | 
Psephidia.:. 32. 22.002. 2 1. 2a oS | 2)2 2. eos 

‘Totals‘inmeach fauna 2<- 2. 52) Sea eee | 14] 41] 66 | comm 

Speciesmative to) both\ oceanga = see | Bee alee 2 |. 2. 
14) 4.)°64 \3s5e 

Total North! American’ Wemnericdceccg. ee ee ee eee | | loi 








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_ No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 339 


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1843. 
1844. 


1844. 
1844. 
1844. 
1844. 
1844. 
1845. 
1845. 
1845. 
1845. 
1845. © 
1845. 
1845. 
1845. 
1845. 
1846. 
1846. 
1846. 
1846. 
1846. 
1846. 
1846. 


1847. 
1847. 
1847. 
1847. 
1847. 
1847. 
1847. 
1847. 


1848. 
1848. 
1848. 
1848. 
1849. 


1849. 
1849. 


1849. 
1850. 


' No. 1312. 


SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 341 


D’Orbigny, Voyage dans Il’ Amérique Méridionale, Paiéontologie. 

Gray, Synopsis of the Collection of the British Museum. 

Deshayes, Magasin de Zoologie, Guérin-Méneville. 

Conrad, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, I. 

Philippi, Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neue oder wenig gekiinnte con- 
chylien, I, Part 2, Venus. 

De Kay, Natural History of New York, Zoology, Part I, Mollusca. 

Hanley, Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells (1843-1856). 

Mighels, Boston Journal of Natural History, IV (1843-44). 

Philippi, Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neue oder wenig gekiinnte con- 
chylien, I, Artemis. 

Potiez et Michaud, Galerie de Douai, II. 

Philippi, Enumeratio Molluscorum Siciliz, TI. (See also Philippi, 1847. ) 

Hanley, Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 

Hinds, Zoology of the Voyage of the Sulphur, Mollusca. 

Jonas, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, I. 

Jonas, Zeitschrift fir Malakozoologie, II. 

Philippi, Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie II. 

Linsley, American Journal of Science, first series, X LVIII. 

Conrad, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, IIT. 

H. C. Lea, Transactions American Philosophical Society, second series, LX. 

Hanley, Proceedings of the Zoological Society. (See also Hanley, 1843. ) 

Troschel, Archiy fiir Naturgeschichte, XI, Part 2. 

C. B. Adams, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, IT. 

D’ Orbigny, Mollusca Cubana, II, in Sagra, Histoire de l’ile de Cuba (1845-1853). 

Valenciennes, Voyage autour du monde sur la Vénus, 1836-1839. (Plates only.) 

Philippi, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, III. (See also Philippi, 1847.) 

Nyst, Coquilles Fossiles de Belgique. 

Herrmannsen, Index Generum Malacozoorum, I. 

D’Orbigny, Voyage dans l Amérique Méridionale, Mollusques (1846-47). 

Conrad, American Journal of Science, second series, IT. 

Pfeiffer (in) Philippi, Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neue oder wenig 
gekiinnte conchylien, II, Part 18. 

Gray, Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 

Gray, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, XX. 

Chenu, Illustrations conchyliologiques. 

D’Orbigny. (See D’Orbigny, 1845 and 1846. ) 

Adams, Catalogue of the Collection of C. B. Adams. 

Philippi, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, LY. 

Menke, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, IV. 

Philippi, Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neue oder wenig gekiinnte conchy- 
lien. Cytherea et Venus (1843-1847). 

Dunker, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, V. 

Gistel, Naturgeschichte Thierreichs, first edition. 

Forbes and Hanley, British Mollusca, I. 

Linsley (in Gould), American Journal of Science, second series, VI. 

Conrad, Journal Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, second series, I, 
Part 3. 

Conrad, United States Exploring Expedition, Report on the Geology, Ap- 
pendix. 

Deshayes, Traité élémentaire de Conchyliologie, II. 

Menke, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, VI. 

Philippi, Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neue oder wenig gekinnter con- 
chylien, III, Part 7, Venus et Cytherea. 


342 
1850. 
1850. 
1850. 
1850. 
1851. 
1851. 
1851. 
1851. 
1851. 
1851. 
1851. 
1851. 
1852. 
1852. 
1852. 
1852. 
1852. 
1852. 
1852. 
1852. 
1852. 
1853. 
1853. 
1853. 
1853. 


1853. 


1853. 
1853. 
1853. 
1854. 
1854. 
1854. 
1855. 
1855. 
1855. 
1855. 
1855. 
1856. 
1856. 
1856. 
1857. 


1857. 
1857. 


1857. 
1857. 
1857. 
1857. 
1858. 
1858. 
1858. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI | 
‘_ 








Reeve, Conchologia Iconieca, VII, Monograph of Artemis. 

Philippi, Zeitschrift fir Malakozoologie, VIT. 

Gould, United States Exploring Expedition, Report on the Mollusca. 

Gould, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, III. 

Recluz, Journal de Conchyliologie, I. 

D’Orbigny, Prodrome de Paléontologie, II. 

Stimpson, Shells of New England. 

Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, II, Monograph of Cytherea. 

Philippi, Zeitschrift ftir Malakozoologie, VIII. 

Gray, List of British Animals, British Museum, Mollusca. 

Gould, Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, IV. 

Morelet, Testacea Novissima insulze Cubanze et Americ centralis, II. 

D’Orbigny, Prodrome de Paléontologie, ITI. 

Reeluz, Journal de Conchyliologie, III. 

Jay, Catalogue of Shells, fourth edition, supplement. 

Gould, Boston Journal of Natural History, VI, Art. XXIV. 

Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, II, Monograph of Artemis. 

C. B. Adams, Contributions to Conchology. 

C. B. Adams, Catalogue of shells collected at Panama. 

Leach, Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain, edited by Gray. 

Recluz, Journal de Conchyliologie, III. 

Searles Wood, Crag Mollusca, II, Bivalvia. 

Philippi, Handbuch der Conchyliologie und der Malakozoologie. 

Woodward, Manual of Recent and Fossil Shells (1851-1856). 

Conrad, Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, first series, 
VI. 

Deshayes, Catalogue of the Conchifera in the British Museum, Part I, Vene- 
ridee. 3 

Gould, Boston Journal of Natural History, VI, Article XXIV. 

Morch, Catalogus Conchyliorum de Yoldi, IT. 

Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum II, Monograph of Venus. 

Huppé, (in) Gay, Historia de Chile, VIII, Moluscos. 

Huppé, Revue et Magazin de Zoologie. 

Conrad, Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, VII. 

Conrad. See Gould, 1855. 

Carpenter, Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 

Toumey and Holmes, Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina (1855-1858). 

Arthur Adams, Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 

Gould and Conrad, Pacific Railroad Reports, and appendix. 

Carpenter, Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 

Petit, Journal de Conchyliologie, V. 

Tuomey and Holmes, Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina. 

Jarpenter, Report on the Mollusca of the West Coast of America, in Report 
of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1856. 

Carpenter, Catalogue of the Mazatlan shells in the British Museum. 

Romer, Kritische Untersuchung der Arten des Molluskengeschlechts Venus, 
bei Linné und Gmelin, Inaugural Dissertation. 

Morch, (in) Rink’s Greenland, appendix on Mollusca. 

H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusea, II. 

Deshayes, Journal de Conchyliologie, VI. 

Dunker. See Romer, 1857. 

Jeffreys, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, XI. 

Beau, Catalogue des Coquilles de Guadeloupe, par P. Fischer. 

Holmes, Postpleiocene Fossils of South Carolina. 


_ No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAW—DALL. 343 


1858. 
1860. 
1860. 
1860. 
1860. 
1860. 
1861. 
1861. 
1861. 
1861. 
1862. 
1862. 
1862. 
1862. 
1862. 
1863. 
1863. 
1863. 
1863. 
1864. 
1864. 
1864. 
1864. 
1864. 
1864. 
1864. 
1864. 
1864. 
1865. 
1865. 
1865. 
1865. 
1865. 
1865. 
1866. 
1866. 
1866. 


1866. 
1868. 
1868. 
1869. 
1869. 
1870. 
1870. 
1870. 
1870. 
1870. 
1879. 
1870. 
_ 1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 


Conrad, Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, IX 

Gabb, Journal, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, second series, IV. 

Moreh, Malakozoologische Blitter fur 1859, VI. 

Rémer; Malakozoologische Blitter fiir 1860, VII, July. 

Deshayes, Journal de Conchyliologie, VIII. 

Stimpson, Checklist of shells from Maine to Georgia. 

Gould, Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, VIII. 

Gabb, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 

Morch, Malakozoologische Blatter, VII, pages 194-198. 

Fischer, Journal de Conchyliologie, IX. 

Romer, Monographie der Molluskengattung Dosinia. 

Chenu, Manuel de Conchyliologie, II. 

Romer, Malakozoologische Blatter, TX. 

Gould, Otia conchologica. 

Conrad, Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, XTY. 

Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, X1V, Monographs of Dione, Venus. 

Baird, Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 

Jeffreys, British Conchology, II. 

Conrad, Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1862. 

Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, XIV, Monograph of Cytherea. 

Carpenter, Supplementary Report to the British Association for 1863. 

Conrad, Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1863. 

Rémer, Monographie der Molluskengattung Venus, I (1864-1869). 

Romer, Malakozoologische Blatter, XT. 

Krebs, The West Indian Marine Shells. 

Meek, Checklist of Invertebrate Fossils of North America, Miocene. 

Adams, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, third series, XIII. 

Carpenter, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, XIII. 

Dunker, Novitates Conchologicee, Mollusca Marina. 

Carpenter, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, XV. 

Carpenter, Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1865. 

Carpenter, Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 

Gabb, Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences, ITI. 

Conrad, American Journal of Conchology, I. 

Guppy, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, XXII. 

Gabb, Paleontology of California, I, Part 1. 

Conrad, Checklist of the Invertebrate Fossils of North America, Eocene and 
Oligocene. 

Conrad, American Journal of Conchology, II. 

Conrad, American Journal of Conchology, IV. 

Pfeiffer, Malakozoologische Bliitter, XIV. 

Gabb, Paleontology of California, IT. 

Perkins, Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, XIII. 

Pfeiffer, Malakozoologische Blitter, XVI. 

Verrill, American Journal of Science, XLIX, March. 

Conrad, American Journal of Conchology, VI. 

Romer, Monographie der Molluskengattung Venus, II (1870-1872). 

M. Sars, Christianiafiordens Fauna, II. 

Binney, Gould’s invertebrata of Massachusetts, new edition. 

Verrill, American Journal of Science, second series, XLIX, Article VI. 

Dall, Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, XIII. 

Dall, American Journal of Conchology, VII, Part II. 

Romer. See 1870. 

Gabb, Topograpby and Geology of Santo Domingo. 


344 


1873 

1874. 
1874. 
1875. 
1875. 
1876. 
1876. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 


1878. 
1878. 


1879. 
1880. 
1880. 
1881. 
1881. 
1881. 
1882. 
1882. 
1885. 
1883. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 


1885. 
1885. 
1886. 
1886. 


1887. 


1887. 
1887. 
1888. 
1888. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1890. 
1890. 
1890. 
1891. 
1891. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1893. 
1893. 
1894. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Verrill, Report on the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound. 

Monterosato, Journal de Conchyliologie, X XII. 

Tryon, American Marine Conchology (1873-1875). 

Conrad, (in) Kerr, Geological Report of North Carolina, Appendix I. 

Verrill, American Journal of Science, 3d series, X. 

Jeffreys, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, XIX. 

Meek, Paleontology of the Upper Missouri. 

Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie, X XIV. 

Guppy, Sketch of the Marine Invertebrate Fauna of the Gulf of Paria. 

Arango, Contribucién a la fauna Malac. Cubana, 1878-1880, and Dunker, cited 
in the same. 

G. O. Sars, Mollusea Regionis Arcticee Norvegiz. 

Poulsen (Mirch), Catalogue of the West India Shells in the collection of Dr. 
C. M. Poulsen. 

Stoliezka, Cretaceous Pelecypoda of India. 

Verrill and Smith, Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences, V. 

Verrill, Proceedings of the United States National Museum, ITI. 

E. A. Smith, Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 

Jeffreys, Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 

Dall, Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, IX, No. 2 (July, November). 

Cossman, Journal de Conchyliologie, XXX. 

Dunker, Index Molluscorum Maris Japonici. 

Dall, Science, Ue September 28, 1883, page 447. 

Dall, Proceedings United States National Museum, VI. 

Monterosato, Nomenclatura Conchiglie Mediterranee. 

Tryon, Structural and Systematic Conchology, III. 

Whitfield, Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan Clays of New 
Jersey. - 

E. A. Smith, Challenger Expedition, Report on the Lamellibranchiata. 

Verrill, Transactions Connecticut Academy of Sciences, VI. 

Dall, Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, XII, No. 6. 

Cossman, Catalogue Illustré des Coquilles Fossiles de l Eocene des Environs 
de Paris, I. 

Cossman, Catalogue Illustré des Coquilles Fossiles de Eocene des Environs 
de Paris, II. 

Fischer, Manuel de Conchyliologie. 

Barrois, (in) Zittel, Traité de Paléontologie, II. 

Sowerby, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 

Jousseaume, Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France, I. 

Dall, Proceedings United States National Museum, XII, No. 773. 

Dall, Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, X VIII. 

Dall, Bulletin United States National Museum, No. 37. 

Heilprin, The Bermuda Islands. 

Dall, Proceedings United States National Museum, XII. 

Stearns, Proceedings United States National Museum, VIII, No. 815. 

Yates, Santa Barbara Society of Natural History, Bulletin No. 2. 

Pilsbry, List of Mollusca collected by Frederick Stearns in Japan. 

Dall, The Nautilus, V, July, 1891. 

Stearns, The Nautilus, V, July, 1891. 

Dall, The Nautilus, V, April, 1892. 

Bush, Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, X XIII, No. 6. 

Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and Dollfus, Mollusques de Roussillon, I. 

Stearns, Proceedings United States National Museum, XVI, No. XXV. 

Dall, Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, XXV, No. 9. 


« 


~ yo. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. B45 








1895. Dall, The Nautilus, IX, May, 1895. 

1895. Whitfield, Miocene Mollusca of New Jersey. 

1896. Locard, Annales de |’ Université de Lyon, Campagne du Caudan. 

1896. Dall, The Nautilus, X, No. 5, September. 

1896. Dall, Proceedings United States National Museum, X VIII, XIX. 

1897. Wagner, Transactions Wagner Institute of Science, V. 

1898. Verrill and Bush, Proceedings United States National Museum, XX, No. 1139. 
1898. Locard, Expéditions scientifiques du Trayailleur et du Talisman, IT. 

1898. Bucquoy, Dautzenberg et Dollfus, Mollusques Marins du Roussillon, I. 

1898. Posselt, Conspectus Fauna Gronlandize. 

1899. Dall, Transactions Wagner Free Institute of Science. III, Part 5. 

1900. Chiamente, Revista Italiana Sci. Nat., XX. 

1900. E. A. Smith, Proceedings Malacological Society of London, IV. 

1900. Sacco, I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria, X X VIII. 
1901. Dall and Simpson, Report on the Mollusks of Porto Rico. 

1901. Jousseaume, Le Naturaliste, Septembre, 1901. 

1901. Whitfieid and Hovey, Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XI. 
1902. Dall, Proceedings United States National Museum, XXIV. 

1902. Dall, Proceedings United States National Museum, XXYV. 


Family VENERID. 
The subdivisions adopted are characterized as follows: 
Subfamily DOSINIIN 45. 


Hinge with three left and three or four right cardinals, usually with 
an anterior left lateral fitting into a pit in the opposite valve and some- 
times a developed posterior right lateral. Siphons long and united to 
their tips; foot large, arcuate, without a byssus or byssal groove; shell 
usually orbicular and generally more or less compressed, with a dis- 
tinct pallial sinus. 

A. Anterior and sometimes posterior laterals present, the lunule 
impressed, but not distinctly limited. 


Genus DOSINIOPSIS Conrad, 1864. 


= 


Type, ). Meckit Conrad. Eocene. 

Shell orbicular, heavy, concentrically striated, with a thick, polished 
periostracum; lunule impressed, but not circumscribed distinctly, and 
there is no defined escutcheon; inner margins smooth; pallial sinus 
short, free, acutely angular, and ascending; hinge strong, with corru- 
gated nymphs and a strong rugose left anterior lateral fitting into a 
rugose pit in the opposite valve; right valve with a stout distinct pos- 
terior right lateral, which fits into an excavated socket in the left 
valve. 

This is the only genus of the family with a distinctly developed 
posterior lateral tooth, and if it were not for the number of cardinals 
and the presence of a pallial sinus it might be referred to Cyprind. 


8346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. anil 





» 


Gapeomee Hora Conrad, 1870. Type, &. cretacea Goad: Cre-9 
taceous. 

This is still imperfectly known, but differs from Dos/nopsis chiefly 
by being smaller, more delicate, and of a more elongated form. 

Subgenus Pelecyora Dall, 1902. Type, ¢ ‘ytherea hatchetigheénsis 
Aldrich, 1886. Eocene. 

Shell orbicular, with rugose nymphs, simple anterior lateral and 
socket; no posterior lateral; the pallial sinus narrow, angular, ascend- 
ing; the cardinals entire except the right posterior one, which is bifid; 
otherwise as in Dosindopsis, though the only known species is very 
much smaller than the known species of Dosiniopsis. 

This group differs from Dos/n/ops/s by its smooth lateral and socket, 
and by the absence of the posterior lateral and socket, and by its rela- 
tively deeper pallial sinus. From 4a the same characters, as well 
as the nonbifid left cardinals and orbicular form, suftice to distinguish 
it. The rugosity of the nymphs is more like the semiradial ruge in 
Tivela than the fine granulations of the type of Dosinzopsis. 


B. Anterior lateral tooth and a defined lunule present. 


Genus DOSINIA Scopoli, 1777. 


Type D. africana Hanley (Le Dosin, Adanson, 1757). 

This is Cytherea (sp.) Bolten, 1798; Orbsceulus a and £, Megerle, 
1811; Arthemis (Poli) Oken, 1815; Asa-(Leach) Basterot, 1825; Aretoé 
Risso, 1826; Hivoleta Brown, 1827; Artemis Conrad, 1832; Arctoa 
Herrmannsen, 1846; Cerana Gistel, 1848; Assa (Leach) Gray, 1851; 
Amphithea Leach, 1852; but not Dosina Gray, 1838. 

Section Dosinia s. s. 

Lunule impressed, small; escutcheon narrow, elongate, flattish, bor- 
dered on each side by a ridge or keel, at which the concentric sculpture 
tends to become lamellose; middle cardinals often grooved or bifid, the 
other teeth smooth; pallial sinus angular, ascending, usually narrow 
and extended forward at least halfway from the posterior to the 
anterior adductor; valves moderately convex. 

The form of the escutcheon differs in this group from an obscure 
flattening, often unequal in the two valves, to a distinctly keeled area 
with sculpture differing from that outside the boundary, but in the 
series of species almost every gradation between these forms may be 
observed. 

Section Orbiculus Megerle, 1811. Type, Venus exoleta Linneus. 

In this section there is no escutcheon, the pallial sinus is very long 
and narrow, and the anterior lateral is strong. 

Orbiculus a Megerle, founded on Venus prostrata Linneeus, is au 
typical Dos/n/a. Most of the generic synonyms cited under the genus — 
were based on the common European species which is the type of this 


(0. 1312. SYNOPSIS oe THE VENERIDA—DALL. 347 









section. The young do ae vetain any corrugations on the posterior 

cardinals. 
Section Austrodosinia Dail, 1902. Type, Cytherea anus Philippi. 

New Zealand. 

f Lunule deeply impressed, escutcheon impressed and bordered by 

prominent keels; pallial sinus short and angular; anterior lateral and 
the pit into ee ot is received, and usually some of the anterior car- 
-dinal teeth sharply corrugated; the middle cardinals bifid. 
_ This group is represented in New Zealand and Japan. 
_ Section Dosinesca Dall, 1902. Type, Artemis alata Reeve. 

Areas of the lunule and escutcheon pouting mesially, defined by a 
deep sulcus, forming a posterior wing which recalls Phacotdes; sculp- 
ture of fine, rather distant, saarp lamelle, sometimes with radial stria- 
tion; pallial sinus deep and angular. 

_ This group is distributed in Australia and Japan. 

— Section Dosinorbis Dall, 1902. Type, Artemis bilunulata Gray. 

_ Japan. 

_ Lunule and escutcheon deeply impressed, the former surrounded by 

a larger area bordered as is the escutcheon by a lamellated keel; valves 

compressed, beaks produced, sculpture on the middle of the disk 
obsolete, becoming lamellz laterally; pallial sinus short, angular; 

right posterior margin grooved beyond the hinge plate, to receive the 
beveled edge of the opposite valve. 

_ This large and remarkable species appears to be unique in the genus. 
In the young the dorsal margins pout on each side of the ligament. 

Section Dosinidia Dall, 1902. Type, Venus concentrica Born. 

Valves, suborbicular, subcompressed, white, with a sculpture of 
concentric grooving, never lamellose, furnished with an obvious peri- 
ostracum; lunule small, impressed; escutcheon absent; pallial sinus 
ample, ascending, angular in front; posterior cardinals serrate or cor- 
rugated in the nepionic young, smooth in the adult. 

This group is confined to the tropical and warmer temperate seas of 

America. 

Section Dosinella Dall, 1902. Type, Cytherea angulosa Philippi. 
East Indies. 

Valves suborbicular with a shallow flattish lunule; the escutcheon 
narrow, flattish, hardly defined; pallial sinus ample, ascending, deep, 
bluntly rounded at the anterior end; anterior lateral and posterior right 
cardinal teeth absent or obsolete. 

There are a few small species in which the bight of the pallial sinus 
is rounded, but in this large form the contrast between the blunt 
rounded form and the angular form usual in the genus is so marked 
that, after some hesitation, taking the obsolescent hinge-teeth into 

consideration, it seemed advisable to separate it sectionally, 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvyi—02 24. 





348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





C. Lateral teeth absent, no lunule or escutcheon. 
Genus CYCLINA Deshayes, 1849. 


Type, Venus sinensis Gmelin. China seas. 

Soft parts like Dosinia; shell orbicular, concentrically and radially 
striate, without lunule or escutcheon; inner margins crenate; pallial 
sinus angular, ascending; teeth as in Dosenia, but without laterals, the | 
posterior right cardinal obsolete. | 

It is not Cyclinus Kirby, Coleoptera, 1837. 


Genus CLEMENTIA Gray, 1842. 


Type, Venus papyracea Gray. | 

Soft parts as in Dosinia, according to Woodward; valves thin, con- — 
centrically undulate, convex, without lunule or escutcheon; inner — 
margins simple, sharp; pallial sinus subangular, ascending; three car- 
dinal teeth in each valve, the posterior right cardinal bifid; lateral — 
teeth absent. 

This is Blainvillia Huppé, 1854, not of Desvoidy, Diptera, 1830. 


Subfamily MBERHTRICIN 4. 


An anterior lateral tooth present; though sometimes obsolete, traces — 
of it can always be detected in normal specimens. | 


Genus GRATELOUPIA.Desmoulins, 1828. 


Type, Donax irregularis Basterot. Miocene. 
Valves elongate-oval, concentrically striate; three cardinals in each — 
valve, the posterior right cardinal fused with the nymphal rugosities; _ 
the pallial sinus long and acute, reaching to the vertical of the anterior — 
lateral lamina. ; 


Subgenus Cytheriopsis Conrad, 1865. Type, Cytherea hydana Con- — 
rad. Eocene. * 

Valves trigonal, recalling 77vela, the left posterior cardinal fused — 
with the nymphal rugosities; the pallial sinus short and rounded. 

This is not Cytheropsis McCoy, 1849, and if the two names are © 
judged incompatible, might be called Grateloupina. It is probably — 
the precursor of Grateloupia and Tivela. 


Genus TRANSENNELLA Dall, 1883. 


Type, 7. conradina Dall. 

Shell small, having the general form and coloration of Tivela, but a 
hinge with three cardinals in each valve, the middle left cardinal bifid, 
and an elongate left lateral received into a socket in the opposite valve; 
the hinge has no rugosities, the lunule but not the escutcheon is defined, 
internal margins sharply tangentially grooved with numerous sulci; 
the pallial sinus angular, free, obliquely ascending. 































No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDE—DALL. 349 





Tropical and subtropical waters of America; receding in time to the 
Miocene. This group is unique in the family in the peculiar sulcation 
of the inner margin, which is only paralleled elsewhere once among 
the Astartide. A Pacific coast species is viviparous. 


Genuss bh bVinie AY rimk, L807. 


_ Type, Venus corbicula Gmelin (= V. mactroides Born). 

Shell. porcellanous, solid, smooth externally with a dehiscent perios- 
tracum; the coloration variable with a tendency toward dark brown 
and purple; valves trigonal, subequilateral, with prominent beaks and 
‘a short ligament; lunule large, faintly defined, escutcheon not detined; 
pallial sinus small, free, rounded in front; hinge variable with anterior 
Jaterals and from three to six cardinals, partiy rugose and some of 
which may be bifid. Habitat, subtropical and tropical seas. 

Section Zivela s. s. Type, Venus mactroides Born. 

_ Valves trigonal, with smooth interior margins, usually a pilose 
‘periostracum over a polished surface; cardinals varying in different 
“species. 

_ This is 7rigona Megerle, 1811, not Jurine, Zymenoptera, i807; and 
perhaps Dollfusia Cossmann, 1886, which 1 know only by figures. 
‘The group is unique in the variability and occasional large number of 
‘cardinals, which are perhaps due to splitting up of the originally 
ingle posterior cardinals. 

Section Pachydesma Conrad, 1854. Type, Donawx stultorum Mawe. 
Shell very large and ponderous, with smooth interior margins and 
thick vernicose periostracum; hinge with four cardinals in each valve. 
This is Trigonella Conrad, 1837, not of Da Costa, 1778. It is a 
Californian type. 

Section Lutivela Dall, 1891. Type, /. perplera Stearns, Argentina. 
Shell small, elongate-trigonal, with crenulate interior margins, thin, 
polished periostracum, three left and four right cardinal teeth. 

_ This type points the way toward Suwnetta. 


Genus SUNETTA Link, 1807. 


Type, Donax scripta Linneus. 

Shell variable in form, smooth or concentrically sculptured, polished, 
often with vivid coloration; with an impressed, unequally divided 
lunule, larger in the right valve, and a deeply excavated escutcheon; 
posterior end of shell shorter than the anterior; pallial sinus wide, 
short, and rounded; inner margins conspicuously crenate; three cardi- 
nals in each valve, and rather elongate anterior laterals. 

Eocene of south Europe and tropical seas of the Old World. 
Section Svacttas. s. Type, Donaw seripta Linneus. 

Shell elongate-ovate, more or less inequilateral, the edge of the 
osterior cardinals finely rugose; sculpture concentrically sulcate or 
triate, 


ea Rs RIM 







850 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 








This is Cuneus Megerle, 1811, not of Da Costa, 1776; and Merog 
Schumacher, 1817. 

Section Solanderina Dall, 1902. Type, S. solandri Gray. 

Shell inflated, smooth, subequilateral. 

Section Sunettina Jousseaume, 1901. Type, S. sunettina Jousseaume, 
S. menstrualis Menke, ete. 

Shell suborbicular, compressed, smooth. 


Genus GAFRARIUM Bolten, 1798. 


Type (by elimination), Venus pectinata Linneus. 

Shell equivalve, subequilateral, with a simple or slightly sinuous — 
pallial line; three cardinals in each valve, entire or faintly grooved, 
and the usual anterior laterals; surface sculptured. Tertiary and 
recent warm seas of the Old World. 

Section Gafrarium Bolten, s. s. : 

Surface with strong, chiefly radial, more or less dichotomous sculp- — 
ture, that of the posterior slope differing from the rest; valves — 
moderately convex, umbones subcompressed with a narrow lunule and 
feebly defined escutcheon; pallial line simple, inner margins of the 
valves crenate, the ligament sunken but not immersed; middle left 
cardinal feebly grooved. 

This is Paphia Oken, 1815, not Bolten, 1798, or Lamarck, ‘soul 
Crista Romer, 1857; and Circe, species, of many authors. 

‘Section Radiocrista Dall, 1902. TES Venais pubeternmna ema 
Journ. de Conchyl., VIII, 1860, p. 381, pl. xxv, figs. 1,2. Tertiary. 


a! 


Shell with the form of Chionella the disk ari anterior part ele-— 
gantly, regularly, concentrically sulcate; margins of the dorsal area — 
behind separated from the sulcate area by strong radial ribbing; the — 
lunule not definitely circumscribed, but with its margins thickened and ‘ 
surface concentrically striated or smooth; escutcheon elongate-ovate, — 
equally parted between the valves, nearly smooth. Interior? 

The horizon and internal characters of this remarkable fossil are 
unknown, but it is provisionally located here, pending further 
information. ; 

Section Gouldia C. B. Adams, 1847. Type, Thetis cerina Adams. 

Shell small, reticulately sculptured, the radials toward the ends of 
the valves, and the concentric sculpture in the middle of the disk 
stronger; there is no specialized posterior area; moderately convex, — 
the umbones not compressed; pallial line slightly flexuous behind, 

‘ardinals and inner margins of the valves entire. 

Warm-temperate and tropical seas. 

This group is Thetis C. B. Adams, 1845, not of Oken, 1815, or 
Sowerby, 1826. It is not Gouldia Bonaparte (aves), 1850. It is th 
only representative of the Gafrarium ov Circe group in American 
Tertiary or recent seas, and has not yet been found on the Pacifie 
coast. R 


















1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDZ—DALL. 351 








Beh rcnis Circe Sehainchor as pe, Venus scripta Linneus. 

Shell compressed, with only concentric sculpture, with smooth com- 
“pressed beaks, narrow lunule and escutcheon; pallial line simple, inner 
“margins oe posterior right cardinal grooved; ligament deeply 
‘sunken, but not entirely immersed. 

. Section Parmulina Dall, 1902. Type, Circe corrugata (Dillwyn) 
-Deshayes. 

Shell with the umbonal region flattened and coarsely divaricately 
ribbed, the rest of the surface concentrically sculptured; disk (except 
‘the umbones) convex; pallial line slightly flexuous, inner margins 
‘finely crenulate; lunule and escutcheon narrow, flat, the ligament 
depressed; cardinals entire or faintly grooved. 

Section Circenita Jousseaume, 1888. Type, (. arabica Lamarck. 

Valves convex; surface feebly concentrically sculptured, the beaks 
‘not compressed; posterior slope without specialized sculpture; lunule 
distinct, narrow, escutcheon hardly defined; ligament hardly depressed; 
pallial line with a minute sinus, the inner margins of the valves entire. 





¥ 


Genus LIOCONCHA MoOrch, 1858. 


Type, Venus castrensis Linneus. 
_ Shell solid, porcellanous, suborbicular, smooth or concentrically 
‘seulptured, vividly colored; lunule sharply circumscribed, impressed, 
but no defined escutcheon; ligament almost immersed, pallial line 
‘slightly flexuous, inner margins smooth, anterior left and posterior 
right dorsal margins grooved to receive the beveled edge of the oppo- 
site valve; anterior lateral large and strong; three smooth, entire 
cardinals in each valve. 

Tropical seas of the Old World. 


Genus MACROCALLISTA Meek, 1876. 


Type, Venus nimbosa Solander. 

Shell ovate, microscopically radially lineated, with low concentric 
waves, or smooth, with vivid coloration and vernicose periostracum; a 
defined lunule, but unequally divided between the valves; no defined 
escutcheon; internal margins smooth, pallial sinus free, auple, pointed 
in front and horizontally directed; cardinals three in each valve, 

‘smooth and entire, except a bifid right posterior tooth. 

Section Macrocallista s. s 

Shell much elongated, the pallial sinus short, the posterior cardi- 
nals slender and elongated. 

The type is better known as Cytherea or Callista gigantea (Gmelin) 
Lamarck. 

Section Chionella Cossman, 1886. Type, Cytherea ovalina Deshayes. 

Shell ovate-trigonal; pallial sinus long; the posterior cardinals 

short. 


352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





5 This is Chione Gray, 1838, not Megerle, 1811, or Gray, 1851; Dione 
Gray, 1851, not of Hiibner, Lepidoptera, 1816; and Calista Moreh, 
1853, not of Leach, 1852. 


Genus AMIANTIS Carpenter, 1863. 


Type, Cytherea callosa Conrad. 

Shell ovate, concentrically waved, with vernicose periostracum; 
lunule and a linear escutcheon, defined; inner margins smooth; pallial 
sinus ample, acute in front, free below, slightly ascending; anterior 
cardinal very thin; anterior laterals large and strong. 

Section Am/iantis s. s. 

Shell with two obscure radial ribs internally, near the middle of the 
disk; posterior cardinals elongated, strong, the right one bifid, the 
other teeth entire; the posterior left cardinal and the edge of the right — 
nymph rugose; the posterior right dorsal margin beyond the hinge ~ 
plate grooved to receive the edge of the opposite valve. Californian. © 

This is called Amyantis by Stoliczka, 1871. 

Section Eucallista Dall. 1902. Type, Cytherea purpurata Lamarck, ~ 

Shell with the posterior cardinals short; the opposite faces of the- 
nymphs with interlocking rugosities; the teeth smooth; interior with-— 
out radial ridges. ? 

Lamarck himself called attention to the remarkable corrugated areas 
of this shell which recall those of V.-mercenaria. It is a Brazilian 
species which has been confounded with one from west America. 


Genus MERETRIX Lamarek, 1799. 


Type, Venus meretrix, Linneeus. 3 
Shell trigonal, plump, thin, nearly equilateral, smooth with a verni- 
cose periostracum, a peculiar olivaceous tone of coloration; lunule — 
and escutcheon not circumscribed or distinctly defined; three cardi-— 
nals in each valve and well-defined anterior laterals; the middle left 
and two anterior right cardinals entire, smooth, the others grooved or” 
bifid; right nymph and posterior left cardinal corrugated; anterior — 
left and posterior right dorsal margins beyond the hinge plate sharply _ 
grooved to receive the edge of the opposite valve; internal margins 
smooth; the pallial line with a shallow arcuate flexuosity, but no 
angular sinus; ligament hardly depressed. 

Distribution chiefly in the China seas, Japan, and the Indo-Pacific — 
region. 

This group is Cytherea (Lamarck) and Citherea Roissy, 1805, and 
Lamarck, 1806; Cytherea Defrance, 1818; Vympha Mérch, 1853, not 
Fitzinger, 1826; and Jeretrix, ex parte, Deshayes, 1853. 





No. 1812. SYM OFEIS est THE VED ee DA—DA ues 358 


Genus CALLOCARDIA A. Adams, 1864. 


_ Type, C. guttata A. Adams. 
Shell ovate, plump, thin, concentrically striated with more or less 
involute umbones; pallial sinus nearly obsolete; lunule feebly cireum- 
ae not impressed, escutcheon not defined; left anterior lateral 
received between two obsolete laminz in the opposite valve; three 
-eardinals in each valve not radiating from a point under the umbo, on 
the dorsal valve margin; the two anterior left cardinals continuous 
above and separated from the valve margin by a sulcus; the anterior 
-and posterior right cardinals similarly connected, and dorsally sepa- 
-yated by a groove from the margin; the arch of the two left cardinals 
fits over the middle right cardinal, the arch of the outer right cardinals 
over that of the two left ones, so that the middle right and the pos- 
terior left cardinals remain isolated; the dorsal margins beyond the 
hinge plate, in front in the left and behind in the right, are grooved 
_to receive the beveled edge of the opposite valve. 
In this group the teeth retain in the adult state the conditions which 
normally obtain in the early stages of hinge development as shown by 
Bernard. 
_ The group is identical with Caryatis (part) Rémer, 1862, not of 
-Hiibner, 1816; Veneriglossa Dall, September, 1886; and Atopodonta 
~Cossmann, October, 1886. It is distributed in tropical and temperate 
seas and goes back to the Eocene in time. 

The type was named Callocardia quttata by A. Adams in 1864. In 
1888 Mr. Sowerby renamed it Cytherea isocardia on account of the 
existence of a Oytherea (Callista) guttata of Romer. The latter, 

however, was not described until 1866, so that it does not antedate 
-Adams’s name. If Rémer’s form is entitled to specific rank, it will 
not require a new name, as under the present arrangement it will be 
_Teferable to the genus Macrocallista, section Chionella. 
_ Subgenus Agriopoma Dall, 1902. Type, Cytherea texasiana Dall, 
- 1892. 
i This differs from the typical Callocardia by its large, heavy, and 
chalky shells, without the involute umbones or any color pattern, and 
_ by the presence of a deep and angular pallial sinus. It is more north- 
ern in distribution than Ca/locardia proper, and more limited in geo- 
graphical range, though receding to the Eocene in America. The 
peripheral species indicate a transition in the cardinals of the right 
_ valve toward the conditions found in the following group: 


Genus PITARIA Rédmer (em.), 1857. 


Type, Venus twmens Gmelin. 
Shell trigonal, plump, concentrically striate or rippled, with an incon- 
~ spicuous periostracum and delicate coloration; lunule circumscribed, 


wo eg Ba 


835 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL M OSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 
354 


but the escutcheon not defined; inner margins smooth, pallial sinus 
ample, elongate, somewhat ascending, pointed in front; middle car-— 
dinal stout, the others slender; the posterior cardinals feebly grooved, 
the others entire; the cardinals of the right valve discontinuous where 
they touch the dorsal margin and not separ ated from the latter by a 
groove; anterior late ral Agee distinct; nymphs and teeth smooth; 
dorsal margins grooved as in J/eretriz. Widely distributed in the 


wt 
= 


scpatapsileba 


a 


or ns * 
oa 


Tropics. 
Romer’s original name, Pitar, is a vernacular African word, not— 


‘eally entitled to be used without Latinization, for which, in 1862, he ~ 
substituted Caryatis, which is preoccupied in Lepidoptera since 1816. 
It is probable that a Latinized form as above should be adopted for — 
the group. 4 

Section Pitaria s. s. Type, Venus twumens Gmelin. 
Shell smooth or eh concentric striation, usually convex, subtrig- — 


onal or ovate, with a pointed sinus. ¥ 
Section Hyphantosoma Dall, 1902. Type, Cytherea carbasea Guppy, — 
1866. Oligocene. i 


Shell with zigzag sculpture on the surface like Zeat/venus Cossmann, 
of the Venerine series. 

Section Zirelina Cossmann, 1886. Type, Cytherea tellinaria” 
Lamarck. Eocene. 

Shell pointed behind with a Tellina-like twist to the valves, which are — 
concentrically striate; hinge as in /¢arza,; pallial sinus short, bluntly i 
rounded. . 

Subgenus Hysteroconcha Fischer, 1887. Type, Venus dione Linneus. — 

Shell subtrigonal, plump, concentrically laminate; lunule and escutch- — 
eon defined by incised lines and impressed, the lamin: becoming spinose — 
near the boundary of the escutcheon; shell with tinted coloration not_ 
in patterns; inner margins smooth, pallialsinus linguiform, ample, free, — 
slightly ascending; hinge as in Pitaria, the edges of the nymphs finely — 
granular and the stout middle cardinal sometimes obscurely channeled. 

Tropical American waters. : 

This is Dione Gray, 1847, not Gray, 1851, nor Hiibner, 1816; and — 
Venus Megerle, 1811, not of Lamarck, 1799. 2 

Section Lamelliconcha Dall,1902. Type, Cytherea concinna Sowerby. — 

Shell trigonal, subcompressed, concentrically ribbed or laminate, — 
without spines; the edges of the nymphs smooth; otherwise like 
Hysteroconcha. 

Tropical seas, especially in Americe 








Genus CYTHEREA Bolten, 1798. 

aes - ; = a 

Types (by elimination), Venus puerpera Linneus, V. rugosa Gmelin, i 
and V. verrucosa Linneus. ; 
Shell large and rotund, convex, with strong predominantly concentrie 
sculpture with well-marked lunule and escutcheon, the latter unequally 


= 








No. 1312, . SYNOPSIS OF THE ene E—DALL. 355 


mecced, larger in fhe ae eave: umbones plump, felament deep 
seated; cardinals large and partly bifid; anterior lateral small, papilli- 
form; inner margins crenate; pallial line with a short rounded sinus. 
Subgenus Cytherea Bolten, S..Ss Type, Ve CUS Puerpera Linnzeus. 
Shell large, reticulately sculptured, the right portion of the escutch- 
‘eon produced over the sunken ligament; lateral tooth minute. 
Tropical seas. 
This is Antigona Romer, 1857, not Schumacher, 1817. 
Section Clausina Brown, 1827. Type, Venus verrucosa Linneeus. 
Shell large, strongly concentrically lamellose, with obscure divari- 


eating radials toward the ends; right portion of the escutcheon not 


overlapping the ligament; pallial sinus small, narrow, angular. 

Tropical and temperate seas. 

This is Venusarius (Dumevril) Froriep, 1806 (not binomial); Dosina 
Gray, 1838; Venws Swainson, 1840, not Lamarck, 1799; Cal/sta (Poli) 
Leach, 1852, not Mérch, 1853; Cal/ista Fischer, 1887, but not Clausina 
Romer, 1857. 

Section Ventricola Romer, 1857. Type, Venus rugosa Gmelin. 

Shell large with strong, distant, evenly spaced concentric lamelle, 
between which are smaller concentric threads; pallial sinus small, an- 
gular, lunule deeply impressed; right part of the escutcheon obsolete. 
_ Tropical seas of both hemispheres. 

Subgenus Aphrodina Conrad, 1868. Type, Meretrix tippana Con- 


rad. Cretaceous. 


Shell concentrically striated, with a circumscribed lunule, but no 
defined escutcheon; inner margins smooth, pallial sinus ample, free, 
ascending, rather rounded in front; hinge with three cardinals in each 


valve, the right posterior cardinal bifid; an elongate anterior lateral 


corrugated on both sides and received into a pit with similar corruga- 


tions; nymphs smooth. 


This form wants the posterior lateral and the granular nymphs of 


Dosiniopsis, and differs from Cyclorisma by its form, the presence of 


an anterior latéral and a defined lunule. 
Subgenus Antigona Schumacher, 1817. Type, Cytherea lamellaris 


‘Schumacher (+ Dosina lamarckii Gray). 


Shell having the form and sculpture of a Chéone (Megerle), but with 


a lamelliform well-developed anterior lateral entering a socket in the 
right valve; the posterior right cardinal broad and deeply bifid; pal- 
lial sinus small, triangular. 


Schumacher’s type has been confused with Chione cancellata, but an 
examination of his figures and references makes his meaning plain. 

Section Antigona s. s. 

Shell rather elongate, with profuse concentric lamellation crenu- 


lated by fine radial ribs; lunule deeply impressed, the ligament 


a 


exposed, the overlap of the escutcheon small. 
This is not Antigonus Hiibner, 1816, or Antigona Romer, 1857. 


356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


rene Artena Conrad, 1870. Type, Venus staminea Conrad. 
Miocene. 

Shell trigonal or short, with acute concentric laminz, between which 
are minute elevated concentric lines; lunule not deep; escutcheon 
large, not overlapping; posterior right cardinal narrow, laminar; other 
features as in Antigona. ; 

This section bears to Antégona much such a relation as Ventricola 
does to typical Cytherea, inthe other subgenus. It was called Ar tenia 
by Tryon in 1884. 

Subgenus Circomphalus Morch, 1853. Type, Venus plicata Gmelin 
(= V. dysera Linneus pro parte). 

Shell cordate, compressed, with distant elevated reflected lamina 
which have leaflike expansions near the posterior border; lunule and — 
escutcheon, impressed, striate, sharply limited, cudeq ual: divided — 
between the valves; ligament deeply sunken; inner margins crenate, 
pallial sinus small, triangular; anterior right and posterior left cardi-— 
nals slender, laminar, entire, the others bifid; a minute pustular ante-_ 
rior left inter present. z 

This is Anartis Tryon, 1884, not of ae 1829, or Romer, 1857; : 
and Chiona Romer, 1857, not of Moreh, 1853. V. calophylla Hanley, 















also belongs here. : 
Subgenus Lepidocardia Dall, 1902. Type, Chione floridella Gray 
(+ Venus africana Philippi). e 


Shell small, compressed, donaciform, smooth or concentrically — s 
striated, polished; lunule defined, but thee is no defined escutcheon; 
internal margins smooth; pallial sinus linguiform, pointed in front, — 
horizontally directed, partly confluent with the pallial line below; 
dorsal margins beyond the hinge plate grooved; teeth delicate, the — 
anterior laterals well developed, the posterior right and anterior two 
left cardinals more or less distinctly grooved. 

Though compressed, this form recalls Gomphina by its external G 


characters. : 
Genus SAXIDOMUS Conrad, 1837 5, 
Type, S. nuttallii Conrad. i 


Shell large, rude, chalky, ovate-quadrate, with low beaks, and con- — g, 
centric usually feeble sculpture; the ligament is strong and not ‘ 
depressed; there is no defined lunular area or escutcheon; internal — 
margins smooth; pallial line with a deep, rounded sinus; ee within 
three cardinals in each valve; the posterior right cardinal bifid; anterior — 
laterals closely adjacent to the cardinals, one of the left ones often ins 
line with the anterior cardinal. s 

Shores of the North Pacific. : 

This group has been generally misunderstood and placed, as by 
Deshayes, near Zapes. His group of radial sulcate Saaidomus, of 1853, 







so. 1312 SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDE— ‘DALL. 857 





all belong to Callithaca. The icnior fea is So ¢ ear to o then ‘ardi- 
nals that it has heen counted in with them. The animal is meretricine. 
with lone, closely united siphons. The group on the Pacifie coast 
recedes to the Eocene in time. 


Ww 


Subfamily VHNERIN_E. 
ANTERIOR LATERAL TEETH ABSENT. 
Genus CYPRIMERIA Conrad, 1864. 


Type, ©. excavata Morton. Cretaceous. 
Pallial line feebly flexuous behind. 
Subgenus Cyclorisma Dall, 1902. Type, Cyclothyris carolinensis 
Conrad. Cretaceous. 
_ Pallial line deeply sinuated. 
' This is Cyclothyris Conrad, 1875; not of McCoy, Brachiopoda, 1844. 
& Genus THEDTIRONIA.Stoliczka, 1871. 

Type, Thetis major Sowerby, 1826. Cretaceous. 

_ Surface granulose; pallial sinus high, angular vertically ascending; 
no lunule or escutcheon. This is Zhet7s Sowerby, 1826, not of Oken, 
“1815. 
_ Subgenus Thetiopsis Meek, 1876. Type, 7) c7rcularis Meek and 
“Hayden, Cretaceous. 
é Smaller and smoother, the sinus shorter and irregular at its anterior 
_ basal part. 
This is Zethiops’s Fischer, 1887. 


F 





Genus MYSIA (Leach MS.) Lamarck, 1818. 


SOS gt 


ORE AT ee. 


Type, Venus undata Pennant. 
Siphons separated; hinge with two right and three left cardinal 
teeth; a circumscribed Rane. but no escutcheon. European. 

This is Lucinopsis Forbes fai Hanley, 1848, but not J/ys/a Gray, 
(1847. 


- 


Genus Cw OCLUNEEMA Dall, 1902. 


Type, Dosinia tenuis Recluz. 
Three cardinal teeth in each valve; otherwise like J/ysca. American. 
This genus extends to the Oligocene in time. 


Genus CHIONE Megerle, 1811. 


Type, Venus cancellata Lamarck. 

Three cardinal teeth in each valve; pallial sinus short, angular; 
tunule and escutcheon defined, sculpture cancellate, inner margins of 
the valves crenate; concentric sculpture dominant. 

Subgenus Chione s. s. Type, V. cancellata Lamarck. 


Pe TS LE RDO Feat Me Le Cy 8 BS 





358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou: <a 


i 





This is hia Morch, 1853, and of Rémer, 1857; Cireomphalus 
Adams, 1857; and Omphaloclathrum Tryon, 1884, not Mérch, 1853, — 
It is not Chion Scopoli, 1777; Chionis Forster, 1788; Chione Desvoidy, — 
Diptera, 1830; Chionca Dalman, 1816; nor Chéone Gray, 1838. Inta— 
few of the larger species like C. gnidia, a feeble fourth cardinal is — 
sometimes present in the right valve below the ligament; and the right 
posterior dorsal margin behind the ligament is sometimes grooved to — 
receive the beveled edge of the opposite valve. In Gomphina alone 
have I found any anterior grooving of the margin in the left valve. 
The siphons are separate and short, the cardinals entire or feebly 


APY Rae ote 


channeled. 

Section Chione s. s. (See above.) 

Section Zimoclea Brown, 1827. Type, Venus ovata Pennant. 

Sculpture predominantly radial, the concentric element feeble, the 
escutcheon smooth; the middle left and two posterior right cardinal 
teeth grooved. 

This is Z tasiphaé Leach, 1852, not Risso, 1826; Lewkoma Romer, 1857, 
and Leucoma Stoliczka, 1871, not of Stephens, 1829; Cytherea H. and 
A. Adams, 1857, not of Bolten, 1798; d/urcia (part) Romer, 1857, not 
of Koch, 1835. 

Section Clausinella Gray, 1851. Type, Venus fasceata Da Costa. 

Sculpture of broad concentric waves and fine concentric striz, the 
radials obsolete; the waves not pinched out behind; the ligament 
covered by the margin of the valves when closed. 

This is Zucleica Leach, 1852. 

Section Livophora Conrad, 1864. Type, Venus athleta Conrad; a 
recent species is V. paphia Linneeus. 

Sculpture of broad concentric waves, attenuated and often conspicu- 
ously lamellose distally; radially striate; ligament exposed; the edges 
of the right nymph and posterior left cardinal with interlocking rugos- 
ities. 

This is Clausina Romer, 1857, not of Brown, 1827; Anaztis (paphia) 
Fischer, 1887, not of Tryon, 1884; and Anaztis (part) Rémer, 1857, 
not Anaitis Duponchel, 1829. 

‘Section Volupia Defrance, 1829. Type, V. rugosa Defrance, Eocene 
of Hauteville. 

Shell small, sculpture superficially resembling Zirophora, but with 
lunule and posterior area defined by a deep sulcus dividing the disk 
into three areas crossed by thick, swollen, concentric ribs; beaks high — 
and curved; hinge of three teeth, of which one is bifid; pallial line not 
sinuated ¢ 

In placing this shell here I have followed Fischer, since the species 
has not been well figured and the descriptions given of it are far from 
clear. I have not been able to obtain specimens for examination. 
From the very obscure figure of Defrance I should have suspected — 


SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 359 





“this shell to be eneneid ome to belong somewhere in the vie inity a 
Fifer. Gabb. 

é Section Chamelea Morch, 1853. Type, Venus gallina Linneus. 
Sculpture of narrow, close concentric waves or low lamelle, without 
‘distal lamellation or radial sculpture; teeth entire; ligament exposed; 
the escutcheon and lunule smooth. 

This is Ortygia Brown, 1827, not Boie, 1826; Hermione Leach. 1852. 
not of Blainville, 1828; Orthygia Morch, 1853; Chamelwa H. and A. 
Adams, 1857; J/urcia (part) Romer, 1857, not of Koch, 1835. and 
probably Parvivenus Sacco, 1900. 

Subgenus Gomphina Mérch, 1853. Type, Venus wndulosa Morch. 

Valves more or less rostrate, the surface usually smooth and pol- 
ished, inner margins entire; dorsal margins gooved and beveled 
beyond the hinge plate; the posterior right and two anterior left 
cardinals grooved; ligament exposed. Pallial sinus short, free, and 
rounded in front. 

Section Gomphina s.s. Type, V. wndulosa Morch. 

Valves usually heavy, solid, and very tumid: the lower edge o% the 
right nymph and the upper edge of the left posterior cardinal with 
reciprocal rugosities. 

_ This is Marcia (H. and A, Adams part) Chenu, 1862, and Tryon, 
1884, not of Fischer, 1887; //emitapes Stoliczka, 1871, not Romer 
(part) 1857; not Gomphina Chenu, 1862. 

~ Section Macridiscus® Dall, 1902. Type, Venus equilatera Sowerby. 

Valves more equilateral, trigonal and compressed, less heavy and 
sometimes with feeble striation distally; nymphs and teeth entire, 
smooth. 

This is Gomphina H. and A. Adams, 1857, not of Mérch, 1853. 


Genus ANOMALOCARDIA Schumacher, 1817. 


Type, Venus fluctuosa Linneus. 

Valves rostrate, with a vernicose periostracum, sculpture obsolete 
mesially; the inner margins crenulate, the ligament exposed, the lunule 
and escutcheon impressed; cardinal teeth entire, three in each valve, 
the anterior right cardinal feeble, sometimes obsolete; pallial sinus 
small, angular, sometimes nearly obsolete. 

Section Anomalocardia s. s. 

Surface with predominantly concentric sculpture, vernicose perios- 
tracum. and the adjacent surfaces of the posterior left cardinal and 
right nymph minutely rugose. America and West Africa. 

This is Zriqguetra Anton, 1839, after Blainville, 1818, but not of 
Conrad, 1846; it is Cryptogramma Morch, 1853. 

Section Anomalodiscus Dall, 1902, Type, Cytherea squamosa Lamarck. 

Surface with reticulate subequal sculpture, a dull papery periostra- 

cum, and the hinge without rugosities. Indo- China. 


= 


S or 
j a Fr rom Meer not from “akpos. 


x 


360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



























Genus VENUS (Linnzeus) Lamarck, 1799. 


Type, Venus mercenaria Linneus. 

Shell large, heavy, earthy, trigonal; with faint radial and stronger 
concentric ‘lamellar sculpture; lunule and escutcheon well defined; 
internal margins crenulate; pala sinus small, triangular; there a 
two bifid cardinals in the left valve, one bifid and two anterior simple — 
cardinals in the right valve, with a rugose area in each valve repre-_ 
senting a supplementary cardinal below the ligament, the rugosities” 
interlocking when the valves close; the ligament is strong and wholly 
exposed; the posterior dorsal margin of the right valve grooved to- 
receive the edge of the left valve. The genus is American. 

It is Wercenaria Schumacher, 1817, and Crassivenus Perkins, 1869. 


Genus MARCIA (H.and A. Adams, 1857) Fischer, 1887. 


Type Venus exalbida Dillwyn. 
Shell large, subquadrate, concentrically lamellose and striated, with. = 
out radial sculpture, and with a dull, earthy surface; internal margins 
smooth; pallial sinus small, angular, free; hinge with three left and_ 
four right cardinals, the middle ones larger and grooved above. Aus-— 
tralasia and southern South America. q 
Subgenus Marcia s. s. (See above.) 
This isa Venus without hinge rugosities, radial sculpture, or mar-_ 
ginal crenation. There is a well-defined lunule, but no defined” 
escutcheon; the ligament is exposed. 
It is Aatelysia (part) Romer, 1857, not of Tryon, 1884. : 
Subgenus Katelysia (ROmer, 1857) Tryon, 1884. Type, Venus sa 
larina Lamarck. | 
Shell rounded-trigonal, subeompressed, very inequilateral, sculp 5 
tured with concentric riblike ridges, sharper distally, polished, por-_ 
cellanous, with no radial sculpture; coloration lively, anterior end 
sharper; lunule smooth, circumscribed, escutcheon defined only by — 


bane of the Sesocits ralve. ‘South Seas. 
Section Aatelysia s. s. (See above.) fs 
The inequilateral ovate form of these shells is quite striking. 
Chamelea Chenu, 1862, not Mérch, 1853; I/wreia (part) Rémer, 1857, 
not Koch, 1835; and Catelysia Fischer, 1887, are synonymous. . 
Section Femitapes Romer, 1857. Type, Venus rémudaris Lamarck. 






SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERID.E—DALL. 361 





Shell trigonal, tumid, with a keeled escutcheon and short, rounded 
pallial sinus. 

This is otherwise essentially like the preceding section, but ow ing to 
e different form appears very distinct. It is not Hemitapes of 
Stoliezka Tryon, and Fischer. 

k Section Venerella Cossmann, 1886. Type, Venus hermonvillensis 
pehy es. Eocene. 

_ Shell small, ovate, concentrically striate; lunule large, circumscribed. 
escutcheon not aeaned: internal margins smooth; pallial sinus small 
free, ascending, pogeded in front; eee cardinal teeth in each valve, 
the margin of the hinge plate excavated at the interspaces; posterior 
right cardinal long, bifid; the other teeth entire. 

These forms are distinguished from the smaller species of Autelysia 
chiefly by the form and disposition of the teeth. 

Section Mercimonia Dall, 1902. Type, Venus Bernayt Cossmann. 
Eocene. 

Shell small, ovate, concentrically striate, rather tumid; hinge nor- 
mal, the posterior left cardinal slender, not elongated; posterior right 
cardinal grooved; margins entire; the pallial sinus nearly obsolete. 

This is MWercenaria Cossmann, 1886, not of Schumacher, 1817. The 
species included in Cossmann’s list which possess a small but deep 
pallial sinus might be referred to Venerella, from which they hardly 
differ. 

Section Zeativenus Cossmann, 1886. Type, Venus texta Lamarck. 

Eocene. 
Shell ovate, convex, sculptured by fine obliquely reticulate or 
divaricate subequal threadlike ridges; lunule small, circumscribed, 
escutcheon bordered by a radial ridge; internal margins smooth, 
pallial sinus small, angular, free; three cardinals in each valve, the 
right posterior cardinal broadly bifid; the right posterior dorsal mar- 
gin behind the hinge plate grooved to receive the edge of the opposite 
valve. 

Section Samarangia Dall, 1902. Type, Venus quadrangularis Adams 

and Reeve. 

_ Shell rounded-quadrate, subcompressed, white, with a dull surface; 
sculpture of concentric striation, more forcible distally; internal mar- 
gins smooth; lunule unevenly divided between the valves, smaller in 
the right valve; escutcheon not defined; pallial sinus moderate, angu- 
Jar in front, free below; three cardinals in each valve, the middle left 
and two posterior right cardinals bifid; hinge strong. 

The species belonging to this group aresmassive and solid. V. /en- 
ticularis Sowerby is an example. The anterior left and posterior 
vight dorsal margins are grooved behind the hingeplate to receive the 
beveled edges of the opposite valve. 





362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





Genus PAPHIA Bolten, 1798. 


not Linneus). 
Cardinals, three in each valve; the anterior right and posterior 


left cardinals entire, the others often bifid. 

Subgenus Paphia s. s. 

Valves elongate-oval, subcompressed, with close concentric riblets 
covered by a vernicose periostracum and without radial sculpture; ; 
coloration brilliant; escutcheon and lunule narrow, smooth, impressed, , 


me | 


the lunule unequally divided, the right portion encroaching on the: 
left; inner margins smooth; the pallial sinus free, ample, rounded in) 


front, obliquely ascending. f 
rn c 0 : P Metra ays i 
The species are of warm temperate and tropical seas in the eastern 


hemisphere, and are reported from the Tertiaries of South Europe - 


since the Eocene. Autapes Chiamenti, 1900, and Callistotapes Sacco, 
Uy > 
| 


L900, are synonymous. | 
Section Baroda Stoliczka, 1871. Type, Venus fragilis D’Orbigny. . 
Cretaceous. : 
Valves elongate, thin, with purely concentric sculpture; the poste- 
rior cardinals elongated, sometimes grooved, the others simple; pallial 
sinus ample, horizontal, rounded in front; margins entire. 3 
This group appears to be the Mesozoic precursor of Paphia. The 


Tertiary Zaurotapes craveri (Michelotti) Sacco, seems hardly distinet: 
/ es | 






from Laroda. 
Section Jcanotia Stoliczka, 1871. Type Psammobia impar Zittel, 


Gosau. Eg 
This is stated to differ from Baroda only by the presence of more! 

. i. 

or less radial sculpture. 4 


Section Parutapes Stoliezka, 1871. Type, Venus tertile Gmelin. & 

Valves elongate, turgid, smooth or feebly concentrically sculptureds| 
lunule circumscribed, narrow; escutcheon undefined; middle cardinals | 
bifid as in Paphia; inner margins: entire; pallial sinus obliquely | 


ascending, small, squarish anteriorly. 7 
This is Zeatrix Romer, 1857, not Sundeval, 1833. 4 
Section Protapes Dall, 1902. Type, Venus gallus Gmelin (on ve 

malabarica Dillwyn). Bp 


Valves trigonal, closely concentrically ribbed, with no radial sculp-) 
ture; a yernicose periostracum; a large elongate impressed lunule, no! 
differentiated escutcheon; smooth inner margins; an ample, obliquely 
ascending pallial sinus, rounded in front; the two anterior and the; 
left posterior cardinals entire, the others bifid; all the teeth short and 
concentrated. . 

This is Pullastra Chenu, 1862, not Sowerby,. 1826. gs 

Subgenus Tapes Megerle, 1811. Type, Venus literata Linneus. 








| 
, 


SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 363 





& Valves oblong, subcompressed, vertically expanding and subangular 
‘on the posterior dorsal margin; lunule set off by an incised line, the 
escutcheon defined by a carina, both long and narrow; surface concen- 
trically grooved; internal margins smooth; pallial sinus ample, hori- 
zontal, free below, rounded in front; the posterior right and two ante- 
rior left cardinals bifid or grooved; colors lively, often with a dark 
Jineated pattern on a paler ground. 

_ Tropical and temperate waters of the Old World. Parembola Romer, 
1857, is synonymous. 

Section Zupes Megerle s. 8s. (See above.) 

Section Polititapes Chiamenti, 1900. Type, Venus aurea Gmelin. 

Valves oblong, plump, not angular above, behind; surface with fine 
concentric sculpture and obscure radial striation; lunule small, cir- 
eumscribed, escutcheon not defined; pallial sinus short, ascending, free 
below, rounded in front; color delicate and variable. 

The siphons are united for three-fourths of their length in 7. v/rgin- 
eus which is not known to forma byssus. The group is 7iapes Sacco, 
1900, not Megerle, 1811. 

Section Pullastra Sowerby, 1826. Type, Venus pullastra Montagu. 

Shell oblong, tumid, blunt behind; valves finely reticulately sculp- 
tured, with hardly differentiated lunule or escutcheon; the latter nearly 
linear; inner margins entire; pallial sinus deep, ample, horizontal, 
rounded in front and confluent with the pallial line below; the two pos- 

terior right and middle left cardinals are bifid; coloration feeble. The 
siphons are three-fourths united in the typical species. 

Section Myrsus H. and A. Adams, 1858. Type, Tapes corrugatus 
Deshayes. 

Valves as in Pullastra, but the concentric sculpture is broken and 
corrugated, the shell more elongate, though, from its nestling habit, 
yery variable in outline; teeth as in Pullastra, \unule obscure or not 
defined, the escutcheon with a feebly carinate margin; pallial sinus 
small, slightly ascending, free below and rounded in front; inner 
margins smooth; coloration dull and unattractive. 

This is Met’s Adams, 1857, not 1856; Myrsopsis (pernarum Bonelli) 
Sacco, 1900, from the Italian Tertiaries, differs but slightly. 

Subgenus Ruditapes Chiamenti, 1900. Type, Venus decussata Lin- 
neus, 

Valves convex, oblong; surface dull and feebly colored; sculpture 
strong distally, more or less reticulate, the concentric ridges inosculat- 
ing anteriorly and feeble on the middle of the disk; the radial sculp- 


_ ture stronger; inner margins smooth; pallial sinus large, free below, 


Ke? 





pm ree 


Pours 


horizontal, rounded in front; lunule circumscribed, the escutcheon 
feebly defined; all the inner cardinals more or less bifid; the siphons 
wholly free from each other and a byssus present. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 25 








364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 








Temperate and tropical regions of the Old World. This is Amyg- 
dala Romer, 1857, not of Van Phelsum, 1774; Cuneuws H. and A. 
Adams, 1857, but not of DaCosta, 1776. It is not Amygdalum Megerle, 
LG 15% 

Section Ruditapes s.s. (See above.) ) 
Subgenus Protothaca Dall, 1902. Type, Venus thaca Molina (+ J. 
dombeyi Lamarck). 

Shell ovate, convex, coloration white or dull; surface dull, reticu-— 
lately sculptured, the radials usually stronger; sculpture more or less 
distinctly divided into three areas, the middle of the valves with — 
chiefly radial, the anterior radial and scabrous, the posterior with 
irregularly concentric sculpture; lunule and escutcheon of the left— 
valve, sharply circumscribed; in the type species the right valve shows | 
no escutcheon and the margin partially overlaps that of the left v alve 
but does not conceal the lizament; middle cardinals grooved or bifid; 
pallial sinus free, mode miter pointed in front; fhe inner margins : 
sharply crenulated in the typical section. 

Section Protothaca s.s. (See above.) The siphons are short and 
united, the foot hatchet-shaped and not byssiferous. The distribution — 
of this group includes the west coast of America, Japan, and New 
Zealand (V. costata Quoy). : 

Section Callithaca Dall, 1902. Type, Tapes tenerrima Carpenter. 

Sculpture delicate, uniform over the disk and reticulate except in 
distorted individuals; lunule feebly defined with no escutcheon; the 
dorsal margin not overlapping in the right valve; inner margins entire, 
otherwise as in Protothaca. i 

Distribution, Northwest America. The tropical species of Proto-— 
thaca are maculated, the northern forms yellowish white, with a dull 
surface. There is no byssal groove and the papillose siphons are — 
united to their tips in the type species. The group is Saaidomus B— 
of Deshayes, 1853. ; 

Genus LIOCYMA Dall, 1870. a 


, 

Type, Venus fluctuosa Gould. * * 
Shell small, white or unicolored, covered with a vernicose perios- — 
tracum, and concentrically waved, without radial sculpture; lunule | 
circumscribed, escutcheon absent; inner margins smooth; pallial sinus i 
short, free, rounded triangular; three cardinals in oie valve, the | 
anterior right and posterior right, entire, the others bifid; siphonal ‘ 
tubes unequal, the anal shorter, both united to their tips; foot long — 
and pointed, without a byssal groove; the mantle open ventrally and * 
smooth edged. i 
Distribution, Boreal and arctic waters of the Northern Hemisphere. — g 
The group was called Lyocima by Barrois in 1887, and the spect é. 
were formerly referred to Zapes. 


SIAR e", 


reetTy Se 


aoe on ai Oe 


us 


Ss 
























SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 865 





Genus VENERUPIS Lamarck, 1818. 


Type, Venus irus Linneeus. 

_ Valves elongate and subquadrate; seulpture radial with distant, 
_ prominent concentric lamellation; lunule and right half of the 
“escutcheon absent, left half of the latter defined by a keel; ligament 
exposed; the pallial sinus short, ascending, free, blunt in front; inter- 
“nal margins smooth in the type species; there are three cardinals in 
-each valve, the anterior right and posterior left entire and slender, 
he others broad and deeply bifid; the siphons are lone, united for 
half their length and with papillose orifices. 

_ The species of this group are nestlers and often deformed. They 
have been much confused with species of Petricolidex. 

_ The name has been spelled Vener/rupis by Sowerby and Venererupes 
“by Swainson. /etrifora Latreille, 1827, may be identical, but Zrus 


oe 


Oken, 1815, is a synonym of Saaicava. 
Subfamily GHMMIN 424+. 


SPECIES VIVIPAROUS, MINUTE. 


Genus GEMMA Deshayes, 18538. 


ecrenate; pallial sinus distinct, small, triangular; siphons separate, the 
branchial longer and papilliferous; an elongated posterior left and 
anterior right lateral tooth received into a groove on the margin of 
the opposite valve; foot linguiform, not byssiferous. 

_ The genus belongs to the Atlantic coast of North America, but has 
‘been introduced on the Pacific coast with seed oysters. It is repre- 
sented in the eastern Tertiaries. 

It is Zottenia Perkins, 1869. 


Genus PARASTARTE Conrad, 1862. 


Type, Astarte triquetra Conrad. 

Shell trigonal, with prominent elevated beaks, equilateral, heavy, 
with a short ligament and large lunule, but no escutcheon; surface 
smooth, brightly colored, with a vernicose periostracum; internal 
“margins crenate; pallial line slightly flexuous behind, but with no 
definite sinus; right valve with a strong middle vardinal and two feeble 
_ ones; left valve with two strong cardinals, but no lateral teeth; dorsal 
“margins outside the hinge plate feebly grooved to receive the edges of 
the opposite valve. 

_ This genus is confined to the coast and Tertiaries of the southeastern 
United States. 

— Itis Callicistronia Dall, 1883, olim. 


366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Genus PSEPHIDIA Dall, 1902. 


Type, Psephis lord: Baird. . 

Shell small, veneriform, polished, with faint concentric sculpture; 
beaks not prominent; valves inequilateral, with a narrow, feebly — 
defined lunule and no escutcheon; inner margins not crenate; pallial — 
sinus distinct, angular; hinge with three delicate entire cardinals in ~ 
each valve, but no laterals; animal with the mantle edges fused below, — 
the siphons short, simple; an anterior opening for the foot, which is — 
not byssiferous. 
_ This group is confined to the Pacific coast as far as known, and is ~ 
represented in the Pacific Pliocene. It is Psephis Carpenter, 1864, ‘ 
not of Guenée, Lepidoptera, 1854. Carpenter named several species — 
without specifying a type in 1864. In 1865 he selected P. lordi Baird ‘ 
as type, and for the first time gave a distinctive diagnosis of the ~ 
genus. Part of the species, among those originally referred to the ~ 
eroup, belong elsewhere. /. tantil/a appears to be a Transennella, — 
and P. tellimyalis is the nepionic young of Petricola. 


EAST AMERICAN SPECIES. 
DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) CONCENTRICA Born, 1780. 


Florida Keys (Conrad); Martinique, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Virgin ~ 
Islands, Santa Cruz, and St. Thomas, West Indies; Colon or Aspin-— 
wall; Maracaibo to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. é 

The Venus concentrica of Gmelin is a mixture of various species, the — 
name is fixed by Born’s figure, which represents the southern type. 
The concentrica of early American writers was the 1). discus of Reeve. 
The PD. concentrica of Reeve is the D. elegans of Conrad. ; 

The present species is Arthemis patagonica Philippi, 1844; Venis— 
philippii Orbigny, 1847; Venus dilatata Solander, 1797; and Dosinia — 
floridana Conrad, 1866, was probably founded on a young specimen. — 
D. concentrica is the analogue of the Pacific coast )). ponderosa 


DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) ELEGANS Conrad, 1846. 


In the offshore warm water, near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; at 
Charleston, South Carolina; east and west Florida, the Tortugas, Texas, — 
and south to Yucatan and St. Thomas, West Indies. 

This fine, flat, and evenly concentrically sculptured species was— 
figured by Lister (pl. 288, fig. 124), and is one of those long confounded — 
under the name of concentrica. The young were referred to D. obovata” 
Conrad by Miss Bush in 1885. 


DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) DISCUS Reeve, 1850. 


Cape May, Virginia, and south on the coast of the mainland to Vera 
Cruz, Mexico. 








"NO. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF *THE VENERIDA—DALL. 367 





_ This is the most compressed and dark- Akos of our East once 
species and has finer and closer striation than any of the others. It is 
the Artemis or Dosinia concentrica of the earlier American writers 
but not of Born. The color which resides in the periostracum is fre- 
} quently distributed in darker and lighter zones. 


TRANSENNELLA CUBANIANA Orbigny, 1847. 


Cape Florida to St. Croix, West Indies. 

A small, usually pure white species, living in 8 to 30 fathoms, and 
_ especially nbandant,i in Porto Rico. It was inadvertently and errone- 
ously referred to Gouldia in the report on the Blake mollusks. 


Soe ee eae oe 


TRANSENNELLA STIMPSONI Dall, 1902. 


_ Cape Hatteras, Egmont Key and south to Key West, in 15 to 31 

~ fathoms. 

_ White, with brown lineation or maculation externally, and orange or 
deep purple internally, in the central part of the valves. By an acei- 
dent this species was figured“ for the following species, which is a 

smaller and more rostrate shell. 7. stimpsoni is the largest and pret- 

tiest of the genus so far recognized. 


TRANSENNELLA CONRADINA Dall, 1883. 


_ St. Andrew Bay, on the north coast of the Gulf of Mexico in west- 

ern Florida, south to the Florida Keys and north on the east coast of 
Fiorida to Palm Beach, near low-water mark. 

This peculiarly cuneate species has much the same range of color as 

_T. stimpsoni, but is different in form. 


TRANSENNELLA CULEBRANA Dall and Simpson, rgor. 


Culebra Island, Porto Rico. 
A specially trigonal, short form, white inside, and light yellow brown 
externally. 
TIVELA ABACONIS Dall, 1902. 


Abaco, Bahamas, and Vera Cruz, Mexico. 
Shell small, subtranslucent, of a warm rose color, passing into white 
distally. It is notable for having only three cardinals in each valve. 


TIVELA MACTROIDES Born, 1778. 


Bahama Islands and through the West Indies and adjacent continen- 
tal shores and south to Santa Caterina, Brazil. 

This species may be white, or chestnut brown, or with brown rays 

na.lighter ground. The form is almost as variable as the coloration. 
“The adults appear to have more tumid umbones and a longer and more 


@Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXIV, pl. xxx1, figs. 5 and 7. 


IPA Nr STE L2G 


368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


pointed posterior end than the juvenile specimens. The species is the - 
Venus corbicula of Gmelin, 1792; Tivela vulgaris of Link, 1807; 777-7 
gona radiata Megerle, 1811; Venus turgens (Solander MS.) Dillwyn, ~ 
1817; Zrigona fasciata Schumacher, 1817, and the Cytherea corbicula’ 
of Lamarck, 1818. 


TIVELA (MACTROIDES var.?) NASUTA Dall, rgo2. 


Santa Marta, Colombia; Baker. ; 
Having the striped color pattern and tints of varieties of mactrozdes, — 
this shell has a very much more elongated form and more delicate — 
hinge. There is nothing in the collection which enables me to bridge 
the gap between the two. 


TIVELA TRIGONELLA Lamarck, 1818. 


West Indies, and the Gulf of Paria. . 
This little oval species appears to be rare. It is the Zrigona angu- 
lifera of Gray, 1838, and perhaps the Cytherea incerta, Sowerby, 1851. 


TIVELA BRASILIANA Dall, 1902. 


West Indies; Santa Caterina, Brazil; Ihering. This form was at 
first supposed to be 7! b/color Gray, but after study it was found to — 
differ, being a heavier and less angular_shell, with the dorsal slopes less — 
straight and the pallial sinus shorter and relatively smaller, though the — 
shell attains a greater size than 7. bicolor. The type is from Brazil;_ 
some young specimens from the Antilles appear to be the same. 

It is not at all certain that the 7!) diliwyni Deshayes, 1853 (7. mae — 
troides Sowerby, 1851), is not, after all, an extreme variety of mac-_ 
trovdes Born; there is a specimen of 7. bzcolor Gray, in the collection, — 
marked as from Florida, but it is doubtless adventitious. 


TIVELA FULMINATA Valenciennes, 1827. 


Coast of southern Brazil at Rio and Santa Caterina. 
Arcuate, with brownish umbones and more or less zigzag tracery. — 
It has a length, when adult, of 60 mm. 


TIVELA (PACHYDESMA) VENTRICOSA Gray, 1838. 


Southern coast of Brazil. q 
This fine species is figured from juvenile specimens in Rémer’s Mon-_ 
ograph, and in all the manuals it is stated to come from China. Dr. 
von Ihering has repeatedly collected it from the coast of Brazil, and 
the Chinese habitat is certainty erroneous. One specimen in the 
United States National Museum measures 105 mm. in length, 90 mm. 


in height, and 70mm, in diameter. It is usually white with a dehiscent 
vernicose periostracum. 








"No. 1312, - SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAS—DALL. 369 








& TIVELA (EUTIVELA) PERPLEXA Stearns, 1891. 


- Argentine coast; and off the Rio La Plata, in 10 to 15 fathoms, 
muddy bottom. 
; Notable for its crenulated margins and yellowish-white coloration. 


TIVELA (EUTIVELA) IHERINGI Dall, 1891. 


reb winey 


; Sao Paulo and Santa Caterina, Brazil, Ihering. 

_ More delicate and arcuate than the last species, and mottled or 
_ banded’ with purplish brown on a paler ground color, the interior 
more or less purple. 


r 


GAFRARIUM (GOULDIA) CERINA C. B. Adams, 1845. 


Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to Bermuda, the 
Antilles, and to 90 miles southwest of Cape San Roque, Brazil, from 
low water to 95 fathoms. 

This was first described as Thetis cerina by Professor Adams. 


GAFRARIUM (GOULDIA) BERMUDENSIS E. A. Smith, 1885, 


Bermuda, Barbados, and Curagao in 5 to 100 fathoms. 

More convex, heavy, and more coarsely sculptured than G. cerina 
-asarule, but sometimes varying toward that species, which is also 
found in Bermuda. 


GAFRARIUM (GOULDIA) INSULARIS Dall and Simpson, rgor. 


Porto Rico, in 5 to 30 fathoms; also in the Oligocene of Bowden, 
_ Jamaica. 

Smaller, more inequilateral, and destitute of the lively color paint- 
ing characteristic of the two species above mentioned. G. insularisis 
_ of a grayish-white color. 


MACROCALLISTA NIMBOSA Solander, 1786. 


Beaufort, North Carolina, south to Cuba and west to Mobile on the 
Gulf coast. 

_ This is Venus ecarien of Gmelin, 1792 (after Chemnitz, 1788); 
— Pectunculus nimbosus ** Humphrey,” 1797; Paphia ala-avis Bolten, 
1798; Cytherea multiradiata Menke, 1830; and Callista (Macrocallista) 
gigantea Meek, 1876. 

This is the most showy of American Veneride, and the largest of 
_ its genus. 


MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) MACULATA Linnezus, 1758. 


_ Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to the shores of the 
Gulf of Mexico, the Florida Keys, through the Antilles, and to the 
; Vicinity of Cape San Roque, Brazil. 

It is the Cardium trigonum of Martyn, according to Arango. 


4 | 





370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ 
AMIANTIS (EUCALLISTA) PURPURATA Lamarck, 1818. a 
Cuba (Arango) and southward to Brazil. 


This is Cytherea lubrica Deshayes, 1853, but not of Broderip, 18355 
and was aa Chione purpurascens by Gant 18388. It is not Vera 
purpurata Gmelin, 1792, but is Venus brasiliensis var. 6 of Gmelin, — 


CALLOCARDIA VESICA Dall, 1886. 


Gulf of Mexico to Barbados, in 84 to 175 fathoms. 
White and concentrically grooved with isocardia-like beaks. De- 
scribed as Cytherea ( Veneriglossa) vesica. ; 


CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) TEXASIANA Dall, 1892. 


Coast of Texas from Galveston to Indianola. Z| 
Resembles the following species, but is larger, much more elongate, _ 
and with a narrower lunule. Described as Cytherea texasiana. 


CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) MORRHUANA Linsley, 1848. 3 


Prince Edward’s Island, and southward to the vicinity of Cape Hat-_ 
teras, North Carolina, in 10 to 107 fathoms. 

Rounded trigonal, earthy white, with fine inosculating, concentric — 
wrinkling externally. This species has long been confounded with — 
the fossil Cytherea convexa Say, 1824, not of Brongniart, 1811; which — 
name was replaced by Conrad in 1833 by C. sayana. Both names 
have been applied to the present shell, which has also been called C. 
say by Perkins, 1869. (©. morrhuana has lower beaks, a narrower — 
and more delicate hinge plate, and is in general less trigonal than the 
Miocene fossil. Linsley’s name was given to a very young shell, with- 
out description, and subsequently identified by Dr. Gould from Lins-_ 
ley’s specimens. It has been proposed to use the name Sayana for the 
recent shell, but this is clearly inadmissible, and Conrad himself 
retained it for the fossil after he decided that the two were not 
identical. 


CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) ARESTA Dall and Simpson, 1go1. 


Porto Rico, in 12 to 30 fathoms. 

More porcellanous, inequilateral, and rostrate than the preceding — 
species. 

CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) ZONATA Dall, 1902. 


North Carolina coast near Cape Hatteras, in 18 to 22 fathoms. 
Small, trigonal, evenly concentrically grooved and zoned with yellow 
brown. . ; 
PITARIA ALBIDA Gmelin, 1792. 


From the Florida Strait through the West Indies and on the north: | ‘ 
ern shores of South America, in 4 to 25 fathoms. - 





No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDZ—DALL. oll 


An elongate, squarish, white species, with the anterior end some- 
what attenuated, frequently confused with bleached valves of P. 
fulminata. 

. PITARIA FULMINATA Menke, 1830. 


wis a PRI ong haere 


Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Bermuda, the Antilles, and Brazil, 
in depths varying from a few feet to 170 fathoms, the latter locality 
_ having afforded living young specimens. 
_ This is supposed by Krebs to be the Cytherea hebrea of Lamarck, 
- 1818. 

This species appears to be very common in the West Indies. Nor- 
mally it is white, with radial or zigzag painting of bright yellow 
brown, under a chalky periostracum. The dead valves, bleached and 
worn, are frequently taken for P. albida. It is the Cytherea varians 
of Hanley, 1844; C. rubiginosa Philippi, 1845; but not C. fulininata 
Philippi, 1845, or Venus fulminata Valenciennes, 1827. The latter 
isa Tivela. 

PITARIA PENISTONI Heilprin, 1889. 


Bermuda, and St. Thomas, West Indies. 
A small thin oval shell, more or less painted with brown outside and 
with purple inside. 
PITARIA SIMPSONI Dall, 1895. 


West coast of Florida, at Tampa and Sarasota bays, low water to 26 
fathoms. 

Larger, more trigonal, and solid than the last species, but very simi- 
larly painted, though it is occasionally pure white. This is a modified 
descendant of the Tertiary species of //yphantosoma. 


PITARIA EUCYMATA Dall, 1889. 


Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to the Antilles and 
Cape San Roque, Brazil, in 20 to 111 fathoms. 

Short oval, inflated, elegantly distantly concentrically grooved, pol- 
ished, and painted with brown and cream color and internally with 
rose; this rare species is one of the most elegant and attractive shells 
of the coast. 

PITARIA MUNDA Romer, 1860. 


St. Thomas. West Indies. 
A young and dubious shell, as yet unfigured. 


PITARIA (HYSTEROCONCHA) DIONE Linneus, 1758. 


Texas coast to Costa Rica and Colon; also the Antilles and Trinidad. 

. This beautiful and well-known shell has been fortunate in escaping 
with a single specific synonym, Dione vencris Deshayes, 1853, the 
other names which have been cited for it being derived from authors 

é with no standing in binomial nomenclature, unless we except the 


| 
7 
37 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE. i 


anonymous Pectunculus aculeatus of the Museum Calonnianum, in | 


1797. 
A variety in which the spines are aborted is not uncommon. 


PITARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CIRCINATA Born, 1778. 


The Antilles, the northern shores of South America, and southward 2 
to Santa Caterina, Brazil. Ri 

This shell can hardly be separated from the P. alternata Broderip, — 
of the Pacific shores of South and Central America, and has been — 
stated to occur on the west coast of Africa as the Venus guineénsis a 
Gmelin, 1792. Other synonyms are Cardium purpurea Martyn, 1784, % 
and Venus rubra Gmelin, 1792. F 


CYTHEREA (CYTHEREA) LISTERI Gray, 1838. 


From Lake Worth, Florida, and the keys, southward through the — 
Antilles, as far as Tortola and the Virgin Islands. 
This has been erroneously cdenuneds with V. reticulata Linneeus and ? 
V. crispata Deshayes, 1853, and wrongly referred to the Indo-Pacific 
fauna by Deshayes. There is a dash of purple under the nymphs. 


CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) RIGIDA Dillwyn, 1817. 


Florida Keys to Rio Janeiro, including the West Indies; also in the 
Gulf of California. ; 
This well-known shell is the Venus rugosa Gmelin, 1792, not of Lin-— 
neus, 1771; it is the Pectuneulus rigidus Solander MS.. 1798: V. eincta 
Gmelin, 1792, is probably the young, and Schréter wrongly identified — 
our shell with Venus casina. 





CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) RUGATINA Heilprin, 1886. 


Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the Gulf of Mexico and southeast- 
ward to Porto Rico in 26 to 85 fathoms; also fossil in the Florida 
Pliocene. 

Shell resembling ©. r/gida, but with the primary concentric lamelle 
more distant and the secondary lamelle more distinct. The margin 
below the lunule is produced into a point. 


CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) STRIGILLINA Dall, 1902. 


From Key West, Florida, to Barbados, and 90 miles southeast of 
Cape San Roque, Brazil, in 20 to 100 fathoms. 

Shell entirely white, much smaller than the preceding species, and 
with very much finer, though similar, sculpture. The lunule is also 
proportionately larger. 


CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) CALLIMORPHA Dall, 1902. 


Barbados in 76 fathoms; a young shell, perhaps identical, off Capel 
San Antonio, Cuba, in 300 fathoms. 


ia ice ARB a 8 i eg tale a Hh os tae or and tee pane a Ne BE Rc ou pen uly 


SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDE—DALL. Silo 















Reeve’s Venus pilula in the Blake report, but I am now confident that 
Vit is distinct. The sculpture resembles that of C. strigdllina, but is 
less dense and prominent. 


CYCLINELLA TENUIS Recluz, 1852. 


_ Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Guadeloupe, West Indies, 
Recluz; and northward through the West Indies to Cedar Keys, West 
Florida. 

This was erroneously identified with C. kroyers Philippi, in Poulsen’s 
Catalogue. It is not the Artemis tenuis of Sowerby, of slightly later 
‘date than A. tenuis Recluz; it is smaller and more delicate than the 
West American species. Lucinopsis gundlachi Dunker, in Arango, 
1878, is synonymous, and probably the unfigured C. fragi/cs Romer, 
1860, from St. Thomas. 


CHIONE (CHIONE) CANCELLATA Linnzus, 1767. 


_ From Cape Fear, North Carolina, southward to Brazil, including 
- Bermuda, the West Indies, and the adjacent coasts, in shallow water. 
This very abundant and variable shell has naturally received many 
names, and by the early naturalists was confounded with other cancel- 
lated species of Linneus and others. It is the Venus dysera and 
-ziczac of variousauthors, but not of Linneeus; it is V. c¢ngenda Dillwyn, 
1817; V. elewata (and probably V. inxgualis) Say, 1822; V. lamellata 
Deshayes, 1853, in synonymy; and Cardium bicolor Martyn, 1784. It 
is the Venus lamarckii of Beau, but not of Gray, the V. zéczac of 
-Morch and Krebs, but not of Linnzeus; the V. macu/osa of Gmelin, 1792. 


CHIONE (CHIONE) SUBROSTRATA Lamarck, 1818. 


© 


. Miami, Florida, and the Keys, and south to the Abrolhos Islands, off 
the Brazilian coast, and Rio Janeiro, in shallow water; also on the 
shores of the Pacific at Mazatlan, ete. 

- This is also the Venus beaui Recluz, 1852; and Venus portesiana 
' Orbigny, 1846. It is the V. crenifera of Carpenter in the Mazatlan 
~ Catalogue, and Sowerby, 1835; probably also Venus /unularis Philippi, 

1844 (as of Lamarck), but not of Lamarck, 1818. 


CHIONE (CHIONE) MAZYCKII Dall, 1902. 


Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to the vicinity of 
Cape San Roque, Brazil, in 15 to 127 fathoms. 

The bright rose color of the interior and its quadrate form are the 
‘most striking characteristics of this small but pretty species. It was 
cited in Bulletin 37, United States National Museum, as Venus 
lamarckii Gray, the young of which it much resembles, but the latter 
is an Indo-Chinese species, and has a different hinge. 


374 ROGER OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





CHIONE (CHIONE) INTAPURPUREA Conrad, 1849. 





Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to Florida and the~ : 
Keys and westward on the mainland coast to Texas. Also fossil in 
the Pliocene of Florida. 2 

This elegant species is the Venus punctulata of Conrad, 1843, not 7 

Talenciennes: and the V. /acunata Reeve, 1863. : 


a 


CHIONE (CHIONE) PUBERA Valenciennes, 1827. t 
West Indies and northern shores of South America. This fine — 
species has been much confused with an East Indian form for which — 
the name of Cytherea crenata Gmelin, 1792,“ should be retained. The — 
present species is a Chvone, and is the Venus crenulata of Sowerby, — 
1853, and Reeve, 1863, but not of Dillwyn, 1817, or Deshayes (ex _ 
parte), 1853. A young specimen with the valves somewhat worn is — 
figured on Plate 267 of the Encyclopédie Méthodique (figs. 4, 4a), 
and to this in the explanation of these plates by Bory St. Vincent, in — 
1827, page 152, is attached the name of Venus pubera Valencieanaaa za 
To figs. 83 and 3a is given the name of Venws punctata Valenciennes, — 
but it is not the Venus punctata of Linneeus. Conrad, in 1843, cited — 
fig. 4 as Venus punctulata Valenciennes,’ thus committing a double — 
error. Our shell is Venus eximia Philippi, 1847, and V. superba Guppy, 
1875. V. lacunatus Reeve, 1863, is probably a young specimen of it. — 
It is remarkable for its resemblance to the Oriental Cytherea 
referred to, but can at once be distinguished by the absence of the 
vestigial anterior lateral. Venus doumeti Bernardi, 1860, may be a 
rather short young specimen of this species. 





CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) PECTORINA Lamarck, 1818. 


The Antilles, and southward to Brazil at Sao Paulo. 
It is Venus elegans Gray, 1828. : 


~ 


CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) GRANULATA Gmelin, 1792. 


Belize, and throughout the West Indies to Brazil. 

This is Venus marica Born, 1780, but not of Linneus, 1768; C.~ 
lavacrum Bolten, 1798; and Venus plumbea Reeve, 1864. It is V. wio-— 
lacea, and perhaps V. purpurata, Gmelin, 1792. Lamarck and Bory 
St. Vincent have confused numbers of the figures on the plates of the — 
Encyclopédie Méthodique, so that the same figure is made to stand for — 
V. granulata Gmelin, V. cardioides Lamarck, and Venericardia radiata 
Valenciennes, 1827. V. cardioides is probably notan Antillean species, 
andmay be identical with Zapes histrionica Sowerby, as wellas Cytherea 
cardilla Lamarck. 


Dak caege i ta ne 


« Venus crenulata € Teens Conc a Gane V L, 1782, p. 370, pl. xxxvi, fig. 385. 
6 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, p. 311. 


“ 
eo 





Pphenereileces sks" 







SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAW—DALL. 


eh) 
~I 
or 





CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) GRUS Holmes, 1858. 


; Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and south and west on the mainland 
‘coast to Yucatan, in 12 to 63 fathoms. Also fossil in the Pliocene. 

~ This little shell has been very generally confused with Venus pyymea 
Lamarck, but it is perfectly distinct. 1¢ may perhaps be V. anti/larwin 
Orbigny, 1853; but this can not be positively determined at this time. 
Tt is Venus parva Sowerby, 1854, but not of Sowerby, 1829, or Munster, 
1836; and it was named Venus trapezoidalis by Kurtz in 1860. The 
animal has two subequal, closely united, fringed siphons, two-fifths as 
Jong as the shell. 


CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) PYGM®A Lamarck, 1818. 


Florida reefs, and throughout the Antilles. 

This little shell was named Venus ineguivalvis by Orbigny in 1853. 
‘It is of a white color, with brown maculations and a brown spot on the 
hinge, with coarser sculpture and attaining a larger size than C. grus. 


CHIONE (LIROPHORA) PAPHIA Linnezus, 1767. 


West Indies and southward to the coast of Brazil, in shallow water, 
and thence to 30 fathoms, usually on a sandy bottom. 
_ This fine and well-known shell is the Pectunculus vetula of Da 
Costa, 1778, but it is not the Venus paphia of Pulteney. It is proba- 
bly the shell listed as C. affinzs Gmelin, by Poulsen, 1878. 


CHIONE (LIROPHORA) LATILIRATA Conrad, 1841. 


Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, south to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 
in 10 to 124 fathoms. 

Distinguishable from ©. paphia by its ribs, which are not pinched 
off behind and do not bear any elevated expansions. It is Venus 
varicosa Sowerby, 1853, and V. alveata Bush, 1885, not of Conrad. 


CHIONE (GOMPHINA) KOCHII Philippi, 1843. 


A single valve from Belize was collected by the Rey. Mr. Stanton, 
but it is believed to be derived from ballast, since no living specimens 
were obtained. 


ANOMALOCARDIA BRASILIANA Gmelin, 1792. 


Wilmington, North Carolina, and south to the West Indies and to 
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 
It is the Venus flexuosa Born, 1780, not of Linneeus, 1767; the JV. 
_macrodon of Hanley, 1843, and Sowerby (fig. 88), 1853; V. /unularcs 
Lamarck, 1818; and Oryptogramma brasiliana of Romer, 1867. This is 
the common Anomalocardia of the West Indies, a shell very variable 
in form and color. 


316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ 





ANOMALOCARDIA CUNEIMERIS Conrad, 1845. 


From Lake Worth, Florida, and on the shores of the continent south — 
to Cartagena, Colombia. It is not yet authentically reported from the 
islands of the West Indies. 

This is Venus punctifera Gray, in Sowerby, 1853; V. rostrata Sow-— 


OF Nes asap iM gt 


erby, 1853, a young shell; J 7 aie LUOSA Chenu, 1862, but not of Lin-— 
neus, 1767, nor Born, 1780. It is V. maerodon Reeve, in part. It : 


s ss 
is smaller, more slender, and more delicate than the V. macrodon of — 


Lamarck. | 
ANOMALOCARDIA LEPTALEA Dall, 1894. 


2 

7 

7 . ~X . re 

Lagoon at Watling Island, Bahamas. Small, very thin, curiously 

' 

depauperate from its extraordinarily saline habitat. The inner mar- ‘ 


gins are entire and there is no trace of radial sculpture. The colora-— 
tion is very variable. | 
x 

ANOMALOCARDIA MEMBRANULA Romer, 1860 : 


s] 


prteng *; 


St. Thomas, West Indies; Rémer. 

Elongate like A. leptalea, but with numerous (23) concentric lamel- } 
lee, obsolete posteriorly, and of a ferruginous brown, with white 
specks; the inner margin crenulated. Perhaps a variety of the next 
species. = 

ANOMALOCARDIA PUELLA Pfeiffer, 1846. E 

Punta de Maya, Matanzas Bay, Cuba. 

Small, whitish, with radiating brown flecks between concentric 
lamelle; internally reddish brown. The lamelle are persistent and 
about 13 in number, in a shell 11 mm. long. The inner margin is — 
crenulated. Venus auberiana Orbigny, 1853, is probably identical. 


VENUS MERCENARIA Linnezus, 1758. 


Living from Bay of Chaleurs, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and at Sable | 
Island, southward, locally, to Cape Cod, and thence generally south- 
ward to the Florida Keys, westward to the Mississippi Delta, and, 
sparsely, on the coast of Texas as far west as Corpus Christi Bay. 
Fossil from the early Miocene to recent times. 2 

This is the Venus mercenaria of Spengler, 1785, and subsequent 
authors; the V. meretr‘x Bolten, 1798, not of Linneeus, 1758; Mer- 
cenaria violacea Schumacher, 1817; IM. cancellata Gabb, 1860; DL 
antiqua Verrill, 1875; and Crassivenus mercenaria Perkins, 1869. ; 


VENUS MERCENARIA var. NOTATA Say, 1822. 


New England to Georgia. 

This form is marked by zigzag brown blotches and lines, and is des- 
titute of the purple coloration internally. It is Venus obliqua Anton, | 
1837, and V. cyprinoides Anton, 1839. 


oD 
=] 
= 


“No. 1312. ; SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERID.E—DALL. 










VENUS MERCENARIA var. CANCELLATA Gabb, 1860. 


_ A rare variety, described from the Miocene, and occasionally found 
Jiving, in which the medial smooth space of the type is concentrically 
divided into flat riblets by shallow grooves, the riblets being also 
radially sulcate. 


VENUS MERCENARIA var. RADIATA Dall, rgoz. 


Similar to the last, except that the smooth medial area is not con- 
eentrically sulcate. 


VENUS MERCENARIA var. ALBA Dall, rg02. 


In this form the interior is like notata, and the exterior destitute of 
olored lineation. — 


& 

é VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS Gmelin, 1792. 

£ 

_ Chesapeake Bay and southward to Cuba; westward to Texas and 
4 


southward to Yucatan, near low-water mark. Fossil from the Miocene 
to recent faunas. 

_ This is the largest species of the family and the most ponderous, 
characterized by high inflated beaks, blunt ends, white shell, frequently 
with zigzag brown lineation in the young externally, and a surface 
sculpture of dense, low, thin concentric lamellation. The young usu- 
ally begin in a somewhat quadrate form, with more distant lamellation, 
without a purple border internally, but sometimes a purple flush in 
the cavity of the beaks. It passes through a series of mutations anal- 
ogous to those of V. mercenaria. 

The young shells about 2 inches or so in diameter have been named 
Venus calearea by Philippi, 1844; V. tenutlamellata Sowerby, 1853, 
and V. fulgurans Tryon, 1865. Gmelin’s type was also an adolescent 
shell. The recent adult has been named V. preeparca Say, 1822; V. 
mortoni Conrad, 1837, and V. alboradiata Sowerby, 1853. To the 
various mutations exhibited by the species in the fossil state the fol- 
Towing names have been given: V. tefrica Conrad, 1838; 1. permagna 
Conrad, 1838; V. capaw Conrad, 1844; V. submortond Orbigny, 1852; 
Mercenaria obtusa Conrad, 1866; J/. cuneata Conrad, 1868, and JZ. 
carolinensis Conrad, 1875. 


VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. ALBORADIATA Sowerby, 1853. 


Shell with broad brownish rays on a paler ground. 


Sate Sen Te? 


VEN'TIS CAMPECHIENSIS var. QUADRATA Dall, 1902. 


_ Shell small, quadrate, thin, compressed, and unicolorate, usually 
yellowish white. 





: $F oe 
VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. TEXANA Dall, 1902. 


378 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. ae 





Texas coast. ; 
Shell suborbicular, inflated, with the concentric lamelle toward the 
middle of the disk coalescent, forming broad, more or less inosculating, — 
low, flat-topped ribs with polished tops, sometimes showing the brown 

lineations of the younger stages. 


VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. TETRICA Conrad, 1838. 


Shell with the size and dense surface sculpture of the typical form 
but the produced trigonal outline of V. mercenaria. 


VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. CUNEATA Conrad, 1868. 3 


Shell subtrigonal, very thick, with very prominent beaks, and very 
short and blunt, the antithesis of the elongated variety tetrica. 


VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. CAROLINENSIS Conrad, 1875. 


Shell much like the normal form but with the lamelle more or less 
coalescent in the middle of the disk and not flattened or polished. 
This occurs living and also in the miocene of North Carolina, from 
which it was described. 


LIOCYMA FLUCTUOSA Gould, 1841. 


Arctic, Spitsbergen, and Greenland seas, and the Sea of Okhotsk; 
southward to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia, on the 
Atlantic coast. 

The typical form is creamy white. A variety brunnea, of rich 
chestnut or yellow brown, is noted from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
It is the Venus astartoides (Beck MS.) Philippi, 1849, but not of — 
D’Archiac, 1847.  Zapes arctica Reeve, 1864, from the ‘* Arctic Seas,” 
though not this species, may belong to this group. : 


GEMMA GEMMA Totten, 1834. 


Labrador to Woods Hole, Massachusetts; New York Bay ? 

Flattish and irregularly rippled concentrically. The type is more — 
or less purple, varying to pure white, which forms the variety Manhat- 
faunensis Prime, 1862. The species is Gemma tottent Stimpson, 1860, 
and Zottenia gemma Perkins, 1869. 


eas 


GEMMA (GEMMA var.?) PURPUREA H. C. Lea, 1842. 


Cape Cod to the Bahamas and Texas. 

More inflated, trigonal, and with uniform concentric threads sharply 
defined. It is Gemma concentrica Dall, 1889. The color is variable, 
but usually paler than G. tofttend. ) 





‘ 
1 


- 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDZ—DALL. 879 








PARASTARTE TRIQUETRA Conrad, 1845. 


From Hillsboro Inlet, on the east coast of Florida, south to the Keys. 
and on the west coast north to Cedar Keys. Also fossil in the Pliocene. 

Small, polished, very elevated, purple and white. Though much 
resembling Gemma, it can easily be discriminated by its smooth and 
more elevated shell. 

NOTES ON AND DESCRIPTIONS OF EAST AMERICAN SPECIES. 
DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) ELEGANS Conrad. 
Plate XII, fig. 6; Plate XIII, fig. 7. 

Owing to the confusion that has involved this species a figure of it 
was thought to be desirable. 

The figured shell is from Florida. Cat. No. 6120, U.S.N.M. 

DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) DISCUS Reeve. 
Plate XII, fig. 1; Plate XIII, fig. 1. 

No good figure of this species being available in any recent Ameri- 
can publication, one is now supplied. The specimen is from South 
Carolina. Cat. No. 54094, U.S.N.M. 

TRANSENNELLA CONRADINA Dall. 


Plate XII, fig. 5. 
Cytherea ( Transennella) conradina Dau, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 340. 
A figure drawn from a specimen of 7. st/mpsoni Dall, as noted below, 


was inadvertently published under this name, so I now give a figure 
taken from one of the typical specimens. Cat. No. 64487, U.S.N.M. 


TRANSENNELLA CUBANIANA Orbigny. 


Plate XIII, fig. 4. 


Venus cubaniana OrpiaNy, Moll. Cubana (Sagra), II, 1853, p. 278, pl. xxv, 
figs. 44-46. 
An enlarged figure of this species is given, which shows a few brown 
flecks dorsally, though this species is usually pure white. It is from 
Florida. Cat. No. 54135, U.S.N.M. 


TRANSENNELLA STIMPSONI, new species. 
Meretrix conradina Dau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X XIV, pl. xxx1, figs. 5, 7. 


Shell small, rounded trigonal, rather plump, polished, painted with 

purple-brown on a white ground externally, the lunule, and central 

portion of the disk internally usually purplish; beaks prominent. 

incurved, small; lunule defined by a sulcus, elongate, narrow; escutcheon 

not defined; beaks five-fourteenths of the length from the anterior end, 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 26 





380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI. 








which is rounded, with the dorsal slope rather flat; posterior end attenu- 
ated; hinge normal, the posterior left cardinal obscure, thin, con 
solidated with the nymph; internal margins tangentially sulcate; pallial | 
sinus deep, narrow, somewhat rounded in front. Length 14; height | 
10.5; diameter 7 mm. : ¥ 

Type locality.—Kgmont Key, Florida. Cat. No. 54100, U.S.N.M. © 

The shell is marked by fine concentric lines of growth, and by a\ 
few, irregularly distributed, stronger concentric sulci, which become» 
evanescent toward the middle of the disk. | 


TIVELA ABACONIS, new species. 
Plate XIII, fig. 3. 


Shell small, subtranslucent, deep rose color at the beaks and in the : 
middle of the disk, becoming paler toward the margins; beaks high, , 
pointed, subcentral; shell moderately inflated, the ends rounded, the 
base gently arcuate; surface polished; hinge delicate; the teeth small 
three cardinals in each valve, the anterior lateral elongate, thin, dis-. 
tant; pallial sinus short, wide, rounded; length, 11; height, 8.2; : 
diameter, 6 mm. 

Type locality.—Abaco, Bahamas, I. Greegor. Cat. No. 103551,_ 
U.S.N.M. 

The shell is smaller, more delicate, more equilateral, and of a differ-_ 
ent color and texture from 7. trigonella Lamarck, which is the only 
species comparable with it and which is white and opaque with a con-_ 
spicuous periostracum. 


TIVELA NASUT- 4, new species. 
Plate XII, fig. 2. : 
Shell of moderate size, solid, nearly equilateral, somewhat rudely” 
concentrically striated, with a reddish-brown polished periostracum; 
shell substance white, with numerous pale purple radii, the dorsal 
posterior margin near the end dark brown within and without; beaks” 
pointed, dorsal slopes nearly straight; lunule impressed, defined by a 
distinct incised line; anterior end rounded, posterior end narrower, 
almost rostrate; hinge solid, with four cardinals, the anterior lateral, 
lamelliform, prominent; pallial line with a short, foil rounded sinus, i 
Length, 32.5; height, 25; diameter, 17 mm. 
Type locality.—Santa Marta, Colombia; Baker. Cat. No. 153377, 
U.S.N.M. 
By its rudely striated surface and produced posterior end, this 
seems to differ from the other Antillean forms. 


ee 
APS 


- 
a 


eID 






7 


’ 


No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAZ—DALL. B81 





TIVELA BRASILIANA, new species. 


r? 


Plate XII, fig. 3. 


= 


Shell subtriangular, flattish, with high, pointed, opisthogyrate beaks: 
cream color with darker yellowish zones; surface smooth: lunular 
region impressed, lunule narrow, elongate, pouting a little at the junc- 
tion of the valve margins; posterior slope straignt, flattened, with a 
short ligament; interior pale yellow brown; hinge with five right card- 
inals, the posterior pair rugose; the anterior lateral adjacent, strong: 
the pallial sinus rounded, about as large as the posterior adductor scar. 
Length 40; height 34; diameter 20 mm. 
Type locality.—Santa Caterina, Brazil. Cat. No. 125468, U.S.N.M. 
This peculiarly flat and triangular form recalls the 7. planulata Sow- 
erby, of the Pacific coast. 


CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) ZONATA, new species. 
Plate XII, fig. 4 


Shell small, thin, arcuate, with a dull surface, whitish with concen- 
tric zones of yellow brown; surface concentrically striated or sulcate 
with wider interspaces, forming low riblets; beaks high, inflated, their 
apices small, anteriorly directed, lunule large, cordate, defined by a 
sulcus; no visible escutcheon; ends rounded, base prominently arcuate; 
interior porcellanous, with a small ascending angular pallial sinus; 
hinge verging toward Chionella. Length 23; height 18.5; diameter 
14 mm. 

Type locality.—United States Fish Commission station 2608, in 22 
fathoms, sand, off the coast of North Carolina. Cat. No 92015, 


U.S.N.M. 
CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) STRIGILLINA, new species. 
Plate XII, fig. 5 


Shell rotund, inflated, grayish white; beaks prominent, their apices 
anteriorly directed; lunule deeply impressed, cordate, striated; disk 
covered with low, uniform, slightly recurved thin primary concentric 
lamelle, about 1 millimeter apart, the interspaces with much finer 
and smaller secondary lamelle; there is no defined escutcheon, but the 


posterior dorsal slope, as usual, is less prominently lamellose; hinge 


strong, with large teeth, the anterior lateral large, and the posterior 


cardinal on the right valve bifid; pallial sinus very small, wide, and 


| 
fathoms, coral, off Key West, bottom temperature 75° F.C: 


angular; internal margins of the valves finely crenulate. Length 45; 


height 39; diameter 32 mm. 
Type locality.—United States Fish Commission station 23 


oF in 45 
\ 


. No. 


95668, U.S.N.M. 


svn 


3 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





hice species is easily distinguished by its fine close sculpture andl 


pale grayish color from aither of the other American species of — 


Cytherca. The interior is pure white. 


CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) CALLIMORPHA, new species. 


Plate XIII, fig. 6. 


Shell small, globose, covered witha thin yellowish periostracum 
oS J 

over a white shell with a salmon-colored flush internally; beaks.full, 

prominent, the apices turned forward; lunule cordate, circumscribed, 





A 


3 


? 


~ 


evenly striated; surface with about 27 primary concentric lamelle 


having a T-rail section, the flat interspaces having 6-8 extremely fine 
low concentric threads, crossed by fine radial striation; escutcheon 
limited by an obscure ridge, ending in a subangular projection of the 
margin; in front of the ridge is a wide shallow radial depression; 
hinge well developed; posterior right cardinal long, distant from the 
others and bifid; middle right cardinal deeply bifid; anterior lateral 
small, papilliform; interior surface polished, with a salmon-colored 
flush behind the beaks; pallial sinus small, sharply angular, ascending; 
inner mite is finely crenate. Length 16; height 14.5; diameter 12 mm. 

Station 272. in 76 fathoms, at Barbados, West Indies, United States 
Coast Survey steamer Blake. Cat. No. 64292, U.S.N.M. 

The peculiar form of the primary lamellz renders them very lable 
to fracture, and if broken off they leave no visible trace, and the sur- 
face appears uniformly concentrically threaded, since the basal attach- 
ment of the primaries is no wider than the normal width of the 
secondary threads. 


CHIONE MAZYCKII, new species. 
Plate XIII, fig. 2. 


Shell small, subrostrate, with low distant concentric lamelle crossing 
flat radial ribs, those radials in front of the middle later becoming 


double, while the ribs behind the middle remain single; all the ribs 


are separated by subequal smooth interspaces except near the anterior 
margin, where interstitial threads appear; the concentric lamelle 
become laminate, especially on the right valve, near the posterior end; 
lunule distinet, lanceolate, striated; escutcheon defined by a keel, 


striated, the right half somewhat overlapping the other, painted with 
brown streaks or entirely brown; disk white with pale-brown or rose-_ 


colored radial bands and occasional darker-brown flecks; interior rose 
color with white near the end and basal margins; hinge normal, with 


a rose-colored ray below avery short ligament; pallial sinus very — 
small and blunt, inner margins crenulated. “Length, 14.2; height, 2s 


diameter, 8 mm. 


Type locality.—United States Fish Commission station 2616, off 


nit agg 











‘No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAX—DALL. 383 





Cape Fear, North Carolina, in 17 fathoms, sand. Cat. No. 92022, 
_ This pretty little species is easily discriminated by its form and color 
“fron C. cancellata at any stage of growth. It is named in honor of 
Mr. W. G. Mazyck, of Charleston, South Carolina. 


? 


at 


NOTES. 


_ The following nomina nuda have been cited in connection with the 
East American fauna: Venus lanceata ‘*Say” and V. metastriata 
Say,” Venus punctulata ‘* Valenciennes” and Cytherea elevata Con- 
rad, by Conrad, 1846: Cytherea bella and Venus orbicularis Kurtz, 
1860. Names of West American species have been mistakenly applied 
to those of the east coast, or West American specimens have been 
wrongfully attributed to eastern localities as follows: Cytherea pan- 
nos Sowerby, Tapes grata Say, Venus pulicaria Broderip, Chione 
eingulata and Artemis kroyeri Philippi, Chione asperrima Sowerby, 
and Callista exspinata Reeve. Exotic species wrongly given east 
American habitats are: Venus crenata ** Chemnitz,” Cytherea affinis 
“Gmelin,” Sowerby, 1853, Cytherea kingii Gray and C. modesta Phil- 
ippi, Dosinia dilatata Philippi, D- lucinalis Lamarck, D. cyclas 
Romer, and J). kraussiz Romer. 

Species from exotic localities like St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands, 
of which the names are repeated in American waters, have been cata- 
logued as from the latter; such are Dosinia radiata Reeve and Venus 
verrucosa Linneus. Cytherea occulta Say, 1822, is unfigured and 
known only by the original description. Most of the names of Amer- 
ican Tivela have been indiscriminately cited from both coasts, the spe- 
cies being difficult to discriminate and genetically connected. Venus 
foveolata Sowerby, 1853, was described from Martinique, but Deshayes 
adds to the locality ‘‘China.” It does not come from both places, 
but has not been authentically reported from the West Indies since 

_ Sowerby’s time. Locard, in the report on the Talisman expedition 
mollusca, reports it from St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands, in 35 
fathoms. Zupes occidentalis Reeve, 1864, appears to be identical with 
a Bombay species, figured on the same plate. It is certainly not 
West Indian. The ascription of Venus decorata Broderip and Sow- 
erby, 1835, by Reeve in 1863, to the West Indies, is erroneous. It is 
of a strictly oriental type and comes from the Moluccas. I suspect 
Venus sallei Reeve, 1864, of a similar origin, notwithstanding the fact 
that it is said by Reeve to come from *‘ Bird Island, in the Caribbean 
Sea.” Thereareagreat many ‘ Bird Islands” scattered over the world, 
and this shell, so far as I may judge from the figure, has an Indo- 
Pacific aspect. 
Dosinia turgida Reeve, 1850, through confusion with Cyclinella 
tenuis Recluz, has erroneously acquired an American habitat. 


Sipser rss ee 


384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, | vou. xxv. 





WEST AMERICAN SPECIES. 


DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) PONDEROSA Gray, 1838. 





Payta, Peru, northward to the Gulf of California, and to north ~ 
latitude 26° 30’ on the west coast of Lower California; in the Pleisto- 
cene north to San Pedro, California. Al 

This, the largest and finest of the genus, recalls somewhat the — 
Atlantic D. concentrica. It is the Artemis ponderosa Gray, 1838, the 
Artemis gigantea Sowerby (in Philippi, 1847), and the Venus cycloides — 
Orbigny, 1847. Artemis distans Sowerby, 1852, if from -Puerto 
Potrero, Costa Rica, as suggested by Carpenter, may be identical with 
the young of this species. 





DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) DUNKERI Philippi, 1844. 


West Colombia, at Santa Elena; Panama Bay; the Galapagos Islands; 
and northward to Mazatlan and the head of the Gulf of California; 
also to Magdalena Bay, on the west coast of Lower California. 

This is Dosinia simplex Hanley, 1845, not of A. Adams, 1855, and 
Cytherea pacifica, Troschel, 1845, not Venus pacifica Dillwyn, 1817. 


DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) ANN Carpenter, 1857. 


Mazatlan and the Gulf of California. 

This is less tumid, more elongated and smoother than D). Dunkeri, 
and has a more horizontal pallial sinus. The small D. nanus Reeve, 
1850, was probably based on a very young specimen of this species. 


CLEMENTIA SOLIDA Dall, 1902. 


Topolobampo, on the west coast of Mexico; collected by E. Daniels. 

This is a large and squarish species, with a more solid shell and less 
degenerate hinge than any of the others heretofore known. It has 
somewhat the aspect externally of Saaidomus giganteus. 


TRANSENNELLA TANTILLA Gould, 1853. 


Sitka Harbor, Alaska, and southward to Lower California at Todos 
Santos Bay, in 3 to 16 fathoms; also fossil in the Pleistocene of 
Santa Barbara, California. 

Trigonal, moderately convex, rather elongate; white, with or with- 
out zigzag brown painting, usually with the posterior dorsal slope 
dark purple within and without. 

This species is viviparous and was referred by Carpenter to his 
genus /’sephis on that account, but has a wholly different hinge. It 
has been referred to Venus, Trigona, etc., but on the basal margin has 
the suleations of Zransennella, though less distinct than in the typical 
species. The Pleistocene specimens were named Venus rhysomia by 
Gabb in 1861. 


peak 


iar. | 


No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 385 





, The more northern specimens are smaller and more oval than those 
from Santa Barbara, the type locality; and the purple streak is 
reduced to a more or !ess distinct flush, which is occasionally wholly 
absent. These characters, however, seem hardly pronounced enough 


to deserve a varietal name. 


f 
| 


TIVELA PLANULATA Sowerby, 1829. 


Gulf of California, Gulf of Tehuantepec, and southward to the 
coast of Ecuador. 
_ This includes the variety suffusa Sowerby, 1835; Donax lessoni 
- Deshayes, 1835; Cytherea undulata Sowerby, 1851, a color variety; 
and ©. mactroides Lamarck, 1518, not of Born, 1778. It is extremely 
variable in coloration, but maintains fairly well its compressed trian- 


gular form. 
TIVELA HIANS Philippi, 1851. 

Magdalena Bay, Lower California, to Valparaiso, Chile. 
This form, described from Mazatlan, is more elongated and rostrate, 
has a more livid purplish coloration and a very distinct gape behind, 
- by which it is separated frou T. planulata. 


TIVELA ARGENTINA Sowerby, 1835. 


West Mexico and south to Panama. 
Distinguished by its yellowish-white color, thin shell, and arcuate 
form attenuated at both ends. It is Cytherea equilatera Deshayes, 


- 


= 1839. 
TIVELA ARGUTA Romer, 1864. 
Gulf of California to Panama. 
Shell small, thin, and oval, recalling 7: trigonella of the Antilles. 


ite 


5 TIVELA GRACILIOR Sowerby, 1851. 


Puntarenas, Costa Rica. 
This isa species of peculiar form, with fine elevated radial lines 
anteriorly. It is not the shell figured by Romer under this name. 


TIVELA BYRONENSIS Gray, 1838. 


~ Seammon’s Lagoon, Lower California and the Gulf of California, 
and southward to the coast of Ecuador. 

> This is 7. radiata Sowerby, 1835, not of Megerle, 1511; Venus solan- 
 gensis Orbigny, 1847; Cytherea stultorum Menke, 184i, not of Mawe, 
— 1828; Cytherea corbicula Menke, 1847, notof Lamarck, 1818; ¢ Jytherea 
pulla Philippi, 1851, and perhaps C. intermedia Sowerby, 1851, and 7: 
elegans Verrill, 1870. Trigona humilis Carpenter, 1857, appears to be 
the young fry of this species; T. semifuloa Menke is a nearly white 
variety, and 7. Aindsii Hanley, 1844, is a striped and latticed color 
form of the young shell. It is the most common of the Pacitic coast 
_ species and the analogue of 7. mactroides of the Antilles. 





386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI. 








TIVELA DELESSERTI Deshayes, 1854. 


Scammon’s Lagoon (young ’); Cape St. Lucas, the Gulf region, and | 
south to Acapulco. f 
This is the Cytherea nitidula Sowerby, 1851, not of Lamarck, 1818; 
the young fry were named 7Z/vela marginata by Carpenter, but I do — 
not find that this name has ever been defined in print. It is an elegant — 
polished shell, delicately painted with light purplish brown on a cream- — 

colored ground. 


TIVELA (PACHYDESMA) STULTORUM Mawe. 


Santa Cruz, California, and south to Ballenas Lagoon, Lower Cali- 
fornia, and perhaps to Mazatlan. 

This is the Donax stultorum of Mawe in 1823, but not the Zivela 
stultorum of Menke in 1847; the Zrigonella crassatelloides Conrad, 
1837; Cytherea solidissima Philippi, 1851; C. eguilatera Romer, 1857, 
notof Deshayes, 1839; C. lamarcki, C. stultorum,and C. crassatelloides 
of Reeve in 1864. This is the largest and finest species of the genus, 
and is well known to most conchologists under the name of Pachydesma 
crassatelloides. A related fossil, P. ¢nezana, is said by Conrad to exist 
in the California Miocene. 


MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) SQUALIDA Sowerby, 1835. 


Cerros Island, Pacific coast of Lower California, to the Gulf and 
southward to Peru, in 7 to 27 fathoms. 

Chione biradiata Gray, 1838, and Cytherea chionxa Menke, 1847, 
are synonymous. The Philippine (. elegans Koch, in Philippi, 1844, 
has been united with them, but is probably distinct. The species is 
much like A/acrocallista chione of Europe, but less attractive. It is 
the analogue for the Pacific coast of JZ. maculata Linneus, of the 
Antilles. 


MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) AURANTIACA Sowerby, 1831. 
Gulf of California, Cape St. Lucas, and southward to Guayaquil, in 
10 to 18 fathoms. 
More compressed, redder, and with a dark and dull instead of trans- 
lucent vernicose periostracum, compared with J. squalida. It was 
first figured and named in Sowerby’s Genera of Shells, Part XX XIII, 


but Hanley’s name of avrantia given thirteen years later has been 
more generally used. 


MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) PANNOSA Sowerby, 1835. 


Cape St. Lucas, the Gulf of California, and southward to Valparaiso, 
Chile. 

This pretty little species is extremely variable in its color pattern. 
Cytherea lutea Koch, in Philippi, 1845, is synonymous. 


NO. 1812. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 387 


MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) PUELLA Carpenter, 1864. 


Gulf of California and south to Acapulco. 

Marvelously like J/. pannosa in color and form, but always a smaller 
and thinner shell, with other distinctive characters. 

These two species have a great similarity to the Eocene type on 
which the section Chionella was founded. 


AMIANTIS CALLOSA Conrad, 1837. 


San Pedro, California, to Cape St. Lucas, in shallow water. 

This elegantly sculptured, pure white species is well known. Dione 
nobilis Reeve, 1863, is based on a specimen somewhat more rounded 
than usual. 


CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) CATHARIA Dall, 1902. 


Ballenas Bay, on the Pacific shore of Lower California, to the Gulf 
of California and southward to the Bay of Panama in 7 to 66 fathoms. 

White, somewhat chalky, sharply concentrically striated, with a sub- 
cuneate outline and papyraceous periostracum. The analogue of the 
West Indian (. aresta Dall and Simpson, 1901. 


PITARIA NEWCOMBIANA Gabb, 1865. 


Monterey, California, to Clarion Island and the Gulf of California 
in 15 to 31 fathoms. 

Thin and delicate, with zigzag brown markings and a papery perios- 
tracum when fresh. 


PITARIA TOMEANA Dall, 1902. 


Bay of Panama (Galapagos Islands’), and Tome, Chile, in about 10 
fathoms. 

The apparent analogue of 7P. fulminata Menke of the Atlantic 
fauna, but without color painting on the specimens so far obtained. 


PITARIA CONSANGUINEA C. B. Adams, 1852. 


Panama. 
Belongs in the group with (. a/bida, ete., but has radial brown 
markings and pinkish umbones. I have not seen it. 


PITARIA POLLICARIS Carpenter, 1864. 


Gulf of California, Cape St. Lucas, and south to Callao, Peru. 

A fine, large species, the young with brown painting, the adults 
mostly polished white. it is Déone prora, variety, of Reeve, 1863, 
but not of Conrad; Cytherea obliquata Romer, in part, but not of 
Hanley, 1844. The true prora comes from the Hawaiian Islands. 


388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 








PITARIA UNICOLOR Sowerby, 1835. 


Humboldt Bay, Lower California, and south to Panama. 

Somewhat compressed, the concentric sculpture obsolete in the 
middle of the disk, the color uniform white or brownish. The brown 
variety is Chione badia Gray, 1838, and Cytherea ligula Anton, 1839. 
Cytherea lubrica Sowerby, 1835, is perhaps identical. Some specimens 
are almost rostrate. 


PITARIA VULNERATA Broderip, 1835. 


Magdalena Bay, on the Pacific shore of Lower California, to the 
Gulf of California and south to the Bay of Panama. 

Remarkabie in its violet zones of coloration and for havine the 
inner margins often obscurely crenulate, a feature not known else- 
where in the genus. It is the Cytherea tricolor of Pease (MS.) accord- 
ing to Romer, 1867. The young are maculated with brown and the 
adults sometimes radially lineate with the same color; young speci- 
mens of elongate ovate form, which have not assumed the violet rim, 
have a very different aspect from the mature shell or the normally 
orbicular young ones. 


PITARIA (HYSTEROCONCHA) LUPANARIA Lesson, 1832. 


Ballenas Bay, Pacific coast of Lower California, the Gulf of Cali- 
fornia, and southward to Payta, Peru. 

A larger but less elegant analogue of the Antillean 7. déone Linneeus, 
easily recognizable by the violet spots at the base of the spines. It 
appears, as from China, under the name of Cytherea semilamellosa 
Gaudichaud, in the Récueil des Coquilles non figurées of Delessert in 
1841. It has also been regarded by several authors as a mere variety 
of P. dione. Dione exspinata Reeve, 1863, is a mutation in which the 
spines are abortive. Northern specimens usually have the concentric 
sculpture carried evenly across tlie disk, but in the south a variety is 
common in which the ribs are obsolete on the posterior half of the disk. 
The name is frequently misspelled Jipinaria. It is Cytherea dronea 
Gray, 1833. 


PITARIA (LUPANARIA var.) MULTISPINOSA Sowerby, 1851. 


Realejo, Central America, and southward to Payta, Peru. 

This is a small form in which the concentric sculpture and spines are 
sharp and crowded, while the coloration is less intense, so that the 
whole shell is more like P. done than the better developed normal 
form is. There seems to be insufficient reason for regarding it as a 
distinct species. The Cytherea brevispinosa Sowerby, 1851, seems to 
have been founded on a single bleached specimen in which the inner 





* 


- 


ccopa 


elk eer oe 


” 
' No. 1312, SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 389 


Z 


; 


‘ 

2 
f 
& 


row of spines is wanting and the outer row abortive. Déone brevi- 
spinata and D. brevispina Deshayes, 1853, are variants of this name. 
Callista longispina Mirch, is doubtless a mutation of this species. 


PITARIA (HYSTEROCONCHA) ROSEA Broderip and Sowerby, 1829. 


Gulf of California to Panama. 
Reddish brown, flattish, with only hints of spines, which lie in a 


_ white streak radiating from the umbo. Cytherea lepida Chenu, 1847, 


is synonymous. 
PITARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CONCINNA Sowerby, 1835. 


Magdalena Bay, Pacitic coast of Lower California, to the Gulf of 
California, southward to Panama Bay, the coast of Ecuador and Payta, 
Peru. 

Donaciform or even rostrate, with concentric round-edged ribs, 
white, with radial streaks of brown; all brown; or all white. 

Cytherea affinis Broderip, 1835, and Venus paytensis Orbigny, 1847, 
are synonymous. 

C. tortuosa Broderip, 1835, is a white specimen with the ribs more 
irregular than usual. According to Romer, C. suppositrix Menke, 
1849, may be this species. 


PITRARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CIRCINATA Born, var. ALTERNATA 
Broderip, 1835. 


Gulf of California to Payta, Peru. 

When fully developed this is larger, more convex, and with more 
distant concentric ribs than any Atlantic specimens I have seen. 
Immature specimens are often hardly distinguishable. For synonymy 
see Atlantic list. 

The original aternata of Broderip was founded-on two shells, per- 
haps distinct from each other. The description was taken from one 
and the suggestion of the name from the other, which last is repre- 
sented by Reeve’s figure 284, in the Iconica, 1863. Those writers who 


_ have had an opportunity to examine Broderip’s types agree in reter- 


ring them to P. c/rcinata as a variety; from the figures I should sup- 
pose them to be closer to P. concinna. Romer, in 1868, figures the 


second or white form with alternating ribs (pl. xxxv1, fig. 2), which 


Sosa ey 


is more like P. cireinata than the other. 


PITARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CALLICOMATA Dall, 1902. 


Bay of Panama, in 7 to 30 fathoms. 
White and rather earthy, with primary concentric lamelle, from 


one to three secondary smaller lamelle intervening between each two 


primaries. It is more elongate, with a longer and narrower lunule 
than c7rcinata and more oval than a/ternata. 


390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 








CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) FORDI Yates, 1890. 


Santa Barbara Islands, California, and south to the Gulf of Cali- 
fornia and to Panama Bay, in 13 to 58 fathoms. 

This fine species is near to but quite distinct from Venus toreuma 
Gould“ a Polynesian species, with which Carpenter doubtfully united 
it, and by whose name it has passed for some years. It reaches a 
a length of 65 mm., and is easily recognized by its /socardza-like form, 
concentric undulations and sharp radial striz. 


CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) MAGDALENZ: Dall, 1g02. 


Off Magdalena Bay, west coast of Lower California, in 36, and in 
Panama Bay in 18 fathoms. 

The analogue of C. strigillina Dall, of the Atlantic fauna, but 
thinner, less anlated: with more delete sculpture, and pale 4 yellowish 
coloration spattered with brown flecks. 


CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) RIGIDA Dillwyn, 1817. 


ha 


abe 


Gulf of California in 94 fathoms, sand, off the peninsular coast near 


La Paz. Also in the Atlantic fauna. 

The discovery of this well-known Atlantic shell by the United States 
Fish Commission steamer A/batross in the Gulf of California was a 
surprise; but the specimen, 85 mm. in length, does not seem to differ 
constantly in any respect from the West-Indian shells. The synonymy 
is summarized inthe Atlantic list. Itis not Venus rigida Gould, 1850. 
The Pacific shell was named Venus ¢socardia by Verrill in 1870. 


CYTHEREA (FOVEOLATA VAR.?) LEPIDOGLYPTA Dall, 1902. 


Purchased at Acapulco by W. H. Dall in 1868. 

This species has an extraordinary resemblance externally to Venus 
campechiensis of the same size, but it has the hinge of Cytherea. It 
also resembles the figure of Venus foveolata Sowerby, 1853, a species 
referred to both Martinique and China by Deshayes. The raised lam- 
elle are minutely, transversely, closely striated, but there is no radial 
interstitial sculpture. The shell is of a yellowish white color. It was 
purchased with a lot of beach shells, all West American, at Acapulco. 


CYTHEREA (CYTHEREA) MULTICOSTATA Sowerby, 1835. 


Gulf of California and south to Panama Bay, in moderate depths of 
water; also at the Galapagos Islands. 

Belonging to the group of C. //ster/, but more oval and with some- 
what different sculpture. Venus thouars/ Valenciennes, 1846, is prob- 
ably synonymous. The anterior lateral is usually obsolete in adult 
specimens, but distinct in the yous: 


« Venus toreuma Goaid onal “1850, from Mangsi Talat +1. crebrisulea Sowerby, 
1858, and V. jukesii Deane es, 1853, Luzon, and Port Beaman! North Australia. 








TTP 


No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 391] 





SAXIDOMUS NUTTALLII Conrad, 1837. 


Baulinas Bay, California, and south to San Diego. 
There are two species of Saxidomus on the coast, of which one has 
brownish markings near the beaks in the young, and a trace of purple 


‘internally on the upper posterior margin. The other is all white or 


yellowish. The present species is rather thin, but reaches a length of 
120 mm., and is usually rudely concentrically suleate. It is the Venus 


maxima Anton, in Philippi, 1846; the Saxvidomus aratus Gould, 1861, 


also called by him in the index S. ovatus (1862); while the young, with 
its colored markings, he named Zapes gracilis in 1855. Conrad’s type 
was young, 50 mm. long, but his allusion to the color markings settles 
the identity of the species referred to. 


SAXIDOMUS GIGANTEUS Deshayes, 1839. 


The Aleutian Islands, from Attu eastward to Kadiak, and south- 
ward to the Bay of Monterey, California. 

There is no sufficient evidence of the occurrence of this species on 
the Asiatic coast. It is solid, broad, and heavy; the young are yel- 
lowish white; the adult attains a length of 130 mm., and the concen- 
tric sculpture is much less pronounced than in S. nuttallii. The 
exterior is sometimes fulvous, but the interior is always white. Spec- 


imens which have nestled in rock crevices are usually stunted and 


distorted. The synonymy has been much confused. It is the Venus 
sulcata of Potiez and Michaud, 1844, but not of Montagu, 1803, or 
Lamarck, 1818. It was named Venerupis gigantea by Deshayes, and 
has been confounded with S. sqgualidus Deshayes, a South American 
species, and S. nuttal/// Conrad. 


CYCLINELLA SUBQUADRATA Hanley, 1845. 


St. Elena, West Colombia; Panama Bay; Mazatlan, and northward 
to Guaymas, on the Gulf of California, in 7 to 25 fathoms. 

Arthemis saccata Gould, 1851; Cyclina saccata Deshayes, 1853; 
Artemis tenuis Sowerby, December, 1852, not of Recluz, June, 1852 
(and not Artem/s turgida Reeve, 1850), are synonymous. 


CYCLINELLA KROYERI Philippi, 1847. 


Chile and Peru; Salango, West Colombia, in 9 fathoms; and the 
Gulf of California in 14 to 26 fathoms. 

Artemis macilenta Reeve, 1850, appears to be synonymous. It is 
Venus kroyert Philippi, 1847, but not Lucinopsis kroyert Poulsen, 1878. 
It is smaller, more orbicular, and proportionately flatter than C. su- 
quadrata. 


392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





CYCLINELLA PRODUCTA Carpenter, 1856. 


Panama Bay, Bridges. 

This species, represented by a unique valve in the Cumingian col- 
lection, is said to be produced behind like Cyrena maritima. C. B. 
Adams. 

CYCLINELLA SINGLEYI Dall, 1902. 


Guaymas, on the Gulf of California, and at the delta of the Yaqui — 


River near Guaymas, Singley. 
This is a moderate sized but turgid species with fine, sharp striation, 
heavy shell, and the posterior adductor scar very large. 


CHIONE (CHIONE) FLUCTIFRAGA Sowerby, 1853. 


San Pedro, California, to the Gulf of California and on the shores 


of the Gulf. 





2. 


f 


The sculpture of the middle of the disk is strong in youth, obsolete _ 
or absent in older stages; some large oblique specimens recall in sculp- 


ture Venus mercenaria. The species is Venus callosa of Sowerby and 


Deshayes, in 1853, but not Cytherea callosa Conrad, 1837; Dione gib- — 
i ; Y g 


hosula Deshayes, 1853, and Reeve, 1863, and Venus cortezi (Sloat MS. 
in) Carpenter, 1864, are synonymous. 


CHIONE (CHIONE) UNDATELLA Sowerby, 1835. 


San Pedro, California, to the Gulf of California and southward to 
Guayaquil. 

A species larger than but varying like (. cancellata, with many 
names; a large series of good specimens leaves no doubt as to the con- 
solidations needed. The characteristics are the generally inflated and 
closely concentrically lamellose form. The young have the lamelle 
more distant, but they are always thin and sharp. The type is painted 
with angular brown lines like Venus notata; young specimens with 
dark brown blotches are Carpenter’s Venus excavata of 1856. Speci- 
mens without brown painting, adult, and conspicuously lamellose are 
V. simillima Sowerby, 1853. The left half of the escutcheon is usually 


smooth; the right half may be smooth or lamellose. When coarsely — 


lamellose we have the variety neglecta Sowerby, 1839. Carpenter is 
much confused in his synonymy of these species. V. nuttall/i Conrad, 


_ 


1837; V. entobapta Jonas, 1845; V. perdix Valenciennes, 1846; J. 


bilineata Reeve, 1863; and V. subrostrata Reeve, 1863, not of Lamarck, 


1818, are synonymous. JV. sugillata Reeve, 1863, recalls a young 
acidulated specimen. 


CHIONE (CHIONE) SUCCINCTA Valenciennes, 1833. 


San Pedro, California, the Gulf of California and south to Panama. 
mi: . . . . e * 
This is another variable species, about which Carpenter fell into 









“No, 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 3 93 





‘confusion. It can be discriminated ve CO. lainila by its coarser 
and more distant sculpture and the fact that in the adult the ribs of 
_ the middle of the lower half of the disk generally are thickened and 
flattened, showing a polished surface which nearly covers the inter- 
spaces. V. californiana Conrad, 1837; V. californicns/s Broderip, 
1835; V. leucodon Sowerby, 1835; V. simillima Carpenter, 1857, not 
of Sowerby, 1853; and V. crassa (Sloat, MS. in) Carpenter, 1864, are 
synonymous. 


PME Era pave 


CHIONE (CHIONE) COMPTA Broderip, 1835. 


Aaicpi 


Peru and northward to the Gulf of California in 21 to 26 fathoms. 
This species has the concentric ribs few and very distant, is rela- 

tively flatter than C. succincta of the same size, and the pallial line 

is hardly sinuated and is unusually distant from the ventral margin of 

the valves. Venus californica Carpenter, 1856 and 1872, is this 
species, the name arising from an error of the types. 


a 


CHIONE (CHIONE) SUBROSTRATA Lamarck, 1818. 
Mazatlan, Central American coast, and south to Payta, Peru. Also 
on the Atlantic coast. 

This is Venus crenifera Sowerby, 1835; V. portesiana Orbigny, 
1846; V. beawi Recluz, 1852; and probably V. lunular’s Philippi. 
1844. Carpenter, in 1863, identified V. sugi/lata Reeve with this 
_ species. 

CHIONE (CHIONE) PURPURISSATA Dall, 1g02. 


Cape St. Lucas and the Gulf of California. 

This beautiful species, with the interior of the disk rosepurple, was 
figured by Reeve“ as a variety of Venus crenulata of the West Indies 
(by which Chione pubera Valenciennes is meant), and was named 
variety /ilacina by Carpenter, 1864; but it is not Chzone lilacina 

_ Gray, 1838, and soa new name is proposed for it. It is a rounder shell 
than C. pubera, with less prominent lamellation, especially on the pos- 
terior slope, which, in this species, is often wholly destitute of lamell. 


CHIONE (CHIONE) PULICARIA Broderip, 1835. 


Gulf of California from its head to Guaymas and south to Chiriqui, 
West Colombia. 

This is Venus eingulata Reeve, 1863, not of Lamarck, 1818; and V. 
_ pinacatensis (Sloat, MS. in) Carpenter, 1864. This species is the Pacific 
analogue of C. ¢ntapurpurea Conrad, of the Atlantic fauna, but a more 
elongated and pointed species. 

It is Venus pfeffert Dunker, MS.., according to Rémer, 1867. 





« Cone h. reoeaeae aoe oL xu, fig. 46, 1863. 


394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





CHIONE (CHIONE) AMATHUSIA Philippi, 1844. 


Gulf of California to Panama, in 7 to 24 fathoms. 

Perfectly distinet from (. gnidia, with which it has been confused. 
Venus encausta is said by Sowerby to be a synonym, but no author is 
cited for it in the 7Zhesavrus. It is smaller, more pyriform, and with — 
much less prominent lamellation and finer radial sculpture. ] 


CHIONE (CHIONE) GNIDIA Broderip and Sowerby, 1829. 


Cerros Island, on the Pacific shore of Lower California, the Gulf of — 
California, and south to Panama Bay, in 7 to 24 fathoms. 
This is the largest and finest of the genus, reaching a length of — 


85 mm. It is white inside and, when fully adult, has the crenulated — 


inner margin of the valves brown. I suspect V. ornatissima Broderip, — 
1835, to be founded ona particularly oval and lamellose young shell of 
this species. 


CHIONE (CHIONE) EFFEMINATA Stearns, 1890. 


**Panama Bay;” Thomas Bridges. 

A small, compressed, closely reticulate species, grayish white exter- — 
nally, wholly purple internally, with the hinge and profile of an 
Anomalocardia, to which group I am tempted to refer it, though it, 
in some respects, seems closer to Chione. It has a very Indo-Pacific 
aspect. a 
CHIONE (CHIONE) DARWINI Dunker, 1857. 

Mazatlan to Panama (Rémer). 

Regarded as a variety of C. gnidia by Carpenter, 1857, and as a 
variety of C. amathusia by Deshayes, 1853. It is stated to differ by — 
having the ventral faces of the concentric lamelle polished purple — 
brown, as well as the lunule and escutcheon. I have seen no speci- 
mens which agree with the descriptions, and regard it as a doubtfully — 
distinct form and perhaps a variety of C. subrostrata. Tt was 
described from Dunker’s manuscript by Rémer, 1857. 


CHIONE (LIROPHORA) OBLITERATA Dall, 1902. 


Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama; Arthur Schott. 

This is the analogue of (. latilirata Conrad of the Atlantic fauna, 
from which it differs in having the concentric ribs less elevated and 
more irregular and the shell more rostrate. The coloration is about — 
the same. ' 

CHIONE (LIROPHORA) KELLETTII Hinds, 1844. 

Gulf of California and south to the Bay of Panama in 8 to 50 
fathoms. 

A remarkable species, in which the concentric ribs (of a yellow-— 
brown color) are smoothly coalescent on the disk, but are expanded as 





“No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 395 





a ‘ 
prominent white leaflets at each end of the shell. The nepionic young 


are white, smooth, globular, with one or two sharp distant concentric 
— lamellee. 


| CHIONE (LIROPHORA) MARIZ Orbigny, 1847. 
| 


Gulf of California and south to Guayaquil, in 12 to 50 fathoms. 

This analogue of Chione paphia has narrow, high, and recurved 
concentric ribs, with fine radial wrinkles, obsolete in the interspaces, 
except near the beaks. The closeness and number of the ribs in the 
young is quite variable. It is quite distinct from (. paphia. It is 
the Venus cypria Sowerby, 1835, and Chione cypria Deshayes, 1853, 
but not Venus cypria Brocchi, 1814, or Risso, 1826. Venus discrepans 
Sowerby, 1853, should be compared with this species. 


CHIONE (LIROPHORA) SCHOTTII Dall, rgo2. 


Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama; Arthur Schott. 

Small, white, with close, flat, subconcentric, low ridges, abruptly 
attenuated or duplex on the posterior dorsal area; the valves rounded 
below with high beaks. The sculpture, on a small scale, recalls that 
of Amiantis callosa. 


CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) ASPERRIMA Sowerby, 1835. 


Gulf of California, at La Paz, and southward to Payta, Peru. 

This shell is easily confused with Protothaca grata Say, from which 
it may be distinguished by its more rasplike surface, larger lunule, 
extremely long anterior cardinal, and more cuneate outline. It is yel- 
lowish or olive, sometimes maculated with brown. Venus ¢ntersecta 
Sowerby, 1852, is said to be a synonym though the figures look more 
like (. pectorina. The dubious Lamarckian name of cardiordes has 
also been assigned to this species, but this depends chiefly on guess- 
work. The V. pectunculoides Valenciennes, 1839, is said to be 
identical. 

CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) TUMIDA Sowerby, 1852. 


Panama and West Colombia. 

This is distinguished from the preceding by its tumid, squarish form, 
finer and more delicate sculpture, and longer hinge line. It is not the 
variety twmida cited by Carpenter for a Californian Protothaca. 


CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) COLUMBIENSIS Sowerby, 1835. 


Mazatlan to Payta, Peru. 
This is remarkable for the strength of its flat ribs and rounded, 
—Cardium-like outline. It is not the Venus dombeyi ov dombeti of 
Lamarck, as was supposed by Deshayes, but it shares with that species 
the peculiarity of having the concentric sculpture absent over the mid- 
dle part of the disk. It is generally of a dark mottled brownish color 
_ externally, and white or with a faint purple flush internally, 
: Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 27 








396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) PERTINCTA Dall, 1902. 


Galapagos Islands. 

This is a remarkable shell, white, with brown flames on the poste- 
rior dorsal slope, and a brown lunule; the sculpture almost exclusively 
of distant narrow sulci, which tend to fail at an anterior space in front 
of the vertical of the heaks. The inner margin is crenulate and white, 
and except the cavity under the beaks, the interior is usually of a very 
dark rich purple. Worn specimens were referred to Paphia grata Say, 
by Stearns in his list of Galapagos shells, in 1893. 





ANOMALOCARDIA SUBRUGOSA Sowerby, 1834. 


Margarita Island, Lower California. the Gulf of California, and 
southward to Valparaiso. . 

This well-known and characteristic form was named Cytherea sub- 
sulcata by Menke according to Philippi, 1844; and Venus (Triquetra) 
triradiata Auton, 1839. 


ANOMALOCARDIA SUBIMBRICATA Sowerby, 1835. 


Cape St. Lucas, the Gulf of California, and south to Panama Bay. 
Venus bilineata Reeve, 1863, may perhaps be synonymous. Chione 
tumens Verrill, 1870, is one of the numerous mutations. 


VENUS KENNICOTTII Dall, 1871. 


Neah Bay, Washington, to Little River, Mendocino County, Cali-. 
fornia. 

Shell of a yellowish-white color and apparently very rare. It is 
finely closely lamellose over the whole surface and the rugose area of 
the hinge is much smaller than in V. mercenaria. The corrugated space 
is more narrow and delicate than in the Atlantic species, but this area 
is still further diminished in the Japanese V. stimpsoni Gould, the 
only exotic species of the group, first named V. orientalis in MS. 
according to Carpenter, 1856. 


VENUS APODEMA Dall, 1902. 


Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama, Arthur Schott. 
A rounded species with low, wide concentric riblets, radially striated 
on the umbones and with very feeble crenulation of the inner Inargins, 
MARCIA KENNERLEYI (Carpenter MS.) Reeve, 1863. 

Kadiak Island and Port Etches, Prince William Sound, Alaska; and 
southward to Monterey, California, in 8 to 18 fathoms. | 
The shell is grayish white, with low, coarse, somewhat irregular 
concentric ribbing. It has been confused by Gabb with Venus per- 


a nN: ~, op ° aS S , 
laminosa Conrad, 1855, a miocene fossil, and another form afterwards 
called pertenuis by Gabb, 1869, 


No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDZ—DALL. B97 





MARCIA RUFA Lamarck, 1818. 


4 


Chile, northward to the Gulf of Panama. 

This is the Venus opaca of Sowerby, 1835, and has the external fea- 
tures (but not the hinge) of Suv/domus,; there is also a circumscribed 
lunule. Venus lethorda Jonas, 1844, is synonymous and J. expallescens 
Philippi, 1844, is based on the young shell. The striation on the ante- 
rior half of the shell varies and may be obsolete. On a smooth spee- 
imen Deshayes, in 18538, founded his Suaidomus squalidus, a name 
which has been wrongly applied to a northwest coast species. Jonas 
stated in his diagnosis that there is no lunule, but his own drawing, 
given by Philippi, shows it to be present; and in separating Philippi’s 
figure from Jonas’s name Deshayes overlooked the fact that both were 
derived from Jonas himself. He also duplicates the species by enter- 
ing it as Chione rufa in his list. 


MARCIA (VENERELLA) SUBDIAPHANA Carpenter, 1865. 


Unimak Pass, Alaska, east and south to the Santa Barbara Channel, 
in 10 to 120 fathoms. 
Thin, white with olive gray periostracum; variable in form from 


trigonal to long ovate. Described by Carpenter under the name of 


Clementia. lt reaches a length of 63 mm. and is found in the Pliocene 
of California. 


PAPHIA (PROTOTHACA) GRATA Say, 1831. 


From Turtle Bay, on the Pacific shore of Lower California, to Cape 
St. Lucas, the Gulf of California, and southward to Panama Bay. 

This beautiful species revels in color variations, many of which have 
received names. Thus it is the Venus discors, tricolor, fuscolineata, 
and histrionica of Sowerby in 1835, and was called straminea (as of 
Conrad) by him in 1852. Deshayes referred it to Ch7one and described 
a Tapes grata from the Philippines in 1853, which is a whoily different 
shell, named 7. deshayes?i by Carpenter in 1864. It was called Venus 
muscaria by Reeve in 1863, but it is not the Cytherea muscaria ot 
Lamarck in 1818.) V. pectuneuloides Valenciennes, 1846, may be 
synonymous. The escutcheon varies from distinct to obsolete, and 
the species can not be divided on this character. Zipes fluctuosa 
Sowerby, 1853 not of Gould, 1841, is probably a young shell of this 
species. 

PAPHIA (PROTOTHACA STAMINEA Conrad, 1837. 


North Japan, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Bering Island, the Aleutians, 
and the west coast of America, from the peninsula of Alaska south- 
ward to Cape St. Lucas and Socorro Island. 

I have seen no specimens of this species from the Pribilof Islands 
or from south of Socorro Island. The specimens from Panama 


398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI, 








referred to this species should be united with 7. thaca Molina, which’ 
occurs there abundantly. It is one of the common market came of 
California, and is even canned for export. 

There are a number of recognizable varieties which will be noted. 
The typical form is elegantly radially ribbed with fine even riblets, 
the concentric sculpture inconspicuous, the color yellowish white with 
pale purplish brown maculations. This variety has been collected at” 
Crescent City, California, and occurs from thence southward to the — 
limits of the range, though the species is not abundant anywhere south ~ 
of Monterey, California. ; 

Conrad’s original specimens came from Santa Barbara and San 
Diego. Absolute synonyms of the typical form are Venus mundulus— 
Reeve, 1863; Chione straminea Deshayes, 1853, but not of Sowerby, 
1852; and Venus dispar and ampliata (Gould MS.) in Carpenter, 1857. 


PAPHIA STAMINEA var. PETITI Deshayes, 1839. 


This is the most common form of the species, the form especially — 
abundant north of the Columbia River. It is larger than the southern — 
variety, of a yellowish, chalky white, or dull gray color, without — 
maculations; and the separation of the sculpture into areas is often — 
well marked. er 

It was described as Venerupis and afterward referred to Saxidomus — 
by Deshayes. It is Venus rigida Gould, 1850 (not of Dillwyn, 1817), — 
in major part, and Zapes diversa Sowerby, 1852. F 


PAPHIA STAMINEA var. LACINIATA Carpenter, 1864. 


Monterey, California, to San Diego. ‘ 
This extremely elegant variety is evenly reticulated by concentric — 
and radial sculpture, and derives its individuality from the develop- 
ment of small prickles or spines at each intersection. When these — 
spines are worn off it can not be separated from the variety petit’, but — 
with them it is unmistakable. | 


PAPHIA STAMINEA var. RUDERATA Deshayes, 1853. 


This form, which is found chiefly in the north, is characterized by 
the turgidity and prominence of the concentric sculpture, which — 
becomes more conspicuous than the radial ribs. Occasionally the — 
shells are delicate and elegant, but usually specimens of this variety — 
are rude and irregular, coarse and unattractive. It was referred to — 
Chione by Deshayes, and sometimes it looks not unlike J/areia ken-_ 
nerley?, which, however, has no radial sculpture. ‘ 


PAPHIA STAMINEA var. ORBELLA Carpenter, 1864. 


This variety comprises those specimens which have nestled in the” 
borings of the large Pholads of the coast, especiaily at Monterey, and 
have been obliged to grow into an abnormally swollen and tumid 





No, 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA~—DALL. 399 





shape. They are usually chalky and of a gray tint. A variety fvin/da 
(but not Zapes tumida Sowerby, 1853) has been proposed by Carpen- 
ter, but it does not differ from orbe//a sufficiently to name, though it 
was renamed Ohione conrad’ by Romer in 1867. 


a PAPHIA STAMINEA var. SULCULOSA Dall, 1902. 
* : : a , 

_ San Ignacio lagoon, west shore of Lower California. 

_ This differs from the ordinary forms of the species in having the 


concentric sculpture obsolete, the ribs fewer and stronger, and behind 
_ the middle of the shell separated by equal or even wider unsculptured 

channels or interspaces. The color is pure white, and the only speci- 

“mens of this variety I have seen were collected hy Henry Hemphill. 


PAPHIA (PROTOTHACA) THACA Molina, 1782. 


Bay of Panama to Valparaiso, Chile. 
When well developed this form is very striking on account of the 
‘ discrepant sculpture on the different parts of the disk, a feature which 
exists, more or less distinctly, in all the species of this group. The 
young are sometimes prettily painted with purple brown. It is a 
“notable species for economic purposes in Chile, where it is largely 
used for food, and called taca. It was first described by Molina as 
~ Chama thaca and referred to Venus by Gmelin. It is the V. dombesi 
Lamarck, 1818; V. chilensis Sowerby, 1835; V. 7gnobil’s Philippi, 1844: 
but not Venus columbiensis Sowerby, as stated by Deshayes in 1853. 


« 


PAPHIA (CALLITHACA) TENERRIMA Carpenter. 1856. 


Victoria, British Columbia, and south to San Quentin Bay, Lower 
California. 
This magnificent shell is markedly distinct in its characters from, 
and much larger than any of the other west coast species of the genus. 
It seems to be rather rare. When Dr. Gould described his Venus 
— rigida (not Venus rigida Dillwyn, 1817) he included representatives 
of two species. One of these was Paphia staminea Conrad, and the 
_ other the: present species, which was discriminated by Dr. Carpenter. 


LIOCYMA BECKII Dall, 1870. 


é Plover Bay, Eastern Siberia, near Bering Strait, and southward to 
~ Unalaska, eastward to Kadiak and Prince William Sound, in 6 to 60 

- fathoms. Also North Japan. 

Shell subtrigonal, inflated, with yellow or greenish periostracum, and 
irregular concentric sulci. Length of largest individual, 18.0; diame- 


ter, 8.5 mm. 
LIOCYMA VIRIDIS Dall, 1871. 


_ Point Barrow, Arctic Ocean, south through Bering Strait and Sea 
to the Okhotsk Sea, the Aleutian Islands, and eastward to Kadiak 
Island, Alaska, in 4 to 70 fathoms. Also North Japan. 


400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Shell oval, quite inequilateral, when fresh of an olive-green or rich 


olive-brown color, bleaching on the beach to cream color, with regular, 
rather distant concentric sulci; subeompressed, sometime almost ros- 
trate behind. Maximum length, 38.0; diameter, 13.5 mm. 

The young are very like the adult Z. fuctuosa Gould, of the boreal 
Atlantic, but have a deeper pallial sinus. 


LIOCYMA SCAMMONI Dall, 1871. 


Port Simpson, British Columbia, Scammon. 

Brown, dark, solid, with heavy hinge and strong, prominent liga- 
ment. The umbones are more central and the pallial sinus more 
shallow than in any other species. Maximum length, 24.0; diameter, 
11.5 mm. 


VENERUPIS LAMELLIFERA Conrad, 1837. 





a 


ARS how = "522M 
vi lmotyines 21 ee 


is 


Srey 


ert 


Farallones Islands, off San Francisco Bay, and south to Lower _ 


California. 

This very irregular species has obsolete radial and often very strong, 
distant, concentric lamelle, though under favorable conditions, espe- 
cially in adolescent specimens, the lamellee may be thin and sharp. 
The young are brightly colored, the adults dull and earthy, though 
toward the southern extreme of its range the shell becomes more 
porcellanous. It was described as Venus lamellifera by Conrad, and 
Petricola cordiert Deshayes, 1839, 1s synonymous. It has been gener- 
ally known as Rupellaria lamellifera, as determined by Carpenter. 


VENERUPIS FOLIACEA Deshayes, 1853. 


Cape St. Lucas, the Gulf of California, and southward to Acapulco 
and the Bay of Panama. 

A short and foliaceous species, more or less stained with purple. 
Tapes squamosa Carpenter, 1857, from Mazatlan, is the nepionic young 
of this species. Venerupis paupercula Deshayes, 1853, if really from 
Mazatlan, is perhaps identical, and Venus troglodytes Morch, 1861, is 
certainly synonymous. 


VENERUPIS OBLONGA Sowerby, 1834. 


Bay of Panama to Payta, Peru. : 

Venerupis fimbriata Sowerby, 1853, is probably synonymous; J. edip- 
tica and V. solida Sowerby,1834, belong in the genus Petricola, where 
Sowerby originally placed them, and not in Venerupis, to which they 
were referred by Deshayes. The relations of V. oblonga to V. foliacea 
are in need of elucidation. 


No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALLI. 4()1 





PSEPHIDIA LORDI Baird, 1863. 


Port Etches, Prince William Sound, Alaska, and southward to Cata- 
lina Island, California, in + to 15 fathoms. 

White, pale green, or straw color, quite trigonal and plump, often 
containing the nepionic young. 


PSEPHIDIA OVALIS Dall, 1902. 


Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, the eastern Aleutians, and the main 
eoast eastward and southward to San Diego, California, in 3 to 20 
fathoms. 
Yellowish white, oval, subcompressed, and attaining a larger size 
than P. lordi. . 
 Psephis tellimyalis” Carpenter, 1864, is the nepionic young of 
Petricola, as determined from the type specimens. The name has 
often been mistakenly applied to P. ovalés, and the latter has also been 
mistaken for P. lordi in the absence of figures or typically named 
specimens. A species of Psephidia quite near to P. ovalis occurs in 
the Pleistocene terraces of Volcano Bay, Yesso, Japan, where speci- 
mens were collected by Pumpelly. 


GEMMA GEMMA Totten, 1834. 


Shores of San Francisco Bay, introduced with * seed” oysters from 
Chesapeake Bay about 1899. 

The form obtained is the variety purpurea Lea. For synonymy, 
ete., see Atlantic list. It is not yet certain that the species is estab- 
lished on the Pacific coast. 


NOTES ON AND DESCRIPTIONS OF WEST COAST AMERICAN SPECIES. 


The available material for the west coast of South America is so 
meager that no attempt has been made to include species which do not 
reach the southern limit of the Panamic fauna near Payta, Peru. 


CLEMENTIA SOLIDA, new species. 
Plate XIV, fig. 4. 


Shell large and solid for the genus, with an obscure ridge extending 
from near the beaks to the posterior end of the basal marein; wnbonal 
region concentrically undulated and the whole shell concentrically, 
somewhat irregularly, strongly striated; beaks prominent, small; lunu- 
lar region deeply impressed, though there is no defined lunule or 
escutcheon; ligament short, on strong nymphs; three entire ‘ardinal 
teeth in each valve; inner margins smooth; adductor scars large; pal- 
lial sinus narrow, long, obliquely ascending, rather blunt in front. 
Height, 63; length, 79; diameter, 34 mm. 


402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. 


A single valve of this rather remarkable shell was brought to the 
United States National Museum from Topolobampo, Mexico, by Pro-— 
fessor Daniels. Cat. No. 126352, U.S.N.M. 


CALLOCARDIA CATHARIA, new species. 





Plate XIV, fig. 3. 


Shell large, white, somewhat earthy, with a pale olive periostracum; o 
beaks high, prominent, strongly anteriorly directed over a large cord- ; { 
ate lunule delimited by an impressed line; extremities slightly pro- ff 
duced, base arcuate; anterior slope short and straight, posterior é 
arched, a shallow suleus cutting off a narrow raised area on each side a 
of the ligament; surface more or less shining, finely, closely, sharply, — 
concentrically sulcate; the middle of the shell in the early stages — 
smooth or with the sulcations feeble, but in the adult they are uni- 
formly continuous; interior white with a faint salmon flush in the — 
vavity of the beaks; pallial sinus very near the margin, exceptionally { 
wide and shallow, rounded in front; the muscular impressions quite — 
small; hinge well developed, normal. Length, 52; height, 43; diame-— 
ter, 50 mm. 

Bay of Panama, in 30 fathoms, mud, at station 2799, United States 
Fish Commission steamer Albatross. Cat. No. 96368, U.S.N.M. 

The species appears to be abundant and always pure white exter- 
nally. The pallial sinus seems to vary in form; in the younger shells 
it is relatively narrower and more angular, in the adults shorter and 
more rounded, These ditferences are rather surprising, as the form of 
the pallial sinus in most bivalves is fairly constant. 

PITARIA TOMEANA, new species. 
Plate XV, fig. 2. 

Shell small, yellowish white, rather earthy in texture, smooth except 
for very fine concentric wrinkles; beaks small, pointed; lunule small, 
detined by a feebly impressed line; periostracum thin, papyracous; 
interior white, margins entire, the area within the pallial line earthy, 
the pallial sinus linguiform, short; hinge normal, solid, the anterior 
lateral subconical. Length, 23.5; height, 20; diameter, 12 mm. 

Brought up with mud on the anchor at Tomé, Chile, by the United 
States Fish Commission steamer A/hatross.. Cat. No. 109220, U.S.N.M. 

This is an inconspicuous little species, which may in some instances 
develop color markings, though the specimens obtained do not. 


PITARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CALLICOMATA, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 8. 


Shell white, rather earthy, moderately convex, elongate ovate; coy- 
ered with prominent sharp, thin, concentric lamelle, every third or 
fourth of which is higher than the others; near the anterior end the 


na 


s 


ume be viucs 


; 
_ No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERID&—DALL. 403 


‘Jamellation is somewhat more prominent, as usually the case in this 
group; there are also some fine concentric wrinkles; lunule small, 
lanceolate, nearly smooth, impressed; ligament defended on each side 
by a narrow raised rib; there is no radial sculpture; interior pure 
white; pallial sinus long, linguiform, upper boundary of it nearly 
horizontal; internal margins smooth, hinge normal, anterior lateral 
strong. Length, 47; height, 36; diameter, 22 mm. 
Bay of Panama, in 14 fathoms, mud, at station 2801, by the United 
States Fish Commission steamer A/batross. Cat. No. 96388, U.S.N.M. 


CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) FORDI Yates. 
Plsteexe Ve eo. a7. 


As the original figures in the Bulletin of the Santa Barbara Society 
of Natural History are accessible to few students, I have added a fig- 
ure of a well-grown valve from the collection of the United States 
National Museum, dredged by me off the north side of Catalina Island 
in 16 fathoms. Cat. No. 120704, U.S.N.M. 


CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) MAGDALENZ, new species. 
Plate XV, fig. 6. 


Shell thin, inflated, suborbicular, inequilateral, the beaks near the 
anterior fourth of the length; color yellowish, with radial series of pale 
brown painting; lunule cordate, striate, flattish, pale brown; escutcheon 
not defined; sculpture of primary distant and secondary adjacent con- 
centric lamella which are pedicillate, their expanded summits coalescent 
and microscopically radially, closely striate; interior white or yellow- 
ish; inner margins minutely crenate; pallial sinus small, angular; hinge 
strong, anterior lateral distinct in the young, anterior right and pos- 
terior left cardinals thin, entire, the others thicker and suleate or bifid. 
Length, 42 (to 48); height, 38; diameter, 26 mm. 

Dredged by the United States Fish Commission steamer .1/atross 
off Magdalena Bay on the west shore of Lower California, at station 
9989, in 36 fathoms. Cat. No. 109214, UiSeN. Me. 


CYTHEREA (FOVEOLATA VAR?) LEPIDOGLYPTA Dall. 


, 


Plate XV, figs. 4, 5. 


Shell suborbicular, moderately convex, yellowish white, profusely 
concentrically lamellose; beaks prominent, anteriorly directed; lamelle 
on the beaks somewhat alternated, three or four secondary lamelle 
appearing between each pair of primary slightly higher ones, but over 
the greater part of the disk they are uniform and similar, with slightly 
wavy edges and the ventral face of each lamella very finely closely 
transversely striated, the bottom of the channels between the ribs 


404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. 


without sculpture except lines of growth; lunule large, cordate, cir- 
cumscribed by an incised line, lamellose, the apposited edges slightly 
pouting; escutcheon bordered by a sharp keel in the left and a rounded 
ridge in the right valve; wider and smooth in the left, narrower and 
more or less lamellose in the right valve, the latter slightly overlap- 
ping behind; ligament sunken but not covered; the concentric sculp- 
ture slightly more prominent distally; interior white, the margins 
finely crenulate; the pallial sinus short, wide, angular, reaching for- 
ward only to the vertical of the posterior end of the ligament; hinge 
strong, the posterior pair of right cardinals and the middle left one 
subsuleate; anterior lateral distinct. Length, 41; height, 36; diame- 
ter, 25 mm. 

Purchased with a lot of west coast beach shells at Acapulco, Mexico, 
in 1868, by W. H. Dall. Cat. No. 103286, U.S.N.M. 

This looks almost exactly like a young quahog, externally, and the 
Cytherea hinge is a surprise. Only one specimen has been examined, 
It agrees with dealer’s shells which come to me named foveolata 
Sowerby, a species which so far seems positively located only in the 
Cape Verde Islands. 


CYCLINELLA SINGLEYI, new species. 
Plate XV, fig. 3. 


Sheli suborbicular, white, shining, but not polished, covered with 
fine, sharp concentric striation and marked with obscure obsolete radial 
lineation; valves convex, slightly flattened on the posterior dorsal 
slope; beaks small, pointed, slightly anteriorly twisted; lunule lan- 
ceolate, defined by an impressed line; ligament long, strong, deeply 
inset; interior white, earthy, with entire margins and a deep, angular 
pallial sinus, pointing toward the umbo of the shell. Length, 39; 
height, 38; diameter, 23 mm. 

Collected near the delta of the Yaqui River, West Mexico, by J. A. 
Singley. Cat. No. 108817, U.S.N.M. 

This is a more inflated, more sharply sculptured, and more shining 
species than any of the others. 


CHIONE (LIROPHORA) SCHOTTII, new species. 
Plate X V1, fig. 7. 


Shell small, white, rounded-trigonal, with high, pointed, slightly 
recurved beaks; lunule long, lanceolate, narrow; escutcheon, limited 
by an inconspicuous keel, nearly smooth; sculpture of close-set subcon- 
centric, flattened ribs, separated only by much narrower sulci, and not 
always in harmony with the incremental lines; these ribs are abruptly 
attenuated or bifurcate on the posterior dorsal area; there is no trace 
of any radial sculpture; interior white; pallial sinus small and rather 





i 
j 
¥ 
J 
4 
r 
3 
} 
; 
v 


ear e 


ee oe 


a Se ate 


No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 405 


open; internal margins crenate, hinge normal, teeth entire. Leneth, 
14; height, 13; diameter, 8 mm. 

Collected by Arthur Schott, at Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama. 
Cat. No. 6226, U.S.N.M. 

These specimens .are small, and very likely not of full size; they 
may also be somewhat bleached, but they certainly can not be identi- 
fied with any of the other species of the coast. 


CHIONE (LIROPHORA) OBLITERATA, new species. 
Plate X VI, fig. 2. 


Shell solid and heavy, subtrigonal, with very posterior beaks; of a 
pale yellow or yellow-brown color, with faint purplish radial flames or 
flecks; lunule short cordate, nearly smooth; escutcheon elongate, 
excavated, smooth; beaks small, anteriorly directed; surface smooth 
or obsoletely radially striated, sculptured with heavy tumid concentric 
waves which in the adult become somewhat irregular and sometimes 
coalescent on the disk, more or less angular and bifid on the posterior 
dorsal slope; interior yellowish with a flush of purple near the hinge; 
hinge normal; pallial sinus very short and small, angular, inner mar- 
gins minutely crenate. Length, 24; height, 18; diameter, 14 mm. 

Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama, two left valves, Cat. No. 11821 
and 6227 U.S.N.M. 

This is the analogue of the Atlantic C. latilirata Conrad, but differs 
by well-marked characters from that as well as from the species of the 
paphia or marix type which have regular ribs. It reaches a length 
of some 30 mm. 


CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) PERTINCTA, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 9. 


Shell sclid, ovate or cuneate, white externally, with a flush of pink 
near the umbones, the small lanceolate lunule dark brown, the poste- 
rior dorsal slope with wavy red-brown lines irregularly longitudinal. 
There is a very narrow striated escutcheon; beaks low, at the anterior 
third; surface with feeble concentric sculpture not rising into lamelle; 
radial sculpture conspicuous, of sulci with the anterior slope steep and 
short, the other covering the whole interspace to the next posterior 
sulcus; near the lunule the sulci are close and well marked, then for a 
short space they are almost absent, after which they extend with rather 
wide interspaces to the posterior end of the shell; these characters of 
the sculpture may not be invariable, but in the two best preserved 
valves are similar; interior with the hinge strong, the middle left car- 
dinal bifid, the pallial sinus short, linguiform, the cavity of the valves 
except near the beaks and margin stained with very dark purple, the 
inner margins finely crenulate. Length, 37; height, 28; diameter, 
19 mm. 


ee 


406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. §) 


Indefatigable Island of the Galapagos group; a number of worn 
valves. Cat. No. 102457, U.S.N.M. 

The young shells appear to be oval, the only well-preserved adult 
valve, which is figured, is distinctly cuneate. In general the species 
is more elongate than the other species of the coast and the sculpture 
is quite unlike any of the others, the nearest being C. columbiensis, 
which has channeled and regular sulci between flat ribs. 


VENUS APODEMA, new species. 
Plate XV, fig. 8: 


Shell suborbicular, convex, white, concentrically ribbed with narrow, 
solid, hardly elevated riblets separated by narrower sulci; beaks very 
anterior, incurved, low, finely radially striated; anterior slope short 
with a small cordate lunule; posterior slope arcuate, with an elongated 
area bounded by a rounded ridge which does not interrupt the sculp- 
ture; interior white, the margins with fine obscure crenulation; pallial 
line with a short angular sinus; hinge normal, the corrugated area 
small and narrow. Height, 43; length, 47; diameter, 28 mm. 

Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama, Arthur Schott. Cat. No. 6248, 

TeS.IN SME 

A single somewhat worn valve was collected by Schott with numer- 
ous other beach shells, which he presented to the National Museum 
nearly fifty years ago. It has been named and figured, because of the 
interest attaching to the discovery of this genus in those waters, and 
because it seems certain that it does not agree with any already known 
species. It is very probable that the sculpture was considerably 
sharper when the shell was fresh and the concentric sculpture unworn, 
but it is evident that the latter never was sharply lamellar as in the 
Atlantic species. 


MARCIA KENNERLEYI Reeve apud Carpenter. 
Plate XIV, fig. 1. 
A figure of a specimen obtained alive in the harbor at Sitka, Alaska, 
is Included. Cat. No. 23441, U.S.N.M. 


A worn valve of this species was collected by me at Carmel Bay, 
near Monterey, California, in 1866. 


PAPHIA (PROTOTHACA) STAMINEA var. SULCULOSA, new species. 
Plate XIV, fig. 2. 


San Ignacio lagoon, Lower California; Henry Hemphill, Cat. No. 
105421, U.S.N.M. 

This form, through its modified sculpture, is so different from the 
ordinary type that it seemed best to figure it. Only with a large series 


can its relations to the type be fully appreciated. 


Ro. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDZ—DALL. 407 





LIOCYMA BECKII Dall. 





Plate XVI, fig. 3. 


Taiocyma beckii Dati, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, XIII, 1870, p. 207; Am. 
Journ. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 145, pl. x1v, fig. 7. 


_ Plover Bay, eastern Siberia, at the western entrance of Bering 
Botrait. Cat. No. 163110, U.S.N.M. 


f LIOCYMA VIRIDIS Dall. 
Plate XV, fig. 1. 
5 Liocyma viridis Dati, Am. Journ. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 146, pl. xrv, fig. 8. 


Kyska Harbor, Great Kyska Island, in 8 fathoms, sand; W. H. Dall. 
Cat. No. 160904, U.S.N.M. 


LIOCYMA SCAMMONI Dall. 


Plate X VI, fig. 1. 


Tiocyma scammoni Dati, Am. Journ. Conch., 1871, VII, p. 145, pl. xrv, fig. 9. 


Port Simpson, British Columbia; Capt. C. M. Scammon. Cat. No. 
163121, U.S.N.M. 
PSEPHIDIA LORDI Baird. 


Plate X VI, figs. 5, 6. 


Chione lordi Batrp, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863, p. 69, pl. m1, fig. 10. 
Psephis lordi CARPENTER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1865, p. 57. 
Lituya Bay, Alaska, in 8 fathoms, sand; W. H. Dall. Cat. No. 
163071, U.S.N.M. 
The specimen figured is perhaps more trigonal than usual, others 
are slightly more produced behind. 


PSEPHIDIA OVALIS, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 4. 


Shell small, white, polished, oval, subcompressed; surface with obso- 
lete concentric threads near the anterior base, but over most of the 
disk smooth; beaks small and very low, at about the anterior third 
of the length; lunule elongated, extremely narrow, nearly as long as 
the anterior dorsal slope; escutcheon linear or none; interior white, 
the pallial sinus moderate, pointed; internal margin delicately striated; 
hinge well developed, like that of P. /ord/, with three entire cardinals 
and no anterior lateral tooth. Length, 8.5; height, 6.5; diameter, 
3.0 mm. 


408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ 





North side Catalina Island, California, in 16 fathoms gravel and 
sand: W. H. Dall. Cat. No. 163089, U.S.N.M. 

The species is viviparous; some of those taken having as many as 
thirty young shells in the anal chamber. It is always distinguishable 
from Psephis tantilla (Gould) Carpenter by its hinge and oval form, 
and from P. lord? by its oval outline, compressed valves, and thinner 
shell. Psephis tellimyalis of Carpenter, 1864, is the nepionic young 
of aspecies of Petricola, and his Psephis salmonea bears the same rela- 
tion to some other bivalve, apparently a species of 7Z?vela, not 7. 
stultorwn. 

NOTES. 

Dosinia angulosa Philippi, through having the name of the Chinese 
province of Chi-li, latinized into chi/ense by Deshayes, has been erro- 
neously supposed to extend its range to South America. 

The National Museum contains a valve of Dosinia prostrata said to 
have been dredged in the Gulf of California, but as the collector had 
also visited and collected on the coasts of China and Japan, I suspect 
a mixture of labels to be responsible for an obvious error. Clementia 
gracillima Carpenter, 1857, from Mazatlan, is an unidentifiable nepi- 
onic shell, less than a tenth of an inch in length. 

The genus Cvrce does not occur on the west coast of America; even 
Gouldia, which might be expected, is unknown. ‘Two shells described 
as Circe margarita and C. subtrigona by Carpenter, in 1857, from 
Mazatlan, are nepionic shells, which are so juvenile in their characters 
as to be impossible of identification at present. We may assume it to 
be certain that they do not belong to the genus Circe. Circe num- 
mulina Lamarck, 1818, was listed from Central America by Sir E. 
Belcher, but his localities were notoriously not dependable. Cytherea 
petechialis Lamarck, 1818, is listed by Carpenter from Mazatlan, hay- 
ing been found among the Reigen shells, but it is certainly exotic, 
none having appeared from there for half a century.  Saxidomus 
brevisiphonatus Carpenter, 1865 (and Darina declivis of the same 
date), have never been collected since they were described from the 
Vancouver region. I believe them to be exotics which were acciden- 
tally mixed with West Coast shells. Specimens supposed to be the 
Saxidomus, sent by West Coast collectors, have invariably proved to be 
mutations of S. giganteus. The name Saxidomus squalidus, given to a 
South American shell, probably a Jurcia, has been frequently applied 
to the 8. giganteus, following an error of Carpenter. 


























SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAZ—DALL. 409 

INDEX TO NAMES OF SUBDIVISIONS. 

[Synonyms in italies.] 

Page. Page. 
eee eee eee ere aes S20 | (Crypiogramma <. .. 2-20.22... 859 
BRE ete ot Se ommsoue ole! (OUNEUSE aso 8 ek 350, 364 
eae ep ae ote Sumo sUnOsn | my elGe sto. ki 28s 5. stl... BB 
Seep ee 2/5 Se au S's 346 | Cyclinella_........ 357,373, 391, 392, 404 
BA Pek Beever ee ie Soa ONClOMAMae «2. -)-.2..22-..-.2. 355. 357 
BP ee ee carers 2 a a! INS 2 S10 ACC) i a a a a RI 17 
PR Ren etek Ec, 364 | Svprinerias ote OU a oe) SRE 
Berar isle cise sie a ais srS.e 396, 358 | Cytherea RRM ee ieee SON 259 
Basu Lee = 399, 375, 376, 396 | Cytherea . 354, 355, 372, 381, 382, 390, 403 
REP SAM SRN il 359 | Cytherea .................. 346, 352, 358 
PR ee paki 355, 356 | Criieniongis 6s). 222. AE eg 
pert ts ite (oe 3 SOON OIOTe 22 ohne ee Lk) Basen 
eee Sete tes SE 2,2 a am OU ISIC) <i 2) che a x's) oi nn 1 ona 
Ree eee Meee a at afi ht Eh: SOUP OS eee ene ak ey) oe 346, 355 
Me Psretge en oe ae ee BtomieDosineliay 2 ve oa ee eas 
Me ee Sethe bake te 346 | Dosinia .-_........ 346, 366, 379, 384, 408 
RR ae teen See. Be 306. | Dosinidia _............ 347, 366, 379, 384 
mee PENI Se NT EE ot SOOM UOSinimnee Is = 2 6b tlk ae a 
Reema eee oe ot 346 | Dosiniopsis ............... 345,346, 355 
ee re oR hf he aT OS BLOm WOntmiscd, SA 8e 2 feo ae Lee Ae, 
Peper en er ee TES soul Wosinorpis 842 ob 347 
ee eee avon Hicallista. 2 F222. 0: sco. oka 2. 8529870 
PENS ee ore iv AAT oem utepen se... bee Te eh Se Eo 
Ree a ee ee eerie feblibivelan 5 tees Lee O88 34g SRe 
meee eee Sy ee Ooi RE BOLCKURtne hohe. wey Sees oon SM ae 
NS A ee ee ron Grab rarimmn © 2:5 oe a bee! 2. = SHOR 869 
3 SEES cen en ea ee Bode Gemma ne sce 2a ats BGHT STS a0 
Pe 8 eee bo al Scie BooesoD Gerumince:-v (fear Uy | age 
= eu Sea ea eee 362 | Gomphina -.-......... 356,358, 359, 375 
r mealntnacas. 8. DO Voor gon | GOul diane este 22 ol eee 350, 369 
= Callocardia _...._. p03, d10,051, 507,402 | Grateloupia..... 2. ...222.220 265 348 
. REM oo ae d0d,004 ), Grateloupina 2.225... .2.u. VoS2 348 
: Meee ek SOU NL Lremitdt pes see ens ob soe ee! ee 360 
ee elk SOM RTCA DOS creo Rea «Pen a os 359, 361 
OHO | TICRNMONE 2 w Le mae ce ce oe 359 
Mee 300, 308 | Hyphantosoma.-.-.---:.....5 4. 354 
geenione meee |. 307, 373, 374, 275, 382, | Hysteroconcha...-.... 354, 371, 388, 389 
SILA OUS os aO404, 405) || Teanotia 22622. 22426 22850. kee 362 
Beene cits Bic iaracn aia BAG Op oa lI ne eee eee eC | Bp 
Ses OURO! G00,909,.060,007 | Katelysia ........--..-.-2---.... . 860 
Be es i soe Roos ool 406 | Mareysia +. - 42. .2e sas = «=~ =) DOU, AOL 
ye ons oe neha 351 | Lamelliconcha .-...... 354, 372, 389, 402 
Ese Soo. | eepidocardiac 2 o225-2-5525-u-2-- 9) 000 
eer eo asc SO CMMUICUCOM Games Mean eee ee See OOO 
.. 22 ee BUA eLeURON UG to Lee soa aeeten Looe 
Bee N eee Ls oo yeoa. | Lipconchavs 22.2. 22.< sas ccek2c. 0 SOL 
Re ee cs ck 358 | Liocyma.......... 364, 378, 399, 400, 407 
ee a, 348, 384, 401, 408 | Lirophora ..-.. 358, 375, 394, 395, 404, 405 
Pee eee ee Sct kee Ss DOU lt TALCMROMBtA= es aS oe Se ae = 'y COE 
tee ass Se 3 SAP LUOCUNLE eee te a a Sie ase oe Soo OOS 





410 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


Page. | Page. 





Macridiscus: 22225. este aoe ee 309. |) Pesci "si es eee ee eee 366 | 
Macrocallista..-... 351, 353, 369; 386, 887 |" Bullastras. 955i = soe eee 363 
Marcie ee 359, 360, 396, 397, 406: | Pullastra_ 22 22 ee ees 362 
Mertoiarid. cs ee 360, 361 | Radiocnsta =acu ses eeee ae eee 390 
Wharelin Omid es eae ee ae 361 | Ruditapess..< see eee 3638, 364 — 
WMicretricines coe eee cee ee 348, ) Salaam O12) oP sae eee 361 
Miare tiie sats eee es ee tees ae 302) | Sad OmiUs ee ee 356, 364, 391,408 
WMCROE Ssc2 Ge SOs ee oe 350) || Solandenina = see eee eee 350 — 
Meligti-2 sone aie 2 ee aay es 363: |? Suneéttat 2222s eee 349 
Miircig 2. Ape eee ee 358,.359, 360.| Sunetting 2255405) 350 
WVICUISO DS 0S Peso ee 363: “Tapes: sae aseeeee eee 396, 362, 363, 364 
MISWES UG ok ee an see ee ee 363. |. Taurotopesss: se eee eee 362 — 
Mysia Nhat Aa eye 7 ae I elena 357 |. Lethiopsise= 52 sae a ee 357 & 
NU TAD TiC erate ree ae epee 352.-|' Textiventiss =o.) sae eee 354, 361 ¥ 
Omphaloclathrim 2.2 = 4. 3-2-2 308 Testiia =. 2a Se Ores eee es 362° 
Orbiculu si tues een aes 346.) Thetiopsis; 2-6) se. p oe eee 357 
ORY GIO a= knee soo ee we 359 |, "Ehetinonia .ic ose eer yee eee 357 
RDG Ae se aoe eae 359! | Lhehis zs. 25 see eee eee eee 390, 357 i 
Rachydesmaeaeao-8 ae 349, 368, 386 | Timoclea _._-- 358, 374, 375, 395, 396, 405 
Paphia soe eae 362, 397, 398, 399, 406 | Tivela .... 348, 349, 367, 380, 381, 385, 386 
(RODRIG Sa a ape tes Aaa eee 950..|-"Diveling) ec ees eee eat gee 354 
IRaractanve cas se nee oS ae ee 365,-379\.| Dotleniae <2 seen 2 ee 36D. 
PALALAOER ME ane ee Sata see 362 | Transennella......-.-- 348, 367, 379, 384 f 
ROREMUOLUS Saat ee ee ee 363.| ‘Trigond): 232 2 en ee ee ee 349 . 
IRe ETNA a Aeterna 301 | Prigonella: = 329-92 ee 5 ae 349 
Rarniventsae 42 2b 8 oe 359 -|) Priquétra: 23 =) see Ses 359 
POSER Se eat 358: |" Venerel lie s2= 5 sce eee 361, 397 
Belecyora. = Sesa- Shs Rinne 346 | Vertrigloss¢.... 4-00, ae ee 303 
PEW ORG ti 2 eros eh ee 365. |; Venere: . =) ep ese eee 357 
EPL een ts ey Bete ae Sot hale eI re 304 | Venermmupisesseoomee ose eee ae 365 | 
Pitan aateios setae Soe see 353, | Venerupis) - 23222 64-.-n Seen 365, 400 
354, 370, 371, 372, 387, 388, 402 | Ventricola .... 355, 372, 381, 382, 390, 403 
OUIGICADERN Te, meee tote 2 chon oat 363 Venus. 354, 355, 360, 376, 377, 378, 396, 406 
Braiapesetemcet ys ce ee 362 | Venusarius <2. 2 222.225 eee 355 
EGOLOunaca eee eae 364,397,399; 406) |) Violuwpia) sees ee eee ee 358 
Bsa Ghisisese a usta se 366, 401,407 | Zucleica@e os 2 ee ee 358 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
Puate XII. 
EAST AMERICAN VENERID®. 


Dosima (Dosinidia) discus Say. Cat. No. 54094, U.S.N.M.; South Carolina; 
length, 70.0 mm.; p. 379. 

Tivela nasuta Dall. Cat. No, 153377, U.S.N.M.; length, 33.0 mm.; Santa 
Marta, Colombia; p. 380. 


Tivela braziliana Dall. Cat. No. 125468, U.S.N.M.; length, 40 mm.; Brazil; — 


p. 381. 


Callocardia ( Agriopoma) zonata Dall. Cat. No. 92015, U.S.N.M.; length, 22.0 


mm.; North Carolina; p. 381. 


Cytherea ( Ventricola) strigillina Dall. Cat. No. 95608, U.S.N.M.; length, 38.0 v 


mm.; Key West, Florida; p. 381. 


}. Dosinia (Dosinidia) elegans Conrad. Cat. No. 6120, U.S:N.M.; length, 68.0 


mm.; Texas; p. 379. 


. 
% 


4. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 411 


= Prate XIII. 
EAST AMERICAN VENERID®. 


a 1. Dosinia (Dosinidia) discus Say, interior view. Cat. No. 54094, U.S.N.M.; 
Ke length, 70 mm.; South Carolina; p. 379. 
t 2. Chione mazyckii Dall. Cat. No. 92022, U.S.N.M.; length, 15.0 mm.; North 
, Carolina; p. 382. 
3. Tivela abaconis Dall. Cat. No. 103551, U.S.N.M.; length, 11.0 mm.; Abaco 
Island, Bahamas; p. 380. 
4, Transennella cubaniana Orbigny, Cat. No. 54135, U.S.N.M.; length, 10.6 mm. ; 
St.. Croix, West Indies; p. 379. 
5. Transennella conradina Dall, interior view, showing characteristic sulcations 
of the margins. Cat. No. 64437, U.S.N.M.; length, 11.0 mm.; West Flor- 
ida: p 379. 
6. Cytherea (Ventricola) callimorpha Dall. Cat. No. 64292, U.S.N.M.; length, 
15.5 mm.; Barbados; p. 382. 
. Dosinia (Dosinidia) elegans Conrad, interior view. Cat. No. 6120, U.S.N.M.; 
length, 68.0 mm.; Texas; p. 379. 


~T 


PrarE XIV. 
WEST AMERICAN VENERID®. 


Fig. 1. Marcia kennerleyi Carpenter. Cat. No. 23441, U.S.N.M.; length, 71 mm.; 

Sitka, Alaska; p. 406. 

2. Paphia ( Protothaca) staminea Conrad, variety sulculosa Dall. Cat. No. 105421, 
U.S.N.M.; length, 55.0 mm.; San Ignacio Lagoon, Lower California; 
p- 406. 

3. Callocardia (Agriopoma) catharia Dall. Cat. No. 93638, U.S.N.M.; length, 
52.0 mm.; Panama Bay; p. 402. 

4. Clementia solida Dall. Cat. No. 126352, U.S.N.M.; length, 79.0 mm.; Topolo- 
bampo, Mexico; p. 401. 


Prater XV. 
WEST AMERICAN VENERID®. 


Fig. 1. Liocyma viridis Dall. Cat. No. 160904, U.S.N.M.; length, 31.0 mm.; Kyska 
Harbor, Aleutian Islands; p. 407. 
2. Pitaria tomeana Dall. Cat. No. 109220, U.S.N.M.; length, 24.0 mm.; Tome, 
Chile; p. 402. 
3. Cyclinella singleyt Dall. Cat. No. 168817, U.S.N.M.; length, 39.0 mm.; Yaqui 
River delta, Gulf of California; p. 404. 
4. Cytherea (Ventricola) foveolata variety lepidoglypta Dall Cat. No. 103286, 
U.S.N.M.; length, 41.0 mm.; Acapulco, Mexico; p. 403. 
. The same, vertical view, showing lunule and escutcheon. 
6. Cytherea (Ventricola) magdalene Dall. Cat. No. 109214, U.S.N.M.; length, 
42.0 mm.; Magdalena Bay, Lower California; p. 403. 
. Cytherea ( Ventricola) fordi Yates. Cat. No. 120704, U.S.N.M.; length, 47.0 
mm.; Catalina Island, California; p. 403. 
8. Venus apodema Dall. Cat. No. 6243, U.S.N.M.; length, 47.0 mm.; exterior 
view of a somewhat worn specimen from Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama; 
p. 406. 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 


ov 


“I 





28 





Or 


“I 


. Liocyma scammoni Dall. Cat. No. 163121, U.S.N.M.; length, 20.5 mm.; Port 


2. Chione (Lirophora) obliterata Dall. Cat. No. 11821, U.S.N.M.; length, 24.0 


. Psephidia ovalis Dall. Cat. No. 163089, U.S.N.M.; length, 9.0 mm.; Catalina 
_ Psephidia lordi Baird. Cat. No. 163071, U.S.N.M.; length, 7.5 mm.; Kyska 


. The same, umbonal view showing lunule. 
. Chione (Lirophora?) schottii Dall. Cat. No. 6226, U.S.N.M.; length, 14.0 mm.; 


. Chione (Timoclea) pertincta Dall. Cat. No. 102457, U.S.N.M.; length, 37.0 












PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Puate XVI. 


WEST AMERICAN VENERID®. 


Simpson, British Columbia; p. 407. 

mm.; Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama; p. 405. 
Liocyma beckii Dall. Cat. No. 163110, U.S.N.M.; length, 14.0 mm.; Plover 

Bay, near Bering Strait, Eastern Siberia; p. 407. 

Island, California; p. 407. 

Harbor, Aleutian Islands; p. 407. 

Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama; p. 404. 2 
Pitaria (Lamelliconcha) callicomata Dall. Cat. No. 96388, U.S.N.M.; 


47.0 mm.; Bay of Panama; p. 402. 


mm.; Galapagos Islands; p. 405. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL, XII 





EAST AMERICAN VENERIDA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 410. 








- U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XIII 





2 


este 


‘Creamy 


4 

« 

= 
7 





East AMERICAN VENERIDA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 411. 








XIV 


PE. 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 





WEsT AMERICAN VENERIDA 


For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 411 





PL. XV 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 





West AMERICAN VENERIDA. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 411 


oa, 


the ool 





PL. XVI 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 





WEST AMERICAN VENERIDA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 412. 










Halon lah 


ON THE LOWER DEVONIC AND ONTARIC FORMATIONS 
OF MARYLAND. 


By CHARLES SCHUCHERT, 


Assistant Curator, Division of Stratigraphic Paleontology. 


Cumberland, Maryland, has long been famous for its Oriskany fos- 
sils, which were first brought to the attention of paleontologists by 
Mr. William Andrews, and described by Hall in the third volume of 
the Paleontology of New York. The Helderbergian fossils are more 
difficult to secure, and these ‘* Medals of Creation” become more and 
more rare as one proceeds downward in the section. It is for this 
reason, as well as for the great amount of folding and sometimes of 
erumpling to which the formations have been subjected, that the per- 
fect succession of the Ontaric“ and Lower Devonic rocks of Maryland 
has so long remained in obscurity. In a general way that succession 
has been known for many years, but as late as 1897 the term Lewis- 
town formation was used to cover the equivalents of the New York, 
Niagara, Salina, and Lower Helderberg. Mr. Robert H. Gordon 
began to collect fossils about Cumberland in 1894, and through him, 
in the autumn of 1899, my own interest in this locality became so 
great that since then we have together gone over the sections five 
times. In the main our studies have been confined to the Helderberg- 
ian and Oriskanian deposits, though we have investigated the lower 
formations often enough to learn that the composite section (p. 422) 
is essentially correct. In regard to the lower beds of the Ontaric 
here discussed use has been made of the work of the Maryland 
Geological Survey, by R. B. Rowe and C. C. O’Harra. 

In this connection, [ desire to express my indebtedness to Mr. Gor- 
don, whose detailed knowledge of the formations around C yumberland, 


“The eae erent for (ae Eee For een of thie and the 
Lower Devonic terms here used see Clarke and Schuchert, Science, December 15, 
1899, pp. 874-78. 


— = a ne 


Beeecepiice U. S. RRIOHAE Museum, VOL. XXVI, Ne Ailes 


414 PROC ee OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


and whose aid mae inte rest in my W none have greatly increased the value 
of the present paper. The work of the local collectors of Cumberland, 
Messrs. Frank Hartley, George M. Perdew, and G. M. Roeder, has 
also been of much benefit. These united efforts have resulted in 
unearthing many new species and new faunule im which the Cystidea 
form an important part. The best material dn the collections has been 
deposited in the United States National Museum, and will serve as 
the basis for a monograph of the Ontaric and Lower Devonie fossils 
of Maryland, now in preparation for the Geological Survey of that 
State, under the direction of Dr. W. B. Clark. 

Cumberland Basin.—The Ontarie and Devonie deposits, from the 
Juniata to the close of the Oriskany, were laid down in an Appalachian 
trough, which Ulrich and Schuchert“ have termed the Cumberland 
Basin. This basin was bounded on the west by the Helderbergian 
barrier, which existed possibly from Clinton, but certainly from 
Niagaran time, and extended from the region of Cayuga Lake, New 
York, southwestward to west of Altoona, Pennsylvania, through west- 
ernmost Maryland, central West Virginia, into eastern Tennessee. To 
the east of this barrier and about parallel with it was the Appalachian 
Valley fold. ~ Between these lay the Cumberland Basin, which steadily 
subsided from early Ontaric time to the close of the Oriskanian. The 
area of greatest subsidence was in central Pennsylvania (Lewistown), 
since here occurs the greatest thickness for nearly all the formations. 
To the north and south the formations pinch out, but during Helder- 
bergian time a transgression sets in which first attains the Mohawk 
River in New York and subsequently spreads as far south as Hancock 
County, Tennessee. During the Becraft of Helderbergian time, in the 
western area of the Cumberland Basin, throughout West Virginia, 
Maryland, and southern Pennsylvania, little deposition took place, but 
about 60 miles east conditions were normal and here occur faunas of 
Becraft time. This sea spread north to the Mohawk River, but south 
of Covington, Virginia, it had no great extent. In the western area 
the Lower On iskany black chert rests conformably upon, but sharply 
separated from, the late New Scotland shale zone. In the eastern area 
nothing as yet has been found comparable with the Lower Oriskany 
of the Cumberland region, and it may be that no deposits of this time 
were there laiddown. During Upper Oriskany time sedimentation was 
again general and continued until the close of the Maryland Oriskanian. 
Then a land condition prevailed in this basin south of middle Pennsyl- 
vania, throughout Esopus and Onondaga time. To the north of middle 
Pennsylvania, howeyer, the Oriskanian sea continued, and finally, in 
late Oriskanian time (Decewville), the Atlantic fauna spread by way 
of the Mohawk depression into the Mississippian eee The 


a Report of the New ork State Paleontolenee 1901 [1902], pp. 647-652. 


oa Ca 


fa 


~ 


igs 


' 


s- 


No. 1313. LOWER DEVONIC OF MARYLAND—SCHUCHERT. 415 





Mississippian Middle Devonie transgression did not attain its greatest 
extent until Marcellus time, when it crossed the Helderbergian barrier 
and completely invaded the Cumberland Basin as far east as the Appa- 
lachian Valley fold. Then the Atlantic fauna again spread into the 
Marcellus sea of the Mississippian province. 

Juniata, Tuscarora, and ~Niagaran deposits of Cumberland Basin. 
In the present paper the lower members of the Ontaric wil! not be 
further described than to mention that the formations beneath the 
Salina have a united thickness of 1,934 feet. More detail is given in 
the composite section (pp. 428-4). The fauna from these formations 
is at present a small one, and outside of Arthrophycus harlani, Atrypa 
reticularis,and Leptena rhomboidalis, all the species appear to be new. 
While these formations have the position of the New York Medina, 
Clinton, Rochester, Lockport, and Guelph, they are not all to be 
called by these names, because, in the absence of characteristic species, 
the faunas indicate that the Maryland Niagaran deposits belong to 
another sea province. The conspicuous life element of these sedi- 
ments is represented by a few species of Ostracoda, which are at 
times so wonderfully prolific as to make up, in large part, limestone 
bands 2 to 4 inches thick. These forms appear in the so-called Clin- 
ton, attain greater development in the thin limestone bands of the fol- 
lowing formation, and in the Salina are the essential fossils, where the 
small Ostracoda are joined by large Leperditia. The other fossils of 
the lower formations are a few species of brachiopods of the genera 
Rhynchonella and Rhynchospira; sometimes quite prolific, and of the 
trilobites Calymene, Dalmanites, and Lomalonotus. This faunal 
development is wholly unlike that of the Niagaran of the interior 
United States, and is known to be restricted to the Appalachian 
region from southern Virginia north into New York. For this 
area note the absence of the following fossils characteristic of the 
New York Niagaran: Spirifer radiatus, S. niagarensis, S. crispus, S. 
sulcatus, Pentamerus oblongus, Caryocrinus, Eucal yptocrinus, ete. 
These facts show that the Maryland faunas were probably derived 
from the east or the Atlantic during Silurie time, and that this sea 
then had no communication with the one farther west, which Walcott 
has called the Mississippian sea.“ 

Salina formation.—Ten miles southwest of Cumberland, along the 
line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and a little west of the sta- 
tion of Pinto, Maryland, there is a splendid section of Salina rocks. 
Every foot of the 1,125 feet in the vertical beds of this formation, 
which is described in detail in the composite section, can here be 
studied. The Niagaran deposits are seen to pass without apparent 
break into the Salina, but no part of its fauna is found higher up, 








«Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., XLI, June, 1894, pp. 129-169. 


416 POC OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





unless it be a few of the Ostr aod whic hh remain uideesemined The 
lower 400 feet of the Salina formation are characterized by Ostracoda, 
particularly the lowest 130 feet, or the cement beds, where these small 
crustaceans are often present in considerable numbers. Not a frag- 
ment of Lurypterus has been secured here. 

The next 285 feet introduce a very meager fauna, a small J/eristella 
predominating and becoming the common fossil in the higher beds. 
Here also has been found a single plate of the fish Pa/leaspis bitrun- 
cata. Just above, or about 700 feet above the base of the formation, 
there is a well-marked, but thin, fossiliferous zone, having small ??/yn- 
chonella lamellatu in abundance, a Rhynchospira recalling P. globosa, 
a small Meristella, Orthothetes, new species; Murchisonia, a small 
Modiolopsis-like bivalve, and, rarely, Zentaculites gyracanthus. Above 
this horizon for nearly 425 feet no fossils other than the small J/er/s- 
fella have been found. Then a prolific fauna indicating the Manlius 
formation rapidly makes its appearance. 

The Salina formation of Maryland is a continuous series of deposits, 
and appears to be the equivalent not only of all the Salina and Water- 
lime of New York, but also includes the hiatus between the Waterlime 
beds with Hurypterus and the ‘* Bull Head” rock of western New 
York correlated with the Manlius. In eastern New York the whole 
of the Salina lies beneath the ‘* Corralline limestone” of the Schoharie 
section, yet some of the diagnostic fossils of this zone occur in Mary- 
land at the base of the next, or Manlius, formation as here defined. 
In New Jersey it appears that all of Weller’s ‘* Decker Ferry forma- 
tion,” from what he calls the ‘*Bossardville limestone,” up to the 
**Coralline limestone” bed of his ‘‘Rhynchonella lamellata zone,” 
representing a thickness of 42 feet, includes the horizon either of our 
bed 5a of the Salina formation, or part of this zone and our 47 of the 
Manlius. It seems hardly probable that all of Weller’s Decker Ferry 
is so young as the base of the Maryland Manlius, for if it were one 
would expect to find some of the cystids, especially Spherocystites, the 
leading fossil of the lower Manlius. In any event this formation is 
either transitional to or les partly in our basal member of the Man- 
lius. This correlation is further supported by a study of a number 
of sections extending from southern Pennsylvania into New Jersey, 
and thence to the type locality of Schoharie, New York. These sec- 
tions will be published elsewhere. 

The Salina of Maryland is continuous with that of Pennsylvania, 
where it attains a thickness of 1,600 feet in Perry County. Parts of it 
have received various names, as Bloomsburg red shale, Bridgeport 
sandstone (= Lower Salina), and Bloomfield or Landisburg sandstone 
(= Middle Salina). In Pennsylvania, as in Maryland, the formation is 
devoid of Hurypterus (except at Selinsgrove Junction, where were 
found a few thoracic segments), but it abounds in large Leperditia 


= 
No, 1313. LOWER DEVONIC OF MARYLAND—SCHUCHERT. 417 


and, rarely, in Palexaspis. The Penney lvania Salina unites ‘the deposits 
of New York with those of Maryland and the Virginias. 

Manlius formation.—This formation has in Maryland a thickness of 
about 110 feet and consists, asa rule, of thin-bedded, impure limestones, 
which in the lower third are more shale than limestone. It should be 
said in this connection that there is no natural line or lithologic differ- 
ence by which the Manlius can be separated from the Salina below or 
from the Coeymans above. The sequence of deposition is here con- 
tinuous, and there was no marked physical event in the Cumberland 
Basin to cause a change in the lithology at this time. Our line of sep- 
aration is therefore somewhat arbitrary, and is based on the first 
abundant occurrence of fossils of the type of the New York Manlius, 
a criterion of unequal value in different places. The early abundance 
of life in this horizon recalls the ** Coralline limestone” fauna of New 
York, and it soon is blended with the Bryozoa and cystid fauna found 
a little higher in the lower third of the Manlius. 

At Pinto, Maryland, near the base of the Manlius, occurs a great 
abundance of Cladopora rectilineata Simpson, one of the guiding fos- 
sils for these beds. It is also found at Cash Valley, near Cumber oud 
at about the same zone, where occasionally are obtained Acervularia(?) 
inequalis Hall, [alysites, and Chonetes jerseyensis, three of the leading 
fossils of the *‘ Coralline limestone” of Schoharie, New York. At this 
locality Spirifer octocostatus, Nucleospira cf. ventricosa, and Phyncho- 
nella approaching 2. campbellana are likewise found. 

Near the middle of the Manlius there is a zone of hard, massive, 
dark blue limestone, well shown near the Market street bridge, in the 
city of Cumberland. It was from this place and horizon that Mr. 
Andrews collected some of his *‘ Lower Helderberg” fossils, which 
were described as such by Hall. They are Merista typa, M. camura, 
Spirifer modestus, S. octocostatus, and Strophonella geniculata. None 
of these species are known to occur outside of the Manlius, and they 
must therefore be eliminated from the Helderbergian as now restricted, 
which begins with the next formation or Coeymans. The exact locality 
of the type specimen of Sphexrocystites multifasciatus is not known, 
but it could have been found only in the Manlius horizon about 
Cumberland. 

In the ballast quarries of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, near 
Keyser, West Virginia,“ may be seen to good advantage an extended 
section not only of the Manlius and about 100 feet of the Salina, but 
also of the entire Coeymans and New Scotland formations. The 
lowest zone (47) does not yield the corals of the ‘‘ Coralline” horizon, 








“It is reported that this railroad had spent upward of $2,000,000 in this quarry 
during the past three years. The great amount of work thus represented has made 
it possible to gather a rew and unique Manlius fauna. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 29 





418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ 


but the brachiopods associated with them, and mentioned above, — 





occur here. 

Zone 4d is the most interesting faunally, and is marked by a great 
abundance of the cystid Spherocystites multifasciatus. Associated 
with this species, but as a rule far less abundant, occur ten new 
species of cystids, several new crinoids, Spirifer modestus and S. va- 
nucemi in profusion, Rhynchotrema formosa, and many other forms. 
Immediately above (4c) occur numerous fine specimens of that little- 
understood fossil Camarocrinus; also Calymene camerata and Tenta-~ 
culites gyracanthus. Then comes a zone with anew form of Gyp/diula 
near G. galeata. 

The Manlius may also be studied to advantage at the Devil’s Back 
Bone near Cumberland. At this point the formation is less shaly, 
with more pure dark blue limestone, and the fauna is somewhat 
different because the fossils are derived from slightly different. 
horizons than at the Keyser quarries. For the sake of completeness 
the Manlius part of the section is here given: 

D.B.B.a. Thin-bedded shaly limestone abounding in Bryozoa of the genera 
Fenestella, Polypora, Ptilodictya, Orthopora, Drymotrypa, Stictoporina, Batostomella, 
and Lioclema; also Orthothetes deformis, Rhynchotrema formosa, and very rarely 
Sphenocystites muliifasciatus 2. 2.42 jaca ee eee 2 ee 32 feet. 

D. B. B.b. Massive hard dark blue limestone, the upper 7 feet abounding in a 


new form of Gypidula. Just below this horizon are found Merista typa, Spirifer 
modestus, S. vanuxemi, Strophonella geniculata, Orthothetes deformis, and rarely 


Tentaculites gyracanthts©.). S222 3222 22 ee se ee ee ee 26 feet. 
D. B. Bic. Thin-bedded limestone with slender Bryozoa of the genus Orthopora and 
rarely arCamarocrinus - - 52/26 558 aoe ee ee eee 32 feet. 


About 20 feet more of the beds below are regarded as Manlius. 


From this it is seen that the faunule of the Manlius are not constant 
even within so small an area as 25 miles around Cumberland. For 
instance, at Keyser, West Virginia, the lower third swarms with cys- 
tids, while elsewhere these fossils are very rare. At the Devil’s Back 
Bone there is a bed 7 feet thick abounding in a Gypidula of small 
size. At Keyser this form is found higher up and has increased in 
size, while near Pinto it is found still higher and has developed into 
the almost typical Gypédula galeata of the Coeymans. As a rule, 
Stromatopora does not develop abundantly in the Manlius, and yet 
near Hyndman, Pennsylvania, just over the Maryland line, there is a 
bed 5 feet thick composed of this form (see section on p. 419). Gen- 
erally, however, most of the fossils occur in a restricted zone, and the 
difference in the faunule is probably due to the greater local develop- 
ment of certain groups, as the Cystidea, Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, and, 
more rarely, Stromatopora. 

Cocymans limestone.—This formation throughout Maryland is fairly 
constant in its lithologic aspect, being a purer, heavier bedded, and 
tougher limestone than the Manlius. Faunally it is, as a rule, easily 
recognized by the Stromatopora beds, which weather out as curly or 





—— = 


No. 1313, LOWER DEVONIC OF MARYLAND—SCHUCHERT. 419 





nodular masses. In the vicinity of Cumberland there are two Sfroma- 
topora beds, fairly constant in their position, but at Keyser, West 
Virginia, they are nearly obsolete. On the other hand, at Hyndman, 
Pennsylvania, a few miles north of Cumberland, specimens of Stro- 
matopora are exceedingly prolific, and to bring out this development 
the following section is given, based on two quarries just back of the 
village. The strata are nearly vertical: 


= Partially covered slope of hill over which occur many pieces of Stroma- 
= FM ee nent emir Se OLE LO ob a ol. 280 feet. 
2 DUR tpn lee eerste a2 or fe 5 eS ides al ecl. JO oe k es 24 feet. 
as Both walls of this quarry and the intermediate limestone are filled with 
m2 masses of Stromatopora of two species. Here also are found Favosites, 
3 Aulopora, Rhynchospira, ete. 
Govere dnahedmerer eens nee ee eas. See ce eo pote obo oc cee cece 90 feet. 
3 Stromatopora also occurs abundantly here. 
PEON ELC Mal MR RAONC tame is erst Sk san ois = os cin a a aan vases =~ on 200 LEO: 
BS The upper 10 feet of limestone have an abundance of a small form of 
a Gypidula galeata. The lower 5 feet abound in Stromatopora. 
= = | Thin-bedded limestone and shales, about --...-...--..-----.-----.--.30 feet. 
= The fossils are those of the cystid zone of the Keyser quarries. 
Peo ular limestone. quartied(:+* 2. 5. 22-../- 22s -- 05 225d ane 50 feet. 
5 Thin-bedded dark blue limestone containing Leperditia. This is the 
B transition zone to the Salina formation. 


New Scotland and Becraft limestone.—The Coeymans limestone 
passes without break into the New Scotland. In the upper 15 to 20 
feet of the former the typical Helderbergian fauna appears, yet the 
diagnostic fossil Sp/rifer macropleura is not found here, but above, 
in the massive gray cherty limestone from 40 to 50 feet in thickness. 
This limestone is very constant in occurrence throughout western 
Maryland, and may be seen to best advantage in the Corrigansville 
quarry near Cumberland, and again at the Twenty-first Bridge of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, near Keyser, West Virginia. 

The fossils thus far secured are those of the typical area for this 
horizon in Albany County, New York. Almost nothing new occurs 
in Maryland, but a marked difference in this fauna is the almost total 
absence of the prolific bryozoan development of New York. 

These heavy-bedded cherty limestones gradually pass upward into 
shales, of which 20. feet are present in western Maryland. They, in 
part at least, belong with the New Scotland, since Spirifer macro- 
pleura has here been found in the lower third. Less than 60 miles to 


the east of Cumberland, at Cherry Run, West Virginia, the New Scot- 


land limestone (there is no shale present) continues without break into 
the gray arenaceous Becraft, and here may be gathered a fauna not 
to be had about Cumberland. This occurrence shows that while the 
Helderbergian sea was continuous east of Cumberland, west of it 
there may have been land conditions or -possibly a shallow sea in 
which almost no deposits were laid down, At several localities, how- 


420) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ 





ever, more than 20 miles apart, this New Scotland shale horizon is 
always about 20 feet thick, upon which follows conformably, but 
with a sharp lithologic difference, the black siliceous shale of the 
Lower Oriskany. 

A noteworthy fact connected with these shales at Twenty-first Bridge 
is the occurrence of manganese-phosphatic nodules, which have the 
general aspect of those dredged from the present deep seas. These, 
however, in this case do not indicate deep waters, since the strati- 
graphic evidence denotes a shallow sea before and after New Scotland 
time in the Cumberland area. 

Oriskany formation.—In western Maryland, upon the shale beds 
of the New Scotland, and sharply separated from it, Hes the black 
siliceous shale with a meager fauna. That collected recalls the Oris- 
kany of Camden, Tennessee, and point to an older stage than the 
Oriskany as usually known. This horizon gradually passes upward 
into the arenaceous limestone containing the well-known Oriskany | 
fauna. It does not, however, occur in full force until nearly 200 
feet above the base of the formation, and the fauna then continues 
through the upper 150 feet. It is these uppermost Oriskany beds, 
just across from Cumberland, along the banks of the Potomac in 
West Virginia, which now furnish the local collectors with fine 
fossils. Mr. Andrews, however, secured the specimens described by 
Hall mainly from two quarries, now abandoned, in the city of Cumber- 
land. One of these is on Green street, below the Episcopal Church, 
and the other is back of the German Lutheran Church. Both are 
in the upper 75 feet of the Oriskany, as in the Green street quarry 
the Marcellus shales plainly mark the top for measurement. How- 
ever, at these quarries, and particularly in the one back of the 
German Lutheran Church, on Schriver’s hill, the excavation was 
varried far below the surface into lower layers that are not shown 
in West Virginia. This explains why certain forms, as Sp7rifer 
cumberlandix, S. tribulis, ete., no longer, or but rarely, are found 
about Cumberland. 

A peculiar condition of leaching of the Oriskany in this locality has 
made it possible to secure its fossils, completely weathered out of the 
inclosing rock, as siliceous pseudomorphs. This condition is restricted 
to Cumberland, and the reason for it will be shown presently. So 
many of these delicate fossils have been sent out by local collectors 
that it has become a general belief that they can be secured anywhere 
in the Oriskany of Maryland. Regarding this preservation Hall” has 
written: 

While in the State of New York the accessible portions of the rock furnish us for 


the most part with casts of its fossils, or, if beyond the reach of weathering, with a 
compact mass of calcareous sandstone in which the fossil remains are closely 





“Paleontology of New York, III, pp. 401-402. 





Y a 


_ No. 1813. LOWER DEVONIC OF MARYLAND—SCHUCHERT. 42] 


imbedded, we find, in Maryland and some parts of Virginia, that in the friable conde 
stone the shells are entirely silicified and quite free from adhering stone, so that the 
exterior markings and internal structure are perfectly preserved; the interior being 
quite hollow, or filled only with loose sand. In these localities, not only do we find 
the cavities of large gasteropods with no more adhering matter than those of the 
Tertiary sands, but more unfrequently the delicate internal apparatus of the Brachi- 
opod is almost entirely preserved. 

Mr. R..B. Rowe“ was the first to explain the cause for this restricted 
leaching out of the Oriskany fossils and their occurrence in ‘‘ sand 
pockets.” He writes: 

Most of the fine collecting grounds for Oriskany fossils in this region are within 
five or ten minutes walk from the hotels in Cumberland. The disintegration of the 
sandstone has been carried on there much more completely than at any other place, 
and has been due, no doubt, to the cutting of the Potomac River and Wills Creek 
across Knobley Mountain and Shrivers Ridge. 

The constant downward percolation of the water from the Potomac 
River and Wills Creek, when both flowed over this part of Cumber- 
land, has carried away the calcareous material of the Oriskany arena- 
ceous limestone and the fossils, and has partially replaced the latter 
with silica. As leaching continued, all the calcareous material was 
finally remoyed and more or less large, partially empty pockets or 
caves were formed, filled with loose sand, in which the fossils are found 
at times in considerable quantity. 

In western Maryland the Oriskanian is present in greatest volume, 
and it continues so both to the north and south along the strike of the 
Cumberland Appalachian folds. Eastward the lower black shale 
rapidly disappears, and at its most eastern outcrops the upper portion 
is generally much reduced in thickness and the calcareous material is 
usually absent. Here the Oriskany closely resembles the Tuscarora 
sandstone near the base of the Ontaric. The most easterly locality 
for the Oriskany, near the old shore line, shows a depth of only 50 
feet, while but 8 miles west, at Hancock, it is 225 feet thick. 

‘The thickness of the Oriskany is variable. On the Winchester road, 
at Pinto, the Upper Oriskany is almost entirely absent. At the Devils 
Back Bone it also is decidedly thinner than at Ridgely. These facts 
lend additional support to the evidence that western Maryland was a 
land area during Onondaga time, when the Oriskany formation was 
locally considerably removed. 

_ The small Lower Oriskany fauna thus far collected is nearly all new, 
and the Upper Oriskany, also, has yielded a number of new forms 
since Mr. Andrews made his collection. 





«The Paleodevonic formations of Maryland, a study of their stratigraphy and 
faunas. A dissertation presented to the board of University Studies of the Johns 
Hopkins University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, May, 1900. This thesis 
will be published by the Geological Survey of Maryland in the yolume devoted to 
the Devonic formations. 


499 LORY Es tS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


COMPOSITE SECTION OF THE LOWER DEVONIC AND ONTARIC OF 
MARYLAND, 
The Marcellus stage of the Middle Devonic rests directly upon the 
eroded Oriskanian. No Esopus, Schoharie, or Onondaga deposits 
occur in Maryland or farther south. 





Correla- | Locality 


tons wath) for DESCRIPTIONS OF HORIZONS. 
ew ; 

| sections. “ 
Works || ect 


2 


| 
2 
| 




















Ra | g : la. Heavy-bedded arenaceous limestone, gradually changing downward into a 
ae | 2 black chert or siliceous shale. In the lowest beds are found Spirifer cum- 
=| i ae berlandix, S. concinnoides, and Eatonia sinuata. Fossils, however, are rare 
Hoe gs until 100 feet above the base of this division, where the characterizing 
es 1 a Be Hipparionyx fauna attains greater individual and specific representation, 
i om Be culminating in the upper 100 feet, the present source for nearly all of the 
ee 5 Cumberland Oriskanian fossilss 2 ==. s-5-se eases eee eee 258 feet. 
n ; 5 1b. Bedded and nodular black chert and siliceous shale, with a sparse fauna 
3 g ep Be distinct from the Hipparionyx fauna above and from the Helderbergian 
& e ae DELOW 22.5 o/se-U sss co ee epee ae ee ae ee eee ee 90 feet. 
RS oe Near the base are found <Anoplotheca jlabellites, Leptostrophia arctimus- 
oo. ar cula, and Ostracoda. Just below the middle occur A. flabellites, Spirifer 
See | s o tribulis, S. paucicostata, Beachia suessana immatura, Anoplia nucleata, 
ZS oF Pholidops multilamellosa, Tentaculites acula, and Diaphorostoma desmatum. 
4 =| | Near the top i is an abundance of Ostracoda and Chonetes hudsonica. 
ie "Oe kya hide ete ie le Se Beto Ee 
iG en NES Hlonad the Becratt is not present or is oe normally 
developed. Ninety miles east occur the following beds, completing the 
| interval:) 
ies & 2a. Dark blue arenaceous limestone, with ee of black chert. The fauna is 
2 e most abundant in the upper half, where Rensseleria xquiradiata is the 
% ee characteristic fossil. No Spirifer macropleura oceur here...-about 85 feet. 
= ae | Other fossils are Rhipidomella assimilis, Rhynchonella eminens, large 
S ae Eatonia medialis, small <A. flabellites, Spirifer cyclopterus, S. concinnus, 
—Q S Cyrtina rostrata, ete. 





| (The remainder of the section is complete in western Maryland.) 

2b. Soft, bluish argillaceous shales, with some harder layers and occasional 
manganese-phosphatie nodules; Chonetes helderbergi# Rowe, Meristella 
arcuata, Trematospira multistriata, Spirifer macropleura, Orthothetes wool- 





The fauna can be collected to better advantage around Cumberland. 
Some of the species are Edriocrinus pocilliformis, Dalmanella perelegans, 


5 
es 
| & worthanus, Stropheodonia beckt, Ct... -s- es -e- a eee eee ea eee ae 20 feet. 
| bp : , ; ‘ j 
H 2c, Massive gray limestone, with bands of chert, becoming thin-bedded above, 
z 
S | with partings of shale; characterized by Spirifer macropleura .-.--.- 44 feet. 
ov 
S 


New Scotland, 64 feet. 
Twenty-first Bridge, 





theca concava, Trematospira multistriata, Parazyga deweyt, Spirifer perlamel- 
| losus, S. macropleura, S. cyclopterus, Platyceras spirale, Phacops logani, ete. 


_5a. Massive, regularly bedded, blue-gray limestone. It is the prominent ridge 
of the ‘‘Devils Back Bone,’ near Cumberland. At the top are found 


~ ors 

° 3a typical Gypidula galeata, Spirifer cyclopterus,and stems of Lepadocri- 
Fs aioe MUS... n2cilvch SL a esd ee Paes he ee eee 16 feet. 
ax Sq : t 

ge mes 30. shaly limestone without fossilss-4csee eee eee eee 1 foot 6 inches. 
Br Bx g 3c. Massive, regularly bedded, blue-gray, unfossiliferous limestone -..... 22 feet. 
3 | 8 2a | 3d. Heayy-bedded nodular limestone, filled with Stromatopora (locally known 

al 


asthe first Stromatopond bed). 5.5.2 eae eee 7 feet 6 inches. 


se. Heavy-bedded blue limestone, almost without Stromatopora....------ 25 feet. 





vhipidomella oblata, Eatonia singularis, E. peculiaris, E. medialis, Anoplo- . 





0. 1313. LOWER DEVONIC OF MARYLAND—SCHUCHERT. 423 





Composite section—Continued. 








Correla- 
tions with 


Locality 
r 
oe sections. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF HORIZONS. 


























a : 3f. Second Stromatopora bed, abounding in a few species of corals........ 9 feet. 
2 ; ac (At Keyser at about this zone oceur vast numbers of Tentaculites gyracan- 
S AS thus.) 
i 2 5 3g. Thin-bedded nodular limestone, with occasional Stromatopora..-...-. 10 feet. 
8 am 3h. Heavy-bedded grayish limestone, with layers of chert more prominent above 
es ee and below. Fossils rare, Atrypa reticularis and L. rhomboidalis. 
q ae 32 feet 6 inches. 
5 oe (It is probable that a part of this zone is represented in 4da of the next 
e AS section, near Keyser, West Virginia.) 
oS Base of Devonie. 
Top of Ontaric. No break in deposition. 
a da. Heavy-bedded solid blue limestone. No fossils seen........ 34 feet 6 inches. 
a 4b. A solid blue limestone, filled with a small form of Gypidulad near G. 
= LeClair ace oe Bee Bin PS 8 Ld a eo asec eee OE ...-2 feet. 
2 ad 4c. Heavy-bedded impure limestone, with an abundance of Camarocrinus and 
iS =e more rarely Tentaculites gyracanthus, Calymene camerata, and a new species 
= ag OI CV.S ULC eee Ee ree hei ate DPS ee .---6 feet. 
= Sy 4d. Thin-bedded shaly limestone and shale deeply weathered. Throughout 
2 os | this zone Sphxrocystites multifasciatus abounds in great numbers with 
; & B cn Sptrifer modestus, Rhynchonella formosa, etc......-.-...-..+--+------ 37 feet. 
5 z 2 AePPAGSOlidu ble estOne\seecs yan cle caisssas ease cls. ts.502 26 ...-2 feet 4 inches. 
5 * 4f. Thin-bedded shaly limestone like 4d. Toward the base oceur Nucleospira, 
a 8 Rhynchonella like campbelluna, and Spirifer octocostatus...28 feet 6 inches. 
£ (The upper part of the following or Pinto section terminates at the Win- 
2 chester road, where the lowest Manlius abounds in Cladopora rectilineata, 
Favosites helderbergiz prxcedens, and the brachiopods just mentioned. ) 
5a. Massive light-gray limestone, becoming more and more nodular toward the 
top. The only fossil seen is a bryozoan, Cyphotrypa, new species. . .95 feet. 
5b. At base, thin-bedded gray limestone, changing to shales in the upper half; 
TOSS sOpSCUEE almost a DSCMb: - 225 9 ae e- 2c soa se cise - ee Seeeee 210 feet. 
ra 5e. Thin-bedded dark-blue limestone. Toward the base occur rarely Tentacu- 
5 lites gyracanthus; more commonly Orthothetes, new species, Rhynchonella 
4 lamellata, small Meristella, Rhynchospira, Murchisonia, and ostracods of the 
ma genera Bollia (near B. clarkei of the Niagara) and AKladenia...-.--- 135 feet. 
5 5d. Thin-bedded dark-blue limestone, with occasional papery shales; small 
< Meristella and Leperditia. A single plate of Palxaspis bitruncata was found 
/ B CTC eee re eae arte Cm eoto ete ere Se e/a wre ers eereios tae BODO 
3 2 5e. Thin-bedded ribbon limestone weathering into pinnacles; small Meristella 
ay 5 anapiepenaupaAllicer alta) COMMON. <o -)oes)-e ne wee  s o elale = m5 = 200 feet, 
a s 5f. Thin-bedded, somewhat crumpled, dark-blue shales with thin bands of 
- é TmMeStONe! ss =. s=-- 525-525- See IST ON Pe a bee ea aes a Se 50 feet 
5 a 5g. Caleareous shales, dark blue in color, with thin bands of limestone, dolo- 
2 = mite, and occasional sandstones; Leperditia ......-.--------------- 200 feet. 
as 5h. Fourth cement rock; Leperditia common.....-..-.------.------------ 15 feet. 
= 5i. Blue-gray shales, with thin arenaceous and caleareous layers......-- 16 feet. 
= Sy EES EMne Tih TOC Kemmerer slate ners vette oe ate a= <fo/eiaieieinslelereie wre sici='=oeai= > = 11 feet. 
5 5k. Greenish shales with some calcareous and arenaceous layers; Ostracoda. 
a 55 feet. 
< 5l. Second cement rock; Leperditia and Bollia............2--++-2+--2+++- 18 feet. 
= 5m. Massive magnesian limestone toward the top, with beds of shale toward 
ChON Otome nN OSHA COU Me meee.) s er elles coe onic oneisenne Smee sinc 14 feet. 
5n. First cement rock; Bollia, Beyrichia, and Leperditia........----------- 9 feet. 
5o. Greenish-gray and mottled dark-brown and olive sandstones. .3 feet 6 inches. 
5p. Disintegrated yellow rock. First occurrence in this section of Leperditia, 
which is abundant along with Bollia near B. clarkei and Octonaria..8 feet, 


494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 





Composite section—Continued. 


Correla- 














: +44) Locality 
Hones for | DESCRIPTIONS OF HORIZONS. 
York. sections. 
6a. Thin-bedded!sandstones*\-2--e .e-c5 1 - eeee ee eeaeeeeee 2 feet 6 inches 
Bo e | 6b. Grayish-black shales abounding in poorly preserved Bryozoa. 
E 5 5 | 13 feet 6 inches. 
S Basle 6c. Black shales, with thin bands of sandstone and some layers of limestone; 
= A < a Ostracoda abun@ant.2. si secwone-< > oe eee eee eee eee eee 22 feet. 7 
23 eS a 6d. Thin-bedded dark-blue limestone; fossils common toward the bottom; 3 
a S 3 ES, Ostracoda in great profusion, Rhynchonella, Rhynchospira, Tentaculites, ete. 5 
5 ie a5 : 225 feet. 
Ss ara oe 6e. Dark-blue limestone with thin shale partings; much folded. (Spring here.) 
a = = ES Thickness estimated>: <25-.. esses see a eats eee pee 70 feet. é 
5 ooo a | (The Pinto section continues exposed for 159 feet lower. The remainder 
P Sa bo | of the section is again taken up 10 miles east, at Wills Creek, near Cum- 
$225 | berland, and is supposed to include the above-mentioned 159 feet of the 
a Pinto section. ) 
g pe | 7a. Shales and fossiliferous limestone, mostly concealed ................- 33 feet. = 
585 7b. Reddish shale, with a few thin limestone bands (concealed in part; may — 
3 eS contain the upper iron-ore band of 6 inches) -..-.....-.---.--------- 29 feet. 
2 z=5 | Te. Fossiliferous gray shale and blue limestone, with 53 feet of shaly sandstone _ 
x ws be néar the bottom s2s-5. 50 see soe a eee ree sacle settee 28 feet. 
a es @ | d. Reddish’ fossiliferous shia ees ate tee eal eee 24 feet. 
K es aa | te. Concesledizc. 0.2). seeee oes Ae ce ch sas bends Soh eA cissoes cea ee 238 feet. 
2 See Uf, ower tOSsiliferous!ONe we jee tis = sates eee ee eee ete eee 10 feet. 
aA Joss | Wg. Rusty olive shale J: 5.022 200282 eae ee eee 17 feet. 
> Qd5 7h, Fossiliferous/olive-colored)slialle@ ees eee eee ae 85 feet. 
S | aan 7i. Rusty shales above, followed by gray sandstone interstratified with olive 
| Son shales! «26 ) 242.25 Soe Sree ee 36 feet. 
| Oa ie | 7j. Olive-colored shales, with thin beds of brownish-gray quartzite. -..--- 27 feet. 
| 
Eig : | 
E BE = 9 o | 8. Snow-white to light-gray quartzite, in places a fine conglomerate; Arthrophy- 
ae = 5 S cus harlani; the only: fossiljeee. se 98 -- eee eee eee 287 feet. 
aon | 
| 
ge ads | 9. Interbedded dull red sandstones and shales. In Wills Creek gorge 530 feet 
BA z = 2 e can be seen, but the total thickness, on the basis of that in Bedford County, 
Sah | > bp | Pennsylvania, is probably not less than 730 feet. 


| 


“Hudson River shales,’ 





: 
F , 
r 


mee He ee ee 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUMBER OF YOUNG OF THE 
LASIURINE BATS. 


By Marcus Warp Lyov, Jr., 


Aid, Division of Mammals. 


There is a very general belief that the number of young produced 


at a birth by bats is usually one, or at most two, so that a recent 


writer“ says: ‘*Such an occurrence as four young in a bat is, I believe, 
unheard of;” and rather doubts the correctness of the observations 
of an experienced collector who recorded an adult female of Zas/urus 
borealis saline with that number of young. 

While the rule for most bats is one or sometimes two offspring at 
parturition, yet a careful examination of material and the literature 
shows the number of young produced at a tinie by members of the 
genus Las/uwrus and probably Dasypterus is usually double that num- 
ber. This might safely be inferred from the fact that four mammez 
are found in bats of this group, as has been noted by several 
writers.’ In all other bats, so far as the writer is aware, there are two 
mammee, each of which is placed near the middle of the outer border 
of the pectoral muscle. In the Lasiurine bats, in addition to these two, 
there is a second pair, located more posteriorly, each mamma of which 
is nearer the back and pretty well up under the wing. (See fig. 3, 
Plate XVII.) 

As to the number of young in Las¢urus, Professor Wilder found 
three embryos in each of two specimens of Z. boreal/s from Massa- 
chusetts. Dr. Harrison Allen’ refers to two embryos of Z. borealis 
as twins. An examination of the material in the U. S. National 
Museum gives the following results: A pregnant female of Las/urus 
blosseville’ from Paraguay (No. 105631) shows on dissection three well- 
developed fetuses, each with its own membranes and placenta. There 
are also in alcohol three embryos from the same locality (Nos. 


-105636-8), which the collector, Mr. W. T. Foster, says were taken 


@QOldfield Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., IX, April, 1902, p. 238. 
Wilder, Popular Science Monthly, VII, 1875, p. 652. Merriam, Mammals of the 
Adirondacks, Trans. Linn. Soc., New York, II, 1886, p. 81. Miller, North American 
Fauna, No. 13, October 16, 1897, pp. 105, 115. 
¢Contrib. Zool. Lab. Univ. Penn., I, 1895, No. 2, p. 22. 


PRoceeDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—1314. 


426 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





are all united by shreds of membranes and uterus, so that there is no 
doubt they came from one parent. A specimen of ZL. borealis from 
Illinois (No. 14273), preserved in alcohol contains two fetuses. 

The most interesting specimens in this connection are Nos. 11404448, 
an adult female nursing four young, brought into the National Museum 
alive by Mr. J. C. Lawson, of Washington, District of Columbia, on 
June 18, 1902. Photographs of the living family were secured shortly 
before the mother’s death and are reproduced in Plate XVII. A young 
one was at each of the adult’s nipples, where it held on with great 
tenacity, having in its mouth a good deal of its mother’s hair into 
which its hooked milk teeth firmly caught. As Dobson has suggested, 
it is probably for the purpose of holding securely to their mothers 
that the milk teeth of bats differ in form .from those of other mam- 
mals. 

The following table shows the weights (taken while living) and sizes 
of the family. It is seen that the young ones were less than a third 
grown as to weight and about half grown as to linear measurements. 
The combined weights of the four young amounted to 12.7 grams, 
while the mother weighed but 11 grams. 


Mother and young of Lasiurus borealis. 














Description. | Weight. | oe Tail. | Forearm. 
| | Grams. | mm. mm. | mm, 
| 114044, adult female ....- 11.0 | 58 48 | 41 | 
| 114045, young female ....| 325 | 34 18 22 
| 114046, young female .... 3.5 | 33 18 | 2eeel| 
114047, young female .... 3.0 | 33 16 20 | 
114048, young male..._.. oi 34 18 21 | 





No direct observations have as yet been made on the breeding of 
Lasiurus cinereus and Dasypterus intermedius, and there are no exam- 
ples of pregnant females of these bats in the National Museum collec- 
tion, but it seems safe to predict that when the right material is 
obtained and good observations made it will be found that the females 
of these species bring forth as many young at a birth as do those of 
the Lasiurus borealis group. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII. 


All the figures are reproduced from photographs taken by Mr. Dodge, of the 
department of photography. 

Fig. 1. Lasiwrus borealis, from Washington, District of Columbia, mother with 
four young (Nos. 11404448) photographed while alive, lying on her back. The 
interfemoral membrane is held out to prevent her from partly covering the young 
with it. About seven-eighths natural size. 

Fig. 2. The same, mother with the four young attached hanging from a twig. 
About three-fourths natural size. 

Fig. 3. Dasypterus intermedius, adult female in alcohol (No. 59533), showing the 
two mammve of the left side. The hair has evidently been worn away from around 
the nipples by nursing young. About five-sixths natural size. 


XVII 


Ey 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


"OSp BOVd 34S ALV1d 4O NOILYNW1dx3 HOY 


‘SLVQ ANINNISV7 4O DNNOA GNV S3IVW34 











NOTE ON THE SEA ANEMONE, SAGARTIA PAGURI 
VERRILL. 


By J. Puayrarr McMourricn, 
Of the University of Michigan. 


In 1869 Verrill described briefly an actinian obtained by Stimpson 
in the China Sea, where it was found adherent to the chela of the 
pagurid Diogenes edwardsii (De Haan). It had been termed in manu- 
seript by Stimpson Carcinophilus pagur/, but Verrill correctly, though 
evidently with some doubt, referred it to the genus Sagartia.” 

Specimens of Diogenes edwardsii collected by Messrs. Jordan and 
Snyder at Wakanoura, Ki, Japan, and now in the National Museum, 
bore upon the larger chela and also upon \ne shell which they inhabited 
an actinian, specimens of which were sent me for identification by the 
U.S. National Museum. They proved to be the species described by 
Verrill, and since the original description contains no details regard- 
ing the anatomical characteristics, it has seemed advisable to make a 
brief statement concerning these. 

The base is adherent, broader than the column and thin; no definite 
chitinous membrane, secreted by the base, was observed. The column 
is low, forming in the contracted specimens a low dome, or in the 
more expanded individuals a short cylinder. The walls are destitute 
of tubercles or verruce and showed on surface view no indications of 
cinclides, although Verrill was able to distinguish these structures in 
the individuals he examined, stating that ‘* openings, which appear to 
be cinclides, are sparingly scattered over the surface, arranged in 
imperfect rows.” They are undoubtedly present, since I observed 
one in sections of the column wall; it had an acontium lying in it and 
seemed to be an ectodermal invagination. 

The margin is smooth and there is no fosse. The tentacles are 
slightly exposed in all the specimens; they are short and conical and 
about ninety-six in number. 

Verrill describes the coloration of Stimpson’s specimens to have 





“4. E. Verrill, Synopsis of the Polyps and Corals of the North Pacific Exploring 
Expedition, under Commodore C. Ringgold and Capt. John Rodgers, U. 8. Navy, 
from 1853-1856. Collected by Dr. William Stimpson, Naturalist to the Expedition. 


- Proc. Essex Inst., VI, 1869. 


ie 








PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1315. 
427 


498 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 








been ** pale orange, in contraction cream colored above, brown below. 
Tentacles pale, annulated with two or three gray rings; inside blacik- 
ish.” In the present specimens the color is a uni- 
form dark chocolate brown. In the endoderm of ~ 
the tentacles granules of dark brown pigment oc- 
cur, arranged in a characteristic manner. They 
form two streaks, varying in breadth, situated 
either one on each side of the median line of the 
oral surface of the tentacle (fig. 1) or else along its 
lateral surfaces, and they seem to vary somewhat 
SF ‘1 breadth. This arrangement corresponds with 
Fic. 1.—Cross-section oF Yeyrill’s statement as to the blackish coloration of 
TENTACLE OF Sagartia < 4 -. 
paguri; ec, ECTODERM; the inner surfaces of the 
Dee ae tentacles, but I was not 
pads ok able todeterminethe ex- 
istence of the gray rings which he mentions. 

The base of the largest individual meas- 
ured 2.2 cm. in diameter and the height of 
the column (contracted) 0.5 em. 

The ectoderm of the column wall is thin- 
ner than the mesoglea, which on its-outer 
surface is raised into numerous horizontal 
ridges. The circular musculature is rather 
feeble, but the sphincter is strong and of 
the form represented in fig. 2. The longi- 
tudinal muscles of the tentacles are moder- 
ately developed and are ectodermal in posi- 
tion (fig. 1). 

The stomatodeeum possesses two pairs of 
but moderately developed siphonoglyphs. 
The mesenteries are arranged hexamerously 
in four cycles with, in some individuals, 
occasional representatives of a fifth. The 
first and second cycles are perfect. The 
longitudinal muscles are well developed and. 
end abruptly at their inner edges, while ex- 
ternally they taper gradually; the parieto- 
basilars and basilars are feeble, and indeed 
hardly noticeable. 

Reproductive elements were found only 
£ . . : » Fic. 2.—LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF 
on the mesenteries of the third and fourth — cous watt or Sagartia paguri, 
cycles. Acontia were present but were not — SHOWIN® BEHINGE EE Caw 
abundant. ec, ECTODERM. en, ENDODERM. 

The habits of this form suggest its reference to the genus Adamsia, 
but the arrangement of the mesenteries clearly indicates it as a mem- 
ber of the Sagartiinz, and it is to be assigned to the genus Sagartia. 








ee 


. 


Ch? 
\, 
Hs 


A 
y 


b) 


AY 
iz) 








, 


ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF CRUSTACEANS FROM THE 
ISLAND OF CUBA. 


. 

; By Witu1am Perry Hay, 

; Of Howard University, Washington City. 

F 

P 

In the early spring of 1902 is C. H. Eigenmann, of the State 


University of Indiana, visited an island of Cuba for the purpose of 
collecting specimens of blind fish and other forms of life known to 
inhabit certain limestone caverns of that region. The successful result 
of the exploration, so far as the fish were concerned, has already 
_been reported at the Pittsburg meeting of the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science, which organization had by a grant 
of money helped to defray Dr. Kigenmann’s expenses, but so far as 
I know no report has hitherto been made on the miscellaneous 
collections. 

. The collection of crustaceans, which is contained in 25 jars and 


eee See ee 


vials, includes 14 species. They were collected at various points along 
the seashore, in fresh-water streams, and in the caverns. Most of the 
"species are well known and have been reported from the island; all are 
mentioned here, however, for the sake of completeness. Of the three 
new species, two belong to the subterranean fauna and are of especial 
“interest in that they are the first spelean crustaceans to be recorded 
from Cuba and belong to genera which until very recently have not 
been suspected of adapting themselves to a subterranean life. 

In the identification of the shrimps and the Brachyura I have 
enjoyed the benefit of the extensive knowledge of these groups of Miss 
Mary J. Rathbun, without whose assistance this paper would have been 
considerably delayed. 

In the case of all new species Dr. ee has allowed me to 
deposit the ty pes in the collection of the U. S. National Museum while 
the cotypes are in the collection of the Univer hate of Indiana. 


- 


Tae; A ee Ue 





PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. 1376. 
429 


430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


H#= OO 


LIST OF SPECIES. 


ORDER ISOPODA. 


. Cirolana cubensis, new species. 
. Oniscus asellus Linneeus. 


ORDER DECAPODA. 


MACRURA. 


. Palzemonetes eigenmanni, new species. 
. Palzemonetes cubensis, new species. 


5. Bithynis jamaicensis (Herbst). 


Bithynis olfersti (Wiegmann). 
Bithynis acanthurus (Wiegmann). 


8. NXiphocaris elongata (Guérin) 
9. Penxus brasiliensis Latreille. 
10. Cambarus cubensis Saussure. 


Hale 


BRACHYURA. 


Callinectes sapidus acutidens Rathbun. 


12. Epilobocera cubensis Stimpson. 


13. 
14. 


Goniopsis cruentata (Latreille). 
Ucides cordatus (Linnzeus). 


1. CIROLANA CUBENSIS, new species. 


Types.—Cat. No. 26848, U.S.N.M. Cavern at San Isidro, Cuba. 
C. H. Eigenmann, Col., 1902. 

Body oval, a little more than twice as long as broad, widest a little 
behind the middle, rather strongly convex, and perfectly smooth. 





Fig. 1.—CIROLANA CUBENSIS. 


Head a little broader than long, slightly pro- 
duced in front. Mesosome broader, with its 
greatest width at thefifth segment; coxal plates 
of the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth 
segments successively more enlarged and more 
strongly produced backward as anacute angle. | 
The plate of the seventh segment is about the 
same size as the one preceding it. Metasome 
narrower than mesosome, of five segments, 
each of which, except the last, has the lateral 
angles strongly produced posteriorly; telson 
as long as the metasome, its margins gently 
curved and convergent for about two-thirds of 
its length, and then rather abruptly strongly 
convergent to form a short, obtuse tip. The 


eyes are altogether wanting. First antenna with three basal seg- 
ments and a short flagellum which, when extended backward, reaches 
slightly beyond the posterior margin of the first thoracic segment. 
Second antenna with five basal segments, and a long, slender flagel_ 


wo. 1316. SOME CUBAN CRUSTACEANS—HAY. 431 


; 





Jum which may extend slightly beyond the middle of the body, and 
‘is composed of about twenty-nine segments. The mandible, maxilla, 
and maxillipeds do not present specific characters of importance, being 
of the type usual in the genus. The appendages of the mesosome 
are of moderate strength, and are armed with a few rather stout 
spines and stiff sete. The branchial appendages of the metasome are 
membranaceous and small; the uropoda are well developed, the outer 
branch lanceolate in outline, the inner much broader and very slightly 
longer, and with the tip somewhat acuminate; both branches and the 
margins of the telson as well bear a rather dense fringe of hairs. 
Color in alcohol, white, with no markings of any kind. Length, 5mm. 

This Isopod, which is reported by Dr. Eigenmann to be abundant, 
is represented in the collection by about twenty-five specimens, all 
from the one locality. Of the species of C/ro/anu known to inhabit 
American waters, C. mayana, which occurs on the coast of Yucatan 
and Colombia, is the nearest relative of the present species. Between 
the two, however, there are several important structural differences. 
The physiological differences between this species and all the others 
of the genus must be very great to admit of its living in the subter- 
ranean streams of fresh water. It may be added that C/rolana cuben- 
sis is very distinct from Cirolanides terensis Benedict,“ which occurs 
in the waters which flow from the large artesian well at San Marcos, 
Texas. 





2. ONISCUS ASELLUS Linnzus. 


Five specimens, for which no locality is given, appear to belong 
here. They answer perfectly the description given by Sars? from 
specimens collected in Norway. They are doubtless importations 
irom Europe, and probably came from Spain, where the species is 
common. 


3. PALAXMONETES EIGENMANNYI, new species. 


Types.—Cat. No. 26349, U.S.N.M. Cavern at Ashton, Cuba. C. H. 
Eigenmann. 

Carapace thin, very delicate and transparent, in form slightly com- 
pressed near the middle of the body but rather broad anteriorly; the 
anterior border, below the eye, is produced as a broad, obtuse angle, 
which bears, near its lower margin, an acute, forwardly directed 
spine; this spine is the anterior end of an obscurely marked ridge, 
which extends obliquely downward and backward along the, sides 
of the carapace. The rostrum is long, slender, compressed, and 
rather markedly upeurved; on its superior margin it bears a row 
of six or eight slender, acute teeth, which begins well back on the 
carapace and extends forward to the rostrum; these teeth are directed 


—_— 


4 Benedict, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X VIII, 1896, p. 616. 
>Crust, Norway, II, Pts. 9, 10, 1897, pp. 171, 172. 


432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 










obliquely forward; the ca ior P margin is unarmed; the tip of the 
rostrum is acute and reaches forward to a point aot the distal 
extremities of the antennal scales. The eyes are much reduced in™ 
size, are without pigment, and the corneal surface comes to an 
obtuse point in front. The-first antenna has the basal segment well — 
excavated above and provided with a small, acute spine at the outers 
distal angle; there are two long and one short flagella, the short one — 
slightly exceeding the rostrum, the long ones somewhat longer than | y 
the body. The second antenna has the basal segment provided with © 

a small spine near the distal end; the antennal scale is broad and with — 

subparallel margins; the tip is slightly rounded, and there is a mall 2 
obtuse spine at the outer distal angle; the flagellum is slender, and — 
about twice as long as the body. The mandible has an incisor por- — 
tion with three or four sharp teeth, a small molar surface with several — 
obtuse teeth, but is without a palpus. The third maxilliped is not 
strongly developed and presents no characters of importance. The — 





Fig. 2.—PALEMONETES EIGENMANNI. 


first pair of pereiopods is chelate, and except for its much smaller 
size is exactly like the second; the chela is slender and weak; the car- 
pal segment is long and slender; the meros is of about the same length, 
but stouter; the remaining segments short and rather thick. The 
remaining pereiopods are very long and slender. The abdomen is 
of the form usual in this genus, but the sixth segment is neither 
elongate nor compressed; the telson narrows gradually from the base 
to the obtusely angulate tip; on the upper surface there is on each 
side at about the middle and again about one-fourth the distance 
from the tip a small, appressed spine, at the tip there is on each side 
one minute and one long, slender spine, and in the middle a fringe of 
sete. Color in alcohol, white. Length, 23 mm. 

Nine specimens of this interesting shrimp were sent to me, three 
from Ashton, two from Modesta, one from the cave of Jaiguan, and 


three from the cave at San Isidro. Dr. Eigenmann reports that they 
were common. 


a ieee 


= 


PJ 


“NO. 1316. SOME CUBAN CRUSTACEANS—HAY. 433 





They differ very markedly from Palemonetes antrorum Benedict, 
hitherto our only known blind /’alzmonetes, in the shape of the rostrum 
and the character of the chele. The shape of the eye is rather remark- 
able, even in a group, where through atrophy the eye tends toward the 
conical form. I know of no other in which it is produced into a 
blunt point. So far as I have been able to ascertain, this is the first 
record for this genus in Cuba. In the material from San Isidro there 
is one specimen which agrees in every way with the types, but the 
other two differ in such a manner as to lead me to believe that a see- 
ond species may be found to inhabit the subterranean waters of Cuba. 
The two specimens just mentioned have the sixth segment of the 
abdomen two and one-half times as long as deep, and the antennal 
scale is more slender and acute. Unfortunately, the rostrum of one is 
entirely gone, while of the other only the abdomen remains. 


4. PALAEMONETES CUBENSIS, new species. 


Types.—Cat. No. 26350, U.S.N.M. Palacio, Cuba. C. H. Eigen- 
mann Col., 1902. 

Carapace of the character usual in this genus, rounded above, slightly 
compressed, and prolonged in front into a large, upcurved, serrated 
rostrum; at the anterior 
margin, a short distance ly 
below the eye, there is a 
minute incurved spine, 
and below it, slightly 
back of the margin, a 
second larger spine. g 
The rostrum is longer 
than the carapace, 
strongly compressed and 
serrate above and below; 
the tip is somewhat up- 
eurved and the base is 
usually inclined slightly 
downward toward the 
middle, but often the yo. 3—Patemoneres cuBENSIS. a, CARAPACE. b, SECOND AN- 
basal halt is in line with TENNA. ¢, EYE. d, FIRST ANTENNA. €, MANDIBLE. f, THIRD, 

‘ MAXILLJPED. @, FIRST CHELATE APPENDAGE. /, TEESON AND 
the top of the CaVYapace, — sixrH ABDOMINAL APPENDAGE. 
the teeth on the upper 
Margin of the rostrum number seven or eight, five or six being dis- 
posed with some regularity from the base to a point anterior to the 
middle; there is then a toothless space which is followed by two small 
teeth close together at the tip; on the lower surface there are about 
five teeth, the most posterior one being the largest and placed just in 
advance of the eye. 


3 Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 


Vg 
& 








30 


434 Cee OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





hon eyes are large and abundantly supplied with pigment. The — 
first antenne have the basal segment strongly excavated, while the 
outer margin is expanded into a plate-like process which bears just 
back of the rounded tip, a small spine; the three flagella are slender. 
The second antenne are very slender and exceed the body in length; 
the scale is broad and long, but does not exceed the rostrum; there is” 
a small spine on the outer face of the basal segment and another on~ 
the outer margin of the scale near its tip. The mandible does not bear 
a palpus, the incisor portion is provided with two or three sharp teeth, 
while the molar surface has three somewhat obtuse ridges. The third 
maxillipeds are pediform as usual, but are small. The second pair of 
pereiopods are chelate like the first pair and exceed them slightly in 
size; the carpus is longer than the hand and the fingers are shorter 
than the palm. The telson narrows uniformly from the base to the 
small rounded tip, which bears five small spines. Color in alcohol 
yellowish; length, 30 mm. Eighteen specimens were collected from | 
the following localities: Palacio, 8; Pinar del Rio, 7; San Cristobal, 3. 


oe aes. 


5. BITHYNIS JAMAICENSIS (Herbst). 
Represented by one large specimen from Calabazar. 
6. BITHYNIS OLFERSII (Wiegmann). 


| 

| 

Represented by specimens from Calabazar (3), Pinar del Rio (4), | 
San Juan (4), and El Sumidero (7). | 
ji 


7. BITHYNIS ACANTHURUS (Wiegmann). 
Seven specimens of this shrimp were collected near San Juan. 


8. XIPHOCARIS ELONGATA (Guérin). 
A series of seven specimens labeled ‘*Calabazar” represent this: 


species. 
9. PENAEUS BRASILIENSIS Latreille. 





F 
© 


Two specimens from San Juan. 


10. CAMBARUS CUBENSIS Erichson. 


_ ‘Two specimens, male and female. No locality given. 

These specimens differ considerably from individuals from other) 
localities and may represent an undescribed form. The abdominal) 
appendages of the male and the annulus ventralis of the female are 
those of C. cubensis, but there is a well-developed spine on the side of, 
the carapace, the areola is much narrower than usual (seven times as) 
long as wide), the margins of the rostrum are raised into high, sharp. 
ridges, the lateral teeth of the rostrum are weli developed, and tbe 
acumen is slender, 


Sa 











- No. 1316. SOME CUBAN CRUSTACEA NS—HAY. 435 


11. CALLINECTES SAPIDUS ACUTIDENS Rathbun. 


Five specimens as follows: Mouth of Yumuri” (2), Pinar del Rio (1 
large male), San Juan (1 female), unknown locality (1 small male). 


12, EPILOBOCERA CUBENSIS Stimpson. 


A small series of two males, one female, and one young from Ashton 
and one young from Modesta represent this species. 


13. GONIOPSIS CRUENTATA (Latreille. ) 


Two specimens from the mouth of the Yumuri River, a male and a 
female. The male is the larger and more brilliantly colored. The 
female carries a large mass of eggs. 


14. UCIDES CORDATUS (Linnzus). 


Two specimens (male and female) from the mouth of the Yumuri 
River. The male has recently suffered the loss of two of his legs and 
is beginning to reproduce them. They now consist of buds about 
one-half an inch long in which five segments can be distinguished, but 
the last three are bound down tightly against the other two and 
inclosed with them in a chitinous envelope. If the limb is removed 
from this capsule and extended it is about 25 millimeters in length. 

To what extent this method of reproduction obtains among the 
erustacea I am unable to say, but I have observed it in several species 
of Brachyurans. In the Macrura, on the other hand, in the few cases 
which I have observed, the new limb appears as a bud in which the 
segments are extended as in the fully developed appendage. 


“The following note has been supplied by Dr. Eigenmann: El Sumidero is a river 
running in part underground west of Pinar del Rio. The Yumuri River is a stream 
emptying into the ocean at Matanzas. 





4 





e 


a 
rr 
= 
: 
Sa 
a 





MAMMALS COLLECTED BY DR. W. L. ABBOTT ON THE 
COAST AND ISLANDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA. 


By Gerair S. Mier, Jr. 


Assistant Curator, Division of Mammals. 


The period from November, 1901, to April, 1902, was spent by 
Dr. W. L. Abbott in exploration of the coast and islands of north- 
western Sumatra. As a result of this work large and exceedingly 
valuable collections were obtained, all of which have been presented 
to the United States National Museum. This paper contains an 
account of the mammals, numbering 492 specimens. 


ITINERARY AND DESCRIPTION OF LOCALITIES. 


Leaving Singapore about the middle of October, Dr. Abbott sailed 
northwar« through the Strait of Malacca. His first collecting station 
was at Loh Sidoh Bay, on the west coast of Sumatra, a few miles south 
of Acheen Head, the extreme northwestern point of the island. Only 
four days, November 5 to 8, were spent at this locality, which, to 
judge by the remarks in the collector’s field book, is a moderately 
hilly region abounding in dense jungle and in cocoanut plantations. 
Dr. Abbott says of this locality: 

It was probably a pretty good place for collecting, but one dare not go far off, and 
the natives stole my traps. There was a Dutch patrol there, but the sergeant in 
charge said it was anything but safe. 

The next locality visited was the large island forming the northern 
end of the archipelago off the west coast of Sumatra. It is variously 
known as Pulo Simalur, Pulo Simaloe, Pulo Si Malu, Pulo Babie, and 

‘Hog Island. The first of these names is the one adopted by Dr. 
Abbott.. This island is about 55 miles in length and is moderately 
high and hilly. Its surface is well wooded. Here about six weeks 
(November 16, 1901, to January 2, 1902) were spent. Mammals were 
collected at several localities on the island: Telok Dalam, at about 
middle of east coast (November 18 to 28); Sibabo Bay, a short distance 
north of Telok Dalam (December 10 to 17); Sigoeli River, near north 
end of island (December 19); Pulo Siumat (December 27 to 30), and 
‘Labuan Badjan Bay (January 1, 1902), at southern extremity. Pulo 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. 1317. 
437 


4388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.” 


Siumat lies about 5 miles off the eastern coast of Simalur, about half- 
way between Telok Dalam and Labuan Badjan Bay. It contains 
about 1.000 acres and is mostly cleared and planted with cocoanuts, ete. 
Two small islands, the Tapak or Flat Islands, about 15 miles from 





the southeastern extremity of Simalur, were next explored (January 4 — 
to 9). Pulo Lasia (pronounced Lahseea), the more northerly and also — 
the smaller, is an uninhabited mass of coral rock covered with dense — 


forest. It is about 24 miles long and 2 miles wide. Separated from 
Pulo Lasia by a strait a mile and a half wide is Pulo Babi, a slightly 
larger island, also of coral rock, but with more sand and soil than there 
is on Lasia. Like the smaller island, it is uninhabited, though the 
forest contains some cocoanut palms, and pigs are very abundant. 

Nineteen miles east of Pulo Babi and 31 miles north of Nias lies 
Pulo Bangkaru, the most westerly and second largest of the Banjak or 
Banyak (many) Islands, the group next visited (January 16 to Feb- 
ruary 6). The surface is irregular and heavily forested, its highest 
point probably rising 1,000 feet above the sea. The island covers an 
area of about 20 square miles. A week was spent here at an anchorage 
in Cameleon Bay on the southeast coast. Great Banjak Island, Pulo 
Tuangku, or Tunanku (spelled Toeankoe on the Dutch charts), is 6 
miles east of Pulo Bangkaru and 25 from Singkel, the nearest point in 
Sumatra. It is about 17 miles long by 5 wide and probably contains 
40 or 50 square miles. The highest points are Bukit Teressa, a cone- 
shaped hill about 1,000 feet in altitude, and Batu Lauteh, which rises 
to about 800 feet. Both are situated at the north end of the island, 
where are also the few clearings and paddy fields. Cultivation on any 
extended. scale is prevented by the abundance of pigs and monkeys, but 
on the islets off the coast cocoanuts are successfully grown. 

From the Banjak Islands Dr. Abbott crossed to Tapanuli (or Tappa- 
noeli) Bay on the west coast of Sumatra. Here he spent the last half 
of February and the month of March, partly at points on the main- 
land and partly (March 2 to 14) at Pulo Mansalar (also spelled Moe- 
salla, Massalla, Mansalla, and Mensilla), at the entrance to the bay. 
The principal collecting stations were Tapanuli and Siboga settlements, 
near the north end of the bay, Jaga Jaga, a stream near the south end, 
Butik Kebong and Butik Sawa, hills 1,224 and 1,100 feet in height, 
respectively, lying near the coast just sonth of the Jaga Jaga, Lobo 
Pandan Bay, at the south foot of Butik Kebong, and Gumong Panjam- 
urong Udong, a hill on the south side of Lobo Pandan Bay. The 
country throughout this region is fertile and well forested. Pulo 
Mansalar, at the mouth of Tapanuli Bay, is 7 miles from the main- 
land. It is 11 miles long and contains 45 square miles. The heavily 
forested surface is mountainous, with scarcely any level ground, 
though the highest point is only 1,660 feet above sea level. The tim- 


ber is very fine, and much is cut and taken to Siboga for house 
building. 


q 


| 80. 1817. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 439 





SYSTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIES. 


Famitry TRAGULID 2. 
TRAGULUS NAPU (F. Cuvier). 


1822. Moschus napu F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammiféres, IV, Pt. 37, [p. 108], 
November, 1822; Sumatra. 


An adult male and three immature specimens were taken at Tapa- 
nuli Bay. (For measurements see table, page 442.) These are the 
first representatives of the species received by the United States 
National Museum. In all respects they agree with those recently 
recorded by Stone and Rehn“ from the Lampong district.?. Zragulus 
napu proves to be a grayish animal quite distinct from 7. pretiosus 
and 7. nigricollis, but somewhat closely resembling 7. canescens of 
the Malay Peninsula. The general appearance is well indicated by the 
larger figure on Cuvier’s plate. 


TRAGULUS AMCENUS, new species. 


Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114563, U.S.N.M. 
Collected on Pulo Mansalar, off Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 8, 1902, 
by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1632. 

Characters.—A yellowish, dark-necked member of the napw group, 
somewhat closely resembling 7ragulus nigricollis® of Sinkep Island, 
but smaller and more richly colored. Throat pattern normal, the dark 

stripes blackish. 

Color.—Type: Upperparts orange ochraceous, darkening toward 
ochraceous rufous on outer surface of legs, and lightening to a buff 

considerably yellower than that of Ridgway on sides, the hairs every- 
where pale ecrudrab at extreme base and black at tip. The black tips 
produce a heavy shading on both back and sides. On the former it is 
slightly in exeess of the orange ochraceous, but on sides the two colors, 
as seen in the skin, are about equally mixed. Throughout, the grizzle 
caused by the contrasting colors is more coarse and conspicuous than in 
Tragulus pretiosus, a difference which may prove to be seasonal. Neck 
mostly black, this color clear and unmarked immediately behind occiput, 
but elsewhere speckled with dull tawny ochraceous. At sides this 
speckling is rather conspicuous, but on dorsal surface it is not very 
noticeable except posteriorly. Crown black, slightly speckled with dull 
tawny ochraceous anteriorly. Cheeks and the usual superciliary stripe 
dull tawny ochraceous, slightly grizzled with black. Throat markings 
normal, the dark bands black, slightly speckled with tawny ochraceous; 


a = 





@Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 127, June 4, 1902. 

>For the opportunity to examine the Lampong material I am indebted to the 
kindness of Mr. Witmer Stone and the authorities of the Philadelphia Academy of 
Natural Sciences. 

¢Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 145, June 11, 1902, 


440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. cn 
the light stripes pure white. Collar broad and distinct, concolor with . 
sides of body. Underparts and stripe down inner surface of legs white, 
a narrow brownish longitudinal line along middle of chest, and a faint 
buffy suffusion on middle of belly. Taillackingin thetype. Inanimma- 
ture female it is similar to back above, but duller and less washed with — 
black, pure white below and at tip. | 

Skull and teeth.—The skull and teeth are rather smaller than in 
Tragulus napu andT. nigricollis, about equaling those of 7. pretiosus. — 
In form they show no peculiarities worthy of note, though the skull 
is relatively broader than in the Sumatran animal. 

Measurements.‘—External measurements of type: Head and body, 
520: hind foot, 129 (115); ear from meatus, 32; ear from crown, 27; 
weight, 2.7 kilograms. 

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 108.6 (116);? basal — 
length, 101.4 (108); basilar length, 96 (99); occipito-nasal length, 98 
(104); length of nasals, 33 (32); greatest breadth of both nasals 
together, 13 (13.4); diastema, 11 (10.6); zygomatic breadth, 47 (47); 
least interorbital breadth, 31.4 (81.4); mandible, 86 (88); maxillary 
tooth row (alveoli), 35 (87); maxillary premolars (crowns), 18.4 (18.4); 
mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 42 (42); mandibular premolars (crowns), 
IGE 

Specimens examined.—Two, both from Pulo Mansalar. 

Remarks.—While Tragulus amenus is very different from the gray- 
ish 7. napu of the near-by mainland, it rather closely resembles the 
yellowish 7. pretiosus and 7. nigricollis from Linga and Sinkep 
islands off the east coast of Sumatra. The details of its characters, 
however, readily distinguish it from both of these. 





TRAGULUS JUGULARIS, new species. 


Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114574, U.S.N.M. 
Collected on Pulo Mansalar, off Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 8, 
1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1627. 

Characters.—Size about as in Tragulus amanus. No white any- 
where. Apparently rather closely resembling Zragulus anne Mats- 
chie,’ but ear smaller, and dark loral stripe and light bands on throat» 
clearly indicated. 

Color.—Type: With the exception of the under parts, inner surface 
of legs, and under surface of tail, the color is almost exactly as in the 
type of Zragulus amenus. The neck, however, is less speckled with 
tawny ochraceous, and the cheeks and superciliary stripes are some- 
what more washed with black. This wash is not enough to obscure 


“The measurements in this paper are all in millimeters. 

> Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult male Tragulus napu from 
Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra (No. 114434). 

¢Sitz-Ber. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 1897, p. 157. 


3 


No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 44] 





‘the strong contrast ‘between the superciliary stripes and the blac ie 
very obscurely grizzled crown. Inner surface of legs, under surface 
of tail, and entire ventral surface behind throat markings orange 
buff, brighter on legs and middle of chest, duller on tail, and paler 
and more gray in axillary and hypogastric regions; middle of belly 
with a distinct dusky wash. The portion of chin normally white is 
concolor with cheeks, and the light throat stripes are merely indi- 
cated by a stronger grizzle of tawny ochraceous in the general black 
of the throat. - This indication, however, is so distinct that it can not 
be overlooked, and in many specimens it is even more evident than in 
the type. In none of the 17 examined is it absent. The pattern thus 
outlined is in every respect normal. Collar of normal extent, but 
rather more tawny than in Zragulus amanus. Ears, naked area 
around and in front of eyes, feet, and lower half of tarsus and carpus 
covered with minute blackish hairs. 

The series is very uniform in color. Some variation is shown in 
the distinctness with which the throat markings are indicated, and in 
the amount of dusky wash on the belly. In many skins the blackish 
hairs on feet and distal portion of legs are mostly replaced by tawny, 
‘but in general the dusky feet are characteristic. None shows distinct 
white on any part of the body. 

Skull and teeth.—While the skull is smaller than that of Zragulus 
napu, I can see nothing to distinguish it from that of 7. wmenus, 
with which it agrees in both size and form. The teeth, on the other 
hand, particularly the premolars, are distinctly larger than in the 
related species. 

Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 578; 
head and body, 513; tail vertebrae, 65; hind foot, 130 (114); ear from 
meatus, 28; ear from crown, 25; weight, 2.4 kilograms. Average of 
five adult males from the type locality: Total length, 587 (575-618); 
head and body, 514 (505-538); tail vertebrae, 72.6 (65-80); hind foot, 
130.2 (126-133); hind foot without hoofs, 115.4 (111-119). Average 
of ten adult females from the type locality: Total length, 610 (570- 
670): head and body, 536 (495-590); tail vertebra, 74.2 (65-80); hind 
foot, 132.9 (128-138); hind foot without hoofs, 118.5 mecca For 
details see table, p. 442. 

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 106; basal length, 
99; basilar length, 92; occipito-nasal length, 97; length of nasals, 28.6; 
greatest breadth of both nasals together, 13; diastema, 8.8; zygomatic 
breadth, 45; least interorbital br eadth, 29; mandible, 85; maxillary 
tooth row (alveoli), 38.6; maxillary premolars (crowns), 20; mandibular 
tooth row (alveoli), 45; mandibular premolars (crowns), 20.6. 

Specimens eramined.—Seventeen, all from Pulo Mansalar. 

_ Lemarks.—The only species with which this animal needs comparison 
is the Zragulus annex, described by Matschie from specimens from an 
 . 


442 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVI,_ 


unknown locality. The main points of difference are as follows: In 


Tragulus anne there is no trace of the pale throat markings“ or of the 


black loral stripe,” all of which are present in 7) jugularis, the length 


of ear is stated to be 37 mm., while in none of the specimens of 7. jugu- 
aris does this measurement, taken with the greatest possible amplitude, 
exceed 32 mm. 


Measurements of Tragulus of the Napu group. 



































he eee nay heating ote dain Fone 


wae 


Head | Tail aa 
; en Total || 020) Te. | Hind | 0c 
Name. Locality. | Number. | Sex. ‘ and | verte-| ¢- Wwith- a 
J | | length. body.| bre. foot. Gut 3 
hoofs. 
| | mm. | mm. | mum. | mm. | mm. ‘ 
Tragulus napu....- | Tapanuli Bay ..| 114482 {| Male young .. 560 480 80 135 120 
DOR See a ae cee | echereye OOn ssc 114433 |...-- Goss aee 425 370 55 120 107 
DOr eee eee (era don ees 114434 | Male adult ...| 620 | 550 70| 147 130 — 
DO eee es le opens Cleadsuacsas 114435 | Male young .. 530 470 60 135 12193 
Tragulus amenus...| Pulo Mansalar..| 141062 | Female young 498 433 65 119 17 
DOs a ee eee doen eee @114563 | Male adult ...|.......- 520n Rees 129 115 
Tragulus jugularis..|....-d0..-.------ 114564 | Female adult. 590 515 | 75 128 | 111 
IDOE este Iensiend dost. see 114565 | Female young 560 480 80 131 115 
DOsse ase mee haere Orme eases 114566 | Female adult. 595 515 80 135 | 120 
Doce eRe es doe seteee 114567 |..--- das 6a 597 | 582 65 | 130 117 
DO), Secicie/ Qos soem Oise se ete 114568 |... .- GO? Sssnche 570 495 | 75 132 118 
DON. acces paces Oe snasose 114569 |..-..- COR zene 580 500 80 138 | 123 
DOW ate oe eee Gok 2s s52-: T4578 0| bene Oke ese 670 590 80 133 120 
Dope SF aes) Se do 2ccaase 457652 S-s- GoOsessaec= 6558 540 | 018 133 118 
Dore Saha ee eo ees GOat2 eee 114577). 2. -- dO ee 650 580 70 130 | 115 
Doran eels e dOsieee eee 114579 |...-.. Oe sss 528 558 | 70 137 124 
DOf see os eaealeeeee (yearn oer 114580 |..-.- dose: 608 533 73 133 119 
DOME ees 2 aes doles Fees? 114570 | Male adult ..- 585 510 75 133 119 
WO Reess eke ir: lessee GOm cesses M1457 |e 22 2 GO sare 578 505 73 129 115 
WO sersteciose aes = \ereeters (Choe Ques Hae 114572 | Male young .. ols 450 65 118 104 
DOF eee cresiecte|(loeae GOss2 Sse a114574 | Male adult -.. 578 518 65 130 114 
DOR enh Se. leSyorats Oi ss s5542 52 MARTON sacle GO sks 618 538 80 133 118 
DOs uaee nce ees Gost eee je Sy fselleme sc Gra. ceeee 575 505 70 126 111 
| | s 
a Type. b Tail imperfect. 


TRAGULUS KANCHIL (Raffles). 


1822. Maschus kanchil Rarrues, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, p. 262; Ben- 
coolen, Sumatra, 

1902. Tragulus kanchil Stone and Reuyn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1902, p. 128, June 4, 1902. 


Twelve specimens were taken at Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra. For 
measurements, see table, page 446. In nine of these the diagonal dark 
throat stripes are united anteriorly, while in three they are separated 
by the forward prolongation of the median white stripe. The series 


is very uniform in both size and coloration, and none of the specimens — 


show any approach toward the peculiarities of the forms inhabiting 
the Banjak Islands. 


“ Die Halsgegend ist ringsherum tief schwarzbraun und zeigt keine Spur von hellen 
Binden an der Vorderseite und an der Oberbrust. 

’Vom Auge zur Nase ist ein dunkler Streif nicht wahrnehmbar, sondern der 
Kopf ist ebenso gefirbt wie der Riicken und nur tiber den Augen und auf der Ober- 
lippe ist ein heller Strich angedeutet. 


No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 443 
— ae rs a SL 


| TRAGULUS BREVIPES, new species. 





Type.—Adult female (skin and skull). Cat. No. 114326, U.S.N.M. 
Collected on Pulo Bangkaru, Banjak Islands, January 20, 1902, by 
Dr. W.'L. Abbott. Original number, 1443. 

Characters.—General size as in Tragulus kanchil, but ears and feet 
much shorter. Coloration slightly paler than in the Sumatran animal, 
but of exactly the same type. Skull with rostral portion more 
slender than in the related species. 

Color.—Back a fine grizzle of black and light orange-buff, the 
former slightly in excess. Sides buff-yellow, a little clouded by the 
black hair-tips. Outer surface of legs bright orange-buff, the hairs 
of the front legs with faintly indicated black tips, those of the hind 
legs rather strongly shaded with black. Nape-stripe clear black, 
sharply contrasted with the dull, slightly grizzled, orange-buff sides of 
neck. Crown blackish, the hairs very obscurely annulated with dull 
yellowish brown. Cheek from below outer canthus of eye to muzzle 
dirty cream color, in rather strong contrast with surrounding parts. 
Under parts and inner surface of legs white. Median line of chest 
with a narrow, grizzled brown stripe, and middle of belly with an 
obscure buffy wash. Throat pattern normal, the brown stripes 
strongly grizzled and considerably darker than sides of neck, confluent 
in front. Collar narrow but well defined, concolor with sides of neck. 
Tail clear, dull, orange-buff above, pure white below and at tip. 

Skull and teeth.—In size and general form the skull closely resem- 
bles that of Zragulus kanchil and T. russeus, but the rostrum is dis- 
tinctly narrower than in any of the specimens of the related species— 
a difference easily appreciable on comparison. Teeth as in Zragulus 
kanchil. 

Measurements. —External measurements of type: Total length, 520; - 
head and body, 450; tail vertebra, 70; hind foot, 108 (98). 

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 97 (95);“ basal 
length, 90 (89); basilar length, 85 (83); diastema, 11.4 (10.4); length of 
nasals, 29.6 (28); greatest breadth of nasals posteriorly, 12 (12.6); 
least interorbital breadth, 26 (28); breadth of palate at middle of 
diastema, 11 (13.6); zygomatic breadth, 42 (42); mandible, 77 (73); 
maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 34 (32.6); mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 
41.4 (35). 

Specimens examined.—One, the type. 

Remarks.—In its small feet and pale color Tragulus brevipes suggests 
T. pallidus, but the latter isa much more pallid animal and its skull 
has an exceedingly short, heavy rostrum. 





“Measurements in parenthesis are those of an adult female Tragulus kanchil from 
Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra (No. 114421). 


444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





TRAGULUS RUSSEUS, new species. 


re Sect aas SAS _ 


Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114837, U.S.N. M. 
Collected on Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands, February 15, 1902, by 
Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1518. 

Characters. —Size and general appearance as in Tragulus fulviven i 
Gray,” but brown throat stripes not as dark and white stripes often — 
obsolete and occasionally absent. 

Color.—Type: General color above orange-ochraceous, slightly paler 
on sides and darkening to raw sienna on neck and outer surface of 
limbs. The hairs of the back are tipped with black, which, when the— 
fur is undisturbed, forms a dark shading decidedly in excess of the 
orange-ochraceous. Across shoulders this shading deepens rapidly 
into the clear black nape stripe. Onsides of body and neck the lighter 
color is in excess of the black, which practically disappears along lower 
edge of sides, where the color passes into the clear raw sienna of legs 
and very pale orange-ochraceous with which the under parts are suf- 
fused. Crown blackish, strongly grizzled with yellowish brown. 
Cheeks distinctly paler than neck, the exact color intermediate 
between the buft-yellow and straw-yellow of Ridgway. Muzzle darker 
and duller than cheeks. An indistinet pale line borders dark color of 
crown from ear to muzzle. Ears blackish. Chest and _ belly pale 
orange-ochraceous, fading nearly to ochraceous buff in axillary region, 
and with white ore as follows: (1) A large patch in hypogastrie 
region, continued downward along inner side of hind legs and forward 
as two narrow stripes to about level of diaphragm; and (2) a narrow 
stripe on each side of median line of chest. Chin white to about 10 
mm. behind median bare area, the posterior outline of the white nearly 
straight, and 55 mm. in length. Behind this the region usually occupied 
by the white throat stripes presents a peculiar mottled aspect, due to 
the fact that the white is mostly replaced by clear orange-ochraceous, 
which forms no distinct contrast with the collar and dark stripes, both 
of which are essentially like sides of neck, therefore distinctly grizzled. 
The white persists asa semilunar spot 20 mm. wide by 10 mm. long (the 
concavity directed backward), the remnant of the posterior extremity 
of the median stripe, anda very faint, easily overlooked trace of each 
of the lateral stripes. The collar sends back a dark median stripe 90 
mm. in length between the two white chest stripes. Inner surface of 
front leg with a few whitish hairs, not enough to produce a white 
area. Tail white beneath and at tip, concolor with flanks above. 

While the type represents the more extreme phase of the species, one 
specimen (female Cat. No. 114336, U.S. N. M., original number 1507), 
carries 8 the pec alien ities much further. In this the white is all replaced 


mentee 


= || 
} 


@See Stone and Rehn, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 181, June 4, 1902. 


no.1317. | MAMMALS OF NORTHW WES T SUMATRA—MILLER. 445 











by orange- -ochraceous except a avery narrow line along under surface 
of tail, and two faint traces 20 mm. in length on middle of chest. In 
the majority of specimens the under parts are as in the type, except 
that the white areas are slightly more extended and the throat mark- 
ings are normal in extent and pattern. The dark throat stripes, 
however, are never as dark as those of 7. kanchil or as those of the 
specimen described as 7. fulviventer by Stone and Rehn. 

Skull and teeth.—Except that they are larger throughout, the skull 

and teeth are essentially as in the Zragulus fulviventer of Stone and 
Rehn. 
_ Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 505 
(440);¢ head and body, 455 (400); tail vertebrae, 60 (40); hind foot, 120 
(113); hind foot without hoofs, 110 (103); ear from meatus, 29 (—); 
ear from crown, 22 (15). Average of eight males from the type 
locality: Total length, 531 (505-563); head and body, 467 (450-493); 
tail vertebrae, 65 (55-70); hind foot, 120.3 (116-125); hind foot without 
hoofs, 107.9 (104-113). Average of four females from the type local- 
ity: Total aa 525 (500-540); head and body, 458 (435-470); tail 
vertebrae, 68.8 (65-70); hind foot, 118.8 (117-120); hind foot without 
hoofs, 107.3 (106-109). For fae see table, page 446. 

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 99 (—):” length 
from inion to tip of premaxillaries, 97 (86); basal length, 91 (—); basilar 
length, 85 (—); length of nasals, 31.4 (24); diastema, 8 (7); zygomatic 
breadth, 45 (41); least interorbital breadth, 28 (25); width of palate 
between anterior molars, 17.8 (16.4); front of orbit to tip of premax- 
lary, 44.4 (41.6); mandible, 78 (73): maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 
35 (32); mandibular toothrow (alveoli), 41 (37). 

Specimens examined.—Fifteen, all from Pulo Tuangku. 

Remarks.—This species is readily distinguishable from Zragu/lus 
kanchil by its smaller size, brighter, more fulvous color, the greater 
extension of the fulvous wash on belly and chest, and the character of 
the throat markings. It is evidently more closely related to Zragulus 
Sulviventer. With this animal it agrees in size and in the general type 
of coloration, but differs in the very light color of the brown throat 
markings and the tendency of the white stripes to become obsolete, in 
the latter peculiarity showing an interesting parallelism with Zragulus 
jugularis of Pulo Mansalar. Of Zragulus fulviventer I have examined 
the specimen described by Stone and Rehn, and Mr. Oldfield Thomas 
has sent the following measurements of Gray’s type, an adult female 
in the British Museum: Head and body (skin), 450; hind foot with 
hoof, 122; basal length of skull, 84; palatal length, 59; interorbital 
breadth, 24.5; combined length of three upper premolars, 18.5; com- 
bined oe e three lower pr epolen gl S55: 


«Measurements in Peeineses are Goes of the specimen Frame. fulviventer of 
Stone and Rehn, male adult, No. 642, Philadelphia Academy of Sciences. 


446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





Measurements of Tragulus of the kanchil group. 


































































ieee ; 
| Total | Head) tat ead 
Jame Locality. | Number. Sex. | and | verte-| ¢ 
Name. ) | | length. “body. bre, | 100t. 
[. | | : 
| a | mm. mm. mm. mm, 
"ra s kanchil ...| TapanuliBay...| 114417 | Male adult ..-) 503 433 70 123 
pee 3 fae eee [reer Pde eee oe 114418 }..... dors | 520 440 80 127 
Db eae er eles Olea see 114419 |..... doeae ores 507 | 432 7:|.. 118 
DOM Grasse msec cece GoOsessceeese T4420 0N eae doves eee 537 442 95 128 
DOS aan ee ears dOpsae eee: 114496 |..... doses | 485 | 495 60) 121 
Doweeeee oes eee lesse doSreee 114497 |_.... doe | ~ 500] 430 70 | 124 
Daesgens aa aes hoc dO eeieeee2 114421 | Female adult.) 548 | 468] 80) - 128 
DOs sheen sce oeleeese one eee Ihe el 44 27 ea dome cee | 587 457 80 128 
Doser ee < caeh tee. dost one |  1WAAS ieee dosages 545| 470} 75} 120 
Donerson Bees dots 114424 |....- do 2 eee | 585 | 465 ON eal 
DOreos aces estan Omar. eee 114425 |....- doi seatee2- | 520 450 70 125 
WO oe oalbeeae GOP eeenee ee 114428 |...-. Goze eteees | 495 430 65 121 
Tragulus brevipes...) Pulo Bangkaru.| 114326 |.._..do........ 520 450 70 109 
Tragulus russeus ...| Pulo Tuangku..| 114828 Male adult - b510 480 | 630 118 M4 
OVS Ase hee remn ieee dO <i. sc2gee 174820 || eas edojeeree as 563 | 493 70} 122 0 
D Ove s csckeioae lee es donate ieee MI4AZSTS eee dorset: 520 455 65 123 Oe 
DOS oe asec |= sets Gon eeeeens 114833 |..--- dora Se 540 470 70 120 107n 
DOE ec iceeeelleeees GOcsesoecee= | 4114387 |....- GOs eeaee 515 455 60 116 104 | 
DO) Seeeeseacisces Peete (Gk eeee se MASS OM ese doreres s---| ©8520 | ¢€445 e65 118 107° i 
DORs este e seas lode Goi sess 114340 |....- GO 555 485 70 125 113 3 
IDO Ros aecencric ase GOR ma ees 114341 | Male young... 500 430 70 110 8 3 
DO ieee ses lene GOzes eee 114342 | Male adult -.. 505 450 5D 120 
DONE oShaotaose lene GO 2232 1143380 | Female adult. 540 470 70 119 
DOF epee eter) | eters dom eeesene 114332 |....- Goseeeecee 520 455 65 120 
Doe ee ot rac rece dO-s45.2 sec 114334 | Female young 382 oot “DD 100 
Doe ss |esere ORs 1143355 eee GO). sees 500 435 65 110 
DO Aes eee eee ee (ieee dec Gone see 114336 | Female adult. 500 435 70 117 6 
Dore eens [aascedoreeroery 114338 |..... doses 540 | 470; 70 | 119 7 
aType. b Tail imperfect. Beane from dry skin. es 
T=. 
AY m1 +S 
Famity SUID. a 


SUS VITTATUS Miller and Schlegel. 


1839-1844. Sus vittatus Minupr and ScHiEcet, Verhandel. over de natuurlije 


Geschiedenis der Nederl. overzeesche bezittingen, p. 173; Java. : a 


Nine specimens (skins with skulls) as follows: Simalur Island, 45 
Pulo Babi, 3; Pulo Tuangku, 2. . For measurements see table, p. 446. . 

It is possible that more than one form is represented by this series. . 
The pig of Simalur Island is considerably smaller than that of Pulo| 
Babi; and that of Pulo Tuangku, judged by the skulls rather than by. 
the external measurements, is intermediate in size, though near the 
Pulo Babi animal. In the absence of Javan Tate iatl however, it 
seems unsafe to attempt to distinguish the insular races. 


Measurements of Sus vittatus. 


———— + —— — 




















Head Ree 

Locality. Number, Sex. Total and Tail. Hind 

length. body. | foot. 

. mm. mm. mm, mm. 
Simalumislandiatsce ee oe 114177 | Female adult..... 1,185 | 1,080 155 
LOE am aha Benet et a ee en eae PATON Gos tae 1, 245 1,070 175 
Bee rei try ees os 14180) eee don 1,125 995 130 
DOR Seco ermone tae sa aec ee 114178 | Male adult .__.._. Sco peelealinp) 200 
RUloO Babies: Preemie 114282 | Female adult..... 1,320 | 1,120 200 
DOr sets coe eee ee 114283 | Male adult ..._... 1,420} 1,200 220 
PulomMuan okie. esse ems 114415 | Female adult..... 1,380 | 1,170 210 
DO Saeieaieiais cen Saeco eae 114416 | Male adult ....._. 1,300 | 1,060 240 














No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 447 





Famity SCIURID 2. 
RATUFA FEMORALIS, new species. 


Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114361, U.S.N.M. 
Collected on Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands, January 27, 1902, by 
Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1479. 

Characters.—General appearance as in Patufa bunguranens/s, but 
color, particularly of face, feet, and under parts not as dark, and short 
hair of under surface of tail not forming a conspicuous, dark, median 
stripe. Pale flank patch more conspicuous than in any other known 
species. 

Color.—Type: Upper parts and outer surface of limbs raw sienna, 
everywhere overlaid with pale ecru-drab, the combination very diffi- 
cult to describe. The shorter hairs are raw sienna throughout (except 
slate-gray base), the longer, coarser ones light ecru-drab with indis- 
tinct dark tips. Many of the longer hairs are rather distinctly 
annulated. The general effect is intermediate between the clear, pale, 
upper surface of Ratufa afinisand the distinctly grizzled R. pyrsonota. 
On crown and forehead the brown nearly disappears and the ecru-drab 
lightens almost to cream color. On sides of body and outer surface 
of legs the ecru-drab gradually gives place to the raw sienna, which 
darkens nearly to tawny on forearm. Under parts and inner surface 
of legs raw sienna, paler and duller than that of back and sides 
and fading almost to buff in axillary region and at front of thigh. 
Pale flank patch well defined, whitish cream buff in strong contrast 
with surrounding parts. Cheeks and chin to level of ears grizzled 
smoke gray. Patch 10 mm. in diameter at base of whiskers, whitish 
gray. Ears concolor with cheeks internally, prouts brown exter- 
nally. Feet prouts brown, blackening on toes, the brown extending 
around wrists and ankles, but much mixed with raw sienna on 
inner side. Tail dark prouts brown, irregularly washed with raw 
umber (somewhat paler than that of Ridgway), perhaps as the result 
of incipient bleaching. Most of the hairs of the sides of the tail are 
dull buff from base to about middle. This color produces a faintly 
suggested light median area on under surface, but not distinetly 
enough to form any marked contrast with edge or with the short 
prouts-brown appressed hairs of median line. 

Skull and teeth.—The skull and teeth closely resemble those of 
Ratufa bunguranensis, but the interpterygoid space and nasal branches 
of the premaxillaries are narrower, and the premolar, both above and 
below, is larger. 

Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 690; 
head and body, 320; tail vertebrae, 370; hind foot, 72 (68). Average 
of eight adults from type locality: Total length, 700 (670-740); head 
and body, 321 (310-335); tail, 8378 (360-405); hind foot, 72.6 (70-76); 
hind foot without claws, 67 (65-69). For details see table, page 450. 


445 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 








Cranial measurements te type: Gres utest length, 62; basal lengtai 
52: basilar length, +9; length of nasals, 20; least see oe breadth, | 
3.4; zygomatic breadth, 37; mandible, 36.6; maxillary molar series . 
lveoli), 12.8: mandibular molar series (alveoli), 13.6. ‘ 

Specimens examined. — Eight, all from Pulo Tuangku. 

Remarks. —This squirrel is undoubtedly a near ale of the Ratufa 
afinis aureiventer of Bonhote.“. It differs so widely, however, from | 
Geoflroy’s origin: al description a Sciurus aurewenter that I haga no- 
hesitation in applying to it a new name. | 


‘ 


RATUFA NIGRESCENS, new species. 


Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114556, U.S.N.M.. 
Collected on Pulo Mansalar off Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 11, 
1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number 1641. 

Characters. —One of the largest known members of the ajinzs-. 
bunguranensis group. Color pattern as in Ratufa bunguranensis and 
R. femoralis, but upper parts and tail darkened almost to black. Pale; 
flank patch obsolete. 

Color.—Type: The upper parts at first sight appear to be black, but 
on closer inspection the color is seen to be seal brown, which in certain) 
lights shows faint traces of raw umber, On sides of body and neck 
and outer surface of legs the raw umber slightly predominates and the: 
hairs show a fine gr is due to minute annulations of the lighter color. 
Under parts and inner surface of legs raw umber, paler in axillary) 
region and at front of thigh. Pale flank patch barely indicated by a 
sprinkling of cream buff bairs. Cheeks and chin to level of ears a fine, 
erizzle of blackish and whitish; region surrounding base of whiskers) 
slightly paler. Ears blackish externally, concoler with cheeks inter-’ 
nally. Feet blackish. Tail uniform seal brown like back above, the: 
basal half of the hairs tinged with dull raw umber. This color appears) 
irregularly at the surface when hairs are disarranged, but without 
forming any noticeable contrast with the seal brown. The under sur- 
face of tail appears at first sight the same as the upper, but on disarr ange 
ing the hairs many of them are seen to be rather thickly annulated. 
with cream buff bands, of which there are usually about six, for the 
most part confined to the basal half. In certain lights these annula- 
tions produce the faint indication of a hght median area, most notice: 
able on basal third of tail. 






Skull and teeth.—The skull and teeth show no marked peculiarities. 
In general form the skull is longer and narrower than that of Ratufa 
bunguranensis. Teeth, as in R. bunguranensis, therefore relatively) 
smaller than in 2. femoralis. 

Measurements. — External measurements of type: Total length, 750) 
head and body, 340; tail vertebrae, 410; hind foot, 78 (70). - Average 
of five adult females from the type locality: Total length, 728 (705-750) 





a ane fel Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., V, June, 1900, p. 495, 


“No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 449 








head and body, 332 (320-340); tail vertebrae, 396 (365-410); hind foot, 
{7.2 (75-79); hind foot without claws, 70.4 (69-72). For details see 
table, page 450. 

Cranial measurements of Ee Greatest length, 66 (64);¢ basal 
length, 55 (54); basilar length, 52 (50); length of nasals, 21.4 (21); least 
interorbital breadth, 25 (26); zygomatic breadth, 38 (40); mandible, 40.4 
(40); maxillary tooth row, 13 (12.6); mandibular tooth row, 14 (13). 

Specimens examined.—F ive, all from the type locality. 

Remarks.—The five specimens of Ratufa nigrescens show no individ- 
ual yariation worthy of note. This squirrel—one of the most striking 
of the genus—is immediately recognizable by its rich blackish-brown 
upper parts and tail and yellowi sh: brown under parts. The tail is 
apparently more bushy than in the related species. 


RATUFA PALLIATA Miller. 


1902. Ratufa bicolor hypoleuca Stonré and Renn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- 
phia, 1902, p. 134, June 4, 1902. Not Sciwrus hypoleucos Horsfield. 

1902. Ratufa palliata Mituer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 147, 
June 11, 1902; Indragiri River, Sumatra. 

An immature female was taken at Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 
28, 1902. For measurements see table, page 450. It closely agrees 
with the original specimens of Ratufsa palliata and with the skin from 
the Lampong district, recorded by Stone and Rehn as R. hypoleuca.? 


RATUFA LANATA, new species. 
(Plate XIX.) 


Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114850, U.S.N.M. 
Collected on Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands, January 27, 1902, by Dr. 
W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1478. 

Characters. —Externally similar to Ratufa palliata, but hind foot 
not as long (see table of measurements, p. 450); general form of skull 
asin 72. palliata, but nasal branches of premaxillaries extending farther 
behind nasals, and anterior median termination of maxillaries narrower. 

Color.—The color of Ratufa lenata so closely resembles that of 
f. palliata as to need no detailed description. The twelve skins show 
considerable variation in color, due partly to the greater or less suffu- 
sion of dark brown in the mantle, and partly to bleaching. None, 
however, shows any approach toward 2. bicolor or R. melanopepla. 

Skull and teeth.— While the general form of the skul! shows no 
characters by which it may be distinguished from that of Ratufa 
palliata, the outline of certain individual bones is peculiar to the 
Tuangku animal. In 2. palliata the premaxillaries scarcely extend 
behind the nasals, while in fi. eonaia their posterior extremity 1s 











@Measurements in eee are ie on a ane older Peale of Ratufa 
bunguranensis (No. 104636). 
>For the opportunity to examine this specimen I am indebted to the kindness 


of Mr. Witmer Stone and the officers of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia. | 


uP 
es 


ae Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02-——31 


450 P ROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 











feral from? 2 to 4 mm. behind that of nasals (see Plate XEX). The 
bony palate in fA. lenata is narrower relatively to its length than | 
in 2. palliata, and the anterior extension of the maxillaries which 

runs forward between the posterior extremities of the premaxillaries | 
to form hinder margin of incisive foramina is very noticeably nar- 
rower (see Plate XIX). In most of the skulls the anterior extremity 
of the interpterygoid space is narrower than in the related species, 
but their character is not wholly constant. | 

Teeth as in Ratufa palliata. | 

Measurenents. External measurements of type: Total length, 740; 
head and body, 330; tail vertebre, 410; hind foot, 76 (68). Average 
of eleven adults from the type locality: Total length, 732 (710-765); 
head and body, 334 (825-345); tail vertebrae, 398 (880-420); hind foot, 
75.8 (73-79); hind foot without claws, 68.7 (65-71). For details see 
table, page 400. 

Cranial Te ee of type: Cree length, 68.6 (68);¢ basal 
length, 56.8 (57); basilar length, 52 (58); length of nasals, 22 (21); | 
least interorbital breadth, 27 (29); zygomatic breadth, 41 (42); man- | 
dible, 43.4 (42); maxillary os series (alveoli), 13 (12.8); mandibular | 
molar series (alveoli), 13.6 (13.8). 

Specimens examined. a welve, all from the type locality. 

Remarks.—The characters which distinguish this squirrel from its” 
nearest ally are of an unusual kind, but their constancy is such that. 
they must be regarded as valid. Three skulls of adult Ratufa pall) 
have been earca with the twelve of 2. lenata. 


an 


28 


25 ees 


os 


Measurements of Ratufa. 
= : as, 7 I 








| 



































aa a | 
ea . 00) ' 
Name. Locality. | Number. Sex. oe and | Tail. Hing with- | 
engtn-| body. “) outh |} 
| | claws. i 
| mm, mm. mm, mm. mm, \ 
Ratufa nigrescens...) Pulo Mansalar..| 114554 | Female adult. 730 320 410 78 a | 
WOe ese sack ec GOee-eo eee meee dor ass 750 340 410 79 |. Sag 
DOe ose ee omer feet GO soe ee P4556) eee (0 Koy mee 750 340 410 78 70° 
DOSE sea eee Goerese-ee8 1455 7m eee doe 705 320 385 75 69, 
lope neat = Bees Scot es ces 114556 |... < do).vecee 705 | 340| 365 76 70 
Ratufa femoralis.... | Pulo Tuangku.. 114358 ! Male adult -... 710 325 385 71 66, 
DO ee es lowaee dO me eae 114359 | 20.2 domes 710 325 385 73 67 
Dose ee ener done taken 114365 |....- dot ee 685. |= °310))||" 9 375 72 67 
Done eee Ire eee dOmrene ees 114360 | Female adult. 715 325 390 75 68 
Wome eer eres eae dome eee a114361 |.-..- dotecceee 690 320 370 72 68 
Dot Gere eee done eee 114362 |....: GOs weeeeee 680 320 360 70 65 
DOM ese esos ewer dO} sense es 114863) | .222 Ose sse8 670 | 310| 360 72 66 
oe [eeteedors ss ceeees 114364 |. 22: doses 740 | 385 | 405 76 69 
Ratufa lanata...... (sy G0y ses eter 114346 | Male adult - 720 | 335 | 385 76 68 
MUM teen ae doses tec | 114348 |... dott eee 720} 330; 390| 76 68. 
Dope ee Sie a doiea eee @114350 |_.... dons 740 | 380; 410 76 68) 
Doe eee ae dome 1143550) Oral emanate 755 | 338) 417 79 a 
DORA y tesa es donee 114353 |_...- dose 685 315 370 72 65 
oman ee Geter oes | 114856 |e: doles 735 | 345 | 390 73 65. 
DO ea DOr Se 145540 eee doe 710} 340 380 77 70. 
Domes eet aoe es AST |Meeee dou a 725 | 325} 400 17 a 
DOE res aaa e eon QORecsfesscl 114347 | Female adult. 730 330 400 76 6S 
100) See SS en erate Gessner |, i449) een dot neaen 730 330 400 75 6S 
DOW se 5- Seceeafeces does AL4850 soe doesn 765 345 | 420 76 7 
DO ---.---------]-- eos) sco saee Hemet 0) pea doa 720 | 330) 390 74, 6% 
Ratufa palliata ..... 7 apanuli Bay .. 114547 | Female young 640 270 70 80 OE 
DOs. Serer ee Indragiri River.) 2113162} Maleadult ..... 770| 345| 425 84 i 
a Type. 











| 


‘No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 45] 


| eee 


SCIURUS MANSALARIS, new species. 











| 

Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114633, U.S.N.M. 
Collected on Pulo Mansalar, off Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 2, 
1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1583. 

Characters. —Size and general appearance about as in Se/urus tenuis, 
but underparts clear gray as in S. brooke. 

Color.—Upperparts, sides of body, and outer surface of limbs a 
uniform fine grizzle of raw sienna and black, neither of which distinctly 
predominates, though the raw sienna is slightly in excess on shoulders, 
flanks, and outer surface of legs. Feet and sides of head like back, 
but paler and more closely grizzled. Underparts and inner surface of 
legs mouse gray washed with dull white. On chest and hind legs 
there is a faint brownish tinge. Hairs of tail with six color bands: (a) 
extreme base black, (4) 1.5 mm. raw sienna, (c) 2mm. black, (7) 4 mm. 
raw sienna, (¢) 6 mm. black, (7) 4 mm. whitish cream buff. The gen- 
eral effect above is a coarse grizzle, chiefly of black and whitish cream 
buff, through which the raw sienna appears when the hairs are disar- 
ranged. Below there is a broad median area of dull raw sienna edged 
with black, this fringed with whitish. 

Skull and teeth.—The skull very closely resembles that of Se/urus 
tenuis but is a little narrower, longer, and deeper, characters that 
suggest, though very remotely, the much larger skull of S. brooke. 
Teeth as in Scuirus tenuis. 

Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 255; 
head and body, 140; tail vertebrae, 115; hind foot, 37 (85). Average of 
eight specimens from the type locality: Total length, 259 (245-278); 
head and body, 146.5 (135-158); tail vertebra, 112 ( 8-122); hind foot, 
37 (36-88); hind foot without claws, 35.4 (83-85). For details see 
table, page 452. 

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 38; basal length, 32; 
basilar length, 29; length of nasals, 12; least interorbital breadth, 13; 
zygomatic breadth, 22.6; diastema, 8.8; mandible, 24; maxillary tooth 
row (alveoli), 7.4; mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 7. 

Specimens examined.—Hight, all from Pulo Mansalar. 

Remarks.—This squirrel is readily distinguishable from Sezwrus 
tenuis by its clear gray underparts, a character that gives it a close 
superficial resemblance to the much larger S. brooked of Borneo. — Its 
relationships are undoubtedly with Se/urus tenuis, as the skull shows 
only a slight tendency toward the relatively narrow, elongate form 
characteristic of the Bornean species. 


SCIURUS BANCARUS, new species. 


Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114311 U.S.N.M. 
Collected on Pulo Bangkaru, Banjak Islands, January 17, 1902, by Dr. 
W. L, Abbott. Original number, 1422. 








parts more oe ee ye oe aa gray , undeuparts listinetly 
washed with whitish cream buff. 
Measurements.—In size this animal closely agrees with Scvwrus man 
salaris, as shown by the table of measurements, page 452. | 
Specimens examined.—Ten, all from the type locality. i, 





. 


Remarks.—TVhe characters which distinguish this squirrel from its 
relative of Pulo Mansalar are so strictly comparative that it is impos- 
sible to state them in such a manner as to insure positive identification 
of single specimens. Comparison of the eight skins of one form with 
the ten of the other shows, however, that the slight differences are 
remarkably constant, so much so that, with the exception of a single 
specimen from each series, there is no difficulty in assigning every skin 
to its proper place. s 


SCIURUS TENUIS Horsfield. 


1824. Sciwrus tenuis Horsrreip, Zoological researches in Java and the: neighhouaa 
ing islands (pages not macenere ty Singapore. 


Five skins from Japanuli Bay, Sumatra. They are in all respects_ 
typical, and show no approach to Secwrus mansalaris and S. bancarus. 
For measurements see table, page 452. 


Measurements of Sciurus bancarus, S. mansalaris, and S. tenuis. 


























| eae a 
y Hea - 00 
Name. Locality. | Number. Sex. l ae ae and | Tail. ae with- 
|tensth-| body. out 
| claws. 
| mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.— 
Seiurus bancarus ...| Pulo Bangkaru.| 114308 | Male, adult .. 262 150 112 36 32 
DOR ete ee Seatee donee ee 114309 |. ...- GOshseeaee | 266 160 106 36 32 
DOK see eee eenl| ema = dope CoA Sai eee d0= eee 260 145 15 37 34 
DOS i ascot ea ce amet s Ose se eee AST Oeeeee dope ee 265 145 120 35 oovoe | 
DO cee aes tape OOMaae tees M4313 |e dose 267 142 125 37 34 
DO eee eels dots (a4 3157) Ree dosseitees 255 162 93 35 32 
DOERR esse | Ene dos etace wee | 114810 | Female, adult 264 155 109 35 32 
DO Pees eek aletene dose hee 143145) see dot oes =~ 275 TOW ele 37 34 
WO dake scesl eset GOR sera 114316 |..... dole eae 253 139 114 39 32 
DOve Sats an ese eee Goes aes | CAT aS ei| eet ee doresae 265 145 120 36 33 * 
Sciurus mansalaris .| PuloMansalar..| 114632 | Male, adult -. 245 147 | 98 38 30 
DOs See Se axerons ade eas | 114633 |....- dip eeyan 255 | 140| 115| 937| Spe 
1) Oe sec tec doe eee I eh a634r eee VOM me aces 270 148 | 122 36 33 
DO ee ea ee dover sae eee G 360) eee Gowen 260 150 110 36 33 
WOre ese nee eee lee cee LOR ees la, e437, 1 See doe sshew 255 145 110 38 39 
DOR steer ese eel see dope eaeoncae | 114635 | Female, adult 245 135 110 “36 33 
Doses ess eae don scree 114638 |_...- dorsetss 278 158 | 120 38 35 
UO een clare ae dares |.) Tiaes0N sees dos abet 263) 150] 113 37 3eB) | 
Sciurus tenuis ....-- | Tapanuli Bay .. 114542 | Male,adult... 255 140 115 35 328 
Dome eee ee doa ane 114545 |... does 235 | 120:|" 115 34 31.4 
Doms eee eas aes do..........| 114543 | Female, adult 255 140 115 36 Some | 
DOR ecser ere eleeees does sseeeee | 114544 |..... doa 220 17} 1038 34 32° 
DORE Se eee a doje 114546 |..... downeanee 235] 125) 110 36 33 
ees errr os 2 = 
aType. | 


a oe 


SCIURUS ALBESCENS (Bonhote). 


1901. Seturus notatus albescens 3ONHOTE, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., VI, I 
May, 1901, p. 446; Acheen, Sumatra. e 


Six specimens from Loh Sidoh Bay, practically topotypes of the 
species. or measurements see table, page 456, 


Be is 


z 
xo. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 453 


This squirrel shows a ‘striking and unexpected resemblance to the 
Seiurus abbottii of the Tambelan Islands. The skins are quite indis- 
tinguishable, except that the red element of the underparts is salmon 
rather than rusty. The skulls show certain slight though constant 
differences. The rostrum is somewhat broader proportionately to its 
length in the Sumatran animal, and the audital bulle are more inflated. 
The maxillary teeth of Scezurus albescens, while of the same general 
size as in S. abbottii, may be distinguished by their less thickened 
crowns, a character easily appreciated on comparison of the tooth rows 
viewed from the Jingual side. 





SCIURUS VITTATUS Raffles. 


1822. Sciurus vittatus Rarrurs, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, p. 259; Ben- 
coolen, Sumatra. 

1901. Sciurus vittatus Bonnotr, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., VII, May, 
1901, p. 447. ( Part.) 

Twelve specimens (two in alcohol, one skull without skin) from 
Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra. For measurements see table, page 456. The 
skins present no color variation worthy of note. In none is there 
any indication of such red in the tail as is characteristic of Sc¢vuris 
miniatus, though a few show a tendency for the light annulations in 
the pencil to be more tinged with orange than they are elsewhere. 


SCIURUS SATURATUS, new species. 


Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114629, U.S BM: 
Collected on Pulo Mansalar, off Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 9, “1902 
by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Geral number, 1633. 

Characters.—Similar to Sciurus vittatus but general color darker, 
pale lateral stripe less well defined, though of normal extent, and tail 
noticeably darker than back, its pencil mostly black. 

Color.—Type: Upper parts and sides a uniform fine grizzle of black 
and ochraceous, the latter decidedly paler and less bright than that of 
Ridgway. The two colors are everywhere mixed in nearly equal 
quantity and the hair is distinctly glossy. Outer surface of legs 
somewhat paler and more buffy than back; cheeks and inner surface 
of ear decidedly so. A distinct buff eye ring. Muzzle marked with 
light grayish buff. Lateramees of normal extent, the upper one ¢ 
light grayish buff, quite different from the grayish white stripe of S. 
vittatus. ‘Tail essentially like back, but grizzle coarse, and black 
element more noticeable, particularly along edge and at tip, where the 
pencil is almost entirely black. Under parts and inner surface of legs 
intermediate between the ochraceous-rufous and tawny of Ridgway, 
but rather darker than either. This color extends to wrist and almost 
to heel. 

Skull and teeth.—The skull and teeth resemble those of Sccwrus 
wittatus, though perhaps averaging slightly larger. 


°y 


Aare 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X 








Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 400 
head and body, 215; tail vertebrae, 185; hind foot, 51 (47). Averagi 
of five adults from the type locality: Total length, 395 (375-411); 
head and body, 208 (185-2: 21); tail vertebrae, 187 (180-190); hind foot, 
51.4 (51-52); hind foot without claws, 48 (47-49). For details see 
table, page 456. 


Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 5 2 (51): a basil 
length, 43.6 (43); basilar length, 40 (40.2); length of Sane 16.4 (16); 


Td 


breadth of both nasals together anteriorly, 7.4 (8.2); diastema, 11. 6 
(11.8); least interorbital breadth, 18 (17. 8); zygomatic broaden 30. 
(30.4); mandible, 32.4 (31.4); maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 9.6 6 (9. Oy 
mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 10 (9). 
Specimens examined,—Five, all from Pulo Mansalar. i 
Remarks.—This is a well-marked form of the Sevwrus notatus group, 
closely related to S. w’ttatus, but readily distinguishable by its dark 
general coloration, dull outer lateral stripe, inl black-tipped_ tail. — 
The series shows no variations w orthy of special note. : 


SCIURUS PRETIOSUS, new species. 


Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114825, U.S.N. M. 
Collected on Pulo Bangkaru, Banjak Islands, January 20, 1902. Orig- 
inal number, 1442. : , 

Characters.—Like Sciurus saturatus, but average size less, red of 
underparts not as bright, tail not darker than back, and pencil not 
darker than rest of tail. Skull distinctly smaller than that of Sccurus 
saturatus. ; 

Color.—In general the color so closely resembles that of Sccwrus 
saturatus as to need no detailed description. On comparison of the two 
series the red of the underparts is seen to be less bright than in the 
Mansalar squirrel, and the pale element in the grizzle of the upperparts 
less yellow, though so far as possibility of description is concerned the 
colors are essentially the same. The most tangible difference is in the 
amount of black in the tail. In the Pulo Bangkaru animal this shows _ 
no tendency to form a black pencil or dark lateral Rest as in Sciurus 
saturatus. 

Skull and teeth.—Both skull and teeth are smaller than in Sevurus 
saturatus ov WS. vittatus, but I can deteétno differences in form. 

Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 3753 
head and body, 200; tail vertebra, 175; hind foot, 46 3 Avera 
of seven adults from the type loc: ale Total lene 387 (872-400)5 
head and body, 207 (192-220); tail vertebrae, 181 (170-195); hind foot, 


47.6 (46-49); hind foot without claws, 44.3 (48-46). For details see 
table, page 456. 





> 


eMeasueements in Nentness are ee of an adult female Sciurus vittatus from 
Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra (No. 114518). 


od) Weed oe 


baa 


Ss 


0. 1317. MAMMALS OF CE SUMATRA—MILLER. 455 









Cranial measurements of type: ‘Greatest length, 49.4 (52); basal 
ength, 43 (43.6); basilar length, 40.4 (40); length of nasals, 15 (16.4); 
breadth of both nasals together anteriorly, 7.4 (7.4); distance from 
front of nasal to back of frontal, 25 (27.6); diastema, 11.6 (11.6): least 
interorbital breadth, 18 (18); zygomatic breadth, 29 (30); mandible, 
32 (32.4); maxillary tooth row (aiveoli), 9 (9.6); mandibular tooth row 
(alveoli), 9.8 (10). 
_ Specimens examined.—Kight, all from the type locality. 
Remarks.—The specimens of this squirrel show no noteworthy 
variations. 
SCIURUS UBERICOLOR, new species. 


Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114378, U.S.N.M. 
Collected on Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands, February 5, 1902, by Dr. 
W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1517. 

Characters.—In general appearance like Sc/urus saturatus and S. 
pretiosus, but red of underparts darker and duller than in either and 
median line of belly frequently blackish; tail not distinctly darker 
than back; outer lateral stripe reduced in both length and width; size 
nearly as in S. saturatus. 

Color.—The general color is closely similar to that of Sezurus satu- 
ratus and S. pretiosus, but the tone of the upperparts is lighter than 
in the former and more red than in the latter. Tail more coarsely 
grizzled than back, but the general effect scarcely darker. Outer 
lateral stripe of the same dull color as in the related forms, but its 
length usually less and its width generally not more than half as great 
(about 5 mm. at middle in type). Underparts a duller red than in the 
related species, this due chiefly to the darker bases of the hairs. Along 
median line the dark bases increase sufficiently to form a distinct 
median dusky stripe in some specimens (including the type). The 
black lateral stripe tends to extend its inner margin in the same manner. 

Skull and tecth.—TVhe skull and teeth are essentially like those of 
Sciurus saturatus. 

Measurements. External measurements of type: Total length, 405; 
head and body, 215; tail vertebra, 195; hind foot, 51 (48). Average 
of seven specimens from the type locality; total length, 389 (845-415); 
head and body, 215 (205-225); tail vertebrae, 180 (170-210); hind foot, 
49.3 (46-51); hind foot without claws, 45.9 (43-48). For details see 
table, page 456. 

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 52; basal length, 
44; basilar Jength, 41.4; length of nasals, 17; Becatihe of both nasals 
together anteriorly, 7; distance from front of nasal to back of frontal, 
38; diastema, 13; least interorbital breadth, 19; zygomatic breadth, 
84; mandible, 34; maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 9.6; mandibular tooth- 
row (alveoli), 9.8. 

Specimens examined.—Nine, all from the type locality. 









456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVE 





Remarks.—W hile Seiurus ubericolor is darker beneath than in eith 
of the two related forms, its upper parts are not as dark as in S. satur- 
atus and the tail is much less suffused with black. The reduction of 
the pale lateral stripe easily distinguishes it from its allies. 


Measurements of squirrels of the Sciurus notatus group. 


















































Head 
: Total . 
Fi P Locality. Number. Sex. | and | Tail. 
Name A length. body. 
mm. | mm. | mm. 
Sciurus albescens....| Loh Sidoh Bay. . 114154 | Maleadult.... 343 193 150 
Doren. {aera do |; aTbba| Rese Gore asec 390 190 160 
DO eceeeeseemeelaeeee do 114157 |..... Ome Seer 390 200 190 
DY0). Ae sesoaccccdd loose do | 114158 |....- dos nscace 370 195 175 
Dome ceseeesere saa do | 114156 | Female adult. 350 170 180 
DO peer eaoneece aaa do | 114159 d 373 203 170 
Sciurus vittatus...-- Tapanuli Bay--- 114518 |. 405 220 185 
Dt ae oe ee ee eens GOs. a0 fee 114522 = 397 200 197 
MOM ee nc wee eat tees (Ololeoecdeseetc | 145235 | eee Oe eeee sae 398 206 192 
DO meee oa eee GOs sseeeene 114594))/22S-- Gometercee 390 190 200 
DOM terete seas dOseeee-roee 114525 |...-- (Koa See ee: 385 205 180 z 
[Does emeso a odesse lsaace Oise seen ee 114526 |....- dO"-tS eens 380 215 165 Se 
DO isc acess ea seste| Saee= OO esesceee 114519 | Maleadult.... 393 208 185 48 46 er 
DON oa aeeneosee bese Onn ease eee 145200 |2e— ee dole tetaee 395 210 185 50 47 a 
DO neces os les Ones ecee 1145 2as | eoeee Ose -2e soe = 380 200 180 48 44 << 
Sciurus saturatus...| Pulo Mansalar..| 114627 |.-..-- lt heaessoee 411 221 190 52 48.4 | 
DOS seteocecoleeece GO sas steeaes T4628 Bea doextiees 400 220 180 51 48 
1 DY a) See aoeenoraaa eae QOssaas2=-3 a 114629 | Female adult. 400 215 185 51 4i 
DOP eaesaa cee ces ees Osa eo-5- 2 114630 |...-- dO esas 390 200 190 52 49 ee 
DDO ane sooreoaad accor OOissecsneeee °114631 |=. --- Ops sa550s 375 185 190 51 47.4 
Sciurus ubericolor ..| Pulo Tuangku.. 114366 | Maleadult.... 382 207 175 48 45 
Do d T4367 eos -= GOm eerie 400 220 180 50 47 x 
Do 114369 |....- Gaseeeen: 375 | 205 | 170 46 42a 
Do 4 Sl eee Over onnse 395 210 185 50 46 
Do 114368 | Female young 310 175 135 47 39.25 
Do 114370 | Female adult. 345 225 | ¢120 49 45 
Do 14ST eee (o Koper 6415 | 6205 | 6210 50 46. 
Do @114873 |... Om eet eee 410 215 195 51 48 — 
Do 143745 ee ee Op apace 415 | _ 225 190 51 4i- 
Sciurus pretiosus. . -. 114318 | Maleadult...- 375 205 170 48 46 
Do 1143200) Saree doses 400 205 195 48 45 
Do 4S 2 eee dost teenee 372 192 180 47 44 
Do 1A S22 RSet dom tees 390 210 180 47 43 
Do 4323 | eee OOse ease © 335 210 | ¢125 48 45 
Dore sce h sk? 114324 |2220- doe 400 215 185 48 44.4— 
Do 114319 | Female adult. 400 220 180 49 45 
Do GAWAZ obs eee GO stones 375 200 175 46 43 5 
aType. b Estimated from dry skin. ¢ Tail injured. | 
SCIURUS EREBUS, new species. 
¥, 


Type.—Adult female (skin and skull). Cat. No, 114537, U.S.N.M. 
Collected at Tapanuli Bay, northwestern Sumatra, March 17, 1902, by) 
Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1653. 

Characters. Similar to the Bornean Sciurus pluto Gray, but larger, 
red area on legs more extensive, and pale lateral stripe completely 
obliterated. t q 

Color.—Under parts and inner surface of limbs bright chestnut 
(lighter and more red than that of Ridgway); elsewhere glossy black. | 
On cheeks, feet, and outer surface of front legs the black is slightl 7 
grizzled with whitish and red, and along flanks and thighs a few hairs) 
bear a single whitish annulation rather less than 1 mm. in length, but 
these markings are lost in the general black effect, except on very 

| 


: 


t 


‘No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 457 








close inspection. The black of cheeks extends under chin across an 
area about 10mm. in width. On front legs the red area is much wider 
than the black, and on inner side it extends to naked surface of palm. 
In S. pluto the black area is the more extensive, and it encircles the 
wrist just above palm. On hind legs the same differences occur. The 
red area is much wider in the Sumatran than in the Bornean form, 
and it usually extends to edge of naked sole, though occasionally the 
black narrowly encircles ankle. 

Skull and teeth.—The skull and teeth so closely resemble those of 
Sciurus pluto that I can detect no tangible differences. 

Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 485; 
head and body, 260; tail vertebrae, 225; hind foot, 58 (53). Average 
of twelve adults from the type locality: Total length, 473 (480-498); 
head and body, 247 (230-263); tail vertebrae, 227 (200-240); hind foot, 
58.1 (57-59); hind foot without claws, 53 (51-55). For details, see 
table, page 457. 

Sranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 58 (56);% basal 
length, 50 (49); basilar length, 46.6 (46); diastema, 13.6 (13.6); length 
of nasals, 17.8 (16.6); greatest breadth of both nasals together, 8.8 
(8.6); least interorbital breadth, 23 (22.6); zygomatic breadth, 34.6 
(84); mandible, 37 (37); maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 11 (11); man- 
dibular toothrow (alveoli), 11 (11.4). 

Specimens examined.—Twelve, all from Tapanuli Bay. 

Remarks.—W hile Sciarus crebus rather closely resembles S. pluto, it 
is readily distinguishable from the Bornean animal by its greater size 
and by the absence of the pale lateral stripe. There is not the slightest 
indication of this stripe in any of the twelve skins, while in each of five 
specimens of Scéwrus pluto it may be easily traced. The difference in 
extent of the red on the legs is a less constant character. 





Measurements of Sciurus erebus. 


* 
































: pind 
oe Head | Tai : | foot 
Locality. Number. Sex. set and | verte- oes with- 
engi body. | bre. Oe out 
| claws. 
mm. mm. mm. | mm. | mm. 
SEMRPENIIB RY a occas cessed oe0c cc 114530 | Male adult ....... 480 250 230 | 58 53 
Pr ee sete icee PIAS SE eee GO ose ee eee 483 250 233 57 52 
Vo eee ALADSS ees dow 2s 430 230 200 58 b4 
BREE ete a) eee cee. 114534) ..2. - GOieeeten eee sae 455 240 215 57 | 51 
See So) Se onc cwime ATABSS) aes Gor eee 470 235 235 59 | 53 
Lee DPA DATS |. 2 doy eS 165 245 220 58 | 53 
ere oo ole accnc 114532 | Female adult..... 498 263 235 59 5d 
SR oc. os taco 114535: |... -. GO e 8 Soe RES 480 245 235 59 5d 
te ee 114536. |--.2: Gores 480 255 225 58 53 
Sarees hook 2.5 cl.: @114587 |...-.. Gomes rare 485 260 225 58 | 52 
J ee 114538 |..... GOs ee 485 245 240 59 53 
Ree Reet, 2 Se 114540 |....- GO) ects cs 470 245 225 57 | 52 
aType. 





_ “Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult male Sciurus pluto from British 
North Borneo (No. 34941). 





Be 
458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATI ONAL MUSEUM. VoL. xi 





RHINOSCIURUS LATICAUDATUS (Miller and Schlegel). 


1939-1844. Seiurus laticaudatus MULLER and ScHLEGEL, Verhandel. over de — 
natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederl. overzeesche bezittingen, p. 100; Pon- 
tianak, Western Borneo. 

An adult female was taken on Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands, Febru- 
arv 15, 1902. Total length, 360; head and body, 230; tail vertebree, 
130; hind foot, 46 (44). Skull: Greatest length, 59; basal length, 525 
basilar length, 49.4; palatal length, 31; diastema, 17; length of nasals, 
21: breadth of both nasals together anteriorly, 6; least interorbital 
breadth, 13; zygomatic breadth, 28.6; mandible, 35.6; maxillary tooth-— 
row (alveoli), 12; mandibular toothrow (alveoli), 10.4. ‘* Uterus con- 
tained one embryo the size of a pea. Mamme, 4,” 


Famity MURIDAX. 
MUS SIMALURENSIS, new species. 


Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114216, U.S.N.M. , 
Collected on Simalur Island December 14, 1901, by Dr. W. L. Abbotts 
Original number, 1372. 

Characters. —Like Mus pannosus of the Butang Islands, but rather 
smaller: fur shorter and less coarse; color darker and less yellowish; 
teeth smaller: mammz 10, as in other members of the group. 

Fur.—The fur is rather close and fine in texture, much more so 
than that of Mus pannosus, though it contains many grooved bristles. 
These, however, are scarcely more stiff than the longer terete hairs. | 
At middle of back the body of the fur is about 14 mm. in length, the 
scattered long hairs exceeding this by about 6 mm. These long hairs. 
show no distinct tendency to increase in length on rump and lumbar 
region. 

Color.—Back and sides a moderately coarse, but not very conspicu-. 
ous grizzle of black and dull ochraceous buff, the former a little in) 
excess on back, the latter distinctly so on sides, and tips of bristles) 
and longer hairs with metallic iridescence. Underparts buff, rather 
lighter than that of Ridgway, and somewhat clouded by gray along: 
median line of chest. Feet dull brownish. Ears and tail uniform) 
dark brown. 

Skull and teeth. —The skull is larger than that of Mus alecandrinus, 
though of essentially the same form. In size it closely approaches 
that of Mus pannosus, but the average length appears to be less than 
in the Butang animal. In form the skulls of dus simalurensis and 
M. pannosus closely resemble each other, except that the rostrum is 
more slender in the Simalur rat and the incisive foramina are longer, 
narrower, and more nearly parallel-sided. Teeth as in Mus pannosus, 
but smaller. | 

Measurements. — External measurements of type: Total length, 402} 


= | 





a 
| 
} 


& : 
v0. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 459 








head and body, 204; tail nee, “198: hand foot, 42.4 (40). ae 
age of 5 adults from the type ene Total length, 388 (877-402); 
head and body, 206 (200-213); tail vertebrae, 182 (176-198); hind foot, 
40.4 (39.2-42.2); hind foot without claws, 37.8 (36-40). For details, 
see table, page 459. 

Cranial alse eG gas of type: Greatest length, 47.4 (46);¢ basal 

length, 41.8 (40); basilar length, 39 (37); ae cenit! 15 (12.4); length 
of incisive foramen, 9 (8); combined breadth of incisive foramina, 3.4 
(8.8); length of nasals, 18 (17.6); greatest breadth of both nasals 
together, 5.2 (5.6); zygomatic breadth, 23 (22); least interorbital 
breadth, 7.4 (7); breadth of brain case above roots of zygomata, 17 
(17); depth of brain case at front of basioccipital, 12 (11.4); fronto- 
palatal depth at posterior extremity of nasals, 11.8 (11.6); mandible, 
28 (28); maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 8 (8.4), mandibular tooth row 
(alveoli), 8 (8.4). 
Specimens examined.—Thirty-two from the following localities: 
Simalur Island (main island), 8 (2 in alcohol); Simalur Island (Pulo 
Siumat), 6 (1 skull without skin); Pulo Lasia, 46 (3 in alcohol; 3 
skulls without skins); Pulo Babi, 2 (skulls only). 

Remarks.—This is a well-defined member of the dus rattus group, 
most closely related, apparently, to the form occurring on the Butang 
Islands on the opposite side of Sumatra. Its presence on Simalur and 
the neighboring islands may have been originally due to human 
agency, though there is no reason to suppose that the animal has been 
introduced within historic times. 


Measurements of Mus simalurensis. 


| | 


























a | Hind 
: eac . | foot 
Locality. Number. Sex. oa and | Tail. Hind | with- 
engtn.! pody. 20% out 
claws. 
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 
Beomlor island .......-....---. 114214 | Male adult ....... 389 213 76h |e 36 
ae a os ie eis aie ATADAS see or GO stent eso. 393 211 182 40 36 
Diese RS eet escke 114213 | Female young.... 357 190 167 38 35 
a ca as a 114216 | Female adult..... 402 204 198 De 40 
Oe ee TAD eee Come 82: Bn 380 201 179 40 | 33 
Re eee oo ce WAS Se Gomis 2 377 200 177 41 39 
Semi at... 2... 5... --- 114221 | Male adult ....... 415 224 191 42 38. 6 
EEE Ree cc kk clces ADO |e oe or GO eek ere. 413 212 201 42.4 40 
Ne 114222 | Female adult..... 383 204 179 40 38 
Me es en: 114223 | Female young.... 342 172 170 39.6 37 
BRE s seco -. el a ee 114224 | Female adult..... 375 198 177 41.4 38.4 
US 114257 | Male adult ....... 433 225 208 43 39.4 
REE asso oo so. cnc 3 114260 |..... GOR naseaosues 417 205 ZA Ad: 39 
DEM ee 14261" |-2o5- GO eee ree ees 411 210 201 42.4 40 
DORE AS oi 114262 | Male young ...... 385 178 207 42 40 
Meer nee. ee oae 114253 | Female young.... 356 176 180 40 | 38 
Merete eeesss5.,.-_....---.| 114254 | Female adult..... 456 231 225 42.2 40 
ee he ce os wicaic ATA ay he AOisese- 22 sas: 437 225 212 40.4 39 
REE ee oa) isk ee wo a 114256 | Female young.... 370 182 188 40.4 39 
0. S360geeeee SeEe ee merc 114258 | Female adult..... 445 227 | 218 43.4 41.2 
| 
aType. 


_ Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult female Mus pannosus (No. 
104115) from Pulo Adang, Butang Islands. 


460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE 























MUS SURDUS, new species. 


Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114184, U.S.N.M 
Collected on Simalur Island December 11, 1901, by Dr. W. L. Abbott, 
Original number, 1359. 

Characters. Shes to Mus concolor Blyth and Mus pullus Mile, 
but larger and paler. 

Fur and external characters in general.—The fur, tail, ears, feet, ete 
are as in Mus concolor and Mus pullus. Mammae, i. 2-2, p. 2-2=8.9 

Color.—Back and sides a coarse, inconspicuous grizzle of dull ochra- 
ceous buff and blackish brown, the former slightly in excess on ba 
and distinctly predominating on sides. Underparts and inner sur- 
face of limbs dirty white, tinged with cream buff. In the type there 
is a fairly well defined line of demarcation between the color of sides 
and that of belly. This contrast, though not always so conspicuo :, 
is invariably more noticeable than in the type of J/us pullus or the two 
specimens of Mus concolor that I have examined. Kars blackish bro 
externally, lightly sprinkled with fine, silvery hairs internally. F 
dirty whitish. 

Skull and teeth.—Both skull and teeth are noticeably larger than in 
Mus concolor and Mus pullus, but I can detect no ee differend e 





in form. 
~ Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 265; 
head and body, 127; tail vertebra, 138; hind foot, 28 (26). Average 
of 21 adults from the type locality: Total length, 268 (238-324); head 
and body, 130 (112-148); tail vertebrae, 139 (119-152); hind foot, 27 
(26-28.2); hind foot without claws, 25.4 (24-27). For details see | 
table, page 461. oY 
Genial measurements of type: Greatest length, 33 (30);¢ basa ue 
length, 28.6 (26); basilar length, 26 (23); diastema, 8.8 (8); length of | 
incisive foramen, 6.4 (5.4); Cone breadth of incisive foramina, 2.8 Bei 
(2); length of nasals, 12 (11); greatest combined breadth of nasals, 3 
(8); zygomatic breadth, 15.4 (13.6); least interorbital breadth, 5 (4); 
breadth of brain case above roots of zygomata, 13.6 (13); dope : 
brain case at front of basioccipital, 9.6 (9); frontopalatal depth at p 
terior extremity of nasals, 7.4 (6.6); mandible, 18.8 (15.4); maxilla 
tooth row (alveoli), 5.6 (4.6); mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 5.6 (4. 
Specimens examined.—Vhirty-two (11 in alcohol), all from the type 
locality. 2 
Remarks.—Though closely related to Mus concolor and Mus pullus 
this species appears to be well differentiated. Like Mus simalure 
it probably owes its introduction and therefore its existence to prehis 
toric man. | 





“ Measurements in parantheses are those of the type of Mus pullus. 








; 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 461 
: aoe 
| 


Measurements of Mus surdus. 




















Pee oe ae 
Moats ead | | : oot 

Locality. Number. | Sex. oe and | Tail. | Hing | with- 
engto-! body. | OL Olt 

claws. 
j mm. mun. | nin, min. mm. 
SeUrrsiand .225..<------- 114181 | Male adult ......- 270 | 130 | 140 | 27 25 
| eee 114182 |..... Hae eeeer ce | 970/130] 140] 27 25 
Beene 523 ee ee oe WAT SS ess = does. 2eeee:- 264 130 134 | 26 24 

Gree eee ee a114184 |..... GO Piteccn ces 265 127 138 27.8 26.4 
Ie Sn aces odelnce DIAT8b "Ee. 5: GO nerd se ses = 276 132 144 | 27 26 
Cae oc nai dure twas samme PIATRG eee GO eee eeees 249 | 125 124 | 26.2 25 
BC a ies a eeiccoseite ses TAT STE oe a GO Pesa= souc cnn 270 130 140 | 26.4 25 
MTR reo Scien Soe a abc sin coc 114190 |..... GOt Pee eases 266 135 ST ete al 26 
DSR ee ee PATS Sa WO\s. Fess ceen © 272 129 143 | 26 25 
BIR ceric l= sain a n/a om clare WV41 929) 2 =< (Gk) Se eee eee 324 142 182 28 20 
I aoe nia sais ans «Se 114193 |....- Olesen ee 285 143 142 | 28 26 

BNE ee eal ctewmidalm = on 1174194 |..... Coe eeccsoetecs 298 143 | 15d 25 26.4 
RUPE ee SUS sce nests 114196 |....- GOse en eee 285 134 15] 28.2 26 

EE Gach cccince ces 2 Ss 114198 |....- Goes eee 269 129 140 | 26 24.4 
EP sa Roc Ses 114200032. Geet os —sesses 273 133 140 |. 27.2 26 
PU se ase io anie AT4201 23 - GO eee: 260 135 125 28 27 
Peete Ae ce ebeseisiee ss 114188 | Female adult -..-- 240 121 119 | 26 25 
BUTE oo Sac oe See eene 114189 |....- UGHESS coder 243 116 137 | 27 25 
MES do et: PATO D ear GOs ae. eee 238 112 126 Gamal 25 
IR REA Soc cccicone se cele DATO ee 2s Gomes seen. 268 124 144 Dae | 26 
Ber nS Se he a LALOR IS So. GO S322 = Ss5 425: 201 125 126 | 26. 2 25 

aType. 


MUS FIRMUS Miller. 


1902. Mus firmus Mitier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 156; 
June 11, 1902; Linga Island, off east coast of Sumatra. 

An immature rat taken at Tapanuli Bay, 8 specimens (1 in alcohol) 
rom Pulo Tuangku, and 7 (1 skull without skin) from Pulo Bang- 
aru I can not distinguish satisfactorily from the J/us firmus of Linga 
sland. The skins from Pulo Bangkaru and that from Tapanuli Bay 
re practically indistinguishable from the original series. Those from 
-ulo Tuangku are, however, not as clear buff beneath, as the hairs of 
be lateral portions of the belly have distinct gray bases, and this color 
ppears slightly at surface. The series is too small to prove that this 
ifference is constant. For measurements see table, page 462. 


MUS DOMITOR, new species. 


Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114621, U.S.N.M. 
Jollected on Pulo Mansalar at entrance to Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, 
March 4, 1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1592. 
~— Characters.—Similar to Mus firmus but under parts so little tinged 
vith yellow as to form no marked contrast with color of sides. Mam- 
axe 8, as in Mus firmus and related species. 

Fur and general external features.—The external characters, other 
han color, are so like those of Mus firmus, Mus integer, and the 
weviously known members of the group as to need no description. 

Color.—Upper parts a fine grizzle of blackish brown and pale, dull, 
muff, the two colors nearly equally mixed on the back, but the buff in 
Xcess on the sides, where, however, it is clouded by the appearance 





















462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVq, 


VL 





at surface of the gray (very nearly Ridgeway’s No. 6) of the under fur, 
The longer hairs show a distinct bluish luster. Under parts and inner 
criekace ol legs gray (about Ridgeway’s No. 6) faintly washed with 
erayish buff, the contrast between the color of this region and that of 
sides very slight. Head similar to back, but grizzle more fine. Feet 
dull, dark brown. Ears and tail uniform blackish. 

Shull and teeth.—TIhe skull and teeth so closely resemble those o1, 
Mus firmus that I can find no tangible characters by which to dis. 
tinguish them. | 

Measurements. —External measurements of type: Total length, 490. 
head and body, 243; tail vertebree, 247; hind foot, 47 (44). Average 
of 5 specimens from the type locality: Total length, 457 (400-497)' 
head and body, 227 (200-251); tail vertebrae, 230 (200-252); hind foot; 
46.4 (45-48); hind foot without claws, 43.6 (42-45). For details set 
table, page 462. | 

Cranial measurements of type: . Greatest length, 53 (53);% basa: 
length, 46.4 (46); basilar length, 43.6 (43); length of nasals, 21 (21.4). 
ereatest combined breadth of nasals, 5.5 (5.6); diastema, 15 (15) 
zygomatic breadth, 26 (27); least interorbital breadth, 8 (8); depth o- 
brain case at front of basioccipital, 13 (13); frontopalatal depth at pos 
terior extremity of nasals, 12.4 (18); mandible, 31.4 (32.4); maxillary 
tooth row (alveoli), 9 (9.4); mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 9.6 (10)ae | 

Specimens caamined.—Seven (one skull without skin), all from Pull 
Mansalar. ; 

Remarks.—The distinctness of this species from the J/us firmus 0° 
the near-by mainland is unquestionable. 7 


Measurements of Mus firmus and Mus domitor. 























| 
| Head ‘ 
. r : Total | . Hind 
Name. socality. N ber. Sex. anc ail. 
Locality umber Sex length. | ae Tail rants 
| | mm. mm. | mm. | mm. 
Mus firmus ......-.- Pulo Bangkaru. 114285 | Female adult . 435 232 203 | 45 
Does ens see: [peer AG. eens 142 86nleeeee dois seeone 441 233 208 | 46 
DOF ee one tee doe ee 1493778 eee doje eee 408 216 192 | 43.4 
Dor siens see El sien don eo 1149897) Sone dom sneee 440-| 230| 210} 45 
DO eee at Ee ae dope: 114989) S222e do Reseeeee 411 | 218 193 | 44 
DOicanrcesniws sees GOraae eee 114290 | Male adult -.-.. 412 212 200 | 46 
MOM ase ee Pulo Tuangku..| 114378 | Female adult. 457 | 220 237 | 50 
Doe Gate eel | eee donee 14380 eee doe 435 | 222| 213 | 46.4 
Do ese eet dorsi 114382) |. 2... donieesees 482 | 242 240 | 48 
DO sae scce oes lee rs Gove eae 114384 |-...- dont: 485 245 240 | 47 
(BVO) See aS ae ee ae dows =e 114379 | Male adult... 458 | 228 230 | 49 
WOM erenctoeeecelSacee dose-sseeas: T4381 eS -s G\osemeagoc 487 | 249 238 48 
DO Reese nae naar sec doe =e 114383) Fees Goeeiass Bea | LK) 260 | 50 
Mus domitor....-.... Pulo Mansalar. . 114620 | Female adult. 400 200 200 | 46 
DOs Pee eieis Sisic a iaizlecsse Os Sar @114621 |..... does sa ence 490 243 247 | 47 
DO eeecee ce er |oeetee GOSsee esas 114622 | Female young 384 185 199 | 42 
DO isha -2 =: 23-|-r oe ako ee 114623 | Male adult... 485 233 252 | 48 
DOU cence es \seaet GOs Scere 114624 |..... dO). seae 413 207 206 | 45 
DOpeetsecccwasck|ueccie GOvcscoescesl 114625"). 5.<.: GOs tes 5e4 497 251 246 46 





aType. 


“Measurements in parentheses are those of the type of Mus firmus, 





No.1317. ° MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA —MILLER. 463 





MUS FREMENS Miller. 


1902. Mus fremens Mrtiirr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 154, 
March, 1902; Sinkep Island, off east coast of Sumatra. 

Twenty-four specimens, from the following localities: Pulo Tuangku, 
7(2 skulls without skins); Pulo Bangkaru, 1; Pulo Mansalar, 7 (1 
skull without skin); Tapanuli Bay, 9 (5 skulls without skins). This 
series shows variation in both size and color, but for the present I 
prefer to refer it as a whole to Mus fremens. None of the skins 
show any close approach to the bright colors of J/us vociferans. For 
measurements, see table. 


Measurements of Mus fremens. 


























mn | | Hind 
Mat ead | : foot 
Locality. Number. Sex, Total | and | Tail. | Hind | with- 
| length. : foot. 
body. | out 
| | claws. 
MM. MLN. WN, nim. mm. 
mmo bane karu..s-.---..------ 114307 | Female young....- 481 207 274 45 43 
See PETAN EK ..2. 5.2. -2- eee 114401 | Male adult ....... | 567 245 | SOO) Ay 45 
Do TAZO2) Pee (0) AE eee 585 257 | 328 | 48 45 
114403 | Male young ...--. 515 228 | 287 | 45 13 
114404 | Male adult ...._.. 578 250 | 328 48 45.4 
114405... Geek. 572 | 249| 393] 50 48 
114451 | Female adult..... 610 242 | 368 46 44.4 
114452 |_.... dows ee 579 995 | 354] 46 44 
114458 | Male adult ....... 611 236 | 375 48 45 
114454 |..... Goss -e S825 2- 22 605 240 | 365 47 45.4 
114581 | Female adult....-. 480 241 a239 | 46 44 
114586 |....- Gomsenr ae foes: 483 220 | 263} 44.4 42 
114582 | Male young....... 495 910} 285 | 44 41.4 
114583 | Male adult ....... 549 250 | 299 | 48 45 
114584 |..... MOG s-eeese ees 522 218 | 304 | 45 43 
| 114585 |..... doentnececes 520 | 230 | 290 | 45 43 








aTail damaged. 
MUS ASPER Miller. 


1900. Mus asper MituEr, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, April 21, 1900, p. 
145; Trong, Lower Siam. 

An adult male (skin and skull) and female (skull only) from Pulo 
Tuangku, Banjak Islands, and an adult. female (in alcohol) from Tapa- 
nuli Bay. These specimens so closely resemble J/us asper that with- 
out further material I am unable to distinguish them. The male from 
Pulo Tuangku measures: Total length, 249; head and body, 140; tail, 
109; hind foot, 29.6 (28). The female from Tapanuli Bay measures: 
Total length, 210; head and body, 105; tail, 105; hind foot, 27 (26). 

MUS LINGENSIS Miller. 
1900. Mus lingensis M1tuER, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., IT, August 20, 1900, p. 
206; Linga Island, off east coast of Sumatra. 


Forty specimens, as follows: Pulo Bangkaru, 15 (1 in alcohol, 4 
skulls without skins); Pulo Tuanku, 12 (2 in alcohol, 3 skulls without 
skins); Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, 13 (1 in alcohol, 7 skulls without 
skins). For measurements, see table, page 464, 


= 


ee 


464 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 









Many of the skins are in fresh, unworn pelage, a stage in which | 
they differ almost as strongly from the bright-colored Mus surifer of 
the Malay Peninsula as was the case w ith the original specimens taken. 
‘n midsummer. In fact, the general color of the rats of this group) 
appears to be only slightly < affected by abrasion of the fur. In the, 
six specimens from Papal Bay there is no indication of a dark col- 
lar. The collar is present in about half the skins from the Banjak| 
Islands, though in none is it developed as in the Pulo Mansalar form, : 








Measurements of Mus lingensis. 






































| en ung I 
; Y Total) See | Hind | 2ogmmal 
Locality. Number. | Sex. ae and | Tail. | with- 
) | length. body. | foot. one 
claws. }/ 
-— | 
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 
PuloBbangkarle. sssc0~-- 1 -- | 114292 ; 191 153 alee 39° 
DG sete eee eee ree A] ee ene 294 205 167 42 39.4. 
DOE eee hoe so eee eae 114295 180 148 39 36 
DOE eee chee esas fama UEAD9G: |... SEO Oie xe oo oct a Sia ae ee | eee etal Sree 40 38 
DOM her neice none eee 114299 200 158 | 39.4 37.4 | 
Doreen eee eee 114300 | 204 | D128] 40 38 | 
DOP Retain ae eeate 114301 180 152 39 By 
Doh ee en eaten 114293 184 159] 38.4 36 
DONS seer eerste cases 114297 200 6130 36.4 35.4 
DOE erence came nies 114298 205 175 41.6 40 
PiMOu bane Kuss seeeeee see 114887 | Male young ...-.--. 316 182 134 38.4 36 
DO soe eee coe cer eureee 114389 | Male adult ....--- 330 183 147 39, 2 36 
DOS enw arene neon 4392" eee GOs aes seee 342 191 151 40.6 37 
DO Sooo ee eeeeees neous 114388 | Female adult...-. 361 204 157 39 om 
DOs oe ct eee ore yA S90 Caer (VO) nemo So aeree 331 177 154 41 37.4 
Dog uen ee eae noe eee T4391 Oe eee Go Sees 340 192 148 | 39 36 | 
DoOrssasw Eee eee 1AS931|ee oe OO tssteseees 334 186 148 39 37 
Moh GidohsBay enen ses see 114161 | Male young.....-. 295 145 150 37 85} 
MapanulitBaysos sense seeders 114499") See do aes 330 173 157 | 39 37 | 
Do 114436 | Female adult..... 320 167 1538 38 36.2 
Do 44370 Reece dO tas eeeeteae 394 213 181 39 36.4. 
Do 114439 | Female young...- 315 162 153 39 37 | 
Do 114440 | Female adult...-. 414 218 196 41.6 40 
Linga Island . 101610 | Male adult .....-. 362 203 159 38 Sima 
Do 101612 |....- doves eee 400 216 184] 43 42.) | 
Do a101614 |...-- dO. eg ee 387 216 171 42 40.4 
Do 113044 |. 22 0- COC rae cee saee 354 188 166 41 39 
Do 113048 |) 5.2e- GOjt see eescee 389 219 170 43 41 
Do T3049 eae dO! 2522 eee ae 420 237 | 183 41 39.4) 
Do UT3050"| See ee Os eee 383 201 182 39 36. 4. 
Do 101611 | Female adult..... 375 210 165 38 36034 
Do 113040) |53.=- Oe: 822 asec 380 205 175 40 38 
Do 113042 |....- GO: 2 soveeaeese a310 220 ag 39.4 37 
Do APS ORS yee O's Sas cese wees 330 | 177 | 153 41 38 
| 
a Type. b Tail imperfect. 


MUS CATELLIFER, new species. 


Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114590, U.S.N. MI 
Collected on Pulo Mansalar, off Tapanuli Bay, Sumner March 3, 
1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1587. | 

C ee —In general similar to Mus lingensis, but darker; lower 
leg entirely tawny, and throat with broad cross-band of same ital 

Fur and general external features.—The external characters, color 
excepted, agree so closely with those of Mus lingensis as to need no 
special description. The spines on the back are rather less coarse 
than in the related species. 


—— — —_ __Ff<_, _ __ 





No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 465 


— Color.—Type: Back and sides tawny ochraceous, considerably paler 
than that of Ridgway, everywhere heavily clouded by the blackish 
brown of the spines and longer hairs. On middle of back the dark 
color is greatly in excess, but on sides the tawny-ochraceous slightly 
predominates. Crown and forehead like back; cheeks clear, dull, 
tawny-ochraceous. Outer surface of limbs tawny-ochraceous, paler 
than that of sides, and somewhat dulled by appearance at surface of 
slaty bases of hairs. The tawny-ochraceous completely encircles heel 
and wrist, extending up to middle of lower leg and forearm. Under- 
parts dull white, distinctly marked with cream buff. Throat just in 
front of forelegs crossed by an ochraceous buff band about 25 mm. in 
width. Feet dull whitish. Ears and tail blackish brown, the latter 
indistinctly whitish beneath and at tip. 

Nine of the skins show no yariation worthy of note, but the other 
three (Nos. 114611, 114612, and 114613) are so peculiar as to suggest 
their specific distinctness. In these the tawny-ochraceous is absent 
from median dorsal region, the whole of which is consequently a 
clear slaty brown from shoulders to base of tail, strongly contrasted 
with color of sides. Entire ventral surface dull, light, ochraceous- 
buff, slightly marked with whitish along median line. Otherwise as 
in the type. As these specimens show no peculiarities other than 
color, I think they are to be regarded as a dichromatic phase of J/us 
catellifer. 

Skull and teeth.—The skull and teeth are not distinguishable from 
those of Jus lingensis. 

Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 348; 
head and body, 202; tail vertebrae, 146; hind foot, 40 (39). Average 
of nine specimens from type locality: Total length, 350 (309-398); 
head and body, 195 (176-221); tail vertebra, 155 (183-177); hind foot, 
41 (40-48); hind foot without claws, 38.9 (87.441). For details see 
table, page 466. 

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 46 (47.5); basal 
length, 39 (40.4); basilar length, 37 (87.5), diastema, 13 (13.4); length 
of incisive foramen, 7 (7); combined breadth of incisive foramina, 
4.4 (4); length of nasals, 17 (19); greatest combined breadth of nasals, 
5 (5.4); zygomatic breadth, 20 (20); least interorbital breadth 6.6 (6.8); 
mandible, 25 (25.4); maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 7 (8); mandibular 
tooth row (alveoli), 7 (7.2). 

Specimens examined.—Vhirty-two (2 in alcohol; 18 skulls without 
skins), all from Pulo Mansalar. 











ah Sg ak ie z 
«Measurements in parentheses are those of the type of Mus lingensis, 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 32 





| 

































466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. | 
Measurements of Mus catellifer. 
cere ane e | Head i ee 
Total | re | Hina | 20m 
Locality. Number. Sex. : and Tail. with- 
OCalily | length body. foot. out 
| claws, | 
| [a eee | 
us | i 
mm. mm. | mm. mm. mm. | 
Pulo Mansalar.......-.-------- 114588 | Female adult...-- b322 220 | «102 41 39 i 
DGz see bee sas -| 114589 |..--- (Vos ecerdooscicc 376 208 168 40 37.4 f 
Do se ere -| a114590 |.-.-- OME pee eee 348 202 146 40 Soin ik 
DO cacao Ee Ab oe aes OKO) sen succncccd 366 222 144 38 36 
DOr tesa eee eee Be AO Gm | eae dotneeeaasc se 333 177 156 40 ‘38 | 
DOs te ee ay cee cists Be MAGI" | eee OKO Wnoriadcodooc 383 219 164 41 39m | 
DO eee Benes ..| 114591 | Male adult ....--- 338 183 155 43 41 
WO Base cere Sopetietpec nets 114592 | Male young ...... 297 157 140 40 Sia 
DO eee eee a otiaeaicists | 114594 | Male adult .....-. 398 221 177 AL 38) | 
[Dia sot sececuanenrodesocce | 114595 | Male young ...--.. 333 186 147 42 39.4 | 
TS eee cen eee = | a4 G1) Baas Goa aa eeee 328 179 149 42 40 | 
DD Oe eetncemraeee tecrers= 114613 |-..<- GOs ee eetes| 309 176 133 40 39 i 
ee ——— ————— eo 4, 
a Type. b Tail damaged. ] 
/ 
LENOTHRIX, new genus. , 





Type: Lenothrix canus, new species. | 

Characters.—Form as in the larger species of Mus, tail longer than 
head and body. Fur densely woolly, interspersed with long, straight | 
hairs. Feet as in J/vs, but plantar tubercles unusually large. Gen-) 
eral form of skull asin J/vs, but supraorbital ridges g ereatly developed, _ 
somewhat as in Zy/omys. Teeth essentially as in Lenomys,“ but width 
of upper molars only about half that of palate, and supplemental reen-, 
trant angles on inner side of these teeth less strongly developed. 
LENOTHRIX CANUS, new species. 

(Plate X VIII.) 


Type.—Adult male (skin and skull). Cat. No. 114386, U.S.N. Mai 
Collected on Pulo Tuangku, January 27, 1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott!) 

Characters.—A slender, bluish gray rat. In external appearance 
similar to Lenomys meyer? as figured by Meyer,’ but considerably 
smaller (head and body 236 instead of 290; hind foot 42 instead of 46), 
and with tail longer than head and body. 

Fur. fur is composed of three elements: (1), a fine, dense,’ 
woolly underfur, the hairs of which at middle of back are about. 
12 mm. in length; (2), slender, straight, terete hairs, the length of} 
which in same region averages about 25 mm., and (3), weak, flattened) 
hairs intermediate in length between the two other kinds and most 
abundant on sides and underparts. The flattened hairs are very incon-, 
spicuous and might readily pass unnoticed. It is the abundant woolly 
underfur that determines the character of the pelage and gives the: 
animal a very different appearance from Mus ferreocanus, which it) 








“ As figured by Thomas, Trans. Zool. Soe. London, XIV, pl. xxxv1, fig. 1. | 
»Abhandl. u. Berichte des k. Zool. u. Anthrop.-Ethn. Museums zu Dresden, VII,) 
1899, pl, vin. 





‘No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 467 


rather closely resembles in color. In the type specimen there is an 
almost naked area about 4 mm. wide and 70 mm. in length extending 
along median line of belly to posterior portion of chest. It has the 
appearance of a normal character. 

Oolor.—Upper parts and outer surface of limbs ecru-drab, irregu- 
larly tinged with broccoli-brown and clouded, particularly along middle 
of back, by the blackish long hairs. Both under fur and long hairs 
have a distinctly glossy texture, which causes much variation in the 
exact shade as the skin is viewed in different lights. Cheeks light 
broccoli-brown. Whiskers shining black. Underparts and inner sur- 
face of limbs cream-buff, the line of demarcation between this color 
and that of sides fairly well defined. Feet dirty whitish, shaded with 
ecru-drab, this color extending around heel. Ears blackish. Tail 
blackish throughout basal fourth, the rest white. 

Tail.—The tail shows no peculiarities of importance. It is distinetly 
and uniformly annulated, about 11 rings to the centimeter at middle. 
The rings are not very clearly divided into scales except toward base. 
Beyond middle the rings become much more closely crowded, but they 
retain their distinctness to extreme tip. On basal fourth the hairs 
which spring from between the rings are too minute to cause any con- 
cealment of the annulation, but beyond this region they increase in 
length and slightly obscure the outlines of the rings. At tip they are 
about 5 mm. long. 

Fars.—The ears are of moderate size and normal form. Laid for- 
ward they extend about to eye. The surface of the ear is naked, 
except for a sprinkling of minute blackish hairs. 

Skull.—The skull is in size and general form not unlike that of a 
large house rat. The brain case, however, is less deep, the audital 
bulle are much smaller, the incisive foramina are shorter, the nasals 
flare abruptly anteriorly, and the plate of the maxillary which forms 
outer wall of antorbital foramen is not produced forward beyond 
level of upper zygomatic root. The most striking differences are 
found in the interorbital region. In general contour this region is 
much as in Mus norvegicus, but the supraorbital beads are developed 
into upturned blade-like ledges between which the main surface of the 
frontal lies at the bottom of a distinct trough. A similar condition is 
suggested by some skulls of very aged members of the J/us surifer 
group and by those of species of 7%/omys. 

Teeth.—Incisors as in Mus norvegicus, except that those of the upper 
jaw are a little less strongly curved. Molars(Plate XVIII, figs. + and 5) 
slightly larger than those of the house rat. First upper molar: The 
anterior ridge contains three distinct cusps, the outermost of which is 
nearly as large as the innermost and situated distinctly farther forward. 
As a result, the outer side of the tooth appears longer than the inner— 
the exact opposite to the condition in J/vs. Between central and inner 


468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


cusps there is a distinct reentrant angle. Another small reentrant 
angle lies at the posterior base of the outer cusp. ‘The second ridge | 
is practically a repetition of the first, except that the reentrant angle — 
between middle and inner cusps is broader and not as deep, while that | 
at posterior base of outer cusp is better developed. There is also a ) 
rudimentary reentrant angle at front of outer cusp, so that the- 
resulting form of the cusp is an imperfect trefoil with a large median | 
lobe, a posterior one of nearly the same size, and a minute anterior 
segment. In the type the process of attrition has extended far enough 
to unite the median ridge with the posterior along the inner edge. 
Third ridge with median cusp larger than in either first or second, | 
the outer cusp rather smaller than that of first or second, and inner | 
cusp obsolete. There is a distinct reentrant angle at posterior base 
of outer cusp. Second upper molar: Anterior ridge represented by | 
a large inner cusp and a minute outer one, both joined in present | 
state of wear to front of main cusp of second ridge. Second like; 
that of first tooth, but with outer cusp smaller and lacking the anterior 
limb of the trefoil. Third ridge as in anterior tooth. Third upper 
molar: Anterior ridge represented by a large internal cusp, as well! 
developed as that of middle tooth, but quite distinct from second: 
ridge. Second ridge formed by a simple, transverse loop, nar-. 
row on the inner side, but expanding externally to a rudimentary 
median cusp. Third ridge consisting of a single large cusp, probably 
the median. It is fully as large as the median cusp of the other teeth.) 
First lower molar: This tooth consists of three very similar bilobate: 
cross ridges, slightly convex or concave in front, deeply concave 
behind. The anterior is somewhat concave anteriorly and is preceded, 
by a small median tubercle. A similar but rather smaller tubercle. 
lies between first and second loop on outer side, and a still smaller one 
between the same loops on inner side. Posterior loop like second, 
except that there is a small reentrant angle on outer side. It is fol- 
lowed by a median tubercle, rather larger than that at front of tooth. 
Second lower molar: Essentially a duplication of the second and third 
loops and posterior tubercle of first tooth, but anterior lobe with a 
rudimentary external tubercle and reentrant angle on outer side of 
second lobe deeper. Third lower molar: This tooth is reduced to an 
anterior loop about like that of middle tooth, and a broad, crescentic 
posterior loop, the slightly concave side of which is directed forward: 
Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 534. 
head and body, 236; tail, 298; hind foot, 41 (88.6). 

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 49.6; basal length! 
44.6; basilar length, 42.6; palatal length, 22; least width of palate 
between anterior molars, 4.8; diastema, 14.6; length of incisive fora: 
men, 6.8; combined breadth of incisive foramina, 3.2; length of nasals 
18; greatest combined breadth of nasals, 6.6; zygomatic breadth, 25. 


i 
t 
if 
7 





) 


cs 


—jeast interorbital breadth, 5.8; breadth of brain case above roots of 


; 


“No, 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 469 





zygomata, 17; depth of brain case at front of basioccipital, 11.6; fronto- 
palatal depth at posterior extremity of nasals, 11.4; least depth of 
rostrum immediately behind incisors, 9.6; mandible, 28.6; maxillary 
tooth row (alveoli), 9; width of front upper molar, 2.6; mandibular 
tooth row (alveoli), 8; width of front lower molar, 2. 

Specimens examined.—One, the type. 

Remarks.—Lenothrix ravus is easily recognizable among Malayan 
rats by its woolly fur, long tail, and bluish gray color, combined with 
the rather large size. In general appearance it somewhat resembles 
Mus ferreocanus, but the quality of the fur in the two animals is quite 
unlike. 

Famity HYSTRICID. 
TRICHYS MACROTIS, new species. 


Type.—Adult female (skin and skull). Cat. No. 114488, U.S.N.M. 
Collected at Tapanuli Bay, northwestern Sumatra, February 20, 1902, 
by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1555. 

Characters.—Similar to the Bornean 7richys fasciculata (Shaw) but 
with longer ears; skull with broader, more strongly angled hamulars. 

Kars.—The ears differ from those of Zrichys fasciculata in form as 
well as in size. The anterior border is very moderately convex and 
the tip is more broadly rounded off than in the Bornean animal. 
These two characters, in connection with the greater length, give the 
ear an almost spatulate appearance quite different from the contour of 
the ear of the related species. 

Color.—The color so exactly resembles that of 7richys fasciculata as 
to need no description. 

Skull and teeth.—The skull closely resembles that of T7ichys fase?- 
culata, except that the hamular processes of the pterygoids are of a dis- 
tinctly different form. In 7. fasciculata these processes are slender 
and uniformly curved throughout, the lower margin slightly thick- 
ened and the tip tapering rather abruptly to a point. In 7! macrotis 
they are much wider, there is an abrupt angle near middle, the lower 
edge is not thickened, and the tip is broadened and swollen into a dis- 
tinct head. 

Teeth as in 7. fasciculata. 

Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 653; 
head and body, 428; tail vertebrae, 225; hind foot, 64 (61); ear from 
meatus, 28. Average of four adults from the type locality: Total 
leneth, 614 (590-653); head and body, 420 (410-428); tail vertebra, 
197 (180-225); hind foot, 64 (62-66); hind foot without claws, 60.3 
(58-62). For details, see table, page 470. 

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 82 (84%; basal 





“Measurements in parentheses are those of a young adult male Trichys fasciculata 
from Mount Salikan, Borneo (No. 83940). 


e 


470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


length, 72 (72); basilar length, 68 (67); length of nasals, 27 (25.4); 
diastema 24 (24); zygomatic breadth, 44 (44.4); least interorbital 
breadth, 16 (19); mandible, 52.4 (52); maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 
13.4 (14.8); mandibular toothrow (alveoli), 14.8 (15). 
Specimens ecamined.—F ve, all from the type locality. 
Remarks.—Though closely related to the Bornean form, Z7richys 
macrotis appears to be readily distinguishable by its large ears and 





peculiar hamulars. 

Anembryo with head and body about 40 mm. in length clearly shows 
that scaly integument, the vestiges of which in the adult have been 
‘alled attention to by Jentink.“ The scales are very distinct on the 
back, sides, thigh, upper arm, and proximal third of tail, much more 
so, in fact, than in an embryo Manis javanica of about the same size, 
The largest average a little more than 1mm. in length. Longitudinally 
there are about 52 rows, each of which contains 24 scales at middle of 
body. At the posterior border of each scale the incipient spines 
appear as minute rounded projections, of which the central is usually 
the best developed. Five of these rudiments to each scale appears to 
be the usual number, though seven may occasionally be counted. The 
middle and terminal portions of the tail lack scales, but in a favorable 
light traces of rings are visible along the second third. Near tip the 
tail rather abruptly thickens, and its surface becomes somewhat rugose. 


Measurements of Trichys macrotis. 





| | Hind 
| Total Head | Tail Hind foot 














Locality. Number. Sex. sear and | verte- | > with- 

ee pody. | bre. | 10% | out 

| | | | claws. 

2 by oe 29 ee See pe 
| mm. | mm. | mm. mm. | mm. 
TPADAN WIR By; oe eteieisiaaeerne seco 114487 | Female adult.....|.......- | ADS See aera 64 | 
DOS eRe ees cose meens a@114488 |..... dO osceeereeas 653 428 | 225 64 | 3 60 
Donen see eee maes seer eeee 114495 | eee do siaeeeee 617 | 422 195 60 | > 57 
WO See Sa ees es oe sine | 114489 | Male adult ......-. 590 | 410 180 66 | 62 
MOR ee ase eee Soe Se Sees Srateie P T4490 tas (oto Saeenaator 600 415 185 | 62 | 58 
| | : 
aType. 


Famity VIVERRID. 


HERPESTES BRACHYURUS Gray. 


1837. Herpestes brachyurus Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist., I, November, 1837, p. 578; 
“Indian Islands.’’ 


A pair of adults, Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 24 and 26, 1902. 
Measurements: Total length, male, 630, female, 650; head and body, 
male, 430, female, 435; tail vertebra, male, 200, female, 215; hind foot, 
male, 83, female, 82; hind foot without claws, male, 78, female, 78. 


— 


“ Notes from the Leyden Museum, X VI, 1894, p. 209. 


BY 


No. 1317. MAMMALS OF eee SUMATRA— pote he 471 





HEMIGALE HARDWICKII Gray. 
1830. ‘‘ Viverru hardwickii Gray, Spic. Zool., I, p. 9.” 


Adult female, Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, February 12, 1902. Meas- 
‘urements: Total length, 830; head and body, 520; tail vertebrae, 310; 
hind foot, 73 (71). 


PARADOXURUS HERMAPHRODITUS (Pallas). 


1778. Viverra hermaphrodita Pauuas, in Schreber, Siiugthiere, III, p. 426; 
“ Barbary.’’ 

Six specimens from Simalur Island. For measurements, see table, 
page 471. 

Dr. Abbott writes that the musang of Simalur Island is lighter in 
weight and much more slender in form than that of the Malay 
Peninsula. The measurements, however, show no appreciable differ- 
ences, and I can detect none in the skins or skulls. 


Measurements of Paradoxurus hemaphroditus. 





| | aS | Hind 
Total Head Tail | Hind foot 














475 410 | 70 69 


| 
| 
Loeality. Number. Sex. le and | verte- with- 
jJength.| body. | bre. foot. out 
| claws. 
| 
| mm. mim. nL. nvm. mm. 
114171 | Male adult ....... 845 | 465 380 68 65 
114174 | Young male....-. 758 | 388 370 | 66 63 
114175 | Male adult .....-. 875 485 390 | 71 70 
114172 | Female adult..... 883 | 183 400 | 66 65 
ARTS Ue ip eee eS. Soe g6e5| 470| 395] 71 69 
885 | 
| 


114176 | atte DOs aaecveeiicce 





Family MUSTELID. 
AONYX CINEREA (lIlliger). 
1815. Lutra cinerea Iuuicrer, ‘‘Abhandl, Akad. Berlin, 1811, p. 99.”’ Java. 

An adult female was taken at Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, on March 27, 
1902. Measurements: Total length, 760; head and body, 470; tail ver- 
tebree, 290; hind foot, 82. 

Family GALEOPITHECID ZA. 
GALEOPITHECUS VOLANS (Linnzus). 
1758 [Lemur] volans Linnxvs, Syst. Nat., I, 10th ed., p. 30; Asia. 
Two specimens from Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands. 


Measurements of Galeopithecus volans. 

















| | Hind 
Head Tail | : foot 
Locality. Number. Sex. eee | and | yerte- me with- 
& body. bre. ; out 
claws. 
| mm. mim. mm. min. mm, 
Pulo evaangica Bee ee 114375 | Female, adult ...- 620 385 235 61 55 





pele falas a Ae cisi = xlolnlo = ci 114376 | Male, adult.....-. | 590 3380 215 60 53.6 








(an | 
472 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


Family ERINACEID 4. 
GYMNURA GYMNURA (Raffles). | 


1822. [ Vinerra] gymnura Rarres, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, XIII, p. 272; Ben- | 
| 
coolen, Sumatra. 


One adult male, Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 29, 1902. For) 
measurements see table, page 472. 


' 


Family TUPAID Zi. 





TUPAIA FERRUGINEA (Raffles). 
1822. Tupaia ferruginea Rarries, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, p. 256; | 
Singapore. 

Five specimens, two from Loh Sidoh Bay and three (one skull with-) 
out skin) from Tapanuli Bay. For measurements see table, page 472.! 
Both skins and skulls closely agree with those from fhe southern 
extremity of the Malay Peninsula and show no approach toward the; 
Tupaia pheura” of Sinkep Island. | 





TUPAIA TANNA Raffles. 


1822. Tupaia tana Rarrurs, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XXIII, p. 257; Bencoolen, | 
Sumatra. 


A pair of adults, Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands, January 29 and 31, | 
1902. For measurements see table, page 472 


TUPAIA MALACCANA Anderson. 
1879. Tupaia malaccana ANDERSON, Anat. and Zool. Researches, p. 184; Malacea.; 


A male was taken at Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 22, 1902. For) 
measurements see table, page 472. 


Measurements of Gymnura and Tupaia. 





Hind © 





























| Head : foot | 
Name. Locality. Number, Sex. | zou and | Tail. ae with- 
ength.| jody, oot. | out’ |) 
claws. | 
| 
| Ah mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. 
Gymnura gymnura .| Tapanuli Bay ..| 114551 | Male, adult... 632 377 255 53 50 
Tupaia ferruginea.-| Loh Sidoh Bay .| 114152 | Female, adult 365 190 175 45 43, 
DO sso 2. ac eee |-----do Sele ietatae 114153 | Male, adult...| «330 190 | 2140 47 44 
DO Feces tacie | Tapanuli Bay .. 114548 | Female, adult 365 195 170 45 42,4 ° 
Do Eee eam a sre | eaiepie AO ase ait 114549 | Male, adult... 390 200 190 47 45 1 
Tupaia tana ......-. | Pulo Tuangku .| 114412 |__... GOiss5en cee 375 215 160 46 43, 
DO orecne sess. 5. OO anes 114413 | Female, adult 365 205 160 45 42 
Tupaia malaccana . | Tapanuli Bay . 114550 | Male, adult... 284 132 152 43 41. |) 








aTail imperfect. 





“Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 157, June 11, 1902. } 


No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA— NS 473 








Family VESPERTILIONID. 
MYOTIS MURICOLA (Gray). 


1846. Vespertilio muricola Gray ‘Catal. Mamin., ete., Nepal and Thibet, p. 4, 
(ex Hodgson, nomen nudum) ;’’ Nepal. 

Seventeen specimens (in alcohol), from Simalur Island. While it is 
quite possible that these do not represent true Myotis muricola, | am 
unable to distinguish them in the absence of material for comparison. 
They closely agree with specimens from Trong, Lower Siam. 


Measurements of Myotis inuricola. 


















































\ 
—- Tai | aac: ae: ewe 
% | | |Ble|Bl] 4 lecls 
| Num- ; 5 pl eltlalt |S egise 
Locality. ean Sex. = ; Ba ers (ed [pests Ses 
; eee aes cece oreo es ileal eyelash 
lee |S ° q Slits q leas Sid eis 
, © ies) |itex 3 SPSS cao neg este nese as 
eR Ea Bia ;}Q); ae) ea) | Ie 
| | | | 
mm mm ‘im mm m|\m mm mmmmmm mim mim mmm 
1142380 15 | 7 | 85 | 6.4) 29 | 61 | 50 | 46 | 18 | 
114231 15 | 8 | 36 | 7 | 80 | 60 | 49 | 45 | 12 }10 
114232 DAS pow Dil 827 1063: 52 (47) 14S 
114235 15 | 7 | 34/5 | 80] 62 | 48 | 45 | 14° )11 
114237 lined 16 | 8 36 | 5.4) 31 | 61 | 50 | 45 | 16 /11 
114240 | Female, young ...| 52 | Zan LOT. e275) 19) | 385° (800 83: | LOy eke. 
114241 | Female, adult .--. ; 70 | 87/15) 7 | 86) 5 | 381 | 61 | 48 | 43} 14 /10 
114244 | Female, young ...| 65 | 28) 14| 7 | 31/6 | 22 | 44/ 37) 35] 11 | 9 
| 114245 | Female, adult -...| 79 | 37 | 15 | 7.4] 34 | 6 | 32 | 65 | 50 | 45 | 15 |13 
fA 24Gn 22252 Opec ne aacs | 80 | 37 | 15 | 7 36 | 6 | 31 | 62 | 52 | 48 | 13 |10 
114233 | Male, adult ....-.. 75 |85)/15/8 | 38515 | 31 | 60} 48 | 44 | 13 10 
114234 |. ose. dorset sey lees Dy eSieal Stale 298 e59ul 47 43, lati 19 
A1493652oe 0. Or sess eee 76 | 35|15)7 | 84/6 | 28 | 60 | 49} 46 | 14 |11 
114238 | Male, young ...... 65 | 22/11/7 | 26/6 | 17 | 35 | 28 | 26 | 10 8 
114239) ).-... doh etaa sd os 65 | 37) 1317 | 31] 6 | 25 | 49} 40 | 38 | 12 |10 
114242 | Male,adult.....-. ibs Soe (6 | 7 4|n8b || 56) 29) | 57 1 45 142) 12 0 
114243 |..... do Sa etete reesei 72 | 338 |-15) 8 35 | 6 30 | 58 | 46 | 42 | 18 20 








Family EMBALLONURID. 
EMBALLONURA PENINSULARIS Miller. 


1898. Emballonura peninsularis MituER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1898, 
p. 323, July 25, 1898; Trong, Lower Siam. 


Six specimens (in alcohol) from Pulo Babi. 


Measurements of Emballonura peninsularis. 



































| | é | 

| S| 

an | \e |] 2/8 

: Num- re bo 1 asin fis P| set ses s 

Locality. nae Sex, g | gq]. {3 |= oe |e 

aL uleselee dagol ide eb sete t ee lie) fe 

Sila lZlelfislisisisigials 

° 3 et © eo". 5o o ete pe) soi] 3 

Belal/alelelel/alelele|aja 

= | | = | | 
mm\ mm mm mm mm mm) TM) MN mm) mm) mm mm 
mo Babi........... 114274 | Female adult..... 50|10|17| 8| 42| 8/35] 62 | 42| 44/11 | 10 
ae 114279 |..... Gigas ete 57 | 13 | 16 | 11 | 44| 8 | 37 | 69 | 49 | 46 {13 | 10 
eee 114275 | Male adult ....-.- 6413/16 |10| 44| 8| 35 | 65 | 47 | 44 12.4) 11 
eis... 114976 |..... doce sels 53 | 11 | 15 | 10 8 | 33 | 68 | 45 | 44 12 | 10 
ees... 114977 |. 20. do heh soak 57 |13|17| 9/43 | 7/37| 66 | 48| 45/14 | 11 
Beto sss... 114978 |... domo pa) S| 17 || 45 |B [Bo | 66 | 47) 46 12 | 0 
| 





5 
(us: eid cecamin OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


) 


| ws 
“I 


Family NYCTERID. 
MEGADERMA SPASMA (Linnzus). 
1758. [ Vespertilio] spasma Linnxus, Syst. Nat.,; I, LOth ed., p. 325 “‘Asiaz?? 


Nine specimens: Pulo Siumat, off Simalur Island, 3 (2 in alcohol);) 
Pulo Lasia, 4 (2 in aleohol); Pulo Babi, 2 (in alcohol). 


Measurements of Megaderma spasma. | 






































ah ean 

| | Eee | 

| 4 | = | 43 = ; | 5 4 

| 7 seal ~ - 

Locality. | ay Sex. 2 } g 7 mo | lg a) g go 

chet Om : B/2iol >|] a] | one 
si;/dla/8)4)81/281#8 14 )S9e 

| S/S1B/S)/B1S!1oi313 14 | Sie 

5 oS tA © S = o o © “A oS Syl 

Sie /8\|/e/e/e\/n/e |e |e] | ee 

| mm mm) mm nem mm TM, mar NIM, MM) NM, MAL mm 

Pulo Siumat.......- a4: 297 | Female adult....- 75 |...-| 82 | 18 | 58 | 19 | 50 |105 | 78 | 83 | 39) Bly 
Do eases eee WesI429 85) eeeer one oe eeeteee 69 | 5 | 33 | 15 | 59 | 19 | 58 |110 | 79 | 82 | 86 | 30k 
DOr see se eee eA D DOR eae (Kon accgose ses 68 3 | 30 | 17 1 60 | 17 | 51 |109 | 81 | 85 | 36 | aeOr 
PuloPasia=sses-e-- a114249°'| Male adult ....--- 80) )-22|- 82.959: | 19 56 |101 | 81 | 81 | 37 30) 
DOs eae eer. be PEAR ee 306 (ie tetodee coo: 77 | 2.) 29 | 20 | 58 | 20 | 53 (108 | 82 | 85 | 37 | B0)) 
DO ee aa coos ote @ 414250 F ‘emale adult. +... 85 |...-| 33 | 19 | 60 | 19 | 55 \107 | 84 | 88 | 36 29 

DOM aeencesesee 142510 )|Peeee GO teas Seasiesee 70 4 | 34 | 19 | 61 | 19 | 55 {110 | 84 | 88 | 38 | *Bil) 
Pulo/ Babiis-sseeeee- | 114272 | Male adult ...-... 78 2/31 | 19 | 59 | 18 | 53 |108 | 80 | 83 | 36 2e 
DO tence cerelereiets | 114273 Female adult....-. 79 |....| 83 | 19 |....] 20 | 58 /112 | 85 | 88 | 37 | Saei 

| | i 








Family PTEROPODID ZL. 
CYNOPTERUS TITTHACHEILUS (Temminck). 


827. Pteropus titthecheilus Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm., I, p. 198; Buiten: 
zorg, Java. 
1902. Cynopterus titthecheilus Stone and Renn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadel. i 
phia, 1902, p. 136, June 4, 1902. | 









Twenty-four, from the following localities: Pulo Babi, 3 (2 in aleox 
hol); Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, 21 (19 in alcohol). They closely agret 
with specimens of true Cynopterus titthecheilus from Jaya, and are 
readily distinguishable from the C. montanod of the southern extremity 
of the Malay Peninsula by their larger general size, and particularly 
by their large skulls and heavy teeth. As in (@. montanot the eary 
show no indication of a whitish border. 

The original description of this species was based on material fron! 
Java, Sumatra,and Siam. It therefore included Cynopterus montanot 
As Temminck expressly states that most of his specimens were taker 
at Buitenzorg, Java, it is safe to regard this as the type locality. 


= 


‘xo.1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 475 








Measurements of Cynopterus titthecheilus. 
Ye UYNo} 






































na . 
: ‘ er bo) 8 |S l/s | ais 
ea | NO) ex. la/./2 2/2 | 8) alg 
ton 4 3 = be] Soa Miwa oS © S 
heey eis ielals| eS lelals)4 
Messe. Ses i|s 15/5) 8 18 
(ES )R Alea lelan]/ es |e |e} ale 
| 
| mm \mne Pama TNL TNL, Nek Varner ea MIN, MI 
Polo Babi........--. a114269 | Female adult...| 103 | 8 | 25] 15 | 65 | 27 | 46 | 108 | 85 | 85 13 110 
Patience == Ta |e dozer oes. 93] 8 | 27 | 15 | 66 | 26 | 44 | 112 | 88 | 86 |17 [16 
Meee a 114270 | Male adult ...-.. | 95] 6 | 25 | 15 | 67 | 25 | 42 | 112 | 87 | 86 118 115 
Tapanuli Bay -...-.-- 114466 |..... GOB sere at | 113 | 10 | 27 | 18 | 68 | 28 | 46 | 110 | 86 | 89 15 [14 
IE sa. sis. >.s 114486 | Male, young....| 87) 9 | 21 | 16 | 60 | 28 | 43 93) 74 | 74/17 1/15 
Nan Mee sees. so. c: a@114467 | Female adult..-| 110 | 8 | 28 | 17 | 66 | 29 | 46 | 107 | 88 | 86 |16 13.4 
114468 | Female, young .| 86 | 10 | 24 | 15 | 62 | 25 | 41 97 | 79 | 78 |17 {14 
114469 | Female adult...| 96 | 10 | 24 | 14] 61 | 28 | 43 | 109 |} 83 | 83 |18 |16 
114470 |..... Gore wiss2: 90 | 10 | 23 | 15 | 65 | 26 | 44 | 106 } 81 | 80 j17 1/15 
4a |S Se 5 GORe wes as 94} 9 | 24! 17 | 67 | 26 | 44 | 110} 85 | 85 18 116 
ATAAT OD ecee dotes: 5-22 3- |} 93] 9 | 24 | 15 | 65 | 27 | 44 | 109 | 83] 81 /19 |17 
114473 | Female, young -| 85] 9 | 23 | 17 | 63 | 22 | 43 | 103 | 78 | 77 |18 |15 
114474 | Female adult.-.| 93 | 8 | 25 | 14! 66 | 26 ! 43 | 110! 85 | 88 118 |15 
114475 |..... dora st | 89] 9 | 24] 16 | 65 | 26 | 45 | 110 | 89 | 90 20 117 
AAT GN eee One ssee= 90 | 10 | 26 | 15 | 68 | 26 | 48 | 110 | 83 | 82 \18 {17 
114477 |....- domserer oe: 92 | 10 | 25 | 16 | 66 | 27 | 42 | 107 | 86 | 80 18 |15 
114478 |..... Gor REsses 93 | 10 | 23 |. 15 | 64 | 25 |} 42 | 1038 | 79 | 78 116 |15 
M4479 See doses s 90 9 | 22 | 18 | 66 | 28 | 44 | 109 | 83 | 80 |19 15 
114480 |..... (OOS ae 96 | 10 | 26 | 16 | 67 | 29 | 46 | 107 | 85 | 83 17 ‘/16 
ROWE oni. = - | 114481 |..... Goren 95 | 10 | 23 | 17 | 66 | 29 | 48 | 111 | 85 | 85 18 15 
MO ieaece 228s =} | 114482 | Female, young -| 88 | 7 | 23 | 15 | 63 | 25 | 41 | 100 | 84 79 |18 [14 
BP ieee ncnsc-- =~ = 114483 | Female adult...) 100 | 9 | 25 | 14 | 64 | 27 | 41 | 107 | 82 81 |17. 6/15 
IE a aie eccee 114484 | Female, young .| 85) 8 | 26 | 15 | 60 | 27 | 40 | 104 78 | 77 |17 i14 
Boe een =. .5- 55 D44857) 28 Go pissisee. | 88 | a 








24 | 16 | 64 | 26 | 45 | 105 | 838 a /16 


| 





a Skin. 
Family NYCTICEBIDZ. 


NYCTICEBUS MALAIANUS (Anderson). 


1881. [Nycticebus tardigradus] var. malaiana ANpERSoN, Catal. Mamm. Indian 
Mus., I, p. 95; Malacca. 

1902. Nycticebus coucang malaianus Stoner and RexHn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, 1902, p. 139, June 4, 1902. 


An adult male was taken at Tapanuli Bay on March 20, 1902. 
Measurements: Total length, 328; head and body, 312; tail vertebra, 16; 
hind foot, 65. 

This specimen has been examined by Mr. Stone and Mr. Rehn, who 
write me that they consider it ‘‘ undoubtedly malatanus.” Although 
Anderson mentions no type specimen in his original description of the 
form, the stuffed adult male and its skull which heads his list of 
material (p. 96) may be regarded asthe type. This was collected at 
Malacca. 

Family CERCOPITHECIDZ. 


MACACUS NEMESTRINUS (Linnezus). 
1766. [Simia] nemestrina Linn xus, Syst. Nat., I, 12th ed., p. 35; Sumatra. 


Two pig-tailed macaques taken at Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, were the 
only individuals of the species observed. For measurements, see table, 
page 477. 


nan 


476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. XXVIy 








MACACUS “CYNOMOLGUS” Auct. 


Macacus cynomolgus AvCT., not Simia eynomolgus LINNAEUS. | 
Seven specimens of the common crab-eating macaques were obtained, 
three on Pulo Tuaugku, two on Pulo Mansalar, and two at Tapanul: 
Bay, Sumatra. For measurements, see table, page 477. | 


MACACUS FUSCUS, new species. | 


Type.—Old male (skin and skull). Cat. no. 114164, U.S.N.Mij 
Collected on Simalur Island, northwestern Sumatra, November 20. 
1901? by Dr. W. 1 Abbott. Original number, 1348. 

Chapacters.—Similar to Macacus umbrosus” of the Nicobar Islands! 
but smaller and with relatively shorter tail. 

Color.—Type: Upperparts and outer surface of limbs blackish 
brown with a paint tinge of drab, each hair drab at base and with t 
wood-brown annulation 2 to 4 mm. in width near tip. As the furi. 
of a soft, silky quality, the exact effect of the two colors varies con. 
siderably with reflection of light and with disarrangement of hairs, bu 
the wood-brown is everywhere very distinct though not in excess 0. 
the dark underlying brown. Underparts and inner surface of limbs. 
light bluish gray (very nearly Ridgway’s No. 8). This color suffuse: 
cheeks and region surrounding ears. Tail like back above, but wit) 
the light annulations very indistinct, like belly below and at tip. 

Shull and teeth.—The skull and teeth resemble those of Macaeu 
umbrosus except for their much smaller size. 

Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 92¢ 
head and body, 470; tail vertebree, 450; hind foot, 125 Average | 
five males from the type locality: Total length, 939 (905-985); hea 
and body, £78 (460-495); tail vertebrae, 467 (435-490); hind foot, 12 
(118-130). For details see table, page 477. 

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length (exclusive of ine. 
sors), 122 (134);? basal length, 93 (102); basilar length, 87 (96); leas 
palatal length, 49 (57) eat breadth (between front molars), 21 (25) 
zygomatic breadth, 83 (90); mastoid breadth, 64 (71); greatest breadt, 
of brain case above roots of zygomata, 60 (61); least breadth of bral 
case immediately behind orbits, 38.6 (39); orbital breadth, 61 (67, 
least distance from orbit to alv eolus of inner incisor, 44 (49); greate | 
depth of brain case (exclusive of sagittal crest), 45 (50); mandibl 
82 (97); greatest depth of ramus, 19 (19.6); maxillary tooth ro 
(exc ed of incisors), 40 (44.6); mandibular tooth row (exclustay 
meisors), 45 (50); crown of Se upper molar, 7.4 by 7 (8.8 by £ ¢ 
crown of middle lower molar, 8 by 6 (8.2 by 7.4). : 

Specimens ecamined.—Ven, eight from Simalur Island and two fro. 
Pulo Lasia. | 


a Miller, Se ce S. Nat. nies “XXIV ' May 28, 1902, p. 789. 
+’Measurements in parentheses are those of the type if Macacus umbrosus, a you. 
adult male, with unworn teeth. 


at 


= 


x0. 1317, MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 477 


Remarks.—In color and size ae specimens from Simalur Isl: a are 
yery constant, presenting no variation worthy of note. In the two 
from Pulo Lasia the tail is considerably longer, making the proportions 
essentially the same as in Macacus umbrosus. ‘They are readily separa- 
ble from the Nicobar species, however, by their much smaller skulls. 





Measurements of Macacus. 





























| | } | 
| | 7 Head : 
Name. Locality. | Number. Sex. Total | “and | Tail. | Hind 
| length.| 1 = foot. 
| body. | 
mm, mm, mm. mm. 
Macacus nemestrinus.| Tapanuli Bay -.-- 114502 | Female adult. 690 480 210 160 
Do TVADOS™ |S GOmneeteescce f 660 490 170 143 
114505 | Male adult ..... 922 452 570 | 127 
14506 \5< 5 - COM Sete ee 973 | 453 520 130 
174559"). 2. GO Peoren Se lecene ae: BAB Eaieee csc | 127 
114560 |...-- Gp paeenereee 940 440 500 125 
114408 |..... ope ee ee: | 955 420 535 | 125 
114409 |....- dO se eee 953 | . 493 530. | 125 
PIAATO oS 55. COpcate= tes 905 425 480 | 117 
114247 | do 960 440 | —+520 | 125 
114248 1, 025 470 5D | 130 
114162 915 440 475 115 
114165 | 830 420 410 | 110 
114166 830 410 420 | 110 
114163 905 470 435 118 
114164 | 985 495 490 | 128 
| 114167 940 495 445 | 125 
@114168 920 470 450 | 125 
114169 945 460 485 | 130 
a Type. 


PRESBYTES“@ SUMATRANUS (Miller and Schlegel). 
1839-1844. Semnopithecus sumatranus M@LLER and ScHLEGEL, Verhandel. over 
de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederl. overzeesche bezittingen, p. 73; 
Sunatra. 
Four specimens taken at Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, are essentially 
identical with those previously collected by Dr. Abbott on the Indragiri 
River, eastern Sumatra.’ For measurements see table, page 477. 


PRESBYTES CRISTATUS (Raffles). 
1822. Simia cristata Rarrurs, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, p. 244; Ben- 
coolen, Sumatra. 
One skin from Loh Sidoh Bay and five from Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra. 
For measurements see table: 


Measurements us meee 




















| Head . 
= Name. Locality. Number. | Sex. Total | and Tail. Hind 
| length. = foot. 
| | body. | 

| mm. | mm. | mm. mm. 
ed sumatranus., Tapanuli Bay ....) 114507 , Male adult ...-. 1, 270 510 760 160 
06S oe5e6e eee Bee GOs oce cess 114508 | Female adult...) 1,230 500 | 730 170 
be Se tee sac aca 2 doers stead: 114509 |...-- Ones cece | 1,260 515 745 165 
eee sess... - OPE ees Pm t14 LON SO). Ges sa osee || dy 1D 455 760 165 
Presi cristatus....| Loh Sidoh Bay - 114160 |....- domace eeeee 1, 200 500 700 145 
Bee Reecee csicas .| Tapanuli Bay . 114512 | Female young...) 950 400 550 132 
Do eee ee. |.: 2 WOeseeee ees: ‘| 114513 | Female adult...| 1,190 530 660 150 
Bere s elo... Oe eee te 114515 |..... doe tee 1,130 465 665 145 
eee 5-52... omer Monee 114514 | Male adult ..... | 1,290 540 750 163 
a doe awaits PIAGIG|o=5-.dO 2: -2<c% | 1,295 | 540| 755 163 











“ Presbytes Eschscholtz, Kotzebue’s Entdeckung’s Reise, III, 1821, p. 196, type 
P. mitratus Eschscholtz, antedates Semnopithecus F. Cuvier, Des Dents des Mammi- 
féres, 1825, pp. 14, 247, the first publication of the more familiar name in Latin form, 

>See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 159, June 11, 1902. 


478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 
ee ee 


Family SIMD. 


HYLOBATES AGILIS F. Cuvier. 





1821. Hylobates agilis F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammiféres, III, Pts. 32 and 33, 
September, 1821; Sumatra. 

1902. Hylobates hoolock M1LuER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 159), 
June 11, 1902. t 

Three specimens from Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra. For measurements. 
see table, page 475. This animal is the same as that from the Indra 
giri River, eastern Sumatra, which I recently recorded as //ylobate: 
hoolock. It is undoubtedly the /7. agilas of F. Cuvier, some of the 
light-colored specimens almost exactly matching the figure in the 
original account of the species. H 


( 


SYMPHALANGUS SYNDACTYLUS (Raffles). f 


oes ‘ i i 

1822. Simia syndactyla RaFF es, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, p. 241; Ben’ 
coolen, Sumatra. f 

¢ | 

Four adults were taken at Tapanuli Bay, where the animal 1 
common. 


Measurements of Hylobates and Symphalangus from Tapanuli Bay. I 








Name. Number. | Sex. ieee ai i 
| mm. | mm. 

Hylobates agilis....2.ccccecceecesveeeseeeeceeecceceee | 114499 | Male adult .....--. 470 | 19) 
ons ae Cisne lee dockets: ates 445 | 1 
lDOpaccndeaonenenoacoue See Seiie ...| 114501 | Femaleadult....-. 415 12 
Symphalangus syndactylus..-.----- 114494 |....- GOeass2- eee 470 14 
1D eyes as CReSoeCnbor ooberenr esac 114497 |....- COs ses eeeee 500 Li 

INYO) eon Copco abee Goce nor anne suDcrne | 114495 | Male adult ...-.-- 510 1E| 

DO pee cereale daca Seen eee 114496 |....- GOs scee sees 525 le 

| 








NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE LOCALITIES VISITED. | 


Lists of the mammals observed at the different collecting station’ 
follow, together with the collector's field notes. | 


Lou Stpon Bay. Sumarra (November 5 to 8, 1901). 


Sciurus albescens.—Common in jungles and cocoanut plantations. 
Mus lingensis.—Trapped ona low, jungle-covered hill east of the bay. 
Tupaia ferruginea Raffles. —Found in dense jungle by the seashore. 
Presbytes maurus.—Shot in dense jungle by the seashore. i 
“Saw tracks of tiger, Cervus equinus, pig, kijang, ete., but did ne! 
secure any specimens.” 







Smraur Istanp (November 16, 1901, to January 2, 1902). 


Sus vittatus—Pigs are very common. One meets with their track 
and “diggings” everywhere; but except where sago is being mad 


No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 479 








they are hard to catch sight of. An adult female (No. 114177) was 
killed in the forest while feeding on the trunk of a sago palm. Others 
were killed in clearings and among the mangroves on the shore. 

Mus simalurensis. — 

Mus surdus.—No rats were caught in the forest, though many traps 
were set there. Afterwards the traps were moved to stumps, dead 
tree trunks, and stony, weedy places in paddy fields with much better 
results. A few of the larger kind (J/us s¢malurens/s) were caught in 
these situations, and they were common in heavy jungle on Pulo 
Siumat, 5 miles offshore. The smaller species was common in the 
paddy fields, and also about houses. Some were found in the stomachs 
of snake eagles and also in snakes. 

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus.—Common. Only once seen in the 
jungle, but natives caught several; said to be very destructive to 
poultry. 

Myotis muricola.— Brought in by natives at Sibaboh Bay, where they 
were caught in hollow trees. 

Megaderma spasma.—QObtained in some small caves at the seashore 
on Pulo Siumat. 

Pteropus sp.—Called by the natives ‘‘tupai,” the Malay name for 
squirrel. A ‘‘camp” existed on Pulo Asu and two others were said 
to be on Pulo Siumat. Although frequently seen flying about in the 
evening, no specimens were secured. 

Macacus fuscus.—Common. Has the usual habits of J/acacus. The 
only monkey on the island. 


Puro Lasta (January + to 7, 1902). 


Mus simalurensis.—Common in the jungle. 

Megaderma spasma.—A bunch of four were shot while hanging under 
a projecting rock in the jungle. 

Macacus fuscus.—Common. Is not found on the neighboring Pulo 


Babi. 


Puvo Bast (January 7 to 14, 1902). 


Sus vittatus.— Although no pigs occur on Pulo Lasia they are abun- 
dant on Pulo Babi, but are not easily seen in the dense jungle. Only 
three were shot. Their ‘‘sarongs” or nests were very common in the 
jungle. These are generally made of the leaves of a small palm and 
resemble little haycocks. The pig of Babi appears to be different 
from that of Simalur. It is considerably larger. 

Mus simalurensis.—A large gray rat was not uncommon, but all the 
specimens trapped were so cut to pieces by crabs that no skins could 
be saved. Several skulls, however, were preserved. 

Emballonura peninsularis.—No notes. 

Cynopterus titthecheilus——Common. Found hanging by day from 
the midribs of the leaves of an areca palm. 


| 
480) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. | 


eee 


Puto Banexaru, Bansak Istanps (January 16 to 21, 1902). 





No pigs or monkeys were seen, and the natives say that none occur, 
A number of Pferopus were seen, and at least two kinds of smaller bats, 
but none were obtained. My Malay sailing master said that he saw a 
red ‘‘tupai” on the ground. It was probably the form of Zupaca tana 
afterwards taken on Pulo Tuanku. | 
Tragulus brevipes.—Several seen; only one taken. 
Sciurus pretiosus.— Common. 
Sciurus bancarus.— Very common. 
Mus firmus.— 
Mus fremens.— | 
Mus lingensis. Rats were very plentiful, but land and hermit crabs 
abounded to such an extent that trapping was difficult and many of the 
specimens caught were ruined. | 


Puto Tuanexu. Bangak Istanps (January 22 to February 5, 1909); 


Tragulus russeus.—Very common. Am not certain whether there 
are one or two forms. Three males weighed over 5 pounds each, bu) 
none of the females were so large. Now in Zragulus the female 1 
considerably larger than the male; but no correspondingly largy 
females were obtained among the thirty or more that I examined 
Most of the females were pregnant. 

Sus vittatus.—A rather small form. Common, but only one f 
and an immature male obtained. 

Sciurus ubericolor.—Common. 

Ratufa palliata.— 

Ratufa femoralis——Both very common and very noisy. Often see’ 
together in the same tree. When alive the brown one ( femoralas 
appears smaller than the other. 

Rhinosciurus laticaudatus—A female was caught in a rat trap 8 
Ujong Tumbaga. 

Mus firmus.— 

Mus fremens.— } 

Mus asper.— | 

Mus lingensis..— All four species of J/ws were common. | 

Lenothrix canus.—Only one taken. [ 


emal: 


Galeopithecus volans.—Common. 


: A } 
Macacus “cynomolgus.’”—Common. A small form similar to that « 


’ 


Sumatra. | | 

I 

Puto MANSALAR, AT ENTRANCE TO Tapanutt Bay (March 2 to 1, 
1902). 


A monkey, apparently identical with the Presbytes maurus of th 
mainland, was observed, but no specimen could be secured. It wo 
shy and not very common. The tracks of pigs were abundant, b) 







to ae 
oe 


_ MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER: 481 





none of the animals ficuisele es were seen. ONativds reported Gale 0 
pithecus common, and also said that no musangs occur. 

Tragulus amenus.—I'wo were brought in by natives. 

Tragulus jugularis.—Common. About thirty were brought in by 
natives. Three Nias men with two dogs went to the northwest end of 
the island, and returned in two days with fourteen napu, so the animals 
must be very plentiful. 

Sciurus saturatus.— Common. 

Sciurus mansalaris.—Very common. Crepuscular, but a few may be 
seen at all hours. 

Ratufa nigrescens.—Common, but neither as plentiful nor as noisy as 
the species of Pulo Tuangku. 

Mus domitor.— 

Mus fremens.— 








All three species of rats were common. 


Tapanuti Bay, NORTHWESTERN SuMATRA (February 12 to 28 at Lobo 
Pandan Bay, and March 16 to 29 at Jaga Jaga). 


No elephants are in the immediate vicinity, but they are said to be 
common only a few miles away. <A rhinoceros is said to have come 
close to the village while I was at Lobo Pandan. 

Rusa.—A female or young male seen. 

Cervulus.— Heard at Lobo Pandan. One seen. 

Tragulus kanchil.—Very common. 

Tragulus napu.—Several snared and brought in, but all were imma- 
ture except one fine male. If this is typical napw, as it probably is, 
it is a different animal from any that I have heretofore obtained. 

Sus.—None seen, but their tracks were everywhere plentiful. 

Sciurus vittatus—Common. 

Sciurus tenuis.—Common. 

Sciurus erebus.—Generally common, but less so than the last. A 
good many met with in the mangroves, and particularly in the cocoa- 
nuts at Jaga Jaga village. 

Ratufa palliata.—-Not very common. Heard several times at Lobo 
Pandan. <A pair often seen and fired at unsuccessfully on Gunong 
Kebong, where a half-grown female was finally shot. 

Mus firmus.— 

Mus fremens.— 

Mus lingensis.— All three rats were common. 

Mus asper.—Only one taken. 

Trichys macrotis.—Several caught by Malays on Bukit Sawa. 

Herpestes brachyurus.—A pair were caught by Malays in a jerat 
(snare) on Bukit Sawa. 

Paradoxurus.—No skins. A half-grown female brought to me 
alive is now (April 6) well and growing fast. While it does not look 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 


2 





2 
dep 


“ 


* 


482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI, 





like the P. hermaphroditus of the peninsula, it closely resembles the 
form found on Simalur; so the latter may have been introduced.4@ The 
Malays often keep musangs as pets. 

Hemigale hardwickii.—One snared by Malays on Bukit Sawa. 

Aonyx cinerea.—A female snared on Bukit Sawa. It is apparently 
adult, though weighing only 5% pounds. 

Gymnura gymnura.—One caught alive by a Malay on Bukit Sawa. 

Tupaia ferruginea. Apparently not common. Three specimens ob- 
tained at Lobo Pandan. 

Pteropus sp.—Often seen flying over Jaga Jaga. ‘Two were shot, 
but fell into the water and were lost. P¢eropus usually sinks in 
water unless very fat. 

Cynopterus titthecheilus.—A bunch of twenty females were found 
hanging on a cocoanut leaf at Jaga Jaga. All were killed at one shot. 
A male found hanging alone on another tree about 20 feet away was 
also shot. 

Nycticebus malaianus.—One brought in alive. Malay name, *‘ kon- 
kong.” The animal is much used in medicine and magic. 

Presbytes sumatranus.—Not as common as P. maurus, and keeps 
more strictly to the hills and heavy forests. Local name, ‘‘ boéro.” 

Presbytes maurus.—Common, especially among the mangroves. Lo- 
cal name, ‘‘ chinko.” : 

Macacus nemestrinus.—Malay name, ‘‘broh,” but locally called 
**perdh.” Met with a number of times, but only two, both females, 
shot. These short-tailed J/acacus are always shy and hard to get. 
Did not observe them in captivity in Sumatra, although I have seen 
many in other places trained to climb for cocoanuts. A well-trained 
broh is said to sell for $20 to $25 (Straits dollars) in the Straits 
Settlements. 

Macacus “‘cynomolgus.”—Malay name Krah, from its call. About 
Tapanuli the local name is Karo. Very common. Apparently a 
rather small form. Some few males seem to grow to a large size. 
I shot one very large male, but he tumbled into the river and sank 
immediately. I do not think that more than one male in a hundred 

ever reaches this large size—probably 15 or 16 pounds. It is the same 
with J. cynomolgus everywhere. 

Hylobates agilis. Common; some are pale brown and some black. 
A brown female (No. 114501), killed on February 22, had a black hus: 
band and a black baby. Gibbons are monogamists. 

Symphalangus syndactylus.—Common. Their extraordinary cries 
heard everywhere about Tapanuli Bay, also at Tapat Tuan, 140 miles 
farther up the coast. A new born young, killed by the same shot 








“In a letter dated Septe ie 26, 1902, Dr. Abbott writes that this musang, now 


nearly adult, has grown to resemble in all respects the common P. hermaphroditus 0. 
the Malay Peninsula. 


- 


No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 483 


which killed its mother, was naked except on its scalp. A few days 
after another female was shot. This had a baby about a month old, 
which is now (April 6) well covered with hair and has cut all its milk 
incisors. It thrives on condensed milk and bananas and is too affec- 
tionate to be an altogether agreeable pet. A later note says that this 
siamang died of diarrhea on April 14. 

Simia.—The orang utan exists, but not abundantly, about Tapanuli 
Bay. Two miles up the Jaga-Jaga River some nibong palms were 
seen that had been broken off by orangs, and also an old sarong 
(shelter), but the traces were old. There were said to be more a few 
miles farther inland, particularly up the Berdiri River. The natives 
say they always go about in pairs. This is probably true, as all the 
siamang I met with were in pairs, and all gibbons, as far as I know, 
are monogamous. Often one meets with two or more pairs on a 
favorite fruit tree, and, of course, they have young ones with them; 
but they never go in gangs like J/ucacus and Pusbytes, and it is usual 
for a pair to be alone or with one baby. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
Prats XVIII. 
Lenothrix canus, Type. 


Figs. 1-3, skull (natural size); fig. 4, crowns of lower molars (about x 4); fig. 5, 
crowns of upper molars (about x 4). 


PuatE XIX. 
Ratufa lenata R. palliata. 


Figs. 1-9, posterior termination of nasals and premaxillaries in 9 skulls of Ratufa 
lenata; figs. 10-12, the same in 3 skulls of R. palliata; figs. 13-21, anterior termina- 
tion of maxillaries in 9 skulls of R. lexnata; figs. 22-24, the same in 3 skulls of R. 
palliata (all about > 1.75). 


Figs. 1 and 13, male, No. 114352. Figs. 7 and 19, male, No. 114357. 


2 and 14, female, No. 114349. 8 and 20, male, No. 114350. Type. 
3 and 15, male, No. 114354. 9 and 21, female, No. 114347. 
4 and 16, female, No. 114355. 10 and 22, —, No. 114003. 
5 and 17, male, No. 114346. 11 and 23, —, No. 114004. 
; 6 and 18, male, No. 114356. 12 and 24, male, No. 113162. Type. 


Nos. 1-9, 13-21, from Pulo Tuanku; Nos. 10-11, 22-23, from Sumatra, exact 
locasity not known; Nos. 12 and 24, from the Indragiri River, eastern Sumatra. 











\ Flo Juan fut, 
FulolLasiag ANG Ss 
Fulo Babi? ips NBuiem 


Filo 
Mersalar Hit 





NORTHWESTERN SUMATRA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS. 


PL. XVIII 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 





SKULL AND TEETH OF LENOTHRIX CANUS, TYPE. 


For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 483, 


a 


tj geeg ede qaryhe 


; 
Fitintte spies 





PL. XIX 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI 


‘U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


‘Sp AOVd 39S 3ALWid 4O NOILVNV1dx3 HO4 


“VLYNV1 ‘Y GONV VL2INIVd VSANLVY NI SLVIVd GNV NOIDSSY IWILISHYOUSLN| JO LYVd 











BIRDS COLLECTED BY DR. W. L. ABBOTT ON THE COAST 
AND ISLANDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA. 


By CuHarues W. RicnmMonp, 


Assistant Curator, Division of Birds. 


The collection noticed in the following pages was received by the 
United States National Museum in July, 1902. It consists of about 
450 specimens, representing nearly 140 species, many of which are of 
great interest, and was made by Dr. Abbott in the course of a five 
months’ cruise on the northwest coast of Sumatra. This untiring 
traveler sailed from Singapore in the latter part of October, 1901, for 
the purpose of visiting certain zoologically unexplored islands on the 
west side of Sumatra. His first stopping place was Loh Sidoh Bay, a 
few miles south of Acheen Head, where, owing to the unfriendliness 
of the natives, work was carried on fora few days only (November 
5-8). Simalur (Babi, Simalu, or Si Malu of some maps), a hilly and 
well-wooded island about 55 miles in length, was next visited. Here 
several weeks (November 16, 1901—January 3, 1902) were very profit- 
ably passed at various points (Telok Dalam, November 17—December 1; 
Sibaboh Bay, December 8-17; Sigoeli River, December 19; Pulo Asu, 
December 25-26; Pulo Siumat, December 27-30; and Labuan Badjau 
Bay, January 1-3) on the Sumatran side. Early in January Dr. 
Abbott sailed to Pulo Lasia and Pulo Babi, small islets lying 14 miles 
southeast of Simalur, and separated from one another by a narrow 
strait only 14 miles wide. Pulo Lasia is about 2} miles long by 2 
miles wide, while Pulo Babi is even smaller. Both are uninhabited, 
low, wooded islands (the ‘* Flat Islands” of some maps) of coral 
formation. After a few days (January 4-14) spent here, the Banjak 
Islands were visited. This group consists of Pulo Bangkaru (or Beng: 
Karu), Pulo Tuangku (or Tunangku), and about four unnamed islets. 
Pulo Bangkaru, heavily forested, with an area of about 20 square miles, 
was first visited (January 16-22), and later Pulo Tuangku (January 
22-February 6), which is 17 miles long by about 5 miles wide. On 
the latter, birds were found in abundance, both species and individuals 
outnumbering those observed on Simalur. Many species additional 








: PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI, No. 1318. 
: 485 


486 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI 


to ieee given in ie 1e Tet 7 the oa of this paper were seen, but the 
collector writes that ‘‘no large parrots, hornbills, or barbets were seen 
1 heard, and no drongos or orioles were noticed;” also, ‘‘no par- 
tridges or pheasants were found on any of the islands visited.” From | 
the Banjak Islands Dr. Abbott proceeded to Tapanuli Bay (February | 
11-March), on the coast of Sumatra, where he remained for six weeks, 
visiting various points on the bay, including a short trip to Pulo 
Mansalar, situated about 7 miles from the mainland. Tapanuli Bay | 
and Pulo Mansalar are both heavily forested, and birds were abundant ) 
at the former place, but the time spent here was mainly occupied in | 


collecting mammals. | 

The birds enumerated below are referable to 152 species, of which | 
19 are believed to be new,“namely: Jlacropygia simalurensis, Spilornis 
abbotti, Pisorhina umbra, Paleornis major, Psittinus abbotti, Pelar- | 
JOPsis simalurensis, IE: sodalis, Thriponax por DUS, Magropiage per- 
longa, Cyanoderma fulviventris, Stachyris banjakensis, Malacopteron 
notatum, Llypothymis abbotti, II. consobrina, Tchitrea procera, Graw 
calus babiensis, G. simalurensis, Campephaga compta, and Oriolus 


mundus. 

All measurements in this list are in millimeters. Those of total | 
leneth were taken from the fresh bird by the collector, and have been | 
reduced from Enelish inches to millimeters. 


Family CHARADRID. 


CHARADRIUS DOMINICUS FULVUS (Gmelin). 
[Charadrius] fulvus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 687 (Tahiti). 


Three specimens from Simalur. Length, 235-248 mm. ‘Feet! 
slaty.” 
“Common about river mouths and on the padangs.” 


t 
y 
OCHTHODROMUS GEOFFROYI (Wagler). | 
| 
i 


Charadrius] geoffroyi W AGLER, Systema Avium, I, 1827 [p. 61], (Pondichery; | 
Java). 


Three ex: unples from Simalur, where they were common. 
One specimen, a female, has an unbroken dusky band across the 
chest. | 
OCHTHODROMUS PYRRHOTHORAX (Gould). 


Charadrius pyrrhothorax Temminck MS., Gou.p, Birds of Europe, IV (Pt. 20), | 
1837 [p. 299], pl. ccxcrx (‘‘Russia’’). 


Two females from Simalur. Length, 191-197 mm. 
‘*Common on the seashore. in e oo with the last.” i 


« Hight of these were deconbed in ae 1c. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, 1902, pp. 187-190." 


| 0, 1818. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 487 





Family SCOLOPACID 2. 





GALLINAGO STENURA (Bonaparte). 


colopax stenura *‘ KunL’’ BonApartTr, Ann. Stor. Nat. Bologna, IV, 1830, p. 335 
yp ? oo) ) >I 
(Sunda Islands). 


One pair from Simalur. Length, 267 mm. 
—**Common in the paddy fields and in the wet padangs (meadows).” 
TOTANUS TOTANUS EURHINUS Oberholser. 


Totanus totanus eurhinus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXII, 1900, p. 207 
(Lake Tsomoriri, Ladak). 


39 


**A few seen along the Sigoeli River,” in Simalur. 
, ACTITIS HYPOLEUCOS (Linnzus). 
. [Tringa] hypoleucos Linnamus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 149 (Europe). 
“Common” in Simalur. 
LEIMONITES RUFICOLLIS (Pallas). 


Prynoa ruficollis Pauuas, Reise Russischen Reichs, III, 1776, p. 700 (“circa Lacus 
ynga ru eae 
salsos Dauuriae campestris’) . 


A single female, from Simalur. 
NUMENIUS ARQUATUS (Linnzus). 
[Scolopax] arquata LiInNxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 145 (Europe). 
A female from Pulo Tuangku. Length, 559 mm. 
NUMENIUS PHAZOPUS (Linnezus). 
[Scolopax] phxopus Lrxnaus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 146 (Europe). 


One female, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common.” Length, 


445 mm. 
ARENARIA INTERPRES (Linnzus). 


[Tringa] interpres Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 148 (‘Europa & 
America septentrionali’’ ). 


A female was collected December 20,0n Simalur. Length, 235 mm. 


Family Q2DICNEMIDZ. 
ESACUS MAGNIROSTRIS (Vieillot). 


(Edicnemus magnirostris ViEILLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., XXIII, 1818, p. 231 
( Nouvelle-Hollande). 

An adult male, from Pulo Babi, where ‘‘a pair frequented a sand 
beach at the east point of the island.” It was noted on Tuangku, and 
at Simalur ‘‘three were seen on the seashore at Sigoeli.” Leneth., 
553 mm.; weight, 1.134 ke. ‘‘Iris yellow.” 


488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ro 





| 


Family RALLIDA. 


HYPOTAENIDIA STRIATA (Linneus). t i 
[ Rallus] striatus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Pt. 1, 1766, p. 262 (Philippines) 


‘¢Common in the sowahs. One caught in a rat trap” (Simalur). | 
This specimen, a female, measures 241 mm. “Tris pale yelloy. 
ih 


AMAURORNIS PHCNICURUS (Forster). . | 


| 
[ Rallus] phenicurus Forster, Zool. Indiea, 1781, p. 19, pl. 1x (Ceylon). | 


brown.” 


Three specimens, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘ common in the padd: 
fields.” These examples, all males, measure 298-318 mm. **Tril 
brown; bill green, brownish over nostrils; forehead red.” 


Family ARDEID. | 
ARDEA SUMATRANA Raffles. 
{ 


Ardea sumatrana Ra¥Fr.Es, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 2, 1822, pi932 
(Sumatra) . 

No specimens were shot, but the species was observed both on Bal 
and Tuangku. On Sane it was noted as ‘‘common. This specie, 
seems to nest singly, not in heronvies. A nest, with two well-grow 
young ones, was found in a tree overhanging the fresh-water cree 
at Telok Dalam.” g | 

| 


\ 


DEMIGRETTA SACRA (Gmelin). 


Ardea] sacra GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 640 (Tahiti). | 
J ) >] | 


One female, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common along the see 
shore.” Also noted as *‘common” on Tuangku. 


BUTORIDES JAVANICA (Horsfield). 


Ardea javanica Horsrretp, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 1821, }) 
190 (Java). | 


” 


**Common” on Simalur, where two males were obtained. Thes 
measure: Length, 470, 476; wing, 192, 180; culmen, 66 and 64 mm) 
respectively. 

ARDEOLA, species. 
** Ardea gray (or bacchus). One seen in Telok Dalam.” oP | 


Family TRERONIDL. 


SPHENOCERCUS OXYURUS (Temminck). =| 
| 


Columba oxyura ‘‘Reinw.’’ Temmrnck, Pl. Col., IV (Pt. 41), Dec. 1823, pl. cc}! 
(Java). i 

One specimen, from Tapanuli Bay. This is sexed as a female, bi) 
agrees with S Salv: adori s description of the young male.” Length, 32: 





«Catal. Birds Brit. Wien XXI, p. 8. | 





9. 1818. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 489 


ying, 158; tail, 127mm. ‘Iris, inner circle blue, outer circle pink; 
eet bright red; bill leaden, base green, cere blue; naked orbital space 
vale dusty green; claws pale horny brown.” 











BUTRERON CAPELLEI (Temminck). 


| Columba capellei Temminck, Pl. Col., IV (Pt. 24), July, 1822, pl. exnim (Java). 


' Four adult males, from Tapanuli Bay. The wing and tail measure- 
ents of these individuals agree with those given by Salvadori in 
is account of this species in the British Museum Catalogue, but the 
ength, in the flesh, is much greater (387-400 mm., instead of 330 mm.). 
, “Tris dull red; eyelids, orbital skin, and feet yellow.” 





TRERON NIPALENSIS (Hodgson). 


Toria nipalensis Hopaeson, Asiat. Researches, XIX, Pt. 1, 1836, p. 164, pl. rx, 
fig. (Nepal). 
Three adults, from Tapanuli Bay. The length of the wing varies 
‘rom 129-137 mm. in two females, while that of the male is 129. 
‘Tris pale orange, with an inner blue circle; naked orbital skin green- 
sh blue; feet deep purple red; bill horny yellow, base deep red.” 


| 
} 
, 
} 
| 
| 


TRERON FULVICOLLIS (Wagler). 


3 


_ [olumba] fulvicollis W acer, Systema Avium, I, 1827 [p. 229], (““Java’’). 
— One pair from Tapanuli Bay. The male is 281 and the female 273 


nm. in length. ‘‘ Bill leaden, base dark red; feet deep red.” 


TRERON VERNANS (Linnzus). 


Columba vernans Linn =us, Mantissa Plant., 1771, p. 526 (Philippines). 

Three specimens, from Simalur, where it was **‘ common, and the only 
small fruit pigeon seen.” Length of a male, 298; of a female, 280 mm. 
The wing measurements are: Male, 153-156; female, 152 mm. 

_ A species of 7reron was common on Tuangku, but no specimens were 


preserved. 
| CARPOPHAGA CONSOBRINA Salvadori. 


Carpophaga consobrina Satvaport, Ann. Mus. Ciy. Genova, 2d ser., IV, 1887, p. 
558 (Nias Island). ; 
A fine series of 18 skins, from the islands of Simalur, Babi, Lasia, 
and Tuangku, on each of which it was found to be ‘‘common, and not 
at all shy.” 

These birds agree with the original description of C. consobrina, and 
in the absence of Nias examples for comparison, I am content to refer 
them to this species. 

As is the case with a number of other species common to several of 
the islands, the birds living on the insignificant islets Babi and Lasia 
prove to be larger than their neighbors. In the present species the 
length of males from Simalur and Tuangku varies from 400 to 432 mm. 


| 


\ 
¥ bees 


aes 


| 
| 
| 


£9) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. zee 








(wings, 218-232), w hile those from Babi and Lasia measure 439 ti 
440 mm. (wings, 241-245); females from the first-named localities ar 
from 381 to 407 mm. (wings, 211-231); those from Babi and Lasia ar | 
419 mm. (wings 232-234). ‘“‘Iris deep red, eyelids red; bill leaden 


dark beneath at base; cere dull purple; feet purplish red.” 


MYRISTICIVORA BICOLOR (Scopoli). 


{ 

{ 

f 

Columba (bicolor) ScoPout, Del. Flor. Faun. Insub., Il, 1786, p. 94 (“howl 
Guiana’’). | 
Reported as ‘*common” on Tuangku, less so on Simalur; noted als, 


on Babi and Lasia. 
Two examples (Simalur and Babi). 


‘amily COLUMBID. 


COLUMBA PHASMA, new name. ' 


This is Columba grisea (Bonaparte, ex Gray), which is preoccupie 
by Columba grisea Bonaterre, 1790. 

Three adult males of this rare species, from Simalur, are apparent] 
not different from an individual collected by Dr. Abbott on Pulo Tay, 
(southeast of Singkep and Lingga). Length, in the flesh, varies froy 
403 to 419 mm.:; wings, from 231 to 245 mm. 

“Only seen at two places; one was up a fresh-water creek at Tele 
Dalam, where it was common, and at Labuan Badjau Bay. I only she 
four or five in all, and they were in very poor plumage. Only thre 
skinned. It was shy and hard to get.” The colors of the soft par’ 
are noted as ‘tiris orange red; bill greenish horny, base, cere, ar 
naked skin about eye dull purple; feet leaden, distal parts of to! 
pinkish white, claws white; anterior parts of tarsi, purple.” i} 
another specimen the iris was ‘* bright red.” 


MACROPYGIA SIMALURENSIS Richmond. 


Macropygia simalurensis RicuMonn, Proe. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, August 6, 190 
p. 187 (Simalur Island). 
Three specimens, from Simalur, where it was ** common.’ 
M. ruficeps (Temminck) appears to be its nearest relate but ¥ 
have no specimens of this form for comparison. The Simalur bi! 
differs from Salvadori’s description of J/. ruficeps” in not having t) 
‘pectoral feathers more or less broadly tipped with whitish butl 
and in lacking a whitish throat; the colors of the soft parts are al) 
different. 
‘Tris bluish gray; feet dark purple brown; bill dark brown, bla: 
at tip.” 


| 
| 
| 
| 


“Catal. Birds Brit. Mus., X-XI, p. 361. 


Sanna 


~ oe 
_ 


BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 491 


































CHALCOPHAPS INDICA (Linnzus). 


a ol nba) indica Lixxxvs, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 2, 1758, p. 164 (India 
2 _ orien ientali). 

Occasionally seen in the jungle” on Simalur, and ** quite common 

Pu lo Siumat.” It was also ‘* heard in the forest” on Babi. No 

mens were preserved. 


CALCENAS NICOBARICA (Linnzus). 


ymba\ nicobarica Lixnxts, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 164 (Nicobars). 


‘A few seen at Telok Dalam,” on Simalur, and noticed on Pulo 
. No specimens. 


Family FALCONID. 
ASTUR SOLOENSIS (Horsfield). 


co soloensis Horsrrexp, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 1821, 
_ p. 137 (Java). 

single male, shot in Labuan Badjau Bay.” Simalur. Length, 
mm. ‘Iris dark brown, eyelids green; bill black. leaden at base, 
e orange; feet yellow, claws black.” 


be ACCIPITER VIRGATUS (Temminck). 


Fin Blea sirgatus “Reinw.”’ Temminck, Pl. Col., I (Pt. 19), February, 1822, pl. 
vax (Java). 

SC eaeakare females, three from Simalur and one from Lasia. 
omach of one individual and the crop of another contained the 
ains of small birds. 

‘A number were seen, both in the forest and about the clearings. 
o seen on Pulo Siumat.” 


SPIZAETUS ALBONIGER (Blyth). 
Niza Ee alliiniger Buytu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIV, Pt. 1, 1845, p. 173 
ae ay 
Ls eer male, shot on Pulo Asu, in dense jungle.” Length, 514: 
g. : 11; tail, 208 mm. ~**Billand cere black: lores dull leaden: toes 
low S ciwe black.” 

Spizaétus, probably of this species. was seen on Bulo Bangkaru. 


HALIZZETUS LEUCOGASTER (Gmelin). 
"I lencogaster Guetx, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 1, 1788, p. 257 (no locality given). 


Sim Jur it was ‘generally common along the sea shore. One 
was elsting on Pulo Asu and two or three on Pulo Siumat. 
— on the latter island was completed about Christmas day. 


a 


4 
. 
492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX¥I, 
The re were e probably egos, but the natives were afraid to climb aa | 
get them, the tree being large and rotten.” It was common on \ 
<u. and individuals were observed on Babi, Lasia, Bangkaru, | 





Tuanel 


and Mansalar. 
Two fine adult males were collected. Length, 660 mm.; weight, H 


9.154 ke. - ‘‘Iris brown, mottled with dark spots.” 


Genus ICTHYOPHAGA Lesson. 


Icthyophaga Lxsson, IL’ Echo du Monde Savant, 2° sér, VII, No. 1, January 5, | 
1843, col. 14. i 
Type, Icthyophaga javana Lesson (= Falco ichthyextus Horsfield). 


ICTHYOPHAGA ICHTHYATUS (Horsfield). 


Falco ichthyextus Horsrretp, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 182i% 
| 


p. 136 (north coast of Java). 

An adult female, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 660 mm.; weight,) 
9.494 ke. ‘‘Tris straw yellow.’ 
IG thyophaga, of Lesson, has priority over the other generic names) 
employed for this eagle. 


( 
tT 


SPILORNIS BACHA (Daudin). 


Falco bacha Dauptn, Traité d’Orn., 11, April, 1800, p. 45 (from Levaillant, Ois. 
d’Afr., I, p. 69, pl. xv). 

An immature female, from Tapanuli Bay, appears to belong to this 
species. Length, 612; wing, 369; tail, 253mm. “‘Tris ee) olive: 


feet pale yellow; bill leaden, black at tip; lores pale yellow.” ; 


\ 


SPILORNIS ABBOTTI, new species. 


Type.—Adult male, No. 179094, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west 
coast of Sumatra, December 1, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Cap plage 
the feathers white at base; longest nuchal feathers pale cinnamon al 
tips; mantle, scapulars, back, rump, tertiaries, greater and middle wing 
coverts, dark brown, with a purplish g eloss, most of the feathers “ipa 
with ps ale cinnamon; lesser wing-coverts black, sparsely dotted with 
small white spots; primaries, and primary coverts, glossy black, somi 
of the latter narrowly spotted with white at the tips; secondaries like 
the tertiaries, becoming black terminally, most of them narrowly 
tipped with white; upper tail-coverts like the back, rusty at the tips” 
some of the feathers with small lateral white spots at the tips; tai 
black, most of the feathers narrowly tipped with whitish; near thi 
outer third of the tail there is a band of grayish white, about 20 mm) 
wide, extending across all of the feathers; this band obscurely moti} 
with brownish gray above, but paler and of a more uniform shade 0- 
the under surface; near the base of the tail, and concealed by th 


Se 








BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RI CHI MOND. 493 





verts, there are indications of a second pale bar. ey ar-coverts and 
malar region dark brown (between sepia and clove brown); sides of 
neck similar, each feather tipped with pale cinnamon; chin, throat, 

and chest brown (paler than the ear-coverts), barred and tipped with 

ars brown, the bars darker and broader on the latter; breast and 
sides Mars Beowny narrowly barred with blackish brown, with occa- 
sional lateral viata spots; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts 

Mars brown, with more numerous lateral white spots, which are sur- 
rounded by dark brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the 
abdomen, the edge of the wing being more prominently mottled with 
white; under surface of wing dusky, with a broad obscure pale bar on 
the inner webs of the feathers about 95 mm. from their tips; near the 
base of each feather there are one or two white spots of irregular 
shape and size. 

Length, 527; wing, 347; tail, 228; tarsus, 82; bill, from gape, 38 mm. 

**Tris yellow; cere and faced fees deep yellow; bill fea n blue, black 
at tip; feet yellow, claws black.” 

There is some variation in color shown in this series, especially in 
the markings of the tail, under surface of the wings, and of the throat 
and chest, but the gener appearance of each bird is very like that of 
the type. 

_In some younger individuals many feathers of the scapulars, tertia- 
ries, and greater wing-coverts are narrowly tipped with white, or have 
small lateral white spots at the tips, while the black crown feathers 
have pale rusty edges. 

‘The dimensions of this species are: Males, length, 502-546; wing, 
328-360; tail, 217-233; tarsus, 77-83 mm.; females, length, 495-559; 
wing, 315-358: tail, 10-235: tarsus, 75-87 mm. 

This species seems to have its nearest relative in S. dav/soni Hume,“ 
but differs in being smaller, and in having the bend of the wing mot- 
tled, instead of uniform white or yellowish white; in S. davisoni the 
tibial plumes are barred, but in the new Moa they are spotted. 

‘The dimensions of 8. davisoni, as given by Hume, are: Length, 
599-609; wing, 356-394; tail, from vent, 254-280; tarsus, 79-97 mm.? 

Dr. Abbott found the new species ‘‘common in the jungle, and 
especially on the edges of clearings. Not at all shy, and easily called 
up. » Snakes, centipedes, lizards, and remains of crabs were found 
in the stomachs of the specimens collected. 

_ All of the specimens, 15 in number, were obtained on Simalur. 

_A bird of this genus may occur on Tuangku, where ‘‘the peculiar 
cry of Spilornis was never heard, but a large haw k was seen once or 
twice | in the forest which may have been Spilorni nis.” 





@Stray Feathers, I, p. 306; II, p. 147. 
b Measurements originally in inches, 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 34 











494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





HALIASTUR INDUS INTERMEDIUS (Blyth). 
[ Haliastur ] intermedius Buytu (Gurney MS.), Ibis, 1865, p. 28 (Java). 


‘5 1 savers ‘ ‘ Si toe ene F 
‘Common at Sigoeli, and several seen at other places” on Simalur; 
also noted on Tuangku and on Mansalar. Two specimens, one of | 
them from Tapanuli Bay. 


MICROHIERAX FRINGILLARIUS (Drapiez). 
Falco fringillarius Dravrez, Dict. Class. d’ Hist. Nat., VI, 1824, p. 412 (‘*des Indes’’), 


Four adults, from Loh Sidoh Bay. One specimen a male, has indi- | 
cations of a white collar on the nape. 


?FALCO PEREGRINUS Tunstall. 
[ Falco] peregrinus Tunstat, Orn. Britannica, 1771, p. 1 (Great Britain). 


‘*A falcon was seen in Telok Dalam and fired at twice, when it 
dropped a Calornis which it had in its claws. The dark cheek stripe 
was plainly visible.” 

Family BUBONIDE. 


PISORHINA UMBRA, new species. 


Type.—Adult male, No. 179101, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west; 
coast of Sumatra, November 29, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott. General. 
color of the upper parts, brown (between Mars brown and russet),, 
paler on the wings, all of the feathers finely dotted with dusky, those 
of the crown being prominently marked with irregular black streaks 
and bars; feathers of the crown, ear tufts, and mantle with more or. 
less concealed russet bars or bases, mingled with blackish bars or 
markings; outer scapulars with conspicuous white spots, tipped with! 
black and russet; wing-coverts mainly like the mantle, the greater, 
coverts somewhat paler; primary coverts and alula more prominently 
marked with dusky, the feathers of the latter with three or four pale 
bars on the outer webs. Primaries narrowly bordered with dusky. 
the outer webs with several deep buff or cinnamon bars; rump, uppel 
tail-coverts, and tip of tail like the mantle, basal two-thirds of the tai’ 
darker, with several pale cinnamon bars, each one with dusky borders! 
Sides of neck and chest like the mantle, but with distinct narrow 
blackish bars or vermiculations, some of the feathers of the chest witl | 
blackish shaft spots; throat paler, with irregular blackish markings 
base of malar region with more prominent black spots, mingled witl 
white and russet, forming a well defined patch; ear-coverts and side!” 
of face russet, ah Gbeeane dusky markings; chin white; forehetaly 
and feathers shone eyes, white, mottled with raison and pines Breast Me 
sides, flanks, and abdomen ike the chest, but the feathers barred anv 
freckled with white, especially on the latter; thighs and tarsus russet 








x 


No. 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICH MOND. 495 








freckled with dusky; under tail-coverts white, barred and mottled 
with russet and dark brown at the tips; under wing-coverts and axil- 
laries pale russet or buff, with blackish markings; under primary 
coverts buff, with broad dusky tips; under surface of wings dusky, 
paler and obscurely dotted at tip; inner feathers buff, basally, barred 
with buff for about two-thirds of their length (outer primary barred 
at base only). 

Length, 191; wing, 143; tail, 61; tarsus, 23; bill, from gape, 19 mm. 

“Tris greenish yellow; bill pale brown, black at tip; feet pale fleshy 
brown. Stomach contained insects. Shot in bright sunlight while 
sitting on a bush by a fresh-water creek at Telok Dalam.” 

This species appears to be nearest to 7. alfredi Uartert, from 
Flores, but is smaller, has the tail plainly barred, and differs from it 
in various details. 


SYRNIUM NIASENSE Salvadori. 


Syrnium niasense Satvapori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 2d ser., IV, 1887, p. 526 
(Nias Island). 

One pair, from Pulo Bangkaru. The dimensions are: Male, length, 
881; wing, 297; tail, 156; female, length, 406; wing, 303; tail, 170 
mm. ‘‘Toes and bill leaden; cere dark leaden.” 

These birds appear to be S. nzasense, but the measurements are 
somewhat greater than those given by Salvadori. 


Family PSITTACIDZE. 
PALZEORNIS MAJOR Richmond. 


Palxornis major RicumMonp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, August 6, 1902, p. 188 
(Pulo Babi, west coast of Sumatra). 

Six specimens from Babi and one from Lasia. The latter, a male, 
is even larger than the type, measuring: Length, 445; wing, 194; tail, 
229mm. Another male, from Babi, has a wing 196 mm. long. The 
females are a little smaller (wing about 186 mm). The color is exactly 
that of P. fasciatus. 

**Upper mandible red, tip yellow; lower mandible black; iris pale 
yellow, with an inner circle dull green; cere greenish leaden; feet 
pale green.” In the female the whole bill is black. ‘* Much larger 
than the Palexornis of Simalur, about 164 inches long. Common. In 
pairs, evidently breeding. Owing to the dense jungle difficult to see 
and shoot.” 


PALAZZORNIS FASCIATUS (Muller). 


Psittacus fasciatus P. L. 8S. Miuuer, Natursyst., Suppl., 1776, p. 74 (Pondichery ). 

“Generally common” on Simalur. Nine specimens were obtained, 

agreeing in size with Andaman birds. Males measure: Length, 368— 
394; wing, 171-176; females, length, 351-368; wing, 165-175 mm. 


496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXV 





PSITTINUS ABBOTTI Richmond. 























Psittinus abbotti Ricumonp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, August 6, 1902, p. 
(Simalur Island, west coast of Sumatra). 

Kight specime ns, all from Simalur. 
This species is conspicuously unlike the only previously kno 
member of the genus, 7. éncertus, differing in having the man 
rump, upper tail-coverts and lower surface green, a brighter blue head, 
a greenish patch on the crown, and a black band across the nape. 
is also considerably larger than the common species. 
The female is duller in color, has no blue on the head (which is lik 
the mantle), and no black band on the nape. The upper mandible is 
brown instead of red. The cere is dull green in both sexes, but in 
two males is marked as ‘‘dark brown.” In males the length of 1 
wing ranges from 139 to 144 mm.; in females from 134 to 141. 
‘*Pretty common, but 1 only obtained them at Sibaboh, where a 
flock used to frequent two or three trees that were foe a cc | 
wild fruit. The parrots were very tame, and would allow me within | 
a few feet. I often used to see them flying over one ipreey and saw | 
few on Pulo Siumat, but never obtained them again,’ s 


LORICULUS GALGULUS (Linnzus). 


[ Psittacus] galgulus Linnxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 103 (‘‘ India’). ; 
One e3 xample, from Pulo Tuangku, where ‘* common.” 4 
This specimen was sexed as a rales but appears to be in the plum- | 

age of the female, a specimen of eich is not available for comparison, | 

In the Tuangku bird there are traces of a golden band on the lower 

back, separating the green from the scarlet, and the longer upper tail: 

coverts extend to the tip of the tail. 
‘**Cere dark brown; upper mandible dark brown, lower one 4 


brown; tarsi ereenish; toes pale fleshy brown.” Length, 133 mm, 


Family CUCULID. 
CACOMANTIS SEPULCRALIS (S. Miiller). 


C[uculus] sepuleralis 8. Mtuter, Verh. Nat. Gesch. (Land-en Volkenkund 
1843, p. 177, note (Java; Sumatra). 

Two immature birds, male and female, from Simalur. The fort 
has the ‘iris gray brown; eyelids greenish yellow; feet yellow, cl 
black; bill black, brownish yellow beneath at base; inside of mo 
orange;” in the latter the iris is ‘‘reddish brown, becoming gray ex 
nally.” Length of the male, 235; wing, 115; of the female, 232; w: 


115mm. ‘One shot in dense forest and one sitting on a dead 
in a clearing.” 


- 


BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 49% 





EUDYNAMYS HONORATA MALAYANA (Cabanis and Heine). 


| 
| 
lig 
| 
| 


E{udynamis] malayana Casanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., LV, Pt. 1, 1862, p. 52 
(Sunda Islands; Sumatra). 
‘‘Common” on Simalur and Babi; also noted on Lasia. 
One specimen each, from Simalur, Babi, and Loh Sidoh Bay. The 
first (female) measures, length, 397; wing, 187; the second (male), 
length, 438; wing, 205; bill, from gape, 43; the third (male), length, 
419; wing, 195 mm. 


RHOPODYTES DIARDI (Lesson). 


| Melias diardi LEsson, Traité d’Orn. (Pt. 2), May, 1831, p. 132 (Java). 


dark brown?, sclera blue; naked skin about eye deep crimson; feet 
dark leaden; bill green, with a pale blue spot above nostril.” 





An adult female, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 368 mm. “Iris 


| 
| 
} PHC@:NICOPHAUS ERYTHROGNATHUS Bonaparte. 


[Phaenicophaeus] erythrognathus ‘‘Tewm.’”’ Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, I, 
1849, p. 98 (Sumatra). 

One adult male, from Loh Sidoh Bay. Length, 457 mm. 

The differences in plumage between males and females of the allied 
P. microrhinus, pointed out by Berlepsch“ and confirmed by Biitti- 
kofer,” are equally evident in this species. Another sexual character, 
apparently not before mentioned, is the color of the iris, which is blue 
‘in the male and orange yellow or yellow in the female. Biittikofer 
found the color of the iris in P. mécrorhinus to be very variable, but 





Family CORACIID J. 


EURYSTOMUS CALONYX Sharpe. 


Eurystomus calonyx “(Honas. )” SHARPE, Proc.-Zool. Soe. Lond., Pt. 3, 1890, p. 551 
(Nepal?). 


} “A few seen” on Simalur, where an adult male was obtained 
‘December 15. 


' @Nov. Zool., I, p. 73. 
Notes Leyden Mus., X XI, p. 172. 

¢Idem, p. 171. 
@This locality is not specifically mentioned in the original description, where only 
‘the general distribution of the species is given (‘‘extends throughout the Himalayan 
‘Terai from Kumaon to Darjiling and upper Assam, probably breeding throughout 
‘the whole of this range’). Later, we learn (Catal. Birds Brit. Mus., X VII, 1892, 
'p. 38) that the type is from Nepal. It is a common practice with many European 
authors to give the entire distribution of a new species, at the same time omitting the 
all-important type locality. 





498 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 








Family MEROPID A. 


MELITTOPHAGUS URICA (Swainson). 


Merops urica SwWAINsON (from Horsfield, MS.), Zool. Mustr., I, No. 2, November, 
1820, pl. vir (Ceylon). , 
This is Melittophagus swinhoii of authors, but Swainson’s name hag 
clear priority and should be used. | 
Dr. Abbott saw a single individual at Sibaboh Bay, Simalur, which 
he ientiied as ‘° MW. Ee but no specimens were obtains 


MEROPS PHILIPPINUS Linneus. 


[Merops] philippinus Linnaus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Pt. 1, 1766, p. 183 [errata] 
(Philippines). 
Specimens are in the collection from Simalur and Tapanuli Bay. 
It is reported as ‘‘common about the clearings” at the first-named 
locality and also on Tuangku. 


FAMILY ALCEDINIDL. 


PELARGOPSIS JAVANA FRASERI (Sharpe). 


Pelargopsis fraseri SHARPE, Proc. Zool..Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 65 (Java; Malacea; 
Penang). 5 
An adult female from Pulo Mansalar measures, length, 368; wing, 
147; three adults from Papanuli Bay give the following measurements: 
Female, length 381, wing 160; male, length 368, wing 144; male, 
length 356, wing 146 mnt. These examples have slightly dares caps 
and somewhat deeper blue upper parts than specimens from Singa- | 
pore, Lingga, and eastern Sumatra. | 


PELARGOPSIS SIMALURENSIS, new species. 


Type.—Adult male, No. 179205, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west: 
coast of Sumatra, November 29, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Crown, | 
nape, lores, ear-coverts, and trate bital region Isabella color, with a 
buff line above the lores, eyes, and ear-coverts, and a wash on buff, 
under the eyes; mantle and wing-coverts dark brownish green (near) 
bottle green), each feather edged with gréenish blue (near verditer| 
blue); wings dusky black at the tips, sea green externally, except on 
apical part of outer primaries (first primary without any green and 
second with basal part only green); tail sea green, the inner webs of 
all but the middle pair of feathers dull bade hate and a narrow. 
line bordering the shaft of each feather, dull black. Back, rump, and) 
median upper tail-coverts pale Sarees or silvery blue; lateral upper 
tail-coverts and longest median ones, like the inatles under parts,! 
including under wing-coverts, axillaries, sides of neck, a narrow line 
across nape, and malar region, ochraceous, paling to deep buff a 
throat; under surface of wings (basal pocuioal buff. 


0.1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 499 





| Length, 369; wing, 141; tail, 94; ee iff: Guimen. 81. 5 (bill, from 
pape, 92); width of lower etiples at base, 26 mm. “Feet red, claws 
10rn brown; bill red, with black tip.” 

The green shades of the upper surface are changeable, as in other 
yirds of this genus, becoming deep purplish blue in certain lights. 
[he above description was taken with the bird held in Gadow’s 
nosition ‘*A.” 

This form differs frany Srasert in having a paler cap (the feathers 
without darker centers), darker mantle, and less of a bluish shade on 
he upper parts, especially on the wings and tail. The bill appears 
0 be slightly longer and broader than in fraser’; but birds of the 
same sex should be compared, as females are usually larger than 
nales. A female of P. simalurensis has the following dimensions: 
Length, 381; wing, 152; tail, 97; tarsus, 17; culmen, 83 (bill, from 
yape, 95) mim. 

Five specimens, from Simalur, where it was ‘common along the sea 
soast and creeks.” 


PELARGOPSIS SODALIS, new species. 


Type.—Adult female, No. 179208, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Tuangku, Ban- 
lak Islands, west coast of Sumatra, January 25, 1902; Dr. W. L. 
Abbott. Color as in P. stmalurensis, but. cap rather lighter and 
syayer; size larger. 

Length, 407; wing, 160; tail, 101; tarsus, 19.5; culmen, 88 (bill, 
from gape, 100); width of lower mandible, at base, 29 mm. ‘* Bill 
red, brownish above at tip; feet red, claws dark brown.” 

A second female measures: Length, 394; wing, 158; tail, 103; cul- 
men, 87 (bill, from gape, 99); width of lower mandible, at base, 27 
mm. ‘*Remarkably large sized. A female was 16 in. long.” 


ALCEDO ISPIDA BENGALENSIS (Gmelin). 


[ Alcedo] bengalensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 1, 1788, p. 450 (Bengal). 


Four specimens, collected on Simalur and at Tapanuli Bay. It was 
seen, but not obtained, on Tuangku. 


ALCEDO MENINTING Horsfield. 


Alcedo meninting Horsrretp, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 1821, 
p- 172 (Java). 

Several specimens. ‘A small bright-colored kingfisher, either this 
or beavani was seen on a fresh-water creek in dense forest at Telok 
Dalam. Probably the same as that afterwards obtained in Pulo 
Tuangku and at Tapanuli Bay.” 


CEYX, species. 


‘Frequently heard in the forest and once or twice seen” on Simalur. 
A Ceyx was also seen on Bangkaru. 


500 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





HALCYON COROMANDA (Latham). 
















[ Alcedo] coromanda Latruam, Index Ornith., I, 1790, p. 252 (‘‘Coromand 


Two from Tapanuli Bay. It was also noted on Simalur and 
HALCYON PILEATA (Boddaert). | 


Alcedo pileata Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 41 (China). 


Four from Simalur and one from Tapanuli Bay, all males. 
stomach of one specimen contained a lizard. Totai length varies fi 
292 to 299 mm. 

On Simalur it was ‘‘found along fresh-water creeks and strean ms 
not so common as the last” [-A. chloris]. Seen also on Babi. 


? HALCYON CHLORIS (Boddaert). 


Alcedo chloris Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 49 (Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ona », VI 
p- 190; Bouro, Moluccas). 





Three adult males, from Simalur. In these specimens the color 
seems to be that of H/: armstrong?, with perhaps a little less green on | 
the ear-coverts. They are very much like Natuna birds. Size large; | 
wines, 115-117; bill, from gape, 58-60 mm. 4 

‘**Generally common.” 


? HALCYON ARMSTRONGI Sharpe. 


Halcyon armstrongi SHARPE, Catal. Birds Brit. Mus., XVII, 1892, p. 277 (“fr 
the Sunderbunds to Burmah, Tenasserim, and Siam, south to the Malayar 
Peninsula, Sumatra, and Northern Borneo’’). 


An adult male, from Loh Sidoh Bay. This individual has greene 
ear-coverts than those recorded above as /Z. chloris. Loh Sidoh 


is practically the same as Acheen, whence Sharpe has reco: 
LT. chloris. 





Family BUCEROTIDZ. 
DICHOCEROS BICORNIS (Linnzus). 


[ Buceros] bicornis Linnmus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 104 (‘‘China”’). — 
One specimen, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 109.2 cm.; weight, 
2.381 ke. s 


ANTHRACOCEROS CONVEXUS (Temminck). 

Buceros converus Temminck, Pl. Col., II (Pt. 89), Feb., 1832, pl. pxxx (Java). 

**Common” on Pulo Mansalar. Length, 787 mm. 4 
RHYTIDOCEROS UNDULATUS (Shaw). 

Buceros undulatus SHAw, General Zool., VII, Pt. 1, 1811, p. 26 (Java). 


a 


ecg 93 ] * a . 
Common” on Pulo Mansalar, but no specimens were obtained. 


BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 501 





ANORRHINUS GALERITUS (Temminck). 





Buceros galeritus TeMMIncK, Pl. Col., II (Pt. 88), May, 1831, pl. pxx (Sumatra; 
western part of Borneo). 


Three males, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 800-813 mm. 

“Tris dull red; gular space and naked orbital ring white, dull blue 
n front of eye.” 
| Family CAPITONID. 
CHOTORHEA CHRYSOPOGON (Temminck), 


Bucco chrysopogon Temminck, Pl. Col., [fT (Pt. 48), July, 1824, pl. ccrxxxv 
(Sumatra). 


An adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 305 mm. 


CHOTORHEA MYSTACOPHANES (Temminck). 


- Bucco mystacophanes Temminck, Pl. Col., III (Pt. 53), Dec., 1824, pl. cocxv 
(Sumatra). 
Three adults from Tapanuli Bay, where *‘ common in heavy forest, 
itting on high trees.” Length, 232-235 mm. 
**Tris dark brown; bill black, leaden at base, beneath; feet greenish.” 


CYANOPS HENRICII (Temminck). 
Bucco eG Tremminck, Pl. Col., III (Pt. 88), May, 1831, pl. pxxtv (Sumatra). 
dapanuli Bay; one adult female. Length, 226; culmen, 27.5; 
width of bill, at base, 20 mm. 
MEZOBUCCO DUVAUCELII (Lesson). 


Bucco duvaucelii Lesson, Traité d’Orn. (Pt. 3), July, 1830, p. 164 (Sumatra). 


Three adults, from Tapanuli Bay. 


Family PICID%®. 
CALLOLOPHUS MALACCENSIS (Latham). 


[ Picus] malaccensis LArHAM, Index Ornith., I, 1790, p. 241 (Malacca). 


An adult male, from Loh Sidoh Bay. - 
BLYTHIPICUS PORPHYROMELAS (Boie). 


9 


Picus porphyromelas Botr, ‘‘ Briefe geschr. aus Ostind., p. 143 (1832). 
An adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 229 mm. 
“Tris deep red; feet dark leaden.” 

MEIGLYPTES TUKKI (Lesson). 

Picus tukki Lesson, Revue Zool., II, June, 1839, p. 167 (Sumatra). 

Three specimens; a pair from Tapanuli Bay, and an adult female 
from Pulo Tuangku. In color the Tuangku bird is identical with 
tukki, but it is larger than any other specimen in our series of this 
species. Length, 225; wing, 110; hill, from gape, 30 mm. 






5O2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI, 


MICROPTERNUS PHAIOCEPS BRACHYURUS (Vieillot). 


Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat., X XVI, 1818, p. 103 (ava). | 
| 
| 


Picus brachyurus VIEILLOT, 


An adult female, from Tapanuli Bay. 


} 


TIGA JAVANENSIS (Ljungh). | 


: | 
Picus javanensis Launeu, K. Vet. Akad. Nya Handl., X VIII, 1797, p. 187, piv 
(Batavia, Java). | 


One specimen, an adult male, from Loh Sidoh Bay. 


| 
THRIPONAX JAVENSIS (Horsfield). 
| 


Picus javensis HorsFIELD, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 1821, p. 175 j 
(Java). 
A female, from Pulo Mansalar, shot March 13, ‘‘ contained well 
developed eggs.” This individual has distinct white tips to some of | 
the primaries, as is often the case in this species. 


THRIPONAX PARVUS Richmond. 


Thriponax parvus Ricumonp, Proc. B iol. Soc. Wash., XV, August 6, 1902, p. 189 | 


(Simalur Island, west coast of Sumatra). 


Twelve specimens, from Simalur. This species is indistinguishable _ 
from 7. javensis, except by its smaller size. Not one of the speci- 
mens, however, shows any white on the tips of the primaries. The | 
wing measurement in the male varies from 166 to 179; in the female, | 
from 169 to 176 mm. Length, in the male, from 359 to 381 mm. | 
“Common. The only woodpecker seen. A miniature of T. javensis. 
Iris straw yellow; bill black; feet dull leaden.” | 


Family TROGONID “4. 
PYROTROGON DUVAUCELII (Temminck). 


Trogon duvaucelii Temmincx, Pl. Col., HI (Pt. 49), August, 1824, pl. COXCl | 

(Sumatra). 
One adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. 
7 * a mT r 
Family MACROPTERYGID. a | 
MACROPTERYX PERLONGA, new species. 


b 
« 


Type.—Adult female, No. 179169, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west 
coast of Sumatra, January 2, 1902; Dr. W. L. ‘Abbott Color thea 
the female of JZ. longipennis, but size larger. 

Length, 232; wing, 184; tail, 113.5 mm. In J. longipennis the; 
wing is about 165, and the tail 102 mm., or less. 


a 


Ss 
» 


0. 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 503 


a 
=, 
| 





WM. perlonga doubtless occurs on Pee Pride ra fhe west coast of 
Sumatra, as it has been recorded from Engano by Salvadori,” with a 
ving measurement of 185 mm. 

“Common, but flies very high, and when settling does so upon 
very high trees, so that though I fired a number of times I only got 
me, a female. This seems much larger than long7pennis.” 


MACROPTERYX COMATA (Temminck). 


Cypselus comatus TEMMINCK, Pl. Col., IV (Pt. 45), April; 1824, pl: ccuxvut 
(Sumatra) . 


An adult female, from Tapanuli Bay. 


Family MICROPODIDE. 
? SALANGANA FRANCICA (Gmelin). 


Many seen. The nests are gathered in considerable quantities,” 
m Tuangku. Identified as above by Dr. Abbott. Possibly S. inex- 
yectata (Hume). 


SALANGANA FUCIPHAGA (Thunberg). 


Hirundo fuciphaga Tuunperc, K. Vet. Akad. Nya Hand1., X XXIII, 1812, }:. 153, 
pl. 1v (Java).? 


One pair, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘ common.” 
Family EURYLAIMID™. 
EURYLAIMUS OCHROMALUS Raffles. 


Eurylaimus ochromalus Rarrues, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XWil, Pt. 2; 1822, p: 
297 (Singapore; interior of Sumatra). 
Three females, from Pulo Tuangku. 
“Common. A partly finished nest obtained January 29, hung from 
the extremity of a branch of a lime tree in a clearing; 30 feet from 
the ground.” 


CYMBIRHYNCHUS LEMNISCATUS (Raffles). 


Eurylaimus lemniscatus Rarrues, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XU, -Pt..2; 1822; 
p. 296 (interior of Sumatra). 

An adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 285 mm. 

The white spots are almost obsolete on the tail of this specimen, 
occurring on the two outermost feathers only. The crissum and longer 
upper Bat: -coverts are orange-rufous, instead of crimson. 

‘Tris, emerald ereen; feet leaden blue, soles pale fleshy.” 


@Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 2d ser., XII, 1892, pp. 128, 129. 

> Authors generally, since the time of Horsfield and Moore’s catalogue, have given 
“1772” as the date of publication of this name. Giebel gives the correct date in his 
Thesaurus. 


504. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATI ONAL MUSEUM. 








Family PITTID. 

















PITTA MOLUCCENSIS (P. L. S. Miller). 


Turdus moluccensis MiuuEr, Natursyst., Suppl., 1776, p. 144 (‘‘moluccise! 
Inseln’’). . 
A single adult female from Pulo Tuangku. Length, 200; wing, 1 
tarsus, 40; bill, from gape, 29 mm. Compared with a series of fres 
specimens from the Malay Peninsula, this bird is rather small, with; 
more yellowish in the green of the upper parts; the white patch 
the primaries is much restricted, the black tips of the feathers ocet 
pying more space than in any of our other specimens. 
‘‘Common. Feet pale purplish fleshy.” 


Family MOTACILLID At. 


Genus DENDRONANTHUS Blyth. 
Dendronanthus Burra, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1844, p. 116. 


Type, Motacilla indica Gmeiin. 





DENDRONANTHUS INDICUS (Gmelin). 2 
° | 


[ Motacilla] indica Gmewin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 962 (Sonnerat’s “La 
bergeronnette grise des Indes”’ ). \ 

Two specimens, one from Simalur, the other from Loh Sidoh Bay. 
It was ‘‘common” at the first-named locality, and was noted also o 
Pulo Bangkaru. 

This bird has received several generic names, the earliest of whiek 
appears to be Dendronanthus Blyth (1844). The next is Vemorico 
“Blyth,”¢ which may clash with Vemoricola of Hodgson, for a spec 
of snipe.? Limonidromus, of Gould, commonly used for the speci 
dates from 1862, and Fitzinger’s Vemorivaga was proposed about the 
same time. Budytanthus, of David,¢ is still later. 


MOTACI LLA MELANOPE Pallas. 


Motacilla melanope Pauuas, Reise Russischen Reichs, HI, 1776, p. 696 (“1 
Dauuria circa ripas glareosas rarius occurrit”’ ). 7 


An adult male, from Simalur, where ‘‘ common.” 
BUDYTES FLAVUS LEUCOSTRIATUS (Homeyer). 
Budytes leucostriatus Homnygrr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, p. 128 (Baical region). : 


One specimen, an adult male, from Simalur. ‘*Common.” 





aJerdon, Madras Journ., XIII, p. 132, dated 1844, but not published befony 
August, 1845. 2 


in my notebook as the type of a new genus or subgenus, under the style of Nemom 
cola Nipalensis, but I forbear, for the present, from so naming it.’”? Gray used 
name in 1842 (Appendix to List Genera Birds, 1842, p. 14). 

¢Nouv. Arch. du Mus., III (Bull.), 1867, p. 33. 





BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA~RICHMOND. 505 


> 


Family PYCNONOTID. 


CHLOROPSIS CYANOPOGON (Temminck). 





| Phyllormis cyanopogon Temminck, Pl. Col., IV (Pt. 81), October, 1829, pl. px1r, 
. fig. 1 (Sumatra). 


An adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 178 mm. 

IRENA CRINIGER Sharpe. 

Irena criniger Snarpn, Catal. Birds Brit. Mus., III, 1877, p- 267 (Borneo and 

Sumatra). 

“Six specimens, from Pulo Mansalar, Tapanuli Bay, and Tuangku. 
These birds are identical in color with /. criniger, but the Tuangku 
specimens, four in number, differ in having larger and heavier bills, 
with rather larger wings (bill, from gape, 30; wing, 123-129 mm.). 

~ “Common,” on Tuangku. 

HEMIXUS MALACCENSIS (Blyth). 
_ H{[ypsipetes] malaccensis Buyru, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIV, Pt. 2, 1845, 
p. 574 (Malacca). 

Four specimens, all from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 219-229 mm. 
“These two pairs shot in heavy forest on Gunong Kebong, where 
they were pretty common. Izis’ clear brown; feet dark fleshy 
brown.” 

IOLE OLIVACEA Blyth. 
I ole] olivacea Buyrn, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIII, Pt. 1, 1844, p. 386 (sup- 
posed to be from Singapore). - 

An adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 194 mm. ‘Iris 

, dy 
gray. 

4 EUPTILOSUS EUTILOSUS (Jardine and Selby). 
Brachypus eutilosus JARDINE and Sevpy, Ilustr. Orn., new ser., No. 1, February, 
1837, pl. m1 (Singapore). 

One specimen, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 206 mm. ‘‘Iris red; 
bill and feet black.” 

MICROTARSUS MELANOCEPHALOS (Gmelin). 


[Lanius] melanocephalos GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 1, 1738, p. 309 ( ‘‘in insulis Sand- 

3 wich maris australis’’ ). 

_ Seven adults from Simalur and one from Tapanuli Bay. The Sim- 
alur birds do fot differ in color from those of Borneo and the Malay 
Peninsula, but the bills are perceptibly stouter. Length, 172-184; 
wing, Ti-79 mm. ‘The only bulbul noticed. Common about the 
clearings in scrubby jungle” (Simalur). 

Ee TRICHOLESTES CRINIGER (Blyth). 

é Br{achypodius]? criniger ‘‘ A. Hay’’ Bryta, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIV, Pt. 

2, 1845, p. 577 (Malacca). 

. Three specimens are in the collection, from Pulo Mansalar and Tapa- 
nuli Bay. 







: 


506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, | 


8 Ee eae 








TRACHYCOMUS OCHROCEPHALUS (Gmelin). 


[Turdus] ochrocephalus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 821 (‘“Zeylonet 
Java’). | 

A female, from Loh Sidoh Bay. Length, 267mm. ‘Iris brown- 
ish red.” | 
PYCNONOTUS ANALIS (Horsfield). 

Turdus analis Horsrretp, Trans. Linn. Soe. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 1SaiRy 

p. 147 (Java). | 

One male, from Loh Sidoh Bay. Length, 203 mm. ‘‘Iris dark: 
brown; bill and feet black.” 


PYCNONOTUS PLUMOSUS Blyth. 








Plycnonotus] plumosus Buytu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIV, Pt. 2, 1845;) 

p- 567 (Singapore). | 
Adults from Tuangku, Mansalar, and Tapanuli Bay. These do not 
differ from Singapore specimens. ‘‘ Iris brownish yellow; feet fleshy: 


brown.” | 
PYCNONOTUS SIMPLEX Lesson. 


Pienonotus simplex Lesson,” Revue Zool., I, June, 1839, p. 167 (Sumatra). 


Seven specimens, from Loh Sidoh Bay, Tuangku, and Bangkaru.! 
It was found to be ‘‘common” on both of the Banjak islands. Length, 
from 181 to 191 mm. The irides in six of the skins are noted as 
‘‘red,” but in one male from Tuangku are stated to be ‘* brownish. 
yellow.” 

PYCNONOTUS, species. 
| 

One pair, from Tapanuli Bay. Length of — 178; of female. 
158mm. ‘“‘Iris pale yellow; feet fleshy brown.” ! 

This species is related to P. s*mplex, but is easily distinguished by 
its paler color below, paler sides and under tail-coverts, smaller Size 
(or slenderer appearance in the prepared skin), and white or pale 
yellow irides. We have about thirty skins of this form and an equa 
number of /?. simplex, all nicely prepared and properly sexed, with 
color notes, and no difficulty is experienced in dividing them into twe) 
lots, except in the case of birds from Subi and Sirhassen, in the Natu! 
nas, which have the plumage of the present bird, with the red irides 0} 
P. simplex. We have P. simplex, with red irides, from Trong, Pule 
Lankawi, the Dindings, the Butang Islands, Singapore, Pulo Tioman, 
the Anambas, Indragiri River (Sumatra), Boece Loh Sidoh Bay, ant 
the Banjak Islands. The present species (white or yellowish whit 
irides, except as mentioned above) is represented from Tapanuli Bay 
Lingga Island, Singapore, east coast of Johore, Borneo, Trong, ant 
from the Anambas and Natunas. | 





aLesson’s description is as follows: ‘‘Corpore supra griseo-luteol4, albo lute 
tincto infra; rostro corneo; pedibus bruneis. Hab. Sumatra.’’ 





ex Xe "9 






No. 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 507 








_ Lesson, in his description of P. s¢mpler, did not give the color of 
the irides, but it may be assumed” that he had the red-eyed form. 
The status of the white-eyed bird can be properly determined only by 
an examination of the types of /. brunneus and P. modestus Blyth, 
and of Wicrotarsus olivaceus Moore, any one of which may refer to it. 


PYCNONOTUS ERYTHROPTHALMOS (Hume). 


I{xos] erythropthalmos Hume, Stray Feathers, VI, 1878, p. 314 (Pakchan, Ten- 
asserim ). 
One adult male from Pulo Tuangku. Length, 165 mm. 
‘Iris red; eyelids orange; angles of mouth and inside of mouth 
orange; feet brownish fleshy.” 
This is P. pusillus Salvadori (not Hwmatornis pusillus Blyth), 
renamed P. salvadori by Sharpe.” 


Family TIMALIID. 
ANUROPSIS MALACCENSIS (Hartlaub). 


Brachypteryx malaccensis Hartuaus, ‘‘Syst. Verz. nat. Sammi. Gesellsch. Mus., 
I, Vogel, 1844,’’ p. — (Malacca). 
One pair from Pulo Tuangku. ‘* Common in the forest.” 
These are similar to Malaccan birds. 


MIXORNIS PILEATUS (Blyth). 


Prinia pileata Buyrn, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XI., Pt. 1, 1842, p. 204 (Malay 
Peninsula). : 

One adult male from Pulo Bangkaru. This is as dark on the upper 
surface as MW. everetti, from the Natunas, but in other respects is 
similar to Singapore birds. 

Mixornis gularis (Motacitla qularis Raffles, 1822) as commonly 
applied to this species is preoccupied (Motacilla qularis Shaw, Cimelia 
Physica, 1796, p. 61). 


CYANODERMA FULVIVENTRIS, new species. 


Type.—Adult male, No. 179359, U.S. N. M.; Pulo Tuangku, Banjak 
Islands, west coast of Sumatra, February 1, 1902; Dr. W. L. Abbott. 

Similar to C. erythroptera, but throat, breast, sides of head, and 
neck darker slate color; abdomen, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts 
deeper fulvous; bill slightly longer and total length a trifle greater. 

Length, 146; wing, 59; tail, 50; tarsus, 21; culmen, 17 (bill, from 
gape, 20)mm. ‘‘Iris brownish red; naked skin on throat pale blue; 
naked skin about eyes dark blue.” 


“The type was in the collection of Dr. Abeillé, of Bordeaux, and may still be 
extant. 
Catal. Birds, VI, 1881, p. 401. 


- 


508 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 


Two males and two females from Tuangku, all agreeing with 
above characters; the females, as in C. erythroptera, being a lit 
smaller than the males. ‘‘Common.” 





















STACHYRIS BANJAKENSIS Richmond. 


Stachyris banjakensis RicamMonD, Proce. Biol. Soe. Wash., XV, August 6, 1902, 
p. 190 (Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands). i 


Two adult males from Tuangku. 
This species has a longer bill than typical S. maculata; is more! 
heavily spotted below, and has a paler nape, back, and wings. Both! 
spec ies have a large pale-blue bare space on the ae of the neck, which 
is ordinarily hidden by the feathers. ‘ 


“ALCIPPE CINEREA Blyth.” 


‘““Aleippe cinerea, Burro, J. A. S. Beng., XIII, p. 384”’ (Sharpe, Ce Birds 
3rit. Mus., VII, 1883, p. 622). | 


Anadult male from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 153mm. “*Iris brown 


Benes ath.” 
Iam unable at present to consult Blyth’s paper; my recollection 


that he did not intend to name a new species, but merely included wha 

he thought to be Eyton’s Malacopierom cinereus in his new genu: 
Alcippe. : 

MALACOPTERON MAGNIROSTRE (Moore). j 

Aleippe magnirostris Moors, in Horsfield and Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. Eas 

- India Co., I, 1854, p. 407 (Malacca). a 

Three males from Pulo Mansalar and Tapanuli Bay. The lengtl 

of the wing varies from 77 to 81 mm. ‘ 


MALACOPTERON NOTATUM Richmond. 


Malacopteron notatum RicuMonD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, August 6, 190, 

p. 190 (Pulo Bangkaru, Banjak Islands). | 

a 

Five specimens from Pulo Bangkaru. ‘“‘Iris brown; bill dar 
brown, leaden beneath; feet leaden.” It was found to be * common 
on both Tuangku and Bangkaru. : 
In the original description this species was compared, in part, » wit 
‘M. cantori (Moore);” this should have been ‘‘M. magnirosti 
(Moore).” 


z 


CHALCOPARIA SINGALENSIS (Gmelin). 

[Motacilla] singalensis Gmewin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 964 (in inst 
Zeylon’’). = 
One adult female from Tuangku. Length, 108 mm. ‘Iris red. 


The lower surface in this specimen is of a brighter yellow than in fou 
BONE from the Malay Peninsula. ’ 








BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICH MOND. 509 





f ; Family MUSCICAPID®. 
f MUSCITREA GRISOLA (Blyth). 


T(ephrodornis] grisola Buytu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XII, Pt. 1, 1843, p. 180* 
(‘‘near Calcutta ’’). 

One female from Simalur, where it was ‘‘not plentiful.” Length, 
165; wing, 86; culmen,14.5mm. This specimen agrees fairly well with 
the description of Pachycephala vandepolli Finsch,“ a species from the 
Batoe Islands said to be nearly related to JZ. grisola. Our bird, how- 
eyer, can be matched by examples from Lingga and the Natunas both 
in color and dimensions. 


HYPOTHYMIS ABBOTTI Richmond. 


Hypothymis abbotti RicaMonD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, August 6, 1902, p. 189 
(Pulo Babi, west coast of Sumatra). 

Seven specimens, from Babi and Lasia. Length, male, 178 to 187; 
female, 178 mm. 

The male, as originally described, is wholly blue, without the black 
occipital spot and band across foreneck of //. azurea. The color is 
bright light cyanine blue (of Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors), 
with a tinge of deep campaznula blue on breast, abdomen, and sides. 
Wings and tail black, with a bluish shade above; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries, dusky gray, with bluish tips; wing feathers, from below, 
with dusky gray edges. 

Length (in flesh), 181 mm.; wing, 76; tail, 77; tarsus, 19; culmen, 
13 (bill from gape, 20). In another male the wing measures 79 mm. 

“Tris blackish; feet dull leaden blue; bill blue, tip and a narrow 
line along commissure black; inside of mouth yellow.” 

While there is no visible black nape patch, or black band across the 
chest, the feathers of these areas have black tips on their wnder 
Bitaces. 

The female has the head, neck, and throat as in the eae, but duller; 
the thighs and bend of wing are of the same color. The remainder 
of the plumage is brownish black, with a blue wash, most prominent 
on breast and center of abdomen, less so on back, wing-coverts, outer 
edges of primaries, and tail feathers. Wing, 78 mm. 

The immature male is like the female, but the thighs are dusky, 
while the wing-coverts and secondaries (possibly new, adult feathers) 
are similar to those of the adult male. 

From its solid blue color this spec ies appears to be considerably 
larger than 7. azwrea, but in its various dimensions it hardly exceeds 
specimens of the latter from the Anambas and Tambelans. £7. abbotti 
was **common” on Lasia, and on Babi it was ‘‘the commonest bird.” 








aNotes, Leyd. Mus., XX, p. 224. 
35 





Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 





510 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE 





HYPOTHYMIS AZUREA (Boddaert). 





















Muscicapa azurea Boppaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 41 (‘‘Philippines’’). 
Five specimens, from Tapanuli Bay, Pulo Tuangku, and Bangkaru, — 
Males from the Banjak Islands (length, 165; wing, 72-73) are just a | 
trifle larger than those from Tapanuli Bay (length, 162; wing, 71-72), | 
and have a bluish wash on the under tail-coverts. This species is : 
reported as common on the Banjak Islands. at 


Feet dull leaden blue; bill blue; tip black; inside of mouth yellow- + 


ish green.” 
HYPOTHYMIS CONSOBRINA Richmond. 


Hypothymis consobrina RicumonD, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., XV, August 6, 1902, , 
p. 189 (Simalur Island, west coast of Sumatra). 


Two adult males, from Simalur, where it was “common.” A. 
tytler’ has reen recorded from Engano by Salvadori, but the bird from ) 
that island will doubtless prove to be Z/. consobrina. 

‘Bill blue, black at tip; inside of mouth yellow; feet leaden blue.” — 


RHIPIDURA JAVANICA (Sparrman). 


Muscicapa javanica SpARRMAN, Mus. Carls., Pt. 3, 1788, pl. Lxxv (Java). 


One adult male, from Loh Sidoh Bay. 


TCHITREA PROCERA, new species. 





Type.—Adult male, No. 179415, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west | 
coast of Sumatra, December 12, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott. This. 
species closely resembles 7. nécobarica in the white plumage, but has | 
shorter wings, and the color of the head is glossy blue black, without 
a greenish sheen. 

Length, 445; wing, 86; tail, 320; tarsus, 17.5; culmen, 17 (bill, from) 
gape, 26.5) mm. ‘Iris dark brown; eyelids blue; inside of mouth! 
ereen; bill blue, tip and commissure black; feet leaden blue.” 

The central rectrices in procera are broad, as in nicobarica and floris, 
not much narrowed as in affinés and incid. The wings of nicobarica,) 
afiinis, incti, floris, sumbainsis, and insularis are 90 mm. or over; in| 
procera they vary from 81 to 87 (both sexes). In affinis, inet, nico) 
burica, and floris (I have not seen the others) the head is of about the: 
same shade of glossy greenish black, but it is glossy bluish black in 
procera. In nicobarica the feathers of the mantle are white, almost to 
the base, with narrow black shaft lines; in procera they are similar, 
but a little darker at the base; in afinds and zncid these feathers are 
largely dark gray at the base, with the shaft stripes broader and more 
pronounced in the last-named. It has been stated that 7. znezz has no 
white plumage, but we have several in this phase from the Malay 

Veninsula, and one from north China. . 





(0, 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 511 





& 
The female and immature male (with short tail) of 7. procera 
resemble the female of 7. nécobarica, having the back brown (between 
wood brown and tawny olive), instead of cinnamon rufous, as in 7: 
affinis; the under tail-coverts are russet, and the abdomen, sides, and 
flanks are pale buffy cinnamon, like nzcobarica, not white as in affinds. 
They may be distinguished from nicobarica by the rather bluer shade 
of the cap, while the young male has a gray throat, lores, and sides 
of head, as in the females, not glossy greenish black as in the young 
male of necobarica. . 

The white plumage of 7. znsularis, if it has one, does not appear to 
have been described. In the dark phase the cap is gray, instead of 
black; it has a longer wing (93 mm.), but shorter tail than 7: 
procera. 

Six specimens, from Simalur, where it was found to be ‘‘ common.” 


PHILENTOMA VELATUM (Temminck). 


Drymophila velata TemMinck, Pl. Col., IIT (Pt. 56), March, 1825, pl. cccxxxiv 
(‘‘Timor; et isolément ou par paire dans celle de Java’’). 
One pair, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 203; wing, of male, 104; 
of female, 99 mm. 


RHINOMYIAS PECTORALIS (Salvadori). 
Alcippe pectoralis Satvavort, Atti. R. Acc. Sci. Torino, III, 1868, p. 530 (Borneo). 
One adult, from Pulo Mansalar. Length, 162; wing, 81; tail, 68 


mm. ‘Iris brown; bill black; feet purplish fleshy.” This specimen 
is very like one from Lingga, in color, but the bill is a little larger. 


CULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS (Swainson). 
Platyrhynchus ceylonensis Swatnson, Zool. Ilustr., 1, No. 3, December, 1820, pl. 
xim (Ceylon): 


Two males, from Simalur. ‘* Common.” 


Family TURDID&. 
PRINIA, species. 


One male, from Loh Sidoh Bay. ‘‘Iris brownish gray; feet pale 
brownish fleshy.” 

This bird isin very poor plumage, with the feathers of the tail worn 
down to the shafts. It resembles P. flaviventris, but is much less 
greenish olive on the back, and has no yellow on the underparts, which 
are white with a slight buffy tinge. The tail is very long, measuring 
(although much abraded) 85 mm.; wing, 50 mm. 


? ORTHOTOMUS ATROGULARIS Temminck. 


Orthotomus atrogularis Temmincx, Pl. Col., III (Pt. 101), 1836, text only 
(Malacea, Borneo). 


“Common” on Tuangku, but no specimens were preserved. 


* 


a 


512 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE, 





CISTICOLA CISTICOLA (Temminck). 












Sylvia cisticola Temminck, Manuel d’Orn, 2d ed., I, 1820, p. 228 (Portugal). 
Three males, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common in the paddy 

fields and in long grass.” 
KITTACINCLA MELANURA Salvadori. 


Cittocincla melanura Satvaport, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 2d ser., TV, 1886, p. baat 
pl. vi, fig. 1 (Nias Island). 

Five specimens, from Simalur, Babi, and Lasia. 

These specimens are smaller than typical A melanura, having a 

wing measurement of 86-95 mm.; for the Nias bird Salvadori gives” 

95-97 mm. In our birds the outermost tail feather has a bare sug-— 

gestion of white at the tip. Length, male, 258-286; female, 216-241, 

The two females in this series are slightly paler on the underparts 
than the males. 

‘‘Tris dark brown; feet dull purplish brown; bill black.” R 

On Simalur the species was found to be ‘‘not very common, and — 

very shy.” It was ‘‘common, but very shy,” on Babi and Lasia. 

KITTACINCLA MALABARICA (Scopoli) . 
Muscicapa (malabarica) Scorout, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., II, 1786, p. 96 (based ie 


on ‘“‘Le gobe-mouche 4 longue queue de Gingi’’ of Sonnerat, Voy. aux 
Indes, ete., IT, p. 196; Malabar). 


Five adult males, from Pulo Mansalar, Tuangku, and Bangkaru. — 
In oe these birds can be iter ee with ee from various 


wing measurement ine males) varies ie 95 to 99 mm. 
**Common” in the Baujak Islands. ; 
The name malabarica antedates both tricolor and macroura, and is | 

of unquestionable application, but Scopoli’s reference to *‘ tab. 111” 

Sonnerat’s work is erroneous. 

COPSYCHUS SAULARIS MUSICUS (Raffles). 
Lanius musicus Rarrurs, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt 2, 1822, p. 307.4 
Five specimens from Loh Sidoh Bay and Simalur. 
It was ‘‘ common Bok clearings” on Simalur. 





Seno ee eaten Lanius. 

It is one of the few singing birds of India, and its note is pleasing. It is abot at 
eight inches and a half in length. In the female the feathers of the throat and 
breast are whitish, mottled with grey and brown; and several of the wing-coverts — 


are also white with reddish-brown shades. All the colours are duller than in 
male.”’ 


- x0. 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 513 


———— 


‘Family HIRUNDINID2. 


HIRUNDO GUTTURALIS Scopoli. 


Hirundo (gutturalis) Scopout, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr, II, 1786, p. 96 (Antique, 
western Panay, Philippines) . 
Two specimens, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common.” It was also 
noted as ‘‘common” on Tuangku. 


Family CAMPEPHAGID2. 
GRAUCALUS BABIENSIS, new species. 


Type.—Adult female, No. 179220 U.S.N.M.; Pulo Babi, west coast 
of Sumatra, January 13, 1902; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Head, back, scapu- 
lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts gray (No. 7 of Ridgway’s Nomencla- 
ture), the feathers of the rump and upper tail-coverts indistinctly 
edged with grayish white; underparts gray, like the back, but slightly 
paler, becoming still lighter on the abdomen, which is unbarred; thighs 
gray, like the back; under tail-coverts grayish white, with obscure 
grayish bars; under wing-coverts white, with blackish bars; axillaries 
pale gray, with dusky grayish bars; wings black, the lesser, middle, 
and greater coverts and outer webs of tertiaries, secondaries, and of 
primary coverts gray like the back; inner primaries washed on edge 
of outer webs with the same color; under surface of wings pale gray, 
with a whitish line on edge of inner webs of inner primaries. Tail 
black, the middle pair of feathers with a wash of dark gray, the outer- 
most pair with grayish tips. 

Leneth, 305; wing, 168; tail, 117.5; tarsus, 29; exposed culmen, 28 
(bill, from gape, 41); width of bill at base,20 mm. ‘‘ Ivis pale yellow; 
bill and feet black.” 

A second female measures: Length, 318; wing, 170; tail, 123 mm. 
This is a large bird, like G. hannegieter’, but the lower breast and 
abdomen are entirely unbarred; there are no 4/ack bars on the upper 
tail-coverts, and the iris is pale yellow instead of white. ‘‘ Common. 
Larger and differently colored from that of Simalur.” 


GRAUCALUS SIMALURENSIS, new species. 


Type.—Adult male, No. 179215, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west 
coast of Sumatra, November 19, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott. 

This species is very like the female ‘of G. babiens/s (the shade of 
gray on the upper and lower surfaces is exactly the same as in 
that species), but smaller; the under tail-coverts and axillaries are 
unbarred, and there are only a few obscure grayish bars on the under 
Wing-coyerts. 

Length, 299; wing, 166; tail, 121; tarsus, 26; exposed culmen, 26 
(bill, from gape, 39.5); width of bill, at base, 20 mm. ‘Iris pale 
greenish white; bill and feet black.” 











514 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





The female differs from the male in having the under wing-coverts — 
and axillaries white, conspicuously barred with slaty black; the un 
tail-coverts are grayish white, less plainly barred with gray ar 
darker slate; the breast is like that of the male, but on the abdomen 
and flanks there are almost obsolete bars of gray (the bars being 
about the same shade as the breast). Wing, 165-167 mm. a 

An obviously younger female has the primaries, primary- covert 
and secondaries narrowly edged with white; the rump and upper tail. 
coverts are barred with blackish slate and tipped with white; the | 
breast and abdomen are white, with slaty black bars, mingled on the | 
breast with new, unbarred, gray feathers. . 

The male resembles that of G. swmatrensis and G. bungurensis, but 
is a little paler, both above and below, and the under wing-coverts are. 
obscurely barred. It is larger than G. swmatrensis, and about the 
size of G. bungurensis, but ane bill is longer and broader (about 18 
mm. broad in bungurensis, and 20 mm. in Een 

‘‘Common in the forest, generally in parties of three to five.” 

In addition to G. babiensis and G. simalurensis, the following spe- 
cies, related to G. sumatrensis, have been deceee from islands off | 
the west coast of Sumatra: G. crissalis Salvadori (Mentawei group), 
@. enganensis Salvadori (Engano), and G. kannegietert (Bittikofer) | 
from Nias. ; P| 

CAMPEPHAGA COMPTA, new species. 

Type.—Adult female, No. 179222, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west 
coast of Sumatra, Noy emis 28, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott. 

Top of head, lores, nape, back, annie rump, and upper tail- 
coverts bluish slate color, the feathers of the rump and upper tail- 
coverts with narrow anit tips, immediately preceded by still nar-| 
rower obscure blackish slate bars; some of the feathers of the crown | 
with blackish centers; a narrow fringe of feathers on the forehead, a 
distinct line over the lores, eyes, and above ear-coverts, white; ear-| 
coverts and malar region white, with conspicuous bluish slate stripes 
(darker than the upper ee a broad line between ear-coverts and 
white superciliary stripe dark bluish slate color; entire under parts, 
including sides of neck, under wing-coverts and axillaries, white, 
prominently barred with slaty black, with a grayish suffusion on the 
sides (thighs almost uniform slate); the black and white spaces on the 
under surface are of nearly equal width, except on the axilliaries, 
under wing-coverts and under tail-coverts, where the white spaces 
are much wider than the cen ones; on the under tail-coverts the 
black markings are mainly U-shaped. Wings black, the coverts, 
secondaries, and tertiaries with the outer webs washed with bluial 
slate color; feathers of the inner greater coverts and secondaries 
with a narrow white border on the outer webs; primaries and pri- 
mary coverts black, with a narrow dark-gray edging to most 0 








} 
2 5 
Py | 








— 
* 


“No. 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 515 








the feathers; secondaries obscurely and very narrowly tipped with 
_white; under surface of inner primaries largely white on basal half of 
inner webs (some of the secondaries also edged with white). Tail 
black, the middle pair of feathers washed with bluish gray, except at 
the tip; some of the other feathers edged with gray, and all of them 
tipped with white, the middle feathers very narrowly so, the white 
becoming more extensive toward the outermost pair, on which there 
is a narrow white line bordering the shaft on the outer web, extending 
almost to the base. 

Length, 203; wing, 101; tail, 85; tarsus, 21; culmen, 14 (bill, from 
gape, 21) mm. “‘Iris clear brown; bill black, pale brown beneath, 
at base.” : 

Another female, apparently a younger bird, is less distinctly barred 
on the breast, abdomen, and sides, these areas being much suffused 
with gray. 

In this species the color of the under parts suggests that of the 
lower breast in Graucalus sumatrensis (typical); on the upper parts C. 
compta is of a darker and clearer color. 

This species is related to C. neglecta, but is darker above, much 
more strongly barred below, has a distinct white superciliary stripe, 
etc. 





PERICROCOTUS FLAMMIFER Hume. 


[ Pericrocotus| flammifer Humes, Stray Feathers, III, No. 4, May, 1875, p. 321, note 
(Pakchan, Tenasserim). 
Ten specimens, from Simalur, where ‘‘common.” 
The males are identical in color with P. fammifer from Tenasserim 
and Trong, but they average slightly larger. I have no females for 
comparison with the three contained in the present collection, but 
these appear to be very dark above (almost slaty black, with a slight 
gloss), not ‘‘ashy brown tinged with green,” as described by Oates.¢ 
Length, males, 190-207; wing, 90-94; tail, 81.5-88 mm. Females 
are smaller, measuring, length, 190-197; wing, 87-89; tail, 80-82 mm. 
‘Tris dark brown; bill and feet black.” 


PERICROCOTUS IGNEUS Blyth. 


P{ericrocotus] igneus Buytnu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XV, 1846 (1847 ?), p. 309 
(Malacca). 

Two males, from Simalur. 

These have rather long wings (78-80 mm.), and the two middle pairs 
of rectrices are wholly black. In the descriptions of P. igneus, given 
by both Sharpe and Oates, the two central feathers are said to be 
black, the next pair with an ‘‘ orange-red mark at the tip,”? or ‘‘ with 
some red at the tip.”° 





@ Birds Brit. Burmah, I, p. 237. bSharpe, Catal. Birds, IV, p. 78. 
¢Oates, Fauna Brit. India, Birds, I, p. 485. 


“ee 


516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





















Lenath, 168-172; wing, 78-80; tail, 75-76; bill, from gape, 17 mm 
‘+ Apparently not common, but several that were shot were lost in the 


dense underbrush.” 
P. igneus has been recorded from Nias. “ 


Family DICRURIDZ. 
DISSEMURUS BRACHYPHORUS (Bonaparte), 


E{dolius] brachyphorus ‘‘Temm.’’ Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, I, 1850, Pp 

351 (Borneo). 7 

Ten specimens, from Loh Sidoh Bay, Simalur, Babi, and Lasia, those 
from the last-named island having longer tails and wings than the } 
others. The dimensions of this series are given below: q 


Measurements of Dissemurus brachyphorus. 








Locality. Sex. Length. | Wing. Tail. Billa 
Mm. Mm. Mm. 
Loh SidOh Bay ....ccccncccacncnccsscasscccnssccenn= Male ... 470 148 301 
Sima Oat erate ae lata aetna a atelier aetna Female. 445 136 287 
474 139 306 
474 138 307 
Se Sk ate rare 141) | See cetees 
Dees eee V4 ortcis careers 
540 153 363 
521 152 347 
534 154 370 
540 152 367 








aBill, from gape. 


The Simalur birds have less of a ereenish gloss than those from Loh 
Sidoh Bay and the Flat Islands, but otherwise the color is about 
the same. In length of wing the birds from Babi and Lasia are 
approached and even exceeded by others from widely different locali- 
ties, but no specimens in our series (from the Natunas and Anambas;_ 
Pulo Tioman; Lankawi; Lingga, ete.) have tails quite as long as these : 
Flat Islands examples. 

‘‘Common in the forest” on Simalur; also ‘‘common” on Babi, and 
**common, apparently larger than that of Simalur” on Lasia. | 





BUCHANGA ATRA (Hermann). 


Muscicapa atra Hermann, Obs. Zool., March, 1804, p. 208 (Tranquebaria). 


One adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 279; wing, 142; tail, 
124 mm. 
BUCHANGA CINERACEA (Hope 


Edolius cineraceus HorsFietp, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 1821, , 
p- 145 (Java). 


Nee y ; Sie S ari 3 
Six adults, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common about clearings, — 
sitting on dead trees. Less common in forest.” Length, 257-2 280 mm. 


“ Buttikofer, Motes Leyd. Mus., X VIII, p. 177. 





= 


x0, 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 51 


“I 


‘i Family LANHD&. 


| LANIUS TIGRINUS Drapiez. 
| Lanius tigrinus Draprez, Dict. Class. d’ Hist. Nat., XIII, 1828, p. 523 (Java). 
| Two males, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘not common.” Length, 
178mm. ‘Iris dark brown.” 

PLATYLOPHUS CORONATUS (Raffles). 


Lanius coronatus RarriEs, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 2, 1822, p. 306 
(Sumatra). 





Three specimens, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 270 (female) to 280 
(male)mm. ‘‘ Feet leaden blue.” : 


Family ORIOLID. 
ORIOLUS MUNDUS, new species. 


Type.—Adult male, No. 179268, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west 
coast of Sumatra, November 19, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott. General 
color bright lemon yellow, inclining to cadmium yellow, especially on 
back, breast, and sides of neck; paler on greater wing-coverts, axilla- 
Ties, under wing-coverts, abdomen, and under tail-coverts; wing 
feathers, including alula, black; third to sixth primaries very narrowly 
edged with white on outer webs; secondartes with almost obsolete pale 
yellow tips, the yellow extending down the shaft on the innermost 
feather; primary coverts all black, without a yellow speculum; under 
surface of primaries with a narrow white border oninner webs. Lores, 
a line over and under the eye, passing back to and including the nape, 
black (the black 11 mm. wide, on nape); middle tail feathers black, 
narrowly tipped with yellow, and very narrowly edged with yellow 
on both webs for a short distance; remainder of tail black, tipped with 
yellow, the outermost feathers black on basal half, the inner ones with 
the black extending progressively toward the tips. 

Length, 280; wing, 151; tail, 103; tarsus, 26; culmen, 35 (bill, from 
gape, 40 mm.). ‘Iris dull red; feet leaden.” 

The female is duller than the male, with a greenish-yellow wash on the 
back, central tail feathers, wing-coverts, and outer webs of tertiaries. 

Oriolus mundus belongs to the black-naped section of the genus, in 
the group of species having no wing speculum, but it is not very nearly 
allied to any described species. It differs from most, if not all, of the 
members of this group in having the back and mantle clear rich yel- 
low, not sordid or greenish. 

Four specimens, from Simalur. 


ORIOLUS MACULATUS Vieillot. 


Oriolus maculatus VirwLoT, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XVIII, 1817, p. 194 
(Java). 
One adult female, from Loh Sidoh Bay. Length, 260; wing, 142 
mm. - “* Iris red.” 






518 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





Family CORVID. 
PLATYSMURUS LEUCOPTERUS (Temminck). 


Glaucopis leucopterus 'TEMMINCK, Pl. Col., TL (Pt 45), Aprils e228 
(Sumatra). 

ms | 

Three adults, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 407-488; wing (male), | 


197-199, (female) 181 mm. ‘‘Iris deep red; inside of mouth white.” 
; ou 


CORVUS COMPILATOR, new name. — 











Three specimens, from Simalur, where ‘‘tolerably abundant and not: 
at all shy.” Length, 445-457 mm. ‘‘Tris dark brown.” 5 

Corvirs tenutrostris Moore,“ used for this form by Biittikofer,” is 
preoccupied by C. tenuirostris, C. L. Brehm,’ and as no other name 
appears to be available, I have given it a new one. 


Family STURNID 2. 
AGROPSAR STURNINA (Pallas). | 


i 
Gracula sturnina Pauuas, Reise Russischen Reichs, II, 1776, p. 695 (“In 
salicetis Dauuriae australioris, circa Ononem et Argunum”’ ). ) 


One immature female, from Simalur. ‘‘A flock seen at Sibabo.” 


Family EULABETID 2. 
LAMPROCORAX ALTIROSTRIS (Salvadori). 


Calornis altirostris SatvAport, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 2d ser., IV, 1887, p. 553, 
pl. rx, fig. 1 (Nias Island). | 

Four specimens, from Simalur and Pulo Babi. 

Dr. Sharpe thought this form might be closely related to Z. tytlert,” 
but ¢ytler? has the small bill of chalybea, with green, rather than 
bronzy, upper parts, and differs also in size and in the more prominent 
lanceolate feathers surrounding the head. In other words, Z. alti 
rostris is allied to L. chalybea rather than to L. tytlerc. : 

Lamprocorax altirostris was seen on Pulo Lasia, and ‘‘ common” on 
Babi; on Simalur it was ‘‘common, especially on the small islets.” 

The measurements of the specimens are given below: 


Measurements of Lamprocorax altirostris. 























Locality. Sex. Tenth Wing. Taille | 

s Mm. Mm. Mm. | 
Shnialur Island: ..cssjocec-ciesstes.- 0-2 seeee eee eee eee Male ... 207 100 62. 
Pulo Babli cso cco cecc chee ee ee Gomes 213 105 65. 
VD os scecetnc eect asec cbs oeussek ne sce oe ee Female. 216 100 62. 

DOP reece coeee sedate gs atte cae See eee es do ....| 210 100 | 63. 
«Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. Co., II, 1856-58, p. 558. i 

b Notes Leyden Mus., X VIII, 1896, p. 185. | 

cVollstindige Vogelfang, 1855, p. 57. 4 

@ Catal. Birds, XIII, p. 147. =| 





0.1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 519 








EULABES JAVANUS Cuvier. 


Eulabes javanus Cuvier, Régne Animal, 2d ed., I, 1829, p. 377 (Java). 

Six specimens, from Simalur, with lappets larger, and the fleshy 
portion which passes anteriorly toward the eye wider, than in true 
javanus,; but in color and measurements these Simalur birds can be 
matched by individuals from various localities. ‘‘Iris dark brown; 
feet yellow; wattles bright yellow.” Length, 299-318 mm. 


EULABES ROBUSTA (Salvadori). 


Gracula robusta Satyapori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 2d ser., IV, 1887, p. 554, pl. 
1x, fig. 2 (Nias Island). 

Eight specimens, from Babi and Tuangku. Length, 343-372 mm. 
‘Iris dark brown; bill red at base, yellow at tip; feet and wattles 
yellow; claws horn brown, base whitish.” 

_ This species was found to be ‘‘common” on Pulo Babi, and on both 
of the Banjak Islands (Tuangku and Bangkaru). 


Family NECTARINIID. 


ARACHNOTHERA FLAVIGASTRA (Eyton). 
Anthreptes flavigaster Eyton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. 105 (‘‘Malaya’’). 

An adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 197; wing, 97; cul- 
men, 39mm. ‘Iris dark brown; bill dark horn brown, paler beneath, 
at base.” 

ARACHNOTHERA CHRYSOGENYS (Temminck). 
Nectarinia chrysogenys TEMMINCK, Pl]. Col., IV (Pl. 65), May, 1826, pt. cccLXX XVIII, 
fig. 1 (Java). 

Three adult males, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 178; wing, 87-88 
mm. ‘Iris dark brown; bill black, with a narrow dull yellow line on 
edges of both mandibles; angles of mouth white; feet pale brownish 
fleshy.” 

ARACHNOTHERA LONGIROSTRIS (Latham). 


[Certhia] longirostra Laruam, Index Ornith., I, 1790, p. 299 (Bengal). 


Three specimens, from Bangkaru and Tuangku. Length, of male, 
171-174; wing, 67-69; culmen, 41-43; of female, length, 156; wing, 
62: culmen, 37 mm. The bills of these individuals are rather longer 
than those of Malay Peninsula birds. ‘‘Common” on Tuangku. 


ARACHNOTHERA MODESTA (Eyton). 
Anthreptes modesta Eyton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. 105 (‘‘Malaya’’). 


Three adult males, from Loh Sidoh Bay and Tapanuli Bay. Length, 
172; wing, 80-82 mm. ‘“‘Iris dark brown; feet pale brownish fleshy; 
bill dark horn brown above, paler beneath.” 


z 


520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vo 
























ANTHREPTES MALACENSIS (Scopoli). | 
Scopout, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., I, 1786, p. 91 (Mala ca). 


Certhia (malacensis ) 
Five adults, from Simalur, where ‘‘ common about cocoanut planta 
tions.” These are perceptibly longer than Malay Peninsula examples, 
but color is identical. Length, 134-143 mm. 


ARACHNECHTHRA BRASILIANA (Gmelin). 


[Certhia] brasiliana Consan, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 1, 1788, p. 474 (“Brasilia”), 
One adult male, from Simalur. Length, 108; wing, 49; ua 
16mm. ‘This specimen agrees in all respects, except that of bill, 
birds from other localities. Ordinarily the culmen measures abou 
12 mm., but in this individual it is 16 mm. Some specimens fr 
islands in the China Sea have long bills, but they do not quite mate 


this Simalur bird. 
‘Not very common.” Also seen on Tuangku. 





ZETHOPYGA SIPARAJA (Raffles). 


Certhia See Rarrugs, Trans. Linn. Soe. Lond., XIII, Pt. 2, 1822, p.% 
(Sumatra). 
Twelve specimens, from Tapanuli Bay, Simalur, Babi, Lasia, ax 
Bangkaru. The males from Babi and Lasia are a little ae ker on 
abdomen than any others in our collection, and the color of the fema 
is rather brighter ee in those from other localities. 
On Simalur it was ‘‘ generally in thick jungle about the edges of: 
clearings, and in cocoanut plantations. Most plentiful on Pulo Bal 
in Telok Dalam.” It was ‘‘ common at edge of jungle on the shore 
of Lasia, Babi, and on the Banjak Islands. 


CHALCOSTETHA INSIGNIS ata 


“974 (Java). 
Four specimens, from Simalur and Tapanuli Bay. On Simalaa 
was ‘‘common in the mangroves about Telok Dalam.” 


Family DICAID A. 
DICZUM TRIGONOSTIGMA (Scopoli). 


Certhia (trigonostigma) Scorort, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., Il, 1786, p.7 
(‘‘Chine’’). 


Three specimens, from Simalur and Lasia. At the first-name 
island it was ‘‘common.” 


ee 


Family PLOCEID ZA. 
MUNIA MAJA (Linneus). 
[Loxia] maja Linn xus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I, 1766, p. 301 (Malacca). 
Five from Loh Sidoh Bay and three from Simalur. It was foune 
‘in large flocks upon the fields of paddy ” on Simalur. ; 





BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 


521 














i ierohiera: x fringillarius. 
udynanys honorata malayana. 
eenicophanis erythrognathus. 

a cyon armstrong??. 


SIMALUR ISLAND, 


Nharadrius dominicus fulvus. 
Iehthodromus geoffroy?. 
Iehthodromus pyrrhothorax. 
fallinago stenura. 

Potanus totanus eurhinus. 
citis hypoleucos. 

ul simonites ruficollis. 
Vumenius phxopus. 

Arenaria interpres. 
Ysacus magnirostris. 
Typotzenidlia striata. 
{maurornis phenicurus. 
trdea sumatrana. 
Demiegretta sacra. 
Bulorides javanica. 
{rdeola, species. 

[reron vernans. 
Parpophage consobrina. 
Myristicivora bicolor. 
Jolumba phasma. 
Macropygia simalurensis. 
Jhaleophaps indica. 
Dalenas nicobarica. 
Astur soloénsis. 

Accipiter virgatus. 


‘pizaétus alboniger. 
Halizetus leucogaster. 


Spilornis abbotti. 

aliastur mdus intermedius. 
peregrinus ?. 

Porn wmbra. 

corms fasciatus. 

inus abbotti. 

Cacomantis sepulcralis. 














eurystomus calony.. 
elittophagus wrica. 

ps philippinus. 

rgopsis simalurensis.: 


lynamys honorata malayana. 


OF SPECIES MENTIONED IN THE PRECEDING CATALOGUE, BY 


LOCALITIES. 


LOH SIDOH BAY. 


INCLUDING 





PULO ASU 


Pycnonotus simplex. 
Rhipidura javanica. 

Prinia, sp. 

Copsychus saularis musicus. 
Dissemurus brachyphorus. 
Oriolus maculatus. 
Arachnothera modesta. 
Munia maja. 


AND PULO SIUMAT. 


Alcedo ispida bengalensis. 
Alcedo meninting. 

Ceyx, species. 

Halcyon coromanda. 
Haleyon pileata. 

falcyon chloris?. 
Thriponax parvus. 
Macropteryx perlonga. 
Salangana fuciphaga. 
Dendronanthus indicus. 
Motacilla melanope. 
Budytes flavus leucostriatus. 
Microtarsus melanocephatos. 
Muscitrea grisola. 
Hypothymis consobrina. 
Tchitrea procera. 
Culicicapa ceylonensis. 
Cisticola cisticola. 
Kittacincla melanura. 
Copsychus saularis musicus. 
Hirundo gutturalis. 
Graucalus simalurensis. 
Campephaga compta. 
Pericrocotus igneus. 
Pericrocotus flammafer. 
Dissemurus brachyphorus. 
Buchanga cineracea. 
Lanius tigrinus. 

Oriolus mundus. 

Corvus compilator 
Agropsar sturnina. 
Lamprocorax altirostris. 
Eulabes javanus. 
Anthreptes malacensis. 
Arachnechthra brasiliana. 
Aitthopyga syparaja. 
Chalcostetha pectoralis. 
Dicxum trigonostigma. 
Munia maja. 


qn 
bo 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, XX 


ee 


THE FLAT ISLANDS. 
PULO BABI AND PULO LASIA. 


Halcyon coromanda (1.). 
Halcyon pileata (B.). 
Hypothymis abbotti (B. ene 
Kittacincla melanura (B. L.). via 
Graucalus babiensis (B.). 
Dissemurus brachyphorus (B. L.). 
Lamprocorax altirostris (B. L.). 


Esacus magnirostris (B.). 

Ardea sumatrana (B.). 
Carpophaga consobrina (B. ibe Ne 
Myristicivora bicolor (B. L.). 
Chalcophaps indica (B.). 
Calenas nicobarica (B.). 
Accipiter virgatus (L.). 
Halixetus leucogaster (B. L.). Eulabes robusta (B.). 
Palzxornis major (B. L.). Aithopyga siparaja (B. L.). 
Eudynamys honorata malayana (B.-L. ). Diceum trigonostigma (L.). 





THE BANJAK ISLANDS. 


PULO BANGKARU. 


Spizaétus, species.. 
Halixetus leucogaster. 
Syrnium niasense. 
Ceyx, species. 
Dendronanthus indicus. 
Pycnonotus simplex. 
Mixorvis pileatus. 


Numenius arquatus. 

sacus magnirostris. 
Ardea sumatrana. 
Demiegretta sacra. 
Treron, species. 
Carpophaga consobrina. 
Myristicivora bicolor. 
Halixetus leucogaster. 
Haliastur indus intermedius. 
Loriculus galgulus. 
Merops philippinus. 
Pelargopsis sodalis. 
Alcedo ispida bengalensis. 
Alcedo meninting. 
Meiglyptes tukki. 
Salangana ‘‘francica.”’ 
Eurylaimus ochromatus. 
Pitta moluccensis. 





Malacopteron notatum. 
Hypothymis azurea. 
Kittacincla malabarica. 
Eulabes robusta. 
Arachnothera longirostris. 
Athopyga siparaja. 


PULO TUANGKU. 


Trena eriniger. 
Pycnonotus plumosus. 
Pycnonotus simplex. 
Pycnonotus erythropthalmos. 
Anuropsis malaccensis. 
Cyanoderma fulviventris. 
Stachyris banjakensis. 
Malacopteron notatum. 
Chalcoparia singalensis. 
Hypothymis azurea. 
Orthotomus atrogularis?. 
Kittacincla malabarica. 
Hirundo gutturalis. 
Hulabes robusta. 
Arachnothera longirostris. 
Arachnechthra brasiliana. 
Aithopyga siparaja. 











% ~ 










» fulvicollis. 
us leucogaster. 


is bacha. 


puleata. 


hinus galeritus. 
hea chrysopogon. 
hea mystacophanes. 


co duvaucelii. 

s porphyromelas. 
tes tukki. 

ernus brachyurus. 
mae Javensis. 


TAPANULI BAY, INCLUDING PULO MANSALAR. 


r indus intermedius. 


RDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 523 


Pyrotrogon duvauceli. 
Macropteryx comata. 
Cymbirhynchus lemniscatus. 
Chloropsis cyanopogon. 
Irena criniger. 

Hemixus malaccensis. 

Tole olivacea, 

Euptilosus eutilosus. 
Microtarsus melanocephatos. 
Tricholestes criniger. 
Pycnonotus plumosus. 
Pycnonotus, species (white iris). 
**Alcippe cinerea.”’ 
Malacopteron magnirostre. 
Hypothymis azurea. 
Philentoma velatum. 
Rhinomyias pectoralis. 
Kittacincla malabarica. 
Buchanga atra. 
Platylophus coronatus. 
Platysmurus leucopterus. 
Arachnothera flavigastra. 
Arachnothera chrysogenys. 
Arachnothera modesta. 
Aithopyga siparaja. 
Chalcostetha pectoralis. 







524 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X3 


Filo Tear fu ‘ 
Fulolasiag 


Fulo Babi? Pu See 
Fulo 
Mirsotar lt 


ie 


a Ak 


NORTHWESTERN SUMATRA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS. 




















>A REVIEW OF THE SYNENTOGNATHOUS FISHES OF 
JAPAN. 


By Davip Srarr JorpaNn and Epwin Cuaprn Srarks, 


Of the Leland Stanford Junior University. 


_In this paper is given an account of those fishes of Japan belonging 
o the suborder of Synentognathi. The material examined belongs to 
lhe United States National Museum and to the Leland Stanford Junior 
Jniversity, most of it having been collected by Messrs. Jordan and 
snyder during the summer of 1900. 


Suborder SYNENTOGNATHI. 


Lower pharyngeal bones fully united; second and third superior 
haryngeals variously enlarged, not articulated to the cranium, send- 
g processes forward; the fourth small or fused with the third. 
ertebre numerous (45 to 70), the abdominal ones much more 
umerous than the caudal. Ventral fins abdominal, without spine, 
be rays more than five. Scapula suspended to the cranium by a 
post-temporal bone, which is usually simple, furcate in Belonide. 
Articular bone of lower jaw with a small supplemental bone perhaps 
jorresponding to the coronoid bone. Parietal bones usually absent, 
on present much reduced, well separated by the supraoccipital. 
Supraclavicle small when present; no interclavicles. No mesocora- 
‘oid. Maxillary very close to premaxillary and sometimes firmly 
oined to it, the suture always distinct. Basis of cranium double in 
'ront, but without muscular tube. No adipose fin. Fins without 
pines. Lateral line concurrent with the belly, peculiar in structure. 
ir bladder usually large, without pneumatic duct. Intestinal tract 
imple, without pyloric ceca. This order is allied to the Haplomi on 
the one hand and to the Percesoces on the other, and, like these 
yroups, it marks the transition from the soft-rayed to the spiny-rayed 
ishes. In their anatomical characters the Synentognath’ most resem- 
Mle the latter, but there are never spines in the fins, and the lower 
gharyngeals are united. The group is divisible into four closely 
elated families, which have usually been regarded as divisions of one 





0 








4 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1319. 


’ Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02-——36 525 



















































526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





family. Erocatide or Scombresocide. The remarkable differences i 
the pharyngeals seem to us to permit the division of the group inte 
four families. 
, ” . ° , o\ 
(ovr, together; év, within; yvados, jaw.) 


a. Third superior pharyngeal on each side scarcely enlarged, not longer than its 
anterior process, and armed with comparatively few (about 15) pointed teeth; 
fourth superior pharyngeal distinct on each side; lower pharyngeals united inte 
a small linear plate, armed with small teeth; vertebrae with zygapophyses; both 
jaws produced in a long beak in the adult (the upper short in the young); 
teeth in jaws strong, unequal; maxillaries firmly appressed to the premaxilla 
_ries: a distinct suture along the boundary; ‘‘coronoid’’ bone (attached to the 
articular) evident. Species carnivorous ......-.------------.--- BeELonip#, 1 

aa. Third superior pharyngeal greatly enlarged, covered with bluntish, tricuspid 

teeth; fourth superior pharyngeal wanting or fused with the third; lowe 
pharyngeals large, fused into a thick triangular bone with transversely con 
cave surface, covered with blunt, tricuspid teeth; teeth in jaws always small, 
conic, or tricuspid; maxillary close to premaxillary, but not suturally joined 

to it, there being some open space between; coronoid bone small, but present; 

no canine teeth; no zygapophyses to the vertebree. 

b. Third superior pharyngeal solidly joined with its fellow to form an ovoid pla 
which sends two processes forward; cleft of mouth narrow; the lower jaw 
usually produced; teeth of jaws tricuspid; herbivorous species. 
HEMIRAMPHID, 2 

bb. Third superior pharyngeals more or Jess closely appressed, but not united; 
species at least partly carnivorous. 

c. Dorsal and anal fins each with several detached finlets; cleft of mouth long, 
both jaws being more or less produced ina pointed beak; paired fins small 
SCOMBRESOCID®, 3. 

cc. Dorsal. and anal without finlets; cleft of mouth short, the jaws not produced 
in a beak; pectoral fins more or less produced, forming an organ of flight. 
ExoceTip®, 4. 


Family 1. BELONIDA. 
NEEDLE-FISHES. 


Body elongate, very slender, compressed or not, covered with small 
thin scales. Lateral line very low, running as a fold along side of 
belly. Both jaws produced in a beak, the lower jaw the longer, very 
much the longer in the young, which resemble Hemtramphus; max= 
illaries grown fast to premaxillaries; each jaw with a band of small, 
sharp teeth, besides a series of longer, wide-set, sharp, conical teeth, 
No finlets. Dorsal fin opposite anal, both fins rather long. Air blad- 
der present. Lower pharyngeals united to form a long, slender, nar 
row plate, with flat surface, covered with small, pointed teeth; uppet 
pharyngeals distinct, the third pair little enlarged, each with some 1 
moderate, unequal, pointed teeth (Zylosurus marinus); fourth pair 
well developed, with similar teeth, but without anterior processes 
Vertebre numerous, with zygopophyses. Ovary single. Voracious 
carnivorous fishes, bearing a superficial resemblance to the gar pikes; 












1319. SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 527 








ound in all warm seas, sometimes entering rivers. Their habits are 
rdinarily much like those of the pike, but when startled they swim 
along the surface with extraordinary rapidity, often leaping above 
he water for short distances. When thus leaping the large species 
of the tropics are sources of danger to incautious fishermen, sometimes 
piercing the naked abdomen of the natives. Most of them are eood 
food-fishes, but the green color of the bones of the larger species often 
auses them to be avoided, for no good reason. 


| 


. Gill rakers wanting; no teeth on vomer; anterior rays of dorsal and anal elevated. 
Tylosurus, 1. 
ie VeOsURUS Coccéo: 
Tylosurus Cocco, *‘Lettere in Giornale Sci. Sicilia, XVII,’ 1829, p. 18 (can- 
traini=imperialis ). 
_ Body elongate, very slender, not much compressed. Both jaws pro- 
longed into a beak, the lower jaw somewhat the longer, much the 
longer in young fisnes, the very young resembling /Hemiramphus. 
Kach jaw armed with a band of small, sharp teeth, beside which is a 
series of longer, wide-set, sharp, conical, unequal teeth; no teeth on 
vomer or palatines. Scales small, thin; lateral line running along the 
side of the belly, becoming median on the tail. No finlets. Dorsal fin 
more or less elevated anteriorly; caudal fin short, unequally lunated or 
forked; pectorals moderate; ventrals small, the latter inserted behind 
the middle of the body. Gill rakers obsolete. Bones usually more or 
less green. Size comparatively large. Species numerous. Voraci- 
ous fishes, chiefly American; one species crossing to Europe; some of 
them entering rivers. This genus differs from the Old World genus, 
Belone Cuvier, in the absence of gill rakers and of vomerine teeth. 
(tv)os, callus; ovpa, tail; in allusion to the caudal keel, on which 
the genus was originally based, a character of little importance. ) 
a. Dorsal rays about 25. 
b. Lateral line not forming a black keel on caudal peduncle. Posterior dorsal rays 
produced to form a rounded lobe as high or nearly as high as produced ante- 
rior lobe, these rays longest in the young. Jaws slender and long; upper jaw 


from anterior orbital rim 24 times longer than length of rest of head. 
schismatorhynchus, 1 

bb. Lateral line extending on caudal peduncle, forming a low black keel. 
_¢. Jaws short and stout; upper jaw from anterior orbital rim 13 longer than rest 
of head; posterior rays of dorsal elevated; size very large. ----- giganteus, 2. 
ce. Jaws slender and long; posterior rays of dorsal short; body scarcely com- 
: MCSE Emenee ree ine aco eels cteie see Se wee = See Se ntne= coromandelicus, 3. 
aad. Dorsal rays about 18; posterior rays of dorsal short. Body much compressed, 
the width one-half the depth; caudal peduncle much compressed, without 
keel anastomella, 4 


wee eee eee meee wow e ewe eee eee wee ee ee ee eee ee ees ee eee eee eer 







528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 
See San 
1. TYLOSURUS SCHISMATORHYNCHUS (Bleeker). 





=< 


DATSU. 


. 


Belone gracilis SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 246, pl. cx, ie - 
Nagasaki; not of Lowe, 1839, a species from Madeira.—BLEEKER, Nieuwe _ 
Nalez., Japan, 1857, p. 116.—Nystrrom, Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1887, p. 4457) 
Nagasaki. B) 

Mastacembelus gracilis BLEEKER, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., 1866, p. 111. ; 

Belone schismatorhynchus BLEEKER, Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind., I, 1850, p. 95.— 


Buierker, Verh. Gen., XXIV, 1866, p. 15.—Gtnruer, Oat. Fish, VI, 1866, 

p. 239; Mozambique, Zanzibar.—IsHiKAwa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 18; Boshu. , 
Mastacembelus schismatorhynchus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Belon., about 1870, — 

p. 49; Java, Ternate, Nagasaki. 

Head from tip of upper jaw 44 to 4) in length; depth equals post- 

orbital part of head; dorsal 24 to 27; anal 25 to 27. . 

Body very elongate and rather strongly compressed, the sides ver- 
tical and parallel. Dorsal and anal outlines parallel from head to } 
dorsal. Jaws very slender and long; upper jaw from anterior orbital | 
rim 24 times longer than rest of head. Premaxillary toward base con- - 
stricted slightly and strengthened above by a mass of bone along the + 
posterior fourth of the length, which ends ina point as viewed from ( 
above. Diameter of eye equals interorbital width and is contained 
2 to 24 in postorbital part of head. Top of head from above eyes | 
to ocerput smooth with a translucent cartilage-like tissue. Nostril an | 
elongate, somewhat triangular pit containing a simple undivided 
papilla. Head apparently naked except a patch of scales above 
cheeks and another on top of head from eyes to base of mixillary. 
Pectoral equal to postorbital part of head or sometimes slightly | 
longer. Ventrals inserted nearer the anterior margin of the eye than) 
the base of the caudal by a distance equal to a diameter of the eye, | 
their length twice the diameter of the eye. Anal placed well in) 
‘advance of dorsal; the base of the sixth ray under the base of the first’ 
dorsal ray, the anterior part of anal strongly concave on its pos-) 
terior margin. Distance of base of last anal ray from base of aux 
iliary caudal rays 14 to 1} times the diameter of the eye; the last ray, 
reaches a little over half this distance. Distance from front of anal, 
to base of ventrals is contained 5 times in length from middle of eye 
to caudal base; the anal base exceeds this length by 13 times the 
diameter of the eye. Dorsal scarcely so strongly concave behind 
the anterior rays as anal; its longest rays are behind the middle.’ 
When fin is depressed the tip of eighth ray from the last reaches base 


of last ray. Distance between base of last dorsal ray and base of 
auxillary caudal rays equals diameter of eye; the depressed dorsa. 
reaches five-sixths of this distance. Median caudal rays about half the 
length of longest rays of lower caudal lobe, which is a little longe)) 
than the upper. The lateral line is not at all produced as a keel o1 


caudal peduncle. | 













ve. Length of ventrals contained 24 


E 
No. 1319. 


—— 


SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 529 


~ Color in spirits: A bluish diffused lateral band follows th« 
of back, running from the pectoral base to just 
of the caudal base, growing narrower posteriorly. 


> contour 
above the middle 


Above lateral band 
the body is greenish or brownish: below uniformly bright silvery, 


Upper part of head dark, except translucent cartilaginous area; base 
of upper jaw black; head otherwise silvery. Distal half of pectoral 
black; outer rays and tips of ventrals dusky; anterior rays of 
dusky toward tips; dorsal blackish, except bases of ant 
rays usually green; caudal dusky. 

Here described from specimens from Nag 
Other specimens are from Wakanoura. 

(GXio ma, split; p'vyyos, snout. ) 


anal 
erior rays, the 


asaki 45 cm. in length. 


2. TYLOSURUS GIGANTEUS (Schlegel). 
OKIZAYORI (OFFSHORE NEEDLEFISH). 


?Belone indica Le Survur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1821, p. 131; India. 
Belone gigantea Scnuecer, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 245; 
Buireker, Ac. Soc. Indo-Nederl., IT, Japan, p: 21. 
Belone annulata Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, p. 
| 447; Celebes, Friendly Islands, Seychelles, Pondicherry. 
| Belone annulata Gitnruer, Cat. Fish., VI, 1866, p. 240; Pinang, 
| KAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 18; Tokyo, Formosa. 
Mastacembelus annulatus BureKer, Atlas Ichth. Belon., 1870, p. 48; Java, M 
, Bawean, Cocos, Sumatra, Singapore, Celebes, Pinang, Batjan, 
Amboina, Gilolo. 
| ?Belone melanurus Burexer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXII, 1849, p. 11. 
_ Belone cylindrica BurrKxer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1851, p. 13, 
| ?Belone brachyrhynchus BurrKer, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VI, 1854, p. 61; 
young. 


Nagasaki.— 


China.—Isur- 


adura, 
Ternate, 


Gilolo, 
| 
| Head from tip of lower jaw 32 in length; depth at ventrals 11 in 
dostorbital part of head. Dorsal 23; anal 21. 
| Body as wide as deep to within a short distance of dorsal, the 
aterorbital space and head above gently convex. Jaws rather short 
ynd stout, the lower slightly the longer; their sides nowhere parallel 
ut approaching rather rapidly to a point. Length of snout from 
terior margin of eye equal to the distance from same point to middle 
f longest pectoral rays. Eye one-third of postorbital part of head, 
ne-half of interorbital. Interorbital space with two low ridges, sepa- 
ated from each other by a space equal to two-thirds diameter of eye, 
‘upreceptibly diverging anteriorly. Between them are two narrower, 
horter, parallel ridges separated by a space one-third of diameter of 
ye. Nostrils broad, triangular, containing a fleshy process divided 
ito many folds. Cheeks entirely scaled; scales on top of head before 
yes to base of premaxillary. 
Length of pectoral equals postorbital part of head and one-third 


+ times in space between their 
ise and front of anal. Insertion of ventrals midway between middle 





580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XX¥E 








of eye and base of caudal. Front of anal directly under front of dor- 
sal. its base shorter than that of dorsal by three-fourths diameter of . 
eye, and equal to the distance between ventrals and anal. Outline of 
dorsal and anal deeply concave behind anterior rays. Anterior ray ; 
of the latter longer than those of dorsal. Base of the last anal ray” 
distant from base of auxilliary caudal rays twice the distance from last 
dorsal ray to the corresponding caudal ray. Anterior dorsal rays 
longer than the long posterior dorsal rays. When dorsal is depressed 
the seventh from the last ray reaches to the base of the last ray and | 
the tips of the last few rays barely reach the base of the auxiliary caus - 
dalrays. Caudal evidently forked, the lower lobe the longer. Lateral 
line strongly produced on caudal peduncle forming a keel. k 
rts growing rather gradually ereenis 
on back. Top of head and upper jaw black. A long black blotch at 
edge of preopercle. Dentate margin of lower jaw black: head other- 
wise silvery. Inner face and posterior part of outer face dusky. 
Ventrals dark except inner rays. Anterior ray of anal dusky. Dor: 
sal and caudal blackish. Lateral line on caudal peduncle black. | 
Here deseribed from a single specimen from Nagasaki, 33 inches 



















Silvery on sides and lower pa 


porate: 


length. 

A young specimen of this or some closely related species from: 
Wakanoura differs in having the posterior rays of the dorsal length 
ened to well beyond the base of caudal (when the dorsal is depressed), 
ly forked and with a black blotch at its base, the eye, 
and the general color much darker and without 
; 


the caudal scarce 
of course, much larger 
silvery pigment. It is but 12 cm. in length. a 

According to Bleeker the type of giganteus examined by him in thé 
Leyden Museum is identical with annulatus. The name giganteus ¥ 
apparently the earlier of the two, but rdzcus, about the pertinence 0 
which there is some doubt, is earlier than either. A species appari 
ently identical with these occurs in Hawaii and in Samoa. 


3. TYLOSURUS COROMANDELICUS (Van Hasselt). 

Belone coromandelicus VAN HAssELrT, Alg. Konst., 1823, p. 130; Coromande 
according to Bleeker. : 
Belone timucoides DE Frrussac, Zool., 1823, p. 372, after Van Hasselt. 4 
Belone melanotus BuEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., I, 1850, p. 94.—BLEEKER, Ver 
XXIV, 1851, p. 14.—GtnrHer, Cat. Fish., VI, 1866, p. 239; Ba 


> 


Genootsch., 2 


Indies. = 
Mastacembelus melanotus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Belon., 1870, p. 47; Jay 
Singapore, Molucca, Celebes. 3 


Head 34 in length; depth exceeds postorbital part of head by om 
fourth eye. Dorsal 25 or 26; anal 23 or 24. ’ 
Body scarcely compressed. Head nearly flat between eyes. Ja 
rather slender and long. Snout from anterior margin of eye equ ls 


twice the distance from same point to edge of opercle. Eye one-hi 


o, 
oe 


a 
“tt 
7 


? 


‘No. 1319. SOME JAPANESE FISHES—J ORDAN AND STARKS. 53 i 











postorbital part of head, five-sixths of interorbita] width. Interorbital 
rough, with longitudinal striations: a shallow groove along its middle. 


Length of pectoral equals depth at ventrals, or 22 in dorsal base. 


“3 


Length of ventrals contained 2% times in Space between their base and 
front of anal. Ventrals inserted midway between caudal base and 
posterior third of eye. Anal a little in advance of front of dorsal, 
its base shorter than that of dorsal by the diameter of eye. Outline 

of dorsal and anal deeply concave behind anterior rays. Anterior 
rays of dorsal equal in length to those of anal. Base of last anal ray 
twice the diameter of eye distant from base of auxiliary caudal rays. 
Last dorsal ray three-fourths eye from auxiliary caudal rays. Pos- 
terior dorsal rays not much elongated; the longest scarcely as long as 
eye; the third ray from the last reaches base of last ray in reclined 
fin; the last ray reaches three-fifths the distance between its base and 
base of auxiliary caudal rays. Caudal not deeply forked, the lower 
lobe much the longer. Lateral line on caudal peduncle slightly raised 
to a keel which is black. 


Color in spirits: Greenish on back. silvery below; jaws and teeth 


green; pectoral dusky toward tips of rays: axil black; tips of front 
J i I 





1 
{ 


dorsal rays dusky, and dorsal black behind: tip of middle anal rays 
black; dorsal dusky. 

Here deseribed from a specimen 78 cm. in length from Tsuruga. 
Another specimen is in the collection from Yokohama. 

There is no other record of the species from Japan. It is apparently 
frequently taken in the East Indies. 
(Coromandelicus, from Coromandel. ) 


4. TYLOSURUS ANASTOMELLA (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 


DATSU. 


_ Belone anastomella CuvirR and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, p. 446; 


China.—Giinruer, Cat. Fish., VI, 1866, p. 249; Shanghai, Japan, India.— 
IsHikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 18; Tokyo.—SreinDACHNER and DO6ODERLEIN, 
Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 37; Tokyo. 

Tylosurus anastomella JorDAN and Snyper, Check List Fishes, Japan, 1901, p. 61; 
Yokohama. 

Belonia ciconia RicHarpson, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 264; Canton, on a drawing 
by Reeves. 


Depth at ventral fins 1} in postorbital part of head, which is 94 in 


ength from opercle to base of caudal. Dorsal, 18; anal, 23. 
_ Body compressed, the width a little less than half depth. Tips of 







aws broken in all our specimens; upper Jaw to eye at least 34 from 
‘ame point to base of caudal. Kye 34 in postorbital part of head, 
even-eighths of interorbital width. Interorbital with a wide, shallow 
thannel along its middle. Base of upper jaw not strengthened by a 
pony ridge, but outline of head evenly and slightiy concave from 






532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI._ 





occiput to tip of jaw. Nostril as broad as deep, triangular. Subor-— 
bital space equal to depth of eye. Teeth rather slender; no teeth on 
palate. 

Length of pectoral 14 in postorbital part of head. Ventrals inserted 
midway between base of pectoral and base of caudal, their length two-— 
thirds that of pectoral. Base of eighth anal ray under first dorsal ray, 
Base of anal slightly less than space between its first ray and ventrals. — 
Anterior anal rays longer than those of dorsal, or 13 in postorbital part 
of head. Base of last anal ray one-half diameter of eye anterior to 
base of last dorsal ray. Space between last anal ray and auxiliary 
caudal rays equal to length of anterior anal rays. Base of dorsal 1} _ 
in that of anal. Lower rays of caudal scarcely longer than upper 
rays; the caudal scarcely forked, lunate when fin is extended. Caudal _ 
peduncle compressed, without keel. 

‘olor in spirits: A narrow bluish silvery lateral band, following 
outline of back, runs from above pectoral to caudal base; above the — 
back is abruptly brownish; below the sides and belly are uniformly 
bright silvery; top of head dark; a dark band along posterior upper 
part of preopercle; tip of pectoral dusky; axil colorless; dorsal and _ 
caudal dark. Z } 

Here described from a specimen 70°cem. in length from Yokohama. — 
Other specimens are from Tokyo, Matsushima, and Hakodate. It is — 
not certain that the name anastomella is prior to ciconia, but the — 
description is better. 
(avaotopos, sharp mouthed.) ) 


Family I. HEMIRAMPHID. 


HALF-BEAKS. 


Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with large cycloid | 
scales; upper jaw short, lower jaw various, sometimes much produced, — 
the toothed portion at base fitting against the toothed premaxillaries; 
teeth equal, mostly small and tricuspid; maxillaries anchylosed to pre-_ 
maxillaries. Gill rakers long. Caudal fin rounded, or forked; iff 
forked, the lower lobe the longer. Anal fin modified in the viviparous — 
species (Zenarchopterus), unmodified in the others and usually similar 
to the dorsal; no finlets; air bladder large, sometimes cellular. Third — 
upper pharyngeal on each side much enlarged, solidly united with its 
fellow to form an oval plate, with slightly convex surface and covered 
with blunt tricuspid teeth; this is about as large as the united lowell 
pharyngeals, and fits into the concavity of the latter; fourth upper 
pharyngeal wanting or grown fast to the third; lower pharyngeal — 
large, thick, triangular, with concave surface. Vertebre about 50. — 

Herbivorous fishes of the warm seas; mostly shore species; a few 
pelagic, a few confined to fresh water. They feed chiefly on green | 
alge, and, like the related forms, swim at the surface, occasionall 7 


No. 1319, SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 533 





leaping into the air. Size rather small, rarely exceeding a foot in 

length. The species are closely related to the flying fishes, and the 
two families apparently closely intergrade. 

a. Lower jaw acute, longer than upper, or more or less produced; teeth small; species 

oviparous, the anal fin in the male not modified, the caudal fin unequally lunate. 

b. Lower jaw produced in a long, pointed beak, usually longer than rest of head. 

Body moderately compressed; pectorals moderate; shore fishes. 
ce. Air bladder simple; sides of body more or less convex; ventrals inserted ante- 
Morkycwaran advance OL dorsal. :.02...2.5.52 2022.20. Hyporhamphus, 2. 


Zw YO RiaA MPH US Gill: 


Hyporhamphus Giuu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 131, (tricuspidatus= 
unifasciatus ). 


Body elongate, moderately compressed, the sides of body not ver- 
tical, but more or less convex; the dorsal outline parallel with that of 
the belly. Upper jaw short; lower jaw prolonged into a slender beak, 
bordered with membrane; this beak shorter in the young; premaxil- 
laries forming a triangular plate, the teeth of which fit against the 
toothed portion of the mandible; maxillaries joined to premaxillaries. | 
Teeth feeble, mostly tricuspid. Gill rakers rather long. Head coy- 
ered above with large, shield-like scales. Scales large, deciduous. 
No finlets; caudal fin more or less forked, the lower lobe the longer; 
dorsal and anal similar, opposite each other, not modified in the males; 
last ray of dorsal usually short; ventrals small, inserted well forward, 
nearly midway between opercle and base of caudal. Oviparous. Air 
bladder large, simple, not cellular. Young with the lower jaw short. 
Sides usually with a distinct silvery band, as in Aftherina. Species 
numerous in all warm seas, going in large schools, but usually re- 
maining near shore, feeding chiefly on green alge. Size comparatively 
small. 

(v0, below; p audos, beak.) 


a. Front of anal not behind front of dorsal. 


b. Anal and dorsal opposite each other; scales 106.......---------------sajori, 5. 
bb. Anal slightly in advance of dorsal; scales 70...-..-.------------- kurumeus, 6. 
eoeeeront of anal under middle of dorsal... .200.2-2.-2-2.2 222-2. 5-225 japonicus, 7. 


5- HYPORHAMPHUS SAJORI (Schlegel). 
SAYORI. 


Hemiramphus sajori SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 246, pl. cx, fig. 2; 
Nagasaki.—B.LeEEKer, Verh. Bat. Gen., 1853, XX V; Japan, p. 116; Nagasaki.— 
Ginruer, Cat.-Fish., VI, 1866, p. 265 (copied ).—SreinpacHner and D6éDER- 
LEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 38; Tokyo.—IsHixawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, 
p. 18; Tokyo, Toshima. 

Hemiramphus occipitalis Gri, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 148; young 
specimen from Shimoda. 


Head from tip of upper jaw 4% in length; depth 12. Dorsal 16; 
anal 17; scales 106. Eye 2 in postorbital part of head. 





584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ 





Body not much compressed. Mandible not extremely elongate, its 
leneth from posterior angle of mouth equal to distance from same 
g I S 
point to base of pectoral. Upper jaw a little longer than wide. Gill 


rakers slender, the longest half the diameter of eye, 8+-21 in number, | 
Top of head and tip of upper jaw scaled to tip, the scales more 
imbricated than in //. kurwmeus. Sides of mandible with scales; 74_ 


scales in a median row on back between dorsal fin and occiput. 

Dorsal and anal opposite to each other and of about the same length; 
base of dorsal equal to distance from tip of upper jaw to posterior of 
eye. Ventrals inserted midway between anterior margin of eye and 


tips of median caudal rays. Length of pectoral equals postorbital 
I : g 
part of head and half eye. Lower caudal lobe the longer, as long as. 


base of dorsal. The middle rays not quite twice the diameter of eye. 


Color in spirits: Brownish above, silvery below lateral stripe; scale — 
pouches outlined with dark-brown dots on back. Sides of head sil-— 


very; mandible black; top of head and upper jaw dusky or black; 


lateral stripe distinct, widest under front of dorsal, outlined above by” 


a dusky stripe. Dorsal and caudal dusky, other fins colorless. 

Here described from a specimen 25 cm. in entire length from 
Aomori. 3 

The young of this species agree very well with Dr. Gill’s description 
of /7. occipitalis (which was taken from a specimen 4 inches in length) 
except that his specimen is alleged to have fewer anal rays and 2 or 3 
fewer dorsal rays. Owing to the small size of his type, a mistake of 
this sort might easily be made. No species other than /Z. sajord has 
been recognized along the coast of Hondo. Specimens were col- 
lected in salt water at Nagasaki, Matsushima, Aomori, Same, Tokyo, 
Misaki, Wakanoura, Kobe, and Hakata. It is one of the commonest 
fishes of Japan, much used for food. 

(sayorz, the vernacular name.) 


6. HYPORHAMPHUS KURUMEUS Jordan and Starks, new species. 


Head from tip of upper jaw 5 in length; depth 10 to 11. Dorsal 15 
or 16; anal 17 or 18; seales 70. 
Body not much compressed, the depth appearing greatest just behind 


opercles. Lower jaw from tip of upper half length of head; upper 


Jaw slightly longer than wide. Teeth in upper jaw in a straight band 
at extreme sides, becoming broader anteriorly; those in lower jaw in 
a hand narrower than the band at front of upper jaw and becoming 
narrower anteriorly. Eye equal to interorbital space, and contained 
twice in postorbital part of head. Gill rakers slender, scarcely as long 
as pupil, 7+19 in number. 

Scales on top of head extending to snout. They are scarcely imbri- 
cated, circular, and with concentric striations, which form complete 
circles; similar scales on sides of mandible: from 47 to 50 scales in a 
median series on back between occiput and front of dorsal. 







0. 1319. SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 535 


Pectoral rather slender and pointed, its length equal to eye and post- 
yrbital part of head. Anal beginning slightly in advance of dorsal. 
Base of dorsal equal to head from anterior edge of preorbital. The 
tip of the last dorsal ray when declined reaches to within a distance 
equal to the diameter of the eye of the base of the upper caudal rays. 
The ventrals are inserted midway between the base of the caudal rays 
and a point at the middle of opercle. The lower lobe of the caudal is 
the longer; its length equals that of pectoral, and is two-thirds the 
diameter of the eye longer than the upper lobe. The caudal is not 
deeply forked, the middle rays equal the postorbital part of the head. 

No silvery pigment remains upon the body except along the lateral 
stripe, which is very conspicuous, much broader posteriorly than ante- 
riorly, and bordered above by a dark line; back sparsely covered with 
small dark brown points, which sometimes outline the scale pouches; 
they usually arrange themselves in three lines medially along the back; 










Fie. 1.—HyPORHAMPHUS KURUMEUS. 


opercles bright silvery; top of head and upper jaw dusky, with black 
dots; a black blotch on mandible below maxillary: process of mandi- 
ble jet black; fins all colorless except caudal, which is dusky. 

This species differs from //. intermedius (as described by Dr. Gitn- 
ther) in having a slightly shorter anal, smaller eye, more anterior ven- 
tral, and pectoral not ‘* blackish.” 

This is a fresh-water species. Numerous specimens were taken in 
the Chikugo River at Kurume, in the province of Chikugo, island of 
Kiusiu. 

The type is 175 mm. in entire length and bears the number 7126 
Iehthylogical collections, Leland Stanford Junior University Zoolog- 
ical Museum. 

Dr. Ishikawa further records Hyporhamphus dussumiert (Cuvier and 
Valenciennes) from the Riukiu Islands. In this species of the Indian 
Ocean the dorsal and anal are nearly scaleless and the ventral midway 
between the head and the base of caudal. Sides with a silvery band. 
m).15; A. 14. Scales 52. 


7. HYPORHAMPHUS JAPONICUS (Brevoort.) 


Hemirhamphus japonicus Breyoort, Perry’s Exp. Japan, 1856, p. 280; Loo Choo 
(Riukiu) known from a figure only. 

_ Tip of lower jaw to edge of opercles 3 times in length from same 

point to center of margin of caudal. Tip of upper jaw to edge of 

percles half of last, or 6 times in total length. Height of head or 


. ' 
























536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 





body 9 times, and origin of dorsal to center of caudal a little less than 
one-fifth of length. Origin of anal to center of caudal 7 times and to 
origin of ventrals 3% in total length. Lower lobe of caudal 64 times in 
same distance; upper lobe one-third shorter and much narrower. Eye 
24 in depth. Head and beak strong and stout. Body of equal height 
as far as ventrals. Pectorals pointed and equal to height of body in 
length. Ventrals with emarginate border, first and last ray of equal 
length. Dorsal with first ray nearly as long as height of body, with 
emarginate border, and last rays quite short. Anal beginning under 
middle of dorsal, and resembling it in form, but smaller. Caudal 
so deeply forked that it appears separated into two distinct lobes. — 
Lower lobe longest and broadest, both pointed. Scales large, appear-_ 
ing to resemble those of /Zyporhamphus commersonii. 

Color bluish, darkest on back, lighter below. <A tinge of green on 
sides and upper lobe of caudal. A narrow strip of green on middle 
of sides reaching from pectoral to caudal, with a broader stripe of 
pale silvery blue, tinged with greenish, bordering it on each side. 
Lower jaw dark indigo blue toward the tips, lighter toward the head, — 
Fins all pale bluish, caudal dark dusky blue. Scales on back appear 
to have darker on their margins. (Brevoort.) : 

This species has not been seen since the drawing was made from 
which Breyoort compiled his description. [is type was from Nafa, 1 
the Riukiu Islands (Okinawa). The species is very doubtful and may 
not differ from ZZ. sajor?. a 


Family II]. SCOMBRESOCID 4. 

Body elongate, compressed, covered with small, thin, deciduous 
scales, the general aspect being that of a mackerel. Both jaws in the 
adult more or less prolonged, forming a slender beak, the upper jaw 


. 


always the longer; teeth very feeble, pointed; maxillaries joined fast 


bride, gill rakers numerous, long and slender. Pharyngeal bones” 
essentially as in Hzocwtus; fourth upper pharyngeal on each side 
wanting or fused with the third; third pharyngeal greatly enlarged, | 
separate from its fellow, covered with tricuspid teeth; second wit 

simple teeth; first toothless; lower pharyngeals united, forming a 
triangular bone with concave surface, covered with tricuspid teeth; 
into the hollow of this hone the upper pharyngeals fit. Species few; 
pelagic fishes, swimming close to the surface in large schools in tem= 
perate regions. They bear strong analogical resemblances to the 


No. 1319. SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. Dat 


3. COLOLABIS Gill. 





Cololabis Gi, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X VIII, 1895, p. 176.—Jorpan and Everman, 
Fishes North and Middle Amer., I, 1896, p. 726 (brevirostris. ) 
This genus is close to Scombresox, differing chiefly in the very short 
beak, the upper jaw, even in the adult, not being at all produced, and 
the lower jaw having only a short flexible tip. This genus represents 
the immature state of Scombresow. 
(kodds, defective, curtailed; Xafis, forceps.) 


8. COLOLABIS SAIRA (Brevoort). 
SAMMA. 


Scombresox saira Brevoort, Perry’s Exp. to Japan, 1856, p. 281, pl. vir, fig. 4 (on 
a drawing ).—IsHikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 18; Tokyo. 

Scombresox saurus Nysrrom, Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1887, p. 46; Nagasaki, 
not of Walbaum. 


Head, including tip of lower jaw, 43 in length; depth 73. Dorsal 10 
to 12—V or VI (rarely VI); anal 12 to 14—VI or VII; scales 120. 

Body elongate and much compressed, the width of head 14 the 
diameter of eye. Eye placed exactly between tip of mandible and 
edge of opercle, its diameter contained 2+ in snout. Teeth extremely 
small, in a single scattered row on edge of jaws, sometimes not evident. 
Maxillary produced to a sharp point; as viewed from above it is as 
long as broad. Mandible projecting to a short point, which enters 
upper profile when mouth is closed. Interorbital width equals diam- 
eter of eye, opercle and subopercle together forming a broad plate 
continuous on lower outline with that of the rest of head and ending 
behind in a blunt right angle. Gill rakers slender and numerous, as 
long as three-fifths the diameter of eye, 27 on lower part of arch. 
Gill slit not open above upper ray of pectoral. Top of head to tip of 
upper jaw with scales. One or two specimens show slight traces of 
large scales on opercles, cheeks, mandible, and preorbital. Usually, 
however, no trace remains, and in none of our numerous specimens 
are there any scales remaining in this region. Scales on body cadu- 
cous, about 90 in a median row between occiput and dorsal. Pectoral 
short and broad, the lower rays growing rapidly shorter, its length 
twice diameter of eye. Ventrals inserted midway between base of 
caudal and middle of eye. Front of anal half the diameter of eye in 
advance of dorsal. Dorsal and anal finlets connected to body by an 
extremely thin delicate membrane which is usually broken and not 
evident, but through our large series it has been found with each 
finlet but the last. 

Color in spirits abruptly silvery on lower half of body, above which 
is usually a bluish silvery lateral band nearly as wide as eye. Back 


538 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI 





above lateral band abruptly slaty blue. Top of head to tip of uppe: 
jaw dark. Dorsal, caudal, and inner surface of pectoral dusky. Base 
of pectoral dusky. Other fins colorless. 

Here described from numerous specimens 15 to 18 cm. in entire 
length, from Awa, obtained from Yonekichi Koneyama, a local nat- 
uralist. 

Other specimens are from Otaru, Aomori, and Hakodate, the longest 
29 em. in length. It is locally known as Samma. The name Sazra 
(Sayor7) is used only for Hyporhamphus. Although not recognized | 
by any author except Ishikawa since Brevoort, the species is common, 
running in large schools in sheltered bays from Tokyo northward. 
Nystrom’s Scombresox saurus with shorter snout (*‘mendre ut dragen 
nos”) is evidently Cololabis saira. ‘The figure of Brevoort does not 
show correctly the number of finlets, which are 6 or 7, as in Scombresow 
saurus. ‘The rare Californian species, Cololabis brevirostris, is close to 






















Cololabis saira. 
(Saira | Sayori|, Japanese name of /Zyporhamphus.) 


Family IV. EXOCCE&TID. 


FLYING-FISHES. 


Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales, which are — 
rather deciduous. Lateral line running very low, along the sides of | 
the belly. Head more or less scaly, with vertical sides. Mouth mod-_ 
erate, terminal, the jaws not prolonged into a long beak. Premaxil- 
laries not protractile, hinged at base mesially; margin of the upper 
jaw chiefly formed by the premaxillaries; the short maxillaries enter-_ 
ing the lateral margin; maxillary free from the premaxillary, its edge — 
slipping under the front of the preorbital. Dentition various, the — 
teeth small and weak. Dorsal fin without spines, inserted on the 
posterior part of the body, opposite the anal and more or less similar — 
to it; ventrals abdominal, of several soft rays, inserted posteriorly; — 
pectoral fin inserted high, used as an organ of flight; shoulder girdle 
and pectoral muscles very strong; caudal fin forked, the lower lobe. 
the longer. No finlets. Vent close in front of anal. Nostrils large, 
double, near the eye. Lower pharyngeals enlarged and fully unitedal 
forming a large, transversely concave plate, covered with large, close-_ 
set, blunt, tricuspid teeth; third upper pharyngeal greatly enlarged, 
not united with its fellow, both covered with large, blunt, tricuspid — 
teeth; fourth superior pharyngeal wanting in the adult (probably | 
coossified with the third; vertebra without zygapophyses. Gill mem 
branes not united, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchiz hidden. 
glandular. Gill rakers various. Gills 4,a slit behind the fourth. Air 
bladder very large, not cellular, so far as known, and extending far 
backward among the hemapophyses of the caudal vertebre. Vertebr 










‘ 


40.1319. SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 539 








ibout 50. Intestinal canal simple, without cceca. Carnivorous or 
erbivorous. Abounding in all warm seas, mostly pelagic, swimming 
1ear the surface, and skipping or sailing through the air, sometimes 
for considerable distances. 


t. Roof of mouth nearly toothless; pectoral and ventral fins very long, both used as 

| organs of flight. 

_ b. Anal fin long, its base about equal to that of dorsal, its rays 11 or 12. 

Exonautes, 4. 
bb. Anal fin short, notably shorter than dorsal, its rays 9 or 10.__... Cypsilurus, 5. 


4. EXONAUTES Jordan and Evermann. 


FExonautes JORDAN and Evermann, Check List Fishes N. Amer., 1896, p. 322, 
(exsiliens. ) 

i This genus includes those flying fishes having both pectoral and 

ventral elongate and the anal fin about as long as the dorsal fin, of 11 

or 12 rays. 

_ Species numerous, smaller in size than those of Cypselurus, although 

larger than those of Hiocwtus proper. 

| ; (eGo, out of; VQAUTNS, swimmer. ) 





9. EXONAUTES BRACHYCEPHALUS (Giinther). 


Exocetus brachycephalus GéNTHER, Cat. Fish., VI, 1866, p. 297; China.—Li7Ken, 
Vid. Med. Nat. Foren, 1876, pp. 110, 405. 


| 
| 
_ Head, 43 in length; depth, 6g. Dorsal, 11; anal, 12; scales, 49. Eye, 
34 in head. 

_ Snout short, 14 in diameter of eye; interorbital space broad, its 
width a little greater than diameter of eye; supraorbital region pro- 





Fic. 2.—EXONAUTES BRACHYCEPHALUS. 


truding on each side, making interorbital concave; maxillary reaching to 
just below anterior margin of eye. Thirty-four scales on a median line 
of back before dorsal. Lateral line forming a more than usually con- 
spicuous ridge along lower sides of belly. Pectoral reaching to tip of 
declined anal ray; its first ray contained 24 times in entire fin and 
exceeding the head in length by a distance equal to the diameter of 
the eye. The outer half of the divided second ray fails to reach the 
tip of the third or largest ray by a distance equal to eye and snout; 
the inner half extends nearly to the tip of the third. Ventrals inserted 





















PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATI ONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


540 
midway between the base of the caudal and the posterior margin of 
the eye; they reach slightly past the tips of the pectorals. The 
inner part of the second ray and the outer part of the third protrude 
beyond the tips of the other rays and form a sharp angle. The outer 
ravs of the ventrals are not graduated. The first or outer ray is 
scarcely over a third as long as the longest part of the second. 4 

Color in spirits a clear light brown above, silvery below. The 
membrane of the pectoral is dark brownish, without spots or mark- 
The rays on the outer side are silvery, making the fin appear 
silvery when closed. Ventrals brown like pectorals, with the inner 
and outer ray very light. Anal colorless and dorsal colorless, except — 
for a small dark brown spot at tips of fifth and sixth rays. Caudal 


ings. 


dusky. 

Here described from a small specimen from Misaki, presented b 
the Imperial University of Tokyo. It is 13 em. in length. It is 
probably rare in Japan, drifting northward in the warm current, Or 
Kuro Shiwo. It was originally described from China. It has been~ 
identified, probably incorrectly, with the European species, Lxonautes” 
rondeleti. 

(Bpayvs, short; xedady, head.) 


8. CYPSILURUS Swainson. 


Cypsilurus SWAINSON, Classification Fishes, etc., I1, 1839, p. 296 (nuttalli, based on 
young with barbels). ¥ 


Body elongate, broad above, somewhat compressed. Head short, 
blunt. narrowed below. Mouthsmall. Jaws very short, about equal. — 
Chin without barbel in the adult, often with one or two long fragile — 
barbels in the young. Maxillaries not joined to the premaxillaries. 
Teeth very feeble or wanting. Eyes large. Gill-rakers moderate. 
Seales large, deciduous. No finlets. Dorsal fin short, opposite anal, 
which is shorter than dorsal, of nine or ten rays. Caudal widely forked, 
the lower lobe the longer. Pectoral fins very long, reaching past the 
beginning of the anal, and serving as organs of flight, their great size 
enabling the fish to sustain themselves in the air for some time. Ven-— 
tral fins large, posteriorly inserted, also used as organs of flight. Air 
bladder very large. No pyloric ceca. Species numerous in all warm 
seas, living mostly in the open water and swimming in great schools. 


The species are largely cosmopolitan and are the largest of the flying 
fishes. + 
(kvypeXos, swallow; ovpa, tail.) f 








a. Second pectoral ray divided. 
». Ventrals pale or slightly dusky. 
c. Pectoral fins unspotted, reaching nearly to end of dorsal: D. 13. A 
sealed, 52... 52-2 sce ccs avin cme ooe es <n eee er agoo, 10. 
cc. Pectoral fins spotted with black; anal pale; scales, 42-.-.-- pecilopterus, 1. 
bb. Ventrals mostly jet black; anal black posteriorly; fins all dark: D. 12. A. 
hirundo, 13 


0. 1319. SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 541 
=a 











10. CYPSILURUS AGOO (Schlegel). 


TOBI-NO-UWO (FISH OF FLIGHT:) TOBISUWO (FLYING-FISH): AGU. 
Exocetus agoo SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 247; Nagasaki, from 
a drawing.—Isuixawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 18; Tokyo. 
Cypselurus agoo JORDAN and Snyper, Check List Fishes of Japan, 1901, p. 60; 
“Yokohama. . 
Exocetus doderleini STEINDACHNER, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 38; Tokyo. 
Cypselurus doderleini JoRDAN and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 60; Yokohama. 

Head, 43 in length; depth, 53 to 63. Dorsal, 13 or 14; anal, 8 or 9; 
scales, 52; eye, 34 to 34 in head. 

The depth of head and body is very variable; in some specimens the 
opercle is broadly rounded; in others it slants upward and backward 
more obliquely and has a slight flap. Between these extremes there 
are all intermediate conditions. 

The pectoral reaches in the shortest examples nearly or quite to 
the base of the last dorsal ray; in the longest to the tips of the last 
declined dorsal ray. The simple upper ray is contained about 12 
times in the length of the entire fin. The second ray is branched, its 





Fic. 3.—CYPSILURUS AGOO. 


lower branch the longet, and reaches to within from 1 to 2 times the 
diameter of the eye to the tip of the third or longest ray. The suc- 
ceeding rays rapidly and uniformly diminish in length to the ninth 
ray, and thence more rapidly to the last. 

The ventrals reach from slightly beyond the middle to the end of 
the anal base. The base of the dorsal is contained from 14 to 14 in 
head; that of the anal, 24 to 23. 

Color in spirits slaty brown on back, shading to silyery on lower 
parts of head and body; when scales are lost, as in most of our speci- 
mens, the color is bluer and the edges of the scale pouches are con- 
Spicuously dark. The maxillary is dusky; a dark band is on eye 
around and above upper part of iris. The ventrals are white on lower 
surface, on upper either white or slightly dusky along the outer rays; 
nearly always the base of the first ray is dusky. In the closed pecto- 
ral the upper rays to their tips appear lighter than the median rays, 
Which grow gradually darker to black toward their tips. The mem- 
brane is bluish black, fading out below and colorless between lower 
Yays. Color in life metallic bluish above. 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——-87 





















542 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


The above description is taken from specimens 10 to 12 inches long 
from Nagasaki. ; 
Numerous specimens were collected at Tsuruga, Nagasaki, Tokyo, 
Myiako (north of Sendai), Hiroshima, Hakata, Onomichi, and Aomori, 
It is the common flying-fish or Tobis-Uwo of Japan, abundant all 
along the coast in the summer. It is subject to a number of varia- 
tions, but all specimens examined by us seem to belong to one species. 
Exocetus déderleini is evidently identical with Cypsilurus agoo. 
(agu, a vernacular name, now rarely used.) 


11. CYPSILURUS PC@ECILOPTERUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 


Exocetus pecilopterus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Poiss., XIX, p. 112, 
pl. pex1; New Britain.—Gtnruer, Cat. Fish., VI, 1866, p. 291; Formosa. 
Exocetus, sp. No. 309, Isoikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 18; Hakodate. 


A specimen in the Imperial Museum at Tokyo is probably referable” 
to the above species. The following notes were taken on this specimen: 
- Scales 42, 24 before dorsal; anal short; head flattish above; body 
rather plump; pectoral reaching to middle of dorsal, its sccoeel ray 
divided; dorsal low; ventrals reaching past front of ae 
Color: Ventrals dusky behind, perhaps faded; dorsal unspotted; 
pectorals profusely and coarsely spotted with black, the spots unequal. 
According to Giinther the dorsal has 12 or 13 rays, the anal 9, the dis- 
tance from first dorsal ray to first of caudal being much greater than 
length of head. 
Described from a stuffed specimen, 10 inches in length, taken at 
Hakodate. It is questionable whether this species is really identical 
with (. pecilopterus, but no other described species agrees as well. 
(zoikihos, variegated; 2tépor, fin.) 


12, CYPSILURUS HIRUNDO (Steindachner.) 


Exocetus hirundo SvrtNDACHNER, Ichthyol. Mittheil., VIII, 1866, p. 482, pl. 
fig. 2; Hongkong. 


Head 43 in length; depth 62. Dorsal 12; anal 9; scales about 53: 

Body not compressed, about as wide as aco the head short, widest, . 
at a level with upper edge of pupil; its width equal to distance from 
edge of opercle to middle of eye. Kye two-fifths longer than snout, 
contained 1} times in postorbital part of head. Lower Jaw project-_ 
ing, the tip injured in our specimen and the barbels missing. The 
iiesonbital space is wide and shallowly concave, its width a little | 
greater than the diameter of the eye. Snout short and broad at the 
anterior margin of the eyes; its width is three-fifths of its length. : 

The pectoral reaches to under the seventh or eighth dorsal ray. Its’ 
upper ray is undivided and is contained 2? times in the length of head 


F 


7 


No. 1319. SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 543 





and body. Itssecond ray is divided, the under ray the longer, reaching 
to within a diameter of the eye of the tip of the third or longest ray. 
The ventrals reach to the base of the lower caudal rays. Their base 
is midway between their tips and the edge of the opercle; three or 
four of its outer rays grow gradually shorter; the outer one is twice 
the diameter of the eye in length. 

Color in spirits light brown on back, abruptly silvery on head and 
body below the level of middle of eye. The maxillary is dusky and 
the suborbital and opercular regions are dusky with points of brown 
over the silver. The pectoral is jet black, changing to white on the 
lower rays. The ventrals are colored like the pectoral and with lighter 
inner rays. The dorsal is dusky toward the ends of the rays. The 
posterior fourth of the anal is abruptly black. The caudal has two 
dusky spots, which appear in Dr. Steindachner’s plate of this species 
as the interspaces between two white spots. The caudal peduncle is 
dusky above. 

This description is taken from a specimen 10 cm. in length from 
Wakanoura. 

A small specimen, 35 mm. in length, differs in having the pectoral 
reaching only to below the third dorsal ray. At the symphysis is a 
wide, flat, triangular barbel, which is very slightly trifid at its lower 
margin. 

This species is apparently identical with Avocetus hirundo described 
and figured from Hongkong. It is not yet recorded from elsewhere. 

(hirundo, swallow.) 


SUMMARY. 
Suborder SYNENTOGNATHI. 
Family I. BrLtonrp2. 
1. Tylosurus Cocco. 
. schismatorhynchus (Bleeker); Nagasaki, Wakanoura. 
. giganteus (Schlegel); Nagasaki, Wakanoura. 
. coromandelicus (Van Hasselt); Tsuruga, Yokohama. 


. anastomella (Cuvier and Valenciennes); Yokohama, Tokyo, Matsushima Bay, 
Hakodate. 


em ob Ee 


Family Il. Hemrrampnip®. 


2. Hyporhamphus Gill. 


5. sajori (Schlegel); Aomori, Matsushima, Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Kobe, 
Hakata, Nagasaki. 

6. kurumeus Jordan and Starks; Chikugo River at Kurume. 

7. japonicus (Brevoort). 


pam ties) 


we 4 He 
Fs Bal ee ma 
544 oo 
Family III. Scompresocipa. a “ae 
9. Coldlabie Gill. oat 
8. saira (Brevoort); Awa, Aomori, Hakodate, Otaru. 


10. 


11. 
12. 


. brachycephalus (Ginther); Misaki. 


Family IV. ExoccerTip&. 


4. Exonautes Jordan and Evermann. 





5. Cypsilurus Swainson. 


agoo (Schlegel); Aomori, Tokyo, Miyako in Rikuzchu, Tsuruga, Bi 
shima, Onomichi, Hakata. 

pecilopterus (Cuvier and Valenciennes); Hakodate. 

hirundo (Steindachner); Wakanoura. 





NOTES ON THE OSTEOLOGY AND RELATIONSHIP OF THE 
FOSSIL BIRDS OF THE GENERA HESPERORNIS HAR- 
GERIA BAPTORNIS AND DIATRYMA. 


By Freperic A. Lucas, 


Acting Curator, Section of Vertebrate Fossils. 


Our knowledge of the few Cretaceous birds that have been discoy- 
ered in North America is very imperfect in spite of Professor Marsh’s 
memoir on the Odontonithes; their origin and many points of their 
structure are still unknown and their relationship uncertain. By the 
kindness of Professor Williston, I am able to adda little to our knowl- 
edge of the structure of //esperornis gracilis and Baptornis advenus, 
while the acquisition of a specimen of //esperornis regalis, by the 
United States National Museum, enables me to add a few details con- 
cerning that species. 


CRANIUM OF HESPERORNIS GRACILIS. ~ 


_ The example of //esperornas gracilis belongs to the University of 
Kansas, and comprises a large portion of the skeleton, including the 
skull. Unfortunately the neck was doubled backward, so that the 
skull lay against the pelvis, while portions of dorsal and sternal ribs 
had become crushed into and intimately associated with the cranium, 
so that it was impossible to make ort the shape of the palatal bones, 
provided even they were present. This was particularly unfortunate, 
as information as to the character of the palate of the toothed birds is 
greatly to be desired. Theoretically, the arrangement of the bones of 
the palate should be somewhat reptilian, or, if the struthious birds are 
survivals, the palate of such a bird as Hesperornis should present some 
dromeognathous characters. But, as was pointed out by D’Arcy 
Thompson, the skull of Hesperornis regalis, as described and figured 
by Marsh, differs very considerably from that of an ostrich, and the 
present specimen emphasizes or adds to the differences already noted. 
The presence of depressions for supraorbital glands and the size of the 
sagittal and lambdoidal crests neither denotes affinities with grebes 
and loons nor separation from struthious forms, since these characters 
are associated with aquatic and predatory habits and have no morpho- 
logical value. 


— 


PrRoceepinas U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1320. 


546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV! 


Owing to the ¢ rushed ‘condition of the smaller bones and presene , 
of numerous fragments of other parts associated with the cranium, it 
has proved iinpossible to ascertain the exact arrangement of the palatal 
bones, although it is apparent that this was quite different from that 


found among existing birds, either the “Dromeognathe or Eurhipi- 


dure. While the head of the quadrate is undivided, the body of the 





Fig. 1.—INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ASPECT OF, LEFT QUADRATE OF Hesperornis gracilis, x 14. 


bone is slender and not overlapped and held in by a descending process _ 





of the squamosal; and these are important characters, especially the — 


latter. The short, heavy quadrate of the Dromeognathe, locked in 
by the squamosal so as to be practically immovable, is a decidedly — 


reptilian feature, eminently characteristic of the group and widely at 


variance with the conditions found in Hesperornis. The ascending or 


lachrymal process of //esperornis gracilis is very long, 


quite unlike 


that of Lesperornis regalis as 


described and figured by Pro- 


quadrate there isa very evident 
articulation for the pterygoid. 
The pterygoid has much the 





Fic. 2.—SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VIEWS OF RIGHT 
PTERYGOID OF Hesperornis gracilis, < 14. pl, ARTIC- [lesperornis regalis, but differs 
ULATION OF PALATINE; qd, ARTICULATION OF QUAD- 
RATE; 8, ARTICULATION OF SPHENOID. 


is a small, flat bone, roughly 


fessor Marsh.“ Just at its, 
junction with the body of the 


same general shape as that of 


from it slightly in details. It- 


rhomboidal in outline and with three articular surfaces, for the quad- 


rate, basisphenoid, and palatine, as indicated on the accompanying — 
fisures. The most important of these is an elliptical facet at right 


angles to the body of the bone, for this is considered to be the 


facet for articulation with the basisphenoid, and this is connected with 


the question of the presence or absence of basipterygoid processes. d 
Che entire under surface of the skull is considerably cracked and com- | 


“Dr. Beecher, who has kindly oramined fhe Yale specimen, the original of Pro- 


fessor Marsh’s figare, writes me that the process was naturally short and not the 
result of any breakage of the superior margin. 





a 


pressed, and at first sight there appeared to be no surface for articu- 


“No. 1320. NOTES ON FOSSIL BIRDS. 





LUCAS. HAG 


lation with the facet just mentioned. Close inspection, however, 


showed on the left side an apparent articular face of the proper size 
to receive the flat, articular portion of the pterygoid, though not pro- 
jecting above the general level of the sphenoid. The basisphenoid of 
Hesperornis has thus absolutely nothing of the cruciform shape, due 
to the large, projecting basipterygoid processes, so eminently charac- 
teristic of the Dromeognathe. 

Among the Dinornithide, Emeus, and Meionornis have compara- 
tively short basipterygoids, but even in these birds the processes 
project markedly above the level of the basisphenoid, while in Hes- 
perornis this bone was in appearance not unlike the corresponding 
region of a loon, or penguin. The third articulation on the pterygoid 
would be for the palatine, but it is not easy to imagine the shape of a 
palatine that would fit such a surface and accord with the rest of the 


-bones.. The bone considered as a palatine by Professor Marsh is long 


and slender, with an articulation indicated on one side at about one- 
third the length of the bone; a somewhat similar, though imperfect, 
bone is present in the specimen of //es- 
perornis regalis belonging to the United 
States National Museum, but neither of 
these seems adjustable to the present 
pterygoid. In the present instance the 
pterygoid lay immediately over the left 





2 


auadrate. but im spite of this intimate F!¢-3.—SUrrosep LacHRYMAL ow espe. 


rornis regalis. SLIGHTLY REDUCED. 


association, it appears probable that it 
is from the right side. With its point directed backward the supposed 
palatine articulation would be brought on the anterior side and in the 
proper position for union with the palatine and vomer. Such a dis- 
position would give an arrangement of the bones of the palate some- 
what analogous to that found in the Cassowary. The bone heretofore 
supposed to be a palatine may, perhaps, be the vomer, although it is 
difficult to account for the long portion back of the articulation. 
The vomer is said to have been double, and judging by the freedom 
of most of the bones of the cranium this may well have been the case. 
The bone figured as vomer in Odontornithes appears rather small for 
that of so large a bird as Hesperornis regalis. In the specimen of 
Hesperornis gracilis under consideration no bone«representing the 
vomer can be made out, nor are there any evidences of the presence 
of maxillo-palatines. 

By one of the curious chances of fossilization, the fragile sphenoid 
rostrum has been preserved. It is long and slender, and its anterior 
portion underlies and unites with the mesethmoid precisely as it does 
in Urinator, there being a further similarity between this genus and 
Hesperornis in the large size of the interorbital vacuity. ‘This is very 


oe 


548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





unlike the condition prevailing among the Dromeognathe, in which 
there is an extensive interorbital ossification. 

Not only the component bones of the lower jaw, but the majority of 
those included in the cranium, appear to have been free from one 
another, with the exception of the premaxille. Whether this is due to 
the age of the individual or is a character common to the members 
of the genus Hesperornis can not now be decided; nor is it certain 
whether or not this freedom extended to the bones of the brain case, 
as the skull of Hesperornis gracilis has this portion still embedded in 
the matrix. In the Yale specimens the bones of the brain case appear 
to have been fused, although it is said that many of the other bones _ 
were free. . 

The example of /Zesperornis regalis in the United States National 
Museum lacks the calvarium, but the bones of the jaw are quite free 
and so are two supposed to be the lachrymal and nasal, the former of — 
which is here figured. 





SHOULDER GIRDLE OF HESPERORNIS REGALIS. , 


Turning to the shoulder girdle, my own interpretation of this portion 
of the skeleton, based on material in the United States National Museum,” 
differs somewhat from that given by Professor Marsh in the memoir 
on the Odontornithes, the most important points being the shape of 
the distal end of the clavicle and the fact that the scapula and cora- 
coid do not lie practically in the same plane, but the angle formed by 
them is little more than a right angle, which is different from what 
is found among struthious birds. That the scapula and coracoid are 
quite free from one another and possess all the articular faces found 
in corresponding bones of birds of flight is, of course, well known. 

While the open angle between the scapula and coracoid of struthious 
birds was used by Huxley as one of the diagnostic characters of the 
Ratite, it has come to be quite generally regarded as merely due to 
degeneration, and practically a question of mechanics; as the coracoid 
shortened the proximal end of the scapula would be lowered and the 
coraco-scapular angle opened, until with a greatly abbreviated coracoid 
the scapula was almost in line with it,as in Casuarius. That the coraco- 
scapular angle in Hesperornis, a bird with a vestigial wing, is less open _ 
than in the Dromeeognathz is perhaps still a question of mechanics. — 
The struthious birds are heavy, short-bodied land birds, whereas Hes- — 
perornis was a long, lithe, proportionately slender-bodied diver, and 
unless the entire scapular arch was reduced the scapula could not be 
turned upward sufficiently to form an open angle with the coracoid. — 
In this connection it may be noted that in Rhea, which has a rather 
long coracoid, the scapula is bent abruptly downward a short distance — 


“This specimen comes from the gray chalk, and the bones are but little crushed or 
distorted by pressure. 







10. 1320. NOTES ON FOSSIL BIRDS—LUCAS. 549 
1 


above its union with the coracoid in order to adapt itself to the curva- 
ture of the body. The suggestion may be made here that perhaps the 
ankylosis of scapula and coracoid which occurs among struthious birds 
may be of more value than is usually accorded it. This ankylosis 
occurs in these birds only, while the scapula and coracoid are in young 
birds suturally united as in dinosaurs. 


The clavicle terminates distally in a small, slightly cup-shaped 


expansion which articulates with a small facet on the head of the 
coracoid. This is quite different from the description and figures in 
the Odontornithes where the clavicles are represented as pointed 
distally and articulating with the precoracoid process only, and I can 
only suggest that the specimens examined by Professor Marsh were 
slightly imperfect. 








Ws 





KARA 


Fig. 4.—RIGHT CLAVICLE AND PART OF RIGHT CORACOID OF Hesperornis regalis, NATURAL SIZE. THE 
LINE SHOWS THE FACET FOR DISTAL END OF CLAVICLE. 


_ The proximal ends of the clavicles appear to have been only slightly 
apposed, the major portion of the articulating surface being directed 
backward, probably for union with the anterior end of the sternum. 
We have in Harris’s Cormorant a suggestion of how this condition of 
things may have been brought about, for in this flightless bird the 
keel of the sternum has aborted until its anterior end is even with 
the anterior end of the body of the sternum, and yet the keel still 
supports the clavicles as in other cormorants. This is an extremely 
good example of the retention of a morphological character while 
the entire pectoral girdle is undergoing degeneration and has ceased 
to be of use. 

The relations of the bones of the pectoral arch in Hesperornis sug- 
gest that the conditions of the sternum in cormorants, where the keel 
is confined to the anterior portion, may represent a primitive type of 
sternum. Very similar conditions are found among the larger species 
of pterodactyls where the body of the sternum is smooth but a large 
anterior projection is present. 


550 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX 





Following the description in Odontornithes Dr. Gadow“ writes tha 
in Hesperornis the clavicles articulate with the precoracoid proce 
only. Such a union can not be brought about in the specimen in th 
United States National Museum while, as. said above, there is a ve 
evident union between clavicle and coracoid as shown in figure 4, 
The importance of this is evident, for if the clavicles ended in a point | 


and articulated only with the precoracoid the shoulder girdle would 
have a strikingly reptilian facies; as it is, the conditions are not very 
unlike those found among existing birds. The retention of a complete 
clavicle in a degenerate shoulder girdle is, however, an important. 
point, for in modern birds with degenerate wings it is the proximal 
part of the clavicles which disappears, leaving the heavier distal por- 
tion attached to the coracoids. The complete separation of the clayi- 
cles and the fact that the proximal portion is much the heaviest is also 








a generalized condition. 

The scapular arch of Hesperornis may be thus defined: Coracoid and 
scapula free from one another, preserving all articular faces, and 
forming little more than a right angle with one another; clavicles 
complete, free, without scapular process, and articulating with the 
coracoid. In struthious birds, on the other hand, the scapula and 
coracoid are ankylosed in the adult, bear only the humeral articulation, 
and form a very open angle with one another; clavicles absent or 
vestigial and represented by distal ends only. . 

In skull and shoulder girdle Hesperornis presents an interesting 
combination of characters, on the one hand showing generalized fea- 
tures and on the other close resemblances to modern birds. Thus we 
have in the Cretaceous a bird with a palatal structure quite unlike that 
of any struthious bird and with a vestigial wing which yet preserves 
many features found in the limbs of birds possessed of the power ol 
flicht. Add to this that no struthious bird is, as yet known, from 
North America,” and we have an argument for those who believe that 
if birds did not have a diphylletic origin they at least divided inte 
two very distinct branches early in their career. | 

In Animals of the Past attention was first called to the fact tha 
the tarsi of Hesperornis were directed laterally outward almost a 
right angles to the body, instead of being directed downward as i 
other birds. This is brought about by the narrowness of the pelvi 
and straightness of the femur and by the outer and inner condyles 0 
the femur being on the same level, instead of the outer being the lowe 
of the two, as is usually the case among swimming birds. A simila 
arrangement, with similar results, is found in seals. From this pos 
tion of the tarsi it would seem that the legs should naturally have bee 
moyed together, like a pair of oars, instead of alternately, althoug 








« Newton’s Dictionary of Birds, p. 858. 
oSee that part of this paper relating to Diatryma. 


: 


xo, ea NOTES ON FOSSIL BIRDS—LUCAS. 551 





this may not have been the case. Having such a disposition of the 
legs combined with a total absence of external wings, Hesperornis 
must have been particularly awkward on land and probably came 
ashore as seldom as possible. Related to this peculiar position of the 
legs, it is suggested that the breeding habits must have been something 
like those of the grebe and loon and were such that at no time was the 
bird far from water. Even though Hesperornis was a marine bird, 
there is no reason why it could not have found plenty of suitable 
nesting places at once easy of access and yet beyond reach of the sea. 
‘That Hesperornis was a bird of cursorial habits before it took to the 
water is a supposition contradicted by every part of the skeleton. 
The elongate body, short femora, and great development of the outer 








Fig. 5.—LATERAL, PALATAL, AND DORSAL VIEWS OF THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE CRANIUM OF A 
YOUNG CORMORANT, Phalacrocorax urile, SHOWING THE CHARACTER OF THE PALATE AND OF THE 
NARIAL OPENINGS. THE PALATINES HAVE BEEN REMOVED, ALL ENLARGED. jf, FRONTAL; 1, LACH- 
RYMAL; map, MAXILLOPALATINES; 2d, NASAL; pmx, PREMAXILLARIES; s7, SPHENOID ROSTRUM. 


toe are all opposed to such an idea, and were other evidence required 
it is supplied by our present knowledge of the position of the legs. 

A few words may, perhaps, be said here regarding the relationships 
of Hesperornis. The alleged colymbine affinities have never been 
apparent to me, those portions of the skeleton which are thought to 
indicate kittship with grebes and loons appearing to me as similarities 
of structure, connected with similarity of habits. There are many 
points of resemblance between Hesperornis and the cormorants, as well 
as between Hesperornis and the grebes, such as the shape of the tibia, 
the presence of a large patella pierced for the ambiens and functioning 
‘as a cnemial process, and the arrangement of the bones of the pectoral 
arch. As for the cranium, all these birds—Hesperornis, grebes, and 
cormorants—are holorhinal and schizognathous. In the cormorants 


a ® 


552 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXY 















the nostrils are intermediate in form between a typical holorhinal and 
schizorhinal nostril, being elongate and posteriorly somewhat angular, 
while they lie well in advance of the posterior termination of the pre- 
maxillaries. That Hesperornis was schizognathous is, of course, uncer-_ 
tain. The figures accompanying this es the nostril and palate of a | 
young nestling of Phalacrocoraw urile, and similar conditions prevail ~ 
in the young of ?. dilopus. The desmognathism of the cormorants is— 
clearly a secondary condition and is not brought about until some time 
after hatching. The closing of the nostril does not take place until 
very much later, or apparently just before the young takes to th 
water. As previously noted by Mr. Pyeraft, a trace of the nostril 
remains in the shape of a minute orifice closed by horn. My own” 
interpretation of the maxillo-palatines differs from that of Mr. Pycraft, ‘ 
a fact which I regret, as he is usually right; but, in the present instante 
the maxillo-palatines are so clearly denned in the nesuling that I have 
no choice in the matter. The collections of the United States National — 
Museum include a large number of species of cormorants and a series 
of skulls representing individuals from the time of hatching up to_ 
shortly before the young take to the water, and it is upon this series” 
that I have based my conclusions. 

That Hesperornis should stand in the direct line of ascent of the 
erebes is, of course, quite out of the question, as it would imply the- 
derivation of a modern bird of flight from a degenerate, flightless — 
form. That the two may have had a common ancestor is an entirely 
different proposition, but if such be the case we must go far back in~ 
time to seek for this hypothetical form. And it must ever be borne 
in mind in dealing with birds that our knowledge of early forms is 
extremely slight, so that we havea very small foondecan of facts for 
a very large edifice of theory, a pyramid resting on its apex, as it were. 
Our knowledge is indeed so limited that what we are pleased to term 
theory is veally little better than speculation. 





7 
o? 
7 
¥ 
; 
> 


HARGERIA, new genus. 


Tesperornis gracilis differs so much from its larger relative that it_ 
should be placed ip a distinct genus, for which the name //argeria is~ 
proposed in honor of Mr. Oscar Har ger, who was one of Professor 
Marsh’s assistants at the time of his investigations of the toothed birds, 
and, as noted in the preface to Odontornithes, rendered valuable aid- 
in its preparation. The most important character is the size of the 
quadrate and length of the ascending process, and in birds this means | 
much, as there is a remarkable constancy in the shape of this bone» 
among related forms. 

As contrasted with //esperornis the genus Hargeria may be defined | 
as follows: Quadrate with a large, upwardly directed lachrymal pro- 
cess; processes of nasals short; length of femur more than twice its | 


greatest width across the head. ° | 
| 


NO. 1320. NOTES ON FOSSIL BIRDS—LUCAS. 55S 





BAPTORNIS ADVENUS. 


The skull of this bird is still unknown, so that we do not know posi- 
tively whether or not it had teeth, although this is probably the case. 
Neither do we know the relationship between Baptornis and Hesper- 
ornis; both were flightless aquatic birds, but the structure of the limbs 
shows that at least they belong in separate families. 

The body appears to have been stout, the neck long and slender, the 
individual vertebre being much more elongate than in Hesperornis, 
approaching in this respect Plotus or Podiceps. 

The vertebrxe present, unfortunately, are not consecutive, a portion 
only of the cervicals being present, while some of the dorsals belong 
to the anterior portion of the series and others to the posterior part. 
The hypapophyses appear to have been developed, much as in Hesper- 
ornis, well forward in the dorsal region, in contrast to what occurs in 
modern water birds, such as penguins, auks, and loons, in which the 
hypapophyses begin immediately in advance of the sacrum and are 
longest about the middle of the series. 

This would throw the center of effort farther forward in the old 
diving birds than in modern species, and may be due to the use of 
the muscles either while capturing fish or in moving about on land. 

The synsacrum seems to have comprised ten vertebrie, but this is 
not certain, the first of which belongs to the dorsal series and bore a 
rib. The sacrum of Hesperornis contained fourteen vertebrae. Noth- 
ing of the pelvis is present save the anterior portion of an ilium, and 
this, although weathered, resembles the corresponding portion of the 
ilium of Hesperornis. The dorsal vertebre were all free, and so were 
‘the ossa innominata in both Baptornis and Hesperornis, but this free- 
dom is to be regarded as due to the aquatic habits of these birds and 
not as morphological characters. While the bones of aquatic animals 
are heavier than are those of land animals, ossification and union 
between contiguous parts takes place much more slowly, and in such 
strictly aquatic birds as the penguin and great auk the dorsal vertebree 
and ossa innominata are similarly free. 

The coracoid is rather wide and thin, much longer than that of 
Hesperornis, and apparently without a precoracoid process or perfo- 
ration; an articulation is present for the reception of the clavicle, but 
this latter bone was not preserved. 

Only the proximal portion of one scapula, the left, is present; this 
indicates a stout bone, and there is a suggestion that it may have 
expanded distally, as in penguins, but this is suggested, nothing 
more. 

The humerus is short, round in section, and considerably curved, as 
in Apteryx. Although the proximal end is lacking, it seems to have 
been not far from 4 inches (100 mm.) long. The radius and ulna are 
extremely short, measuring but three-fourths inch (20 mm.) in length. 





R54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 








The e enor y ine Nene them is that ahee as they are they are 
perfectly formed and possess the muscular insertions of much larger 
bones, while it is evident that the bones of the manus were also pres- 
ent. This is quite different from Hesperornis, in 
which the humerus is rather long and straight, and 
the bones of the forearm and manus absent; it carries” 
to an extreme conditions found in the great auk, a_ 
bird in which the forearm is much reduced, though — 











still functional. Baptornis thus pre- 
sents the peculiarity of a forearm of 
diminutive size, whose bones are per- 
fectly formed, bear the muscular im- 
pressions of much larger wing bones, 
and ae the presence 
of quill feathers, and not 
improbably the use of the 
wings in conjunction with 
Fic. 6.—RIGHT CoRACoID AND PporTION or the feet in aquatic loeo- 
EE ROE (OF BORE, Pe emotion. ait ket Her spimae 
in which the wings have 
undergone extensive reduction, such as Rhea and Struthio, 
to say nothing of Apteryx, the radius and ulna lack the 
well-defined form and muscular ridges of Baptornis. 
The femur, while short and stout, has nothing of the 
squareness shown by Hesperornis, but resembles rather 
that of a loon on a more massive scale. The greater 
trochanter is slightly raised above the level of the head 
of the femur, and the outer condyle extends below the 
level of the inner; the antitrochanter also appears to have 
looked slightly downward, so that the position of the leg 
in swimming was doubtless like that of existing water- 
fowl. This is the ordinary arrangement and would not 
be specially mentioned but for the fact that it is the 
reverse of these conditions, coupled with the character of 
the tibio-tarsal joint that causes the tarsus of Hesperornis 
to stand out almost at right angles to the body. The 
procnemial process of the tibia is higher than in Hesper- 
ornis, and the large patella appears to have articulated 
on one side of this, somewhat as in grebes, and not as in 
penguins and cormorants, where the patella functions as 
a cnemial process. The patella is large, of a modified tri- 
hedral form, and has a large perforation for the ambiens. 












Fig. 7.—LEFT HU- — 
MARUS, RADIUS — 
AND ULNA OF 
Baptornis ad-_ 
VENUS, NATURAL | 
SIZE. ss 


The taxonomic value of such a perforation is lessened by the fact that 
among cormorants such a perforation is present in some species and— 
absent in others, and while this may prove to be correlated with 


other characters the available material does not show this. 


i 
-| 


0. 1320. NOTES ON FOSSIL BIRDS—LUCAS. 555 








The tarsus is stout and somewhat compressed laterally; although 
veathered there appear to have been no tendinal grooves, much less 
ny tendinal foramina, these last marking a degree of tarsal specializa- 
ion vastly higher than was possessed by any Cretaceous bird. If it is 
permitted to borrow a little of the style of W. K. Parker it might be 
said that the early birds show a great deal of reptilian coarseness in 
heir articulations, and lack the detail and sharpness of finish that 
same later and marks a higher degree of specialization. The lower 
ond of the tarsus bears a faint imprint of the presence of the small 
first digit, but still as much as exists in some ducks. The phalangeal 
articulations are narrow, indicating compressed digits; this is also 
shown by the proximal fragment of a median digit. Compressed 
digits are now associated with lobate feet, and thus, so far as we know, 
the lobate foot preceded the webbed foot in point of time. Our 
knowledge of early birds is, however, so trivial that it 1s scarcely 
worth while to make any generalizations on this subject, the more that 
there is no reason why the two types of foot may not have been evolved 





Fic. 8.—RIGHT PADELLA OF Baptornis advenus, NATURAL SIZE, 


independently of one another. The waders indeed suggest that the 
evolution was independent, as this group shows the beginning of such 
feet in such forms as the phalarope and avocet. 

In the length of the coracoid and absence of a precoracoid process; 
in the-existence of a complete though greatly reduced wing; the short- 
ness of the sacrum; proportions of the leg bones and position when in 
use, Baptornis is very different from Hesperornis and more like exist- 
ing birds. In the slender cervicals, arrangement of tibia and patella, 
and general structure of the leg Baptornis is more like a grebe than 
is the contemporary Hesperornis, and if, with the small amount of 
material available, it is deemed essential to establish any connection 
between groups of existing and fossil birds it is suggested that the 
ancestors of Baptornis are much more likely to have been also the 
progenitors of the Colymbine group than are those of Hesperornis. 

It is certain, as said near the beginning of the notes on Baptornis, 
that this bird belongs in an entirely different family from Hesperornis, 
and if it is ever given to us to know more of the bird it may prove 
to belong in a separate order. 


ty 
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the tarsus and that of the ostrich and emeu, and notes resemblane 
between the distal articulations and those of Gastornis. At the ti 
Diatryma was described the great South American Stereornithes had 
not been discovered or Professor Cope would doubtless have instituted 
comparisons between them and Diatryma. a; 

Unfortunately, the type and only specimen of Diatryma is a frag- 
mentary tarsus, while the only material at hand representing the 
Stereornithes is an indifferent cast of Brontornis. Still there are oul 
ficient resemblances between the two to warrant the suggestion that if | 
material comes to light it will be found that the affinities of Diatryma 
are with the Stereornithes and not with the Dromeognathe. m 

There is nothing more improbable in the North American origin ¢ 
the Stereornithes than in the similar origin of the large edentates and 
llamas, both of which are subscribed to. : 

For the present there seems to be no évidence of the occurrence of 
any large dromzeognathous bird in North America, and the presence 
of the tinamous may be regarded as the northward extension of a 


southern fauna. 


REDISCOVERY OF ONE OF HOLBROOK’S SALAMANDERS. 


By LEONHARD STEJNEGER. 


Curator, Division of Reptiles and Batrachians. 


Among the many synonyms usually cited under Desmogna. us fusca 
(Rafinesque), Salamandra quadrimaculata of Holbrook“ has neen con- 
sidered as belonging to this species without a shadow of a doubt. An 
even dozen, old and young, salamanders from North Carolina recently 
acquired by the United States National Museum seem to indicate that 
Holbrook’s name belongs to a species well separated from Desmog- 
nathus fusca and in some respect approaching DP. negra. It may be 
formally recharacterized as follows: 


DESMOGNATHUS QUADRIMACULATA (Holbrook). 


1842. Salamandra quadrimaculata Hotsroox, North Am. Herpet., 2 ed., V, p. 49, 
pixar. 


Type locality. —Georgia and the Carolinas. 

Diagnosis.—TYop and sides of head roughly granular; dentition 
essentially like D. fusca; head broad, its width less than 5 times in 
distance from tip of snout to groin; body short, distance between tip 
of digits of adpressed limbs about one-half the distance from tip of 
mandible to gular fold; 13 costal folds; chest and belly in adult more 
or less uniform slate color (in alcohol). 

Specimens examined.—Cat. Nos. 30891-80902 U.S.N.M.; from a 
small stream flowing into the Catawba River, between Linville and 
Blowing Rock, North Carolina, collected September, 1902, by State 
entomologist Mr. Sherman.? 

Remarks.—As already said this species approaches ). nzgra in sey- 
eral features, for instance, in the shape of the head, but especially in 
its shortness of body and tail. Like this species it is also much larger 
than D. fusca. The number of costal folds is somewhat variable, 








@North Am. Herpet., 2 ed., V, 1842, p. 49, pl. xt. 

61 have learned since from Mr. Sherman that these specimens were taken in a 
pool on the side of Grandfather Mountain, probably the same one whence came the 
types of Dr. J. Perey Moore’s Leurognathus marmorata. In view of this I had the 
skull of one of my specimens cleaned, but found it to be that of a typical Desmognathus. 
There is consequently no possibility of Doctor Moore’s species being the same as the 
one here described. 





PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MusEuM, VoL. XXVI—No. 1321. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 38 

















558 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 





though, on the whole, intermediate between D. nigra and fusca. I 
some respects it is also intermediate in color, as the upper side, or 
the whole, is more like that of D. fusca, while the under side i 
approaching that of D. nigra. 

The granulation of the skin of the head is quite characteristic. 
a large series of D. fusca and negra it was found to be perfectly 
smooth, more or less pitted with minute pores. In all the twelve spee 
‘mens of what I take to be D. guadrimaculata the skin on top of the = 
head as well as on the sides of the face, notably the sides of the upper 
jaws, is distinctly granular, resembling grain leather, and this pec 
iarity is equally pronounced in old and young specimens alike. 

That the specimens here mentioned really belong to Holbrook’s 
D. quadrimaculata seems certain. So far as proportions of body and _ 
limbs are concerned, Holbrook’s plate agrees perfectly with our spec» 
imens. The squarish spots in the figure appear considerably more 
regular than in the specimens before us, among which there is a very. 
great individual variation in this respect, but the dorsal pattern of a 
couple of the medium-sized specimens is sufficiently close to show tha { 
they belong to Holbrook’s species. ; 





Tae 


es 


a, 


STE et RS TL 


A NEW PROCELSTERNA FROM THE LEEWARD ISLANDS, 
. HAWAIIAN GROUP. 


PRT. 


By Watrer K. FisHeEr. 


_ During the past spring the U.S. Fish Commission steamer A/batross, 
while ed in deep-sea dredging in Hawaiian waters, made a trip to 
Laysan Island, and on the return yoyage stopped at Necker Island 
(latitude 23° 35’ 24" N.; longitude 164° 41’ W.). Here the naturalists 
of the Expedition were faeded. Almost at once we noticed a little 
gray tern about the rocks, and promptly secured specimens. The 
same species had previously been seen at sea near the French Frigate 
Shoals, to the westward. The tern proved to be a new species of the 
= Procelsterna Lafresnaye,“ and is here described. 

I wish to record my best thanks to Mr. Witmer Stone, of Philadel- 
phia, Pennsylvania, for kindly comparing the type with that of Anous 
cinereus Gould (= Pie slescenia cinerea) and for giving me measure- 
ments, and notes on the literature appertaining to P. ceru/ea (Bennett) 
and P. cinerea (Gould). Iamalso indebted to Mr. Robert Ridgway, of 
the U.S. National Museum, for the loan of a specimen of /?. cerulea and 
one of P. cinerea, which ae been of the greatest value; to Mr. J. O. 
Snyder, who shared the discovery with the writer; and not least to 
Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, chief of the expedition, who encouraged in 
every possible way the ornithological side of our work. 


PROCELSTERNA SAXATILIS, new species. 


Srearante HO 


NECKER ISLAND TERN. 


| Specific characters.—Nearest Procelsterna cinerea (Gould) but more 
bluish in color, with darker upper parts, darker breast, sides, flanks, 
and lower ent coverts, and with pearly gray under wing coverts 
(instead of white of ¢inerea), shorter and slenderer bill, and shorter 
Wings. 

_ Type.—Adult male, No. 188651, U.S.N.M.; Necker Island (longi- 
tude 164° 41’ W.; latitude 238° 35’ 24’ N.), Hawaiian group, May 31, 
. collected in Walter K. Fisher; orig. no. 148. 


4 Maj. de Zool., (2), Ois., oi XXIX, cum. ee (1842). Ty pe Sterna ee 
nnett. 










PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1322. 






56O PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ 


Geographic distribution.—Necker Island, French Frigate Shoals, 
and Bird Island, of the Leeward Islands, Hawaiian group. 

Description of type.—Male adult. Bill black. Pileum and fore part” 
of cervix, lores, chin, and throat clear light gray (about No. 8 or 9 of 
Ridgway’s nomenclature), shading to darker (between French gray 
and cinereous) on nape, cheeks, and sides of neck, and passing into ae! 
trifle lighter gray (No. 7) on sides, hind part of jugulum, breast, flanks, 
and lower tail coverts. Fore part of jugulum and central portion of 
abdomen pure white, blending into surrounding gray of sides and_ 
breast. The breast is almost as pale centrally as the pileum, but_ 
becomes gradually darker on sides, shoulders, sides of neck, and malar 
region inclosing the conspicuously lighter throat and white jugular — 
patch. An orbital ring is black in the anterior two-thirds of upper, in- 
whole of forward, and first third of lower portion, and pure white for 
the remainder. The black and white are conspicuous, being from 1 to2 
millimeters wide. A small white area occurs just above black portion 
of orbital ring on ‘Seyebrows.” The gray of the nape and hind neck 
and shoulders shades gradually into a darker and less bluish gray over 
the mantle (about gray No. 6, or slightly darker), which darkens into 
a decidedly ashy gray (between slate gray and mouse gray) on wing 
coverts. Secondaries conspicuously edged with white. The feathers” 
of the mantle are vermiculated with almost obsolete bars of lighter 
gray (present also in c/nerea and cerulea), which show plainly in fayor- 
able lights. Primaries dark slate color, an indistinct light-gray wedge 
on the inner web of the first three primaries (reaching to within 25 
mm. of tip on first), less conspicuous on fourth, and represented on 
remainder by an indistinct lighter edging. Shafts of primaries very 
dark sepia. Under wing coverts pearl gray, whitish at bend of wing. 
Rump, upper tail coverts, and rectrices like mantle. Inner web of | 
ach rectrix edged with pale gray distally, becoming almost white » 
proximally (less extended than in c/nerea). Legs in life dull sepia 
black, paler toward and on tibiz and toes, webs creamy flesh color, 
rather lifeless, with an indefinite edging of sepia next to toes. Iris — 
deep sepia, pupil black. 

Measurements of type in millimeters: Length in flesh, 285; wing, . 
186; tail, 113; culmen, 26; depth of bill at nostril (post. end), 5.55 | 
bill from nostril, 17.5; tarsus, 25; middle toe, 32. 

Adult female.—Cotype, No. 188652, U.S.N.M. In color like the | 
male, but a trifle smaller. (For size see table of measurements. ) 

Immature.—(Female) cotype, No. 188653, U.S.N.M. Upper parts | 
as a whole darker than adult; the pileum of dark feathers edged with 
gray, giving a mottled appearance; mantle darker and more ashy than 
adult, lacking faint bars except on longest tertials. Inner tertials and 
upper tail coverts edged with light gray. Lower parts, as a whole, 
lighter than adult, being white except an illy defined band across. 





No. 1322. A NEW PROCELSTERNA—FISHER. 561 





breast and on throat, which parts are grayish. Sides of head and 
neck darker than adult. Black portion of orbital ring much wider 
and more conspicuous than white. White area over orbital ring as 
in adult. Malar stripe white. Measurements in millimeters: Wing, 
157; tail, 80; culmen, 17; tarsus, 23. 

Nestling.—Recently hatched (male) cotype, No. 188654, U.S.N.M. 
Completely covered with soft down. Pure white below. Crown 
white, sides and back of neck very pale buffy. Ends of wings white; 
inner portion of alar, and the humeral and spinal tracts brownish gray 
(down white at tips and brownish gray below). Feet greenish gray, 
bill black. 

Fgg.—Bluntly ovate and broadly elliptical ovate (two specimens). 
Ground color dull creamy white; in one specimen not thickly marked 
with roundish rod-shaped, Y-shaped, U-shaped and irregular small 
spots of clay. Color, light sepia, and wood brown, shell marks show- 
ing various shades of bluish gray. In this specimen the spots are 
rather evenly distributed over the whole egg. The other specimen 
has more numerous smaller and more regular spots about the size of 
dust shot, which are scattered over the whole egg, but are thicker at 
the blunt end. The gray spots are larger and more numerous than the 
brown ones. The two specimens measure 36.5 by 26 and 39 by 27 
millimeters. 

In some respects the present form is intermediate between Procel- 
sterna cerulea (Bennett) and P. cinerea (Gould). This is true of the 
size, in a general way, and also of the color of the under parts. The 
under parts of cerulea are fully as dark as the back, which (in an old 
skin collected by T. R. Peale, Dog Island, Low Archipelago) is more 
ashy than that of sawatilis. Procelsterna sawatilis shows its closer 
relationship with c/nerea in the light lower parts and light gray 
wedges on the four outer primaries. As mentioned above, however, 
it is smaller than e/nerea, with conspicuously shorter wing, and 
shorter and slenderer bill. The under wing-coverts are pearl gray 
instead of white, and the breast, sides, and lower tail-coverts are 
decidedly gray, whereas in cénerea the lower parts are almost white 
and entirely so on the belly and lower tail-coverts. The general tone 
of the plumage of e7nerea is ashy, but in sawatilis it is bluish. 

We first saw this handsome tern off the French Frigate Shoals, 
between Necker and Laysan. Here it undoubtedly nests on a precipi- 
tous rock, which rises 125 feet above the sea. It was at this locality 
that Henry Palmer, Rothschild’s collector, mentioned seeing a little 
gray tern,’ which he was unable to secure. He probably meant the 
present species. 

We found Procelsterna saxvatilis very soon after we landed on 


@ Avifauna of Laysan, etc. By Walter Rothschild (Henry Palmer's Diary, Pt. 1, 
pp. [X and XII). 


562 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXY 








Necker, May 31. Necker is a dark, forbidding, rather precipitous 
rock of volcanic origin, attaining a height of 300 feet. It is about 
seven-tenths of a mile long and is shaped like a rude fishhook, the 
‘‘shaft” extending nearly east and west, the *‘ barb” being a rugged — 
peninsula extending toward the northeast and inclosing a rocky and— 
turbulent cove. The island is entirely composed of lava, mostly of a_ 
sooty gray or black, with streaks of dull dark red fiouae it. The 
sides of the rock, though steep, are intricately terraced, especially on_ 
the northeast point, where there are a series of shelves and all sorts — 


: 


of knobs and crannies, making the island ideally fitted for the occupa 
% 








tion of birds. 

The Necker Island tern was found to be fairly common on Necker, 
but not so abundant as Sterna fuliginosa or Gygis alba kittlitzz. We 
first noted them perched on the rocks near what was probably their 
nesting site, and recognized them as the curious little terns we had_ 
seen off the French Frigate Shoals. A single egg is laid in a shallow 
recess of the rock, but no nest is made; a few sticks and stray feathers 
only are sometimes gathered. The eggs were not common. © The 
terns usually perch on the rocks somewhere near the ‘‘nest,” and it 
was difficult to find a bird on the egg. In fact only one was actually 
flushed off the egg, and that by Mr. J. O. Snyder, on the north side 
of the island. This made the identification of the few eggs we had 
collected certain. Incubation was so far advanced that we could save 
only two specimens. 

At Bird Island this tern is abundant. We were not able to land on 
the rock, but saw many of the graceful birds from the deck of the 
U.S. Fish Commission steamer A/batross as they flew back and forth. 
The stomachs of those collected at Necker contained small silvery fishes. 

Its near relative Procelsterna cinerea is distributed over ‘‘Australian 
and New Zealand seas, Lord Howe, Norfolk, and neighboring islands, | 
and Kermadec Group; also the alee of San Ambrosio, which is nearest | 
to the coast of Chile, but lies outside the cold enact current,” #y 
and Kua, Friendly Islands.’ Procelsterna cerulea is distributed over | 
**Central Polynesia: Paumotu or Low Archipelago, the Marquesas, | 
the Society to the Ellice Islands, the Phoenix group, and the Fannings - 
(Christmas Island), and a little north of the equator.”° It is of inter- | 
est, therefore, to note that Procelsterna saxatilis is separated from its» 
nearest relative by many thousand miles of ocean, and that a quite 
different species, cerulea, ranges in between. | 

The statement that some of the characters of saxatzlis are ‘‘ interme- 
diate” does not in any way indicate that this species is a connecting) 
link. The form is quite separate from the two other species, and 
fortunately can not justify the introduction of trinomials into the) 
genus Procelsterna. 


“Saunders, Cat. ete Bae Mus., XXV. p. 18 > Tdem., p. 136. ¢ Idem, p. 134) 
















A NEW PROCELSTERNA—FISHER. 5638 








A table of measurements of 7 adult Procelsterna sawatilis is here 
iven, and for comparison measurements of 3 adult P. cinerea, including 
he type, and of the same number of P. cerulea. 


Table of measurements. 


PROCELSTERNA SAXATILIS. 












































_ Bil) Depth Middle 
- ae 37 | Cul- | from of | Tar-| toe, sas 
Number. Sex. | Wing. | Tail. | en.) nos-| billat | sus. | with Locality. 
tril. | nostril. claw. 
a Li 
U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. type Male. TRGM ee lor so) ee Ltn: 5.5 | 25 | 32 | Necker Island. 
: | 
iginal No. 148 .....---- Male. 186 109 | 25.2 | 17 6.5 | 25 32 Do. 
iginal No. 144 .....-.-- Male. 185 | 112 | 26 17 5.5 | 25 | Bent Do. 
Driginal No. 147 ......--- - Male. 186 | 115 | 26.5 | 17 5.+) 25 32 Do. 
Original No. 146 .....-.--- Male. 183 | 109 | 25 16 5.5 | 25 32 Do. 
O riginal INO 4bieS occ Male. 185 | 112 | 25 16.5 5.5 | 29 32 Do. 
U. 5. Nat. Mus. Coll. co- | Female. 180 | 110 | 25.—| 16.+ iS 24. + 31 Do. 
_ type 188652. 
PROCELSTERNA CINEREA. 
hil. Weads Scie. Colle |e os san. - DATE De eee Oh eas salen Leelee ee oa East coast Aus- 
e 5082. tralia. 
_ Acad. Sci. Coll. 5033.|...--...-- a206, +]..---- DS eee oa caeme nee eee se| se eae Do. 
U.S. ‘Nat. Mus. Coll. 15466 |.--------- a195. +|------ 27 | 19.5 6.5 | 25.5 33 
PROCELSTERNA CERULEA 
i phil. Acad. Sci. Coll. 5029.|.......--- 180) | Io Dignan (ea ee Hepa a faces Polynesia. 
hil. Acad. Sci. Coll. 5031-.|......---- Bal sess DG nl eons seme seas pases eaeeeer Do. 
mes) Nat. Mus. Coll. |.....----- 180s De Hullhill fs sb t eae mae) -t 24 30 | Dog Island, Low 
— 131532. Archipelago. 





a Wing tip broken. 








THE STRUCTURAL*FEATURES OF THE BRYOZOAN GENUS 
HOMOTRYPA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES FROM 
THE CINCINNATIAN GROUP. 


By Ray S. Bassirr, 


Of the Division of Stratigraphic Paleontology. 


In 1882¢ Mr. KE. O. Ulrich established the genus Homotrypa for a 
group of species typified by //. curvata, a common and characteristic 
fossil of the lower Lorraine at Cincinnati, Ohio, and vicinity. In 
that paper two species were described—the one just mentioned and 
LH. obliqua. In subsequent papers this author added twelve species 
and varieties. Other authors have described four species which have 
been referred to the genus. In the course of their collecting Messrs. 
Ulrich and Nickles and the writer have discovered a large number of 
forms belonging to this genus, which will eventually include not less 
than fifty species. With so great a specific representation /Jomotrypa 
may well rank as the most important genus, not only of the Monticu- 
liporide, but also of the order Zrepostomata. Moreover, the genus 
is interesting from both the geologic and biologic standpoints; geo- 
logically, because most of the species are common fossils, usually 
of restricted vertical distribution and thus are good horizon markers; 
biologically, because many species exhibit remarkably well certain 
structures which indicate the bryozoan nature of the monticuliporoids. 
It is the purpose of this paper to point out and describe these struc- 
tures as studied from thin sections, and to define and tabulate the 
species found in the Cincinnatian group. 

The number of species of trepostomatous bryozoa is so large and 
their external characters often so similar that it appears a hopeless 
task to identify them without thin sections, yet it is a mistake to think 
that thin sections are always necessary. Sections are desirable, but 
are a necessity only when the internal characters of a new species are 
being studied. The structures shown in tangential sections are often 








@ Jour. Cincinnati Soe. Nat. Hist., V, 1882, p. 240. 


ee 








PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1323. 
565 


566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 








nicely brought out by smoothing the surface of the zoarium with the- 
edge of a knife blade or rubbing upon a gritty stone, and after etching 
slightly with acid examining with a lens the spot Shae treated, mois-_ 
tening it slightly. Similarly, vertical fractures when treated in the 
same way show the characters seen in v ertical sections. By this ready 
method it is seldom difficult to recognize a Homotrypa as the cystic 
phragms in the peripheral region are easily detected, if not in the 
tangential, then certainly in the vertical section. fecepi in the mate 
ter of size, the surface characters of the zocecia are seldom distinctive 
of any species of //omotrypa and are more or less similar in all the | 
species. For that reason, only the zoarium : and internal characters of | 
the species here described are figured and only when the surface chars 
acters are out of the ordinary are they described. To obtain the 
number of zoccia ina given space a measurement is made from the 
center of one macula to the center of one adjoining. The average of 
several such measurements gives the correct number, which may be 
verified by counting the number of zocecial tubes in the same spas 
in the peripheral region of vertical sections. 





HOMOTRYPA Ulrich. 


Homotrypa Utricn, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1882, p. 240; Geol. Sur. | 
Tllinois, VIII, 1890, pp. 370, 409; Geol. Nenmasnias III, 1893, p. 235; Zittel’s 
Textb. Pal. (Engl. ed.), 1896, p. 273.—Foorp, Contr. Gero: -Pal. Cambrai 
Sil., 1883, p. 9.—Mruier, North American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 309.—NICKLES | 
and Basster, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, No. 173, 1900, p. 29. 


The genus has been briefly defined as follows: 


Zoarium frondescent or ramose; macule or monticules of larger cell apertures @ 
characteristic feature; apertures often oblique; zocecia with very thin or finely crenu-- 
lated walls and remote diaphragms in immature region and cystiphragms, isolated or 
in series, confined to mature region; mesopores few, in clusters; acanthopores gen- 
erally developed. @ 1 

The essential generic characters are the upright zoarium, the pres- 
ence of ence in the peripheral region only, and the develop- 
ment of few mesopores. The form of the zoarium, the shape and size 
of the macule and zocecia, and the number of the latter in a given 
space, thickness of zocecial walls, distribution of diaphragms and 
cystiphragms, and the number, size, and distribution of acanthopores 
and mesopores are the nea variable quantities upon which the 
specific characters are based. 

The species of Homotrypa may be classed into two well- defined 
groups, the presence or absence of diaphragms in the peripheral 
region of the zocecial tubes being the distinguishing characteristic, 
In te typical section, which may ie designated the //. curvata group; 


—— 








“ Nickles and Bassler, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, No. 173, 1900, p. 29. 


Bans, yee 


. 
te 


N0.1393. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 567 








diaphragms as well as cystiphragms are present in the peripheral 
region. The Warren” beds of the Lorraine formation show the 
advent of a group of species in which diaphragms are seldom, if ever, 
shown in sections either in the axial or peripheral region of the 
zoecial tubes. //. convmunis, an abundant Richmond species, may 
be considered the type of the group, and a glance over the appended 
table of species will show that this section will include //. bassleri 
and 7/. libana from the Lorraine, and //. dawson’, H. communis, 
1, nodulosa, IH. austini, I. cylindrica, and IT. richmondensis from the 
yarious divisions of the Richmond. Whether the diaphragms were 
membraneous and not capable of preservation, or whether they were 
not developed at all, can not be determined. Associated species of 
the genus show diaphragms well developed in either the peripheral or 
in both regions, and this fact. would seem to indicate that their 
absence in this group is of structural importance. A subdivision of 
‘the 7. communis group is suggested under the discussion of the 
eystiphragm. 

_ The typical section of the genus, the //. curvata group, includes all 
of the described species and the new forms of this paper with the 
exception of those mentioned above. It is by far the more important 
‘group, and ranges through the Mohawkian and Cincinnatian groups, 
while the //. communis section is confined to the upper Lorraine and 
Richmond. 

| THE CYSTIPHRAGM. 


_ The peculiar structures which were termed cystiphragms by Ulrich 
are well developed in Homotrypa and constitute a generic feature. 
. . . m 

These cystiphragms, or cystoid diaphragms as formerly termed, occupy 





«The subdivisions of the Cincinnatian group recognized in this paper are those 
pubiished by Nickles (Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1902, pp. 49-100). For 
convenience of reference the classification is here repeated. 


Upper beds. 
Richmond. | Middle beds. 
Lower beds. 
Warren beds. 
Mount Auburn beds. 
Corryville beds. 
Bellevue beds. 
Fairmount beds. 
Mount Hope beds. 
Upper beds. 
Wittcae = 252 [sinat beds. 
Lower beds. 


Cincinnatian..) Lorraine. -- - 


‘The Richmond strata exposed in Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Manitoba, 
and termed the northwestern Richmond in the appended tables, are here correlated 
with the Upper beds of Nickles’s classification. 


os oe +R 









568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





a 


gener ally” one side of the zocecial cavity as a series of superimposed 
vesicles. When tangential sections cut these vesicles, they show 
within and extending across the zocecial cavity, a curved line, the 
amountof curvature depending upon the gibbosity of the eystiphragm, 
In 7, callosa Ulrich, and 1. ramulosa (see Plate X XV, fig. 3) this lined is 
but slightly curved, showing that the vesicle was little rounded. In 
the type species the vesicle is of such a shape and occupies so much 
space as to cause the cut edge shown in tangential sections to extend 
around about two-thirds of ihe circumference of the zocecial chamber, 
A different style of cystiphragm occurs in such species as /7/. pulchra | 
and I. cincinnatiensis. Were, occasionally, the cystiphragm extends” 
entirely around the bounding wall but leaves the central portion of 
the zocecial cavity unoccupied, and here ordinary horizontal diaphragms | 
are developed. In this case, tangential sections (Plate XX, fig. 12, Plate. 
XXI, fig. 7) show the ate agm as a more or less rounded, central | 
ring. In vertical sections the ‘cystiphragms appear as semicircular 
lines lining usually one side of the zocecial tube, but when the vesicles. 
extend entirely around the cell cavity both sides show a series of: 


| 
| 





curved lines. 

The portion of the per ipheral region of the zocecial tube not occu-| 
pied by the cystiphragms is generally intersected by transverse par- 
titions, the diaphragms, w hee may or may not be as numerous as the 
cystiphragms, seldom however exceeding them in number. It is also. 
to be noticed that in forms showing no diaphragms in the zocecial) 
ane the cystiphragms seldom overlap, the lower end of one not) 

‘eaching to the next below. If this interpretation is true to nature it) 
Ww aan imply that the cystiphragms were open at the bottom. How-' 
ever, one or both of the following explanations may account for this) 
appearance. The cystiphragms are seen in vertical sections to be) 
thickest at the upper end, and often are reduced in thickness to ex- 
treme thinness at the point of overlap. In the forms under discussion) 
the lower part of the cystiphragm may have been so thin that sections 
do not reveal it at all. Another interpretation is that suggested by 
Nickles in the description of 7/. bassler/, that calcification in the living 


1 
BY 











state was more or less incomplete. 

U pon the basis of the distribution of the cystiphragms the /7. come 
munis group of the genus may be further subdivided into two sections, 
one in which cystiphragms line the peripheral region of all the zocecia 
and another in which the zocecial tubes of the ecules only are pro- 
vided with cystiphragms, as seen in sections of ZZ. austind. The 
latter, an unusual occurrence, may throw some light upon the fune; 
tions of both macule and cystiphragms. Ulrich has considered the 
maculx (including the monticules and groups of larger zocecia, all 0} 
which are evidently identical in function) of trepostomatous bryoz0t 
to be connected in some way with reproduction, these groups perhapj 


| 


0.1323. §TRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 569 








yeing set aside for that purpose. In Certocava ramosa of the Creta- 
seous (see Plate XX, figs. 5, 6), ovarian-like vesicles, very similar to 
systiphragms, have been found, and this fact leads to the belief that 
the cystiphragm also had a reproductive function. Hence the restric- 
tion of these structures in this species to the zocecial tubes of the 
macule only may have some significance. 


THE ACANTHOPORE. 


The majority of the species of //omotrypa exhibit these spine-like 
structures—the acanthopores. The ordinary acanthopore when show- 
ing at the surface is seen to be a blunt spine situated on the cell wall, 
usually at the angle of junction of adjoining zocecia. 

Tangential sections show that this spine is composed of concentric 
rings of laminated tissue inclosing a minute, round canal. A vertical 
section brings out the fact that the spine is not a mere surface orna- 
ment, but that it is a tube inclosed in the wall substance of the zocecium; 
that this tube is developed generally with the mature region and con- 
tinues as an independent structure to the surface. In some species 
they are well developed and here exhibit their structure most clearly. 
The acanthopores of //. nodulosa and LH. cylindrica of this paper show 
all that has been learned concerning these structures. That of //. 
nodulosa viewed in a tangential section (Plate XXIII, fig. 7) differs from 
the ordinary form in haying a comparatively large central space, the 
diameter of this sometimes being as much as one-half that of the entire 
structure. A vertical section (Plate X XIII, figs. 5,6) shows clearly that 
the acanthopore is not only a tube, but that this tube is also crossed by 
thin transverse partitions about the tube diameter distant from each 
other. Such a section also shows that instead of being limited to the 
mature region, the acanthopore may develop in any part of the 
immature region, pass through in turn both this and the mature region, 
and then, instead of stopping with the zoarial growth to which it belongs, 
continue through the immature and mature regions of an incrusting, 
secondary growth of the species if this be present. This section also 
shows that the concentric rings seen in tangential sections surrounding 
the central space are the cut edges of overlapping, conical layers of 
tissue forming the wall of the tube. The acanthopore of //. cylindrica 
(Plate XXTI, fig. 10) is interesting because it shows to how great an 
extent these conical layers may be developed and, in contrast with 
preceding species, how minute the central cavity may be. Yet even 
in this species, in which the diameter of the tube is generally less than 
one-twentieth that of the entire acanthopore, the transverse partitions 
may be seen under favorable circumstances. 

Possessing such structure, it must be conceded that the acanthopores 
were of no little importance to the zoarium. Just what their function 


at 







570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XX 





was is not known, but, as suggested by Ulrich, they may have sup. 
ported appendages similar to the avicularia or vibracula of recent 
bryozoa. They certainly are not, as considered by Waagen and Wen 
zel,@mere thickenings preceding gemmation. Nor do they give rise 
to mesopores, which in turn develop into true zoccia as schematicall r 
illustrated by these authors. In actual sections such a development | 
is not known, and among the thousands of thin sections of trepostoma- 
tous bryozoa examined by the writer, not one has been seen that in — 
anywise countenanced their interpretation. The zocecia, mesopores, — 
and acanthopores of these fossil forms are as distinet and independent 
structures as are the polypides, avicularia, and vibracula of recent 
chilostomatous bryozoa, whose wholly distinct morphological develop- _ 
ment has been demonstrated by students of living species. 


COMMUNICATION PORES AND INTERMURAL STRUCTURE. 


Under certain conditions tangential sections indicate that the zocecial | 
walls and the intermural space are seemingly pierced by communica- | 
tion pores or connecting foramina. These were first recorded by | 
Ulrich in the descriptions of HZ curvata and H. obliqua. Dr. Rom-, 
inger, in a critical paper,’ subsequently denied the presence of these, 
pores. I have figured tangential sections of [7 worthend and SI. nodu- 
losa (Plate XXIV, fig. 12; Plate XXV, fig. 15) which show that such) 
structures do exist.in Zomotrypa and are found in other species than 
those mentioned by Ulrich. Indeed, they have been found in so many 
species of this genus that their presence may be considered a generic) 
feature. These pores are best observed when the section is rather 
thick. As the section is thinned the pores become less distinct, and 
when very thin disappear altogether. This is because the denser! 
tissue of the zocecial walls in thick sections brings out into relief the 
clearer substance of the connecting foramina, but as the section is, 
thinned the substance of the walls becomes more and more translucent, 
until, finally, both wall and pore are alike in clearness and the outline 
of the latter is lost. 7 

Thin sections show that each zocecium has its own bounding wall dis- 
tinct from adjacent zocecia, the space between, which is here termed 
the intermural space, being occupied by the acanthopores and a dotted 
or granular layer, which in sections has a structure very similar te 
that exhibited by the parenchymal chord of more recent bryozoa (see 
Plate XX, fig. 2). The width of this intermural space varies with the 
species and with the age of the zocecia. Sometimes, even in the fully 
matured condition, it is represented by merely a fine granular line 
(Plate XX, fig. 1), but in some species (see H. austind, Plate XXIV} 


— 
- $< 










“ Paleontologia Indica, 13th Ser., XIII, 1886, pp. 861, 871. 
» Studies on Monticulipora, American Geologist, VI, 1890, p. 118, 


i 
ee 





y0.1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 571 





ig. 5) its width often equals that of the zocecium itself. Often the 
sranules or dots are arranged in regular, transverse lines, and give a 
very pretty appearance in sections. Figures 2,3,and 4, on Plate XX, 
show similar intermural structure in Retepora columnifera Busk, a 
chilostomatous bryozoan, and in “scharopora pavonia (D’Orbigny) a 
typical example of the order Cryptostomata. 

The following tables, showing the geologic and geographic distribu- 
tion and the specific characters, are here introduced to aid in the iden- 
tification of the species: 








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573 


STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 


No. 1323. 





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~I 
On 


70.1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 5 





DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 


HOMOTRYPA CURVATA Ulrich.a 


Homotrypa curvata Unricn, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1882, p. 242, 
pl.-x, figs. 7—7d. 

In growth this species is between the cylindrically ramose species 
umd the truly frondescent forms as //. flabellaris. Acanthopores, 
systiphragms, and diaphragms are present in a moderate degree. The 
axternal characters by which the species may be recognized are the 
sompressed, flattened branches and smooth surface; in thin sections, 
by the average number of acanthopores (three or four surrounding a 
Zocecittm), absence of mesopores except in the macule, ten zocecia in 
2 mm., the presence of diaphragms in the axial region, and of both 
diaphragms and ¢ystiphragms in the peripheral region. 

Occurrence. —A common and characteristic fossil in the Fairmount 
beds of the Lorraine at Cincinnati, Ohio, and vicinity. 

Cat. Nos. 41729-41734, U.S.N.M. 


HOMOTRYPA CURVATA var. PRAECIPTA, new variety. 
Plate XXIII, fig. 15. 


This varietal name is proposed for the only H/omotrypa known in 
the Utica. It has the internal characters of /7Z. eurvata, but differs in 
the growth of the zoarium. Its branches are cylindrical, smooth, 
ubout 6 mm. in diameter, and divide at short intervals, while the 
zoarium of /7. curvata takes the form of broad, compressed branches, 
dividing at less frequent intervals. Thin sections show that the Utica 
form generally exhibits more acanthopores, but the number of acan- 
thopores varies slightly in every species. 

Occurrence.—Rare in the middle division of the Utica at West 
Covington, Kentucky. Cumings’ records the same form from the 
Upper Utica. 

Cat. No. 41735, U.S.N.M. 


HOMOTRYPA OBLIQUA Ulrich. 


Plate X XIII, figs. 12-14. 


Homotrypa obliqua Oxricn, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1882, p. 248, 

pl. x, figs. 6-6b. 
This abundant Lorraine species in its internal characters is very 
much like Z/. curvata. The absence of diaphragms and the slightly 
crinkled walls in the axial region distinguish it from ZZ. curvata. 








“Under species heretofore described, the reference to the original description only 
is given. The complete synonymy is presented in Bulletin No. 173, U. S. Geological 
Survey, 1900. 

bAmerican Geologist, X XIX, 1902, p. 215, footnote. 





576 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVE 





Externally, however, the two species are readily separated by their 
different methods of growth, the ramose zoarium of /Z. obliqgua with 
its cylindrical or slightly compressed, more or less tuberculated, 
branches being quite characteristic. In the Fairmount beds of the 
Cincinnati area a form of the species with strongly tuberculated, cylin- 
drical branches seldom over 5 or 6 mm. in diameter, occurs very 
abundantly. The succeeding Bellevue beds also hold the species in” 
abundance, but here the zoarium is more robust and the branches are 
often subeylindrical and nearly smooth. Specimens 6 cm. or more in 
length without dividing and 15 mm. in diameter are often found, 
The prevailing form of zoarium in the Corryville beds is a rather 
broad, somewhat compressed, tuberculated branch, and specimens of 
this kind probably led Nicholson to identify /Z. dawsoné at Cincinnati, 
The internal structure of these various forms of the species is essen- 
tially the same. About 10 zocecia in 2 mm. 

Occurrence.—An abundant species of the above-mentioned divisions 
of the Lorraine at many localities in the Cincinnati area. The typical 
form occurs in the Bellevue beds. 

Cat. Nos. 41736-41740, U.S.N.M. 





HOMOTRYPA CINCINNATIENSIS, new species. 
Plate X XI, figs. 4-10. 


Zoarium small, generally less than 3 cm. in height, ramose, dividing | 
rather regularly at short intervals; branches subeylindrical but with a 
tendency to become frondescent, 2 to 4 mm. thick and 3 to 9 mm, 
wide. Surface commonly smooth, the clusters of usually larger cells” 
rarely forming low monticules. Zocecial apertures angular, direct, | 
about nine in 2mm. <A moderate number of mesopores present both. 
in the clusters and elsewhere. Acanthopores small, varying in num-- 
ber, sometimes as many as eight or ten surrounding a zocecium. Dia- 
phragms and cystiphragms rather numerous and developed in the 
peripheral region only. 

The shape of the zoarium, the small cells and smooth surface char-. 
acterize this species. The points of difference from //. dumosa, prob- 
ably its nearest relative, are indicated under the description of that: 
form. | 

Occurrence.—Common in the Fairmount beds of the Lorraine forma- 
tion at Cincinnati, Ohio, and vicinity. Apparently the same form: 
occurs at Maysville and McKinneys, Kentucky, at the same horizon. | 

Cat. Nos. 41742-41746, U.S.N.M. | 

| 


HOMOTRYPA DUMOSA, new species. 
Plate XX, fig. 1; Plate XXI, figs. 1-3. 


Zoarium consisting usually of small, inosculating, palmate branches, | 
an average entire colony being 5 cm. high and from 3 to 5 em. in width; 


E 
' 


> 


No. 1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. Ditct 








occasionally larger expanded fronds occur - that do not seem to inoscu- 
late. Surface with very distinct clusters of large cells, usually raised 
into low monticules, but sometimes sharp tubercles. Zocecial apertures 
angular, direct or nearly so, inclosed by thin walls, seven to eight in 
2mm. Mesopores few, usually restricted to the cell clusters. Acan- 
thopores seldom showing at the surface, but tangential sections reveal 
a limited number, best developed in the clusters. Zocecial tubes with 
walls thin and less crinkled than usual in the axial region and thick- 
ened slightly in the peripheral region, where a few diapkragms and 
rather large cystiphragms are developed. 

The characteristic features of this species are its thin walls, compar- 
atively large zocecia, and conspicuous clusters. //. c/ncinnatiensis, 
with which this form might be confused, is distinguished by a different 
mode of growth, smaller zocecia, less conspicuous clusters, and more 
abundant mesopores and acanthopores. 

Occurrence.—Rather rare in the Fairmount beds of the Lorraine 
formation at Covington, Kentucky, and Cincinnati, Ohio. 


Cat. No. 41741, U.S.N.M. 


HOMOTRYPA PULCHRA, new species. 
Plate XX, figs. 11-14. 


Zoarium large, consisting of expanded fronds, subdividing or send- 
ing off other fronds,and ranging from 5 to 10 or more em. in height; 
fronds 3 to 5 mm. in thickness and sometimes as much as 8 cm. in 
width. Surface smooth, the clusters scarcely ever rising above the 
general surface, but nevertheless conspicuous on account of the large 
size of their cells. Zocecial apertures thin walled, angular, direct, 
seven to eight in2mm. An occasional mesopore is developed, but 
only in the clusters. Acanthopores are apparently always wanting, 
although the thickenings sometimes seen at the angles of junction sim- 
ulate these structures. Diaphragms from 1 to 14 tube diameters apart 
in the axial region and four or five times as numerous in the periph- 
eral region. Cystiphragms in an increasingly crowded series in the 
peripheral region and extending close to the surface. 

This fine species can be readily distinguished externally by its hand- 
some mode of growth, smooth surface, large and thin-walled zocecia, 
and conspicuous clusters; internally, by the absence of acanthopores 
and the unusual development of diaphragms and cystiphragms, of which 
the outermost are commonly visible at the surface. It is scarcely nec- 
essary todistinguish this from other species. //. cwrvata bears a slight 
resemblance in growth, but differs in all other features. 

Occurrence.—A characteristic and common fossil restricted to the 
Platystrophia lynx horizon of the Mount Auburn beds, Lorraine for- 
mation, at Cincinnati and Lebanon, Ohio, and other localities. At 
Cincinnati this bed occupies the tops of the highest hills. 

Cat. Nos. 41747, 41748, U.S.N.M. 


578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. a 





HOMOTRYPA GRANDIS, new species. 
Plate XX, figs. 7-10. 


Zoarium large, 10 cm. or more in height, subcylindrical or com- 
pressed, branching rather frequently, an average example being 2 cm, 
‘n width and half as much in thickness. Surface generally smooth, 
but sometimes exhibiting low rounded monticules. Apertures polyg- 
onal, direct, thick walled, nine in 2 mm. Mesopores restricted to the 
macule. Acanthopores inconspicuous at the surface, but in thin see- 
tions they are seen to be small and very numerous, as Many as SiX- 
teen sometimes surrounding a zocecium. Intermural space finely 
dotted, the dots often arranged in transverse rows. In tangential 
sections the polygonal zocecia with their numerous, regularly arranged 
acanthopores and intermural dots present a very, pretty appearance, 
In vertical sections the zocecial tubes show thin crinkled walls in the 
axial region, and develop diaphragms only as the peripherai region is 
approached. In the early part of the latter region, especially in the 
bend from the axial to the peripheral, numerous cystiphragms and 
diaphragms are developed, but in the remainder of the long mature 
region only an occasional cystiphragm is seen, while diaphragms con- 
tinue as numerous as before. : 

In the mode of development of diaphragms and cystiphragms this 
species resembles Homotrypella, but otherwise it has the characters of 
Homotrypa. The large subcompressed branches, the numerous, small 
acanthopores, the intermural structure, and the unusual disposition of 
diaphragms and cystiphragms are characteristic of the species. 

Occurrence. —Abundant in the Platystrophia lynx horizon of the Lor- 
raine formation exposed along Lumsleys Fork, 2 miles west of Good- 
lettsville, Davidson County, Tennessee. 

Cat. No. 41764, U.S.N.M. 


HOMOTRYPA BASSLERI Nickles. 


Homotrypa bassleri Nrcxurs, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1902, no. 2, ps 
103, figs. 1-5. 

The small, cylindrical or slightly flattened tuberculated branches, 
small zocecia (ten in 2 mm.), and internally the presence of cysti- 
phragms unaccompanied by diaphragms characterize this species. 

Occurrence. —A rather common and characteristic fossil of the upper 
part of the Warren beds, Lorraine formation, at Lebanon and Ore- 
gonia, Ohio. 


Cat. No. 34330, U:S.N.M. 
HOMOTRYPA LIBANA, new species. 
Plate X XII, figs. 1-3. 


Zoarium, composed of small, thin, flat fronds, the most complete 
example seen being 5 cm. high, 3 cm. at its greatest width, and less 


No. 1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 579 





than 3 mm. in thickness. Surface smooth, with macule of decidedly 
larger zocecia. Apertures thin walled, direct, eight to nine in 2 mm. 
Acanthopores not observed at the surface. Mesopores of not infre- 
quent oceurrence both in the maculz and among the ordinary zocecia. 
Internal characters: Diaphragms practically wanting in both regions. 
Axial region with thin crinkled walls, which are but : slightly thickened 
in the short peripheral zone. A series of generally four cystiphragms 
is developed in the peripheral region of each zocecial tube. Acantho- 
pores rather few and inconspicuous, generally situated at the junction 
angles of the zocecia. 

The smooth, thin, flat fronds will distinguish this neat species from 
the associated //. basslert. There is no other species sufficiently 
related to require comparison. 

Occurrence.—Not uncommon in the Warren beds of the Lorraine 
formation at Lebanon, Ohio. 

Cat. No. 34329, U.S.N.M. 





HOMOTRYPA FRONDOSA, new species. 


Homotrypa frondosa (neither Monticulipora frondosa D’OrBiaNy nor Chetetes 
frondosus Epwarps and Harmer.) Cumines, American Geologist, X XIX, 
902,upy 208, plex, figs. 11,125 pl. x1, figs. 2, 5; pl. xu, fig. 1. 

In 1850 D’Orbigny proposed Monticulipora frondosa,“ based on 
specimens said to have been found at Cincinnati and Oxford, Ohio. 
In 1851 Milne-Edwards and Haime redefined and figured the species 
as Chetetes frondosus,’ basing their description it seems upon the same 
specimens used by D’Orbigny. Since the internal characters are not 
described in either case, and as there are several forms of different 
genera with which J/. frondosa might be identified, it is probably 
impossible without the aid of the type specimen to definitely fix upon 
D’Orbigny’s species. The status of the species was further complicated 
by Nicholson in redefining D’Orbigny’s Monticulipora mammulata,’ 
since, as shown later by Ulrich, he really described a species more like 
MM. frondosa. Recently Cumings identified D’Orbigny’s, or rather 
Edwards and Haime’s, species with a rare form of Homotrypa, found in 
the ‘“‘very top of the Lorraine or base of the so-called Richmond 
formation.” 

An effort to find D’Orbigny’s type specimens is now being made, and 
should this succeed the standing of his species will be adjusted. How- 
ever, for the present I prefer to adhere to Ulrich’s identification of 
We Hieulinora Frondosa, and Cumings’s Homotrypa frondosa is here 
recognized as a new species, preserving that writer’s name. 








@Prodr. de Pal., I, p. 25. 
bPol. Foss. Ter. Pal., 1851, p. 267, pl. x1x, figs. 5, 5a. 
¢Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 1874, p. 508. 


; 


580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVr, 





Homotrypa frondosa belongs to the typical group of the genus and 
should be compared with //. flabellaris. The flabellate growth, large 
rounded monticules, few acanthopores, and the presence of both dia- 
phragms and cystiphragms in the peripheral region are characteristie 
features. 

Occurrence.—Rare in the Warren beds of the Lorraine formation in 
Indiana and Ohio. Harmans Station, Indiana, is the type locality. 


HOMOTRYPA FLABELLARIS Ulrich. 


Homotrypa flabellaris Utricn, Geol. Sury. Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 411, pl. xxxm, 
3-3¢c. 

This species with its varieties has quite a range, both geologically 
and geographically, specimens being found, generally abundantly, in 
the Lorraine and Richmond at many localities in the Mississippi 
Valley. The species was described from specimens found in the 
tichmond at Wilmington, Illinois. The figured sections illustrating 
the internal structure were prepared from a colony in which the 
mature region was not fully developed. Mature specimens show a 
moderately crowded series of cystiphragms and diaphragms in the 
peripheral region. If the large acanthopore was omitted from our 
fig. 14, on Plate X XI, it would show the characters seen in a vertical 
section of this species. The specific characters are the flabellate 
growth, smooth surface, nine zocecia in 2 mm, few small acantho- 
pores, mesopores tabulated, numerous in the maculz and not uncom- 
mon among the ordinary zocecia, a moderate number of diaphragms 
in the axial region and a well-developed series of diaphragms and 
cystiphragms in the peripheral region. 

Occurrence.—A common species in the Lorraine and Richmond 
formations of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and 
Wisconsin. 

Cat. Nos. 40217-40223 Harris collection, 41772, 41774 41777, 41780- 
41782, U.S.N.M 


HOMOTRYPA FLABELLARIS var. SPINIFERA, new variety. 


Plate X XJ, figs. 11-15. 


This variety agrees with //. flabellaris in all essential characters 
save one, namely, that at rather regular intervals among the zocecia 
very large acanthopores are developed, the place of a zocecium often 
being occupied by one. This gives the otherwise smooth surface of 
the zoarium a spiny aspect. The acanthopores often originate in the 
axial region and proceed to the surface irrespective of the course of 
the zocecia. 

Occurrence.—Abundant in the Fairmount beds of the Lorraine at 
Cincinnati, Ohio, and vicinity, and in the Richmond at Richmond, . 
Indiana, Oxford and other localities in Ohio. 

Cat. Nos. 41773, 41778, 41779, 41783, U.S.N.M. 


} 
| 


no. 1323. = STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 581 








HOMOTRYPA DAWSONI (Nicholson). 
Plate X XV, figs. 9, 10. 


Monticulipora (Heterotrypa) dawsoni Nicnoison, 1881. Genus Monticulipora, 
p. 141, pl. v, 3-3 f. 

With the exception of one feature this fine species was well described 
and figured by Nicholson. His vertical section (Plate V, fig. 3e) 
shows complete diaphragms in the mature region, and in his descrip- 
tion he says of that region, ‘‘a moderate number of complete hori- 
zontal tabule being developed;” and again, ‘‘tabule are in all cases 
complete and approximately horizontal.” The normal condition of 
the species, as seen in vertical sections, is shown in our figure 9 of 
Plate XXV. The cystiphragms are here seen to be large and rather 
irregularly developed or altogether absent, but in the zocecial tubes of 
the macule a full series is usually present. Diaphragm-like struc- 
tures occur, particularly in the outer part of the peripheral region, 
but these are probably cystiphragms, which, extending almost across 
the cell cavity, give in certain sections the appearance of true dia- 
phragms. In the section, figured by Nicholson, apparently all of the 
cystiphragms presented this appearance. An entire zoarium, with its 
broad frond and prominent, closely set monticules, is a handsome 
cabinet specimen. 

Occurrence.—A characteristic but rather uncommon fossil of the 
Lower Richmond in Ohio and Indiana, Waynesville, Ohio, being the 
type locality. The species has been recorded as coming also from. 
Cincinnati. This is now known to be erroneous, the Lorraine form 
so identified being a broad, monticulated variety of 77. obliqua, exter- 
nally quite similar, but internally very different. 

Cat. Nos. 41749-41752. U.S.N.M. 


HOMOTRYPA COMMUNIS, new species. 
Plate X XIII, figs. 1-4. 


Zoarium of subcylindrical or more commonly compressed branches 
from 5 to 10 cm. high and 4 to 8 mm. in thickness. Surface smooth, 
with clusters composed of larger cells and mesopores. Apertures 
direct, polygonal, rather thick-walled, with about nine in 2 mm. 
Acanthopores seldom seen on the surface, but sections show a zoce- 
cium to be surrounded by from four to seven. Walls thin and 
erinkled in the axial region, much thickened in the peripheral. Dia- 
phragms wanting in both regions. Cystiphragms few, generally 
restricted to the region transitional to the mature condition. 

Externally this species sometimes resembles //. curvata, but inter- 
nally is very different. The only associated form with which it might 
be confounded is Bythopora mech? (James), which often bears a super-- 
ficial resemblance. Sections show the two species to be very distinct. 

Oceurrence.—A common fossil in the lower part of the Richmond 





582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. = 


ie 








formation at Oregonia, Waynesville, Clarksville, Hanover, and other 
localities in Ohio and at several localities in southeastern Indiana. | 

Cat. Nos. 40234-40236 Harris collection, 41755, 41756. U.S.N.M. | 

| 

HOMOTRYPA RICHMONDENSIS, new species. | 

Plate XXIV, figs. 1-4. : 
‘ . | 

The more or less prominent tubercles, few mesopores, numerous, 
acanthopores, and absence of diaphragms are characteristic of this. 
species. The zoarium consists of ramose, somewhat flattened branches, ; 
varying from smooth to slightly tuberculated. Zocecia thin-walled, 
eight in2 mm. Acanthopores numerous, small. Mesopores few, as. 
a rule restricted to the clusters. Diaphragms wanting; cystiphragms. 
well developed. 

Although resembling several species in one or more details, the 
combination of characters readily distinguishes this form. For exam- 
ple, specimens of ZZ. wortheni, with the tubercles poorly developed, 
are very similar externally, but internally are distinguished by the 
presence of diaphragms. 

Occurrence. —Not uncommon in the lower and middle divisions of 
the Richmond formation at Richmond and Versailles, Ind.; and at 
Hanover, Oxford, and other localities in Ohio. 

Cat. Nos. 41784-41787. U.S.N.M. | 


HOMOTRYPA NODULOSA, new species. 















Plate XXIII, figs. 5-11; Plate XXV, fig. 15. 


Zoarium ramose, growing from an expanded base attached to other 
organisms; branches cylindrical or slightly compressed, 2.5 to 6 mm 
in diameter. Surface with small, well-marked, sharp tubercles, ana 
bristling with large acanthopores. Apertures irregularly polygonal 
direct, thin-walled, about nine in 2mm. At the surface there are twe 
sets of acanthopores, one set very large, perforated, and distributec 
at rather regular intervals, the other much smaller and more numer 
ous. Tangential sections seldom show the smaller set because of thei 
shortness. Mesopores numerous, though less so when the acantho 
pores are greatly developed. Walls thin in the axial region ant 
considerably thickened in the peripheral. Cystiphragms sparingl) 
developed and restricted to the early portion of the mature region: 
Diaphragms wanting in the zocecial tubes, but abundant and muc/ 
thickened in the mesopores. Vertical sections show that the larg 
acanthopores may arise in the axial region and proceed at variow 
angles to the surface, and are crossed by thin, transverse partitions 
The structures supposed to be communication pores are often seen i 
tangential sections. | 


' 


No. 1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 583 





This species is particularly interesting because of the unusual devel- 
opment of acanthopores and mesopores. Some specimens, however, 
exhibit few mesopores at the surface, and these in vertical sections 
show that as the surface is approached the mesopores close, while 
tangential sections have a strong development of acanthopores. Other 
specimens show at the surface few acanthopores and many mesopores, 
so that some relationship seems to exist in the development of these 
structures. Externally the acanthopores form the distinguishing 
character, producing the sharp, knotty tubercles and the spinulose 
surface. Under a lens the tubercles are seen to be clusters of a few 
slightly larger cells, scarcely raised above the general surface and 
bearing one or two large perforated acanthopores at their summits, 
these acanthopores causing the knotty appearance. 

Occurrence.—A common form in the lower part of the Richmond 
formation at Hanover, Ohio, and less abundant in the middle division 
at Richmond, Indiana. 

Cat. Nos. 40227-8 Harris collection, 41753-4, U.S.N.M. 


HOMOTRYPA WORTHENI (James). 


Plate XXIV, figs. 10-14. 


Monticulipora (Monotrypa) worthent James, Paleontologist, No. 6, 1882, p. 50; 
No. 7, 1883, pl. 1, fig. 2. 

James’s description and figures of J/. wortheni are scarcely sufficient 
to recognize the species or even to place the form generically. The 
following description is based on material identical with specimens of 
MM. wortheni in the collections of the U. 8. National Museum with Mr. 
James’s label attached. 

Zoarium ramose, branches cylindrical, usually about 6 mm. in diam- 
eter and dividing frequently and rather regularly. Surface marked 
with strong, prominent tubercles, usually 2 mm. apart. Apertures 
polygonal, direct, rather thick walled, about nine in 2 mm. Meso- 
pores in the typical form few, although in the variety described below 
they are quite numerous. Acanthopores numerous, often inconspicu- 
ous at the surface, but blunt when present. 

In tangential sections the striking characters are the thick walls, 
numerous acanthopores, and wide intermural space with its dotted 
structure. Here also communication pores are well shown. Vertical 
sections show that the walls in the axial region are thin and rather 
straight, but become greatly thickened in the peripheral, where a 
series of cystiphragms larger than usual is developed with a corre- 
sponding number of diaphragms. 

The sharply tuberculated branches of this fine species readily dis- 
tinguish it from associated forms. /. bassler is quite similar exter- 
nally, but the different internal characters, the few acanthopores, and 


584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 























~ absence of diaphragms especially, will distinguish it. //. tubereula 
Ulrich, from the Black River shales of Minnesota, also has a simil 
zoarium, but in other respects is quite different. | 

Occurrence. —A. very abundant and characteristic fossil of the mi 1 
dle division of the Richmond in Ohio and Indiana. James’s specimens | 
were recorded from Lynchburg, Highland Connty ee Ohios Other : 
localities are Oxford, Waynesville, and Oregonia in Ohio and Rie 
mond, Indiana. 


Cat. Nos. 40224, 40226 Harris collection, 41765, 41766, U.S.N. M. ot 


; 


HOMOTRYPA WORTHENI var. INTERCELLATA, new variety. 


Plate XXIV, fig. 17. 


This seems to be a constant and well-marked variety, agreeing with 
H. wortheni in its general zoarial characters, but differing in having 
the walls more crinkled in the axial region aa an abundance of meso- 
pores and small acanthopores in the peripheral. Viewed under a lens, 
the zocecia at the surface with the numerous mesopores and small) 
acanthopores resemble those of H/omotrypella, but otherwise the strue-/ 
ture is that of Homotrypa. f 

Occurrence.—Abundant in the Richmond near Osgood and near} 
Versailles, Indiana. 

Cat. Nos. 41768, 41769, U.S.N.M. 


HOMOTRYPA WORTHENI var. PROMINENS, new variety. 
Plate XXIV, figs, 15, 16. 


The very prominent, elongated monticules will distinguish this 
variety. The zoarium also differs from the cylindrical branches of 
HI. wortheni by forming broader, subcompressed to flat fronds.) 
Internally this variety and species are practically identical. | 

Occurrence.—Abundant in the highest beds of the Richmond along, 
Elkhorn Creek near Richmond, ines 

Cat. No. 41767, U.S.N.M. 


HOMOTRYPA AUSTINI, new species. 
Plate XXIV, figs. 5-9. 


The branches of this neat species are small, cylindrical, 4 to 8 mm) 
in diameter, and divide rather frequently. Sar face smooth. Zoceei: 
small, polygonal to rounded, thick walled, nine to ten in 2 mm 
Acanthopores numerous, four or more often surrounding a zoceciuD 
and generally visible at the surface as blunt spines. Mesopores) 
except an occasional one in the macule, wanting. The zocecia in th’ 
axial region are without diaphragms and have thin, crinkled walls, thi 
greatest amount of crinkling occurring just Gees the periphera, 










10,1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 585 








region is reached. As a rule, both cystiphragms and diaphragms are 
bsent in the peripheral region of the ordinary zocecia, but in those of 
she macule there is an abundance of the former. 

_ This species is named after its discoverer, Dr. George M. Austin, 
of Wilmington, Ohio, who, notwithstanding arduous professional 
duties, finds time for enthusiastically collecting and studying the 
fossils of that region. 

— Occurrence.—Abundant in the middle division of the Richmond for- 
mation at Dutch Creek, 45 miles northwest of Wilmington, Ohio, and 
at Cowans Creek, 7 miles southwest of the same place. 

Cat. No. 41762, U.S.N.M. 


HOMOTRYPA CYLINDRICA, new species. 
Plate XXII, figs. 8-13. 


Zoarium ramose, branches long, cylindrical, from 4 to 15 mm. in 
diameter, dividing dichotomously at intervals of from 3 to 4 em. 
Surface varying from smooth to tuberculated, the macule or monti- 
cules generally somewhat transversely elongated. Zocecial apertures 
thick walled, usually angular, direct, about nine in 2mm. Mesopores 
few, seldom occurring outside of the clusters. Only well-preserved 
examples show at the surface the numerous and very large acantho- 
pores characteristic of the species. The walls of the zocecia in the 
axial region are thin and but little crenulated, but in the mature 
region they become so thickened as to almost equal in breadth the 
diameter of the zocecial cavity. Cystiphragms well developed. Dia- 
phragms very few, if present at all, the structures simulating them 
probably being large cystiphragms. 

The large and numerous acanthopores and the thickness and minute 
structure of the walls give a very characteristic, even bizarre, appear- 
ance to tangential sections. The number of acanthopores varies, the 
normal number being four to five when they are large to five to nine 
smaller ones around a zocecium. In vertical sections the acanthopores 
are seen not only to proceed directly to the surface parallel with the 
zocecial walls, but they also sometimes cross them obliquely. 

Oceurrence.—Richmond formation, Richmond and Versailles, Indi- 
ana, and Oxford, Ohio. 

Cat. Nos. 41757-41759, U.S.N.M. 





HOMOTRYPA RAMULOSA, new species. 
Plate X XV, figs. 1-4. 


Zoarium consisting of subcylindrical or somewhat compressed stems 
from which branches proceed frequently and without regularity; an 
average example is 8 cm. high and 8 to 12 mm. in thickness. Surface 


es 


| 
e 
we 


586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 








with low broad monticules, the center of each usually occupied by a 
star-like cluster composed of mesopores only and surrounded by cells 
slightly larger than the average. Apertures polygonal, direct, ten to 
eleven in2 mm. Mesopores restricted almost entirely to the clusters, 
Acanthopores few and rather small, although now and then one of. 
large size may be present, and these in vertical sections have thin: 
transverse partitions. Diaphragms are developed in the zooecial tubes) 
as the peripheral region is approached and are quite numerous near 
the surface. Cy stiphragms of rather small size line the tubes as usual 
in the peripheral region; ina tangential section they appear much less, 
curved than is generally the case, sometimes showing as a straight) 
line across the cell cavity. 

The small cells and much branched growth externally, and the 
strong development of both diaphragms and cystiphragms in the) 
peripheral region, are characteristics which readily distinguish this 
form from other Richmond species. 

Occurrence.—Middle division of the Richmond formation at Ver- 
sailles, Indiana. 

Cat. No. 41760, U.S.N.M. 


HOMOTRYPA NITIDA, new species. 









Plate XX, fig. 15; plate X XV, fig. 5-8. 


Zoarium of small, frequently branching, more or less cylindrica | 
stems, usually 4 or 5 mm. in diameter. Surface smooth. Macula 
large, composed of zocecia, which are often twice the diameter of the 
ordinary cells; 10 zocecia in 2 mm. Diaphragms few in the axia, 
region, not very abundant in the peripheral region, where also the 
cystiphragms are large but not abundant. Acanthopores small, few: 
usually wanting. / 

This species is closely related to //. gelasinosa, and may be only. 
a variety of that form. The larger macule and acanthopores anc 
flabellate growth of the latter are deemed of suflicient value to dis’ | 
tinguish it from /7. nétida. 

Occurrence.—Richmond formation, near Osgood, Indiana. | 


Cat. No. 41771, U.S.N.M. 4 


HOMOTRYPA NICKLESI, new species. 








Plate XXII, figs. 4-7. | 


In growth and external features this species resembles /7. communis, 
but is readily distinguished by the less robust growth and the tendeney 
to branch more frequently. The internal structure further distin: 
guishes the two, since //. nicklesi is of the ZZ. curvata group, while 2 
communis is of the group to which it gives its name. Surface smooth) 
with regularly disposed macule of larg ger cells and mesopores. Zocecié 


STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 587 





vith moderately thick walls, about nine in 2 mm. ae anthopores Tot 
‘resent at the surface and usually also absent in sections. Diaphragms 
‘bsent in the axial region, appearing in the transitional zone to the 
‘eripheral region and increasing in number toward the surface. 
tystiphragms in a moderately crowded series in the peripheral region. 
| The well-developed diaphragms and cystiphragms and the almost 
omplete absence of acanthopores, together with the growth and sur- 
ace features, characterize this species. The specific name is in honor 
# Mr. John M. Nickles, who collected the species. 

| Occurrence.— Rather abundant in the Richmond at Raywick, 
Sentucky. 

| Cat. No. 34328, U.S.N.M. 

i 


( 


HOMOTRYPA GELASINOSA Ulrich, 





Homotrypa gelasinosa Utricn, Geol. Sury. Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 411, pl. xxx1, 
2-2d. 


) The very pronounced elongate maculz characterize this species. In 
srowth and general characters it is near /7. flabellaris, but the smaller 
oecia, of which there are ten in 2mm., few acanthopores and elongate 
nacule, separate it from that form. The nearest relative is probably 
T. nitida, which see for comparison. 

Occurrence.—Rare in the Richmond, at Wilmington, Illinois. 
| Cat. No. 41770, U.S.N.M 





: HOMOTRYPA SPLENDENS, new species. 
Plate X XV, figs. 11-14. 


Zoarium flabellate, an average example measuring 4 to 5 cm. in 
‘eight, 8 to 4 cm. in width, and 3 to 4 mm. in thickness. Surface 
vith strongly elevated monticules, 2.5 to 3 mm. apart, measuring 
rom center to center. Apertures varying from subpolygonal to sub- 
ircular, with very thick walls, about seven in 2 mm. Acanthopores 
parently wanting. In the axial region the walls are very thin and 
he diaphragms rather numerous, averaging a little more than their 
liameter apart. In the peripheral region the walls are very much 
hickened and both cystiphragms and diaphragms are abundant. 

This splendid species, with its large cells and thick walls, requires 
10 detailed comparison with other forms. The associated //. flabellaris 
esembles it in zoarial growth, but the difference in the size of the 
ells of the two species can be seen with the unassisted eye. Sections 
how that a great deal of calcareous tissue is deposited along the tube 
valls and even on the cystiphragms. This accumulation often obscures 
he eystiphragms and the boundaries of the cells. The unusual thin- 
1ess of the walls in the axial region is in marked contrast with their 
sreat thickening in the peripheral region. The apparent absence of 









T 


acanthopores in this well-developed species of Llomotrypa is alsa 


noteworthy. 
Occurrence. —Not uncommon in the Richmond formation at Wil. 


mington, Illinois. 
Cat. No. 41761, U.S.N.M. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
PLaTE XX. 


Homotrypa dumosa, new species, p. 576. (See also Plate X XI, figs. 1-3.) 


Fig. 1. Tangential section < 39, showing the thin walls, small acanthopores, ana 
narrow intermural space. 
Lorraine formation, Covington, Kentucky. 


Retepora columnifera Busk, p. 571. 


2. Tangential section of this recent chilostomatous bryozoan, showing structury 
of walls and parenchymal chord. 


Escharopora pavonia (D’Orbigny), p. 571. 


3. Vertical section X 365. - 
4. Tangential section X 35. 
Lorraine formation, Cincinnati, Ohio. 


Ceriocava ramosa D’ Orbigny, p. 569. 


5,6. Vertical and tangential sections of this cyclostomatous bryozoan, showin 
vesicles supposed to be homologous with the cystiphragms. (After Ulrich. 
Cretaceous of France. 


Homotrypa grandis, new species, p. 578. 


~I 


. Tangential section x 20. 

8. Vertical section X 20, showing only a portion of the axial and peripheré 
regions. 

9. Tangential section < 50 of a single zocecium. 

10. Natural-size view of a fragment of a zoarium. 


County, Tennessee. 


Homotrypa pulchra, new species, p. 577. 


phragms. 
12,13. Tangential section * 20, and a small portion of same X 50. 
14. A small but nearly complete zoarium, natural size. 
Lorraine formation, Cincinnati, Ohio. 


Homotrypa nitida, new species, p. 586. (See also Plate XXV, figs. 5-8.) 


15. Tangential section of several zocecia & 40. 
Richmond formation, near Osgood, Indiana. 





STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 589 





. Puate X XT. 
Homotrypa dumosa, new species, p. 576. (See also Plate XX, fig. 1.) 


1. Fully matured region of a tangential section x 20. 
2. Vertical section * 20. 
3. A complete zoarium, natural size. 

Lorraine formation, Covington, Kentucky. 


Homotrypa cincinnatiensis, new species, p. 576. 


4-6. Three nearly complete zoaria, natural size, exhibiting variations in growth- 
7,8. Tangential and vertical sections x 20. 
9,10. Tangential sections x 50 of zocecia in the peripheral region in different 
stages of maturity. 
Lorraine formation, Cincinnati, Ohio. 


Homotrypa flabellaris var. spinifera, new variety, p. 580. 


11. Portion of a frond, natural size. 
12,13. Nearly complete zoaria, natural size, of a narrow form of the variety. 
14,15. Vertical and tangential sections x 20. 
Lorraine formation, Covington, Kentucky. 


PuaTeE XXII. 
Homotrypa libana, new species, p. 578. 


. Vertical section x 20. 
. Tangential section « 20. 
. Tangential section of several zocecia < 40, showing the intermural structure 
and the small acanthopores. 
Lorraine formation, Lebanon, Ohio. 


one 


Homotrypa nicklesi, new species, p. 586. 


4,5. Vertical and tangential sections 20. 
6. Tangential section of several zocecia x 40. 
7. Natural-size view of a fragment of a zoarium. 
Richmond formation, Raywick, Kentucky. 


Homotrypa cylindrica, new species, p. 585. 


8,9. Tangential and vertical sections < 20, illustrating the internal characters of 
the species. 
10. Tangential section of several zocecia < 40, showing the intermural structure 
: and the large acanthopores with the small central tube. 
11. Vertical section * 50, exhibiting structure of walls and cystiphragms. 
12,13. Natural-size views of two nearly complete zoaria. 
Richmond formation, Richmond, Indiana. 
PratE XXIII. 


Homotrypa communis, new species, p. 581. 


‘igs. 1,2. Tangential and vertical sections X 20. 
3. Tangential section of a single zocecium X 50, showing the characters in the 
fully matured region. 
4. Natural size view of a small zoarium. 
Richmond formation, Oregonia, Ohio. 


| Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 40 








590 


Homotrypa nodulosa, new species, p. 582. (See also Plate X XV, fig. 15.) a 


Fig. 1 


On 


~ 
a 


1 


oO =~ 
~_ 


10. 
Nitze 


13, 14. 


15, 16. 


IY. 


. Three fragments, natural size. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 





Vertical sections * 20 and x 30, illustrating the internal characters. 
Tangential section < 20, showing large acanthopores and few mesopores) 
Tangential section < 20, with numerous mesopores. a 


Richmond formation, Hanover, Ohio. 


Homotrypa obliqua Ulrich, p. 575. 


Vertical section * 20. 

Natural size view of a complete zoarium of the form found in the Fai 
mount beds. 

Natural size view of the prevailing form in the Bellevue beds. 

Lorraine formation, Cincinnati, Ohio. 





Homotrypa curvata var. precipta, new variety, p. 575. 


Fragment of zoarium, natural size. Utica formation, West Covingtot 
Kentucky. 
Prats XXIV. 


Homotrypa richmondensis, new species, p. 582. 


. Tangential section < 20, through the fully matured region. 


Vertical section 20. 2 

Tangential section X 50, illustrating the structure of the walls and acanth 
pores. 

Richmond formation, Hanover, Ohio. 

Specimen of the natural size. 

Richmond formation, Richmond, Indiana. 


Homotrypa austini, new species, p. 584. 


Tangential section 20, showing the wide intermural spaces. 

Vertical section < 20, illustrating the distribution of the cystiphragms. . 
Fully matured condition of a single zocecium X 50. 

Fragments of zoarium, natural size. 

Richmond formation, Dutch Creek, near Wilmington, Ohio. 


Homotrypa wortheni (James), p: 583. 


Vertical section x 20. 

Tangential sections x 50 and 20, illustrating the characters of the matu 
region, the latter showing communication pores. ‘a 

Fragments of zoaria, natural size, showing variations in size and surfa 
characters. F 

Richmond formation, Richmond, Indiana. 


Homotrypa wortheni var. prominens, new variety, p. 584. 


Natural size views of two fragments. Richmond formation, Elkho 
Creek near Richmond, Indiana. 


Homotrypa wortheni var. intercellata, new variety, p. 584. 


Tangential section x 35, through mature region. Richmond formatic 
near Osgood, Indiana. 


ee 
UCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTR YPA—BASSLER, 591 


PLATE XXV. 




















Homotrypa ramulosa, new species, p, 585. 


Vertical and tangential sections x 20, illustrating the internal characters. 
_ 3. Tangential section 50, through fully matured region of several zocecia. 
4, Natural size view of a nearly complete zoarium. 
__ Richmond formation, Versailles, Indiana. 


; _ Homotrypa nitida, new species, p. 586. (See also Plate XX, fig. 15.) 


a: Tangential section x 20. 

. Vertical section x 20, showing form and distribution of cystiphragms 
diaphragms. 

. Natural size views of fragments. 

Richmond formation, near Osgood, Indiana. 


and 


Homotrypa dawsoni ( Nicholson ), p- 581. 


Vertical section X 20, showing distribution of cystiphragms. 
Tangential section < 20, through fully matured region. 
Richmond formation, Waynesville, Ohio. 


Homotrypa splendens, new species, p. 587. 


. Vertical and tangential sections >< 20, illustrating the internal characters 
of the species. 

13. A single zocecium > 50, as seen in tangential section. 

14. Natural size view of a fragment of a frond of this species. 

_ ___ Richmond formation, Wilmington, Illinois. 


trypa nodulosa, new species, p. 582. (See also Plate XNXITI, figs. 5-11.) 


Tangential section of a single zocecium < 35, showing communication 
pores. Richmond formation, Hanover, Ohio. 





Ma 
| Ue S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XX 


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CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 588. 





PROCEEDING VOL. XXVI PL. XXI 


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SS Os. = 
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CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 589. 











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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXII 





CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 589. 


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PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXIII 


CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 589-590. 


7 











U. S. NATIONAL. MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXIV 


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CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA. 


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. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI FL. xxv 


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CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 591. 





_—— 
agains 
=) a 


A REVIEW OF THE ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES OF 
JAPAN. 


By Davin Starr JorDAN and Henry W. Fower, 
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University. 


In the present paper is given a record of the species of Elasmobran- 
chiate fishes, sharks, rays, and chimeras, known to inhabit the waters 
of Japun. It is based on the collections made by Messrs. Jordan and 
Snyder during the summer of 1900, and on the material contained in 
the Japanese museums and in the United States National Museum, 
some of which were collected by the U. 8. Fish Commission Steamer 
Albatross. The accompanying figures are chiefly by Mr. William 
Sackston Atkinson. 


Subclass SELACHII. 


This includes among recent fishes the sharks and the rays, marine 
fishes mostly of large size, abounding in all seas. 

We begin the group with the archaic type, the order or suborder 
Notidani, proceeding thence from the more generalized sharks to the 
specialized skates. The true sharks form an almost perfect gradation 
into the skates, but there are no forms extant which connect the Noti- 
dani with modern sharks. 

_ (eflayos, shark; the word originally meaning cartilage.) 


ORDERS OF SELACHII IN JAPAN. 


a. Gill-openings 6 or 7; dorsal fin single; vertebral column imperfectly segmented, 
each segment being equivalent to 2 vertebrae, and bearing 2 neural arches; anal 
lash Se NOTIDANI, I. 

aad. Gill-openings 5; vertebral column well segmented, each segment forming a neural 

arch and 1 centrum. 
-b. Vertebree each with the internal calcareous lamelle radiating from the central 


Bemamaliian present... 22...-..+...-.---+-2-2+-- 2! ASTEROSPONDYLI, LI. 

6b. Vertebre with the internal calcareous lamelle not radiating, but arranged in 

one or more concentric ¢ircles or series around the central ring; no anal fin; 
palatoquadrate arch not articulated to the skull. 

¢. Gill-openings lateral; dorsal fins 2 ....-.--.-------- TECTOSPONDYLI, III. 

ee, Gill-openings ventral; dorsal fins small and posterior, or wanting; body and 

pectoral fins forming a depressed disk... ---------------- BATOIDEI, IV. 

eee oe EE ee ee —— 





ee 


a PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1324. 
a ve > 5938 


— . 
; ? 


gaa. 


594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





Order I. NOTIDANI. 


Sharks with the branchial apertures in increased number, 6 or 7; 
only one dorsal fin. Vertebral column imperfectly segmented so that | 
from each segment 2 neural arches and 2 vertebral bodies arise, 
Among existing sharks this group contains 2 families. Numerous | 
genera represented by fossils seem allied to these and to the Cestra- 
ciont types. 

(Votidanus, votidavos, dry back, the Greek name of some shark, 

1 Athenzeus. ) 


a. Palatoquadrate apparatus articulated with the postorbital processes of the skull; 
body moderately elongate; teeth in the two jaws unlike; mouth inferior. 

HEeXxANcuHIDa, I. 

aa. Palatoquadrate apparatus not connected with the skull; body greatly elongate, 

almost eel-shaped; dorsal, anal, and yentrals close together on posterior part of 

body; teeth in the two jaws alike; mouth anterior..CHLAMYDOSELACHID&, IL, 


Family I. HEXANCHID. 


Body moderately elongate, somewhat depressed anteriorly, tapering | 
toward the caudal fin. Head depressed, oblong, with the snout pro- 
jecting. Eyes submedian or anterior, without nictitating membrane. — 
Mouth subinferior, large, arched in front; no labial fold. Teeth in 
the two jaws unlike; in the upper jaw | or 2 pairs of awl-shaped teeth, | 
the next six teeth broader and each provided with several cusps, one | 
of which is much the strongest. Lower jaw with 6 large comb-like | 
teeth on each side, besides the smailer posterior teeth. Spiracles ) 
small, on the side of the neck. Only one dorsal fin, without spine, . 
opposite the anal, and similar to it. No pit at the root of the caudal. | 
Gill-openings wide, 6 or Tin number. Viviparous sharks, sometimes | 
reaching a very large size. Species of the warm seas. 

| 
| 
| 
| 


a. Gill-openings, #on eachiside . j i220 5e0_ ee See Heptranchias, 1. | 


1. HEPTRANCHIAS Rafinesque. 


Heptranchias RA¥FINESQuE, Caratteri, 1810, p. 14 (cinereus). 4 1 
Notorhynchus Ayres, Proce. Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 1856, p. 72 (maculatus). 
Heptanchus of Aurnors. j 


Gill-openings 7 on each side. Lower teeth uniform in size or) 
decreasing toward corners of mouth; cusps on the cutting edge more ( 
or less regularly graduated. | 

(é2Ta, seven: Bpayyia, gills.) | 


a. Norornyncuus. Median tooth of lower jaw with the central cusp small or wanting. t 
b. Color, gray; cusps of most teeth growing smaller from the second ..--- deani, 1.. 


| —a 
Le 


aA 


No. 1324. KELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 595 








1. HEPTRANCHIAS DEANI Jordan and Starks. 


\ ABURAZAME (FAT SHARK). 


Heptranchias deani JonDAN and Starks, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1901, L, p. 348; 
Misaki. 

Head, 6 in length; width of body at pectorals, 14 in head; eye about 
44; snout about 3; width of mouth at corners, 24; pectorals, 14; base 
of ventrals, 2; depth of caudal peduncle, 44 in head. 

Body very elongate, more or less rounded, though somewhat 
depressed in front; tail compressed, elongate, tapering. Head elon- 
gate, pointed, compressed, broader than deep; snout produced, com- 
pressed above, flat, roundly pointed; eye large, anterior, lateral, supe- 
ior; mouth large, triangular, narrowly rounded in front; symphysis 
of mandible a little before eye, which is over anterior part of mouth; 
lips not especially thick; corners of mouth forming a long groove 
equal to one-half length of exposed dental margin of mandible; teeth 
in upper jaw sharp, long, pointed, hooked backward, without lateral 
cusps; a median tooth at symphysis of mandible with two or three 
small cusps on each side; teeth in mandible 4 on each ramus, each 
tooth with a serrated cutting edge composed of 6 or more cusps; first 
cusp with a very small notch in front, second enlarged, and all arranged 
in the formula 1+1+3+1,1+1+4+41, 1+1+5+1, 1+1+6-+1, accord- 
ing to individual size; while the cutting edge is continuous it is not 
uniform and even, as depth of each tooth is a little less behind, edge 
above a trifle oblique; inner buccal fold in mandible thick and fleshy; 
tongue not free from floor of mouth; nostrils large, about midway on 
snout below, between its tip and front of eye; interorbital width con- 
vexly flattened. Spiracles small, superior, and about midway between 
eye behind and gill-opening. Gill-openings large, broad, becoming 
progressively smaller behind, all entirely in front of root of pectoral. 

Body very finely roughened. 

Dorsal fin small, its greater portion before origin of the anal; anal 
low, its base long; pectorals small, edges posteriorly slightly emargi- 
nate; ventrals low, base long, origin nearer origin of anal than origin of 
pectoral; caudal very long, lower lobe deep in front, then very narrow 
till near end, where a terminal notch is formed. Caudal peduncle 
compressed, somewhat triangular in cross section, flattened above. 

Color in spirits dark gray brown above and on the upper parts of 
fins, below pale or whitish; in a photograph in the Imperial University 
a few whitish spots are shown. 

Length 382 inches (98 cm. 3 mm.). 

This description from the original type, a female, No. 12620, ichthy- 
ological collections, Leland Stanford Junior University Museum. It 








’ 


596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. | 





was taken at Misaki by Kumakichi Aoki, with hook and line, in deep 
water. 

The species is not rare on the coast of southern Japan. 

(Named for Bashford Dean.) 


Family 1. CHLAMYDOSELACHIDE. 
FRILLED SHARKS. 


Body very elongate and slender, the tail tapering to a point. Head | 
very broad and depressed. Snout broad. Eyes lateral and without | 
nictitating membrane. Nostrils large, the nasal cavity separate from | 
the mouth. Mouth anterior, the jaws almost equal. ‘Teeth in oblique 
rows, the bases extended backward, and the cusps slender. Spiracles : 
present. Gill-openings six. Dorsal fin posterior, without spine; anal | 
fin well developed. No pit at root of caudal. First gill-membrane » 
not free across the isthmus, but joined by median and rather thick | 
membrane. Intestine said to have a spiral valve. Anterior basi- 
branchial cartilages present. 


2. CHLAMYDOSELACHUS Garman. 


Chlamydoselachus GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., Jan. 17, 1884, .p. 47 (anguineus). 
Chlamydoselache GUNTHER (variant in spelling). 

Opercular flap forming a broad frill over first gill-opening. Eyes » 
rather small; mouth very large, extending far beyond the eye. Teeth } 
similar in the jaws, each with three slender, curved, subconical cusps, , 
separated by a pair of rudimentary denticles, on a broad base; no | 
median series of teeth above like that on the symphysis of the mandi- 
ble. Mouth larger than broad, and with no labial folds at angles. . 
Pupil horizontally elongated. Fins broad, rounded; caudal without a 
notch. | 

Of this genus but a single living species is known. It inhabits the | 
open sea in waters of some depth, and is most abundant in the Kuro | 
Shiwo or warm current on the east coast of Japan. | 

(yAauds, mantle or frill; eéAayos, shark.) | 


2. CHLAMYDOSELACHUS ANGUINEUS Garman. _ | 
RABUKA; KAGURAZAME (SCAFFOLD SHARK). 


Chlamydoselachus anguineus GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., Jan. 17, 1884, p. 47, with | 
figs.; Japanese seas; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1885, XII, No. 1, with plates 
and account of anatomy; off Japan.—Giinrner, Deep Sea Fishes Challenger, 
1884, p. 2, with plates; Japan.—Couuert, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1890, 
p. 219; Funchal, Madeira.—Jorpan and EvermMann, Fish N. M. America, I, | 
1896, p. 15 (after Garman ). 


Head about 74 in length; depth about 12%; tail 14 in trunk and head; 


> 


eye 84 in head; snout 4; maxillary 13; interorbital space 2+; width of | 





| No.13%4. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 597 





» 


' mouth at corners 24; internas: al space | 
1 in interorbital space. 

Body very elongate and tail greatly compressed, roughened, and 
_tapering to a point. Head rather small, oblong, greatly depressed, 
broad, and its greatest depth two-thirds its width; snout depressed, 
broadly rounded, and projecting but little beyond mandible; eye small, 
its posterior margin about first two-fifteenths of length of head; nostrils 
large, lateral, on sides of snout and a little low in position; mouth 
very large, more than half the head; teeth tric uspid, spaces between 
er cusp with a small denticle at base, similar in both jaws, and i 


ee on faa an obi: 
ormula 774443 Well separatec in oblique rows, with not more 


2s pec iota Ih; internasal space 


than 6 teeth in each row; tongue small, slightly elongate, point rounded, 
and a little free in front; inside of mouth roughened, especially the 
tongue. Gill-openings very large, first the largest, the others pro- 
gressively smaller; inner edges of branchial arches roughened; gill- 
dilaments flattened, adnate to interbranchial septa except at tip; pharynx 
jlong and broad; gill-membrane joined to isthmus medially by a thick 
membrane. 

Scales very small and sharp, a little enlarged along lateral line, most 
of edges of fins, and jaws, becoming especially large at angle of the 
latter. 

Dorsal small, its origin about over that of anal; anal about twice as 
large as dorsal; pectoral small, broad, with a very blunt angle; ven- 
trals large, broad, and rounded; caudal with broad lower lobe, tapering 
to an elongate and sharp point, upper rays very short and uniform. 

Color in spirits uniform brown. 

Length 39¢ inches (99 cm. 6 mm.). 

This description from a Misaki specimen. 

Kuro Shiwo, off Izu, Sagami, and Awa, on the east coast of Japan; 
our three specimens from off Misaki, in Sagami. It has also been 
taken off Madeira and off Norway in deep water, and it is probably 
widely distributed. 

Our largest example measures 594 inches (148 cm. 6 mm.). 

(anguineus, from anguis, the slow worm, the word allied to Angutlla= 


éyxehus, eel.) 





Orden cASTEROSPONDYLI. 
TYPICAL SHARKS. 


The essential character of this order is in the structure of the verte- 
bre. The calcareous lamelle within each vertebra radiate from the 
central ring. The group contains the great body of living sharks, 
including all of those with 5 gill openings, 2 dorsals, and an anal fin. 

(aornp, star; o70vdv\os, vertebra.) 


1 


598 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 








FAMILIES OF ASTEROSPONDYLI. 


cu 
iy 

uf 

> 


~“ 
I. Crsrracionres. Palatoquadrate apparatus articulated to preorbital part of skull; 
dorsal fins with spines; head short and blunt; teeth of differing forms in the 
same individual ’.22. 2.2... 2. -c.22 5-06 4202 eee ee Herreropontips, IIT, 
II. GaAuer. Palatoquadrate apparatus not articulated with skull; no dorsal spines; 
head more or less pointed in profile; teeth not differing widely in form in the | 
same individual. 
(t. A irst dorsal fin over or behind ventrals; spiracle present; no nictitating membrane, 
. Tail not bent upward; nostrils not confluent with the mouth. 
ce. Sharks oviparous:.-. 2-2/2 $22 225.ce- are ee ee ScyLIORHINIDA, IV. 
ce. Sharks 'OVOvIVIparous= oie c02 = eee ee eee Hemiscy Lup», V. 
aa. First dorsal fin inserted more or less in advance of ventrals. 
d. First dorsal fin high, highest anteriorly, its base wholly in front of that 


of ventrals. 
ee. Caudal fin not lunate, its upper lobe two or more times length of lower, 
with a notch below toward its tip; side of tail not keeled. 
f. Last gill-opening above base of pectoral. 
g. Tail moderately developed, forming less than one-third of the total | 
length; eyes with nictitating membranes. 


h. Head normally formed...-22 42-52 seeeraeee ae CarcHarup®, VI, 

hh. Head hammer-shaped or kidney-shaped by the extension of its 
sides {Se te 8 ee SpHyrnip#, VII. 

gg. Tail exceedingly long, forming about one-half the total length; 
eyes without nictitating membrane. ..-..-..---- Aopiipm®, VILL. 

jf. Last gill-opening entirely in front of pectoral; snout ending in a long | 
flat (bladej 2. = ei ee te Se Mrrsuxurinipx, IX. 


ee. Caudal fin lunate; caudal peduncle with a keel on each side; size large. 
i. Last gill-opening entirely in front of pectorals. | 
j. Gill-openings moderate; teeth large and sharp..Lamnipm, X. 
jj. Gill-openings very wide, nearly meeting under throat; teeth | 

very small and numerous; size enormous. 

CrroRHINIDE, XID 
ii. Last gill-opening above base of pectorals; teeth small; size « 
large... ee eee Rarnopontip#, XII. | 


| 
| 
| 
| 


Family II. HETERODONTID 28. 
CESTRACIONT SHARKS. 


Body elongate; obtusely trihedral, gradually tapering backward; 
head high, with the forehead declivous, and little prominent. Mouth! 
rather narrow, the upper lip divided into 7 lobes, the lower with a: 
fold; dentition similar in both jaws, small hie facth; in front, and: 
the lateral teeth molar-like and enlarged. Nostrils confluent with the: 
mouth. Gill-openings 5. Spiracles small. Dorsal fins 2, and each! 
provided with a strong spine. Caudal fin usually notched at tip.) 
Oviparous, the egg-cases very large, subconical, without tentacles, : 
and spirally twisted. Small sharks now inhabiting the Pacific Ocean. | 
Species supposed to belong to the same family are widely distributed 
as fossils in the Mesozoic and earlier periods. 






a 
ae 


‘$s 


N . 1324. HLASMOBRANCHTATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 


Or 
-_— 
c© 








38. HETERODONTUS Blainville. 


Heterodontus BuatnvitiE, Nouy. Bull. Scien., 1816, p. 121 (philippi). 
Cestracion Cuvier, Régné Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 129 (philippi). 
_ Gyropleurodus Gii1, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 489 (francisci). 
} Tropidodus Giiu, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 489 (pantherinus). 





_ Body elongate, thick and heavy anteriorly, and the tail tapering. 
| Head thick, oblong, broad. Snout bluntly rounded, rather long, and 
| protruding. Eyes small, high, with the ridges above more or less 
| prominent. No nictitating membrane. Mouth rather small and 
_ narrow; teeth small and obtuse in front, in the young pointed, and 
provided with 3 to 5 cusps; the posterior teeth molar-like, twice as 
broad as long, and arranged in oblique series, one series being formed 
by much larger teeth than those in the other series. Spiracles small, 
a short distance from the lower part of the eye. Gill-openings rather 
narrow. Scales small, sometimes cruciform. First dorsal opposite 
_ the space between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal in advance of 
| anal; pectorals very large and below gill-openings; caudal fin mod- 
| 





erate, more or less bent upward. Species about 5, and usually placed 

in one genus, //eterodontus, often called by the later name of Cestracion. 
e ee “~ . 2 / 

(étepos, differing: odovs, tooth.) 


3. HETERODONTUS JAPONICUS (Dumeril). 
NEKOZAME (CAT SHARK). 


Heterodontus philippi var. gaponica Dumerii, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1, 1870, p. 424; 
Japan. 

Cestracion japonicus Mixtouno-Macuay and Macuray, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. 
Wales, VIII, p. 428, pl. xx; Japan.—Isurkawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 61; Tokyo. 

Heterodontus japonicus SvEINDACHNER, Reise Aurora, 1898, p. 224; Kobe. 

Heterodontus zebra Burexer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XX VI, 1854, p. 127; Nagasaki 
(not of Gray). ; 

Head 61; depth 64 in length; width of body at pectorals 1} in head; 
eye 54; snout 14; mouth about 3; interorbital space 2; width of mouth 
13; ventrals 13. 

Body elongate, thick, heavy, compressed anteriorly; tail rounded, 
tapering backward. Head broader than deep, oblong, elevated above; 
snout very blunt, flattened above, much longer than interorbital space; 
cheeks rounded, convex, full, swollen; eye very full, elongated hori- 
zontally, high, and nearer gill-opening than tip of snout; snout pro- 
trudes so that mouth is not terminal; teeth tricuspid in front, median 
cusp largest, but posteriorly becoming molar-like, rounded and large; 
lips very thick, fleshy, with a deep fold at corners of mouth; nostrils 
large and confluent with mouth; interorbital space broad, concave, and 
superorbital ridges elevated on both sides. Spiracles very distinct, a 
short distance below posterior margin of eye. Gill-openings in front 


4 






600 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


at first, then rising above hase of pectoral, first largest, equal to 14 i 
the interorbital space, the others progressively emailer to last, which 
is one-half the length of first. : 

Body rough on the top of head and back. Fins large, first ane 
second dorsal each with a strong, sharp-pointed spine, as origin oft: 
first midway between tip of snout and origin of the second dorsal; first — 
dorsal higher than second, its margin concave and its height a little 
less than head; second dorsal with its origin midway between origin 
of first dorsal and tip of caudal, low, and with its margin also concave; 
anul smallest fin, posterior to second dorsal; pectorals very large, equal — 
to caudal, broad and with margin straight; origin of ventral nearer — 
first dorsal than second dorsal, short, blunt behind, and margin straight; 
caudal with lower lobe broad. Caudal peduncle long, compressed, — 
flattened above and below, its least depth equal to its ice adth a trifle | 
more than eye or about 24 in interorbital space. | 

Color in spirits pale brown, dark above; across snout a broad pall 
bar, then one behind eye, crosswise, above, two narrow pale hans 
between eye and first dorsal, then two more from first dors sal, two 
more between first and en dorsal, two from second dorsal, a brome | 


a 


pale one on middle of caudal peduncle, and then another at junction of © 














caudal and caudal peduncle; pectorals and ventrals pale above. e 
Leneth 194 inches (48 em. 5 mm.). .| 
Described from a specimen from Nagasaki. | 


Coasts of Japan; generally common southward. Our specimens 
taken at Misaki, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kobe, Hakata, and Nagasaki. _ 
It is close to the Australian /Zete mollonpan philippr, differing at least 
in the coloration. To the Chinese species //eterodontus zebra” it is | 
still nearer, but according to Steindachner it differs in coloration, 1 in 
the form of the head, sae of the individual fins. 


Family IV. SCYLIORHINIDZ. it 
4] 

CAT SHARKS. y 

nt 


Dorsal fins 2, both rather small, without spines, the first more or 7 
less behind the ventrals; anal fin present, usually before the second — 
dorsal; caudal fin rather long, usually with a basal lobe; the tail not 
keeled and not bent upward. Spiracles present, close behind eye; no 
nictitating membrane; gill openings small, the last one above the root 
of the pectorals. Mouth usually broad, with small teeth, several series” hi 
being in function; teeth small, each with a median cusp and 1 to i 
small cusps on each side; nostrils near mouth, not confluent with it, 
sometimes provided with cirri. Gill openings 5, nearly equidistant. 
Mucous pores about head numerous, especially on lower side of snou 
Oviparous. Ege cases large, quadrate, with prehensile tubes at the 
angles. Small sharks, the species rather numerous in warm seas. 


q 













“Cestracion zebra Gray, Zool Miscel., 1831, p. 5; Canton. 





| wo. 1324. HULASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 601 





. ScyLiorHiNIN®. Nasal and puccal cavities separate; spiracles close behind eye; 
gill openings nearly equidistant; teeth small, usually tricuspid. 
b. Nostrils separated from each other by a broad isthmus. 
ec. Scales on upper margin of the tail little if at all enlarged, usually similar to 
those on rest of body, or at any rate not forming a serrated edge. 
d, Head not very broad; stomach not inflatable; second dorsal behind ana\, 


TDW ELN Tis SE Tos igo h neice ho 00 E2) | ne Halaxlurus, 4. 
dd. Head extremely broad; stomach capable of great inflation; second dorsal 
over anal...... Eee tt Nein eR aie Seat nib Sie Cephaloscyllium, 5. 


4. HALASLURUS Gill. 


Halelurus Gru, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 407 (biirgeri). 


Body and head slender; spiracle small, close behind eye; nasal and 
buccal cavities separate; nasal valves simple, without lobe or groove, 
the nostrils separated by a broad interspace; teeth small, tricuspid. 
First dorsal behind ventrals, second dorsal behind anal, which is far 
from caudal. 

Very small spotted sharks, allied to Seyliorhinus and Catulus. 
(@\s, sea; ailoupos, cat.) 


] 
| 
. 
1 


4. HALAZXLURUS BURGERI (Miller and Henle). 


Seyllium burgeri MtuLER and HENLE, Plagiost., 1837, p. 8, pl. 1m; Nagasaki.— 

SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 301; Nagasaki.—BierKker, Act. 

| E Soc. Sci. Ind. Neerl., I, 1856, Amboyna, p. 69; Amboyna.—GiinrHER, Cat. 
Fish Brit. Mus., VIII, 1870, p. 404; Japan, Formosa, Amboyna.—Dumgri1, 
-Hist. Nat. Piss., I, 1870, p. 320; Nagasaki. 

Halxlurus burgeri Gitt, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 407. 

_ Head 73; depth about 125 in length; width of head 1} in its length; 
snout 25 in head; interorbital space 24; width of mouth about 2; eye 4; 
eye 13 in snout; 13 in interorbital space; pectoral 14 in head; base of 
anal 2. 

Body very elongate, depressed somewhat in front, and tail long and 
tapering. Head small, rather broad, but not as broad as long, and 
depressed above; snout depressed, produced, lateral profile pointed, 
but when seen from above, broadly rounded; eyes rather large, lateral, 
about in center of length of head; mouth very broad, mandible begin- 
ning in front of eye, and corners below posterior part of eye; teeth 
small, numerous, tricuspid in both jaws; nostrils rather large, nearer 

eye than tip of snout, but not confluent with mouth; interorbital space 
broad and flattened like top of head and snout. Spiracles large and _ 
directly behind the eye at a very short distance. Gill-openings small, 
lateral, and above base of pectorals. 
__. Body very finely roughened. 
_ First dorsal much larger than second, its origin much nearer base 
of lower caudal lobe in front than tip of snout, and behind ventrals; 
eend dorsal entirely behind anal and distant from first dorsal 3 times 


Ye 





602 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX) 










the latter’s base; anal small, low, its origin a little nearer origin | 
ventrals than origin of lower caudal lobe; pectorals larger than othilat 
fins, broad, and with their margin nearly straight; ventrals rather. 
long; caudal equal to space between origin of its lower lobe, which is _ 
not very deep. : 

Color light brown, a trifle darker above; small round black spots | 
irregularly grouped in double rows over back, on the sides, and 
between them more or less of a warmer tint; lower parts pale, 
immaculate, except on tail, where there are one or two dark spots; ; 
spots on caudal small. 
Total length 154 inches (39 em., 4 mm.). A 
This description is from a dried aaa taken at Nagasaki by M. Yahiro. » 
Coast of Japan and southward, not common; seen at Misaki andl 


Nagasaki. i 
(Named for M. Burger, who collected specimens and paintings | 
about Nagasaki for onqaiielee and Schlegel.) be 
. 


53. CEPHALOSCYLEIUM Gill: Re 


Cephaloscyllium Gin, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 407 (laticeps). 


This genus differs from Catudus in the very broad head, and in the) 
power or habit of inflating the stomach when disturbed. 
(xedady, head: Scyllium.) 


4 
5. CEPHALOSCYLLIUM UMBRATILE Jordan and Fowler, new species. — 


NANUKAZAMI (SEVEN DAY SHARK); OSEIBUKA (CROWD SHARK). 
Cephaloscyllium laticeps Nystrom, Kong. Svensk Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 49; Nagasaki— 
IsHrkawa, Prel Cat., 1897, p. 62; Tokyo (not Scyllium laticeps Dumeéril, | 
which is an Australian species). : 
Head 64 in length; depth about 8; depth of head 14 in its length; i 
snout 23 in head; interorbital space 2; width of mouth about 2; eye’ 
34 in interorbital space; mouth 2 in head; pectoral 14; depth of 
caudal peduncle about 3 in interorbital space. : 
Body elongate, more or less depressed anteriorily, tail narrow, 
tapering downward. Head rather large, broad, its breadth a little less: 
than length; snout produced, bluntly rounded, flattened above; eye 
small, lateral, nearer tip of snout than first gill-opening; mouth large, ’ 
rather broad; teeth small, numerous, tricuspid; soseeile nearer tip of 
snout than eye, not confluent with mouth; interorbital space broad, | 
flat; spiracles small,-behind eye, and a little below, or for space ted 
than diameter of the eye; gill-openings 5, posterior smallest. and a 
little above base of pectoral. 4 


Scales small, rough . 
First dorsal much larger than second, behind ventrals; space betw 
it and second dorsal much greater than base of first. Aorist; origin of 










10. 1324, ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 603 


econd dorsal nearer first dorsal then base of caudal lobe; anal fin balow, 
and a trifle in front of second dorsal; pectorals large, nearer tip of 
nout than origin of ventrals; ventrals rather low, their origin nearer 
origin of anal than that of pectoral; caudal longer than head. 
' Color pale brown, very light below, marbled above with shades of 
dark and deep fee on back five broad cross bars of pale ruddy 
brown, with blotches of darker brown, first behind the eye, next over 
base of pectoral, next between it and first. dorsal where another is, and 
finally last at second dorsal; on caudal, two broad cross bars, one at 
base of caudal, the other near its tip. Length 384 inches (98 em). 
Type a dried skin, No. 12693 Ichthyological collections, Stanford 
University Zoological Museum. 
_ Locality, Nagasaki. 
| 








7 Fic. 1.—CEPHALOSCYLLIUM UMBRATILE, 


Coast of Japan southward, apparently quite rare, as we have 
obtained only one specimen from Nagasaki, collected by Mr. Yahiro. 
From the same locality it is also recorded by Nystrom. 

(umbratilis, shaded.) 


: Family V. HEMISCYLLIUD. 


This group is closely allied to the Scyliorhinide, differing mainly 
in being ovoviviparous, the young being brought forth alive as in 
most sharks. The nasal and buccal cavities are confluent, the anal is 
behind the second dorsal, the large spiracles are more or less behind 
the eye, and the body is usually marked with dark cross-bands. 


a. HEMIscyLLIn®. Sides of head with no dermal flaps or cirri; spiracles very dis- 


tinct below the eye; anal far behind second dorsal .......----- Chiloscyllium, 6. 

aa. ORECTOLOBIN®. Sides of the head with dermal flaps or cirri; spiracles wide, 
» oblique slits behind and below the eye.......--..------------- Orectolobus, 7 
% 6. CHILOSCYLLIUM Miiller and Henle. 


ee Chiloscyllium Miter and HENie, Plagiostomen, 1837, p. 17 (plagiosum). 
_ Synchismus Gitt, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 408 (tuberculatus). 


Spiracle very distinct, below the eye. Nasal and buccal cavities con- 
fluent; nasal valve folded, with a cirrus. Lower lip well developed, 
continuous across the symphysis. Teeth small, triangular, with or 
without lateral cusps. Last two gill-openings close together. Dorsal 





604 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X 





fins two. the first behind the front of ventrals. Anal far behind | 
second dorsal, close to caudal. East Indies. 
(veiAos, lip; Scyl/éwn, a related genus of sharks.) 


6. CHILOSCYLLIUM INDICUM (Gmelin). 










Squalus sp. Gronow, Mus. Ich., I, p. 61, No. 133; India (from a specimen in | 
which the anal fin was cut away ). 
Squalus indicus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 1503 (after Gronow). 
Chiloscyllium indicum Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 411; China, Japan, || 
India, Cape Seas, Java, Ceylon, ete. (and of most recent authors).—JoRDAN | 
and EverMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1902; Formosa. 
Squalus gronovianus Lackpkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1, 1798, p. 280, pl. x1, fig. 1 } 
(after Gronow). 
Squale dentelé Lactrkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1798, p. 281, pl. x1, fig. 1. 
Sgualus tuberculatus Buocn and Scunemer, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 137. 
Synchisinus tuberculatus Grit, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 408. 
e yim plagiosinD aN ccs of Raffles, 1830, p- 694. 


em obe 1870, p- 328 Gnd of various shore 
Seyllium ornatum Gray, Ind. Zool., HI, 1830-35, pl. c, fig. 1; India. 
Chiloscyllium griseum MGLLER and HENLE, Plagiost., 1837, p. 19. 
Chiloscyllium margaritiferum BLEEKeR, Ned. Tyds. Dierk, I, 1851, p. 243. 
Sceyllium hasselti BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, Plagiost., p. 19. 
Scyllium phymatodes BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen. Plagiost., p. 21. 
Squalus caudatus Gronow, Syst., Ed. Gray, 1854, p. 8. 


Head 8 in length; depth 13; snout 23 in head; interorbital space 235) 
width of head 14 in its length; eye 3 in interorbital space; base of pec-) 
toral 24 in head; base of anal 14. 

Body very elongate, slender, tail long and tapering. Head long,, 
depressed, broadly rounded above, flattened below; snout broadly, 
depressed, produced, and rounded above so that lateral profile isi 
bluntly pointed; eyes small, high, lateral, rather far apart, in middle! 
of length of head; mouth very broad, transversely straight, nearer 
eye than tip of snout; mandible with a broad, undivided flap, pos 
terior edge undulated; teeth pointed, with a basal cusp on each side, || 
numerous, rather small; nostrils large, confluent with corners of, 
mouth, and each with a pointed barbel; interorbital space elevated a 
little, very broad, flattened. Spiracles very large, below and behind) 
eye. Gill-openings about equal, the posterior above root of pectoral, | 
and last two very close together. 

Seales rather large and coarse. 





Origin of first dorsal a little nearer tip of snout than or igin of lower) 


caudal lobe, similar to second dorsal, and only a trifle larger, space 
between two fins about equal to he: ad; anal short, far behind second) 
dorsal and only separated from caudal by a deep notch; pectorals: 
broad, a little shorter than head, and nearer the tip of snout than origin. 
of ventrals; ventrals before first dorsal, their tips reaching nearly to! 








9.134. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 605 


niddle of its base; caudal at font up, upper be. ee straight, and 
ower lobe long, deeper than upper and with a notch near its tip. 
Back with a low median keel. 
_ Color in alcohol pale brown above, whitish beneath, and with 
thirteen broad deep brown cross-bars above, between which on median 
line of back a deep brown spot; sides of body and broad cross-bars 
with a number of light spots, of more or less irregular size, and some 
of those on sides of eeienier greatly enlarged. 

Head with a number of pores. 
| Length 264 inches. 

This description from a male from Formosa, loaned us by Dr. Shin- 
iieuke Matsubara. 

Coasts of China and Formosa, recorded once from Nagasaki by 
Ginther. 











Fic. 2.—CHILOSCYLLIUM INDICUM. 


‘The synonymy above given is from Giinther; we have no means of 
valuing the nominal species included by Gunner under the name of 
Chiloseylli cum indicum. 


L OREECTOLOBUS Bonaparte. 


Bs Orectolobus BoNAPARTE, Selach., 1836, p. 11 (barbatus). 
_ Crossorhinus Miiter and Hen1e, Plagiost., 1837, p. 21 (barbatus). 

‘Spiracle a wide oblique slit behind and below the eye; nasal and 
buccal cavities confluent. Head broad, flat, the snout very obtuse; 
mouth wide, partly anterior, a free nasal cirrus; sides of head with 
numerous skinny flaps; chin with or without barbels. Lips well devel- 
oped. Anterior teeth rather large, long, and slender, without lateral 
lobes; lateral teeth smaller, tricuspid in few series; last two gill-open- 
ings close together. First dorsal behind ventrals, the second before 
anal, which is very close to caudal. Tail short, 

Mcpexrés, stretched out; Adfos, lobe). 


i Proc. N, M. vol. xxvi—02——41 











606 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


7. ORECTOLOBUS BARBATUS (Gmelin). 











Squalus barbatus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 1493; New Holland (after Barbu | 
of Broussonet, Act. Paris, 1780, p. 657). 

Crossorhinus barbatus Miter and HENLE, Plagiost., 1837, p. 21, pl. v.—ScHuEeE., | 
Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 301; Nagasaki.—Dumgrin, Elasmobr,, I, 
1870, p. 338; Australia, Japan, China.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, 
p. 414; Japan, Tasmania, Australia.—Macueay, Australian Fishes, 1881, p. 
301; Port Jackson. 

Squalus maculatus BONNATERRE, Kneycl. Meth., 1788, p. 8 (after Broussonet; 
Coll. Capt. Cook). 

Squalus appendiculatus Suaw, Naturalists’ Miscellany, 1809, p. 727. 

Head 64 in length; depth 9; depth of body 13 in head; depth of head | 
about 1% in its length; length of head 14 in its width; eye 9% in head; | 
2 in spiracle; 35 in snout; 43 in interorbital space; snout 3 in head, 14 | 
in interorbital space; 1? in space between spiracles; width of mouth 2 
in breadth of head; pectoral about 14; base of ventral 13 in length of | 
pectoral; caudal peduncle 3 in space poreece spiracles. 

Body elongate, very much depressed and broadened anteriorly; tail | 
rather narrow, compressed, tapering. Head very broad, flattened, | 
its breadth greater than length; snout broad, profile very blunt, trun- | 
cate, with rounded edges, upper surface flat; eyes very small, superior, 
superorbital ridges slightly elevated and broadly flattened; jaws nearly | 
equal, upper projecting beyond but little; teeth without cusps, sharp, | 
elongate, pointed; lips very thick, fleshy, fringed inside; nostrils con-/ 
fluent with mouth, lateral, far apart, inferior; pe with deep labial. 
groove at corner, which is a little in front of eye; tongue broad, flat, 
compressed, little free in front; sides of fee fe snout each with 9. 
compressed dermal flaps or appendages of different sizes, first pair 
from nostrils are largest; interorbital space like rest of top of head, \ 
flat. Spiracles very large below and behind eyes. Gill-opening rather) 
small, above pectorals. | 

Scales small, rough when stroked backwards. | 

First dorsal the larger, higher than second; space between its base. 
and that of second vo Haina length of its own base, and its origin: 
over posterior part of base of anal; origin of second dorsal nearer; 
origin of ventral than tip of anal; anal smallest, beginning directly 
behind second dorsal; pectorals large, broad, margin truncate; ven- 
trals nearer origin of anal than first gill- “opening; caudal moderate, 
with a notch near tip, equal to space between origin of first dorsal and) 
base of second posteriorly. 

Color in spirits pale brown, whitish beneath; upper surface beauti-| 
fully marbled and variegated with darker brown; crosswise about ten| 


broad dark bars made up of similar mottlings; a whitish spot bebind) 
the corner of spiracle. 


Length 33 inches (84 cm. 2 mm.). 
Described from a female taken at Hakata. 


} 


: 


e 
‘. 


NO. 1324. HLASMOBRANCHTATE 1 FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 607 


rn 


iapan to Australia, rather common 1 -t0 the southward. Our speci- 
mens from Neaeacaki. and one from Hakata, where it was found abun- 
dant. The identity of the Japanese species with the Australian 
Orectolobus barbatus is yet to be proved. 

(barbatus, bearded.) 


Family VI. CARCHARIID. 
TYPICAL SHARKS. 


_ Sharks with two dorsal fins, the first short and high, entirely before 
the ventrals, the second comparatively small, opposite the anal; no 
spines; gill-openings moderate, the last above the base of the pectorals; 
tail more or less bent upward from the base of the caudal fin; sides of 
tail not keeled; eyes with nictitating membranes; head not hammer- 
shaped, the snout longitudinally produced, as usual among sharks. 
piracles small or obsolete. Species oviparous. 

A large family, found in all seas. The species are often closely 
related and difficult of determination. 


1. MusreLinx: Teeth flat and paved, without cusps or ridges; spiracles present; no 
pit at root of tail; labial folds well developed. 
PMECUMEVORVIOIUNe seats seen os 2s). ello. oft oll eed Mustelus, 8. 
1d. CaRCHARUN#: Teeth more or less compressed, with entire or serrate sharp edges. 
| c. Spiracles present. 
| d. Root of tail without pit. 
| e. Teeth rather small, each with a medium cusp and one or two small lateral 
cusps on each side. 
f. Teeth larger, with sharp cusps; snout of moderate length; embryo not 


aitached toouterus by a placenta ...-..222-.--.-5.-----2.< Triakis, 9. 
ee. Teeth larger, with a single cusp, oblique, notched and coarsely serrated 
OUR NST OMLEGHMANOUI: =e ee eee) Pe leisy ela ees Galeus, 10. 


dd. Root of tail without conspicuous pit above; teeth all coarsely serrate, alike 
in both jaws, and all with a deep notch on outer margin; caudal fin with 
a double motehwes.-.--<2.o.0-5- a ETS ee ede ec Ses Galeocerdo, 11 
ce. Spiracles obsolete; lower teeth narrower than upper teeth. 
g. Angle of mouth without groove or with merely a slight depression, 
which does not extend along either jaw. 
h. First dorsal fin inserted posteriorly, nearer ventrals than pectorals; 
embryo not joined to the uterus by a placenta; slender sharks, 
with very strongly serrated teeth -......-.-----.-- Prionace, 12. 
hh. First dorsal inserted anteriorly, nearer pectorals than ventrals; 
embryo (so far as known) attached to the uterus by a placenta. 
i. Teeth all serrate more or less (entire in the very young). 
Carcharias, 13. 
| gg. Angle of mouth provided with more or less distinct groove, which 
extends along one or both jaws; teeth entire, or very nearly so, 
more or less obliquely placed, their points turned away from the 
median line; embryo (so far as known) with placenta. 
Scoliodon, 14. 


608 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


8. MUSTELUS Guvier: 





DOG SHARKS. 


Mustelus Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 128 (mustelus). | 
Pleuracromylon Giut, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 148 (/zvis). a} 


Galeus JorpAN and EvermMann, Fish. N. Mid. Am., I, 1896, p. 29 (after Rofineaae 


1810). 


Body elongate, slender; snout comparatively long and flattendidy 
mouth crescent-shaped, with well-developed labial folds; teeth small, 
many rowed, flat and smooth, rhombic, arranged like pavement, alike 
in both jaws, and blunter than in any other sharks; eyes large, oblong; 
spiracles small, just behind the eyes; pectoral fins large; first dorsal 
large, not much behind pectorals; second dorsal somewhat smaller; 
anal opposite second dorsal and. still smaller; ventrals well developed; 
basal lobe of caudal almost obsolete, the tail nearly straight; embryo 
attached to the uterus by a placenta, or else without placenta, those so 
attached belonging to the subgenus Pleuracromylon. Small sharks, 
among the smallest of the American species. | 

(mustelus, a weasel or marten; the same word used for shark, as is 
the synonymous word ga/eus.) E | 





8. MUSTELUS MANAZO Bleeker. 
















MANAZO; HOSHIZAME (STAR-SPOTTED SHARK); HOSHINOKURI (STAP 
CHESTNUT). 

Mustelus vulgaris ScuuEcEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 303, pl. CXXXIV_ 
Nagasaki (not of Miiller and Henle).—Nysrrom, Kéng, Svensk, Ak. Vet. 

1887, p. 50; Nagasaki. 
Mustelus manazo Bureker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XX VI, 1854, Japan, p. 126; Naga’ 
saki.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 887; Japan.—Dumerin, Elasmoi 
branches, I, 1870, p. 403 (after Rleeker).—Isarkawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 62) 
Hokkaido, Boshu, Tokyo.—Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.) 

1900, p. 336; Tokyo, Hakodate. i 

Head 64 in length; depth 114; width of head 14 in its length; depth 
of head 2; snout 24; width of mouth 8; interorbital space 23; eyt 
47; space between Spas 18; pectoral about 14; height of comm 
12; caudal peduncle 1} in eye. 
Body long, slender, back elevated in front; tail long, taporifiel 
Head broad, broader far greatest depth of bade depressed in front: 


( 


t 


elevated behind; snout greatly produced, depressed, flattened, rathe) 
broadly rounded; eyes elongate, lateral, in middle of length of head 
mouth obtusely angular, breadth much greater than either of rami) 
and tip of mandible not before eye; teeth small, pavement-like, i), 
many rows; lips thin, at corners of mouth a fold on each side; nostril, 
very large; on lower surface of head, nearer eye and mouth than ti) 
of snout; interorbital space broad, flattened. Spiracles small, ver) 
near posterior margin of eye. Gill-openings rather small, posterior!) 
above base of pectoral in front. 









0.134. KHLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 609 


- Body everywhere very finely roughened. 

First dorsal larger than second, nearer origin of pectoral than that 
of ventral; origin of second dorsal nearer that of first dorsal than tip 
of caudal, and with greater part of its base in front of anal; anal 
smallest nearer caudal than ventral; pectorals a little larger than 
first dorsal, broad, very slightly emarginate; ventrals small, origin 
nearer that of anal than pectoral; caudal short, a little less than space 

etween two dorsals. Caudal peduncle rather long, least depth 
tex than least width. 

_ Color in spirits uniform grayish-brown, much darker above, pale 
below; upper surface of body anteriorly, also along the lateral line, 
marked with small, round, whitish spots. 

_ Length 22 inches (56 em.). 

_ This description taken from our largest example, a male, secured 
at Tokyo. 

_ Coasts of Japan, generally abundant in shallow bays, especially to 
the southward, our specimens from Hakodate, Aomori, Matsushima, 
Tokyo, Misaki, Kobe, Onomichi, Hiroshima, and Hakata. It is a 
small shark, reaching a length of about 23 feet, and is used for food. 
In young specimens the tips of the caudal and dorsals are blackish. 

— (Manazo, the Japanese name.) 


9. TRIAKIS Muller and Henle. 


| 

| Triakis Miitter and Henin, Magazine of Natural History, II, 1838, p. 36, 
(seyllium). 

Triacis, corrected spelling. 

| Body compressed, elongate; mouth large, crescent-shaped, with 

well-developed long labial folds; teeth moderate, numerous, similar in 

both jaws, each with a longer median cusp, and one or two smaller 

ones on each side; eyes small, with nictitating membrane; spiracles 

small, behind the eyes; no pit at the root of the caudal; no lower 

lobe to the caudal; first dorsal fin opposite the space between the pec- 

toralsand ventrals. Embryo without placenta. Coloration variegated, 

black and gray. Pacific and Indian oceans. 

| (rpéeis, three; axis, point). 





9. TRIAKIS SCYLLIUM Miiller and Henle. 
\9 KOROZAME (KORO, INCENSE BURNER; ZAME, SHARK). 


| Triakis scyllium Miter and Hen.r, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 63, pl. XXxvI; 
Nagasaki.—Dumerint, Elasmobr., 1870, p. 397 (after Miller and Henle).— 
Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 336; Tokyo. 
Triacis scyllium Giinruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 384 (after Miller and 
Henle).—Isnrxawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 62; Tokyo, Sagami. 

Head 62 in length; depth 8; width of head 1} in its length; depth 
of head 2; snout 24; interorbital space a trifle over 2; eye 64; width 
of mouth 24; snout to mouth 23; space between spiracles 1{; base of 
dorsal 14; base of anal 2. 


, 3 





ny 





























610 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


Body long, slender, back elevated, and tail compressed, tapering 
Head depressed, flattened below, much broader than deep; snout in 
profile pointed, rounded, when seen from above very broadly rounded 
and flattened; eye small, lateral, with nictitating membrane; mouth — 
very broad, crescent-shaped, not angular, so that it begins in front of ) 
eye and ends below middle; teeth small, numerous, sharp-pointed, 
tricuspid; labial fold at the corner of mouth on each side; nostrils 
large, on lower surface of head, nearer mouth than tip of snout; inter- 
orbital space broad, flattened. Spiracles small, directly behind eyes: 
Gill-openings lateral, posterior above base of pectoral. 

Body entirely roughened, the prickles coarser above. 

First dorsal large, a little nearer origin of second dorsal than tip of 
snout, also nearer origin of pectoral than that of ventral; second | 
dorsal midway between posterior base of first dorsal and anterior base 
of lower caudal lobe; anal well behind second dorsal; pectoral shorter 
than head, its posterior margin slightly emarginate, reaching beyond 
middle of space between its own origin and that of ventral; ventrals” 
nearer origin of anal than posterior base of pectorals; caudal small, . 

+ in total length. Caudal peduncle narrow, compressed above anc 1 
beneath. Lateral line present along sides, superior. 

Color dark gray brown, with a number of indistinct broad blackish 
cross-bars; in the upper surface of body a number of scattered, indis 
tinctly defined, blackish spots; lower surface of body pale: sides and 
lower portions of pectorals and ventrals grayish brown. 


+ ; 
a 
B | 


Length 165 inches (47 em.). 
This description from an example from Tokyo. 
Coasts of southern Japan; rather common in the Inland Sea. A’ 
small shark, reaching a length of about 25 feet. Our specimens from 
Tokyo, Tsuruga, Onomichi, and Hakata. 23 
(scyllium, the cat shark; from oKUA@, to rend.) , 


10. GALEUS Rafinesque. 


TOPES. te 






Galeus¢ RA¥FINEsQus, Caratteri Aleuni Nuovi Generi, 1810, p. 13, in part (gale 
ete., although that species is not explicitly mentioned, the first species mene - 
tioned being a species of Pristiurus, P. melastomus) . 





“From the definition, and from Rafinesque’s custom of taking Linnean specifie 
names as generic, making such species always the types of his genera, we may infer 
that Squalus galeus was his type of Galeus. At least this arrangement may 
accepted pending an agreement as to the generic nomenclature of sharks. In 
the name Galeus is finally used for Pristiurus or for Mustelus, the present genus W 
become Galeorhinus. Ina private notebook belonging to Rafinesque, now preserved 
in the Smithsonian Institution, he refers to Galeus, Carcharias, and several other 
genera named by Cuvier in 1817, as ‘‘ described by me in 1810, but don’t you tell 
it!’ Pending a decision of the application of Galeus and Carcharias we retain them ~ 
for the groups to which Rafinesque obyiously intended the names to apply. 


0, 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 611 
























Galeorhinus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Sci. Philom., 1816, p. 121 (galeus). 
Galeus Cuvier, Régne Animal, 1st ed., 1817, p. 127 (galeus). 

| Hugaleus Gri, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 148 (galeus). 

_ First dorsal opposite the space between the pectorals and ventrals; 
mouth crescent-shaped, with the teeth alike in both jaws, oblique, 
notched, and serrated; spiracles present, small; nictitating membrane 
present; no pit at the base of the caudal; caudal fin with a single 
notch. Tropical seas. 

(vadéos, a kind of shark, like a weasel.) 


10, GALEUS JAPONICUS (Miller and Henle). 
YERAKUFUKA.¢@ 


Galeus japonicus MiLLER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 58, pl. xxir; Naga- 
saki.—DumeErIL, Elasmobranches, I, 1870, p. 391 (after Miiller and Henle).— 
GintuER, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 380 (after Miller and Henle).—Nysrrom, 
Kong, Svensk, Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 50; Nagasaki. 

Head 64 in head; depth 9$; width of head 1% in its length; inter- 
orbital space 24; snout 22; pectoral 14; width of mouth 24; eye 2$ in 
interorbital space. 

Body elongate, back elevated in front, sides compressed. Head 
greatly depressed, elongate, convex above, flattened beneath; snout 
pointed in profile; when viewed from above, roundly pointed, flattened; 
eyes elongate, lateral; nictitating membrane large, well developed; 
mouth crescent shaped, though rather bluntly obtuse at symphysis of 
| andible; corners of mouth each with a well-developed labial fold; 
teeth very oblique, without serrations on their edges, and with several 
short cusps behind; nostrils laterally inferior, moderately large, nearer 
mouth than tip of snout; interorbital space broad, slightly elevated 
and flattened in middle. Spiracle a small slit a short distance behind 
eye. Gill openings 5, in front of the base of pectoral above. 

Surface of body finely roughened. 

_ Dorsals similar, far apart, origin of first much nearer tip of snout 
than origin of second; origin of second dorsal much in advance of anal, 
nearer first dorsal than. tip of snout, and midway between origin of 
ventral and origin of lower caudal lobe; anal small, its origin nearer 
caudal than ventrals; pectorals large, with emarginate edges, reaching 
beyond origin of dorsal; ventrals behind first dorsal, their origin 
nearer that of anal than origin of pectoral; caudal much larger than 
head, with a notch near tip so that terminal portion is one and two- 
thirds the lower lobe. Caudal peduncle long, much deeper than broad, 
flattened above and below, without any pit. 

Color in alcohol light gray-brown, below lighter or whitish. 

- Length 26% inches. 





“Yeraku, the antefeudal period; fuka, shark. Yeraku is the name of the period 
in Japanese history preceding the feudal period, or Tokugawa. It closed about 1600. 







612 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, X: 


Described from a very large specimen from Nagasaki, where e 
amples, 15 feet or more long, were seen. 4 

A very large shark, reaching a length of 25 feet and a weight of | 
nearly 2,000 pounds: The head of a huge specimen is in possession of f 
M. Yahiro, proprietor of a natural-history shop in Nagasaki. It has ; 
the snout very short, nostrils midway in its length; teeth serrate, _ 
alike in both jaws, those in back deeply notched; width of jaws much. 4 
exceeding snout; jaws with short labial fold; spiracles small; second i 
dorsal a little smaller than first, slightly before anal; caudal considerably ¢ 
less than space e between dorsals. 7. 

This species was taken at Onomichi, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki, and 
it appears to be generally common on the shores of Kaeo 











1. GALEOCERDO Muller and Henle. 


Galeocerdo MiituErR and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 59 (tigrinus). 
Boreogaleus Grit, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1861, p. 411 (areticus). 
Mouth crescent shaped; teeth alike in both jaws, large, oblique, | 
coarsely serrated on both margins, with a deep notch on outer margin; 
spiracles present; caudal fin with a double notch; a pit on the tail — 
above and below at the base of the caudal fin; first dorsal opposite the — 
space between pectorals and ventrals. Large sharks, found in most | 
seas. - r 
(yaXeds, 2 kind of shark, like yady, the weasel; Kéod@, a fox or | 
weasel. ) . 


11. GALEOCERDO TIGRINUS Muller and Henle. 


Galeocerdo tigrinus MitLER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 59; Pondicherry.— ~ 
Ginter, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 378; Japan, East Indies.—Dumerm, . 
Elasmobranches, I, 1870, p. 393; Pondicherry (Coll. Dussumier). 

Head, 7} in length; depth, about 10; snout, 34 in head; interorbital 
space, 14; width of mouth at corners, about ie eye, 53 1n the inter-— 
orbital space; space between nostrils, 2. | 

Body elongate, tapermg to caudal. Head very much broader than 
deep, depressed; eyes small, lateral, nearer snout than gull opening; | 
snout broad, short, rounded; mouth very broad, evaiiede teeth | 
numerous, rather large, compressed, with several basal cusps, and — | 
with edges more or less serrated; a labial fold at corners of mouth; 
nostrils large, inferior, about midway between tip of snout and eye; | 
interorbital space very broad, flat. Spiracles very small behind eye. 
Gill openings large, posteriorly above base of pectoral. ; 

Body very finely roughened. 3. 

First dorsal beginning about first fourth of interspace between / 
origin of pectoral and that of ventral; second dorsal small, a little 
nearer origin of first dorsal than tip of caudal; anal small, beginning | 
behind origin of second dorsal; pectorals rather long; enn — 


Hl 


a 











































1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 613 








| puch ar pond than peetorels; caudal y very ple. (emake lobe pro- 


5 Blox eth Ehove, whitish or oe pele upper surface marbled or 
lotched with dark brown. 

_ Length about 51 inches. 

‘This description from a dried skin, a young male from N: agasaki, 
Mlected by M. Yahiro. 

East Indies, rarely northward to southern Japan. Dr. Giinther 
records a young specimen from Japan. It is probable that com- 
parison will show that the American species, Galeocerdo maculatus 
(Ranzani), is distinct from G. tigrinus. 

(tagrinus, tiger-like.) 


i IONAGE Cantor: 


Prionodon Mister and HeENux, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 36 (glaucus, ete., name 
preoccupied) . 

Prionace Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 1850, p. 399 (substitute for Prionodon Ne 

Cynocephalus (Kuri) Gi, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (glaucus). 


Large sharks, with the body and head slender; no spiracles; the 
teeth in both jaws strongly serrated in the adult, those in the upper 
jaw broad, those below narrower, str: uight, and claviform; first dorsal 
large, i inserted midway between axils of pectorals and ventrals; second 
dorsal much smaller, usually not larger than anal; embryo not attached 
to the uterus by a placenta. Sprcies rather few; large, slender, swift, 
voracious sharks of the warm seas. 


_ (xpia@v, saw; axis, point.) 


12, PRIONACE GLAUCA (Linnzus). 


Squalus glaucus Linn xs, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 235; seas of Europe. 

- Carcharias glaucus GintTHeEr, Cat. Fish., VITI, 1870, p. 364; England, St. Helena, 
Pondicherry, Port Arthur, Australia. —Dumiri, Elasmobr., 1870, p.353; New 
Zealand. 

Carcharhinus glaucus JorDAN and GiLBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 22; San Francisco, 

z Monterey. 

_ Prionace glauca JorpDAN and EvrerMann, Fish North and Middle America, I, 1896, 
p. 33; San Francisco, Monterey. 
_ Squalus ceruleus BuatNvitiE, Fauna Frangaise, 1828, p. 91; Mediterranean. 
Squalus hirundinaceus VALENCIENNES, in Miter and Hen ix, Plagiostomen, 1838, 
p- 37; Brazil. 


Snout very long, nostrils rather nearer to mouth than to extremity 
of snout; no labial fold except a groove at angle of mouth; teeth of 
ipper jaw oblique, scarcely constr icted near base; lower teeth slender, 
Viangular in young examples, lanceolate, with a broad base, in old 
omnes. Pectoral fin long, falciform, extending to dorsal, which is nearer 
entrals than root of pectorals. Color light bluish gray above, paler 
delow. 

































614 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


A large shark of the warm seas, occasionally taken in Kurope and 
on the coasts of Japan and California. A mounted specimen from off 
Misaki is in the Imperial Museum of Tokyo, and a photograph is in the 
Imperial University, taken from a large specimen secured at Misaki 
We have no specimens. Whether this species is really identical with 
the European g/auca is uncertain. 

(vyhavKos, grayish blue.) 


18. CARCHARIAS Rafinesque. 


Carcharias RAFINESQUE, Caratteri Alcuni, Nuovi Generi, 1810, p. 10 (in inten- | 


tion; the only species named being C. taurus, an Odontaspis); Squalus care 
charias RAFINESQUE, not of Linnzeus, being the intended type as shown by 
the Indice d’ Ittiologia Siciliana, 1810, p. 44, where the Pesce-Cane of Sicily is 
ealled Curchariaslamia. The definition of Rafinesque, copied from Lacépéde 
is intended to cover the sharks allied to C. lamia. 
Carcharias Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 125 (carcharias, expressly 
identified with Canis carcharias of Bélon [de Aquatilibus, I, p. 60], which is — 
the species commonly called, after Rafinesque, Carcharias lamia). 5 
Carcharinus BLAINVILLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, p. 264 (commersoni, a name based | 
on Lacépede’s figure of ‘Squalus carcharias;”’ it apparently represents Car= { 


| 


charias lamia). 
EBulamia Gru, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (Jamia). 
Platypodon Gi, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (menisorrah). 
Isogomphodon Grit, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (ovyrhyncus ) 


Lamiopsis Grit, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (temmincki). rE 


* 
ce | 


3ody rather robust. Head broad, depressed; mouth inferior; teet iM 
in both jaws strongly serrated in adult, less so or entire in young; 
those in upper jaw broad or narrow, those below narrow, straight and | 
nearly erect. No spiracles. First dorsal large, placed not far behind | 
pectorals; pectorals faleate; second dorsal small. Embryos attached | 
by placenta to the uterus, as in Scoliodon, Triakis, and Gal Oy 
Species very numerous and difficult of separation. Voracious sharks - 
of the warm seas. 2 

If the name Carcharias be transferred to Odontaspis, the present 
venus must be called Carcharhinus. 3 

(kapyaptas, an old name of (. lamia, from yapyapos jagged; the 

name first applied to Squatina, from its rasp-like skin. ) si 


13. CARCHARIAS JAPONICUS (Schlegel). 


MEJIRO (WHITE EYE); WANIZAME (CROCODILE-SHARK). 


Prionodon japonicus ScutEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss , 1850, p. 302; Nagasaki. 
Head 5% in length; depth about 7; snout 2% in head; width of mout 
2°; interorbital space 13; pectoral about 13; snout from tip to tip of 
mandible 24; eye + in interorbital space. 

Body rather elongate, back high, elevated, tail compressed and 
tapering. Head very broad, depressed, flattened, neck and back 
‘apidly becoming elevated behind; snout in profile elongate, more Or 

af | 
| 





























not Pernine Seema ait Aetna like rest of ae of cranium; eyes 
jmall, lateral, nearer tip of snout than first gill-ope ning; breadth of 
Eipnth much greater than length of either of rami of mandible, which 
‘orm a rounded angle at symphysis; teeth finely serrate, upper rather 
oroad, compressed, lower more elongate; nostrils large, on lower sur- 
face of snout, nearer tip of mandible than tip of snout; interorbital 
pace very broad, flat, slightly convex in middle. Gill-openings 
rather small, last above base of pectoral. 

| Body finely roughened. 

First dorsal about midway between tip of snout and origin of 
second dorsal, elevated, its height a little greater than interorbital 
space; second dorsal small, low, much nearer origin of first dorsal than 
ap of caudal; anal small, its origin nearer that of pectoral than tip of 
vaudal, a little before second dara pectoral large, nearer tip of 
mout than origin of ventral; ventrals rather low, much nearer anal 
han pectoral; caudal three and three-tifths in ae lower lobe low. 
D audal peduncle rather thick, rounded, flattened above and below, 
ind with deep pit at its base above. 

| Color in alcohol deep gray-brown above, lower surface of body 
vhitish; terminal portions = fins more or less white. 

MiLength 17s inches (43 cm. 5 mm.). 

This description from a small specimen from Kawatana. 

Coasts of Japan. A large shark, generally common. Specimens 
were seen at Hakodate, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kawatana, and Nagasaki. 
head in Yahiro’s collection is from a specimen 25 feet long, and said 
‘A have weighed 2,000 pounds. It presents the following characters: 
| Snout rather shor t, acute, bluntish at tip; nostrils midway between 
ip of snout and mouth; ihe eye much nearer angle of mouth; width 
xf mouth almost twice length of snout; teeth not large, uppermost 
faintly serrate, subtriangular, without distinct notch on lower margin, 
and lower teeth erect, ee entire, long, narrow. 

In young of 3 na the snout is obtuse, and a little longer than 
nouth is broad; eye about midway between angle of mouth and snout: 
eth weakly serrate, small, upper broad, not notched, nearly erect, 
and lower narrow; second oreo small, smaller than anal; pectoral to 
gear end of dorsal, long, narrow; first dorsal not dusky; second dor- 
sal, pectoral, and nee lobe of caudal tipped with black. 

This species has been identified with Carcharias gangeticus, Car- 
tharids melanopterus, and Carcharias bleekeri, Wut it seems to be dis- 
anct from all other East Indian and Polynesian species, and there 
seems to be no evidence that any of these occur in Japan.  Curchar/as 
nelanopterus of Polynesia has the fin lobes much blacker than in 
C. japonicus. 

| One small specimen from Nagasaki differs only in haying a slightly 
more pointed snout. 


616 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
























14. SCOLIODON Miiller and Henle. 


Scoliodon Mituuer and Henir, Wiegmann’s Archiv. f. Naturg., 1837, I, p. 397 | 
(laticaudus. ) 3 


| 
Teeth entire, or very nearly so, oblique and flat, the points directed | 
toward the sides of the mouth, so that the inner margins are more or 
less nearly horizontal, the teeth in front more nearly erect; teeth not 
swollen at the base, each of them with a deep notch on the outer ma 
gin below the sharp point; lips with conspicuous grooves. Otherwise 
as in Carcharias, from which the genus is scarcely distinct. Si 
small. 
(oKoli0s, oblique; odovs, tooth.) 


a. Length of the anal nearly equal to its distance from ventrals; outer angle of p 
torals almost a right angle; pectorals black; upper jaw without labial fold. 

laticaudus, 14, 

aa. Length of anal much less than its distance from ventrals; outer angle of pectorals 





acute. oF 


b. Upper jaw without labial groove; length of snout about equal to distance of ; 
eye from ‘gill opening 225.20 S220 Sec eee ee acutus, 15. 
bb. Upper jaw with a short labial grodve; cleft of mouth much broader than 


long soe: 2 tae get so So 8 a eee eee walbeehmi, 16. 
; ? 


14. SCOLIODON LATICAUDUS (Miiller and Henle). 


Carcharias (Scoliodon) laticaudus M@Lurr and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 8 
pl. vii; East Indies.—Dumerit, Elasmobranches, II, 1870, p. 348 (samu 
types). 4 

Carcharias laticaudus GénrueEr, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 358; Bengal, East Indies, » 
China, Amoy, Japan. a 

Carcharias (Scoliodon) macrorhynchus BurEKer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1851 
Plagiost., p.31, pl. 1, fig. 1; Bataviaa—Dumrrin, Elasmobranches, II, 18 
p. 343 (after Bleeker). 

Snout from front margin of mouth equal to, or a little more than, 
distance of eye from gill-opening; a very short labial groove at angle 
of mouth, not extending on upper jaw, and for a very short distan 
only on lower. Pectoral fin with posterior margin nearly straight, 
upper angle nearly a right one, not extending to first dorsal; base of 
anal equal to, or but little less than, its distance from ventral, and i 
pointed lobe terminates at a distance from root of caudal; terminal) 
lobe of caudal obliquely truncated. Pectoral fins black. Length, 18. 
inches. (Giinther.) : 

Kast Indies; noted by Dr. Giinther from Jamrach’s Collection i 
Japan, a record which needs verification. 

(Jatus, broad; cauda, tail.) 


15. SCOLIODON ACUTUS (Riippell). 


Carcharias acutus Riiprrny, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische, 1837, p. 65, pl. XVI, 
fig. 4; Red Sea.—Giinruer Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 358; Cape Seas 
Pinang, Vizagapatam, Japan. 


ai 
| 
| 






. 1324. ELASMOBLANCHIATE FISHES 








JORDAN AND FOWLER. 617 





a Carcharias ESoiiadon) acutus Mit LLER a Hr NLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 29.— 
Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 1850, p. 399._—Dumiern, Elasmobranches, II, 1870, 
p. 345; East Indies, China. 

i Snout from front margin of mouth equal to, or a little less than, 
‘distance of eye from gill-opening; very short labial groove at angle 
of mouth, not extending on upper jaw, and for a very short distance 
only on lower. Pectoral with posterior margin slightly concave, 
upper angle pointed, extending to, or somewhat beyond, origin of 
dorsal; length of base of anal one-half, or less, its distance from ven- 
‘tral; its pointed terminal lobe terminates not far from root of caudal; 
terminal caudal lobe tapering. Posterior margin of pectoral whitish, 
‘upper margin of caudal blackish. Length 17 inches. (Giinther.) 

_ East Indies: Noted by Dr. Giinther as collected by Mr. Jamrach in 
Japan. This record needs verification. 


re 16. SCOLIODON WALBEEHMI (Bleeker). 


 Carcharias (Scoliodon) walbeehmi BurEKer, Nat. tyds. Ned. Ind., X, 1856, 
* p. 353; Bintang.—Doumerrit, Elasmobranches, II, 1870, p. 344 (after Bleeker). 
| ; Carcharias walbeehmi GténtueER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 359; Bintang, Japan.— 
Nystrom, Kong, Svensk. Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 50; Nagasaki. 
Scoliodon walbeehmi JORDAN and EVERMANN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XX V, 1902, 
p. 318; Formosa. 

A Snout from front margin of mouth, more than distance of eye from 
‘gill- -opening; a short labial groove at angle of mouth extending for a 
‘short distance on upper jaw as well as lower; distance between outer 
angles of nostrils equal to that of nostril from extremity of snout. 
Pectoral fin with posterior margin slightly concave and upper angle 
pointed, extending somewhat beyond origin of dorsal fin; the length 
of base of anal fin is about two-fifths of its distance from ventral, and 
‘its pointed terminal lobe terminates at some distance from root 
of caudal; terminal caudal lobe tapering. Coloration uniform. 
| (Ginther.) 

_ Coasts of southern Japan, not common. This or some related spe- 
cies was seen at Nagasaki, and at Kawatana on the bay of Omura, 
but no specimens were secured. We have examined a specimen from 
Formosa. 

(A personal name.) 





Family VU. SPHYRNIDZ. 
HAMMER-HEADED SHARKS. 


General characteristics of the Carchar‘ide, but the head singularly 
formed, kidney-shaped or ‘‘hammer”-shaped, from the extension of 
its sides, the nostrils being anterior and the eyes on the sides of the 
“hammer;” mouth crescent-shaped, under the ‘“‘hammer;” teeth of 
both jaws similar, oblique, each with a notch on the outside near the 






x 












618 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





base; no spiracles; last eill- -opening over the pectoral; first dorsal an 
pectorals large, the dorsals nearer pectorals than ventrals; second 
dorsal and anal small; a pit at the root of the caudal; caudal fin wi 
a single notch toward its tip, its lower lobe developed. One ge 
with 5 species, inhabiting most warm seas. Large sharks, known 
once by the singular form of the head, which is not quite the same- 
any two species. 
15. SPH YRNA Rafinesque. 
Sphyrna Ravinesque, Indice d’Ittiol, Siciliana, 1810, p. 60 (zygena). 
Cestrorhinus BUAINVILLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, p. 264 (zygzna). 
Zygena Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 127 (zygena; name preoccupie 
in Insects). 
Platysqualus Swanson, Classn. Anim., I, 1839, p. 318 (“‘tiburo”’ =tudes). 
Cestracion Kuetn (pre-Linnzean) in Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V 
1861, p. 412 (zygeena). 
Eusphyra Giut, Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1861, p. 412 (blochit). 
Reniceps Giuu, Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1861, p. 412 (éburo). 





Characters of the genus included above. In the form of the head,) 
there is a perfect gradation among the species, from the narrow ham-| 
mer of WS. dlochii, with the lobes three times as long as broad and 
deeply grooved along the anterior edge, to the kidney-shaped head oi | 
S. téburo, in which the anterior grooves are obsolete. 

(cAvpa, hammer.) 


SPHYRNA: 
a. Nostril with a well-developed groove, which extends along the front of th 


hammer-shaped head, the anterior and posterior outlines of which are nearly 

parallel os 22 2h oc55. 7 Jo be Be Oe ee zygena, V7.) 
| 
by 


a | 
1 
SHINOKUZAME (HAMMER SHARK): KASEBUKA (CROSS-STAFF cHARigh 
a5 


Squalus zygena Lixn.xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 234; Europe, America. 

Cestracion zygena Dumérit, Elasmobranches, TI, 1870, p. 382, a 

Sphyrna zygena JORDAN a GILBERT, Senonne 1883, p. 25.—JorpDAN and Ey 
MANN, Fish. North and Mid. Am., I, 1896, p. 45; Cape Cod, Point Con- 
ception. 4 | 

Squaleus malleus Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, p. 34; Nice. 

Zygena malleus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1847, p. 306, pl. cxxxvin; N 
saki.—Srorer, Fish. Mass. , 1867, p. 238.—Gitnraer, Cat., VIII, 1870, p. 38L— 
Nystrom, Kong, Svensk, Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 49; Nae 

? Zygeena lewini Lorn, in Griffith, Agua kangen X, 1834, p. 640; Leeuw 
Australia. a 

Zygena subarcuata Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1848, p. 70; bee Cod. a 







nostril close to eye; prolonged into a groove which runs along nea iy 
the whole front margin of head; first dorsal large; second quite smal 
smaller than anal; pectoral rather large. Color gray. 

A large voracious shark, reaching a length of 15 feet or more, foun 








1 - ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND Shee 619 








in all warm seas; occasionally northward to Galeton h, M: assac phase 
and France, rather common in Japan, as far northward as Tokyo. 
Our specimens from Nagasaki, Misaki, and Wakanoura. The species 
needs comparison with the Hammer-head shark of Atlantic. 

Fe (Cvyaiva, Zygena, the ancient name, from Cvyor, yoke.) 





Family VIII. ALOPIIDA. 
THRESHER SHARKS. 


Body moderately elongate, the snout rather short; mouth crescent- 
shaped; teeth equal in both jaws, moderate sized, flat, triangular, not 
serrated; the third tooth of the upper jaw on each side much smaller 
than the others; gill-openings moderate, the last one above the root of 
the pectorals; no nictitating membrane; spiracles just behind eye, 
minute or absent; first dorsal large, midway between pectorals and 
ventrals; second dorsal and anal very small; caudal fin exceedingly 
long, about as long as the rest of the body, a pit at its root, a notch 
on the upper lobe near its tip; lower lobe moderately developed; no 
caudal keel; ventrals rather large; pectorals very large, faleate. A 
single species, reaching a large size, inhabiting most seas, known at 
once by the great ipaeth of tite tail. 


16. ALOPIAS Rafinesque. 


Alopias RAFINESQUE, Caratteri di Alcuni Generi, 1810, p. 12 (macrouwrus=vulpes) . 
Alopecias MGLLER and Hentz, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 74 (amended orthography) . 





The characters of the genus are included above. 
(@ands, afox; Latin, vulpes. A. vulpes was known to the ancients 


as ahonextas, fox-like. ) 
. 
18. ALOPIAS VULPES (Gmelin). 


ONAGAZAME (LONG-TAILED SHARK); NADEBUKA (SMOOTH SHARK); 
| NEZUMEZAME (RAT-TAILED SHARK). 


| 
Squalus vulpes Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 1496; Mediterranean (after 


Pennant). 

Carcharias vulpes De Kay, New York Fauna, IV, Fishes, 1842, p. 348, pl. Lx1, 
fig. 199. 

Alopias vulpes DumériL, Elasmobr. I, 1865, p. 421.—Day, Fishes of India, Supple- 
ment, 1888, p.810.—JorDAN and GILBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 27.—JoRDAN and 
EVERMANN, Fish. North and Middle America, I, 1896, p. 45. 

Alopecias vulpes GintueER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 393. 

Squalus vulpinus BONNATERRE, Tableau Encycl. Ichthy., 1788, p. 9; Mediterranean 

| (after Pennant). 

| Alopias macrourus Ra¥INEsQue, Caratteri di Alcuni Generi, 1810, p. 12; Sicily, 

| Squalus alopecias Gronow, Cat. Fishes, 1854, p. 7 

_ Body fusiform, cylindrical, thickest before dorsal fin; back regu- 

larly arched from above pectorals to end of snout, and gradually 

decreasing in size posteriorly to caudal. Head short, bluntly conical; 







f 


Bed 
‘ ri 
















620 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Xx 


snout blunt; eye rather ree: iene horse-shoe shaped, teeth ah | 
re » hy » 
L9-++19 
smaller than others. Spiracles very small or wanting. Last 
openings above or slightly in front of pectorals. 

a more or ‘Tess tone ee 


_third or fourth tooth on either side of center of upper ia 


with small process Per, eens cee than ts nearest. first 
dorsal: caudal nearly as long or longer than body, composed of three 


bluish spots; pupils a longitudinal slit, edged with golden. 

Length, 12 feet. 

A large shark, abounding in all warm seas, common on the east 
coast of Japan. It was seen at Misaki, nena Tokyo, and Yok 
hama. No one has yet compared specimens of the Japanese fish witl 
those from California or the Mediterranean, and the species may 
prove different. 

(vulpes, fox.) 

Family IX. MITSUKURINID. 


Skeleton flexible; snout produced in a flat, flexible blade varying ii 
leneth; spiracles large; teeth acicular, only the lateral ones with small 
basal cusps; last gill-opening above base of pectorals; fins all low, th 
ventral with very long base; the claspers very small; lower lobe 0 
caudal long; no pit at root of caudal; first dorsal well advanced; 
second shorter and higher than anal. 

Two genera are known: Mitsukurina, and the extinct genus Scapa 
norhynchus of the Eocene. Dr. Arthur Smith Woodward rega 
Mitsukurina as identical with Scapanorhynchus. In the latter genus 


minor differences are apparent. 
The family is closely allied to the Odontaspidide, differing in 
produced snout. 


17. MITSUKURINA Jordan. 


Mitsukurina Jorpan, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1898, p. 200 (owstont). 
Characters of the genus included above. 
(Named for Kakichi Mitsukuri, professor of zoology in the Imperta) 
University of Tokyo.) 


*|Z9 39vd 338 3LV1d 4O NOILYNV1dx3 HO4 


“"NvGYOr INOLSMO VNIYNXNSLIIA 


PL, XXVI 





PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI 
















bo 


! 

| 

| 

j0.184. HLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 62] 


4 


19. MITSUKURINA OWSTONI Jordan. 





Mitsukurina owstoni JordAN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1898, p. 200; Misaki. 


Length of specimen, apparently young male, 42 inches. Head (to 
irst gill-opening) 4% in length; depth about 10; snout from eye 12 
n head; from front of mouth 24; length of blade of snout from its 
nsertion below 14; length of gill area 23; depth of last gill 6; eve 
(2 in snout from eye; interorbital area 23; spiracle a little smaller 
than eye; length of one mandible 23 in head; length of maxillary 22; 
sectoral base 1# in length of pectoral fin, which is 23 in head; first 
lorsal base 1? in its height, which is 2? in head; second dorsal base 
[in its height, which is 3 in head; ventral base 2 times its height, 
ength of base 3 in head; claspers very short (perhaps immature), 
nearly 12 in head; anal base 24 times its height and 24 in head; 
r»audal, measured from above, 24 in length of body; greatest height 
of lower lobe nearly 3 in head. 

Body elongate, compressed behind, flesh and skeleton extremely 
limp, folding like a wet rag. Head moderate; snout produced in a 
long, flat, flexible, leaf-like blade, somewhat like that of Polyodon 
spathula but narrower, more limp and more pointed; median line of 
snout with a thick, rounded median keel; lower side of the blade free 
for a considerable distance backward from upper jaw, almost to eyes; 
eye small, without nictitating membrane; mouth inferior, with elon- 
gate cleft; dentary bones broad, loosely connected, movable, capable 
of being spread wide apart, but normally lying close together and 
nearly parallel; a notch at symphysis, tip of lower jaw strongly cury- 
ing upward and inward; similar notch at tip of upper jaw between 
rather loosely joined maxillary; middle of each jaw without teeth in 
front; teeth few-rowed, about +3 on each side, all needle-shaped, very 
slender, pointed, more or less curved backward and inward; each tooth 
with a two-rooted base, large teeth in front simple, smaller ones on 
sides of jaws each with two small basal cusps; second and third tooth 
of lower jaw longest; the second about as long as eye; first and second 
tooth of upper jaw similar to these but somewhat shorter; lateral teeth 
of both jaws progressively smaller, but all slender and sharp; nostrils 
large, about as large as eye, their distance from eye twice the eye; 
each nostril with a small notch on lower edge and a free flap within. 
Spiracle large. Gill-openings about equal in height, the last above 
base of pectoral. 

Skin everywhere rough, the scutes very small, granulated No 
lateral line or conspicuous mucous pores. 

Fins all thin, flexible, papery, the broad bones somewhat exserted 
from soft flesh; first dorsal short, moderately high, not emarginate, 
the insertion above axil of pectoral, second dorsal lower, remote from 
first, interspace 1$ in head, the insertion nearly midway between 
aes : 


» Le 





























622 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV) 


os 








ventrals and anal; anal much longer than second dorsal, rather lower 
pectorals short, narrow, rounded flexible rays longest; ventrals wit) 
very long base; no caudal keel; no pit at root of caudal; lower lobe o 
caudal long and rather high, with a sharp notch near its tip. 

Color light reddish gray, brownish above; fins darker brown; nuchal 
region a little darker; belly paler. (Jordan.) | 

The type specimen, now in the Imperial University of Tokyo, wai 
captured in deep water off Misaki and presented by Capt. Alal 
Owston, of Tokohama, for whom it is named. Captain Owston ha/ 
had engravings of this species made, and scattered them far and widi 


specimen and no one who knew the fish. Ina recent letter (Novem 
ber, 1902) he announces the acquisition of another specimen. 


Family X. LAMNID. 
MACKEREL SHARKS. 


Sharks of large size, with the body stout, the mouth wide, wit) 
large teeth, and the tail slender, the caudal fin lunate, the two lobe 
not very unequal, the upper lobe strongly bent upward; cauda 
peduncle with a strong keel on each side; gill-openings wide, all i 
front of the pectorals, entirely lateral, not extending under the throat 
first dorsal large; pectorals large; ventrals moderate; second dorse’ 
and anal very small; a pit at the root of the caudal; spiracles minut 
or absent. Numerous fossil species are known. In this family th 
dentition, as well as the muscular system, reaches its highest degre’ 
of specialization known among sharks. 

a. LAMNIN®. ‘Teeth slender and sharp, with entire edges. 

b. Teeth without basal cusps, long, flexuous, acute; first dorsal inserted nearl 

midway between pectorals and ventrals ..............--------- Isuropsis, lv 

bb. Teeth each with one or two basal cusps; first dorsal not far behind pectorals. 
Lamna, i 

aa. CARCHARODONTINE: Teeth with serrated edges, compressed, triangular in forn 
without’ basal. cusp, « ...J..22¢4.3 426) eee Carcharodon, 2\ 


1s: ISUROPSITS Gilt 


Isuropsis Git, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y , VIII, 1861, p. 153 (glaucus). 


Snout rather long and pointed; the body formed much lke that ¢ 
a tunny or mackerel; first dorsal large, inserted, entirely behind peq 
torals, nearly midway between pectorals and ventrals; pectorals large 
second dorsal and anal yery small; caudal peduncle slender; teet 
long, lanceolate, with sharp, entire cutting edges and no basal cusps 
(?G0s, equal; ovpa, tail; the two lobes of the tail being nearly equa, 
oypis, appearance. From /suwrus it is separated by the backward inse 
tion of the dorsal.) | 





ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 693 


= 


zo. ISUROPSIS GLAUCA (Miiller and Henle). 





AOZAME (BLUE SHARK); MOROZAME. 


Oxyrhina glauca MéLirr and Hens, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 69, pl. xxrx; Naga- 
saki (erroneously stated to be from Java).—Scnircer, Fauna Japonica, 
Poiss., 1850, p. 303; Nagasaki.—Dumérix, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 409 (after 
Miller and Henle). 

Lamna glawea GiNTHER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 391; Cape Seas, St. Helena. 








Snout long, pointed; teeth in four rows, very lone, tlexuous, with- 
out denticles at base. Spiracles very small. First dorsal inserted 
‘vell backward, midway between pectoral and ventral, scarcely longer 
than high, its upper angle rounded. Color dark blue, white below. 
| Coasts of Japan and southward, rather common about Nagasaki. 
Many jaws and a stuffed foetus are in possession of Mr. Yahiro. 
A specimen 7 feet long was taken by Jordan and Snyder at Matsu- 
shima, the head having been preserved. 

(glaucus, hoary blue.) 


19. LAMNA Cuvier. 

Lamna Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 126 (cornubicus). 

Lamia Risso, Eur. Merid., III, 1826, p. 123 (cornubicus, name preoccupied ). 

Selanonius FLEMING, British Animals, 1828, p. 169 (walkeri=cornubicus) . 
_ Body short and stout, the back considerably elevated; snout promi- 
nent, pointed; teeth triangular, pointed, entire, each one with a small 
cusp on each side at base; one or both of these sometimes obsolete on 
some of the teeth in the young; gill-openings wide; dorsal and pectoral 
fins somewhat falcate; second dorsal and anal fins very small, nearly 
opposite each other; first dorsal close behind the root of the pectorals. 
This genus is very close to /swus, with which fossil forms seem to 
connect it. Perhaps the two should be united under the older name, 
Lsurus. 

(Aapva, a kind of shark, from lapia, a horrible anthropophagous 

monster, a bugbear used by the Greeks to frighten refractory children.) 


21. LAMNA CORNUBICA (Gmelin). 
SALMON SHARK; MACKEREL SHARK; PORBEAGLE. 


Squalus cornubicus GmeE.in, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 1497; shores of Cornwall 
(after Beaumaris of Pennant). 
_ Lamna cornubica Giinruer, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 389.—Jorpan and GILBERT, 
Synopsis, 1883, p. 30.—Jorpan and Evermany, Fishes North and Middle 
Am., I, 1896, p. 19 (and of most authors). 


Snout conical, pointed, rather longer than cleft of mouth; teeth 
1444 on each side; third tooth on each side in the upper jaw small; 
first dorsal beginning over axil of pectorals. Color bluish gray. A 
large and fierce pelagic shark reaching a length of 10 feet. (Jordan 
and Evermann.) 


“e 


624 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.. 





Common i 1 Europe and rather frequent on the coast of southern 
Alaska, shed re it is very destructive to the salmon, thence southward 
to California. It has been ascribed to Japan he Dr. Giinther, and 
may occur in Japanese waters, but no authentic record exists, and no) 
specimens are in Japanese museums. It is unknown to naturalists at 
Nagasaki, but it may be looked for at the mouths of salmon rivers, as 
the Ishigari, in Hokkaido. 

(cornubicus, from Cornwall, from which region the species was early! 
described. ) 






20. CARCHARODON Smith. 
MAN-EATER SHARKS. 


Carcharodon ANDREW SmitH, Proc. Geol. Soc. London, V, 1837, p. 86 (capensis=: 
carcharias). 


General characters of /swrus and Lamna, but with a different denti- 
tion, the teeth being large, flat, erect, regularly triangular, their 
edges serrated; first dorsal moderate, nearly midway between pecto- 
rals and ventrals; second dorsal and anal very small; pectorals large, 
ventrals moderate; caudal peduncle rather stout; spiracles minute or’ 
absent. Sharks of very large size;-the strongest and most voracious 
of all fishes; pelagic, found in most warm seas. 

(kapyapos, jagged; odo0vs, tooth.) 


22. CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS (Linnzus). 
MAN-EATER SHARK; GREAT WHITE SHARK. 


Lamia Ronvetet, Hist. Poiss., 1558, p. 305; Nice, Marseilles (good figure). 
Squalus carcharias Lrxynmus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 235; Europe (after 
Artedi; not of most later authors). 
Carcharodon carcharias JORDAN and GILBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 875.—JORDAN andi 
EvERMANN, Fish. North and Middle Am., I, 1896, p. 50. 
Carcharias verus AGAssiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1836, p. 91. | 
Carcharodon rondeleti Miitier and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 70; Mediter- 
ranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean (after Rondelet). 
Carcharodon rondeleti GiNrHER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 392. 
Carcharias atwoodi Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II, 1848, p. 71; Province- 
town, Massachusetts. 
Carcharodon capensis Smitu, IIT, Zool. 8S. Africa, 1842, pl. rv; Cape of Good Hope. 
Carcharodon smithi BONAPARTE, Selach. Tab. Anal., 1839, p. 9 (after Smith). 
Body stout; depth about 5} in total length; mouth very large; both 
jaws with five rows of large, triangular, serrated teeth, those in lower 
Jaw narrower, about 3$ in each row; first dorsal somewhat behind 
pectorals; caudal fin large and strong. Color leaden gray; tips and 
edges of pectorals black. One of largest of sharks, reaching a length 
of 30 feet. It is found in all temperate and tropical seas, and 1s ocea= 
sionally taken both in the Atlantic and Pacific. One caught near 
Soquel, California, was about 30 feet long and had a young sea lion, 






184. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—. JORDAN AND FOWLER. 625 











weighing about L100 pounds, in its stomach. fiecdins aa Ev. ermann.) 
_ A large pair of jaws is preserved in the museum of the Imperial 
University, taken somewhere off the east coast of Hondo, near Misaki. 
| This constitutes the only record of the species from Japan. 
(kapyapias, an old name of Carcharias lamia and of other man- 
eating sharks. ) 


Family XI. CETORHINIDZ. 
BASKING SHARKS. 


Sharks of immense size with the gill-openings extremely wide, 
extending from the back nearly to the median line of the throat, all of 
_ them in front of the pectorals; mouth moderate, the teeth very small, 
numerous, conical, without cusps or serratures; no nictitating mem- 
brane; spiracles very small, above the corners of the mouth; first dorsal 
large, midway between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal and anal 
small; caudal fin lunate, the upper lobe considerably the larger; 
caudal peduncle keeled; pectorals and ventrals large. Brain very 
small. <A single genus, with probably but one species; the largest of 
living fishes, pelagic, and inhabiting the northern seas. 





| 


21. CETORHINUS Blainville. 


? Tetroras RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 1810, p. 11 (angiova). 

Cetorhinus BLAINVILLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, p. 264 (gunneri=maximus). 

Selache Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 129 (maximus). 

Polyprosopus Coucn, Hist. Brit. Fish., I, 1861, p. 67 (rashleighanus=maximus). 

Hannovera VAN BrNepDEN, Bull. Ac. Roy. Beles. XXXJ, 1871, p. 504 faurata, 
fossil). 


The characters of the genus are included above. 

(knT0s, whale; pivy, a shark (Squatina), from piv7, a file or rasp, 
the rough skin of this shark being used for polishing wood and 
marble.) 

23. CETORHINUS MAXIMUS (Gunner). 


UBAZAME (OLD WOMAN SHARK); TEGUZAME (LONG-NOSED SHARK); 
BAKAZAME (FOOLISH SHARK); ZOZAME (ELEPHANT SHARK). 


Squalus maximus Gunner, Trondhjem, Selskabskr., II], 1765, p. 33; Coast of 
Norway. 
Selachus maximus Srorer, Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 229. 
— Selache maximus GitnrHer, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 894 
Cetorhinus maximus JORDAN and coe Synopsis, 1883, p. 31.—Jorpan and 
EvermMann, Fish N. M. Amer., I, 1896, p. 51. 
Squalus guonerianus BLAINVILLE, Journ. de Phys., 1810, p. 256 (after Gunner ). 
Squaius pelegrinus BLAINVILLE, Journ. de Phys., 1810, p. 257; Europe. 
Squalus homianus BuarnyvitiE, Journ. de Phys., 1810, p. 257 (after Everard 
Home). 
 Cetorhinus shavianus Buainyiuie, Journ. de Phys., 1816, p. 264 (alter Shaw) 





' 


626 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.- 








ee Macrt, Mem. della R. Ae. Sci. Napoli, I, 1819, p. 55, pl.4, 


Squalus ant ‘ 
itse WS, pol a yx. 2; Naples. 
Squalus en Ss ER Tanne. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1821, p. 348; New 








Jersey. 
Squalus cetaceus GRONOW, Cat. Fish, 1854, p. 6; Norway. 
Squalus rashleighanus Coucn, Trans. Linn. Soc., XIV, 1825, p. Ot: Cornwall (a ! 


monstrosity ). 

Acanthias blainvillei CarELLo, Plagiostom., I, 1866, p. 21. 
Polyprosopus macer CoucH, Hist. Brit. Fishes, 1861, p. 67; England. 
Head small: snout blunt; eyes small; teeth in 6 or 7 rows in each | 
jaw, about 200 in each row. Gill-rakers slender, long and close set, | 
resembling whalebone. Body rugose, the skin very rough with small | 
spines. First dorsal large, triang ular, over the space between pecto-) 
rals and ventrals; second dorsal much smaller, rather larger than anal;| 
pectorals long; tail large. Largest of the sharks, reaching a a length a 
nearly 40 feet. (Jordan and Kvermann. ) | 
Found in Arctic seas and occasionally off the coast of Japan. It is) 
figured by Dr. Matsubara in the color ed plates of The Principal) 
Aquatic Animals of Japan, under the name of ‘‘ Ubazame.” No speci-| 
mens were seen by us in Japan. | 
(maximus, greatest. ) ts | 


Family XI. RHINEODONTID 4. 


WHALE SHARKS. | 


Very large sharks, formed much as in Cetorhinus, the caudal lunate, 
with well-developed lower lobe and a keel on each side of the tail. 
Origin of first dorsal in advance of ventrals; second dorsal small, 
opposite anal; no spines, no nictitating membrane, snout broad and 
flat; eyes very small; spiracles very small, mouth and nostril neam 
extremity of snout. Teeth conical, or with a heel at base, very small 
and numerous. Gill-openings wide, the last one above the base of 
the pectorals. Species very few, aed in the Pacific. 


22. RHINEODON Smith. 


Rhineodon ANpREw Sura, Ilustr. 8. Afr. Fishes, 1837 (typicus). 
Micristodus Gini, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pnila., 1865, p. 177 (punctatus). 
Rhinodon Giénxruer, revised spelling (typicus). 

Teeth conical, very small. Characters otherwise included above. 
cr 9 / 

(piv, snout; odovs, tooth.) 


24. RHINEODON TYPICUS Smith. 


2 Rhineodon typicus Smirn, Mlustr. 8. Afr. Fish, 1837; Cape of Good Hope. 

? Micristodus punctatus Grit, Proce. Ac. Nat. ae i. Phila., 1865, p. 177; Gulf 0 
California. 

Rhinodon pentalineatus Kisninovye, Zool. Anzeiger, Nov. 25, 1891, p. 694; Capt 
Inubo, Japan. 


* 
hd 















mo. 184. HLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 627 


_ A gigantic shark from Japan has Hee n described by Dr. feslinouve e 
mder the name of Lhinodon pentalincatus. It is apparently a species 
Ehineodon, but it is impossible to say whether it is different from 
hineodon typicus or Rhineodon punctatus, or whether these two 
jominal species differ from each other. Rhineodon typicus is widely 
diffused in the tropical seas and has been lately taken in Florida, a 
record having been published by Mr. Barton A. Bean. — It is probably 
the only species of the genus. The following is Dr. Kishinouye’s 
escription: 
q Head flat, blunt; eyes very small, situated on sides of head near 
margin of solorel area; nictitating membrane wanting; mouth nearly 
straight, terminal; a labial fold runs from nostril to corner of mouth 
upper jaw, and shorter fold from corner of mouth on lower jaw; 
Beth very minute, numerous, nearly equal in size and shape, each 
acutely pointed, laterally compressed, and with an ellipsoidal root; 
band of teeth in upper jaw curved a little, each end of band with a 
ea group of teeth, band in lower jaw crescent-shaped, and in 
each band arranged ina great many transverse rows, about 300 in num- 
ber, middle part of band with 16-30 teeth in one row; nostrils at 
anterior extremity of head, and opening at labial boundary of mouth. 
Gill. openings 5, very wide, the second pair widest, measuring 86 cm., 
last pair most narrow, opening above base of pec torals, where body is 
very broad and high. Spiracles nearly same size as eye and on the 
same level. 

Skin fine grained, except five longitudinal smooth bands, one dorsal 
Bedian, two pairs lateral; ventral lateral band seems to be continuous 
with keel on each side of tail. 

_ First dorsal fin inserted a little behind middle of body; second dorsal 
fin very small; anal very small, just below second dorsal; pectorals 
large, strong; ventrals inserted below first dorsal; caudal large, lunate, 
its ventral lobe well developed; clasper simple, with dorsal groove. 

~ Color erayish brown, with round white spots and transverse bands, 
ventral side colorless; coma white spots small and crowded near ante- 
rior end of body, gradually larger and fewer backward; caudal. second 
dorsal, ventrals, and anal destitute of white markings. 

Length at present 800 cm., in circumference behind pectorals, 365 
em. (stuffed specimen), but when fresh measuring nearly 1,000 cm. 

~ Taken in a drift net June 10, 1901, off Cape Inubo; now in the col- 
lection of Tsurutame Oseko of Asakusa Park, Tokyo. (Kishinouye.) 
~The Japanese form is- known only from the example described 
ove. When taken it was covered with many sucking fishes (Z¢/enevs), 
d one, besides an oak pole, was taken from its stomach. It 1s 
id to differ from Rhinodon typicus Smith and Micristodus punctatus 
ill in the form of the teeth and the labial fold. But it 1s impossible 
) distinguish species im this genus until its members are better known. 
(typicus, typical.) 





























628 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Order Ill. TECGCTOSPOeipages 
















Calcareous lamelle arranged in one or more concentric series or 
rings about a central axis in each vertebra. Spiracles present. Anal 
fin wanting. Dorsal fins 2, with or without spine. As here under- 
stood, the order Zectospondyli includes the sharks of the groups called 
Cyclospondyli and Tectospondyli by Hasse. The vertebree in the order 
of Rays show similar structures, and it is probable that from sharks 
of this group the Rays are descended. 

(réxrov, builder; oxovdvX0s, vertebra.) 


FAMILIES OF TECTOSPONDYLI. 


a. CycLosponpyLi: Vertebree with calcareous lamelle arranged in a ring about the 
central axis; pectoral fins normal, not expanded or deeply notched; anal fin 
absent; spiracles present, no nictitating membrane; gill-openings before pee- 
torals; caudal bent upward, lower lobe little developed. 

b. Dorsal fins each provided with a stout spine, first dorsal far in advance of 


Family XUI. SQUALID. 
DOG-FISHES. 


Body more or less elongate. Head depressed. Eyes lateral, without 
nictitating membrane. Mouth inferior, rather large, arched, a deep 
groove on each side. Teeth compressed, variously formed. Nostrils 
inferior, separate; spiracles rather large; gill-openings moderate, all 
in front of the pectoral fins. Dorsal fins 2, each armed with a spine; 
the first dorsal in front of the ventrals; anal fin wanting; caudal fin 
with the lower lobe small or obsolete, ventral fins inserted posteriorly, 
not much before second dorsal. Oviparous. Genera 6 or more} 
species about 15; rather small sharks, chiefly of the Atlantic. These 
sharks represent a comparatively primitive type, apparently not 
descended from any other existing Squali. | 

a. Body rather elongate; no fold of skin along side of belly; dorsal spines both 

directed backward. ; 






no. 1324. HLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 629 





b. Upper teeth simple, w enon Salle cusps at poe 
c. Teeth alike in both jaws, subquadrate, each with a nearly horizontal 


| oblique cutting edge and a point directed outward ______- ... Squalus, 23. 
| cc. Teeth unequal; upper teeth erect, with a single cusp; lower teeth more 
| 


or less oblique, points directed outward; dorsal spines not hidden. 
d. Scales leaf-shaped, with a strong midrib, and sometimes a lateral rib on 
| each side, attached by a peduncle; dorsal spines strong. 
| Lepidorhinus, 24. 
dd. Scales not leaf-shaped and not pedunclate at base. 
e. Seales not imbricate, each of three or four radiating spinules; dorsal 


CCR ETE ee rae ne ee NIA NS or ie OEM Deania, 25. 
ee. Scales imbricate, each with three or more strong ribs, each araaien in 
a spine, the middle strongest; dorsal spines short ....-- - Zameus, 26. 


bb. Upper teeth each with 1 or 2 small cusps at base on each side. 
| jf. Teeth unequal, upper erect and tricuspid, lower oblique. 
Etmopterus, 27. 
Jf. Teeth equal, very small, and tricuspid in both jaws. Centroscyllium, 28. 
| 23. SQUALUS Linnezus. 

Squalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., X, 1758, p. 283 (acanthias, first species named; 
includes all sharks). 

Squalus RArrnesqueE, Caratteri di Aleuni Generi, 1810, p. 13 (acanthias and uyato; 
first restriction of the name Squalus to species with spiracles and without 
anal fin). 

Acanthorhinus BLAINVILLE, Journal de Physique, 1816, p. 263 (acanthias). 

Acanthias Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid., III, 1826, p. 131 (acanthias). 

Entoxychirus Giuu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 496 (ayato). 

Body rather slender. Mouth little arched, with a long, straight, 
deep, oblique groove on each side; no labial fold. Teeth rather small, 
all simple, equal in the two jaws, their points so much turned aside 
that the inner margin forms the cutting edge. Spiracles rather wide, 
just behind the eye. Fins moderately developed, the first dorsal larger 
than the second, much in advance of the ventral fins, which are behind 
the middle of the body, although in advance of the second dorsal. 
Dorsal spines strong, not grooved. Tail scarcely bent upward. Small 
sharks, abounding in the temperate seas. 
(squalus, shar a a word cognate to the Greek yay.) 


| 25. SQUALUS MITSUKURII Jordan and Snyder, new species. 
| TSUNOZAME (HORN SHARK); TSUNOGE (HORNY FISH) 


Squalus mitsukurii JorpAN and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 129; Misaki, 
name only. 

Head about 42 in body; width of head 14 in its length; snout 25, 
interorbital : space 2; width of mouth 24; tip of snout to mouth 2; eye 
922 | in interorbital space. 
~ Body moderately elongate, tail tapering moderately behind. Head 
broad, depressed, flattened above; snout pointed in profile, when viewed 
from eiove Paola. tip rather broadly rounded, and upper surface 
flattened; eyes rather large, lateral, a little nearer tip of snout than 


ae. 
| 
[| 
























630 PROCEE Nes Lee THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX 





first gill-opening; mouth very rue slightly curved, a deep labia 
fold at each corner; lips thin; teeth moderate, forming a cutting ed 
in each jaw; nostrils rather large, inferior, while nearer eye than t 
of snout they are nearer the latter than mouth; interorbital space 
broad, very elevated, flattened more or less like upper surface of hea 
The spiracles large, directly behind eye. Gill-openings in front of 
base of pectoral. 2 

Body everywhere finely roughened. 

Origin of first dorsal spine ¢ a trifle nearer tip of snout than that 
second dorsal; first dorsal spine is three-fifths height of fin; spine 
second dorsal three-fourths height of fin; pectorals large, smaller tha 
head, reach beyond base of first dorsal, emarginate behind; ventra 
nearer second dorsal than first; caudal Be oad, lower lobe rather long 
Caudal peduncle rather long, with a pit at pase above. Lateral lin 





indistinct along side. 
Color in alcohol gray above, white beneath; upper surface of pee 
torals and ventrals grayish. 
Length 283 inches. 


Fic. 3.—SQUALUS MITSUKURII. 


Type No. 7184, Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford Just 
University Museum. Locality, Misaki. 

Coasts of Japan, generally common from Hokkaido as far 
ward as Formosa. Numerous large adults taken at Misaki, one 
them the type, a female. Several embryos were also obtained, p 
of them from this specimen. A young example was also obtained 
from near Aomori in Tsugaru Straits, and another one, probably 
the same species, from Formosa. Specimens are in the Imperial 
seum from Kagoshima, and Boshu in Awa near Misaki. These 
recorded by Ishikawa” as Acanthias vulgaris and A. uyatus, but 
two specimens are alike. ' 

(Named for Prof. Kakichi Mitsukuri, who was present with Messrs. 
Jordan and Snyder at Misaki, when the type was taken.) .| 


24. LEPIDORHINUS Bonaparte. 


Lepidorhinus Bonavarte, Selach. Tab. Analyt., 1836, p. 9 (squamosus). 
Scymnodon Bocace and Capeo, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, p. 263 (ringens)s 
Machephilus Jounson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 713 (dumerili). 


This genus is close to Centrophorus, differing in the form of th 
scales, which are leaf- shaped and peduncula with a strong media 








@Prel. Cat., p. 61. 
































(x0.1824.  ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND ) FOWLER. 631 





keel which ends in a point. The pinee sejeanese species peloneecte to 
the subgenus Seymnodon, characterized by the presence of thre 
‘the Bale ending in three points. 

(Aeris, scale; pivy, shark.) 


e keels, 


26. LEPIDORHINUS FOLIACEUS (Gunther). 


Centrophorus foliaceus Giénxrurr, Deep Sea Fishes, Ch: ullenger, 1887, p. 
fig. A (off Enoshima). 

“Head 43 in body; width of head 14 in its length; snout : 

orbital space 2; width of mouth 24; snout to mouth 12: 

‘spiracles 3; eye about 14 in interorbital space. 

_ Body rather elongate, tail tapering. Head elongate, depressed, 
‘broad; snout broad, flattened, tip broadly rounded; eyes large, lateral, 

nearer snout than gill- -opening; mouth rather small, slightly curved, 

‘with deep labial fold at each corner; lips thin; teeth forming cutting 

edges in jaws, those in lower jaw with several small cusps; nostrils 

large, inferior, nearer eye than tip of snout, and nearer latter than 

mouth; diectocbital space broad, flattened. Spiracles large, round, 

pace between one and one-half in interorbital space. Gill-openings 
low, in front of pectorals. 

A The body covered with large leaf-shaped scales, 3 pointed, keeled in 

front and on a pedicle; they are large on trunk, both above and below, 

but especially enlarged. in front of first dorsal. 

_ Both dorsals provided with shar Pp spines, with only the tips exposed; 

origin of first dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of second, and a short 

distance behind base of pectoral; pectoral short, truncate, less than 

two in head; ventrals small, in front of second doreal: nearer tip of 

caudal than tip of snout; rida four and one-fourth in body. Caudal 
peduncle short, its depth three in interorbital space. 

- Color in fier uniform gray brown, edges of nostril and lower 

lips blackish. 

Length 144 inches. 

_ Described from a specimen from Misaki, taken in de ep water by 
. Aoki. 

Deep waters off Japan, known only from off Enoshima and Misaki 

im Sagami Bay. Our specimen is from near Misaki. 

| _ (foliaceus, leaf-like.) 


25. DEANIA Jordan and Snyder. 

Deania JorpDAN and Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XX V, 1902, p. 80 (eglantina). 
Scales minute, villous, each star-like, and Ly three or four long 
oeints. The on ae to the touch. Snout long, flattish. Dorsal 
spines strong. In other regards similar to Centrophorus, but the 
squamation quite different. 

| (Named for Prof. Bashford Dean, of Columbia University, in recog- 
ition of his researches in sharks, ee of the present genus among 


others. ) 


5, pl. 1 


34: inter- 
; Space between 


| 

























632 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


27. DEANIA EGLANTINA Jordan and Snyder. 


Deania eglantina JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX V, 1902; p: 
Totomi Bay. 


Head 3% in length; depth about 93; snout about 2 in head; eye 44; 
26 in snout; 2 in w idth of snout; 3% in space from tip of snout t 
mouth; space between spiracles 1% in width of snout. 

Body rather elongate, slender; scales each with short, bush-like 


spines, with two small prickles on each side, whole body hae a kin 


of hairy appearance. 
Head large, greatly depressed; snout long, depressed, broad; e 


large, lateral, anterior margin nearer tip of aout than gill-openi 
skin around eyes more or less loose, free; nostrils large, on lower sid 
of snout laterally, about midway between tip of snout ae eye; mout 
opening below posterior part of eye, 1 rather broad; lips moder ly 
fleshy; teeth small, compressed, with a small basal cusp; spirac 

rather large, nearer eye than first gill- “opening, space between a little 
more than Neath of snout. Gill-openings in frank of base of pectoral, 
largest about half eye. 


Fic. 4. DEANIA EGLANTINA. 4, upper jaw; b, lower jaw; c, scale (much enlarged. ) 


Dorsal fins each with a spine, base of first a little behind tip of 
pectoral, rather short, sharply pointed, and projecting little above 
skin; second dorsal ein nearly as high as fin, upper half exposed: 
pectorals about equal to snout; ventrals rel posterior, entirel y 
in front of second dorsal spine; caudal socom lower lobe little 
produced. 4 

Color in spirits, uniform grayish-brown. ¥ 

This description from the poe type, a young female from Totomi 
12 inches in length, dredged by the U. 5. Fish. Commission stea ne! 
Albatross. 4 

(eglantinus, the brier rose.) 


26. ZAMEUS Jordan and Fowler, new genus. 


Zameus JORDAN and Fow er, new genus (sguamulosus). 


Dorsal fins each with a small, partly concealed spine; no anal fin 
mouth wide, little arched; a iene , deep, straight, oblique groovy 


1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 633 
















| ch side of mouth; teeth of lower jaw oblique, with ae points dir ected 
iore or less Eliya of backward; upper teeth erect, triangular or 
inceolate, with a single cusp. No nictitating membrane; spiracles 
ride behind the eye; gill-openings narrow; scales not leaf-shaped, nor 
edimaculate, each with a strong median keel and two or more lateral 
eels, each of these ending inaspine. In Centrophorus, the nearest 
elated genus, there is no midrib to the scales, which are nearly 
mooth. In Centroscymnus the scales are smooth with a depression 
tthe base. Small sharks, living in deep water. 

(game, shark, in Japanese.) 


28. ZAMEUS SQUAMULOSUS (Giinther). 


Centrophorus squamulosus GUNTHER, Deep Sea Fish, Challenger, 1887, p. 5, pl. 1, 
fig. B; Enoshima. 


‘Snout much produced, mouth nearly midway between first gill- 
pening and end of snout; labial fold extends a little way along mar- 
ins of mouth; upper lip ae ad distance between nostrils two-fifths 
f length of preoral portion of aroub. Scales tricuspid, with a median 
eel, and so minute as to give a velvety appearance to skin. First 
eal small, its base (without spine) shorter than that of second, nearly 
ne-sixth of distance between two fins; spines very small, scarcely 
rojecting beyond skin; pectoral short, with lower angle rounded, not 
roduced; extremity of ventral fins pele end of pecan dorsal. Uni- 
orm Eeep black. Length, 27 inches. Off Inosima, Japan, Station 
32 (Challenger) in 345 fathoms. (Giinther.) 

Coasts of Japan, in rather deep water. Known only from Sagami 
say, about Enoshima (misspelled Inosima by Giinther) and Misaki, 
yhere our specimen was taken. 

(sguamulosus, with small scales.) 


21. EYE MOPLTERUS Rafinesque. 


Etmopterus RAFINESQuE, Caratteri di Alenui Generi, 1810, p. 14 (aculeatus). 
Spinax Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 129 (acanthias and spinax). 
Spinax Miter and Hentz, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 86 (spinax). 
Acanthidium Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839, p. 91 (pusillum). 


Mouth little arched. Teeth of lower jaw with the point so much 
urned aside that the inner margin of the tooth forms the cutting edge; 
pper teeth erect, each with a long, pointed cusp and 1 or 2 smaller 
nes on each side; spiracles wide. 

Small sharks of the warm seas, living in deep water, and nearly black 
n color. 

(eruayerv, an aorist from rés@, to cut; 7TEpor, fin, the original 


ype having frayed fins.) 
2 FEroc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——43 


s 


634 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 








29. ETMOPTERUS LUCIFER Jordan and Snyder. 


Hy 


BOZUZAME (PRIEST SHARK). f. 

Etmopterus lucifer JoRDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XX V, 1902, p.% 
(Misaki). | 

Head 4% in length; depth about 7; snout about 2% in head; eye 58 
in head: 2 in snout; 234, in width of snout; 2;°; in space from tipjol 
snout to mouth; space between spiracles 2% in width of snout. ig 
Body moderately elongate, rather robust, with slender cauda 
peduncle; scales forming longitudinal striz above, abruptly ane 
sharply separated on sides from lower surface, which is evenly rough, 





with fine shagreen. } 

Head large, thick, rather short; snout short, thick, more conyey 
below than above, also with many pores; eyes moderate, lateral, ante/ 
rior margin midway between tip of snout and spiracle; skin abou 
eyes, more or less loose, free, upper eyelid overlapping and forming 
a pit in front; nostrils very large, lateral; mouth opening below poste! 
rior portion of eye, broad; lips rather thin; teeth small, compressed 
each of those in upper jaw with two sharp, basal cusps; spiracle. 





FIG. 5.—ETMOPTERUS LUCIFER. «, upper jaw; b, lower jaw. 


large, nearer eye than first gill-opening, space between 1} in snout 
Gill-openings in front of base of pectorals, rather short. 

Dorsal fins each with a spine, base of first a little before tip of peo 
toral, short, sharp, pointed, projecting little above skin; second dorse 
spine not as high as fin, much larger, longer than first, the greate) 
portion exposed, and‘nearly a third greater than snout; vent ‘als moc 
erate, entirely in front of second dorsal; caudal elongate, lower lob 
little produced. | 

Color in spirits, dark grayish-brown, lower margin of caudal 
together with marginal portions of all other fins, very pale brown. — 

Length, 12 inches. 7 

Type No. 6863, Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford Juni¢ 
University. Locality, Misaki. From the collection of Capt. Ala’ 
Owston. io | 

Some 30 others of the same species were obtained off Misaki on lon 
lines handled by Mr. Kumakichi Aoki, assistant to Professor Mitsukur 

The pale areas on the side of the belly cover a glandular substaney 
said to be luminous in life. fy 

(lux, light; fero, to bear; the thickened skin of the belly said tok 


translucent. ) : 
| 
Ae | 








ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER... 635 








28. CENTROSCYLLIUM Muller and Henle. 


— Centroscylium MGuLER and Henwx, Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen, 
1838, p. 191 (fabriciz). 


“Teeth equal in both jaws, very small, straight, pointed, each with 1 
r 2 smaller cusps on each side at base; mouth crescent-shaped, with a 
traight, oblique groove at its angle; spiracles moderate; gill-openings 
ather narrow; dorsal fins small, each with a strong spine; the second 
dorsal entirely behind the yentrals. 
| (kértpor, spine; oxvAXior, Seyllium,an allied genus, from oKvV@, 


ies 


o rend or tear to pieces. ) 


30. CENTROCYLLIUM RITTERI Jordan and Fowler, new species. 


{ Head 53 in length; snout about 3? in head; interorbital space 2; 
jwidth of mouth 2; eye about 5; space between spiracles 24; pectoral 
about 2. 

Body elongate; head very broad and depressed, flattened above; 
out short, very broad, flattened above, rounded; eye large, near 
snout; nostrils large, inferior, midway between tip of snout and eye; 








Fic. 6,—CENTROCYLLIUM RITTERI. 


mouth distant from tip of snout a space equal to a trifle more than 
interorbital width; teeth very sharp, tricuspid, alike both jaws; lips 
ather thin, a labial fold at corners of mouth; interorbital space broad, 
greater than space between spiracles. Spiracles large, superior, 
ibehind eyes. 

- Body covered with small, single prickles, scattered, though not pres- 
ent on lower surface of snout, small on lower abdominal surface. 
Head with many pores, especially on lower surface of snout. 

‘First dorsal spine smaller than second, slightly more than half 
height of fin; second dorsal spine long, curved, but not quite to tip of 
fin; origin of first dorsal nearer that of second than the tip of snout, 
inserted well behind pectoral; second dorsal nearer first dorsal than 
tip of caudal, tip of fin anteriorly not extending for more than half 
the space between its base and origin of upper caudal lobe; pectoral 
fins broad, short, about equal to width of snout in front of eyes; ven- 
trals small and entirely in front of second dorsal; caudal moderate, 
less than space between two dorsal spines. Caudal peduncle long, 
vather slender, thick, flattened above and below. Lateral line with 
pores, rather far apart, running superiorly in front and along sides. 





636 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 








Color, uniform dark gray-brown, blackish below, in front, fins all 
more or less broadly edged with whitish. Length 164 inches. 

Type No. 7185, Ichthyological Collections, Leiand Stanford Junior 
University Museum. Locality, Misaki. 

This species is known to us from 2 examples obtained at Misaki. 
It differs from Centroscyllium fabricii, the only other species of thel 
venus, in having the caudal peduncle much longer and more slender, 
and in the shorter pectorals, which do not reach to below the first 
dorsal. 

(It is named for Dr. William Emerson Ritter, of the University of 
California, in recognition of his excellent work on the Tunicates andi 
Enteropneustans of the Pacific Ocean.) 





Family XIV. DALATILDAL. | 
SCYMNOID SHARKS. | 
Sharks with no anal fin and with two dorsal fins, each without spine; 
gill-openings small, entirely in advance of pectorals; mouth but little 
arched; a long, deep, straight, oblique groove on each side; spiracles, 
present. Oviparous, the eggs without horny case (at least in Somnio- 
sus). Vertebree cyclospondylous. The absence of dorsal spine chiefly 
distinguishes this family from the Squalidx, of which these are some4 
what degenerate allies. Sharks mostly of the North Atlantic, some of) 
them reaching a large size. | 
a. Davari: First dorsal well behind yentrals; upper teeth small, pointed, lower 
much larger, triangular -----.-- = peklicsles 2 soe es eee ee eee Dalatias, 29. 

aa. Somniosinx&: First dorsal much in advance of ventrals. 
b. Upper teeth narrow; lower quadrate with a horizontal edge ending in a 
point directed outward; body very robust, fins very small, dorsals about 
equal; skin moderately rough: .----- > o252 =e —e ee Somniosus, 30. 


29. DALATIAS Rafinesque. - 


Dalatias Rarinesqur, Caratteri di Aleuni Generi, 1810, p. 13 (sparophagus; 
description very incorrect) . 

Scymnus Cuvirr, Régne Animal, lst ed., 1817, p. 130 (lichia; preoccupied in 
insects). 

Scymnorhinus BoNAPARtTE, Cat. Pesci. Europ., 1836, p. 16 (lichia). 


Mouth transverse, a deep straight groove at each angle. Teeth in 
jaws close set, the upper small, pointed; the lower much larger, dilated, 
erect, triangular, not very numerous. Skin uniformly covered with 
minute scales. Two short dorsal fins, without spine, the first at a 
considerable distance from the ventrals; no anal fin. No membrana 
nictitans. Spiracles wide. Gill-openings narrow. _ (Giinther.) 

(Caos, torch, the name unexplained.) 


get. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 6387 


bv rs — —$——$_—— es 
¢ 





{ 


| 31. DALATIAS LICHA (Bonnaterre). 


YOROIZAME (ARMOR SHARK). 


Squaleus licha® BonNnaTERRE, Encycl. Ichth., 1788, p. 12 (after La Liche ou 
Gatto, Proussonet, Mem. Ac. Sci., 1788, p. 677; ‘‘Le Cap Bréton,”’ in south- 
ern France). 

Scymnorhinus licha GARMAN, Deep Sea Fishes, 1899, p. 31. 

| Squalus americanus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 1503 (after Broussonet, ‘‘Cap 

| Bréton’’ being assumed to be in Nova Scotia). 

Acanthorhinus americanus BuAINVILLE, Fauna Francaise, 1828, p. 63, pl. xv, fig. 2. 

Squalus nicxensis Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, p. 43, pl. ty, fig. 6; Nice. 

Dalatias sparophagus RarrNesque, Caratteri di Alcuni Generi, 1810, p. 13; 
Palermo (description very incorrect, but certainly referring to this species). 

Scymnus lichia Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817.—Dumérit Elasmobranches, 
1870, p. 452; Mediterranean.—GtnTHER, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 426; Nice; 
Madeira (and of writers generally ). 

Dalatias lichia Gray, Chondropt., 1851, p. 75. 

Snout rather projecting, anterior edge of mouth before front of eye; 

ceeth of upper jaw narrow, lanceolate, close-set; lower teeth triangu- 

ar, margins somewhat convex and slig htly serrate. Skin covered 
with a shagreen of fine, sharp, close-set spinous scales. First dorsal 
inserted nearer Peel than ventrals by a distance equal to length 
of pectoral; second dorsal a little before posterior end of base of ven- 
trals; distance from second dorsal to beginning of caudal, 24 in distance 
between dorsals. Color black. Length 650 mm. (253 inches). 

This incomplete description is from a stuffed specimen? in the 
Imperial Museum in Tokyo. The specimen, being hastily compared 
with Miiller and Henle’s figure, showed no evident difference, though 
its relations may appear on close examination. 

Mediterranean Sea and neighboring waters, and, as above recorded, 
once taken in Japan. 

(licha, the meaning of the name unexplained. ) 


380. SOMNIOSUS Le Sueur. 


Somniosus Le Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1818, I, p. 222 (brevipinna= 
microcephalus). 
Leiodon Woop, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II, 1847, p. 174 (echinatum=micro- 


cephalus). 
Lemargus Miter and Henix, Plagiostomen, 1858, p. 93 (borealis = micro- 
cephalus). 


Rhinoseymnus Gru, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 264 (rostratus). 


Body thick and clumsy ; mouth transverse, little arched, with a deep, 
straight groove running backward from its angle; nostrils near the 
extremity of the snout; jaw feeble; teeth in upper jaw small, narrow, 
conical; lower teeth numerous, in two or more series, ie point so 


@The name licha, of the same date as americanus, is muc *h ie 498 Inappropriate. 
bIshikawa, Prel. Cat., p. 61, as Scymnus lichia. 












638 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 





much turned aside that the inner margin forms a cutting edge, whick 
is entire; spiracles moderate; no nictitating membrane; gill-openings 
narrow; fins all very small, the ventrals between the dorsal fins; skir 
uniformly covered with minute tubercles. Tail short, much bent 
upward. Eggs large, soft, globular, without shell, dropped in the 
ooze on the sea bottom. Species of the northern seas. 


(somniosus, sleepy.) 


32. SOMNIOSUS MICROCEPHALUS Bloch and Schneider. 


Squalus microcephalus Buocn and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 135, northern 
seas, 

Somniosus microcephalus JORDAN and EvErRMANN, Fish North and Middle Amer,, 
I, 1896, p. 57. 

Somniosus brevipinna Le Surur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 1818, p. 122; Massas 
chusetts. 

Scymnus brevipinna Storer, Fishes Mass., 1867, p. 255. 

Squalus borealis ScorEsBy, Arct. Reg., I, 1820, p. 538, pl. xv, figs. 3 and 4; Arctie | 
Ocean. 

Lemargus borealis GéNTHER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 426. 

Squalus glacialis Farr, Fische Isl., 1829, p. 23; Iceland. 

Squalus norwegianus BLAINVILLE, Faune Frangaise, 1828, p. 61; Norway. | 

Leiodon echinatum Woop, Proc. Bost. Sov. Nat. Hist., II, 1847, p. 174. Massa= 


sa 















chusetts. 


Body robust, rapidly tapering behind; greatest depth little more 
than one-fifth length; head somewhat less; mouth moderate, upper 
jaw with 5 rows of small, sharp teeth, which are incurved, lancet- 
shaped; lower jaw with 2 rows of broad, quadrangular teeth, divided 
in their centers by perpendicular ridge, directed outward, about 26 
teeth on each side; fins small, first dorsal about as large as ventrals, 
larger than second dorsal; pectorals short, caudal short, bluntish, 
Length about 25 feet. Arctic seas south to Cape Cod, Oregon, France, 
and Japan. ! 

A huge, clumsy shark, not rare northward; an enemy to the whales, — 
biting out large masses of flesh from their bodies. | 

The only Japanese record is that of a large example, seen by Jordan — 
and Snyder in the market of Tokyo, in June, 1900. Specimens from 
the Pacific have never been compared with those from the Atlantic, — 
and may belong to different species. ‘ 

(uiKpos, small; Kedadn, head. ) 


Family XV. PRISTIOPHORID. 


SAW SHARKS. 


Body elongate, covered with fine, smoothish scales, forming shagreen} 
snout produced in a long, flat blade, with sharp teeth on each side pro- 
jecting at right angles, these of unequal lengths; a pair of barbels on 






0.134. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AMD FOWLER. 689 


ev 








ower part of snout near its middle; teeth small, close-set, each with 
sharp cusp ona broad base; nostrils inferior, with conspicuous valves; 
ayes large, no nictitating membrane; spiracles large; pectorals rather 
arge, distant from head; first dorsal in front of ventrals; second dorsal 
arge; no dorsal spine; no anal fin; gill-openings moderate, all before 
pectoral; lower caudal lobe narrow. Species few; found from Japan 
co Australia, resembling the saw fishes (Pr/st/didx) of the New World, 
but smaller in size and different in details of structure. 


S31. PRISTIOPHORUS Muller and Henle. 
Pristiophorus Méuuer and HENxE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 97 (cirratus). 


~ Characters of the genus included above. 
, / 
(zptotis, saw; Pope@, to hear.) 


33. PRISTIOPHORUS JAPONICUS Giinther. 


" NOKOGIRIZAME (SAW SHARK); HOKABUKA (HALBERD SHARK); 
| DAIGIRIZAME (SAW SHARK). 


Pristiophorus cirratus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1847, p. 105, pl. cxxxvi; 
| Nagasaki.—Ricuarpson, Ich. China, 1846, p. 317.—BirrKer, Nieuwe Nalez- 
| ing, Ichth. Jap., 1854, p. 128; Nagasaki (not of Latham, 1794). 
| Pristiophorus japonicus Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 43; Japan.—Isnt- 

KAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 61; Sagami Bay. 


| Head a trifle less than 3 in body; tip of snout to eye 3% in head; 
greatest width of head 4% in its length; interorbital space 85 in head; 
spiracle 23 in interorbital space; eye 15; pectoral 3 in head; height of 
first dorsal 44; caudal 24. 

Body elongate, moderately thick. Head small, except for elongate 
depressed snout, or saw, greatly depressed and flattened, both above 
and below; saw rather broad, thin, becoming narrow at tip, truncately 
rounded; in each margin of saw a series of sharp teeth of uneven size, 
the larger with one, two, or three smaller between; on lower marginal 
surface of snout a single series of small, backwardly hooked teeth, 
each at some distance apart; in lower surface of saw, near edges, 
a pair of flattened tentacles about equal in length to width of head in 
front of eyes; teeth on edge of saw become smaller posteriorly and 
extend halfway in space between eye and first gill-opening; mouth 
broadly obtuse below posterior part and behind eye; teeth small, 
pointed, in many rows in jaws; nostrils area trifle closer together than 
‘eorners of mouth, nearer latter than tentacles, or about in last third 
of space between; interorbital space more or less flattened, though 
‘there are slight supraocular ridges; eye elongate, lateral, placed less 
than its diameter posterior to nostrils. Spiracles very large, half the 
eye, placed directly behind its posterior margin. Gill-openings mod- 
erate, in front of base of pectoral. 

Entire body finely roughened. 


640 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. xxvi, 





Origin of first dorsal nearer tip of caudal than tip of saw, nearer. 
origin of ventral than that of pectoral, nearer posterior margin of eye 
than second dorsal; two dorsals are similar, of about equal size, second | 
with posterior part of its base midway between first dorsal and tip of 
caudal; pectorals large, broad, blunt, rounded, nearer origin of second; 
dorsal than tip of saw; ventrals behind first dorsal and nearer origin | 
of second dorsal than that of pectorals; caudal not very broad, upper: 
lobe much broader than lower, whole fin a little more than space between : 
dorsals. Caudal peduncle rather long, thick, flattened above and below, 
its least depth one and one-half in interorbital space. A lateral keel 
along each side of tail from ventrals to caudal inferiorly. No pores; 
in lateral line. 

Color, pale gray-brown above; below, whitish. 

Length, 404 inches. | 

This description from a large example from Aomori. | 

Coasts of Japan; our specimens from Aomori and Nagasaki, the 
latter received from Mr. Yahiro. A specimen is in the museum of 
Aomori, taken at Ajigasawa on the Japanese Sea. | 

The teeth are placed somewhat differently from those represented ; 


in Schlegel’s figure, but the species is doubtless the same. a | 






















Family XVI. SQUATINIDA. | 
ANGEL SHARKS. | 


Ray-like sharks. Body depressed and flat, the snout obtuse, the: 
mouth anterior; teeth conical, pointed, distant; pectoral fins very 
large, expanded in the plane of the body, but not adherent to the side’ 
of the head, being deeply notched at the base; ventral fins very large; 
dorsal fins 2, small, subequal, on the tail behind the ventrals; no anal) 
fin; caudal small; gill-openings wide, partly inferior, partly hidden) 
by the base of the pectoral; spiracles wide, crescent-shaped behind: 
the eyes; nostrils on the front margin of the snout, with skinny flaps;: 
males with small prehensile appendages; vertebrae tectospondylous. 
A single genus among living forms, with but one species certainly 
known; a small shark of singular appearance, found in most warm) 
seas. In appearance, as in structure, this family is strictly interme-) 
diate between the sharks and the rays. Its nearest living allies are’ 
probably the Dalatiide. 


32. SQUATINA Dumeril. 
ANGEL FISHES. 
Squatina DumEriL, Zool. Analyt., 1806, p. 102 (angelus=squatina). 


Rhina RA¥iNesque, Caratteri Aleuni Nuovi Generi, 1810, p. 14 (squatina). 
Rhina Kix, in Avauste Dumérit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 464 (squatina). — 


Characters of the @enus included above. 










| 
| = 


No. 1324, ELASM OBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 641 


_ (squatina, the ancient name, akin to the English words ‘‘ skate” 
and ‘‘squat.’’) 


34- SQUATINA JAPONICA Bleeker. 


TEGAIZAME (CANOPY-SHARK); KASUZAME (CHAFF SHARK); 
KOROZAME. 


Squatina vulgaris SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 305, pl. cxxxv1; 
Nagasaki (not of Risso). 

Squatina japonica BureKer, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo. Neerl., 1857, III, Japan, IV, p. 
40; Nagasaki. 

Rhina squatina IsHikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 61, Tokyo (not of Linnzeus). 


Head 5 in length; space between spiracles 14 in head; interorbital 


space, 24; eye 33 in interorbital space. 


Body broad, flattened, width of disk equal to one and five-eighths 
total length. Head very broad, flattened, its length a trifle more 


than two-thirds its width; snout very broad, short, obtuse, projecting 
| very slightly beyond mandible; eyes small, a little closer together 


than spiracles, directed upward; snout well separated from mouth 
below by a deep furrow; jaws with about three rows of sharp, pointed 


teeth, upper projecting slightly beyond mandible; lips rather broad, a 


flap at the corner of mouth; inferior margin of head with a narrow, 


thin flap; nostrils closer together than eyes, on edge of snout in front; 
‘Interorbital space broad, concave, this concavity extending to poste- 


rior part of head. Spiracles less than eye, and about diameter of 
latter distant. Gill-openings very large, septa with broad dermal 
lamine crowded together before base of pectoral. 

Above rough, especially along edges of dorsal and caudal; down 
middle of back a series of small, sharp tubercles; a number of small 
tubercles over eye between nostrils above; lower surface of body per- 
fectly smooth, with exception of anterior borders of pectorals and 
ventrals and lower surface of tail. 

Dorsals small, of about equal size, first just behind tips of ventrals, 
second about midway between origin of first and origin of upper 
caudal lobe. Pectorals with length of base about one-half of length 
of anterior margin, the latter not equal to breadth of head; ventrals 
from their origin to tip behind, shorter than anterior edge of pectoral; 
caudal about half head; tail broad at first, then tapering, its width in 
front not equal to space between outer edges of spiracles. 

Color in alcohol gray-brown above, marked with very numerous, 
‘small, dark spots, so that lighter color between forms a reticulated 
network; toward edges of fins spots become smaller and crowded; 
dorsals and caudal with a few, indistinct, dark spots; lower surface of 
body creamy; outer edges of pectorals, deep gray-brown, blackish 
posteriorly, also some brown spots about bases of former, on breast, 
throat, a large blotch before the vent, and two streaks down tail. 








642 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, a 
z : f 








This description is from specimens obtained at Kobe and Nagasaki, 
where it is abundant. 

Coasts of Japan, common southward. 

Duméril unites the Japanese species with the European Squatina 
aculeata, While Dr. Giinther unites both with Squatina squatina. The 
several species of this genus, if really distinct, have yet to be defined. 


Order'‘LV. BATOPDSEE 
THE RAYS. 


Gill-openings inferior, slit-like, 5 in number; spiracles present; no 
anal fin; dorsal fins, if present, inserted on the tail; body typically 
disk-like, broad, and flat, the margin of the disk being formed by the 
expanded pectorals; tail comparatively slender, the caudal fin small or 
wanting. Vertebra cyclospondylous. With the exception of the 
Rajide, most or all of the rays are ovoviviparous. 

(Baros, a ray; €70os, likeness.) 


a. Sarcura. ‘Tail comparatively thick, with 2 dorsals and a caudal fin; no serrated 
candal spine. 
b. Snout not saw-like. b 
c. Electric organs absent; skin not perfectly smooth. 
d. Species ovoyviviparous; young developed within body of parent; disk pass- 
ing gradually into long, stout tail; pectorals not extending to snout. 
Rurvopatips, XVII. 
dd. Species oviparous; eggs deposited in quadrangular, leathery egg cases, 
with a projection at each corner; disk abruptly contracted at base of tail; 
pectorals extending,to snout. i222 Aue ee eee eee Rasp”, X VILL. 
cc. Electric organs present; a structure composed of honeycomb-like tubes 
between pectoral fins and head; skin perfectly smooth.Narcopatip™, XIX. 
aa. Masricura. Tail comparatively slender; dorsal fin single or wanting; back of 
tail usually with a serrated spine. 
e. Pectoral fins uninterrupted, confluent around snout; teeth small. | 
DasyaTipm, XX. 
ee. Pectoral fins interrupted, one portion forming detached appendages on | 
the snout (‘‘cephalic fins’’). 
jf. Teeth very large, flat, tessallated, tew in number..Myniopatipm, X XI. — 
jf. Teeth numerous, very small, flat or tubercular; size of body enormous; 
cephalic fins conspicuous, resembling horns .----- Mosuuips, XXII. | 


Se | 


Family XVI. RHINOBATID. 

GUITAR-FISHES. 
Shark-like rays. Trunk gradually passing into the long and strong — 
tail, which 1s provided with 2 well-developed dorsal fins, a caudal fin 
. . . fi 
and a conspicuous dermal fold on each side; disk not very broad, the — 
Fs t 
rayed portion of the pectoral fins not being continued to the snout; no | 
conspicuous spines, the skin being nearly smooth, or with warty tuber- | 


w 


cles; no electric organs. Warm seas; distinguished from the Rajide 
































ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 648 





shiefly by the fact a the eggs are hatched within the Hod: “The 


First dorsal opposite to ventrals; caudal with lower lobe well developed. 

b Snout shortand rounded, not much longer than interorbital width... Rhina, 33. 

bb. Snout narrow, produced and pointed, its length much greater than interor- 
ee DUN TPeR RM a ee ee eee oe Rhynchobatus, 34. 

;, First dorsal much behind ventrals; anterior nasal valves not confluent: disk sub- 

triangular or rhombic; snout more or less produced; skin covered with fine 

a shagreen, usually with somewhat larger spines on the back of tail. 


Rhinobatus, Shs 


83. RHINA Bloch and Schneider. 


| Rhina Buocn and Scunerwer, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 352 (ancyclostomus; not of 
Aristotle and Klein, who, before Linnzeus, used the name for Squatina). 
Rhamphobatis Grit, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 408 (ancyclostomus) . 

Body depressed, the snout very broad and obtuse, its length not 
auch greater than interorbital width, its anterior outline semicircular; 
pack with large tubercles. Pectoral fins with the anterior margin free, 
rot extending to the head. Gill-openings narrow, inferior, below the 
ase of the pectoral. Spiracles wide behind the eye. No nictitating 
nembr ane. Nostrils inferior; oblique, wide slits. Teeth, obtuse. 
ranular, the dental surfaces of the jaws undulate. First dorsal oppo- 
site Saale: lower caudal lobe well developed. 


(pivn, a shark.) 


35. RHINA ANCYLOSTOMA Bloch and Schneider. 


Rhina ancylostomus Brocn and Scuneier, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 352, pl. uxxit; 
Coromandel.—RicHarpson, Ichth. Chin., 1846, p. 195; Canton, and of numer- 


4, 


* ous authors. 
" Rhamphobatis ancyclostomus Gitu, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., , p. 408.— 
5 Dumerr., Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 482 (after B ee f 


| Rhyncobatus ancyclostomus GintHER, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 440; Madras, China, 
: Seychelles, Pinang.—Day, Fishes of British India, I, 1889, p. 41. 


) Snout very broad, obtuse, with semicircular outline; ‘large, com- 
pressed tubercles form longitudinal ridges, one on each side of upper 
part of head, one on median line of trunk; an incomplete series of 
smaller tubercles round front margin of eye and below spiracle; two 
short series of small tubercles on each side of trunk may be regarded 
4 continuations of those on head; teeth 77-75, twenty-two vertical 
tows in center of upper and twenty- -seven in center of lower jaw, sur- 
ace deeply undulated, with one large median and a smaller lateral 
alevation on the lower jaw, and vith corresponding emarginations in 
upper; the teeth are largest on summit of each elevation, and all are 
obtusely rounded with several longitudinal ridges across each. Color 
dull brown, lighter beneath; body and sometimes fins, covered with 


itish a oceasionally some tortuous black lines.  (Giinther, 


day.) 










644 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Xx . 
East Indies; a single specimen was obtained at Kinkwazan, an island: 
off Matsushima Bay, in September, 1900, by Professor Mitsukuri. 


2 i 
(ayxvios, undulate; @7o“a, mouth.) 


| 











34. RHYNCHOBATUS Muller and Henle. 


Rhynchobatus MULLER and HENuE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 111 (/evis.) 


] 
. 
: 
| 
. 


This genus differs from /2A7na chiefly in the form of the snout, whieh 
is produced and pointed as usual in LAcnobatus. ‘The tuber cles on the 
back are arranged much as in Azra, but are very small. | 

(pvyyo os, snout: Batos, skate.) 


36. RHYNCHOBATUS DJIDDENSIS (Forskal). 


TONGARI (SHARP-POINTED RAY); KOTAINOZU; SAKATAZAME; KASUKA; 
SUKINOSAKI (PLOW-POINT); SAKAFUTE; SUKINOSAZAKI. 


Raja djiddensis ForsKkAu, Deser. Anim., II, 1775, p. 15, figs. 1, 2; Djidda, Red 
Sea. 

Rhynchobatus djeddensis GéNTHER, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 441; Red Sea, Zanzi- 
bar, Seychelles, Sumatra, India. 

Rhinobatus levis Buocn and ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 354, pl. ux x1; Coro- 
mandel.—ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japenica, Poiss., 1850, p. 306, pl. cCXxxx1x; 
Nagasaki, in open sea. | 

Rhyncobatus levis DumERtL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 484; Malabar, Pondicherry. 

Rhyncobatus duhameli BLAINVILLE, Fauna Frangaise, 1828, p. 48 (after Duhamel). 


Snout elongated, distance between mouth and end of snout equals 
one-fourth to one-fifth of entire length, excluding caudal fin, shortest 
in adults; eyes rather large; teeth oval, wider than broad, with a hori- 
zontal cusp across center of each, 40— 42-40- 42, twenty to twenty-five 
vertical rows across the middle of jaws, and dental plate with a cen-+ 
tral, and a smaller lateral elevation; corresponding emarginations exist 
in upper jaw. Spiracle close behind eye. Scales minute, of irregulan 
shapes and sizes, keeled; a number of tubercles, directed backward, 
exist in rows in some parts of body; a supraorbital row extends from 
anterior margin of orbit round its upper edge to above spiracle; a 
second passes from a central point between termination of last two 
and proceeds along back to base of first dorsal, tubercles on it much 
farther apart than in other lines; from slightly behind beginning of 
dorsal line of spines, a short, diverging row on either side, also a row 
on shoulder, and two or three spines on scapula. Second dorsal begins 
opposite extremity of first dorsal; smaller than latter fin; its shape 
the same. Lateral keel begins a little above termination a ventrals. 
In color, immature specimens dull-gray above, whitish, sometimes 
tinged with red beneath; a dark or black band on the upper eyelid, 
anda dark spot beneath on either side of snout; also usually, but not 
invariably, a black spot at root of pectoral, which may have several 
small white ones around it; body, and sometimes pectoral fin, spotted 


- 


: 










J B24, ELASMOBRANCHIATE FIS 








-DAN AND FOWLER. 645 








vith whitish, or light gray; iris peoldere adult ae a dull gray above 

nd lighter on abdomen: _ (Day). 

| East Indies, north to Japan; seen by Jordan and Snyder at Onomichi, 

Tiroshima, Tsuruga, and Hakata. 

_A large ray, measuring 4 feet. 

We have half of the head and a portion of the disk of a large exam- 
le from Tsuruga. There is a small black spot on each side of the 
nout at tip; two blackish spots over the eye, and another at base of 
yectoral, with a couple of light spots near it. 

(Named for Djidda in Arabia.) 





35. RHINOBATUS Bloech and Sehneider. 


__ Rhinobatus Buocu and Scunemer, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 353 (rhinobatus). 
_ Leiobatus Rarinesque, Caratteri Alcuni Generi, 1810, p. 16 b (uondapaian 
Syrrhina MtéuuER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 113 (column). 

\ Glaucostegus BONAPARTE, Catologo Metodico, 1846, p. 14 (rhinobatus). 


| Body depressed, gradually passing into the tail. Cranial cartillage 
Meduiced into a iene rostral process, the space between the process and 
he pectoral fin being filled by membrane; spiracles wide, behind the 
»ye; nostrils oblique, wide; anterior valves not confluent; teeth obtuse, 
vith an indistinct, transverse ridge. Dorsal fins without spine; both 
‘ar behind the ventral fins; caudal fin without lower lobe. Claspers 
lender and pointed. Species numerous in warm seas, varying con- 
Misrably as to the form of the snout; those with the snout shortened 
md the nasal valves broader, constituting the subgenus Le/obatus, 
Syrrhina), to which the Japanese species belong. 

- (pivn, a shark; fartos, a skate.) 
I Lerozatus. Anterior nasal valve continued toward median line. 

6. Anterior nasal valve slightly continued toward median line by a short fold, far 
c from meeting its fellow of other side; snout produced; dorsal tubercles obso- 
| jete; color uniform brown; young with brown spots. ------------: schlegeli, 37. 
_ 5b. Anterior nasal valve continued toward median line, nearly meeting its fellow 
of other side; snout moderately produced; back with a median series of very 
small tubercles; back with dark rings. ------ Se me See polyophthalmus, 38. 


| 37. RHINOBATUS SCHLEGEL Miiller and Henle. 


SAKATAZAME (SKATE-SHARK). 


_ Rhinebatus schlegeli MitteR and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 123, pl. XLIt; 
Nagasaki.—ScuLeGceEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 207; Nagasaki.—RicHarp- 
son, Ichth., China, 1846, p. 95; Nagasaki.—BLreKer, Act. Sci. Neerl., III, 
1857, Japan, p. 41.—Gitinruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 445; Japan, For- 
mosa.—DumeERIL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 497.—IsHikawa, Prel. Cat., 
1897, p. 30; Boshu.—Srempacuner, Reise Aurora, 1898, p. 225; Kobe. 
JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 337; Tokyo. 





_ Tip of snout to spiracle 4} in length; width of disk 33 in body; space 
setween spiracles 44 in space between tip of snout and spiracle; inter- 


646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX! 


orbital space 34; with across pany e origin of ventrals 13; width of 
mouth 33; space between nostrils 7 in snout; eye 7. ‘ 
Body elongate and greatly depressed. Head and disk broadly) 



























lar, long, narrow, its tip narrowly rounded; eyes rather small; mow 
small, below posterior margin of eye, almost straight across; tee 
small, pavement-like; nostrils large, each inclined obliquely towai 


space flat, a supraocular ridge at each side above eye. 
large, und very near posterior margin of eye. Gill-opening small. 

Body very finely roughened on upper surface, more or less smooth 
below, with a very obsolete trace of a median keel down back ¢ 
slightly enlarged denticles. 

Dorsals rather large, second only a trifle smaller than first; first 
dorsal ne arer sec ond ae origin of f ventral; ae cores nearer first st 


of eye cad origin ee corand eal ota broad, idee a 
length two in snout. Sides of tail each with a strong, lateral keel) 
below. - 

Color in alcohol, light brown above, below whitish; young speci- 
mens are marked with little bunches of blackish brown spots. 

Length, 274 inches. 

Described from a male specimen. 

Coasts of Japan; not uncommon. This species was seen at Tokyo, 
Wakanoura, Onomichi, Hakata, and Nagasaki. We have specimens 
from Hiroshima, Hakata, Nagasaki, and Wakanoura; also one from 
Tokyo, taken by K. Otaki. In this latter specimen, the lower surface 
of the snout is dark brown. | 

(Named for Professor Schlegel.) 





38. RHINOBATUS POLYOPHTHALMUS Bleeker. 
Rhinobatus polyophthalmus BureKer, Nieuwe Nalezing, 1854, Japan, p. 1295 
Nagasaki; Nat. Tyd. Ned., Ind., VI, 1854, p. 423; Act. Soc. Sci. Ind@ 
Neerl., II], 1857, Japan, LV, pl. ty, 
Rhinobatus column STEINDACHNER, Reise Aurora, 1898, p. 225; Kobe (not, 
Bonaparte). 

Head 44 in length; snout 64 in head; eye 5 in snout; width of disk 
27 in its length. Snout acute, processes of rostrum not distinets 
nares more than their leneth, distant, continued below till narrowly 
separate; nasal flap fringed; lips without suleation above, continu- 
ous below; mouth scarcely undulated, remote from margin of dis 
Spiracle close to eye. Orbital ridge armed in front with some spine 


down center of back im front of first dorsal. Dorsals subequal 
scarcely emarginate, much higher than length of their bases, ant 









0.1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 647 


ppout double their length distant; peotor: ul broadly cous ay ventrals 

subrhomboid anteriorly, and obtusely rounded, acute behind: above, 
ae green, with oblong and rounded rings of olive-violet, fre- 
quently interrupted with numerous spots; holon , whitish. 

Nagasaki. (Bleeker.) 

Length, 312 mm. 

Coasts of Japan. This species was seen by the senior author at 
Wakanoura, Hiroshima, Hakata, and Nagasaki. It may be identical, 
as Duméril indicates, with 2. annulatus Smith, from the Cape of 
Good Hope, but this should not be admitted without comparison of 
specimens. According to Steindachner, it is the young of the East 
Andian RAsnobatus columne Bonaparte. 
| (zodvs, many; offadp0s, eye.) 


% 


| Family XVII. RAJIDAS. 
| ; SKATES. 
| Disk broad, rhombic, the skin more or less roughened with spines 


eg, with a longitudinal fold on each 
side; usually 2 dorsal fins and sometimes a caudal fin present, all on 
the tail; pectoral fins extending to the snout; ventrals large; no ser- 
rated spine on the tail; no electric organs. Oviparous, the eggs being 
laid in large, leathery egg cases, 4-angled, with 2 long, tubular ‘*horns” 
-ateach end. Found in all cool seas, some of the species in deep water. 


| or prickles; tail stout, rather long 


a. Caudal fin well developed; ventral fins separate; pectoral fins confluent around 
| Sy Geen ee eee eee Lily ei se le et owed. eee Discobatus, 36. 
aa. Caudal fin rudimentary or absent; pectorals not confluent around the snout; 
| Sei CC MbVMAOLCNeO. 06.2 = oo2c 28h tc cet ee os bcp ok ee seers se Raja, 37. 


386. DISCOBATUS Garman. 


Platyrhina Méuter and HeEnte, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 125 (sinensis, name pre- 
occupied ). 
Discobatus GARMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, p. 522 (sinensis). 

Disk rhombic, the snout rounded in front; tail very distinct, with a 
fold on either side, and with two dorsals and a well-developed caudal. 
Body rough, with spines above. Pectoral fins united in front, form- 
ing fore part of snout. Ventral fins separate. 


39. DISCOBATUS SINENSIS (Bloch and Schneider). 
he UCHIWAZAME (FAN-FISH). 


Raie chinoise Lackrzpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, pp. 34, 157, pl. 1, fig. 2 (from a 
Chinese painting). 

Rhina sinensis Buocu and ScuneipeER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 352 (after Lacépede). 

Platyrhina sinensis Mitten and HeENiE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 125, pl. XL; 
Nagasaki (on a figure of Burger).—ScuirceL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 307 
(no description).—Dumérit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 576; Cochin China.— 
GtnrTHeR, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 471; China, 





( 4 5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


Snenty (2in ie sad; space between spiracles 1} in snout; space between 
nostrils ne in snout; eye 7 in snout. : 
Disk very broad, much broader than long. Head greatly flattened; 
snout confluent with pectorals; eyes small; mouth nearly straight, andl 
not quite as wide as space between outer margins of eyes; teeth | 
numerous, small, and flattened, or molar-like; roseuils large, oblique | | 
toward mouth, and either equal to space between; anbecsteniadl space 
flattened, even a trifle concave, and a supraoral ridge on each side, | 
somewhat broad; spiracles directly behind eye, and rather round and 
deep. Gill-openings small. 

Upper surface of body very rough with small prickles; a median — 
series of small bucklers from behind the head to first dorsal, and 
between the latter and second dorsal; several small bucklers over eye— 
in front, and over the spiracles; several bucklers on each side of the — 
body near the base of pectoral; lower surface of the body very finely 












roughened. 

Dorsals small and posterior on tail, alike in shape, and posterior a_ 
little larger; origin of first dorsal nearer that of ventrals than tip of ; 
caudal; second dorsal a short distance from first, its origin a little 
nearer tip of ventral than tip of caudal; pectorals very broad, and — 
with snout form a very blunt angle in front; space between ventrals— 


below greater than snout; caudal equal to snout and eye. Sides of 
tail below, with a fold on each side, running from ental to caudal. 
Yaudal peduncle very short. 


Color in alcohol muddy brown above, white below; bucklers over 
eyes, and spiracles, together with those on sides, and the first four of 
the median row, cream white. 

Length 202 ingles: 

This description frum an example taken at Hiroshima. 

Coasts of Japan and China; not rare. We have specimens obtained | 
at Wakanoura and Hiroshima. 1 
* (sténensis, Chinese. ) : 


Se RIAA imimise tts: 


Raja Linn xvs, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 231 (batis). ae 
Dipturus RaAFINESQuE, Caratteri Aleuni Generi, 1810, p. 16 (batis). i 
Platopterus RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la Nature, 1815, p. 93 (batis). : 
Dasybatus BLAINVILLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, p. 260 (communis). 
Propterygia Orro, Nova Acta Acad. Ozes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Curios, 1824, p. ie 
(hyposticta; monstrous example, with fins not adnate to head). . 
Leviraja Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, X XV, 1839, p. 180 (oxyrhynchus). oh 
Uraptera MiLLER Ba HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 155 (agassizi; species with- 
out caudal fin). ¥ 
Batis Bonaparte, Cat. Metod., 1846, p. 12 (radula; no description). 4 
Malacorhinus GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XI, 1881, p. 236 (plutonia; — 
species with imperfect rostral cartilage; probably recognizable as a valid 
genus when the species are better known). 
Raia various authors, change of spelling. 






















0.1324. HLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN A ND FOWLER. 649 


I 
io 
I 





This genus, as here understood, comprises all those Raj/dee which 
ave the pectoral fins not continued around the snout, the ventrals 
leeply notched, and the caudal fin little developed, or wanting. The 
ail is very distinct from the disk, and is provided with 2-rayed dorsal 
ins. The skin of the body is usually more or less spinous; the denti- 
jon differs in the two sexes, and the male is usually provided with a 
lifferentiated patch of spines on each pectoral. Species numerous, 
nostly of the northern seas. 

(raja or raia, a ray, or skate.) 





», Snout not produced. 

_ 6. Dorsal fins united; a single row of spines on back of tail; everywhere rough- 

! ened above; no spines on supraorbital ridge. ..--..--.--------- isotrachys, 40. 

| bb. Dorsal fins well separated; skin above mouth smooth. 

ce. Angle of disk posterior to middle of its length; several rows of spines on hack 
of tail (only 1 row in young); spines on supraorbital ridge. 


MLE CEeInesUMOWS eSIZC LALGC= 5-2-0550 s es aeons ee ei scie sees fusca, 41. 
ieeethninedl rows» size moderate. -2..-cs-55022.5-2------ meerdervoorti, 42. 


bb. Angle of disk about opposite center of its length, and its anterior margin 
| broadly convex; 5 irregular rows of spines on back of tail; teeth in 45 rows. 
| kenojei, 43. 
1a. Snout very long, produced, tapering to a narrow point; teeth in 88 rows. 

lengu, 44. 
40. RAJA ISOTRACHYS Gunther. 


Raja isotrachys GéNTHER, Deep Sea Fishes, Challenger, 1887, p. 7, pl. 11; south 
of Japan. 

Snout rather produced, anterior margins meeting at nearly a right 
angle; distance between outer margins of nostrils equals their distance 
from end of snout; teeth small, each with a point directed backward 
toward interior of buccal cavity. Body and tail entirely covered on 
upper surface with minute asperities, each with a stellate base; no 
spines on superciliary margin; a single small spine in middle of back; 
a series of rather strong spines (eighteen) along the median line of tail, 
none on sides. Outer pectoral angle rounded, margins of fin would 
meet ata right angle. Upper parts uniform, brownish-gray; lower 
parts smooth, brownish-black. A female taken at Station 235 in 365 
fathoms. (Giinther.) 

This species we only know from Giinther’s description. The plate 
represénts the dorsals as joined at base. 
South of Japan, in deep water; one female known, 224 inches long. 
(toos, equally; tTeayvs, rough.) 


41. RAJA FUSCA Garman. 
Raja fusca GARMAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 42; Japan. 
(Type. No. 26542, Mus. Comp. Zool.; taken from the eve case. ) 
a 9 7 Pez 
| Avery young specimen of some large skate, resembling Raja meer- 
dervoorti, taken from the egg case, 1s thus deseribed by Mr. Garman: 
_ Length, 4% inches; width, 2; length of pectorals, 13 inches. 


I Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—-02 44 


i. 








650 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Disk three-fourths as long as wide. Snout moderately prominent. General out: 
line similar to that of Raja ocellata. Tail from vent equals the length of the disk 
including the ventrals; depressed, rather broad at the dorsals, behind which it — 
extends in a long point that probably is much reduced in comparative length in the 
adult. Teeth in 30 series. Eyes moderate; interorbital space nearly haif their 
distance from the end of the snout. Mouth broad, with a slight forward curve. <A 
pair of large spines in front of each eye; a single spine above each spiracle; one — 


behind the head on the anterior end of the vertebral column, sometimes a second 


behind this on the shoulder girdle, and a median row on the tail, beginning behind 
the vent and reaching the second dorsal. Dorsals separated by two spines. Except- 
ing these spines, the back is smooth. 

Light reddish brown; a black ring, half as wide as the mouth, incloses a light col- 
ored space near the shoulder girdle on each pectoral. 

The large size of this fetus renders it probable that it belongs to a 
species distinct from Raja meerdervoorté and perhaps allied to aja — 
ocellata. - . 


(fuscus, dusky.) 


42. RAJA MEERDERVOORTI Bleeker. 


Raja meerdervoortii@ BLEEKER, Act. Sci. Ind. Neerl., VIII, 1860, p. 66; Japan.— 
JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. $8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 337; Tokyo. 


Snout 73 in head; interorbital space 12 in snout; width of mouth 13; / 
length of first dorsal, 13; eye 34 in interorbital space. 

3ody broad, disk much wider than long, its anterior margin undu-— 
lated. Head small; snout slightly produced, pointed; eyes small, — 
interorbital space greater than distance of eye from margin of disk; 
mouth rather small, undulated, about as far from tip of snout as latter 
is from eye; nostrils large, their distance from corners of mouth two 
and two-thirds in space between latter and tip of snout; mternasal 
space one and one-fifth width of mouth; teeth rather small, sharply 
pointed, in about 45 rows in upper jaw; upper lip free in middle; nos- 
trils very large, broadly separated at corners of mouth, with which 
they are confluent, and with a large flap, posterior margin of which 
is broadly fringed; interorbital space broad, concave, supraoral ridges 
not particularly elevated. Spiracles much smaller than the eye and 
directly posterior. Guall-slits small. 

Above, roughened on snout in front, along anterior undulated mar- — 
gins of disk; a patch of thorns on each side of pectorals, on their outer ~ 
third; several spines or tubercles on each supraorbital ridge; several 
in front of eye; a couple on middle of back in front, and three rows 





“Disk rhomboid, its anterior borders undulate, a little broader than long; snout 
very sharp, greater than internasal space, length from mouth half more than width 
of latter; median teeth in male, pomted. Back smooth, with a single, conical, 
curved spine on its median region: several spines before, and within the eyes; the — 
outer spines on the anterior region in 3 to 5 series. Tail a little shorter than the — 
disk; claspers (in the type 21 em. long) very large. Olive-green above, orange along 
the edge of disk; pale ocelli of varying size more or less evident; pores on the lower _ 
side of head bordered with black. (Bleeker). 













ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 651 


er surface of tail; also a supero-lateral row of “small spines; 
these exceptions, smooth; lower surface of body perfectly smooth, 
xpt end of snout. 

jirst dorsal larger than second, from which it is well separated, 
jrvening space equal to one-fifth length of base of first; second 





PREM 











Ie 


PSR aE aes 


, Fic. 7.—RAJA MEERDERVOORTI. 





rsal and caudal joined, only separation a deep notch; angle of pec- 
ral obtuse; ventrals four-fifths length of claspers; claspers more 
half of cea, when measured above from posterior base of ven- 
; a narrow ead fold along each side of tail. 


9 
Color in alcohol, brown above, clouded with darker, and with many 


652 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 





















light blotches on pectorals; at middle of base of pectorals, two large, 
round, light spots; behind these, also farther apart, two round black 


blackish dots. 

Leneth 14% inches. 

Described from a young male from Nagasaki. 

A large male from Kobe differs in having the colors more or less: 
uniform, the spots obsolete. Its lower surface is greatly soiled with j 
pale brown. 

Our adult females, all larger than any of the males, differ principally | 
in their ereater width. They also have the eyes closer together, the > 
space between always less than their distance from the margin of the 
disk. ‘They are more or less uniform in color like our adult male 
from Kobe. One from Tokyo is very dark, or soiled, below. 7 
mouth is nearly straight. 

In a smaller specimen than any yet mentioned the spots and mar- 
blings above become more distinct, especially the two large spots at the ) 
base of the pectorals. However, there are still three rows of tubereles_ 
on the upper surface of the tail. - 


from the margin of the disk. The lower black spots on the pectoral 
above disappear, and the light spots at the base of the same fin vary 
from narrow-rimmed ocelli to deep blackish blotches. The tail is— 
seldom with more than a single median row of tubercles above. . 
Coasts of Japan, very abundant. Our specimens from Tokyo, 
Nagasaki, Kobe, Wakanoura, and Hakodate. It is possible that more 
than one species is included in our series. 
(Named for J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort, who collected for 
Dr. Bleeker.) 
43. RAJA KENOJEI Miller and Henle. 
GANGI-EI (SEA-WALL RAY); KENOEI, KASUBE, SEBITA (FLAT- BA 
IGA-EI (SPINY RAY); RENTE-EI. ; 
Raja kenojei Méuter and Henig, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 149, pl. xiv«rr; Nagdl F 
saki.—ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 308; Nagasaki.—RIcHARDSON, © 
Ichth. Chin., 1846, p. 197; Canton.—B.LerKer, Act. Soe. Sci. Ind. Neerl.,” 
III, 1858, Japan, IV, p. 42; Japan, VI, 1859, p. 65.—Dumérin, Elasmo- 
branches, 1870, p. 557; Nagasaki.—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 4635 
Japan.—Nysrrom, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 51; Nagasaki.—Isar 


KAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 60; Tokyo.—JorDAN and Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat 
Mus., 1900, p. 337. 


Raja japonica” Nysvrom, Kongl., Svensk: Vet. Ak. nes p. 52; Nagasaki. 





“Raja japonica is characterized thus by eon 
“Distance from middle of forehead between eyes to tip of snout less than half 
breadth of head at same point; distance between outer angles of nostrils somewhat 


» 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 658 


— Interorbital space 1J in snout; width of mouth 2 Sian an of first 
Morsal, a little more than 4; caudal 2%; eye 3$ in arr bital space. 
Body rhomboid, very broad, width of the disk much ereater than 
its length. Head till, snout very little produced, though ending in 
a small point; anterior margin of disk full, slightly undulated, and 
eyes nearer to it than their space between; mouth large, slightly 
‘undulate; teeth in about 45 rows in upper jaw, small, rounded; nos- 
trils very large, broadly separated, but not equal to width of mouth 
at its corners, with which it is also confluent; nasal flaps large, poste- 
‘rior margin fringed; length of nostril to corner of mouth equal to two 
and one-half in space between latter and tip of snout; interorbital 
‘space concave, though flattened in middle, and supraorbital ridges 
little elevated. Spiracles rather large, a little smaller than eye, 
oblique, directly posterior. Gill openings very small. . 

Body almost perfectly smooth, with exception of some roughness 

on snout, several small tubercles on supraoral ridges, one in center of 
back in front, and 5 irregular rows of thorns on back of tail. 
_ Dorsals separated, distance between about one-sixth base of first: 
second dorsal confluent with small caudal, only separation a deep 
notch, and equal to first dorsal in size; angle of pectoral would fall at 
about middle of length of disk; ventrals moderate. 

Color in spirits, brown above, whitish beneath; upper surface 
marked with small, blackish spots; at bases of pectorals, two large, 
blackish rings above, below which, though farther apart, also two 
indistinct, imperfect rings, and still posterior on last rays, a small, 
black spot; nine indistinct, blackish cross-bands on upper surface of 
tail; lower surface of body whitish, soiled with brown, pores with 
grayish borders. 

Length 17% inches. 

_ Coasts of Japan, rather common. We have specimens from Misaki, 
‘Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kobe, Tsuruga, and Nagasaki. As this species 
is mature at about the length of the specimen described, the rays ** de 
taille enorme” noticed by Schlegel must belong to Raja tengu or some 
other species. In our young specimens the spots on the back form 
more or less distinct ocelli, and the mottlings above are distinct, fre- 
quently with a number of light spots. The lower surface is white, 
but the outer third of the pectorals broadly bordered with pale brown, 
which in the adult is paler. 

(keno-e7, the Japanese name. .) 


less than their distance from Fn of snout; snout somewhat rounded; mouth Ww ith 40 
rows of teeth; interorbital space concave. A few small tubercles about eyes; rest of 
body smooth, except for a large tubercle behind eye and a row of larger or smaller 
ones along middle of back. Color dark brown, with larger and smailer yellowish 
spots. Described from a specimen 23 cm. long, taken at Nagasaki.” 





| 





54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol, 


44. RAJA TENGU Jordan and Fowler, new species. 















TENGU-EI (LONG-NOSED RAY). 


Interorbital space 3 in snout; width of mouth 23; length of fi 
dorsal 44; caudal 6; eye 43 in interorbital space. | 


Body very broad, width of disk much greater than its length. He 
large; snout greatly produced, tapering to a sharp point; eyes sme 
rather far apart, though farther from margin of disk than this intery; 
mouth large, slightly curved or arched, with 38 rows of large tee th 
jaws; upper lip not free in middle; nostrils very large, broadly sey 


rated at corners of mouth, with which they are confluent, and with 
\ 





Fic. 8.—RaJA TENGU. 


large flap, the posterior margin of which is broadly fringed; spa 
between anterior part of nostril and corners of mouth 5, in spa 
between former and tip of snout; interorbital space broad, conea 
the supraoral ridges large, broad and convex. Spiracles smaller th 
eye, oblique, directly posterior. Gill-slits small. 

Snout roughened above; a number of small spines in front of ar 
over eye, several on back behind head; a single row of spines dow 
middle of tail above, a row on each side of same, and all rest of up 
surface perfectly smooth; lower surface of body, except ventrals an 
tail, roughened, especially on snout. 

First dorsal a little larger than second, from which it is well sepé 
‘ated, intervening space equal to two-thirds length of second dor 


H 


* 


; 





No. 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 655 





second dorsal and caudal separated by a notch; angle of pectoral 
obtuse; ventrals small. 

Color in spirits brown, more or less finely mottled with lighter, and 
lower surface like upper; pores below blackish. 

Length 44 inches. 

Type No. 7138, Ichthyological collections, Leland Stanford Junior 
University Museum. Locality, Matsushima Bay. 

Cotypes are in U. 8S. National Museum, from station No. 3770. 
Matsushima, where they were dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission 
steamer A/batross. 

The type is a young female, but is easily distinguished from other 
species by the elongate snout, which is, however, not so long as that 
of the adult; distance between eyes less than their distance from the 
margin of the disk; a pair of stout spines in front of each eye, a single 
one behind each, and a single one on the middle of the back, in front; 
middle of the tail with a single row aboye, and all the rest of the body, 
both above and below, smooth. Color more or less deeper brown 
above, marbled with darker; below, brownish; the pores on the under 
surface of the head, bordered with blackish. Length 8} inches. 

Coasts of Japan, especially northward; rather common. It was 
obtained at Aomori, Hakodate, and Matsushima. 

(Named from Zengu or Tegu, in Japanese mythology, a comical 
being with a very long nose, which he is fabled to thrust into the busi- 
ness of other people.) 


Family XIX. NARCOBATID. 
ELECTRIC RAYS. 

Trunk broad and thick, covered with perfectly smooth skin. Tail 
comparatively short and thick, with rayed caudal] fin, and commonly 
2 rayed dorsal fins, the first of which is over or behind the ventrals; a 
longitudinal fold on each side of the tail; anterior or nasal valves con- 
fluent into a quadrangular lobe; a large electric organ, composed of 
many hexagonal tubes between the pectoral fins and the head. Rays of 
moderate or large size, noted for their power of giving electric shocks; 
found in most warm seas. According to Fritsch the torpedoes pass 
through three distinct phases of development—a shark-like, a ray-like, 
and finally a torpedo-like stage. The very young have long, external 
gills. 





a. Dorsal fin single; spiracles close behind eye; tail with a fold on each side. 
Astrape, 38. 


38: ASTRAPE Muller and Henle. 
Astrape Miuter and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 130 (capensis). 
Dorsal fin single. Disk rounded, not emarginate in front; snout 
short, not keeled; spiracles with entire edges, near the eyes; mouth 
narrow, protractile, surrounded by a circular fold of skin, joined to the 


656 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 





nasal valve by a cartilaginous frenum; teeth flattened, quadrangular, 
at base, not occupying the whole cleft of mouth. Skin smooth. 
(aotpazn, lightning.) 


45. ASTRAPE JAPONICA Schlegel. 
SHIBIREI (SHOCKED RAY). 
Astrape japonica” SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850; p. 307, pl. cxi; Nagasaki. 
Astrape dipterygia Isnikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 60; Tokyo, Sagami Bay, Ajiro in j 
Izu (probably not of Schneider) . | 

Disk round and equal to tail, which is broad, compressed, and taper- ’ 
ing. Head very small; snout short, equal to space between spiracles; 
eyes very small; 4 in space between spiracles; nostrils large, rather | 
close together, median flap only separated slightly by a thick frenum; 
mouth not very broad, about one-half width between spiracles, and - 
jaws with flattened pavement-like teeth; interorbital space nearly flat. 
Spiracles larger than eye, and with their edges elevated. 

Body perfectly smooth, but with many pores, especially along — 
outer portions of pectorals. 

First dorsal, when depressed, reaching base of caudal, and equal to 
half its length; length of base of ventral is equal to width of caudal 
at base; tail greatly depressed, broad, and along sides, a rather narrow, 
lateral fold. 

Color in alcohoi, brown above; caudal, dorsal, and middle of tail, 
deep brown; lower surface with greater portion soiled with pale brown, 
remaining portions whitish. 

Length, 7 inches. 

This description from a male from Wakanoura. a 

Coasts of Southern Japan, not common. Our single example is 
from Wakanoura. 


Family XX. DASYATID. 
STING RAYS. 


Disk usually more or less broad than long; the pectoral fins uninter- 
ruptedly confluent in front, forming the tip of the snout; tail variously 
formed, usually whiplike, sometimes short and stout, sometimes bear- 
ing a single dorsal or caudal fin, but never with two dorsals; usually 
one or more vertical folds of skin on tail, rarely a lateral fold. Tail 
generally armed with a large, sharp, retrorsely serrate spine on its 
upper surface toward the base; 2 or 3 spines occasionally present. 
Ventral fins not emarginate. Skin smooth, or variously prickly or 
spinous, roughest in the adult; no differentiated spines on the pectorals 
in the males, the sexes being similar. Mouth rather small; teeth 


“ Narcine timlei, a related species, is ascribed to Japan by Ginther, following Rich- 
ardson. There is no evidence that it has ever been taken in Japan. Perhaps 
Astrape has been mistaken for it. 


Fe 


Rp 


no. 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 657 





small, paved, usually more or less pointed « or tabere ular ar. Nostr ils 
close together; nasal valves forming a rectangular flap, which is joined 
fo the upper jaw by a narrow frenum. Spiracles large, placed close 
behind the eyes. Skull not elevated, the eyes and spiracles superior. 
Species ovoviviparous. Found in most warm seas, some of them in 
the fresh waters of the northern parts of South America. The laree, 
jagged spine on the muscular tail is capable of inflicting a severe and 
even dangerous wound. 
a. UroLtopoin®. Tail stout, provided with a rayed caudal fin; no dorsal fin; disk 
roundish; caudal spine strong. -.--- See are ee rte ees vase Urolophus, 39. 
aa. DasyaTIn®. Tail slender, without caudal fin; pelvis without sword-shaped 
process. (Marine species. ) 
b. Tail whiplike, longer than disk, which is rhomboid, or roundish; caudal spine 


SSI) Uh eee MRE eee aertete oS Tl S2 Se SEs Bin nic on sk ee ee Dasyatis, 40. 
bb. Tail very short, shorter than the very broad, transversely rhombic disk; caudal 
spine weak, often wanting; no trace of dorsal fin........__-- Pteroplatea, 41. 


39. UROLOPHUS Muller and Henle. 


Leiobatus® BuarnviuLE, Jour. Phys., LX XXIII, 1816, p. 262 (cruciatus; not 
Leiobatus, Rafinesque, 1810). 

Leiobatis BuAINVILLE, Faune Frangaise, 1828, p. 48 (no type named). 

Urolophus M@LLER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 173 (aurantiacus=cruciatus) . 

Urotrygon Gitu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 173 (mundus). 





| 


Disk oval or rhombic, the length and breadth not very unequal; 
snout rounded or the tip exserted; skin smooth or more or less prickly. 
Tail rather short, little if any longer than the disk, muscular, provided 
with a distinct rayed caudal fin; no dorsal fin. Upper part of the tail 
with a strong, serrated spine. Warm seas. Sting rays of small size, 
the most vigorous and most dangerous of the group, mostly confined 
to tropical America. 

(ovpa, tail; Addos, crest.) 


46. UROLOPHUS FUSCUS Garman. 
JUNORUI. 


Urolophus fuscus GARMAN, oie U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 41; East Coast of Japan 
(Type No. 7058, U. 8. Nat. Mus. ) 

Urolophus tullbergi Nysrrom, Kongl. ene Vet. Akad., 1887, p. 53; Nagasaki 
(Coll. Dr. W. Tullberg).—Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 
p- 338; Tokyo. 


Disk round, angles of pectorals about opposite first two-fifths its 
length. Head small, snout produced only ina short point; anterior 
edge of disk broadly convex; eyes rather small, 5 in snout and 34 in 
interorbital space; nostrils large, confluent with mouth only separated 
in middle by a thick frenum; mouth small, 13 in interorbital space; 


@In the Riese BeAnCning: 1828, Blainville changes ‘‘batus’’ in this and all similar 
names to ‘“‘batis,’”’ thus Leiobatis, Aétobatis. In this form the name Li iobatis has pri- 
ority over Urolophus, but being not a new name, but a mere variant in spelling, it is 

_ perhaps not necessary to adopt it as the name of this genus. 
4 


2 






















658 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X 


jaws with flattened, pavement-like teeth; interorbital space conea 
supraocular ridges little elevated. Spiracles large, much greater tha 
than eye. 

Body perfectly smooth, with many pores. 

Base of ventral about equal to snout; caudal rather broad, rounded 
lower lobe beginning before upper, and width of fin 2% in snout; tai 
depressed, its width at base 2 in snout, armed with a strong, COMpTessec 
spine with serrate edges. | 

Color in alcohol, light brown above, pores with blackish borders 
caudal fin, a blotch below each eye and upper surface of tail blackish: 
lower surface whitish, except lower surface of tail, which is blac Is | 
edges of ventrals and of disk broadly edged with blackish or brownish: 

Leneth, 14% inches. 

This description from a female from Tokyo. 

Southern Japan, generally common. Our specimens are from Toky 
Kobe. Hiroshima, Hakata, and Wakanoura. 

(fuscus, brown, duswy.) 


40. DASYATIS Rafinesque. 
STING_RAYS. 


Dasybatus KLEIN, missus, 1742 (pre-Linnzean ). | 

Dasyatis Rarrnesqur, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 1810, p. 16 (wus 
= pastinaca). | 

Urovis RAFINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiol. Sicil., 1810, p. 61 (wus). 

Trigonobatus BLAINVILLE, Jour. Phys., 1816, p. 261 (vulgaris). 

Trygon ADANSON, in Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 136 (pastinaca). 

Hemitrygon MGLLER and HeniE, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1837, p. 90 (bennetti). 

Himantura MLLER and Henig, Wiegmann’s Archiv., 1837, p. 400 (warnak). 

Pastinaca Swainson, Classn. Anim., 1839, p. 319 (olivacea). 

Anacanthus EHRENBERG, in Swainson, Classn. Anim., 1839, p. 319 (orbicularis 

Pastinaca Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 1842, p. 373 (pastinaca). 

Dasibatis GARMAN, in Jordan and Gilbert, Synopsis, 1883, p. 65 (pastinaca; ed 
rected orthography ). 


Disk oval, flat, with rounded angles. Tail very long and slender, 
whip-like, without fin, but often with 1 or 2 vertical, membranous 
folds; a strong serrated spine toward the base of the tail. Skin mol 
or less spinous or prickly, rarely smooth. Teeth small, paved; 
few papille usually present in the mouth behind the lower jay 
Species about 30. Sting rays of large size, abundant in warm seé 
Many of the spinous species are nearly or quite smooth when young 
becoming rough with age. Some of the species are yet imperfee 
known and much of the synonymy is uncertain. 

(Saous, shagey or rough; faris, a skate; abbreviated from Da 
batis.) 


a. Dasyaris: Tail with cutaneous folds. 
b. Snout not long and produced. 





i ea 


No. 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 659 
c. Twoappendages at bottom of mouth inside; tail } larger than disk; under side 
Gicimertayemirnout redwanelites = <2 yk ed sh eel ee see kuhlii, 47. 

ce. Three appendages at bottom of mouth inside; under side, pale orange red in 


i Re eS te a aaa tes bo bos eee e wee akajei, 48. 
bb. Snout long and produced, so that greatest width of disk would be about Ooppo- 
eu MUeTe teSNenethys. 4 2 22. 22 see ok 2c sae leauge, 49. 

aa. Himantura: Tail without cutaneous folds; three times length of disk. 
gerrardi, 50. 


47- DASYATIS KUHLII (Miiller and Henle). 


Trygon kuhli Méuver and HEnte, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 164, pl. cr; Vanicoro, 
New Guinea (drawing from a specimen from Nagasaki).—Scnutece., Fauna 
Japonica, 1850, p. 308; Nagasaki.—BLrrKer, Verh. Bat. Gen. Plag., XXIV, 
1852, p. 73.—DumeriL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 603; Amboina, Java, Vani- 
coro, New Guinea.—GitinrueEr, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 479; Zanzibar. 

The margins of snout form an obtuse angle; only two appendages 
at bottom of mouth, behind teeth. Body entirely smooth, or with a 
series of spines, pointing backward along the median line of back to 
caudal spine. Tail with a distinct cutaneous fold above and below, 
about one-half larger than disk. 

Coasts of Japan and southward, not common, readily known from 
D. akajet by the grayish, not reddish, coloration of the lower side. 
Our specimens from Hakodate, Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Ono- 
michi, and Hiroshima. 

(Named for the naturalist, M. Kuhl.) 


48. DASYATIS AKAJEI (Miller and Henle). 
AKA-EI (RED SKATE). 

Trygon akajei MGLLER and Hen eg, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 165, pl. Lim, Nagasaki.— 
ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 308; Nagasaki.—BLreEKeEr, Act. Soc. Sci. 
Indo.-Neerl., III, 1857, Japan, IV, p. 44.—Dumerit, Elasmobranches, 1870, 
p. 604; Nagasaki. 

Disk broadly oval; widest part about second fifth of its length. 
Head moderate, snout produced into a short, though very blunt point, 
and anterior edge of disk very broadly convex; eyes small, elevated a 
little, and 5 in interorbital space; nostrils large, confluent except for 
the thick, cartilaginous frenum; mouth small, more than one-half 
snout; teeth flattened, pavement-like; lower lip with narrow folds; 
interorbital space broad, flat. Spiracles not quite twice eye. 

Body smooth, except a patch of asperities between and posterior to 
each eye, and a median series on back, developing posteriorly, into 
large thorny spines to caudal spine; end of tail rough; rest of body 
perfectly smooth. 

Base of ventral less than interorbital space; tail much larger than 
disk, tapering rapidly till very slender, its width at base more than 
half interorbital space; spine on upper part of tail inserted a little 
before first third of its length, longer than snout, and serrate on both 

















660 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X 





edges on outer half; a small keel on tail above, behind spine, and 
long one runs along lower surface. 

Color in alcohol dark, dusky brown above, becoming lighter 
outer and marginal portions of disk; lower surface of body a creat 
white; a creamy buff bar in front of and below eye, also another abo 
spiracles, above and at corners; sides of tail whitish, also edges 
claspers. The belly is more or less bright orange red in life. 

Length, 27% inches. 

Here described from an adult male from Tokyo. 

Young specimens are perfectly smooth above, without any asperit 
or thorns, the colors more pronounced, the outer half of the tail blaek 
and the lower surface of the body more or less tinged with creamy 
light buff. 








Fig. 9.—DASYATIS AKAJEI. 


Coasts of Japan, very common southward in sandy bays. Our spe¢ 
mens from Matsushima, Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Onomichi, Hir 
shima, Tsuruga, Hakata, Kawatana, and Nagasaki. 

(aka-c7, ved skate, in Japanese.) 


49. DASYATIS ZUGEI (Muller and Henle). 
ZUG-EI. 

Trygon zugei MéLLER and HENtE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 165, pl. L111; Nagasaki, 
SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 309; Nagasaki.—Cantor, Malayan Fishe 
1850, p. 426.—Bierker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, Plagiost., p. @ 
Macao, Pondicherry.—DumériL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 606.—GitnTHE 
Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 481; Japan, Pinang, Madras. 


Disk as deep as broad; its greatest width about opposite middle | 
its length. Head large, with produced, pointed snout; snout abo 






.184. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 661 





92 in disk, and anterior margins of disk, concave: eyes very small, 
slightly elevated, and about equal to 54 in interorbital space; nos- 
trils large, confluent, except for thick cartilaginous frenum, and 
with edges of flap fringed; mouth small, about 14 in space between 
nostrils, and 4% in snout; teeth in somewhat roughened, pavement- 
like patches in jaws; interorbital space concave in middle, elevated 
a little on both sides, and equal to 3 in snout. Spiracles very large, 
rounded, and equal to 2} eye diameters. Gill-openings moderately 
small. 

Body entirely smooth, with exception of upper surface of tail behind 
spine, where it is roughened. 

- Base of ventral about 12 in interorbital space; tail very lone and 
slender, greatly exceeding leneth of disk; width of tail at base, 24 in 
interorbital space; spines on upper pari of tail, less than interorbital 
space, sharp, slender, serrate on both of outer edges, and inserted 
about first fifth the leneth of tail; rather low keels on tail, one above 
short, and behind spine, the lower much longer. 

_ Color in alcohol, brown above, more or less uniform, and below, 
whitish. 

Length, 293 inches. 

This description from a specimen from Kobe. 

In a young specimen, with two caudal spines, the eyes are larger, the 
fail is smooth and with keels long, and the color darker above, and 
more or less mottled indistinctly. 

Coasts of Japan and southward, known by the long snout. Our 
specimens from Tokyo, Kobe, Wakanoura, Onomichi, and Hiroshima. 
 (eug-e, the Japanese name.) 


















50. DASYATIS GERRARDI (Gray). 


-Trygon gerrardi Gray, Chondropt., 1851, p. 116; India.—Gtnrner, Cat. Fish, 
VIII, 1870, p. 474; Japan, East Indies. 

Trygon macrurus BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, Plag., p. 74; Java, 
Sumatra.—Dumerit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 588 (after Bleeker). 


Disk broader than long. Snout rather obtuse, margins forming an 
obtuse angle. One or more large tubercles in center of back, round 
which, or in front of which, generally smaller tubercles are grouped, 
forming a small patch or short band, and not extending beyond central 
portion of disk. Tail without cutaneous fold, exceedingly Jong and 
slender, about thrice as long as disk, without tubercles at base. Color 
brown, with round, yellowish spots, limited to posterior parts in 
young examples, which have tail ornamented with alternate brown 
and yellow rings. (Giinther.) 

India, East Indies, and a half-grown specimen recorded from Japan 
by Dr. Giinther. We have seen no Japanese specimens. A related 


* 


; 


662 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVL 





species D. nudus (Giinther), known by the smooth skin, is listed by 
Bleeker as from Japan, but no locality is given. 

Duméril finds 2 buceal papillee. 

(Named for M. Gerrard.) 


41. PTEROPLATEA Muller and Henle. 
Pteroplatea MéLLER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 168 (altavela). 


Disk much broader than long, its anterior margins meeting ina very 
obtuse angle, its outer angles more or less acute, the form, therefore, 
transversely rhombic. Tail very short and slender, shorter than the 
disk, without fin, armed with a very small, serrated spine, which is 
often wanting. Skin smooth, or very nearly so. Size rather large. 
Warm seas. The species are closely related.- 

(zTEpor, fin: wAatus, broad; an ancient name of Pteroplatea alta- 
veld.) 

51. PTEROPLATEA JAPONICA (Schlegel). 


TSUBAKUROEI (SWALLOW RAY); YOKOSAEI (CROSS-WISE RAY). 


Pteroplatea japonica SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 309, pl. cx 1; 
Nagasaki.—BLerKker, Act. Soe. Sci. Indo. Neerl., III, 1857, Japan, IV, 
p. 45.—Dumerit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 614. 

Dasyatis micrura var. japonicus Gray, Chondropt., 1851, p. 122; Japan, Canton. 

Pteroplatea hirundo, Isu1kawa, Prel. Cat. 1897, p. 60; Tokyo, Boshu; (not of 
Lowe). 

Disk very broad, its length only a little more than half its width; its 
greatest width would fall about opposite last fourth of its length. 
Head very broad, and flattened; snout only a small, blunt point, and 
its length equal to two-thirds interorbital space; anterior margin of 
disk broadly convex; eyes small, somewhat elevated, 7 in inter- 
orbital space; nostrils large, well separated, with large flaps; mouth 
moderate, equa! to its length from tip of snout, undulate; teeth in 
broad, pavement-like patches in jaws; interorbital space very broad, 
flattened. Spiracles directly behind eye, much larger than the same. 
Gill-openings moderate. 

Body entirely smooth. 

Base of ventral 1 in interorbital space; tail very small, short, its 
length about twice interorbital width; a small, weak spine on upper 
surface of tail at its first third. 

Color in alcohol, olivaceous brown above, marked with very fine, 
numerous, darker punctuations, tail whitish with eight dark rings 
about as broad as interspaces; lower surface of body whitish. 

Length, 94 inches. 

Here described from a female from Wakanoura. 

Coasts of Japan, rather common. It was taken at Tokyo, Waka- 
noura, Hiroshima, Hakata, Kawatana, and Nagasaki, 


- 





24. EHLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 663 


Sn aa < 
Family XXI. MYLIOBATIDZ. 


EAGLE RAYS. 









isk broad; the pectoral fins not continued to the end of the snout, 
ceasing on the sides of the head and reappearing in front of the 
ut as 1 or 2 fleshy protuberances (cephalic fins), which are sup- 
ted by fin rays. Tail very long and slender, whip like, with a 
zle dorsal fin near its root, behind which is usually a strong, 
rorsely serrated spine. Nasal valves forming a rectangular flap, 
hb the posterior margin free, attached by a frenum to the upper 
rf. Skull less depressed than usual among rays, its surface raised 
that the eyes and spiracles are lateral in position. Teeth hexangu- 
large, flat tessellated, the middle ones usually broader than the 
ers. Ovoviviparous. Skin smooth; no differentiated spines on 
pectorals in the males, the sexes being similar. Ventrals not 
arginate. Large sting rays; inhabiting warm seas, feeding chiefly 
mollusks, which they crush with their large, grinding teeth. 


2 


Teeth in several series, the middle series very broad. 
SPUN ZZLCTONI Ie Perea ae emt: shy (rae 20% Pays eho ew islaisre ones tases Myliobatis, 42 


42. MYLIOBATIS Dumeéril. 


| 
! 


| Myliobatis DumEriL in Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., I, 1817, p. 137 (aquila). 
Holorhinus Giri, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 331 (vespertilio=californicus). 
Disk broad, the outer angles acute. Cephalic fins, forming a soft, 
Wex appendage in front of snout. Jaws about equal. Median 
th very broad, much broader than long in the adult, proportionally 
rrower in the young. Several series of narrower teeth on each side 
the median series; teeth changing considerably with age. Free 
re of the nasal valve not deeply emarginate. Tail very long and 
nder, with a small dorsal fin, and one or more serrated spines. 
in smooth, or nearly so. Size large. In all warm seas. 

vos, grinder; Paris, ray.) 








icienwO-lmrasgasilonosas DrOAd .. 0.22.2). oct hec beste creases wes tobijei, 52. 
Prkeuilcaracunrontmas lone =o. 325 2 oy 22 ashe t te one Shes nieuhofi, 53. 


52. MYLIOBATIS TOBIJEI Bleeker. 
TOBI-EI (KITE RAY, OR FLYING RAY). 


Myliobatis aquila ScuirceL, Fauna Japonica, 1847, p. 310, pl. exuu; Nagasaki 
(not of Linnzeus). 

Myhobatis tobijei BuerKer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XX VI, 1854, Nieuwe Nalez. Japan, 
p. 130, Nagasaki.—Dumérit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 640 (after Bleeker). 

Myhobatis cornuta Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 490; Japan.—Isuikawa, 
Prel. Cat 1897, p. 60, Matsushima. 


Head 3 in body (from tip of snout to base of ventrals behind); snout 


n head, eye 6 1n interorbital space; spiracles 24; w idth of mouth 24. 


664 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Xvi 


a — 


Disk very broad, length of body from tip of snout to tip of ventral 

. little more than 1$ in its greatest width. Head thick, depressed and 
ene above; nour flexible, inferior, flattened, and rounded; eyes 
small, lateral, at some distance in advance of spiracles; nostrils large, 
rather close together, separated by thick, cartilaginous and fleshy 
frenum, which is coarsely papillose or warty; lips and nasal flaps very 
thick and fleshy; teeth in pavement-like plates; interorbital space 
broad, fontanelle hollow in middle, and on each side of this 
little elevated and flattened. Spiracles large, oblique. Gill-openings 
moderate. 

Body smooth. 

Dorsal fin small, its base a little less than length of spiracle, inserted 
behind ventrals; caudal very long, filamentous; upper surface of tail 
with a compressed, pointed spine with serrated edges a little less in 
length than space between spiracles; ventrals long and free, bases 
rather narrow. 

Color in alcohol, dusky brown above, with many rather large, 
whitish spots, distinct posteriorly; lower surface chalky white; tail 
blackish. - 

Total length, 545 inches; without tail, about 10 inches. 

Description from a male taken at Tokyo. 

Coasts of southern Japan, not uncommon. Our specimens from 
Hakodate, Tokyo, Onomichi, Hiroshima, Hakata, and Nagasaki. Some 
of these have the dermal thickening, or horn, over the eye, said to 
characterize J/. cornuta, and others are without it. This is evidently 
nota specific character. 








(tobi-ev, Flying Ray in Japanese.) 


53. MYLIOBATIS NIEUHOFI (Bloch and Schneider). 


Raja nieuhofii BLocn and ScHNErDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 364; Indian Sea (after 
Zee-Vleermuis of Nieuhof, in Willughby, Appendix, p. 6, pl. x, fig. 3). 
Myliobatis nieuhofii Cuvier, Régne Anim., Ist ed., 1817, p. 138.—Mituoee and 
Herne, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 177.—DumériL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 638; 
Pondicherry.—Gtnruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 491; Pinang, Moluccas, 
Japan. 

Raja fasciata Suaw, Gen. Zool., III, 1804, p. 286, pl. cx (after Schneider). 


Body smooth, disk about twice as broad as long. Fleshy prolonga- 
tion of snout, short; no horn on orbit. Dorsal situated at beginning 
of base of tail, opposite end of insertion of ventrals, no spines poste- 
rior to it; tail about three times as long as disk. Color, olive superi- 
orly, tinged externally with a reddish hue, and a dark, outer margin 
to disk; young have about seven blue bands across disk and two more 
between or close to eyes; as fish creases in size first bands on head 
disappear, and finally those on body. (Gunther, Day.) | 

Indian Ocean and archipelago; a half-grown specimen in the British | 


% 





a ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. _ 665 


Museum, said to be from Japan (coll. een The r ree cord i is very 
loubtful, but the species, if occurring in Japan, may be recognized 
py the anterior position of the dorsal fin, nearly over the root of the 
ventrals and by the very broad disk. It was not seen by us. 

(Named for Dr. Jean Nieuhof, of Batavia, died in 1671, once gover- 
1,0r of Ceylon, author of Voyages par mer et par terre a differens 
jeux des Indes Orientales, with 20 plates of fishes. 





Family XXII. MOBULIDE. 
SEA DEVILS. 


Rays of enormous size, with the disk broader than long, and the 
yectoral fins not continued on the sides of the head, the anterior or 
cephalic portion being separate, developed as 2 long horn-like or 
sar-like appendages. Mouth wide, terminal or inferior. Teeth very 
small, flat or tubercular, in many series; those of the upper jaw some- 
imes wanting. Eyes lateral. Nostrils widely separated, their valves 
inited, forming a flap as wide as the cleft of the mouth. Tail long 
ind adr, Ww hip- like, with a single dorsal fin at its base, and with or 
without a serrated spine. Vent “al fins not emarginate. Skin more or 
less rough. Males without differentiated spines on the pectorals, the 
sexes similar. Ovoviviparous. Largest of all rays and among the 
largest of all fishes; the species few, found in the tropical seas. 


1. Teeth in both jaws; mouth UGUIEY AIG 5 es ey cat AR a Se SN a er I ee Mobula, 43 


43. MOBULA “© Rafinesque. 


Mobula Ravinesque, Indice @’Ittiol. Sicil., 1810, p. 61 (auriculata=edentula). 

Apterurus Rarinesque, Indice d’Ittiol. Eicill, 1810, p. 62 ( fabroni=edentulus). 

Cephalopterus Dumérit, in Risso Ichthyol., Nice, 1810, p. 14 (giorna=edentula; 
not of Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809, a genus of birds). 

Dicerobatus BLAINVILLE, Jour. de Phys., 1816, p. 262 (mobular=edentula). 

Cephaloptera (Duméril) Cuvrer, Régne Animal, Ist ed., IT, 1817, p. 138 (giorna). 


| Pterocephala Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, II, 1839, p. 321 (giorna). 


Head free from pectoral fin, truncated in front, with the cephalic 
fin on each side developed as a straight, horn-like appendage, pointing 
forward. Nostrils widely separated. Mouth inferior, wide. Teeth 
fe both jaws very small, flat, or tubercular, in many series. Tail very 
slender, with a dorsal fin between the ventrals; the serrated spine 
Mont or absent. Species about 5, in tropical seas, reaching an 
enormous size and therefore not well known. 
| (Mobular is a name said to be used for the European species, Jobula 
edentula (Briinnich), ‘le diable des aes ” in the rOres) 





«The name Aodon, accepted for mis genus by Jordan and Ev ermann, was origi- 
nally based on a shark of the Red Sea, Aodon massasa, said to have microscopic, 
serrated teeth, and very large pectoral fins. It may belong to the Scylorhinide. 


| Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 45 



















666 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


54. MOBULA JAPONICA (Miiller and Henle). 


ITOMAKI-EI (SPOOL RAY). 


Cephaloptera japonica Méiupr and HeEnuE, Plagiostomen, 1836, p. 185; Na 
saki.—ScuHLEceL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 310; Nagasaki.—Dumern, E] 
mobranches, 1870, p. 659 (after Muller and Henle). 

Dicerobatis japonica Gténrugr, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 496 (after Miller 
Henle). 


Teeth very minute, obtuse tubercles, extending laterally to t 
angles of the mouth. Back rough. Tail nearly thrice as long 





Fic. 10.—MoBvuLA JAPONICA (from a foetus). 


body. On each side of tail, a series of small, white tuberel 
(Ginther, after Miller and Henle.) | 

Coasts of Japan, occasionally taken. A fetus, 224 inches long, W 
obtained by us from Kumakichi Aoki of Misaki. ‘Two mounted spe 
mens are in the museum at Hakodate, both from Voleano Bay. T 
largest Is 8 feet across, the tail about twice the length of disk, wh 
is a little more than twice as broad as long. 


i 


i 
no.1324. HULASMOBRANCHIAT. FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 667 





I Subclass HOLOCEPHALI. 
CHIM ARAS. 


| Skeleton cartilaginous. Gull cavity with four clefts within, but hav- 
,ing one external opening only, which is covered by a fold of skin. 
No spiracles. Mouth inferior. Jaws with teeth, confluent into bony 
‘plates; upper jaw, palate, and hyomandibular, coalescent with the skull; 
intestine with a spiral valve. Pectoral fins normally developed, placed 
low; ventral fins abdominal, with claspers in the male; a cartilaginous 
hook, with a brush of teeth at the tip (frontal holder) on the forehead 
of the adult male. Derivative radii sessile on the sides of the basal 
bones of the limbs. Skin scaleless, its muciferous system well devel- 
oped. This group contains a single order, Chimeroidei, among exist- 
ing fishes; many extinct forms belong to it, and the group is perhaps 
not less ancient than that of the sharks. 

(OXos, solid; «edadn, head.) 





Order V. CHIMA=ROIDEI. 
CHIMAROIDS. 


Characters of the order, included above. The group includes three 
existing families, Rhinochimeeride (Bassalian), Chimeeridee, and Callo- 
rhynchide (Antarctic). The two families found in Japan are thus 
defined by Mr. Garman: 

a. Proboscis long and pointed; lateral canal system subtubular; notochord with 
rings; cerebral hemispheres distant from both olfactory and optic lobes. 

RHINOCHIM ©RIDH, X XII. 

aa. Proboscis absent; lateral canal system, sulcate; notochord with ring-like seg- 

ments; cerebral hemispheres fused with the olfactory lobes, and distant from 

HOVE Oh OVE MRO) Beis cs Ss aS eee Sed ee eee CHIM®RIDE, XXIV. 


Family XXII. RHINOCHIMARID A. 


Snout very long, with a cartilaginous midrib, and foliaceous lateral 
expansions of the skin at the base. Two dorsal fins, the anterior one 
with an immense triangular spine, finely serrated on its lateral edges. 
Tail very elongate, with filamentous tip. Frontal region in the adult 
male with a ‘‘frontal holder,” as in Chimera. Ventral claspers small 
and simple, gill-openings separated by a wide isthmus. Lateral canal 
system subtubular; notochord with rings; cerebral hemispheres dis- 
tant from both olfactory and optie lobes. Two genera—//arriotta 
in the deep waters below the Gulf Stream, and PAcnochimera in 
similar situations in Japan. //arriotta has teeth much like those 
of Chimera. Rhinochimera is the most primitive of existing 
Chime-roids, 


668 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


44. RHINOCHIMAZRA Garman. 






















Rhinochimera GARMAN, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1901, II, p. 75 (pacifica). 


Teeth without tritors or dental lamina, much like the horny covers 
of the jaws of tortoises or birds. Snout stronger and more compressed 
than in//arriotta. Japan, in deep seas. 

(piv, snout; yiuaipa, chimera.) 


55. RHINOCHIMZRA PACIFICA (Mitsukuri). 


Harriotta pacifice, Mrrsuxuri, Zool. Mag., June, 1895, pl. xv1; Kurihama, near 
Misaki. 1 
Rhinochimera pacifica GARMAN, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1901, p. 75 (specimen” 
bought in Japan). 


No detailed description of this species has yet been given. Mitsu 
kurt’s paper reads as follows: 


The reader’s attentioy is called to Plate XVI, giving the figures of individuals of 
the Chimeeroid group. The lower figure is copied, somewhat reduced, from the 
April number of the American Naturalist, and represents the new chimeroid Ha 
otla raleighana, which Messrs. Goode and Bean discovered among the collection made 
by the Albatross. Its habitat is said to be the coasts of Virginia, Maryland, and 
Delaware, 707-1080 fathoms. 

The upper figure represents a chimieroid which has been for some years in the 
possession of the Zoological Museum of the Science College in the Imperial Univer- 
sity of Tokyo. Thespecimen (male) was bought in the Tokyo market and is marked 
as from Kurihama, province of Sagami. There can be no doubt that fishermen of that 
village caught it in the deep water (200 fathoms or more) contiguous to Misaki. Its 
unique characters had not been noted by us. 

Unfortunately, | am not yet in possession of the original description of Harrio 
raleighana by Messrs. Goode and Bean; but the short description, the extremely 
elongate muzzle, and the feeble claspers, as well as a comparison of the two figures, 
leave no doubt in my own mind that the individuals figured belong to the same genus 

There can be very little question that they belong to different species. (1) The 
general shape of the body, (2) the shape and size of the pectoral and ventral fins, 
(3) the point to which these fins reach when back, (4) the shape and disposition of 
the dorsal fins, (5) distribution of lateral-line sense system, all seem to point to the- 
specific distinction of Atlantic and Pacific specimens. The name of Harriotta pacifica 
will be appropriate to the Japanese species. 4 

IT hope to return to the subject and to give fuller notes at no distant date. The 
occurrence of this interesting genus in both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans is, howeve ’ 
an interesting fact well worthy of being placed on record as speedily as possible. 


Of this species a few specimens have been obtained by Professor 
Mitsukuri in deep water off Misaki. These the senior author h 
examined, but has not minutely described. 


‘amily XXIV. CHIMAIRID &. 
CHIM RAS. 


deeply notched. Nostrils confluent with the mouth, separated by a 
narrow isthmus; jaws with the teeth confluent into 4 bony lamine 





4 


- 
no.1324. HLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 669 





(tritors) above and 2 below. No spir: eles P Aten als fred. pls aced low; 


_yentral fins abdominal, many rayed, provided i in the male with claspers, 
the male also with ‘ < frontal holders” on the forehead. Dorsal fin-usu- 
ally divided, anteriorly with a very strong spine, which is grooved 
behind; caudal fin low, fold-like. Skin naked, rarely, somewhat 


prickly. Lateral line present, usually with numerous branches ante- 


riorly, the canal system, sulcate. Notochord with ring-like segments. 
Cerebral hemispheres fused with the olfactory lobes, and distant from 
the optic lobes. (Garman.) 


Three free gills and 2 half gills, 1 on each side; isthmus moderate; 


gill-rakers small. Oviparous, the eg@ cases long, elliptical, with silky 


filaments. Fishes of singular appearance, found only in the seas of 
the cold regions. 
45. CHIMA®RA Linnzeus. 
ELEPHANT FISHES 


Chimera Linnxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 286 (monstrosa). 
Hydrolagus Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 331 (colliei). 

Head somewhat compressed, the snout bluntish, protruding, fleshy, 
not armed at tip with an appendage. Eyes very large, lateral. Teeth 
rather strong. Lips thickish, the lower witha frenum. Lateral line 
simple on the body, but forking anteriorly, forming several series of 
mucous tubes on the head. Male with a club-shaped, cartilaginous 
hook on the head above the snout; this hook is curved forward and 
downward, and is armed at its tip with decurved spines, its tip fitting 
into a depression in front of the eyes; females without this appendage. 
Gill-opening small. Pectorals moderate; ventrals rather large, with 
large bifid or trifid claspers in the male, the form partly dependent 
on age or season; male also with rough appendages at the base of the 
ventrals, protruding from a sheath of skin. First dorsal triangular, 
preceded by a strong spine, which is grooved behind and serrated on 
its edges; second dorsal and caudal fins low, often more or less notched. 
Tail extending in the line of the axis of the body, often more or less 
produced ina filament at tip. Skinsmooth. Fuishesof singularappear- 
ance; mostly of the northern seas; not valued for food. 

(yivaipa, chimera, a fabulous monster, with the head of a lon, body 
of a goat, and tail of a serpent.) 


56. CHIMAZRA PHANTASMA Jordan and Snyder. 
GINZAME (SILVER SHARK). 


Chimera monstrcsa SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 300, pl. exxxt; 
Nagasaki (not of Linnzeus). 

Chimera phantasma JoRDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 338; 
Tokyo. 


Body very elongate, tapering from head into the long, filamentous 
tail. Head deep, oblong, its width about three-fifths its length, its 


670 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





depth less than ieee Pact very deep. blunt, rounded, short, 
eyes oblong, large, high, a little anterior, their fences in head ined r 
ured from surrounding cartilages); hook on tip of head in front of — 
snout, depressible in sockets, and with its lower rounded extremity 
beneath, beset with many sharp spines, directed backward; mouth — 
small, inferior, with thick lips; teeth of 10 laminee in upper jaw, form- 
ing a serrate cutting edge in front, and posteriorly broad, oblique, 
molar-like teeth are found; in mandible, 16 lamin, forming a serrate 
cutting edge in front, laminz becoming broad posteriorly and with a_ 
concave space in front at symphysis; no broad, posterior, molar-tike — 
teeth on mandible, edges of jaws elevated and enameled; nostrils large, — 
close together, confluent with corners of mouth; space between eyes — 
narrow, less than their diameter. Gill-openings small, in front of and | ; 
below base of pectoral; isthmus broad, with a fold of skin across. 
First dorsal arising directly behind oan armed with a long, i 
compressed, pointed spine, much longer than fin, when depressed, 7 
times length of pupil, triangular in cross section, keeled in front, with — 
a serrate edge, posterior edge, from its separation from the soft part 
of fin, grooved in middle, and with each of edges finely serrate; first 
dorsal is depressible ina deep groove; second dorsal long, even, of uni- 
form height to base of upper caudal lobe; upper caudal lobe not so 
high as second dorsal, shorter than lower lobe, sinking on fin anterior 
to it; pectorals very long, broad at base, Sana not eich tips of 
claspers; ventrals inserted behind tip of dorsal spine, broad, rounded, 
about equal to length of head; lateral line running around eye above — 
and below, over the top of head, joined behind eyes and along sides — 
superiorly. 





Color in aleohol, brown above, white below, and washed with sil-— 
very; fins with their outer portions blackish. 

Total length, 202 inches; without caudal filament, 192 inches. 

This description is from a male taken in Sagami Bay. It differs 
from two other specimens from the same locality, and from the original 
type, in having the anal and caudal lobe below, confluent, and forming 
a single fin. 

This species is not rare in rather deep water along the coast of — 
Japan. We have secured three specimens from Misaki, besides the — 
original type found by Mr. Otaki in the market of Tokyo 

(davraopa, x vision.) 


SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE. 


* 


In a recent letter (January, 1903) Dr. K. Kishinouye notes the dis- 
covery of the East Indian shark, Stegostoma tigrinum (Gmelin), on — 
the coast of Japan, near Tokyo. It belongs near the Hemiseyllindae, 


being remarkable for the very long tail, half the length. Body wit 
brown spots or bands. 










r 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 671 





SUMMARY. 


Class ELASMOBRANCHII. 
Subclass SELACHII. 


Order I. Norrpant. 
Family I. Hexancuip®. 
1. Heptranchias Ratinesque. 
1. deani Jordan and Snyder; Aburazame; Misaki. 
Family Il. CHLAMYDOSELACHID®. 
2. Chlamydoselachus Garman. 
2. anguineus Garman; Rabuka, Kagurazame; Misaki. 
Order IT. AstrrospoNnDyLtI. 
Family III. Hereropontip®. 
3. Heterodontus Blainville. 
3. japonicus (Duméril); Misaki, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kobe, Hakata, Nagasaki. 
Family [V. ScyLiorHINIpD®. 
4. Halelurus Gill. 
4. burgeri (Miller and Henle); Nagasaki. 
5. Cephaloscyllium Gill. 
5. umbratile Jordan and Fowler; Nanukazame, Oseibuka; Nagasaki. 
Family V. Hemiscy.uiip». 
6. Chiloscyllium Miller and Henle. 
6. indicum (Gmelin); Keerun in Formosa. 


7. Orectolobus Bonaparte. 


~I 


. barbatus (Gmelin); Nagasaki, Hakata. 
7a. Stegostoma Muller and Henle. 
7a. Tigrinum (Gmelin); not seen. 


Family VI. CarcHarips. 
8. Mustelus Cuvier. 


8. manazo Bleeker; Hoshizame; Hakodate, Aomori, Matsushima, Tokyo, Misaki, 
Kobe, Onomichi, Hiroshima, Hakata. 


9. Triakis Miller and Henle. 
9. scyllium Miller and Henle; Korozame; Tokyo, Tsuruga, Onomichi, Hakata. 
10. Galeus Rafinesque ( Galeorhinus Blainville) . 
10. japonicus (Miller and Henle); Yerakufuka; Nagasaki, Onomichi, Hiroshima. 


11. Galeocerdo Miller and Henle. 


ll. tigrinus Miller and Henle; Nagasaki. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 





13. 


14. 
15. 
16. 


18. 


19. 


21. 


23. 


24. 


25. 


12. Prionace Cantor. 


. glauca Linnzeus; Misaki. 


13. Carcharias Rafinesque ( Carcharhinus Blainville). 


japonicus (Schlegel) ; Mejiro, Wanizame; Hakodate, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kawa- 


tana, Nagasaki. 
14. Scoliodon Miller and Henle. 


laticaudus (Miller and Henle); not seen, 
acutus (Riippell); not seen. 
walbeehmi (Bleeker); Nagasaki, Kawatana. 


Family VII. Spoyrnip#. 


15. Sphyrna Ratinesque. 


. zygeena (Linnzeus); Shimokuzame, Kasebuzame; Misaki, Wakanoura, Nagasaki, 


Family VIII. ALoprmpa. 
16. Alopias Rafinesque. 


vulpes (Gmelin); Onogazame, Nadebuka, Nezwmezame; Tokyo, Yokohama 
Nagasaki. 
Family IX. Mirsukurinip®. 


17. Mitsukurina Jordan. 
owstoni Jordan; Misaki. | 


Family X. LamMnip&. 


18. Isuropsis Gill. 


. glauca (Miller and Henle); Aozame, Morozame; Matsushima, Nagasaki. 


19. Lamna Cuvier. 
cornubica (Gmelin); not seen. 


20. Carcharodon A. Smith. 


. carcharias (Linneeus); Misaki. 


Family XI. CrrorHInip®. 
21. Cetorhinus Blainville. 


maximus (Gunner); Ubazame, Tenguzame, Bakazame, Zozame; not seen, but 
reported on good authority. 


Family XII. RaiNnEopontTip&. 
22. Rhineodon A. Smith. 
typicus Smith (pentalineatus Kishinouye); not seen. 
Order III. TrcrosponDy Lt. 
Family XIII. SquaLip». 


23. Squalus Linnzeus. 


mitsukurii Jordan and Snyder; Aomori, Misaki, Awa, Kagorhima, Boshu. 





1324. HDLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 673 





24. Lepidorhinus Bonaparte 
? 26. foliaceus (Giinther); Misaki. 
aN 25. Deania Jordan and Snyder. 
27. eglantina Jordan and Snyder; Totomi Bay. 
: 26. Zameus Jordan and Fowler. 
28. squamulosus (Ginther); Misaki. 
27. Etmopterus Rafinesque. 
29. lucifer Jordan and Snyder; Bozuzame; Misaki. 
28. Centroscyllium Muller and Henle. 
30. ritteri Jordan and Fowler; Misaki. 
Family XIV. Davarinp». 
29. Dalatias Rafinesque. 
31. licha (Bonnaterre); Yoroizame; Misaki. 
30. Somniosus Le Sueur. 


32. microcephalus (Bloch and Schneider); Tokyo. 


Family XV. PristiopHoRID®. 
31. Pristiophorus Miller and Henle. 
33. japonicus Gunther; Nokogirizame, Hokobuka, Daigirizame, Aomori, Nagasaki. 
Family XVI. SQquaTINID#. 
32. Squatina Dumeéril. 
34. japonica Bleeker; Tengaizame, Kasuzame, Korozame; Nagasaki, Kobe. 
Order ITV. Barorpet. 
Family XVII. RarNopatip®. 
33. Rhina Bloch and Schneider. 
35. ancyclostomus Bloch and Schneider; Kinkwazan, Matsushima Bay. 
34. Rhynchobatus Miller and Henle. 


36. djiddensis (Forskal); Tongari, Kotainozu, Kasuka, Shinosaki, Sakafute; Onomi- 
chi, Hiroshima, Hakata, Tsuruga. 


35. Rhinobatus Bloch and Schneider. 


37. schlegeli Miller and Henle; Sakatazame; Tokyo, Wakanoura, Onomichi, 
Hakata, Nagasaki. 
38. polyophthalmus Bleeker; Wakanoura, Hiroshima, Hakata, Nagasaki. 


Family XVIII. Rasim». 
36. Discobatus Garman. 


39. sinensis (Bloch and Schneider); Uchiwazame; Hiroshima, Wakanoura. 


TS 


674 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


37. Raja Linneeus. 


40. isotrachys Ginther; not seen. 

41. fusea Garman; not seen. 

42. meerdervoorti Bleeker; Sebita; Tokyo, Nagasaki, Kobe, Wakanoura, Hakodate. 

43. kenojei Schlegel; Kenoei, Gengiei, Kasube, Igaéi, Rentiei; Misaki, Tokyo, Wake 
noura, Kobe, Tsuruga, Nagasaki. 

44. tengu Jordan and Fowler; Tenguei; Aomori, Hakodate, Matsushima. 





Family XIX. Narcospatip®. 
38. Astrape Miiller and Henle. 
45. japonica Schlegel; Shibireei; Wakanoura. 
Family XX. Dasyatip®. 
39. Urolophus Muller and Henle. 
46. fuscus Garman; Junoruei; Tokyo, Kobe, Hiroshima, Hakata, Wakanoura. 
40. Dasyatis Ratinesque. | 


47. kuhlii (Miller and Henle); Tokyo, Misaki, Hakodate, Wakanoura, Onomichi, 
Hiroshima. 

48. akajei (Muller and Henle); Akaéi; Matsushima, Tokyo, Misaki, Wakano 
Onomichi, Hiroshima, Tsuruga, Hakata, Kawatana, Nagasaki. 

49. zugei (Muller and Henle); Zugei; Tokyo, Kobe, Wakanoura, Onomichi 
Hiroshima. 

50. gerrardi (Gray); not seen. 


41. Pteroplatea Muller and Henle. 


D1. japonica (Schlegel); Tsubakuraéi, Yokosaéi; Tokyo, Wakanoura, Hiroshima 
Hakata, Kawatana, Nagasaki. 


Family X XI. Myxropatrip®. 
42. Myliobatis Duméril. 


52. tobijei Bleeker; Tobiei; Hakodate, Tokyo, Onomichi, Hiroshima, Hakata, 
Nagasaki. . 
53. nieuhofi (Bloch and Schneider); not seen. 


Family X XII.. Mopunip®. 
43. Mobula Rafinesque. 
D4. japonica (Miller and Henle); Jtomakiei; Misaki, Voleano Bay. 
Subclass HoLocepnatt. 
Order V. CHIMaROIDET. 
Family XXIII. Raryocnmrrim®. 
44. Rhinochimera Garman. 
5). pacifica (Mitsukuri); Kurihama, Misaki. 
Family XXIV. Camcerm». 
45. Chimera Linneeus. 


56. phantasma Jordan and Snyder; Ginzame; Sagami Bay, Tokyo. 


aw 





THE CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE ATLANTIC WALRUS. 


By Prerre A. FIsn, 
Of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 


Through the courtesy of the officials of the U. S. National Museum 
there were sent to me, for examination and description, two walrus 
brains obtained for that institution by R. Stein at North Greenland, 
August 10, 1901. The specimens had been preserved in a fluid of 
which formaldehyde was apparently a constituent. In both brains the 
cerebellum had been removed by a sectica through the brain stem at 
the level of the junction of the optic thalami with the mesencephal, so 
that in the process of removal the epiphysis (pineal body) remained 
attached to the cerebellar portion; the two hemicerebrums were then 
divided by a median section. 

The two brains differed quite markedly in size, the one being but 
slightly more than half as large as the other. The smaller of the two 
brains had suffered quite material mutilation during its removal from 
the cranium, a considerable portion of the brain substance having been 
lost from the right hemicerebrum. In the process of hardening all of 
the hemicerebrums had undergone considerable distortion. The mesal 
surface in each case, instead of being relatively flat, was very dis- 
tinctly convex in its cephalo-caudal direction, and on this account 
the gyres (convolutions) and fissures of the lateral aspect were closely 
crowded together, rendering the study of these parts more difficult. 
On this account, also, it was decided not to photograph the brains, as 
the relationship of the parts would be misleading and tend to cause 
error and confusion to the observer. The figures which illustrate 
this article were sketched free-hand, the parts at the same time being 
manipulated so as to bring them as nearly as possible to their normal 
relations. By carefully verifying each part on the brain itself as the 
drawing progressed, it is believed the figures may be accepted as 
representing with approximate accuracy the normal relationship of 
the more important parts. 

Weight.—Turner“ gives the weights of three walrus brains ** after 


«Challenger Reports, Zoology, XX V1, 1888, pp. 89-154. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum. VoL. XXVI—No. 1325. 
675 


676 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


the removal of Aen me ambenen and hardening in spirit.” 
weighed 24 ounces 7 drams avoirdupois; B 133 ounces, and C 26 
ounces. In the specimens examined by me only the larger of the two. 
brains was weighed, all of the membranes having been removed from | 
the cerebrum, but not from the cerebellum and the brain stem adja-- 
cent to it, the pia and arachnoid still adhering. The total weight of { 
the brain under these conditions was 29 ounces avoirdupois. The> 
weight of the cerebrum without the pia was 22% ounces, leaving aj 
weight of 64 ounces for the cerebellum, oblongata, mesencephal, and | 
epiphysis, the latter having adhered to the eercoiae Turner has: 
called attention to the remarkable size and leaf-like or pyriform shape : 
of the epiphysis (pineal body) in the walrus, but does not mention its: 
weight. In my specimen it weighed 1 dram, 1 scruple, and 3 grains, 








, 
Q2 


or a total of 83 grains. 


FISSURES AND GYRES. 


The olfactory fissure is scarcely represented; a slight, short depres- . 
sion at the attachment of the olfactory peduncle is all that can be found, 
The olfactory bulbs were missing, but the peduncles have about the. 
same size as those in Callorhinus and Monachus, and are relatively 
much smaller than in the bear. 

The rhinal fissure is well developed. The olfactory peduncle for: 
most of its length lies in this fissure. At the base of the peduncle 
the rhinal swerves obliquely in a caudo-lateral direction and is lost in 
the depths of the sylvian. It reaches a considerable depth under the 
presylvian lobe (sub-opereulum). 

The post rhinal is represented upon the ventral surface as a short! 
spur or outcrop of the submerged postica, resembling in this respect 
the condition found in Zalophus, Callorhinus, and Monachus. In Ursus 
and Phoca the post rhinal is a continuation of the rhinal caudad of the 
sylvian. 

Lateral aspect.— The sylvian points in the usual dorso-caudal direc- 
tion on the lateral surface. It is a straight fissure, and does not bifur- 
cate at its end. It measures 60 millimeters in length, and has a depth 

ranging from 20 to 30 millimeters. It is the deepest fissure of the brain, | 
extending to within 5 millimeters of the lateral ventricle (paraccele). On_ 
opening the sylvian fissure one sees a fissure, the presupersylvian, quite 
near the lateral surface of the hemicerebrum. The two fissures run 
nearly parallel with each other, but diverge dorsally where the presu- 
persylvian becomesan ordinary surface fissure. From three to six minor 
submerged fissures are found in the cephalic wall of the sylvian. These 
pass upward toward the surface, and some have a superficial connec- 
tion with the presupersylvian, but the majority usually do not appear 
upon the lateral aspect of the brain. Submerged minor fissures also” 
appear in the caudal wall of the sylvian. These in general have the 











0. 


1325. CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH. 677 





same form and direction as those in the cephalic wall. One striking 
exception with regard to the direction of the submerged fissures I have 
called attention to ina preceding paper.” This fissure I have compared 
with the postica. It corresponds to a fissure of the same name in the 
feline brain, but differs in this instance, in that it is submerged in the 
sylvian. Ursus, Zalophus, Callorhinus, and Phoca also show this pecu- 
liarity. The postica differs from. the other submerged fissures of the 
sylvian by extending in a direction at nearly right angles to them, that 
is, dorso-ventrally, paralleling approximately for a short distance that 
of the sylvian itself. 

The true insula is but scarcely developed in the walrus, and appears 
merely as a slight elevation in the bottom of the sylvian fissure. The 
submerged gyre formed by the postica fissure may easily be mistaken 
for a well-developed insula, as it has approximately a suitable location. 
Whether the submerged gyre later forms a closer relationship with the 
true insula, and is the precursor of the more complicated insula found 
in the higher forms, is a question that can not be answered here. 
Ziehen? describes in the walrus a well-developed insula divided by fis- 
sures into three gyres. 

Supersylvian fissurc.—TVhis fissure arches around the distal end of 
the sylvian in the usual way. Its frontal portion—the presupersyl- 
vian—passes close to the sylvian, converging gradually until near the 
base of the sylvian the presupersylvian becomes a submerged fissure, 
cropping out later to a slight extent upon the ventral surface. There 
is no evidence of a shallow or vadum indicating a separation of the 
presupersylvian and the supersylvian proper, as sometimes occurs in 
the fur seal. In Phoca the two fissures are entirely distinct and are 
without evidence even of a superticial connection. In the walrus the 
two fissures are continuous with each other, as in the dog and bear, 
and the differentiation is therefore an arbitrary one. 

Perhaps the most puzzling feature regarding the fissures of this 
specimen of the walrus brain is the relationship of the supersylvian 
with the postsupersylvian. The conditions appear very much as in 
the brain of the sea lion (Zalophus). The apparent postsupersylvian 
is four times as far removed from the sylvian as is the presupersylvian. 
In this wide area between the sylvian and postsupersylvian Zalophus 
shows a few minor fissures extending horizontally. In the walrus 
there are also minor fissures present in this area but also a fairly well- 
developed fissure nearly vertical in its direction, almost connecting 
with the supersylvian on the right hemicerebrum, but totally discon- 
nected on the left hemicerebrum. This vertical fissure seems to be too 
well developed to be classed with the minor fissures and its position 
and relations suggest the possibility of its being a poorly developed 





aFish, The Brain of the Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus), Report of the Fur Seal 
Investigation, 1896-97, pt. 3, pp. 21-40. 
b Anatomischer Anzeiger, V, 1890, pp. 692-709. 


678 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV 


and disconnected postsupersylvian fissure. In the cat there is usually 
a disconnection between the supersy lvian and postsupersylvian, and 
occasionally this disconnection is seen in Callorhinus and Monachus. 
On the other hand, the vertical fissure is much shallower than the 
supersylvian, and the latter is continuous with a deep and well- 
developed fissure apparently corresponding with the postsupersylvia 
of the sea lion, Phoca, bear, and dog. 

The matter is further complicated by the fact that if this be regarded 
as the postsupersylvian, it is longer than usual, since it passes down 
from the lateral surface and appears upon the ventral aspect, and lies, 
in part, in the situation generally occupied by the ectolateral fissure. 
The ectolateral generally occupies a position between the postsuper-— 
sylvian and lateral fissures; sometimes it connects with the lateral, but 
rarely with the postsupersylvian, although such a connection was once 
observed by me on the hemicerebrum of a young fur seal. The exam -_ 
ination of a» number of brains shows that the ectolateral is a more | 
variable and inconstant fissure than the postsupersylvian, and in the 
present specimen of the walrus brain it seems safer to infer that the 
postsupersylyian and ectolateral have run together to form a long” 
and continuous fissure and that the vertical fissure above mentioned is” 
an unusually well-developed minor fissure. In the sea lion, where this 
region is so similar to that of the walrus, the postsupersylvian is a- 
shorter fissure and is entirely disconnected from the ectolateral. 

The sylvian gyre is that arch-like portion of the cortex around the- 
sylvian fissure included within the boundary line formed by the super- 
sylvian and pre- and post-supersylvian fissures. The cephalic limb of — 
the gyre is narrow and completely submerged in the ventral third of ! 
the sylvian fissure. The caudal limb has a much greater area, being — 
easily four times as wide as the cephalic. A few minor fissures branch 
out from the sylvian into this frontal limb. The caudal limb has a 
greater number of these fissures, and one in particular is developed to_ 
er an extent as to suggest the possibility of its representing the 
postsupersylvian. 

Lateral jfissure.—This fissure is unequally developed on the two. 
hemicerebrums. The well-defined arch which it forms in some car-_ 
nivorous and seal brains is not well represented in the walrus. On~ 
the left hemicerebrum it is apparently an interrupted fissure; a plé de 
passage or told of cortex separates it a little in front of the level of 
the sylvian. From this point on it arches forward and downward. 
Caudally it does not extend beyond the level of the caudal end of the. 
supersylvian. On the right hemicerebrum, instead of arching in a 

caudal direction it extends toward and ne: irly reaches the mesal surface. — 

A short fissure having the direction the lateral should take is separated 
from the lateral proper by a narrow pli de passage. The lateral” 
fissure of the sea lion accords quite closely with that of the walrus, in” 












ee 







“No. 1325. CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH. 679 


that its cephalic portion is much better developed than the caudal. 
‘In Ursus, Callorhinus, Phoca, and Monachus, on the other hand, the 
lateral is the longest fissure of the brain. 

Ansate jissure.—No distinct line of separation exists in the walrus 
between the ansate and the lateral, and the separation into individual 
fissures is therefore an arbitrary one. A like condition exists in the 
sea lion, bear, and dog. In Phoca, Callorhinus, Monachus, and the 
cat some differentiation exists. 

Coronal fissure.—In the left hemicerebrum of the walrus there is 
no line of demarcation between the coronal, ansate, and lateral fissures. 
and the three together appear as a long, continuous fissure reaching 

over upon the ventral aspect. On the right hemicerebrum the coronal 
is an independent fissure, being separated from the ansate by a p// de 
passage or isthmus 6 millimeters in width. On each hemisphere the 
extent of the coronal upon the ventral aspect is quite remarkable. 
It reaches nearly to the rhinal fissure just in front of the sylvian. 
In the bear and sea lion the relation of the coronal, ansate, and lateral 
fissures is quite similar to that of the walrus. 

Supersylvian gyre.—This gyre surrounds the sylvian gyre and is 
bounded on the one side by the supersylvian and pre- and post- 
supersylvian fissures; on the other side by the coronal, ansate, and 
lateral fissures, and caudo-ventrally by a fissure which corresponds, in 
position, to the medilateral fissure. The frontal and dorsal portions 
of this gyre are well developed, averaging 30 millimeters in width. 
Numerous minor fissures, having a direction, in general, perpendicu- 
lar to the boundary fissures, break up the supersylvian gyre intoa 
number of secondary gyres. The caudal limb of the supersylvian 
tapers until it reaches a width of only about 20 millimeters, this con- 
dition probably being due to the extraordinary width (40 millimeters) 
of the sylvian gyre in this region. 

Lictolateral jfissure.—This fissure has already been discussed in con- 
nection with the postsupersylvian fissure. In the allied forms studied 
the ectolateral may or may not extend over to the ventral surface 
of the brain. It may or may not connect either with the lateral or 
postsupersylvian, or lie between the two fissures. The fact that the 
postsupersylvian does not as a rule reach to any extent upon the 
ventral aspect makes it seem probable that if the ectolateral is at all 
represented upon the walrus brain it has fused with the postsuper- 
sylvian. On the left hemicerebrum it reaches nearly to the post- 
rhinal fissure. On the right hemicerebrum it is shorter and a minor 
fissure intervenes. 

Medilateral fissure.—In some forms the name is particularly appro- 
priate if it has any connection with the relation of the fissure to the 
median and lateral aspects of the hemicerebrum. Its situation is 
neyer very far from the edge or margin separating these two aspects, 








6380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





In some cases it lies exactly along this margin (Monachus); in other 
cases it lies partly upon the lateral and partly upon the mesal surface 
(Callorhinus), or, as in Zalophus, it may be better seen upon the 
mesal aspect. In the walrus it is better seen upon the lateral aspect. 
On the left hemicerebrum it arches forward to the vertex, but does 
not quite reach the mesal margin. At this point another fissure 55” 
millimeters in length continues forward from the mesal margin in the 
same direction that the medilateral would take if it were longer. The 
inference is that it is properly a portion of the medilateral cut off by 
a narrow isthmus of the cortex. 

Another fissure, 70 millimeters in length, separated (from the fissure 
just described) by an isthmus 13 millimeters, continues forward and 
downward upon the mesal aspect as far as the cruciate fissure, and has 
a slight superficial connection with it. The appearances indicate that 

the medilateral on the left hemicerebrum is divided into three por- 
“tions—the caudal portion, 90 millimeters long, located on the lateral 
surface; the middle portion, 55 millimeters, lying in the margin between 
the mesal and lateral surfaces; and the cephalic portion, 70 millimeters 
long, lying entirely upon the mesal aspect. On the right hemicere- 
brum the medilateral lies upon the dorso-lateral aspect and begins far 
down on the caudal portion of the hemicerebrum, arching upward and 
forward as far as the vertex. It lies very close to the meso-lateral 
margin but recedes from it gradually until the vertex is reached. It 
is interrupted at this point by a cortical isthmus 5 millimeters wide. 
The cephalic portion of the fissure begins a little mesal to the termi- 
nation of the caudal portion. As it arches forward and downward it 
recedes from the mesal margin and extends to a point a little beyond 
the cruciate. Turner“ figures the medilateral upon the lateral aspect 
of both hemicerebrums of the walrus as a long uninterrupted fissure, 
quite close to the mesal margin caudally but receding from it as it 
arches downward and forward. In my specimen the medilateral is 
divided into two portions onthe right hemicerebrum, both lying on the 
dorsolateral surface. On the left hemicerebrum it is divided into three 
portions and the frontal portion lies upon the mesal surface. If it 
were a continuous fissure it would be by far the longest fissure of the 
brain. 

Cruciate fissure. —This fissure just cuts through the mesal margin 
and extends only 12 millimeters upon the frontal portion of the lateral 
surface. On the left hemicerebrum there is a postcruciate fissure, 
triradiate in form, represented. The precruciate is not well repre- 
sented except by a short fissure lying in the mesal margin, which 
fuses into the cruciate. On the right hemicerebrum the postcruciate 
is not represented as a distinct fissure. It may have become fused 


“Report on the seals collected during the voyage of H. M. 8. Challenger, in the 
years 1873-1876, Zoology, XX VI, 1888, pp. 89-134. 





NO. 1325. CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS 





FISH. 6 8 1] 














with the medilateral, which at this point has a superticial connection 
with the cruciate. There is no distinct evidence of a precruciate 
upon this hemicerebrum. On this account there is no area that may be 
correlated in any way with the ‘* Ursine Lozenge” thought by Mivart 
to be of considerable importance in showing a relationship between 
the seals and the carnivora. In the walrus the cruciate area is quite 
similar to that of Phoca. In Monachus a slight or rudimentary 
“Ursine Lozenge” may be detected. In Ursus, Callorhinus, and 
Zalophus the ‘‘lozenge” is well developed. The sigmoid gyre sur- 
rounds the frontal portion of the cruciate fissure. 

Superorbital fissure.—This fissure occupies the usual position upon 
the ventro-lateral surface of the frontal portion of the brain. On the 
left hemicerebrum it is about 50 millimeters in length. It arises near 
the rhinal fissure not far from the base of the olfactory peduncle. It 
euryes laterally and then back again toward the mesal aspect so that 
‘its termination is covered by the olfactory bulb. At the lower third 
of its course it gives off a short and very superficial lateral branch. 
On the right hemicerebrum the fissure is very similar to that on the 
left, except that the lateral branch is much smaller. 

Lateral gyre (Mediolateral convolution of Turner).—In the pres- 
ent specimen this gyre is not well represented upon the caudal portion 
of the brain. The short length of the lateral fissure brings about the 
unusual condition of having the mediolateral fissure form a portion of 
the boundary of the supersylvian gyre. In this case, therefore, the 
medilateral gyre begins well up toward the vertex in a tapering 
manner and gradually becomes wider as it arches toward the frontal 
portion of the brain, attaining a width of from 30 to 40 millimeters in 
its widest parts. Like the supersylvian gyre, it contains a number of 
minor fissures. 

Marginal or sagittal gyre.—On the left hemicerebrum this is a very 
narrow gyre and is represented only on the caudal portion. — It dis- 
appears at the vertex. This disappearance is due to the fact that the 
frontal portion of the interrupted medilateral fissure lies upon the 
mesal aspect. Two or three traces of minor fissures appear in the left 
saggittal gyre. On the right hemicerebrum the gyre has a fair width 
in its caudal portion, but becomes narrower, until at the vertex it 
almost disappears, but it gradually widens again until in the frontal 
portion it attains the width of 17 millimeters. On this hemicerebrum 
there are a number of quite well-developed minor fissures present, 
which in almost every instance extend over upon the mesal surface. 

Pre and post sylvian areas.—The post sylvian region comprises the 
unusually wide caudal limb of the sylvian gyre, the supersylvian gyre, 
and the narrow marginal (or sagittal) gyre. The presylvian region 
includes the very narrow frontal limb of the sylvian gyre, and the 
wide frontal limbs of the supersylvian and medilateral gyres. On the 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 46 








682 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Xx 








=e 2 
right hemicere oe um hel mi: arginal gyre ahead he included. The pre- 
sylvian has a greater area than the postsylvian region. The former is - 


made up mostly ot the medilateral and supersylvian gyres and the 
latter by the sylvian and supersylvian gyres. 
MESAL ASPECT. A 

Ilippocampal fissure.—This occupies the usual position. It is Seen | 
arching from the splenium of the callosum around the optic thalamus ; 
to the tip of the pyriform or temporal lobe. 

Callosal fissure.—As its name indicates, it is closely related to the > 
‘allosum. It separates the callosum from the adjacent cortex. It is : 
deepest in the region of the splenium and gradually grows shallower 
until as it curves around the genu it becomes flush with the surface. , 
On the right hemicerebrum it diverges somewhat from the genu of { 
the callosum. 

Sple nial fissure.—This fissure is well developed in the walrus and | 
occupies the usual position upon the tentorial surface of the brain. It | 
arches upward and forward, curving around the splenium on the mesal 
surface. On the right hemicerebrum it is a continuous fissure and 
extends as far as the frontal portion of the callosum; it then extends 
upward almost vertically nearly to the dorsal margin of the hemicere- 
brum. On the left hemicerebrum the fissure is interrupted. Its ten-_ 
torial portion stops at the level of the splenium. The mesal portion | 
begins as two small superficial fissures converging in a fork-like man- - 
ner to form the mesal splenial proper. At the level of the genu it | 
terminates in a fork, the lower branch passing nearly to the frontal 
margin of the hemicerebrum. In neither case did the splenial con-— 
nect with the cruciate, as described by Turner in his specimens. On), 
the right hemicerebrum there was a slight indication of a superficial. 
connection, but a submerged gyre or buttress shut off any free | 
communication. 


_- 


| 
[Tippocampal gyre.— ~is gyre lies upon the tentorial surface of Ha 
brain. It forms the mos; of the mesal portion of the pyriform or hip-) 
pocampal lobe. It takes the same general direction as the hippocampal 
fissure (which forms its »phalie or inner boundary), arching upward: 
to the level of the sple: 1am. Its caudal boundary is formed by the: 
tentorial portion of the.gplenial fissure. The hippocampal gyre aver-' 
ages 15 millimeters in width and possesses a few minor fissures, which| 
in the main are offshoots fror: the splenial and have a horizontal diree- 
tion. On the left hemicerekrum, lying in the hippocampal gyre just! 
caudal to the splenium, is a \j yry shallow sulcus corresponding in posi- 
tion to the fissura sublimicas +; Kiikenthal. It is not noticeable upon! 
the right hemicerebrum. aj 
Callosal gyre.—This, as the ame indicates, lies just dorsal to the: 
allosum. It is a narrow gyre and its average width is about 10 mulli- 


CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH. 6838 








meters. Only one or two faint eee a minor eee are evident. 

It is the simplest gyre of the brain and is continuous with the hippo- 
campal gyre etpand the splenium of the callosum. 

 Presplenial fissure.—TVhis fissure is not well represented on either 

hemicerebrum of the walrus. On the right hemicerebrum a shallow 
and short vertical fissure may indicate it. On the left hemicerebrum 
the only representative of it would be the upper branch of the frontal 
portion of the splenial. Neither Turner nor Ziehen figures or describes 
its presence. ‘The fissura sublimica anterior is not shown at all unless, 
as in Kiikenthal’s diagram, it is confused with the cruciate. 

Postsplenial fissure.—_In Phoca and Callorhinus the tentorial portion 
of the splenial terminates ina bifurcation, the caudal horizontal branch 
of which is called the post splenial. This is not the case in my speci- 
men of the walrus brain. Respecting this region in the walrus, Turner 
Says: 





Behind and below the end of the specimen the splenial fissure gave off a postero- 
horizontal fissure, which, running horizontally backward, extended almost to the 
posterior border of the hemisphere. * * * The post-splenial fissure of Krueg 
was situated behind the ascending part of the splenial fissure and ran backward and 
upward nearly to the posterior border of the hemisphere below the postero-horizontal 
fissure. It was separated from the splenial fissure by the splenial convolution, which 
is consequently bounded in front by the splenial and behind by the post-splenial 
fissure. 

On the left hemicerebrum of my specimen there is a small fissure 
15 millimeters in length which corresponds in position to the postero- 
horizontal of Turner. On the right hemicerebrum a mere spur 5 
millimeters long from the splenial represents it. 

With regard to the post splenial there is found on the right hemi- 
cerebrum a well-developed vertical fissure branching out of the splenial 
not far from its tentorial origin. This I regard as the post-splenial 
fissure, although its direction is vertical anc not horizontal. On the 
left hemicerebrum there is no connection between the splenial and 
what I regard as the post splenial. The fissire is’ not So well devel- 
oped as that described by Turner, unless in: y specimen it is an inter- 
rupted fissure. An unnamed but well-dev oped fissure extending 
dorsally is separated from what I consider the ost splenial by a cortical 
isthmus of only 4 millimeters’ width. Tht! thppe: ances suggest an 
interrupted fissure. Turner does not descr™c any connection between 
the post-splenial and splenial fissures, but calls the intervening space 
the splenial convolution (gyre). 

Marginal jfissure.—In Zalophus, Phees, and Callorhinus this is a 
well-developed fissure lying between, a: approximately parallel with, 
the splenial and medilateral fissures. " seems to correspond in many 
cases with the suprasplenial fissure of i .ueg, and in some special cases 
with the combined post and supra sylenial of the same author. In 
the walrus the marginal is not especially well developed. On both 





684 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,_ 





hemicerebrums there is a fair-sized fissure occupying the proper loca- 
tion. The appearances are very suggestive of those in Monachus, 
where the fissure is relatively short and undeveloped and sometimes 
appears interrupted. On the left hemicerebrum where the splenial is 
interrupted there is a fissure dorsal to, and running parallel with, the 
callosal portion of the splenial. From its position the name supra- 
splenial would be very appropriate, although in some respects it differs: 
from Krueg’s. On the right hemicerebrum it is not represented. 

Marginal gyre.—This, in general, refers to the cortical area lying: 
between the splenial and medilateral fissures, and would therefore 
include, in the walrus, the dorsal margin of the hemicerebrum, on: 
account of the extended development of the medilateral fissure. : 
What I have described as the marginal fissure lies within this gyre, : 
and the name therefore seems appropriate. 

Collateral fissure.—This fissure appears upon the tentorial surface, ' 
and is perhaps best seen on the ventral or mesal aspect. Its form is: 
somewhat arched, and it les ventrally to the origin of the splenial.| 
It begins not far from the hippocampal, and its termination caudally) 
is usually more or less closely associated with either the lateral or) 
medilateral fissure, so that in some eases, at least, it may appear upon; 
the ventro-lateral aspect of the hemicerebrum. 

Genual fissure.—This is commonly a shallow fissure, lying in front) 
of and is more or less closely associated with the genu of the callosum, 
from which fact it takes its name. It is found in both hemicerebrums) 
of the walrus. On the left it has a short frontal branch which con-) 
nects superficially with an unnamed minor fissure. On the right hem1-| 
cerebrum it is farther removed from the genu, and ventrally it fuses 
with the rostral fissure. | 

Rostral fissure.—This is also a shallow fissure and lies nearer to the; 
frontal margin of the hemicerebrum. On the left it is a straight fis-’ 
sure 30 millimeters long. On the right hemicerebrum it is of the: 
same length, and its dorsal end reaches the margin. On account of: 
the convergence of the rostral and genual fissures the basal or ventral, 
third represents a combination of these two fissures. 

The lateral ventricle (paracoele).—On removing the dorsal portion of 
the hemicerebrum just dorsal to the callosum the lateral ventricle is 
revealed. The cavity dips cephalo-ventrad, ending blindly, to form the 
precornu; it also dips caudo-latero-ventrad to form the medicornu,) 
The striatum (caudate nucleus) is a convex and well-defined body; 
forming the most of the floor and lateral side of the precornu. Paral 
lel with the oblique caudal margin of the striatum is the fimbrial mar- 
gin of the hippocamp, which, extending down into the medicornu, 
forms with the hippocamp the floor of this cavity. Between these 
two margins (striatum and fimbria)—the rima (great transverse fissure), 
the choroid (para) plexus—a continuation of the velum enters the floor 
of the medicornu. The rima is narrow and the thalamus does not 















No. 1325, CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH. 685 





appear at all in the floor of the ventricle. A slight caudal projection 
of the cavity, at the beginning of the medicornu, extending just 
beyond the level of the splenial fissure, represents the postcornu. In 
his dissection of the walrus brain, Turner shows no indication of a 
|postcornu, but in the text he states: ‘‘ Where the cavity of the ven- 
tricle curved downward and outward into the horn, an indication of a 
recess was seen in its posterior horn, but it did not amount to a cornu 
and there was no elevation which could be called a hippocampus minor.” 
‘In Ursus there is no postcornu. In Callorhinus a slight caudal spur of 
the cavity indicates its position. Zalophus was not examined in this 
region. In Monachus there is a fairly well-developed postcornu. 
Murie describes a well-developed postcornu in the Manatee and Otaria, 
and in both a well-developed hippocampus minor or calear. In Phoca 
vitulina the postcornu is relatively large, and the hippocampus minor 
is well developed, being correlated with the splenial fissure and making 
of it, for a portion of its course at least, a total fissure. 

Terminology.—A dificulty of some importance is the selection of 
the terms to be employed in the description of the fissures and gyres, 
particularly in the brain of the Pinnipedia, where the literature is not 
especially abundant. The literature on the carnivorous brain is more 
extensive, but as many authors have employed terms of their own 
without reference to the nomenclature used by others, some confusion 
has naturally resulted. It has therefore seemed best in the present 
case not to follow the terminology of any one author, but to use those 
terms which, by their special fitness, seemed most appropriate. On 
this account the priority of terms has not been especially considered, 
for in some cases later investigations have shown that some of the 
earlier terms were not the best to use in considering the homologies 
between the various forms. 

Some of the more common synonyms of the names of the various 
fissures used in this article are as follows: The supersylvian is very 
commonly called the suprasylvian. Turner and Gratiolet have appar- 
ently confused this fissure with the lateral in Phoca. I have preferred 
the term postsupersylvian, as used by Krueg, Turner, and others, to 
postsylvian, as recommended by Owen and Wilder. The term pre- 
supersylvian has been introduced to apply to what is commonly 
described as the anterior or frontal portion of the supersylvian or the 
ectosylvia antiea of Ziehen. The superorbital of Flower and Wilder 
is preferred to the intraorbital of Turner and Langley. This fissure has 
also been designated as the presylvian by Krueg and others. The 
term presylvian has also been applied by some writers to describe what 
commonly appears to be the coronal fissure. Cruciate is retained, as is 
done by most writers, although frontal fissure is the term originally 
suggested by Owen. I have also employed the term marginal fissure, 
as used by Owen and Wilder, instead of suprasplenial, as used by Krueg 
and Turner. 






686 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


SUMMARY. 


ment of the fissures in the brain of carnivorous animals. As in the» 
eat, dog, and bear, the presylvian area is greater in length than the 
postsylvian. In the sea lion the two areas are about equal. In Mon. - 
achus, Callorhinus, and Phoca the postsylvian area is longer than the 
presylvian. 

The epiphysis is very highly developed 1 in the walrus, and in the seals i 
it is much better developed than in carnivora. The olfactory bulbs - 
and peduncles resemble those of the seals and do not attain as relatively” 
ereat development as in carniyora. The postrhinal resembles the con- | 
ditions in Zalophus, Callorhinus, dnd Monachus. The fissure postica | 
resembles that of Ursus, Zalophus, Callorhinus, and Phoca. The 


2 


supersylvian resembles that of the dog and bear. The postsupersyl- 


vian is correlated more closely with that of Zalophus than in any of- 
the other forms studied. The ectolateral, by fusing with the post- 
superylvian, differs from any of the-other forms. The lateral fissure | 
corresponds with Zalophus in that it is relatively short. The ansate 
fissure resembles the condition found in Zalophus, Ursus, and Canis. 
The coronal is quite similar to that in Ursus and Zalophus. The” 
medilateral differs from that of the other forms in that it is interrupted; 
if considered as a continuous fissure it would be the longest fissure of — 
the brain. The cruciate resembles the conditions found in Phoca and- 
Monachus. The splenial accords more closely with the conditions” 
found in Zalophus and Monachus. The marginal fissure resembles 
that of Monachus; it is not especially well developed. The develop- 
ment of the postcornu suggests a condition between that found in 
Callorhinus on the one hand and Monachus on the other. ; 
As a matter of convenience, a table of the more important regions — 
in the representatives of the different groups examined is herewith 
appended: d 

















i eae Es 2. a 
j 4 * 
No.| Region. Ursus. Callorhinus, | Zalophus. Rosmarus. | Monachus. Phoea. . 
besh| 1 i ee? br ate 24) fees : oa } 
| | . 
1 | Subfissure | Present..... | Presenteess: Present.---- | Present..--- Not very : Present. 
postica(?). | distinet. | 
2 | Postrhinal..| Continua- | Connects | Connects | Connects | Mere trace, | Contin was 
tion of with pos- | with pos- with pos- | very. su-|  tionofrhi- 
rhinal, tica. |. itiea: tica. perficial, nal. 
ex cep- connec- 
tionally tion with 
postica. postica. 
3 | Presuper- | Continuous | Sometimes | Continuous.) Continuous. Continuous... Disconnect- 
sylvian. With su- discon- | ed. 
persyl- nected. | : 
vian. , 
4) Postsuper- | Continuous | Mayormay | Continuous.) Continuous.| Mayormay | Usually con-_ 
sylvian. with su- not becon- notbeeon- tinuous. 
| persyl-|_ tinuous. tinuous. 
vian. 











* 
= 





¢ 
CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH. 


687 


























No.) Region. Ursus. | Callorhinus. | Zalophus. | Rosmarus. | Monachus. Phoca. 
= | 
5 | Precruciate.| Mostly dor- | Dorsal ---- = Dorsalie.-- -: Presence | Mesal and | Not clearly 
“ sal. | doubtful. dorsal. shown. 
6 | Cruciate....| Dorsal....-. Dorsal’; >. .-- HeDorsal sese2 2 Mesal and | Mesal and | Mesal and 
| dorsal. dorsal. dorsal. 
7 | Posteruciate| Present..... | Present... .- Present....- | Sometimes | Rudimen- | Present. 
| not dis- tary. 
} tinct. 
8 | Medilateral.| Present... .. Present ..... Present... -. | Long and | Present-..... A series of 
| discon- small dis- 
nected. connected 
| fissures. 
9 | Marginal ...| Absent -..-.. |; Present... - Jeeresento=-.- | Present. ...- Short,inter- Present. 
| rupted 
| | fissures. 
10 Collateral ..) Absent ..-.. Present..... | Rudimen- | Present...-.- Present..... Present. 
| tary. | 

ie) Manor fis- | Rare......-. Quite nu-| Not many -..| Numerous..| Quite nu- | Quite nu- 
sures, merous merous. merous. 

fe Urs in e | Present... .. Present. ..-- Present....- Not distinct.) Small.....-. Absent. 
Lozenge.” 

a3 | Postcornu -.| Absent -.-.- Rudimen- | (2) j ommalliaeaaes| Fair size....| Large. 

tary. 

14) Calcar.| Absent ....- Absent ..-.- | (?) Absent ...:- Indistinct ... Very dis- 
(Hip po- tinct. 
campus 
minor. ) 

i> | Insula -.: .-- Slisnt).- 2-5. Shieh. +. --< Welighte cess Slishte 2. -- | Slight ...-.. | Slight. 

16} Pre andj] Presylvian | Postsylvian | The two, Presylvian | Postsylvian | Postsylvian 
post sylvi- area lon- longer. areas ap-| area lon- longer. | longer. 
an areas. ger. proxi-|_ ger. 

mately | 
equal. | 
1 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


In the preparation of this article I have made free use of the follow- 
ing works: 


1899. Fiso, P. A. The Brain of the Fur Seal, etc. 


Report of Fur 


Seal Investigations, 1896-97, Pt. 3, pp. 21-41; also Journal of Com- 
parative Neurology, VIII, 1898, pp. 57-98. 


1899. Fuatau and JAcOBSOHN. 


tems, I. 


i880. Krurc, JULIUS. 
der zonoplacentalen Siiugethiere. 


Zoologie, XX XIII, pp. 595-672. 
1889. KGKENTHAL, WILLY. 
1888. TurNER, Sir WILLIAM. 


Anatomie des Centralnerven-Sys- 


Ueber die Furchen auf der Grosshirnrinde 
Zeitschrift. fiir wissenschaftliche 


Untersuchungen an Waltieren. 
Brain of Elephant Seal, and Walrus. 


H. M. S. Challenger Report, 1873-1876, Zoology, X XVI, Pt. 3, pp. 
89-134; also Journal of Anatomy, X XV, 1891, pp. 105-153. 

1886. Witper, B. G., and Gags, 8. H. Anatomical Technology. 

1890. ZreneN, THEODOR. Zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Hirn- 
windungen mit spezieller Berticksichtigung der Gehirne von Ursus 
maritimus und Trichecus rosmarus. Anatomischer Anzeiger, V, pp. 
692-709. 

For a more complete bibliography of literature pertaining to the 
brain of the Carnivora and Pinnipedia, consult the work of Flatau and 
Jacobsohn or Turner’s Challenger Report. 








688 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


ans. = Ansate fissure. ml. = Medilateral fissure. 

cal. = Callosum. per = Postcruciate fissure. 

c.g. =Callosal gyre. ph. = Postero-horizontal fissure. 
él. = Callosal fissure. prspl. = Presplenial fissure. 

col. = Collateral fissure. prss. | = Presupersylvian fissure. 
cor. = Coronal fissure. pspl. = Postsplenial fissure. 

cr. = Cruciate fissure. pss. = Postsupersylvian fissure. 
el. = Ectolateral fissure. te = Rostral fissure. 

q- = Genual fissure. 80. = Superorbital fissure. 

h. = Hippocampal fissure. spl. = Splenial fissure. 

h. g. = Hippocampal gyre. syl. = Sylvian fissure. 

l. = Lateral fissure. 88. = Supersylvian fissure. 
l.g. = Lateral gyre. syl. g. =Sylvian gyre. 

marg. = Marginal fissure. ss. g. —=Supersylvian gyre. 

m.g. = Marginal gyre. 


PLATE. XX VIII. 


Fig. 1. Lateral aspect of the left hemicerebrum of Rosmarus rosmarus. The vario 
fissures were sounded and the numbers represent the depth in millimeters of the fi 
sure at that point. 

Fig. 2. Lateral aspect of the right hemicerebrum of Rosmarus rosmarus. The num 
bers represent the sounding of the fissures as in fig. 1. 


PLATE X XTX. 


Fig. 3. Mesal aspect of the left hemicerebrum of Rosmarus rosmarus. 
Fig. 4. Mesal aspect of the right hemicerebrum of Rosmarus rosmarus. 


a 


| 
_U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXVIII 





LATERAL ASPECT OF BRAIN OF WALRUS. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 688. 


‘ 


ied 


: iy 
t« 
= 


- ay ra 


=4 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXIX 





MESAL ASPECT OF BRAIN OF WALRUS. 
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 688. 








DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SCULPIN FROM 
JAPAN. 


By Davin Srarr JorpAN and Epwin CHaptn Starks, 
Of the Leland Stanford Junior. University. j; 


In the present paper is given a description of a new species of 
Sculpin belonging to the genus Cottunculus, dredged by the U. S. 
Fish Commission steamer A/batross in Japan. 


COTTUNCULUS BREPHOCEPHALUS Jordan and Starks, new species. 


Head 24 in length without caudal; depth 34. Dorsal VI-16; anal 
12. Eye 44 in head; maxillary 23. 

Head considerably wider than deep, flat on top; the nape somewhat 
produced, the rostral region evenly rounded; jaws equal or the lower 
very slightly included; maxillary reaching to below middle of eye; 
rather sharp villiform teeth in moderate bands on jaws and yomer; 
the bands of equal width on premaxillaries and mandible, wider in 
front than at sides; vomerine patches small, narrower than those on 
jaws, and having a wider interval between than that between pre- 
maxillary bands. Interorbital space wide and flat; between iris 24 
in head, the bone only half as wide. Nostrils ending in short tubes, 
the anterior separated from the posterior a distance equal to half the 
length of eye. Head without spines; a pair of very slight tubercles 
may be felt between eyes and one on upper part of preopercle, but 
the occipital, the suborbital, the preopercle, and the other spines as 
possessed by Cottunculus microps and C. thompsoni are entirely 
absent. 

Origin of dorsal directly above upper end of gill-opening, the 
length of the fourth spine 43 in head, the rays toward the posterior 
end the longest, 24 in head, the tips of the last rays, when fin is 
depressed, reach to the rudimentary caudal rays, or slightly beyond 
the tips of anal rays. Origin of anal midway between tip of lower jaw 
and anterior third of caudal rays, its posterior or longest rays a little 
shorter than those of dorsal. Pectoral reaching to above base of fourth 


PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXVI—No. 1326. 
689 






690 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX 














anal ray, its upper 6 rays branched, its lower (14) rays simple. Lengt 
of ventrals 2% in head. Caudal truncate, rounded at its outer corners, — 
Skin entirely smooth. 

Color in spirits: Back and dorsal dusky, with fine blackish points 
surrounding light spots; under parts and lower fins without color, 
probably pinkish or red in life; a row of 6 or 7 large light spots along 
side from opercle flap to base of middle caudal rays; light clouded 





COTTUNCULUS BREPHOCEPHALUS. 


areas above and on dorsal; a dusky band extending downward and 
backward from eye, and some dusky, irregular spots on opercle; top 
of head colorless; caudal crossed by a broad band of dusky, the tip 
colorless. Peritoneum black; inside of gill-covers white. | 

This species may be known by the absence of blunt spines and by 
the coloration. 

The type was dredged by the U.S. Fish Commision steamer A/batross 
in Suruga Bay in 94 fathoms, Station 3704. It is 13 em. in length, 
and bears the number 50591, U.S.N.M. 


i" 


ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF A SPECIES OF EUCALYPTUS 
FROM THE PHILIPPINES. 


-By JosEpH Henry Marpen, 


Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. 


In the Botany of the United States Exploring Expedition during 
the years 1838-1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U. 8. 
Navy,” there is given’ an account of a plant found near Caldera, 
Mindanao, one of the Philippine Islands. Leaves and fruits were . 
available, and Asa Gray says, ‘‘I thus record the plant under the name 
Eucalyptus multiflora Rich, given by Mr. Rich? in the collection.” 

Bentham refers” to this specimen in the following words: 

A fifth species of Eucalyptus from a still more distant region, Mindanao, one of the 
Philippine Islands, is described by A. Gray in the Botany of the American Explor- 
ing Expedition, ¢ under the name of EF. multiflora Rich, from a specimen in leaf, and 
witha panicle of old fruits from which the calyx limb and operculum, if any, are 
fallen away and the open capsules have lost all their seeds. The four-celled (not 
three-celled) capsule is the only character leading us to suppose that it may be a 
Eucalyptus rather than a Tristania or a Metrosideros. No mention of it occurs in 
Blanco’s Flora. 


It will thus be seen that the very identity of the genus of this plant 
was doubted by an eminent authority. 

A short time ago, through the kindness of the Secretary of the Smith- 
sonian Institution, Washington, D. C., I was able to examine Gray’s 
specimen. It is No. 25483 of the U. S. National Herbarium, and as 
it turns out to be identical with Aucalyptus naudiniana F. v. Miiller, 
FE. multifiora Rich, must fall because the name is preoccupied (£. 
multifora Poiret, probably a synonym of 2. pilularis Smith). 





@Phanerogamia by Asa Gray, I, 1854. 

» Page 554. 

© William Rich, botanist of the U. 8. ship Relief. In Captain Wilkes’ narrative 
Mr. Rich’s name is given as one who made an excursion from Manila, and he 
speaks of ‘our botanical gentlemen botanizing in the forests of Mindanao.”’ 

a@Journ. Linn. Soc. (Botany), X, p. 148. 

€ Page 554. 

See DC. Prod., ILI, p. 217, under EF. persicifolia Lodd. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. 1327. 
691 










692 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





There are so few Fue aly pti found outside Australia that the question 
of the identity of one found beyond the limits of that continent is of 
interest. and the occurrence of the genus in the Philippines is now se 
at rest and doubtless its range in that group will be ascertained ry 
American botanists. 7 

E. naudiniana ¥F. vy. Miller is so little known that the following 
notes in regard to 4 may be acceptable. It was described by Mill 
in the Australasian Journal of Pharmacy,“ under the title 0; 
Description of a hitherto unrecorded speciesof Kucalyptus from New 
Britain. New Britain is of course now a German possession undey 
the name of Bismarck Archipelago. 5 

A correspondent in that group writes to me: | 

Eucalyptus naudiniana is common in~New Pommern, though not in the Ralun 
district, where I live. It grows especially on the rivers, from the coast to the moun 
tains, and is so common in the forests that two sawmills have been started especial 
for this timber. The timber is not so hard as the Australian Eucalyptus but still | 
good, useful timber. 


I know of no locality for the species other than that indicated in thi 
paper. 


aJuly, 1886 


SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON BLEEKERIA MITSUKURI, 
AND ON CERTAIN JAPANESE FISHES. 





By Davip Srarr JORDAN, 
President of the Leland Stanford Junior University. 





! 


_ Inthe present paper are given a few notes supplementary to different 
papers on Japanese fishes recently published in these Proceedings. 


EMBOLICHTHYS MITSUKURII (Jordan and Evermann). 


In Notes on a Collection of Fishes from the island of Formosa, in 
these proceedings,“ Jordan and Evermann have described a new species 
of Ammodytoid fish from Giran, Formosa, under the name of LZech- 





Fig. 1.—EMBOLICHTHYS MITSUKURII. 


eria mitsukurit. ‘This species differs from the type of Bleekeria in 
having ventral fins. These are small, jugular in position, and com- 
posed of a short spine and three slender rays. There are 115 sc ales 
in a horizontal series. The presence of ventrals may define a distinct 
genus, Linbolichthys Jordan and Eyermann, of which Bleekeria mitsu- 
hurii is the type. The presence in this species of jugular v entral fins 
with the rays fewer than I, 5, shows that the Ammodytide have no 
affinity with the Percesoces, nor with the extinct family of Cobitopside. 
Their place must be near the Ophidiidex, as supposed by earlier and 
some recent writers. 








a Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX V, 1902, p. 333. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MusEUM VOL, XXVI—No. 1328. 


Proce. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 


693 
























694 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


ZEN ITEA (Jordan and Fowler). 


In the review of the Chetodontide and related families of fishe 
found in the waters of Japan by Messrs. Jordan and Fowler,’ a ney 
species of Zeid is described from Suruga Bay, Japan, under the nam 
of Cyttopsisitea. ‘This species differs from the type of Cyttopsis (rosea 





Fig. 2.—ZEN ITEA. 


in having the ventral rays I, 9, and in having the breast flatand broad, | 
imperfectly shielded. This is the type of a new genus, Zen Jordan, 
the species standing as Zen dtea. 


HENIOCHUS DIPHREUTES. 


In the same paper? a Japanese fish from Wakanoura and Nagasaki 
is described under the name of Heniochus macrolepidotus. From this 
well-known East Indian species, the Japanese form differs in having 
the posterior black band from soft dorsal to anal not extending for- 
ward to cover the anterior part of the anal fin. It seems to be a 
distinct species, which may receive the name of /Zeniochus diphreutes 
Jordan. The type is No. 7247, Ichthyological Collections, Stanfore 
University. The description of Hendochus macrolepidotus Jordan a 


Fowler? applies to this species. The accounts given by Schlegel’ ane 








— 


@Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1902, p. 519. 
bTdem, p. 542. 
¢ Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 82, pl. xiv, fig. 1. 










0.1328. CERTAIN JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN. 695 


| 
| - . . z r i 

by Steindachner,“ refer also to Heniochus diphreutes. Schlegel’s speci- 
mens, like ours, came from Nagasaki; Steindachner’s came from 
Kochi, in Shikoku. Hentochus macrolepidotus has not been taken in 
Japan. 











The plate here given is drawn by Kako Morita. 


Fic. 3.—HENIOCHUS DIPHREUTES. 


TEUTHIS DUSSUMIERI. 


The specimens of Zeuwthis recorded from Nafa, Umesawa, and Misaki,’ 
under the name of Zvuthis argenteus, seem to belong to Teuthis dus- 
sumieri (Cuvier and Valenciennes). There are seve ‘al Polynesian 
species closely related to this, and their synonymy is much complicated. 
The larval specimens from Hawaii, named Acanthurus argenteus by 
Quoy and Gaimard, may have belonged to any one of half a dozen 
species, although most resembling Zeuthis dussumier?. We have just 
such specimens from Hilo, and as we can not positively identify them 








aFische Japans, II, 1883, p. 24. 
b Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X XV, 1902, p. 553, 










696 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





with one species rather than another, it is probable that i 
should not be used for any species of Zeuthis. 


CHASMICHTHYS GULOSUS (Guichenot). 


misakius© was earlier named Saccostoma gulosum by Sauvage.? 
then made the type of the genus Saccostoma. This name, as well a 
the first name suggested by us, Chasmias, 1s Peer arienl and th 
genus must retain “the still later substitute name of Chasmichthys 
The known species of the genus are Chasmichthys qulosus (misakius 
and Chasmachith Ys dolineunae US. 


noe. U.S S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901, Pp.) (OL: 
»>Guichenot MS., Bull. Soc. pipe VIL, 1882, p. 171; Japan. 





PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXX 


CHASMICHTHYS GULOSUS (MISAKIUS). 
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 696. 








THE USE OF THE NAME TORPEDO FOR THE ELECTRIC 
CATFISH. 





By THreopore GILL, 


Honorary Associate in Zoology. 


In the Proceedings of the U. 8. National Museum for 1895 (p. 161) 
the name Torpedo was revived for the electric vatfish, generally known 
as Malapterurus electricus, This view has been adopted by several 
authors (Jordan, Evermann, etc.) and doubtless will be generally by 
those who adhere strictly to rules of priority. It has alr sxady been 
indicated that the application of the name to the electric rays by the 

ancients was secondary and not primary, and that the term was as 
applicable to the electric catfish as to the electric rays. I was not 
aware, however, that it had been so applied by any other than Forskal. 
Recently my attention was accidentally drawn to the fact that in 1543 
Heckel had indicated that the catfish was mentioned under the name 
Torpedo by Athenus and Purchas. 

L have searched in vain in the Deipnosophiste of Atheneus for any 
mention of the Torpedo or vapKy which could be referred to the elee- 
trical catfish. All the notices found (VII, c. 95; VII. c. 120; VII, c. 140) 
relate to a sea fish, avowedly or in all probability. In an imperfect 
list of ‘‘the chief fish found in the Nile” (VU, ¢. 92), only sixteen“ 
species are named, but it is remarked that ‘there are also a great 
number of others.” Unfortunately Heckel has given no reference to 
the chapter of Athenzeus which led him to suppose that reference to the 
catfish was meant; his only citation (in the Abbildungen und Beschrei- 
-bungen der Fische Syriens) under ‘‘Atheneus” is ma chronological 
summary of authors treating of Egyptian fishes, where, in a list of 
sixteen species (p. 218), the following reference is made: ** Torpedo. 
Malapterurus electricus Lacep.??” In the systematic list of species, 
under Malapterurus electricus (p. 230), “Torpedo Athenzxus ?” is also 
named. 


4This list 1s exclusive of species which Athenzeus had just before mentioned in the 
same chapter; that is, the Latos, different Coracini, and the Motz. Incidentally, it 
may be added that Athenceus says that the Latos ‘‘is like the fish called the Glanis, 
which is found in the Danube’?! The Coracini doubtless included the celebrated Bolti 
(Tilapia nilotica). 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuseuM, VOL. XXVI—No. 1329. 
697 
i a 






698 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXy 





F 


he 




















In Purchas His Pilgrimes, published in 1625, two notices of ¢ 
electric cathish or Raad of the Nile appear. : 
In the seventh booke Abyssinia, called then Abassia, is described, 
and a notice of Abassine animals is given (p. 1183). iF 


In thefe Riuers and Lakes is allo found the Torpedo, which if any man hold in hig 
hand, if it [tirre not, it doth produce no effect: but if it moue it felfe neuer fo little, ; 
it fo tormenteth the body of him which holds it, that his Arteries, Joints, Sinewes, & 
all his Members feele exceeding paine with a certaine numbneffe; and as foone as it | 
is let go out of the hand, all that paine and numbneffe is alfo gone. The Superfti- | 
tious Abaffines beleeue that it is good to expell Deuils out of humane bodies, as if it] 
did torment Spirits no leffe than men. They fay, if one of thefe aliue bee laid) 
amongit dead Fithes, if it there ftirre it felfe, it makes thofe which it toucheth to’ 
{tirre as if they were alive. There is great {tore of this kind in Nilus, in the furtheft { 
parts of Goyama, where there is a Meere or Fenne without bottome, welling and 
admirably boyling forth waters continually, whence Nilus {pringeth. 


In the twelfth booke, in which the present country of Mozambique 
is described (p. 1545), the Torpedo is named in the margin, and the; 
following notice of it appears: 


In the Riuer of Sofala is ftore of Fifh fat and sauorie, as Mullets, Needles, Dol-! 
phins, &e. One f{trange fifh in qualitie is common in thofe Riuers, which the Portu-: 
gals call Tremedor, and the Cafres, Thinta, of fuch nature that no man can take it in) 
his hand while it is alive, for it filleth the hand and arme with paine, as if every ioint | 
would go afunder; but being dead is as another fifh, and much efteemed for good 
meate. The Naturals fay, that the skin of this fifh is vfed to forceries. It is medic. 
inable againft the Cholick, rofted and ground to powder and drunke in Wine. The) 
biggeft of them is two [pannes and halfe long, the skin blackifh, rough and thick. 


It is quite likely that Forskil may have read these accounts, and | 


thence been influenced in appropriating the name Torpedo as the> 
generic designation of the fish in question. 


A REVIEW OF THE CEPOLIDA OR BAND-FISHES OF 
JAPAN. 


By Davip Starr Jorpan and Henry W. Fow er. 
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University. 


In this paper is given a review of the species of Band-fishes or Cepo- 
lide known to inhabit the shores of Japan. The material studied is 
in the museum of Leland Stanford Junior University and in the 
United States National Museum. It was chiefly collected by Messrs. 
Jordan and Snyder during the summer of £900. 


Family CEPOLID 4. 


BAND-FISHES. 


Body very elongate, compressed, band-like, covered with small 
cycloid scales, lateral line obscure. Head obtuse; cleft of the mouth 
wide and oblique; teeth moderate on jaws only; eyes large, lateral; 
gill-openings wide, the membranes not united, free from the isthmus; 
gills 4; pseudobranchie present; b ranchiostegals 6; air-bladder large; 
pyloric ceca few. Skull well ossified. Dorsaland anal fins each very 
long, composed of slender rays, which are either simple or branched 
and more or less distinctly articulated; both fins more or less joined 
to the caudal; ventral fins thoracic, their rays I, 5. 

Coasts of tropical Europe and Asia; shore fishes of a deep red color; 
a peculiar group, having something in common with the Ophidisde, 
but with the normal ventrals thoracic, in position of the ordinary 
percoid fishes. Its relations are perhaps nearer the Lati/idz than any 
other of the better known groups. 

a. Preopercle unarmed; dorsal rays more or less distinctly articulate, usually branched. 
Cepola, 1. 
aa, Preopercle with 4 to 8 blunt spinous teeth; dorsal rays indistinctly articulated, 


ME Wraeed. aos Sane See as ae eee etre s sr iene {canthocepola, 2. 


PrRoceEeEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1330. 


699 


700 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





1. CEPOLA Linnzus. 


Cepola Linnxus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I, 1769, p. 445 (tenia). 





This genus includes the Cepolide which have the preoperde| 
unarmed; dorsal rays rather distinctly articulate, and in typical species: 
also distinctly branched. i 

(cepola, a name unexplained, probably of Italian origin.) : 

| d 
” 
> 


1. CEPOLA SCHLEGELI Bleeker. 
AKADASHI (RED WEASEL). % 


Cepola krusensterni SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1845, pl. uxxt, fig. 1; Naga-! 
saki, not description.—Nysrrom, Svensk, Ak. Handl., 1887, p. 39; Nagasaki. 

Cepola schlegeli BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1854, Japan, p. 412; Kaminoseki; | 
Verh. Bat. Gen., XX VI, 1854, Japan, p. 110; Act. Soe. Sci. Ind. Neerl., Vj] 
1859, p. 256.—GintHeR, Cat. Fish., II, 1861, p. 488.—Srernpacaner and D6é-" 
DERLEIN, Fische Japeue IV, 1887, p. 12; Tokyo, Kochi, Tango. —IsHIKAWaA, | 
Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 32; Bingo.—JorpaNn and Snyper, Check List, Fish, Japa 
1901, p. 111. 


| 
Head 10 in length; depth 12; D. more than 70; A. more than 60;) 
P. 18: V. 1-5: scales more than 300; eye 3 in head; width of head 13 in) 
height. Pectoral 13 to 1% in head. Body elongate, strongly com-| 
pressed. Head obtusely convex, longer than high; snout half the) 
length of the eye, profile convex; maxillary Porenine below posterior 
part of eye, oblique; teeth in jaws uniserial, curved and conic; preo-) 
percle without spines; opercle a little over 3 in head. Scales very) 
small, present on opercles. Lateral line concurrent with back. Dor- 
sal, anal, and caudal continuous; pectoral rounded. 7 
Color, body and fins rosy; the membrane between premaxillary andi 
maxillary with a black spot. 7: 
Leneth 212 mm. Kaminoseki, in the sea. (Bleeker.) In young; 
examples, the spines on the lower margin of the preoperculum are} 
sharp and pointed, and the body is much shorter and deeper in com-| 
parison with the length of the head. In most all of the specimens the 
dark spot hidden between the maxillary and intermaxillary is evident.) 
No specimens were taken by us, although the species is said to be 
not rare in southern Japan. Our description is condensed from that. 
of Dr. Bleeker, made from a specimen from Kaminoseki on the inland: 
sea. 


2. ACANTHOCEPOLA Bleeker. 


Acanthocepola BureKxer, Versl. Ak. Amsterd., VIII, 1874, p. 369 (krusensternt). 


This genus includes those Cepolide in which the preopercle is ar med. 
with 4 to 8 blunt spines. The dorsal rays are simple and indistinctly 
articulate. Color bright red. 

(axavéa, spine; cepola.) 






0.133. THE BAND FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 701 





h. Scales small, about 150 in a longitudinal series; D. 80, A. 76; no black dorsal spot, 
| so far as known; preopercle with about 5 blunt spines; dorsal and anal fins 
| margined with blackish. -.-..--------------------------------- krusensterni, 2. 


i Scales minute, about 300 in a longitudinal series. Preopercle with about 7 blunt 


spines. D. 104; A. 105; a black spot in front of dorsal; dorsal not conspicu- 


' ously margined with blackish; anal brown-edged .....------------ limbata, 3. 


2, ACANTHOCEPOLA KRUSENSTERNI (Schlegel). 


SAKENOUWO (WINE-FISH); AKATACHIUWO (RED BLENNY) ; 
RINGUROTAIMATSU. 


| Cepola krusensterni SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1845, p. 130 (not figure) ; 
Nagasaki.—Buerker, Verh. Bat. Gen., Ichth. Japan, X XV (1854), “p. 39; 
Natursk. Tijds. Nederl. Ind., VI, 1854; p. 411; Verh. Bat. Gen., XXVI, 
Japan, 1854, p. 108; Act. Soe. Se. Indo. Neerl., III, Japan, 1859, pl. 11, fig. 
1.—GitnrHer, Cat. Fish., III, 1861, p. 488, Japan.—SremNDACHNER and 
DéperLEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 32; Tokyo.—Isnikawa, Prel. Cat., 
1897, p. 32 ; Wakayama, Nagasaki. 
| Cepola hungta Ricwarpson, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 277; Canton. 
Head 113 in length; depth 132; D. 80; A. 76; P. I-17; V. 1-5; scales 
164, 28 in a vertical series in front. Body very elongate, compressed, 
and covered with cycloid scales, which are very small on the anterior 
part of the body. Head longer than deep, compressed; eye larger than 
‘the snout, in the front of the head above, 34 in the head and 1 in the 
‘maxillary; snout very bluntly rounded, with the lower jaw produced; 
‘mouth very oblique, superior, and the jaws each with a single series 
of strong teeth; lips moderately fleshy; maxillary extending to below 
the middle of the eve; interorbital space flattened, 14 inthe eye.  Gill- 
opening large; the gill-rakers numerous, long, and slender; lowe1 
margin of the preoperculum armed with five blunt and rather broad 
spines. Dorsal, caudal, and anal confluent, the origin of the former a 
little in advance of the posterior margin of the gill-opening; dorsal 
low, more or less equal in height; caudal produced into a filamentous 
point; the origin of the anal at the tips of the pectorals, and, like the 
dorsal, the fin low; pectorals in the lower half of the body behind the 
gill-opening and about 1} in the head; ventrals below, a trifle behind 
pectorals and nearly equal in length, but produced into a point. 
Color in spirits, almost uniform pale brown, the anal and caudal 
narrowly margined with blackish, with some spots a little deeper in 
color; no black spot on dorsal. In life bright cherry-red, with spots 
of rather deeper shade. 








@ According to Mr. Edgar R. Waite (in lit.), the dates of publication of the differ 
ent parts of the volume on Fishes of the Fauna Japonica are as follows: 

Decade I, pp. 1-20, 1842. 

Decades II-IV, pp. 21-72, 1848. 

Decades V-VI, pp. 73-112, 1844. 

Decades VII-IX, pp. 173-269, 1845. 

Decades X-XIV, pp. 173-269, 1846. 

Decade XV, pp. 270-324, 1850. 


7092 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEOM. VOL. Xx¥I 








Length 20;'5 ence! Here described from Nagasaki specimens. 

This species is common through Southern Japan, being far more: 
abundant than Cepola schlegeli. Our specimens are from Tokyo, 
Misaki, Wakanoura, Onomichi, Nagasaki, Mogi, and Obama. 

(Named for the traveler, Krusenstern.) 


3. ACANTHOCEPOLA LIMBATA (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 


Cepola limbata Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 1835, p. 402 
Japan, after Krusenstern, pl. Lx, fig. 2 (dorsal and anal bordered with deey 
red; a small black spot on front of dorsal; sides of body with red points).— 
Ginrner, Cat. Fish, III, 1861, p. 489, copied. —Nysrrom, Svensk, Vet. Handl. M 

1887, p. 89; Nagasaki. (D. more than 80; head 9 in body.) fi 

Cepola marginata Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 1835, p. 402 
Japan, after Krusenstern, pl. Lx, fig. 1 (brick red, dusted ath ane points, fir 
bordered with brick red; dorsal spot black, smaller than in the preceding).= 
GiinTHER, Cat. Fish, III, 1861, p. 489. Copied. 

Cepola mesoprion BLEEKER, Vern Bat. Gen., XX VI, Japan, 1854, p. 109; Nag 
saki.—Gitnrner, Cat. Fish, III, 1861, p. 488. 

Acanthocepola mesoprion JORDAN peel EVERMANN, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., XX Vy 
1902, p. 363; Giran, Formosa. : 











ACANTHOCEPOLA LIMBATA, 


Of this species, distinguished by the very small size of the scal 
and the very large number of the fin rays, we have examined one: 
specimen from Giran, Formosa. This specimen is certainly typical 
of Acanthocepola mesoprion and A. limbata is probably the same. 

A description and good figure (see above) of this specimen has been 
published Jordan and Evermann.¢ 





“Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1902, p. 363. 


A GENEALOGIC STUDY OF DRAGON-FLY WING 
VENATION. 


By James G. NEEDHAM, 
Of Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois. 





INTRODUCTION. 


| This is a new study of one of the oldest subjects in entomology. It 
is an application of the methods of comparative morphology to the 
interpretation of some external characters universally employed in 
systematic work upon insects. 
The richly veined wings of dragon-flies have been carefully studied 
by many able entomologists; their interesting peculiarities are well 
known; the homologies of the various parts of the wing have been 
‘determined throughout the order; and there already exists a consider- 
‘able body of evidence as to the nature and extent of variation in 
yenational characters. There has been as yet no serious effort to use 
‘these characters to determine genealogic succession within the order. 
'It is the main purpose of this paper to translate the records of natural 
‘selection as written in the abundant characters of these wings.. 
At the outset I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to the follow- 
ing gentlemen, who have all aided me generously: To Prof. J. H. Com- 
“stock, of Cornell University, 1 am indebted first of all for constant 
advice throughout the progress of this study; to Mr. Samuel Henshaw, 
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, for free use of the Hagen 
Collection of Odonata during a stay of two months in Cambridge; to 
Dr. R. T. Jackson, of Harvard University, for similar privileges in 
the study of the fossil Odonata of the same museum; to Dr. P. P. 
Calvert, of the University of Pennsylvania, for the loan of valuable 
specimens; to Monsieur R. Martin, of Le Blane, for the gift of speci- 
mens; and to Dr. 5. H. Scudder, for the privilege of examining the 
types of fossil Odonata in his collection, and also some of his original 


unpublished drawings. 


















PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VoL. XXVI—No. 1331. 


703 































704 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


I, THE ONTOGENY OF THE VENATION. 


HIsToRICAL. 


It is pleasant to find that the first contribution to the knowledge 
developing veins was made by Dr. Hagen. In 1846 he publishe a 
little paper, a page in length, entitled Ueber die Bildung des Geédders; 
der Libellen-fliigel.“ In this he wrote that by simply rubbing the: 
expanding wing of a transforming dragon-fly between the thumb andi 
finger the two membranes of the wing may be slipped apart, and it 
will be readily seen that the venation is double, i. e., developed alike; 
in both membranes, and that the double network thus formed is united: 
and exactly coincident along the courses of the wing trachee. At this! 
day one who wishes to see the relation of veins to trachez can hardly! 
do better than repeat this simple experiment. Thus he may at leasts 
see, a thing too little comprehended hitherto, that the trachez passing: 
out from the body cavity into the wing cavity are essentially internal) 
organs as compared with the cuticular (hypodermal) thickenings formed: 
about them constituting the veins. 

Oswald Heer appears to have been the first to use the wings of) 
dragon-fly nymphs as an aid to interpreting the homologies of the adult! 
venation.” He made no use of trachew, however, but only of the: 
veins marked upon the exterior of the wing sheath, these being essen-) 
tially the same as the veins in the adult only served to confirm him in) 
an erroneous interpretation of homologies. 

Roster first figured the tracheation of a nymphal wing.¢ His figure’ 
(of .2schna cyanea) was made to show tracheal distribution without) 
reference to venation. It is in several points incorrect, and a chance: 
remark in the text shows that Roster did not perceive the order which! 
exists in the arrangement of the traches.¢ 

In 1888 Brauer and Redtenbacher published a paper on immature: 
insect wings, using mainly a species of Aischna to show the fallacy of: 
Adolph’s theory of alternating convex and concave veins.¢ Of the: 





“Stettiner Ent. Zeit., VII, pp. 115-116. A similar paper by Dr. Hagen, Kurze: 
Bemerkung ueber das Flugelgeiider der Insecten (Wien. Ent. Zeit., V, pp. 311-312) 
was called out in 1886 by the theories with which Adolph and Redtenbacher had | 
encumbered their useful works upon the homologies of the wing veins in general. 
Then in 1889 he published (Spaltung eines Fligels um das dopplete Adernetz zu: 
zeigen, Zool. Anz., XI, pp. 377-878) a similar article with a figure, showing the main | 
facts set forth in all these papers. 5 

» Heer, Oswald, Die Insectenfauna der Tertiargebilde von Oeningen und yon) 
Badoboj in Croatien, Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Ges., XI, 1850, Libellulidee, pp.) 
06-89, pl. Iv. 

“Roster, D. A., Contributo all ’anatomia ed alla biologia degli Odonata, Bull. Soe. 
Ent. Ital., X VII, pp. 256-268, 2 pls. 

“ Mandando in questo percorso cinque o sei diramazioni che innervano intrecciandost 
in vario modo, la superficie dell ’ala. [The italics are mine.—J. G. N.] 


¢ Kin Beitrag zur Entwickelung des Fliigelgeiiders der Insecten, Zool. Anz., XI, 
pp. 443-447. 








. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 705 





| 


yranches of a single main trachea, some were shown to be incorporated 
nto convex and some into concave veins. Thus disappeared the fun- 
lamental difference which had been assumed to exist between the two 
kinds of veins. 
Brauer and Redtenbacher also affirmed that the homology of veins 
n remotely related insects is only to be determined by the study of 
heir developnient—a suggestion which has until quite recently been — 
renerally commended in theory and more generally disregarded in 
practice. 
_ Brogniart, in his Etude sur la nervulation des ailes des insectes,“ 
igures both the tracheation and the venation in careful detail, and 
points out the close correspondence between the two. He fails to 
‘ecognize the individuality of the veins and trachez, however, desig- 
ating mere branches as independent veins, and he confuses the 
identity of one branch (/¢s) by giving it a different designation in the 
BS stages. 
The foregoing papers have shown (without expressly stating) the 
following points: (1) The precedence of the trachez and the subse- 
quent development of the veins about them, through hypodermal 
elevations becoming paired troughs, which by fusion become hollow 
tubes inclosing the trachez; (2) the difference in kind, and (3) the 
correspondence in arrangement between the two structures: and (4) 
the fact that simpler conditions are found in the earlier stages. 
[have traced the development of the venation through a series of 
nymphal stages and have published recently, in collaboration with 
Professor Comstock, a preliminary account of it,’ but must for present 
purposes review the matter more af length. 





| ONTOGENY IN GOMPHUS DESCRIPTUS. 


For the present I pass by all points of histological structure, not as 
being uninteresting or unimportant, but as being unessential to the 
‘specific problem now in hand. I shall deal in this paper with facts 
‘that may be observed without the aid of sections, and, for the most 
part, with no special preparation whatever.° 

Six principal trachez traverse the wing of a dragon-fly in all stages. 
These arise very early in the budding wing, springing separately from 
a longitudinal thoracic tracheal trunk which makes a slight bend 
outward to meet the base of the wing. These trachew and their cor- 





a Recherches sur les insectes fossiles, etc., Paris, 1894. See especially pp. 204-208, 
and pl. vii. 
- b Comstock, J. H., and Needham, J. G., The Wings of Insects, Amer. Nat., XXXII 
and XXXIII, 1898 and 1899; Art. Odonata, XXXII, pp. 903-911, 9 figs. 

¢The only preparation necessary to demonstrate the facts cited in the following 
pages is that of the wings of nymphs, which should be removed fresh, mounted 
quickly in glycerin jelly, and cooled suddenly (to retain the air in the trachez ), and 
are then ready for observation. 


' 


706 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE 


responding veins will be fae ssignated, beginning a the ‘anterior margin: 
of the wing, by the following names and abbreviations: 





lL. Costa ( Gi ). 4. Media (Ube 
2. Subcosta (Se. ) 5. Cubitus (Cu. e 
3. Radius (R.). 6. Anal veins (A.). 


Typical branches will be designated by added numerals (as JZ, Jf,’ 


M,, and _W/,, designating from front to rear the branches of the media), 
except the posterior division of the radius, which has received thei 
special name of ‘‘radial sector” (/¢s.). Accessory and secondary’ 
branches will be designated by small letters added in the order of the; 
development of the branches (as /?s,, /’s,, /¢s,, etc., for the secondary; 
branches of the radial sector). 

Fig. 1 represents the trachez in two early stages of the development 
of the nymphal wing of Gomphus descriptus. A is from a nymph less: 
than one-fourth grown, the wing 1 mm. long. The trachez so closely) 
resemble those in the developing wings of insects of many other orders 
there can be no doubt as to their homology. The radial sector is), 






| 


Fic. 1.—TRACHEATION OF THE WINGS OF TWO NYMPHS OF Gomphus descriptus BANKS, TWO BARLY | 
STAGES. FOR EXPLANATION OF LETTERING SEE TEXT; ALSO, 2 = NODUS AND sf = SUPERTRIANGLE. | 








simple—it is generally branched in other orders—and there is a single. 
anal vein. In other orders there are oftenest three.“ Otherwise the 
trachexw are entirely typical at this stage. It is worthy of note that: 
at this stage the wing is somewhat bilaterally symmetrical and a 
trachex are of almost equal size and length. 

Fig 1. Bis from an older nymph with wings 3 mm. long. The two 
marginal trachez are reduced or, rather, outstripped by their com) 
petitors, the wing has become quite unsymmetrical, and the radial 
sector has come to lie across the distal end of the media. | 

Fig. 2 represents the tracheation of both fore and hind wings of a) 
grown nymph of the same species. The costal trachea is so dwarfed 
as hardly to enter the costal vein. The radial sector lies back of the) 
two anterior branches of the media which it crosses. The other 
trachew, also, are assuming their definitive positions, and some of them 
are becoming strongly angulated at the middle and toward the base of 
the wing. 

These three stages show clearly how the Deus insect wing has. 


af 
“Probably the three terminal branches of this fae represent the typical first, 
second, and third anal tracheze fused together. 





0.1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 707 





peen modified to produce the Odonate type, in which the most anom- 
lous thing is the crossing of the radial sector over two branches of 
he media. I can not now suggest even a possible reason why this 
hould have taken place. It is apparently a character quite dis- 
inetive of the order Odonata. 

| A photograph of fore and hind wings of a grown nymph of the 
‘ame species, showing the trachew and the veins together as they 
pepe during the last nymphal stage, is reproduced in Plate XXX, 
ig. 1. This will assist greatly in comparing the adult wings shown in 
ig. 3 with the preceding figures. This also shows that certain well- 
xnown features of the dragon-fly wing are due to strong cuticularisation 








Fic. 2.—FoRE AND HIND WINGS OF A GROWN NYMPH OF Gomphus descriptus, SHOWING TRACH EX. 
THE PERMANENT VENATION WHICH SHOWS DISTINCTLY AT THIS STAGE IS OMITTED. 


between the trachee. Such are the stigma (s/.), the nodus (7.), and 
parts of the arculus (a7.) and triangle (7.). 

~ The radial sector.—In the adult wing (fig. 3) the radial sector appears 
to be a branch of the media. It has always been so interpreted. The 
only indication of its connection with the radius is the persistent 
obliquity of an apparent cross vein between veins J/, and Rs. This 
is in fact not a cross vein, but a part of the radial sector, while the 
longitudinal trunk (/7.) extending proximally from this point to con- 
nect vein Rs with vein J442% is not homologous with any principal 
vein, but is a secondary structure developed for mechanical advantage. 
There will be seen in the plate a recurrent tracheal twig preceding this 
structure. 





@The plus sign is thus used as a convention for indicating united branches or 
trachex, the numerals it connects designating the branches conjoined. 


48 





Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 












708 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XxyI 





Arculus and triangle.—Vhe radius and the media tend from the first 
to unite at the base, and in the adult wing appear to form a single veir 
as faras the arculus. But even in the adult wing this vein may be 
seen, as pointed out by Brogniart, to be composed of two, whose unior 
he aptly compared to that of the barrels of a gun. Media suddenly, 
bends away from the radius and is met by a cross vein from the cub 
tus, and thus the arculus is formed. A similar deflection of the cubita 
trachew just beyond the arculus makes a place for the development of 
the triangle, which is completed by two cross veins approximated upor 
vein J/,. Thus only the upper end of the arculus and the inner side 
of the triangle are formed from principal veins. 









PITT! LO 


{) 
A 02% 
EY 
a 4 Oy SR 
VETERE 
XY? OM 





















EE 


meee Sc a= ro or 8 Care 
ea 
9 g Co, ala INTER. 
m\ ] to Tet Fala Lote Lae 
are SHH Eee 
Names , Oa BSS NH sad xy 
es 1) 2 
HH ROA ES SSSR Sr 
y ‘ IS HX? RSL AOI 
A} See Oee: SELES ie | 
2 Oxy ‘XK E 
ato eres i 
Cu Cu, 


FIG. 3.—VENATION OF THE IMAGO OF Gomphus descriptus. 


Trachee and cuticular thickenings thus combine to produce a unique 
insect wing, whose chief peculiarities arise from three transverse. 
unions of its veins, at stigma, nodus, and arculus, respectively. Addec 
to the usual thickening of veins and corrugation of membrane at the | 
front border, these three unions make the part of the wing whiel 
cuts the air and supports other parts very strong. It will be observec| 
that at the stigma but two or three veins are thus conjoined, at the 
nodus, more, and at the arculus (by means of parts accessory to ta 
arculus) all the principal veins are bound together across the basa: 
part of the wing. A line drawn from the outer end of the coal 
to the hind angle of the triangle divides the wing into two areas I . 
the anterior of which includes the strong framework of the wioail 
while the other is yielding membrane with weak venation, adapting the 
wing for that rapid seulling action in air by which forward motion i — 
produced. |: 






| No. 1381. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 709 


Il. THE STUDY OF THE WING BY AREAS. 


| These three points of transverse bracing are also the points about 
which have played the forces which have evolved the dragon-fly wing. 
They are the points about which one can best follow the shifting of 
veins and trachew. Ina study of genealogy one can hardly do better, 
therefore, than to discuss the wing by areas with these points as 
centers, drawing freely upon ontogeny, comparative anatomy, and 
paleontology for evidence of the changes that have taken place. 








THE AREA OF THE STIGMA. 


‘The stigma is developed upon the cutting edge of the wing at the 
point of greatest impact against the air. It would seem to serve the 








aS Th: tp > 
[ivanseneestsape 
LUT 


WT 7 








q U 





Fic. 4.—PTEROSTIGMAS; p, OF Anax junius DRURY; g, OF Miathyria marcella SELYS; r, oF Neogomphus 
molestus SELYS; s, OF Uropetala carovei SELYS; t, OF Agrion mercuriale CHARPENTIER; u, OF Anoma- 
lagrion hastatum SAY; v, OF Thore gigantea SELYS; w, OF Mecistogaster Lucretia DRURY; x, Calopteryx 
maculata BEAUVOIS; , Microstigma sp?; 2, Microstigma rotundatum, SELYS, HIND WING. 


double purpose of firmly uniting the veins of the front margin and of 
increasing the efliciency of the wing stroke by adding weight at this 


( 710 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, | 








str iking point. Its shape and extent vary considerably and are often) 
characteristic of groups; but the stigma seems not to contain in itself 
such characters for the critical determination of the course of speciali- 
zation as are furnished by surrounding parts. 

In the wings of the more generalized members of several families: 
of Odonata there is between veins 7, and J/, a series of cross veins, : 
several of which fall directiy under the stigma, and all of which are; 
nearly or quite perpendicular to the veins they connect. One of these 
cross veins which happens to lie at the proximal end of the stigma: 
waxes stronger than its feilows, and is set in an oblique position in such! 
way as to strongly brace the stigma against vein J/,. Three not. 
remotely related Gomphinz will illustrate the stages in the develop-), 
ment of this strong brace from an ordinary cross vein. In Epigom- 
phus paudosus (fig. 8) the proximal end of the stigma has no cross; 
vein exactly in line with it; in Cyclophylla diphylla (Plate XX XTV,j } 
fig. 1) it is in line, but little strengthened; but in Gomphus dilatati| 
(Plate XX XIII, fig. 1) it has become a strong and evident brace. A) 
parallel series might be pointed out among the A%schnine (compare: 
such genera as Stawrophlebia (Plate XXXIX, fig. 2), Basieschna | 
(Plate XX XVII, fig. 2), and Gynacantha (Plate XX XIX, fig. 3), and) 
the Agrioninz offer another parallel, with the addition of an interest-_ 
ing feature, which is illustrated by a series of such genera as Lestes) 
(Plate Tali fig. 1), Phdlogenia (Plate LIL, fig. 4), Avgza (Plate LIL, - 
fig. 5), and Vehallennia (Plate LIV, fig. 8). In this series there is: 
the same development of a brace from a cross vein; and, correlated | 
therewith, a progressive angulation of vein J/, at the base of this: 
cross vein, forming a triradiate brace at that point. 

An entirely different method of bracing the front of the wing at the: 
stigma has prevailed in a few forms (Zore, fig. 4, v, etc.). The cross: 
vein below vein /2, is not utilized, but the two veins bounding the: 
proximal and posterior sides of the stigma are deflected so as to meet) 
vein 2, ina strong Y-shaped brace, ie doubtless, serves a pur pose: 
analogous to that served by the other triradiate brace described above. 

Fig. 4 shows at p the normal stigma of Anaxv junius, greatly; 
enlarged. It shows, also, a few common forms of stigma, both! 
braced and unbraced (g to 4), and a few uncommon and more or less’ 
degenerate forms (7 to z), which will be discussed under another! 


——— 


heading. 
THE REGION OF THE NODUS. 
i 
Here at once we come upon very peculiar wing features. 
The nodus is the stout cross vein near the madd of the costal bor-. 
der of the wing, joining the costa, the subcosta, and the radius. It is. 
traversed by a more or less evident suture, making a flexible and) 
elastic joint which, without loss of strength in the parts which need 


i 





. 


No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. M11 


rigidity, would seem te tiene more effective flexion of the distal parts 


of the wing.“ 


We have already seen the trachea Rs descending at the nodus and 


—erossing trachez J/, and J/,. The veins formed about these tracheze 
bind them all solidly together. For convenience of reference we now 


designate that portion of the radial sector which unites the lower end 
of the nodus with the median vein as the suwhnodus (sn.) and the short 
oblique portion of the radial sector appearing as a cross vein behind 
vein JW, as the oblique vein (0), and the trunk secondarily developed 
to connect the radial sector proximally with vein /,,, as the 
bridge (br). 

In the suborder Anisoptera we may then note that the radial sector 
fuses with vein J/, for a little way, carrying the oblique vein a varia- 
ble distance beyond the subnodus. The bridge is outlined in trachez 
of two very different types, which are almost characteristic of the two 
families of the suborder. (1) In all the Aschnine of which I have 
had nymphs for examination the antecedent trachea is simple, and 
springs from the radial sector near what will be the distal end of the 
bridge (fig. 5) and extends in a direct line proximally toward vein 
M,+,. (2) In most Libellulide the trachea which precedes the bridge 
springs from the radial sector near the origin of the latter (fig. 6), 
descends to the level of the bridge that is to be, forks, and sends its 
branches in opposite directions to meet veins J/,,, and 7s respec- 
tively. In the Macromiine, however, it is formed by a modification 


_of the latter type, as shown for Didymops transversa in fig. TA. Fig. 


7 B shows how, by a further division of the radial sector near its base, 
two oblique veins are formed in the Cordulegasterine and Petalurine. 
Compare also with fig. 28 

In the suborder Pa reptera. so far as known to me, trachea /s 
appears as a branch of the media, the subnodus, while formed in the 
usual place, being destitute of a tracheal trunk. The Zygopterous 
nymphal wing figured herewith (Plate X XX1, fig. 2) shows that the 
trachea 2s has, in this (well grown) stage, at least, no direct commu- 
nication with the radius at all. But if we compare the adult wings 
of the two suborders there can be no question as to the identity of 
the vein /?s, or of its homology in the two groups. 

The explanation of this at first rather surprising state of the tra- 
chez I believe to be that the trachea As has been detached from the 
radius and attached to the media. There are every where between the 
principal traches ee open channels of communication, formed by the 





«This suture seems to have cut voH fie eee ae hea, or else to have dwarfed 
and diverted its tips. In the cicada the subcostal trachea crosses the nodal suture; 
and doubtless it once did so in Odonata, for the adult vein extends a little way 
beyond in three living genera of Aschninze (compare Stawrophlebia, Plate XX XIX, 
fig. 2), and was well developed beyond in the fossil genus schnidium. The nodus 
when present in other orders is nearer the wing apex than in the Odonata. 


~ 


alee PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,_ 








universal anastomoses of the smallest tracheoles. Any one of thege: 





FIG 6.—TRACHEATION OF THE NODAL REGION OF THE NYMPHAL WING OF Libellula pulchella DRURY.) 


open air-passages might become enlarged, should necessity arise for 


| 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 


| 





the entrance of the air from a new quarter. 
vase the necessity may have arisen from the thinning of the wing 
cases of the slender Zygoptera, whereby the communication of the 
radial sector with the radius would be gradually pinched off. 
the decrease of the air supply from the original source an iner 
amount must needs come from the medial trunk through tracheoles, 
some of which would be 
attain the proportions of a tracheal branch, 
adial sector would atrophy.“ 


ko. 1881. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. Gls 





And I think that in this 


With 


sased 


enlarged and one of which might finally 
while the base of the 


Either the attachment of the radial sec ast to media was made at three 


> 


eo WAN NN D. a 


Scs me HY X } y f j 


a 


—— oe 





bey 
aN 
Sc 
a mene ad AC! 4 Rs 
‘ : : * "4,07 
A, oF Didymops transversa SAY; B, OF 


Fic. 7.—TRACHEATION OF THE NODAL REGION OF THE WING. 
Cordwegaster diastatops SELYS; THE LATTER SHOWING THE MODE OF ORIGIN OF 
VEINS CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CORDULEGASTERINE AND PETALURIN&. 


’ THE TWO OBLIQUE 


different places, or else, since its reattachment, it has taken a different 


course in each of three different series within the suborder Zy goptera. 
In the Lestin we find it separating from vein J/, far be yond the sub- 
nodus, the point of its departure mar ked by a more or less evident 
oblique vein, and a long bridge formed about numerous approximated 
tracheoles, mainly derived from neighboring branches of the media. 
In the Agrionine (s. st.) it separates from vein J/,,. near the nodus, 
and there is neither bridge nor oblique vein. In Calopteryx it sepa- 


a Bich Sarance ie tr: 
Another instance will be cited further on in the case of the bri 


A case of the attachment of trachea M, to the radius in Pieris has been 
LIII, 1892, fig. 24, and Ender- 





acheal prancbes in insects wings are not unprecedented. 
anches of the anal 


trachea. 
clearly indicated by Spuler (Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool., 
lein (Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Anat., XVI, 1902, pl. 11, fig. 20. ) 


714 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. aM. 


rates from vein Miss far.to the proximal side of the nodus, and about 
in the more usual position of the proximal end of the bridge.” 
In this group bridge and oblique vein are lost; but similar parts are 
found, as will be noted later, extending the attachment of the radial 
sector to the media still nearer the arculus. 


THE REGION OF THE ARCULUS. 







Across the base of the wing a strong transverse union of all thé 
principal veins is effected by means of arculus in the middle, triangle 
at the rear, and antenodal cross veins at the front. Distinct tra, 
cheal twigs precede the antenodals of the first (costal) series, while 
those of the second (subcostal) series are of independent cuticular 
origin.” Specialization is to be traced among these cross veins Ini! 
their reduction in number and matching in position in the two series,| 
and in the hypertrophy of some of them to form stout triangular 
trusses, which entirely fill, in section, the furrow between the costal 
and the radius. Two antenodals, some distance apart, are thus hyper- 
trophied in most ‘Mschnide, one at either side of the arculus; in the, 
Thorine, but one, and that one meeting the arculus; in Synthemis 
alternate antenodals are thickened, but to a less degree. Theit 
pednevioni in numbers will be discussed under the general subject e 

‘cross veins.’ 

We have already seen that arculus and triangle are formed where 
bends in the media and the cubitus, respectively, are met by strong cross. 
veins. We have seen that the medial and the cubital trachez are at) 
first straight or slightly curved as in other insects, and that the bend-| 
ing takes place late in nymphal life, at the time when the veins are’ 
forming. The genus Ana (Plate XL, fig. 3), while highly specialized: 
in many ways, has preserved a rather primitive condition of the 
arculus. It is composed here largely of cross vein, which the media’ 
bends but slightly to meet, and the veins J/,; and J/, depart from it) 
in straight lines. Media fends to descend the arculus, and the veins) 
M.; and JM/,, departing from it, become arched strongly toward the 
radius. In the Libellulide the branches of the media become fused’ 
at the base while arching upward. This may be traced in the stages 
attained by such genera as Veocordulia (Plate XLU, fig. 1), Raphismia, 
(Plate XLIV, fig. 3), and Pachyduplac (Piate XLVI, fig. 1). The 





“Indicating that in this group at least a recurrent peeeoe ae as ete the 
bridge in the Eschnidee, may have developed into the basal attachment of the radial! 
sector to the media. 

“Tn other orders of insects cross veins are generally wanting from this space, and 
where present are very few in number. 

It will be observed that the tracheal twigs which precede the antenodals of the 
first series are derived from the subcosta; those of the postnodals of the first series, | 
from the radius. These tracheal branches are clearly the homoiogues of the longer’ 


anterior branches of the subcosta and the radius in the Neuroptera and the 
Orthoptera. | 
| 





| 
| 


| NO. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 715 








‘upward arching of the medial branches reaches its climax in some 
‘Calopterygine, when J/,,,. after separating from J/, again rejoins the 
(radius; its basal part then appears as a cross vein, and when its trunk 
jagain frees itself it appears asa branch of the radius. Psewdophaca 
(Plate LII, fig. 3), Calopteryx (fig. 34), and Vestalis (fig. 41) have pre- 
served the steps by which such condition has been attained. 

In Apigomphus (fig. 8) there is a curious tendency for these medial 
branches to become conjoined just after their separate departure from 
. the arculus. 

| In ail these tendencies cuticularisation outruns tracheation; the 
"veins become sharply angulated; the trachew much less so. This will 
be clearly seen by comparing nymphal (Plate XXXII, figs. 2 and 3) 
and adult (Plate NORE: fig. 3) wings of Lanthus parvulus. 


















See 

TT TRS 
— DERE 
r SSS oe Ge 












CaO Soe 


Fig. 8.—WINGS OF EPIGOMPHUS PALUDOSUS SELYS. 





The triangle has been called by several writers the ‘‘cardinal cell,” 
and worthily, for it is a feature of cardinal importance in the Odonate 
wing.“ We have already observed that it is ordinarily formed in 
Gomphus and others of the suborder Anisoptera, between an oblique 
deflected portion of the cubitus and two cross veins approximated 
upon the hindmost branch of the media. Between the proximal one 
of these two cross veins and the arculus is a narrow space which may 
conveniently be termed the ‘‘supertriangle” (s., of all the figures; 
also called elsewhere ‘‘ supratriangular space”). 

The quadrangle of the Zygoptera.—n the suborder Zygoptera tri- 
angle and supertriangle bear different relations to each other and to 
surrounding parts of the wing. Together they constitute a unit of 
wing structure. They are placed in line, not directed apart by an 


aIt is not always triangular, but the exceptions are few. The name is a very con- 
venient one and in general use, and I use it in a strictly technical sense without 


regard to shape. 


> 


716 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, || 


obtruding angle of the cubitus, and are oftenest confluent through the 
atrophy of the middle cross vein. To the four-sided figure, which 
together they always present, we will apply the technical term ‘‘ quad- 
rangle” (g, of all the figures; also called elsewhere ‘‘ quadrilateral, and) 





FIG. 9.—WINGS OF A FOSSIL, UNDESCRIBED, AGRIONID GENUS, IN T 


HE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.) 


quadrangular space”). The fossil Agrionid genus illustrated in fig. 9° 
offers easy transition from the conditions just seen in the Anisoptera’ 
to those of the Zygoptera, and renders homologies plain. Com-) 
paring this wing with the fore wing of 7?trathem/s (fig. 10) with respect. 












ICAO 
TERRES 


} 

Fia. 10.—WInNGs oF Tetrathemis hyalina KIRBY. { 
. . . . . ® | 

to the points in question, triangle and supertriangle are recognizable 


readily in both (though in 7etrathems the latter is elongated and cons) 
tains an extra cross vein), and both may easily be derived from ordinary 
rectangular cells. 






| 


} ; 
: wo. 1381. 
I 


ee 


DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. ( 


17 
| In Agrionidx (Plates LIII and LIV) the quadrangle is undivided, the 
middle cross vein being absent. In the Calopterygidee (Plate LI1) the 
middle cross vein is occasionally wanting, as in An/soplewra and /pal- 
lage, but in general the quadrangle is elongated and contains numerous 
extra cross veins, among which the identity of the typical one is lost. 
The quadrangle is gener- 
ally rectangular in this 
family, but in //eterina 
(Plate LI, fig. 4) it is wid- 
ened distally and convex an- 
‘teriorly; in Thore (fig. 35) 
and its allies, exactly the 
reverse. These facts are 
illumined when one sees 
what has been the behavior 
of the cross vein which 
terminates the quadrangle 
‘in this family. Vein Cw, 
separating from vein Cx, at a right angle, and as suddenly bending 
again distally, sets off a transverse basal portion which is in direct line 
with this cross vein. The two thus joined rotate together about the 
hind angle of the triangle as an axial point, while the two forms of 
quadrangle described above are developing. In //efeerina (Plate LI, 
fig. 4) and Zazs the medial end of the 
cross vein has proceeded distally, while 
the base of Cz, has been retracted; in 
Thore (fig. 35), Rhinocypha, Lestes, 








Fig. 11.—DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING 


THE BEHAVIOR OF THE 
QUADRANGLE IN THE CALOPTERYGIDH. SOLID LINES, A 
SOMEWHAT PRIMITIVE QUADRANGLE; LINE OF DOTS, THE 
QUADRANGLE OF Helxrinad; LINE OF DASHES, THAT OF 
RHINOCYPHA; ARROWS INDICATE THE OPPOSITE COURSE 
OF ROTATION. COMPARE WITH PLATES LI AND LII. 









“ etc., the reverse rotation has taken 
L392 Kk place, as illustrated in the accompany- 

l \ ~ sd ing diagram (fig. 11). 
NOES, The triangle of the Anisoptera.—Ke- 


Cu, 


Fig. 12.—DIAGRAM SETTING FORTH THE 
BEHAVIOR OF THE TRIANGLE IN THE SUB- 
ORDER ANISOPTERA. THE HEAVY LINES 
BOUND A SOMEWHAT PRIMITIVE TRIANGLE, 


4°32 
turning now to the suborder Anisop- 
tera, and to the triangle as an individ- 
ual feature of the wing, we may follow 


1,2,3,4, AND 5 ARE STAGES IN THE DESCENT 
OF THE UPPER CROSS VEIN. 1’, 2’, 3’, AND 
4’ REPRESENT SUCCESSIVE STAGES IN THE 
RETRACTION OF THE CUBITUS AT THE TRI- 
ANGLE. 1”, 2”, 3’, AND 4” REPRESENT 
STAGES IN THE RETRACTION OF THE BASE 
OF VEIN Cao. 1/’’, 2’”’, 3’, AND 4/// REPRE- 
SENT STAGES IN THE ASCENT OF THE VEIN 
Cu, UP THE OUTER SIDE OF THE TRIANGLE. 


and to follow the shiftings of 


with the aid of fig. 12 the changes that 
have taken place in it, bringing it 
from the condition of an ordinary rec- 
tangular cell to its present estate. It 
will be convenient to begin with a 
triangle hardly more generalized than 
that of the fore wing of Zetrathemis, 
its parts severally. 


1. The angulation of the cubitus.—At the dividing cross vein of the 


quadrangle, the cubitus tends in all Anisoptera to form an angle, 
which pushes triangle and supertriangle out of line, thus destroying 
the unity of the quadrangle, in making of it two elements of wing 


7 


aS PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXy 











structure. The increasing angulation at this point may be followe 
in the fore wings of a series of Libelluline genera, such as Microdipla 
(fig. 13), Anatya (Plate XLIV, fig. 2), Mesothemis (Plate XLV, fig. 3 
and Perithemis (Plate XLITI, fig. 3). It is only.a little less evidey 
in such Gomphine genera as Agriogomphus (tig. 27), Gomphoidy 
(Plate XXXII, fig. 2), and Gomphus (Plate XX XIII, fig. 1). It wil 
be observed that this deflection of the cubitus results in the widenini 
of the space between veins J/, and Qu, beyond the triangle. Th) 
may be seen in the aforementioned genera. . 

2. The deflection of the middle cross vein of the quadrangle.—It iF 
this process that makes the distal half of the quadrangle triangulay 
Successive positions of the cross vein are shown at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 c\ 
figure. Such genera as Zetrathemis (fig. 10), Anatya (Plate XLIV ) 
fig. 2), Macrothemis (Plate XLVI, fig. 1), and Ephidatia (Plat 
XLVI, fig. 2) exhibit these stages. A similar but less striking serie. 
will be seen in such Gomphine genera as Agriogomphus (fig. 27 





=~ 
aS 
cot ee 
EET ES 
[aa 






ly 
oH SO 








t 


FIG. 13.—WINGS OF MICRODIPLAX DELICATULA SELYS. 


} 
Gomphoides (Plate XXXII, fig. 2), and Hagenius (fig. 23). Thi 
cross vein has become greatly elongated in most Achnide, resultiny 
in the elongation of the whole triangle, as seen in such genera a 
Gomphxschna (Plate XX XVII, fig. 1), Brachytron (Plate XXXVI} 
fig. 2), and Vasieschna (Plate XX XIX, fig. 1). Thus this cross vei | 
has come to lie in such position that it appears in the adult wing ti 
be a continuation of the cubital trunk, and it has generally been s: 
interpreted. @ | 








_ — — ——e & 

@ Pentathemis membranulata Karsch (Ent. Nachr., XVI, 1890, pp. 33-35) presents» 
somewhat unusual condition of this cross vein, in that it is declined to the maximun 
and bent upward in the middle at its junction with a cross vein in the supertriangl | 
which has migrated outward upon it half the length of the triangle. This condition. 
very like that seen in the hind wing of Tetrathemis (fig. 10), only a little i) 
advance of that, has resulted in the triangle, after once attaining triangular form | 
becoming again four sided. Clearly, it is not five sided as Karsch thought. Hi 
alternative explanation (same reference, p. 35), rejected because the triangle woul 
not reach vein M, and the supratriangle would be in contact with the discoida. 
areolets—a condition seen in the hind wing of Necordulia and Hemicordulia (Plat 
XLII, figs. 1 and 3) and in many Libellulinee—is the right explanation, and th’ 
name Pentathemis is the result of a misinterpretation. 








1 
i 


(0. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 719 


| 3. The ascent of vein Cu,.—The cubital fork is in all Odonata at the 
aind angle of the triangle. When the distal end of the anal vein 
neets the cubitus squarely at this point, a struggle ensues between 
she branches of the cubitus for the maintenance of this strong point 
»f support. In a series of genera Cu, wins, and Cv, is starved and 
srowded out, becomes much the weaker vein. and is forced to ascend 
‘he outer side of the triangle. This has happened in both fore and 
aind wings of Pseudophlebia minima (Plate XLY, fig. 1). The sue- 
sessive positions it assumes are epitomized in the diagram; they may 
be verified in the hind wings of such genera as Agrionoptera (Plate 
XLIV, fig, 1), Mesothemis (Plate XLV, fig. 3), Diplacodes (Plate XLV, 
‘ig. 2), and Microdiplax (tig. 13). 

| 4. The descent of vein Cu,.—A happier solution of the struggle just 
mentioned is found when vein (x, is left in possession of the hind 
angle of the triangle, vein Cv, descending at a right angle from the 
fork, carrying the tip of vein A, 

Maenetor its own support... We «—— "Qc 
have already seen that a very 
perfect adjustment of this sort a 
exists throughout the Caloptery- om 
gide, where vein ('v, appears as 











4 
the direct continuation of vein A,. 
Our diagram illustrates the manner Cu, 
in which this adjustment is brought Cu, 


about in the Libellulide. This will Fie. 14.—DraGRram SHOWING BASE OF TYPICAL 
be better understood by examin, ee ne ee i 
the fore wings of such genera as ING ALSO QUADRANGLE (q), SUBQUADRANGLE 
Agrionoptera (Plate eV, fig. L}2 See in (s), TRIANGLE (ft), AND 
Anatya (Plate XLIV, fig. 2), 2a- 

phismia (Plate XLIV, fig. 3), and Ephidatia (Plate XLVU, fig. 2). 
Differentiation between fore and hind wings at the triangle.—Primi- 
tively, fore and hind wings of Odonata were alike, and the arculus 
was a little beyond the triangle in both, with the anal vein extending 
to the hind angle of the triangle (conditions still preserved in Cordu- 
legaster (fig. 25)). The above diagram of these parts (fig. 14) will 
therefore stand for either wing. 

In the space between the cubital and anal veins before the triangle 
‘are two crossveins which may fairly be considered typical, and which, 
because of the frequent necessity for reference to them. we will des- 
ignate as the first and second cubito-anal crossveins (@ and } of all the 
figures). The part of the cubital space beyond the first cubito-anal 
erossvein will be seen to lie directly beneath the quadrangle (which it 
much resembles). It may be conveniently designated as the ** subquad- 

rangle” (sg), and the part of this beyond the second cubito-anal cross- 
vein as the subtriangle (¢’ of all the figures; called also, elsewhere, 
“‘subtriangular space” and ‘‘internal triangle”). 


720 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 





Differentiation between fore and hind wings has been most com 
pletely carried out in the Libellulidee,“ and, fortunately, almost all th: 
steps are still to be seen in living genera. In this family two ver 
different processes have operated in the two wings: 

A. The PLOCESSLON of the triangle in the fore wing.—In all but th: 
more generalized Libellulides the anal vein seems to run directly t 
the antero-internal angle of the triangle, while retaining in the hind 
wing its usual course to the hind angle. This is a puzzle; but the ke: 
to the puzzle is found in the behavior of the second cubito-anal cross: 
vein and the anal vein. The accompanying diagram (fig. 15) epital 
mizes what has taken place. 

The anal vein formerly went directly to the hind angle of th: 
triangle in the fore wing. Then, through the simultaneous deflectio 
of crossvein and anal vein, the latter came to appear forked—a stag), 

it has reached and still maini 
tains in’ most til a 
Then the basal part of th” 
anal trunk was carried io 
m._ Ward into direct line wit | 
the still further deflecte 
second cubito-anal cross 
veins, so that the latter ap 
pears as the continuation ¢ | 
the vein, and not at all as i 
crossvein, while the disté 
end of the anal vein is almos 
Fig. 15.—DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE PROCESSION OF THE lost ee the one ca oF 
TRIANGLE AND THE DEFLECTION OF THE ANAL VEIN AND the proximal side of the tr _ | 
SRO) BEEBE CROSSVEIN IN THE FORE vance OF angle. Thus it is that th 
LIBELLULID®. a, THE FIRST, AND b, THE SECOND CUBITO- 

ANAL CROSSVEINS; 1, 2, 3, AND 4, SUCCESSIVE POSITIONS. anal vein seems to join th 
front angle of the triangl: 
With the acquisition of new responsibilities, the second cubito-ant 
crossvein has waxed stronger and longer, and has pushed the inne 
angle of the triangle toward the outer, making the triangle narrov 
and bringing about by this means its apparent remoteness from th 
arculus. Such genera are illustrated in Plates XLII], XLV, an 
XLIX, and show the steps in this ee SS. Simviliueceee tk 


em : 

“Their differentiation in function was area Scents by Girard (186) 
Note sur divers experiences relatives a la fonction des ailes chez les insectes, Am) 
Soc. Ent. France, (4), 11, pp. 153-162). His results that are of most interest he i 
were gotten by simply clipping off one pair of wingsata time. Thus he showed thi!) 
in Agrion, with fore and hind wings practically alike, flight is fairly well sustaine 
with either pair of wings alone: Libellula can fly with the fore wings only, but wi 
the fore wings removed the hind wings alone will not sustain it in the air. I hay) 
verified these results, using Hnallagma and Sympetrum. I have also made some ne! 
experiments to determine the utility of certain structures. Brief reference will } 
made to my results farther on. 











NM, 










INO. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 791 


~ 





deflected portion of the cubitus (the inner side of the triangle) has 
ibeen elongated, producing the very narrowly elongate triangle of 
Lnbellula (Plate XLVIII, fig. 3) and its allies. 

’B. The recession of the triangle in the hind wing.—The behavior of 
the triangle in the hind wing has consisted simply in its retraction 
through the successive position shown diagramatically in fig. 16, and 
jillustrated in such genera as Agrionoptera (Plate XLIV, fig 1), 
\Raphismia (Plate XLIV, fig. 3), Uracis, (Plate L, fig. 2), and Pantala 
(Plate L, fig. 3). Doubtless this recession of the triangle of the hind 
iwing could only be advantageous in connection with the developments 
‘deseribed under the next heading and discussed again farther on. 

- The anal area.—In the Odonata there is no anal furrow or suture, 
jas in most other insects, sharply delimiting an anal field. The anal 
\vein, except in a few fossil forms (/sophlebia, fig. 31, etc.), is solidly 
joined to the cubitus, as already shown. We now pass to notice the 
‘distribution of the anal 
branches in the small area 
back of the cubital deflec- 
tion. 

| Probably in the early 
Odonata the anal tracheal 
trunk occupied the posi- 
‘tion of the anal vein, weil 
back of the cubitus. On- cu, 

togeny (see figs. 1 and 2) FIG. 16.—DIAGRAM REPRESENTING THE RECESSION OF THE 
and analogy with insects Bran et Ree Seah om a ee ey 
of other orders would both 

support this view. But in such recent forms as I have had for study 
this anal trachea is closely approximated to the cubitus beyond the 
base, and, midway to the triangle, descends to the level of the anal 
vein, and sends branches both proximally and distally, about which 
that vein is formed (fig. 2, and Plate XX XI, figs. 1-3). Even in 
the thick wings of nymphs of Anisoptera the contorted position and 
decreasing size of the anal trachea indicate that, like the costal trachea 
of the opposite wing margin, it is suffering from lack of room; or, per- 
haps, outstripped by the intervening trachew that are better situated 
in relation to air supply. At least we find, especially in thin and 
narrow wing cases, the anal trachea dwindles, and loses successively 
all its branches, which then become incorporated into the cubital air 
system. The best developed anal trachea we have seen is that of slncx 
(Plate X XX], fig. 3), in which it will be noticed that the terminal branch, 
A,, is continued beyond its position of fusion with the cubitus in tl 
recurrent position. In the hind wing of Gomphus (Plate X XX, fig. 1) 
it will be observed that this recurrent portion is attached to vein Cu,; 
A,, apparently, wanting; A,, strongly developed. In the fore wing 
of the same nymph A, has also been transferred to the cubitus, being 











+ 


oe PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. xxv, 





attached to the cubital trunk at the place where the anal vein bends, 
strongly away from it. In all the Zygoptera I have been able to! 
examine. all the branches of the anal vein have been transferred to! 
the cubitus in both wings, the anal trunk being very greatly reduced 
or wanting (see Plate XX-XI, fig. 2). 

Such transference of the branches of the anal trachea lends the: 
strongest support to the assumption already made regarding the trans-, 
ference of the trachea 72s to the media, in which case possible reasonsi 
for shifting and reattachment were much more clear. | 

The anal loop.—Owing to such shiftings of trachea, owing also to the: 
expansion of this region in some wings, occasioning the development: 
of accessory tracheal branches and its reduction in others, causing all 
the branches to disappear, the homologies of those branches which are: 
oftenest present are followed with difficulty. Two of them, however 
(designated as A, and A, in the figures), must be considered here, since 
they together form an inclosure, which becomes one of the strongest: 









i 
"i 
|; 
J 





Fic. 17.—FORMS OF THE ANAL LOOP IN THE ANISOPTERA: 1, ANAL LOOP OF CYCLOPHYLLA DIPHYLLA, ” 
2, oF Gomphoides stigmatus; 3, OF Gompheschna fureillata; 4, oF Gomphomacromia paradoxa; 5, Ob 
Syncordulia gracilis; 6, oF Agrionoptera insignis; 7, OF (?) Nannophya maculosa; 8, OF Ephidatio 
longipes; 9, oF Hydrobasileus extraneus. + 





of the supporting structures of the expanded anal area of the hing. 
wings of the Anisoptera. This inclosure may fitly be designated as” 
the anal loop (al. of all the figures). Fig. 17 will serve to show some 
of its more common and characteristic forms. ' 

In some Aeschnine genera we find a supplemental loop (a/’) devel 
oped between veins A, and Cu,,. Fig. 3 of Plate XX XI shows how 
this is brought about; it is another accompaniment of the widening 0j f 
the base of the wing. Since in the Libellulide the anal loop extends 7 
from vein A, to vein Cv,,, it is to be considered as the equivalent 0) 7 
both loops in Ana». Of the characteristic foot-shaped loop of the 
commonest Libellulide the ‘‘ toe” is of later development, and result 
from the concurrent elongation of veins A, and Cv., with the expan) 
sion of the hind angle of the wing. 

After considering these changes severally, if we again compare fore 
and hind wing in any of the more specialized Libellulidee we shall se 





No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 123 





‘that only the part of the wing which lies back of the median vein has 
been affected by them. But that part has been modified profoundly; 
in it entirely different ends have been wrought out in the two wings, 
and by different means. The fore wing is characterized by greater 
‘modification of parts present in the primitive wing; the hind wing, by 
ithe greater development of new parts. 


Ill. SOME GENERAL FEATURES OF THE WING. 





VEIN SHIFTING AND VEIN DIFFERENTIATION. 
' There are two kinds of specialization occurring simultaneously in 
insect wings, not clearly delimited, but, nevertheless, distinct enough 
_ to enable us to understand in a measure the reasons for the success of 
| both. First, there is the shifting of veins for the mechanical advan- 
tage of position and the development of strong cross veins to aid in 
| maintaining favorable positions. These developments have occupied 
our discussion hitherto. We have seen that the course of specializa- 
tion is traceable in each part, and we shall see further on that the 
parts, varying independently or being modified together, collectively 
furnish most excellent characters for interpreting the genealogy of the 
group. 

Second, there is a specialization which is not confined to any par- 
ticular part of the wing or to any particular structure, but which con- 
sists in the progressive differentiation between veins and membrane, 
in the concentration of strength-giving wing material within the sup- 
porting veins, and in the reduction of cross veins. Although less tan- 
gible, perhaps, and certainly less useful for tracing genealogies, this 
kind of specialization is none the less real. The first furnishes char- 
acters differing in kind; the second, only those differing in degree. 
The first, rather than the second, is characteristic of fossil species, 
some fossil forms having carried the shifting of veins already described 
to extremes unparalled at the present time. The second, rather than 
the first, is characteristic of those modern genera which belong to the 
cooler regions of the globe. The first is often accompanied by very 
abundant“ venation. The second is indicative of keener competition 
in recent times and in temperate climates, necessitating greater 
economy of wing-building substance. 

A comparison of the wings of Veurothens (fig. 18) and Letragone uUria 
(fig. 19), two genera of Libellulide that may fairly be taken as expo- 
nents of the two kinds of specialization, will make the difference 
between them clear. In Veurothemis we have venation ‘* run wild ”— 
the vein-building material scattered with great prodigality throughout 
the membrane, forming a very irregular and inconstant mesh work, 


aQOne might almost say luxuriant. Possibly the advantage of the new position 
attained by the shifting of parts is so great that over development results from it at 
first. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 49 








nO4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


such as was common to many early fossils of other orders and such as | 
is still characteristic of the tegmina of the Locustide. In 7etragoneuria — 


Pe 
1, 
LT SSO 


RUS 
Ss Lio o> 
SE TRE 
PRP NSS 
ais! Xe se 


eto 
EERO 
AY) ret) TB {> 
eye! TT RROD RS 
SURREY ID BRAS 
TORRY SRR EER 


9: 
SE Oo 





Fic. 19.—WinGs oF Tetragoneuria cynosura SAY. 


order is wrought out of this seeming confusion in the wing membrane. 
The veins are strong, the membrane is thin and more transparent, 





DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 725 


eross veins are reduced so as to leave those that remain in such position 
thateach seems to bear its individual share in the stress upon the wing. 
Instead of a dozen, more or less, of inconstant cross veins in the space 
between veins 72, and J/, between nodus and stigma, as in Vewrothem/s, 
there are but three, and these three are constant, and so for other 
parts. In and about the triangle of Vewrothemis are many veinlets 
which have been sacrificed to make the triangle itself stronger in 
Tetragoneuria. An actual count of the cells in a hind wing of WVewro- 
themis gives the number 2,695; in a hind wing of Zetragoneuria, 265, 
the latter wing being at the same time a little larger. Vewrothemis 
has far outrun Zetragoneuria in all those adjustments of parts in the 
region of the arculus, already described, as characteristic of the spe- 
cialization of the Libellulide; but Zetragoneuria, having attained a 
fair measure of mechanically advantageous arrangement of parts, has 
attained success by disposing of its strength-giving wing material 
where it is most effective. Zetragoneuria is vastly superior in flight — 
is, indeed, one of the fleetest and most agile of winged creatures. 


CROSS VEINS. 


The vein-building substance of which we speak is of course hypo- 
dermis. The insect wing is essentially but a flat evagination of the 
body wall, with a few trachea grown out into it. During early devel- 
opment the hypodermis of the wing does not differ in any essential 
respect from that of other parts of the body. As elsewhere, it con- 
sists of a single layer of cells which secrete a protecting external 
Jayer of chitine. At the time of transformation, when the hypodermis 
of the two walls of the wing sac is bound together by fused internal 
processes, blood is forced out into the wing, greatly extending it lat- 

erally. The hypodermis is thus spread out in a very thin layer. As 
soon as a definitive layer of chitine is deposited, the hypodermal cells 
(which, of all cells known to me, possess the greatest capacity for 
speedy and extensive shifting and re: adjustment) begin to be segregated 
into groups along the lines of the veins that are to be, and there 
deposit additional chitine, which differentiates veins from membrane. 

Doubtless in the earliest insect wings the segregation of the hypo- 
dermal cells was such as to give a membrane crowded with somewhat cir- 
cular areoles, such as we find in the expanded lateral margins of the 
pronotum of the Tingitide, in the tegmina of the Locustide, in almost 
the entire wing of the fossil dragon fly .7%chnidium, and in the wider 
spaces of the wing of Wewrothemis. The principal veins first would 
become strongly marked by the accumulation of the hypodermal cells 
about the trachexw. Cross veins would emerge from the meshwork, as 
they seem to be emerging in the wing of Vewrothemzs, in the spaces 
between veins 2, and J/,, between J/, and J/,, etc., by the dropping 








«J venture this unqualified statement without having seen Newrothemis fly. 


726 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. Xxvn, 








out of veinlets that are longitudinally placed; or, as illustrated in the 
following diagram (fig. 20). 

A few strong cross veins for binding the longitudinal veins together 
would be developed first. In the wider spaces between the longitudinal] 
veins the cells would take on hexagonal form as soon as necessity for 
economy in the disposition of vein-forming substance arose, and hexa- 
gons would, of necessity, fall into regular series or rows. This con- 
dition would early be attained—has been attained or surpassed by 
almost all living Odonata. Meanwhile the reduction among cross 
veins goes on apace, and the fundamental thing in this reduction con- 
sists in the better marshaling of the hypodermal cells at the proper 
moment of transformation. 

This brings us to the practical point, that cross veins are constant in 
number and position only when they have attained individual responsi- 
bility—when each has its own share in the stress of the wing stroke. 
Utility determines survival among cross veins as.among species. No 
better illustration could be found than the two conecannl cross veins 
before the triangle in the wings of the Libellulide. The first of these 
is formed, as we have seen, about the eae portion of the anal 


SSDI es So i NOs ea 


ae Oe LO AIT 


——— — —eOoOoo eo eo eee eee 
Fic. 20.—DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE EMERGENCE OF STRONG CROSS VEINS. 
trachea, and that is a sufficient reason why in the reduction of cross 


veins it never disappears. The second in the fore wing becomes braced 
against the front angle of the triangle and acquires new responsibility, 






which insures its preservation; one would as soon expect to miss those » 


other cross veins which bound the triangle. But in the hind wing 
this same cross vein acquires no such importance—rather loses through 
the recession of the triangle any importance it may have had to begin 
with, so it early disuppears In the more generalized Libellulidee it 
is always present; in the more specialized it is uniformly absent, but 


ina few, in this respect transitional genera, it is present or absent 


indifferently. Similarly in the more specialized Libellulide but one 
cross vein persists in the space which the bridge incloses, and there is 
avery good reason why that one never disappears—it is formed about 
the descending trachea which precedes the bridge. 

Very similar are the antenodal and postnodal cross veins, of which 
so much use has been made in systematic work. In the fore wing of 


Neuraeschna the antenodals are more than forty, the number being | 


inconstant; in Pachydiplax they are always six. In the hind wing of 
feuraeschna the antenodals are about twenty-five; in that of Zetra- 
; 


| 
| 
se 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. ToC 
igoneuria they are four. Those antenodals which early chance become 
| ‘“matched” across both costal and subcostal spaces brace the deepening 
} 
| 





subcostal furrow better and are more sure to be preserved. 

Then there is a reduction of cross veins which seems not solely 
directed toward strengthening those that remain, but rather toward 
clearing out of spaces between the points of transverse union of longi- 
‘tudinal veins.“ This clearance takes place in different places in Libel- 
lulidee and in Gomphine, correlated with the difference in shape and 
position of the triangle in the two groups. In the former the cross 
veins disappear (see Pachydiplax, Plate XLVII, fig. 1) from the spaces 
adjacent to the subnodus and the oblique vein and under the stigma. 
In the latter (see Gomphus dilatatus, Plate XX XIII, fig. 1) from the 
spaces just beyond the arculus. In the A%schnine, with triangles 
similarly disposed, while the cross veins do not actually disappear just 
beyond the arculus, we find sometimes (as in Avnar, Plate XL, fig. 3) 


OY a 
a EE 
FEE EEE 


Fig. 21.—DIAGRAM SHOWING HOW HEXAGONAL CELLS BECOME RECTANGLES AND HOW CROSSVEINS 
BECOME MATCHED IN TRANSVERSE LINES ACROSS THE WING. 


all the veins on the anterior side of the base of vein J/,, between 1t 
and the radius, so dwindled that little more than thin membrane 
remains. This is much more evident in the actual wing than in the 
figure. ; 

We have already referred to the matching of nodal crossyeins. In 
the Agrionine this process is carried so far that all the crossveins of 
the body of the wing become arranged in transverse lines. A com- 
parison of the wings of Archilestes (Plate LI, fig. 6), Lestes (Plate EE 
fig. 1), Argia (Plate LILI, fig. 5), and Vehallennia (Plate LIV, fig. 8) will 
illustrate the progress of this tendency. 





@ Allowing, perhaps, for readier flexion of the portion of the wing posterior to the 
cleared spaces, though of this I am not sure. In Myrmeleonidie (Plate XXXVI 
fig. 2) subcosta and radius are strongly bound together at base and at stigma, while 
the long narrow space between is free from cross veins. It would seem, since the 
wing is easily flexed behind this space, the costal margin remaining rigid, that an 
imaginary axis of flexion joins the two strong yet elastic terminal points of union. 










798 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


a 


The accompanying diagram: (fig. 21) shows fie steps by which cross- 
veins may be brought into line. All these steps may be seen in the) 
wines of Agrionine represented in the plates and better still in fig. 9, 

In ( None ass sina are so numerous it seems to oa tan 


(en citainial far rowing os ne base of dhe wing a Ge extended to the 
margin. 
SECTORS AND SUPPLEMENTS. 


< 4 
The areole, or cells, of the wing membrane are potential hexagons, i} 


Where bordered on one side by a straight vein they are converted into 7 
pentagons by the elimination of one angle; where Teen in a single » 
row between two veins they become quadnilncemie through the elim- - 
ination of two angles. Even in the broader areas of the wing their 
hexagonal regularity is early disturbed by two more or less distinet | 
means: (1) by the development of new tracheal branches, which pene- - 
trate into the broader spaces, straightening out certain broken lines of | 
crossveins and converting their bordering hexagons into pentagons; | 
(2) by the development of longitudinal veins, independently of the: 
tracheee—yveins which traverse the same spaces in a direction generally 
more or less transverse to that of the accessory trachee and complete : 
the havoc of the hexagons. By the first means are produced extra) 
branches of principal veins, which so appear in the adult wing. Some: 
of the most important of these are designated JZ, Fs,, Cus,, ete., im) 
the figures. By the second means are developed curved veins, which) 
are generally opposed in position to the principal veins bounding the: 
wider spaces anteriorly. These may be called supplements. Both are: 
well shown, and the difference between them is clearly demonstrated by ; 
Plate XXXII, fig. 1 of Anax Junius. The principal trachea shown) 
is the radial sector, whose branches are accessory; the strong, develop- 
ing vein that sets across them, bending toward the radial sector at both; 
its ends, is the radial supplement (R. suppl. of all the figures). It will) 
be seen to be a purely cuticular vein, without trachea of its own, 
Behind vein J/, is an exactly similar vein, the median supplement (JZ. 
suppl., of all the figures). Behind vein J/, and proximal to vein M/,,,, 
though often joined to the latter, is another, the apical supplement (@p.. 
suppl.), wellshown in 7ramea (Plate XLIX, fig. 3) and its allies. From) 
the outer side of the triangle there starts another, the trigonal supple-_ 
ment (¢r7g. suppl.) well shown in Hagendus (fig. 23), and in most Atsch- } 
nin (Plates XXX VII-XL). : 
Both supplements and extra branches, being relatively recent) 
| 


acquirements, are well developed only in the more specialized mem- 
bers of the several groups. 


0. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 





UNEQUALLY DEVELOPED WINGS IN THE SAME SPECIES. 


1. The specialization of fore and hind wings to an unequal degree, 
vhen hoth (or the parts concerned of both) are following similar lines. aaa 
\ single illustration of this will suffice. In Chalcopterys (tig. 22) 
he fore wing has in several points outrun the hind. For instance, 
ein M, separates from vein J/, in the hind wing at the subnodus, as 
s usual; but in the fore wing J/, has fused with J/, for the space of 
everal cells’ length beyond the subnodus. Again, in the space 
yetween veins MW, and J/, there are a number of interpolated sectors, 
1 of which are independent of the veins in the hind wing, but in the 
‘ore wing the next to the longest of these has become attached to vein 
M, in such position that JZ, now appears forked. It will be seen at a 











TIT Log 
eee ental arse 


mo CLL 
como rik ee CLT Oe 
oS i eS 













q088e 





ere TTT rr ey 
poarch TTT TTT TET eae 
DLL LETTE ach ER aS 
SQA pele ss 
SSIES 
Peers ots 
















5 ae ne rreeea aes ee eR eee 
Sr TT TT ATT PA) |) WDE 
CEST TT THT TY GRE Ea 


LO 2 TTT] ET TSI PNR 

AN Re CS 

Cah SM AIT REH Ls Sith 
LK LOR IPERS LISS LX 

EES EIN EEY 
~e S 


REISE 







glance that the anterior branch of this fork is the same thing as the 
independent sector occupying the same position and relations in the 
hind wing. First, a broken line of crossveins became straightened 
out longitudinally to form the sector: then, one of the crossveins 
lying below its proximal end in the fore wing became declined to 
brace the sector against vein J/,. But the bracing of the wing tip did 
not stop with this. The upper branch of the fork has acquired a lesser 
fork of its own, whose anterior branch is in like manner developed 
out of avstill shorter sector, which has remained independent in the 
hind wing. Again, the longer of the two sectors in the space between 
veins 2s and J/, in both wings become attached to vein J/,; a sym- 
metrical fork has thus been developed in the fore wing, but in the 
hind wing the adjustment is still imperfect. 


730 


ep Unequally dev loped WINGS in the two sexes.—The wing's of the. 
male often outrun those of the female. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


r 
VOL. XXYVI, | 





The best-known instance is. 


the frequent angulation of the anal area of the hind wing in the male, | 


the hind angle of the female always remaining rounded. 
) it will be seen that the difference in conformation of the anal, 


92 


aw 


(fig. 
angle has slightly affected the form 


In that part of the Calopterygine series in which the stigma is lost) 


it is retained longest in the females. 


In Agrion (fig. 4, ¢.) it retains a much more primitive form in the; 
The curious stigma of the fore wing of the male of Anom-. 
alagrion (tig. 4, uv.) has outsttipped that of the hind wing, but even: 
the latter is somewhat less primitive than either stigma in the female, 


female. 


CTL Cs 













Ld 
CoS 
= REG 






ry 
Barry 


In [agenius: 


of the anal loop also. 






















TNO 

DORSET 
UTR 
NH ORE 


C2 


SS 
J ‘S 
Se 









FIG, 23,—WINGS OF Hage 


nius brevistylus SELYS. 


The reason for the greater specialization of the wings in the male is, 


of course, so well known as to need only passing mention. 
males, and not the females, seek their mates and compete for them) 
often amid great riv 


wing 


upon the 2, 


The 


alry. 


SUMMARY OF THE MORE GENERAL TENDENCIES OF VEIN EVOLUTION WITHIN THE ORDER. 


The facts of ontogeny and comparative anatomy hitherto presented | 
seem to warrant a number of conclusions as to the development of the’ 
several parts, which conclusions may be expressed in tabular form as: 


follows: 


Generalized condition. 


Subcosta long; nodus remote from 
wing base. 
Antenodal and postnodal cross veins 


numerous, weak, irregular (not matched ), 
and none of them hypertrophied. 


Stigma without special support. 


Developmental tendencies. 


| 


/ 
Subcosta becoming shortened and the 


nodus retracted. 


Antenodal and postnodal cross veins | 
becoming reduced in number, stronger, | 


more regular, sometimes matched in 
position or differentiated among them- 
selves. 

Stigma becoming supported, proxi- 
mally by a brace vein (hypertrophied 
cross vein), and distally by a_ sector 
(M,,)- 









DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 731 
Bridge weakly or incompletely devel- Bridge becoming strong and caecoly 
joped; oblique vein remote from the sub- attached to vein M,+,; oblique vein, re- 


nodus. tracted toward the subnodus. 


All principal veins straight or gently Some principal veins becoming strongly 
curved and evenly forking. angulate at points of special bracing. 
| Media at the top of the arculus. Media descending the arculus. 
| Veins M,-; and M, at their departure - Veins M,-; and M, becoming fused, or 


‘from the arculus, separate and straight. strongly arched upward, or both. 

| Triangle, supertriangle, subtriangle, Triangle, ete., becoming strong and 
iete., ordinary quadrangular areoles (per- highly differentiated inclosures. 

haps traversed by weak cross veins) . 


Cubitus somewhat symmetrically Cubital fork becoming strongly uni- 
forked. lateral. 
[ : : 
, Anal angle of the wing unsupported. Anal angle becoming supported by the 
junction of veins Cu, and A, and, some- 
times, by the development of an anal 
loop. 
_ Cross venation dense, irregular, and Cross veins becoming fewer, stronger, 
inconstant. more definite and regular, and the mem- 
brane, thinner. 
Fore and hind wings alike. Fore and hind wings differentiating (1) 





by following parallel paths with unequal 
speed, and (2) by following different 
paths. 


IV. LINES OF SPECIALIZATION. 


Hitherto we have been discussing wing characters more as individual 
entities than as mutually dependent parts of a single organ. The 
illustrations of the steps in the development of each, drawn from adult 
wings, have been selected arbitrarily, and have not always been drawn 
from a single line of development. They have served the purpose of 
illustrating in a general way the progressive modifications of each part, 
confirming the ontogenetic record. In their application to this end 
we have necessarily overlooked the lesser individual peculiarities of 
each. Correlated characters varying independently preserve, some 
here, some there, bits of the ancestral record, but with more or less of 
individual alteration of it. It is probable that every one of the char- 
acters discussed in this paper would be found on closer study to pos- 
sess distinctive features in each genus—earmarks of the genus. This, 
of course, applies not to wing parts alone, but to every other part as 
well. 

We come now to consider these same characters in their ensemble. 
Their individual records, of course, do not agree. Did they agree, we 
should have a single lineal series, very well adapted to book making. 
We should have a wing exhibiting the generalized characters just 
mentioned with which to begin the series. But while it has been easy 
to show by concurrent ontogeny and comparative morphology that 





































PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXY 


~J 


we 
© 
~ 


t 





the characters there presented are relatively primitive for the grow 
and while each of these characters is exhibited in some of the mot 
eeneralized forms, it is quite impossible to find a single wing embody} 
ing them all. Let us therefore now carefully compare the sever 
records and discover, if we may, the history of the principal Odonate 
wing types. 
THE FIRST DICHOTOMY. 
The first dichotomy has been already indicated, or, at least, implied 
Aside from the crossing of the radial sector, respecting which ull 
dragon-fly wings are in essential agreement, the quadrangle has cer- 
tainly played the most important rdle in the evolution of these wings. 
Upon the quadrangle two distinct tendencies have operated, producing 
the suborders Zygoptera and Anisoptera. In the former the tendency | 
has been to preserve the quadrangle as a unit of wing structure, tO 
continue vein Cu, outward from it in direct line, and to set off Cu, 
squarely upon the distal end of vein A,. In the latter the tendeney 
has been to divide the quadrangle into triangle and supertriangle, and 
to differentiate between fore and hind wing. Supplements are devel- 
oped only in the latter, while the tendency toward the matching of | 
cross veins and the reduction of the base of the wing are characteris 


only of the former. 





SUBORDER ANISOPTERA. 


Again, in the two great families of this suborder two dominant tend: 
encies are almost equally plain. In the Auschnide these are toward: 
(1) the similar elongation of the triangle in both wings; (2) the develop- 
ment of strong supplements; (3) the hypertrophy of two antenodal - 
cross veins; (4) the development of a brace to the stigma, and (5) the 
angulation of the hind angle of the hind wing in the males. In the 
Libellulidx there is the single, more definite, and more exclusive tend- 


hind wings at the triangle. 

A. schnide.—The family Aischnide isa bundle of remnants. I ) 
it are found no less than eight fairly distinct types of venation. The 
types represented by //eterophlebia, Stenophlebia, and Akchnidiw 
are extinct. That of Peta/ura was much more abundant in past times 
than now. Chlorogomphus and Cordulegaster are represented by but 
a few isolated species. Only the groups of Gomphus and dischna are 








« Attention should be called here to the peculiar and altogether isolated type of vena 
tion found in Zschnidium. In wings, otherwise like those of the A&schnide, t 
shifting of the anal vein up toward the inner angle of the triangle is completely carried 
out in both fore and hind wings. In this, and also in the secondary developments for 
supporting the expanding anal angle, Zschnidium far outran all living forms. In the 
matter of differentiation between veins and membrane, however, and the reduction 
of cross veins, it remained very generalized indeed. 


! 
| 1831. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. ieee 


hterial to be had for tracing genealogies, and we will attempt to 
pint out only the more important venational features, comparing 
fem. with the conditions we believe to be primitive for the order. 

| Chlorogomphus.—This (tig. 24) is an isolated living type, specialized 
the extensive differentiation -between fore and hind wing by the 
evelopment of an expanded anal area upon the latter, generalized in 
js unbraced stigma and in its retention of cross veins in the space 
}fore the arculus. It parallels Macromia moore? in the peculiar form 
| its anal loop, and Hemianax ephippiger (Plate XXXVI, fig. 3) in 
fe circuitous course of vein Cu,. It is unique among the Odonata 
nown to me in that the triangle of the hind wing has been elongated 
‘ansversely to the axis of the wing, while that of the fore wing is 


i uilateral. 


XQ ee ree Si Vo RRS 
TST TTT BoE 
CERO Oe eee 

rh vl LEO RTS 
| Ce 


moe Straaene aera 
rs TT tH 

at) TT Se 

2 “Sack Lore te (RAR 

TS SELES SOE SS er 

ohh 
L esi) ma 
Ca oR TT 


<> 
J 
FY 
oe 
Ly 
eal 
C2 i I 
Els 
“oH 
ome 
AH 
eo iseis 
oy 
Su 
A 
TY 


a 
. 
if 
eee 
© 
oe 
eee 
s 
a 
(AI 
co 
y 


rs 


ee 
ee 
o 





s 
oy 
] 
g 
ooze 
ee 
he 
RO 
po 
mu 
at 
cau 
Lees 
S 
HR 
Se 


HA 
i 
ry 
rl 
5 
es 
i 
K 
B 
\\ 
\) 


i Fic. 24.—Wrncs oF Chlorogomphus magnificus SELYS, FEMALE. 


| The Corduleqaster group.—This small group has retained some decid- 
»dly primitive features. Anal vein and second cubito-anal cross vein 
jaye retained their primitive position and relations in both wings. 
The triangles are alike, and only moderately elongated. No supple- 
ments are developed; and there is no brace to the stigma, or only a 
very imperfect one in /ta/ia and its allies. There is, however, a mod- 
rate enlargement of the base of the hind wing, and this becomes 
agulate in the males.  Cordulegaster say? (fig. 25) and Phyllopetalia 
‘ipicalis (fig. 26) represent the divergence of the group; there is uni- 
formity in the more important wing characters. There has been a 
slight development of accessory branches upon the radial sector, and 
in the wing of Phyllopetalia will be noticed the undulate course taken 
on by veins J/, and Ps, and by WV, and J/,; but the reduction of redun- 


| 
| 
| 


} 
} 


i 


104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXy 





dant cross veins, and the strengthening of the principal veins and braee 
seem to have been the means whereby these wings have attained thej, 
ceoodly measure of efficiency. 

 dischnine.—W e come now to a group that is flourishing in our ow) 
time the world over. It contains the largest of our common dragon. 





St 






Se GamR 


i ‘ eee ~ 
Ei eens bY aS 
So EL TREES 





















P| ee ae RR Soe 

tS SP RS “7 a 
aS | PERRO 
TY ~ Rea 









reyes 
90,908 
LNs 


Ee 












LIS 
a Rt AE 


FIG. 25.—WINGS OF Cordulegaster sayi SELYS. 


flies, all strong-flying species, composing many genera. In the mori 
spevialized genera are many species. There is great variety in thi 
details of the luxuriant venation of the group. Here, then, we hays 
opportunity to apply the facts of development previously outlined td 
the unravelling of a bit of genealogic history. 







—T |Llidm titi 


San bo Sa 















QO Lr 

CASS SSI 

SOOO 
SSE SS 











OS CRISES AS 
Rose 





Fig. 26.—WiNGs OF Phyllopetalia apicalis SELYS. 


The most characteristic features of the Zischnine wing are (1) the 
approximation of veins J/, and JZ, brought about by the bending: 
forward of vein J/, at the stigma, (2) the development of strong and 
broadly curved supplements, and (3) the elongation of the triangles im 
the direction of the axis of the wing. These will be seen in their best. 
development in such genera as &schna and Anax (Plate XL.) 





i 


0.1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 735 
| Doubtless, the most generalized group within the Aeschnine series 
s composed of Cymatophlebia (fossil), and Gompheschna (Plate 
XXXVII, fig. 1), which have the triangle little elongated, all supple- 
ents but little developed, the anal loop small and compact, with no 
supplemental loop, and the anal angle of the hind wing, therefore, not 
vreatly dilated, but which always have the stigma braced against vein 
MW, opposite a forward bend in vein J/,. These all exhibit affinities 
vith the preceding and the next following groups. Even the upward 
vend of vein J/, at the stigma is hardly more marked in Gompheschna 
han in Phyllopetalia (tig. 26). 
_ Passing by these two genera, we next come upon a number of 
others which have a more pronounced A¢schnine aspect, as Boyeria 
Plate XX XVII, fig. 3), Basiexschna (Plate XXXVII, fig. 2), and 
Hoploneschna (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 1). These have vein J/, more 
strongly bent toward the stigma, the triangles longer, radial and 
nedian supplements well developed, and trigonal supplement and sup- 
slementary anal loop developing. In these genera the radial sector is 
10t forked. 
In #schna and its nearest allies (Plate XL) we see the further 
orogress of these tendencies. There is this added feature—the radial 
sector has become forked. It will be observed that the anterior 
oranch of this fork is separated from vein J/, by a single row of cells, 
und that in the same place in Bastxschna (Plate XX XVII, tig. 2) there 
sa line of cross veins tending to straighten out. The anterior branch 
of the fork is developed out of this line of cross veins. In the Aus- 
tralian Aschna brevistyla (not figured herein) all stages of its com- 
pleteness and incompleteness may be found in a series of specimens. 
In the nymphal wing of Anaw junius, a strong trachea is seen to pre- 
sede only the posterior branch of the fork. Thus the anterior branch 
of the fork is clearly a relatively recent acquisition of such genera as 
Axchna, Gynacantha and Anax, the dominant genera of the subfamily. 

In tracing this relatively simple developmental line that leads to the 
highest specialization of this kind to be found, we have purposely passed 
by several lateral offshoots. The one of these which seems nearest 
ullied to Akchna is represented by Neureschna and Staurophlebia 
(Plate XX XIX, fig. 2), which, having retained the tip of the subcosta 
which extended beyond the nodus and many cross veins in important 
spaces, are not to be derived directly from forms in which these have 
been lost; lacking a brace to the stigma, can not have sprung directly 
from such genera as those of the Boyeria group in which this useful 
structure is well developed, but may well have sprung from the com- 
mon ancestor of LBoyerta and dischna. 

Furthermore, Anawx (Plate XL, fig. 3), while very highly specialized, 
has retained the most primitive position of the media at the arculus to 
be found in the group, and has the hind angle of the hind wing rounded, 











736 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


































and not arial tede A fe male. These characters, together 
others found in other organs, give cause for ars apart Anax 


mental line from the one in which aoe is found. 
Then there is the important Brachytron group of genera (Brachy 
tron (Plate XXXVIU, fig. 2), -Aschnophlebia (Plate XXXVIL, fig 
3), Planeschna, Calizese ae Nasieschna (Plate XXXIX, ee L 
Epivschua, etc.), which seems at first sight so closely allied to "Excl 
which was set apart by Karsch“ for systematic purposes, on exceller| 
venational characters, the manner and the purport of whose develop 
ment remain to be indicated. The radial sector is forked in these, bu 
after the anterior branch is acquired the whole sector does not, a. 
in <2xschna, bend anteriorly, arching away from the radial supplement 
which becomes bent in the opposite direction, but both remain straigh# 
and the tendency seems to be toward strengthening and deepening th’ 
fork. As a consequence, vein J/,, is allowed in the Brachytron grow 
to occupy its accustomed place and to bear its share in the stress ¢ 
the wing stroke, not being crowded out, as in the Auschna group, b/ 
the encroaching distal end of vein JZ. | 
Boyerva seems to stand near where was the parting of the ways thé 
led to the development of these two groups. One may see that eithe: 
form of radial sector might readily have been derived from that ¢ 
Boyeria (Plate XX XVII, fig. 3): ; 
The study of the trigonal supplement adds force to such opinior 
In Loyeria it might be interpreted as joining the median supplemen) 
or as passing below it with a single row of cells between; its positio! 
is not decided. But in the A’schna group it distinctly joins th 
median supplement, and in the Brachytron group it distinetly exteatl 
below by one row of cells. 
The behavior of the distal ends of veins J/, and J/, offers. stil 
further corroborative testimony. Beginning with a condition lik 
that found in Loyeria, where there are several rows of cells include 
between these two veins for the distal third or fourth of their length 
the veins themselves being parallel, development takes place alon 
two distinct lines. In the Brachytron line these veins remain paralle 
and specialization consists in the progressive reduction of the cel 
between them to a single row. In the A¢schna line, vein J/, become) — 
bent away from vein J/, at a point opposite the proximal end of fl 
radial supplement, while reduction proceeds as usual on either side th! 
place. (See 22 californica, Plate XL, fig. 1, and 4. ingens, Plai 
XL, fig. 2.) It will be observed that the vein J/, finally appears to rv’ 
into vein /,. This is wholly due to the increasing deflection of ve: 
M, and to the straightening out of two cross veins which happen > 
lie opposite the point of deflection. These cross veins first are 1 





“ Kritik des Systems der Aschniden, Ent. Nachr., XVII, pp. 273-290. 


a 
2 
} é 


ka DRA ee Y WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. ob 








laced as to cause vein J/, to appear Eaeeed (Gee E oe nica, Plate 
KL, fig. 1), when they appear as the upper branch of that fork; finally 
jhey appear as the true continuation of the vein. As the anal vein is 
switched upon the second cubito-anal cross vein in the Libelulide, 
so here vein J/, is switched into an entirely new position upon two 
“ross Veins. 

_ It is worthy of passing remark that this shifting is an accompani- 
4 of differentiation between longitudinal veins in very highly 
specialized Hschnine. This will be much more clearly seen in actual 
wings than in the best of figures. A glance at such wings as those of 
Anax junius or Axchna californica will discover that ei is strong, 
Uy, is weak; J/, is strong, J/, is weak; Cw, is strong, Cu, is weak. 
The strong vein bounds posteriorly the space in which the weaker one 
ies. The cross veins just discussed, which join vein J/, so solidly to 
vein J/,, together with several lines of cross veins descending from the 
strongest part of the radial sector, complete the boundary of the space 
in which the weakest part of vein J/, is included. 

But to return to our theme, we have seen that the behavior of radial 
sector and supplement, of trigonal supplement, and the distal ends of 
veins MW, and J/, furnish cumulative testimony to two divergent lines 
of development, which, starting with forms a little less A¢schna-like 
than Boyeria, have evolved the groups of Brachytron and A&chna. 
And we have shown that, with respect to venation at least, the groups 
of Neureeschna, Anax, t anol Gompheschna are successively more remote. 
| Gomphine.—In this group we come upon another type of schnid 
venation, a type which is chiefly characterized by the similar shifting 
of the anal vein in both wings, but only to such extent that that vein 
appears more or less symmetrically forked. There are few venational 
specialties. Neither the shifting of veins for advantage of position 
nor the reduction of cross veins Ee e proceeded very far. That vena- 
tion is at a standstill is indicated by the unusual constancy of mechan- 
ically unimportant cross veins, such, for instance, as the one traversing 
the supertriangle. Variation from the type is slight, considering the 
large number of genera in the group; and such as there is, it does not 
lend itself readily to.serial arrangement. The very moderately 
widened anal angle of the hind wing is supported mainly by straight 
and parallel anal and cubital branches, as in the more generalized 
Aischnine. An anal loop is developed in many genera, but has so 
different aspect in several of them it seems quite j ossible it may have 
been developed several times independently. (See Lanthus, Plate 
XXXYV, fig. 3; Cyclophylla, Plate XXXIV, fig. 1, and //agenius, fig. 
23.) A strong trigonal supplement is developed in //agenius. The 
declined portion of the cubitus (inner side of the triangle) becomes 
elongated in the fore wing more than in the hind in Cyclophyl/a and 
Aphylia(Plate XXXII, fig. 3). Accessory sectors of unusual strength 

























738 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX) 


oe 





y* 
MW 


are developed upon the posterior side of veins ’s and JZ, in Gomphidi 
(Plate XXXIV, fig. 3). Possibly these features indicate the tips o 
numerous short developmental twigs. The brief records of the severai 
parts are certainly contradictory; and the parts themselves, which on 
might use as bases for the first divisions of the group, seem so nearly 
of equivalent importance that one may hardly choose between ther 
with assurance. Probably the records of other organs will, be mor 
easy of interpretation. 

The South American genus Agriogomphus (tig. 27) exhibits vena 
tional characters that are quite as generalized as are to be found in th 
group. Triangle and subtriangle are still four-sided, the cubital an 
anal veins before them being but moderately augulated, the stigma i 
weakly braced, there is no anal Joop and there are no supplements. 


FIG. 27.—WINGS OF Agriogomphus SP? 


We may remark, in passing, that the Gomphine, having attained 
fair measure of advantageous vein arrangement, and a fair (or, in tk 
strongest species, even a superior) degree of vein differentiation, seer 
to have turned toa specialization of another sort. The imagoes are o 
the wing less constantly than other Odonata and fly for a shorter perio¢ 
During this time their chief concern is with reproduction, hence W 
find the external genitalia highly specialized. The shortening of tk 
period of imaginal life is correlated, also, with extreme specializatio 
of the nymph. In fact, the struggle for existence has been main) 
transferred to nymphal life.¢ 


“T have discussed this mattter more at length in my paper, Preliminary studies 
North American Gomphinze, Can, Ent., X XIX, 164-168, 1897. 


| ¢ 
xo. 1381. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 739 





| Petalurine.—The type of venation presented by this singular group 
parallels, rather remotely, the Libellulidx in the behavior of the anal 
yein, shifting as it does upon the second cubito-anal cross vein to brace 
che antero-internal angle of the triangle in the fore wing, retaining a 
more direct course to the hind angle in the hind wing. It parallels 
the fossil Stenophlebia in the curvature of the wing outlines, tending 
soward a somewhat sickle-shaped wing apex. The very peculiar, nar- 
cowly linear stigma is directly correlated with the wing form. It will 
pe observed in the genera Uropetala (fig. 4, s) and Phenes, in which the 
costal space is most narrowed and the stigma most curved and elon- 
ated, the brace vein has 
nigrated away from the 
stigma toward the nodus. 
{n this group the anal loop 
is often not well differen- 
ciated (fig. 28). Except- 
ing at the base of the 
wing, reduction of cross- 
veins has not been carried 
very far. Tachopteryx 
hageni (fig. 29) seems to 
be the most generalized 
living member of the 
zroup (compare with Plate 
XXXVI, fig. 1). Itwill be 
observed this one is most 
like the Gomphine, the 
subfamily which is doubt- 
less nearest akin. The 
sroup is a very small one, 
upparently on the wane. 
It is well represented Fig. 28.—BASES OF WINGS OF Petalura gigantea LEACH, AND 
unong the Tertiary fossils A DETAIL FROM THE REGION OF THE NODUS, SHOWING THE 
of Europe. Of living spe- BRIDGE WITH TWO OBLIQUE VEINS, O/ AND O. 
cies there is one in the eastern United States, one in Nevada, one in 
Japan, and there are several each in Chile and the Australian region. 
B. Libellulide.—This family, unlike the 7schnide, exhibits a single 
type of venation, whose dominant tendency is toward the differentia- 
tion between the wings, by means of the procession of the triangle, and 
the switching of the anal vein in the fore wing, and in the hind wing 
the recession of the triangle and the elongation of the anal loop. 
The stigma is never braced, and the bridge remains shorter than in 
the Aischnide, with fewer included cross veins. 
Macromiine.—Members of this group (Plate XLI, figs. 1 and 2) 
have followed these tendencies a little way, and have then gone off on 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 50 

























lines of their own, specializing highly. The shifting of the anal vei 
in the fore wing, the fusion of the branches of the media beyond the} 
arculus, the development of a strong anal loop (of almost Cordulegas- | 
terine form, to be sure), the retraction of the nodus in the hind wing, | 
and especially the general reduction of cross veins and the narrowing { 
of the apex of the wing, mark this as a peculiar group, more distinet. 
than any other within the Libellulid series, and well worthy of sub-) 


cy 
a 


family rank. iq 

Tibi Uuline, including Corduline, 8. str. —Passing JMJacromia, and | 
passing also a few isolated forms with triangles in the fore wing four 
sided and in the hind wing often little retracted and with the anal loop ; 
short, indistinct, or wanting“—all lateral offshoots, I believe, from: 
near the bottom of the Libellulid series—we come upon a series of) 
closely related forms, the most extensive and flourishing in the order, | 
It were idle to attempt to indicate all the lines of specialization to he) 














a 
Mate aee 


rH 






EEE = a —6 
Sea aie ee Sse WOT 
ER ah 
LET EES IPL AA a 
IP MST EES 













Fic. 29.—WINGS OF Tachopteryx hageni SELYS, DETAILS IN PART OMITTED IN FORE WING. 


found in the wings of this series. We will endeavor to point out only 
afew of the leading tendencies that are superadded to the more gen-| 
eral ones already noticed. | 

It is most interesting to note, in this series, how the two venation-: 
evolving processes already discussed, vein adjustment and vein differ-’ 
entiation, have alternately held sway. Thus, in the first instance, vein! 
adjustment has been carried out to a very moderate extent, vein differ-’ 











“1 pass these by because I have not found the genetic thread that will bind) 
them into a natural series. I have seen but few of them ( Tetrathemis, fig. 1G 
Nannodythemis, Nannothemis (Plate XLIII, fig. 2), Nannodiplax, and Nannophyd), | 
and in this paper we are dealing only with lines of development. These are among} 
the rarest of specimens in collections, and differ so much among themselves thati 
there are of them almost as many genera as species. They have all the earmarks of) 
developmental remnants. If Karsch’s group Nannophye (Ent. Nachr., XV, pp.) 
245-263) should be made to include all these forms, it should include also Cordulephya: 
and perhaps Jdyonyr, which have more affinity with some of these than with any of) 
the Cordulinze proper. : 


. 
at 


ie 
| 


No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. T41 





entiation to a remarkable extent, and the result has been the evolution 
of the Corduliine, s. stv. (Plate XLII.) The branches of the media 
are never extensively fused at their departure from the arculus. The 
true course of the anal vein behind the triangle is never obscured. 
‘The anal loop never becomes distinctly foot shaped. It is short in 
\Gomphomacromia (Plate XLII, fig. 1); longer and shaped like the 
conventional diagram of a simple gland in Oxygastra (Plate XLII, fig. 
2), truncated on the end but not widened in Neocordulia androqgynis 
(Plate XLII, fig. 1); squarely truncated and slightly widened in the 
undescribed Veocordulia shown in fig. 30; and obliquely truncate and 
increasingly widened on the ‘‘ toe” side in Hemicordul/a (Plate XLIU, 
fig. 3), Somatochlora, etc. In short, the vein shifting of the Libellu- 
lide is far from reaching its maximum in this group, but a fairly 








Fic. 30.—WINGS OF AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF Neocordulia FROM BRAZIL. 


advantageous arrangement of the veins has been attained, and reduc- 
tion of unimportant and strengthening of important veins has pro- 
ceeded until the Corduline wing has become the equal in efliciency of 
the best of insect wings and the superior of most others in its own 
family. 

Among Libelluline proper, Agrionoptera and its nearest allies seem, 
‘on the whole, about as generalized as any (Plate XLIV, figs. 1-3) in 
having cubitus and anal vein very moderately angulated before the 
triangle in the fore wing, slight recession of the triangle and a short 
anal loop in the hind wing, and in the form of the wing as a whole. 

_ Passing up the series we find the triangles progressing along lines 
we have already pointed out, the anal loop becoming foot shaped, and 
extending a support for the ever-widening anal area. When it was 
just becoming foot shaped, with a rudimentary ‘‘ toe” meeting the hind 























742 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


margin of the wing, the hind angle only moderately enlarged, special 
ization by reduction seems again to have dominated, producing a group | 
of genera of which Macrothemis is a good exponent (Plate XLVI, 
fig. ; Ji): a 

Then there is the important group of genera allied to Lzbellula, in ; 
which the branches of the media at their departure from the arculus ; 
are hardly fused, in which the narrowing and transverse elongation of | 
the triangle and the deflection of the anal vein before the triangle haye ( 
progressed very far, but in which only a very moderate reduction of | 
cross veins has occurred (Plate XLVIII). The tendency of vein J, | 
to become undulate is also a feature of this group. | 

There is also the heterogeneous group of genera allied to Veurothemis. : 
These will at least agree in exhiieine the highest degree of vein; 
adjustment together with the lowest degree of vein reduction to be ( 
found in the series (fig. 18).’ 

At some point in this series not remote from Céeithemis (Plate | 
XLVI, fig. 2) may have set in the extensive reduction of cross veins ; 
characteristic of a very large number of genera allied to Sympetrum. | 
(See Plate XLVI, fig. 3, and Plate XLVI, fig. 1.) 

Another offshoot from near the same place, combining in a high! 
degree both kinds of specialization, culminates in Zramea and its. 
allies (Plate XLIX), which I regard the most specialized of Libel- 
luline, if not of all Odonata. 

In the three last-mentioned groups there is a pretty adjustment of | 
the second cross vein in the space between veins J/, and JZ, in oppo-) 
sition to the proximal end of the radial supplement. Plates XLV and) 
XLVI and fig. 2 of Plate XLVII will show its increasing definiteness | 
and obliquity of position and the perfecting of the brace of which it: 
is a third part, the other parts being the supplement and the oblique ( 
vein. A trivial character this? Indeed it is but a straw, yet it shows: 
the way biologic winds blow. 





ZYGOPTERA. 


In this suborder we have again two families, the more generalized: 
abounding, as before, in venational experiments (if I may so speak), | 
some of which have been abandoned in recent times, the more special-| 
ized, being more homogeneous, characterized by a single principal) 
trend in its wing development. The suborder as a whole has retained! 
in recent times two primitive characters, in the similarity of fore and; 
hind wings” and in the total lack of supplements. 

A. Calopterygide.—There are four fairly distinct types of venation! 
in this family, the most peculiar of which is represented by the fossili 
genus /sophlebia (tig. 31). In this type the hind wing was as much| 
dilated at the base as in the Ania but by very different means. | 








aF or this reason we figure in tint cases but one wing. 


No, 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 743 





The support for the expanded area developed upon vein Cv,, which 
was set off from vein Cu, by a long posteriorly directed stalk; see- 
ondary branches developed upon the posterior side of vein Cv, radiating 
‘to the wing margin. The anal vein did not join vein Cu,. The stigma 
was unbraced, and the wings were decurved at the tips, much as in the 
| Petalurine. 
Among living Calopterygide the tendency has been to match cross 
veins in lines parallel with the veins, thus producing a large number 
‘of interpolated sectors between the principal veins. This has been 
earried so far that few vestiges of the primitively hexagonal form 
of the cells remain. This has facilitated (perhaps we should say has 
accompanied) the throwing 
of the wing membrane into 
longitudinal furrows, and we 
find the sectors, in some 
forms, alternately convex 
and concave even to the dis- 
tal margin of the wing. In 
those forms in which the 
furrowing of the membrane 
is most general we find the 
least tendency toward re- 
duction of cross veins. Per- 
haps the fanlike folding of 
the membrane enabled it to 
resist bending and rendered 
unnecessary the differentia- 
tion of stronger veins for 
that purpose. 
Epallagine.—This group 
comprises the more general- 
ized living members of the ENR. Fae 
: : : Fie. 31.—BASEm OF WINGS OF Isophlepia (FOSSIL) IN PART 
family, especially in the Le- AFTER DEICHMULLER. 
gion Euphea of de Selys, 
wherein the nymphs, so far as known, have paired gill filaments along 
the sides of the abdomen and have biramous mandibles. In this group 
the media tends to descend to the middle of the arculus, the nodus to 
recede moderately toward the base of the wing, and the quadrangle to 
lose the dividing cross vein. The quadrangle behaves similarly in both 
fore and hind wings. Pseudopheea seems, on the whole, as primitive 
as any genus of the group (fig. 32). RA‘nocypha and its allies (Plate 
LU, figs. 1, 2, and 5) constitute a short lateral series. De Selys long 
ago showed, from characters not drawn from the wings, that they 
constitute a distinct subordinate group, but he did not point out the 
-venational characters in which they are peculiar. These will be dis- 











covered by observing the behavior of the medial and cubital branches 
just after their separation. Just beyond the arculus veins J/4. and. 
M, separate by arching in opposite directions, forming a symmetrical | 
fork. At the end of the quadrangle vein J/, arches forward, vein | 
Cu, sometimes arching with it, and vein Cu, arches backward, the \ 
two thus becoming set in opposing positions. Vein Cu, remains ; 


' 


simple. 














TT RAT L Ty 
PTR 
PIP ALR TA SO 
ROR 


Fra. 32.—WING OF Pseudophxa sp? 


744 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. XXXVI 
| 
| 


Throughout the group the stigma is well developed. In the space 


between veins J/, and J/, the longest of the sectors occupies an inter- . 
mediate position, with shorter sectors on either side of it. The South | 
American Cyanochar/s (Plate LI, fig. 3) and Dicterias parallel the: 
next following group in the fusion ef vein J/,_, with the radius beyond | 
the arculus, but in general the group is wholly lacking in those; 
peculiar developments that characterize the two next groups. 

Anisopleura, Epallage (Plate LI, fig. 2), Bayadera, Cyanocharis (Plate ( 





FIG. 33.—BASE OF FOREWING AND A BIT OF HINDWING OF Rhinocypha sp? 0, OBLIQUE VEIN THAT’ 
WORKS THE POINT OF SEPARATION OF THE TRACHEA OF THE RADIAL SECTOR. 


LI, fig. 3), Diphlebia, and Philoganga (fig. 44) illustrate a tendency} 
toward the reduction of the base of the wing, and toward a consider-' 
able degree of vein differentiation throughout the membrane. The: 
general result is analogous to that arrived at in the Agrionina, 
discussed below. 

Vestaline.—In all this extensive group the media descends the: 
arculus and departs from it in a line that is continued directly by) 
vein J/,, while vein J/,,. arches strongly from its anterior side. The: 





| 





| 7 
No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 745 





fork is thus unilateral. In such genera as Calopterye (fig. 34) and 
Vestalis (fig. 41), vein J/,,. reunites with the radius—completely fuses 
with it—only to separate again, after which its base appears asa cross 
vein and its distal end as a branch of the radius.“ The longest of the 
‘sectors between veins J/, and J/, closely parallels vein J/,, with all 
the shorter sectors before it. The stigma tends to atrophy, more 
rapidly in the males. The quadrangle becomes unusually elongated, 
and is almost always convex on its anterior side and traversed by a 
number of cross veins, among which the identity of the typical one is 
never evident. Vein Cw,, just beyond the quadrangle, sets off a recur- 














Senn ee Wr 
i NR 


nnnnnne 
an Ty i > 
HEE TN 


rH TT 
TTL SgpunNnn Ti Ae rT na th nin na 
seats Sea sa MM Mae 
r at u mara 
Sanaa casa TAL Tae cecaaT ToT TT He He a so 
RINE Ri a HO me ith BT He 
USNR TD mee rl 


a ES Ri ey 
Ted HE BE SE 
CPOE Be A iS 
SE a S 
















ttt 
aaa 

















<a 


Be 
Tid RERUN TARY ee 
GER 







OOS Bo 
eS = ERY Ses RS OK 
eee ae nie ss 


Lj 





















St mEBNTALY Ts 

co Ere aaa Hi NS i 

= nee aH ire Pa i 
x A] 

Uae 

LIMIT 


M, 


Fie. 34.—Calopteryx maculata BEAUVOIS, FORE WING AND BASE OF HIND WING, 


rent branch for the support of the anal angle of the wing. The longer 
interpolated sectors tend to become attached as forks to the front side 
of the principal veins, and to become set in opposition to the same 
beyond the point of their attachment. Vesta/7s (fig. 41) illustrates 
well the culmination of nearly all of these tendencies. 


A short side line includes only //eter‘na and Lats. The tendency in 


these is neither toward narrowing the wing:at the base nor widening 
it beyond; but it is found evolving a unique transverse wing brace out 
of the bases of the cubital branches. (Plate LI, fig. 4.) 





“Thus the radius gained its typical complement of branches, which en: bled 


Redtenbacher to see in Calopteryx the form of wing from which all other Odonate 
Wings might be derived! (Ann. k. k. naturhist. Hofmus. Wien, I, 1886, p. 167.) 


746 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,/ 












=. 

The main line includes such forms as Phaon, Mnais, Calopterya: 
(fig. 34), Meurobasis (fig. 48), and Vestalis Ge! 41), in which the, 
tendency is toward further vein adjustment without much further: 
vein differentiation; attaching sectors to principal veins, and widening, 
the wing distally, losing the stigma. . 

Thorinz.—Another type of venation is found in Zhore (fig. 35) and 
its allies, a very circumscribed group, comprising but a few South 
American genera. De Selys long ago set this group apart upon an. 
excellent venational character, i. e., the media does. not descend the; 
arculus at all. To this may be added, the media departs from the; 
arculus in line with its branch J/,, while JZ, arches strongly from its! 
posterior side, thus making a unilateral fork which is in position the 
reverse of that of the Vestalina, : 
The longest of the sectors be-: 
tween veins J/, and J/, closely: 
parallels vein J/,, with all the: 
shorter sectors behind it. The: 
basal curvature of vein J/, makes: 
the quadrangle concave anteri-| 
orly, and widest at the proximal) 
end. There is an odd differ- 
entiation between quadrangles. 
of fore and hind wings, that of 
the latter becoming twice the‘ 
length of that of the former. Inj 
Rs Cora (fig. 36) vein Ov, is almost 
simple; in Thore, Huthore, and’ 

Chalcopteryx it is symmetrically | 
forked just beyond the quad: 
rangle. 

While in this group a form: 
and general aspect of wing much’ 
like that of the typical Calop-: 
terygine has been developed, a: 
comparison of the venational characters will show that the means: 
employed have been almost diametrically opposite. 

Some synthetic types.—In Plate XLI, fig. 3, there is shown a new | 
figure of the much-discussed 7 alecophiebia superstes Selys, from Ja- 
pan—fore and hind wing of a female specimen, photo-enlarged. It! 
is by no means easy to indicate the nearest relationship of this isolated 
species. Wing characters, like other characters, are contradictory. It! 
agrees with the Lestinee and with the more generalized members of | 
de Selys’s heterogeneous and untenable Legion Podagrion in the form. 
of the stigma and arrangement of cross veins behind it, and in the 
arrangement of the interpolated sectors in the space between veins 
M, and J/,, and also in the obliquely placed quadrangles. It agrees” 
further with Lestine in the possession of a long bridge terminated 


a 


=a 











po 


tn tty = 





FIG. 35.—BASE OF WINGS OF Thore gigantea SEL. 


NO, 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. CAT 





distally by an oblique vein. It differs utterly, however, in the form 
of the quadrangle of the hind wing, in the remoteness of the nodus 
from the arculus, and in the relation of the arculus to the hypertro- 
phied antenodal cross veins. 

It agrees with generalized Gomphines in the last-named. particular 
(compare with Plate XX XV, fig. 3), also in the general relations of 
bridge and oblique vein, and relations between arculus and nodus; 
but its quadrangles are undivided, and the hind margin of both wings 
is utterly unlike all known Anisoptera. In having a quadrangle that 
is obliquely placed, narrowing distally in the fore wing and widening 
‘distally in the hind wing and undivided in both, it stands entirely 
alone. 

_ De Selys pointed out when he described the species that it showed 
striking resemblance to the fossil genus //eterophlebia—a genus, unfor- 
tunately, still insufficiently known. The quadrangle of the fore wing 
‘is, in fact, practically identical; and other parts of the wing, so far as 
known (whether there were hypertrophied antenodals is uncertain), are 
similar. But the quadrangle of the hind wing in //eterophlebia is 
very different. The cubitus, instead of being declined before the 












et ld 
(LLL roils 
costes ee SN rr 
i 
PSR 


















SS 

ROSS = 
quadrangle as in Palxophlebia, is bent at the middle of its posterior 
‘side, and from that point springs the dividing cross vein, as in Anisop- 
tera; and the cross vein is declined so far that it rests against the 
upper end of the terminal cross vein of the quadrangle. There is yet 
another point of difference, of perhaps even greater importance. The 
bridge at its inner end is directed toward and attached to vein J/, in 
Heterophiebia, whereas it turns the other way and attaches to vein 
M,.,in Paleophlebia and in all living Odonata. (Although in the 
‘more generalized Gomphine it is apparently symmetrically forked 


Fig. 36.—HIND WING OF Cora incana HAGEN. 


and not turned either way, whenever the fork happens to be unsym- 
metrical the leaning is seen to be toward the anterior side.) This is a 
difference of kind that is not to be passed over lightly. 

' Heterophiebia shares this peculiarity with one other genus, Zirso- 
phicbia, likewise fossil, and it isa strong bond of union between them, 
of more importance than their rather striking differences, these being 
mainly differences of degree.  Zursophlebia” has the quadrangles 








@ Libellula pannewitziana Géppert belongs in Tarsophlebia, as will be seen by com- 
paring Assman’s figure of the type (Zeitschr. fiir Entomologie, I (n. s.), 1870, pl. 1, 
fig. 11) with fig. 3 of Hagen’s plate cited herewith. Helerophlebia jucunda Hagen is 
not a Heterophlebia at all, nor even nearly related thereto. 





748 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 








eyen more obliquely placed, similar in fore and hind wing, withou 
the dividing cross vein, and also without the basal cross vein, so that | 
the quadrangle is confluent with the basal space, much as in the fore 
wing of fig. 38. The space between veins J/, and J/, is narrower also, , 
with a different arrangement of interpolated sectors. These characters 
are well shown” by Dr. Hagen, to whom we owe our best knowledge 
of these remarkable forms. 

B. Agrionide.—This family is in essential agreement in all those 
venational characters which are most fundamental. The tendency 
throughout is toward extreme reduction of the anal area, making the 
wing ‘‘ petiolate,” and toward the matching of cross veins in trans - 
verse lines. The antenodal cross veins are almost always reduced to 
two. The nodus is greatly retracted and the quadrangle approxi- - 
mated to it. The media does not descend the arculus. 

Lestine.—This group is quite unique in its own family in one char- - 
acter that has been already indicated, the radial sector fuses with vein 
M, fora long space, and an oblique vein and a very long bridge, reach- 


~ 


~ 


oe a 


J 



















ry 
TS 


ae A THE 
PTI TPA PLA ZA 
eo 


RTE Ts 






Fic. 37.—WING OF Megaloprepus ceruleatus DRURY. | 


ing more than halfway from the nodus to the arculus, are preserved, . 
Nodus and quadrangle are but moderately approximated, and the match- | 
ing of cross veins seems only begun (see Plates LI, figs. 6 and 7, and | 
LIL, fig. 1). | 

Anormostigmatini.—In this curious group the radial sector leaves; 





: 


; ; cay} 
vein J/, at the subnodus, and nodus and quadrangle are quite approxi- 


| 
mate. The part of the wing beyond the nodus becomes very greatly | 
enlarged. The stigma is never braced; on the other hand, it becomes 
diffuse or is lost. Cross veins fall into transverse lines over a consid- 

erable part of the wing (Plate LI, fig. 8), especially in the smaller! 
species, and interpolated longitudinal sectors in M/egaloprepus (fig. 87) ) 
and Microstigma become attached to principal veins, of which they) 
then appear as branches. In the space between veins J/, and JZ, the + 
longest sector parallels vein J/,. Here the retraction of the nodus+ 
toward the base of the wing and the migration of. the base of vein| 
M, outward toward the stigma have attained their maximum. These’ 
are among the most grotesquely specialized of living insects.? | 


“ Palzeontographica, XV, 1866, pl. 1. 
’Since this paper was written the venation of the genus Thawmatoneuria has* 
become known to me through Dr. Calvert’s figures (Biol. Centr. Amer., Neur., pl 


! 
| 


ty 


‘ 


0. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 749 








Agrionine.—This group contains a larger number of genera and 
species than any other of equal homogeneity of venational character- 
istics. The radial sector leaves vein J/, near the nodus (sometimes 
following vein J/, in its migration along vein J/, toward the stigma), 
ind nodus and quadrangle tend to close approximation. Cross veins 
ire generally matched in transverse lines, and the stigma is generally 
strongly braced. 

Two minor lines of development may be briefly indicated in passing: 
Ine, tending toward the loss of the branches of the cubitus—/a/emna 
‘Plate LILI, fig. 2), Platysticta (Plate LILI, fig. 3), Disparoneura (Plate 
IY, fig. 2), /dioneura (Plate LIV, fig. 3), and Cenoneura (Plate LIV, 
fig. 4); and a second, including nearly the whole of the group which 
jacked this tendency, but in which nodus and quadrangle become more 
and more approximate, and the veins J/,, R., and J/, migrate sepa- 
rately along vein J/, from their accustomed places toward the stigma 
Plate LIL, figs. 4, 5, and 6), or in which progress has consisted in 








Fic. 38.—WINGS OF Hemiphlebia mirabilis SELYS. 


mere reduction of cross veins and better matching of them in transverse 
lines, and in the perfecting braces at the nodus and elsewhere. 

_ This series furnishes in the genus //em/phlebia (tig. 38) a striking 
‘example of the loss of a cross vein that is elsewhere very constant—the 





‘im, figs. 16 and 21). I think Thaumatoneuria belongs here; it has all the essential 
-venational characters of this group, and surely these are sufficiently distinctive. It 
j}s more generalized than Megaloprepus, in that vein M, has made less progress along 
vein M, away from the nodus, some vestiges of the primeval extra antenodal cross 
veins are preserved, most of the interpolated sectors are still unattached to the veins, 
‘and the stigma is larger and better preserved. It isa curious and probably significant 
‘fact that in the two series of Zygoptera—VestaLin® and ANORMOSTIGMATINE—in 
which the long sector between veins M, and M, parallels MW, should be the only ones 
in which the stigma progressively dwindles and disappears. It is conceivable that 
the stigma might lose importance for want of the support that this sector would give 
if approximated to it at the apical bend. Perhaps the concavity on the costa in 
Meeistogaster lucretia (Plate LI, fig. 8) and the conjoining and the sharp bending 
backward of the veins behind it may be a unique way of supplying such deficiency of 
_ bracing, preserving the utility of the stigma as a weighted striking point toward the 
end of the cutting edge of the wing. 













750 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X 4 





cross vein forming the lower end of the arculus.“ This is entire), 
absent from the fore wing of the males; it is present, however, in th] 
hind wing of both sexes, and often also in the fore wing of the femal 
The loss of this cross vein has resulted from a shift of other veins an 
a consequent shift of responsibility in stress of wing stroke. Th. 
symmetrical fork formed at the separation of veins J/,,, and JZ, (els« 
where always unilateral unless the fork be very narrow) and the upwan 
bend of the anal vein at its departure from the hind margin, to me@ 
the cubito-anal cross vein and the very considerable progression of th 
arculus beyond the second antenodal, are the vi isible signs of the reac 
justment which has relieved the basal side of the quadramele of i, 
former responsibility. | 

It is needless to remark after observing the form of the wings, thé) 
among the Zygoptera there are no strong flying species. Most ¢ 
them fly so low over the surface of the water that their winge’ 
enemies can not safely descend to their level. The Lestinz live ami} 
sheltering semiaquatic vegetation. Vestalinzs seem not to be desire 
for food; their coloring may suggest that they are not good eating} 
The action of the wings is that of sculling solely; only the distal po: 
tion of the wing which takes the active part in insects’ flight is we 
developed. There is no soaring basal aeroplane, as in the Anisopteri 
to support the body passively by merely gliding upon the resistant ai, 

I offer below a scheme of subfamilies for the order, which seems 1) 
me to be,-in the light of the evidence that present knowledge of ven: 
tion affords, an approximation toward equivalent values for they, 
eroups. The weakest distinction seems to me to be between the Co 
dulinee and the Libellulinee; the most doubtful association of recer 
forms that of Cordulegaster and Petalia together. The fossil group! 
seem not only more isolated but also more strongly characterize 
structurally than the others. } 





1. Gomphine (recent and fossil). 
2. Petalurine (recent and fossil). 
3. Stenophlebinx (fossil). 
Aischnidee. 4. Cordulegasterine (recent and fossil). 
5. Chlorogomphine (recent). 
6. Aschnine (recent and fossil). 
7. A’schnidiine (fossil). 
Macromiine (recent) . 
Corduline (recent and fossil). 
Labelluline (recent and fossil). 
Heterophlebinex (fossil). 
Palxophlebine (recent). 
3. Epallagine (recent and fossil). 
Vestaline (recent). 
Thorine (recent). 
». Lestine (recent and fossil). 
Agrionine (recent and fossil). 


Anisoptera. 


CO 


Libellulidee. 


Di AE SS 


| Calopterygidee. 
Zygoptera. 


SG 


ace 


ee 
ee (SHS Sy yee ye 
Cl m Ow bO 





r : . . - 7 : al 
“This arculus cross vein is absent in the fossil genus Tarsophlebia as already note| 


DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 751 





V. DYNAMIC CONTROL IN VEIN EVOLUTION. 


So numerous are the evidences that veins are largely controlled in 
heir development by purely mechanical causes, it would be impossible, 
vere it not also undesirable, to enumerate them here. We have come 
‘pon parallelisms at every turn. We have seen essentially the same 
aechanical feature of efficient wings made out of homologically dif- 
erent things repeatedly. But the adult wing is only a machine, and 
this was to have been expected. It remains now for us to notice a few 
features which indicate the operation in these wings of far-reaching 
nechanical principles. 

It is not at all surprising that we should find the first regular form 
‘aken on by the areoles of the wing to be hexagonal. The hexagon is 
jature’s favorite plane figure, and there is 2 good mathematical reason 
vhy it should be so: economy is a good biological reason. We have 





f 
i 


| 
| 


) 
ih 
| 
} 





h 
jIG. 39.—DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING A TYPICAL (HYPOTHETICAL) ARRANGEMENT OF THE AEROLES IN 
| ONE OF THE WIDER SPACES OF THE WING. 
| 
\ 


Iready shown that bordering, straight veins eliminate certain angles 
of the hexagons, converting them into pentagons and rectangles. We 
ass now to notice the arrangement of the areoles in the wider areas 
of the wing, where least influenced by the veins. The spaces between 
wincipal veins or branches of veins, widening distally, are filled prox- 
mally by a single row of rectangles or by a double row of alternating 
yentagons. Actual hexagons are present only when there are three or 
nore rows of areoles included. The first cell in each added row is 
ypically a pentagon, which presents an angle to the cleft between the 
eparating rows of areoles and a straight side to meet succeeding hexa- 
rons. A triangle or a heptagon would of course do the same, but 
1ot with so little disturbance of surrounding hexagons. Opposite the 
nitial pentagon an areole in one of the preexisting rows acquires an 
dditional side, becoming a heptagon (or a hexagon, of course, if it 
vere first a pentagon). Thus pentagon and heptagon are complemental, 
nd together initiate new rows of cells with the least possible disturh- 


| 


































ToD PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 


ance of the series of hexagons. The accompanying diagram (fig. { 
shows the ideal cell arrangement.” . 

I hasten now to add that a perfectly typical arrangement of th 
areoles throughout a single entire space in a dragon-fly wing I hay 
not found, although it is easy to find in many of the more generalize: 
forms ample evidence of the operatio; 
of the principle. The accompanyiny 


THEIR 

























Q = drawing (fig. 40) of parts of actua 
Ss” 2 wings will serve for illustration. — 
g S have made no hunt for better, for thes: 
== show, also, why the typical conditio) 
SE is so early lost. Accessory trachea 
= branches penetrate along broken line 
a of cross veins, bringing them into line 
&« then supplements are superadded, am 
an ° = the havoc of the hexagons is complete 
a 8 Enough of the typical arrangement fo 
“8 recognition is to be looked for onlyi 
pea wings lacking strong accessory trachea 
3 ; branches and supplements. 

\ =2 Tissue cells often appear hexagone 
[N\ ae = in section, and when crowded into sim 
Bee, r «<< ilarly shaped areas, often behave a 

SO é=5 do these areoles of dragon-flies’ wings 
eee 242 The histologist who looks over the plate 
SCY a eC f accompanying this paper will not fa: 

a ; =* to see here and there groups of areole 
|=) U\ <— .2% showing conformation entirely compat 
p ex) 2 as 4 able to familiar images of tissue cells 
ae. a 253 Coming now to some points whie 

ail == £ have to do probably only with wing 
ae) 2 he and with aerial navigation, we reca, 
a ay 222 that a form of wing broad at base an 
ee === narrow and pointed at the apex, we: 
(= / Si, = known for its efficiency in insects ger 
= g ~ "erally, we have seen developed twid 


upon two very different plans, culm) 
nating in Anav and Tramea respectively. Both have adjusted th 
wing apex to a degree of rigidity on the costal margin, and of pliane 
behind it, which gives the greatest resultant in forward motion f¢ 





“Dr. R. T. Jackson has shown (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., VIII, 1896, p. 164) that t) 
interambulacral plates of sea urchins are potential hexagons, that the border TON 
are pentagons—hexagons, with one angle eliminated, as here—and that pentagon al 
heptagon together initiate new rows of plates. Practically the only difference betwet 
the typical arrangement of these areoles and that of the interambulacral plates, 
figured by Dr. Jackson, arises out of the difference in the shape of the areas to be oee 


% 


ss 


| 
No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 753 





a 


rapid vibration in air. Both have developed at the wing base close 
against the body a broad soaring surface, an aero-plane, which in 
rapid flight supports the weight of the body upon the resistant air. 
Wings of broad base and pointed apex are characteristic of other 
insects of rapid flight, but in most others (hawk moths, cicadas, bees, 
etc.) the two wings are united and used as one. The basal expanse is 
secured by shortening the hind wing and directing it posteriorly. 
Different as are the wings of birds, these also are sharply pointed in 
the species of swiftest flight (ducks, swallows, etc.). I can not state 
the aeronautic principle involved in the pointed wing, but I ask no 
better proof of its existence than is furnished by the efficiency of 
such a wing and its repeated independent development. 

In the arrangement of the principal veins we have called attention 
to the fact that the Odonata, except in the earliest stages, differ very 
widely from all other insects. There is hardly a group from which 
they differ more in fundamental plan than the Ascalaphide. The latter 























Fig. 41.—WING oF Vestalis amoena SELYS. 


have the radial sector enormously developed and in its accustomed 
place, occupying the central field of the wing, while the media is 
greatly reduced; in the Odonata the development of these parts is 
reversed and the radial sector is out of place. The differences at the 
costal border of the wings is so great that I will only invite compari- 
son of the Ascalaphid wing in Plate XXXVI, fig. 2, with the wing of 
any dragon-fly. If now, without reference to homologies, we examine 
this wing of UJu/a, we will see in it familiar mechanical features. 
(1) From the stigma there extends obliquely across the wing tip to 
the posterior margin a vein which occupies the position, and probably 
performs the function, of the vein J/,, in the Odonata. (2) Inter- 
secting the wing obliquely, so as to mark off a basal posterior third 





pied in the two cases. In the echinoderm the area is symmetrical, and new rows are 
introduced alternately on the two sides. In the dragon-fly wing the space is uni- 
lateral, as shown in the diagram, and the rows are introduced chiefly upon the 
anterior, convex side. The principle is the same; but we should not omit to notice 
how different are the two things whose arrangement it controls—in the one case, 
solid plates; in the other, a mere rim of solid matter surrounding an almost empty 
space. 






















154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. | VoL. XXVE, 


of it, are two parallel veins, separated by a single row of cells, anal- 
ogous to the veins W/Z, and J, in the Odonata. (38) Behind these isa 
transverse bracing of the basal part of the wing, analogous to the 
trianele in the Anisoptera, and to the special braces beyond the quad: 

ie ane 
rangle in La/s and L/etew3rina. i | 


x z x .: 
J f vy: / y | 
z y Zz ; 

i 2 iene ‘| 


12.— DIAGRAM (HYPOTHETICAL) OF THE EVOLYTION OF A BRACE FOR A UNILATERAL FORK, 1, 23, 
SUCCESSIVE STAGES. i 


Fig, 

We have shown that the brace vein to the stigma and the supple! 
ments, ete., are independently developed in several groups. We hay 
shown that the sectors interpolated between the tips of veins in severa’ 
eroups have become attached to veins, making the latter appear forked: 
Our illustrations of this were veins /s in the Aeschnine, and veini 
M, and MV, in Chalcopteryx (fig. 22); but if one wishes to see how fan 









Too 
neh 
PN 

LO 







pe ar 

Per 

TL 
7 SKE OCA 
KX ix Se 


STAB 
EIS GSO SS 


I ECR CO 
ie 





































oss 





Fic. 43.—WinGs or Neurobasis kaupii BRAUER. 


this process has been carried on independent lines, let him examin 
such wings as those of Megaloprepus (tig. 37) and Vestalis (fig. 41). . 

There is one frequent tendency toward purely mechanical improve 
ment of which we have given but a single example—the bridge, joinin 
the radial sector to vein J/,+,,. It is manifest always in a brace € 
the same kind as the one which we have technically designated as tbh 
bridge, and is formed at a point where a branch springs from the sid) 
of a straight vein and then bends parallel. The accompanying diagran 


| 


No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 755 





(fig. 42) shows how such a brace is evolved out of the boundaries of 
ordinary cells. 

| This brace joins the main vein with the elbow in the branch, thus 
‘correcting the mechanical weakness of the unilateral fork. Aside 
frdm the bridge, such a brace is developed in Phinocypha (tig. 33), 
‘extending the attachment of vein Rs along vein J/,,, toward the 
arculus;” also, in Chalcopteryx and many Calopterygine; again, at the 
proximal end of vein J/, in Neurobasis (fig. 43) and a few closely 
related genera,” as it was, also, in some fossil species referred to 
 Stenophlebia; again, at the proximal end of vein J/,, in Nas/eschna 
pentacantha (Plate XX XIX, fig. 1) and many other Anisoptera, in 
which, however, it is, asa rule, imperfectly developed or not developed 
vatall; and again in Philoganga montana (tig. 44). The bridge itself 
‘seems to be still extending proximally in some Lestinz (Plate LI, 
figs. 6 and 7, and LIII, fig. 1), its slender proximal end being often 
‘unattached to vein J/, +,. 

: Here we have strong side light upon the early history of that most 
distinctive peculiarity of dragonfly wings, the crossing of the radial 















pmmmmnenmcmaln Taig oap cf '} i f= tyt 
to tr pot Kf or 7 er 
oS et Ss poy 
Pee eater 



















seereer Late nS Sie 
pet LD 


Fic. 44.—WING OF Philoganga montana SELYS. 


‘sector over two branches of the media and the development of the 
bridge. Why this crossing should ever have taken place is left 
entirely unexplained. That it was established very early in the his- 
tory of the group is indicated by its occurrence in very early nymphal 
life, crossing being no longer possible after the internal fusion of the 
hypederm cells to form the tracheal channels. But, once across, it 
formed a weak unilateral fork upon the posterior side of vein JZ, 
while occupying a field where strong developments were possible. 
Hence a strong bridge was evolved for its support, and the deyvelop- 
ment of the bridge doubtless followed the lines we have Just indicated. 
The proximal end of the bridge in most living species joins vein J/,, 
directly, but in most Gomphinx it appears as if forked, and in the 
fossil Heterophlebine it joined vein J/, directly. 

In the singularly isolated fossil genus Stenophlebia, whose venation 
has been figured in a very detailed manner by Hagen,’ there is a con- 





- @Jt will be remembered that the trachea Rs here springs directly from trachea 


My+,. The oblique vein (o’, fig. 34) marks the place of its origin; on the proximal 
side is the added brace (br’). 
bIt will be observed that this brace is better developed in the fore wing than in 
the hind in Neurobasis; similarly, the other brace just mentioned for Chalcoptery; 
two further examples, therefore, of unequal development of fore and hind wings. 
¢ Paleeontographica, XV, pl. 1, fig. 1. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——51 


756 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 








dition of the crossing of the radial sector so curious one hesitates at 
attempting to explain it on the ground of published figures that were 
drawn without ontogeny in mind. It looks as if, a little beyond the: 
nodus, the radial sector had crossed over but one branch of the media. 
and had then developed a short supporting bridge; as if a stage a little! 
less primitive than that shown for trachee in fig. 1, 5, had been the: 
permanent condition in this genus. But perhaps the interpretation of} 
homologies given by Hagen is correct (naturally it is the only one that; 
would oceur to him), in which case the bridge is developed as a sup-) 
port to vein J/,, and the radial sector is shifted proximally at its’ 
base—a very curious state of things for Anisoptera! And Stenophlebia, 
is distinctly anisopterous, notwithstanding its lack of differentiation) 
between fore and hind wing. Aside from the characters just dis-: 
cussed, it is a very curious form in its sickle-shaped wing tips, its! 
dislocated nodus with the subcosta descending upon the radius,: 
its undifferentiated subtriangles, its triangles transversely placed inj 
both fore and hind wings, and its remarkably developed trigonal; 
supplements. 

If I mistake not, it is to the readjustment of stress after the crossing, 
of the radial sector that is due the curious bendings of veins J/, and: 
M, in many fossils (notably in Cymatophlebia), i in some living forni 
of ancient aspect (Phyllopetalia, fig. 26, and Chlorogomphus, fig. 24,) 
etc.), and in some of the more generalized members of groups at present) 
dominant (Gompheschna, PlateXX XVII, fig. 1; Didymops, Plate XLI,| 
fig. 2, etc.). This bending is very different from the undulation of the 
radial sector in certain Libelluline. This is primitive, defective, and: 
early disappears in the dominant groups, or becomes transformed into: 
something very different and more useful. That other is recent, local,! 
and is but one among several factors in the bracing of the wing area 
in which it occurs. 

When vein Cv became unilateral on its posterior side, the weakness: 
of BS fork was corrected by the apposition of the distal end of vem 
A,. 

Tt must be borne in mind that dynamic control in vein developmenty 
dynamic genesis, or whatever we call it, may be but the result of the: 
natural elimination or subordination of those variations which do nob 
tend toward the mechanical perfecting of the machinery of flight. 


VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. 


1. In the course of this study I have come upon numerous mani- 
festations of developmental dynamics: ; 
(z) L have shown the operation in dragon-fly wings of far-reaching 





“This type of bracing, which is so confusing of homologies as generally to require 


ontogenetic study for their unraveling, is of very common occurrence near the apex 
of grasshopper wings. 





: 
, No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. awe 


| oe 





| mechanical principles, in accordance Srith which the potentially hex- 
agonal areoles of the wing are arranged in the spaces they must 
occupy, as are other bolls unrelated potentially hex: agonal struc- 
tures in other organisms. 

(6) I have shown that there is developed in this group, several 
_ times independently, a form of wing that is elsewhere most efticient— 
|a wing broad at base and long and pointed at the apex, rigid at the 
, front and pliant toward the re: in—a wing combining the prin- 
ciple of the aeroplane with that of the scull. 

(c) I have shown that the development of wing braces follows 
» strictly mechanical principles, analogous braces being repeatedly 
developed out of homologically different parts. Many examples have 
igen cited within the order, and one without, in the comparison of 
_Odonate and Ascalaphid wings. 

_ 2. In this study I have indicated processes concerned with the 
development of these wings which will probably be found affecting 
_the evolution of insect wings in general: 

(a) I have shown that there are two kinds of specialization in 
operation throughout the order—vein shifting, concerned with secur- 
ing advantageous position of the parts, and vein differentiation, con- 
cerned with the strengthening of the most important veins by 
economical use of all strength-giving wing material. The former 
alone seems to have been made use of in venational studies hitherto; 
| the latter is often a more sure criterion of the degree of specialization. 
(6) I have offered a hypothetical explanation of the progressive 
differentiation between veins and membrane. 

3. In the study of dragon-fly wing venation only the comparative 
}anatomy of the adult wings has been drawn upon hitherto. I have 
added the ontogenetic method, beginning my study of the veins with 

that of their antecedent tracheze. I have found this method to fur- 
nish most satisfactory evidence as to what was the primitive position 
of the veins in almost every part of the wing for all the principal 

groups of the Odonata. This, followed by careful study of adult 
wings, both recent and fossil, has enabled me to make some slight con- 
tributions to Odonatology proper: 

(a) I have for the first time homoloyized in detail the parts of the 
dragonfly wing with those of the wings of insects of other orders, 
applying the simple Redtenbacher terminology, retaining the special 
terms already in use for parts not represented in other orders, simpli- 
fying some of them, and adding a few new terms for parts not hitherto 
designated by name. 

(6) Homologies within the order have been pretty well understood 
for a long time, thanks to the labors of many able entomologists, 
among whom may be mentioned Hagen, Walsh, and especially that 
lifelong student of this order, Baron de Selys Longchamps. In 1893, 

















758 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





Calvert” critically reviewed and correctly stated the matter, addi 
some results of his own. I have been able to extend the study 


pleme nee the anal area, and several spaces in which special bracings— 
occur. In these places occur the most distinctive venational features — 
of the smaller groups. 


cae ned ie wing; net thie mae of rows of Lana that may | 
filla wide area, but the course of paneinal veins and of their sul 
porting sectors, that are of first importance 

(7) I have been able to indicate many new minor lines of speciali- 
zation within the order, and to add new and corroborative evidence to 
some lines already indicated by Kolbe, Karsch, and Calvert. Owing 
to the presence in these wings of a number of characters which may \ 
rary independently, for each of which primitive conditions are easily | 
determined, and in each of which the several courses of specialization | 
are easily traced, 1 have often been able to put forth conclusions : 
based on the ¢ arnt ative testimony of several parts. I have attempted 
to find such genealogic evidence as is preserved—not to create any— 
and have been content to drop, without any suggestion that might | 
hinder future studies, cases in which evidence from wings alone seemed | 
insufficient. But I have not hesitated to indicate relationships when | 
these seemed well evidenced by the facts of venation. 

4. Following my morphological study of the order with a review of | 
its members, as distributed among the several families and genera, | 
mention some facts which might themselves serve independently as) 
biological indications of speci jel aioe 

(~) A large group of closely related species, numerically dominant: 
in its proper range, indicates the culmination of some type of speciali- 
zation. This may affect either the nymph or the adult or both. ; 

(2) Small and scattered genera, which include only the more rare and 
delicate species, are pretty apt to be the conservators of numerous) 
generalized characters. However, since development has not stood: 
still with any species, certain marks of specialization will also always) 
appear. 








































“Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XX, pp. 162-169. The papers therein discussed, together 
with the few referred to in footnotes to these pages, constitute the whole of the use 
ful literature of Odonate venation, hence no bibliographic list is hereto appended, 


DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION— oe AM. 


~I 
Cr 
















© Set apart from any group its dominant forms and there - W will 
emain those members of it which most closely ally the group with its 
aeighbors. 

5. What of genealogies based on external characters? 

_ In this paper we have been dealing almost entirely with external 
characters—superticial characters, viewed from the standpoint of the 
hbysiologist. But hard parts, freuen dead, are the enduring mold 
in which the living being is cast, aa represent the outcome of its 
struggle with environment. Therefore we may make more use of the 
rinciple of natural selection than is usually possible in the ordinary 
morphological work, having frequent recourse to the almost axiomatic 
principle that ‘‘ useful structures once acquired will not be lost (other 
things being equal) in a single series, unless replaced by more advan- 
tageous structures.” This is but a partial paraphrase of the more 
sual statement of the principle of natural selection, which may itself 
be condensed into three words—utility determines survival. 

In order to apply this principle, we have, therefore, to know that 
the structures whose development we are tracing are useful struc- 
| ures. The proof of their utility may be derived from various sources. 
Take, for illustration, the brace to the stigma, which, we have seen, is 
developed from an or as y cross vein: 

(a) Its efficiency may be demonstrated mechanically, This I have 
not done, though it would not be difficult. 

— (6) Tt may be demonstrated experimentally. This I have done (on 
Agrionine) by cutting out a little piece of the brace in each wing and 
noting the resulting weakening of flight. 

~ (¢) It is demonstrated biologically by the success in life of those 
forms which possess the brace. They are the dominant members of 
their respective groups, being in numbers of species and of individuals 
vastly in the majority. With creatures absolutely dependent on their 
Wings in mating, in feeding, and in escaping their enemies, this is 
ample demonstration of the efticiency of the wings as a whole, and, 
incidentally, of each part that is found here better developed than in 
the less successful members of the series. While this proof is less 
specific, while one may not learn from it the contribution any one 
structure has made to the excellence of the wing as a whole, it is the 
real proof after all. 

(d) I ask no better proof of the efficiency of any structure than is 
furnished by its repeated independent development in those forms 
which are acknowledged to be the most specialized members of the 
several groups. 

By these means we may arrive at some knowledge of the efficiency 
even of structures about whose use we know so little as we do of the 
several parts of the insect’s wing. 

The application of the principle above stated furnishes the means 













760 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVn,_ 





forms which have the stigma braced; and so for every other usef i 
structure; and so for every stage in the development of each. When 
the records of the several parts (or of the several organs) agree, th 8 
arrangement of forms is simple enough. When they confliet—when | 
one form is specialized in this character and the other in that—we | 
are dealing with different lines of development, and the group is to. 
be divided on the most ancient or fundamental character concerned, 
When a number of characters in disagreement seem of equal impor. - - 
tance, with no preponderance of ey idence in favor of any one as a | 
basis for a first division, only a tentative arrangement of the groups, : 
subject to change after study of other parts (or organs), is possiblalm 
Even when a number of characters are studied and all are in accord, , 
and a small group may be arranged with confidence, evidence from } 
additional parts or organs may show the group to be somewhat less | 
homogeneous than it at first appeared, It is obvious that in a genea- | 
logic study that organ or part is most valuable which possesses the | 
largest number of characters of which one may be sure he knows both | 
primitive form and secondary conditions and characters, which may 
vary independently. re 

It is probable that every single functional organ exhibits develop-— 
mental features that are characteri stic of even the smallest groups, and | 
that the true record of relationships is preserved in every organ if we © 
could but read it. While a classification based upon a single organ — 
is necessarily incomplete, the necessity for the incompleteness arises | 
out of our inability to interpret or even to see the significant features. — 
While a classification based on one organ is necessarily incomplete, | 


. 


it is not necessarily incorrect. It will at least be self-evident that the — 
classification which must prevail because it expresses the concurrent _ 
record of all the parts will be hastened by the serious and careful 
study of each character singly, to determine the facts of its origin, 
development, and utility, and to trace these facts to their logical and_ 
necessary conclusions. q 
This is only a beginning of what should be done in the study of — 
ci venation of the order. The distinctive group characters need to be — 
known, not for whole wings alone, but for every part of the wings. — 
The results worked out in this paper are not specific enough to meet 


at least three immediate, practical needs. It is frequently necessary 
to determine fragments of wings: . 


(7) In food studies. 4 
(4) In the study of unknown nymphs, whose developing Wings con- 
tain the full outline of the venation of the imago. Such wings are 
often imperfectly preserved and are to be removed only in fragments. — 


Their correct determination makes the most exacting demands on one’s 


knowledge of venation. “ z 









o. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 761 








(ce) In the study of fossils, that are oftener fragmentary than other- 
wise and that present no other characters so well preserved. From 
the standpoint of pure science, the need of better knowledge is greatest 
here. The present systematic arrangement of the known fossil Odo- 
nata is a miserable jumble, and some statements that have been drawn 
from it in a number of books and papers on geographic distribution 
are quite misleading. Instances have already been cited of fossil 
forms that are referred to the wrong suborder. There have been some 
greater and many lesser unnecessary errors of reference. Libellulium 
kaupii Westwood is probably not a dragonfly at all, while Hemero- 
boides giganteus Buckman is a dragonfly of the subfamily Lsophlebince 
(as may be seen by comparing Buckman’s figure with the forewing of 
fig. 31), and not a huge hemerobian, as has been supposed.  Lzbellu- 
lium agrias Westwood belongs in the Aischnide, being in every detail 
‘that Westwood figured diametrically opposed to Libellulide. — L7bel- 
Lulium antiquum Brodie belongs in the Mschnidiine, and so also does 
the Fschna flindersiensis Woodward. The only fossil A%schna that 
seems to fit that name in the modern sense of it is 2. sol/da Scudder. 
Akehna separata Scudder and Aschna metis Heer, especially the latter, 
‘which was improperly removed to Anaw by Hagen, will go in /oplo- 
neschna. Axchna perampla Brodie and Aschna hagent Heer, judged 
by poor figures, will hardly go in the Aschnine. Stenogomphus car- 
| letoni Scudder,” which was independently determined by the two most 
distinguished students of the Odonata, de Selys and Hagen, to be 
nearest Gomphoides stigmatus (Plate XXXII, fig. 2) among living 
forms, and which stands as the only known American fossil Gomphine, 
is in fact a Libellulid in every line, and had the hind wing been pre- 
served no one would have thought it a Gomphine. 
While it would be manifestly impossible, owing to defective preser- 
-yation, to refer fossils, in most cases, to genera of such thin cleavage 
as modern practice allows for recent species, it is very obvious that 
anew study of the types of the older authors would help much toward 
a better arrangement of our system. New figures of these are espe- 
cially needed. Mr. Scudder’s figures are the only ones that I have 
found entirely reliable. All others show omissions or alterations of 
“unnoticed characters of critical importance. For instance, the oblique 
vein, even in Hagen’s drawings, is rarely shown. This is not surpris- 
ing, so long as it was regarded merely as one of a row of cross veins; 
but it is disconcerting in a study made from the ontogenetic stand- 
point. When the structural characters that are actually preserved by 
fossils already in collections have been fully interpreted, we shall 
know much more concerning the history of the group. Generalisa- 
tions can not safely proceed faster than the development of real 
knowledge. 








a Bull. 93, U. 8. Geol. Surv., pp. 12-16, pl. 1, fig. 1. 


1 J 
an 
o> 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


NG 


oo 


oo bdo 


— 


co bo 


— 


oo bo 


~ 


Co t 


owe 


. Small portion of wing of a nearly grown nymph of Anax junius Drury, with 


. The basal part of the fore wing of a nymph of Lanthus parvulus Selys, show 


. Wings of Gomphus dilatatus Rambur. 


. Wings of Gompheschna furcillata Say. 


. Wings of Nasixschna pentacantha Rambur. 












PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
PLrare XXXII. Nymphal wings (photomicrographs). 


Wings of Gomphus descriptus Banks, nymph full grown. a 
Wing of Lestes rectangularis Say, grown nymph, showing the radial sector 
attached to the median trachea. 
Portion of hind wing of young nymph of Anax junius Drury, previous to the 
development of any veins, showing the first indications of bridge, triangle 
and anal loop. 


PLiare XXXII. Nymphal wings (photomicrographs). 


veins developing, showing the formation of the radial supplement (2. 
suppl.) and of the brace vein between veins J7/, and JZ,. 


ing the formation of the arculus and the triangles. 
The nodal region of the same wing, showing the formation of the bridge and 
the oblique vein. 


Prats XXXL. 


Wings of Gomphoides stigmatus Say. 
Wings of Aphylla producta Selys. 


PLATE XOXORIV. 


Wings of Cyclophylla diphylla Selys. 
Wings of Progomphus obscurus Rambur. 
Wings of Gomphidia sp? 


~Prare XXXV. 


Wings of Gomphus vulgatissimus Linneeus. 
Wings of Hemigomphus ochraceus Selys. 
Wings of Lanthus parvulus Selys. 


PLATE XOOSVEL. 


Wings of Tuchopteryx thoreyi Selys. 
Wings of Ulula sp ? (from Brazil). 
Hind wing of Hemianax ephippiger Burmeister. 


PLATE XOXXVAl: 


Wings of Basiwschna janata Say. 
Wings of Boyeria irene Fonscombe. 


Piate XXXVI. 


Wings of Hoplonxschna armata Hagen. 
Wings of Brachytron pratense Miller. 
Wings of 4’schnophlebia anisoptera Selys. 


PLATE ENCXOXGEXE 


Wings of Staurophlebia reticulata Burmeister. 
Wings of Gynacantha trifida Rambur. 


0, 1381. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 763 





PHATE XL: 


Fig. 1. Wings of 4schna californica Calvert. 
| 2. Wings of 2schna ingens Rambur. 
3. Wings of Anax junius Drury. 


PuatTe XLI. 


. Wings of Synthemis brevistyla Selys. 
. Wings of Didymops transversa Say. 
. Wings of Paleophlebia superstes Selys, female. 


one 


PLATE XLIT. 


Fig. 1. Wings of Neocordulia androgynis Selys. 
| 2. Wings of Oxygastra curtisii Dale. 
3. Wings of Hemicordulia tau Selys. 


PuaTE XLITII. 


Fig. 1. Wings of Gomphomacromia paradoxa Brauer. 
2. Wings of Nannothemis bella Uhler. 
- 3. Wings of Perithemis domitia Drury. 


Puate XLIV. 


. Wings of Agrionoptera insignis Rambur. 
. Wings of Anatya guttata Erichson. 
. Wings of Raphismia bispina Hagen. 


oo bo Re 


PLATE XLV. 


. Wings of Pseudophlebia minima Kirby. 
. Wings of Diplacodes parvula Rambur. 
. Wings of Mesothemis simplicicollis Say. 


won ee 


Puate XLVI. 


. Wings of Macrothemis celeno Selys. 
. Wings of Celithemis eponina Drury. 
. Wings of Leucorhinia intacta Hagen. 





Prate XLVI. 


. Wings of Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister. 
. Wings of Ephidatia longipes Hagen. 
. Wings of Paltothemis lineatipes Karsch. 


Puate XLVIII. 


. Wings of Orthemis ferruginea Fabricius. 
. Wings of Belonia uniformis Kirby. 
. Wings of Libellula pulchella Drury. 





PLATE XLIX. 


. Wings of Schizopyga luctifera Selys. 
. Wings of Tauriphila iphigenia Hagen. 
. Wings of Tramea onusta Hagen. 





764 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


ob 


OU He CoO bo 


“1m 


ie) 


OU He Oo bo et 


N~IP op ooh a 


oe Oo NS 


“ID 


io 8] 


. Wings of Trithemis sp? 
. Wings of Uracis sp? 
. Wings of Pantala flavescens Fabricius. 


. Wing of Lestes tricolor Erichson. 
. Wing of Palemna sp? (from Trinidad). 


~~" 





PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Puate L. 


Puate LI. 


. Wings of Pseudophza ochracea Selys. 

. Wing of Epallage fatima Charpentier. 
. Wings of Cyanocharis valga Needham. 
. Wing of Hetzrina sp? (from Brazil). 

. Wing of Rhinocypha trifasciata? Selys. 
. Wing of Archilestes grandis Rambur. 

. Wing of Megalestes major Selys. 

. Wing of Mecistogaster lucretia Drury. 


Pirate LIT. 


. Wing of Micromerus blandus Selys. 


Wing of Libellago caligata Selys. 
Wing of Pseudophza sp? 
Wing of Epallage fatima Charpentier. 


. Wing of Rhinocypha sp? 


Puate LE. 


Wing of Platysticta maculata Selys. 
Wing of Philogenia sp? 


. Wing of Argia fumipennis Burmeister. 
. Wing of Heteragrion flavovittatum Selys. 
. Wing of Agriocnemis pulverulans Selys. 
. Wing of Amphipteryx agrioides Selys. 


PLATE LTV: 


Wing of Tatocnemis malgassica Kirby. 


. Wing of Disparoneura sp? — 
. Wing of Idioneura ancilla Selys. 


Wing of Cxnoneura carnatica Selys. 
Wing of Hesperagrion heterodoxum Selys. 
Wing of Enallagma annexum Hagen. 


. Wing of Erythragrion saleum Hagen. 
. Wing of Nehallennia irene Hagen. 


i 
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DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. 


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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 





PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI 


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DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. 


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PL. XXXIil 





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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXxXiIIb 





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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXXIV 


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|S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI_ PL. xxxv 





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} 
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U. S) NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXXVII 





DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. 


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PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXXVIII 


DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. 


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S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXXIX 


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). Ss. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XL 


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DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. 


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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XLII 





DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 763. 








U. &. NATIONAL MUSEUM 





PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XLIII 


DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. 


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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI 


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PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XxvI 


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DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. 


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PL. XLVII 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI 


NATIONAL MUSEUM 





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| 


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u S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XLVIII 


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DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. 


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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XLIX 





DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 763. 





| U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. xxvI 





DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 764. 


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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LI 








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‘A REVIEW OF THE COBITIDA, OR LOACHE 


Ss). OF “REE 
RIVERS OF JAPAN, 





By Davip Starr Jorpan and Henry W. Fowter, 
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University. 





In the present paper is given an account of the species of Cobitide, 
small fishes known in English as loach, in Japanese as Dojo, recorded 
from the streams and lakes of Japan. It is based on the collections 
made by Messrs. Jordan and Snyder in 1900, preserved in the U. 8. 
National Museum and in the collections of Leland Stanford Junior 
University. The plates are by Mrs. Chloe Lesley Starks. 


Family COBITID.®. 


Body more or less elongate, oblong, compressed, or cylindrical, but 
“never depressed. Head depressed or compressed; snout more or less 
fleshy, blunt, inferior; the lips fleshy and furnished with from 6 to 12 
barbels. Pharyngeal teeth few, in one row and in moderate number: 
“no pseudobranchix. Scales small, rudimentary, or entirely absent: 
eyeloid, when present, usually immersed in mucous skin, and rarely 
present on the head. Lateral line single; air vessel entirely or par- 
tially inclosed in bone. Vertical fins spineless, the dorsal rays varying 
from 8 to 30, the anal with about 7 or 8, and the ventrals sometimes 
absent. Small fishes confined to the rivers of the Old World in Europe 
and Asia. They are used as food. 

a, No erectile spines below the eye. 

b. Barbels 10 or 12; 4 about the mandible; dorsal, short; caudal rounded: lateral 


enerapet es ee eg Visgurnus, 1. 


ce. Barbels 8, a pair of nasal barbels being present; dorsal short; caudal rounded; 


Parcemeburtananlete sy kt Elxis, 2. 
cc. Barbels 6, no nasal barbels being present; dorsal fin short; caudal fin trun- 
eee tera alvenmedian 22%) 22240220. eo ee er. Orthrias, 3. 

aa. An erectile spine below the eye. 


dd. Caudal fin deeply forked. 
e. Barbels 6; body rather robust; lateral line complete; dorsal rather lon 


oe 
=: 
oO. 


d. Caudal fin rounded; lateral line incomplete; dorsal short ..._-.- Cobitis, 4. 
| 


Hymenophysa, 


2 PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VoL. XXVI—No. 1332. 


765 





PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 





1. MISGURNUS Lacépéde. 
Misgurnus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, p. 16 (fossilis). 


Body elongate, compressed. Head triangular, elongate, an 
snout projecting; mouth inferior, with fleshy lips; barbels 10 or 12, 
which 4are mandibular; eye small. Gill-openings lateral; lateral ‘| 
complete. No spine below the eye. Body with small scales, excep: 
on the head, which is naked. Origin of the dorsal about in the middk 
of the length of the fish, over the ventrals; anal entirely behind dot 

sal; pectorals more or less equal to the head; caudal nearly equal t 
head, and rounded. Air- bladder in a bony capsule. | 
. vernacular name used by Willughby for Jsg erm 















(misqur TU ax 


fossilis.) 


a. Barbels 12, 4 belonging to the mandible - ------------------------- polynemus, ~ 1 
aa. Barbels 10, 4 belonging to the mandible. .-.--.-------------- anguillicaudatus, i 


1. MISGURNUS POLYNEMUS (Bleeker). ; 
ae 


ee polynema BurEKEr, Act. Soe. Sci. Indo-Neerl, VIII, 1860, p. 90, P 
, fig. 3; (Seddo=Tokyo). 

ate me Te GUNTHER, ae Fish. Brit. Mus., VII, 1868, p. 346 (ate 
Bleeker). ool. Japan, III, 1901, p. 45. 
DS10. AS TY 6: eri 54 anes to the mandible. Seale 
conspicuous. Origin of the ae midway between the root of th 
caudal and the eile -opening; pectoral fin shorter than the head. Colo! 
nearly uniform brownish, tail and caudal fin with scattered blackis 

spots. Jeddo. (Ginther.) 

Not seen by us. 

(zo\vs, many; v7a, thread.) 








we 


2. MISGURNUS ANGUILLICAUDATUS (Cantor). 


DOJO. 


Cobitis anguillicaudata Canror, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, 1842, p. 485.—Ric) 
ARDsON, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 300; Canton. 
Misqurnus anguillicaudatus GéntueEr, Cat. Fish, VI, 1868, p. 345; China, Chusai 
Japan, Formosa.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 45. 
Cobitis bifurcata McCieLLanp, Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist:; TV, 1844, p: | 
xxi, fig. 1; India. 
Cobitis pectoralis MCCLELLAND, Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist., IV, 1844, p. 400, 5 
xxi, fig. 3; India. (Specimens with long pectorals. ) 
Cobitis rubripinnis SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 220, pl. cri, fig. | 
near Nagasaki. E: 
Cobitis maculata ScuuEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 221, pl. cr, fig. 
near Nagasaki. . 
Cobitis micropus CuvrER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X VIII, 1846, p.2 


China. 
Cobitis psammismus Ricuarpson, Ichthy. China, 1846, p. 300; Canton. e 
Cobitis decemcirrosus BasttewsKy, Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose., 1855, p. 2395 ; ne 
Peking. & 


‘2 
* 
zm 


rr 

| No. 1332. LOACHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 767 

Cobitichthys enalios BurrKer, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., VIII, 1860, Japan, VI 
p. 88, pl. u, fig. 4; Japan; specimens with long pectorals. , 

Cobitichthys dichachrous BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., VIII, 1860, Japan; 
IV, p. 89, pl. 1, fig. 2; Yeddo (Tokyo); specimens bicolor, the two shades 
sharply defined. 

Misgurnus dichachrous Gtinruer, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 346; Yeddo: 

specimens. 


same 


Head 6 “in length; depth 63; D. 9; A. 8: P. I. 9: V. 6: width of 
‘head 2 in its length; eye 3 in snout, 13 in interorbital space; snout 24 
‘In head; pectoral 13; ventrals 25; scales about 150: 

_ Body elongate, greatly compressed. Head small, triangular, and 
‘compressed; snout long, obtuse, rounded and produced; eyes small, 
anterior and superior; mouth inferior, with thick fleshy lips; barbels 
10, of which 4 are on the lower jaw; nostrils close together and in 
front of the eye, the first pair in a short tube; interorbital space 
slightly convex, much less than the length of the snout; cheeks not 
swollen. Gill-openings lateral, joined below in front of the base of 
the pectoral. 

| Head naked, the trunk covered with small cycloid scales. 

_ Origin of the dorsal about midway in the length of the body, 
including caudal, and directly over the ventrals, the fin short; anal 
entirely behind the dorsal, and nearer the origin of the ventrals than 
‘the base of the caudal; caudal oblong, broad, rounded, and about equal 
‘to the head; pectorals short and low; ventrals short. Caudal peduncle 
long and deep, its depth about three-fourths the head. Lateral line 
medium along the sides to the base of caudal. 

Color in alcohol dark gray-brown, above spotted and marbled with 
darker, the spots smaller on the tail, and those on the caudal and 
‘dorsal fins very small; sides of the body with many narrow more or 
less even longitudinal blackish stripes; lower parts of the body together 
with the ventrals and anal, pale; pectoral pale, except some dusky on 
‘the upper part of the longer rays. 

Length 72 inches. 

| This deseription from a specimen from the Yodo River in Osaka. 
Of this species, which is very abundant in all the rivers and lakes 
of Japan we have many examples. They are from Junsai Lake in 
‘Aomori, Hakodate, from the Sapporo Museum, Tsuchiura, Niigata, 
Aomori, Sendai, the Yodo River in Osaka, the Iwai River at Ichino- 
jseki, and at Morioka, Misaki, Tokyo, Nagasaki, and Formosa. 

' In this large series we are unable to distinguish more than one 
species, subject to great variations. In some examples the lower sur- 
face of the body is mottled or spotted like the back. We also notice 
many examples, as Dr. Giinther has observed, with deep bodies and 
adipose layers along the rudimentary caudal rays, perhaps better fed 
than usual. 

(anguilla, eel; caudatus, tailed.) 























768 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





2 ELXIS Jordan and Fowler. b 


Elvis Jorpan and Fow.er, new genus (nikkonis). 
Body moderately elongate, compressed; head elongate, sometimes | 
depressed; eyes small; snout produced and rounded; mouth inferior, — 
with fleshy lips and four rostral, two maxillary, and two nasal barbels, 
none on the mandible; scales large and cycloid; lateral line incomplete; ; 
caudal rounded, sometimes longer than the head; pectorals variable; ; 
gill openings lateral; color variegated with blotches and mottlings, and | 
usually a dark spot at base of caudal. Small loaches, of the waters of [ 
Japan. | 
(€ASts, a trailing.) 


3. ELXIS NIKKONIS Jordan and Fowler, new species. | 



















Head 44 in length; depth 64; D. 8; A. 7; P. 12; V. 6; scales about} 
56: width of head 14 in its length; snout 3 in head; interorbital space | 
94; pectoral 13; ventral 13; eye 2 in interorbital space. 


Fic. 1.—ELKIS NIKKONIS. 


Body elongate and rather slender, the tail compressed. Head broad, 
depressed, and elongate; snout broad, depressed, rounded, and pro- 
duced; eyes small, anterior, lateral; mouth rather broad, inferior and 
with fleshy lips; barbels 8, of which there is a nasal pair, and the maxi 
lary pair is the longest, though there are no mandibulars; interorbital 
space very broad and depressed like the top of the head, flattened; 
nostrils large, in front of the eyes above. Gill openings rather large, 
lateral and joined below the base of the pectoral in front. 

Scales on the body rather large and eycloid, none on the head. 

Origin of the dorsal nearer the tip of the caudal than the tip of the 
snout, about equal to the height of the body, and its length, wher 
depressed, about three-fourths the length of the head; anal entirely! 
behind dorsal and reaching two-thirds of the space between its origit) 
and the base of the caudal; caudal less than head, and rounded; pees 
torals small, low, reaching about two-fifths in the space between thei 
origins and those of the ventrals; ventrals a little before the origin 0% 
the dorsal, nearer the gill opening than the base of the caudal, ang 
reaching more than half the distance between their own origins an¢ 
that of the anal, Caudal peduncle long, equal to head without snout) 


~ NO. 1332. LOACHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 769 


ee —— - 
‘and its greatest depth 23 in the leneth of the head. Lateral line 
absent. 

Color in alcohol brown, dark on the back, and top of the head, with 
small blotches and mottlings of deeper; alone the sides a rather irregu- 
larly defined longitudinal dark band, ending in a blackish spot at the 
base of the middle caudal rays; all the fins more or less spotted with 
‘dark brown, deepest, best defined, and largest on the dorsal and caudal; 
lower surface of the body pale or whitish. 

Length 243 inches. 

Type No. 7848, Ichthyological Collections Leland Stanford Junior 
University Museum. Locality, Chitose, in Iburi, Hokkaido. 

Of this species we have a number of examples from the province of 
Shimotsuke, near Nikko, and from Chitose, in Iburi, Hokkaido, the 
latter received from the Sapporo Museum. 


3. ORTHRIAS Jordan and Fowler. 
Orthrias JORDAN and FowLer, new genus (oreus). 


Allied to Nemacheilus Van Hasselt. 

Body elongate and compressed. Head sometimes depressed, and 
with the dorsal profile nearly horizontal; no spine below eye; mouth 
small, inferior, and with fleshy lips; barbels 6, none on the mandible. 
Dorsal fin short, and situated over the ventrals. Ventral rays 8. Air 
bladder more or less inclosed in a bony capsule. Caudal rounded or 
truncate, not forked. Lateral line complete. Fresh waters of Eastern 
Asia, the species apparently numerous. 

This genus is related to Vemachetlus, but the original type of that 
group (VV. fasciatus) has about 13 dorsal rays and the caudal forked. 
The Japanese species with a short dorsal and a truncate caudal is 
therefore made the type of a distinct genus, Orthrias, to which numer- 
ous Chinese and other Asiatic species apparently also belong. 

(cpOpi0s, of the dawn; hence Japanese. ) 


4. ORTHRIAS OREAS Jordan and Fowler, new species. 


Head 43 in length; depth 9; D. 10; A. 8; P. 14; V. 8; width of 
head 1¢ in its length; snout 24 in head; interorbital space 4; eye 2 in 
snout; pectoral 14 in head; ventral 12. 

Body moderately elongate and compressed, the tail compressed. 
Head elongate, broad, depressed; snout long, blunt, obtusely rounded 
and produced; eyes small, a little anterior and superior; mouth small, 
Inferior and with thick fleshy lips; barbels 6, none on the mandible, 
and the maxillary pair the longest; nostrils close together and in front 
of the eye, and the anterior inasmall tube; interorbital space like the 
top of the head, broad and slightly convex. Gill-openings lateral, and 
the membranes joined below the base of the pectoral in front, 


fe 
t 



























770 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. You, 2 


Scales minute, and pinboddedat in nde skin; bead. apparently naledi 
Oriein of the dorsal midway between the tip of the snout and th 
base of the caudal; the height of the dorsal is greater than the dept 
of the body, and when depressed its length is only a little less tha 
that of the head; anal entirely behind the dorsal, and reaching mo 
than half the space between its own origin and the base of the caudal 
caudal about equal to the depressed dorsal, truncate, its margin straight t, 
and with sharp corners; pectorals rather long, hoe fourths the length 
of the head, and halfway in the space between their own origins ané 
those of the ventrals; ventrals below and just a trifle behind the origin 
of the dorsal, and reaching more than halfway in the space between 
their own origins and that of the anal. Caudal peduncle long, com 
pressed, 1 its leneth about equal to the pectoral and its least depth about 
24 in the head. Lateral line continuous, median along the sides. 
Color in alcohol pale brown above, on about 15 large blotches o 
deep brown; a dark streak from eye to tip of snout; head finely mote 
tled with dark brown above; dorsal and caudal re with broad, 





Fic. 2.—ORTHRIAS OREAS. 


deep, brownish cross bars; pectorals, anal and ventrals whitish, wit 
dusky blotches, indistinct on the latter fins; lower surface on Ae hea 
and trunk w mae 

Length 3,7; inches. 

Type, a so ‘imen in the museum at Sapparo, kindly loaned to us by 
Mr. S. Nozawa. Locality, Chitose, in Iburi, a province of Hokkaide 
This specimen, received from the Sapporo Museum, is the only example le 
of the species we have seen. 

(Opetas, of the hills.) 


4. COBITIS (Artedi) Linnezeus. 


Cobitis Arrep1, Genera, 1738 (nonbinomial). 

Cobitis Linn xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 303 (tenia). 

Acanthopsis AGAssiz, Mém. Soe. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, I, p. 36 (tania, not of Va 
Hasselt, 1823). 


Body elongate, more or less compressed, and the back not archet 


Head elongate, compressed; eyes small; snout produced, blunt an 
rounded; mouth small, inferior, and with six barbels about the uppé 













No. 1382. LOACHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. a 





jaw; below the eye, an crectile bifid spine. Dorsal fin about over the 
jentrals; anal behind dorsal; caudal rounded or truncate: pectorals 
less than the head; ventrals below dorsal. Air-bladder inclosed in a 
bony capsule. Lateral line incomplete. Small fresh-water fishes of 
Europe and Asia. Probably all the species described, will be referred 
to the widely distributed and variable form described below. 

(cobitis, a loach.) 





5. COBITIS TZENIA Linnezus. 
TAKANOHADOJO (HAWK-WING LOACH), SHIMADOJO (STRIPED LOACH). 
Cobitis tenia Linnamus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 303; Kurope.—Cvuvier and 
VALENCIENNES, Hist. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, p. 58.—Giinrner, Cat. Fish., VII, 
1868, p. 362; Holland, Bavaria, Sweden, and of authors generally. 
Cobitis tenia japonica SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., p. 222, pl. cru, fig. 3, 
+1846; near Nagasaki (not Cobitis japonica Houttuyn). 
Cobitis caspia Ercuwawp, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose., 1838, p. 133; near Caspian Sea. 
Cobitis elongata HEcKEL and Kner, Siissenwasserfische Oester., 1858, pp. 164, 305; 
Austria. 
Cobitis larvata De Fitipr1, Mem. Accad. Torin., XTX, p. 71; Italy. 

Cobitis sinensis SAuvAGE and Dr Turersant, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6) 1875, I, p. 8; 
Setchuan, China.—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 182. 
Cobitis biwe JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1901, p. 748; Lake Biwa, 

substitute for Cobitis japonica, prec atk 
| Head 42 in length; depth 53; D.8; A. 7; P.10; V.8; width of head, 
ja little over 2 in its length; snout 24 in head; pectoral 1$; ventrals 12; 
eye 53; interorbital space 53. 
Body elongate, compressed. Head elongate, much compressed, 
and with the upper profile convex; snout long, produced, and bluntly 
rounded; eyes small, superior, lateral, and nearer the tip of the snout 
‘than the gill-opening; mouth small, inferior, and with fleshy lips, the 
‘lower divided and with two lobes; barbels 8, two of which are mandi- 
bulars; nostrils nearer the eye than the tip of the snout, close together, 
and the anterior pair in a short tube; interorbital space narrow, about 
‘equal to the eye and convex. Gill-openings large, lateral, and the 
‘gill-membrane joined below the base of the pectoral in front. 
Seales very small on the trunk, none on the head. 
Origin of the dorsal nearer the base of the caudal than the tip of 
the snout and a little in front of the ventrals; length of dorsal when 
depressed a little less than the length of the head and the height of 
‘the fin much less than the greatest depth of the body; anal entirely 
behind dorsal and reaching two-thirds the space between its origin 
and the base of caudal; caudal equal to depressed dorsal, and rounded; 
pectoral 12 in head, and 24 in the space between its own origin and 
that of the ventral; ventrals 2 in the space between their own origins 
and that of the anal. Caudal peduncle compressed, its length equal to 
the pectoral, and its depth a little less than 2 in the head. Lateral 
line short, only running a little beyond the middle of the pectoral. 


le Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 


5g 






























~J 
~I 
© 


t 


PROCES en OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,_ 





two rows a narrow ane marbled ne eon 6 blotehes of dar! 
brown between occiput and origin of dorsal, and 7 more between the 
latter and the base of caudal; base of caudal above with a jet-black spots | 
dorsal and caudal barred broadly with blackish brown; head marbled | 
and spotted with brown above, and a blackish Heal from eye to. 
snout; lower surface of the body, pectorals, ventrals, and anal, pale or) 
whitish. ; 

Leneth 31% inches. 

This description from an example from Kawatana, on Omura Bay,? 

Fresh waters of Japan; our yery numerous series from Aomori, | 
Kitakami River, lake near Sendai (collection Awano), Nugata in Ech- 
igo (collection Eitaro Tijima), Tamagawa in Tachikawa, Kinu, River,: 
in Utsunomiya, Iwai River in Ichinoseki, Tokyo, Tsuruga, Nagoya in) 
Owari (collection K. Otaki), Yodo River at Osaka, Chikugo River ati 
Kurume, Kawatana, and Lake Biwa. j 

In this series great variation occurs. The examples from Lake 

3iwa are very much more elongate and have the brown blotches on) 
the sides merged into a continuous longitudinal band, and the space 
between it and the superior dorsal row of spots, which is also more or; 
less continuous, light and plain colored, like the lower surface of the, 
body. The colors are altogether more distinct and sharply defined, | 
and the dorsal and caudal are with only one or two blackish bars.: 
This form has been described from near Nagasaki under the name) 
of **Cobitis tenia japonica” by Schlegel. As the name japonica isi 
preoccupied in Cob/t’s, Jordan and Snyder have substituted for it the: 
name of Cobitis biwae. But there seems to be no permanent value in 
these differences in color and form. Examples from Kawatana and. 
the Chikugo River at Kurume, collected together in both localities, 
contain both this striped form and those at the lateral bands broken: 
up into spots. 

We can not find any difference between the Japanese species and the 
Loach of Europe, and hence retain for it the ancient name of Cobitis, 
tenia. Should the Asiatic species prove distinct, the name Cobitis 
sinensis may be retained for it. 


a> 


oe 
- caek 


(ratvia, ribbon.) 


5. HYMENOPHYSA MeClelland. 


Hymenophysa MCCLELLLAND, Indian Cyprinide, 1838, p. 443 (hymenophysa). 
Syncrossus Buyrn, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1860, p. 166 (berdmoret). 


Body short, deep, and compressed. Head elongate, compre cosa 
and pointed, the snout long, pointed and its tip bluntly rounded; 
eyes small; mouth inferior and with fleshy lips; barbels 6, the max 
illary pair long, and the others close together at the tip of the snout 


LOACHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 173 


” 













oO Dental barbels; a strong eel spine below the eye in front. Gill 
ppenings lateral. Scales very small. Dorsal inserted in adyance of 
the origin of the ventral; caudal deeply forked. Air-vessel ¢ onsisting 
of two divisions, an anterior inclosed in a partly osseus capsule and a 
posterior which is free-in the abdominal cay ity. 

This genus differs from Lotia (= Schistura= Diacuntha) in the pres- 
pace of but six barbels instead of eight. 

(vuny, membrane; ¢vd0s, sw ollen.) 


| 


6. HYMENOPHYSA CURTA (Schlegel). 
AYAMADOKI; AYABATA. 
Corbitis curta ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 223, pl. ext, fig. 4: 


, 
near Nagasaki. 
Botia curta GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 368 (after Schlegel). 


Head 4 in length; depth 42; D. 12; A. 9; P. 14; V. 8; scales 130: 
width of head 23 in its length; snout 23 in the head: pectoral 12; 
ventral 12; eyes 24 in snout; 14 in interobital space. 

| Body oblong, rather deep and compressed. Head oblong, com- 
ipressed and pointed in front; snout long, pointed, and compressed, 
ithe tip bluntly rounded and slightly projecting beyond the mouth; 
leyes moderate, anterior, superior and with the eyelid freely circular; 
mouth small, inferior, and with fleshy lips; barbels 6, the maxillary 
‘pair reaching the eyes, and the remaining 4 are close together at the 
tip of the snout; nostrils close together, a little nearer the eye than 
the tip of the snout, and the anterior pair in a short tube: interorbital 
‘space convex. Gill-openings large, lateral. 

' Body and sides of the head covered with very small cycloid scales. 
Origin of the dorsal about midway between the tip of snout and base 
of caudal, its height about equal to the length of the pectoral; anal 
‘entirely behind dorsal and reaching about two-thirds in the space 
‘between its own origin and the base of the caudal; caudal nearly equal to 
the length of the head, deeply forked and the lobes pointed; pectorals 
marrow, lobate, nearly two-thirds the length of the head, and equal to 
about half the distance between their own origins and those of the 
ventrals; ventrals behind the origin of the dorsal, and their tips not 
Yeaching as far as the tip of the depressed dorsal, or about two-thirds 
the space between their own origins and that of the anal. Caudal 
peduncle very deep, compressed, its length about equal to the ventral 
and its depth a trifle more but not equal to the length of the pectoral. 
Lateral line straight along the sides to the base of the caudal. 

Color in alcohol more or less uniform brown, the back slightly 
darker; anterior edge of dorsal blackish-brown, and the fin with an 
indistinctly defined broad brown cross-bar; anal with a brown cross- 
bar, and two on each caudal lobe. 

Length, 543 inches. 








(74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. x: 






our specimens all from Kibama, in Omi, presented by the Imperi 
University at Tokyo. . 

(curtus, short.) 
SUMMARY. 


Family Coxsrrip®. 


1. Misgurnus Lacépede. 

1. polynemus (Bleeker). | 

2. anguillicaudatus (Cantor); Junsai Lake in Aomori, Hakodate, Tsuchiura, Niigata, ; 

“Sendai, Yodo River at Osaki, Iwai River at Ichinoseki, Morioka, Misaki, Tokyo, | 

Nagasaki, Formosa. d 
2. Elxis Jordan and Fowler. 


3. nikkonis Jordan and Fowler; Shimotsuke, near Nikko, Ohitnce in Iburi. 
3. Orthrias Jordan and Fowler. 
4. oreas Jordan and Fowler; Chitose in Apert j 
4. Cobitis Linneeus. } 


5. tania Linnzeus; Aomori, Kitakami River at Sendai, Niigata, Nagoya, Yodo River 
Lake Biwa, Chikugo River at Kurume. 


5. Hymenophysa. McClelland. 


6. curta (Schlegel); Kibama in Omi. 





| sat 

NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA FROM COLORADO, NEW MEX. 
|} }1CO, ARIZONA,. AND TEXAS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF 
NEW SPECIES. 


By AnpRrEew NEtson CaupeE LL, 
Of the Department of Agriculture. 


The following paper deals with three separate collections: (1) a 
large collection from Colorado, including a few from just across the 
line in New Mexico, made by Dr. H. G. Dyar and myself during the 
months of May, June, July, and August, 1901; (2) a small collection 
made in Arizona, mostly at Williams and Hot Springs, by Messrs. 
Schwarz and Barber during the summer of 1901; and (3) a small col- 
lection made by the writer in Texas in June and July, 1902. This 
material forms part of the collection of the U. S. National Museum. 

The Colorado collection, which furnishes material for the greater 
part of this paper, but partially confirms the result reached by 
Dr. Dyar regarding the life zones of that State as recently described 
by him“—that is, that there are four faunal regions in Colorado: 
prairie, foothill, alpine, and western slope. The orthopterous fauna 
indicate the first three zones only, which are in most cases quite 
sharply defined, but there are a number of species that occur in two 
or more of the zones. The line between the prairie and the foothill 
faunas is exceedingly well defined at some places, while at other places 
the transition from one to the other is more gradual. 

The primary aim of the Colorado expedition was to work out the 
life history of Lepidoptera, and not to collect Orthoptera, and in conse- 
quence it was not possible to visit all parts of the State. Therefore 
the range worked over is not extensive and does not include places 
inaccessible by rail. A few specimens from Middle Park were pur- 
chased from E. J. Oslar, a professional collector of Denver, and are 
included in this paper. 

The various localities visited by the writer in Colorado, their alti- 
tude, location, and notes on the vicinity are given in the following 
alphabetical list: 

Baileys, Park: County; altitude, 7,7 14 feet.—This place is some miles 
up the Platte canyon. One day only was spent there and but nine 
species of Orthoptera were taken. 





@Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1902, p. 369. 





PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1333. ae 


776 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 


Boulder, Boulder County; Glitiude ne 350) 25 feet. aes trips were made — 
to this place and a little collecting done in and along the base of the 
foothills just back of the town. Insects were not at all numerous at | 
the time the visits were made and but five species of Orthoptera 
were taken. 7 

Chama, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, altitude, 7,863 feet.—Halt | 
an hour only was spent here, six species being taken, of which Dés- , 
sosteira carolina was the most common. i 

Chimney Gulch.—See Golden. 

G’ ripplecreeh, Teller County, altitude, ISIC Jeet. —Half a day was 
spent at this interesting locality out near the Golden King gold mine. 
Circotettix undulata was the common species. 

( wmnbre Sie Conejos County; altitude, LOIS) Jeet.—One hour of prof- f 
itable collecting was put in here when it began to rain, and a wet) 
afternoon was utilized in riding down the western slope of the moun- 
tains on a freight car rather than wait in a section house for the pas- 
senger train next day. Five species only were taken, all alpine forms, 
one of them a new species. 

Delta, Delta County; altitude, 4,980 feet.—Several hours were spent 
across the river from this place, mostly in investigating garden insects. | 
Two species of -Zbloplus were taken. At this place some damage was | 
threatened by JJelanoplus differentialis. 

Denver, Arapahoe County, altitude, 5,198 feet.—Most of the colleet- 
ing in the vicinity of Denver was done in two localities, one south of | 
the city, on the prairie just beyond the city park, and the other on the ‘ 
opposite side of the city. Nearly forty species and many specimens » 
were taken here. 

Durango, La Plata County; altitude, 6,520 feet. isk few hou 
were spent collecting north and east of this town. The limited time 
prevented the discovery of the excellent collecting grounds said by 
Mr. Oslar to exist in that vicinity. 

Fort Collins, Larimer County; altitude, 4,972 jfeet.—Two visits 
were made to this productive locality and many desirable specimens + 
taken, mostly north and west of town. No opportunity presented 
itself to go up into the neighboring foothills, and the specimens taken 
were therefore all prairie forms, or ones common to two or more 
faunal regions. One species only, Hremopedes balli, may be consid: - 
ered as belonging strictly to the foothill fauna. Forty-eight species 
were taken at this place. 

Glenwood Springs, Garfild County; altitude, 5,758 Jeet.—Three | 
stops were made at this place, but little collecting was done. A few 
specimens were taken out east of town a half mile or so and also a) 
few in town near the station. But seven species were taken, of which | 
four belong to the genus J/elanoplus. 

Golden, Jefferson County, altitude, 5,667 feet.—This is a good col- 
lecting ground and very accessible from Denver, being about 13 miles + 





r 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 777 
es 








w west of there near the Paounnils, The collecting Was done on the 
srairie between the town and the foothills, Jess than a quarter of 
mile in width, and up the canyon known as Chimne ‘vy. Guleh to ie 
_ top, about a thousand feet higher. Over fifty species were collected 
at this locality. The prairie and foothill faunas are here quite dis- 

tinctly and abruptly divided. 

— Grand Junction, Mesa County; altitude, 4,594 feet.—Two stops of 
short duration were made here. The collecting was done northeast 
of town and also in town just across the railroad from the station. 
where many fine specimens of J/elanoplus differentialis were taken. 

Mancos, Montezuma County; altitude, 7,008 feet.—Two species were 
taken near the station while the train stopped, Mdanoplus femur 
rubrum and Stenobothrus curtipenn’s. 

Montevista, Rio Grande County, altitude, 7,665 fect.—X bie -yele trip 
several miles out of town was taken August 13. Insect life of all kinds 
was very scarce and but nine species of Orthoptera were taken, the 
most desirable one of which was probably Vemobius utahensis. 

Montrose, Montrose County, altitude, 5,811 feet.—Half an hour’s col- 
lecting in the vicinity of the station resulted in the capture of nearly 
a dozen species. 

Morrison, Jefferson County; altitude, 5,753 feet.—Several visits were 
made here. Just south of the station, across the creek beyond and 
to the right of the schoolhouse, grasshoppers were found to abound 
in countless numbers. Collecting trips were made to and beyond the 
picturesque red sandstone formations northwest of town and up 
‘the canyon into the foothills. But two species were collected in the 
foothills, however, Zrimerotropis similis and Gomphocerus clavatus. 
The bulk of the specimens taken on the prairie at this place was 
Melanoplus occidentalis. 

Palisade, Mesa County; altitude, 4,741 feet.—At this little town, 
12 miles from Grand Junction, -40loplus chenopodii was taken in 

considerable numbers on the plants just across the railroad from the 
station. A few other species, including a new species, were taken 
the immediate vicinity. 

Pikes Peak, kl Paso County; altitude, 8,913 feet.—-A day was spent 
here and the ascent of the peak made.“ ‘The shoe e altitudes is that of 
the halfway house, and it is to that locality which all the Pikes Peak 
labels refer unless otherwise specitied. 

Pine Grove, Park County; altitude, 0.738 Fect.—This is a sm: all resort 
some miles up Platte Canyon, and there a eae of days were spent 
collecting along the railroad and up a side canyon for a mile or so, 

leading up probably a thousand feet above the town. A dozen species 
were taken here, mostly true foothill forms. 
Platte Canyon, Douglas County; altitude, 5,492 feet.—Numerous 
trips were Hes to eS pee e, W ae is but a station at the mouth of 





“See account in Pree Ent. Soc. Wash., V, 1902, pp. 74-82. 


7178 ee OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 


Platte Canyon. Collecting was ones up the canyon as far as a smal 

side gulch known as Mill Gulch, and up that gulch for more than a_ 
mile, as well as up other gulches for lesser distances. But most of 
the Orthoptera were taken near the mouth of the canyon. But ten ) 







species were taken here. 
Rico, Dolores County; altitude, 8, FOU: cet.—Insects were very scarce | 
here, two hours’ collecting resulting in but three species of Orthoptera } 
and practically nothing else. The Orthoptera were all alpine forms. . 
Salida, Chafice County, altitude, 7,050 feet.—Two weeks were spent 
here, including a couple of visits. Other duties prevented much time 
being devoted to collecting Orthoptera, and nearly every afternoon 
it rained, but still quite a number of good things were taken. By far | 
the most productive locality was the side of the large hill, called 
Tenderfoot Mountain, just across the railroad from the station. . 
Here ZLoloplus plagosus and Derotmema haydent occurred in num- 
bers. Leprus cyaneus was also taken here, though not so numerous 
and usually some distance farther up the hill. 
Sedalia, Douglas County; altitude, 5,835 feet.—This small town is : 
a few miles south of Denver, and is in a broad valley formed by the » 
foothills on the west and high mesas on the east. Collecting was done | 
across the entire valley, but only eleven species were taken. 
At the above localities over a hundred species of Orthoptera were | 
taken and the collections from Arizona and Texas bring the number — 
up to one hundred and fifty-four. All are here mentioned, even if — 
only for the value attached to record of exact locality, but many of the | 
species are represented by a considerable number of specimens and- 
thus usually furnish some notes of value on variation or distribution. 


Family BLATTID ®. 
1. PHYLLODROMIA GERMANICA Linnzus. 
Blatta germanica LINN ¥us, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., II, 1767, p. 688. 


One nymph of this species was taken at Glenwood Springs on 
August 18. 


2. BLATTA ORIENTALIS Linnzus. 
Blatta orientalis L1NN.xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 424. 


[wo specimens, both males, one at Denver and one at Pueblo in 
August, the latter by E. J. Oslar. 


3. ISCHNOPTERA UHLERIANA Saussure. 
Ischnoptera uhleriana Saussurn, Rey. Mag. Zool., XTV, 1862, p- 169. 


One specimen at Victoria, Texas. in June. 


“I 
cl 
co 


NO. 1833. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELT, 





4. PERIPLANETA AMERICANA Linnzus. 







Blatta americana Linn xs, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, 1758, p. 424. 


This insect is very common in southern Texas, indeed amountine to 
avyeritable pest. It comes into the houses through the open windows 
and but for the ever-present canopy of netting over the beds in that 
part of the country would very probably establish itself as an unwel- 
come and very uncomfortable spiny bedfellow. Happily the netting 
prevents this, but unhappily the Acuntha lectularia is not so easily 
‘excluded. 

A razor case left for a couple of weeks in a drawer in one of 
Victoria’s leading hotels, had the covering nearly all eaten off by this 
large roach. The ordinary house species, Phy/lodromia germanica and 
Blatia orientalis, do not appear to be common in localities where this 
species thrives. 


5. PERIPLANETA TRUNCATA Krauss. 


Periplaneta truncata Krauss, Zool. Anzeiger, XV, 1892, p. 165.—Saussure and 
ZEHNTNER, Biol. Cent. Amer. Orth., I, 1893, p. 74. 


_ Two female specimens of this species were collected in the laboratory 
of the boll weevil investigation at Victoria, Texas, in the early part of 
July, 1902. This is a new insect to the United States, but there can 
be but little doubt of the correctness of the identification. It is the 


variety ‘‘a” of Saussure and Zehntner. 
6. HOMGEOGAMIA APACHA Saussure. 


FHomeogamia apacha Saussure, Rey. Suisse de Zool., I, 1893, p. 396. 


The collection of the U. 8S. National Museum contains specimens of 
this species from Texas, Colorado, Arizona, and California. This is 
the first record of this species from the United States, though it seems 
to be not at all rare. Homaogamia subdiaphana Scudder seems some- 
what allied to this species, but Mr. Rehn, who has taken suhd/aphana 
in New Mexico, says they are distinct. 


Family MANTIDE. 


7. YERSINIA SOLITARIA Scudder. 


Yersinia solitaria Scupper, Can. Ent., XX VIII, 1896, p. 209. 


Two immature specimens of this species were taken, one at Fort 
Collins and one at Golden, the former on August 9 and the latter on 
July 17. 


3 


~ 
. 


730 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX 


8. LITANEUTRIA MINOR Scudder. 


Stagmatoptera minor ScuppER, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Nebr., 1871, p. 251. 
Females of what I take for this species were taken at Golden and: 
Fort Collins in August. The greedy habits of this species were 
recently noted.” 


Family PHASMID /#. 
9. DIAPHEROMERA DENTRICUS Stal. 


Diapheromera dentricus SvAL, Ree. Orth., I11, 1875, p. 76. 








One male, June 21, at Victoria, Texas. This specimen was on we 
by the roadside. Mr. Mitchell tells me that this tine large walking 
stick is not uncommon at times on grape vines in the river bottoms. — 


Family ACRIDIIDE. 
Subfamily CTH TTIGIN-A. 
10. TETTIX CRASSUS Morse. 


Tettia crassus Morsk, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., VII, 1899, p. 201. 


Two specimens of what Professor Morse thinks is probably this 
species were taken at Platte Canyon on May 10. The median carina 
of the insect. 

11. TETTIX INCURVATUS Hancock. 
Tettix incurvatus Hancock, Amer. Nat., X XIX, 1895, pp. 761-762, fig. lL 
Five specimens, Platte Canyon May 10, in company with 7) crassu 
Dr. Hancock verified this determination. wy 
12, PARATETTIX CUCULLATUS Burmeister. a 
Tetrix cucullatus BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, 1838, pp. 658-659. ¥ 
One female at Fort Collins August 11. Professor Morse examine é 
this specimen and pronounced the determination correct. 
Subfamily TRY XALIN A. 
13. MERMIRIA TEXANA Bruner. 
Mermiria texana Brungr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 53-54, pl. 1, fig. 


One pair at Fort Collins on August 9, and one male nymph, whick 
is 8 prob ubly of this species, at Salida on August 2. 





@ Ent. Noa XI, 1902, p- 60. 


= 
NO.1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CA UDELL. Te 





14. SYRBULA ADMIRABILIS Uhler. 
Stenobothrus admirabilis UHLER, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., IT, 1864, p. 553 


0. 


Both mature and immature specimens of both sexes taken at Victoria 
‘in June and July. 


15. ACROLOPHITUS HIRTIPES Say. 


Gryllus hirtipes Say, Amer. Ent., ITI, 1828, p. 78, pl. xxxtv. 





| |The “green fool,” as Dr. Dyar and I christened this handsome insect. 
i is very common along the eastern foothills, more than a hundred being 
taken, mostly at Golden. Young nymphs were taken early in May, 
‘and mature individuals began to appear about the middle of July. 


I 16. ERITETTIX NAVICULA Scudder. 


Gomphocerus navicula ScuppEr, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 506. 


Three males, seven females, Sedalia June 12; Denver May 7; Boul- 
| der May 27; Golden June 5. One of the females taken at Golden on 
_June 5 is placed here with some hesitation. It is remarkable in hay- 
ing the pronotum uniformly fuscous dorsally and without a trace of 
supplementary carinz on the pronotum, though they are present on 
the head and diverge anteriorly to meet the raised margins of the 

vertex. The upper half of tlhe lateral lobes of the pronotum is pice- 

ous, a coloration unlike any other specimen of any spec ies of this genus 
| that I have seen. The original description of navicula offers no dis- 
tinguishing features to separate it from /. tricarinatus, which was 
described from the female sex alone. In fact, the females of the two 
“Species, as I have them determined in the collection of the U. S. 
National Museum, are inseparable, but the males are very readily dis- 
tinguished, those of navicula having the antenne gradually enlarged, 
the club composing about one-third of the entire length, while in ¢77- 
carinatus the enlargement of the antennz is abrupt, the club composing 
no more than one-sixth of the entire length. The Museum contains 
specimens of naweula from Wyoming and Colorado in considerable 
numbers. 7Zricarinatus does not appear to occur in Colorado, all the 
Museum material being from Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas. 





17, AMPHITORNUS BICOLOR Thomas. 
Stenobothrus bicolor Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr.; V, 1872, p. 465. 
Three males, eight females, Golden June 6 to 27; Fort Collins 
August 9 and 11; Denver July 7 and 16. 


18. OPEIA OBSCURA Thomas. 


Oxycoryphus obscura Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1871, p. 466. 


One male, eleven females, Golden August 21; Fort Collins 
August 10. 


$ 


i 








19. CORDILLACRIS CINEREA Bruner. 


Ochrilidea cinerea Bruner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 52-53. 
Three males, one female, Salida August 21; Morrison June 25. 
20. CORDILLACRIS CRENULATA Bruner. :. 
Ochrilidea crenulata Bruner, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 51-52. b 


Five males, two females, Montevista August 13; Morrison June 29;/ 
Denver July 16. i 


21. CORDILLACRIS OCCIPITALIS Thomas. 
Stenobothrus occipitalis THomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1873, p. 81. 


Fourteen males, eleven females, Morrison June 23; Fort Collins; 
August 9 and 11; Denver July 17. 


22. PHLIBOSTROMA QUADRIMACULATUM Thomas. 


Stenobothrus quadrimaculatum THomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., II, | 
1871, pp. 166, 280. 


Thirty-seven males, forty-four females, Golden July 12 to August 21. 


23. ORPHULELLA PELIDNA Burmeister. 
Gomphocerus pelidna BurMetsterR, Handb. Ent., II, 1838, p. 650. 


One male at Victoria, Texas, in June, 1902, and two males from) 
widely separated localities in Colorado, one from Grand Junction on} 
August 17 and one from Fort Collins on August 10. The specimen) 
from Texas is a little over the usual size, measuring as follows: 
Length of body, 20.5 mm.; elytra, 18 mm.; hind femora, 12 mm. 

The larger males of this species ane: lally resemble the dark| 
form of the males of Syrbula admirabilis very closely. | 


24. ORPHULELLA PICTURATA Scudder. 
Orphulella picturata ScuppeErR, Can. Ent., XX XI, 1899, pp. 178, 182. 


Many specimens of both sexes collected at Victoria, Texas, in June! 
and July, some of them taken in cotton fields. This is a very variable) 
species and there are both green and brown forms. 


25. ORPHULELLA SALINA Scudder. 


} 


Orphulella salina ScuppEr, Can. Ent., XX XI, 1899, pp. 179, 185-186. 


am | 


Two specimens from Colorado, one male at Montrose on August MW, 
and one female at Grand Junction on July 7. 


| No. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL, 783 





| 26. DICHROMORPHA VIRIDIS Scudder. 


Chloealtis viridis ScuppER, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, 1862, p. 455. 
Chloealtis brunnea ScuppErR, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X VII, 1875 p. 510 


Both sexes of this species, together with the nymphs, were found 
plentiful at Victoria, Texas, in June and July. This species varies in 
the character of the lateral carinz of the pronotum, some having the 
earine parallel and others quite noticeably bowed out in the center, 
both forms occurring together. One specimen before me from Florida 
has the vertex abnormally acute. 1 have carefully studied the type of 
brunnea in the Museum collection and compared it with brown forms 
of w7idis and find no appreciable difference not covered by variation. 
I have therefore included it as a synonym. 


27. STENOBOTHRUS CURTIPENNIS Harris. 


Locusta curtipennis Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., 1835, p. 56. 
J . 
— One female at Montevista on August 13, one at Mancos on August 
~ @ y = 
16, and one male and two female specimens from Cumbres on August 
‘14. The females from Cumbres have the elytra very short, but little 


more than half as long as the abdomen. 





: 
1 
| 


28. GOMPHOCERUS CLAVATUS Thomas. 


Gomphocerus clavatus THomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., V, 1873, p. 96. 
| Gomphocerus carpenterti Tuomas, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, No. 2, ser. 

1874, p. 65. 

Gomphocerus clepsydra ScupDER, Daws., Rept. Geol., 49 Par., 1875, p. 344. 
Fourteen males and 17 females from the following points in Colo- 
-vado: Baileys June 30 and July 3; Morrison on June 20, at an eleva- 
tion of about 7,000 feet; Boulder June 9; Rico August 16; Pine 
Grove July 18; Pikes Peak July 21; and at Chimney Gulch on 
‘July 21. 

From a study of these specimens and a long series in the United 
‘States National Museum, it seems very clear that there is but one 
species. There is considerable variation among the different indi- 
viduals, especially the males, but no characters present themselves 
that warrant the retention of more than one name. MeNeill, in his 
revision of the Tryxanine, recognizes two species and gives a table 
for their separation, using the character of the anterior tibie being 
clavate and distinctly sulcate externally and size small, about 14 mm., 
to separate clavatus from clypsedra, which is described as having the 
fore tibi but slightly and regularly expanded apically and size larger, 
about 18 mm. With these characters in mind I carefully examined 
the type material in the collection of the United States National 
Museum, which is composed wholly of male specimens. The type of 
davatus is 16.5 mm. long and the anterior tibixw is moderately 


an 


ab 


784 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


expanded, not aise tly cance ea is very distinctly sulcate exter. 
nally, but this sulcation is quite oby iously due to shrinkage as the left 
tibix is more conspicuously suleate than the right one. aac shrink-. 
age is not remarkable as the specimen was alcoholic and described. 
after drying. The describer gives the length as 0.56 inch in length, 
which is practically 14 mm, But, as above stated, the type really | 
measures 16.5 mm. in length. Why Thomas gave this erroneous | 
measurement is not clear, nor is it clear why MeNeill used it as a 
synoptic character when fe had the original type before him. 

The type of carpenter?/, which is an admitted synonym of clavatus, isi 
18 mm. in length, the fore tibie strongly clavate and not at all suleate} 
externally. The type of c/ypsedra is not at present in the United: 
States National Museum as mentioned by MeNeill, nor is the original 
type a male from New Mexico, but females from farther north on the: 
Souris River. . 

The range of variation presented by the types of clavutus and car-) 
penteri/ more than covers all variation found among the specimens of) 
clepsydra. Therefore if clavatus and carpenteri’ are synonymous, and) 
I agree with McNeill in so considering them, c/ypsedra must also be a 
synonym. That this is a valid conclusion is pretty evident when 
a long series of specimens from different parts of the country and from; 
various altitudes is examined. The anterior tibie of the males vary 
considerably in the amount of apical expansion, though none examined: 
are quite so conspicuously clavate as in the type of carpenterii. The 
elytra of the males are also variable, reaching quite to the tip of the; 
abdomen in some specimens and in others falling noticeably short of it. 
The elytra of the females also vary in length, but never nearly reach 
the tip of the abdomen, generally only about as long as the pronotum, 











: 
| 


















29. BOOPEDON NUBILUM Say. 


Gryllus nubilus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad., 1V, 1825; p. 308. 


SI 
This species was found quite abundant in open woodlands in the 
vicinity of Victoria, Texas, during the latter part of June and in July, 


Only mature individuals were seen. | 


30. STIRAPLEURA DECUSSATA Scudder. 
Stirapleura decussata ScuppER, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 510. 


Nine males, 15 females, Golden May 29; Sedalia June 15 and 21 
Denver May 10 to July 16; Baileys July 13; Boulder June 9. 5 

The foveole of this species, according to MeNeill’s tables in his 
revision of the Tryxaline, are as long again as wide. Therefore thest 
specimens could be called delécatula as justifiably as they are wide 
decussata for the foveole are usually but little longer than wi e 
Decussuta and delicatula may prove to be forms of one species. 


¥ 
=> 


masini owe Re 


NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 


oe | 


31. AGENEOTETTIX SCUDDERI Bruner. 





















Aulocara scudderi Bruner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp. 63-64. 


Sixteen males, twenty-eight females, Golden June 19 to July 27: 
Denver July 16; Fort Collins August 10; Cripple Creek July 
Montrose August 17. 


32. AULOCARA ELLIOTTI Thomas. 


_ Stauronotus elliotti THomas, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, p. 82. 


| This large series of fresh specimens shows a remarkable range of 
peeiion, both sexes ao greatly oe in color and size. The 


ercurs in the Cae sex. The ee fee vary facie 10 to m 
'millimeters i in the males and in the females the color ranges from 
‘reddish yellow to fuscous and the elytra of both sexes vary from 
almost immaculate to quite conspicuously spotted with black. Some 
jof the rufous tinted females approach pord//e/win somewhat, inasmuch 


33. AULOCARA FEMORATUM Scudder. 


Aulecara femoratum ScuppEr, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XX XV, 1899, pp. 


Four males and eight females referable to this species were taken 
at Fort Collins on August 19 and one pair at Denver on July 11; the 
latter were taken en copula. They all agree in having the elytra much 
more abbreviated than in e///ott7 and the pronotum is more generally 
less angulate. The tegmina of the males are immaculate but those of 
the females are noticeably spotted with black, sometimes however quite 
dimly so. 

| SUBFAMILY (HDIPODIN 4. 

34. ARPHIA ARCTA Scudder. 


| Arphia Arcta Scupper, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 1876, p. 263. 

_ Arphia teporata ScuppER, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 508. 

Eleven males, seven females, Golden May 23; Pine. Grove July 8 
and 18; Baileys July 13; Platte Canyon May 10; Sedalia June 15; 
Denver May 10. Also collected at Williams, Arizona, on May 27, 
ae June 9. The color of the hind tibial vary in color from clear 





786 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, X 


I feel quite sure af fae corree stiiese of ihe abou synonomy, andl a 
inclined to believe that A. fr/gidu is but a red- winged form of the | 
same species. The type of teporata has yellow wings. 








35. ARPHIA LUTEOLA Scudder. 
Arphia liteola Scupprr, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1875, p. 515. i 
Quite common in cotton fields about Victoria, Texas. 
| 
36. ARPHIA PSEUDONIETANA Thomas. a | 


Tomonotus pseudonietana Tuomas, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad., 1870, p- 82. 
Oedipoda tenebrosa ScuppER, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Nebr., 1871, p. 251. 
Tomonotus tenebrosa THomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1873, p. 107. 
Arphia sanguinaria Svar, Rec. Orth., I, 1873, p. 119. 

Arphia ovaticeps SaussurE, Add. Prodr. Oedip., 1888, pp. 165-166. 













Sixteen males, nine females, Denver July 16; Golden June 19 tol 
August 21; Fort Collins August 10. 

From a study of this series of specimens and as many more in the) 
collection of the U.S. National Museum I have decided upon the) 
above synonomy, believing the changes warranted. That ovaticeps, 
is but a variety of tenehrosa is obvious to anyone who has seen this 
species in numbers, and that the name pseudonietana of Thomas was 
applied first to the species under consideration and should take prece- 
dence over tenchrosa, described a year later, also seems clear upon 
investigation of the original descriptions. 

When in motion this is one of our most showy locusts, the bright 
red wings showing very conspicuously as the insect flies before th 
collector. a 

37- ARPHIA FRIGIDA Scudder. 


Arphia frigida ScuppER, Daws., Rep. geol. 49th par., 1875, p. 344. 


Forty-one males, five females, Golden May 29 to June 17; Sedalia 
June 15; Denvei - May 10 to June 17; Platte Canyon May 10 to ’ 
Boulder May 22; Morrison June 29. 


38. CHORTOPHAGA VIRIDIFASCIATA DeGeer. 


mee 


Acrydium viridifasciatum DeGrerR, Mem., III, 1773, p. 498, pl. x11, fig. 6. 


Both green and brown forms of both sexes occurred quite com 
monly around Victoria, Texas, in June and July. From specim 
observed at this place it would Bie that brown individuals oce 
more often in the male than in the female sex. In Colorado twelve 
males and eighteen females were taken at Denver, Platte Canyon, anc 
Golden. All these specimens were taken peeved May 10 and Fun 
10 and were all of the brown form, except four females, and they w 


pi tially brown. Some variation exists in the amount of apical swell 
ing of the male antenne. 





NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 187 


39. ENCOPTOLOPHUS COSTALIS Scudder. 





(Sdipoda costalis ScuppER, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, 1862, p. 473. 


Found in cotton fields at Victoria, Texas. in June and Talc 
numerous. Six males and two females were taken at Fort Collins on 
August 9, and two males and two females at Golden on Aucust 21. 

The males of this species bear quite a superficial resemblance to 
| Camnula pellucida, but the reddish yellow tibiz of the latter will 
| serve to readily separate them. The smaller size, low median carina 
_and, especially in the male, the proportionately broader elytra separate 
costalis from sordidus. 





i 40. CAMNULA PELLUCIDA Scudder. 


(Edipoda pellucida ScuppeER, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, 1862, p. 


Tee 


_ Sixty-eight males, forty-six females, Cumbres August 14; Mont- 
jrose August 16; Baileys July 13; Rico August 16; Pikes Peak 
duly 21; Cripple Creek July 26; Chama, New Mexico August 14; 
Pine Grove July 18. 


| Thisisa common insect throughout the elevated regions of Colorado. 
4 41. HIPPISCUS MONTANUS Thomas. 
r (Hdipoda montanus Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., V, 1872, p. 462. 


a Three males, two females, Denver May 10. Identified by Professor 
Brover, Except for the obscured markings this species is very 
a to [7 zupotecus. 


42. HIPPISCUS NEGLECTUS Thomas. 
(Edipoda neglectus Tuomas, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1870, pp. 81-82. 


Nineteen males, seven females, Baileys July 13; Chama, New 
“Mexico August i: Pine Grove July 8; Morrison June 29; Platte 
Canyon May 25; Chimney Gulch July 27; Pikes Peak July 21. 

Three of the Siiles: one from Pikes Peak and two from Baileys, 
have the posterior tibiz pale yellowish with scarcely a trace of red. 


43. HIPPISCUS SAUSSUREI Scudder. 
___-Hippiscus saussurei ScuppER, Psyche, VI, 1892, pp. 268, 302. 
~ One female specimen at Victoria, Texas, in June. 
5 44. HIPPISCUS TUBERCULATUS Palisot de Beauvois. 


Acridium tuberculatum Patisov pk Brauvors, Ins. Afr. Amer., 1817, p. 145, pl. Iv 
fig. i. 
One female at Sedalia on June 15. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—0?2 53 








788 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX 





45. HIPPISCUS ZAPOTECUS Saussure. 

Nanthippus zapotecus Saussurn, Prodr. Cidip., 1884, p. 91. 
Four males, three females, Denver May 10 to June 17. Professor | 
Bruner is the authority for this determination. 
46. LEPRUS CYANEUS Cockerell. 
Leprus cyaneus COCKERELL, Ent. News, XIII, 1902, p. 305. 


Seven males, one female, Salida August 2-9. | 
The wings of Z. wheeler are a bright yellow, as plainly shown by 
the types. Therefore, the reference of blue-winged specimens te 
that species, as has so often been done, is erroneous. LL. cyaneus 18 a 
good species. 


47. DISSOSTEIRA CAROLINA Linnzus. 





Gryllus (Locusta) carolina Linn xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 433. 


Common throughout Colorado, specimens being taken on both sides 
of the mountains from Denver to Grand Junction. 


48. DISSOSTEIRA LONGIPENNIS Thomas. 


and is ee to come ue ae to light at night. 


49. SPHARAGEMON AXQUALE Say. 
Gryllus «quale Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., IV, 1825, p. 307. 


Four males, three females, Denver July 16; Golden August 
Fort Collins August 9. The specimens from Denver, two males, are 
not typical. They were identified by Prof. A. P. Annee The rae » 


scarcely at all on the metanotum, which is flat. The change from 
elevated prozona to the scarcely carinate metazona is very abru 
These specimens are also more slender than usual. 


50. SPHARAGEMON ANGUSTIPENNE Morse. 
Spharagemon angustipenne Morsr, Psyche, VII, 1895, pp. 295, 298. 
One female from Denver on July 16. 
51. SPHARAGEMON COLLARE Scudder. 


(Edipoda collare ScupprEr, Rept. U. 8S. Geol. Surv., Nebr., 1871, p. 250. 


Two females from Golden on June 1. 


7 


No. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CA UDELL. T89 
52. SPHARAGEMON CRISTATUM Scudder. 
Spharagemon cristatum ScuppeEr, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist:, XVII, 1875. p. 470. 
Several specimens at Victoria, Tex., in June and July. 
53. SPHARAGEMON HUMILE Morse. 


Spharagemon humile Morse, Psyche, VII, 1895, p. 292. 


Two males, one female, Golden June 18 and Aucust 21. 


54. SPHARAGEMON WYOMINGIANUM Thomas. 


(Edipoda wyomingianum THomas,. Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872 
3 2, 
p. 462. 


Three males, Fort Collins August 10; Golden June Ls. 


55. DEROTMEMA CUPIDINEUM Scudder. 
Derotmema cupidineum Scuvver, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 513. 
Five males, six females, Montrose August 17; Grand Junction 
August 17; Palisades July 8. 
Not so common as J). haydeni, from which it may be separated by 
the narrower fuscous bands of the wings. 


| 
. 
| 56. DEROTMEMA HAYDENI Thomas. 


(Edipoda haydeni Tuomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1871, p. 460. 


Thirty-three males, twenty-seven females, Salida August 2 to 6; 
‘Montrose August 17; Durango August 15; Denver July 16; Fort 
Collins August 10; Golden June 19 to August 21; Montevista August 13. 
Both redand yellow winged specimens, male and female, were taken. 
This species is very common in most localities throughout the State. 
Individuals with yellow wings were the more numerous. 


! 57. MESTOBREGMA BOREALE Saussure. 
Psinidia ( Trachyrachis) boreale Ssussur®, Prodr. (idip., 1884, p. 164. 


One female, Golden June 5. 

The conspicuous character of this species is the unusually rugose 
pronotum. The topof the headis marked with several tortuous carine 
and the frontal costa is traversed by a carina just below the ocellus. 
‘The wings are yellow at the base and the tip is hyaline; transverse 
black band a fourth as wide as the length of the wing with the costal 
shoot extending three-fourths of the way to the base; elytra regularly 
moitled with quite large fuscous spots. The posterior tibie are 
yellow. 










58. MESTOBREGMA FUSCIFRONS Stal. 
Psinidia fuscifrons StAL, Ree. Orth., I, 1873, p. 154. 


Specimens of this species were collected in cotton fields at Victoria, 
les ° 
Texas, in “une. 


4 


1 














59. MESTOBREGMA KIOWA Thomas. e 


i 


(Edipoda kiowa Taomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872, p. 461. 


Specimens, both mature and immature, were taken on the summit | 
of Pikes Peak on snow fields, and a number of mature individuals of - 
both sexes were taken at the following places in Colorado and New | 
Mexico: Montevista August 13; Chama, New Mexico August 14; Fort | 
Collins August 9; Denver July 16; Golden June 19; Morrison June 23, | 

But one specimen, a female, was taken at Montevista, and its wings : 
are pale citron basally. The same is true of four males from Channa, 
New Mexico, but all the others have the base of the wings hyaline, ; 
This appears to be quite constantly the case with specimens from| 
opposite sides of the divide. 


60. MESTOBREGMA PLATTEI Thomas. 


4 
. 


i 
| 


(Edipoda plattei THomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1873, p. 123. 


Seven males, seventeen females, Denver July 26; Chimney Guleh: 
July 27; Pine Grove July 23; Golden June 6 and ie 21. 

The distinguishing feature of this species seems to be the pallid! 
coloring of the inferior posterior part of the lateral lobes of the thorax: 
and the bands of the tegmina extending only across the costal half, 
The elytral markings resemble those of 77imerotropis pseudo fasciatus. 













61. MESTOBREGMA PULCHELLA Bruner. 
Mestobregima pulchellum BrunEr, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, p. 64-65. — 


One male at Fort Collins August 9. This specimen agrees in every! 
particular with Bruner’s type in the U. S. National Museum. This 
species was omitted from Scudder’s catalogue. It is a true Jesto- 
bregma, and is very closely allied to JZ kiowa in markings, and may; 
prove to be a synonym of that species. The color is its most distin- 
guishing feature, and that may be due to environment. The food 
plant from which it was described, Hwrotia lunata, is recorded as occurs 
ring from the ‘* Northwest Territories to western Nebraska, New 
Mexico, Nevada, and California.” . 


62. METATOR PARDALINUM Saussure. 
(BE idipoda pardalinum SAUSSU RE, Rev. Mag. Zool., oR 1861, p- 324. 
Nineteen males, twelve ara Fort Collins August 11; Morrigin 
June 29; Golden June 19 and 3 
Nine males and six females — aving the base of the wings yellow, but 
in every other particular like the red-winged specimens, were taker 
i 


at the same localities and on the same dates. Very probably the 
yellow-winged forms are the Mestobregma maculosum of Saussure. 


No. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 791 








63. PSINIDIA SULCIFRONS var.-AMPLICORNUS, new variety. 
(Plate LV, fig. 2.) 


| Superficially resembling P. sw/e/frons, but differing from typical 
“specimens in several particulars. Color grayish mottled with fuscous: 
ihead as in swlczfrons,; the antenne are fuscous and greatly depressed 
la both sexes, and nearly twice as broad as those of typical sulci trons: 
/pronotum and elytra about as in swle/frons, except that the posterior 
‘margin of the pronotum of the female is apparently more sharply 
jangulate. Wings with the black band usually somewhat wider than in 
sulcifrons, leaving slightly less of the tip free, the tip infuscated, more 
so in the male. Posterior femora slender and more flattened. the 
‘dorsal carina much more elevated and thinner than in typical si/e7- 
Jrons; the posterior tibie are quite uniformly blue, paling somewhat 
basally, those of the female much lighter colored than those of the 
male. The color of the tibia may be expected to vary considerably 
in coloration when a number of specimens are examined. The size 
‘is about the same as that of su/eifrons, the measurements of the type 
‘specimens being as follows: 

Length of body, male, 21 mm., female, 28; antennie, male, 12 mm., 
‘female, 13 mm.; elytra, male, 19 mm., female, 24 mm.; posterior 
femora, male, 13_mm., female 16 mm. 

One male, one female, Victoria, Texas, June, 1902. 


Type No. 6602, U.S.N.M. 





64. CONOZOA WALLULA Scudder. 


Psinidia wallula ScuppEr, Rept. U. 8. Ent. Comm., II, app., 1881, pp. 27-28, pl. 
xvul, figs. 13, 14. 


Thirteen males, four females, Grand Junction July 7 and August 
17; Montrose August 17. 


65. TRIMEROTROPIS BRUNERI McNeill. 


Hadrotettix gracilis ScuppER, Psyche, IX, 1900, pp. 67-68. 
Trimerotropis bruneri McNeixt, Psyche, IX, 1900, p. 31.—Scupper, Proc. Davenp. 
Acad. Nat. Se., IX, 1902, p. 37. 


Two females, Sedalia July 11. 


66. TRIMEROTROPIS CITRINA Scudder. 
Trimerotropis citrina ScuDDER, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1876, p. 265. 


This species has been taken at various places in Colorado. One 
male specimen taken at Golden has the black band on the wing some- 
what broader than usual. 


; 


T99 PROCEE DINGS ( OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV 


67. TRIMEROTROPIS GRACILIS Thomas. 


Oedipoda gracilis Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1871, p. 461. 
Derotmema lichenosum ScuppER, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XX XV, 1900, pp, 
394-395. E 
Kight males, four females, Durango August 15. 
The color of this insect makes it almost invisible when at rest on the 
naked ground. 


68. TRIMEROTROPIS LATICINCTA Saussure. \ 


Trimerotropis laticincta SaussurE, Prodr. Cfdip., 1884, pp. 169, 170. 


Two males, three females, Fort Collins August 19; one male, two 
females, Montrose August 13; one male, Grand Junction August 17; 
two females, Denver July 16; one female, Baileys July 30; two males, 
Golden August 21. 

The males are somewhat variable in size, the measurements of the 
elytra ranging from 24 to 29 mm. It was quite unexpected to find 
this species so common and widely distributed. By the table given by 
MeNeill these specimens run very persistently to this species. 


69. TRIMEROTROPIS MODESTA Bruner. 


Trimerotropis modesta BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, p- 72 


Six males, two females, Durango August 13; and Golden July 27. 

The type of this species has the elytral bands quite distinct, decid- 
edly more so than the greater number of specimens. At Golden it 
occurred up in the gulch in the foothill fauna. This is the first rec- 
ord of its occurrence east of the Rocky Mountains. 


7o. TRIMEROTROPIS MONTICOLA Saussure. 
Trimerotropis monticola SavssureE, Prodr. Cfdip., 1884, p. 170. 


Seven males, five females, Cripple Creek July 26; Baileys July 13; 
Golden June 17 and July 27; Pikes Peak July 21; Denver July 22. 

One of the females from Baileys has the black transverse band of 
the wing scarcely one-sixth as broad as the length of the wing and 
interrupted along the first anal vein. This specimen is also smaller — 
than usual, the elytra measuring 25 mm. and the posterior femora 12_ 
mm. All the specimens are from the foothill fauna except those from r 
Denver. These Denver specimens, however, agree perfectly with 
specimens from Pikes Peak and other high altitudes. 





71. TRIMEROTROPIS PSEUDOFASCIATA Scudder. 


Trimerotropis pseudofasciata ScuppER, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 514. , 


Kight males, four females, Chimney Gulch July 27; Pine Grove — 
July 23; Salida August 1; Durango August 15. 


‘tal 
. 
2 
; 


3° 
* 






NOTES ON pe ORTE jRA—CA UDELL. 7938 





The posterior tibiee of this species vary in color from yellow to dis- 
tinctly blue. The type, according to McNeill, should be in the collec- 
tion of the National Museum but can not now be found. 


72. TRIMEROTROPIS SIMILIS Scudder. 


Trimerotropis similis ScuppER, Rept. Us S. Ent. Comm., IT, app., 1881, p. 27 


“wd. 


Ten males, three females, Platte Canyon May 23; Pine Grove July 
8; Palisades July 8; Salida August 6; Golden July 11; Chimney Gulch 
‘July 27; Morrison June 27. ; 

All hess specimens were taken in the foothill fauna, and they do 
|not seem to occur on the prairie. There is some variation in the 
elytral bands, some specimens having them much more contrasted than 
others. 

| 73. TRIMEROTROPIS VINCULATA Scudder. 


Trimerotropis vinculata ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X VIII, 1876, p. 270. 


Twenty males, fifteen females, Platte Canyon May 25 and July 10; 
‘Sedalia July 11; Montrose August 17; Monteyvista August 13; Salida 
August 6; Palisades July 8; Delta July 9; Fort Collins August 9; 


Denver June 21; and Grand Junction July 7. 


fr 74. CIRCOTETTIX AZURESCENS Bruner. 








Trimerotropis azurescens BRuNER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 69-70. 
Trimerotropis perpleca Bruner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 74-75. 
One male, Montrose August 17; one female, Fort Collins August 10. 
This is a true circotittix, the radials of the wings being distinctly 
swollen. The above synonymy is based upon a study of type speci- 
mens. 
75. CIRCOTETTIX CARLINIANUS Thomas. 


(Hdipoda carlinianus THomas, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, p. 81. 


Six males, eight females, Fort Collins August 10; one male, Morri- 
son June 29. 

One of the male specimens has the hyaline portion of the wings 
extending quite to the base in the anterior and middle fields, 


76. CIRCOTETTIX SUFFUSUS Scudder. 


Trimerotripis suffusus ScuppER, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., II, 1876, p. 260. 
Trimerotropis columbia Scupper, Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., XXIII, 1893, p. 77. 


Three males, one female, Chama, New Mexico August 14. 
77. CIRCOTETTIX UNDULATUS Thomas. 
(Edipoda undulatus Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., V, 1871, p. 460. 


Twenty-six males, twenty females, Chimney Gulch June 19; Baileys 
July 13; Pine Grove July 18 and 27; Golden, in foothills, July 27; 


sat 


- 
» 


T94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 































This common species is one of the noisiest insects that inhabit t 
canyons. 
78. CIRCOTETTIX VERRUCULATUS Kirby. 
Locusta verruculatus Kirsy, Faun. Bor. Amer., IV, 1837, p. 250. 

Eight males, one female, Pine Grove July 16 and 23; Platte Canyon 
May 25. 
This is even a more noisy species than C. wadulatus. They fly du 
ine the hottest part of the day and the sharp crackling noise made b 
their wings may be heard for long distances. On quiet days I have 
distinctly heard them for almost or quite half amile. Often they will 
remain suspended almost stationary in the air, making the welkin ring 

with their shrill crackling. 
79. HADROTETTIX TRIFASCIATUS Say. 
Gryllus trifasciatus Say, Amer. Ent., III, 1828, p. 78, pl. xxxtv. 
One female at Victoria, Texas on July 10, and many specimens of — 
both sexes, both mature and immature, in Colorado at Denver, Goldeai 
and Fort Collins from June 7 to August 10. z 


This is apparently not 2 common imsect in southern Texas, though — 
farther north it is very common, as indicated by the above records. — 


At Victoria I saw but the one specimen and no nymphs. at 
ag 
80. HELIASTUS GUANIERI, new species. e| 
t 
(Plate LV, fig. 3.) t 


Of small size, pale testaceous, scarcely paler below. Head promi-— 
nent, nearly smooth, face almost perpendicular; eyes small, subglobu- 
lar, about half as lone as the infraocular part of the gene; antenne 
long, about four-fifths as long as the posterior femora, fine and filiform 
in the female, coarser and slightly flattened apically in the male. { 
Pronotum constricted mesially, flaring both in front and behind, — 
anterior margin slightly rounded, mesially subimmarginate, posterior — 
margin obtuse-angularly rounded; median carine almost obsolete except 
on the metanotum where it is present as a fine raised line; lateral 
carine present only posterior of the typical suleus and there very 
rounded; descending lobes of the pronotum apically subtruncate, in’ 
no wise descending below the free pleural lobes anterior to them. The 
tegmina extend to or slightly beyond the tips of the hind femora and 
ure quite broad, about one-fifth as broad as long, the tips well rounded: 
and the anterior and posterior margins about equally rounded, uni 
formly pale testaceous or with more or less maculation, along the 
posterior margin generally with separate and distinct fuscous spots. 
Intercalary vein absent. Wings hyaline, veins greenish. Fore and 


D 


NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 





middle legs more or less distinctly banded with black, posterior femora 
pale testaceous, paler below and on the inner side, dorsally and on the 
upper part of the outer face marked by two oblique dark bands, one 
median and one subapical; hind tibize red, paling somewhat on the 
basal fourth; spines red at the base, the apical half black. 

Length of body, male, 14 mm.; fem: 19-20 mm.; antenne, male. 
7.5 mm.; female, 8 mm.; elytra, male, 11 mm.; female, 15-16 mm.: 
hind Peon. male, 9 mm. ; female, 0 mm. 

Type.—No. 6600, U.S Sun, M. Described from specimens from Colo- 
rado collected by G. Guanier at Pueblo many years ago. I collected 
one specimen, a female, at Fort Collins, on August 11, and the U. S. 
National Museum contains specimens from Douglas County, Kansas, 
and others labeled Colorado.” 

This species is probably the nearest allied to Hel/astus minimus, but 
the long antenne and the red hind tibie, together with the habitat, 
will serve to separate them. 

Regarding the posterior tibie of 7. mindmus, Professor Morse 
writes me as follows: ‘* Hind tibize of Heliastus minimus are luteous— 
pale yellowish buff—probably almost ivory white in life.” 


81. BRACHYSTOLA MAGNA Girard. 


Brachypeplus magnus GrRARD, Marcy, Expl. Red River, 1853, p. ,260, pl. xv, 
figs. 1-4. 
Several specimens, mature and immature, at Golden, on poppy 
plants in July. Brachypeplus virescens Charpenter is very probably 
a synonym of this species. If such should prove the case, the name 
virescens would have preference, being established several years 
previous to magna. 


Subfamily ACRIDIIN 4. 


82. TZENIOPODA PECTICORNIS Walker. 


Yes 


Rhomalea pecticornis WALKER, Cat. Derm. Salt., III, 1870, p. 538. 

_ Texniopoda picticornis Sra, Rec. Orth., I, 1873, p. 51.—THomas, Rept. U. 5. 
Geol. Surv. west 100 merid., V, 1875, p. 898.—ScuppEr and CocKERELL, 
Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci., IX, 1902, p. 39. 

- Specimens of this fine insect were sent to the Division of Entomology 

by Mr. E. Meyenberg, of Pecos, Texas, with the statement that they 

were taken at the base of the foothills of the Guadalupe Mountains. 

_ This species does not appear in Scudder’s catalogue. 


o 


. a 83. DICTYOPHORUS RETICULATUS Thunberg. 


Dictyophorus reticulatus THUNBERG, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., V, 1815, p. 259. 


_ This handsome insect is quite common in some cotton fields about 
Victoria, Texas, where it matures about the end of June. The con- 











spicuously marked nymphs are no less striking in appearance than the 
mature individuals, in fact being easier seen at a distance than the 


imagoes. 











the field. Both sexes, but especially the males, when disturbed make 

a distinct simmering or bubbling sound, high-noted, but of small vol-— 
ume. Upon investigation, this sound was found to proceed from a 
eland, probably a modified spiracle, opening from the side of the body 
above and slightly behind the middle coxe. ‘The sound is produced 
by the insects forcing out very minute bubbles of a clear liquid, cause 
ing a sound sufticiently loud to be heard for some distance. Whether » 
this liquid has repelling properties and the resulting sound purely ~ 
mechanical, or whether the production of sound is the main object of ” 
the mechanism, was not determined. 


er 


84. SCHISTOCERCA ALUTACEA Harris. 


—= 


Acridium alutacea Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 1841, p. 139. 


One female specimen at Grand Junction August 17, and one male by 
Oslar, labeled ** Colorado.” 


85. SCHISTOCERCA AMERICANA Drury. 


Gryllus americana Drury, Ill. Nat. Hist. TiO} sp 28 Sip lexan ome 


This species is quite common at times in the cotton fields of Texas, 
Several specimens were taken at Victoria in June and July. 


86. SCHISTOCERCA OBSCURA Fabricius. 


a th Dee Bg: om eo ee Paes 


Gryllus obscura Fasricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., 1798, p. 194. 


“meee 


One large female from Quero, Texas July 11. 
87. SCHISTOCERCA SHOSHONE Thomas. 


Acridium shoshone Tuomas, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad., 1873, p. 165. 


Two large females from Yuma, Arizona, and one male from Phoe- 
ae Ar izona. EES On in ulconaly seems to cucu ee insects tay 


of hind ea Bon; be to oe 
88. PARAIDEMONA MIMICA Scudder. 


Paraidemona mimica Scupper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX, 1897, pp. 42, 43 44. 

pl. 11, fig. 10. 

Many specimens of both sexes in cotton fields in the vicinity of Vie 
toria, Texas, in Juneand july. This seems to be the common specie 
in that section of the State, no other species being represented amo 
the many specimens examined. It is quite variable, both in size and 
coloration. 


| No, 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELT, 797 


89. HYPOCHLORA ALBA Dodge. 














Pezotettix alba Dopar, Can. Ent., VIII, 1876 p. 10. 


_ Two males and three females at Fort Collins 


| August 9, and one 
female at Boulder on August 13. 


90. HESPEROTETTIX PRATENSIS Scudder, 


Hesperotettix pratensis Scupper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX, 1897, p 
piv, fig. 3. 


p. 57, 64-66, 
Four males, two females, Pine Grove July 18, and Grand Junction 
July 7. 


gt. HESPEROTETTIX SPECIOSUS Scudder. 


Pézotettix speciosus ScuppEr, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Nebr., 1871, p. 250. 


Found quite common in long grass in southern Texas in June and 


daly. It apparently matures in that section about the end of June. 
A number of specimens were taken in cotton fields. 


92. HESPEROTETTIX VIRIDIS Thomas. 


Caloptenus viridis Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Surv. ern. Vi, 1872, pane; 
pie, fig. 3. 

_ Ten males, nineteen females, Pikes Peak July 21; Golden June 19 
to August 21; Fort Collins August 11; Denver July 16. 
_ Males of this species are quite variable in size. 

92. ZHOLOPLUS CHENOPODII Bruner. 
Pezotettix chenopodii Bruner, Ins. Life, VII, 1894, pp. 41-42. 
_ Numerous specimens of. this interesting species were taken at Pali- 
sade July 8 in a patch of low prickly shrubs just across the railroad 
from the station, which I suppose is the Chenipodaceous plant on 
which the species was originally recorded as feeding. Specimens were 
also taken at Grand Junction and Delta. They were seen mating at 
the latter place on August 17, and on the latter date some apparently 
full grown nymphs were taken. These nymphs were uniformly light 
yellowish in color and the thorax more tectiform than in mature indi- 


viduals. Among the mature specimens taken were some individuals 
Umost unicolorous, without fuscous markings. 


94. AZOLOPLUS PLAGOSUS Scudder. 


_-Pezotettix plagosus ScuppEr, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 504. 

| Numerous specimens from the side of Tenderfoot Mountain, just 
veross the railroad from the station at Salida from August 1 to 7. 
They were very common and frequently found mating. One female 
specimen was also taken at Sedalia and the color of that specimen is of 


: 


798 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 








a decidedly yellowish cast, radically different from the dark-bro 
eolor that characterized all the Salida specimens except one which was: 


colored similar to the Sedalia specimen. ; 
95. AAOLOPLUS REGALIS Dodge. | 
‘Caloptenus regalis Dopar, Can. Ent., VIII, 18765 pps iy ai2: 9 


Four males, four females, Fort Collins August 10. 
Some specimens have the elytra greenish, but generally they are 
brownish. One pair was taken mated. 





96. A OLOPLUS TURNBULLI Thomas. 

























Caloptenus turnbulli Toomas, Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Sury. Terr., V., 1872, p. 452, 
pl. 1, fig. 10. 


One male, one female, Delta July 13. 

These specimens are unusually brachypterous, the elytra covering | 
but little more than half of the abdomen. The female is also smaller: 
than usual, but otherwise both specimens are typical. The posterior); 
tibix: are variable in color, those of the female greenish yellow with 
a pallid subbasal annulus, while those of the male are testaceous) 
merging into pale reddish on the basal third. The measurements of) 
these two specimens are as follows: a | 

Length of body, male and female, 16 mm.; antenne, male, 5 mm.; | 
female, 4 mm.; pronotum, male and female, 3.5 mm.; elytra, male and; 

female, 7 mm.; posterior femora, male, 7.5 mm.; female, 8 mm. 


97- MELANOPLUS ALTITUDINUM Scudder. 


Pezotettix altitudinum ScuppeEr, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 86. 
Melanoplus huroni Buarcauuey, Psyche, VIII, 1898, pp. 195, 196. 


Seven males, eight females, Pine Grove July 18, at the head of a 
side gulch nearly a thousand feet above the town. Also one pair from) 
Pikes Peak July 21, one female above Boulder June 9, and one male 
above Golden June 17. 

The elytra of these specimens are somewhat variable in length, in 
the male sex varying from 4.75 to 6 mm. There are several speei- 
mens of this species in the United States National Museum named z 
Dr. Scudder, and the male tegmina vary from 5.5 to 9.5 mm. and 
female tegmina vary from 7.5 to 11 mm. in length. But these highe 
measurements seem exceptional, the usual length of elytra being baa 
6mm. in the males and 7 mm. in the females. Types of Melanoplus 
huront Blatchley are in the National Museum and seem to be identical 
with specimens of a/#/tud/num from various localities in the West. It 
is not clear why Dr. Scudder placed this species in the Borchii se es 
of the genus, as it surely does not belong there. 





+ ; 
NO. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELI, 799 


98. MELANOPLUS ATLANIS Riley. 
Calopienus atlanis Rirey, Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., VII, 1875, p. 169. 
This species was taken at various points in Colorado on both sides 
‘of the divide. Specimens were also taken on the summit of Pikes 


/ Peak on snow fields on July 20. The color of the posterior tibiw y: wy 
from bright red to yellow and blue. 





99. MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS Say. 
Gryllus bivittatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., IV, 1825, p. 308. 


| Six males, twelve females, Denver July 16; Golden June 19 and 
| August 21; Fort Collins Aucust 10. 

| A pair from Fort Collins is brachypterous, the wings covering but 
little more than half of the abdomen. The male is quite small, meas- 
uring as follows: 

Length, 22 mm.; elytra, 9 mm.; hind femora, 12 mm. 





100. MELANOPLUS BOWDITCHI Scudder. 


Melanoplus bowditehi ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 72. 


Two males, six females, Fort Collins August 9; Salida August 6; 
also one male from Williams, Arizona. The Colorado specimens have 
the male furcula shaped considerably like those of JZ pictus as illus- 
trated on Plate XI of Scudder’s Revision of the Melanopli. The speci- 
men from Arizona has these organs more rounded out on the inner 
‘side than usual. Some specimens from Salida are in the collection of 
the Colorado Agricultural College labeled ‘‘bowditchi or n. sp.” 






or. MELANOPLUS COCCINEIPES Scudder. 


Melanoplus coccineipes ScuppEr, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXXVI, 1897, pp. 
26, 34, 


' Thirteen males and eleven females from Golden, Denver, and Fort 
Collins from July 11 to August 23. 
102. MELANOPLUS COLLINUS Scudder. 

| Melanoplus collinus ScuppErR, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1878, p. 285. 
| ; 2 : eet ; 

One male specimen taken at Fort Collins August 10. This speci- 
men is indistinguishable from specimens from Virginia and Canada. 
‘It has not, I believe, been recorded from Colorado before. 


103. MELANOPLUS COLORADUS, new species. 
(Plate LV, Figs. 1, 1¢.) 


_ One male specimen from Palisade July 8. 
Of medium size, testaceous, very closely related to J/. propinguus 
e general appearance. Head quite prominent, flavo-testaceous, darker 


ri t 


800 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXYI, © 





above with a se: arcely discernible trace of a postocular band, though - 
with more specimens there would probably be some variation in this 
respect. The vertex is tumid and slightly elevated above the thorax; | 
interspace between the eyes about as broad as the basal segment of 
the antenne; frontal costa subequal, flat, biseriately punctate above - 
the ocellus, below shallowly sulcate, just failing to reach the clypeus;; 
eyes moderately prominent, a little longer than the infracular part of | 
the genx; antenn flavo-testaceous, about three-fourths as long as the: 
posterior femora. Pronotum very slightly enlarging from in front) 
backward, the carine as in JZ. propinquus, color testaceous with a 
black postocular band on the prozona, not extending onto the meta-} 
zona; front margin truncate, scarcely at all flaring, hind margin’ 
obtusangulate. Prosternal spine and mesosternal foramine as in 
propinquus. Tegmina considerably passing the posterior femora, | 
very slender in form and uniformly testaceous, immaculate. Fore and 
middle femora considerably swollen, hind femora very pale testaceous | 
above, paler below, without bands, but with black genicular ares, : 
Posterior tibie uniformly red, spines wholly black, eleven in number: 
in the outer series. Extremity of abdomen quite noticeably clavate, | 
moderately recurved, the supraanal plate strongly depressed apically, 
almost hidden by the more than usual developed pallium, lateral mar-) 
gins moderately elevated, median sulcus moderately deep with narrow, 
elevated margins; furcula two-thirds as long as the supraanal plate, | 
broad and touching at the base fora third of their length and quite 
thin, narrowing abruptly to half their basal width and continuing as) 
cylindrical oval terminating fingers, slightly curving inward; cerei: 
relatively broader than those of propingquus, tapering more on the) 
upper side than on the lower and obliquely truncate apically, the upper) 
edge of the apex bluntly acute; subgenital plate as in propinquus. 

Length of body from head to tip of the abdomen, 21 mm., antenna, ’ 
8 mm., elytra, 18 mm., hind femora, 12 mm. 

Type.—No. 6599, U.S.N.M. 

The broader cerci, pallid lower surface of the posterior femora, and) 
the habitat will serve to separate this species from its nearest ally, 
M. propinquus. It belongs to the femur rubrum series. i 

















104. MELANOPLUS DIFFERENTIALIS Thomas. Pi 
Acridium differentialis Tomas, Trans. Ill. St. Agric. Soc., V, 1865, p. 450. 


Many. specimens at Victoria, Texas in June and July and on both! 
sides of the divide in Colorado. At Grand Junction I took a number: 
of fine large specimens of both sexes on August 17 that were unk! 
formly brownish in color and very large. In Texas they were very) 
numerous along roadsides in rank weeds, flying up in swarms at t 
approach of the buggy. In the streets of Denver black individuals! 
were taken on several occasions. 


NO. 1333, NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 80] 








¥ 105. MELANOPLUS FASCIATUS Walker. 
Caloptenus faciatus WALKER, Cat. Derm. Salt., [V, 1870, p. 680. 


Two males at Pine Grove on July 18. 


106. MELANOPLUS FEMUR-RUBRUM De Geer. 
Acridium femur-rubrum Dr GEER, Mem., III, 1773, p. 498, pl. xin, fig 5. 


Two males, twenty-seven females, Montevista August 13; Golden 
August 23; Fort Collins August 10; Denver July 16; Montrose 
August 13; Glenwood Springs August 18; Grand Junction August 17; 
Palisade July 8; Mancos August 16. 


‘ 


107. MELANOPLUS FLABELLATUS Scudder. 
Melanoplus flabellatus ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, pp. 82-83. 


This species was found mating in considerable numbers in the edge 
of an open piece of woods near Victoria, Texas on June 28. 


108. MELANOPLUS FLAVIDUS Scudder. 
Melanoplus flavidus ScuppErR, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 74. 


Nine males, thirteen females, Golden June 19 and August 21; Fort 
Collins August 11. 

Some of these specimens are quite brightly yellowish and others are 
quite uniformly brown, except the posterior tibix. Some specimens 
have the lateral lobes of the pronotum with a black postocular band 
and some are unicolorous. All have the hind femora bifasciate with 
fuscous above. 


109. MELANOPLUS GLADSTONI Scudder. 
Melanoplus gladstoni ScuppER, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XX XVI, 1897, pp. 23, 33. 


Eleven males, ten females, Golden August 21; Fort Collins August 9. 

The specimens from Colorado and Nebraska mentioned by Scudder 
on page 230 of his revision of the Melanopli agree exactly with this 
lot from Colorado, otherwise these would have been treated of here 
as conspersus, for gladstoni and that species must be very similar, in 
fact, Colorado specimens in the collection of the Colorado Agricul- 
tural College are labeled as conspersus. The cerci of some of the 
‘specimens, both of the present lot from Colorado and those mentioned 
‘above from Nebraska, are apically bent inward at almost a right 
‘angle. It may be that they are the true conspersus, and gladstoni 
occurs only further north. Or, still more likely, g/adston? and con- 
“spersus are forms of one variable species. To settle this the type of 
| eonspersus, OF typical examples, must be seen. 


a 
& 
& 


a; 























S802 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





110. MELANOPLUS INFANTILIS Scudder. 


Melanoplus infantilis ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, pp. 65-67. 


Fort Collins August 10; Morrison June 27; Denver July 16. 


rrr. MELANOPLUS INTERMEDIUS Scudder. 


Twenty males, nineteen females, Montrose August 17; Glenwood 
Springs August 18. 


112. MELANOPLUS LAKINUS Scudder. 
Pezotettix lakinus ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, pp. 79-80. 
Six males, four females, Fort Collins, August 9. One pair matin r, 
113. MELANOPLUS LATIFERCULA, new species. 
(Plate LV, fig. 4, 4a.) 


One male from Cumbres, Colorado, August 14. 

A brachypterous species of small size and very dark fuscous in 
color; head moderately prominent, dark fuscous above and on the 
upper portion of the gen, elsewhere dark ashen except for a broad 
piceous postocular band; vertex elevated considerably above the pro- 
notum, somewhat tumid; interspace between the eyes noticably broader 
than the basal segment of the antenne; frontal costa but slightly 


ocellus, just failing to reach the clypeus; eyes neither large nor pro 
inent, a little longer than the infraocular part of the gene. Antenn 
fuscous, two-thirds as long as the posterior femora. Pronotum sub- 


extend on to the metanotum; the disk passes into the perpendicular 
lateral lobes with an abrupt turn, making the lateral carine wel 


spine short, erect, subquadrate, and bluntly rounded at the apex: 
interspace between the mesosternal lobes quadrate, metasternal lo 
approximate. Tegminaabbreyviate, but little longer than the pronotun 
overlapping and apically pointed, immaculately fuscous; fore and m 
dle femora quite strongly tumid, the anterior ones the more so; hind 


to the base, ten in number in the outer series. Tip of the abdome 
scarcely clavate, considerably upturned, the supraanal plate apically, 





= EvOrES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. S03 








’ the ample pallium and with the sides partially hidden 
neath the sie broad infracercal pk: utes which overlie the borders of 
the supraanal plate in this species; the median suleus narrow with 
“moderately elevated margins; furcula well deve loped, half as lone as 
‘the supraanal plate and very broad, nearly half as broad as pa 
touching at the base and narrowed distally to a broadly rounded apex, 
the narrowing more on the inner side; cerci very broad, about twice 
as long as the basal width, tapering but little and that on the under 
side of the apical third, the tip broadly rounded, the whole ge ntly 
upeurved but scarcely inclined inwards; subgenital plate black, the 
‘tip elevated a little above the lateral margins and narrowly and shal- 
lowly but distinctly notched. : 

_ Length of body, 16 mm.; antenne, 6.5 mm.; pronotum, 4+ mm.; 
elytra, 5 mm.; hind femora, 9.5 mm. 

Type.—No. 6601 U.S.N.M. 


This species appears to belong to the mancus series. 


| 
i 
} 








114. MELANOPLUS MINOR Scudder. 


| Caloptenus minor ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X VII, 1875, p. 478: 


| Sixteen males, sixteen females, Glenwood Springs July 5; Sedalia 
dune 15 and 21; Denver July 16. 


115. MELANOPLUS. OCCIDENTALIS Thomas. 


Caloptenus occidentalis Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872, p. 
453, pl. u, fig. 2. 

Seventy-four males, forty-nine females, Cripple Creek July 26; Mor- 
rison June 29; Golden June 19 and July 11; Boulder June 9; Durango 
June 12; Denver July 16; Pikes Peak July 21; Fort Collins August 
10; Baileys July 30; Sedalia June 21; Glenwood Springs July 5 

Though the type of both this species and J/. cuneatus are in the 
Museum collection I can find no stable character for separating them. 
The latter is the larger species, considering only the types, but with a 
series, such as the one now before me, that is seen to be inadequate 
for their separation. As for the tubercled subgenital plate of occ/- 
dentalis, as given by Scudder for the separation of that species from 
euncatus, I must confess an inability to make anything out of it. The 
eerci of cuncatus seem however to be shorter and inferiorly more 
lobed than in oce¢dental’s. 

The males of this species, as represented by this series, vary in 
measurements as follows: 

Length of body, 19 to 23 mm.; elytra, 8.5 to 16 mm.; hind femora, 
10 toil mm. The specimen from which the minimum measurement 
of the elytra was taken was collected at Glenwood Springs on July 5, 
and is an unique specimen of its kind so far as recorded, no other 
known individual having elytra less than 12 mm. in length. 


a Proc.-N. M. vol. xxvi—02 5A 






















804 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 





116. MELANOPLUS PACKARDII Scudder. 
Melanoplus packardii ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1878, p. 287. 


One female specimen in cotton field at Victoria, Texas, in late June; 
apparently not very common. In Colorado specimens of both sexes 
were taken at the following places: Denver July 16; Golden August 
21 and Morrison June 28. 


117. MELANOPLUS PLUMBEUS Dodge 
Caloptenus plumbeus Doper, Can. Ent., IX, 1877, p. 12. 


Seventeen males, nine females, Denver July 16. 
The elytra of some specimens are almost fuscous and distinetly 
maculate, and the general color varies from fuscous to flavous. But the” 
flavous stripe on a darker background is constant, and specimens of 
this species can be separated from femur-rubrum with considerable 
certainty by that character and the general appearance. But those two 
species are very close and may prove to be forms of the same thing. 
118. PHOETALIOTES NEBRASCENSIS Thomas. 
Pezotettix nebrascensis THomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872, p. 455. 
Seven males, six females, Fort Collins August 10. One pair is 
macropterous, but all the rest are brachypterous. 
119. PAROXYA FLORIDANA Thomas. 
Caloptenus floridana Tuomas, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 1874, pp. 2, 68. 
Two females, Victoria, Texas, in June, 1902. These specimens are 
typical in having the fuscous stripe of the lateral lobes of the pronotum: 
abruptly terminated at the posterior sulcus. Specimens of this species 
taken in numbers at Rosslyn, Virginia, usually have this stripe per- 
current, though behind the posterior sulcus it is not generally so wel 
defined. 
120. DACTYLOTUM PICTUM Thomas. 
Pezotettix pictum Tuomas, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, p. 78. 


A few specimens of both sexes, also nymphs, at Denver, July 265 
Golden, July 27; and Fort Collins, August 10. 


Family LOCUSTID. 
121. ARETHA®A PHALANGIUM Scudder. 
Agipan phalangium Scupper, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1877, p. 40. 
Three females were taken in the vicinity of Victoria, Texas, in the 
latter part of June, 1902. They were all flying in open prairies, and 
other specimens were seen but not taken. They do not usually take 
long flights, generally no more than 50 or 100 yards. There is some 


variation in the radial branches of the elytra, the multiramosa of 
Brunner representing such variation. 


i 
No. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CA UDELL. SsO45 





122. SCUDDERIA CURVICAUDA De Geer. 





Locusta curvicauda De Grrr, Mem., III, 1773, p. 446, pl. xxxvit, fig. 3. 
| One pair at Victoria, Texas, in June. 
123. SCUDDERIA FURCATA Brunner. 


Scudderia furcata BRUNNER, Monogr. Phaner., 1878, p. 239, pl. v, fig. 72a. 


One mature female by E. J. Oslar, marked ‘‘ Colorado.” and one 
immature specimen which probably belongs to this species was taken 
at Golden on July 18. 


| 124. SCUDDERIA TEXENSIS Saussure and Pictet. 


| Scudderia texensis SAussuRE and Picrer, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., 1897, 1, pp. 328, 
i. 329; 3380; pl. xv, figs. 18, 19. 


One female at Victoria in June, 1902. 

125. AMBLYCORYPHA HUASTECA Saussure. 
Phylloptera huasteca SAussurE, Rey. Mag. Zool., XI, 1859, p. 205. 

Quite common in lowlands in southern Texas. A number of speci- 
mens were taken near Victoria, and in early July I saw hundreds of 
them taking short flights over a piece of low prairie. 

126. AMBLYCORYPHA UHLERI Stal. 
Amblycorypha uhleri Svst, Bih. Sv. Vet.-akad. handl., IV, 1876, No. 5, p. 57. 

Several specimens at Victoria in June. 

127, MICROCENTRUM LAURIFOLIUM Linneus. 


Gryllus ( Tettigonia) lawrifolium Linx xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 429. 





~ One male at Durango, by E. J. Oslar. 
128. CONOCEPHALUS ENSIGER Harris. 
Conocephalus ensiger Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 1841, p. 151. 


_ Three males and two females, by E. J. Oslar, marked ** Colorado.” 
One of the specimens, a male, is brown, all the others green. 


129. CONOCEPHALUS TRIOPS Linnzus. 
Gryllus ( Tettigonia) triops LiNN&us, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 480. 


At Victoria, Texas, a mature male and an apparently half-grown 
| cd ee 
nymph were taken on July 10 in grass near an old irrigating reservoir, 
| 130. ORCHELIMUM HERBACEUM Serville. 


| Orchelimum herbaceum SERVILLE, Orth., 1859, p. 524. 

. 

_ Specimens of this species were taken in Texas, where it is not as 
‘common as the next species, with which it was found associated. 
Specimens were also taken in Colorado, by EK. J. Oslar, but are with- 
out locality or date. 


* 
. 


iz 








S06 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





131. ORCHELIMUM LONGIPENNE Scudder. 
Orchelimum longipenne ScupvER, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, 1862, p. 453. 


Quite common in the vicinity of lakes or water courses in southern 
Texas. The species differ from herbaceum in having a slightly longe 
ovipositor, and the form is not nearly so slender, especially in the males. 
The presence or absence of a dorsal stripe on the pronotum is not ai 
very stable character for the separation of species in this genus, as there | 
is considerable variation in this respect. 


i 

132. XIPHIDIUM FASCIATUM De Geer. ki 

ae i 

Niphidium fasciatum Dr GEER, Mem., LI) W733 pe 408) ols oxy ose N 
A common and widely spread species. It often comes to light, 





sometimes in considerable numbers. Many specimens of both sex 
were taken at Victoria, Texas, in June and July, and one male speci-- 
men was taken at Montevista, Colorado, on August 13. 


133. XIPHIDIUM SALTANS Scudder. 


Niphidium saltans SCUDDER, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Nebr., 1871, p. 249. 
One male and six females at Fort Collins, August 10, in rank grass, . 
134. XIPHIDIUM STRICTUM Scudder. 


Xiphidium strictum ScupprEr, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X VII, 1875, p. 460. 
1 es ] 


ae EE eae et et EES, 


Several females were taken near Victoria, Texas in June, 1902. 
They were in reeds near a swamp and both mature and immature 
I # 
specimens were taken. No males were seen, 


135. XIPHIDIUM VICINUM Morse. 


Syed Ss ERED Meret eee. ee 


Niphidium vicinum Morse, Can. Ent., XX XIII, 1901, p. 203. 


Three males and two females of this species were taken at Fort Cok 
lins on August 10, in rank grass. The females and one of the males. 
are of the form called productum by Professor Morse. 


st ah egy Sle ay ll 


136. CAPNOBATES FULIGINOSUS Thomas. 


a 
Locusta fuliginosus Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., V, 1872, p. 3, 


pl. 1, fig. 9: 

ry . . . 5 
Two males at Bright angel; Arizona on July 13, in the Colorado 
Canyon at an altitude of 3,000 feet. The spines on the outer inferior; 
side of the fore femora of some specimens of this species are whol 
wanting, their location being indicated by piceous spots. 
137, ANABRUS COLORADUS Thomas. ; 
Anabrus coloradus Triomas, Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872, p. 440. : 
Six males, five females, Cumbres, August 14; Pikes Peak, July 21 

and South Park, by Oslar, 








“No. 1333. _ NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 807 





= At Cumbres the males were eatilet ating about 10 o’clock in the 
morning, and that led to their capture. They were in the erass and 
would never have been discovered but for their sone. But evenwhen 
once discovered their capture was not at all assured, for they blended 
ip color with the grass so perfectly and were so active in e ‘luding the 
“grasp that many would escape when almost in the bottle. 


138. ANABRUS PURPURASCENS Uhler. 
Anabrus purpurascens UHLER, Proc. Ent. Soe. Philad., IT, 1864, p. 950, 
One pair, Fort Collins, August 10, on the prairie out half a mile 
from the foothills. The males were stridulating. 


139. EREMOPEDES BALLI Caudell. 


Eremopedes balli CaupE.1, Can. Ent., XX XIV, 1902, p. 100. 


_ Six males, three females, Fort Collins, August 19; five males and 
three females, Williams, Arizona, from June 6 to July 30, and one 
male at Flagstaff, Arizona, on July 4. The specimens from Wil- 
diams were found under bark, quite a surprising fact considering the 
habitat of the type specimens. In the more immature specimens the 
lateral lobes are persistently striped with a longitudinal blackish stripe 
which extends across the thorax and nearly to the end of the abdomen. 
On the thorax the stripe is sharply defined above and fades out gradu- 
ally below. At Williams they appear to mature about a month earlier 
than at Fort Collins, the mature specimens being taken at the former 
place on July 1. The mature individuals from Arizona have the pos- 
terior femora marked externally by two black stripes, as mentioned 
under the next species. 


‘ 140. EREMOPEDES UNICOLOR Scudder. 
Hremopedes unicolor ScuppER, Proc. Davenp. Acad. Nat. Sci., VIII, 1899, p. 97. 


— One female from Hot Springs, Arizona June 12. This specimen is 
somewhat larger than the type and the pronotum is somewhat infus- 
-eated, the infuscation confined to a little more than the anterior half 
and not reaching to the inferior margins of the lateral lobes, though 
there is a dash of black next the margin just above the sinus. The 
posterior femora have two longitudinal black streaks, converging 
“somewhat als hae The measurements are as follows: 

Length of thorax, 8.5 mm.; fore femora,  mm.; hind femora, 26 
‘mm.; ovipositor, 19 mm. 


41. PLAGIOSTIRA ALBONOTATA Scudder. 
Plagiostira albonotata ScuppEr, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 901. 


_ One pair of this handsome insect was taken at Williams, Arizona, 
on July 24. They were found on sagebrush. 


= 


. 





808 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


142. ATELOPLUS NOTATUS Scudder. 
Ateloplus notatus ScuppeEr, Proc. Davenp.-Acad. Nat. Sci., VIII, 1899, p. 98. 
One mature female and three nymphs at Hot Springs, Arizona July | 
13 to 22. Thesmallest nymphs were collected on the earlier date. The — 
mature specimen agrees with the type specimen in the collection of | 
the National Museum except that there is no dorsal stripe present. 

. 

143. CEUTHOPHILUS DEVIUS Scudder. 


Ceuthophilus devius Scupper, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XXX, 1894, pp. 30) 
99-100. 


A mature individual was taken at Durango by Oslar. 
144. CEUTHOPHILUS VALGUS Scudder. 


Ceuthophilus valgus ScuppEr, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XXX, 1894, pp. 27a 


74-75. 


Several specimens of both sexes in South Park, by Oslar. 





145. CEUTHOPHILUS VINCULATUS Scudder. 


Ceuthophilus vinculatus ScuppER, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XXX, 1894, pp. 
29, 91-92. 


Specimens of what I take to be the young of this species were taken | 


at the head of Chimney Gulch, above Golden, May 13. They were 
found in an old decaying stump. 


146. UDEOPSYLLA ROBUSTA Haldeman. 


Phalangopsis robusta FALDEMAN, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., II, 1850, p. 346. 


One female by E. J. Oslar, marked ‘‘ Colorado.” 


Family GRYLLIDZ. 
147- MYRMECOPHILA NEBRASCENSIS Scudder. 
Myrmecophila nebrascensis ScuppErR, Psyche, VIII, 1899, pp. 425, 427-428. 


Several specimens of this species were taken at Williams, Arizona 


» 


on May 26 and June 3. 
148. CYCLOPTILUS SQUAMOSUS Scudder. 
Cycloptilus squamosus ScuppEr, Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1868, p. 142. 
One female specimen on cotton at Victoria, Texas in late June. 
149. NEMOBIUS FASCIATUS De Geer. 
Gryllus fasciatus Dk GrEer, Mem., III, 1773, p. 522, pl. xxiu, fig. 5. 


r . Raise . 

Phe macropterous form of this species occurred in large numbers at 
light in Victoria, Texas during the latter part of June, many hun 
dreds being easily gathered in one evening from the various lights 






< 1333. _ NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELLI. 809 












‘scattered around through the fon. But few brachypterous forms 
were seen at light. In Colorado but a single specimen of the mac rop- 
terous form was seen, one by Oslar without date or locality. Brac hyp- 


7 
terous specimens of bet sexes were taken at Fort Collins on Aucust 10. 


150. NEMOBIUS UTAHENSIS Scudder. 


Nemobius utahensis ScuppEr, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., TV. 1896. pp. 99, 103-104. 
; ; : : : 
— One male of what is evidently this species was taken at Sedalia June 
15, and a freshly matured one at Montevista Aucust 13. 


151. GRYLLUS ABBREVIATUS Serville. 
Gryllus abbreviatus SERVILLE, Orth., 1839, p. 336. 


One male referable to this species was taken at Fort Collins August 
a, and one at Sedalia June 15. The one from Fort Collins was freshly 
Me ctured when found. An immature female was also taken at Fort 
Collins August 10. 

' 

| 152. GRYLLUS PENNSYLVANICUS Burmeister. 

; 

i Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister, Handb. Ent., I], 1838, p. 734. 

_ The nymphs of what is evidently this species occurred in the cotton 

fields about Victoria, Texas in late June. Mature macropterous 
females were taken in woods under logs in early July. Brachypterous 
males and females were collected in Colorado at Golden, June 5: Den- 

yer, June 17; Platte Canyon, June 10, and Grand Junction, July 7. 
M:. Oslar ee a macropterous female at Canyon City. A. pair of 

—Gryllus neglectus, which may be considered a variety of this species, 


was taken at Canyon City in July by Oslar. 
153. GRYLLUS PERSONATUS Uhler. 
Gryllus personatus Unter, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., II, 1864, p. 547. 
Two males, three females, Grand Junction, by Oslar, all macrop- 


terous; one brachypterous male was taken at Winslow, Arizona, by 
Messrs. Schwarz and Barber. 


154. 2ECANTHUS QUADRIPUNCTATUS Beutenmiller. 


(Ecanthus quadripunctatus BevreENMULLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, 
pp. 250-251, 271, fig. 5. 


This species is quite common in the cotton fields of southern Texas. 
Specimens were also collected in Colorado at Fort Collins. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LV 


Fig. 1. Melanoplus coloradus, new species, male. 

Melanoplus coloradus, new species, male, end of abdomen. 
2. Psinidia sulcifrous var.-amplicornus, new variety, female. 
3. Heliastus guanieri, new species, female. 
4. Melanoplus latifercula, new species, male. 

Melanoplus latifercula, new species, male, end of abdomen. 








ae 
ONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LV 








SOME AMERICAN ORTHOPTERA. 
’ 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 809. 


A REVIEW OF THe CYPRINOID FISHES OF JAPAN. 


By Davin Starr Jordan and Henry W. Fowier, 
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University. 


In the present paper is given an account of the Cyprinids, or carp- 
like fishes, known to inhabit the rivers and lakes of Japan. In Japan, 
as in most other regions outside of Polynesia, Australia, and South 
America, the Cyprinide far outnumber all other fresh-water fishes, 
and probably numerous species yet remain undescribed, especially in 
the rivers of Kiusin. This paper is based on material belonging to the 
United States National Museum and to the museum of Leland Stan- 
ford Junior University. Most of it was collected in 1900 by Pro- 
fessors Jordan and Snyder. The illustrative plates are drawn by Mrs. 
Chloe Lesley Starks and Mr. Charles Bradley Hudson. 


Family CY PRINID. 
CARPS. 


é EP Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries alone; lower 
Pharyngeal bones well developod, falciform, nearly parallel with the 
gill arches, each provided with 1 to 3 series of teeth in small number, 
4to 7 in the main row, and a less number in the others, if more are 
present. Head naked; body usually scaly. Barbels 2 or 4, often 
absent. Belly usually rounded, rarely compressed, never serrated. 
Gill openings moderate, the membranes broadly joined to the isthmus. 
Branchiostegals always 8. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudo- 
‘branchiz usually present. No adipose fin. Dorsal fin short or elon- 
gate. Ventral fins abdominal. Air bladder usually large, commonly 
divided into an anterior and a posterior lobe, not inclosed in a bony 
‘capsule, rarely wanting. Stomach without appendages, appearing as 
a simple enlargement of the intestines. Fishes:mostly of moderate or 
small size, inhabiting the fresh waters of the Old World and of North 
America, ae abundant where found, both in individuals and 
species. The spring, or breeding dress, of the males is often peculiar. 
iB oP of the head, and often the fins or various portions of the body, 
ered with small tubercles, outgrowths from the epidermis. 


= == >|: 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. Ta eNe RSeUNE VOL. XXVI-No. 1334 





a 


812 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X 



















The fins and ion er parts of the body in the spring males are of 
charged with bright pigment, the prevailing color of which is red 
although in some genera it is satin-white, yellowish, or black. 


a Dorsal fin short, of 8 to 15 rays, usually without serrated spine; no anal spine; aii 
bladder normally placed. 
bh Ruoprr». Intestinal canal elongate, usually more than twice length of body 
teeth one-rowed, with grinding surface; lips thin; body compressed; perite 
neum black; species herbivorous. 

¢ Barbels none; body deep, compressed; scales rather small, closely imbricated 
about 55 in lateral line; teeth 5—5, with serrate edges; anal fin rather 
long. soon e8e di oe os Ee ee ee ee Pseudoperilampus, 1, 
cc Barbels present, at the end of each maxillary; scales large, 36 to 40. 

d Body rather deep, rhomboid, compressed. 


e Teeth serrate; dorsal long, of about 15 rays..--...--.- Paracheilognathus, 
Teeth with entire edges; dorsal moderate, of about 12 rays. 
Acheilognathus, 3 
dd Body rather elongate, lanceolate in outline; dorsal short, of about 10 rays 
teeth.entire. . 202 22h. 4 eee eee es Gnathopogon, 


bb Intestinal canal short, less than twice length of body; teeth one, two, or thre 
rowed; peritoneum usually pale. Species more or less carnivorous. 

J Teeth hooked, slender, none of them molar, the grinding surface, 
present, very narrow. Q 

g Barbels present, well developed, one of them terminal on the maxil-— 


lary. 
h Barwin. Dorsal fin with its first developed ray thickened or spine- 
like. t 
i Barbels two on each side; teeth three-rowed; lips thick; head with h 
mucous cavities [uo SP ees ee ee Hemibarbus, 5. 


hh Gosiontn&. Dorsal fin without spine-like ray; scales large. 
) Teeth 1, 2 or 3, 5—6 or 5, 3, 2 or 1, two-rowed. 
k Lips thin; mouth, terminal, oblique; dorsal nearly over ve 


trals ~ 2s S55. hcie eg See ee eee Leucogobio, 
kk Lips broad and papillose; mouth small, protracted down- 
Ward< 2.2230. lo os See ee Pseudogobio, 


jj Teeth one-rowed, 5—5. ] 
/ Mouth inferior; lips rather thick, ventrals behind front ol 


dorsal. 
m Dorsal fin low, its median rays not produced; head 
rounded above <2 a2 === eee Sarcocheilichthys, 
mm Dorsal fin high, its median rays produced in males 
- head flattened: aboyeloss==eeee sae eee Abbottina, 
// Mouth terminal, oblique, the lower jaw projecting; hea 
depressed: and pointed =--2 2 =se— eee ae Zezera, 10 
gg Levciscixe. Barbels wanting. 


n Teeth one-rowed, 5—5; a notch on shoulder gird 
below, inside gill opening; scales large. 

o Snout very blunt, rounded; mouth inferior. Biwia, 11 
oo Snout long; mouth small, terminal, nearly verti- 
Cal ono ye ee ee Pseudorasbora, 12 

nn ‘Teeth two-rowed; 2, 5—4, 5, or 6, 2 or 1. 
p Lateral line straight; teeth 2, 5—5, 2; mouth ter 
minal, very oblique; scales large, about 4 

Otakia, 1 

pp Lateral line curved downward. 

























JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 813 

q Dorsal fin inserted in adyance of ventrals: scales 
small, about 75; dorsal fin short; teeth 2, 
DO ee Vee ee re ee ean 14. 

qq Dorsal inserted behind ventrals; teeth 2, 4 or 
d—9, 2 or I. 


r Lateral line complete_......._._. Leuciseus, 15 
rr Lateral line incomplete; teeth 2, 5—4 or. 5 
ieee SE Rey | Meio Fen oe Phoxinus, 16 
2 : nnn Teeth three-rowed. 


s Abdomen behind ventrals, its edge rounded, 
as usual; anal in male elevated. 

t Upper jaw normal, without deep notch; 
teethrdsiory 264) -4%or <5—5: | 4Ror 1: 
Gales AOE i00 sae ee ne oe eee Zacco, AT 

tt Upper jaw produced, with a deep notch; 
teeth 2,4,5—5,4,2. Scales about 50_-. 

Opsartichthys, 18 

ss Abdomen behind ventrals, compressed to 

an edge; before ventrals rounded; anal 

elongate of 15 rays; first dorsal ray more 

or less enlarged and spine-like; teeth 2, 

4, 5—5, 4, 2; scales small, about 70..__.- 

; Ischikawia, 19 

1 CypRININe. Dorsal fin many-rayed, preceded by a strong, serrated spine; anal 
‘spine present; teeth molar. 

uw Barbels none; teeth 4—4, one-rowed_.- 

Carassius, 20 

uu Barbels two on each side; teeth three- 

rowed, 1, 1, 3—3, 1, 1_-- Cyprinus, 21 


i SO Om Le AV PU sS Bleeker: 
Pseudoperilampus BLEEKER, Versl. Med. Ak. Vet. Amst., XV, 1863, p. 235, (typus). 
- Body short, deep, and rhomboid. Head small, and the upper profile 
cave over the eyes; eye large; snout bluntly pointed; mouth small, 
ique; no barbels; teeth 5—5, the sides serrate: interorbital space 
ad. Intestine long. Peritoneum black. Scales small, and very 
owly imbricated, about 55 in lateral line. Origin of dorsal nearer 
e of caudal than tip of snout, its base rather long, with 10 deyeloped 
‘s; anal with 10 developed rays; caudal emarginate; ventrals inserted 
ore dorsal. Lateral line nearly straight and continuous. 
Herbivorous fishes of the Japanese streams and lakes, resembling 
he bream (Abrams). 

- (hevdns, false; perilampus, a related genus. ) 





1. PSEUDOPERILAMPUS TYPUS Bleeker. 
ZENITANAGO (COIN-MINNOW); NIGABUNA (BITTER CARP). 


_ Pseudoperilampus typus Burexer, Versl. Ak. Vet. Amst., XV, p. 235; Tokyo; 
Ned. Tyds. Dierk, I, p. 382.—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. O81: from 
Japan, same type. 

_ Pseudoperilampus sp. Isurmawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 12; Tokyo, Tegauma. 

ead, 32; depth, 24; D. ILI, 10; A. III, 10; P. 12; V. 8; scales, 55 

) the fagaced line; 12 scales between origin of dorsal and ie ral line, 
















S14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X 


and 10 between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5), 
width of head, 1$ in its length; snout, 42 in head; eye, 33; interorbital 
space, 24; pectoral, 13; ventral, 13. | 

Body rather short, deep, rhomboid, and compressed. Head small, 
compressed and bluntly pointed; upper profile of head concave oye 
the eyes; snout less than eye, rounded above and bluntly pointed; eye 
rather large, anterior; mouth small, oblique, the maxillary protractile 
and reaching below the nostrils, but not to the anterior edge of eye; 
lips rather thin; pharyngeal teeth compressed, with a narrow grindi 
surface; the sides serrate, and the tips slightly hooked; nostrils cle 
together on the snout in front of eye; interorbital space and top 
head broad and slighly convex. Gill openings rather large; gill-rake 
small and weak; pseudobranchial present. Intestine long, with ma 
conyolutions. Peritoneum black. 





Fig. 1.—PSEUDOPERILAMPUS TYPUS. 
















Seales rather small, and all more or less very narrowly imbricated, 
so that they are much deeper than long; no pectoral flap; ventral flay 
present. 

Origin of dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of snout, the ante 
rays the highest, the base of the fin about equal to the head, and the thi 
rudimentary ray stronger than the others; anal beginning about mid: 
way between origin of pectoral and base of caudal, or a little before the 
middle of base of dorsal, and its base a trifle more than head withow 
snout; caudal emarginate, the lobes pointed; pectoral reaches to witl 
ashort distance of ventral; origin of ventral well before that of fi 
dorsal, or nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, and reaching with 
a short distance of origin of anal. Caudal peduncle compressed, a 
its least depth a little over 2 in head. Lateral line slightly decury 
and continuous. 







0, 1834. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 81h 


Color in alcohol, dark brown above, pale or silvery below, and each 
of the scales above and on the sides with a narrow brown m: irgin, form- 
ing a reticulated appearance; top of head and snout dark brown: dor- 
sal and anal grayish, with 2 longitudinal pale or whitish bands: can- 
dal and pectoral grayish; ventrals pale; sides with a pale lateral streak, 
becoming more distinct and darker along the sides of caudal peduncle; 
a dark blotch above and behind gill-opening. 

_ Length 2% inches. 

This description from a specimen from Tsuruga. 

_ This species is represented in our collection by many examples from 
‘Tsuruga in Echizen, Tsuchiura near Tokyo, Matsushima in Rikuzen, 
and the Tokyo market. It is generally common in the streams of 
morthern Japan. From the species of Acheilognathus it is readily dis- 
tinguished by its small scales. 

(ru70s, type.) 








2. PARACHEILOGNATHUS Bleeker. 


Paracheilognathus BuErKxer, Atlas Ichth., [1], 1863, p. 33 (rhombeus). 

_ Body short, deep and rhomboid. Head small; eye moderate; snout 
pointed and slightly projecting; mouth small, inferior, the maxillary 
not reaching eye; a small maxillary barbel, generally less than half 
the eye; teeth 5—5, the edges serrate; interorbital space broad. Intes- 
tine long. Peritoneum dark or blackish. Scales large, some of those 
on the sides strongly imbricated, 37. Origin of dorsal midway between 
tip of snout and base of caudal, base of fin long, with 14 developed 
rays; anal with 10 developed rays; caudal deeply emarginate; ventrals 
inserted a little before origin of dorsal. Lateral line slightly decurved, 
and continuous. Short, deep-bodied fishes of the rivers of Japan. 

x (napa, near; acheilognathus.) 


2. PARACHEILOGNATHUS RHOMBEA (Schlegel). 


' TABIRA (SHINER); AKABABIRA (RED-SHINER); BOTE TANAGO¢ 
; (POTBELLY). 
Capoeta rhombea ScuieGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 205, pl. c, fig. 6; 
& streams near Nagasaki. 
_ Acheilognathus rhombeus BLrrKer, Prodr. Cypr., 1860, p. 299 
Paracheilognathus rhombeus Buerxer, Atl. Ichthyol. Cypr., 1863, Deco: 
Achilognathus rhombeus Giinruer, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 279; Nagasaki, from 
one of Schlegel’s types.—Isnikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 12; Tokyo, Lake 
Biwa, Yamashiro. 
_ Achilognathus steenackeri Sauvace,? Bull. Soc. Philom, Paris, 1885, p. 9; Lake 
3 Biwa. 
& “The name Tanago is used alike for the deep-bodied shiners shes for the surf-fish, 
Ditrema temmincki. 
>The following is the description given by Dr. Sauvage: 
> “D. 14-15: A. 11-12; L. lat. 38. auteur du corps contenue prés de trois fois et 
demie dans Ja longueur totale; longueur de la téte cing fois et un tiers dans la meme 



































S16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM. . VOU. xx 


Head, 44; dapthes 24 ie ile ia es Als 10;P., 143) V., 8-see 
37 in lateral line; 6 se lee between origin of dorsal and later al line 
and 7 scales between latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth, 5—5 
width of head, 12 in its length; snout, 4 in head; eye, 4; interorbital _ 

space, 24; pectoral, 14; ventral, 14. A 

Body deen rhomboid, and greatly compressed. Head short ang 
compressed; snout pointed, convex above, and slightly projecting | 
beyond the jaws; eye moderate, anterior about equal to snout; mouth | 
small, inferior, and protractile, the maxillary not reaching as far | 
posteriorly as the front margin of eye; lips somewhat fleshy; a small 
maxillary barbel generally less than half the eye; pharyngeal teeth | 
serrated, and hooked over at tips; nostrils together, nearer eye than } 
tip of snout; interorbital space broad, elevated a little, and flattened 
in the middle. Gill openings large; gill rakers short, weak, and rather - 
few in number; pseudobranchiz well developed. Intestine very ne 
and with numerous convolutions. Peritoneum dark or blackish. 

Seales large, cycloid, and some on the middle of the sides strongly 
imbricated; no pectoral flap; ventral flap rather short. 

Origin of dorsal about midway in the length of the body without) 
caudal, the anterior rays the highest, the base of the fin a little over ~ 
3 in body without caudal, the third rudimentary ray as long as first — 
developed ray, thick and strong, and the margin of the fin convex; | 
origin of anal about midway in the base of dorsal, or the space ~ 
between the origin of ventral and base of last anal ray, the anterior 
rays the highest, the base of the fin equal to head without snout, and — 
the margin of the fin nearly straight; caudal deeply emarginate, the — 
lobes pointed; pectorals rather small, low, and reaching two- ed: the | 
distance to origin of ventrals; ventr als inserted a little before the origin 
of dorsal and reaching almost to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle — 
moderately long, and its least depth 2 in head. Lateral line continu-— 
ous and nearly straight along the sides to base of caudal. ' 

Color in alcohol, dark brown above, the scale edged with darker; ) 
below pale, washed with silvery; sides more or less brassy; a dark, 
blackish streak, narrow at first and becoming wider posteriorly along 
the sides, continued along eG raudal peduncle, but not to a base of | 


dimension. Museau aussi long que l’eeil, dont le dame ee est compris trois fois i 
demie dans la longueur de la téte; espace interorbitaire plus large que le diamétre de F 
l'oeil; barbillons trés courts; dents pharyngiennes non dentelées; de gros pores autour 

de la partie supé rieure de lceil et sur le museau chez les males, anleeter les femelles. | 

Dorsale insérée a égale distance du museau et de la base de la caudale chez les femel-_ 
les, un peu plus prés de la base de la caudale chez les males; pectorales s’étendant A 
l’origine des ventrales chez les femelles, un peu plus courtes chez les males. Corps! 
de couleur argenté; chez les femelles une bande cérulescente sur le pédicule caudal; 
chez les males des lignes cérulescentes !cngitudinales dans la partie posterieure d 
corps. Un long tube externe urogéniia. chez les femelles. Longueur, 0, 100. Nom 
vulgaire, Puna; Akababira. 


JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 817 



























the caudal ; a dark spot above the ell opening; dorsal and caudal dark 
or Botackish with indistinct narrow bands, the other fins paler, but all 
jof them more or less tinted with brownish. 

| er in Be steel blues ies eet ees with silver luster; 


Me encth, 4 inches. 

This description from a specimen from Lake Biwa at Matsubara. 
Of this species we have very many specimens from Matsubara on Lake 
‘Biwa, from the Yodo River at Osaka, from the Chikugo River at 
Kurume, from the anes of popey® ido in rare eo Yoeo near 


jtion of K. one oka near fc on ae Bia It is the iarenet 
of the minnows of its tribe, and is almost everywhere common south 
of Tokyo, in me larger streams and ponds. In life it is brightly 


38. ACHEILOGNATHUS Bleeker. 


Acheilognathus Burexer, Ichth. Archipel. Indic. Prodr., II 
(melanogaster ). 


1860, p. 228 


’ 


Body more or less deep and compressed; head short; eye more or 
less large; snout rather short and blunt; mouth small, the maxillary 
not reaching the eye; maxillaries each with a barbel; teeth 5—5, 
smooth, with a narrow grinding surface; interorbital space rather broad. 
Intestine long. Peritoneum black. Scales large, some of those on 
the sides imbricated, 36 to 39. Origin of dorsal about midway in the 
length of body without caudal, base of fin moderate, with 8 to 10 
developed rays; anal with 8 to 10 developed rays; caudal deeply 
emarginate; ventrals generally inserted a little before origin of dorsal. 
Lateral line slightly decurved, and continuous. 
| Small fishes of the streams and lakes of Japan, Formosa, and China, 
tering from Paracheilognathus in the shorter dorsal and smooth 
edged teeth. 
| (a, without; ye7Aos, lip; yvadgos, jaw.) 
@ Shoulder with a more or less distinct, dark shoulder spot above gill-opening; sides 
_ with a more or less distinct longitudinal band posteriorly; belly black in adults, 
the color of the peritoneum showing through. 
b Barbels short, seldom more than half the eye; shoulder spot and lateral band 


Sara N (a EERE Ty Slag ee on AA cod on wa eiee venice limbata, 5. 
bb Barbels long, somewhat less than the eye; shoulder spot and lateral band very 
Manni nGheT SENG So oe eee ew eee ence en ee lanceolata, 4. 


‘aa Shoulder without dark spot above gill opening; a longitudinal dark band hegin- 
ning abruptly in-a dark blue spot over pectoral on the sixth scale from head 
Pndecontimuedstorbase ot caudal. 22.2. ..25..50.0--se00ccts eee ese cyanostigma, 6. 





818 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXY 





3. ACHEILOGNATHUS LIMBATA (Schlegel). 
ZAKO; TANAGC. 


Capotta limbata ScuiEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss, 1846, p. 203, pl. c, fig. 




















Streams near Nagasaki. 
Achilognathus limbatus Génruer, Cat. Fish., VI, 1868, p. 277; Nagasaki, fro 
one of Schlegel’s types. ; 
Acheilognathus intermedium JoRDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXII 
1901, p. 344; Lake Biwa (not of Schlegel). 


eo 

Head 4; depth 3; D. III, 10; A. III, 10; P. 15; V.8; scales 36 in lateral | 
line; 6 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line, and 6 scales bee 
tween the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5—5; width of | 
head 1? in its length; snout + in head; eye 3; interorbital space ee 
pectoral 14; ventral 13. e 
Body rather elongate, moderately deep, and compressed. Head | 
short, and compressed; snout short, rather blunt and not produced; ; 
eye rather large, anterior; mouth small, oblique, and reaching below } 
the nostril; maxillary protractile, and furnished with a small barbel | 
which is seldom more than half the eye in length; pharyngeal teeth | 
with a narrow grinding surface, smooth, and without serrations; nos- 
trils close together, and near the upper part of the eye; interorbital | 
space rather broad, slightly elevated and flattened medianly. Gill — 
openings rather large; gill rakers short, weak, and few in number; 
pseudobranchial present. Intestine with numerous convolutions. . 
Peritoneum black. ae 
Scales large, cycloid, and narrowly imbricated in the costal region; | 
no pectoral flap; a short, scaly, ventral flap. f 
Origin of dorsal about midway, or a trifle in advance, in the length | 
of the body without caudal, the anterior rays the highest, the base of 
the fin about 44 in body without caudal, the third rudimentary ray as 
long as first developed ray and rather strong, and the margin of the 
fin straight; origin of anal below the middle, or a trifle posterior, base 


similar to dorsal in shape, with the anterior rays the highest, the base 
of the fin less than head without snout, and the margin of the fin 
nearly straight; caudal very deeply emarginate, the lobes well devel-— 


oped and pointed; pectorals equal the head from anterior nostril to 


reaching beyond the origin of the anal. Caudal peduncle rather long, 
its least depth 24 in head. Lateral lines nearly straight, and contin b 
ous along the sides to the base of caudal. ~ 

Color in alcohol, dark brown above, tinged with olivaceous, and) 

















0.1341. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 819 





‘ing much wider upon the sides of the caudal peduncle; a dark spot 
labove gill-opening; dorsal grayish, with 3 darker longitudinal bands: 
jcaudal grayish, with several darker cross bands; pectorals orayish: 
-yentrals and anal black, with white edges; lower surface of the head 
pale or whitish. 

Length, 3 inches. 

| This description from a specimen from Lake Yoeo in Mino, above 
Lake Biwa. 

| Fresh waters of central and southern Japan, very abundant. We 
have a very numerous series from Lake Biwa at Matsubara and Kara- 
\saki, from the river at Tsuchiura, the Iwai River at Ichinoseki. from 
‘near Nagoya, and the Kitakami River at Morioka. 

It is the only species of the group common in northern Japan. It 
‘is known by its more elongate form, as contrasted with Paracheilo- 
\gnathus rhombea, though with a similar color pattern, with the addition 
‘of a black abdomen, and dark pectorals, and ventrals, in some adults. 
| Thedorsal radii are fewer than those of 7. rhombea and the pharyn- 
geal teeth are smooth. 

 (imbatus, bordered.) 


4. ACHEILOGANTHUS LANCEOLATA (Schlegel). 
ZAKO. 


Capoéta lanceolata SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1846, p. 202, pl. c, fig. 3; streams 
about Nagaski. 

Acheilognathus lanceolatum JoRDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 
1901, p. 344; Lake Biwa. 

Acheilognathus melanogaster BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo. Nedrl. Japan, VI, 
p- 92, pl. u, fig. 1; Tokyo.—Savuvaae, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 3; Lake 
Biwa.—GinrueEr, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 278; Tokyo, from one of Bleeker’s 
types.—IsHIKAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 12; Lake Biwa, Owari.—Gtnruer, 
Shore Fishes, Challenger, 1880, p. 72; Lake Biwa. 

Capoéta intermedia SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, p. 208, pl. c, fig. 4; streams about 
Nagasaki. 

Acheiloganthus intermedius GiinrHER, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 278, copied.— 
SauvaGe, Bull. Sci. Philom., 1883, p. 3; Lake Biwa.—Isnixawa, Prel. Cat., 
1897, p. 12; Tokyo; Yodo R. at Kyoto; Maebara and Matsubara on Lake 
Biwa. . 

mead tt depth 3; 1. Il, 9; A. III, 9; P. 15; V. 8; scales 38 in the 
lateral line; 6 scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line; 
and 6 scales between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 
5—5; width of head 1} in its length; snout 44 in head; eye 34; inter- 
orbital space 23; pectoral about 13; ventral 15. 

_ Body rather elongate, moderately deep and compressed. Head 
short, compressed; snout short and bluntly rounded; eye moderately 
large, anterior; mouth small, oblique, the maxillary reaching to the 
mostril, and protractile; maxillary barbel long, but little shorter than 
t e eye; pharyngeal teeth smooth, and with a narrow erinding sur- 
face; nostrils close together in front of the eye above; interorbital 


~ Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—0zZ 





oo 






























S90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSE UM. VOL, XX 





space broad, slightly ele rated, and flattened in the middle. Gill-open-. 
ines rather large; gill-rakers short, weak and few in number; pseudo- 
branchiw well developed. Intestine with numerous convolutions, 
Peritoneum black. 

Seales large, cycloid, and some narrowly imbricated on the side 
no pectoral flap; ventral flap small. 


of the body, without caudal, the anterior rays the highest, the base of 
the fin 44 in body without caudal, the third rudimentary ray more or) 
less stiff and strong, and the margin of the fin nearly straight; orig 
of anal below the posterior dorsal rays, and about midway betwee 
the origin of ventrals and base of last anal ray, similar in shape to t 
dorsal, the anterior rays the highest, the base of fin less than hea 


ventrals inserted a little before origin of dorsal and reaching to wi 
a short distance of origin of anal. Caudal peduncle rather long an 
its least depth about 24+ in head. Lateral line slightly decurved, a id 
continued to base of caudal. 5 


along the sides above the lateral line, and posteriorily; dorsal and: 
anal grayish, with several longitudinal dark bands across the former, 
and the latter broadly edged with whitish; caudal and pectorals grayish, 
Length, 3,°; inches. 4 
Here described from an example from Tsuchiura. i 
The species is very abundant in central and southern Japan. O ir 
many examples from Tsuchiura, the Chikugo River at Kurume, the 
Yodo River at Osaka, Lake Biwa at Matsubara, Katata in Omi, Lake 
Yogo in Mino, Funayado in Kiusin, Wakanoura, in Owari near Nagoya 
This species is distinguished chiefly by its long barbel and plain cok 
oration. The young are marked with a more or less distinct lateral 
stripe, but are without a dark spot above the gill opening. b 
(Janceolata, lanceolate.) i 


5. ACHEILOGNATHUS CYANOSTIGMA Jordan and Fowler, new species. 


Head, 4; depth, 3;4;; D. IIL, 8; A. IID. 6:)P 216: 0Ve3--dealess 
in lateral line; 6 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line, and 6 
scales between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5—dj) 
width of head, 2 in its length; snout, 33 in head; eye, 4; interorbi al 
space, 2%; pectoral, 14; ventral, 12. 

Body moderately deep, and compressed. Head rather small, com 
pressed; snout rather bluntly pointed and a trifle produced; eye small 










1834. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 





821 
anterior; mouth small, inferior; maxillary short, reaching to the nos- 
‘tril and protractile; maxillary barbel very short: pharyngeal teeth 
smooth, and with a narrow grinding surface: nostrils close 
jand near the upper part of the eye; interorbital space rathe 


‘i 


slightly elevated and flattened medianly. 


together 
r broad, 
| Gill-openings rather large; 
|gill-rakers short, few, and weak; pseudobranchix present. 

| Intestine with numerous convolutions.  Peritoneum black. 
"Scales moderately large, cycloid, and some of them imbricated on 
‘the sides; no pectoral flap; ventral flap small. 

- Origin of dorsal about midway in the body without caudal, the ante- 


‘Tior rays the highest, the base of the fin about 5 in body without caudal. 
and the upper edge of the fin nearly straight; origin of anal below the 
{posterior dorsal rays or about midway between origin of ventral and 
1 * . . F . . 

ibase of last anal ray, the anterior rays the highest, the base of the fin 


‘about 5 in body without caudal, and the upper edge of the fin nearl y 











| Fig. 2.—ACHEILOGNATHUS CYANOSTIGMA. 


straight; origin of anal below the posterior dorsal rays or about mid- 
way between origin of ventral and base of last anal ray, the anterior 
rays the highest, the base of the fin 12 in head, and the margin of the 
fin nearly straight; caudal deeply emarginate and the lobes pointed; 
pectorals reaching about two-thirds of the distance to origin of ven- 
trals; ventrals inserted below the origin of the dorsal, and reaching 
the origin of the anal. Candal peduncle rather long, a trifle shorter 
than head, and its least depth about 24 in head. Lateral line slightly 
decurved and continued to the base of caudal. 

_ Color in alcohol, brownish above, pale beneath; dorsal and caudal 
grayish black, the former with several darker longitudinal cross bars; 
anal grayish, with a broad marginal, whitish band; pectorals grayish; 
ventrals grayish black; snout dark brown; sides with a longitudinal, 
blackish band beginning abruptly in a black spot on the upper part of 
the sides about over the middle of the pectoral, and on the sixth scale 
from the head; no dark spot aboye gill opening. 

_ Length, 2? inches. 











822 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE 


























Type No., 779A, Ichthyologie: al Collections, Leland Stanford Junior 
University Museum. Cotypes are in the United States National 
Museum. Locality, Lake Biwa at Matsubara in Omi. : 

We have many specimens of this species from Lake Biwa at Matsus 
bara and its tributary, Lake Yogo in Mino. — It is distinguished chiefly 
by the dark, distinet, and nearly uniform lateral stripe beginning on— 
the sixth scale from the head in a dusky bluish spot. In young speci - 
mens. the character is readily seen, and they are easily separated from i 
the young of other species. | 

(Kva veos, blue; OTivpa, spot.) 


4. GNATHOPOGON Bleeker. 


Gnathopogon BureKker, Ichth. Archipel. Indic. Prodr., II. 1860, p. 454 (elongata). 


Body elongate and compressed. Snout depressed and without bony | 
prominence in front; eyes superior, not covered with eyelids; jaws - 
with thin and simple lips; maxillary oblique, ending before the eye; | 
two maxillary barbels. Abdomen not keeled. Dorsal with few rays 
before ventrals and ending in front of anal; anal with few rays. Lateral 
line slightly decurved. (Bleeker.) . 

No species of Gnathopogon was obtained by Jordan and Snyder, - 
The genus isa doubtful one, perhaps not distinct from Acheclognathus, 
An East Indian species, javanicus, is referred by Dr. Bleeker to_ 
Gnathopogon. 

(vvados jaws TOY GV, beard.) 
a Scales Bese ce as ctorals not reaching root of ventrals ....-.-----=-- elongatus, 6. 
: pectorals reaching ventral eae) =e eee gracilis, T. 





aa Scales 
6. GNATHOPOGON ELONGATUS (Schlegel). 
MUGITSUKI. 


Capotta elongata ScutEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 200, pl. c, fig. Ty 
streams about Nagasaki. . 
Gnathopogon elongatus JORDAN and Snyper, Check List Fish. Japan, 1901, p. ATs 
Lake Biwa. 
Barbus homogenes GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 136 (after Schlegel, the name | 
clongatus being preoccupied in Barbus). 


Head 4 in length of body, between tip of snout and emargination of 
caudal, and somewhat more than depth of body; D. III, 7; A. I, 63) 
P. 15; V. 1, 7; about 38 scales on the lateral line; 5 scales between 
the back and the lateral line; diameter of the eye equal to the length! 
of snout, which is + in head. Mouth somewhat spacious, its cleft 
very oblique, and extending nearly to the tip of the snout; maxillary} 
prolonged posteriorly for three-fourths the length of the snout; diam- 
eter of the suborbitals equal a third of the eye, but the length of th 
posterior nearly twice that of the others; length of maxillary barbe 





ere 





% 


of 


(Sno. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 898 





scarcely exceeding half the diameter of the eye; nostrils only sepa- 
rated by a thin lobe which covers the posterior orifice, opening upon 
the lower sides of the snout midway between the intermaxillary and the 
eye; interorbital space considerably more than the diameter of the eye. 
The edge of the opercle forms a somewhat obtuse and rounded angle. 
Upper part of the head rounded upon the sides; its upper profile 
straight until the snout, which is somewhat convex. Line of demar- 
cation between head and neck nearly straight; the skin of head and 
opercles smooth. 

Scales with their surfaces marked with fine strive, very compact and 
somewhat divergent. 

Insertion of dorsals slightly before the ventrals and nearer the head, 
the second and third rudimentary rays like the first and second of the 
anal, but the size of the fins a third larger than the latter; margin of 
anal straight, equals, or somewhat more than ventrals, and preceded 
by a weak spine less than half the length of the slender and flexible 
ray which follows, and which is also longer than the first divided ray 
of the fin; caudal emarginate, lobes pointed, and their length about 
half the fin; pectorals equal to head without snout and not reaching 
to base of ventrals by a space equal to half their own length; ventrals 
a fifth shorter than pectorals and almost reach the anus. Anus entirely 
after the origin of the anal and about two-thirds of the distance 
between tip of snout and base of caudal. 

Color in spirits brown above with silvery reflections, below pale; 
opercles pure silvery white and the fins uniform yellowish; scales 
sprinkled with numerous minute black dots; a broad and ill-defined 
band of bluish-silvery extending along the sides of the body. 

Two specimens, one 3 inches and the other 33 inches in length, taken 
‘in some stream near Nagasaki. (Schlegel.) The specimen taken by 
Otaki at Karasaki on Lake Biwa has been sent away. 

(elongatus, elongate.) 


7. GNATHOPOGON GRACILIS (Schlegel). 


Capoéta gracilis ScuHiEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 201, pl. ¢, fig. 2; 


streams near Nagasaki. 
Barbus homozonus Ginruer, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 137, after Schlegel, the 


name gracilis preoccupied in Barbus. 


Form elongate; depth 54 in the length of the body between tip of 
snout and emargination of caudal. Body posterior to dorsal slender. 
Head longer; eyes much larger; snout bulky and convex aboye; 
mouth cleft horizontal. Suborbitals narrower; barbels somewhat 
longer; pectorals very long and reaching nearly to the base of the 
ventrals; lateral line slightly decurved; anus remote from the anal fin; 
the scales much larger, only 25 in the lateral line; 4 rows of scales 
between lateral line and back and 5 rows between the former and the 


$24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





abdomen. The form of the fins and the number of their rays, the 
color, and all the other characters, are common with Gnathopogon 
¢ longatus. 

Length 24 inches. (Schlegel.) 

From a stream near Nagasaki; perhaps identical with Gnathopogon 
é longatus. 

(yracilis, slender.) 





5. HEMIBARBUS Bleeker. 
Hemibarbus Burrxer, Prodr. Cyprin., 1861, p. 281 (barbus). 


Body elongate, rather slender, and compressed. Head elongate, ~ 
somewhat pointed, and with many mucous cavities about the eyes and — 
along the edge of the preoperculum; snout long, blunt at the tip; eye 
rather large, high; mouth inferior, the maxillary not reaching eye; — 
lips fleshy; each maxillary with a barbel as long as the eye; teeth 5, — 
3, 1—1, 3,5. Gill-rakers short; intestine short. Peritoneum silvery; J 
scales cycloid, about 49. Dorsal inserted nearer tip of snout than — 
base of caudal, and armed with a slender, sharp, strong, and smooth 
spine; anal inserted far behind tip of depressed dorsal; caudal deeply 
emarginate, the lobes pointed; ventrals inserted behind origin of the 
dorsal. Lateral line slightly decurved and continuous. 

Large fishes of the streams of Japan and Formosa, allied to the ; 
European Barbel (Barbus barbus). a 

(42, half; barbus.) 


ip 

8. HEMIBARBUS BARBUS (Schlegel). ve 

“h 

SOI, NIGOI. ; 

Gobio barbus TemMIncK and SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 198, pl. 4 
xcix, fig. 1; near Nagasaki. ; : 
Hemibarbus barbus BuerKer, Prodr. Cypr., 1861, p. 281.—Jorpan and SNYDER, 
Check List Fish. Japan, 1901, p. 46; Yokohama.—Jorpan and EVERMANN, | 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1902; Formosa. i 
Barbus schlegeli Géxrurr, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 134; Formosa.-—IsHikawa, 
Prel. Cat. 1897, p. 15; Tokyo, Ise. am 

re! 

Head 3%; depth 44; D. III, 7: A. III, 6; P. 20; V. 9; scales 49 in if} 
; Gok é 3 3 Cee , “ 

the lateral line; 7 scales in an oblique series between origin of dorsal _ 


and lateral line, and 7 scales between the latter and middle of belly; { 
pharyngeal teeth 5, 3, 1—1, 3, 5: width of head 2+ in its length; snout :! 
27 in head; eye 5; interorbital space 37; pectoral 14; ventral 14; eye : 
2 in snout. 


Body elongate and compressed. Head elongate, pointed, greatly 


_ 
compressed, with many mucous cavities around the eyes, and below ; 
and behind the edge of the preoperculum; snout long, pointed, and 
produced; eyes moderately large, anterior and superior; mouth small, 
inferior, and with the upper jaw produced; lips fleshy and not broad; 
a slender maxillary barbel equal to the diameter of the eye; pharyn- 











bo 


a 
s 





i844. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 8: 


geal teeth in 3 rows, several with grinding surface, and compressed, 
and those in the inner row small; nostrils together, in front of the 
eye and about over the base of the maxillary barbel so that they are 
much nearer the eye than the tip of the snout; interorbital space 
broad and flattened like the rest of the top of the head.  Gill-open- 
ings large; gill-rakers 7—12, some of the lower ones rudimentary; 
those which are well developed short and fleshy. Intestine short, 
Peritoneum silvery. 
Seales large, of more or less uniform size, and cycloid; no scaly 
pectoral flap; ventral flap moderate. 
_ Dorsal fin inserted nearer the tip of the snout than the base of the 
caudal, armed with a long, straight, smooth spine, the anterior dorsal 
rays the longest, so that when the fin is depressed the first reaches 
‘beyond the others; anal entirely behind dorsal and midway between 
the origin of the ventrals and the base of the caudal; caudal deeply 
forked, the lobes pointed; pectorals reach three-fourths the distance 
to the ventrals; origin of ventrals behind that of dorsal, about mid- 
“way between tip of snout and base of caudal, and reaching a little 
‘more than half the space to anal; caudal peduncle compressed, its least 
depth a little over 3 in head. Lateral line continuous and slightly 
-decurved in front. 
Color in alcohol, brassy-brown above, the sides and lower surface 
| silvery. 
Length, 9% inches. 
This description from an example from the Yodo River, in Osaka. 
Fresh waters of Japan. Of this species we have examples from 
Lake Jinsaburogata at Nishitsugaru, Aomori (collection Sotaro Saito), 
the Yodo River at Osaku, the Chikugo River at Kurume, and from 
near Tokyo (Albatross collection). 


a 


(barbus, the European barbel.) 


6. LEUCOGOBIO Gunther. 

Leucogobio Ginruer, Ann. Ac. Sci. Pétersburg, 1896, p. 212 (herzensteini). 
Body oblong, slightly compressed. Head elongate; eye moderate; 
‘snout not projecting; mouth oblique, the jaws about equal, and the lips 
“narrow and simple; the maxillary barbel sometimes as long as the eye; 
teeth 6 or 5 and 3, 2 or 1—6 or 5—5—3, 2 or 1; interorbital space 
broad; nostrils close together. Intestine short. Peritoneum generally 
‘silvery. Scales large, cycloid, and not imbricated. Dorsal inserted 
‘midway or in advance of space between tip of snout and base of 
caudal; caudalemarginate. Lateral line nearly straight or only slightly 
decurved and continuous. This genus is related to Gobio, differing in 
its mouth, which is like that of Zewc/scus. It embraces two Chinese 
“species, Leucogobio herzensteini and Le ucogobio teniatus, and four 
_ Japanese species. 

# (AevKos, white; gobio.) 


> 








826 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVIa| 
a Dorsal generally inserted midway between the tip of the snout and the base of the — 
caudal; young with a black spot at base of caudal. - 
Lb Body deep; caudal emarginate; sides with longitudinal brown bands. z 
giintheri, 9. 
bb Body more elongate; caudal very deeply emarginate; a bluish-black lateral” | 
panda 2. <2 ok a et See jordani, 10, 

aa Dorsal always inserted much nearer the tip of the snout than the base of caudal; | 

young without black caudal spot; coloration more or less silvery. 











c Body deep; eye 4 in head; color silvery: ---- = 2222225) Sees ae mayede, 11, — 
cc Body elongate, rather slender; eye a little over 3 in head, above with a few 
PLOW SPOUS) 2 se See crete ae ea a biwe, 12 


9. LEUCOGOBIO GUNTHERI Ishikawa. 


Leucogobio giintheri IsH1tkKAwa, Annot. Zool. Japon., III, Pt. 4, April 30, 1901; 
p. 161; Maibara, Matsubara, ete., on Lake Biwa. 


Head 33; depth 32; D. TI, 7; A. IM, 6; P5155°V. 8: scales" 3S aime 
the lateral line; 6 scales in an oblique series between origin of dorsal — 
and lateral line, and 6 scales between the latter and middle of belly; 
pharyngeal teeth 5, 8—8, 5; width of head 14 in its length; snout 3} 
in head; eye 44; interorbital space 2£; pectoral 13; ventral 1%. 

Body moderately elongate, compressed, and rather deep. Head 
elongate, and pointed bluntly; snout bluntly rounded, a little longer 
than the eye and not projecting beyond the mandible; eyes anterior, 
moderately large, and 1} in snout; mouth rather large, oblique, so 
that the jaws meet in front on a level with the middle of the eyes and 
the maxillary reaches behind nearly to the front margin of the eye; 
lips somewhat broad and fleshy; a slender maxillary barbel about 
equal to the eye; pharyngeal teeth in 2 rows, several of the larger 
ones with grinding surface and those in the inner row small; nostrils ~ 
together, in front and nearer the eye than tip of snout; interorbital — 
space broad and slightly convex. Gill-openings large; gill-rakers — 
short, and weak; pseudobranchie large; gill-filaments long. Intestine 
short. Peritoneum silvery. 


Seales large, of more or less uniform size, and cycloid; no pectoral 
flap; ventral flap present. 

Origin of the dorsal in most cases midway between the tip of the ~ 
snout and the base of the caudal, though when depressed not reaching — 
over the origin of the anal; origin of the anal nearer that of the ven- ~ 
tral than base of caudal, and when depressed reaching more than half — 
way to the latter; caudal emarginate; pectoral about three-fifths of 
space to ventral; origin of ventral about under that of dorsal, and the — 
fin reaching three-fifths the distance to anal. Caudal peduncle com- 
pressed, deep, and in its least depth 2 in head. Lateral line contin- 
uous, nearly straight, only very slightly decurved in front. 

Color in aleohol dark brassy olivaceous brown above, and below pale — 
or whitish with silvery reflections; along the sides are a series of pale — 


‘ 
- 


0.1834. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. go” 









longitudinal stripes following in the series of scales, and that along the 
lateral line very much darker than the others; at the base of the eaudal 
_a blackish spot; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral brownish, the other fins 
pale; lips brownish. 

Length, 3,°; inches. 

This description from an example from Matsubara on Lake Biwa 
in Omi. 

Fresh waters of central Japan. Our very numerous series of speci- 
mens are from Matsubara on Lake Biwa in Omi, Nagoya in Owari. 
Katata in Omi, and the Chikugo River at Kurume. 

From Ishikawa’s description of Leucogobio jordan we see little to 
distinguish it from the present species, although we hesitate to unite 
the two without further material. We have also not seen any speci- 
“mens with 6 teeth in the larger row. 

(Named for Dr. Albert Giinther.) 


| 10. LEUCOGOBIO JORDANI Ishikawa. 


Leucogobio jordani Isurkawa, Annot. Zool. Japon., II, Pt. 4, April 80, 1901, p- 
163; Lake Biwa at Shiwotsu and Matsubara. 


| 
| Head 3 (in total); depth 6 (in total); D. 10; A. 7; V. 8; seales in 
Jateral line 39—40; scales transversely 54-44; pharyngeal 6 or 5, 3—3, 
5 or 6; eye 14 in interorbital space. 

Head relatively long with the snout a little longer than the eye, 
which is a little less than the length of the head; mouth anterior, 
deeper than wide, its corner being halfway between the end of the 
snout and the anterior border of the eye; barbels minute, about two- 
thirds the diameter of the pupil. Pharyngeal teeth hooked at the end. 
Intestinal tract with only a single convolution. Peritoneum with a 
few pigments of brownish color. Number of vertebrae 33, of which 
14 enter into the tail. 

There are about 3 series of scales between the lateral line and the 
ventral fin. 

Origin of the dorsal slightly in advance of the root of the ventral, 
and just in midway between the end of the snout and the root of the 
caudal; caudal fin very deeply emarginate; pectoral fin about half the 
length of the head, without snout and terminating a long way from 
the root of the ventral; ventral shorter than the pectoral and 
terminating in front of the vent. 

Color silvery; back dark brownish, and a bluish-black band on the 
side of the body; a small triangular spot of a deeper color at the root 
of the caudal is very distinct in small individuals. 

Length 78 mm. (about 3;/; inches). 

Shiwotsu and Matsubara on Lake Biwa. (Ishikawa.) 

This species, not seen by us, is said to differ in a marked way from 
Leucogobio giintheri by its slender form, its longer head, and its longer 


828 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE 





and deeper emarginated caudal. According to the figure the pectoral” 


the posterior margin of the gill-opening. 
(Named for Dr. David Starr Jordan.) 


11. LEUCOGOBIO MAYED# (Jordan and Snyder). 


Gobio mayedx JorDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1900, p. 3429 
pl. 1x, fig. 2; Lake Biwa, near Karasaki.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check-List | 
Fish. Japan, I11, April 3, 1901, p. 46; Lake Biwa. 


Head 44; depth 44; D: I, 7; A’ TM Gs PF. 16-V38-) sealen in | 





teeth 5, 3—3, 5: width of head a little less than 2 in its length; snoug | 
32 in head; eye 4; interorbital space 33; pectoral 12; ventral 13. 7 


ar 





Fic. 3.—LEUCOGOBIO MAYED#. 


Body elongate, oblong and compressed. Head elongate, com-_ 
pressed; snout rather bluntly rounded, and a trifle longer than the 
eye; eyes moderate, anterior; mouth oblique, protractile, the jaws 
about equal and the maxillary not reaching to the front of the eye; _ 
lips somewhat fleshy; a small maxillary barbel; pharyngeal teeth in: 
the larger row with narrow grinding surface, and some of them 
slightly hooked; nostrils close together, in front of the eye above and_ 
also a little before the end of the maxillary; interorbital space broad 
and slightly convex. Gill-openings large and the membrane rather 
broadly joined to the isthmus; gillrakers short, few, and weak; pseudo 
branchize large; gill-filaments rather long. Intestine short. Perito- 
neum silvery. 

Seales rather large, of more or less uniform size, and cycloid; head 
naked; no pectoral flap and the ventrals with a well developed flap. 

Origin of dorsal much in advance of the middle of the body without 
caudal, and the tip of the first developed ray reaching as far poste- 
riorly as the tip of the last when the fin is depressed; origin of anal 
entirely behind dorsal and when the fin is depressed it does not reach 
quite half the distance to base of caudal; caudal deeply emarginate, 

























JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 899 





d the lobes pointed; pectoral falling rather in front of the or igin of 
irsall, and about three-fifths of the space to ventrals; origin of yen- 
als a trifle behind the origin of the dorsal, and reac ‘hing about three- 
ths in the space to the origin of anal. Caudal peduncle ¢ ompressed, 
ther long, and its least eae 2; in head. Lateral line continuous 
png the sides, and almost straight. 

Color in alcohol brown, pale or whitish below, and the body more 
iless silvery on the sides and lower parts; a pale longitudinal band. 
icoming darker along the caudal peduncle, alone the sides: fins tinted 
th brown, except the ventrals and anal, which are pale like the lower 
rface. 

ength 42 inches. 

This description from a specimen from Lake Biwa at Matsubara. 
Fresh waters of southern Japan, very abundant in Lake Biwa. 

Our many specimens are from near Karasaki, Lake Biwa ( (cotypes), 
0. 6272, Ichthyological collections Leland Stanford Junior Uni- 
rsity Museum (collection K. Otaki)) Lake Biwa at Matsubara and 
ze, the Yodo River at Osaka in Settsu, the Chikugo River at 
irume, and from near Nagoya in Owari. 

In young examples the fins are longer, and the lateral band more 
tinct posteriorly but without a dark spot at the base of the caudal. 
(Named for Kinichiro Mayeda, a Japanese student in Leland Stan- 
rd Junior University.) 


12. LEUCOGOBIO BIW (Jordan and Snyder). 


| Gobio biwe Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., X XIII, 1900, p. 340, pl. 
| rx, fig. 1; Lake Biwa near Matsubara.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List Fish. 
Japan, III, April 8, 1901, p. 46; Lake Biwa. 


Head 2 scepun about 6; 1D. Ill, 7; A. ILI, 6; P. 17; V. 83, scales 
in the lateral line; 4 Ele between the origin of dorsal and Jateral 
ie, and 6 scales between the latter and middle of pres pharyngeal 
ath 5, 83—3, 5; width of head 2 in its length; eye a little over 3; 
, Pr bital space 44; pectoral 14; ventral 13. 

Body elongate, rather slender and compressed. Head elongate, com- 
essed, and somewhat pointed in front; snout rather long, bluntly 
unded, and a little shorter than the eye; eyes large lateral and ante- 
x; mouth oblique, inferior, protractile, the jaws equal, and the max- 
ary reaching almost to the front of the eye; the jaws meet about level 
th the lower margin of the eye; lips somewhat fleshy; a maxillary 
rbel equal to about two-thirds the orbit; several pharyngeal teeth in 
2 larger row with narrow grinding surfaces; nostrils together and 
ar the front of the eye; interorbital space broad and flattened. — Gill- 
enings large; gillrakers short, few, and weak; pseudobranchie well 
veloped; gill-filaments rather long. Intestine short. Peritoneum 
th a little dusty coloring. 



























8380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X 


“Scales rather large, of more or less uniform size, and cycloid; hea 
naked; no pectoral flap; ventral flap small. 

Origin of dorsal much in advance of the middle of the body withou 
caudal, and the tip of the first developed ray reaching as far poster 
orly as the tip of the last when the fin is depressed; origin of ana 
behind tip of depressed dorsal a trifle nearer the origin of the ventre 
than base of caudal, and the fin reaching about halfway in the spae 
between; caudal deeply emarginate and the lobes pointed; pectoral 
reaching almost to the origin of dorsal and about three-fourths in the 
space to origin of ventral; ventral behind origin of dorsal, and about 
three-fifths in the space to anal. Caudal peduncle compressed, rather: 
long, and its least depth about equal to the eye. Lateral line continu 
ous along the sides, very shghtly decurved in front. 

Color, in alcohol, brown, pale or whitish washed with silvery below; 
above the lateral line and upon the upper surface of the head with fine 


Fic. 4.—LEUCOGORIO BIW. 


black dots grouped together on the edges of the scales in small spots 
and distributed irregularly; lateral line with a row of dark spots; a 
median lateral pale brown longitudinal band; all fins except ventrals 
with some dark color. | 
Length, 312 inches. 
Described from No. 6273, Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford 
Junior University Museum, cotype, from Lake Biwa, near Matsubara, 
from collection of C. Ishikawa. 
This species is only known to us from Lake Biwa, near Matsubara. 
With the exception of the two specimens before us and the type, 
know of no other specimens. 
(Broa, the samisen, also the loquat tree, the name of the largest lake 
in Japan.) 


%. PSEUDOGOBIO Bleeker. 
Pseudogobio BurrKker, Atlas Ichthyol., Cyprin., 1863, p. 29, (esocinus). 


Body elongate, rather slender and tapering behind. Head elongate 
pointed; snout long, concave above, and slightly produced, with it 
¥ 7 . 
tip bluntly rounded; eye small, nearer posterior edge of opercle thai 










”) 


11334 JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 55] 





p of snout; mouth small, protractile downwards, inferior, the max- 
Jary not reaching nostrils; lips broad, fleshy, and covered with well- 
eveloped papille; a rather short, thick, maxillary barbel; teeth 
mall, G6 or 5, 2—2, 5 or 6; interorbital space broad and concave. 
ntestine short. Peritoneumsilvery. Scales moderate, cycloid, about 
2. Origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; origin 
of anal far behind tip of depressed ventral; caudal emarginate; ven- 
vals inserted well behind origin of dorsal. Lateral line almost straight 
yr very slightly decurved and continuous. Dorsal and caudal with 
istinct narrow blackish cross-bands. 

Streams of Japan and Formosa. 

| (yevys false; gobio.) 


| 


KAMASUKA (SCYTHE FISH): KAWASAKT (RIVER-POINT). 


| 13. PSEUDOGOBIO ESOCINUS (Schlegel). 

| 

| Gobio esocinus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 196, pl. xcrx, fig. 2, 
near Nagasaki. 

Pseudogobio esocinus GinTuHER, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 175: from one of Schlegel’s 
| types.—Sauvaae, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1883, p.3 reprint; Lake Biwa.— 
| IsHtKAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 15; Yeshigo, Tama, Chichibu, Suwa, Shinshin, 

Owari, Lake Biwa at Matsubara, Katsuwa R., Yamashiro, Kyoto, Kuruma.— 
JorpAN and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 46; Lake Biwa. 

Head 32; depth 6: D. 1], 8; A. Ll, 7; P. 16; V. 8; scales 42 in the 
lateral line; 5 scales in an oblique series between origin of dorsal and 
lateral line, and 5 scales between the latter and middle of belly; phar- 
yngeal teeth 6 or 5, 2—2, 5 or 6; width of head 2 in its length; snout 
2 in head; eye 5; interorbital space 44; pectoral 13; ventral 13. 

Body elongate, rather slender, tapering behind, and somewhat com- 
pressed. Head elongate, pointed, and compressed; snout long, com- 
pressed, concave above, and slightly produced beyond the mandible, 
the tip bluntly rounded; eye rather small, 25 in snout, high, and 
nearer the posterior edge of opercle than the tip of the snout; mouth 
small, protractile downwards, and inferior, the maxillary not reaching 
posteriorly as far as the nostrils; lips very broad and fleshy, and cov- 
sred with well-developed papille, a rather short thick maxillary 
parbel equal to two-thirds the eye; pharyngeal teeth small, slender, 
compressed, hooked, and those in the lesser row very small and feeble; 
aostrils together and nearer the eye by two-thirds the length of the 
snout; interorbital space broad and concave, and the top of the head 
also coneave. Gill-openings large and the membranes broadly united 
to the isthmus, forming a rather fleshy flap on cach side below: gill- 
vakers developed as. numerous soft stumpy excrescences; oill-filaments 
long and very numerous. Intestine with a single convolution. Pert- 
coneum silvery. 

Scales large and cycloid, none on the breast; no pectoral flap; 
ventral flap present. : 


R29 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 


OZ 









eee a the cae of ae snout; the aiteriae developed dora r 
extending beyond the tips of the last when the fin is depressed, and 
the upper edge of the fin straight or emarginate; origin of the anal, 
about midway between the tip of the depressed dorsal and the base 
of the caudal, and the fin reaching two-thirds the distance to base. 
of caudal; caudal deeply emarginate and the lobes pointed; pectoral, 
broad, rounded, and reaching beyond the origin of the dorsal, and 
almost to the origin of the venta origin of ventral well behind the 
origin of the dorsal, and when one extending for half the space, 
to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle rather short and compressed, its’ 
least depth about 4in head. Lateral line nearly straight and conta 
ous to the base of the caudal. 

Color in alcohol dark brown above, pale or whitish below and ws ashil 
with silvery; upper surface of the body speckled with darker brown, 
spots, the sides with a series of about 12 large brownish spots along 
the lateral line; dorsal and caudal with 5 or 6 narrow blackish cross 
lines; pectoral with a few brown spots, the ventrals and anal pale; 
barbels and lips pale. 

Length 714 inches. 

This description from an example from Lake Biwa at Matsubara. 

Of this species we have numerous specimens from Lake Biwa at 
Matsubara, the Kitakami River at Morioka, Matsushima, the Kinu 
River at Utsunomiya, the Chikugo River at Kurume, Tsuruga in 
Echizen, the Yodo River in Osaka, Kawatana in Hien, the Iwai 
River at Ichinoseki, Kaminutani River in Omi, and an example from 
the collection from Karasaki, Lake Biwa, from K. Otaki. 

It is one of the commonest of Japanese fishes, lying on the bottom 
among the rocks or weeds, in the fashion of the American species of 
[ybopsis. 





(esocin US, pike-like.) 


8. SAARCOCHEILICHTHYS Bleeker. 
Sarcocheilichthys Burrker, Cyprin. Prodr., 1860, p. 426 (rariegatus). q 


Body elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head elongate, bluntly 
pointed, and compressed; snout blunt and obtusely rounded; eye 
small; mouth small, inferior; lips rather thick and fleshy; a very small 
and short maxillary barbel; teeth, 5—5; interorbital space, convex. 
Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales rather small, 42. Ori- 
gin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; anal inserted 
below tip of depressed dorsal; caudal emarginate; ventrils inserted a 
little behind origin of dorsal. Lateral line almost straight and con 
tinuous. Breeding males with horny tubercles on snout and sides of 
head. Japanese species, resembling those of the American genus 
Semotilus. 3 
(caps, flesh: yeidos. lip; ius, fish.) 





vo 








eno. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 8833 


. 14. SARCOCHEILICHTHYS VARIEGATUS (Schlegel). 
HIGOI (SCARLET CARP), ABURAHAE (FAT MINNOW). 


Leuciscus variegatus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 213, pl. cr, fig. 
2; Nagasaki. 

Pseudogobio variegatus Gintuer, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 175; after notes of 
Bleeker on Schlegel’s type.—Isuikawa, Zool. Mag. Tokyo, VII, August, 
1895, p. 125; Otsu, Matsubara, and Maebara on Lake Biwa; Prel. Cat., 1897, 
p- 15; Lake Biwa, Maebara; Matsubara, Zensho, Tsuyama, Minasuka R., 
Kii.—SauvaGe, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 2, Lake Biwa. 

Sarcocheilichthys variegatus JORDAN and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 46; Lake 
Biwa. 

Head-32; depth 4; D. Ill, 8; A. II, 7; P. 15; V. 8; scales 42 in 
the lateral line; 5 scales between origin of dorsai and lateral line, and 
' 6 scales between the latter and middle of beily; pharyngeal teeth 5—5; 
_ width of head 14 in its length; snout 27 in head; eye 53; interorbital 
| space 34; pectoral +4; ventral 15. 

m Body elongate, oblong, moderately deep and compressed. Head 
elongate, bluntly pointed and compressed; snout moderately long, 
compressed, very blunt, obtusely rounded and not protruding beyond 
_ the jaws; eye small, rather high, 2 in snout, and anterior in the head, 
- mouth small, inferior and protractile, the maxiliary reaching as far 
| posteriorly as the posterior nostril; lips thick, rather broad and fleshy, 
- and the lower broadly separated by the hard, rounded, horny symphy- 
_ sis; a very small and short maxillary barbel; pharyngeal teeth hardly 
i hooked, and with broad grinding surfaces: nostrils rather Jarge, close 
~ together, and much nearer the eye than tip of snout; interorbital space 
_ broad and convex, and the top of the head also convex. Gill-openings 
large, and the membranes broadly joined to the isthmus; gill-rakers 

_ few, short, and weak; pseudobranchice well developed. Intestine with 

a single convolution. Peritoneum silvery. 

Seales large, cycloid, and imbricated along the sides; no pectoral 
flap; ventrals with a scaly flap at base. 

Origin of the dorsal nearer the tip of snout than the base of the 
caudal hy a space a little less than snout, the upper edge of the fin 
straight on, only very slightly concave, so that when depressed the tip 
of the first developed ray reaches posteriorly as far as the tip of the 
last; anal beginning much nearer the origin of ventrals than base of 
caudal, and the fin reaches more than half way to the latter; caudal 
forked and the lobes pointed; pectoral rounded and extending two- 
thirds the distance to base of ventral; ventrals entirely behind origin 
of dorsal, and extending posteriorly two-thirds the distance to anal. 
Caudal peduncle rather long, compressed, and its least depth 24 in 
head. Lateral line continuous and nearly straight along the sides. 
| Color in aleohol, dark brown above, below pale, or whitish washed 
with silvery, the sides more or less brassy; edges of most of the scales 
above and on the sides marked with brown; the sides along the lateral 










$34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 








ae ce a Sather oe brassy-brown longitudinal band, becoming 
most distinct along the aude peduncle; a black spot behind edge of 
opercle; fins all more less tinged with brown, the dorsal with a trace 
of a dark cross bar. Male deep steel blue in life, a dark lateral shade 
interrupted on tail to form a caudal spot. Dorsal rosy tinted above. — 
Caudal and anal bright yellow; pectoral and ventral with a se: arlet— 





3 
. 


area, head pink below. 

Leneth, 7,°; inches. 

This description from an adult male taken at Matsubara on Lake © 
Biwa. 

Fresh waters of southern Japan, very abundant, our many speck | 
mens from Matsubara on Lake Biwa, the Yodo River at Osaka in | 
Settsu, the Chikugo River at Kurume in Chikugo, Lake Yogo near 
Nagoya, Funayado in Kiusiu, Tsuchiura, and Tero ; 

The young of this species differs in color from the adult, as the | 
markings are much more distinct. The dorsal fin is pale, like the ven-_ 
trals or anal. and is crossed by a jet black bar. The lateral band is- 
also very distinct and generally results in a black blotch at the base of — 
the caudal. As they grow older these markings become more indis- 
tinct. During the breeding season the snout of the male becomes— 
covered with horny tubercles like those found in certain species of 
Hybopsis, Notropis, ete. - 

The following notes are given in a ‘* Preliminary Note on the Fishes — 
of Lake Biwa:” “ 


Young with yellowish ocher above, the dorsum bluish tinted; scales of sky-blue in 
front of dorsal; irregular sepia-brown markings, forming a straight line along lateral ~ 
line, below which the ground color of the body fades away into a pale blue; sepia-_ 
brown blotches along the back; head with sepia-brown markings on upper jaw, inter- 
orbital space, and neck. Pupil, indigo-black, surrounded by sky-blue; fins yellowish 
ocher, the ends of dorsal, ventral, anal, and middle of caudal lighter; a row of elon- 
gated black streaks on upper third of dorsal between fin-rays. 

Larger specimens brown above and on caudal; sides of head bluish, passing gradu- 
ally to light crimson toward the ventral side; lips pale blue; pupil black witha 
crimson ring; dorsal third of body darker brown with traces of indigo; dorsal two- 
thirds of body covered with sepia-colored scales; dorsal, pectoral, ventral, and anal 
light brown with indigo on anterior parts of dorsal and ventral; ventrals and anal 
edged with light indigo; basal third of caudal with longitudinal streaks of brown. 

Upper half of body deep indigo-blue, with scattered, darker-colored scales; below 
yellowish, quite light on ventrum, and with scattered golden yellow scales; ground 
color of head reddish yellow, the dorsal portion dirty green; eye deep indigo with 
crimson and indigo streaks around; dorsal and caudal greenish ocher; ventrals and 
anal white, with yellow stripes. 

(variegatus, varied. ) 


“Zool. Mag., VII (Tokyo), Aug., 1895, pp. 125- 197, by Dr. Ishikawa. 


4 


a 






Ino. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 8835 


9. ABBOTTINA Jordan and Fowler. 


Abbottina JorpAN and FowteEr, new genus (psegm«). 


| Body elongate, oblong and compressed. Head elongate, pointed; 
snout elongate, compressed, concave above, and slightly produced, with 
ithe tip bluntly rounded; eye small, high, and midway in head; mouth 
small, inferior, protractile downward, and the maxillary not reaching 
eye; lips fleshy, not papillose; barbels moderate, one ont Chechen 
lary; teeth 5—5; interorbital space flat. Intestine short. Peritoneum 
lsilvery. Scales large, about 388, none on breast. Origin of dorsal 
‘nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, and inserted far behind base 
of last dorsal ray; caudal emarginate; ventral inserted a little behind 
‘the middle of the base of the dorsal. 

Lateral line slightly decurved on the first 3 or + scales, after which 
itis straight and continuous. Dorsal and caudal with several dark, 
well-defined crossbars, as in Pseudogobio, which it resembles, but is 
easily distinguished by its smooth lips. Breeding males have the 
; median dorsal rays enlarged, so that the fin is very large. 

(Named for James Francis Abbott, late of Stanford University, 
since professor in the Japanese Military Academy at Etajima, who 
assisted Professors Jordan and Snyder in their work on Lake Biwa, 
Lake Yogo, Yodo River, and at Tsuruga and Misaki.) 


15. ABBOTTINA PSEGMA Jordan and Fowler, new species. 


ifead. 3%; depth, 44, D. Il, 8; A. I], 8; P. I, 11; V. 8; scales 38 
in the lateral line; 5 scales in an oblique series between the origin of 
the dorsal and about 6 between the latter and the middle of the belly; 
pharyngeal teeth 5—5; width of head 1% in its length; snout 24 in 
head; eye 5; interorbital space 34; pectoral a little shorter than the 
_ head; ventral 1. 

Body elongate, oblong, moderately deep, and compressed. Head 
elongate, pointed, and compressed; snout elongate, compressed, con- 
cave above and shghtly produced beyond the mandibles, the tip bluntly 
rounded; eye small, 24 in snout, high, and about midway in the length 
of the head; mouth small, inferior, and protractile downward, the 
maxillary reaching posteriorly beyond the nostrils, but not to the 

anterior margin of the eye; lips moderately broad, thick, and fleshy, 
but not covered with distinct papille, as they are perfectly smooth; 
barbel short, thick, and about equal to two-thirds the diameter of the 
eye; pharyngeal teeth small, weak, with a narrow grinding surface 
and slightly hooked; nostrils together, rather large, and nearer the 
eye than the tip of snout; interorbital space broad and flat, the top of 
the head also rather flat. Gill openings large, the gill membranes 
forming a rather fleshy flap on each side below; gill rakers short, 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 








56 


836 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX} 





weak, fleshy, end in moderate number; gill filaments long; pseud¢ 
branchiz well developed. Intestine with a single convolution. Peri 
toneum silvery. 

Scales large and cycloid, none on the breast; no pectoral flap; ven 
tral flap short. 

Origin of the dorsal nearer the tip of the snout than the base of the 
caudal by the length of the snout, and the upper edge of the fin greath 
convex on account of the great length of the median rays, so that) 
when it is depressed it reaches posteriorly nearly to the base of thei 
penultimate anal ray, and its length is equal to 2? in the body with 
out caudal; origin of anal at about the last two-fifths of the space 
between origin of dorsal and base of caudal, and when depressed) 
reaching about to the latter; caudal rather deeply emarginate, and) 
the lobes pointed; pectoral long, the first rudimentary ray stout and) 
strong, and the tip of the fin reaching beyond the origin of the dorsal, 





Fic. 5.—ABBOTTINA PSEGMA. 


but not quite to the base of ventral; ventrals inserted a little nearer 
origin of anal than that of pectoral, and reaching for two-thirds the 
space to the former. Caudal peduncle rather short and compressed, 
its least depth 2% in head. Lateral line slightly decurved on the 
first 3 or 4 scales, after which it is straight and continuous. 1 
Color inalcohol, dark, rich brown above, below whitish and silvery, 
and the sides and upper surface specked and spotted with dark brown, 
very distinct on the latter; dorsal and caudal with narrow, blackish 
crossbars, the pectoral also with blackish spots above, and the ven- 
trals and anal pale; axil of pectoral with a black spot; lips and barbels 
pale; length 42 inches. | 
Type No. 7721, Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford Junior 
University Museum. Locality, Yodo River at Osaka in Settsu. 
Cotype No. 50765, United States National Museum and Nos. 7721, 
7148, Leland Stanford Junior University. 7 


xo. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 837 


of 





We have many specimens from the Yodo River at Osaka in Settsu. 
the Chikugo River at Kurume, and the Iwai River in Ichinoseki in 
Rikuchu. 

In nonbreeding males, females, and young, the middle dorsal rays 
are not elongated, the upper edge of the fin being straight, and ‘ya 
sides are marked with rather large and distinct dark blotches. 

(péy wa, dust.) 

10. ZEZERA Jordan and Fowler. 


Zezera JORDAN and FowLeEr, hew genus (hilgendorfi). 


Body elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head rather small, 
depressed, and pointed, the upper and lower profiles straight; snout 
long; eye rather small; mouth small, terminal, oblique; upper lips 

rather broad; barbels 2; rather long, but shorter than eye; teeth 
small, 5—5; interorbital space broad and flattened. Intestine short. 
Peritoneum silvery. Scales small, cycloid, and not imbricated; 42 in 
the lateral line. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and 
base of caudal; anal inserted behind tip of depressed dorsal; caudal 
emarginate; ventral inserted slightly before origin of dorsal. Caudal 
peduncle rather deep and compressed. Lateral line straight and 
continuous. | 
(Zezera, Japanese name of a small minnow, from Zeze, a village at 
the head of the Yodo River on Lake Biwa, remarkable for its very 
long bridge, one of the “seven wonders of Omi.”) 


16. ZEZERA HILGENDORFI (Ishikawa). 
Sarcocheilichthys hilgendorfi IsHikAWA, New species of Japanese fishes Ms. 1902. 


Head 44; depth 32; D. I, Wee El. 6; RP: 16: V-.85-scales; 42 in 
the lateral line; 6 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line, and 
6 between latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5—5; width 
of head 14 in its length; snout 3 in head; eye 41: interorbital space 24; 
pectoral 13; ventral 14. 

Body elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head rather small, 
depressed, elongated, pointed, and the upper and lower profiles straight; 
snout long, pointed; eye rather small, anterior, and about 1} in snout; 
mouth small, terminal, very oblique, the mandible slightly produced 
in front, the maxillary protractile and not reaching the nostril; upper 
lips rather fleshy and dilated, the edge of the mandible more or less 
horny in the middle; maxillaries each with a barbel that is less than 
the eye; teeth small, weak, and hooked; nostrils close together on the 
sides of the snout and nearer the posterior extremity of the maxil- 
lary than the anterior margin of the eye; interorbital space broad and 
flattened, or only very slightly convex. Gill- opening rather restricted; 
gill-rakers small, few and weak; pseudobranchize present. Intestine 
short. Peritoneum silvery. 


838 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Scales moderate, cycloid, and not imbricated; no pectoral flap; ven- 
tral flap present. 

Origin of the dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal, 
the anterior rays the longest, and when depressed, the tip of the fin 
does not reach the origin of the anal; anal inserted a little nearer base 
of caudal than tip of pectoral, the fin short and reaching half way to 
base of caudal; caudal rather deep, emarginate; pectorals reaching 
about two-thirds the distance to origin of anal; ventral inserted slightly — 
before the origin of the dorsal, or a little nearer the origin of the anal 
than that of the pectoral, and reaching two-thirds the distance to former. 

Caudal peduncle deep and compressed, its least depth about 1% in 
the head. Lateral line straight and continuous. 

Color, in alcohol, dark brown, tinted with dull olivaceous above, 
below pale or whitish; the lateral line is within a broad, deep brown, 
lateral band, which really begins on the snout, passing through the 
eye and backwards, even upon the middle caudal rays: lips pale; some 
of the scales on the lower portions of the sides tinted with pale brown; 
dorsal, caudal, and pectorals grayish, the other fins pale like the belly. 

Length 42 inches. 

We have but two examples of this species, the specimen described 
(No. 7722 L. 8. Jr. Univ.) above from Funayado, in Kiusiu, the other 
in the U. S. National Museum, from the Kamo River, in Yamashiro, 
from the collection of the Imperial University. Dr. Ishikawa’s speci- — 
mens, the types of the species, came from the Ahasi River, in Mimisaku. 

(Named for Dr. Franz Hilgendorf.) 





11. BIWIA Jordan and Fowler. 


Biwia JORDAN and Fow er, new genus (zezera.). 


Body elongate, compressed, rather thick, and somewhat broad for- 
ward. Head small, and below, together with the interorbital region, 
broad and flattened; snout bluntly rounded and produced; eye rather 
large; mouth small, inferior, the broad suborbitals overlapping on 
each side; no barbels; teeth, 5—5; interorbital space more or less 
flattened. Inside of gill-opening with a deep notch below. Intestine 
short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales large, imbricated, cycloid and 
about 33; no scales on the breast. Origin of dorsal midway between — 
tip of snout and base of last anal ray, the radii 7; anal short, the ~ 
radii 6, and its origin behind tip of depressed dorsal; caudal emar- 
ginate; ventrals inserted about opposite the middle of the base of 
dorsal. Lateral line straight after the ‘first 3 or 4 scales, and con- 
tinuous. This genus is close to Pseudorasbora, the latter differing 
principally in the deep notch inside the gill-opening below. iiwia 
differs also in the form of the mouth, which is small, inferior, and 
ensheathed on each side by the broad suborbitals. 

(Named for Lake Biwa.) 


wt) 5. 


a Ee 





no. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER.  &39 





17. BIWIA ZEZERA (Ishikawa). 
ZEZERA. 

Pseudogobio zezera IsutKAwa, Zool. Mag., VII, 1895, p. 127, with plate; Lake 
Biwa at Otsu, Maebara and Matsubara; Prel. Cat., 1897 
ties; also Zensho and Tsuyama River. 

Head 43; depth 42; D. III, 7; A. II], 6; scales 33 in the lateral 
line; 4 scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line, and 
5 between the latter and the middle of the belly; pharyngeal teeth not 
examined, but probably 5—5; width of head 14 in its leneth; snout 4 

‘in head; eye 33; interorbital space 3; pectoral a little less than head; 
ventral 14. 

Body elongate, compressed, and somewhat broad forward. Head 
rather small, thick, and below, together with the inter-pectoral region, 
broad and flattened; snout very bluntly rounded and produced; eye 
moderate, high, anterior, and a little longer than snout; mouth small, 
inferior, the broad suborbitals overlapping on each side; lips very 
thin; no barbels; nostrils large, close together, on each side of the 
snout, and the internasal space much less than the interorbital space; 
top of head and interorbital space flattened, the latter much broader 
than the eye. Gill-openings moderate, inside and below with a deep 
notch, gill-rakers very small and weak; pseudobranchiz small. Intes- 
tine short. Peritoneum silvery. 

Scales large, cycloid, of more or less even size, and those on the 
sides imbricated; no scales on breast; no pectoral flap; no ventral flap. 

Origin of dorsal about midway between tip of snout and base of last 
anal ray; the anterior rays the highest; the base of the fin about 14 
in the head; the length of the fin, when depressed, 34 in body with- 
out caudal, and the margin of the fin convex; anal beginning well 
behind tip of depressed dorsal, or about midway between the origin 
of the ventral and the base of caudal, the anterior rays the longest, 
the base of the fin short, and when depressed, the tip of the fin 
reaches two-thirds the distance to base of caudal; caudal emarginate; 
pectorals with the outer rudimentary ray enlarged and stiffened and 
reaching three-fourths of the distance to ventrals; ventrals inserted 
about opposite the middle of base’of dorsal, or a little nearer the base 
of caudal than tip of snout, and reaching three-fourths of the distance 
to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 2 in 
head. Lateral line almost straight, only slightly decurved upon the 
first three or four scales of 1ts course. 

Color in alcohol, brown, darker above, the lower surface pale or 
silvery; top of head and snout brownish; edge of each scale dark 
brown, so that a well-defined reticulated color pattern is present; fins 
all more or less grayish, the dorsal and caudal with some dark brown 
mottlings or blotches; a series of round dark blotches along the sides. 

Length, 2;%; inches. 


, p- 16; same locali- 










840 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVr, 


= = = — 


This description from an example from the Yodo River at Osaka, 
the only locality where the species was obtained by us. We do not 
hesitate to identify these specimens with Ishikawa’s Pseudogobio ZEZET Ag 
as the characters in the main agree. However, he does not mention a 
notch inside the gill opening, a character also shared with Pseudorasbora. 

The original description is as follows: 

Head a little less than 5; depth 5; D. I, 8; A. I, 7; scales 38 ing 
the lateral line, transversely 43 above and 3 below; pharyngeal teeth — 
5—5d; eye 3% in head; snout with the front end abruptly turned down, 
forming a rounded angle with the upper side; eye large; mouth infe-— 
rior, horseshoe shaped, very small; barbels none; lower jaw with — 
pendant, lateral lips; pharyngeal teeth arranged in two groups of ‘ 
3and2. Origin of dorsal fin much nearer to end of snout than base 
of caudal. General color, shining, yellowish ocher, below silvery; a f 
series of round, blackish blotches along lateral line; a similar blotch — 
sometimes present on the occiput, and also along the dorsum; 3 to 4_ 
series of small black spots on the dorsal and the ventrals. Otsu, Mae- 
bara, and Matsubara, Lake Biwa (Ishikawa). 


Rein 


het 






12. PSEUDORASBORA Bleeker. 


* 
. 
: 


Pseudorasbora Burrker, Act. Soc. Indo-Neerl. Japan, VI, 1860, p. 97 (parva). — 


iw as 


qi 


Body elongate. Head pointed, compressed; snout bluntly pointed; 
eye rather large; mouth terminal above, oblique, the mandible pro- 
jecting, and the maxillary not reaching nostril; no barbels; teeth 5—5; 
interorbital space broad and flat. Inside of gill opening with a notch 
helow. Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Seales large, cycloid, 
and about 38; breast scaled. Origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout 
than base of caudal; origin of anal begins below tip of depressed dor- 
sal; caudal emarginate; ventrals inserted below origin of dorsal. 
Lateral line slightly decurved and continuous. Breeding males with 
the snout and sides of the head with horny tubercles. 

Small fishes of Japan and China. 4 

(ipevons, false; rasbora, a related genus.) 


18. PSEUDORASBORA PARVA (Schlegel). 


MOROKO: HAYA. 2 


. 
~ 


Lewciscus parvus Scuiecer, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 215, pl. cr, fig. 3; 
streams about Nagasaki. , 
* Pseudorasbora parva K NER, Novara Fische, 1867, p. 359, pl. XVI, fig. 2: Shanghai y 
(called Opsarus parvus on plate).—GinrHEr, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 186; x 
Japan, Chi Kiang, China.—Isnixawa, Zool. Mag., VII, 1875, p. 128; Otsu, @ 
Maebara, Matsubara; Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 14; same localities, also Yodo — 
River, Yoga Lake, Shima and Zensho.—JorpDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. 
Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1900, p. 344; Karasaki, Lake Biwa; Annot. Zool. Jap., 
IIT, 1901, p. 48; Lake Biwa. 
Leuciscus pusillus SCHLEGEL 
Nagasaki. 





, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., p. 216, pl. cu, fig. 4; near 


: 


3 
0.1834. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 541 





Head 44; depth 4; D. III, 7; A. II, 6; P. 1, 18; V. 8; scales 38 in 
the lateral line; 5 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line, 
and 5 between the latter and the middle of the belly; pharyngeal 
teeth 5—5; width of head 13 in its length; snout 3: in head; eve 38: 


9 
yA 7) 


interorbital space a little less than half the head; pectoral 14; ven- 
tral 15. 

Body elongate and compressed. Head pointed (compressed), the 
upper and the lower surface and the sides more or less flattened; snout 
bluntly pointed; eye rather large, anterior; mouth obliquely vertical 
and projecting in front the maxillary protractile, and not reaching 
front of nostril; no barbels; pharyngeal teeth rather small and hooked; 
nostrils close together in front of the eye above; interorbital space 
-proad, nearly flat. Gill-openings moderate, lateral; gill-rakers merely 
fleshy rudiments; pseudobranchiz developed. Intestine short and 
with few turns. Peritoneum silvery. 

Seales rather large, of more or less even size, and cycloid; pectorals 

with a narrow, fleshy flap; ventral flap moderate, pointed. 
_ Origin of dorsal anterior, nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, 
the anterior rays the highest, the base of the fin 14 in head, and the 
margin of the fin slightly convex; origin of anal much nearer tip of 
‘pectoral than base of ‘audal, small and similar to dorsal in shape; 
eaudal emarginate, the lobes roundly pointed; pectorals reach about 
two-thirds the distance to ventrals; ventrals inserted below the origin 
of the dorsal and reaching two-thirds the distance to origin of anal. 
Caudal peduncle rather long; compressed, and a trifle more than the 
space between origins of pectoral and ventral. Lateral line almost 
straight, or only very slightly decurved, and continuous. 

Color in alcohol, very dark grayish brown or black above, the sides 
and lower surface more or less silvery, each scale with a brown spot; 
sides with a pale, slaty gray lateral band, most distinct posteriorly; 
all the fins grayish brown or black, and more or less indistinctly 
spotted or speckled with darker. 

In life the adult is golden yellow, the male with nuptial tubercles. 

Length, 3,4; inches. 

Here described from an example from Tsuchiura, near Tokyo. 
This very abundant minnow is represented in our collections by very 
many series of specimens from Tsuchiura, near Nagoya in Owari, 
Lake Yogo near Nakanogo in Mino, Lake Biwa at Matsubara, the 
Iwai River at Ichinoseki, the Chikugo River at Kurume, the Yodo 
River at Osaka, and several examples from the collection of K. Otaki, 
from Karasaki on Lake Biwa. 

(parvus, small). 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





13. OTAKIA Jordan and Snyder. 
Otakia JorDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 345 (rasborina). 


Body elongate; head elongate, eye large, anterior; mouth ver 
oblique, lower jaw included, the maxillary protractile, and not reach- 
ing eye; no barbels; teeth 5, 2—2, 5, slender, hooked, and with 
scarcely discernable grinding surface in two rows. Gill-rakers on 
first arch slender, pointed; pseudobranchie present. Air-bladder 
large, with a median constriction. Alimentary canal short. Perito- 
neum silvery. Dorsal inserted a little in advance of ventrals, of 8 
developed rays, the anterior rays weak, and the edge of the fin cons 
cave; anal of similar shape, with 7 rays; caudal deeply notched, the 
tips pointed. Lateral line straight after the first 4 or 5 seales, where 
it is slightly decurved, and then continuous. ‘ 

Color, light, with a silvery, lateral band. 

Species of small size. | 

(Named for Keinosuke Otaki, a former student of the senior author; 
now professor in the Imperial Military Academy at Tokyo.) 


19. OTAKIA RASBORINA Jordan and Snyder, 


Otakia rasborina JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 345, pl. 1x79 
fig. 3; Lake Biwa. 


Head 4; depth 44; D. 8; A. 7; scales 40 in a lateral series, 10 ina 
transverse series above ventral, and 17 between insertion of dorsal — 
and occiput; eye 4 in head; snout 84; interorbital space 34; height of — 
D. 5} in body; anal 73; caudal 33; pectoral 6; ventral 63. | 





FIG. 6.—OTAKIA RASBORINA. 


Body elongate, its depth about twice that of caudal peduncle. Head 
elongate; eye large, nearer tip of snout than posterior edge of operele, 
a distance equal to half its diameter; mouth very oblique, the lower - 
jaw included, the maxillary protractile, and not extending posteriorly — 
to the edge of the orbit: no barbels, teeth slender, hooked and with a $ 
scarcely discernible grinding surface in two rows. Gill-rakers on first _ 
arch slender, long, pointed, and about 16 in number; pseudobranchie — 
present. Air-bladder large, with a median constriction. Alimentary 
canal short. Peritoneum silvery. 

Scales large. 


yee 


ho. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 848 





Dorsal inserted a little anterior to the ventrals, the anterior rays 
weak; 8 developed rays, the first the longest and preceded by a shorter 
slender, closely-adnate, simple ray, the other rays oradually shorter 
and the edge of the fin concave, giving a somewhat falcate appearance 
when depressed; anal similar in shape to dorsal, the first developed 
ray preceded by a weaker, simpler, adnate ray, the second ray the 
longest and the others shorter; caudal deeply notched, the tips pointed; 
pectorals obtusely pointed; ventrals not reaching vent. Depth of 


caudal peduncle about 2 in depth of body. Lateral line extending 


along middle of body and caudal peduncle and straight, with the excep- 
tion of a slight upper curve of the anterior 4 or 5 scales. 

Color light; a silver lateral band, and a faint dark spot at base of 
caudal: a narrow, dark, medium dorsal band extending from head to 
base of caudal; upper parts with minute dots, especially upon the 


edges of the scales; dorsal fin a little dusky, the others without color. 


Our specimen, probably young, 73 mm. (about 24 inches) long. 
Karasaki, Lake Biwa (Coll. K. Otaki) No. 49401 U.S.N.M. 

The above description is from Jordan and Snyder. No specimens 
were taken by Jordan and Snyder in 1900. 

(Name, a diminutive of Rasbora, a related genus. Rasbora is the 
Hindu name of [ashora rasbora.) 


14. TRIBOLODON Sauvage. 


Tribolodon SAuvaGE, Bull. Soc, Philom. Paris, 1883, p. 16 (punctatus). 


Barbels none; mouth small; suborbitals not dilated; pharyngeal 
teeth 5—2, recurved and hooked. Pseudobranchie present. Peri- 
toneum sprinkled with black points. Scales small. Dorsal with at 
least 9 divided rays, short and opposite the ventrals; anal short. 
Scales small; lateral line decurved and low, but terminating at middle 
of caudal. 

Of the group Danionina. (Sauvage. ) 

(rpiBora, harrow: 0d0vs, tooth.) 


20. TRIBOLODON PUNCTATUS Sauvage. 


Tribolodon punctatum SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1883, p. 6; Lake 
Biwa. 

Head 54 in total; depth 63 in total; D. 9; A. 10; scales 75 in the 

lateral line. Body elongate; snout much longer than the eye, whose 

diameter is 34 in head; interorbital space very much larger than eye. 


Dorsal midway between tip of snout and origin of caudal and a little 


in advance of the ventrals; caudal emarginate. Top of head black; 
small black points upon the scales; a bluish band along the back; 
extremity of dorsal black; ventrals yellow. Length 95 mm. (about 
32 inches). Lake Biwa (Sauvage). 

This species was not taken by Jordan and Snyder. 

(punctatus, spotted. ) 


844 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


- 





15: Lb UCIsGUssGimaer 


Leuciscus (Klein) Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed. 1817, p. 194 (dobula, rutilus, 
leuciscus, alburnus, and phoxinus), leuciscus, the natural type. 

Dobula Rarinesquk, Ich. Oh., 1820, p. 45. (No type mentioned; dobu 
understood. ) 

Leuciscus RAFINESQUR, Ich. Oh., 1820, p. 45. (No type mentioned; Jeucis 
understood. ) { 

Leuciscus AGAssiz, Mém. Soe. Sci. Nat. Neufchaétel, 1835, p. 38 (leuciseus), (no 
Leuciscus Heckel, and of Giinther, which is Rutilus of Rafinesque, the type 
being’ rutilus). 

Squalius Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, 1837, p. 6 (tyberinus). 

Leuciscus BONAPARTE, Fauna Italica, 1837, p. 6 (argenteus-leuciscus). 

Telestes BONAPARTE, Fauna Italica, 1837, p. 6 (muticellus). 

Cephalus BONAPARTE, Catol. Metod., 1846, p. 39 (cephalus; no diagnosis). 

Microlepis BONAPARTE, Catol. Metod., 1846, p. 39 (turskyi; no diagnosis). 

Richardsonius Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 201 (balteatus). 

Tigoma GirARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 205 (pulchella). 

Cheonda Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 207 (cooperi). 

Siboma GrraRD, Proc. Ac. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 208 (crassicauda). 

Clinostomus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 211 (elongatus). 

Protoporus Corr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Montana for 1871, 1872, p. 473 
(domninus). 


Body oblong, compressed or robust. Head moderate; mouth usually 
large and terminal; lips normal; no barbels; teeth 5, 2—2, 4, usually 
5, 2—2, 5 in the European types, hooked and with rather narrow grind- 
ing surface or none. Intestine short. Scales moderate or small. 
Dorsal posterior, usually behind ventrals; anal basis short or more 
or less elongate; caudal emarginate. Lateral line decurved, complete 
or variously imperfect. Size generally large, some species very 
small. A very large group, one of the largest current genera in 
ichthyology, represented by numerous species in the rivers of Europe, 
Asia, and North America. 

The Japanese species belong to the typical subgenus, Zeuwe/scus. 

(AevKos, white.) 

a Caudal peduncle not very stout, its least depth not two-thirds the head; scales not 


closely imbricated; dorsal usually inserted behind: ventrals. 
b Seales large, 35 to 45. 


e Scales.about 38 ....2. 22.02.22. 2 ee japonicus, 21. 
ec Seales 45 2.2.2.2. 20.2 eee ee ceerulescens, 22. 


bb Seales small, 60 to 100. 
d Seales 60 to 66. 
e Snout 33 in head. Sides nearly plain silvery........... phalacrocorax, 23. } 
dd Scales 70 to 78 ..--......--=--) scene hakuensis, 24. 
fee cece ee tos be ee taczanowskti, 25. - 
aa Caudal peduncle very deep and compressed, its least depth nearly equal to the 
depth of head. Dorsal inserted behind ventrals, much nearer base of caudal 
than tip of snout; scales loosely imbricated, 63 to 72; sides of body mottled 
with darker scales. 
f Snout 34 in head: teeth 2, 5—4, 9°72 re ee jouyi, 26. 


ae 
i 


0, 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 845 









21. LEUCISCUS JAPONICUS (Sauvage). 


“j iy a 17, > —! Ty An Ve . . ° ; 
Squalius japonicus SAUV AGE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris., 1883, p. 4; Lake Biwa, 






| Head 42 in total; depth 54 in total, D. 9; A. 8; V. 8; scales 38 in 
the lateral line; pharyngeal teeth 5—3. Snout slightly more than eye, 
which is 34 in head; no pores on snout; suborbitals narrow; interor- 
bital space flat, more than eye. Dorsal inserted nearer tip of snout 
than caudal peduncle, and somewhat behind ventrals; caudal emargin- 
ate. Lateral line straight. Color silvery; black points upon back 
and upon each scale of lateral line. Length 85 mm. (about 3,°; inches). 
Lake Biwa. (Sauvage.) 

_ This species has been observed only in the collection sent from Lake 
Biwa to Dr. Sauvage by Dr. Steenacker. It was not seen by Jordan 
and Snyder. 


22. LEUCISCUS CAZRULESCENS (Sauvage). 


Squalius czrulescens SauvaGs, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1883, p. 3; Lake Biwa. 


Head 54 in total; depth 54 in total; D.9; A. 8; scales 45 in the lateral 
line; pharyngeal teeth 5—2. Snout somewhat shorter than the eye, 
which is 4 in head; a few pores upon the snout; suborbitals narrow; 
interorbital space convex, and somewhat more than the diameter of the 
eye. Dorsal inserted somewhat nearer the extremity of snout than 
base of caudal, and somewhat behind the ventrals; caudal emarginate. 
Lateral line straight. Color silvery, clouded upon the back, and upo: 
the top of the head; a bluish band along the lateral line. Length 120 
‘mm. (about 4 44 inches). Lake Biwa. (Sauvage. ) 
~ This species is known only from the description of Dr. Sauvage. 

(cxrulescens, bluish). 


23. LEUCISCUS PHALACROCORAX Jordan and Fowler, new species. 


Head 33; depth 42; D. III, 7; A. Il, 8; P. 17; V. 9; scales about 
62 in the lateral line; 12 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral 
line, and 12 between latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 2, 
5—4, 3; width of head 2 in its length; snout 3} in head; eye 43; inter- 
orbital space 3; pectoral about Ly; ventral 1%. 

Body elongate and compressed. Head elongate, pointed, com- 
pressed, the sides somewhat flattened, and the upper profile slightly 
convex; snout rather long; pointed and slightly convex and produced; 
eye small, anterior, and 14 in snout; mouth nearly horizontal, only 
slightly inclined, the maxillary protractile, and reaching posteriorly 
to the anterior margin of the eye; lips fleshy, not dilated; pharyngeal 
teeth with narrow grinding surface, scarcely hooked; nostrils close 
together on the snout above and nearer the eye than tip of snout; 
interorbital space and top of head convex. Gill-openings large; gill- 
rakers short, and firm; pseudobranchie present. Intestine short. 
Peritoneum black. 












846 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, X 





Scales, cycloid, rather large, more or less even, and not imbricate 
no pectoral flap; a small ventral flap. 1 

Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caud 
the first developed ray the highest, reaching beyond the others to th 
origin of the anal when depressed, the base of fin 12 in its height, ; 
its upper edge nearly straight; origin of anal a little nearer tip o 
pectoral than base of caudal, the first developed ray the highest, reach 
ing beyond the others when the fin is depressed, and its base 1} i 
its height, and its margin nearly straight; caudal deeply emargina 
pectoral reaching a trifle over two-thirds the distance to origin of 
tral; ventral seven-ninths the distance to origin of anal. Ca 
peduncle rather long, compressed, and its least depth 25 in head. 
eral line slightly decurved, and continuous. 


C\ 
















FIG. 7.—LEUCISCUS PHALACROCORAX. 


Color in alcohol dark slaty brown, whitish or silvery beneath; dor 
and caudal brownish, pectorals also tinted with brown, all the other 
fins pale; a dark blotch along gill-opening above base of pectoral, 

Length, 5% inches. : 

Type No. 7723, Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford J unio: 
University Museum. Locality Tana River at Tachikawa. ; 

Cotypes 50784, United States National Museum. 

Of this species we have a number of specimens from the Tana Rive: 
at Tachikawa, Koshyu (Imperial Museum), and the Kinu River in 
Utsunomiya. The specimens from the Tana River were obtained by 
us, through the efforts of trained cormorants, procured by Dr. Mit- 
sukuri, Dr. Watase, and Dr. Tijima. 

(phalacrocorax, ‘bald raven.” the cormorant. ) 


24. LEUCISCUS HAKUENSIS Giinther. 
UGUI; AKAHARA (RED BELLY). 


Leuciscus hakuensis GtnrHer, Shore Fishes Challenger, 1880, p. 72, pl sax 
B; Lake Hakone (misprinted ‘‘ Hakow’’ ).—SreInpacHNER, Ichth. Beitr. 
1881, p. 15; Japan.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 48; Yokoham 

Squalius hakuensis Sauvace, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 4; Lake Biwa. 


Leuciscus hakonensis Isuikawa, Zool. Mag., Tokyo, 1895, p. 129; Otsu on Lak 
Biwa. 

























= aye 


113. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 847 
Sede: depth 4; D. Ill, 7; A. Ill, 7; P. 12; V. 8: scales 74 in 
teral line; 14 scales between the origin of dorsal and lateral line, and 
between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth, 4, 2—2, 5; 
idth of head about 14, or a little less than 2 in its length; snout 34 in 
ead; eye 54; interorbital space 3; pectoral 13; ventral 14. 

Body elongate and compressed. Head elongate, pointed, and com- 
ressed, the sides flattened, and the upper profile almost straight to 
ip of snout; snout rather pointed, somewhat broad and very slightly 
produced; eye small, anterior, 14 in snout; mouth moderate, the max- 
Hary protractile, reaching posteriorly almost to the anterior margin of 
he eye, and not very oblique; lips fleshy, not dilated; pharyngeal teeth 
vith grinding surface, not hooked; nostrils close together on the sides 
xf the snout, and about half an eye diameter distant from the eye; 
nterorbital space and the top of the head slightly convex. Gill-open- 
ngs rather large; gill-rakers rather short and pointed, 4+-9; pseudo- 
pranchie present. Intestine short. Peritoneum pale gray. 

_ Seales cycloid, moderately small and of rather even size; no pectoral 
ap; ventral with a small fleshy flap. 

| Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal, 
pointed, the first developed ray the highest, r saching beyond the others 
to origin of anal, when depressed, its base 14 in its height, and its 
pper edge nearly straight; anal inserted midway between tip of pec- 
toral and base of caudal, the first developed ray the highest reaching 

beyond the others when the fin is depressed, the hase of the fin is 14 
in its height and its margin straight; caudal deeply emarginate, the 
lobes pointed. 

Pectoral two-thirds the distance to ventrals; ventrals inserted + 
little nearer the origin of the anal than that of the pectoral, and a 
trifle over three-fifths the distance to the former. Caudal peduncle 
rather long, its least depth 24 in the head. Lateral line slightly de- 
curved and continuous. 

Color in alcohol dark brown, slightly olivaceous above and pale 
below: inside of gill-openings above dark: ventrals and anal pale or 
whitish; dorsal and caudal brown, the edges of the fin darker; pectoral 
grayish-brown. 
~ Length, 134 inches. 

This description from an adult female from Take Jusan in Omori. 

This is the most abundant species of Cyprinide in Japan, reaching 
a large size and often entering the sea. It ranges far to the north- 
ward, farther than any other of the Cyprinide except Leuciseus tac- 
zanowskii. Our many specimens are from Lake Jusan in Omori 
(collection Sotaro Saito), Kawajiri in Rikuchu (collection Mitonobu 
Irako), Kitakami R., Katase River near Enoshima, Matsushima Bay in 
Rikuzen, Same in Rikuoku (in salt water), Aomori in Rikuoku, Kita- 
kami River in Morioka, Sendai, Niigata in Echigo, Iwai River in Ichi- 
‘noseki, Tsuruga in Echizen, Kinu River at Utsonomiya, Hakodate, 


4 





a 
















848 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVis) 





Otaru, Lake Biwa at Karasaki, Noyshiro (collection K. Otaki), Hie. 
oshima. a lake near Oide (collection Jouy), and Yokohama (collection 
Jouy). The species freely enters salt water. 

(Name from Lake Hakone on the mountain between Izu and Sagami.) 


25. LEUCISCUS TACZANOWSKII Steindachner. 
KUKI. 
Leuciscus taczanowskii Srr1NDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., X, 1881, p. 16; Sea of Japan. | 
(Pectoral 14 in head, misprinted ‘‘33.’’) 

Head 4; depth 4%; D. III, 7; A. IIL, 8; P.17; V. 10; scales 93 in thigy 
lateral line (17 scales between the origin of dorsal and lateral pa and: 
14 between the latter and middle of belly; phate teeth 5, 2—2, 4%. 
width of head 24 in its length; snout 34 in head; eye 53 in head: inter- 
orbital space a little over 3; pectoral 13; ventral 2 

Body elongate and compressed. Head elongate, pointed, com- 
pressed, and the sides flattened; upper profile of head almost straight 
to tip of snout; snout long, rather blunt and scarcely projecting beyond: 
the mandible; eye small, anterior, 1? in snout; mouth moderate, the 
maxillary protractile, not reaching posteriorly as far as the eye, and 
not very oblique; lips fleshy, not dilated; pharyngeal teeth with grind- 
ing surface, slightly hooked; nostrils close together on the upper sides: 
of the snout, and much nearer the anterior edge of eye than tip of the: 
latter; interorbital space and top of the head rather broad and slightly 
convex. Gill-openings large; gill-rakers short, 4+ 10; pseudobran- 
chi present. Intestine witha single convolution; peritoneum silvery. | 

Scales very small, cycloid, and of more or less even size; no pectoral | 
flap; a small ventral flap. 

Origin of dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of snout, the first! 
developed ray the highest reaching beyond the others to the origin of | 
the anal when depressed, the base of the fin 13 in its height and its- 
margin nearly straight; anal inserted midway between tip. of pectoral | 
and tae of caudal, the first developed ray the highest reaching beyond | 
the others when depressed, the base of the fin 14 in its height, and its. 
margin nearly straight; caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed. | 
Pectoral reaches about two-thirds the distance to ventral; ventral | 
inserted slightly before the origin of the dorsal, and reaches two-thirds - 
the distance to anal. Caudal peduncle long, its least depth 23 in head. . 
Lateral line slightly decurved, and continuous. 

Color in alcohol dark brown, slightly olivaceous above, the lowell 
surface of the body pale or whitish; dorsal, caudal, ona pectorals - 
grayish or brownish black, the other fins pale. 

Length, 102 inches. 

Fresh waters of Japan. We have a number of examples of this 
species from Lake Jusan, in Aomori, Noyshiro (collection, K. Otaki), . 
and Junsaburogata (Nishitsu River), in Aomori (collection, S. Saito). 

Its distribution is probably mainly northern. 

(Named for Professor Tae ‘zanowsky, its discoverer.) = 


i 


- 





| No. 18. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 849 








26. LEUCISCUS JOUYI Jordan and Snyder. 


Leuciscus jouyt JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1901; Sasuna, island 

of Tsushima, Straits of Korea. 

Head, 4; depth, 33; D. IJ, 7; A. II, 7; P., 16; V., 9; scales, 68 
| in the lateral line; about 18 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral 
line, and about 16 between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal 
teeth, 2, 5—4, 2; width of head, about 1{ in its length; snout. 32 in 
head; eye,a little over 4; interorbital space, 24; pectoral, nearly 14; 
| ventral, 13. 

Body elongate, rather deep, and compressed. Head small, pointed, 
depressed, and its width equal to its depth; snout pointed, rounded, 
| and slightly produced; eye moderate, anterior, about 14 in snout: 
mouth slightly oblique, the maxillary protractile, and reaching poste- 
riorly to anterior edge of eye; lips somewhat fleshy, not dilated; 
several pharyngeal teeth of the outer row with narrow grinding sur- 
face, and others slightly curved; nostrils close together on sides of 
snout, nearer front of eye than tip of snout; interorbital space and top 
of head broad and slightly convex. Gill-openings large; gill-rakers 
| short and pointed, 2+6; pseudobranchiz present. Intestine short. 

Peritoneum silvery. 

Seales large, cycloid, and of rather even size; no pectoral or ventral 
flap. 

Origin of dorsal much nearer the base of the caudal than tip of 
snout, and when depressed it reaches within a short distance of the 
base of the last anal ray; origin of anal about midway between tip of 
_ pectoral and base of caudal; caudal broad and deep, emarginate and 
the lobes rounded; pectoral about three-fifths to ventral; ventral 
inserted well before the dorsal, and much nearer the tip of pectoral 
than origin of anal. Caudal peduncle very deep and compressed, 
the least depth about equal to the depth of the head. Lateral line 

slightly decurved and continuous. 

Color in alcohol brown, a little darker above and somewhat paler 

_ beneath, the sides mottled with scales darker than the others. 

Leneth, 5,1; inches. 

This description from one of the cotypes, No. 6376, Ichthyological 
Collections Leland Stanford Junior University Museum. Locality, 
Sasuna, island of Tsushima. 

Of this species we have a number of specimens from Sasuna, island 

of Tsushima (cotypes), and we refer to it others from Kaminutani River 

near Lake Biwa, province of Omi. 

Most of our examples have a dark median band running along the 
back from the occiput to dorsal and then continued behind the fin to 
‘caudal. Some are also more or less finely mottled with brown and 
_ have pores about the head. 

_ (Named for its discoverer, Pierre Louis Jouy.) 


é 
; 





850 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 











16. PHOXINUS (Rafinesque) Agassiz. 


Phoxinus RAFINESQUE, Ich. Ohiensis, 1820, p. 15 (no species mentioned; phowinus 
understood). 

Phowinus AGAssiz, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neufchatel, 1835, p. 37 (phowxinus). 

Hemitremia Corr, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1870, p. 462 (vittata). 

lotichthys JoRDAN and EvERMANN, Fish. N. M. Amer., I, 1898, p. 243 (phlegethontis), 


Europe, and Asia, differing from Leucisews only in the incomplete lat- 

eral line. The scales are usually small, and the fins of the breeding” 

males bright red in the spring. 
(fo&0s, tapering). 


This genus contains small, brightly colored minnows of s 


27. PHOXINUS STEINDACHNERI Sauvage. 
ABURAMUTSU (FAT CHUB). 
Phoxinus steindachneri SAvuvaGe, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1883, p. 5; Lake Biwa, — 


Head 5% in total; depth 63 in total; D. 9; A. 9; scales 80 in the 
Jateral line. Snout longer than eye, which is 4% in head; interorbital 
space greater than eye. Dorsal beginning at an equal distance from — 
caudal peduncle and center of eye; caudal emarginate, yellowish, with 
numerous clouded black points; a blackish band from eye to caudal; 
dorsal and caudal dark; top of head and tip of snout black. 

Length 170 mm. (about 644 inches). Lake Biwa. (Sauvage.) 

This species is known solely from the account given by Dr. Sauvage. 

(Named for Dr. Franz Steindachner.) 


ea el 


7a we 


17. ZACCO Jordan and Evermann. 


Zacco JORDAN and EvERMANN, Fishes of Formosa, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., X XV, 
1902, p. 322 (platypus). 


Body moderately elongate and compressed; head compressed; snout — 
conical, pointed; eyes moderate; mouth oblique, not notched; no— 
barbels; teeth 5 or 4,4, and 2 or 1—1, or 2, 4 and 4 or 5; interorbital 
space convex. Intestine short. Peritoneum black. Scales cycloid, 
narrowly imbricated, and 40 to 60 in the lateral line. Dorsal nearer 
tip of snout than base of caudal, or midway between, and its developed — 
rays 7; anal inserted below, or a trifle before tip of depressed dorsal; 
its basis long, and composed of 9 or 10 developed rays; caudal emargi- 
nate; pectorals sometimes reaching ventrals; ventrals inserted a little 
before or below the origin of dorsal. Lateral line continuous and 
decurved. Breeding males have the head, the lower surface of the 
caudal peduncle, and the anal fin furnished with horny tubercles, 
not as numerous as those in Opsardichthys, and larger in proportion, 


a 







e 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 851 


The anal fin also has the developed rays fcloneats d aad with adipose 
expansions. 

(Zako, a Japanese name for river minnows, notably for Ach, logna- 
thus lanceolata.) 

(@ Scales about 43; teeth in inner row 2—2; sides with broad, dark cross bars. 





5 latypus, 28 
I . . U YI Ae 
aa Scales about 52, teeth in inner row mostly 1—1; a dark lateral band most distinct 
SESE (lene ete ee ee temminchki, 29, 
aaa Scales about 60; a dark longitudinal stripe most distinct posteriorly. 

b Maxillary not extending to opposite pupil, teeth 4, 4, 1—1, 4, 4 


s 


sieboldi, 30. 


28. ZACCO PLATYPUS (Schlegel). 
i ‘ HAE (MINNOW); OIKAWA. 


Leuciscus platypus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1840, p. 207, pl. cr, fig. 1; 
streams of Nagasaki. 

Opsariichthys platypus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 296; Japan and For- 
mosa.—SauvaGE, Bull. Soc. Phil., 1883, p. 8; Lake Biwa.—Isurkawa, Zool. 
Mag., 1895, p. 121; Hikone, Matsubara on Lake Biwa; Prel. Cat., 1897, 
p-11; Tega Lake in Shimosa, Fukiage, Tokyo, Chi R. in Musashi, Chichibu, 
Suwa Lake, Ise, Kishin, Lake Biwa, Zensho, Kyoto, Tsuyama R. 

Barilius platypus JoRDAN and Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXII, 1900, p. 344, 
Lake Biwa; Coll. K. Otaki; Check List Fishes of Japan, III, 1901, p. 47; Lake 





Biwa. 
Leuciscus macropus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japanica, Poiss., p. 209, pl. cr, fig. 2; 
Nagasaki. 
; Leuciscus nunor SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japanica, Poiss, p. 210, pl. ct, fig. 83; Nagasaki. 


Head 4; depth 34; D. II, 7; A. III, 9; P. 13; V. 10; scales 43 in 
the lateral line; 8 scales between the origin of the dorsal and lateral 
line, and 5 scales between the latter ee middle of belly; pharyngeal 
teeth 5, 4, 2—2, 4, 4; width of head 13 in length; snout a little over 
3 in head; eye 43; interorbital space 27; pectoral 1; ventral 14. 

- Body elongate, compressed. Head moderate, compressed; snout 
slightly conical, pointed and not projecting; eye rather small, anterior 
and superior; mouth very oblique; the jaws rather thin and about 
equal; maxillary protractile, and not extending to the anterior margin 
of eye, but a trifle beyond the nostrils; no Barbells: pharyngeal teeth 
without grinding surface, and slightly hooked; nostrils close together 
on the sides of the snout and nearer the eye than the tip of the former; 
interorbital space and top of head rather broad and convex. Gill- 
rakers short and pointed; pseudobranchie present. Intestine short 
and with few turns. Peritoneum black. 

Scales rather large. and somewhat narrowly imbricated upon the 
sides; pectorals with a small, fleshy flap; ventrals with a small, scaly 
flap. Origin of the dorsal much nearer the tip of the snout than the 
base of eh dal: when depressed reaching beyond the origin of anal, 
and the base er the fin a little more than half the head; anal inserted 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 





57 













852 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


a little nearer base of caudal than the origin of pectoral, and the base 
of the fin equal to three-fourths the length of the head; caudal deeply 
emarginate and the lobes sharply pointed; pectorals long, reaching 
the origin of the ventrals; ventrals inserted below the origin of the 
dorsal &nd reach to the origin of the anal. Caudal peduncle about ag_ 
long as the ventrals, and its least depth about half their length. . 
eral line strongly decurved and continuous to base of caudal. ; 

Color in alcohol, dark bluish black above, the lower surface of the ~ 


the other fins whitish with the anal tinged with grayish; sides of the 
head more or less grayish black. In life steel blue, the male with 
crimson fins. 

Length, 54% inches. 


where we found it abundant and highly colored. ‘ 
One of the most abundant of Japanese Cyprinide. It is represented — 
in our collections by very numerous specimens from Tsuchiura, the _ 
Kinu River at Utsonomiya, the Yodo River at Osaka, the Chikugo— 
River at Kurume, the Yabe River at Funayado; abundant in the clear 
water and very brilliant, Nagoya in Owari, Tana River at Tachikawa _ 
(caught by tame cormorants), Kawatana near Nagasaki, and Lake 
Biwa at Matsubara. j 
Breeding males are proyided with numerous large and hard, horny 
tubercles. They have the anal fin enormously developed, so that it 
extends beyond the base of the caudal, and it is also sometimes fur- 
nished with tubercles like those found upon the head. The colors of 
these males are also much brighter than others in which the coloration 
is more silvery. Young specimens are silvery and with distinct gray-— 
ish or pale brownish lateral bands posteriorly. . 
(zhatVs, broad; zovs, foot.) 






tyne a ae 


i 
te 
“~ 
j 
: 
rt 
% 


29. ZACCO TEMMINCKII (Schlegel). 


KAWAMUTSU (RIVER CHUB). 











Leuciscus temminckii SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 210, pl. ct, fig., 45m 
Nagasaki. é 

Opsariichthys temminckii Gixruer, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 295, from ene of | 
Schlegel’s types.—Sauvacr, Bull. Soc. Philom, 1883, p. 5; Lake Biwa.— ; 
Isnrkawa, Zool. Mag., 1895, p. 121; Hikone, Matsubara, Otsu; Zool. Mag., 5 
VII, 1895, p. 121; Hikone, Matsubara on Lake Biwa. ; 

Barilius temmincki JorvAN and Snyper, Check-list Fishes Japan, 1901, p. 47;_ 
Lake Biwa.—IsuiKawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p- 11; Ise, Zensho, Kishin, Mat-_ 
subara on Lake Biwa. 


Head 33; depth 33; D. III, 7; A. III, 10; P. 1, 15; V. 9; scales 52° 
in the lateral line; 11 scales between the origin of the dorsal and the 


=— 





Ovo 


INO. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 853 





‘lateral line, and 6 scales between the latter and the middle of the belly. 


pharyngeal teeth 5, 4, 1—1, 4, 4; width of head 2 in its leneth: snout 
4 in head; eyes 4; interorbital space 3; pectoral 14; ventral 1%. 
Body moderately elongate and compressed. Head moderate and 


compressed; snout slightly conical, pointed and not projecting; eye 
| moderate, anterior and superior; mouth oblique, the jaws moderately 
_thick-and about equal; maxillary protractile and reaching beyond the 
| anterior margin of the orbit; no barbels; pharyngeal teeth without 


grinding surface and slightly hooked; nostrils close together on the 
sides of the snout and nearer the eye than the tip of the former; inter- 
orbital space and top of head rather broad and convex. Gill-rakers 
short and pointed; pseudobranchie present. Intestine with few turns. 
Peritoneum black. 
- Scales moderate and somewhat narrowly imbricated along the sides; 
pectorals with a small, fleshy flap; ventrals with a pointed, scaly flap. 
Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; 
when depressed reaching slightly beyond the origin of the anal, and 
the base of the fin 24 in head; origin of anal inserted a little nearer tip 
of pectoral than base of caudal and its base 2 in head; caudal deeply 
emarginate and the lobes pointed; pectorals long and terminating near 


the origin of the yventrals; ventrals reaching for three-quarters the 


distance to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle 1% in head and its least 
depth 22 in head. Lateral line strongly decurved and continuous to 
base of caudal along lower. . 

Color in alcohol dark brown above, pale or silvery below; sides with 
a distinct deep brown, lateral band, broader and darker posteriorly; 
dorsal and caudal grayish, the former with dark streaks between the 
fin rays, and the other fins more or less pale. 

Length, 44 inches. 

This description from a male taken at Kawatana. This locality, 
together with the Mogi River, near Nagasaki, are the only places 
where the species was obtained by Jordan and Snyder. We have 
numerous specimens from Mogi. 

This species is close to Zacco séeboldi, and is distinguished chiefly 
by its larger scales and having the maxillary reaching to or slightly 
beyond the anterior margin of the eye. Breeding males have horny 
tubercles on the sides of the head and about the snout. 

(Named for Prof. C. J. Temminck of Leyden, the associate of 
Schlegel.) 






854 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





30. ZACCO SIEBOLDI (Schlegel). 


Leuciscus sieboldii ScuteGe., Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 211, pl. ct, fig. 5; 
Nagasaki. 


Opsariichthys sieboldii GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 295 (copied ).—SauvaGg, — 


Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 5; Lake Biwa. 


Head 4; depth 32; D. Hl, 7; A: III, 10; P. 1, 11; V. 9; scales Glam 


in the lateral line; 13 seales between the origin of the dorsal and 


the lateral line, and 5 between the latter and the middle of the belly; Z 
pharyngeal teeth 4, 4, 1—1, 4, 4; width of head 14 in its length; snout — 


34 in head; eye 43; interorbital space 23; pectoral 14; ventral 13. 


Body moderately elongate and compressed. Head pointed and com-_ 
pressed; snout somewhat conical, pointed, but not projecting; eye — 
rather small, anterior and superior; mouth very oblique, the jaws — 
moderately thin and about equal, the maxillary protractile and reach-— 
ing posteriorly almost to the anterior margin of the eye; no barbels; — 
pharyngeal teeth without grinding surface and slightly hooked; nos- — 
trils close together, on the sides of the snout, and nearer the eye than — 


the tip of former; interorbital space broad and very slightly convex. 


Gill-rakers short and pointed; pseudobranchie present. Intestine — 


short and with few turns. Peritoneum black. 


Seales small, cycloid and somewhat imbricated upon the sides; pec- — 


torals with a short, fleshy flap; ventrals with a small, scaly flap. 

Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal, 
when depressed reaching beyond the origin of the anal, and its base 2 
in head; anal inserted a little nearer the tip of the pectoral than the 
base of caudal, and the base of the fin 14 in head; caudal deeply 
emarginate, the lobes pointed; pectorals moderate, reaching about 
two-thirds the distance to origin of ventrals; ventrals inserted before 
origin of dorsal, broad and bluntly rounded, and reaching three- 
fourths the space to origin of anal. 

Caudal peduncle about equal to ventrals, and its least depth about 
two-thirds their length. Lateral line strongly decurved, continuous, 
and running along the lower part of caudal peduncle. — 

Color in alcohol, dark brown above, pale or whitish below; a dis- 
tinct median, longitudinal, dark, brownish-black band, becoming 
broad posteriorly, and continuing to the base of the caudal; dorsal 


grayish with a blackish streak between each pair of rays, forming a 


broad band across the fin, the upper edge whitish; caudal grayish, the 
edges dark; anal pale, with grayish black markings between the rays; 
pectorals and ventrals pale, tinged with grayish. 

Length, 5% inches. 

This description from an adult breeding male from Lake Biwa at 
Matsubara. 

Of this species we have many specimens from Lake Biwa at Matsu- 
bara, the Chikugo River at Kurume, near Nagoya in Owari, Kibami 


TRE re a ee nt eR ae eT Le ee et 


a o> i RY OS take hie er aime oh + 





NO. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN ADD FOWLER. 855 


‘in Omi (collection in Imperial Museum), Funayado in Kiusiu. and 


Odd 





* 


-Karasaki on Lake Biwa (collection K. Otaki). 
Breeding males, like those of Zacco platypus, have the sides of the 
head furnished with many large, horny tubercles, also the lower sur- 


face of the caudal peduncle and the anal fin. The rays of the anal are 


expanded and elongated. The color cf the head is deep blackish- 


brown. Young specimens always have a blackish lateral band. 


(Named for Philip Fredrik Siebold, of Leyden, who collected about 


_ Nagasaki and Omura, and under whose direction the Fauna Japonica 
was prepared.) 


18. OPSARIICHTHYS Bleeker. 
Opsariichthys BLEEKER, Atl. Ichthyol. Cyprin., 1860, p. 28 (awncirostris). 


Body elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head rather pointed, 


_ greatly compressed, and the sides flattened; snout long; eye small, 


=?) a 


high; mouth large, very oblique, the maxillary reaching anterior mar- 
gin of eye, and with a deep notch into which each ramus of the mand- 


ible fits; no barbels; teeth 5, 4, 2—2, 4, 5, on long, thin, pharyngeal 


bones; interorbital space broad and flat. Gill-rakers short, 3+-9. 


Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales moderate, about 50, and 


more or less narrowly imbricated; a short pectoral flap. Origin of 
dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; anal basis 
long, with 9 developed rays, and its origin falling a little anterior to 


the tip of the depressed dorsal; caudal deeply emarginate; ventrals 
inserted below the origin of the dorsal. Lateral line continuous, and 
decurved. Breeding males have the head, lower surface of the caudal 
peduncle, and the anal fin furnished with numerous small horny tuber- 
cles. The anal fin has its rays elongate and more or less adipose. 

Species of large size, inhabiting the Japanese lakes, especially deli- 
cate as food. 

(opapior, a little fish; 2VOUC, fish.) 


31. OPSARIICHTHYS UNCIROSTRIS (Schlegel.) 
HASU. 


Leuciscus uncirostris ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 211, pl. cu, 

fig. 2; near Nagasaki. 
Opsariichthys uncirostris GintHer, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 295 (copied ).— 
Sauvace, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883, p. 5; Lake Biwa—IsHikawa, Zool. Mag., 
VIL, (Tokyo) 1895, p. 121, figs. 1, 2, 3; Lake Biwa in Omi—Isuikawa, Prel. 
Cat. 1897, p. 12; Nagahama and Matsubara on Lake Biwa—Jorpan and 
SnypeEr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X XIII, 1900, p. 344; Lake Biwa; Coll. Kk. 
Otaki—Jorpan and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, III, (Tokyo) 1901, p. 47; 

Lake Biwa. 

Head 33; depth 32; D. II, 7; A. Il, 9; P. I, 16; V. 9; scales 
50 in the lateral line; 10 scales between the origin of the dorsal and 
the lateral line, and 5 between the latter and the middle of belly; 









856 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


pharyngeal teeth 5, 4, 2—2, 4, 5; width of head 2} in its length; snout 
34 in head; eye 7; interorbital space 34; pectoral 14, ventral 14; 
eye 2 in snout, . 
Be dy elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head rather pointed, 
ereatly compressed, the sides flattened, and the upper profile almost 
straight; sides of snout rounded, and the tip blunt and truncated; eye 
small, anterior and superior; mouth large, very oblique, maxillary 
reaching the anterior margin of the eye, protractile, ensheathed above, | 
and with a deep notch along the sides, into which the rami of the 
mandible fit; lower jaw projecting, and the symphysis fitted into a 
notch in the upper jaw; pharyngeal teeth on thin and long bones, more 
or less conical, several in the larger row with narrow grinding surface, 
and all rather small; nostrils close together on the sides of the snout, — 
and about a half an eye diameter distant from the upper front of the— 
eye; interorbital space and top of the head broad and flattened, the — 
former very slightly elevated. Gill-openings moderately large. Gill-_ 
rakers 3-+9, short and firm; pseudobranchix present. Intestine with — 
few turns, short. Peritoneum pale or silvery. | 

Seales large, cycloid, and more or less narrowly imbricated; a short, — 
fleshy pectoral flap; ventrals with a scaly flap at base. 

Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal. 
when depressed, reaching beyond the origin of the anal, the base of 
the fin 24 in head, and its upper edge straight; origin of anal a little 
nearer the base of caudal than middle of pectoral, and the base of the 
fin 13 in head; caudal deeply emarginate, and the lobes pointed; pec 
torals long, reaching four-fifths the distance to origin of ventrals: 
origin of ventral below that of dorsal and reaching to within a short — 
distance of the origin of the anal. Caudal peduncle 12 in head, and 
its least depth 3 in head. Lateral line continuous, inferior, and running — 
along the lower part of the caudal pedu cle. 

Color in alcohol, dark brown above, the lower portions of the body 
pale; dorsal with the membranes between the rays and the tips of the — 
posterior rays, grayish black, the rest of the fin paler; anal and caudal 
more or less grayish; pectorals and ventrals pale. Male with rosy | 
shades in life. , 


Se ae eel 


i . 


Length, 124 inches. 

This description from an adult male from Lake Biwa. 

Of this species we have numerous specimens from Lake Biwa, at the 
little fishing hamlet of Matsubara, near Hikone, Lake Yogo, im 
Mino, the Yodo River at Osaka, and a few examples from the collec- 
tion of K. Otaki, from Karasaki, on Lake Biwa. ‘ 

This and numerous other species were collected also at Otsu, the — 
chief town on Lake Biwa, by Prot. James F. Abbott. 

Breeding males have the sides of the head, snout, mandible, lower 
surface of caudal peduncle, and anal fin provided with horny tubereles. 


o 


wt we ee Se 








no. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 857 


“The anterior anal rays are elongate and extend to the base of the 
caudal. 

The species, known locally as Hasu, reaches a larger size than any 
‘other Japanese minnow, except Jshikauia steenacker’. \t 1s vere 
delicate and finely flavored when boiled, and is much appreciated by 
_ Japanese epicures. It is also eaten raw. 
(uncus, hook; rostrum, snout.) 


19. ISCHIKAUIA Jordan and Snyder. 


Ischikawia Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 346 (steenackeri). 

Body elongate, compressed and deep. Head small, compressed, the 
upper profile nearly straight; snout and eye about equal, the latter 
about in the middle of the depth of the head; mouth very oblique, the 
maxillary protractile and reaching nostril; no barbel; teeth 5, 4, 2— 
2, 4, 5; interorbital space convex. Gill-rakers short and weak, about 
4+9. Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales small, cycloid, 
about 70. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of 
caudal; first developed ray of dorsal stiffened, spine-like; anal inserted 
behind tip of depressed dorsal, its base long, of 15 developed rays; 
caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed; ventral inserted below 
origin of dorsal. Lateral line greatly decurved and concurrent with 
the lower profile of the body to the caudal. 

Size large, color dusky. 

This genus seems to be allied to the Chinese genus Xenocypris, dif- 
’ fering in the smaller numbers of the teeth. (Named for Chiyomatsu 
Ishikawa, director of the Imperial Museum at Tokyo, who first sent 
us the species from Lake Biwa.) 


32. ISCHIKAUIA STEENACKERI (Sauvage). 


WADAKA; WATAKO (COTTON-THING); UMANO. 


Opsariichthys steenackert SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Poiss., 1883, p. 3; Lake 
Biwa. 

Ischikauia steenackeri JorpAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 346, 
pl. x; Lake Biwa. 

‘Genus? species? Wadaka”’ Isurxawa, Zool. Mag., 1895, p. 129; Otsu, Hikone, 
Nagahama. 

Head 5; depth 38; D. III, 7; A. Ill, 15; P. 17; V. 9; scales 70 in 
the lateral line; 12 scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lat- 
eral line, and 7 between the latter and the middle of the belly; pharyn- 
geal teeth 5, 4, 2—2, 4, 5; width of head 12 in its length; snout 4 in 
head; eye 4; interorbital space 23; pectoral about 1s; ventral 14. 

Body elongate, compressed and deep. Head small, compressed, and 
the upper profile nearly straight; snout about equal to eye, bluntly 
pointed; eye large, anterior, and nearly in the middle of the depth of 
the head; mouth very oblique, the jaws nearly equal, the maxillary 











Fig. 8.—ISCHIKAUIA STEENACK ERI, 


2 as 2 





0.18%. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 859 





oo nue reaching below . the nostril; lips fleshy; pharyngeal 
teeth compressed, and those in the outer rows with a narrow grinding 
surface; nostrils close together on the sides of the snout and near the 
eye; interorbital space broad and convex. Opercles striated. Gill- 
openings large; gill-rakers short, pointed, 4+ 9%; pseudopranchive 
present. Intestine rather short; peritoneum gray. 

Scales large, cycloid and of even size; a small pectoral flap; ventral 

flap present. 
_ Origin of dorsal midway between the tip of snout and base of caudal; 
when depressed reaching almost to origin of anal, the base of the fin 
12 in its height, and its upper margin straight; anal inserted nearer 
origin of ventral than base of caudal; the base of the fin long, about 
equal to the length of the ventral, and its edge straight; caudal deeply 
emarginate, and the lower lobe the longer; pectoral a little more than 
two-thirds to origin of ventral; ventral three-fifths to anal. Caudal 
peduncle deep, compressed, and its least depth 2 in head. Lateral line 
decurved, and concurrent with the lower profile of the body to the 
caudal. 

Color in alcohol, dark brown above, below silvery or whitish; dorsal 
and caudal brownish; pectorals tinted with brown, the other fins pale; 
posterior edge of each scale upon the sides and upper surface with a 
dark spot. 

Length, 12 inches. 

Described from No. 6247 Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford 
Junior University Museum (collection K. Otaki). 

Of this species we have many specimens from the collection of K. 
Otaki from Karasaki on Lake Biwa, Maebara on Lake Biwa, and the 
neighboring village of fisheries, called Matsubara; the Yodo River at 
Osaka, Noyshiro (collection K. Otaki), and Matsubara on Lake Biwa 
(collection C. Ishikawa). 

This fish is known only from Lake Biwa and its outlet, Yodo River, 
being locally very abundant, and known commonly as Wadaka. It 
grows to a large size, and is sold in the markets of Maebara, Otsu, and 
Osaka, but it is little valued as food. 

(Named for its discoverer, Francisque Steenacker.) 


20. CARASSIUS Nilsson. 
Carassius Nitsson, Prodromus, Ichthy. Scand., 1832 (carassius). 


Body oblong, compressed and elevated. Mouth terminal, without 
barbels. Teeth 4—4, molar, but compressed. Scales large. Lateral 
line continuous. Dorsal fins very long, with the third ray developed 
into a stout spine, which is serrated behind; anal short with a similar 
spine. Ventrals well forward. Large species of the fresh waters of 
Europe and Asia; often domesticated. 

(carassius, a Latinization of the vernacular names Karass or 
Karausche, applied to the European Crucian carp, C: CUPUSSLUS. ) 


860) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV1 





33. CARASSIUS AURATUS (Linnzus). 
FUNA, HIWARA, GENGOROBUNA (JOHNNY CARP). 


Cyprinus auratus Lrnnaxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 323. 
Carassius auratus Gonruer, Cat. Fish., VII, p. 32, and of all recent authors. 


| 
D. II, 18; A. II, 7; Scales, 26; teeth 4—4. Body stout, covered with | 
large scales. Dorsal and anal ince eee spines strong, coarsely 


serrated. Coloration olivaceous, usually orange, or variegated in ) 
domestication. t 
Length, 12 inches. 
Common everywhere in the streams of Japan and China. Our very 
numerous specimens of the common goldfish are from Chikugo River» 
at Kurume, Tsuchiura, Same, Matsushima, Lake Biwa at Matsubaras, 
Yodo River in Osaka, Wakanoura, Rome Nagasaki, Owari near. 
Nagoya, Lake Yogo at Mino, Aomori, Migata, Monge Sendai, Tokyo 


Kawatana, Tsuruga, and Tokyo. In its native condition the species) 


is plain dark olivaceous. ‘i 
(auratus, gilded.) , 


21: CY PRINUS) GArteG?) Pimms us: 


5 


Cyprinus (Artedi) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 320 (carpio). 


Body robust, compressed. Mouth moderate, anterior, with + long’ 
barbels. Snout blunt, rounded. Teeth molar, broad and truncate, 1, 
1,3—3,1,1. Scales large. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal fin very 
long, with a stout spine, serrated behind; anal fin short, also with a_ 


; 


spine. Large fishes of the fresh waters of Asia; introduced into~ 


Europe and America as food-fishes. 
(cumpiyo€, the ancient name of the carp.) 


34. CYPRINUS CARPIO Linnezus. 
KOT. 


Cyprinus carpio Linnxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 320.—GiinrHER, Cat., 
VII, p. 25, and of all authors. 


Dorsal ITI, 20; A. TH, 5; scales 5==38 "Se teeth 1) eno see 
30dy stout, more or less compressd, heavy anteriorly. L. 18 inches 
or more. Fresh waters of central Asia; introduced as a food-fish into 
Europe and America. In domestication, it has run into many varie- 
ties, distinguished by differences in form, squamation, and develop- 
ment of fins. 

The carp, or koi, is common throughout southern Japan, having 
doubtless been introduced from China. although much less common 
than the goldfish, or Funa. 

(carpio, carp.) 





ee 


JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. — 8 


~~ 


;i_ 





SUMMARY. 
Family Cyprinip». 


1. Pseudoperilampus Bleeker. 



















1. typus Bleeker; Tsuruga, Tsuchiura, Matsushima, Tokyo. 
2. Paracheilognathus Bleeker. 


2. rhombea (Schlegel) ; Matsubara and Karasaki on Lake Biwa, Yodo River, Chikugo 
River, Funayado, Lake Yogo. 


3. Acheilognathus Bleeker. 


limbata (Schlegel); Lake Yogo, Iwai River at Ichinoseki, Nagoya, Kitakami 
River at Morioka. 

. lanceolata (Schlegel); Tsuchiura, Chikugo River, Yodo River, Lake Biwa at 

- Matsubara and Katata, Lake Yogo, Funayado, Wakanoura, Nagoya. 

5. cyanostigma Jordan and Fowler; Lake Biwa at Matsubara, Lake Yogo. 


4. Gnathopogon Bleeker. 
| 5. elongatus (Schlegel); Lake Biwa. 

. gracilis (Schlegel). 

5. Hemibarbus Bleeker. 


8. barbus (Schlegel); Yodo River, Lake Jensaburogata in Aomori, Chikugo River, 
Tokyo, Formosa. 


6. Leucogobio Gunther. 


9. giintheri Ishikawa; Matsubara, Lake Biwa, Nagoya, Katata, Kurume. 
10. jordani Ishikawa. 
11. mayede (Jordan and Snyder); Karasaki, Zeze, and Matsubara on Lake Biwa, 


. Yodo River, Nagoya. 
12. biwe (Jordan and Snyder); Matsubara on Lake Biwa. 


7. Pseudogobio Bleeker. 


. esocinus (Schlegel); Karasaki and Matsubara on Lake Biwa, Kitakami River at 
Morioka, Matsushima, Kinu River, Tsuruga, Yodo River, Kawatana, Iwai River 
at Ichinoseki, Kaminutani River. 


8. Sarcocheilichthys Bleeker. 


. variegatus (Schlegel); Matsubara on Lake Biwa, Yodo River, Chikugo River, 
Lake Yogo, Nagoya, Tsuchiura, Funayado, Tokyo. 


9, Abbottina Jordan and Fowler. 
. psegma Jordan and Fowler; Yodo River, Osaka, Chikugo River, Iwai River. 

. 10. Zezera Jordan and Fowler. 

. hilgendorfi Gala); riverat Funayado in Kiusiu, Kamo River in Yamashiro. 
11. Biwia Jordan and Fowler. 

. zezera (Ishikawa); Yodo River at Osaka. 


862 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXY¥ 





12. Pseudorasbora Bleeker. 





18. parva (Schlegel); Tsuchiura, Nagoya, Lake Yogo, Lake Biwa at Matsubara an 
Karasaki, Iwai River, Chikugo River, Yodo River. 


13. Otakia Jordan and Snyder, 
19. rasborina Jordan and Snyder; Karasaki on Lake Biwa. 


14. Tribolodon Sauvage. 
ZO: punctatus Sauvage. 
15. Leuciseus Cuvier. 


21. japonicus (Sauvage). 
22. cerulescens (Sauvage). 
23. phalacrocorax Jordan and Fowler; Tana River at Tachikawa, Koshyu, Kinuw) 
River at Utsonomiya. 
24. hakuensis Gunther; Lake Jusan, Kawajiri, Kitakami River near Morioka, Ka 
tase River near Enoshima, Matsushima, Same, Sendai, Niigata, Iwai River a 
Ichinoseki, Tsuruga, Kinu River at Utsonomiya, Hakodate, Otaru, Noyshingl 
Hiroshima, Oide, Lake Biwa at Karasaki. ; 
25. taczanowskii Steindachner; Lake Jusan in Aomori, Nishitzu River, Aomori, Noy- 
shiro. 


| 


26. jouyi Jordan and Snyder; Sasuna, Tsushima, Kaminutani River. : 
16. Phoxinus (Rafinesque) Agassiz. 
27. steindachneri Sauvage. a 
17. Zacco Jordan and Eyermann. | 


28. platypus (Schlegel); Tsuchiura, Kinu River at Utsonomiya, Yodo River at Osaka, 
Chikugo River at Kurume, Yobe River at Funayado, Nagoya, Tana River at 
Tachikawa, Kawatana, Lake Biwa at Matsubara 


29. temmincki (Schlegel) ; Kawatana, Mogi. 


30. sieboldi (Schlegel); Lake Biwa at Matsubara and Karasaki, Chikugo River at 
Kurume, Nagoya, Kitami, Funayado. 


18. Opsariichthys Bleeker. 


31. uncirostris (Schlegel); Lake Biwa at Matsubara and Karasaki, Lake Yogo, Yodo 
River. 


19. Ischikauia Jordan and Snyder. 


32. steenackeri (Sauvage); Lake Biwa at Maebara, Matsubara and Karasaki, Noyshiro, 
Yodo River at Osaka. 


20.. Carassius Nilsson. . 
auratus (Linneeus); everywhere in central and southern Japan. 
21. Cyprinus Linneeus. 


carpio (Linnzeus); throughout southern and central Japan, probably introduced. 
w 


RHE PHASMIDA, OR WALKINGSTICKS, OF THE UNITED 
| STATES. 


By ANDREW NELSON CAUDELL, 
Of the Departinent of Agriculture. 


The Phasmide is one of the most interesting families of the order 
Orthoptera. It is poorly represented in the United States, and the 
species, being mimetic in nature, are not commonly met with. Our 
forms are all apterous and are confined in their distribution to the 
southern half of the country, with the exception of the species of the 
genus Diapheromera, one otf which extends into Canada. The name 
* walkingstick ” is commonly applied to these insects, and the common 
northern species, Diapheromera femorata Say, is the best known rep- 
resentative of the family. There is a popular belief extant in some 
parts of the country that these insects are very poisonous to stock when 
eaten by them. For this reason they have been called the ‘mule 
killer,” though this name is more often applied to species of the family 
Mantide, which are said to be especially fatal to that useful animal. 
Among other popular names given to the walkingsticks are Devil's 
riding horse, Prairie alligator, Stick bug, Witch’s horse, Devil’s darn- 
ing needle, Scorpion, and Musk mare, the latter applied only, I believe, 
to the species of the genus An/somorphu. 
~ Nowhere do we find more striking instances of protective resem- 
plance than those afforded by members of this family of curious insects. 
Tn the tropics, where these insects abound, such amazing adaptations as 
the wonderful Walkingleaf, Phy//ium scythe, and other large, winged 
forms are found. In the United States the species are all wingless 
‘and mimic different kinds of twigs, especially so the more slender 
‘species of the genera Diapheromera, Bacunculus, and Parabacilus. 

The Phasmide are insects of very deliberate motion, especially the 
females. They do not depend upon locomotion for protection from 
‘their enemies, but to their deceptive resemblance and, in some cases, 
to the power of emitting an offensive spray from special glands situated 
on the prothorax. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1335. 
863 


ean 


S64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 












The species are exec celusively hevuimonene none being known to take 
animal food. One exception is recorded where some partially starve 
leaf insects nibbled at the foliaceous expansions of their fellows, but. 
not enough to injure them in any way. The female of one of ow 
species has been recorded as eating off the head of the male while. 
under the influence of sexual excitement, but the insect in question 
was most surely not a Phasmid but a Mantid, as this habit is not at all 
uncommon among some members of that family. * 

Regeneration of limbs is quite common among the Ph: asmides, 
Such limbs are much smaller and may always be distinguished by the 
absence of one tarsal joint, all regenerated limbs being tetramerous. . 
According to Seudder, if the leg be removed nearer to the body than) 
the trochantero-femoral articulation the limb will not be replaced. 

The eggs of our species are dropped at random on the ground, . 
Oviposition takes place in the fall of the year with our common north- 
ern species and the eggs lie over winter, and sometimes even through 
a second, before the nymphs issue. When the young walkingstick j 
is in the egg, ready to emerge, the meso- and metathorax are not! 
remarkably elongate, but before the little creature is fairly out of its 
narrow prison the thoracic segments. assume their usual proportions. 
It is said to be a most curious sight by those who have observed this. 
almost instantaneous development. . 

In my studies of these insects specimens of all of our species have: 
been examined, except Diapheromera mesdlana and carolina and) 
Psendosermyle stramineus. The material of the U.S. National Museum) 
forms the basis of this paper. Specimens were loaned for study by the + 
Colorado and Oklahoma experiment stations. For various kindnesses : 
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Professors Scudder and Bruner | 
and Mr. J. A. G. Rehn. 

The family Phasmidze may be defined as follows: 

Body elongate, subcylindrical; abdomen with ten segments, the» 
basal one usually coalesced to the posterior part of the metathorax, . 
sometimes entirely invisible;“ all of the legs equally ambulatory;, 
wings wholly absent in the United States species, the location of the: 
metathoracic pair, and sometimes the mesothoracic pair also, gener- 
ally indicated by a stationary wing-liké pad, bearing a gland, presum- 
ably a scent gland; tarsi five jointed, except in Z/meonc, terminated | 
by two claws, between which is a large arolium; ovipositor concealed | 
by the subgenital plate; cerci inarticulate. 

“In deseriptive work the first abdominal segment is spoken of as the intone 
segment and the abdomen is considered as consisting of nine segments. Thus the 
basal or first abdominal segment as used in the following pages is really the true 
second one. Likewise the seventh, eighth, and ninth segments are, respectively, 
the eighth, ninth, and tenth ones. The generally inconspicuous nature of the true 
basal segment, which is sometimes even wholly invisible, makes this nomenclature 
seem advisable. 





iiss. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 865 


—_* 








— 


- The species occurring in the United States fall into four er oimilice 


separated as follows. 


a. Antennze not more than one-half as long as the anterior femora. -_---CLrruM NIN» 

aa. Antenne distinctly longer than the anterior femora. 

i . = e = = 

: b. Mesothorax never less than four times as long as the prothorax, generally more; 
tibize not furnished at the apex beneath witha sunken areola. -BacuNncuLin © 

| bb. Mesothorax never more than three times as long as the prothorax, generally 

less; tibiae furnished at apex beneath with a sunken areola. 
c. Coxze visible from above; tarsi five jointed...-.-..--.------1 \ NISOMORPHINE 
ec. Coxze invisible from above; tarsi three jointed.............-.-.--- TIMEMINE 





Subfamily CLIULTUMNIN 44. 


. 
The insects representing this subfamily in the United States are 
very slender wingless walkingsticks with antenne much shorter than 
the anterior femora in both sexes. The legs are slender and unarmed 
and the tibiz are carinate beneath to the apex. The median segment 
is short and inconspicuous. Pronotum short as in Lacunculine. 
Cerci moderate, incurved in the male and straight in the female. 
We have but one genus, which is here characterized as new. 


| PARABACILLUS, new genus. 


12. 


| Bacillus ScuppER (not Latreille), Psyche, VI, 1893, p. 3 


Antenne less than one-half as long as the anterior femora, composed 
of six or seven segments in the male and probably about that number 
in the female, but there, as also sometimes in the male, the segments 
are so closely connate as to be inseparable, except the first and second, 
which are very distinct.“ Head subpyriform, horizontal. Eyes small, 
-yound. Thorax with the pronotum about one-fifth as long as the 
-mesonotum. Legs, smooth, unarmed, long and slender. Cerci as in 





— Diapheromera. 

_ Dr. Scudder considered the species of this genus to belong to the 
subfamily Bacillinee and placed them in the old world genus Laci//us. 
- But the absence of an areola at the apex of the tibiv below refers them 
to the subfamily Clitumnine. In many particulars the genus seems 
closely allied to the genus Puraclitunmus of Brunner von Wattenwye. 
We have a single species of the genus. 


PARABACILLUS COLORADUS Scudder. 


Plate LVII, fig. 1; Plate LVIII, fig. 1. 


Bacillus coloradus ScuppEr, Psyche, VI, 1893, p. 372; Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci., 


IX, 1902, p. 21, pl.1, fig. 4. 
Bacillus carinatus ScuppER, Psyche, VI, 1893, p. 372. 





ar, belongs to this genus, but the antenne are composed 
The Bacillus palmeri of the author, recently described 


« Bacillus hispanicus Boliv 
of sixteen distinct segments. 


3 
_ from Mexico, is also a member of this genus. 


- 


; 


S66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX 















The following description is that of the author.“ which is quoted i 
full: 

Bacillus coloradus Scudder (pl. 1, fig. 4), Baker’s ranch, Beulah, Sapello Canyo 
8000’ on Monarda stricta (Willmatte P. Cockerell); La Trementina (Alice Blake), 
The following description was taken from the first specimen, which is that figured: 

Testaceous, more or less clouded with fuscous dorsally. Head striped feebly with 
fuscous, especially above and with five subequidistant delicate longitudinal caring 
whole thorax and abdomen similarly carinate, but otherwise smooth except for very 
minute rather sparsely scattered ferruginous granules between the dorsal and sub- 
dorsal carinve; second joint of antennze small and globular, the remainder consistin: 
of a hardly articulate, slightly depressed, lanceolate, bluntly pointed mass. 

Length of body, 48 mm.; antennze, 4.5 mm.; mesothorax, 10.5 mm.; metathorax, — 
8.5 mm.; abdomen, 25 mm.; hind femora, 12 mm.; width of metathorax in middle, — 
1.5 mm. 

The above description is from a female specimen. The males : are 
more slender, with longer antenne and legs. 

From a study of a series of specimens, both male and female, from | 
Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and California I conclude 7 
that there is but one species. They show a certain amount of varia- 
tion in color and size, but afford no specific characters. The antenn 
of a mature pair from California measure 5 mm. in the female and a 
mm. in the male. One male from Arizona has antenne measuring 
12 mm. in length. The color varies from almost wholly infuscated to 
alight brown. One female from California has an extreme length of 
very nearly 70 mm. But there are all stages of gradation between 
these extremes of color and size and no characters present themsely es 
to warrant the recognition of more than the one species. 


Subfamily BACUNCT LIN. 


i ggg en gale he 


The members of this subfamily are long, slender, stick-like insects | 
with the mesothorax at least five times as long as the prothorax; 
antenne, except in Sermyle, more than twice as long as the anterior | 
femora; tibiz without a sunken areola at apex beneath. i 

The slender body at once distinguishes this subfamily from the 
others of our fauna except Clitumnine. The long antenne, however, ; 
readily separates it from that group. We ee four genera of 
Bacunculinee occurring in the United States. The collie table | 
will serve to separate them: : 





a. Head subquadrate or subcylindrical, usually distinctly longer than broad, attached 
obliquely or horizontally. (Plate LVII, fig. 4.) Male cerei subequal through- | 
out or apically trifid. 

b. Middle femora of the male not much swollen, not thicker than the posterior — 
ones; posterior femora unarmed in both sexes. ‘ 


f 
z 
’ 
5 


ce. Male cerci apically trifid, head carinate or longitudinally rugose between the 
eyes; antennie rarely twice as long as the anterior femora. « 
Pseudosermyle, new genus. — 

cc. Male cerci simple; head smooth; antennze more than twice as long as the” 
anterior femora --......2......2.42 Bacunculus Burmeister, 


“Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1902, p. 21. 











WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 867 


bb. Middle femora of the male much swollen, distinctly thicker than the px Sate 


} 
i“ ones; posterior femora armed beneath on the median line near the apex 
with a single spine, in the male very prominent, in the female often very 


- small and sometimes wholly absent ---.--------------- Diapheromera Gray 


ad. Head ovate, short, scarcely longer than broad, attached vertically (Plate LVII 


fig. 27); male cerci spatulate, much broader apically than at the base (Plate 
WR Deep) ee an = ne nme eee end 


Vegaphasma, new genus. 
PSEUDOSERMYLE, new genus. 


Head subcylindrical, distinctly longer than broad, horizontally 
attached to the thorax and in front between and behind the eyes either 
carinate or longitudinally rugose; antenns no more, or but little more, 
than twice as long as the anterior femora; legs unarmed; basal seg- 
ment of the abdomen generally subquadrate in the female, twice a 
more than twice as long in the male. Cerci of the female simple, of 
the male apically trifid. 

This genus, of which 7. banks: may be considered the type, 1s most 
nearly allied to Sermyle Stal, but differs in the character of the male 
cerci, which are simple in the latter genus.” The head of the only 


species of Sermyle examined, a female from Guatemala, is very much 


shorter in proportion than found in the species of Pseudosermyle. It 


is also somewhat closely allied to Bacunculus, and the most stable 


character for its separation from that genus, exclusive of the male 


~ genital characters, seems to be the dorsally carinate or rugose head. 


The males of Pseudosermyle strigata and arbuscula are unknown and 


it may be that these species will eventually prove to belong to Sermy/e, 
but until the male sex is made known it is deemed safest to include 


them here. 

Pseudosermyle is represented in the United States by five species, 
which may be separated by the following tables. The first table is 
based wholly upon the characters of the female: 


a. Body multicarinate or longitudinally rugose. 

b. Cerci short, no more than three times as long as the greatest width; supraanal 

plate subtruncate or obtusangulate at the apex. 
¢. Femora short and stout (Plate LVIII, fig. 4), the posterior ones about nine 
TEE nee oe = 2 arbuscula Rehn. 
cc. Femora longer and more slender (Plate LVIJI, fig. 34), the posterior ones 
about twenty mm. in length--.----------------77"7" truncata, new species. 
bb. Cerci long, six times as long as the greatest width; supraanal plate acutely 
pee eaten apex. 9--<---- === --= 2222 n renee strigata Scudder. 
stramineus Scudder. 


Pseudosermyle banksiit does not appear in the above table for the 
reason that the female is unknown. The species of which the males 


aThe male of Sermyle mexicanus Saussure, the type of Sermyle, is not positively 
known, but a male specimen that Stal thought quite surely belonged to that genus 
had simple cerci, as in Bacunculus. Besides this, other Mexican species referret to 
this genus haye simple cerci. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——958 


868 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX 





are known may be separated by the following table, which is based 
wholly upon the characters of that sex: 


a. Seventh abdominal segment distinctly inflated on the posterior half. 


b. Long and slender, length about 60 mm .........--.--.--.- banksii, new species. 
bb. Shorter and less slender, length about 40 mm-_.......__- truncata, new species. 


aa. Seventh abdominal segment not inflated --..............-.- stramineus Scudder. 
PSEUDOSERMYLE ARBUSCULA Rehn. 


Sermyle arbuscula Rerun, Can. Ent., XX XIV, 1902, p. 273. 


The following description of this species is taken in full from the 
author’s article referred to above: 


Type, female, San Diego, California, May 7, 1901. 


This species does not seem to be very closely related to any of the previously — 


known species of the genus. From azteca Saussure, it is differentiated by having the 


femora carinate and striate; from saussurit Stal, by the nonampliate sixth abdominal — 


segment; and from strigata Scudder, by the more robust limbs and the less strongly 
striate body. With mexicana and linearis Saussure, no affinity exists. 

General form slender, the thoracic portion rather robust. Head rather elongate, 
bearing two central longitudinal rugee, which become obscure caudad, the whole 
surface of the head rather tuberculate, the tubercles being longitudinally disposed; 
eyes subspherical, slightly exerted; antennze longer than cephalic femora; the prox- 
imal segment large and broad, with the distal section contracted, this segment over 
twice as large in bulk as the next. Pronotum, mesonotum, and metanotum tuber- 
culate, the tubercles resolving into longitudinal series, this being more apparent on 
the metanotum, the mesonotum and metanotum being centrally carinate; pronotum 
rather narrow, not quite equaling the head in length; mesonotum long (with pro- 
notum equaling the cephalic femora), the lateral margins slightly tuberculate; meta- 
notum very considerable shorter than the mesonotum, comparatively robust, 
expanding in the caudal portion. Abdomen rather slender, multistrigate, none of the 
segments exhibiting any special ampliation; ventral surface between the sixth and 
seventh segments exhibiting a pair of flattened longitudinal processes. Cephalic 
femora heavy, with the proximal diastema (found in many representatives of this 
family) rather well marked, the remaining section of the segment being inflated and 
with three prominent angles; tibiae as long as the femora, quadrate slightly taper- 
ing; first tarsal joint about as long as the succeeding ones. Intermediate femora 
short, triangular in section, equaling the metanotum (and median segment) in 
length; tibize depressed, about equaling the femora in length; first tarsal joint con- 
siderably less than the succeeding joints in length. Caudal femora short, reaching 
the middle of the third abdominal segment, roughly triangular in section; tibice 
rather longer, reaching to the apex of the first segment. General color, reddish 
brown, washed with ashy gray on the cephalic limbs. 


Measurements. 


mm. 
Length of body .-..-..... 2... 2.9.05 24. 12 ee 54 
Length of pronotum...... 2. 22.22.2002 ee 3 
Length of mesonotum ..../2....--.-1.0.2 ee 12 
Length of metanotum (with median segment) |. oi22 2 S85 8.7 
Length of abdomen .... 20.2... .2.<-0002.-- 2 ee 28 
Length of cephalic femora .............-.:.... eee 14 
Length of intermediate femora ........:....-... ea 7.5 
Length of caudal femora............-..:2.....4). 2 8.7 





a a a a 

















0.1885. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 869 

» The supranaal plate of this species is shown at Plate LVII, fig. 3. ae 

for this drawing I am indebted to the describer. This species seems 
remarkable for the extreme brevity of the posterior femora. 


PSEUDOSERMYLE TRUNCATA, new species. 
Plate LVIII, figs. 3, 3a, 30. 


Color grayish brown. Head above with two pairs of prominent 
arine, the carine of each pair subparallel at base, flaring somewhat 
ust beyond the middle and then rapidly converging slightly beyond 
‘the eyes by the incurving of the outer carina. Just anterior of the 
‘termination of these carine is an elevated, posteriorly bifurcated 
tubercle and between the two pairs of carine isa minute mesial carina 
extending halfway along the length of the head. Antenne basally 
thicker than in strigata. Pronotum above with a slight mesial longi- 
“tudinal incision and with a shallow transverse furrow just behind the 
middle which does not extend to the borders, which are strongly cari- 
“nate; disk with two subdorsal carine, less distinct behind the transverse 
furrow, and with a couple of indistinct, less elevated carine between 
“them and the border of the pronotum; mesonotum, and metanotum, 
‘together with the intermediary segment and the abdomen carinated as 
in strigata, but the whole body is much less covered with tubercles, 
“the abdomen being almost entirely destitute of them and the thorax 
supplied more sparingly than in that species. Legs much more robust 
_ than in strigata and showing traces of fuscous bands more noticeable 
onthe middle femora. Sup ‘aanal plate broader than in s¢r7gata and 
~subtruncate apically. Cerci short and compa ‘atively broad, about three 
_ times as long as broad. 
Length of body, 73 mm.; mesothorax, 16.5 mm.; metathorax, 10.5 
~mm.; middle femora, 15 mm.; hind femora, 20 mm. 


° 












: One female, Dos Cabezos, Arizona, June, 1891. 
B  Type.—No. 6618, U.S.N.M. 
: 





One immature female specimen, in poor condition, from Bright 
Angel, Arizona, is referred to this species. It has the posterior femora 
extending only to the middle of the fourth abdominal segment and the 
pasal five segments of the abdomen are furnished posteriorly above 
with two prominently elevated tubercles, one on vach side. 

The U. S. National Museum also contains one female and six male 
specimens from Los Angeles County, California, that evidently belong 
here. The female is apparently immature, probably being in the last 
stage. It is 54 mm. long, and the posterior femora are 16 mm. in 
length. The males differ from the females in being entirely smooth 
except for the two main carine on the anterior part of the head 
between the eyes, and in being smaller and quite slender. The cerci 
project obliquely downward, are trifid apically, the center branch 
forming the terminus of the main body of the cerci, and engage sach 


# 








870 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





other at their tips. Plate LVIII, fig. 3, represents the cerci of the 
male of this species. In immature specimens the cerci are simple, 
being merely flattened and slightly concave. 


The measurements of these male specimens are as follows: Length of - 


body, 40 mm.; antenne, 27 mm.; mesothorax, 9.5 mm.; metathorax, 
including the intermediary segment, 7.5 mm.; fore femora, 13.5 mm.; 
middle femora, 12 mm.; hind femora, 15 mm.; width of middle of 
mesothorax, 1.5 mm. 

These Californian specimens are much lighter colored than those from 
Arizona, and may represent a new species, but without additional 
material it is not deemed advisable to describe them as suck. 


The type specimen was received at the Department of Agriculture 


on June 17, 1891. The following note regarding it is quoted from 
the notebook of the Division of Entomology: 


Rec. from F. W. Anderson, Asst. Ed. Am. Agr., N. Y., 1 specimen, female, of a 
Diapheromera, new to the collection, received from Los Cabezos, Arizona, with the 
statement that it is more deadly to stock than loco-weed if eaten by them. It is 
called in that section ‘‘ Campo mucho.”’ 


This species, while in general resembling strigata, is really very 
distinct. The broader supraanal plate with its subtruncate apex, short 
broad cerci, larger legs and smoother body, will at once distinguish it 
from that species. . 


PSEUDOSERMYLE STRIGATA Scudder. 
Plate LVI, fig. 3; Plate LVIII, fig. 8. 
Sermyle strigata ScuppErR, Cat. Orth. U. 8., 1900, pp. 14, 94-95, pl. 1, fig. 3. 
The author’s description is as follows: 


Whole body dull ashy gray. Head furnished above with four longitudinal rows of 
small tubercles. Whole thorax mesially carinate and also furnished above on either 
side with a pair of carina, all the carinze equidistant and furnished, as well as the 
intermediate spaces, with small sparsely scattered tubercles. Abdomen and interme- 
diary segment similarly marked, but with an additional pair of subdorsal carinze and 
with fewer and much more obscure granulations, mostly confined to the carine. 
Hind femora reaching to the end of the fifth abdominal segment. Abdomen nowhere 
expanded. 

Length of body, 72 mm.; antenne, 30 mm.; mesothorax, 18.5 mm.; metathorax, 
10.5mm.; abdomen, 35.5mm.; hind femora, 22.5 mm.; width of middle of mesotho- 
rax, 3 mm. 

Three males. Texas, Boll, Lincecum. 

This species appears to fall near S. azteca Sauss., but differs by the carinate thorax 
with its dull coloring. 


The cerci, as shown in the table of species, are very long, being six 
times longer than broad. 








a Te. ee 


 yo.1385. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 871 





PSEUDOSERMYLE STRAMINEUS Scudder. 
Plate LVIII, fig. 2. 


Bacunculus stramineus ScuppEr, Proc. Davenp. Acad. Se., EX, 1902, p. 20, pl. 1 
fig. 1. 
Described by the author as follows: 
Bacunculus stramineus Scudder, sp. noy. (pl. I, fig. 1). Body very slender, flavo- 
testaceous, the sides of the thorax, the undersurface of the metathorax, and most of 


the undersurface of the middle femora white or hoary, at least in the male, the 
tibize more or less tinged with green in the female; the terminal abdominal seg- 


ments are more or less hoary (male) or green (female). Head a little longer than 


the pronotum, somewhat tumid in the female, laterally striped with white in the 
male, in the latter with a pair of longitudinal rugze following behind the inner mar- 
gin of the antennal scrobes; antenne pale green (female) or testaceous, becoming 
apically infuscated (male), very slender and shorter than the body. Body smooth, 


the thorax with a feeble median carina. Seventh abdominal segment of male nearly 


as long as the eighth and ninth together, the ninth slightly longer than the eighth, 
the seventh segment not inflated, bearing beneath a bulbous body not reaching the 
extremity of the eighth segment with a cap which a little surpasses it; ninth seg- 
ment cylindrical, equal, truncate, bearing a pair of cerci, straight, rather stout, but 
compressed, equal and apically very briefly and bluntly bifid plates, nearly as long 
as the segment. 

Length of body, male, 50 mm., female, 42 mm. ; antennze, male, 22 mm., female, 


26 mm.; head, male, 2.5 mm., female, 2.5 mm.; thorax, male, 23 mm., female, 
18.5 mm.; mesothorax, male, 12.5 mm., female, 9 mm.; abdomen, male, 23.5 mm., 
female, 22 mm.; fore femora, male, 14 mm., female, 10.5 mm.; middle femora, male, 
11.5 mm., female, 8 mm.; hind femora, male, 14 mm., female, 10.5 mm.; width of 
metathorax in middle, male, 1 mm., female, 1.5 mm. 1 male, 1 female. Between 
Mesilla Park and Little Mountain, July 1. (A. P. Morse. ) 

The female is probably not quite mature. 


PSEUDOSERMYLE BANKSII, new species. 


Body very slender, testaceous, paler below. Head pale, slightly 
longer than the pronotum and distinctly swollen anteriorly, the sides 
marked with a longitudinal black stripe and with the usual longitudi- 
nal carine on top between and behind the eyes. Body smooth, with 
scarcely a trace of a median carina; mesothorax much longer than the 
metathorax. Seventh segment of the abdomen slightly shorter than 
the eighth and ninth together and considerably swollen on the posterior 
half, and here furnished with the usual yentral appendage, which is 
slightly longer than the eighth segment; eighth and ninth segments 
subequal in length, the latter the larger and equal. The cerei are as 
long as the last abdominal segment, moderately slender, slightly com- 
pressed, curving very slightly downward and inward, and are apically 
trifid, the center branch curving inward quite abruptly and forming 
the terminus of the main body of the cerci. 
Length of body, 64 mm.; antenne, 50 mm. ; mesothorax, 16.5 mm. ; 
metathorax, including the intermediary segment, 12 mm.; fore femora, 








872 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. 


25 mm.: middle femora, 22 mm.; hind femora, 25 mm.; width at the 
middle of the mesothorax, 1.25 mm. 

One male from Brazos County, Texas, collected in September by 
Mr. Nathan Banks, in whose honor the species is named. Also a 
male from Buna, Jasper County, Texas, on November 15, 1902, by 
Dr. A. D. Hopkins. The latter specimen was taken on pine. 


Type ._—No. 6616, U.S.N.M. 


This insect may prove to be the male of Sermyle strigata Scudder, — 


but more material is needed before it can be proven. ‘The very 
slender form, however, seems to militate against this. 


BACUNCULUS Burmeister. 


Bacunculus Burmeister, Handb. Ent., II, 1838, p. 566. 

Burmeister established Bacunculus as a subgenus of Bacteria. As 
represented in the United States, the genus is defined as follows: 

Very closely allied to Diapheromera. ead smooth in both sexes, 


subcylindrical, anteriorly swollen, elongate, more than twice as long 


as broad, and horizontally attached to the thorax. Antenne much 
more than twice as long as the anterior femora. Prothorax about 
one-sixth as long as the mesothorax; mesothorax slightly longer 
than metathorax. Legs of male unarmed, slender, filiform; middle 


femora of male not at all swollen as they are in Diapheromera; legs — 


of female usually unarmed, but the middle and posterior femora are 
sometimes armed below on the median line next the apex with a dis- 
tinct, though usually minute, spine. Body of male more slender than 


in Diapheromera and the cerci of similar shape and relative proportion 


as in that genus. 

The unswollen middle femora of the males make it easy to distin- 
guish this genus from Diapheromera, but from female specimens alone 
it is more difficult. The more elongate and anteriorly swollen head 
together with the more generally unarmed legs will usually serve, 
however, to distinguish the females with considerable certainty. 

In the United States we have a single species. 

BACUNCULUS TENUESCENS Scudder. 
Plate LYI, figs. 1, 2. 
Bacunculus tenuescens Scupper, Cat. Orth. U.8., app., 1899, p. 95. 

This species is figured on Plate I, figs. 1 and 2 of the above work, and 
described in the following words: 

Body exceedingly slender, flavous beneath, brown (male) or green (female) above, 
becoming infuscated on the lower portion of the sides, forming a postocular stripe. 
Head greatly elongated, much longer than the pronotum; antennze much shorter 
than the body. Entire body quite smooth with a very delicate mesial carination. 


Seventh and ninth abdominal segments of male subequal in length, slightly longer 
than the eighth and about half as lone as the sixth, the seventh segment scarcely 


a Oe ee ee oe L 


nal 


> 


hn ats ll el a tt et i 


a i i i i a el its 


: 


¥ 


* 
0.1835. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 873 


i 





inflated, bearing beneath a deflexed subspatulate convex plate, reaching the tip of 
the eighth segment and no broader than it; ninth segment cylindrical, equal, trun- 


cate, bearing a pair of decurved and incurved, cylindrical but slightly clavate, blunt 
tipped cerci, about as long as the segment. 

Length of body, male, 64.5 mm., female, 53 mm.; antennze, male, 41 mm., female, 
35 mm.; head, male, 3.25 mm., female, 3.5 mm.; thorax, male, 31.5 mm., female, 25 
mm.; mesothorax, male, 16 mm., female, 13 mm.; abdomen, male, 30 mm., female, 
25 mm.; fore femora, male, 18 mm., female, 15.5 mm.; middle femora, male, 14.5 
mm.; female, 13.5 mm.; hind femora, male, 20 mm., female, 16 mm.; width of me- 


sothorax at middle, male, female, 1 mm. 
One male, one female. Cedar Keys, Fla., June 6; Capron, Florida. 
The tip of the abdomen of the female is lost. 
The female from which the above description was made is evidently 
immature, as the measurements do not at all agree with those of mature 


- individuals in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. The fol- 


lowing notes are made froma mature female collected by Hubbard and 


Schwarz at Cedar Keys, Florida, in the month of June: 


i 5 Oe en to aed 


Ki eed Bee 


e+ 


Color uniformly light greenish-brown, probably green in life. Ninth abdominal 
segment slightly longer than the seventh. Supraanal plate subtriangular, mesially 
keeled. Cerci long and slender, about as long as the last abdominal segment. 
Extreme length of body from front of head to tip of cerci, 85 mm., head 4.5 mm., 
mesothorax 19 mm., metathorax 14.5 mm., fore femora 19 mm., middle femora 16.5 
mm., hind femora 20.5 mm., cerei 4 mm, ; width of mesothorax at middle 2 mm. 

A female specimen from Biscayne, Florida, from the Riley collec- 
tion, which is referred to this species, is apparently much above the 
ordinary size, giving the following measurements: Extreme length of 
body 110 mm., head 5.5 mm., mesothorax 24 mm., metathorax 19.5 
mm., fore femora 27.5 mm., middle femora 21 mm., hind femora 26 
mm., cerci mm. This specimen is but little thicker than moderate- 
sized individuals and shows no peculiarities indicative of a new species. 

The brown color of the males of this species varies from light to 
quite dark, and the legs, probably alsov the body in some specimens, 
are greenish-brown. 


DIAPHEROMERA Gray. 


Diapheromera GRAY, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 18. 


This genus has the following characters: 

Head smooth in both sexes, subquadrate or subcylindrical, usually 
less than twice as long as broad and obliquely attached to the thorax; 
antenne much more than twice as long as the anterior femora; protho- 
rax usually less than one-fourth as long as the mesothorax; meso- and 
metathorax subequal in length. Body linear, especially in the male; 
basal segment of abdomen oblong, in male twice as long as broad. 
Middle femora much swollen in the male, distinctly thicker than the 
hind ones, those of the female searcely swollen and not distinctly larger 
than the hind ones. Posterior femora armed ben ath on median line 
near the apex with a single spine, in the male large and distinct, in the 


87 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ 


female sometimes large and distinct but usually much smaller than in — 
the male and sometimes minute or even wholly absent. Cerci of male © 
cylindrical, longer than the last abdominal segment and, except in — 
D. mesillana, strongly incurved. . 

Our common northern walkingstick belongs to this genus, the species — 
of which are distributed more widely over our country than those of — 
any other of our genera. None of the species have been found west — 
of the Rocky Mountains. Five species occur in the United States. — 
They may be separated by the following table, which is for the greater 
part taken from a paper on this genus by Dr. Scudder: “ 


a. Male cerci strongly incurved. q 
b. Ninth abdominal segment of male subequal, scarcely larger at apex than at base, — 
the seventh segment much longer than the eighth; male cerci with a basal 
tooth. 3 
c. Inner ventro lateral carina of the posterior femora with minute serrations; 4 
meso- and metathorax unicolorous. q 

d. Male cerci with a blunt tooth at inner inferior base (Plate LVIII, fig. 6); 
female cerci relatively stout, about half as long as the last dorsal segment. 
Ffemorata Say. 
dd. Male cerci with a sharp thorn at inner inferior_base (Plate LVIII, fig. 5); 
female cerci relatively slender, almost or quite as long as the last dorsal 
segment’... 2. 5205222 3 oh Se eet eee ae eer veliei Walsh. 
cc. Inner yentro-lateral carina of the posterior femora smooth; meso- and 

metathorax longitudinally marked with black beneath. 

arizonensis, new species. 
bb. Ninth abdominal segment of male apically inflated, and here nearly half as 
broad again as at base, the seventh and eighth segments of subequal length; 


male cer¢i without a basaletoothe ssn eos ieee ee ee carolina Scudder. 
aa. Male cerci rigidly straight. (3.222 eee oe eee aera oe mesillana Scudder. 


DIAPHEROMERA FEMORATA Say. 


Plate LVH, fig. 4; Plate LVIII, fig. 6. 


Spectrum femoratum Say, Exp. Long., I, 1824, p. 297; Amer. Ent., III, 1828, 
p. 37, pl. xxvir.—Lerpy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., I1I, 1846, pp. 80-84. 

Diapheromera femorata Harris, Treat. Ins. Inj. Veg., 1840, p. 119.—ScuppeEr, 
Psyche, IX, 1901, p. 188. . 

Phasma (Bacteria) fenorata HAAN, Bijdr. kenn. Orth., 1842, pp. 101, 134. 

Bacunculus femoratus UnLER, Harris, Treat. Ins. Inj. Veg., 3d ed., 1862, p. 146. 

Diapheromera sayi Gray, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 18. 

Bacteria sayi CHARPENTER, Orth. deser., 1841-1845, pl. 1v. 

Bacteria (Bacunculus) sayi Burmeister, Handb. Ent., IT, 1888, p. 566. 

Bacunculus sayi Tuomas, Trans. Ill. St. Agric. Soe., V, 1865, p. 441. 

Bacteria linearis Goss, Lett. Alab., 1859, p. 275. 

Color fuscous or green, the males more often exhibiting the latter 
color, Mature individuals, especially the females, are almost always 
fuscous during the autumn months. The middle femora of the dark 
colored males are distinctly banded with lighter color. 

Head smooth in both sexes, subquadrate, scarcely elongate, obliquely 





« Psyche, IX, 1901, pp. 187-189. 












vo 


mis. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 875 





ttached to the thorax; eyes round, slightly more prominent in the 
male than in the female. Antenne long and slender, about as long as 
the body; prothorax short, about one-fifth as long as the mesothorax, 
the dorsal cruciform impression distinct, especially the transverse inci- 
sion; meso- and metathorax subequal in length, without median carina. 
Legs of male long and slender, except the middle femora, which are 
much swollen and distinctly thicker than the others; of the female, 
shorter in proportion, and the middle femora are not swollen, no 
thicker than the others. Fore legs unarmed, undulate and smaller at 
the base; hind and middle femora of the male armed beneath on the 
median line near the apex with a large, prominent spine; of female, 
similarly armed, but the spine is much smaller, often quite minute. 
Abdomen smooth; intermediary segment visible only from above and 
firmly united to the metathorax; basal segment elongate, nearly or 
quite twice as long as broad in the female and three times as long as 
broad in the male; seventh segment in the male distinctly longer than 
the ninth and three times as long as the eighth. Cerci of male some- 
what longer than the terminal segment of the abdomen, cylindrical, 
oval at apex, bluntly tubercled interiorly at base, clothed with micro- 
scopic stiff hairs and strongly curved horizontally inwards, usually 
crossing each other at about the middle; female cerei straight, stout, 
acuminate, less than half as long as the terminal segment of the abdo- 
men, and partially concealed from above by the exposed tip of the 
triangular supraanal plate, which, as well as the cerci, is sparsely coy- 
ered with very short hairs of microscopic size. 

Length of body, male, 72 mm., female, 70 mm.; mesothorax, male, 
17 mm., female, 16 mm.; metathorax, male, 16 mm., female, 13.5 
mm.; middle femora, male, 15.5 mm., female, 11.5 mm. ; hind femora, 

“male, 19.5 mm., female, 15 mm.; hind tibia, male, 25 mm., female, 
16 mm. 

The above description was drawn up from a male and female col- 
lected in copulation at Rosslyn, Virginia, on September 12, 1900. 
The males are quite uniform in size, but the females are quite variable, 
the one from which the above measurements were taken being a small 
specimen. A large female from Massachusetts before me gives the 
following measurements: Length of body, 92 mm.; mesothorax, 19 
mm.; metathorax, 17 mm.; middle femora, 14.5 mm.,; hind femora, 
18.5 mm.; hind tibia, 20 mm. 

This species is our most common phasmid and occurs throughout 
the northern part of the country from the Rocky Mountains eastward. 
It is said to also occur as far south as Mexico, but is more rare in the 
South, being quite generally replaced there by the next species, velze?. 
Many of the southern records pertain to allied species mistaken for 
Jemorata. 

These insects mate in the autumn and pairs are often seen in the act 



















&76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI 


of copulation. The female drops the eggs at random in the woods, 
where they lie till the following spring before hatching. Eggs depos 
ited on November 9 and kept indoors gave forth the young during 
the last week of the following March. Some eggs are slow in giving 
forth the nymphs and so the insect may be found in various stages of } 
development all through the season. Some of the eggs lie through” 
even the second winter before hatching. The young are said to pass: 
through but two stages in the course of growth, which averages less: 
than two months. The newly hatched nymphs are of a uniform pale | 


young are said to live on low herbage and drop to the ground when — 
disturbed. There is but one generation annually. , 

This is the only one of our phasmids that is of economic impor-_ 
tance. It has been recorded as occurring in injurious numbers on for- 
est trees. In such cases burning over the ground in winter to kill the” 
eggs is recommended. 4 


> 


DIAPHEROMERA VELIEI Walsh. 


Plate LVIIL.-fig. 5. 


Diapheromera velii Watsn, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., ITI, 1864, pp. 409-10.—§ 
ScuppgEr, Psyche, IX, 1901, p. 189. 


This species may be defined as follows: 

Of the same size and form as 2). femorata, and also agreeing with it | 
in being dimorphic in color, both brown and green forms occurring. | 
It differs from that species in the following particulars: Head slightly 
more elongate; middle femora of male not usually banded with gray; | 
seventh abdominal segment of the male no longer than the ninth, while 
in femorota it is one-fourth longer. Male cerci with a sharp spine or 
tooth at the base on the inner side instead of a blunt tubercle; female 
cerci nearly or quite as long as the apical segment of the abdomen 
instead of less than half as long, and they are usually more slender 
than in femorata. In general, the color of the dark form of vee 
seems to be somewhat lighter than that of the corresponding form of 
Jemorata, but in this respect both species are variable. | 

This species is more southern in its distribution than femorata. It 
occurs east of the Rocky Mountains from Nebraska to Maryland, 
south to Georgia and Texas. It occurs also in Mexico. It was 
described from Nebraska, and Scudder reports it from a number of - 
States within the region specified above. I have seen specimens from 
Virginia, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Colorado. Some of the 
females from Oklahoma have the spine beneath the posterior and inter- 
mediate femora entirely aborted, causing them to be separable from 







Biss.  WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 877 





she females of Bacunculus only with great difficulty. The shape of 
he head and the association of the males with the females, however 
nade the identification quite certain. 


DIAPHEROMERA ARIZONENSIS, new species. 


 Slenderer than ). femorata, uniformally light yellowish brown, with 
the meso- and metathorax longitudinally marked beneath with shiny 
black. Antenne nearly as long as the body and concolorous with it. 
Thorax smooth, with a very slight median carina; mesothorax slightly 


longer than the metathorax; seventh seoment of the abdomen dis- 


Ie 5 ; 
tinctly longer than the ninth, somewhat constricted on the anterior 


t 


third; ninth segment with the posterior margin concave, exposing the 
tip of the triangular supraanal plate. Cerci shaped as in femorata 
and pelict, with the basal tooth intermediate between those species. 
Legs long and slender, the middle femora relatived; less swollen than 


re 











n allied species. 

Ee Length of body, 76 mm.; antenne, about 65 mm.; mesothorax, 18 

mm. ; metathorax, 16.5 mm.; middle femora, 18 mm.; hind femora, 

22.5 mm. 

~ Onemale, Hot Springs, Arizona, June 28, 1901. Collected by Messrs. 

Schwarz and Barber. 
Type.—No. 6612, U.S.N.M. 

_ This species is closely allied to femorata and velie’, but can be dis- 

tinguished from them by the characters given in the table and by the 

‘more slender form. The elongate seventh abdominal segment will 

‘readily separate it from velée/. It is quite a characteristic-looking 

“species, though the differences that separate it from its allies are diffi- 

ult to define. 


~~: 


SS eR Tt 





‘S 

+ DIAPHEROMERA CAROLINA Scudder. 

+ 

Diapheromera carolina ScuDDER, Psyche, IX, 1901, p. 188. 

_ The following is the description as given by the author: 

_ Stouter than D. femorata, testaceo-castaneous, glistening, the thorax with a rather 


broad median bronze-fuscous stripe, not reaching the median segment, and inter- 
; rupted at the posterior end of the mesonotum, the fore legs greenish, the antennze 
_testaceous; thorax with excessively fine transverse striation. Mesothorax and meta- 
thorax (including median segment ) of similar length. Seventh and eighth abdom- 
inal segments of subequal length, each faintly enlarging from base, the ninth a little 
shorter, apically inflated and subglobose, nearly half as broad again at apex as at 
base, the cerci much as in D. femorata, but stouter, 
_ basal tooth. 

_ Length of body, 67 mm.; head, 3 mm.; 
~mm.; hind femora,.19.5 mm. 

One male. North Carolina. (Morrison. ) 


more compressed, and without 


mesothorax, 13.5 mm.; fore femora, 20.5 


aa: 


878 PROCEEDINGS ¢ OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX 





DIAPHEROMERA MESILLANA Scudder. 
Diapheromera mesillana Scupper, Psyche, LX, 1901, p. 189. 


The original description is here given in full. 






Slenderer than D. femorata, uniform greenish flavous, the antennz infuscated | 
beyond the basal third, the thorax smooth, with an obscure median carina; subapi- 
cal inferior spine of middle and hind femora rather slight. Mesothorax and metatho- | 
rax (including median segment) of equal length. Seventh and ninth abdominal 
segments subequal in length and distinctly longer than the eighth, all equal in w intl 
and nowhere enlarged, the ninth rather feebly and angularly emarginate, exposing 
a small, transverse, apically arcuate, supraanal plate; cerci about as long as the ninth 
abdominal segment, rigidly straight, directed backward and not at all downward, 
slender tapering, blunt tipped, externally convex, and internally concave. | 

Length of body, 55 mm.; head, 3 mm.; antenne, circa 37 mm.; mesothorax, 12.5_ 
mm.; fore femora, 14.5 mm.; middle femora, 11 mm.; hind femora, 13.5 mm. 

Two males. Between Mesilla and Las Cruces, New Mexico, June 30. (A. PL 
Morse. ) 

MEGAPHASMA, new genus. 


Head smooth, rounded, subvertical; antenne: more than twice as_ 
long as the anterior femora; prothorax one-fifth as long as the meso- 
thorax and transversely incised; meso- and metathorax subequal in _ 
length and with a distinct, though slight, median carina. Middle and 
hind femora swollen in both sexes, the middle ones somewhat larger 
than the posterior ones in the male, and both the middle and posterior 
pairs in both sexes armed beneath on the median line next the apex. 
with a prominent spine and sometimes, at least in the female, with a 
row of equally large ones extending along the entire length of the 
femora below. 

This genus is erected for that large Southern walkingstick described 
by Stal as Diapheromera dentricus. This insect exhibits characters 
that are certainly of generic value. The rounded, subvertical head, 
broad, spatulate cerci end unusually large size will readily separate it 
from all other of our genera. Diapheromera is the most nearly allied 
genus, but the characters given in the table will at once separate it 
from that genus of much smaller insects. 

In the United States we have a single species. 


sia pilates Nk a eka amma 


MEGAPHASMA DENTRICUS Stal. 
Plate LVII, fig. 2, 2a, 2b. 


Diapheromera dentricus Sra, Rec. Orth., III, 1875, p. 76.—Scupper, Psyche, IX, 
1901, p. 187; Harpers Mag., LX XXVIII, 1894, p. 456, fig. 1. 

This species was originally described from Opelousas, Louisiana. 
The following description is made from specimens, male and female, 
in the U. S. National Museum collection: 

Yellowish brown or fuscous. Head rounded, subvertically attached - 








0.133.  WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. +879 





othe thorax. Antenne multiarticulate,“ more than twice as long as 
e anterior femora. Cruciform impression on the pronotum distinct, 
eso- and metathorax subequal in length and furnished above with a 
carcely perceptible delicate median carina. Ninth abdominal segment 
slightly longer than the seventh. Legs stout, anterior ones unarmed 
po but half as thick as the others; posterior and middle tibize deeply 
denticulate below on the median carina, which is considerably elevated 
and terminated at the apex in a blunt spine, as is also the posterior 
ventro-lateral carine. The posterior and intermediate femora are 
large and regularly trapezoidal in form, each border below denticulate 
and spined on the median line with small apinules, except the terminal 
one, which is very large in the male. In the female all the spines are 
often large, but not so large as the terminal one of the male; the 
femora are broadest on the lower side and slightly swollen toward the 
base. The male femora are somewhat more rounded than those of 
the female. Posterior femora extending to the apex of the third 
abdominal segment in the female and almost to the middle of the 
fourth in the male; margins above coxal cavities slightly expanded 
and dentate. Cerci stout, in female less than one-half as long as the 
Jast abdominal segment; in male expanded apically, somewhat. spat- 
ulate and directed strongly downward. 

The original description, which was made from the female sex 
alone, gives the following measurements: Length of body 123 mm.; 
thorax 53 mm.; mesothorax 24 mm.; metathorax 24 mm. ; abdomen 70 
mm.; fore femora 27 mm.; middle femora 20 mm.; posterior femora 
23 mm.; width of middle of mesothorax 5 mm. 

Often the general color is reddish brown, legs lighter. A specimen 
in the U.S. National Museum collection has the middle and hind 
femora and the posterior two-thirds of the prothorax green, varie- 
gated with light gray and brown; on the femora the gray is grouped 
together in the form of broad, illy defined bands. Other specimens 
have the anterior portion of the prothorax and mesothorax, both above 
and below, greenish black. 

This insect has been recorded from Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, 
and, with doubt, from Alabama. One female specimen in the U.S. 
National Museum is from East Joplin, Missouri, the most northern 
locality yet recorded for this species. 

This is the largest walkingstick that occurs in the United States, a 
female before me measuring 145 mm., which is 5 mm. less than one 
in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 
This species suggests tropical forms: more than anything else in our 


«The antennal segments of a male specimen from Texas were counted and were 
found to number just seventy-eight. The antenn of the specimen figured is drawn 
nearly twice too thick, except basally. 


880 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXy 


fauna, and the large size commands attenoee wherever seen. Mr 
Mitchell, of Victoria, Texas, informs me that they are not uncommot 

the wooded bottoms in that vicinity, where they occur on grapi 
vines. 





Subfamily ANISOMORPHIN 42“. 


In this subfamily the antenne are more than twice as long as the 
anterior femora. Tibi furnished with a sunken areola below next 
the apex; cox visible from above; tarsi distinctly pentamerous 
Mesothorax not more than three times as long as the prothorax, 
Intermediary segment invisible. . | 

We have a single genus of this subfamily in the United States. 


ANISOMORPHA Gray. 
Anisomorpha Gray, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 18. 


This genus, as represented in the United States, has the following 
characters: 

Head not more than one and one-half as long as broad, horizontally 
attached to the thorax. Body broad and stout, pecan in the 
female; prothorax furnished with distinct odoriferous glands; meso 
and meta-thorax subequal in length. Legs stout and thick, unequal 
the middle pair the shortest; abdominal segments subquadrate or 
transverse, especially in the female, the seventh and ninth subequal 
in length, intermediary segment invisible. Cerci short, rounded, 
similar in both sexes. 

We have two closely allied species, one occurring more commonly 
in the extreme Southern States and the other ranging farther north, 
Their differences are comparative and may be tabulated as follows: 


a. Female, color generally yellowish brown with conspicuous broad black dorsal and. 
lateral stripes. Head noticeably longer than broad; body more elongate, seve 
to nine times as long as broad. Male, color and head as in female. — Body still 
more elongate, about twelve times as long as broad, averaging about 45 mm. in 
length .....:2.20.0 021 AU eee buprestoides Stoll. 

aa. Female, color uniformly ferruginous of various shades or inconspicuously striped 

with very narrow dusky dorsal and lateral stripes. Head less noticeably 
longer than broad. Body proportionately shorter and broader, six to six and 
one-half times longer than broad. Male, color same as female. Head and 
proportions about the same as in buprestoides but smaller, averaging no more 
than 35 mm . ..225. ss2c.- 22 oe ee ferruginea Palisot. 


ANISOMORPHA BUPRESTOIDES Stoll. 
Plate LIX, fig. 1. 


Phasma buprestoides Stott, Repr. Spectr., 1787-1813, p. 68, pl. xxi, fig. 87. 

Anisomorpha buprestoides Gray, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 19.—ScuppEr, Can. Ent., 
XXVII, 1895, p. 30. 

Phasma (Anisomorpha) buprestoides Haan, Bijdr. Kenn. Orth., 1842, p. 101. 

Spectrum bivittatum Say, Amer. Ent., [II, 1828, pl. xxxvuit. 

Spectrum vittata JaArcer, Life N. Amer. Ins., 1854, p. 123. 
































0. 1335. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 88] 





|The following description of this common Southern walkingstick 
8 made froma series of both sexes in the collection of the United 
states National Museum. 

Color varying shades of yellowish brown, often almost fuscous, 
ith conspicuous broad, black stripes extending from the front of the 
read to the tip of the abdomen, one dorsal and one on each side. 
these stripes, in dark-colored individuals, are often more or less con- 
ised, but in light-colored specimens they are very conspicuous and 
yell defined. Some specimens, apparently killed soon after trans- 
Ormation, are paler in color and with the stripes narrow and indis- 
inct. Legs short and stout, unequal, the middle pair the shortest, in 
pale more slender than in the female, dark colored, except in light- 
olored individuals, where they are colored the same as the body; the 


: 
{ 


bie and femora of each pair of legs are subequal in length. Head 
toticeably longer than broad, horizontally attached to the thorax and 
ubquadrate in shape, somewhat swollen anteriorly. Antennz about 
hree times as long as the anterior femora, the fourth segment the 
hortest. Prothorax mesially incised and transversely sulcate in the 
niddle, about twice as long as broad, usually more than one-third as 
ong as the mesothorax, furnished above on each well-elevated border 
n front with a prominent gland, opening laterally from which is 
jected a pungent spray aa the insect is excited. Meso- and meta- 
horax subequal in length, the former usually slightly the longer and 
on the disk sometimes perched: especially toward the sides, with 
everal granules, often quite acute; there is no median carina. Abdo- 
nen smooth, without carina, segments, especially the basal ones of the 
Bmale, subquadrate or transverse, in the male usually semewhat 
onger than broad, intermediary segment invisible. In the female the 
seventh segment eee forms a Aare scoop-shaped process, at the 
base of which are situated the genital organs. Cerci short, in the 
female no more than one-half as long as the last abdominal segment, 
in the male almost as long as the apical segment, straight and subcylin- 
drical in both sexes, projecting Eabliorizontallly backward in the 
female and eBperpendicalarly downward: in the male. The male 
poly has the tip of the abdomen curved under. 

- Measurements made from a mated pair from Key West, Florida, are 
4 follows: Length of body, male 45 mm., female 61 mm. ; head, male 
3.5 mm., female 6 mm.; antenne, female 40 mm.; prothorax, male 
8.5 mm., female 6 mm.; mesothorax, male 7 mm., female 12 mm.; 
metathorax, male 6 mm., female 10 mm.; fore femora, male 9.5 mm., 
emale 13 mm.; middle fomaed male 7 mm., female 10.5 mm.; hind 
3 male 9.5 mm., female 14 mm.; w idth of head, male 2.5 mm., 
oe 4 mm. 

This species, which is sometimes called the musk mare, seems to 
occur most commonly in the extreme Southern States. The U.S. 







889 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV 





National Museum contains over twenty specimens, all from Florid 
except some without labels, which are probably from Mississippi. 
has been recorded from various localities in the southeastern part 
the United States, but the more northern records doubtlessly belong 
to the next species. Several young specimens referable to this specie 
are uniformly brownish gray in color, but otherwise resemble th 
adults. 
ANISOMORPHA FERRUGINEA Palisot de Beauvois. 


Plate LIX, fig. 2. } 


Phasma ferruginea Pautsor DE Brauvors, Ins. Afr. Amer., 1805-1821, p. 167, ph 
ellos Omni 

Anisomorpha ferruginea GRAY, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 18. 

Phasma (Anisomorpha) ferruginea Haan, Bijdr. Kenn. Orth., 1842, p. 101. 


This species is very closely allied to the preceding one. The color 
is in general lighter than in buprestocdes and usually uniform, and not! 
conspicuously marked by black stripes as in that species, sometimes. 
with narrow stripes, more often noticeable in the males. The head is: 
usually less noticeably longer than broad, and the body is proportion- 
ately shorter and broader as tabulated above. The males average 
less in size and the habitat seems to extend farther north than that of 
buprestoides. The measurements from a pair from Tallulah, Georgia, 
are as follows: j 

Length of head, male 3mm., female 5.5 mm.; body, male 31 mm., 
female 50 mm.; fore femora, male 8 mm., female 10 mm.; middle 
femora, male 5.5 mm., female 8.5 mm.; hind femora, male 8 mm.,. 
female 11 mm.; prothorax, male 2.5 mm., female 5 mm.; mesothorax, 
male 5 mm., female 9.5 mm.; metathorax, male 4 mm., female 8.5 
mm.; width of head, male 2 mm., female 4.5 mm. 

This species appears to extend farther north than buprestoides, but’ 
it also occurs in Florida. The specimens in the collection of the United 
States National Museum are from Florida, Louisiana, Kentucky, and 
Pennsylvania. 

This species, as well as the preceding one, is said to be able to throw 
a colored fluid to a considerable distance from the well-developed scent: 
glands, situated on the thorax. 


TIMEMIN 4, new subfamily. 


This subfamily presents the following characters: 
Antenne longer than the anterior femora; tibize furnished beneath 
at the apex w ith a sunken areola; cox invisible from above; tarsi 
three jointed. Intermediary segment as distinct as the rest of the 
abdominal segments, freely articulated to the thorax and not at all 
connate with it as in all other of our groups. | 
This well-defined subfamily is proposed for the genus Zimema of 










Wo. 1335. 


0, TALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 888 


ie 


dder. The structure of the insects here included is different from 





beneath the body in such a manner as to conceal the cox from above. 
‘he three-jointed tarsi are also peculiar to this subfamily. The three- 
ointed tarsi are obviously the result of a unition of the first three seg- 
n ents of the normal pentamerous phasmid tarus. This is indicated by 
the lower surface of the first segment showing obscure seomentation 
where the original segments have united. 

e We have but one genus of this interesting subfamily in the United 
States. 

; 






| 


’ 


TIMEMA Scudder. 


Timema ScuppER, Can. Ent., XX VI, 1895, p. 30. 


_ The characters limiting this genus are: 
I General form short and broad, not linear, head subquadrate, no 
Jonger than broad, as broad as the thorax. Antenne much longer 
than the anterior femora, basal segment very large, three times as 
Jong as broad, enlarged apically. Prothorax quadrate, not narrowed 
anteriorly, noshorter than the metathorax and without distinct odorif- 
erous glands; meso- and metathorax subequal inlength. Legs short and 
stout; cerci of male forcipulate, irregular in shape and curving 
inwards, of female stout, vertically flattened and straight, in both sexes 
longer than the last abdominal segment. 


_ We have a single species. 


teed 


TIMEMA CALIFORNICA Scudder, nev species. 


s Plate LVII, fig. 5; Plate LVIII, figs. 7, 74. 
_ This species, the type of the genus, has never been described. Dr. 
Scudder has very kindly furnished the following description, which is 
here published for the first time: 


a Head large, thorax depressed, abdomen depr 
_ what posteriorily, the whole body smooth, glistening a little, nearly 


_testaceous with a faint greenish tinge, the abdomen slightly lighter in tint than the 


and narrowly with brownish fuscous, most 


essed cylindrical, expanding some- 
uniform luteo- 


thorax, the latter striped longitudinally 
- distinctly in a submarginal stripe, in which are ft 
about as long as head and thorax together. 4 
about as long as the first three abdominal segments. Last abdominal segment of 
male somewhat expanded and tumid, the hind margin sinuato-truncate, the cerci 
about as the last segment, asymetrical, tortuous, abruptly incurved, basally depressed, 
- apically tapering to a point. 

| Length of body, male 14.25 mm.; female 22.5 mm.; antenne, male 5.25 mm.; 
hind femora, male 
' 

| 

| 


iscous impressed puncta. Antenne 
All the legs short, the hind femora 


Se 


female 7 mm.; mesonotum, male 1.5 mm.; female 2.5 mm.; 
3.25mm.; female 4.5mm. One male, one female, Santa Cruz Mountains, California. 


_ (L. Bruner. ) 
The U. S. National Museum contains 
species, two males and one female, from 5 


A Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 59 


three typical specimens of this 
anta Cruz Mountains, Cali- 




















884 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVi 





fornia, collected by Albert Keobele. The antennz of the males ar 
broken, but those of the female are intact and measure 14 mm. i 
length and are 22 jointed. It would therefore appear that the antenn 
of Dr. Secudder’s specimens, at least those of the female, were broken, 

The trochanters of these insects are large and distinct, more so than 
in any other of our Phasmide. The head is marked by a narrow post- 
ocular stripe, which extends more or less distinctly across the entire 
length of the pronotum. 

Besides these specimens from the Santa Cruz Mountains, the U. S. 
National Museum containsa male anda female from Los Angeles County, 
California, that may represent a new species, but their condition is too 
poor to warrant their description as such without additional and ai 
ter preserved material. They differ from the typical specimens in 
being proportionately shorter, head more flattened vertically, without 
the postoculate black line, and, together with the pronotum in the male, 
rugose above. The female cerci are more slender, and the meso- andi 
metathorax of both sexes seem less developed than in the specimens 
from Santa Cruz Mountains. The male cerci also differ in being more 
foliaceous. Plate LVIII, fig. 77, shows the male cerci of the specimen 
from Los Angeles County, and Plate LVIII, fig. 7, the same of the 
Santa Cruz Mountain specimens. 

This species apparently represents a step in the transition from the 
Phasmidee to the Forficulide. The forcipal cerci of the males, ven-— 
trally attached legs, short, broad head, and especially the short, stout 
legs with the three jointed tarsi, indicate a relation to the ear-wigs. 
As Phasmids these creatures are certainly anomalies, and at a casual 
glance are not always readily recognized, having, in one instance at 
least, been mistaken for a species of Perlid larvee. 


NOTE. 


Since this paper has been made up into pages, Mr. E. A. Schwarz 
collected a specimen of Phasmide representing a species new to our 
fauna. It was taken at Key West, Florida, on April 6, and, except — 
for the discordant factor of the median segment being slightly shorter — 
than the metathorax, seems to fall quite naturally into the Bacterid 
genus //aplopus of Gray. As the specimen is an immature female, 
any attempt at specific determination would be unsatisfactory. It may — 
eventually prove to be the /Zaplopus cubensis of Saussure, but it does 
not seem to agree very well with the description of that species. | 





. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


. 1335. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES— CAUDELL. 885 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
PLATE LVI. 
(After Scudder. ) 


1. Bacunculus tenuescens Scudder, male. 
2. Bacunculus tenuescens Scudder, male, side view of the tip of the abdomen. 
3. Pseudosermyle strigata Scudder, female. 


Pruate LVIL. 


. 1. Parabacillus coloradus Scudder, male. 


2. Megaphasma dentricus Stal, male. 

2a, Megaphasma dentricus Stal, male, side view of head and pronotum. 
20, Megaphasma dentricus Stal, male, side view of the tip of the abdomen. 
3. Pseudosermyle arbuscula Rehn, female, end of the abdomen. 

4. Diapheromera femorata Say, male, side view of head and pronotum. 

5. Timema californica Scudder, female. 


Prare LVILI. 


1. Parabacillus coloradus Scudder, female (after Scudder). 

2. Pseudosermyle stramineus Scudder, male (after Scudder). 

3. Pseudosermyle truncata, new species, male, side view of the tip of the abdomen. 
34, Pseudosermyle truncata, new species, female, right middle leg. 

35, Pseudosermyle truncata, new species, female, tip of abdomen. 

4. Pseudosermyle arbuscula Rehn, female, right middle leg. 

5. Diapheromera veliei Walsh, male, end of abdomen. 


-6. Diapheromera femorata Say, male, end of abdomen. 


7. Timema californica Scudder, male, end of abdomen. 
7%, Timema californica Scudder, variety, male, end of abdomen. 
8. Pseudosermyle strigata Scudder, female, end of abdomen. 


Prate LIX. 


- Fig. 1. Anisomorpha buprestoides Stal, female. 


2. Anisomorpha ferruginea Palisot de Beauvois,. female. 





PL. LVI 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI 


IATIONAL MUSEUM 


ROIS eT Sabie Se 
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FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 884. 














PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LVII 


_ WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 884. 





PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LVIII 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 









aaa ine rt ac tl 


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WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 885. 





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WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 885. 





DESCRIPTION OF AN EXTINCT MINK FROM THE SHELL- 
HEAPS OF THE MAINE COAST. 





By Dante, WEBSTER PRENTISS. 





Upon the shores and islands of Penobscot Bay and the adjacent coast 
there exist numerous shell-heaps, the majority of which were made by 
Indians. They vary greatly in size, some being an acre in extent, 
while others cover but a few square yards. The age of the majority 
of these shell-heaps 1s unknown, but from the absence of metals and 
articles of Kuropean manufacture from many of them, it is allowable 







PALATAL ASPECT OF SKULL—(, Lutreola macrodon (Type); 0, Lutreola vison imgens (Type); ¢; Lutreola 


vison lutreocephalus (No. 36915). 


to suppose that these at least date back to pre-Columbian times. This 
idea is strengthened by the discovery in one of them of the fragment 
of the skull of a mink, representing an extinct species which appears 
to be new, and is below described for the first time. Remains of other 
extinct species of animals will doubtless be detected as our knowledge 
of the contents of these shell-heaps increases. The drawings illustrate 
well the specific differences pointed out below. 





Proceepines U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI-No. 1336. 


888 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSE UM. VOL. XXVI. 





LUTREOLA MACRODON, new species. 


Type specimen.—No. 115178, United States National Museum, col- 
lected by F. W. True and D. W. Prentiss in 1897. 

Type locality. —Brooklin, Hancock County, Maine. 

Condition of type.—Fragment of skull composed of the superior 
maxille, portions of the nasals, right zygoma, and palate extending 
6mm. back of molars. All of the teeth are present on the right side, 
three incisors and one premolar on the left side, The teeth are in 
excellent condition except the canine, which is broken at the point, and 
portions of enamel missing. The bones are very brittle and of a yel- 
lowish color on their broken surfaces. 

Description.—Rostrum very wide, nasal aperture large, ant-orbital 
foramina also large. The nasals ascend more abruptly than in Z. w/son 
lutreocephalus, its nearest relative. The dentition is very similar to 
this race; the principal differences being the large size of teeth and 
the more acute angle which the carnassial makes with the long axis of 
the skull. 


Measurements. 




















: a L. vison 

: Leuty eola L. TNE lutreocepha- 

macrodon. ingens. lus. 36915 

: Type. TYPE” ly Son Mee 

Mm. Mm. Mm. 
IM GIROT TOW ee" eee ee ae 8.25 ae 6. 75 
Premolar row at base............ 18. 25 Li 14.50 
Palate between canines 9. 00 9. 00 8.00 
Palate between molars................ 12.50 12.00 11.00 
From anterior of incisor row in middle line to posterior part of 
miner tubercle Oh molars... sb ces ee = ee ge 30. 00 28. 00 26. 00 
Between ant-orbitaltoraming....¢2 .05. 081... seein 22. 00 20. 00 18.00 
Breadth of uusel apextute../.152210..c4c0cs0. a ea 9.25 7.5 8.00 
RE Orbitel] fomimienia sa 8oe on. cca cs Jen nce eee 6x4 5x3 4.x3 
Base of incisor row to tiprol nasal...2 53223. 2 suet am 14. 25 13. 25 13.00 
| 








a Fort Yukon, Alaska. » Near Washingto 


mn, District of Columbia. 


The skulls from which the foregoing measurements were taken are 
adult. The measurements of Z. macrodon, compared with those of 
L. v. lutreocephalus, its nearest relative, show the enormous size of 
this mink. Z. v. ingens was until now the largest American mink, 
but is decidedly smaller than the one here described. 

The resemblance of this species to LZ. v. lutreocephalus is very 
striking, but the difference in size of the teeth, the angle of the nasals, 
and the position of the carnassials justify me, I believe, in the absence 
of intermediate forms, in describing it as a new species. 

I wish to express my thanks to the Secretary of the Smithsonian 
Institution for permission to study and report upon this specimen, to 
Dr. C. Hart Merriam for access to the colMections of the Biological 
Survey, Department of Agriculture; to Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, jr.; and 
to Mr. Outram Bangs, of Boston. 





REVISION OF THE CRUSTACEA OF THE GENUS 
LEPIDOPA. 


By James E. BENEDICT, 


Assistant Curator of Marine Invertebrates. 


No group of small nonparasitic animals is more inseparably and 
picturesquely associated with the environment in which the greater 
numbers live than are the members of the super-family Hippoidea, of 
which the sand bug, known as //ippa talporda® since the time of Say, 
is the best known representative on the east coast of the United States. 
Members of this family are occasionally found even as far north as 
Cape Cod. They live in the sand on open beaches, which have been 
said to be the most barren of places for a collector with the exception 
of a desert. Nevertheless a walk along the shore is always interesting. 
The bleached and broken tests of sea urchins, beach-worn shells of 
mollusks which have lived beyond the surf lines, and the fragments of 
innumerable things which the waves cast up, momentarily attract the 
attention. Living things that occur are but few, and usually well- 
known species. One may expect to see an occasional swimming crab 
protecting itself from the surf and perhaps from the collector, by 
settling back into the sand nearly or quite out of sight, or a running 
crab hastening to its burrow, or if cut off from this retreat, phinging 
into the surf out of reach of scoop nets. T he long rows of partially 
dried sea-weed often shelter Amphipods, Isopods, and shore insects, 
and digging along the water's edge brings to light a few small Anne- 
lids and Synaptas, but the hunt alongshore with shovel and sieve 
where the waves are pounding results usually in finding little but 
Hippids, which scuttle about the sieve in the vain effort to escape, or 
if a sieve is not at hand, and the contents of the shovel have been spread 
upon the beach, quickly disappearing in the sand only to be brought 
back by a plunge of the hand. But in the warmer American waters, 
among the Hippids an occasional Albunea or Lepedopa will be found, 
seemingly living under the same conditions as the Hippids, though 
differently fitted for such conditions. Very few specimens of the 





‘ 


aNow Emerita talpoida. Bull. U. S. Fish Com., II, 1900, p. 138. 





PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. ASS. hat 


S90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX 





Albuneids seem to be present at one time, and the question naturall 
arises, is this their normal proportion, or do they occur in greater nu 
bers in some more favored locality, perhaps farther out where th 
sands are not always in motion, and where they would be able to us 
more deliberately, in feeding, the hands which have been altogethe 
denied their relatives, the Hippids; or do they live deeper in the sand 
where their long antennule may not only warn them of the presence 
of prey, but keep the way open and even entice the victim withi 
reach of the strong hands? The answer to this question must b 
deferred until collectors have recorded more careful and extended 
observations; and it may not be out of place to here suggest 
that one reason for the scarcity of individuals is that collectors, 
having quickly obtained a sufficient number of 
Hippids for their purposes, do not prolong the 
search, and so miss a chance to obtain the rarer 
Albuneids. Between these forms striking differ- 
ences will be observed. The Hippids are shuttle- 
shaped, while the Albuneids, except in the case of 
Blepharipoda, are broader across the front than 
anywhere else. To some difference in habit is pos- 
sibly due the great difference in the eyes. Those 
of the Hippids are on slender almost thread-like 
stalks, while those of the Albuneids are remark- 
able for the peculiar and diverse shapes of the 
stalks which furnish characters that may be used 
not only to distinguish the genera, but to quite an 
extent, even the species in a genus. In the genus 
Albunea they are flattened, elongated, and in most 
species acutely triangular in shape, with a small 
cornea at the apex. - In the genus Lepidopa they 
are scale-like, and in some species almost rec- 
tangular, while the cornea, if the small speck 
Tee can be so called, may be situated either on the 
terminal or lateral margin. It is hard to under- 
stand just what is the function of the broad seale-like stalk. The speck 
which serves for the eye can hardly do more than distinguish light 
from darkness. In the genera having mere eyespecks on a scale- 
like stalk the antennule are extraordinarily developed. This forces 
another question upon us: Is not this a case of one sense organ hay- 
ing been developed at the expense of or in compensation for another, 
for the antennule are sense organs of no slight power, being from 
two to five times the length of the carapace—straight, stiff, and well — 
provided with hairs which are probably sensory. These organs must 
_be more useful than eyes to an animal living submerged in the sand 
sain the situations where they have been found. Blepharipoda has yet 
a different eyestalk, slender as in the Hippids, but jointed in the middle. 












‘no. 1387. REVISION OF THE GENUS LEPIDOPA—BENEDICT. 891 


; : Stes 
The Hippidee and the Albuneide make up the super-family Hippoidea 
of the Macrura Anomalia. 

In this paper four species are described as new, and, though the 
material is scanty, the localities from which the specimens were obtained 
are separated by long distances. Of the seven species now included in 
the genus Lepidopa six are represented in the collections of the U. 5. 
National Museum and one in those of the museum of Union Univer- 
sity, Schenectady, New York. 


GENUS LEPIDOPA Stimpson. 


Lepidopa Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1858, p. 230. 
Lepidops STrmPson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, April, 1860, p. 241.—Mukrrs, 
Revision of the Hippidea, Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIV, Oct., 1878, p. 331. 


The Albuneids of this genus may be immediately recognized by the 
very long, stiff lashes of the antennules or middle antenne in connection 
with the broad scale-like stalks which range in form from ovate to 
quadrate. The carapace in all species is shield shaped, the surface is 
but little broken by lines. 

The characters relied upon to distinguish the species are believed to 
be those least likely to vary. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS LEPIDOPA. 


a’. Eye-stalks ovate. 


b’. With lobe between the central points of the front -------------- venusta, p. 892 
b2. Without lobe between the points of the fronteec: 224-82. 59--e> websteri, p. 892 
@. Eye-stalks subrectangular. 
_ b’. Cornea on the frontal margin of the eye-stalk very smal eee myops, p. 892 


2. Cornea on the outer margin. 
“. Antero-lateral angle of eye-stalk produced much beyond the side, anterior 
Pepa mmided «2592-2222 2-2 arene deamx, p. 893 
©. Antero-lateral angle not produced much, if any, beyond the line of the side, 
anterior margin straight or very slightly concave. 

d’. Inner distal angle of the eye-stalk more rounded than the outer. 
scutellata, p. 894 

@. Outer distal angle of the eye-stalk more rounded than the inner. 
e’. Margin between the central and lateral teeth of the front is occupied by 
a sinus divided by a lobe into nearly equal parts. . ----- mearnsi, p. 899 
é. Margin between the central and lateral points occupied by the usual 
ocular sinus, the lobe not forming a second sinus between it and the 
lateral teeth of the front--------- OE seh oe ke richmondi, p. 895 


892 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV. 









LEPIDOPA VENUSTA Stimpson. : 
Lepidopa venusta Strmpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 230 (withow 
description); Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. of New York, VII, p. 79. 
Lepidops venusta Mirrs, Jour. of Linn. Soe. of London, XIV, p. 3382. 
Eyes oblong, broadest about the posterior third, narrowing toward 
the cornea, which is terminal and very small, 
barely visible from above. From below, under a 
lens, it is shown as a black speck with a little 
dark streak running to the bottom of the peduncle. 
The ocular sinus is separated from the spine 
behind the antenna by a slight lobe in all speci- 
mens. Between the spine and the antero-lateral 
angle the outline is slightly concave. The front 
and lateral projections are equally advanced. 
Length of carapace of largest specimen, 11 
mm.; breadth, 14 mm_ Savanilla, U. S. Colom- 
bia; collected by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross; three 
specimens. 





Fig. 2.—LEPIDOPA VENUSTA, 
x 2 


LEPIDOPA WEBSTERI, new species. 


Lepidopa venusta, Kinastry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1879 (Part pub. 
March 9, 1880), p. 410. 

In comparing the single specimen referred to by Mr. Kingsley with 
Lepidopa venusta, it is found to be very closely related, but yet dis- 
tinct. It differs in having the lateral teeth of the front closer to the 
rostral tooth, while in Z. venusta they are closer to the spines of the 
antero-lateral angles; the lateral teeth of Z. websteri 
are also more produced, and the lobe between the base 
of the rostral tooth and the lateral teeth has almost dis- 
appeared from this species, while prominent in Z. ven- 
usta. The eye stalks are in a general way only like 
those of L. venusta; they are not so long in proportion 
and are not contracted as much near the apex. The !'¢.3.—Lepmopa 

. . WEBSTER], X 2. 
specimen can hardly be said to have an eye speck; a 
dark line on the lower surface may serve to distinguish light from 
darkness. 

The color of this species, as Z. venusta, also is iridescent. 

The carapace is'7 mm. in length and 9 mm. in breadth. 

Named for the collector, Prof. H. E. Webster. 

The type belongs to Union University, Schenectady, New York, 
and was taken on the beach near Fort Macon, North Carolina. 





LEPIDOPA MYOPS Stimpson. 


Lepidops myops Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, VII, 1862, p. 241.— 
Miers, Jour. of the Linn. Soc. of London, Zool., XIV, 1879, p. 333, pl. v, 

fig. 16. 
The eyes are broad and very broadly rounded at both angles, the 
inner distal angle is, however, more evenly rounded than the outer, 





x0. 1337. REVISION OF THE GENUS LEPIDOPA—BENEDIC7T. 893 





which is slightly produced beyond the inner. The eye speck is on the 
distal margin near the outer angle and the sinus occupied by it could 
hardly be distinguished with a lens, were it not for the slight colora- 
tion remaining. 

The front is tridentate. The lateral teeth are acute, while the median 
tooth is blunt and evenly rounded, situated posterior to the line of the 
lateral points just 1 mm., in the specimen de- 
scribed. Between the deepest part of the ocular 200 es 
sinus is a broad lobe. Between the lateral point 
and the antero-lateral angle the margin is deeply P16: 4—~beribors avons, 
concave. e 

The carapace of this species, like that of scutellata, has abroad, rather 
depressed ridge running along the median line. The post-branchial 
area has a group of from 8 to 10 large punctures. 

The specimen from which the foregoing description was drawn was 
obtained by Dr. E. A. Mearns, U.S. A., off San Diego, California. 

Type.—No. 28661, U.S.N.M. 


LEPIDOPA DEAMAZ:, new species. 


The eye-stalks of this species are broadest near the anterior end. 
The inner and distal margins are about equally arcuate and form a 
slightly obtuse angle where they meet. The anterior exterior angle 
of the stalk is well rounded;*behind this angle the eye spot is well 
indented. From this place the stalk narrows 
rapidly to its base. 

The median tooth of the front is advanced 
to a point nearly in line with the lateral teeth. 
From the rostral tooth the margin runs back- 
ward, making an ocular sinus evenly concave 
at its inner half; from this point it is straight 
and almost transverse to the notch where it 
meets the sigmoid margin and the lateral 
tooth of the front. From the lateral tooth 
to the spine at the antero-lateral angle the 
margin is sigmoid, an exact copy of the sig- 
foe mold outline of the margin between the point 

and the eye sinus, but very much larger. 

The carapace is convex transversely, straight longitudinally. 

As in scutellata, the median line is raised into a broad carina, trian- 
cular in cross section; this is by far the largest Lepidopa in the collec- 
tion. It is 35 mm. broad in front, is 82 mm. long measured on the 
middle line from the apex of the rostrum to the posterior margin of 
the carapace. Named for the collector, Mrs. Clarence C. Deam, of 
Bluffton, Indiana, who obtained the specimen from Salina Cruz, Gulf 
of Tehuantepec, Mexico. 

Type.—No. 26170 U.S.N.M. 





894 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX 





LEPIDOPA SCUTELLATA Stimpson, 







“a 


?Hippa scutellata Fawricius, Ent. Syst., II, 1793, p. 474. $ 
? Albunea scutellata Desmarest, Consid. sur le Crust., 1825, p. 173.—M. Epwarps, 
Hist. Nat. des Crust., IJ, 1837, p. 204, pl. xx1, figs. 9-13.—GiBBEs, Prog, 
American Assoc., 1850, p. 187.—Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exp., XIII, 1852, p- 406, 
Lepidopa scutellata Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 230; Ann. 
Lyc. Nat. Hist., New York, VII, Mar., 1859, p. 79. 
Lepidops scutellata Miers, Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIV, Oct., 1878, p. 332. 


The eye-stalks are nearly rectangular, a little longer than wide. . 
The anterior margin is slightly concave and under a lens is seen to be: 
armed with denticles. The eye-specks are situated on the outer 
margin just posterior to the rounded por-- 
tion of the distal angle. These specks are: 
much more prominent in this and other: 
species with rectangular eye-stalks than in. 
species with ovoid stalks. The lateral teeth. 
of the anterior margin are a little more ad-. 
vanced than the middle or rostral tooth, and 
are placed nearer to the spine of the antero- 
lateral angle than to this tooth. The margin 
of the front is sigmoid between the apex of 

: the lateral teeth and the bottom of the ocu- 
GG Vene mors SCUTELLATA, = (lar eines tease tine point it meets the concave 
ef line which forms the margin of the rostral 
tooth; at the point where the lines meet there is a very small notch. 
The carapace is broader than long, straight on the median line, and 
strongly curved laterally. 

The carapace of a female from Pensacola, Florida, measures 16.5 
mm. long and 19.5 mm. wide. The eye-stalks are 4 mm. long and 3.4 
mm. wide. 

An examination of the stomach of a specimen taken near Morris 
Cut, opposite Miami, Florida, disclosed the setee of Annelids, the skin. 
of a very small Synapta with some anchor plates still present, and 
parts of the flagellee of some small crustacea. 

The type locality of the species called Albunea scutellata by the | 
earlier authors will probably never be known. When Stimpson | 
erected the genus Lepidopa by separating Albunea, he placed in it two. 
species from the island of St. Thomas, West Indies. The species with 
the more rectangular eye-stalks he very properly identified with — 
Albunea scutellata of Desmarest, Edwards, and others. This identifi- 
cation he could not have verified nor can we at this time unless the 
types are extant. As the matter stands the island of St. Thomas can 
be recognized as the type locality of the species. The specimens in 
the National Museum do not come from localities nearer St. Thomas 
than Florida, and it follows that the species here described and figured 
for L. scutellata may prove to be new. 





| 
| 
| 


j 

























~ 


no. 1337. REVISION OF THE GENUS LEPIDOPA—BENEDICT. 895 








LEPIDOPA MEARNSI, new species. 


The eye-stalks are almost rectangular. The inner distal angle of the 
talk is much less rounded than the outer. The anterior margin is very 
lightly concave. The eye-speck or cornea is situated on the side ‘ust 
behind the rounded portion of the angle. . 
he three teeth of the front extend forward 
to nearly the same line, the rostral tooth is, 
however, a trifle shorter. The sinus behind 
the eye is divided by a lobe into two nearly 
equal parts. : - FiG. 7.—LEPIDOPA MEARNSI, x 4. 
_ This species is more nearly related to Z. 

pichmondi than to any other. It is represented by one specimen in 
very bad condition, the front and eye stalks are, however, intact. 
The unique type-specimen is labeled ** West coast of Central 
merica.” 

Type.—No. 26171, U.S.N.M. 









ES 
a 


mAG ete: 
= ~—_— . 


, —~— 





F 


LEPIDOPA RICHMONDI, new species. 


The character of the eyes is almost identical with Z. mearns?, except 
‘that the eyes of this species are proportionally slightly smaller, the 
“distal margin is more nearly straight and the inner margin is slightly 
more arcuate. The median projection of the front is a little posterior 
to the line of the projection of the teeth; this alters the character of 
the sinus behind the eye and eliminates the slight sinus 
found behind the antennula in Z. mearnsi. ‘The mar- 
gin between the ocular sinus and the lateral tooth of 
the front is transverse. At first sight the effect of 
the lateral tooth rising beyond the margin is to give 
it the appearance of a double sinus as in L. mearnsi, 
but a careful examination shows that this is erroneous, 
“Fic. 8—Leprpora. except in the manner thata sinus always exists at the 
RICHMONDI, X 23. i ; ; : : ‘ i 
side of a spine or tooth-like projection. The carapace 
is arcuate but slightly flattened on the sides, forming a low ridge on the 
median line. Longitudinally the carapace is straight. The flagellum 
of the richmond? has 8 joints. 

Distance between lateral points of the front is 5 mm. 
scales is 1.5 mm. by 1.5 mm. 
| Locality.—A single specimen from 
by Dr. C. W. Richmond, for whom it is named. 
Type.—No. 25828, We. M: 





Size of eye 


Greytown, Nicaragua, collected 









REVIEW OF THE -SILUROID FISHES OR CATFISHES 
OF JAPAN. 


By Davin Starr JorpAN and Henry W. Fowter, 


Of the Leland Stanford Junior Uni versity. 


) In the present paper is given a review of the catfishes or Vema- 
_ tognathi known to inhabit the waters of Japan. The paper is based 
_ on the collections made by Messrs. Jordan and Snyder in 1900,'a 
“series of these specimens being placed in the U. S. National Museum. 


Order NEMATOGNATHI. 
CATFISHES. 


Parietals and supraoccipital confluent. Four anterior vertebree 
-coossified, and with ossicula auditus or weberian apparatus. No 
-mnesopterygium. Basis cranii and pterotic bone simple; no coronoid 
bone. Third superior pharyngeal bone wanting, or small and resting 
on the fourth; second directed backward. One or 2 pairs of basal 
_branchihyals; 2 pairs of branchihyals. Suboperculum wanting, or 
modified into the uppermost branchiostegal. Mesocoracoid present. 
Premaxillary forming border of mouth above, except in one family 
(Diplomystide), in which the maxillaries also bear teeth. Inter- 
clavicles present. No scales. Skin naked or with bony plates. 

This group comprises 2 families, /V/otoside and Si/uride among 
Japanese fishes. 

(via, thread; yvaSos, jaw; from the maxillary barbels which are 
always present.) 


a. Air bladder well developed, usually simple or with transverse constructions, lying 
free in the abdominal cavity. Mouth terminal, teeth villiform, conical, incisor 
or molarlike; intestines short, arranged in longitudinal folds; body naked, or 
with 1 series of lateral plates; diaphragm membranous; tip of scapular process 
reaching basioccipital. 

b. Dorsal and anal nearly coextensive with the caudal portion of the vertebral col- 
umn; the first dorsal short, the second not adipose, united to the caudal; 
opercle present. 

c. Gill membranes not confluent with the isthmus, or united only by a very 
narrow strip; gill-openings broad; 2 dorsals, the first short and with spine 
in front; second dorsal long and joined to caudal; anal united with caudal; 


no adipose dorsal; ventrals many-rayed; air-bladder not inclosed in bone. 
PLorosIpD&, 1. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. 1338. 


897 


898 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





bb. Dorsal short or wanting; confined to the abdominal portion of the vertebral ; 
column. ’ 
d. Opercle well developed and movable; adipose fin normally present; gill- — 
openings usually wide; caudal vertebrae not compressed, the neural spines 
simple, spine-like. 
dd. Maxillary reduced to a rudiment, the intermaxillaries only forming mar- 
gin of upper Jaw. -2-=5 2202c2- 3265s oe ee eee Sees SILURID, 2. 


Family I. PLOTOSID 2. | 


Body more or less elongate and naked. Front of head with at 
least 8 barbels. Gill-openings wide and the gill-membranes not con- 
fluent with the isthmus, or only narrowly united. Dorsals 2, the first 
short and with a spine in front, the second long and joined to the 
‘audal; anal long and confluent with caudal. No adipose dorsal. 
Opercle present. A dentritic post-anal organ. Air-bladder not 
inclosed in bone. 

Sea catfishes, often reaching a large size, and confined to the warm 
and tropical coasts of the Indian Ocean, the seas about the East Indies, 
and Australia, one species extending its range eastward to Samoa. 


1. PLOTOSUS Lacépéde. 
Plotosus LAckrEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, p. 180 (anguillaris). 


Body elongate, thick in front, and the tail tapering. Head depressed 
and covered with thin skin; snout rounded in front; eyes small; mouth 
transverse; jaws with 8 barbels; conical teeth in upper jaw, those on 
the mandible mixed, and vomer with molar-like teeth; nostrils far 
apart, the anterior tubular; 9 to 12 branchiostegals. Gill-openings 
wide, the gill-membranes not joined to the isthmus. Dorsals 2, the 
first short, few-rayed, and with a spine in front, and the second very 
long, many-rayed and like the anal, confluent with caudal; pectoral 
spines developed; ventrals with as many as 12 rays. Air vessel mod- 
erate in size and not inclosed in bone. A dendritic post-anal organ. 
East Indian Seas, from Africa and India to Japan. 

(zAwrOds, floating.) 


1. PLOTOSUS ANGUILLARIS (Lacépéde). 


GIGI (CATFISH), SHIMAGIN (STRIPED CATFISH), UMIGIGI (SEA CAT- 
FISH. ) 


Plotosus anguillaris LacsrEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, p. 180, pl. m1, fig. 2; 
‘“Les Grandes Indes.’’—Riiprett, Fische, Neue Wirbelthiere, 1837, p. 76; 
Red Sea.—Canvor, Catal. Malay. Fish., 1850, p. 264; Malayan Peninsula.— 
Bierxker, Ichthy. Archipel. Ind. Prodrom. Siluroid, 1858, p. 314.—GiinTHER, 
Cat. Fish., V, 1864, p. 24; Pinang, Sumatra, Borneo, Amoy, Philippines, 
Fiji, Marston Bay.—Srernpacuner and DépERLEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, 
p. 287; Tokyo, Enoshima, Inland Sea, and Kagoshima.—IsHikawa, Prel. 
Cat., 1897, p. 24; Tokyo, Izu, 






No. 1358. JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 899 





Plotosus lineatus Cuvinr and VaALENcIENNEs, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, p. 412: 
Ked Sea, Seychelles, Malabar, Ile de France, Trinquemalo, Pondic 
Amboina, Celebes, Friendly Islands, Tahiti, Macao, Philippines.—Ricnarp- 
son, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 286; Canton.—Scniecer, Fauna Japonica Poiss., @ 
1846, p. 228, pl. crv, fig. 3; Nagasaki.—Bierxer, Verhand. Batay. ( renoot ; 
XXI, 1858, pp. 4, 17, 57. 

Plotosus arab ® Burexer, Atlas Ichth., II, 1862, p. 98, pl. xcy, fig. 2 (several fig- 


sherry, 


sch., 


ures), founded on ‘36 (Silurus) (d) Arab Boa vel Buja’”’ of Forskal 
Descript. Animal., 1775, p. XVI.—Day, Fishes India, I, 1878-88, p. 483, pl. 
exu, fig. 4—Day, Fauna Brit. Ind., I, 1889, p. (XI) 113.—Kwer, Novara, 
Fische, 1865-67, p. 300.—Day, Fishes, Malabar, 1865, p. 195.—K Lunzincer, 
Verhand. Zool. Botan. Gesellsch., 1871, p. 588.—Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus., X XIII, 1900, p. 340; Tokyo.—Jorpan and SNYDER, Annot. 
Zool. Japan, III, April 3, 1901, p. 44; Yokohama. 


Head 3% in length; depth 5%; D. I, 5-80; A. 68; P. I, 10; V. 12: 
width of head about 14 in its length; eye 24 in interorbital space, 3 in 
snout, 7} in head; pectoral 2 in head; ventral 24. 
_ Body elongate, the trunk thickest in front, compressed laterally, and 
the tail rather long and tapering. Head large, broad, depressed; when 
seen from above, the snout is broadly rounded and flattened; eyes 
small, anterior and superior; mouth very broad; upper jaw produced; 
teeth in the jaws rather few, large, coarse, with blunt ends, and simi- 
larly formed on the vomer and palatines; lips rather thick, fleshy and 
with small laminated folds or papille; 8 barbels, more or less equal, 
and distributed as 2 nasals, 2 maxillaries, and 4 mentals, the longest 
not equal to half the head; interorbital space concave and broad. Gill- 
openings large, and forming a fold over the broad isthmus. Gill-rakers 
numerous and slender; no pseudobranchie. 

Body perfectly smooth and naked. 

First dorsal high, its base less than the interorbital space, the spine 
strong, a little more than half the height of the fin, and the anterior 
edge serrate above; second dorsal long, of uniform height, and begin- 
ning between the origin of the ventrals and that of the anal; anal sim- 
ilar to second dorsal, and both joined to the caudal, which is rounded 
behind; pectorals equal to tirst dorsal, the spine similar to that of the 
first dorsal, more than half the length of the fin, and with its outer 

edge serrate; when depressed the pectorals do not reach quite to the 
ventrals, though these reach past the anal. The lateral line is well 
developed. A well-developed dendritic post-anal organ. 


a We are indebted to Mr. Edgar R. Waite, of the Australian Museum, for the dates 
of publication of the different parts of the Fauna Japonica. These are as follows: 
Decade I, pp. 1-20, 1842; Decades II, III, IV, pp. 21-72, 1843; Decades V, VI, pp. 
73-112, 1844; Decades VII, VIII, IX, pp. 113-172, 1845; Decades X to XIV, pp. 175- 
269, 1846; Decade XV, pp. 270-524, 1850. 

’The specific name arab adopted by Bleeker from Forshal was an abbreviated 
form of the word Arabic or its Latin equivalent, and should in no wise be construed 
as a scientific term. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 


60 





900 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Color in aleohol brown, pale on the abdomen and lower surface of 
the head; along the upper portion of the sides, a narrow pale line 
from snout above eye to near base of caudal above, and from below — 
eye another similar narrow stripe below lateral line and persisting to 
the posterior portion of tail; edges of second dorsal, caudal and anal 
blackish. 

Length 8+ inches. 

This description is taken from a specimen from Misaki. The species 
is found through the shore waters of east Africa, Red Sea, southern 
Asia, the East Indies to Polynesia and Japan. 

Our many specimens from Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Mogi, and 
Nagasaki. 

This species is very abundant along the shores of shallow sandy bays — 
throughout southern Japan. It rarely exceeds a foot in length. It 
is not much value as food, and its sharp spines cause it to be detested 
by the fishermen. Great numbers are taken in the shallow bay of 
Mogi near Nagasaki. 

(anguillaris, eel-like.) 


Family HW. SILURID. 


Body more or less elongate, naked or covered with bony plates. No 
true scales. Anterior part of head with 2 or more barbels, the base 
of the longest pair formed by the small or rudimentary maxillary 
Margin of upper jaw formed by premaxillaries only. Suboperculum 
absent; operculum present. Dorsal fin usually present, short, above, 
or in front of the ventrals. An adipose fin usually present. Anterior 
rays or dorsal and pectorals usually spinous. Air bladder usually 
present, large, and connected with the organ of hearing by means of 
the auditory ossicles. Lower pharyngeals separate. Species numer- 
ous, mostly in fresh waters, the large subfamily of Arzinz confined 
to the sea. None of these occur in Japan proper. 


a. Gill membranes free or forming a free fold across the isthmus, rarely joined to it; 
anal fin shorter than caudal portion of vertebral column. 
b. Artna. Nostrils close together, neither with a barbel, the posterior with a 
valve; teeth on the palate; caudal forked (species chiefly marine). 
c. Lower jaw with 4 barbels; palatine teeth fixed; both jaws with teeth above; 
gill-rakers few, 5 to 25; eyes above level of the mouth....... Tachysurus, 2. 
bb. Nostrils remote from each other. 
d. StbuRiNx%. Dorsal and adipose fins very short, if present; anal very long; 
ventrals below or placed behind dorsals; gill membranes entirely separate. 
e. Kye situated above the level of the angle of the mouth; caudal rounded; 
adipose fin none; barbels four; spinous dorsal small.... Parasilurus, 3. 
dd. BaGrinx. Dorsal fin short, placed anteriorly on the trunk, in advance of 
ventrals; adipose fin well developed, sometimes short; anal short, or of 
moderate length; gill membranes not confluent with the skin of the 
isthmus, with free posterior margin. 


—_— 


No. 1338, JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 901 





f. Adipose fin not adnate, free ponseal as in Spies iurus: 

usual, the median pair not notably distant. 

g. Anal rays 20 to 25. 

h. Caudal fin deeply forked; upper surface of head bony and granu- 
lated, the skin covering the bones being ve ry thin. . Fluvidraco, 4. 
hh. Caudal fin subtruncate; upper surface of head covered with thick 
smooth skin, concealing the bones ......___.. Pseudobagrus, 5. 
gg. Anal rays 14 to 17; eyes very small; head covered with soft skin; 
EumeemmreDly forked: 2 o202.022_.. oo e. Leiocassis, 6. 
jf. Adipose fin adnate to the back and connected with the caudal: caudal 
rounded; median mental barbals far apart; body elongate; head 
small, smooth above; dorsal well forward.._.....__... Liobagrus, 7. 


mental barbala is 


2. TACHYSURUS Lacépéde. 


Tachysurus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1803, p. 151, pl. v, fig. 2 (Sinensis). 

Arius @ CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, p. 52, in part, 
not the ‘‘chef de file’’ or type (grandicassis, arius, etc.; restricted to Pime- 
lodus arius by Bleeker in 1858 = Tachysurus). 

Ariodes MULLER and TroscueL, Hor Ichthyol., III, 1849, p. 9 (arenarius, ete. ) 
(= Tachysurus). 

Pseudarius BuerKxer, Ichth. Archipel. Indi. Prodrom. Siluroid., 1858, p. 91 
(Pimelodus arius; grandicassis being regarded as type of Arius. ) 

Body more or less elongate, subterete. Head armed with a bony 
shield above, behind which projects an occipital shield, another smaller 
crescent-shaped shield at the base of the dorsal spine, these processes 
and bones exposed or covered with very thin skin, and the bones on 
top of the head together with the occipital process granular; skull 
with a fontanelle; eyes with a more or less free orbital margin; mouth 
not large, the upper jaw the longer; teeth in jaws villiform, more or 
less granular, in a band in each jaw; palatine patches of teeth granu- 


Jar, without a backward projecting angle on the inner margin, and 


never movable; barbels 6 (no nasal barbels), close together, the poste- 
rior with a valve; maxillary barbels usually short and terete or some- 
what compressed. Gill membranes not forming a free margin across 
the isthmus. Skin smooth, naked, except on the head above. Dorsal 
fin short, in front of ventrals with a pungent spine; adipose fin well 
‘developed, posteriorly free; caudal fin deeply forked; anal fin short: 
pectorals each with a spine; ventral rays six. General color brown 


with blue reflections. 


Marine catfishes. The species abundant on sandy shores in the 
tropical seas, never about coral reefs. None of them occur in Japan 
proper. 

(rayvs, swift; oupa, tail.) 


pieeereeded name / aa iny, however, properly be retained for Arius grandicassis, 
Valenciennes’s ‘‘chef de file’’ or type, thus replacing Netwma, although the name 
Arius is feared from an Indian name Ari 


« 


902 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





2. TACHYSURUS MACULATUS (Thunberg). 


Silurus maculatus TxrunBeRG, Vet. Acad. Nya. Handl., XIII, 1792, p. 31, pl. 1, 
fig. 1; Japan. 

Arius maculatus Ginrner, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 166. 

Tachysurus maculatus Jorpan and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, II, April 3, 
1901, p. 45; no locality. 

Silurus ocellatus Buocw and Scunemprer, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 379 (after 
Thunberg). 

Arius ocellatus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, p. 104 
(after Bloch and Schneider). 

Arius ocellatus BLEEKER, Verhandl. Batavia, Genootsch. Kunst. Wetensch., XV, 
1853, pp. 30 and 51. 

Pimelodus arius Hamitton-BucHanan, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 170, 376; Bengal. 

Arius arius Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, p. 102; 
Pondicherry. 

Arius gagorides BurrKer, Verh. Bat. Gen., X XI, Silur., p. 42; Kast Indies. 

Arius chondropterygioides BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., X XI, Silur., p. 44; East 
Indies. 

Arius angulatus BueEKeER, Verh. Bat. Gen., X XJ, Silur., p. 44; East Indies. 

Arius heckeli Bureker, Verh. Bat. Gen., X XI, Silur., p. 44; East Indies. 

Pseudarius borneensis BLEEKER, Atl. Ichthy. Silur., p. 36, pl. xrx; Borneo. 

Head 32 to 34 in length; depth 42 to 5; D. I, 7; A., 20 to 22; P. I, 
10. Head rather broader than high, its greatest width 3 to # its 
length; band of intermaxillary teeth is six times as long as broad; 
teeth on the palate granular, in two separate semiovate patches; max- 
illary barbels considerably shorter than the head; occipital process 
granulated, subtriangular, scarcely longer than broad. Dorsal fin 
higher than body; its spine strong, serrated along both edges, and it 
is contained 1} to 13 in the head; adipose fin rather shorter than dor- 
sal; pectoral % to ? the length of the head, and its spine nearly as 
long as that of the dorsal fin. Adipose fin with a large black spot. 
(Giinther.) 

East Indies and China, only known from Japan in the record of 
Thunberg, which was probably made at Miyako Island in the Riukiu 
archipelago. 

The synonymy above given is compiled from authors and needs 
verification. 

(maculatus, spotted.) 


iit Cn oe 


otek 


3. PARASILURUS Bleeker. 


Glanis AGAssiz, Proc. Amer. Acad., 1856, p. 333 (aristotelis). (Name preoccupied 
by Glanis Gronow, 1854.) 
Parasilurus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk., 1863, p. 114 (asotus). 


Body elongate, the profile of the back almost horizontal. Head 
depressed and covered with soft skin; eyes anterior and subcutaneous; 
mouth broad, transverse; barbels 4, two very long maxillaries and 2 
short mentals; teeth cardiform or villiform, in broad bands in the 








No. 1338. JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FO WLER: 903 


jaws and on vomer; no teeth on palatines. Gill opening wide, not 
confluent with the isthmus, and narrowly joined together. Dorsal 
small, without spine, and anterior; adipose fin absent: anal more or 
less united with the caudal, very long; pectorals with spine; ventrals 
behind dorsal. Air bladder not inclosed in bone. Fresh-water Silu- 
roids found in India, East Indies, China, and Japan. 

This genus is very close to S//urus and distinguished chiefly by the 
number of barbels, which are 6 in that genus. The preoccupied name 
Glanis, based on the species of this genus found in Greece (Glanis 
aristotelis), is, as Garman has shown, a synonym of the later Parv- 
silurus. 

(rapa, near; Silurus.) 


3- PARASILURUS ASOTUS (Linnzus). 
' NAMAZU (MUD-FISH). 


Silurus asotus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 501; Asia.—Buocn and 
SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 378.—Basitewsky, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. 
Mos., X, 1855, p. 240,. pl. 1, fig. 4; Pechili, China.—Ginrner, Cat. Fish. 
Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 33; Japan, China.—Isurkawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 
23; Tokyo, Suwa, Mino, Hikone. 

Silurus japonicus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Pisc., 1846, p. 226, pl. cry, fig. 1; 
Higo, Satsuma, Nagasaki.—Brrexer, Verhandel. Batavia Genootsch. Kunst. 
Wetensch., X XV, 1853, pp. 30 and 51. 

Silurus asotus STEINDACHNER and Dopervern, Denk. Akad. Wissensch., LITT, 
1887, p. 287; Tokyo.—Savvaae, Bull. Soc. Philomat. (Paris) 1883, p. 2; Lake 
Biwa. 

Parasilurus asotus JORDAN and Snyper, Check List, p. 45; Yokohama, Lake Biwa. 

Head 4% in length; depth 5$; D. 6; A. 78; P. 1,13; V. 12; width of 
head two-thirds its length; eye about 9 in head; 24 in snout; 5 in inter- 
orbital space; pectoral 1$ in head; ventral 24. 

Body elongate, the trunk deepest in front, compressed laterally, and 
the tail long and tapering. Head moderate, broadly depressed; when 
viewed from above the snout is broadly rounded and flattened; eyes 
small, lateral, and anterior; mouth very broad and superior, the man- 
dible projecting; teeth sharp, in broad yilliform bands in the jaws and 
‘on vomer and palatines; lips rather thin and smooth; nostrils rather 
far apart, the anterior in a small tube; barbels 4, 2 very long max- 
illaries and 2 short mentals; interorbital space very broad, elevated, 
and flattened in the middle. Gill-openings large, very narrowly 
jointed, and separate from the very broad isthmus. Gill-rakers few 
and rather short; no pseudobranchie. 

Body perfectly smooth and naked. 

Dorsal a little shorter than the ventral and inserted just before the 
tip of the pectoral; anal very long, united with the caudal behind, of 
uniform height, and its origin much before the middle of the length; 
vectoral spine stout, both edges with strong denticulations, and about 





904 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XXVq. 





ehire e-fifths the le meth of che fin; “pectorals rate reaching the ventrals, z 
which are shorter and reach beyond the origin of the anal; tail slightly 
emarginate, the lobes distinctly rounded and the upper projecting a 
little. 

Lateral line present. Anal papilla present. 

Color, in alcohol, brown, the middle of the back darker; lower sur- 
face of the head and the abdomen whitish. 

Length 103 inches. 

This description from a specimen from Tokyo, collected by K. Otaki. 

China and Japan, our specimens from ‘Tokyo, collected by K. Otaki, 
Niigata, Morioka, Tana River, Kawatana, Sendai, Ichinoseki, Chi- 
kugo River at Kurume, Tsuchiura, Lake Biwa at Matsubara, and 
Formosa. 

This large catfish is very common in all the streams of middle and 
southern Japan, reaching a length of 2 or 3 feet. It is largely used 
as food. The Japanese species (2%urasilurus japonicus) is considered 
by authors, doubtless correctly, as identical with Parasi/urus asotus, a 
species widely distributed in eastern Asia. 

(asotus, a sot.) 


4. FLUVIDRACO Jordan and Fowler. 
Fluvidraco JorpANn and Fow er, new genus (ransonnetit) . 

This genus is close to P’seudobagrus, differing in the deeply forked 
‘audal and in having the top of the head rough and granulated, the 
covering skin being very thin. Rivers of Japan and China. The 
“Yellow Dragon” of Canton, /Vueidraco fulvidraco (Richardson), 
seems to belong to this genus. 

(fluvius, river; draco, dragon.) 

a. Outer edge of pectoral spine without serrations; bony occipital bridge and hume- 
ral processes granulate and covered with thin skin; anal rays 20. -ransonneti, 4. 

aa. Pectoral spine strongly serrated (along both edges?); head granulated above; 
anal rays! 23 2.2). 22. sic cee noses Bae eee ee nudiceps, 5. 


4. FLUVIDRACO RANSONNETII (Steindachner). 


Pseudobagius ransonnetti StEINDACHNER, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 287; Osaka.— 
JoRDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, III, 1901, p. 44. 

Pseudobagrus fulvidraco IsuHrKaAwa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 23 (not of Richardson); 
Lake Biwa, Hikone, Yamashiro, Tosa; Karan R. 


Head 44 in length; depth 6; D. I, 7; A. 20; P. 1,7; V. 6; width of 
head 14 in its le oie eye 5 in head; 1$ in snout; 2+ in interorbital 
space; pectoral 1}; ventral a little more than half the head. 

Body elongate, compressed. Head broad, depressed; snout broad, 
obtuse, depressed, and flattened above; eye moderate, anterior lateral, 
and more or less covered with the skin of the head; mouth very broad, 
transverse, and its width about 2% in the head; teeth in broad villiform 
bands in the jaws, and the roof of the mouth also with a broad trans- 








NO. 1338. JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOW LER. 905 
verse band; 8 barbels, the nasals and median ment: tals about equal, 


shorter en the outer mentals; which are not as long as the maxil- 
laries, the latter reaching beyond the gill-openings, and all of the 
Pentala rather evenly caput d; lips moderately thick: interorbital 
space broad, flattened, and very slightly elevated; anterior nostrils 
tubular and in a shallow depression. Gill-openings large, the mem- 
brane deeply notched and forming a free fold across the isthmus; the 
isthmus broad. Gill-rakers narrow, 3-9. 

Body smooth, top of the head smooth, the occipital process and the 
plate in front of the spinous dorsal finely striate or granular; humeral 
process finely granular. 

Origin of dorsal in advance of tip of pectoral spine, its spine long, 
sharp, smooth, and shorter than the longest rays; base of anal lone, and 
its origin nearer the posterior margin of eye ee tip of caudal; caudal 
shorter than head, deeply forked, the lobes somewhat pointed, and the 





Fig, 1.—FLUVIDRACO RANSONNETII. 


upper the longer; pectoral equal to head without snout, the spine 
smooth, except along its posterior edge, which is armed with strong 
recurved teeth; ventrals broad and reaching origin of anal; adipose fin 
long, though less than the base of the anal, and its posterior edge not 
adnate and not extending beyond posterior tip of anal, its form much 
asin Ameiurus. Anal papilla developed. Lateral line present. 

Color brown, darker above, the abdomen and lower surface of the 
head pale or whitish; the edges of the dorsal, anal, caudal, pectorals, 
and ventrals broadly blackish. 

Length 53 inches. 

Rivers of Japan, common southward. Our specimens are from 
Waka River, near Wakanoura, Tsuruga, Matsubara on Lake Biwa, 
Lake Yogo in Mino, the Yodo River in Osaka, and Nagoya in Owari, 
the last from the collection of K. Otaki. 

(Named for Baron Ransonnet, who obtained the species at Osaka. ) 


- 


906 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





5. FLUVIDRACO NUDICEPS (Sauvage). 


Pseudobagrus nudiceps SascvaGE, Bull. Soc. Philomat., 1883, p. 2; Lake Biwa. 

The original description is as follows: 

D. I, 6; A. 23; P. I, 7. Longueur de la téte contenue cing fois dans la longueur 
totale: dessus de la téte osseux, granuleux; processus occipital plus long que large, 
étroit; os basilaire triangulaire, aussi long que le processus occipital, partagé par une 
suture transverse. Dorsale plus haute que le corps; épine dentelée, aussi longue que ~ 
la téte, sans le museau. Epine pectorale la méme longueur que l’épine dorsale, de 
méme longueur que celle-ci, trés fortement dentelée. Adipeuse de méme longueur 
que l’anale. Dents du palais suivant une bande rétrécie au milieu; barbillons maxil- 
laires s’étendant jusqu’aux pectorales. Longueur, 0,090. 

This species is near /Vuvidraco fulvidraco (Richardson), of the 
streams of Canton. It is also near /Uuwidraco ransonneti7, and may 
even be the same. There is no evidence that /Vuwidraco fulvidraco 
occurs in Japan. 

(nudus, naked; ceps, head.) 

5. PSEUDOBAGEH Us Bleeker: 

Pseudobagrus BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Nederl., VII, 1860, p. 87 (awrantiacus). 

Body moderately elongate. Head broad and depressed, covered 
above by moderately thick, smooth skin; eyes moderate or rather 
small; snout broad, obtuse; mouth broad, transverse, and with bands 
of villiform teeth in the jaws; a continuous transverse band of teeth 
on the roof of the mouth; nostrils remote, the anterior usually in a 
small tube; 8 barbels, the maxillaries the longest, and the mentals 
more or less evenly distributed. Dorsal fin short, with 5 to 7 rays, 
and like the pectoral with a stout spine; caudal rounded or subtruncate; 
anal with 20 or more radii; ventrals broad, with 6 rays. 

(pevdns false; Bagrus). 

6. PSEUDOBAGRUS AURANTIACUS (Schlegel). 
GIGI: GIBACHT 

Bagrus aurantiacus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1846, p. 227, pl. crv, fig. 2; Sat- 
suma, Kuruma, Higo. 

Pseudobagrus aurantiacus BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Nederl., VII, p. 85.— 
GtnNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 85.—SauvaaeE, Bull. Soe. Philo- 
mat., 1883, p. 2; Lake Biwa.—JorpDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 
XXITI, 1900, p. 340; Tokyo; Annot. Zool. Japan, III, April 3, 1901, p. 44.— 
Isnikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 22; Tokyo, Chichibu, Suwa, Tega Lake. 

Pseudobagrustokiensis DoDERLEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 288; Tokyo.—JorDAN 
and Sxyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, II, April 3, 1901, p. 45. 

Head, 54 in length; depth, 7; D: 1,°7; Av/20; Bak 1 yeo-ne ve 
4} in interorbital space; width of mouth, 2 in head; pectoral, 14 in 
head; ventral, 2. 

Body elongate, with rather uniform depth, the tail strongly com- 
pressed. Head broad, depressed; snout short, bluntly rounded when 
viewed from above and projecting beyond the mandible; the width of 
the head is less than its length; eyes small, laterally superior, and cov- 


ered with thin skin; jaws with broad hands of villiform tee 


_half the length of the maxillary pair, which latter are much 
than the outer mentals, though considerably shorter than the lenoth 












"0.1338, JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 907 


th, also on 
the palate in a broad transverse band; lips moderately thick and 
slightly papillose; nasal and median mental barbels about equal, about 


longer 


of the head; the mental barbels are all rather evenly distributed, the 
median pair slightly farther apart than either is from the outer, the 
interorbital space is broad, elevated, and flattened; anterior nostrils 
tubular and in a shallow pit. Gill openings large, the gill membrane 
deeply notched and -forming a free fold across the isthmus: isthmus 
broad. Gill rakers narrow, 3-++7. 

Body smooth; top of the head smooth; humeral process finely gran- 
ular. 

Origin of dorsal, above the tip of pectoral, its spine sharp and half 
the length of the dorsal; anal base rather long; caudal truncate, its 
edge rounded, very slightly emarginate, and with the two lobes rounded, 
the upper slightly the longer; adipose dorsal much shorter than anal 
and ending before tip of anal; pectoral with robust roughened spine, 
the inner edge with large teeth, falling short of the end of the fin; 
ventral broad, behind dorsal and reaching almost to the origin of the 
anal. Anal papilla well developed. Lateral line well developed and 
superior in front; head with a number of pores. 

Color brown, dark above, clouded with deep brown, the abdomen 


and lower surface of the head pale or whitish. 


Total length 93 inches. 

This description from our largest specimen taken in the Kitakami 
River. 

This species is abundant in the streams throughout most of the islands 
of Japan, our specimens from Tokyo, Kinu River at Utsunomiya, 
Tana Kiver at Tachikawa, Tsuchiura, and Kitakami River at Morioka. 
It is often spitted on sticks, roasted, and sold cold in the shops and 
eating houses. It rarely exceeds a foot in length. The Pseudobagrus 
tokiensis of Déderlein seems to be identical with this species, as the 
main characters in which it was supposed to differ do not seem to be 
tangible. A 

(aurantiacus, orange-colored. ) 

6. LEIOCASSIS Bleeker. 
Leiocassis BureKer, Ichthy. Archipel. Indi. Prodrom..Siluroid, 1858, p. 159 
(poecilopterus). 

The upper jaw the longer; eyes below the skin; no free circular fold 
round the orbit; no movable labial teeth; teeth on the palate in a con- 
tinuous band; barbels 8. Dorsal short, with 7 rays, with denticulated 
pungent spine, the teeth not projecting upward; anal short, with less 
than 20 rays; caudal forked; ventral with six rays. East Indies and 
Japan. 


(Agios, smooth; Kaoois, casque.) 





908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


7. LEIOCASSIS LONGIROSTRIS (Giinther). 


Liocassis longirostris GéNruER, Cat. Fish, V, 1864, p.87; Japan. 
Leiocassis longirostris JORDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, III, April 3, 
1901, p. 44; Japan. 


Head 8% in length; depth’ 5; Di 1,15 AG Wiest des Nie Oe 
interorbital space 2 in snout; more than 3 in head, least depth of tail 
a little more than 3. 

Trunk slightly compressed, the tail elongate, tapering. Head as 
high as broad, with the crown compressed, the sides obliquely sloping 
outward; snout much produced and conical, so that the mouth is. 
about midway between the eye and end of the snout; eyes very small, 
without free circular eyelid, and much nearer the extremity of the 
snout than the end of the operculum; cleft of the mouth transverse, 
entirely at the lower side of the snout; teeth villiform, in broad 
bands, the intermaxillary band 4 times as broad as long, and the 
vomerine band, which is immediately behind, nearly as broad and 
long as the former; the posterior nostril nearer to the eye than to the 
extremity of the snout, and its barbel is slender, not much longer 
than the eye; the anterior nostril is in the upper lip in front of the 
maxillary barbel; maxillary and mandibular barbels small; upper side 
of the head only slightly granulated, the median fonticulus does not 
extend to the base of the occipital process, the latter finely granu- 
lated, arrow-shaped, twice as long as broad, and below the skin it 
extends on to the basal bone of the dorsal spine, which is elongate, 
triangular, and finely granulated; a skinny space between the basal 
bone and the granulated part of the occipital process; opercles cov- 
ered with skin. The gill-membranes are separate nearly to the front 
of the isthmus. 

Dorsal spine strong, not much shorter than the head; its serrature 
behind does not point either downward or upward, but is vertical to 
the spine, and as long as and terminates in the same vertical with the 
adipose fin; caudal deeply forked; pectoral spine somewhat stronger 
and shorter than that of the dorsal fin; the ventrals extend somewhat 
beyond the origin of the anal. The free portion of the tail between 
adipose and caudal fin equals the base of the adipose fin, and is a little 
less than } the total (without caudal). Humeral process of moderate 
size, pointed behind; mucous cavity in the axil with 2 foramina. 
Length 23 inches. 

Japan; collection of Mr. Jamrach. (Giinther.) 

This species was not seen by us, and may possibly not be really 
Japanese. 

(longus, long; rostrum, snout). 


No. 1338. JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 909 





7. LIOBAGRUS Hilgendorf. 


,, pape Cl aN » Qte + 1 AG if ‘ Rea 7 . 
Liobagrus HILGENnor®, Sitzungs. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freund., Berlin, 1878, 
p- 1 (reinii). 





Body elongate with compressed tail and rounded caudal. Head 
broad and depressed; top of head smooth, and the humeral] process 
smooth; eyes small and covered with thin skin. anterior in position: 
snout broad, obtuse, and projecting; teeth only in jaws, in broad 
villiform bands, and those on the mandible divided: no teeth on pala 
tines and vomer; barbels 8, the median mentals widely separated, 
_ Dorsal fin placed anteriorly; dorsal and pectoral spines smooth, sharp, 
and imbedded in the skin; adipose fin long and low, joined to the 
caudal as in Woturus,; ventral fins small, not reaching the anal. which 
has 15 rays. i 

(Aezos, smooth, Bagrus.) 


8. LIOBAGRUS REINI Hilgendorf. 


Lnobagrus reinii HitGENDor®, Sitzungs. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freund., Berlin, 
1878, p. 1; Southern Japan.—Savvaaee, Bull. Soc. Philomat., 1883, p. 2; Lake 
; Biwa.—JorDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool., Japan, III, 1901, p. 44. 
Gn.? Sp.? IsHixawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 23, Nos. 414, 415, 416; Toshima, Iwa- 
shiro, Kii. 

Head 44 in length; depth 8; D. I, 6; A. 15; P. I, 7; V. 6; width 
of head, 14 in its length; interorbital space 3 in head; eye 2 in inter- 
orbital space; caudal equal to head. 

Body elongate, of rather uniform depth, and the tail strongly com- 
pressed. Head broad, depressed, with a more or less swollen appear- 
ance above; snout short, much less than the interorbital space, very 
broad and obtuse; eyes small, superiorly lateral, and covered with 
thin skin; mouth very broad, transverse, and about equal to half the 
length of the head; lips moderate, the upper jaw projecting; teeth in 
a single broad villiform band in the upper jaw, and in 2 narrowly 


4The diagnosis of this genus and species is as follows: ‘‘Liobagrus noy. gen., 
Familie Siluridx, Gruppe Bagrina. Fettflosse lang, niedrig; Dorsalis kurz, mit I 
stechenden, ungesiigten und 6 weichen Strahlen; Analis kurz; Caudalis abgerundet; 
Ventralis mit 6 Strahlen. Eight Bartfiiden. Zihne nur im Zwischen—und Unter- 
kiefer, als Flecken von Hechelziihnen auftretend, keine Vomer—und Gaumenziihne 
(darauf soll der Name hindeuten). Augen unter der Haut, ohne Falte darum. 
Kiemenhaut bis ganz nach vorn hin frei.—Unter den durch Fehlen der Gaunmen- 
zibne verwandten asiatischen Bagrinengattungen ist Acrochordonichthys durch enge 
Kiemenoffnung, Akysis durch ausgeschnittene Schwanzflosse, Olyra durch mehr als 20 
Analstrahlen, Branchiosteus durch heryvorragenden Unterkiefer zu unterscheiden. 
Die amerikanischen Gattungen haben $ strahlige Bauchflossen. Liobagrus Reinii 
gp. n., Br. 15, D. 3, A. 15, P. +, V. 6.—1 Exemplar, 9 cm. lang, von Prof. Rein im 
sidlichen Japan aufgefunden. Mit den bisher bekannten japanischen Bagrinen, 
Pseudobagrus aurantiacus Schl. und Liocassis longi rostris Giinth., nach Obigem sicher 
nicht identisch.”’ 


910 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVL 





divided similar patches on the mandible; palatines and vomer tooth- 
less: 2 nasal barbels, 2 longer maxillaries, and 2 still longer outer 
mentals which are about equal to the length of the head; inner mental — 
barbels far apart and much shorter than the maxillaries; interorbital 
space broad and more or less flattened. Gill openings large, rather 
inferior, and the membrane with a deep notch; isthmus broad; bran- 
chiostegals large. 

Body naked and smooth; top of head smooth. 

Dorsal beginning before the tip of the pectoral spine, a little nearer 
tip of snout than base of ventrals, its spine smooth, without serrations, 
and more than half the height of the fin; the adipose fin is long, low, 
ascending gradually till above and beyond the tip of the anal, and 
adnate to the caudal by means of the rudimentary rays of the latter; 
origin of anal a little nearer the tip of caudal than the tip of snout, 





Fic, 2.—LIOBAGRUS REINI. 


and well separated from the caudal; caudal truncately rounded; pec- 
toral spine smooth, sharply pointed, slightly curved, and more than 
half the length of the fin, which is equal to the width of the head, ven- 
trals small, beginning beyond tip of dorsal, a little longer than the 
pectoral spine, and not reaching the anal. 

Length 34 inches. 

This description from a specimen from Tsuyama. 

Southern Japan, our specimens from Niigata in Echigo (collected 
by Eitaro Iijima); from Tsuyama and from Nagoya in Owari (collected 
by K. Otaki). 

(Named for Dr. Rein, an eminent student of Japanese history.) 

To the Liobagrus reini probably belongs a species described in 
manuscript by Dr. Ishikawa, under the vernacular name of <Akaza 
(red thing). ‘ 

The body comparatively short and thick. The head flattened, rather small, its 
width 3} in the total length of the body; its depth about 8; its length 3}. The 
spines stout; the pectoral spine straight, situated at 34 in the distance from the 


snout to the dorsal, and not serrated, and with a groove on the ventral side. The 
dorsal fin higher than long, its ongin is midway between the anal and the snout, its 











JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FC IWLER. 91] 





spine nearly as long as the longest dorsal ray. The nutnber of anal rays 14. The 
upper jaw projecting. The humeral process short and sharp. Color: Nearly uni- 
form reddish-brown, with numerous spots, the ventral surface lighter colored. Small 
siluroid fish living under stones and rocks in rocky streams, attaining the length of 
105 mm. 
Found in different places in Hokkaido and in the Main Island; our specimens in 
the Museum are from Toshima in Hokkaido, and from Iwashiro, Owari, Kii, and 
from Mimasaku. (Ishikawa, MS. ) 


SUMMARY. 
ORDER NEMATOGNATHI. 
Faminy I. PLorosrpx. 
1. PrLorosus Lacépéde. 
1. anguillaris (Lacépéde); Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Mogi, Nagasaki: in the sea. 
Famity II. Smuripx. 


2. Tachysurus Lacépede. 
2. maculatus (Thunberg). 
3. Parasilurus Bleecker. 
3. asotus (Linneeus); Tokyo, Morioka, Niigata, Tana R., Kawatana, Sendai, Ichi- 
noseki, Chikugo R., Tsuchiura, Lake Biwa, Formosa. 


4. Fluvidraco Jordan and Fowler. 


_ 4. ransonnetii (Steindachner) ; Wakanoura, Tsuruga, Lake Biwa, Lake Yogo, Yodo 
_R., Nagoya. 
| 5. nudiceps (Sauvage). 

). Pseudobagrus Bleeker. 


6. aurantiacus (Schlegel); Tokyo, Kinu R., Tana R., Tsuchiura, Kitakami R. 


6. Leiocassis Bleeker. 
7. longirostris Ginther. 
7. Liobagrus Hilgendorti. 


8. reint Hilgendort; Tsuyama, Niigata, Nagoya. 





NOTICE OF A COLLECTION OF FISHES MADE BY H. H. 
BRIMLEY IN CANE RIVER AND BOLLINGS CREEK. 
NORTH CAROLINA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW 


‘SPECIES OF NOTROPIS (N. BRIMLEYI). 


By Barron A. Bran, 


Assistant Curator, Division of Fishes. 


In this paper is given a list of a few fishes from a little known 


locality, and a description of a new species belonging to the subgenus 


Hydrophiox Jordan. It differs from the related species either in form, 
size of eye, number of scales, or in color. On a whole it seems to be 
most closely allied to Votropis coccogenis (Cope), but has a much more 
elongate body, the depth being contained 53 times in the standard 
length, while in Cope’s species it is contained 44 times. The descrip- 
tion of the type, which is preserved in the National Museum, follows. 


NOTROPIS BRIMLEYI, new species. 


Body elongate, rounded, not compressed as in JV. coccogents, to which 
it seems most nearly allied; its depth is contained 5; times in the length 
to origin of middle caudal rays; mouth moderately oblique, large, the 
maxillary extending to line from front margin of pupil; interorbital 
space broad, its width exceeding diameter of eye; jaws about equal. 
The length of the head equals } of the total length, not including 
caudal, and the diameter of the eye is contained 34 times in length of 
head, slightly exceeding the length of the snout. 

Teeth, 2—4—4—9. D. 9; A. 9; scales, 5/48/3; eighteen rows of 
scales before dorsal. 

Color.—Light green on back, top of head darker; lower parts silvery 
white; a dark dorsal stripe from head to tail; a plumbeous band from 
upper angle of gill cover to caudal, where it broadens and extends 
to top of caudal peduncle; a dark scapular band; upper parts with 
dark punctulations; scales with dark edges; anterior portion of dorsal 
and caudal plain, posterior parts black; other fins plain. Pe 

The type specimen measures 3? inches in length; 34 inches to origin 
of middle caudal rays. It was collected in Cane River, October 4, 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No, 1339. 


913 


914 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





1902. Two cotypes from the same locality measure 24 and 24 inches. 
vik 


Type No. 50601, U.S.N.M. 

Other species collected are: Wotropis arge (Cope), eleven examples, 
2 to 4 inches long, Cane River, October 4. 

Rhinichthys cataracte (Cuvier and Valenciennes), two specimens 
from Bollings Creek, October 3, 1902. H. H. Brimley and Franklin 
Sherman, jr. 

Hybopsis kentuckiensis (Rafinesque), twenty-four specimens from 
Cane River. 

Cumpostoma anomalum (Ratinesque), one small specimen from Cane 
River. 

Catostomus commersonii (Lacépeéde), one very young example from 
Cane River. 

Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur, one specimen from Cane River. 

Percina caprodes (Rafinesque), one very fine example from Cane 
Kiver. 

Cottus ictalops (Rafinesque), nine specimens from | to 24 inches long, 
callected in Bollings Creek, October 3, 1902. 








ON THE RELATIONS OF THE FISHES OF THE FAMILY 
LAMPRIDID® OR OPAHS. 


By THropore Gin, 


Associate in Zoology. 


iL 


Dr. Boulenger, in the third number of his suggestive and valuable 
Notes on the Classification of Teleostean Fishes, has published some 
novel ideas respecting the systematic position of the Opah. He has 
found the same number of bones in the scapular arch as in that of 
normal Acanthopterygians, but has homologized them differently from 
| his predecessors. The ‘‘very large bone to which the pelvis is 
attached” is designated as an ‘‘infraclavicle” and homologized with a 
so-called infraclavicle of Hemibranchiate fishes. A comparatively 
small bone in serial relation with the actinosts or ‘‘pterygials” is 
identified as the homologue of the hypocoracoid or ‘* coracoid” of ordi- 
nary Acanthopterygians. There would then be only three actinosts or 
**pterygials,” and it is especially remarked that the foremost of these 
is **fused with” the hypercoracoid or ‘‘scapula.” As a result of these 
identifications, Dr. Boulenger thinks that ‘all difficulties from the 

systematic point of view disappear at once” and that ‘‘the Opah must 
be regarded as more nearly allied to the Hemibranchii than to any 
other group of fishes with which we are as yet acquainted.” Conse- 
quently the Opah is isolated not only as the representative of a dis- 
tinct family (Lampridide), but an independent group (Selenichthyes) 
of a new suborder (Catosteom?), which includes also the //emibranchit 
and Lophobranchii. 


if. 


The great respect and admiration I have for Dr. Boulenger’s work 
has led me to consider very carefully the grounds for the determina- 
tions in question, but I find greater difficulty in accommodating myself 
to his views than in accepting those (or nearly those) of his prede- 
cessors. Among the latter was William Kitchen Parker, who in 1868 
commented on the structure of the Opah in A Monograph of the 
Structure and Development of the Shoulder Girdle (p. 51). His 
identifications essentially correspond with those now to be given, 
although his meaning is somewhat obscured by the curious mode of 
expression to which he was addicted. At any rate, he writes that 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1340. 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 61 915 









916 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


“the coracoid [hypocoracoid] reaches to the basal line below,” and it 
“seems very probably to have had originally some assistance from an _ 
interclavicular ossicle.” Parker regarded the Opah and Dory as | 
“most aberrant Scomberoids,” with atendency toward the Plectoynathi.— 

The difficulties of the homologization of the shoulder girdle of | 






(23) 
pie PS 


(pts) pel 


tee, 
eee 


Fic. 1,—SHOULDER GIRDLE OF LAMPRIS GUTTATA, OUTER VIEW. 


Gill. Boulenger. 
c. suprascapula. posttemporal (ptle.).— 
is. interscapula. supraclavicle (sel.). 
ps. Coenosteon or proscapula. clavicle (el.). 


hy. hypercoracoid. 
ho. hypocoracoid. 
ac. actinosts 1-3. 
a4. actinost 4. 
pts. postscapula. 
pelv. pelvis. 


scapula (se. ) 
infraclavicle (e/.). 
pterygials (ptr.). 
coracoid (cor. ) 
postelavicle (pel. ). 
pelvis (pelv.). 
ventral rays (v.r.). 


—— ee 


v.r. ventral rays. 


eT eS ae ee ee Se 





Lampris may be made most ev iibat and the explan: han for 
views best elucidated by the reproduction of Dr. Boulenge 
illustration of the shoulder girdleof the Opah. The 
_ those which are preferred for the present, and the e quivalents of Dr. 


No. 1340. ON THE LAMPRIDIDE OR OPAHS—GILL. 917 


other 
’s excellent 
names given are 


Boulenger follow.” 
With these identifications the structure of the Opah would be in 


conformity with that of most acanthopterygians, and the normal num- 


ber of bones of the scapular arch would be realized. 

The three main bones of the arch (ccenosteon. interscapula, and 
suprascapula) are developed essentially as usual, and as to them there 
is agreement with Dr. Boulenger except as to general morphological 
relations and nomenclature. | 

The actinosts or ‘‘pterygials,” according to the present view of 
homologies, would also be realized. The almost universal number of 
four would thus be developed. There seems to me no more difficulty 
in considering that one actinost may be ‘‘synchondrosially united with 
the scapula” (or hypercoracoid) than that another should be coossified 
or ‘“‘fused with” it. Consequently the complete number of actinosts (4) 
is recognized, although none is as slightly connected with the support- 
ing bones as usual. . Thus, also, the relative proportions of the various 
elements of the shoulder girdle and its appendages would be manifest 
approximately as in ordinary fishes. 


IL. 


One objection against the homology of the hindmost (or lowermost) 
actinost of the Opah with an actinost is urged by Dr. Boulenger in the 
statement ‘‘ that the posterior of the supposed pterygials [actinosts] 
does not support rays and is altogether ee a ae rygial.” 


«It might be supposed by one unfamiliar with one intricacies of anatomical nomen- 
clature, from the difference in the nomenclature of the bones, that the differences 
between Dr. Boulenger and myself are greater than they really are. The only extra- 
nominal differences relate to the two bones called coracoid and infraclavicle by Bou- 
lenger, and hypocoracoid and fourth actinost by myself. Iam happy to know that 
the divergencies respecting the other names are simply the result of different inter- 
pretations of the same facts from a general standpoint. Dr. Boulenger is the ortho- 
dox party, inasmuch as he agrees with the majority of anatomists in accepting the 
nomenclature that has been most current (except in Great Britain) since the time of 
Gegenbaur. I have to confess to being the heterodox party. Buta review of the 
paleontological and developmental history of the shoulder girdle, as well as of its 
comparative anatomy, compels me to reject a nomenclature which appears to me to 
be extremely misleading. The hypere oracoid and hypocoracoid are only developed 
in specialized teleost fishes and are (as w ell as the mesocoracoid) the results of the 
ossification and disintegration of a single cartilage occurring in primitive and ganoid 
fishes and inherited from the Selachians. The application of the names scapula and 
coracoid, originally given to mammalian parts, entails a very erroneous and distorted 
idea of their relations and history, if it is assumed that the words have any extrinsic 


meaning at all. 


918 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVIL_ 


There is such great variety in the form of the fourth actinost (as 
well as others) in fishes that the objection urged apparently is not of 
very great importance. Even among the universally recognized con- 
stituents of the- group of Hemibranchs there is great diversity and 
differences as important as those differentiating the Opah from other 
fishes exist between the Centriscids or Amphisilids on the one hand 
and the Gasterosteids and Aulorhynchids on the other. 

The cases of exclusion of rays from the fourth actinost are rare, but 
by no means confined to the Lampridids. We need, indeed, only look 
to the Hemibranchs again to find parallel cases. In the genus Av/o- 
rhynchus, as shown by Mr. Starks in his excellent article on those fishes, 
recently published, the fourth actinost is represented as destitute of 
rays quite as much as that of Lamprzs, and that of the common Stickle- 
backs of the north is almost if not quite as much so. In fact, one of 
the characters of the superfamily Gasterosteoidea would appear to be 
the nearly or quite complete exclusion of rays from the fourth actinost. 

Such a condition, too, is realized or approximated among Malacopte- 
rygians (¢. g., Salmonids and Esocids or Luciids). It is possible that 
in the excessively modified Opah, deviation from the ordinary type is 
manifested in such exclusion as well as in other characters and may 
be the result of mechanical adaptation to the special conditions of 
position and other modification of the pectoral fin and supporting 
bones. 


Ve 


If the views as to the homologies of the bones in question are 
correct, the approximation of Lampris to the neighborhood of the 
Hemibranchs can not be sustained, as the only ground for it was the 
supposed homology of the hypocoracoid of the present article with an 
assumed infraclavicle. The supposititious infraclavicle (or interclay- 
icle) of the Hemibranchs has been recently shown, in an excellent paper 
by Mr. E. C. Starks, to have no independent existence (a conclusion I 
was forced to come to on scanty material many years ago). The 
so-called infraclavicle of Zampris, then, has no counterpart among the 
Hemibranchs. As the supposed agreement of Zampris with the Hemi- 
branchs was based mainly on the assumed possession of the same 
peculiar bone (‘‘infraclavicle”) by both types, the negation of that 
agreement involves the denial of the relationship. 

But what is the relationship of Zampris? Cuvier and the elders 
were perhaps not far out of the way in approximating it to the great 
Scombroidean series with which it agrees in characteristic modifications 
of the vertebre and clasping rays. So far as the scapular arch is 
concerned, the Caproids agree better than any other known form. 
Mr. Starks has recently published an article on The Relationship and 
Osteology of the Caproid Fishes or Antigoniide, and given therein 





po 1340. ON THE LAMPRIDIDE OR OPAHS—GILT, 919 





a figure as well as description of the ‘shoulder cirdle Of. Anonen 
rubescens.” On the whole, there is considerable similarit Vv Bat hai the 
corresponding parts of Lampris and Antigonia. The front horder of 
the coenosteon is decurved backward in both. and the proportions of 
_the hypocoracoid and hypercoracoid do not differ very widely The 
_actinosts of Antigonia, however, are comparatively free and crater ra 
scapula not forked. The pelvis is also quite different, i 








4. 
jel 
SS 
9 NS nes 
h tn. ra 


ee 


Fig. 2.—SHOULDER GIRDLE OF ANTIGONIA RUBESCENS. (FROM STARKS.) 


In fine, at present apparently no better position can be found for 
Lampris than somewhere in the line of the Scombroidean superfamily, 
It even agrees with the Scombrids, Xiphiids, Coryphznids, Carangids 
and their relatives in the deep bifurcation of the roots of the caudal 
rays which clamp the hypural and epural bones, and provisionally at 
least it should be approximated to them. 

Dr. Boulenger has proved, however, that the Opah is not especially 
related to the Scombroidea, and it is quite possible that he may be 
sustained in the isolation of the family Lampridide as representative 


920 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI, 





of a special group or suborder; at any rate, it is at least entitled to 
distinction as a special superfamily (LAmMprRiporpEA). This super- 
family may be briefly defined in the following terms: 


Vo 
LAMPRIDOIDEA. 


Acanthopterygian fishes with the foremost rays only spiniform, the 
myodome completely shut off from the cerebral chamber, ribs sessile 
on the centra of the vertebrae, suprascapulars connected by squamous 
suture and ligaments with the cranium, ccenosteons postcurved toward 
each other, hypocoracoids much enlarged and extended upward and 
backward, actinosts diverted to a nearly horizontal row, pelvic bones 
enlarged and connected by cartilage with the ccenosteons as well as the 
hypocoracoids, ventrals subabdominal and with numerous rays, and 
‘audal rays clasping epurals and hypurals. 

The family was first named in 1862, and has been adopted by the 
authors named in the synonymy herewith given and in a few other 
places. Many naturalists still prefer to leave it in the incongruous 
family of Scombridex. 

The family name was originally written Lampridida, and in this 
form it was adopted by Jordan and Gilbert and by others, but Jordan 
and Evermann have changed it to Lampride. The reason for the 
change is not evident and has not been given. It is possible that it 
may have been from confusion with Aapzpds (radiant), but the gen- 
eric name is not derived directly from the Greek but modified from 
it, and agrees with such well-known fish names as Chalcis, Etelis, 
JSulis, Pelamis, Phycis, Smaris, Synagris, and Teuthis, which have 
-id in the oblique cases (e. g.,-idos in the genetive, ete.). The original 
form of the name is consequently justified by analogy and should be 
retained. 

The history of the nomenclature may be gleaned from the following 
partial synonymy: 

LAMPRIDIDA. 

FAMILY NAMES. 
Lampridoide Gitu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1862, p. [127,] 241. (Named only.) 
Lamprididie Gitu, Arr. Fam. Fishes, 1872, p. 7. (Name only.) 
Lamprididi Pony, Enum. Pisce. Cub., p. 93, 1876. 
Lampridide JORDAN and GiBert, Syn. Fishes N. Am., 1882, p. 453. 
Lamprididx Git, Johnson’s Univ. Dict., II, 1885, p. 1621 (defined). 
Lampridide Smrrr, Hist. Scand. Fishes, I, 1892, p. 121. 
Lamprididx GoopE and Bran, Oceanic Ich., 1895, p. 222. 
Lampride JORDAN and EverMany, Syn. Fishes N. M. Am., I, 1896, p. 953. 
Lampridide BouLencrr, An. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 1902, p. 151. 


SUBFAMILY NAME. 


Lamprini Morrau, H. N. Poiss., France, II, p. 483. 


10. 1340, ON THE LAMPRIDID OR OPAHS—GILI, 


921 








VI. 
The skeleton in the United States National Museum. 


Ns aul Muse so far as the 
seapular arch is concerned, naturally manifests 
with the one figured by Dr. Boulenger. There are certain differe Nees, 
however, Silnieh are noteworthy : a he ccenosteon’ ‘and hy pocoracoid 
_ terminate in and are united by cartilage which also extends hax 


and under the hypocoracoid to connect with the infero- 






essential similar ity 


‘kward 
anterior anole 





J TTEW ‘OR LETTERING SEE P. 916.) 
Fic. 3.—SHOULDER GIRDLE OF LAMPRIS GUTTATA, INNER VIEW. (FOR LETTERING § ) 


of the pelvic bone. The upper half of the anterior border and most 
of the posterior border approximate more toward a straight ee 
line than the corresponding margins of Boulenger’s Speonnen: u 


> g a- 
@Several names I have prey an used have el at fone d in thi es 
S otem- 
tion post-temporal giving place to the prev iously named Suprascapula, posteroten 
z ~ 
poral to Interscapula, and proscapula to Canosteon. eee ties 
Ceenosteon is named in the Synonymy of the Fish Skeleton, by Mr. : fe 
oO 2 ny Cc ces 
Starks, but without any data. In the Preceedings, Washington Academ e 
? 


he hed 


999 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





interscapula has a convex inferior margin and reminds one of the lower 
mandible of some cuttlefishes. The postscapula is more decurved. 
The ccenosteon and hypercoracoid are connected toward the front at 
the symphysis by the intervention of cartilage. 

The hypercoracoid has a foramen which appears as a notch from 
the outer side as the result of the overlapping of the ccenosteon by 
squamous suture, but internally the bone extends forward and is sepa- 
rated from the ccenosteon by a long unguiform gap and intervening 
cartilage or membrane. 

The fourth actinost is much broader in front than in the British 
Museum skeleton and its posterior portion much more deflected and 
wedged in between the hypocoracoid and styliform extension of the 
postscapula, which is suturally connected with it as well as with the 
hypocoracoid; there is little cartilage between its anterior portion 
and the hypocoracoid as well as third actinost. The third actinost 
intervenes between the hypercoracoid and fourth actinost, quite 
widely separating them, and has the same kind of union with the 
fourth as with the third; the second is longer, and has an oblong con- 
vex articular surface; its sutures, though close, are well defined; the 
first actinost has a still larger, more oblong, and more convex articular 
surface, and is so intimately connected with the hypercoracoid that 
the sutures are obliterated; it is, in fact, completely ‘*fused with” the 
hypercoracoid. 

The pelvic bones are connected with the postflected lowermost or sym- 
physial angles of the ccenosteons through the intervention of cartilage 
and have lamellar extensions, separated by fissures from the body of 
the bone, which are connected by cartilage with a slightly defined ridge 
of the hypocoracoid parallel with its anterior margin. The ventrals 
are subabdominal and inserted in the pelvic bones some distance in 
advance of the hinder ends of those bones. 


VIL. 


The pectoral fins of the Opah are represented inclined downward 
in Smitt’s Scandinavian Fishes (I, p. 123, 1892), as they are in the old 
article by Giinner. Boulenger remarks, ‘‘On examining the shoulder 
bones on a skeleton of Lampris luna, I was struck by two things—first, 


(III, p. 521, 1901) the word is quoted under ‘55, Clavicle, Parker,’’ and in a foot- 
note the following remark is made: ‘‘I get this reference from“Owen’s Comp. Anat. 
Lectures (Vertebrates), p. 118. By some ichthyotomists the bone in question has 
received the special name of Coenosteon.’? The name was given by Bakker in his 
“Osteographia Piscium’’ (1822). Bakker thought that the so-called clayicle of fishes 
was more than the clayicle of other vertebrates, corresponding to the clavicle and 
humerus together (Nec tamen claviculam solam facere, sed e clavicula et osse humeri 
componi mihi yisum est, p. 111), and consequently gave the name ccenosteon (evi- 
dently from «ozv6s, common or shared in common, and 66réorv, bone). The impli- 
cation is certainly false, but the name itself may be retained. 





a a Te 


~~ e ss S 


of a much greater downward than upward movement of the 


No. 1340. ON THE LAMPRIDIDZE OR OPAHS—GILLI. 993 





that the disposition of the articulating facets of the pterygials allows 
; rays 
of the pectoral, by which the fin can be pressed down close against 
the sides of the body, and precludes the opposite vertical position—a 
fact which I have been able to verify on a specimen in the flesh. This 


mode of articulation seems so contrary to our ideas that most tieures 


and stuffed specimens represent the pectoral fin directed upward, as in 
Brama, to which the Opah was believed to be related.” 

It is noteworthy that representatives of the genus Pempheris ave 
also able to deflect their pectorals against the sides of the body. but 
they are not limited to that movement and can fold the fins backward. 


VII. 


The Opah appears to be not rare in certain regions, and the paucity 
in collections is probably due to the want of sufficient motive to hunt 
for them rather than absolute rarity or difficulty in obtaining them. 
In the Twentieth Annual Report of the Fishery Board of Scotland 
(1902), kindly sent to me recently, there is an interesting record (p. 
541) of individuals ‘‘landed at Aberdeen market during 1891,” with a 
““note of the place where they were stated to have been caught.” In 
June, “‘three specimens;” in July, ten; in August, one, and in Sep- 
tember two were received. All ‘‘ were taken by line” and the one 
was caught at a depth of 125 fathoms. 

The only previous notice of the capture of the Opah off the coast of 
Aberdeenshire I am acquainted with is one published in the Zoologist 
for 1896. It appears from an anonymous note in that mag 
August® on The Opah or Kingfish off Aberdeen that ‘‘there was 
lately on view at Messrs. J. and T. Sawers’s fish market, Belfast, a fine 
specimen of the Opah or Kingfish caught off the coast of Aberdeen- 
shire. It weighed 70 pounds, was about 4 feet long, and measured 
94 feet at the broadest part.” 


azine for 


IX. 


The etymology of the curious name Opah is stated to be unknown 
by the various English dictionaries, as the Century Dictionary (“*¢ Ypah 
(o’pa) m. [Origin unknown]”). 

Further research would have revealed it. The first appearance of 
the name with explanation is in 1750, in the Philosophical Transac- 
tions (vol. 46). Therein is published ‘* The Defcription of a Fith fhewed 
to the Royal Society by Mr. Raiph Bigland, on March 22, 1749-00: 
Drawn up by C. Mortimer, M. D., Secret. R. S.” (pp. 518-520.) This 
seemed to the author “to be a new Species of Fith not yet defcribed 
by any author.” It was a Lamprvs, and immediately after the dec- 


SS ee 


a3. S., XX, p. 306. 


924 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 








laration just quoted the author appended the following two para- 
graphs. The italics, capitals, antique s({), orthography, and brackets 
are reproduced from the original: 

‘The black Prince, and his Coufin, from Anamaboe on the Coatt of 
Guinea, and Mr. Creighton, formerly Governor of Capo Corfo Caftle, 
upon feeing this Fifh immediately knew it, and faid it was common on 
that Coast, and is very good to eat. The Natives call it Opah, and the 
Eneglifh there call it the Avng 7i/h. I fhall therefore retain the Guinea 
Name, with thefe Characteriftics; Opan Guinien/ium eft pifcis of feus, 
non fyuammofus, edentulus, habens unicam in dorfo pinnam anteritis 
aculeatam, pone branchias par pinnarum, in medio ventre par pin- 
narum, ad pofticamventris partemunicam pinnam, caudam forcipatam. 

“Mr. Bigland fays, that, upon opening of it, all its Bowels would 
have gone into a Quart-Mug; that the Flefh of the fore Part was firm, 
and look’d like Beef, and the hinder Part like fine Veal; that the Bones 
were like thofe of Quadrupeds; particulary the Shoulder-blades, 
which refembled thofe of Sheep. [See an Article in the Scots Magazine 
for October 1748, printed at Ldinburgh in 8vo.| Ina Letter to me, he 
adds, that probably this was a [Pelagian or] Ocean Fish, wandring by 
chance into the Frith of /orth; and, by the Tide ebbing, being left 
upon a confiderable Shoal, or flat Sand, near Ze7th, was difcover’d from 
Land in a State of Distrefs; whereupon fome Fifhermen plunged into 
the Sea, and with a Net furrounded it, and brought it to Shore.” 

It is not at all probable that ‘‘the black prince” or the ‘‘ former 
governor of Capo Corso” ever saw a specimen of Lampris. The fish 
has never been recorded from the western coast of tropical Africa, 
and it certainly is not and never ‘‘ was common on that coast.” Inas- 
much, however, as it is a wide-ranging pelagic form, it 1s no more 
impossible that an individual may have been caught near the coast of 
Africa than that one was actually caught near Cuba. Probably, how- 
ever, the origin of the name is due either to the fancy of a negro 
chieftain and the subserviency of a white man, or to a misunderstand- 
ing or misrepresentation of what was said. It was a ‘‘ ghost-word,” at 
least so far as the Lampr/s is involved. 


a 


A 
| 


AMPHIPODA FROM COSTA RICA. 


By Rev. Toomas R. R. Sreprina, 
Fellow of the Royal Society. 





The specimens here described were sent to me for determination by 
the United States National Museum, and represent. two new species. 
They were collected by Prof. P. Biolley, of the National Museum of 
Costa Rica. 


Family TALITRID. 
1900. Taltride StEBBING, Fauna hawatiiensis, II, p. 527. 
TALORCHESTIA FRITZI, new species. 
Plate LX. 


The largest of the male specimens have the perzon transversely 
corrugated, each of the segments showing two folds, except the first 
segment, which has a single fold. All the specimens, however, 15 in 
number, have the integument brittle and most of the muscular parts 
shrunken. The exceptional corrugation, therefore, in the large male 
examples may not be a natural feature, but merely due to conditions 
experienced since their capture. In the synoptic table published four 
years ago“ for discriminating the genera of the Talitride, at that time 
called Orchestiide, the leading distinction between Orchestia and Talor- 
_ chestia rests on the fact that in the former the first gnathopods of the 
- female are subchelate, whereas in the latter they are simple. So far 
_as this distinction is concerned, the present species clearly belongs to 
Talorchestia. The sixth joint of the limb in question has no distal 
widening to furnish a “‘palm” upon which the finger can close. In 
Orchestia the widening is seldom or never very great, but how far it 
may be reduced without effecting generic change has not yet been 
determined. 

The eyes may be described as rotundo-quadrate, with a diameter 
much larger than the interval between them. 

First antenne of male have the middle joint of the peduncle slightly 
the longest, the five-jointed flagellum about half as long as the pedun- 
cle, the whole appendage being subequal in length to the last joint in 
the peduncle of the second pair. In the female the flagellum has three 


Te ee eee 


@Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., 2d ser., VII, Pt. 3, 1899, p. 397. 





PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1341. x 
vz 





996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. 
EES EE 

joints, and the whole appendage is nearly as long as the last two joints — 

of the peduncle in the following pair. | 

In the adult male the second antennz have the peduncle massive, its 
last joint a little longer than the penultimate, the flagellum consisting 
of 14-17 joints, many of which widen distally, with minute spines 
thrust into prominence. In the female, already carrying marsupial 
plates, the antenn, as shown in the figure, are of insignificant size 
compared with those of the male. The ten-jointed flagellum equals 
in length the last two joints of the peduncle. 

The mouth organs exhibit no distinctive peculiarity. The palp of 
the first maxille is minute. No trace of a fourth joint could be per- 
ceived on the palp of the maxillipeds. 

The first gnathopods of the male have the long wrist or fifth joint 
distally widened, and on the inner side of the spinulose prominence is 
a pellucid bubble-like tubercle. The sixth joint is shorter, but simi- 
larly widened, its prominence beset with spinules and capped with a 
pellucid portion like the bubble on the preceding joint. The small, 
conical finger closes over a shallowly excavate palm, its point reaching 
but by no means overlapping the clear prominence. In the female 
the wrist is distally widened, but without special prominence or tuber- 
cle, while the sixth joint is for some distance parallel-sided, and then, 
instead of widening, tapers slightly to the insertion of the finger. 
Like the preceding joint, it has spines on both margins, those on the 
hinder or inner margin being the more important. 

The second gnathopods of the full-grown male have large oval hands, 
with the palm very oblique, beset on both sides with spines, and in the 
middle slightly flattened, so as to leave a shallow interval when the 
massive, strongly curved finger closes, bringing its apex into the pocket 
at the end of the palm. Near the hinge of hand and finger the palm 
has a short but rather deep excavation, into which a corresponding 
prominence of the finger’s inner margin neatly fits. This notable 
feature occurs elsewhere in the Talitride, as in Orchestoidea tubercu- 
lata Nicolet, Orchestia tucurauna Fritz Miller, and Orchestia sulenson 
Stebbing. These stand, it is true, in different genera, but the generic 
position of the third is obscure, because the female is not yet known. 
It is, however, clearly fice from the species now under dis- 
cussion by the different fe ‘ter of its first gnathopods. With Fritz 
Miiller’s species there are other difficulties, as will appear by the 
following quotation from his celebrated treatise.“ Miiller is calling 
attention to the fact that the development of the sexual peculiarities 


does not stand still on the attainment of sexual maturity, and proceeds 
to give instances: 








For example, the younger sexually mature males of Orchestia Tucurauna, n. sp., 
have slender inferior antennee, with the joints of the flagellum not fused together, 


« Fur Darwin, 1864, p. me Becuere ieee by Dallas under the title, Facts and 
arguments for ie in, 1869, pp. 79, 80. 





“No. 1341. AMPHIPODA FROM COSTA RICA—STEBBING. 997 


the clasping margin (‘‘palm,’’ Sp. Bate) of the hand in the second pe 
uniformly convex, the last pair of feet is slender and similar to the preceding. Sub- 
' sequently the antennze become thickened, two, three, or four of the first joints Of the 
flagellum are fused together, the palm of the hand acquires a deep emargination 
near its inferior angle, and the intermediate joints of the last I 


ur of feet is 


| swelled into a considerable incrassation. No museum-zoologist Rae 
| fabricating two distinct species, if the oldest and youngest sexually mature males 
were sent to him without the existing intermediate forms. In the younger males of 
Orchestia Tucuratinga, although the microscopic examination of their testes showed 
that they were already sexually mature, the emargination of the clasping margin of 
_ the hand (represented in fig. 50) and the corresponding process of the finger, are 
_ still entirely wanting. The same may be observed in Cerapus and Caprella, and 
probably in all cases where hereditary sexual differences occur. 

A footnote says that fig. 50 represents the second gnathopod of the 
male, and fig. 51 that of the female, of Orchestia tucuratinga. 

The original German edition adds the letters ‘‘n. sp.” after the men- 
tion of O. tucuratinga. For the translation Miiller himself supplied 
corrections of printer’s errors in the original. Yet we find O. fucu- 
rauna and O. tucuratinga left side by side both in the text and index 
of the English edition. If they are one and the same species, the 
remarks on the differences between the young and old males are need- 
lessly repeated. If they are distinct species, not the smallest character 
is assigned by which they can be distinguished. No museum zoologist 
could have made a worse muddle. Nothing is said about the first enath- 
opods of either sex. If these were left unexamined, the species might 
belong to Orchestoidea or Talorchestia just as well as to Orchestia. 

A general resemblance in the second gnathopods of the Costa Rican 
species to those figured by Fritz Miller excited a hope that his descrip- 
tion might be supplemented from the specimens now in hand. The 
hope was dissipated by more exact comparison. Though the young 
males showed the uniformly convex palm and smoothly concave finger- 
margin of the second gnathopods, combining with these the common 
youthful characters of slender second antennx and slender hind pero- 
pods, the older males and the females did not fall into line with the 
species represented by Miiller. The length, compared with the breadth 
of the large hands, is much greater in the present species than in his, 
and the palm is less convex. Also in the delicate second gnathopod 
of the female there are several differences, most easily seen by a com- 
parison of the figures. In the species here described the second joint, 
instead of being oval, has a straight hind margin and sinuous front 
one, the fifth and sixth joints are narrower than in Miiller’s species, 
and the rounded apex of the sixth is much more produced beyond the 
minute chela-forming finger. It may be added that, though the pedun- 
cles of the second antenne. are greatly thickened in the large males, 
the initial joints of the flagella show no additional fusion, nor is the 
thickening of the middle joints in the hind pereopods especially 
conspicuous. 






998 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 


The first pereeopods are rather longer than the second. The latter 
have, as usual, the small finger notched on the inner margin near the 
apex. The fourth and fifth pereopods are much longer than the third. — 
The second joint in the fifth pair is much broader than that in the — 
fourth, being about as broad as it is long. 

The hind corners of the second and third pleon segments are quad- 
rate. The first uropods have equal rami, nearly as long as the pedun- 
cle. The second pair are shorter, with the rami equal and as long as_ 
the peduncle, the inner ramus so placed as not to reach quite so far 
back as the outer. The slender ramus of the third pair carries a row 
of four little spines. It is shorter than the stout peduncle. The sixth 
pleon segment is dorsally incomplete, having the gap in its armour 
cloaked by the telson. The telson has a dividing line down the center, 
the apex being bilobed, carrying two or three spinules on each lobe, 
and a pair of sublateral spines is placed higher up. 

The male specimen, of which the parts are figured in the accompany- 
ing plate, measured from front of head to end of uropods seven- 
twentieths of an inch, while a male with notch in palm of second 
enathopods still undeveloped was only four-twentieths of an inch long, 
or 5mm. as contrasted with about 9 mm. in the larger example. ; 

The specimens were forwarded to me as having been taken in Jan- 
uary, 1902, by Mr. P. Biolley, at Isla del Coco, off Costa Rica. 

The specific name is chosen to direct attention to the points of com- 
parison between this form and that which for the present should be 
known as Orchestia tucurauna Fritz Miller. 








y 
: 


HYALELLA FAXONI, new species. 
Plate LXI. 


The back is well rounded, devoid of teeth. The first three segments 
of the pleon have the postero-lateral angles acute, those of the first 
pair being scarcely, but those of the third conspicuously, produced. 

The eyes are round, very small, and wide apart. 

The first antenne have the peduncle well developed, but with the 
third joint a little shorter than the second, and the second than the 
first. The flagellum is elongate, its joints attaining to fourteen in 
number in the male. A specimen in which the flagellum was eleven- 
jointed had the eleventh joint about level with the eighth joint of the 
flagellum of the lower antennze. 

The second antenne have both peduncle and flagellum longer than 
those of the preceding pair, the terminal joint of the peduncle consid- 
erably longer than the penultimate in the male, but very little longer 
in the female, an unbroken flagellum in the male having as many as 
seventeen joints. Ina female specimen a flagellum of thirteen joints 
answers to one of ten in the first pair. 






AMPHIPODA FROM COSTA RICA—STEBBING. 999 





_ The first maxille have three setw~ on the apex of the inner plate 
‘instead of the two which appear to be the usual number in this pores 
The first gnathopods have a spiniferous boss, more develenet: a 
male than in the female, on the hind margin of the fourth and fifth 
joints, and the palm of the subparallel-sided hand nearly transverse 
not overlapped by the small finger. . , 
_ In the male the large second gnathopods are very similar to those 
of Hyalella dentata Smith, and Hyalella longistilus (Faxon), but the 
_ hand is rather longer in proportion to the breadth. The palm ends in 
a slight bulging beyond the pocket into which the apex of the strongly 
curved finger closes. Near the hinge of hand and finger the palm has 
a somewhat tooth-like indent, just like the ‘‘notch” of JZ dentata 
as figured and described by Prof. S. I. Smith, the slope of the palm 
being nearly straight and beset on each side with spines. In the 
female the hand is as long as the wrist, considerably wider distally 
than in the proximal half, the small, closely shutting finger not reach- 
ing the end of the palm. So far as can be judged from Professor 
Smith’s complete lateral view of the female of his //. 7nerinzs, both 
gnathopods in the female of that species are in close agreement with 
| those of the present species. 
_ The third pereopods are much shorter than the fourth or fifth 
pairs. In all three the second joint may be described as large and 
_ broadly oval, but in the fifth pair it is considerably broader and more 
_ rounded than in the, other two pairs, with a length not much greater 
than the breadth. No ‘‘accessory branchiwe” were observed in con- 
nection with any of the limbs. 

The third uropods are quite small, with the ramus tapering, nearly 
as long as the peduncle, but much narrower. 

_ The telson is almost square, the distal margin carrying a pair of 
setules, its corners rounded. 

A male specimen measured from front of head to the extremity of 
the slightly bent pleon three-tenths of an inch (7.5 mm.). 

The specimens, 20 in number, were labeled as coming from a 
height of 2,400 meters, or 8,000 feet, on Volean Reventado, and 
collected by Mr. P. Biolley. 

The specific name is given in compliment to Dr. Walter Faxon, 
who in 1876 described several species of this genus and directed 
‘attention to some of the difficulties attending the delimitation of spe- 
cies within it. Dr. Faxon at that date” writes: ‘After an examina- 

tion of a large number of Hyalella dentata and I. inerinis from 
Utah, I am satisfied that they are but varieties of one species. The 
form with dorsal teeth on the first and second abdominal segments is 
very probably synonymous with Amphitoe aztecus Saussure? and 





@Bull. Mus. Harvard, ITI, p. 574. 
b Mémoire sur divers Crustacés nouveaux du Mexique et des Antilles, 
pl. v, fig. 33. 


1858, p. 58, 





930 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. 


Allorchestes knickerbockeri Bate,“ as pointed out by Professor Smith 
himself.” It may be convenient to accept Saussure’s name for the — 
dentate form, although his description is vague and his figures rough. 
In the large second gnathopod, of which he gives a detailed figure, ~ 
the wrist or fifth joint is entirely devoid of the characteristic project-— 
ing process. In my opinion the same motive of convenience is sufli-— 
ciently strong to justify the retention of the specific name ¢nermis for 
the form that is not dentate. This I have applied to specimens 
obtained by Mr. Edward Whymper at great heights in Ecuador.? 
None of these had dentate body segments. On first examining the 
specimens from Costa Rica, I was disposed to identify them with the 
species submitted to me by Mr. Whymper. About the close general 
resemblance there can be no question, but in detail I find the follow- 
ing differences: The new species here described has the antenne of 
both pairs more elongate, the first joint in the third, fourth, and fifth 
pereopods larger and more broadly oval, and the postero-lateral 
angles of the third pleon segment much more decidedly produced. 
None of these characters, it must be confessed, are easy to appreciate 
except by comparison of actual specimens or of accurate figures 
drawn to the same scale. But the mouth organs show a curious fea- 
ture, in that the first maxille, as above stated, have three sete on the 
apex of the inner plate, alike in male and female, while //. cnermés 
has only two. In the male of //. fawoni the first gnathopods have the 
hand not, or very little, broader at the palm than in the middle, 
whereas the //. ¢nermis from Ecuador has a strong bulging of the 
palm beyond the point which the finger reaches, making the hand as 
broad as it is long. Also in the large second gnathopods there is a 
stronger bulge at the corresponding point, making the breadth of the 
hand in the Ee uador species greater in proportion to its length, and 
the ‘‘notch” at the other end of the palm is rounded off. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
Puate LX. 
Talorchestia fritzi, new species. 


n. 8. Length of male specimen examined, not including the antenne. 
a. s., a. 7. The upper and lower antenne, respectively, of the two sexes, with further 
enlargement of two joints of the flagellum in lower antennz of male. 
gn. 1, gn. 2. First and second gnathopods, respectively, of the two sexes, with further 
enlargement of some of the distal joints. 
. Second perzeopod of the female, with enlargement of finger. 
‘ifth perzeopod of the male. 


aC Pacloeae of the ee of Amphipodous Crustacea i in the Collection of the 
3ritish Museum, 1862, p. 36, pl. v1, fig. 1. 


» Travels among the Cheat Andes of the Equator, Appendix, 1891, p. 125. 


3 
~ 
oS 
or bo 
ee TO 






ee eo eee 


No. 1341. AMPHIPODA FROM COSTA RICA—STEBBING. 


ur. 1. Lateral view of first uropods of male, together with the second 


931 


and third 


uropods and telson, in attachment to the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments of 


the pleon. 
ur. 3.9. Third uropod of female. 
T. Telson of female. 
PuaTEe LXI. 


Hyalella faxoni, new species. 


n. s. Length of male specimen examined, not including the antennze. 

a. s., a. i. Upper and lower antennie of the two sexes. 
mz. 1. First maxilla (from a separate specimen). 

gn. 1, gn. 2. First and second gnathopods of both sexes, with further enlarzement of 

distal portion. 

prp. 5. Fifth pereeopod of male. 

Pl. s. 3.9. Third pleon segment of female. 
ur. 3. Third uropod, respectively, of male and female. 

T. Telson of each sex, that of the male from the specimen of which the first maxilla 

is figured. 
The figures are from male specimens, unless accompanied by the symbol of the 

female (?). 

_ Only two scales of magnification are employed, all the figures except one being 
drawn to the lower scale, while some are wholly or partially duplicated on the 
higher scale. The first maxilla of Hyalella faxoni is represented only on the higher 
magnification. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 





62 








PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. Lx 


TALORCHESTIA FRITZI, NEW SPECIES. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 930. 











PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXI 


* =, = { 
i. A. 
Sore Ragen EO 
re 


i 





PL. s.4 Oo Tq 
+ > 
HYALELLA FAXONI, NEW SPECIES. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 931. 









SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY ASTARTIDA. WITH A REVIEW 
OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES 


By Witu1am Hearry Datu, 
Honorary Curator, Division of Mollusks. 


The group of bivalve shells which composes this family is of ancient 
origin, the Crassatellitide having diverged from it in the later Meso- 
zoic and taken definite form in the Eocene. The chief characteristic 
by which the two families are discriminated is found in the ligament, 
which in Astartedx is external as well as the resilium, while in the 
Crassatellitide this organ is separated from the resilium, the latter, 
except in Hriphyla, being deeply immersed. In Lriphy/u the process 
has only begun, but the other characteristics of the shell are so close 
to Crassinella that the two must obviously be associated in the same 

family. In Lirodiscus of the Astartide the resilium is separated from 

the ligament, but still remains external, while the other characters link 
it to Astarte in a way analogous to those which bind Er/phyla to the 

Crassinellas; so each family has an exceptional and peripheral group. 

Concentric sculpture, dense periostracum, absence of bright color 
pattern, and a hinge formula of, in its fullest development, the fol- 


: — (L9.101010.1 VE ey ee ee aT ee 
lowing elements Ri.010101.0 ) 2"¢ characteristic of this family, as is 


| 
| 


its preference for cold waters, the tropical species keeping chiefly in 
the cold abysses or being dwarfed in size. The Crassatellitide, on the 
other hand, are prevalent in the Tropics and unknown in the cold seas. 

I have not found more than three cardinals in either valve, and there 
are usually several nearly obsolete. The laterals are formed by an 
extension of the valve margin, which fits into a groove or socket in 
the opposite valve. These are usually alternated, one lateral and one 
socket to each valve. The middle cardinals are usually well developed 
and sometimes bifid, the anterior right and posterior left cardinals 
always (and the posterior right cardinal often) more or less obsolete. 
The sides of the cardinal teeth are frequently vertically striated, as in 
- Crassatellites, especially in the fossil species. 





PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1342. 


935 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. 

No Astarte has radial ribbing, but many develop in the adult state 
crenulations on the inner margin of the valves. Some species are 
crenulate only when fully adult, others develop crenation at resting 
stages, others are always without them. The teeth of the hinge are 
frequently reversed as regards the valves. The laterals vary extremely 
in the fullness of their development, and the outline of the valves is 
also often very variable, most of the trigonal species having also 
elongated or oblique varieties. The conditions in the boreal seas, 
where these animals chiefly abound, seem to make for profusion in 
individuals and paucity of species, a state of things obviously favor- 
able to individual variation. 

The dullness of color characterizing the shells of this group is to 
some extent made up for by the bright colors of the soft parts which 
are usually yellow, orange, or vermilion. The anal siphon is short, 
complete, plain-edged and valvular. The branchial siphon is formed 
by apposition of the ciliate border of the free mantle edges. The 
foot is subquadrate, the gills small, reticulate, and free. The eges are 
ripe in April in the latitude of Long Island Sound, and are dis- 
charged into the water for fertilization. The animals live partly 
immersed in mud or sand and form a large part of the food supply of 
the walrus and many fishes. The variability previously alluded to 
has made the identification of species difficult and their synonymy 
almost hopeless. : 

Dr. Jeffreys, who published much about the northern fauna, unfor- 
tunately was disposed to lump together rather than discriminate, not 
having the large series necessary for elucidating our American spe- 
cies. Sowerby’s monographs of this group are very unsatisfactory and 
imperfect, covering less than half the known forms. The most suc- 
cessful attempt at a review of the species is that of Mr. Edgar A. 
Smith, of the British Museum, in 1881, in the Journal of Conchology. 

I have found in reviewing our American species that a more narrow 
specific limitation removes some of the difficulties surrounding the 
subject. While assenting to many of the views heretofore expressed 
by naturalists, and disavowing any claim of finality for the decisions 
arrived at, I have endeavored to discriminate the recognizable Amer- 
ican forms whether these be regarded as species or not. By adopting 
names for them we at least have the satisfaction of knowing what we 
mean when we employ a name, which is impossible under the system, 
or want of system, of Dr. Jeffreys. For the same reason I have been 
unable to avail myself of much work, systematic and distributional, 
which is in print, since it is impossible to know which of several forms 
is intended in a given case where a name covering a number of types 
has been used. The distribution mentioned in my list herewith is 
taken from actual specimens and only exceptionally from the litera- 
ture. The collection of Astartes from the boreal regions of the New 









“No. 1342. SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTIDA—DALL. 9 





Benen rer : B85 
World in the National Museum is exceptionally large, a fact upon 
which the possibility of a review of the species is dependent. Ina 


general way the species common to both hemispheres belong to the 
 circumpolar fauna; extremely few if any of the more southern species 
: are common to Europe and America. Ina general way each fauna 
_ has a set of species in which a given type is represented, but the repre- 
sentatives of the type when compared are found to be similar rather 
than specifically identical. Thus, the European A. su/euta, COMPTESSA, 
and ¢ncrassata do not in my opinion occur at all in America. though 
the Atlantic and Pacific faunas have analogues which are probably due 
_ to filling a particular similar niche in the environment rather than to 
any close connection with the types of Europe referred to. 
_ The distinctions upon which the subordinate groups of Astartide 
. are founded are chiefly the greater or less development of the hinge- 
teeth and modifications of external sculpture. As the type of the 
_ hinge formula does not change but merely submits to certain dedue- 
tions from its possible total, it will be inferred that the subgenera or 
sections are not very widely separated. 

The genus (oodalliopsis Munier-Chalmas and De Raincourt, 1863, 
is a synonym of Ad/ia. Plesiastarte Fischer, 1887, which has also 
been referred to this family, may perhaps be more suitably placed in 
the Cyrenide, if not a nepionic shell. Preconia Stoliczka, 1871, and 

— Pachytypus Munier-Chalmas, 1887, I have not been able to examine; 
both are fossils. Paristella Cossmann, 1887, from the figures, may be 
amember of this family and related to Mcrostagon. It is from the 
French Eocene. Paleozoic forms referred to Astarte are dubiously 
pertinent. 

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE FAMILY. 


Genus LIRODISCUS Conrad, 1869. 


Shell solid, inequilateral, equivalve, the nepionic valves flat, usually 
concentrically ridged, the later portion of the disk more convex; liga- 
ment normal, external; residium separate, situated between the beaks, 
external, but with its base encroaching on the umbonal ends of the 
cardinals; dental formula eR the left anterior lateral often 
indistinct; inner margins crenate; adductor scars rounded with elevated 
margins. 

Type Astarte tellinoides Conrad, Claibornian Eocene. This genus 
appears in the lowest Eocene and continues to be represented until the 
Jacksonian. 

Genus ASTARTE Sowerby, 1816. 


Synonyms: Zridonta Schumacher, 1817; Crassina Lamarck, 1818; 
Triodonta Agassiz, 1847; Nicania Leach, 1819; Gonilia Stoliczka, 
1871; Crassinella Bayle, 1879, not Guppy, 1874; Weocrassina Fischer, 


936 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, _ 





1887: Grotriania Speyer, 1860; Davee . V. Wood, 1853; Woodia 
Deshayes, 1860; Ptctocyma Dall, 1872; Pie aN on Malena 1874; 
Goodallia Turton, 1822; Mactrina Brown, 1827; Mierostagon Coast 
mann, 1896; Crentmargo Crossmann, 1903. 

Ligament enfolding the resilium, both external, on narrow nymphs. 


Section Asfarte s.s. Dental formula ee the middle right 
and two left anterior cardinals strong, the others obsolete; valves with 
convex umbones, subequilateral, the inner margins crenate when fully 
developed. Type, Astarte sulcata (Da Costa). 

Section 7ridonta Schumacher. Like Astarte, but the inner margins 
always smooth. Type, 7: borealis Schumacher, 1817. 

¢ Section Weocrassina Fischer. Like <Astarte, but the umbones 
nearly terminal in front. Type, A. ob/iqgua Deshayes.  Bajocien 
Oolite. 

Section F?ictocyma Dall. Small, like Astarte, but the valves with 
irregular bifid or broken sculpture; inner margins not crenate. Type, 
A. esquimalts ( (Baird). 

Section Ashtarotha Dall, 1903. Umbones concentrically sculptured 
and conspicuously flattened; disk smoother outside of the flattened 
area; otherwise like Astarte. Type, Astarte undulata Say, Miocene. 
A. bipartita Sowerby, 1829, appears to belong here. 

Section Gonilia Stoliczka. Small, lentiform, hinge as in Asturte; 
disk with divaricate ribbing centrally. Type, Lucina bipartita Phil- 
ippi, 18389 (= Astarte bipartita Stoliezka, 1871, not of Sowerby; = 

Astarte calliglypta Dall, 1908). 

Section Digitaria 8. V. Wood. | Valves rotund, shell small, lenti- 
form, hinge as in Gondlia, having the larger cardinals bifid; surface 
obliquely, arcuately sulcate, the sulci grooving more or less the inner 
margin tangentially; Woodia Deshayes is synonymous. Type, Ze/lina 
digitaria Linneeus. 

Section Crenimargo Cossmann. Shell like Digitaria, but the sur- 
face smooth; the tangential sulcations of the inner margin are, how- 
ever, retained as in Zransennella; hinge as in Digitaria. Type, 
C. inequicrenata Cossman, Parisian Eocene. 

Subgenus Goodallia Turton. Shell small, smooth, the hinge teeth 
reduced by the absence of the anterior or posterior right cardinal or 
both of them; inner margins crenate at resting stages only; dental 
4 L0.101.1 ; : ee . 
formula Rioto.o ype: Aactra triangularis Montagu. Mactrina 
Brown is synonymous. 

Section Microstayon Cossmann. Like Goodallia, but the hinge 
usually with one or both laterals obsolete and a small (usually ante- 
rior) right cardinal present, which is not found in Goodallia proper. 







SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTID. E—DALL. 





eee 937 
: L.1010. i ee 
Formula R.0101. (herouvalense) or ee (pernitidum). Type, 
Goodallia herouvalensis Deshayes. Eocene of Paris. 

_ In considering the distribution of the species the following table 
_ May aid in grasping its chief features. The Kast American fauna 
) here is that south of Greenland, the West American that south of 
Bering Strait. The Arctic fauna includes those north of those 
an asterisk denoting that the species is confined to the 
fauna as above defined. 


limits, 
limits of its 


ARCTIC AMERICAN FAUNA. 


A. undata. T. vernicosa. 

A. subequilatera. T. elliptica. 

A. crenata. T. acuticostata.* 
A. polaris. T. globosa.* 

T. arctica, T. pulchella.* 
T. borealis. T. banksii.* 

T. fabula. T. striata. 

T. bennettii. T. soror. 


WEST AMERICAN. EAST AMERICAN. 


; A. polaris. A. subequilatera.t 
: T. rollandi.* A. castanea.* 
T. arctica. + A. undata. 
| T. borealis.t A. crenata.t 
T. alaskensis.* A, smithii.* 
T. compacta.* A. globula.* 
T. fabula.t A. nana.* 
T. bennettii.t A. liogona.* 
T. vernicosa.t T. borealis.| 
R. esquimalti.* T. elliptica.| 


T. quadrans.* 
T. striata.t 


De soror.t 


ANTARCTIC FAUNA. 
Astarte longirostra. 


From this it will be observed that the typical Astartes, which are 
rather abundant on the shores of Europe, compared with the Tri- 
dontas, are in the majority on the Eastern coast, but in the Arctic they 
form a much smaller proportion, and only one reaches the West 
American fauna. ?ictocyma is confined to the latter. In this hemi- 
sphere the Arctic fauna has 4 peculiar species, Eastern America 6, 
and Western America only 4. Only one species, A. (Zridonta) 
borealis, is common to all three of the northern faunas. If we elim- 
inate from the east and west faunas those really arctic species which 
invade them from the north (and which are marked with a dagger in 
the table), we find only the peculiar species left, except in the case of -f, 


938 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


undata, Which occurs in Greenland, but is very rare there, and really 
is characteristic of the fauna farther south. 

The Astarte fauna of the American hemisphere thus consists of 27 
species, 1 being Antarctic, 16 Arctic, 13 East and 10 West American. 
Doubtless a more thorough exploration of the arctic and abyssal seas 
in both oceans might add a few more species and somewhat change 
the above figures. 

In the geographical lists which follow the names have appended to 
them the date of description. The more detailed references, if desired, 
may be had from the bibliography in the Journal of Conchology for 
1881, given by Mr. Edgar A. Smith, pages 201-204. 

The plates contain figures of the newly described or unfigured forms. 


LIST OF THE SPECIES OF THE EASTERN COAST. 
ASTARTE CASTANEA Say, 1822. 


Coast of Nova Scotia and southward to the vicinity of Cape Hat- 
teras, North Carolina, in 5 to 65 fathoms. 

A variety, picea Gould, 1841, has blackish tarry periostracum. — It 
has been collected at Chelsea Beach, Massachusetts, and Sandy Hook, 
New Jersey. The typical form is smooth, equilateral, polished, of a 
rich reddish chestnut brown, and with sharply crenate margins. 

Totten described a variety, procera,trom Provincetown Harbor, 
Massachusetts, in 1835. It is characterized by a dull yellow brown 
periostracum and obliquely produced high beaks. It would seem that 
the peculiar environment is connected with these characters, as the 
locality is so isolated as to be almost like an oceanic island, and on the 
Pacific coast on such islands exclusively a variety of A. rollandi is 
found differing from the type in the same way. 


ASTARTE UNDATA Gould, 1841. 


Greenland and adjacent arctic waters, and south to Massachusetts 
Bay, and in deep cold water to the vicinity of Chesapeake Bay. The 
range in depth is from 5 to 104 fathoms. 

Dull chestnut brown, subtrigonal as a rule, but variable in outline, 
with 10 to 25 concentric ripples, sometimes obsolete near the ventral 
margin. When the ripples are few, prominent, and distant, we have 
the variety /utisulca Hanley, 1843, of which perhaps A. mortoni Sow- 
erby, 1874, is a mutation. This species was mistakenly identified 
with the European A. su/cata Da Costa by early American writers 
and by Jeffreys. A pale variety was named A. Zutea by Perkins in 
1869. 

ASTARTE SUBAEQUILATERA Sowerby, 1854. 


Davis Strait and southward, usually in rather deep water, along the 
eastern coast of the United States to the vicinity of Cape Florida, in 
22 to 410 fathoms. 


No. 1342. SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTIDE—DALI,. 939 





This species was named by Stimpson in manuscript A. Jens, and this 
name, though never described, has found its way into the literature. 
Through Dr. Jeffreys it has also been confounded with A. erenata 
Gray and A. crebricostata Forbes, neither of which is closely related 
to it. The shell is ovate, compressed, pale or yellowish brown, the 
_ deep-water specimens sometimes nearly white, and it is sculptured 
' with numerous even, low, concentric ripples, which are obsolete in 
_ the adult behind. Specimens reach a length of 39, with a height of 
~ $1 and a diameter of 10 mm. 





_—— ea 


ASTARTE (SUBAZQUILATERA var?) WHITEAVESII Dall, 1903. 


Gulf of St. Lawrence and south to Long Island Sound, in 67 to 428 
fathoms. 

This, which is the erebricostata of Dawson,” has also been called 
erenata and dens, while I find it labeled by Jeffreys ‘‘ si/cata variety 
nana,” though it has no close resemblance to sw/cata Da Costa. It 
_ resembles the young of swbeguilatera, but is more conyex; has the con- 

centric sculpture continued to the margin behind, and is, on the whole, 

rather darker in color. It was dredged abundantly by Whiteaves at 

Gaspé, in 200 fathoms. 


ASTARTE POLARIS Dall, 1903. 


Polar Sea, dredged off Hare Island, Davis Strait, in 90 fathoms, and 
is also found near Bering Strait. 

Plump, subtrigonal, with olive-brown periostracum, thin shell, deeply 
excavated lunule, and delicate hinge. The sulcation of the margin 
appears only with complete maturity. The concentric sculpture is fine, 
close, and low, sometimes degenerating into mere striation. Exter- 
nally the shell recalls Corbicula. 


ASTARTE CRENATA Gray, 1824. 


Shannon fiord, East Greenland (as crebricostata Moebius); Prince 
Regent Inlet, Melville Island and adjacent waters (Parry); and south 
to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 16 to 200 fathoms. 

Some of the specimens collected by the Parry expedition, from 
which Gray described the species, are fortunately in the Jeffreys col- 
lection and enable me to fix this species, which has also been named 
A. oblonga by Sowerby in 1854. It appears to be rare, and is a thin, 
inflated, elongate-oval shell, delicately, closely, concentrically striated 
or grooved, with the sculpture often obsolete below and stronger near 
the beaks. It is a smaller, thinner, and much more inflated shell than 
subequilatera, and of a pale straw color or light brown color somewhat 
polished when in fine condition. : 





a@Can. Nat., 1872. 


940 PROCEEDINGS OF T ‘HE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 





ASTARTE SMITHII Dall, 1886. 


Gulf of Mexico, Cuba, Martinique, Barbados, and Campeche Bank, 
in 54 to 450 fathoms, bottom temperature 58° to 65° Fahr. 

Shorter, more inflated, paler, and with ribs of a different shape 
from those of swhequilatera or whiteavesii of about the same size. It 
is sharply crenate, while the young of the other species referred to, 
at an equivalent growth, are usually without crenations. The species 
was named in the Blake report. 


ASTARTE GLOBULA Dall, 1886. 


Off Fernandina, Florida, in deep water, south to the coast of Cuba, 
and in the Gulf of Mexico, in 294 to 539 fathoms. One valve, perhaps 
drifted, in 1,568 fathoms. 

Of the same general ‘type as A. sm7thiz, but perfectly smooth and 
attaining a larger size. The margin is sharply crenate and the color 
grayish white. It was at first supposed to be a smooth variety of 
smithii, but more material indicates that it is distinct. 


ASTARTE NANA (Jeffreys MS.) Dall, 1886. 


Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and south to the Florida reefs and 
Sombrero Island, West Indies, in 6 to-227 fathoms; temperature, 51° 
Fahr. 

This shell is somewhat larger and flatter than 4. sm7thii, with more 
erect and prominent beaks, and the ribs cover the whole shell; it is 
crenate only when perfectly mature; the color varies from light yel- 
low brown to rose pink. A still more convex and triangular form 
occurs among the specimens dredged in the Gulf of Mexico, and among 
the Florida reefs in 25 to 60 fathoms, which was labeled by Jeftreys 
variety trigonda. 

ASTARTE LIOGONA Dall, 1903. 


Near the delta of the Mississippi River, in the Gulf of Mexico, at 
118 fathoms, muddy bottom. 

A single specimen of a small olivaceous species was dredged as above. 
It differs from all those hitherto known on the coast, by having the 
beaks and main part of the disk smooth, while near the margin are a 
few distinct narrow concentric ribs. The inner margin is sharply 
crenate, 

Section TRIDONTA Schumacher. 


ASTARTE ARCTICA Gray, 1824. 


Vads6, Norway; the Arctic Atlantic, Davis Strait, and Greenland, 
in 15 to 60 fathoms. Also near Bering Strait. 

This convex and smooth form is well distinguished from the A. bore- 
alis, and. is wholly destitute of concentric ribbing. It is a cireumpolar 


_ species and of a dark blackish brown color, 








No. 1342, SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTIDE—DALL, 94] 


It has oean ‘ally uni 
: a v generally united 
with borealis, doubtless for want of a sufficient series for comparison 
It is the corrugata and depressa of Brown, 1827: according to Sowerby 
the cyprinoides of Duval, 1841; the ¢slandica of Deshaves (MS.) L867: 
the lactea and subtrigona of Sowerby, 1874. It is somewhat variable 
in outline, but the other characters are fairly constant, 
ASTARTE BOREALIS Schumacher, 1817 

Bennett Island, Polar Sea; North Europe and the Baltic, Arctic 

Atlantic, Iceland, and Greenland, and south to Massachusetts Bay. in 


15.to 100 fathoms. Also Bering Sea and Strait, ete. 
Shell compressed, with the beaks concentrically ribbed: the rest of 


the disk more or less smooth. This is the sem/sulcata of Leach. 1819: 


the veneriformis Wood, 1828; the Jactea of Broderip and Sowerby, 
1829. According to authors it is the witham7 of J. Smith. 1839: and 
producta Sowerby, 1874, is synonymous. The young haye been named 
richardsonit by Reeve, in 1855; placenta (Morch) and rhomboidalis 
Leche, Vega Exp., Lamellibranchiata, 1883. 


ASTARTE ELLIPTICA Brown, 1827. 


North Europe, Arctic seas near Greenland, and south to Massa- 
chusetts Bay, in 8 to 90 fathoms. 

An elegantly ovate subcompressed shell, with rather low beaks, the 
upper half of the disk concentrically rippled, the lower part smooth or 
feebly striated. The color varies from warm yellow brown through 
chestnut to blackish. It is the ovata of Brown, 1827, the garens7s of 
J. Smith, 1839, and the ¢ntermedia of Sowerby, 1854. It has some- 
times been referred to Venus compressa Linnaeus, but this is a mere 
hypothesis, incapable of verification, and should be rejected. 


ASTARTE QUADRANS Gould, 1841. 


Gulf of St. Lawrence to Long Island Sound in 6 to 40 fathoms. 

A small, smooth, compressed, quadrate species, which has not been 
characteristically figured. The inner surface of the shell is usually 
white, but sometimes dark colored. A specimen of this sort was 
named A. portlandica by Dr. Mighels in 1843. I find it labeled ** A. 
castanea variety nana” by Jeffreys. It is not a common species. 


ASTARTE ACUTICOSTATA Jeffreys and Friele, 1877. 
Arctic Atlantic, in deep water, Jan Mayen and Novaia Zemlia, in 
200 to 649 fathoms. 


A small quadrate species, with fine, regular, well-marked, concen- 
tric ribbing all over the shell. 


949 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





ASTARTE GLOBOSA Moller, 1842. 


East and West Greenland, and adjacent Arctic waters, in 10 to 150 
fathoms. 

Small, blunt, ventricose, yellow brown, the anterior end longer, 
rounded, the posterior end subtruncate, the surface closely, finely, con- 
centrically suleate all over. The species was identified as compressa 
by Moebius, 1874, and Jeffreys called it compressa variety striata. It 
is one of three or four related forms: fairly recognizable which have 
been usually ‘‘ lumped” under one name. Nothing which can be 
properly identified with the British A. compressa is known from 
American waters. 


ASTARTE FABULA Reeve, 1855. 


Franz Josef Land to Greenland and adjacent Arctic waters in 12 to 
90 fathoms. Also in the Polar Sea, near Bering Strait. 

A thin elongate-ovate, inflated species, with the posterior end 
slightly longer, the umbonal region peculiarly, squarely, concentrically 
suleate, and the basal portion striated. The color is usually dark 
brown. It was described by Sowerby in 1874, as A. semlirata, and 
has frequently been identified as A. banks77, but it is not A. banksii 
ot Leach. 

ASTARTE PULCHELLA Jonas, 1845. 


Hogarth Sound, Cumberland Inlet, and adjacent Arctic waters, also 
Novaia Zemlia, in 5 to 10 fathoms. 

Ovate, thin, polished; evenly, concentrically, elegantly sulcate, with 
narrow lanceolate lunule; the color light brown, and the beaks nearly 
central. It is the A. warham? Hancock, 1846. 


ASTARTE BANKSII Leach, 1819. 


Baflin’s Bay and adjacent waters to lat. 80° N., also Spitsbergen, 
in 12 to 60 fathoms. 

Mr. E. A. Smith has shown that the numerals of the figures of 
striata and banksii, Leach, in Beechey’s Zoology of the Voyage of 
the Blossom, are exchanged and the figure formerly referred to striata 
represents banks? and wice versa. This confusion runs through much 
of the literature. Specimens of A. banksi?, which is a nearly smooth 
species of a reddish brown or olivaceous tint, were labeled compressa 
variety striata by Jeffreys. 

ASTARTE STRIATA Leach, 1819. 

Baflin’s Bay, Davis Strait, and adjacent waters, and south to the 
Grand Banks, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Massachusetts Bay, in 
10 to 85 fathoms. 

Subtrigonal, with somewhat coarsely sulcate umbonal region, the 


——_ "77 


NO. 1342. SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTID4—DALL. 943 





. 
| 
; 
/ 


” 


ventral margin in the adult merely striated. It is the ban} 
authors and is figured under that name in Binney’s ( 
regarded as a variety of A. compressa by Jeffreys. 





77 of Many 
rould, 1870, and 


ASTARTE (LAURENTIANA Lyell, 1845, var.?) SOROR Dall. 


Type in the Leda clays and other Pleistocene beds of eastern 
N . € ye rary > r 5 . 
Canada and New England; variety svror, from 82° north latitude 
through the Arctic waters southward to the Gulf of St. 
5 to 90- fathoms. 

The recent shell is more trigonal, larger, and the concentric sculp- 
ture coarser than that of the typical Pleistocene fossil. I adopt the 
above varietal name for the recent form until more is known. but I 
suspect the species are distinct. 


Lawrence in 


LIST OF THE SPECIES OF THE WESTERN COAST. 
ASTARTE POLARIS Dall, 1903. 


Kyska Harbor, Aleutians; Constantine Harbor, Amcehitka: and 
near the Shumagin Islands, in 10 to 58 fathoms, mud or sand, bottom 
temperature 41° to 45° F. Also in Baftin’s Bay, on the Greenland 
coast. 

This is the only typical Asturte so far identified on the northwest 
coast. 

ASTARTE LONGIROSTRA D’Orbigny, 1847. 


Falkland Islands, D’Orbigny; Straits of Magellan, in 20 to 61 fath- 
oms, bottom temperature 48° F. 

The A. magellanica Smith, 1881, judging from the specimens dredged 
by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer <A/batross, varies so that the 
distinctions relied on to separate it from A. long/rostra disappear in a 
good series. The name magellanica might, however, be retained in a 
varietal sense for the specimens with more pronounced sculpture and 
less protracted beaks. This is the only species recorded from the 
southern hemisphere. 


Section TRIDONTA Schumacher. 
ASTARTE ROLLANDI Bernardi, 1858. 


Avatcha Bay, Kamchatka, and eastward through the Aleutian and 
Pribilof Islands, and along the Alaskan coast to Prince William Sound, 
in 8 to 27 fathoms. 

Suborbicular, nearly smooth, large and heavy, with dark chestnut- 
brown periostracum, which in the adults is dehiscent on drying. This 
specie. takes the place in the western fauna occupied by A. castaner 
on the eastern coast, and, like it, hasa pale oblique variety (/or7a Dall, 
1903), which is found on oceanic islets, Chika, the Semidis, and Mid- 
dleton, in 12 to 25 fathoms, sand. 


944 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


ASTARTE ARCTICA Gray, 1824. 


Bering Strait, Bering Sea, and the Aleutian Islands from Attu to 
Unalga Pass east of Unalaska in 15 to 60 fathoms; also in the eastern 
arctic waters. 

See the eastern list for synonymy and further data. 


ASTARTE BOREALIS Schumacher, 1817. 


Polar Sea, near Bennett Island; /eannette expedition. Macfarlane 
Bay, near the mouth of the Mackenzie; Bering Strait and southward 
on the American side to Port Etches, Prince William Sound, and on 
the Asiatic side to Yokohama. 

For synonymy, etc., consult the eastern list. The variety rhom- 
hoidalis Leche, 1883, as figured, is based on an immature specimen, 
while the variety placenta Mérch is simply the young shell of the 
normal type. A somewhat elongated specimen figured under the 
name of A. scotica by Middendorff, Plate XVI, figs. 10-12, 1849, may 
be the young of this species or an unusually strongly ribbed e//iptica. 
He gives localities from Lapland to the Okhotsk Sea. The latter 
were probably borealis; the former might have been e/liptica. His 
figures on Plate XVII of the same name are probably A. sz/cata. 
Figs. 6 to 7 on the same plate under the name of corrugata Brown are 
probably A. borealis; figs. 4, 5, 8, 9, and 10, perhaps, are dilapidated 
A. rollandi. In the Sibirische Reise, Plate XX, figs. 1 to 4, 1851, 
which are named A. scotica, represent A. borealis, and it is evident 
he regarded the two as synonymous. A. compressa, on the other hand, 
he does not record from eastward of the Taimyr River. The Macfar- 
lane Bay specimens are exceptionally smooth, compressed, and thin. 


ASTARTE ALASKENSIS Dall, 1903. 


Southern part of Bering Sea, the vicinity of the Shumagin Islands, 
and eastward along the Alaskan coast and south to Puget Sound in 10 
to 70 fathoms. Also in the glacial drift of Sucia Island, Straits of 
Georgia. 

Much resembling A. eliptica of the eastern coast, but shorter, 
heavier, and more trigonal. The periostracum is black or dark brown 
and dehiscent when dry. It has usually been identified as wndata but 
is never crenulated. | 


ASTARTE COMPACTA Carpenter, 1865. 


Puget Sound, Kennerley, and Johnson. 

Small, stout, trigonal, like _A. esquimalti, but with regularly arcuate, 
uniform concentric ribbing. It was described as a variety of A. com- 
pressa Montagu, which does not occur on the coast. It appears to be 


rare, and I have seen only one specimen beside the type. The former 
is figured, Plate LXIII, fig. 8. 


No. 1342. SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTID.E—DALI. 945 


ASTARTE FABULA Reeve, 1855. 





Polar Sea, near Point Belcher, and south to the north end of Nance 
Island in 15 to 23 fathoms. Also in the eastern hemisphere at | 
Josef Land, the coast of Greenland, ete. 

Leche’s figures of “A. warhami” in his report on the Veoa lamelli- 
_branchs indicate that he probably included this species inidenseien 
name. A. semélirata Sowerby, 1874, is synonymous. For other data 
see eastern list. 


Franz 


ASTARTE BENNETTII Dall, 1903. 


Polar Sea at Bennett Island, Jeannette expedition; also in 
Sea, 5 miles west of Nunivak Island, in 24 fathoms. Dall. 

Small, solid, rather uniformly concentrically striate; polished, oliya- 
ceous, with high beaks. Leche’s figures 11 and 12, Plate 32. may have 
been taken from a specimen of this species, with the posterior end 
rather blunter than usual, and not full grown. In the Bering Sea 
specimen the striation is stronger near the beaks. . 


2aTr} - 
Bering 


ASTARTE VERNICOSA Dall, 1903. 


Arctic Sea and northern part of Bering Sea, from Icy Cape to 
Hagemeister Island, in 7 to 28 fathoms, and southern part of Bering 
_ Sea, through the Aleutians from Attu to Atka, in 8 to 14 fathoms. 
 Resembling A. fabula, but more coarsely and uniformly sulcate and 
brilliantly polished, with an olivaceous yellow-brown periostracum, 
narrower, longer, and less impressed lunule. 

Leche’s figures 7 to 8, Plate 32, apparently represent this species. 


Section RICTOCYMA Dall. 


— a a 


ASTARTE ESQUIMALTI Baird, 1863. 


Aleutian Islands from Unalaska eastward along the coast of Alaska 
and south to Puget Sound in 6 to 80 fathoms. 

Recognizable by its irregular sculpture, and reaching a height of 
21, with a length of 23 and a diameter of 11 mm. 2. mirabilis Dall, 
1872, was based on a young specimen of this species. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMS NEWLY NAMED. 
ASTARTE POLARIS, new species. 
Plate LXIII, fig. 5. 


Shell rounded-trigonal, moderately thick, bluish white, covered with 
aslightly polished light-brown periostracum; valves moderately convex, 
with the umbones high, somewhat prosogyrate, over a well-impressed 
lanceolate lunule, which is unequally divided, the right valve bearing 
the larger share; escutcheon narrower and longer than the lunule, 
impressed, smooth; sculpture of forty or more small, narrow, regular, 


946 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. YOL. XXVI. 





concentric riblets separated by about equal interspaces; in the adult 
the posterior slope and ventral third of the disk have the riblets 
replaced by somewhat uneven concentric striation; interior smooth, 
the inner margins finely evenly crenate; hinge rather solid, the middle 
cardinal in each valve grooved or bifid. Height, 25; length, 28; 
diameter, 15 mm. 

The type specimen, No. 106859, is from 51 fathoms, sand, near the 
Shumagin Islands, Alaska. The nearest form to this is A. swlcata var. 
multicostata Jeftreys, which in form and outline approaches it very 
closely, but differs by sparser ribbing, which is also more regular and 
extends over the whole shell. 


ASTARTE ALASKENSIS, new species. 
Plate LXIII, fig. 2. 


Shell ovate, subcompressed, white, with a dark, strong, caducous 
periostracum, which, like that of A. e//iptica, becomes black in the 
dead or senile shells; valves quite inequilateral, beaks at the anterior 
third, elevated, slightly compressed, prosédgyrate; lunule excavated, 
sublanceolate, the escutcheon longer and wider; sculpture of about a 
dozen concentric riblets with wider interspaces, more feeble near the 
ventral and posterior margins; inner margins entire, smooth; hinge 
solid, the teeth narrow and entire. Height, 26; length, 31.5; diameter, 
14 mm. 

Type specimens from northwest of Unimak Island, in the southern 
part of Bering Sea, at a depth of 70 fathoms; bottom temperature 
39° Ee US. NU Me, Not 1092742 


ASTARTE BENNETTII, new species. 
Plate LXIII, fig. 6. 


? Astarte warhami Lecnr, Vega exped., III, 1883, p. 442, pl. xxxu1, figs. 11 and 
12 (only). 


Shell small, thin, subcuneate, subecompressed, with a polished oliva- 
ceous periostracum; posterior end shorter, bluntly rounded; anterior 
end longer, more sloping and direct dorsally, rounded; base nearly 
straight in the young; surface finely concentrically striate, or nearly 
smooth, the striz: more apparent on the beaks; lunule narrow, lanceo- 
late, impressed, escutcheon similar, a little longer than the lunule; 
beaks high, slightly prosogyrate; hinge delicate, the large cardinals 
slightly grooved above, the laterals apparent; pallial line rather near 
the margin, which is not crenulate. Height 10.5, length 11.5, diame- 
ter 5.0 mm.; Bering Sea specimen height 14.5, length 15.0, diameter 
(£0 mm. 

In the terrible retreat from the Jeannette over the arctic floes Mr. 
Newcombe, the naturalist of the expedition, retained a small packet 





No, 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTID &—DALL, 947 


containing a few specimens of natural history from the most northern 
land reached, Bennett Island. Among these were a fragment of 
Astarte borealis and a single perfect specimen of the present species, “ 
U.S.N.M., No. 83221. A single other specimen was obtained by me 
within the limits of the arctic fauna in the northern part of Bering 
_ Sea, in 24 fathoms. Leche’s figure is slightly more oblique : 
vex, but very probably represents the same species. 


and con- 


ASTARTE (LAURENTIANA var. ?) SOROR, new species. 
Plate LXII, fig. 11. 


| Shell of moderate size, subequilateral, rounded-trigonal or cytherei- 
_ form, the beaks moderately elevated, full and prosogyrate: the ante- 
rior end slightly shorter, the lunule rather small, lanceolate and 
impressed, the escutcheon similar but longer; surface covered with 
fine, rather harsh concentric sulci with subequal interspaces, very 
_ uniform over the surface; periostracum dull, of a dark brown color, 
- sometimes paler or olivaceous in the young; hinge delicate, laterals 
distinct, large cardinals sulcate or striated above; inner margins 
entire. Height 18.0, length 21.5, diameter 10.0 mm. 
| This species differs from A. fabula by the sculpture of its umbones 
and the sulcation of the whole disk externally; it has the same kind 
of sculpture as A. /aurentiana but coarser and more harsh to the 
touch; the form in general is more trigonal or rounded than in 
A. laurentiana, but this is variable and some specimens agree well in 
shape. A. polaris is distinguished by deeper excavation of the lunule, 
smoother and more open sculpture, and the crenation of the inner 
margins. 

This is the species of which young individuals have been taken for 
recent specimens of A. /awrentiana, but which I am inclined to regard 
as distinct, especially since no fossil /awrentiana approach it in size. 
Jeffreys included it, with a number of other things which appear to 
me distinct, under the name of A. compressa var. striata. ‘The type 
locality is Godhavn Harbor, Disco Island, Greenland. U.5.N.M., 
No. 109278. 

The typical 4. Jawrentiana was described by Lyell in his Travels 
in North America in 1845. In the American edition, published the 
same year, it can be found figured, page 125, figs. L5a—Loc, and 
described on page 126 of the second volume, a reference which I had 
some difficulty in finding and which was kindly supplied by Dr. 
Whiteaves. It is found in the Pleistocene clays of the St. Lawrence 
Valley. 








neluded egg Cases of Bela sp., Chrysodomus sp., 


«The other molluscan specimens i | 
an 


and Natica sp., and fragments of Liocyma fluctuosa Gould, Modiolarta nigra Gray, 


>») 2997 


Yoldia abyssicola Torell; U.S.N.M., Nos. 85220-So227. 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——63 


948 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


——— 


ASTARTE SUBAQUILATERA var. WHITEAVESII Dall. 
Plate LXII, figs. 7, 12. 


Shell rounded quadrate, plump, inequilateral, the anterior end 
shorter; concentrically sculptured with 20 to 25 sharply defined rounded 
ribs with wider channeled interspaces, the ribs continuous over the whole 
shell; periostracum thin and papery, of a pale yellowish brown; lunule 
and escutcheon smooth, lanceolate, moderately impressed; inner mar- 
eins, When adult and at resting stages, crenate, hinge strong, the cardi- 
nals entire. Height 12, length 14.5, diameter 6.5 mm. 

Type locality, Gaspé, Whiteaves, in 200 fathoms. U.S.N.M., No. 
95748. 

The continuous ribs behind, more convex valves, and smaller size 
distinguish this variety from the typical swhequilatera of Sowerby or 
the /ens of Stimpson. 


ASTARTE LIOGONA, new species. 
Plate LXII, fig. 9. 


Shell small, compressed, rounded trigonal, beaks erect, somewhat 
eroded in the type, umbonal region (outside of the eroded tract) smooth 
or marked only with incremental lines, but near the base there are 
indications of five narrow rounded concentric ribs, with wider inter- 
spaces; periostracum olivaceous, rather dark; lunule lanceolate, moder- 
ately impressed, smooth; escutcheon narrower and longer; ligament 
short; hinge moderately strong, the teeth entire, inner margins strongly 
crenulate. Height 7.0, length 7.5, diameter 4.0 mm. 

Dredged in 118 fathoms, near the delta of the Mississippi, on a 
muddy bottom. U.S.N.M., No. 64484. 

If this specimen is characteristic it differs from any other known to 
me in having the umbonal region smooth, while the peripheral portion 
exhibits raised ribbing. 


ASTARTE VERNICOSA, new species. 


Plate LXIMI, fig. 1. 


Astarle warhami (Hancock) Lrcur, Vega exped., III, 1883, pl. xxxmr, figs. 7-8 
(only) 1883. 


Shell small, subcompressed, subtrigonal, subequilateral, covered 
with a brilliantly polished olivaceous brown periostracum; beaks 
rather high, slightly prosogyrate, the lunule narrow, lanceolate, 
impressed, the escutcheon similar but longer; base arcuate, anterior 
end rounded, posterior end slightly more produced; hinge delicate, 
inner margins smooth, hinge teeth much as in A. bennetti7. Length 
17.0, height 15.0, diameter 6.7 mm. 






Pa 


No, 1342. SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTID.E&—DALI. 949 


Type locality, off Iey Cape in 15 fathoms sand, W. H. Dall. U.S.N.M. 
No. 109276. : 
_ Our specimens are somewhat more trigonal and attenuated behind 
than in Leche’s figures. The sculpture is of quite even and reeular sul- 

cations which usually are somewhat less pronounced on the ventral third 
of the disk, but never present the striking contrast between the suleate 
. and unsuleate portions which may be usually noted in A. fubula. In 
many cases, however, the sculpture is continued to the base without 
_ obsolescence, almost as evenly as in Hancock’s warhaii, put the shape 
of the valves is different and the present species is much less inflated. 
Leche’s figures 9 and 10 appear to represent A. fibula, of which 
occasional specimens are sulcate clear to the base, but which can usually 
be recognized by the squarish and slightly wavy appearance of the 
concentric umbonal sculpture. 


ASTARTE (RICTOCYMA) ESQUIMALTI Baird. 
Plate LXIII, figs. 11, 12. 


This species having been figured only imperfectly, better figures are 
now supplied from an adult specimen (U.S.N.M., No. 106862), dredeed 
near the Shumagin islands in 58 fathoms. 


VENERICARDIA CRASSIDENS Broderip and Sowerby. 
Plate LXIII, fig. 9. 
Astarte crassidens BropErte and Sowersy, Zool. Jour., [V, 1829, p. 365. 


Iey Cape, Belcher, in Bland’s collection (Broderip and Sowerby.) 

This species is described as *‘ obsoletely radially sulcate,” much 
eroded at the umbones, with a large striated cardinal in either valve 
and with the margins coarsely crenulate, the crenulations haying 
‘falmost the appearance of low embrasures.” It is represented as 
reaching a length of 40, a height of 41, and a diameter of about 21 
mm., with a tinge of dull reddish purple in the center of the valves 
inside and the umbones nearly terminal and anteriorly directed. 

Now, these characteristics are not those of an Asfarte. All our 
Arctic Astartes are white within; none is radiately suleate: none has 
embrasure-like crenations. Moreover, the vicinity of Iey Cape has 
been pretty well dredged at various times, and Asfurte is a gregarious 
genus. If a species with such striking characteristics appeared there 
somebody would have been almost certain tg recoyerit. But no spee- 
imen is known, nor what became of that one which served as the type 
from ‘*‘ Mr. Bland’s” collection. 

There is a shell which has been more than once obtained at ley Cape 
which fulfills the requirements, and that is the species of Venericardia 
identified by Gray with “Arcturus rudis” (Humphrey Ms.) in 1839. 
The radial sulcation, except on the umbones (which our authors state 


ae 


950 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ~~ %ou-xxv1. 


were much eroded), is often obsolete, its beaks nearly anterior, its 
hinge broad, its margin with embrasure-like flutings, and it frequently 
has the disk tinged inside with a flush of livid purple-brown. I have 
in my Synopsis of the Carditacea called this Venericardia rudis, but I 
am now almost convinced that it is the present shell and should take 
the name of V. crass/dens. It has the very markedly broad hinge and 
large, more or less sulcate cardinals called for by the description, and 
one of the specimens in the National Museum comes within 2 millime- 
ters of the required dimensions. Mr. Smith has referred this to 
Astarte castanea, but A. castanea does not occur in that region, and 
has quite small though very distinct crenations, which have not the 
square form recalling embrasures like those of Venericardia. Nor 
does A. castanea, as far as known, reach a size comparable with that 
mentioned for A. crasstdens. All the other Astartes known from the 
region where Icy Cape is situated which are large enough to fill the 
requirements of the diagnosis of Broderip and Sowerby have very 
white shells and perfectly smooth margins. There is only one crenate 
species there, and it is quite small in comparison and has quite minute 
crenulations. 

The European species which do not appear in the Western Hemis- 
phere are Astarte sulcata Da Costa, A. incrassata Brocchi (frequently 
called A. fusca Poli), A. crebricostata Forbes, A. compressa Montagu, 
A. pusilla Forbes, A. parva Searles Wood, A. (Gonzlia) calligona Dall 
(A. b/partita Philippi non Sowerby), A. (Digitaria) digetaria Linneeus, 
Goodallia triangularis Montagu, and G. macandrewi Smith. Astarte 
triquetra Conrad is a Parastarte and belongs in the Veneride, A. fla- 
balla Conrad, is a Venericardia, and A. fluctuata Carpenter, is the 
nepionic young of Crassatellites sp. 

Since the figures of the new species do not wholly fill the plates, the 
figures of some recently described but yet unfigured species are 
included with those of the Astartide, with references to the place of 
publication. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


Puate LXII. 


Fig. 1. Crania patagonica Dall, upper valve, diameter 8.5 mm.; Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Museum, XXIV, 1902, p. 562; Straits of Magellan, U.S. N. M., No. 96913. 

2. Crassatellites brasiliensis Dall, from off Rio de Janeiro in 59 fathoms; lon. 37 
mm.; U. 8. N. M., No. 96104; The Nautilas, X VI, p. 101, 1903. 

3. Crania patagonica Dall, inner face of upper valve showing muscular 
Impressions. 

4. Crenella megas Dall, height 25 mm.; Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, p. 
599; Panama Bay, in 33 fathoms; U. 8S. N. M., No. 96256. 

5. Eehinochama californica Dall, new species, from off Cerros Island, Lower Cal- 
ifornia, in 25 fathoms; length exclusive of the spines, 40mm.; U.S. N. M., 
No, 96452, The coloration is yellowish white. 


~ 


‘Fig. 6. Venericardia armilla Dall, length, 8 mm.; from the Gulf of Me 





ae, 
a 


No. 1342. SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTIDE—DALL. 951 


xico; U.S. N. M.. 
No. 93374; Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia for 1902, p. 713. 


7. Astarte subequilatera Sowerby, var. whiteavesii Dall, umbonal view; length 
15 mm.; Gaspé, Gulf of St. Lawrence in 200 fathoms; U.S. N. fi Na. 
95748; p. 948. 

8. Limopsis panamensis Dall, length, 6 mm.; Gulf of Panama in 1,030 fathoms; 
U.S. N. M., No. 109028; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, p. 559. 

9. Astarte liogona Dall, length 7.75 mm.: Gulf of Mexico; U. S. N. M.. No. 
64439; p. 948. 

10. Venericardia moniliata Dall, length, 6.5 mm.; off Rio de Janeiro in 59 fathoms: 
U.S. N. M., No. 96132; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia, for 1902; 
p. 713. 

11. Astarte soror Dall; length, 19 mm.; Greenland; U. 8. N. M., No. 109278: 
p. 947. 

12. Astarte subequilatera Sowerby, var. whiteavesii, Dall; lateral view, length, 15 
mm.; U.S. N. M., No. 95748; p. 948. 

13. Cetoconcha scapha Dall, length, 13 mm.; Gulf of Panama in 100 fathoms; 
U.S. N. M., No. 109026; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, p. 561, 1902. 


Prare LX. 


Fig. 1. Astarte vernicosa Dall, length 17.5 mm.; Iey Cape, Polar Sea; U.S.N.M., 

No. 109276; p. 948. 

2. Astarte alaskensis Dall, length 29 mm.; Bering Sea; U.S.N.M., No. 107274; 
p. 946. 

3. Venericardia gouldii Dall, length 17 mm.; off San Diego in 823 fathoms; 
U.S.N.M., No. 109270; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1902, p. 714. 

4. Venericardia incisa Dall, length 9.5 mm.; Unalaska; U.S.N.M., No. 109267; 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia for 1902, p. 714. 


5. Astarte polaris Dall, length 28 mm.; Bering Sea; U.S.N.M., No. 106859; 
p. 945. 

6. Astarte bennettii Dall, length 15 mm.; Bering Sea; U.S.N.M., No. 109279; 
p- 946. 


7. Venericardia alaskana Dall, length 36 mm.; Nunivak Island, Bering Sea. 
U.S.N.M., No. 109271; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1902, p. 710; 

8. Astarte compacta Carpenter, length 13.5 mm.; Puget Sound; U.S.N.M., No. 
129118; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1865, p. 57. 

9. Venericardia crassidens Broderip and Sowerby (JV. rudis Gray), length 31 
mm.; Kyska Island, Aleutian chain; U.S.N.M., No. 109273; p. 949. 

10. Venericardia ventricosa Gould, interior of right valve; length 18.5 mm.; 
California; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1902, p. 709. 

11. Astarte (Rictocyma) esquimalti Baird, length 15 mm., showing peculiar 
sculpture; from off Alaska Peninsula; U.S.N.M., No. 106862; p. 949. 

12. Another valve of the same species; p. 949. 


Norr.—In the synopsis of the Carditacea, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadel- 
phia for 1902, p. 700, the name Miodon Carpenter, 1864, was adopted for a subgenus 
of Veneri cardia. It appears that this name was used by Dumeril for a fish before it 
was proposed by Carpenter for the mollusk, and I have therefore proposed for Car- 
penter’s Miodon the new name Miodontiscus. For the section of Ferebra, commonly 
called Acus, also a preoccupied name, I now suggest the designation of Oxymeris. 








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FoR EXPLANATION OF PL 








PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXIII 


ASTARTE AND VENERICARDIA. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 953. 








AN ALASKAN CORYMORPHA-LIKE HYDROID. 


By SamMvueL FrEssenDEN CLARKE, 
Professor of Natural History, Williams College, Massachusetts. 


In a report on the hydroids of Alaska, published by the Academy of 
Natural Sciences in Philadelphia in 1876, the material of which was 
collected by parties under the charge of William H. Dall, and is now 
deposited in the United States National Museum, I created the family 
Rhizonemide, provisionally, and the genus Rizzonema for two some- 
what mutilated specimens. Upon further examination, and with 
opportunity to consult a wider range of hydroid literature, I find that 
I wasinerror. The specimens belong either to the genus Corymorpha 
or to the genus Lampra, but they are not sufliciently well preserved 
to determine whether the gonophores are of the medusoid type char- 
acteristic of Corymorpha, or of the pseudomedusoid type of Lampra. 
The hydrocaulus is smallest just below the hydranth, enlarging grad- 
ually to near the base, where the basal filaments begin, and then tapers 
rapidly to a small rounded end; a small section of the stem immediately 
above the filaments is roughened with transverse wrinkles. The mem- 
brane which bears the filaments has something of a mammillated sur- 
face and is easily freed from the cone-shaped base, see figs. 1, 2. The 
hydranth is large; the proximal tentacles are in a single verticil; the 
distal tentacles are short, very numerous, matted together, and I can 
discover in them no regular arrangement. The proboscis is very large, 
being but slightly smaller at the distal than at the proximal end; the 
mouth is correspondingly large, the full width of the distal end of the 
proboscis. Immediately above the proximal tentacles are the peduncles 
of the gonophores; they are about thirty in number, and besides those 
forming the circle there are a few which originate a little higher up 
on the proboscis. The peduncles vary much in length in this imper- 
fect, alcoholic specimen; they bear irregular clusters of processes, 
the gonophores, figs. 1, 3. These specimens were collected in Norton 
Sound, near St. NGehsel. Alaska, October 17, 1875, by L. M. Turner 
of the U.S. Signal Service, who writes that ** these encom ns were of 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXVI—No. 1343. 


954 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXVI. 














































































































Ayes) i 
SI y y ) W\ 


FIG. 1.—A RESTORATION OF THE BETTER SPECIMEN; ENLARGED TWO DIAMETERS. 


Jj. Filaments. t. Distal tentacles. 
g. Gonophores. #@, Proximal tentacles. 
h. Stem. 


u. Canals in the ecenosare. 
w. Wrinkled area. 





No. 1348. A CORYMORPHA-LIKE HYDROID—CLARKE Or 
. aes 4 A de ‘ » 


Or 

















. : 
| ES 
BH) PASS 
| tif) MOVE 
=| WAY NG7 HN 7 / { (OM } ys es 
MES NG Wy Oo Ka 

| UGA CS We CASS 

, Diy ? ify 2 ) Chast MON. 

yy 


Fic. 2.—THE BASAL PART OF THE STEM, WITH THE FILAMENT MEMBRANE PARTLY TORN AND PULLED 
ASIDE. e 





Fig. 3.—A CAMERA OUTLINE OF ONE OF THE PEDUNCLES OF THE GONOPHORES. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 











4 
= 


JUGH THE STEM WALL NEAR ITS BASE. @, ENDODERM: @, 
, FILAMENT; s, SUPPORT-LAMELLA. 


TRO 
J 


ECTODERM; 





FOR OTHER LETTERING SEE 





GNIFIED; f, NEMATOCYSTS, 


Fic. 4 MORE HIGHLY MA 
; Fie. 4. 


_5.—A PORTION OF 


& 


958 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MU ISEUM. VOL. XXVI. 











FIG. 6.—PART OF SECTION THROUGH THE BASAL PART OF A STEM OF CORYMORPHA PENDULA FROM 
Woops HOLE; d, ENDODERM. FOR OTHER LETTERING SEE FiGs. 4, 5, 


a deep coral red when found; they are not common.” One of the 
specimens is complete, though it is somewhat mutilated, the tentacles 
and the sexual peduncles having suffered espe- 
cially. The second specimen has no hydranth. 
An interesting structural feature is discovered in 
sections of the stem in the form of an unusually 
thick support-lamella, the Stiitzlamella of Reich- 
ert; it stains readily, and is found between the 
ectoderm and endoderm, well marked, in all parts 
of the stem. Sections through the basal part of 
the stem show many thread cells in the ectoderm, 
also the relation of the filaments to that layer. 
The filaments show no signs of cellular structure 
and are evidently developed from the ectoderm, 
fig. 5. There is but little left of the endoderm; a 
remnant of it is seen in fig. 4, a Sections of 
the hydrocaulus of Corymorpha pendula, figs. 6, 
, show a simular thick support-lamella between 
mG. 7—A Portion or.txz the ectoderm and the endoderm. In the filament- 

Pia eee ieee a bearing part there are many thread cells as in 

BARA eos ortue the Alaskan form, and farther up the hydrocaulus 

agen es all three layers decrease in thickness. While this 
is probably a species of ( orymorpha, 1 do not believe in rechristening 
it until we know definitely as to its genetic relations. 








| 
| 


ON SOME NEGLECTED GENERA OF FISHES. 


By Turopore Git, 


Honorary Associate in Zoology. 


Dr. Charles W. Richmond recently purchased a serial in twelve vol- 
umes entitled Magazin fiir das Neueste aus der Physik und Natur- 
geschichte, published in Gotha from 1781 to 1799, and kindly called 
my attention to it. In the sixth volume (3. Stiick, pp. 28-38) for 1790 
is an outline of a division of fishes according to their teeth (Versuch 
einer Kintheilung der Fische nach den Zihnen) by Heinrfich] Fr{ied- 
rich] Linck, in which several generic names are proposed which take 
precedence of some in general use, but happily do not otherwise seri- 
ously disturb the nomenclature. Linck is only known by the article 
in question, which is duly recorded in the Bibliotheca Zoologica of 
Carus and Engelmann (p. 971), and by a prize writing: De analysi 
urine et origine calculi, referred to by the editor of the Magazin. 

As the magazine is very rare, an outline of the classification seems 
to be desirable, although there is nothing of value in it and charac- 
ters are often erroneously given and misapplied. 


CLASSIFICATION. 


1. OrpnunG. ZAHNE IN BEIDEN KINLADEN [sic!] ALLEIN, OHNE Un- 
TERSCHIED DER VORDER- UND BACKENZAHNE. 
a. OHNE KIEMENDECKEL. 
Squalus, Mustelus (p. 31), Pristis (p. 31), Raja, Rhinobatos 
(p. 32). 
6. Mir KreMENDECKELN. 
Blennius, Cobitis, Callichthys (Silurus  Linn.), Caepala 
[=Cepola], Teuthys [=Teuthis], Zeus, Pleuronectes, Chaet- 
odon, Acanthurus, Gasterosteus, Exocoetus, Sternoptyx. 
9. ZAHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN UND IM GAUMEN, VorDER- UND Back- 
ENZAHNE SIND NICHT VERSCHIEDEN (p. 33). 
Muraena, Gymnotus, Silurus, Trachinus, Cottus, Amia, Poly- 


nemus, etc., etc. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1344. 


959 


960 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





3. ZAHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN, AUF DER ZUNGE UND IM GAUMEN. 
VoRDER- UND BACKENZAHNE SIND NICHT VERSCHIEDEN (p. 34). 
Lophius, Uranoscopus, Salmo, Esox, etc., ete. 
4. ZKHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN UND IM GAUMEN. Dir VORDERZAHNE 
SIND VON DEN BACKENZAHNEN VERSCHIEDEN (p. 35). 
Anarrchichas | Anarrhichas], Sparus, Labrus, Perea. 
5. ZAHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN ALLEIN. Di&E VORDERZAHNE SIND VON 
DEN BACKENZAHNEN VERSCHIEDEN. 
Chimaera, Balistes, Ostracion, Mormyrus, Trichiurus? 
6. ZAHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN UND DEN LIPPEN (p. 36). 
Atherina. 
7. ZAHNE IN DEN LIPPEN UND AUF DER ZUNGE. 
Petromyzon. 
8. ZXHNE IN DER OBERKINNLADE ALLEIN. 
Pegasus. 
9. KEINE ZAHNE. 

A. Das Mav IST IN EINEN LANGEN RUSSEL VERGEZOGEN. 
Xiphias, Acipenses [Acipenser], Syngnatus [Syngnathus], 
Centriscus, Fistularia, Loricaria (p. 37). 

B. VORSTEHENDE KNOCHERNE KINNLADEN. KEINE ODER DOCH 

UNMERKBARE SCHUPPEN. 
Diodon, Tetradon [Tetraodon], Mola. 
©. VorsteHENDE KINNLADE. SCHUPPEN (p. 38). 
Soarus. Gehoért zur 4ten Abtheilung. 
D. KrINE VORSTEHENDE KINNLADEN. UNMERKBARE SCHUPPEN. 
Ammadytes [Ammodytes]. 
EK. NIcHT HERVORSTEHENDE KINNLADEN. DEUTLICHE SCHUPPEN. 

‘** Muraena (Salmo Linn.) Cyprinus.”  [Sic!] 

Enough has been given to show the erroneous and worthless char- 
acter of the author’s views. The new genera, however, demand fur- 
ther attention. The punctuation, or want of it, is reproduced from 
the original. 


a 


NEW GENERA. 


1. Musrexus. ‘*Stumpfe Ziihne ein rundlicher Koérper M. levis 
(Squalus Mustelus Linn.) Unterscheiden sich von dem vorigen 
Geschlecht [| Sgualus} doch sehr dadurch, dass sie weniger gefriissig 
sind, sich mehr yon vegetabilien niihren, und eine mehr glatte Haut 
haben.” 

The name is thus accompanied by a good diagnosis and typonym 
and consequently is well entitled to place instead of Muste/us of 
Cuvier or Galeus of Rafinesque. The genus J/ustelus, as understood 
by Jordan and typitied by ‘* d/ustelus canis,” is thus bereft of a name 
and may take that of Cynras. 






No. 1344. SOME NEGLECTED GENERA OF FISH—GILI, 





96] 

9. Pristis. ‘* Das Maul eet in eine Siioe vergezogen,” ete 

2 ‘ 
i Squalus pri istis is specitied as the representative of the genus. The 


“genus is thus well defined, has a typonym, and the name. 
anterior to Shaw’s, must be accredited to Linck. 

3. RHINOBATOS. ‘‘ Stumpte Ziihne, Platter Kérper.” 

This name is long prior to Rhinobatus of Bloch and Schneider (1801). 

but is not peeapauied by a full definition or a ty ponym. Happily 
“this is not of much consequence, the names being essenti: Uly similar, 
“and different authors may exercise their preference of authorities 
without difference of result. 

4, CALLIcHTHYS (Silurus Linn.). The meaning of this association 
of names is not evident, although the natural inference would be that 
Callichthys was proposed at the expense of S//urus of Linneus. At 
any rate, it does not militate against the restriction of Callichthys to 
the genus generally known by that name, and was, indeed, probably 
intended for that genus. 

5. Coprtis. This name stands out without any qualification as that 
of a fish with uniform teeth in both jaws. Linck, consequently, must 
have intended to restrict the name to Anahbleps, and did remove the 
Cobitis barbatula and tenia from the Linnean genus to constitute a 
“new one (Barbatula) on a later page (88). He referred to the ‘* Cab/tis 
[| Cobitis| heteroctita” of Linneus as a fish of uncertain relationship. 
(‘‘ Ungewisse Stellen haben Blennius Cornutus Cabitis heteroclita, 

-Chaetodon Ciliaris, Gasterosteus ovatus” (p. 33). 

6. ALOSA. 

7. THYMALLUS. 

Linck, in a paragraph under section 3, remarks that A/osa has no 
lingual teeth, and that Zhymallus differs somewhat from Sa/imo, but 
does not say, in so many words, that they are distinct generically. 
The paragraph is reproduced from p. 35 to enable anyone to judge for 
himself. . 


being long 


—— a A, oo ae ee 


Das Geschlecht Clupea ist noch nicht genau bestimmt, die meisten haben im 

Gaumen kleine Ziihne. Alosa hat keine Ziihne auf der Zunge. Sie sind keine 

Raubthiere. Thymallus weicht etwas yon Salmo ab. Sie hat nur wenig Zihne im 
Gaumen, und zuweilen ein paar auf der Zunge. Auch ist sie kein Raubfisch. 


This seems scarcely sufficient. to entitle Linck to recognition as the 
responsible authority for the generic names. 

8. Mora. ‘Mola est zu sehr durch die kérperform verschieden, 
als dass das Geschlecht kénnte unter Tetradon [Tetraodon] stehen.’ 

Mola is thus sufficiently named and differentiated from Tetraodon, 
but fortunately there need only be a change of authority for the 
genus— Linck (1790), instead of Cuvier (1798). 

9. Soarus. This name, already referred to (p. 960), is not presented 
in a form sufficiently precise to require attention or to entitle it to 


962 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





precedence over any other name. Indeed, it is very uncertain what 
was intended by the name. It was probably a misprint for Saurus. 
Now there are four well-known fishes with which the name of sawrus 
has been associated— Hlops saurus, Synodus saurus, Scomberesox sau- 
pus, and Trachurus trachurus. None of these is destitute of teeth, 
though the Scomberesox saurus has extremely small ones, the Jaws are 
much produced, and the lower one is considerably longer than the 
upper. It is probable, therefore, that Linck had that species in view 
when he named the genus Soarus, but, of course, the name has no 
right of way over Scomberesow. 

10. Barpatuna. ‘‘Hieher gehdren Cobitis Barbatula Taenia. Sie 
niihern sich Cobitis sehr.” 

This, a synonym of Codz¢is in a wide sense, is left after the elimina- 
tion of Cobitis anableps and C. heteroclitus from the ill-defined Linnzean 
genus, 

Of the nine new generic names proposed by Linck, three are well 
entitled to adoption from him, Mustelus, Pristis, and Mola. The 
others do not seem to be presented in such form as to demand recog- 
nition; they are Rhinobatos, Callichthys, Alosa, Thymallus, Soarus, 
and Barbatula. 





NOTICE OF A SMALL COLLECTION OF FISHES, INCLUD. 
ING A RARE EEL, RECENTLY RECEIVED FROM UH. 
MAXWELL LEFROY, BRIDGETOWN, BARBADOS, WEST 
INDIES. 


By Barton A. Bran, 


Assistant Curator, Division of Fishes. 


On December 12, 1902, the United States National Museum received 
from Mr. Lefroy a few fishes, including a small eel, which proves to 
be the rare Ahlia egmontis, heretofore known only from the type 
described by Dr. David Starr Jordan from a specimen 15 inches long 

1 = re . 5? 
obtained by him at Egmont Key, Florida.“ 

The example here noticed, No. 50594, U.S.N.M., is 5% inches long; 
its proportions are essentially the same as those given for the type. 
The color is olive, tinged with yellow, thickly punctulated with darker 





APLIA EGMONTIS. 


everywhere except a narrow space, from tip of lower jaw to vent, 
which is silvery. “ Eye, black. Mr. Lefroy’s label for the specimen 
is ‘‘ No. 57. White Sand Eel, Barbados.” 

Since examining the above Dr. H. M. Smith, of the U. 5. Fish 
Commission, has called my attention to one of these eels just received 
from Dr. J. C. Thompson, U.S. Navy, Dry Tortugas, Florida. It 
measures 84 inches. Dr. Thompson gives the following life colors: 
‘‘ Uniform yellowish olive; on head an oblong dull red blotch, and a 
similar colored streak on opercle, probably the blood showing through 

-at these points; abdomen silvery.” 


a@Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Phila., 1884, p. 44. 


PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1345. 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 64 963 





964 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Other specimens received from Mr. Lefroy are: 

No. 50593. Striped sand eel (Achidna catenata), Barbados, in shal- 
low water. No. 6 of the collector. 

No. 50595. Yellow fish (Chetodon striatus), Carlisle Bay, Barbados. 
No. 80. 

No. 50596. White fish (Cheetodon ocellatus), Carlisle Bay, Barbados. 
No. 83, Oct., 1902. 

No. 50597. Black fish (Pomacanthus zonipectus, young), Carlisle 
Bay, Barbados. No. 81. 

No. 50598. Coffer or kofter fish (Lactophrys triqueter), Carlisle Bay, 
Barbados. No. 84. 





ON SOME FISH GENERA OF THE FIRST EDITION OF 
CUVIER’S REGNE ANIMAL AND OKEN’S N AMES. 


By THropore Grit. 


Honorary Associate in Zoology. 


In the first edition of the Régne Animal (1817) Cuvier introduced 
many new genera or subgenera, but most of them were named only 
in French guise. Consequently many naturalists have refused to 
accept them, but adopted the first Latin names given subsequently, 
whether they were simply Latin equivalents for Cuvier’s or substi- 
tutes for them. My desire to retain the excellent name Lucioperca 
for the pike-perches led me to search for earlier commentators on 
Cuvier and latin equivalents of his names than I had previously found. 
Several years ago I concluded to look through the volumes of the Isis 
and ascertain if Oken had anything to say about the subject. The 
volume for that year in the library of the Smithsonian Institution was 
without an index, but finally, at page 1145, I came upon an elaborate 
commentary by Oken” on the classification proposed by Cuvier, and 
that classification and Oken’s arranged in parallel columns. I com- 
municated this discovery to several naturalists, and among them to 
President Jordan, who has consequently been able to ** get to bottom” 
in the case of several of the Cuverian genera. In order that others 
may have equal facilities, I hereinbelow give the names of Cuvier 
which were prefixed by a French article and without formal Latin 
names. Cuvier was quite inconsistent in the latinization of the names, 
sometimes giving them with all formality, within parentheses, after 
the French names, but generally neglecting to do so. The names 
here treated are those respecting which the neglect was manifested. 

The volumes of Isis are often quite difficult to consult. In the present 
case, Oken’s commentary extends through the whole of five numbers 
entitled and numbered as follows: 

No. 144, columns 1145-1152; no. 145, columns 1153-1160; no. 146, 
columns 1161-1168; no. 147, columns 1169-1176. There are two col- 
umns to each page and the columns (not pages) are numbered. 


@Cuviers und Okens Pate ase n eaies ge mille in Isis, 1817, pp. and col. 
1145-1179 + 1779-1782 + 1182-1184 (irregularly numbered: see explanation above). 








PROCEEDINGS U S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. 1346. 


965 


966 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





5 


“Zu 147,” two leaves [1177-1178] = four pages. 


VOL. XXVI. 


The only leaf numbered is 1178; there are two columns to each 
page, as in case of previous numbers. 

No. 148, pages [1779-1782]. 

On these pages there are also two columns, and the matter is con- 
tinued without interruption from the last page of the previous number. 

The numbers 1779, 1780, 1781, and 1782 are merely slips for 1179- 
1182. 

‘*Zu 148,” leaves [1183-1184] = four pages. 

All these parts are constituents of a number ** VIII,” which embraces 


parts 131 to 151. 
or other date than 


661817.” 


a 


All are without indication of the month or week 


The section relative to the fishes is in the last three columns of pages 
numbered ‘* 1781” and ** 1782” and the first three columns of leaf 1183. 
Without this explanation the reader would be naturally perplexed. 


GENERIC NAMES. 





No. 


129 
152 
153 
165 
166 
184 
185 


204 

















Cuvier. Oken. | Pier 

Les Cestracions Cuv .....--=--.--- CestraGion's =. 2522 5see. heen eee tL. <teb ees Leaf 1183 
Les Monacanthes Cuy ..--..------ MODaCaNbhUS® oie ee ee ee et eee ae | 1183 
Tes Aluterés@uviee oeee eee eeree Aluteraic tec Shae is ata ssae epee acereiaser 1183 
estoriacanbihes | Cua. seo sss = eee Trigcanthus..-255cesse2ecsson eee eee eee eee 1183 
WesiGurimates Guy 2.se2 se seea) Curimatus ice ots: Uae See ee eres eR eee 1183 
Les Piabuques Cuy --.---—=.:-=--- | Pigbeus:. 502225. Gas pee ate ee ee ae a eee 1183 
Les Stomias .Ciuyee--sse soo Stomias:.(222..b3 J Ste cee ee aeons Some eee 1183 
hesiGalsmx: Civ 265 Sess eee Salanes 2.2 sigs tthees eet pee eee eee eee eee 1183 
es! Cimmiines Wuyi ss cesar ee Cirrhinus: -o252 2 So Saye aa cee see oe eee eee 1183 
| es Weebias Cuvee. <2 -- eae ees. - ee bebia. (neth)) os2iccetehsecncteeta eee coer 1183 
hes! SchilbéiCuystcce seen esses eas Schilberdtas 495.280 Fh tesco se ee eee 1183 
Wes Baer Cuvs-cissss ease ceeeee Ba eyes cc aoc codes tae snce ceeep eae ere ee 1183 
Thes Ap éneioresslaceps [SUC] isc al see stare alee tee ieee eee - 1183 
| hes Morues;Cuy <ssc2e2 ese soee ace MOP .0 S553 Seo cate potas see See Se arene eme eee 1183 
es MerlamsiCuy: 6222522422 2242002 Merlon pus: s.d220-hs -2-cs be aoceee eater eee ees | 1183 
hes Merluches Guvy.:-22.-2222--5-s | Merluceius,...: 35:22 2s ee eee ee neo eee eens 1183 
Les-Lottes'Cuv. jb22 620 ee eases LO ta sd iteeoe ewe Se teeeiSs Sale eee be ela ae eee a 1183 
ues Mustéles:Cuys.. =-t-2cscce=- Mustell sa -scwex ote caw ee sree cs coon eaeaeeerceneee 1183 
TGCS IBLOSMeNC thyjeeee eee eee ee BLOSING 2224 Foes ese ee ee ae eee 1183 
o. Monochires Cuv.....--.:..--- Monochinus 2322513 sSsces eee eae ee Ser eee ene | 1183 
hes woumMps Cliver-eoseeesee eh eneees TMP US) aE isae se ee eee eile teres ara ee ore ees 1183 
| hes'Congres Culye:s 2222-22052 5522 Conger: 2 iSad sass eae Poe eee eee 1183 
Les Alabés Cuy....- AlabES 22. Savsisexecatescoscs eace aeons ance oe eee eee 1183 
Les Fierasfers Cuy Rieraster)sccces geese ae eee ee ee eee 1183 
IbeSMVOSMANeS Aine ceases sence ae | ose wiv sie Bane Sales eee as eee cee Se ae ee Sees 1188 
hes:Gonmelles:. 52 Joaceata= nena | since \Simvaheye chen s OTOe Ee oe ope te ern re re eerae 1183 
Les Opistognates Cuy........-.--- 1h psierdcta Sta ot see ee a RN ee ee 1183 
Les Crénilabres Cuyv.....-..-...-- GCrenilabrusseis sess 5325. aera seco eee esee 1183 
IesiDaniradestes 5. seek Sas Alitatad 6552 e ae Se RAE he ee ere ee tee ees 1183 
o Plectropomes Cuy........---- PlectropOmnuss<2.s\es eee s cose ote a eee eee Page 1782 
Les Pristipomes Cuy.....-..-.---- Pristipoms cosets ee ee ee eee eee ¢ 1782 
Les Diagrammes Cuyv........--.-- | Diagramme ows doc ce coe Ree ae a er ees 1782 
Oo iGrammistes (Cue Sil 2s ee seas. Grammistess: 2 Sli o2 tee ee See ee eee 1782 
ines Priacamthes Cuy22.-ceses- 5-2 | Prisca tla os = oe oe ee ee eee ee 1782 
Les Stelliféres Cuv...........----- Stellifers.. soni .co8s 6 aoe eee ee eee 1782 
hes PLerois: Cuvee see eee oe PtOTOISs ashes sSae Dace asls ce Ree ee One ee 1782 
hes Pomaetomesa” 220. -ee sae ee | Pomatomus a2 het asa eee ee ease eee eee 1782 
es SaANGres|Guyes. 5-2 as ae sees ce Sand eric ..o.teso ee ese eee eee ee 1782 
Les: Cinelesi Guy fo 2 ieee oe nee | ZANE OC) ovo 3 see ee cee See See ee nee ee ewe 1782 
es, Otolithes uy... 24-ce-eeceee Otolithes\(Joh. Tub) ip s2-e seco ae oeeeae seas 1782 
Les Aneylodons Cuv~ ..... 422--2-5 Ancylodont(lonch ens) sen 8 eee eens 1782 
Les Chironectes Cuv,...---..2---4-- Chironectes!(@i.cHuistns) gli secereees see eee sells 1782 
PES WOMeIS Guys ae eee tee Vomer 2 a ee See ee 1782 
es AtrOpUus Clive. see c cee ee eee Atropus) (Brame) 5022S ease cae eese see 1782 
hes Voillers:@uryes=. 2 soo ss502 ese Istiophorus sit scsos eee ee eee eee 1782 
Les Leptopodes Cuv.............- Leptopod) ss: 222 15 tee i ee eee 1782 
OC REINONS ose. cee eocese ere Chelmo=..2...2 62a eee 1782 
HestAngapas Cay... <coc.s8ce-sesce Anabas (Amthias) test) = cesses eer sees ae eeers 1781 
es SCSCRINUS (lass sects cae anes Seserinus 20 sc.cocc ste ace eee 1781 
Ges Amphiprions’: o-.. cco ncceece Amphiprion). 2c: cao ssss tec e neem eee eas 1781 











F No. 1346, ON SOME FISH GENERA—GILL. 96 


~!I 





Several of these names have undesirable ending, as Lebia, Bagre, 
Brosme, and Otolithes. Others are incomplete, as Morr., Must.. 
Pristipom., and Leptopod. Apparently Oken was undecided himself 
as to appropriate endings, and left them as he has done on account of 
this uncertainty. 
~ In an article *‘On the relations and nomenclature of Stizostedion or 
Lucioperca,” published in 1894,“ I was unable to find a latinized een- 
eric name for the pike-perches earlier than 1820, when Rafinesque 
published the name Stizostedion. The name Sunder, published in the 
year 1817 as Cuvier’s, must now be received and take its place. sy 
those authors, however, who consider the American and European 
species to be distinct generic types, St/zostedion will be retained for 
the former and Sander be taken for the latter. 

Zingel must supersede Cingla or Acerina. 

The generic names that may be accepted as dating from this work 
are Monacanthus, Alutera, Triacanthus, Curimatus, Piabucus, Cirrhi- 
nus, Bagre, Lota, Brosme, Monochirus, Aurata (= Sparus), Plectro- 
pomus, Priacanthus, Stellifer, Sander, Zingel, Otolithes, and Chelino. 
When Cuvier gave a Latin or Greek ending to a word, it may be con- 
sidered as a genuine scientific name even if he did prefix it with a 
French article or give a French accent. 





a@Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X VII, 123-128. 








> 
eS 


¥ 
° : 
¢ 
= 
: 


iy 


REPORT ON THE FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA OF THE 
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, INCLUDING A 
REVISION OF THE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF 
THE FAMILY CYPRIDIDZ. 


By Ricnarp W. Suarpr, 
Instructor in Biology, Wilmette, Tllinois. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The following report presents in part the results of a study of the 
fresh-water Ostracoda belonging to the United States National Museum. 
The greater portion of the material was collected from quite widely 
separated regions. Places as remote from one another as New Jersey 
and California on the one hand, and Oregon and Mexico on the other, 
are represented. 

The material has been collected by friends of the U. S. National 
Museum, somewhat cursorily and in small quantities. Dr. E. Palmer, 
Dr. Alfredo Dugés, Mr. E. W. Berry, and Prof. H. I. Smith, are 
among: those who have contributed. 

So much confusion and error has arisen on account of the genus 
name Cyprinotus, that I shall here use it as a subgeneric name under 
the genus Cypris. The attempt has been made to distinguish the 
genus Cyprinotus from the genus Cypris by means of the method of 
propagation and the presence or absence of tubercles on the right 
shell margin. Cyprinotus was distinguished from Cypris by being 
sexual—while Cypris parthenogenetic—also by possessing a row of 
tubercles on the right shell margin, which Cypr¢s lacked. 

As regards the method of propagation, it is undeniably the case that 
it is not alwaysa genus character among the Ostracoda. For instance, 
Tlyocypris gibba Rahmdohr is not represented by males, while Tlyoey- 
pris lacustris Kaufmann is propagated sexually. 

Indeed, European forms of Cypris clavata Baird are parthenoge- 
netic, while African forms of the same species are sexual. Further- 
more, Cypris testudinaria Sharpe is sexual, a character which might 
have allied it with Cyprinotus, but it is entirely without tubercles on 
the shell margins. In fact, it seems that this species breaks down 
any possible barrier between Cypris and Cyprinotus, indicating that 





PRocEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1347. - 
US 


970 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Viera ee ya 





at most Cyprinotus should have but the rank of a division of the 
genus Cypris. 


Furthermore, I entirely agree with the observations of Kaufmann 


where he says: 

Ebenso ist das vorhandsein einer Tuberkel-reihe auf dem Shalenrand ein Gattungs- 
merkmal von sehr fraglichen Wert, da es eben ein rein iiusserliches ist, und was fiir 
bedenkliche Folgen eine Beriicksichtigung solcher rein diusserlicher Merkmale in der 
Systematik herbeifiihrt, haben uns de Diagnosen ilterer Autoren zur Gentge gelehrt. 

The tubercles also seem to be quite variously present on both right 
and left valves, and regardless of the method of propagation. 

I shall therefore regard the genus Cyprinotus as a subgenus of the 
genus Cypris, the genera //eterocypris Claus and Amphicypris Sars 
being similarly used and for similar reasons (see key, genus Cypris). 

All species of Cypris that are evidently sexual and have a row of 
tubercles on the right shell margin should fall in the Cyprinotus 
group. Those seemingly sexual and armed with tubercles on the left 
valve margin and with ‘* pore canals” should fall under the //eterocy- 
pris group. Provisionally it seems necessary to establish another 
subgenus, with Cypris grandis Chambers as the type. Insufficient 
data, however, makes this division a doubtful one, All other forms 
of Cypris not included in the above four subgenera will here be 
classed in Cypris proper. : 

Of the nine species described in this report, I have been enabled to 
identify seven with forms already recorded. The remaining two 
species, as also the genus Sp7rocypris, | regard as new to science. 
As a whole, the museum collection so far affords an addition of three 
genera and five species as new to the United States, and of these all 
but Chlamydotheca as new to America, this genus being’ originally 
described from Mexico. 

T owe thanks to Dr. 8. A. Forbes, of the University of Illinois, for 
loan of literature; to Dr. Richard Rathbun and Mr. Charles T. Simp- 
son, of the U. S. National Museum, for loan of material, and to Dr. 
A. C. Eyclesheimer and Mr. C. C. Adams, of the University of Chicago, 
for many courtesies extended. 


SYSTEMATIC SUMMARY. 


The fresh-water Ostracoda of the U.S. National Museum are distrib- 
uted as indicated in the following summaries. The species comprise 
nine names, distributed in six genera and four subfamilies, as follows: 











} 
Family. | Subfamily. | Genus. Subgenus. | Species. 
Oyprididse ss: 2 s=-2ee- sane eee | Gypridines ies. 5 ssee ee eee ea 2 1 4 
\UHlerpetocypridince sean ene ee eee Dine eee 3 
} Cypridopsinsel: ccton ecee ote Lh ilincsmceste eee 1 
Cyclocypridin 820305 eee | Lace eeet coer 1 
piel < eR 5s Se dlink be ob 17) 1k a. ie ee | 6 1 | 9 











ale FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SITARPRE. 07 1 


It is yet too soon to hazard any rem: fore regarding geographic ai dis. 
tribution in America, as too little is known of the r 
forms. 

The following table will, however, show the relative abundance of 


the museum forms at the time and place of collection: 





ange of individual 


SUMMARY OF SPECIES OF FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA 
NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


OF THE 


1. Family CYPRIDID. 
(a) Subfamily Cyrripry x. 
1. Genus Cypris. 
; (a) Subgenus Cypris. 
1. C. virens, Guanajuato, Mexico, April (few). 
2. C. pubera Jurine, Oregon (abundant). 
3. C. pellucida Sharpe, Guanajuato, Mexico, April (abundant). 
Big Butte, Idaho, September (abundant). 
2. Genus Spirocypris, new genus. 
4. S. passaica, new species (few). 
(6) Subfamily Herprrocypripin.». 
. 3. Genus Herpetocypris. 
5. H. reptans Baird, California, September (abundant). 
| 4. Genus Chlamydotheca. 
6. C. mexicana, new species, Mexico, September (abundant y: 
7. C. azteca Saussure, Texas, October (common). 
(ce) Subfamily Cypripopsin ®. 
5. Genus Potamocypris. 
8. P. smaragdina (Vavra), Mexico, April (few). 
(d) Subfamily Cycitocypripin ®. 
6. Genus Cypria. 
9. C. exsculpta Fischer, Michigan, November (coinmmon). 


SYNOPTICAL KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES, GENERA, AND SUBGENERA OF THE FRESH-WATER 
“OSTRACODA, INCLUDED IN THE FAMILY CYPRIDID®. 

Family Cypripip®. 
a Natatory setee commonly reaching beyond end claws. Second feet usually with 
three terminal] setze of different lengths, two backwardly directed and the mid- 
dle one sometimes claw-like. First maxillary process usually armed with 6 
RaLOU Oss Ul Cs meen inane Skee! occ aes Subfamily NoroproMapin», I. 

b Second antennz 6-segmented in both sexes. 

ce Second feet normal. Terminal seta of caudal ramus missing. Branchial 


plate on second maxilla of 2 setz .-.....--..------------- Votodromas, 1. 
ce Second feet with a claw on end segment. Furca normal, but terminal seta 
small or missing in female. No branchial plate--.-.--.-..---2 Newhamia, 2. 


bb Second antennze 5-segmented in both sexes. Branchial plate present. 
c Two terminal claws of ramus, seta-like. Second foot with a claw-like seta. 
Cyprois, 3. 
aa Natatory sete shortened; no swimmers. Second foot with a beak-shaped end 


segment and a short claw -.-..-.---------- Subfamily Herrerocypripin®, I. 
b Furca ending in 3 claws; dorsal seta replaced by a short spine. Males 
TTL) Ua ee Tenn he eth ag Oey ER TTD alate coun wae Ilyodromus, 4. 


bb Furea normal. é 
ce Second segment of first foot with 2 setse on anterior margin. Three spines 


on first maxillary process, the first one commonly toothed. 
Chlamydotheca, 5. 


“ry 
“I 
bD 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


cc Second segment of first foot normal, but 1 seta. Two spines on first 
maxillary process. 
d Spines of maxillary process plainly toothed. 
e Length, 1.8 mm. or more. Two sete on first segment of first foot. 
Herpetocypris, 6. 
ee Length, 1.0 mm. or less. One seta on first segment of first foot. 
. Microcypris, 7. 
dd Spines of maxillary process not toothed -..........-----. Prionocypris, 8. 
aaa Natatory setee reaching beyond end claws, or approximately to tips of end 
claws. Second foot with a beak-like end-segment and a claw. 
Subfamily Cypripina, ITT. 
b Two eyes. Natatory sete reaching beyond end claws. Shell thick and 
StYONGE «22022 be ko RE eee he eee eee ee ee eee Centrocypris, 9. 
bb No eyes, unless rudimentary. 
c Testes, if present, originating in anterior part of shell, and anteriorly in form 
of concentric circles or half-circles. 
d Testes in form of concentric half-circles, anteriorly. Shell small, not 
more than 0.6 mm or 0.8 mm. in length.-.--.._-..-_-.. Cypridella, 10. 
dd Testes in form of concentric circles, anteriorly. Shell more than 0.8 mm. 
in length. 
e Shell tumid and excessively hairy. Furca normal, slender, no more 


than one-half lengthiot shelley eee re eee Spirocypris, 11. 
ee Shell, as seen from side, narrow, oblong, andsmooth. Furea excessively 
developed, more than one-half length of shell -..~--- Cypricercus, 17. 


ddd Males unknown. Furca with 2 long terminal setee in place of the 
usual claws; also usually a short dorsal one. Ovary spirally wound. 
4 Cypretta, 12. 
Testes, if present, not originating in the anterior part of shell, and usually 
not in circles or half-cireles. 
d Right shell prominently armed with a dorsal, longitudinal, ridge-like 
process. 
é Dorsal process, with thorn-like projections at both extremities. Testes 
appearing as 8 concentric half-circles in posterior part of shell. 
Strandesia, 13. 
ee Dorsal process, with a thorn-like projection at posterior part only. 
Wurea excessively large’ = 2-2 ee soe se eee teanthocypris, 14. 
dd Shell comparatively smooth, at least no dorsal ridge-like process present. 
e Furcal dorsal seta rudimentary or absent. Males present. 
Stenocypris, 15. 


ee 


= 


ee Furcal dorsal seta plainly present. 
J First foot 4-segmented, third and fourth segments united. Shell 


unusually broad. Furea and its claws smooth ------ Hurycypris, 16. 
Jf First foot not 4-segmented, usually five. Furca usually normal. 
eae yor Kee (slen.ueNl coyepiserqueNl oak ee ae tne Oypris, 18. 


g Furea normal. 
h Length, 3.00 mm. to 3.50mm. Sexual..Subgenus Amphicypris, 5. 
hh Length less than 3 mm. 
i Parthenogenetic. Valves with or without tubercles. 
Subgenus Cypris, 1. 
vi Sexual. Right valve with marginal tubercles. 
Subgenus Cyprinotus, 2. 
iw Sexual. Left valve with marginal tubercles. 
Subgenus Helerocypris, 3. 


No. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SIL | RPR. 


= 


71. 
“~~ 





gg Furca abnormal, ‘terminal seta missing.”’ (? 


f) 
h Sexual. Length, 3.00 mm. or more..-....Subgenus unnamed. 4 
aaaa Natatory sete usually long. Second foot usually beak-shaped at tip with 5 
claw. Furea rudimentary, with « lash-like end bristle. 
Subfamily Cyprrpopsin.x, [VY 

& Furea with no dorsal seta, lamellar and ending in a lone bristle, 

e Shell irregularly sculptured and roughly tubercled. First foot 4-sec- 
mented. End segment of second foot not beak-shaped, but small] ; 
conical. ...-...... atresia lelale eleieleieielnta/ Sera eee niche Oncocypris, 19. 

bb Furea usually with dorsal seta, or at least with 2 end setee. 

c Natatory setz normal, or at least reaching to middle 

d Shell covered with prominent concentric lines. 
SME TIC nee home a Se PN Gate Zonocypris, 20. 

dd Shell plain, at least no concentric lines or bands. 
e Shell broad from above, tumid. Branchial plate of from 2 to 5 plumose 
Bete mel ArhNeMOPenetic .2._ 2225-20 es cece cl es. soll. Cypridopsis, 21. 

ee Shell rather narrow from above. Second antennze usually 4-sec- 
mented. Branchial plate of not more than 2 sete. Sexual be 


asexual_._...- SE es eee aa eee eee Potamocypris, 22. 
cc Natatory sete very rudimentary, not adapted for swimming. 


and 


of terminal claws. 
Second antennie of sexes 


> =v. 

aaaaa Natatory sets very long, usually twice as long as distance from their origin 

. to tips of end claws. Second feet with 3 sete, 1 long, the other 2 rather 
short and backwardly directed. Furca usually normal. 

Subfamily Cyctocypripin», V. 


Paracypridopsis 28 





b Natatory sete reaching well beyond end-claws. 
e Terminal segment of second foot small. Ductus of circlets of spine-like 
setze, and a distinct central axis. Fourth segment of second antenna of 


Pea eo BETISE OLANS. oo oom = carnal S 322 enoecson sn eweoee Cypria, 24. 

d Valves of shell of about same size. Right valve margin not usually 
CRO MUALC mer Mer Ire ee es ce Sen ios Seen eet NS Subgenus Cypria, 1. 

dd Valves of shell of decidedly different sizes. Terminal margins of right 
Sheligerenulates ease se sco ease eee Subgenus Physocypria, 2. 


ce Terminal segment of second foot long and narrow, three times as long 
as broad. Ductus of numerous long filaments; no distinct central axis. 
Fourth segment of second antenna of male with no sense organ on distal 


C1iG PRP ae fee ee ot ene oe ese ou Nese ee SoieS Cyclocypris, 25. 

bb Natatory setze reaching but to tips of end-claws or slightly beyond. 
¢ Furca with 2 small dorsal setze. Shell smooth -..-...----.-- Pontoparta, 26. 
ce Furea normal. Shell tubercled or furrowed in region of eyes, resembling 
MIAMTEM OMNIS OR siNCHinele2 <== sem soa een ee T-yocypris, 27. 


aaaaaa Natatory sete entire lacking, or little developed. Second antennwe of 
female 5-segmented; of male mostly 6-segmented, and with 2 sense clubs. 
Terminal segment of second foot with 8 unlike sete, 2 of which are back- 
WnGUMmOUMeCted:..¥R = ji. 222) -ctesass- seo === Subfamily Canponin.x, VI. 

b Shell not reticulated or honeycombed. 

e Natatory sete of first antenna longer than entire antenna. Penultimate 
segment of second foot of 2 fused segments; foot therefore 4-segmented. 
Woreammonm alee ye eee ees sae ne nsec rete nne Cryptocandona, 28. 

ce Natatory sete of first antenna shorter than antenna. Second antenna 
6-segmented in male and 5-segmented in female. 


d Furea normal. Branchial plate of 2 setee. Eye present, small. 
Candona, 29. 


t 


974 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


dd Furea abnormal. 
¢ Anterior or terminal seta of furca missing. Kye rudimentary, disap- 


pearing with age... 222.2 52 2e Se eee eee Typhlocypris, 30. 
ce Posterior or dorsal seta missing. Branchial plate of 3 setee. 
Candonopsis, 31. 
bh Shell reticulated, tumid. Small, not more than 0.8 mm. in length. 


Paracandona, 32. 


The following text contains a few revised generic descriptions— 
notably that of the genus Cypris—as also short keys to the known 
North American species. A few other forms are included for pur- 
poses of comparison; these, however, being marked with an asterisk (*). 


I. Subfamily NOTODROMADIN 2%. 
1. NOTODROMAS Lilljeborg, 1858. 


Monoculus JurtNk, Histoire des Monocles, qui se trouvent aux environs de Genéve, 
1820.—Linusesora, De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus, 1853, p. 94. 

Cyprois ZENKER, Monographie der Ostracoden, 1854, p. 80. 

Notodromas Brapy and Norman, A Monograph of the marine and fresh water 
Ostracoda, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 95. 


Shell high, smooth. Natatory sete reach to tips of terminal claws. 
Second antenne six-segmented in both sexes. First maxillary process 
with six toothed spines. Second foot four-segmented, terminating in 
three sete, of which two are directed backward. Branchial plate of 
two sete. Furea with the two terminal claws seta-like, terminal seta 
missing, so that furca seems to end in three sete. Two eyes, separate. 
Sexual. 

a Female with spine-like projection at lower posterior extremity of shell. Shell 
smooth) noticeably quadrangular soe ssa eee! N. monacha O. F. Miller. 


2. NEWHAMIA King, 1883. 


Newhamia Kine, On Australian Entomos., Proc. Royal Soc. Van Diemans Land, 
III, 1855.—Vavra, Die Ostracoden vom Bismarck-Archipel, 1901, p. 179. 


Shell roughly granulate or tubereulate on outside. Natatory sete 
reaching tips of terminal claws. Second antenne six-segmented in 
both sexes, that of female terminating with a simple terminal seta, 
while that of male terminates with a coarsely toothed spine. Bran- 
chial plate missing. ‘Terminal seta of furca is usually present in male, 
but lacking in female. Two separate eyes. Second foot with three 
sete of different lengths, one almost claw-like. Ductus of numerous, 
thickly arranged, chitinous whorls. Furea normal, but terminal seta 
occasionally missing in female. 

This genus includes but two species at present, V. patagonica Vavra 
(1898) from Patagonia, and 1. fenestra King, Vavra (1901), from Bis- 
marck Archipelago, 


it oo ell 


Al 


NO. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SHARPE. 





i Chlamydotheca V Avra, Siisswasser-Ostracoden der Hamb. Magal. Samml., 


=F 
1 


~~ 


3. CYPROIS Zenker, 1854 


Cyprois ZENKER, Monog. der Ostracoden. Wieg. Archiv. f. Naturg.. XX 1854 
Pt. 1, p. 80.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine ani 
Ostrac., Trans. Royal Dublin Soe. , 1889, p. 96.—Danay, Die 
Veultiltnisse von Cyprois dispar, emia Fus., XVIII, 1895.—KaurmMaxn 
Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool.. VIII 191 10, 
p- 258. 
Z 2 

Shell somewhat high, compressed, smooth. Second antenne five- 
segmented in both sexes. First maxillary process with six strone 
toothed spines. Branchial plate of six set. Second foot endine with 
a claw and a reflexed seta. Furca with two terminal claws seta-like 
therefore an appearance as though four set on tip of ramus. No 

American forms known. 


| fresh water 
» anatomischen 


II. Subfamily HERPHTOCYPRIDIN 4. 
4. ILYODROMUS Sars, 1894. 


Erpetocypris Brapy and Norman, A Monograph of the marine and fresh water 
Ostracoda, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 84. 

Herpetocypris Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer. Christ., Vid. Selsk. Forhd., 
No. 1, 1890, p. 60. 

Cypris VAvra, Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch. Naturw. Durehforsch. \ 
Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 82. 

Erpetocypris CRONENBERG, Beitriig zur Ostracoden-Fauna der Umgegend yon 
Moscou, Bull. Soc. Imp. d. Moscou, 1894, p. 14. 

Ilyodromus Sars, Cont. to knowledge of the f. w. Entomos. of New Zealand, Vid. 
Selsk. Skr. Math. Natur. Klasse, 1894, p. 41.—Kaurmann, Cypriden und 
Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 298. 


Natatory sete much shortened. Spines of first maxillary process 
toothed. Caudal ramus ending in three claws, dorsal seta replaced by 
a short spine. Terminal seta present. Males unknown. No Amer- 
ican species known. 


5. CHLAMYDOTHECA Saussure, 1858. 


Cypris Dana, U.S. Explor. Exped. (Com. Ch. Wilkes), XIII, Crustacea, Pt. 1, 
1852. : 

Chlamydotheca SaussurE, Mémoire sur divers crustacés nouveaux des Antilles, 
et du Mexique, Mém. Soc. Phys. et Nat. Genéve, 1858, p. 487.—Brapy, 
Notes on Entomos. coll. by Mr. A. Haley in Ceylon, Jour. Linn. Soc., XIX, 
1885; Notes on f. w. Entomos. from S. Australia, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1886, 

Pachycypris Cuavs, co zur Kenntniss der Siisswasser-Ostracoden, Arb. 
Zool. Inst. Wien, X, 1892, p. 55. 

Cypris WIERZEISKT, Se eearandor Crustaceen und nee es gesammelt in Argen- 
tinien, Anz. der Akad. der Wiss. in Krakau, Pt. 5, 1892.—Turner, Notes on 
the Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda, and Rotifera . Cincinnati, Bull. Sci Lab. 
Denison Univ., VI, 1892.—Sars, Cont. to the knowl. of the f. w. Entomos. 
‘of New Zealand, Vid. Selsk. Skr. Math. Natur. Klasse, No. 5, 1894. 

1898, 
p- 16; Hamburg. 

Herpetocypris Dapay, Micros. Siisswasserthiere aus Patagonien, Termes. Fis., 
XXV, 1902, p. 296. 


476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATION: AL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVL 


Shell with flange-like projections, both ceo and posteriori. 
Swimming setx moderately long. Maxillary process with three strong 
spines. Second segment of first foot with two sete on anterior margin. 

Furca commonly normal, toothed on ventral margin. This genus 
is at once distinguished by the presence of two sete on anterior mar- 
gin of second segment of first foot, instead of one, as in other fresh- 
water Ostracoda. Genus established by Saussure in 1858, with the 
peculiar flange-like projections on the shell as the basis of distinction 


a Furea about 24 times as long as wide, its dorsal margin faintly toothed for one- 


half its length; shell broadly oval from above ..........---.- mexicana Sharpe. 
aa Furea about 18 times as long as wide, its dorsal margin faintly ciliate its entire 
length. Shell wedge shaped anteriorly from aboye.-..-..----- azteca Saussure. 


1. CHLAMYDOTHECA MEXICANA, new species. 
Plate LXIV, figs. 1-6. 


Length, 2.75 mm.; breadth, 1.60 mm.; height, 1.55 mm. 

Color noticeably ‘Granein yellow, two narrow, greenish stripes 
running from the lower posterior margin diagonally toward the ante- 
rior upper margin, passing on either side of the muscle impressions 
and terminating a short distance beyond them (fig. 1). 

Surface of shell comparatively smooth, but with a few very short, 
sparsely scattered papillee. 

Seen from the side (fig. 1) the shell is highest at the middle and 
posterior third, sloping abruptly to the posterior lower angle, which 
is provided with a very noticeable hyaline flange. Seen from above 
(fig. 2) the shell is widest in the middle, rather broadly oval, evenly 
teen posteriorly, and rather acutely pointed anteriorly. The ante- 
rior extremity has a very broad, strikingly noticeable flange, fringed 
with rather long hairs. 

Ventral margin nearly straight, except for a sinus at its union with 
the anterior flange (fig. 1). 

Natatory sete of the second antenne are very plumose, reaching 
about to tips of terminal claws. Terminal claws slightly curved, the 
longest about six times as long as the terminal segment, or seven- 
fifths as long as the last two segments, the shorter claw two-thirds 
the length of the longer. 

The ‘*sense club” is quite near the base of the segment on which it 
is located. 

The second segment of the first pair of feet is provided with two 
setw, a feature characteristic of the genus (fig. 3). Terminal claw 
stout, nearly smooth, and about seven-ninths as long as the last four 
segments taken together. 

The second foot ends ina beak-shaped segment; the terminal claw 
very much bent and nearly smooth (fig. 4). The longer seta is about 
three-fifths the length of the penultimate segment, or twice as long 
as the terminal claw. 


Cut Lis 


y, 


TE 


FPRESH-WATER OSTRACODA-—SH, Ay 


ee O17 
Furea alinost Siight. about twenty-three times as long as wide and 

very faintly toothed on dorsal margin for about one-half its length 

(fig. 5). 5 

Terminal claw straight, rather stout, nearly smooth, and one-half as 
long as furca. Subterminal claw four-sevenths length of terminal one 
and straight. Terminal seta very slender, two-thirds length of dorsal 
one, which is slightly more than one-half as long as subterminal claw. 
No males seen by me. 

Described from several specimens which were sent to the United 
States National Museum by Dr. E. Palmer from Durango, Mexico. 
Received by the Museum September 11, 1897. (Reaession No. 32559. 

But one other species has been reported from America, (. azteca 
(Saussure), which differs from the above in the form of the shell, 
furca, and other minor details. In C. azteca the ratio of length to 
breadth of furca is as 17 to 1, while in C. mexicana this ratio is about 
as 24 to 1; moreover, its entire dorsal margin is faintly ciliate in C. 
azteca, while but about one-half this edge is faintly toothed in C 
MextCcand. 


2. CHLAMYDOTHECA AZTECA Saussure. 
Plate LXIX, figs. 1-4. 


Cypris (Chlamydotheca) azteca SAussurrn, Mémoire sur divers crustacés nouveaux 
des Antilles et du Mexique, Mém. Soc. Phys. et Nat. Genéve, 1858, p. 487, 
pl. v1, figs. 45-54. 


Length, 3.30 mm.; height, 2 mm.; width, 1.80 mm. 

One of the largest forms of this genus known, uniformly yellowish 
gray in color, with occasionally a dark patch posteriorly. Shell smooth 
and glistening to the naked eye, but shown to be quite thickly covered 
with small papillar elevations by using a one-fourth-inch objective. 

Seen from the side (fig. 1) the shell is highest at the posterior one- 
third, sloping rather abruptly to the posterior lower angle, which is 
provided with a small hyaline flange. 

Seen from above (fig. 3), as in C. mex/cana, the shell is widest at the 
posterior one-third, bluntly rounded posteriorly, and wedge-shaped 
anteriorly. There is a very noticeable hyaline flange, fringed with 
hair, on the anterior margin. Ventral margin nearly straight, except 
fora sinus at its union with the anterior flange. 

Natatory seti of the second antenne plumose, reaching to tips of 
terminal claws. Terminal claws stout, slightly curved, the longest 
about six times as long as the terminal segment, or five- fourths that of 
the last two segments. As in (. meaicana, the second segment of the 
first pair of feet is provided with two sete at its distal angle—a most 
prominent generic character. i 

Second foot not especially different from that of C. merand. 
Furea almost straight, from 18 to 20 times as long as wide, and faintly 


-pectinate on almost entire dorsal margin (fig. 4). 


978 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV¥. 





Terminal claw nearly straight, rather stout, nearly smooth, and one- 
half length of furea. Subterminal claw two-thirds length of terminal 
one and straight. Terminal seta slender, six-fifths length of dorsal 
one, which is two-thirds as long as subterminal claw. No males found 
in the material at hand. 

Described from eighteen specimens sent to the United States Na- 
tional Museum by Mr. J. D. Mitchell, -Victoria, Texas. Collected by 
Mr. Mitchell from a ditch on a rice farm on the west side of the 
Guadalupe River, Victoria County, Texas, October, 1902; also pools 
in the neighborhood of Vera Cruz. @ 

This species differs from C. mexicana in size, markings, form of 
shell as seen from above, and ratio of length of furca to its breadth. 
C. azteca is larger, much more wedge-shaped anteriorly as seen from 
above, lacks the greenish stripes on shell, and furea stouter and shorter 
as compared with width. 


6: HERPETOCYPRIS Brady and Norman, 1se2: 


Erpetocypris Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water 
Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 84. 

Herpetocypris Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer, Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forhd., 
No. 1, 1890, p. 62.—CroNnENBERG, Beitrag zur Ostracoden—Fauna der Umge- 
gend Moscou, Bull. Soc. Imp. d. Moscou, No. 3, 1894.—Brapy and Norman, 
A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostracoda, Pt. 2, Trans. Royal Dublin 
Soc., 1896, p. 722.—KaurMann, Zur Systematik der Cypriden, Mitteil. der 
Naturf. Gesell. in Bern, 1900, p. 105. 


Natatory sete rudimentary; noswimmers. Spines of first maxillary 
process plainly toothed. Length, 1.80 mm. or more. First segment 
of first foot with two sete. Dorsal seta of furca very small. Sexual 
orasexual. Three of the following species are reported from America: 


a Length about 4.00 mm. Furea about twenty times as long as wide. 
barbatus (Forbes). 
aa Length between 2.00 mm. and 3.00 mm. 
»/ Terminal claw of second foot at least three times as long as terminal segment. 
c Natatory setee of second antennz nearly reaching tips of terminal claws. 
intermedia* Kaufmann. 
ce Natatory sete: of second antenne not longer than the fourth segment. 
d Dorsal edge of furea with five combs of coarse teeth. Terminal claw of furca 
long and'slendeér... s.chocceescke See ee eee reptans Baird. 
dd Dorsal edge of furca with seven combs of weak sete. Terminal claw of 
furca shorhandistoutse= =e ae ee brevicaudata* Kaufmann. 
bb Terminal claw of second foot about as long as last segment. 
¢ Caudal ramus about ten times as long as wide. ..--...-.--strigata* O. F. Miiller. 
ce Caudal ramus about seventeen times as long as wide. ..peregrina* Kaufmann. 
aaa Length between 1.00 mm. and 2.00 mm. <a 
b “ Furea with only terminal claws, lacking both terminal and dorsal setee’’? 
minnesotensis (Herrick). 


“ De Saussure, Mém. Soc. Phys. et Nat. Genéve, 1858, p. 490. 


5. 
; 
. 
; 
F 


No. 1347. ; FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA- SHARPE. 








3- HERPETOCYPRIS REPTANS Baird. 
Plate LXV, figs. 14. 


Cypris reptans LItusEeBorc, De Crustaceis ex Ordinibus tribus, 1853, p. 123, pl 
Sl, figs. 21-23; pl. xu, figs. 7-9.—Brapy,. A Monog. of the Care seek 
Entomos., Trans. Linn. Soc., XXVI, Pt. 2, 1868. p. 370, pl. xxv, figs 
10-145 pl. xxxvi, fiz. 4—Vavra, Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens. Kick 
Naturw. Durchforsch. y. Bbhmen, VIII, 1891. p. 86, fig. 98 Wriseeare 
_Susswasser—Crustaceen und Rotatorien, gesammelt in Argentinien, 
Akad. der Wiss. in Krakau, Pt. 5, 1892, p. 187.—Zacnartas, 
Mitteilungen,. Forsch. d. biol. Station zu Plin, Pt. 2, VI, 1894, 

_Erpetocypris reptans Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-w ater 
Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Roya! Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 84, pl. xu, fig. 27.—Cro- 
NENBERG, Beitrag zur Ostracoden-Fauna der Umgegend yon Moscou, Buil. 
Soc. Imp. d. Moscou, No. 3, 1894, p. 15, pl. vn, fig: 14.—Ricrarp, Sur la faune 
des eaux douces des Acores, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, XXI, 1896, p. 173. 

Herpetocypris reptans Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer, Christ. Vid. Selsk. 
Forhd., No. 1, 1890, p. 17.—CLaus, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Siisswasser- 
Ostracoden, Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien, X, 1892, pl. rv, figs. 13-14.—Kaurn ANN, ° 
Die Ostracoden der Umgebung Berns, Mittlg. d. Naturf. Gesell. in Bern, 
p. 74, 1892.—Harrwic, Verzeichniss der lebenden Krebsthiere der Provinz 
Brandenberg, Statt. handsch. Mittlg., 1893, p. 25; Berlin.—Dapay, Fauna 
Regni Hungariz, 1897, p. 6; Budapest.—Lienenk avs, Erster Beitrag zur 
Kenntniss der Ostracoden fauna des Regierungs bezirks Osnabriick, 12 
Jahresber. d. naturw. Vereins zu Osnabriick f. d. Jahr. 1897, p. 111.— 
ScHNEIDER, Die Tierwelt der Nordseeinsel Borkum, Ostracoda, Abhand. 
Naturw. Verein, XVI, 1898, p. 161; Bremen.—Kaurmann, Cypriden und 
Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 282, pl. 
xvi, figs. 1-3; pl. xvii, figs. 21-26. 


Anz. der 
Faunistische 


p- 65. 


Dimensions, American: Length, 2.00 mm.; height, 0.80 mm.; 
breadth, 0.65 mm. European: Length, 2.50 mm.; height, 1.10 mm.; 
breadth, 0.90 mm. 

Shell somewhat brownish yellow, with a darker patch as seen from 
the side, smooth and glistening, yet rather opaque, and covered with 
very small papillee. 

Seen from the side the shell is more than twice as long as wide (fig. 
1), the upper and lower margins nearly parallel. The lower margin is 
weakly sinuate. Seen from above (fig. 2) the shell is a narrow oval, 
rather sharply pointed anteriorly, blunter posteriorly, and widest just 
back of the middle. 

The second antennx are stout, terminal claws about as long as the 
penultimate segment. Natatory sete short, extending about to the 
base of the terminal segment. The two spines on the first maxillary 
process are stout and toothed. 

Terminal claw of the second foot more than twice as long as the 
terminal segment and strongly curved (fig. 3). Furea rather stout 
(fig. 4), about sixteen times as long as wide, broad at hase, slightly 
curved, and the dorsal edge armed with five combs of coarse teeth, 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 65 





980 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV1. 





Terminal claw stout, slightly bent, about one-half as long as the furea,. _ 
Subterminal claw as long as terminal seta, which is slightly more than 
one-half length of terminal claw. Dorsal seta slender, about twice as 
long as width of furea and situated about one-fourth width of furca 
from subterminal claw. 

This species is characterized by the shape of its shell, long termi- 
nal claw of second foot, and the five combs of teeth on the dorsal cdge 
of the furea. While the specimens examined by me were somewhat 
smaller than the European forms as described by Vavra and Kauf- 
mann, yet they retain the same relative proportions. The European 
forms of this species vary within quite wide limits, hence the variation 
of the American form as regards size is not at all surprising. 

The specimens studied by me were obtained in part from Ensenada, 
Lower California, and from Oakland, California, and are now in the 
collection of the U.S. National Museum. Those from Ensenada were 
collected by Mr. C. R. Orcutt and received by the Museum October 
18, 1889, Accession No. 22456. Those from Oakland were collected 
by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, Cat. No. 12221. 

This species occurs in England, Scotland, Ireland, Sweden, Nor- 
way, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sicily, Lower California, and 
California. 

It has not heretofore been reported from America. 


7. MICROCYPRIS Kaufmann, 1900. 


Microcypris KAUFMANN, Neue Ostrac. aus der Schweiz, Zo6]. Anz., X XIII, 1900, 
p- 32. ; 

Natatory sete, very short. Spines of first maxille, toothed. First 
foot with but one seta on its first segment. Small Ostracods, 1.00 mm. 
or less in length. 

Kaufmann has established this genus to receive those forms differ- 
ing from //erpetocypris in number of sete on basal segment of first 
foot. I have added the genus character as to size. 

No American forms known. 


8. PRIONOCYPRIS Brady and Norman, 1896. 

Erpetocypris BRADY and Norman, A monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostra- 
coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soe., 1889, p. 87. 

Prionocypris BRAby and Norman, A monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostra- 
coda, Pt. 2, Trans. Royal Dublin Soe., V, 1896, p. 724.—Kaurmann, Cyp- 
riden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, 
p: 292. 

Natatory sete, short. Spines of first maxille, not toothed. Length, 
from 0.9 mm. to 1.6 mm. 

This genus seems not to be well distinguished from Herpetocypris, 
except by means of the two maxillary spines and smaller size. No 
American forms known. Lrpetocypris serrata Brady and Norman, 
1889, page 87, used as the type form. 





‘ _ NO. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACOD {— SHARPE. 


98] 


Til. Subfamily CYPRIDIN ZA 


9. CENTROCGCYPRIS Vavra, 1895. 


Centrocypris V AvRA, Stisswasser-Ostracodon Zanzibars, Beiheit d. Ham) Wiss 
Anstalten, XII, 1895, p. 15. Wi 


Two distinct eyes. Shell unusually strone. Natatory sete reach- 
ing well beyond terminal claws. Two last seoments of second antennize 
with weak seta-like spines. First mandibular process with four plain 

. ‘We » . » 
spines. Third and fourth segments of second feet lone and narrow 
Propagation, sexual. Ductus thickly covered with closely arranoed 
rows of chitinous spines. No American forms known. 

This genus was established by Vavra to receive a very strikingly 
spinous form from Zanzibar. 


10. CYPRIDELLA Vavra, 1898. 


Cypridella Vavra, Stisswass. Ostrac. Zanzibars, Beiheft d. Hamb. Wiss. Anstal- 
ten, XII, 1895, p. 7. 


Shell short and tumid. Natatory sete reach to tips of end claws. 
Furca, normal. Propagation, sexual. The testes originate in the ante. 
rior part of the shell and extend to the lower posterior part, interme- 
diately forming three or four concentric half circles. Their anterior 
origin in circles seems to be a characteristic of but two other genera— 
Spirocypris and Cypricercus. 

Genus established by Vavra to receive a form found in Zanzibar. 

No American forms known. 


it -SPIEROGY PRIS; nev, genus: 


Shell excessively hairy; plump. Natatory sete simple, reaching 
barely beyond the terminal claws. Feet, as in Cyprés. Caudal rami 
normal, slender, and not more than one-half length of shell. Propa- 
gation sexual. Testes of male originating in anterior half of shell and 
arranged in form of concentric circles. 

This genus is established to receive an excessively hairy Ostracod, 
baving testes arranged in an unusually pronounced concentric whorl 
in anterior part of shell. It differs from Cypridel/a in form of testes, 
which in Cypridella is in form of four half circles, also in being much 
larger; from Cypricercus, its nearest relative, in shell characters and 
size of furea. 

These three genera are seemingly the only ones so far known char- 
acterized by testes originating in circles in anterior part of shell. 

a Shell about twice as long as high, excessively hairy. Testes arranged in form of 


about four concentric circles in anterior part of shell. Furca about one-half as 


long violet. A) 2a Se eee ee ee eee passaica Sharpe: 


Q82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


4. SPIROCYPRIS PASSAICA, new species. 
Plate LXN.VI, figs. 1-3. 


Length, 1.60 mm.; height, 0.80 mm.; breadth, 0.82 mm. 

Color brownish, with dark blue patches laterally, which connect 
dorsally with a dorsal band; another patch with a greenish tinge 
anteriorly, and still another in the posterior region. These both 
connect with the dorsal band (fig. 2) which runs longitudinally on 
either side of the hinge. 

Shell excessively hairy; hairs fully 0.08 mm. long; coarse and back- 
wardly directed. 

Seen from the side (fig. 1) the anterior extremity is wider than the 
posterior, evenly rounded; dorsal margin almost straight, sloping 
slightly more rapidly posteriorly. Ventral margin slightly sinuate. 

Seen from above (fig. 2) the shell is almost a perfect elongate oval, 
widest just in front of the dorsal transverse dark band, which is 
midway. 

The testes of the male are arranged in the form of concentric circles 
in the anterior half of the shell (fig. 1), a very noticeable and striking 
feature. 

Natatory sete simple, reaching slightly beyond the terminal claws. 

Terminal claws moderately curved, and as long as the penultimate 
segment. Sense club long and slender, three-fifths as long as width 
of segment at its point of attachment. Terminal claw of the first foot 
moderately curved, faintly toothed; the two terminal sete about the 
same length. 

Terminal claw of second foot one and one-half times length of 
terminal segment. Furca slightly S shaped (fig. 3), 23 times as long 
as wide; dorsal margin very weakly pectinate. Terminal claw nearly 
straight, faintly toothed, one-half as long as furca. Terminal seta 
little more than one-half length of terminal claw, which is one and 
three-eighths times length of subterminal one. Dorsal seta one-half 
length of terminal one, and width of furea from subterminal claw. 

Described from specimens obtained by Mr. E. W. Berry at Passaic, 
New Jersey, and now in the collection of the National Museum. 
Received by the museum June 5, 1894. Accession No. 28378. 


12. CYPRETTA Vavra, 1895: 


Cypretta VAvRA, Sisswasser-Ostrac. Zanzibars, Beiheft d. Hamb. Wiss. Anstalten, 
XII, 1895.—G. W. M@iuer, Ostrac. aus Madagas. und Ost-Afrika, Abhand. 
Senck. Naturf. Ges., X XI, 1898, p. 283. 

Shell short and tumid. Natatory sete reaching beyond end claws. 
Furea with two long terminal sete in place of spines, and a short dor- 
sal seta. Usual terminal seta missing. Ovary spirally wound. 
Males unknown. 







No. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SHARPR. ge 





Genus established by Vavra to include a very small. plump Ostra- 
cod with fureal armature of three terminal sete, but no spines. 7 But 
| two species are known, (. tenuicauda from Zanzibar and (. costata 
from Madagascar and also East Africa. 


13. STRANDESIA Stuhlmann, 1889. 


’ Strandesia STUHLMANN, Vorl. Bericht iiber eine Reise Nach Ost-Afrika, Sitz. K. 
Akad. der Wiss., XXXII, 1889; Berlin.—Vavra, Siisswasser-Ostrac. Zan- 
zibars, Beiheft d. Hamb. Wiss. Anstalten, XII, 1895. pe8: 

Shell 2 mm. to 8 mm. long. Natatory sete reaching tips of end 
claws. Furea very straight, but normal. Propagation sexual. 
Testes of male in form of concentric half circles in posterior part of 
shell. Most characteristically, however, the right shell is armed with 
a dorsal longitudinal ridge-like flange, haying thorn-like projections at 
both extremities. Ductus of thickly arranged rows of chitinous 
spines. 


F ; : 

. No American forms known. 

; 

P 14. ACANTHOCYPRIS Claus, 1892. 


ee — 


Acanthocypris Cuaus, Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Siisswasser-Ostracoden, Arb. 
Zool. Inst. Wien, X, 1892, p. 50. 

Neocypris Sars, Fresh-water Entomostraca of 8. America, Archiy. for Math. og 
Naturvid., XXIV, No. 1, 1901, p. 29. 

Shell with a characteristic dorsal ridge-like process on right valve, 
which is sharply produced at the posterior extremity. Natatory sete 
reaching tips of end claws. Furca extraordinarily large. Partheno- 
genetic. 

This genus was established by Claus to receive a peculiar South 
American form, having the peculiar dorsal flange. It is worthy of 
note here that its only relative so characterized (Strandesia) is from 
Zanzibar and East Africa. Other examples indicate a close structural 
relation between the Ostracoden fauna of Africa and South America 
a relationship which is so apparent in other faunal groups of these 
continents. Veocypris gladiator Sars evidently belongs here. 

No American forms known. 





18. STENOCYPRIS Sars, 1889. 

Stenocypris Sars, On some fresh-water Ostracoda raised from dried Australian 
mud, Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forh., No. 8, 1889, p. 27.—Vavra, Siisswasser-Ostra- 
coden Zanzibars, Beiheft d. Hamb. Wiss. Anstalten, XII, 1895, p. 10.—VavRa, 
Siisswasser-Ostrac. Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas, Tierwelt Ost-Afrika, IV, 1897, p. 14. 

Shell usually long and narrow. Natatory sete reaching tips o! end 
claws. Furea large, somewhat lamelliform, its dorsal edge usually 
. . . a> ; . ecas 

pectinate, dorsal seta rudimentary or absent. Propagation s¢ xual, 
This genus was originally described as being parthenogenetic, but 
. . . > xy Li Qx < av LQs) ‘ 1eZ% LSY1 
the investigations of Vavra (1895), Daday (1892), and Moniez ( ) 


disprove this. 


984 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Vayra retains Acocypris as a group of this genus as being nonse xual 
and a group Stenocypris as being sexual. Kaufmann discards this 
genus and revises under a new name, Dolerocypris, on the ground that 
Cypris fasciata O. F. Miller, of Sars 1890, is deemed Stenocypris by 
him, even though furca has an evident dorsal seta. This seems to me 
to be an insufficient reason for establishing a new genus. As the shell 
of this species is long and narrow, it might well be regarded as a 
‘transition form between Cypris and Stendcypris, but still as a Cypris, 
possibly as the type of anew group. The Cypris fusciata of Brady 
and Norman, 1889 (pl. xu, fig. 1) is without the furcal dorsal seta; so 
evidently a Stenocypris. 
No American forms known. 


16. BURY CMPIRISEG: We Muller 1e9o8: 


Eurycypris G. W. M@uuER, Ostrac. aus Madagas. and Ost-Afrika, Abhand. Senck. 
Naturf. Ges., X XI, 1898, p. 263. 


Shell extraordinarily broad. Natatory sete reach tips of end claws. 
First foot four-segmented from union of third and fourth segments. 
Furca normal, slender, smooth; claws smooth. Sexual. This genus 
has been established by Miller (1898), to include those forms of the 
subfamily Cypridine having the third and fourth segments of the first 
foot united; foot therefore four-segmented, and with excessively broad 
shells. 

No American forms known. 


17. CYPRICERCUS Sars, 1895. 


Cypricercus Sars, On some 8. African Entomos. raised from dried mud, Christ. 
Vid. Selsk. Skr. Math. Naturw. Klasse, No. 8, 1895, p. 37. 


Shell as in Cypr’s, smooth, narrow, oblong, as seen from the side. 
Natatory sete reaching tips of end claws. Feet as in Cypris. Furea 
excessively developed, toothed on dorsal margin, and longer than 
half-length of shell. - 

Sexual, the spermatic ducts of male forming a dense coil in the 
anterior part of each valve. This genus was established by Sars, to 
receive those forms resembling Cypr7s in most respects, except that 
the furca is unusually well developed and spermatic ducts as above. 

No American forms known. 


1IS.“CY-PRIS4O. ky Miillerwiwoo. 


Cypris O. F. Mtiirr, Entomos. seu Insecta testacea, etc., 1792.—Brapy, A 
Monog. of the recent British Entomostraca, Trans. Linn. Soc., XX VI, 1868, 
Pt. 2, p. 360. 

Cyprinotus Brapy, Notes on Entomos. coll. by Mr. Haley in Ceylon, Jour. Linn. 
Soc., XTX, 1885, p. 301. 

Heterocypris Cuacs, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Siisswasser-Ostracoden, Arb. 
Zool. Inst. Wien, X, 1892, p. 7. 





_ No. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SHARPE. ) 





Stenocypris G. W. Miuuer, Zool. Anz., No. 653, 1901. 
Amphicypris Sars, Fresh-water Entomos. of South America, Archiv. for Math 

og Naturvid., XXIV, No. 1, 1901, p. 16. ; 
Neocypris SArs, Fresh-water Entomos. of South America, Archiy. 


for M: tl . or 
Naturvid., XXIV, No. 1, 1901, p. 29. see 


- Natatory sete reaching to tips of terminal claws or somewhat 
_ beyond. 

. Second antenne five-segmented in both male and female. Branchial 
_ plate of six plumose sete. Terminal segment of second foot beak- 
shaped, with a toothed hook-shaped claw. Furca normal, with two 
claws and two sete. 

Propagation sexual or asexual. Ductus, when present, of numerous 
_chitinous spines thickly crowded over entire surface of cylinder and 
usually not in wreaths. I have tentatively divided this genus into the 
five following groups, for reasons given in the introduction (p. 969; see 
Key, p. 971). 


1. Subgenus CYPRIS. 
a Length between 1 mm. and 2 mm. 


6 Both spines on first process of first maxilla smooth. 
¢ Terminal claw of second foot as long as terminal segment. 


? 

d Caudal ramus straight; subterminal claw two-thirds as long as the terminal. 
F Duelltour-nimths as) hich as long. -22- 22 5o..222----- 22 clavata * Baird. 

dd Caudal ramus weakly S-shaped. 
; e Subterminal claw of furca half as long as the terminal. Shell two-thirds 
/ SLES INCASE L OTN ENS A marron Natt Sen SS ee roe PS eo virens Jurine. 
ee Subterminal claw of furca nearly as long as terminal. Shell one-half as 
Pee OM ie at I ae FN) a See shes altissinuus Chambers. 
ce Terminal claw of second foot twice as long as terminal segment. Terminal claw 
of furca nearly as long as entire furca ........-------- ornata* O. F. Miller. 


_bb Both spines on first process of first maxilla toothed. 
¢ Shell not reticulated with broken lines. 
d Shell less than twice as longas high. Terminal claw of furca half as long as 
furea. 
e Subterminal claw of furca three-fourths as long as terminal, both smooth, 
pellucida Sharpe. 
ee Subterminal claw two-thirds as long as the terminal -.-..fuscata (Jurine). 
dd Shell more than twice as long as high. Terminal claw of furca one-third 
as long as furca. Subterminal claw two-thirds as long as terminal. 

Jischeri * Lilljeborg. 
ce Shell reticulated. Terminal claw of furca about three-fifths as long as ramus. 

‘Terminal seta not more than one-fourth as long as terminal claw. 
reticulata Zaddach. 
aa Length between 2mm. and 3mm. Third and fourth segments of first foot fused. 
Shellcpimoug .2-.:.-.--.-----------+---=---=--------- pubera O, F. Miller. 

aaa Length 3 mm. or more. 

b Both spines of maxillary process smooth. Dorsal margin of shell strongly con- 
vex, marked with dark bands. .--.--.----------------------- herricki Turner. 
bb Both spines of maxillary process toothed. Dorsal margin of shell nea rly 
straight, marked with dark bands--.-.-------------------- perelegans Herrick. 


986 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





5. CYPRIS VIRENS (Jurine). 
Plate LX VI, figs. 4-6. 


Monoculus virens JuRINE, Histoire des Monocles, qui se trouvent aux environs de 
Geneve, 1820, p. 174, pl. xvin, figs. 15-16. 

Cypris pilosa ZAppAcH, Synopseos Crustaceorum Prussicorum Prodromus, 1844, 
p. 36. 

Cypris tristriata Bairp, The Nat. Hist. of the British Kntomos., Ray Society, 
1850, p. 152, pl. xvii, figs. 1-3. 

Cypris ornata Fiscurr, Abhand. ber das Genus Cypris und dessen, bei Peters- 
burg vorkommende Arten, Mém. des savants étrangers des sciences de St. 
Pétersbourg, VII, 1851, p. 157, pl. 1x, figs. 7-10. 

Cypris pubera Fric and Nexut, Korysi zemé ceské, Prag. Zeits. Ziva, v. J., 
1868, p. 46, fig. 26. 

Cypris ventricosa Brapy and Rogserrson, The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of 
Tidal Rivers, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, 1870, p. 12, pl. 1v, figs. 1-3. 
Cypris helena Moniwz, Liste des Copépodes, Ostracodes, ete., recueillis 4 Lille en 

1886, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1887, p. 2. 

Cypris virens ZADDACH, Synopseos Crustaceorum Prussicorum Prodromus, 1844, 
p. 35.—LitisesorG, De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus, 1853, p. 117, pl. vin, 
fig. 16; pl. 1x, figs. 4-5; pls. x, xm, and x1x.—Brapy, A Monog. of the recent 
3ritish Entomos., Trans. Linn. Soc., XX VI, Pt. 2, 1868, p. 364, pls. xxi, 
xxxvi, fig. 1.—Ropertson, Fauna of Scotland, with special reference to 
Clydesdale and the western districts, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, IV, 
1880, p. 14.—Herrick, Cont. to the Fauna of the Gulf of Mexico and the 
South, Mem. of Denison Sci. Asse., I, 1887, p. 22.—Brapy and Norman, A 
Monog. of the marine and fresh water Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dub- 
lin Society, 1889, p. 75.—Vavra, Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch. 
Naturw. Durchforsch. v. Béhmen, VIII, 1891, p. 102, figs. 3-5; fig. 36.— 
Turner, Fresh-water Ostracoda of the U. 8., Report State Zoologist of Min- 
nesota, 1895, p. 321, pl. Lxxrv, figs. 3-3e.—Sars, On a new Ostracoda, Steno- 
cypris chevreuxi Sars, with notes on other Entomos. raised from dried mud, 
Archiy. f. Math. Natur. Christiana, 1896, p. 24. 








Length, 1.69 mm.; height, 0.95 mm.; breadth, 0.90 mm. 

Seen from the side (fig. 4) the shell is highest just back of the eye- 
spot, the height being much more than one-half the length. The 
upper edge is ‘Shumped” just back of the eyespot. Anterior and 
posterior extremities nearly similar, rounded, the posterior dorsal 
margin sloping more gradually than the anterior. Shell covered with 
short hairs. 

Seen from above (fig. 5) the shell is rather broadly egg-shaped, nar- 
rowed anteriorly, the greater breadth being less than the height of the 
shell. The anterior extremity is tipped with bluish-black, the entire 
dorsal side is the same color, while in the region of the eyes are two 
decidedly yellowish areas which extend diagonally downward and 
anteriorly for about one-half width of shell. Margins of shell with | 
** pore-canals.” 

The natatory setee of the second antenne reach to the end of the 
terminal claws. The spines on the first maxillary process are toothed, 


ee ee ae ae 


NO. 1347. FPRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SH. {RPR. 





QS87 


a peculiarity which may constitute this forma variety, as Vavra speaks 
of the European forms as haying plain spines on this process. 

The terminal claw of the second foot is about one 
length of terminal segment. 

Furea very weakly S-shaped (fig. 6), about twe: 


and one-half times 


ity times as long as 


wide, dorsal margin smooth. Terminal claw weak, smooth. nearly 


straight, four-sevenths as long as ramus. Terminal seta weak. about 
twice as long as width of ramus. Subterminal claw about one-half 
length of terminal one, straight, smooth. Dorsal seta about leneth of 
terminal one, weak. 

The specimens studied by me seem to be somewhat smaller than the 
European form of this species as described by Vavra, but agree in 
most other respects. The furca are of somewhat different propor- 
tions; the European form with width to length about as 1 td 12, while 
the American form exhibits a proportion of about 1 to 18. 

The anterior diagonal light patches are very well marked in this 
species—so much so that even when examined with a hand lens they 
attract immediate attention. 

The specimens examined by me were collected by Dr. Alfredo 
Dugés (French Consular Agent) at Guanajuato, Mexico, April, 1901, 
and sent to the U. S. National Museum. 

Distribution world-wide. 


6. CYPRIS PUBERA O. F. Miiller. 
Plate LX VII, figs. 1-6. 


Monoculus ovatus JuRtNE, Histoire des Monocles, ete., 1820, p. 170, pl. xv, figs. 
5-6; Genéve. 

Cypris stricta ZaAppAcu, Synopseos Crustaceorum Prussicorum Prodromus, 1844, 
p- 32. 

Cypris cuneata Batrp, The Nat. Hist. of the British Entomos., Ray Soc., 1890, 
p: 256, pl. xvi, figs. 22-24. 

Cypris punctillata Brapy, A Monog. of the Recent British Entomos., Ray Society, 
1850, p: 365, pl. xxv1, figs. 1-7; pl. xxxx1, fig. 11. 

Cypris pubera O. F. Mtuver, Entomostraca, 1785, p. 56, pl. v, figs. 1-5.— 
ZApDACH, Synopseos Crustacecrum Prussicorum Prodromus, 1844, p. 34.— 
Fiscuer, Abhand. tiber das Genus Cypris, etc., Mém. des Savants €¢trangers 
des sciences de St. Pétersbourg, VII, 1851, p. 154, pl. vm, figs. 1-8.—ZENKER, 
Monographie der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiy. f. Naturg., XX Jahrg., I, 1854, 
p. 70.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater Ostra- 
coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 74.—VaAvRa, Monog. der 
Ostrac. BOhmens, Arch. Naturw. Durehforsch. y. Bohmen, VITT, 1891, p. 90, 

pestis 2, 4.730: 
Length, 2.10 mm.; height, 1.25 mm.; breadth, 1.20 mm. tater 
This species is of a greenish color, witha darker patch at its highest 
and central part, as seen from the side. A light yellowish band 
extends diagonally backward from about the center of the shell. Shell 


very sparsely hairy. 


988 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Seen from the side (fig. 1) the shell is highest in its anterior one- 
third, the highest point being decidedly of a hump-like appearance. 
The anterior end is more evenly rounded than the posterior, wider, 
and is armed on the outer lip of both valves with a row of from 9 to 
11 semitransparent tubercles. The posterior outer margin of the right 
shell (fig. 2) is armed with two spine-like tubercles, both being at the 
lower angle near one another and of approximately the same size. 
The European form of this species seems to be larger, and the two 
posterior spine-like tubercles vary in size. 

Seen-from above the shell is broadly egg-shaped, widest just back 
of the middle, narrowed anteriorly and bluntly rounded posteriorly. 
The spines of the first maxillary process are toothed. The natatory 
sete of the second antenne (fig. 3) reach about to the tips of the ter- 
minal claws and are plumose. 

The terminal segment of the first foot is armed with a long, strong 
claw and two setze, the outer one of which is not more than one-half 
the length of the inner, which is about one-third the length of the 
claw. Third and fourth segments of the first foot fused, so that the 
foot is four-segmented (fig. 4). 

The claw on the terminal segment of the second foot (fig. 5) is very 

yeak, about as long as the segment, the accompanying seta very 
slender and about three times as long as the claw. Furea nearly 
straight, twenty-four times as long as wide, dorsal margin smooth 
(fig. 6). Terminal claw nearly straight, faintly toothed near tip, and 
three-fifths as long as furea; subterminal claws three-fifths as long as 
terminal one, smooth. ‘Terminal seta weak, twice as long as width of 
furca. 

Dorsal seta twice as long as the terminal one, and situated one and 
one-half times width of furca from subterminal claw. 

This species may be at once distinguished by the presence of the 
tubercles and spines on the shell and the fusion of the third and fourth 
segments of the first foot (fig. 4). 

This description is from specimens sent to the U. S. National Museum 
by Mr. Bailey, from Oregon. (Date unknown to me.) 

It has not heretofore been reported from America. 

Distribution world-wide. 


7. CYPRIS PELLUCIDA Sharpe. 
Plate LX VIII, figs. 1-5. 


Cyprinotus pellucida SHARPE, Cont. to a knowl. of the N. Amer. f. w. ostrac. incl. 
in the Fam. Cytheridze and Cypridide, Bull. Ill. State Lab. N. Hist., IV, 
1897, p. 434, pl. xu, figs. 1-6. 


Average length; 1.20 mm.; height, 0.75 mm.; breadth, 0.60 mm. 
Color a pclean, uniform yellowish brown, ie no pee ial marking. 


a This name monte seem to aie presented oe & enue Kae h. However, this 
proves to be a synonym for Candona lucens Baird. 





eee! FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SIHA RPE 989 


; Shell almost smooth, with the exception of a few small scattered papillar 
elevations and anterior and posterior margins with a fringe of sparsely 
-seattered long hairs. j 

Seen from above (fig. 2) the shell is quite a uniform elongate oval. 
anterior end narrowed somewhat, posterior end rounded, bromninuteee 
the middle. 

Seen from the side (fig. 1) the shell is highest about the middle, ven- 
tral margin nearly straight, with a slight sinuosity at the middle. The 
right valve of shell is slightly smaller that the left, its anterior mar- 
gins armed with a row of about twenty-five tuberculiform teeth (tig. 3). 
The margin of the left valve has a rather wide hyaline flange and a 
row of scattered tubercles along the inner margin (fig. 4). 

Spines of the first maxillary process are toothed. Natatory sete of 
the first antenne are plumose and reach well beyond the terminal claws. 

Terminal claws three and one-half times as long as the terminal seg- 
ment. Sense club large, about five-sixths as long as width of segment 
at its point of attachment. 

Furea rather stout, slightly bent, about twice as long as terminal 
claw. Shorter claw about three-fourths as long as the longer. Dor- 
sal seta width of furca from subterminal claw, bent, somewhat plu- 
mose, and as long as subterminal claw; terminal seta three-fifths as 
long as dorsal one. 

Collected by Dr. E. Palmer from a trough fed by a spring flowing 
from a butte near Big Butte Station, Idaho, in September, 1595, and 
now in the collection of the U. S. National Museum (Accession No. 
27409); also collected at Guanajuato, Mexico, by Dr. Alfredo Dugés, 
April, 1901, and sent to the U. 5. National Museum. 

Quiney, Illinois, 1882, Havana, Illinois. 1895, and Urbana, Illinois, 
1895. 

This species was originally described as Cyprinotus pellucida, based 
largely on the marginal rows of tubercles on the valves, the manner of 
propagation being uncertain, although the material on hand contained 
no males. The additional material now on hand contains no males, 
and it is therefore listed under the subgenus Cypris, in accordance 
with the preceding synopsis. 

2. Subgenus CYPRINOTUS. 


r 


eS ee ee ae a ee eT 


a Dorsal seta of furea more than one-half length of subterminal claw. 
b Dorsal seta at least twice width of furca from subterminal claw. Terminal claw 
of second foot strongly curved. -------------------77777" 
aa Dorsal seta of furca not more than one-half length of subterminal claw. 
b Dorsal seta width of furca from subterminal claw. 
¢ Shell yellowish-brown, marked with bluish-black longitudinal stripes on dor- 
sumrammesides hairy -.--..------'-----------7--75°5" burlingtonensis Turner, 


incongruens Ramdohr. 


ce Shell dirty brown, leathery in consistency, no markings. -l studinaria Sharpe. 
F a 5 ce ee Tees ‘olor sllowish- 

bb Dorsal seta twice width of furca trom subterminal claw. Color yellow sh 
green, shell marked with contorted lines, most noticeably on cephahe portion 

na Turner. 


Bee ee 8. Sees eee sence stern scene ( 


990 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





3. Subgenus HETEROCYPRIS. 
No American forms known. 


4. Subgenus, unnamed. 


a Length, 3.69 mm; height, 2.09 mm. Color, livid white -...... grandis Chambers. 


5. Subgenus AMPHICYPRIS. 
No American forms known. 


IV. Subfamily CY PRIDOPSIN-A. 


19, ONCOCYPRIS GW. MoullerwlSesos: 


Oncocypris G. W. M@LuER, Ostrac. aus Madagas. und Ost-Afrika, Abhand. Senck. 
Naturf. Ges., X XI, 1898, p. 286. 

Shell irregularly roughened, with numerous prominent tubercles. 
Second antennze four-segmented in both sexes. First foot four-seg- 
mented. Ductus of about eighteen rows of chitinous spines, in sack. 
Terminal segment of second foot not beak-shaped, but small and con- 
ical. Furea with no dorsal seta, lamellar and ending in a long bristle. 

This genus was established by Miller to receive a form collected 
near Majunga, Madagascar. 

No American forms known. 


20. ZONOCY PRIS, GW. -WMruller. 13898: 


Zonocypris G. W. MULuER, Ostrac. aus Madagas. und Ost-Afrika, Abhand. Senck. 
Naturf. Ges., X XI, 1898, p. 284. 

Shell covered with a prominent series of concentric zones. Second 
antenne of sexes different. Furca usually with no dorsal seta, lam- 
ellar and ending in a long bristle. 

This genus was established to receive two forms from Madagascar. 

Cypridopsis costata, aform from East Africa, evidently belongs here. 
Vavra describes it as having a fureal dorsal seta, a feature not men- 
tioned by Miller. This might, then, constitute the type of a group 
of the genus. 

No American forms reported. 


21. CY PRIDOPSISBrady,1S6s: 


Monoculus JuRINE, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de Genéye, 
1820. 

Pionocypris Brapy and Norman, A. Monog. of the marine and freshwater Ostra- 
coda, Sec. II, Trans. Royal Dublin Soe., 1896, p. 725. 

Cypridopsis Brapy, A Monog. of the recent British Entomos., Trans. Linn. Soe. 
XXVI, Pt. 2.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater 
Ostracoda, Sec. I. Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889.—Vavra, Monog. der 
Ostrac. BOhmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch. v. Bbhmen, VIII, 1891, p. 


8.—Kaurmann, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de 
Zool., VIII, p. 304. 






No. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SHIARPE. QQ] 


— Shell very plump. Natatory setee e xtending much be 
nal claws. BPecal plate of two to five plumose setz. Second foot 
five-segmented, with a strong claw at its extre mity. F urca flagelli- 
form, with a small dorsal Fi, or at least two terminal sete. Males 
unknown. 
_ Those Cypridopsis-like forms with a compressed dorsal 
branchial plate of not more than two sete, and sexual or ase 
_agation, I shall include under the genus Potamocypris. 


yond the termi- 


aspect, 
xual prop- 


a Three transverse dark bands on dorsal and lateral aspect of shell; very plump; 
TOA tetetnteiere i ielaiem = lo(~im)ain's'= o\nm oo ssl So Scots sce cece vidua (O. F. Miller). 


22. POTAMOCYPRIS Brady, 1870. 


Monoculus Jurtne, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de ¢ 
1820. 

Cypridopsis Brapy, A Monog. of the recent British Entomos., Trans. Linn. Soc. 

; ROCV EL Pt. 2. 

3 Candonella Cuaus, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Siisswasser-Ostracoden, Arb. Zool. 

; 


reneve, 


Inst. Wien, X, 1892.—Vavra, Siisswasser-Ostrac. Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas. Tier- 


welt Ost-Afrika, IV, Berlin, 1897, p. 12. 

E Cypridopsis V AVRA, Moog: der Ostracoden B6hmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch. 
/ v. Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 73.—SHarps, Cont. to a Knowl. of the N. Ameri- 
, can freshwater Ostracoda, incl. in the Fam. Cytheride and Cyprididse, Bull. 


Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., IV, 1897, p. 468. 

Cypridopsella KAUFMANN, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse 
; de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 131. 

| Potamocypris Brapy, Notes on Entomos. from Northumberland and Durham 
: District, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durham, III, 1870.—Brapy and 
Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. 
Royal Dublin Society, 1889, p. 92.—Dapay, Mikros. Siisswasserthiere aus 
Patagonia gesammelt von Dr. Filippo Sylvestri im Jahre, 1899 und 1900, 
Termesz. Fiis., X XV, 1902, p. 291. 


Natatory setz about as long or somewhat longer than end claws. 
Second antennz usually four-segmented, armature of male coarser 
than that of female. 

Shell narrow from above, rather smooth. Branchial plate of not 
more than two sete. Furea rudimentary, with a small dorsal cilium 
and ending in a long slender bristle. Propagation, sexual or asexual. 
Ductus of male of about fourteen spiral rows of chitinous spines. 

This genus was first established by Brady to include those Cypri- 
-dopsis-like forms having rather short natatory sete, four-segmented 
antenn, compressed shell, and sexual propagation. To prevent con- 
fusion, it seems necessary to add the additional characters, as above. 

IT consider Candonella and therefore Cypridopsella as synonymous 
with the above. 

a Furea cylindrical, turgid at base, suddenly narrowing to a bristle, which is little 


longer than the basal part. -....---------------- newtonr (Brady and Robertson). 
aa Furca broad, gradually narrowing to a bristle. Shell much compressed. 


999 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


bh Natatory setze of second antennze reaching to tips of terminal claws. Shell pale 


PTEON oo ee se ee eee a ee eee villosa * (Jurine). 
bb Natatory setze of second antennze reaching beyond tips of terminal claws. Shell 
grass-green, at least dorsally .....---------------------smaragdina (Vavra). 


8. POTAMOCYPRIS SMARAGDINA (Vavra). 
Plate LXV, figs. 5-7. 


Cypridopsis smaragdina VAvRA, Monog. der Ostrac. BoOhmens, Arch. Naturw. 
Durehforsch. v. Bbhmen, VIII, 1891, p. 80, fig. 26, 1-3.—SnHarpr, Cont. to a 
Knowl. of the N. American freshwater Ostracoda incl. in the fam. Cytheridee 
and Cypridid, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., [V, 1897, p. 470, pl. xivm, 
figs. 11-12. 

Candonella smaragdina V AvRA, Siisswasser-Ostracoden der Hamb. Magal. Sammel, 
1898, p. 12; Hamburg. 


Length, 0.65 mm.; height, 0.45 mm.; breadth, 0.34 mm. 
I here give the description as given in my paper of 1897: 

This striking and interesting form appears at first glance, if seen from the side 
(fig. 6), to be in the shape of a half moon, except that the ventral margin is nearly 
straight. The shell is light to grass green, especially on its dorsal aspect; alcoholic 
specimens, however, commonly show but a trace of this coloration. Surface thickly 
coyered with long hairs, which are all parallel to one another, backwardly directed 
and closely appressed to the shell (fig. 6). 

The eye-spot, instead of being at the highest part of the shell, as in the typical 
forms described by Vavra, is slightly below and anterior to this location. Natatory 
setze of the second antenne, long, reaching beyond the tips of the terminal claws by 
the length of the claws, thus differing from C. villosa (Jurine), its nearest relative, 
the natatory setze of which reach but to the end of the terminal claws. 

Furca rudimentary (fig. 7), the basal part cylindrical, more than three times as 
long as wide, then suddenly narrowing into a long flagellum, which is fully twice as 
long as the basal part. The furca also has a dorsal seta at the termination of the 
basal part, which is slightly longer than the width of the ramus. 


At the time the above description was written, I was not sufticiently 
familiar with the genus Potamocypris to rank this form as belonging 
to it. Further study causes me to believe that this genus is a logical 
one, and that this form belongs here. 

The specimens in the U. 8. National Museum were collected in April, 
1901, by Dr. Alfredo Dugés, French consular agent at Guanajuato, 
Mexico. 

This form occurs in Bohemia (Vavra); South Chicago (Sharpe), and 
Guanajuato, Mexico. 


23. PARACYPRIDOPSIS Kaufmann, 1900. 


Cypridopsis BRApY and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater Ostra- 
coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 90. 
Paracypridopsis KAUEMANN, Cypriden and Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue 
Suisse de Zool., VIIT, 1900, p. 131. 
Shell rather narrow from above. Natatory sete rudimentary, not 
adapted for swimming. Furea rudimentary, lamellar, with a lash-like 
end bristle and a small dorsal seta. Branchial plate of two sete. 







‘No. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA —SHARPE. 


993 





* 


———$_$_ 


_ This genus has been established by Kaufmann to 
_Potamocypris-like forms which have rudimentary 
No American forms known. 


receive those 


natatory sete. 


Wi. Subfamily CYCL ICY PRIDIN AD 
24. CYPRIA Zenker, 1854. 


Cypris Aucrorum, 1785-1854. 
~Monoculus Jurint, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouyent 
Genéve, 1820. 

Cypria ZENKER, Monog. der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiv. f. Naturg., XX Jahrg., I, 
1854.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine aud fresh-water Ostra- 
coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soe., 1889, p. 68.—Vavra, Monog. dei 
Ostrac. BGhmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforseh. vy. 30hmen, VIII, 1891, 
p. 62.—CRONENBERG, Beitrag zur Ostraooden-Fauna der Umgegend yon 
Moscou, Bull. Soc. Imp. d. Moscou, No. 3, 1894, p. 13. —KaurMann Cypriden 


ANN, 


und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 191 10, p. 329. 


aux environs de 


Shell rather compressed. Second antennx of male six-seemented, 
of female five-segmented, two sense organs on end of fourth segment. 
Natatory sete excessively long, reaching far beyond tips of terminal 
claws. Branchial plate-of six sete. Terminal segment of second foot 
small. Ductus of male of circlets of spine-like sete, with a distinct 
central axis and not inclosed in a sack. 

Furea normal, stout. Dorsal furcal seta situated about middle of 
dorsal margin. 

Vavra has described a species of this genus as sufficiently character- 
istic to justify a subgenus Physocypria. 1 here use it in the group 
sense, as the characters given seem to be of somewhat doubtful worth, 
if our experience with the old genus Cyprinotus is any criterion. 

The subgenus Physocypria is distinguished by the following charac- 
ters, one shell higher or larger than the other, and the anterior and 
posterior margins of the right shefl crenulate. Otherwise as Genus 
Cypria. The subgenus Cyprva includes the remaining Cyprva forms. 

Seven species have been reported from America. 


: 
; 


ww 


1. Subgenus CYPRIA. 


a Terminal short setze of the second foot approximately equal. 
b Terminal short setze of second foot about as long as terminal segment. 
e Terminal claw of furca half as long as furca. 

d Shell covered with a close reticulum of longitudinally subparallel lines. 
Abdomen wathout processes... .--.---22--------2-+5-<-- exsculpta Fischer. 
dd Shell plain, but with small puncta. Abdomen with two cylindrical proe- 
(BSS BIE Sit ee SU ae fe Se on ee eae ke opthalmica Jurine. 

ce Terminal claw of furca three-fifths its length or longer. 


d Subterminal claw with well developed comb of teeth near tip. 
dentifera Sharpe. 


‘ 


aa Terminal short setze of second foot evidently unequal. 
b Shell clear to brownish yellow, with a few scattered puncta. 
three times width of furca from subterminal claw. -------------- 
bb Shell white, shining, smooth, with numerous almost comfluent puncta. 
Oxia. = 22 Peet en Se ciaceace se cciecen as an mons Chambers. 


Dorsal seta of furca 
obesa Sharpe. 


Length 


= 
T 
com 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


9. CYPRIA EXSCULPTA (Fischer). 
Plate LX VIII, figs. 6-9. 


Cypris elegantula LILLJEBORG, De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus, 1853, p. 206. 

Cypris punctata var. striata ZENKER, Monog. der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiv. f. 
Naturg., XX Jahrg., I, 1854, p. 77, pl. m1. 

Cypris striolata Brapy, A Monog. of the recent British Entomos., Trans. Linn. 
Soc., XX VI, Pt. 2, 1868, p. 372, pl. xxiv, figs. 6-10. 

Cypris exsculpta Fiscuer, Beitrag zur kenntniss der Ostracoden, Abhdlg. der 
math. phys. Klasse der k. bayr. Akad. d. Wiss., VII, 1855, p. 18, pl. x1x, 
figs. 36-38. 

Cypria exsculpta Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater 
Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 68, pl. x1, figs. 14.— 
Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer med, ete., Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forhd., 
No. 1, 1890, pp. 24-25.—Kaufmann, Die Ostracoden der Umgebung Berns, 
Mittle. d. naturf. Ges., 1892, p. 2; Bern.—Turner, Freshwater Ostracoda of 
the United States, Report State Zool. of Minn., 1895, p. 305, pl. Lxx, figs. 1-8; 
pl. uxxu, fig. 3.—Hartwic, Die Krebstiere der Provinz Brandenburg, 
Naturw. Wochenschrift, XI, 1896, p. 321.—SHarpr, Cont. to a Knowl. of the 
N. American f. w. Ostrac. incl. in the Fam. Cytheride and Cypridide, Bull. 
Ill. State Lab. N. H., 1V, 1897, p. 465, pl. xivu, fig. 4.—LreNENKLAUS, 
Erster Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Ostracodenfauna des Regierungs-bezirks 
Osnabriick, 12 Jahresber. d. naturw. Vereins zu Osnabriick f. d. Jahr 1897, 
p. 109.—Srenroos, Das Tierleben im Nurmiirvi-See, Helsingfors, 1898, p. 
226.—KAUFMANN, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse 
de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 330, pl. xx, figs. 4-6; pl. xxuu, figs. 17-27; pl. xxx1, 
fig. 24. 

Length, 0.60 mm.; height, 0.38 mm.; width, 0.26 mm. 

This species is seemingly as widely distributed as the ubiquitous 
Cypridopsis vidua. Tt may be readily distinguished by means of the 
mesh work of longitudinally parallel and anastomosing lines, which 
extend over the entire surface of the shell (fig. 8). 

Those in possession of the U.S. National Museum were collected 
April 12, 1892, at First Sister Lake, Ann Arbor, Michigan, by Prof. 
H. I. Smith. Received by the Museum, December 13, 1892. Dis- 
tribution, world wide. 


2. Subgenus PHYSOUVYPRIA. 


a Left shell higher than right. Terminal short setee of second foot about twice a 


long as*terminal;seoment: so ae ee Eee eee eee eae pustulosa Sharpes 
aa Leit shell longer than right. Terminal short setze of second foot only about as 
lone as terminal-seoment=-— onc aso e ee ee eee inequivalva Turner 


25. CYCLOCYPRIS Brady and Norman, 1889 


Cypris AucroruM, 1785-1820. 

Monoculus Jorixe, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de 
Genéye, 1820. 

Cypria ZENKER, Monog. der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiv. f. Naturg., XX Jahrg., 
I, 1854. 

Cyclocypris Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostra- 
coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soe., 1889, p. 70.—Vavra, Monog. der 
Ostrac. BOhmen, Arch. Naturw, Durchforsch. vy. Bbhmen, VIII, 1891, p. 67. 





in male, five-segmented in female, no sense organ on distal 


-and narrow, three times as long as broad. 
filaments, not on a distinct central axis, but all inclosed in a sack. 


995 


_ 





0. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SHARPE. 


Shells approximately same height. Second antennie six-seemented 


end of 
fourth segment. ad o 


T aL . 
Natatory sete very long. Terminal seoment of second foot. lone 
, > 


Ductus of numerous long 


Penultimate segment of second foot with a coarse seta on dorsal distal 


angle. Furcea as in Cypria. 


Kaufmann speaks of one of the smaller terminal sete of the seeond 
feet as being bent S-shaped, and uses it as of generic value. Since 


this is not true of C. globosa, at any rate, I have omitted this as a 
_ genus character. Three species have been reported from America. 


a Anterior edge of furca about twice as long as its terminal claw--/evis O. F. Miiller. 


aa Anterior edge or furca clearly more than twice as long as its terminal claw. 


b Anterior edge of furca about two and one-half times length of terminal claw. 
¢ The terminal claws of furea strongand much bent...........-- forbesi Sharpe. 
ce Terminal claws of furea slender and not bent...__.....--- modesta (Herrick). 
bb Anterior edge of furca about three times length of terminal claws. Terminal 
claws strong, nearly straight, weakly bent nearend. Furca toothed on poste- 
rior edge, also with comb of teeth on its side_.-.....--..-.-..-- globosa* Sars. 


26: PONTOPARTA Vavra, 1901. 
Portoparta Vavra, Die Ostracoden vom Bismarck-Archipel. Prag., 1901, p. 184. 


Shell white, smooth. Natatory sete reaching approximately to tips 


of terminal claws. Terminal segment of second foot cylindrical, not 


bill shaped, with two terminal bristles and a long reflexed one. Males 
unknown. Furca strong, with two end claws, a terminal seta, and 
two dorsal ones. 

This genus has been established by Vavra with ?. rara as the type, a 
peculiar form from Bismarck Archipelago. 

No American forms known. 


27. ILYOCYPRIS Brady and Norman, 1889. 


Monoculus June, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de Geneve, 
1820. 
Tlyocypris Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostra- 
coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 106.—KaurMann, Cypriden 
und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIIT, 1900, p. 343. 
Shell hard, entire surface usually pitted or tubercled, and furrowed 
in region of eyes, thus resembling marine forms or Limnicythere. 
Natatory sete reaching approximately to tips of terminal claws. 
Ductus composed of eighteen or twenty spirally wound chitinous sete, 
in sack. Second foot five-segmented, its terminal segment cylindrical 
and with three long sete of different lengths, all pointing in same gen- 
eral direction as foot. Penultimate segment of second foot with from 
two to threesete. Furca strong, usually with combs of cilia on dorsal 
margin or sides. 
Proce. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——— 66 


996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI, | 





This genus, first established by Brady and Norman with 7. gidba as_ 
the type, has been further defined by Vavra (1891) and Kaufmann 
(1900) until it now numbers about eight species and two varieties, all 
found in Europe. 





VI. Subfamily CANDONIN 45. 
28. CRYPTOCANDONA Kaufmann, 1900. 
Cryptocandona KaurMANnn, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue 
Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 361. 

Shell smooth, somewhat translucent. First antenna weak, its nata- 
tory sete longer than the entire antenna. Branchial plate of three 
sete. Penultimate segment of second foot unsegmented, therefore 
foot four segmented. Terminal segment of second foot with three 
sete of different lengths. Furca normal. 

This genus has been established by Kaufmann to include Candona- 
like forms, but having very long natatory sete on the first antenne 
and a branchial plate of three sete. I believe it will ultimately rank 
as a group of the genus Candona, but consider it best here to use it as 
given by Kaufmann.“ 

No American forms known. 


29. CANDONA Baird, 1880. 


Cypris O. F. MtLuer, Entomos. seu Insecta testacea, ete., 1792. 

Candona Barro, The natural history of the British Entomos., Ray Society, 
1850.—Vavra, Monog. der Ostrac. B6hmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch. 
vy. Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 41. ; 

Shell white, translucent. Natatory sete of first antennz shorter 
than entire antenna. No natatory sete on second antenne. Second 
antennze of male six-segmented with two special sense organs, of 
female five-segmented. 

Branchial plate of two sete. Palp of second maxilla of female two- 
segmented, of male not segmented, and different in shape. Second foot 
five- or six-segmented, with two unequally long backwardly directed 
setze and one forwardly directed seta. Furca normal, strong. Ductus 
of about seven rows of chitinous spines. Shell of male ordinarily 
larger and of another form than that of the female. Can not swim, 
but creep along the bottom, or burrow. 

Eight forms are reported for America. 

a One of shorter setze at tip of second foot sharply reflexed ...-..-.--- refleca Sharpe. 
aa Sete at tip of second foot not reflexed. 


6b Length of shell about 1.50 mm. Shell inequivalve, second foot six-segmented. 


crogmani Turner. 
bb Length of shell about 1.25 mm, or less. 


ec Furea curved. 
d Second foot six-segmented. 
e Claws of furea stout, terminal one one-third length of ramus. 
Jabexformis Fischer. 





ro —— 


“Kaufmann, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 361. 


wo. 1347. FRESH- WATER OSTRACODA—SHARPE. 997 





ee Claws of furca slender, maxillary spines not toothed 


f Color uniform, white to brownish ‘i 
fas et ana, Ce ee acuminata Fischer. 


iieiar ad wel de laware nsis Turner. 
dd Second foot five-segmented. Length 0.73 mm 


ce Furea not curved. 
aebornelawsioriturca S-shaped ............................ sigmoides Sharpe 
dd Both claws of furca not S-shaped, both gently curved. ‘dia 
half as long as furca 


ot, to, at sais! wo Tero simpsoni Sharpe. 


Terminal claw 


SO I eS ee recticauda Sharpe. 
30. TYPHLOCYPRIS Vejdovsky, 1882. 

Cypris (Typhlocypris) VespovsKy, Thierische Organismen der Brunnenwiisser 
von Prag, 1882, p. 64. 

Typhlocypris V Avra, Monog. der Ostrac. BOhmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch. 
v. Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 51. 

Candona ‘Turner, Freshwater Ostrac. of the U. S., Rept. State Zool. Minn., 
1895, p. 301. 

Shell asin Candona. Natatory sete of first antenne shorter than 
entire antenna. Natatory setv of second antenne lacking, similar to 
Candona. Eyesrudimentary, disappearing withage. Furca abnormal, 
anterior or terminal seta missing. 

This genus was established by Vejdovsky to include forms generally 
resembling Candona, but lacking terminal seta of furea.  Candona 
peircet Turner evidently belongs here, judging from his figures. 





a Terminal claws of furca of male about same size; with female one claw is about 
two-thirds length of other. Color greenish yellow with blotches of brown. 
(Candona) peircei (Turner). 
31. CANDONOPSIS Vavra, 1891. 

Candonopsis V Avra, Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch. 
vy. Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 54; Siisswasser-Ostrac. Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas, Tier- 
welt Ost-Afrika, IV, 1897, p. 4; Berlin.—Sars, Freshwater Entomos. of 
Sydney, 1896, p. 62.—Vavra, Siisswasser-Ostrac. der Hamb. Magal. Sammel., 
1898, p. 9; Hamburg.—Kaurmann, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der 
Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 397. 

Shell and second antenne similar to Candona. Mandible with an 
excessively long palp. Branchial plate of three plumose sete. Furea 
slender, usual dorsal seta absent. 

This genus was established by Vavra to receive those Candona-like 
forms which lack the usual furcal dorsal seta. 

No American forms known. 


32. PARACANDONA Hartwig, 1900. 
Paracandona Harrwic, Candona euplectella bildet eine selbstiindige Gattung, 
Zool. Anz., X XII, 1900. 

Shell tumid, reticulated, pitted as a honeycomb, Appendages as in 
Candona, but small and slender. Small. beautiful forms, not more 
than 0.80 mm. long. 

This genus has been established by Hartwig to include forms, the 
type of which is Paracandona (Candona) euplectella Robertson. 

No American forms known. 


; 
993 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Family CYTHERID. 
33. LIMNICYTHERE Brady, 1868. 


Cythere Batrp, The Nat. Hist. of the British Entomos., Ray Society, 1850, p. 163. 

Acanthopus Verner, Acanthopus, un nouveau genre d’Ostracodes, Forel’s Maté- 
riaux pour servir a l’étude de la faune profonde du Lac Leman, Ser. 4. 
1878, p. 506. 

Limnocythere Dani, Die Cytheriden der westlichen Ostsee, Zool. Jahrbucher, 
III, Abth. f. Systematik, 1888, p. 597. 

Limnicythere Brapy, A Monog. of the recent British Entomos., Trans. Linn. Soc., 
XXVI, Pt. 2, 1868, p. 419.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and 
fresh-water Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soe., 1889, p. 170.—Vavra, 
Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch. Naturw. Durehforsch. vy. Bohmen, 
VIII, 1891, p. 107. 

Shell strong, irregularly tuberculate or spinous, rather thin. First 
pair of antenne five-segmented, with short bristles on their outer 
edge; second pair four-segmented, the ** spinning claw ” being either 
two-segmented or unsegmented.  Branchial plate of the mandible 
strongly developed (commonly rudimentary in other members of this 
group). Furea rudimentary, commonly but two short bristles. Males 
uncommon. 

a Terminal segment of first antenne seven times as long as wide. Furca cylindrical, 
about three times as long as wide. Terminal claw of second antenna of male 
snidoth 2.2.4 0) Sera eee ER a ee reticulata Sharpe. 

aa Terminal segment of first antennze four or five times as long as wide. Furca 

lamellar, six to seven times as long as broad, ending in a bristle. Terminal 


claw of second antenna of male armed with three or four strong teeth. 
illinoisensis Sharpe. 


Family DARWINULIDZ. 


34. DARWINULA Brady and Robertson, 1872. 


Polycheles Brapy and Roperrtson, The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of Tidal 
Rivers, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., VI, 1870. 
Darwinula Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostra- 
coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 121.—KaurMmann, Cypriden 
und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 393. 
Shell, smooth and fragile. Right shell larger than the left. First 
antenne shorter than in the Cypridide, and armed with stout sete. 
Second antenne four-segmented, with four or five terminal claws, and 
without ‘‘spinning seta” or ‘‘sense seta.” First maxilla with a large 
branchial plate. First pair of feet five-segmented, and shorter than 
the second pair. Furea subconical, small. 
a First antennze six-segmented, the second four-segmented. Antepenultimate seg- 
ment of second antenna without a conspicuous one-jointed appendage. 
stevenson’ Brady and Robertson. 
aa First and second antennze five-segmented. Antepenultimate segment of second 


antenna with a conspicuous one-jointed appendage, which terminates in one 
long and. one short filament. .0 2: - 222-5525 6ee oe eee improvisa Turner. 


PRESH-WATER OSTR A( '‘ODA—SHA RPE. 999 






BIBLIOGRAPHY, 


Bairp, W., 1850.—The natural history of the British Entomostrac 
Brapy, G. 8., 1868.—A Monograph of the recent Britis 
; : SoG. Xe Vil, Pt. 2. 
_— 1870.—Notes on Entomostraca from Northumberland 
Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durham. III. 
a." ieee Entomos. coll. by Mr. A. Haley in Ceylon, Jour. Linn. Saal 
eas 1886.—Notes on Freshwater Entomos. from S. Australia, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond 
‘Brapy, G. S.,and Norman, A. M., 1889.—A Monograph of the Marine and 
water Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc. 
— 1896.—A Monograph of the Marine and Fresh-water Ostr 
Royal Dublin Soe., V. 
Brapy, G. S., and Roserrson, D., 1870.—The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of Tidal 
Rivers, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI. 
Ciaus, C., 1892.—Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Siisswasser-Ostracoden, Arb, Zool. Inst. 
Wien, X. 
Cronenbera, A., 1894.—Beitriig zur Ostracoden-Fauna der Umgegend von Mosc Nu, 
Bull. Soe. Imp. d. Moseou, No. 3. 
Dapay, E., 1895.—Die anatomischen Verhiiltnisse yon Cyprois dispar, Termesz. 
Fus:, X VIII. 
——-— 1897.—Fauna Regni Hungarive, Enumeratio systematica, III. Arthropoda. 
Budapest. 
—— 1902.—Mikros. Siisswasserthiere aus Patagonia gesammelt yon Dr. Filippo Syl- 
vestri im Jahre 1899 und 1900, Termesz Fiis., X XV. 
Dana, J. D., 1852.—U. S. Explor. Exped. (Com. Ch. Wilkes.), XIII, Crust., Phila., 
Pts. 
Fiscuer, 8., 1851.—Abhand. tiber das Genus Cypris und dessen bei Petersburg vor- 
é kommende Arten. Mém. des savants étrangers des sciences de St. 
Petersbourg, VII. 
— 1855.—Beitrig zur kenntnis der Ostracoden, Abhdlg. der math. phys. Klasse 
der k. bayr. Akad. d Wiss., VII. 
Fric, A., 1872.—Die Krustenthiere Bbhmens, Archiv. fur Landes. yon BOhmen, IV. 
Fric, A., and Nekut, F., 1868.—Korysi zeme ceské, Prag. Zeits. Ziva, v. J. 
Harrwic, W., 1893.—Verzeichniss der lebenden Krebsthiere der Provinz Branden- 
berg, Statt. handsch. MittTg., Berlin. 
— 1896.—Die Krebstiere der Provinz Brandenburg, Naturw. Wochenschrift, XT. 
—— 1900.—Candona euplectella bildet eine selbstiindige Gattung, Zool. Anz. XXII. 
Herrick, C. L., 1887.—Cont. to the Fauna of the Gulf of Mexico and the South, 
Mem. of Denison Sci. Asso., I. 
Jurine, L., 1820.—Histoire des Monocles, qui se trouvent aux environs de Geneve. 
Kavrmann, A., 1892.—Ueber die Gattung Acanthopus Vernet und eine neue Siiss- 
wassercytheride, Zool. Anz., p. 393. 
— 1892.—Die Ostracoden der Umgebung Berns, Mittlg. d. naturf. Ges. Berns. 
— 1900.—Neue Ostracoden aus der Schweiz, Zool. Anz., XXIII. 
— 1900.—Zur Systematik der Cypriden, Mitteil. der Naturf. Gesell. in Bern. 
—— 1900.—Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Z ol., VILL. 
Krvg, R. L., 1855.—On Australian Entomos., Proc. Roy. Soc. Van Dieman’s Land, III. 
Ligenenkxaus, E., 1898.—Erster Beitriig zur Kenntniss der Ostracodenfauna des 
Regierungsbezirks Osnabriick, 12. Jahresber. d. naturw. Vereins zu 
Osnabruck f. d. Jahr 1897. 
Litusesora, W., 1853.—De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus: Cladocera, Ostracoda et 
Copepoda in Scania occurentibus. 


a, Ray Society. 
h Entomostraca. Trans. Linn 


and Durham District, Nat. 


Ire “sh- 


acoda, Pt. 2, Trans. 


. 





1000 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





eee + 





Montz, R., 1887.—Liste des Copépodes, Ostracodes, Cladoceres et de quelques autres 
Crustaces recueillis 4 Lille en 1886, Bull. Soe. Zool. de France. 

Miituer, G. W., 1894.—Ostrac. des Golfes yon Neapel, Fauna and Flora des Golfes 
yon Neapel. 

—— 1898.—Ostrac. aus Madagas. und Ost-Afrika, Abhand. Senck. Naturf. Ges., X XI. 

Miter, O. F., 1785.—Entomostraca. E 

— — 1792.—FEntomos. seu Insecta testacea, ete. 

Oruey, L., 1886.—Uber die Entomostraken-Fauna von Budapest, Termesz. Fiiset., X. 

RicHarp, J., 1896.—Sur la faune des eaux douces des Acores, Bull. Soc. Zool. de 
France, X XI. 

Rogerson, D., 1880.—Fauna of Scotland, with special reference to Clydesdale and 
the western districts, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, IV. 

Sars, G. O., 1865.—Oversigt af Norges Marine Ostracoder. Christiania. 

—— 1887.—Nye Bidrag til kundskaben om Middelhavets Invertebratfauna, Arch. f. 
Math. og. Naturg., XII. : 

—— 1889.—On some fresh-water Ostracoda raised from dried Australian mud, 
Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forh., No. 8. 

—— 1890.— Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer med forelobige Bemaerkninger over de 
nye eller mindre bekjendte Arter., Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forhd., No. 1. 

—— 1894.—Cont. to knowl. of the Freshwater Entomostraca of New Zealand, Vid. 
Selsk. Skr. Math. naturw. Klasse, No. 5. 

— 1895.—On some8. African Entomos. raised from dried mud, Christ. vid. Selsk. 
Skr. Math. naturw. Klasse, No. 8. 

— 1896.—On a new Ostrac. Stenocypris chevreuxi Sars, with notes on other Ento- 
mos. raised from dried mud, Archiy. f. Math. Natur. Christ. 

—— 1901.—Fresh-water Entomos. of South America, Archiv. for Math. og Naturvid., 
NEXG VE INGOs ee GOIE 

Saussurg, H., 1858.—Mémoire sur divers crustacés nouveaux des Antilles et du 
Mexique, Mém. Soc. phys. et nat. Genéve. 

SCHNEIDER, Osk., 1898.—Die Tierwelt der Nordseeinsel Borkum, Ostracoda, Abhand. 
Naturw. Verein. Bremen, X VI. 

SHarpe, R. W., 1897.—Cont. to a Knowl. of the N. American f. w. Ostracoda, incl. 
in the Fam. Cytheridze and Cypridid, Bull. Il. State Lab. N. H., TV. 

SrenRoos, K. E., 1898.—Das Tierleben in Nurmiiirvi-See. Helsingfors, 1898. 

STUHLMANN, F., 1889.—Vorl. Bericht tiber eine Reise nach Ost-Afrika, Sitz. K. 
Akad. der Wiss. Berlin, XX XII. 

Turner, C. H., 1892.—Notes on-the Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda, and Rotifera 
of Cincinnati, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Uniy., VI. 

—— 1894.—Notes on American Ostracoda, etc., Bull. Sci. Lab. Denis. Univ., VIII. 

1895.—Fresh-water Ostracoda of the U. 8., Report State Zool. of Minn. 

Vavra, V., 1895.—Siisswasser-Ostracoden Zanzibars, Beiheft d. Hamb. Wiss. Ans- 
talten, XII. 

—— 1897.—Susswasser-Ostrac. Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas. Tierwelt Ost-Afrikas, Berlin, 
TV 

Vavra, W., 1891.—Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch. Naturw. Durehforsch. v. 
36hmen, VIII. 

—— 1898.—Siisswasser-Ostracoden der Hamb. Magal. Samml., Hamburg. 

1901.—Die Ostracoden yom Bismarck-Archipel, Prag. 

Vespoysky, F., 1882.—Thierische Organismen der Brunnenwiisser von Prag. 

Wrerzeiski, A., 1892.—Siisswasser-Crustaceen und Rotatorien, gesammelt in Argen- 
tinien. Anz. der Akad. der Wiss. in Krakau, Pt. 5. 

ZACHARIAS, O., 1894.—Faunistische Mitteilungen, Fauna des gr. Ploner-Sees. 
Forsch. d. biol. Station zu Plén, Pt. 2., VI. 

Zavpacu, EK. G., 1844.—Synopseos Crustaceorum Prussicorum Prodromus. 

ZENKER, W., 1854.—Monographie der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiy f. Naturg., XX. 
Jahrg., I. 











| NO. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRAC( IDA—SHARPR. LOO] 





EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
PLATE LXIV. 


Chiamydotheca mexicana, new species, lateral view. 

Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species, dorsal view. 

Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species, first foot. 

Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species, terminal segments of second foot 
Chlamydotheca mexicana, New species, furca. 
Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species, spines of first maxillary process, 


Prats LXV. 


Herpetocypris reptans Baird, lateral view. 

. Herpetocypris reptans Baird, dorsal view. 

Herpetocypris reptans Baird, terminal segment of second foot. 
Herpetocypris reptans Baird, furea. 

Potamocypris (Cypridopsis) smaragdina (Vayra), dorsal view. 
Potamocypris (Cypridopsis) smaragdina (Vavra), lateral view. 
Potamocypris (Cypridopsis) smaragdina (Vayra), furca. 


PLATE LX VI. 


Spirocypris passaica, new species, lateral view. 
Spirocypris passaica, new species, dorsal view. 
Spirocypris passaica, new species, furca, 
Cypris virens (Jurine), lateral view. 

Cypris virens (Jurine), dorsal view. 

Cypris virens (Jurine), furea. 





Prate LX VII. 


1. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, lateral view. 

2. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, lower posterior part of right shell. 

3. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, third, fourth, and fifth segments of second antenna. 
4. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, first foot. 

5. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, terminal segments of second foot. 

6. Cypris pubera O. F. Miiller, turea. 


Fig. 


all 
2. 
3 
4 
5. 
6 
i 
8. 


Prate LX VIII. 


Cypris pellucida Sharpe, lateral view. 

Cypris pellucida Sharpe, dorsal view. 

Cypris pellucida Sharpe, lower outer anterior margin of right shell. 

Cypris pellucida Sharpe, inner anterior margin of left shell. 

Cypris pellucida Sharpe, furca. 

Cypria exsculpta Fischer, lateral view. 

Cypria exsculpta Fischer, dorsal view. 

Cypria exsculpta Fischer, portion of shell showing parallel and anastomosing 
lines. 

Cypria exsculpta Fischer, furca. 


eS 


Puate LXIX. 


Fig. 1. Chlamydotheca azteca Saussure, lateral view. 
2. Chlamydotheca azteca Saussure, first foot, showing two setse on Its second 
segment. 
Chlamydotheca azteca Saussure, dorsal view. 
4. Chlamydotheca azteca Saussure, furca. 


Se 








oe ou 
ihe. be : 
i a a 
ro Heal 
‘ 2 , Ae 7 
d 
1. 
r Ry 
' 
— 
f z 
7 j 
+ 








PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXIV 


CHLAMYDOTHECA MEXICANA, NEW SPECIES. 


For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 1001. 











PL. LXV 


PROCEEDINGS VOL. XXVI 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 





aie ticle OE aii 





eee le i 


_ 


SMARAGDINA. 





FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE pace 1001. 








. 


ce i eT is ——————o———— 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI 


PL, LXVI 








6 


SPIROCYPRIS FASSAICA AND CYPRIS VIRENS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 1001 








LO a 
t ee ee —)h hel 


S. NATIONAL 





MUSEUM 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI 


CYPRIS PUBERA. 


F PLATE SEE PAGE 1001. 


FoR EXPLANATION O 


PL. LXVII 
















PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXVIII 


Cypris PELLUCIDA AND CYPRIA EXSCULPTA. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 1001. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——67 





’ 
ee 
i 
‘ 
- 
i 
! 
aks 








PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXIX 


| 
| 
| 
: 
| 








CHLAMYDOTHECA AZTECA. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 1001. 









pA REVIEW OF THE FISHES OF JAPAN BELONGING TO 


THE FAMILY OF HEXAGRAMMIDA. 


Y ‘ 
By Davin Starr Jorpan and Epwiyn Capi STARKS, 
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University. 


In this, paper is given a review of the fishes of the family of Hexa- 
grammide, Rock Trout or Greenlings, in Japanese Ainame, known to 
inhabit the waters of the Japanese Empire. It is based on material in 
the museum of Leland Stanford Junior University and in the United 
States National Museum. 


Family HEXAGRAMMID. 


Body elongate, covered with small scales, which are ctenoid or 
eycloid; head conical, scaly, the cranium without spinous ridges above; 
preopercle usually more or less armed, sometimes with entire edges; 
third suborbital developed as a bony stay articulating with the pre- 
opercle; acute teeth in the jaws, and usually on vomer or palatines; 
nostril single on each side, the posterior opening reduced to a minute 
pore; gills 4, a long slit behind the fourth; gill membranes separate 
or united, usually free from the isthmus; branchiostegals 6 or 7; 
pseudobranchix well developed. Dorsal fin continuous or divided, 
the anterior half of many slender spines; anal fin long, with or with- 
out spines: ventrals 1 to 5, inserted more or less behind the pectorals; 
pectorals broad, usually with procurrent base, the lower rays simple, 
more or less thickened; lateral line present, sometimes several series 
of pores developed; vertebree numerous; pyloric cxea, Carnivorous 
fishes, mostly of large size, living in kelp and about rocks in the North 
Pacific; some of them highly valued as food, 

a Dorsal fins contiguous or connected. 
b Anal fin very long, its rays 20 or more. 
c Anal fin without spines. 
d HexaGRamMinm: Gill membranes broadly united; mouth 
jaws with an outer series of stronger teeth, but no canines. 
e Lateral line single on each side. ..---.---------------++--++*/ 


ee Lateral lines 4 or more on each side. 
f Dorsal fin with the spines separated from the soit ra 


moderate, the 
{grammus, i 


vs by a deep notch. 
9 


Hi VAQTaAMLULOS, + 


PPoceepinas U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXVI—No. 1348. 


L003 


1004 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. | 


1. AGRAMMUS Gunther. 
Agrammus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish, 1860, I, p. 94 (agrammus = schlegeli). 


Head and body compressed, rather elongate. Scales small, ctenoid. 
Lateral line single. Bones of head not armed. Edge of preopercle 
entire. Dorsal continuous, elongate, with 17 or 18 spines and 21 or 
22 soft rays; a shallow notch between spinous and rayed portions. 
Ventral with 1 spine and 5 soft rays. Teeth small, on jaws and vomer, 
the outer row of teeth on jaws enlarged; palatines toothless. <A flap 
above orbit and one at nape. Branchiostegals 6. 

Japanese fishes, differing from /Zexagrammos mainly in the undi- 
vided lateral line. 

(a, without; yeas), line.) 


1. AGRAMMUS AGRAMMUS (Schlegel). 
KUJIME. 


Labrax agrammus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1843,¢ p. 56; Nagasaki. 

Agrammus agrammus JORDAN and Snyper, Check List., 1801, p. 101; Yokohama. 

Agrammus schlegeli GUNTHER, Cat. Fish, II, 1860, p. 94; Japan.—SrernpDACHNER 
and D6pERLEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 266; Tokvo.—IsHrkawa, Prel. 
Cat., 1897, p. 51; Tokyo. 

Head 4 in length without caudal; depth 33. Dorsal XVII or 
XVIII, 21 or 22; anal 19. Scales 86. Eye 5 in head; maxillary 34; 
interorbital 6. 

Maxillary reaching just past front of eye. Outer row of teeth 
enlarged in both jaws; vomer with rather coarse teeth; palatine tooth- 
less. A short fringed flap over eye and a shorter similar one at nape. 

Pectoral scarcely reaching to tips of ventrals; its posterior edge is 
broadly rounded; the seventh to tenth rays from the top the longest, 
1,4; in head. Ventrals reaching two-thirds the distance from their 
base to front of anal. Notch in dorsal not deep; the fifth spine 2 
in head; the last spine 44; the fourth soft ray equal in length to the 
fifth spine; the spines or rays not produced beyond the membrane. 
Tips of anal rays free; the length of the fourth ray equal to the seven- 
teenth ray, 23 in head. Caudal truncate or very slightly rounded. 

Scales strongly ctenoid on body and top of head, slightly rough on 
side of head behind eye, cycloid on cheek, opercle, breast, and in front 
of pectoral. Snout, maxillary, mandible, suborbitals, including stay, 
interopercle and branchiostegal region naked. There are 50 scales in 
an oblique series running upward and forward from front of anal to 
dorsal, 18 of these between lateral line and dorsal. Small scales on 
extreme base of spinous dorsal between spines, and on basal third of 
soft dorsal; basal third or fourth of pectoral and over half of caudal 
with scales; anal entirely naked. 


«The fourth decade of the Fauna Japonica, Poissons, was published in 1843. 


| 





0.1348. JAPANESE HEXAGRAMMID FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 1005 
— Paes “ sh fuln)), ») 








s 


| of dark brown not of the same shape on different examples, but placed 
“with some uniformity; the dark areas darker at edges; a dark bar 
between eyes followed by a light area; a dark spot at nape, bos 
with one at front of dorsal, at its lower edge inclosing a light spot in 
front of dorsal; a dark spot above pectoral and behind operele flap; a 
dark spot under anterior third of dorsal running up on dorsal; one 
under posterior fourth of spinous dorsal, much broken up and running 
irregularly across body, sometimes running into the one under anterior 
third of dorsal inclosing a spot of light color above, a spot under front 
of dorsal and one under middle, both usually joined below with a larger 
spot, which is continued down nearly to anal fin; another spot aioe 
posterior end of soft dorsal extending up on the fin and margined 
behind with light; a broken bar across caudal peduncle; caudal crossed 
with alternate bars of dark and light, the former the broader and about 
5 in number; sometimes many of the scales on lower part of sides have 
white spots on their center; dark bars radiating from eye, one to each 
end of maxillary, a couple downward and backward across cheek, the 
upper one being above suborbital stay, one straight backward, and 
one to nape; lower part of head sometimes with 4 or 5 light spots as 
large as pupil; anal obliquely crossed by alternate light and dark bars, 
very conspicuous in the young; these variable in number; the dark 
bars from 5 to 8; ventrals dusky; a dark spot at base of pectoral; the 
fin crossed by inconspicuous irregular bars. 

Specimens were taken in abundance at Tokyo, Aomori, and Hako- 
date. It is generally common throughout middle Japan, especially in 
bays of rocky bottom. It isa common species in the markets, although 
much less abundant than the ** fat greenling,” MHeragrammos otakii. 


x ae SEESh iat - E : = : 
Color in spirits: head and body brown, marbled with irregular spot 


2. HEXAGRAMMOS (Steller) Tilesius. 


Dodecagrammos STELLER, in Krascheninnikof, Reise in Kamchatka, 1750, p. 175 
(nonbinomial) . 

Hexagrammos, STELLER, manuscript. 

Hexagrammos TILESIUS, Act. Acad. Petrop., 11, 1809, p. 

Labrax (Steller MS.) Patvas, Mém. Acad. Petersb., 


90r 


335 (asper )- 
Le 1810, Dp: 882 (lago- 


cephalus). 

Lebius (Steller MS.) Pattas, Zoographia Rosso-Asiat., III, 1811, p. 279 (super- 
ciliosus). 

Chirus (Steller MS.) PALias, Zoographia Re gso-Asiat., III, 1811, p. 279 (super- 
ciliosus ). 


Chirus Cuvier, Régne Anim, 2d ed., II, 1829, p. 249 (superciliosus). 

Chiropsis GIRARD, U. 5. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, Fishes, 1858, p. 42 (constellatus). 

Octogrammus BLEEKER, Versl. Ak. Amat., VI, 1874, p. 1370 (octogrammus )- 

Grammatopleurus GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1861, p. 166 (lagocephalus). 

Acantholebius Grit, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phil., 1861, p. 166 (nebulosus; specimen 
with the soft dorsal injured, the number of spines apparently increased) . 

Body oblong, somewhat compressed. Head subconical, blunt in 


profile. Mouth rather small, horizoatal; jaws with bands of moderate 


1006 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. 





sized, conical teeth, the outer row enlarged; teeth on vomer, and 
usually but not always a small patch on the pslatines; preopercle 
unarmed; a fringed supraorbital cirrus, large or small; gill membranes 
broadly connected, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers short, tubercle- 
like. Scales small, mostly ctenoid, sometimes partly or wholly ey- 
cloid; head more or less scaly, without spines; nostril simple, round, 
with a pore behind it. Lateral lines usually 5 on each side. Dorsal | 
fin long, with a deep emargination between the spines and the soft 
rays; dorsal spines slender, 19 to 22 in number; anal fin elongate, 
with a single rudimentary spine; rays of pectorals and anal exserted 
and almost simple; pectoral rounded with broad, procurrent base, the 
rays thick; ventrals well developed, placed at a considerable distance 
behind the root of the pectorals; caudal subtruncate. Branchiostegals, 

6. Pyloric ceca numerous (about 13.) No air bladder. Species of 
rather large size and bright coloration; abundant in the North Pacific 
on both shores, extending southward from Bering Sea. 

(8S, six; ypappn, line.) 





a Cheeks not fully scaled, the suborbital stay at least naked; no occipital flaps. 
) Fourth lateral line not forked and not extending past tips of ventrals. 


ce Fifth lateral line joining median line on breast --.-.--.-.------------- otaku, 2. 
ce Fifth lateral line not joined to median line on breast ...-...-.------ aburaco, 3. 
bb Fourth lateral line forked in front of ventrals; the upper branch not extending 
to tips of ventrals; back with obscure dark-bands ......-.----- octogrammus, 4. 


bbb Fourth lateral line running to above middle of anal; elevated about five scales 
above fifth lateral line; back with dark spots and cloudings - ~.lagocephalus, 5. 


2. HEXAGRAMMOS OTAKII Jordan and Starks. 
ABURA AINAME (FAT GREENLING). 


Labrax hexagrammus Scuuncer, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1843, p. 53, pl. xxi, 
Nagasaki (not of Pallas). 

Chirus hecagrammus BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen. Japan, about 1867, p. 80.—Isxr- 
KAWA, Prel. Cat., 897, p. 51; Tokyo, Kii. 

Hexagrammus asper STEINDACHNER and D6DERLEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, 
p- 266; Tokyo (not of Pallas). 

Hexagrammos otakii Jorpan and Srarks, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1895, p. 800; 
Tokyo.—Jorpan and Gipert, Rept. Fur Seal Expl., II, 1898, p. 453; 


aes 


Tokyo.—JorpAN and EverMANN, Fish. N. M. Am., IT, 1898, p. 1867; Tokyo. 


Head 3% in length without caudal. Depth 44 to 44. Dorsal XIX 
or XX, 22; anal 21 to 23. Series of scales running downward and 
backward below third lateral line, 107 to 112. Eye 44 in head; max- 
illary 24 to 3; interorbital space (bone only) 64. 

Maxillary reaching past front of eye scarcely to front of pupil. 
Outer teeth enlarged and rather uneven on both jaws; palatines tooth- 
less; vomer with teeth similar to the smaller teeth on jaws; the band 
on premaxillaries wider in front than on front of mandible. A short 
fringed flap above eye, but little longer than diameter of pupil; a pair 


no. 1348. JAPANESE HEXAGRAMMID FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. LOOT 
— 7 n ‘ a i 





of small tentacles on nape. (We have one specimen out of 50 or 60 
without tentacles at nape. ) 

The notch between spines and rays of dorsals not deep; the last spine 
not longer than the one preceding it; the sixth spine 2} in head 
higher than the longest rays, which are 23 in head. Pectoral ateoake 
reaching to tips of ventrals, not nearly to vertical from vent; the sixth 
ray from the top the longest, 1 in head; 17 rays, divided toward ends 
only once. Fifth anal ray 5 in head. Ventrals rather long and 
pointed, reaching 2 or % of distance from their base to front ohana 
Caudal concave with fin closed. 

Scales everywhere except on head, nape and breast rather strongly 
etenoid; 62 scales in a series from front of anal to dorsal ina series 
running upward and forward, distributed as follows: 5 from front of 
anal to fifth lateral line; 35 to third; 14 to second; 5 to first; and 3 to 
dorsal. First lateral line running from front of dorsal or a little 
before it to a point varying from under anterior third of soft dorsal 
to posterior fourth. Second lateral line running from a little in front 
of dorsal to upper part of caudal base; third line from upper end of 
gill opening to middle of caudal base. Fourth line short, composed 
of very small pores, running from gill opening, nearly touching pec- 
toral base, to across base of ventral, not reaching to tip of ventral; 
often it does not extend anteriorly past ventral base. Median line on 
breast dividing under distal fourth of ventrals and running to lower 
part of caudal base; these two parts join median line at rather an 
obtuse angle; when they join ‘t anterior to distal third or fourth of 
ventrals they form an acute angle; their point of union Is never much 
- past middle of ventrals. Scales on top of head toa little in front of 
eyes. Cheeks closely scaled below suborbitals and preorbital; opercle 
completely scaled and a few scales on upper part of interopercle. 
Snout, maxillary, preorbital, suborbitals, including suborbital stay, 
mandible, the greater part of interopercle and branchiostegals all 
naked. 

Color in spirits light brown, lighter below, marked on back and 
sides with dark brown quadrate blotches; on back these are arranged 
as follows: One across interorbital space, one at nape, one under front 
of dorsal, two equally distributed under spinous dorsal, one under first 
soft rays, one under middle soft rays, one under last rays, one across 
caudal peduncle, and traces of one across base of caudal rays; dorsal 
mottled with dark brown; a darker spot on tips of last spines; pectoral 
crossed and mottled with bands of dark brown, & dark spot at base of 
rays; tips of anal rays white, a dark streak bordering fin inside of 
white border from which 7 or 8 bands cross rays obliquely to base ot 
fin, leaving white sntervals between them; many white spots often 
scattered irregularly over side. and a few larger ones On pectoral; 
ventrals dusky. 





1008 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE 





Here described from the 4+ typical specimens, the longest 23 em. in 


length. 

Many specimens were taken by Jordan and Snyder at Tokyo, Aomori, 
Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hakodate, Kobe, and Tsuruga. It is abundant 
throughout Japan, but is uot known to the northward of Hakodate. 
(Named for Keinosuke Otaki.) 


3. HEXAGRAMMOS ABURACO Jordan and Starks, new species. 
ABURAKO (FAT THING). 


Head 34in length without caudal; depth 44. Dorsal XTX, 22; anal 
21. Scales below lateral line 110 to 120. Eye 49 in head; maxillary 
2°: interorbital width (bone only) 64. 

Maxillary reaching to front of pupil. Outer teeth enlarged in both 
jaws; vomer with teeth; palatines toothless. A short flap above eye, 
fringed at the edge; its length is scarcely equal to diameter of pupil; 
a pair of very small tentacles at nape. 





ea, a ——— 





Fie. 1.—HEXAGRAMMOS ABURACU. 


Notch between dorsals shallow, the last spine not longer than the 
one preceding it; the sixth spine 2? in head; the last 4. Third dorsal 
ray 3 in head; tips of last dorsal rays on the same vertical with tips 
of last anal rays; origin of anal midway between tip of snout and tips 
of median caudal rays. Pectoral not quite reaching to tips of ven- 
trals; it has 18 rays, their tips not much branched; the seventh ray 
from the top the longest, 12 in head. Ventrals reaching five-eighths 
of distance from their base to front of anal. Caudal concave when fin 
is closed. In life sometimes bright rusty red with pearly spots; fins 
rusty red, the lower dusky purplish, the red often replaced by dull 
ereen. 

Scales everywhere strongly ctenoid, except on head, breast, and in 
front of pectoral. Top of head to front of eyes, cheeks below and 
above suborbital stay, and opercle, with fine cycloid scales. Snout, 
maxillary, preorbital, suborbitals, including suborbital stay, mandible, 
interopercle, and branchiostegals naked. Scales on base of pectoral 


ae 





No. 1348. JAPANHSE HEXAGRAMMID FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 1009 


and caudal; and on membrane between soft dorsal rays; other fins 
scaleless. From front of anal to dorsal in a series running upward 
and forward there are 67 scales, distributed as follows: 6 ela from 
first anal ray to fifth lateral line; 41 to third line: 12 to second line: 
5 to first line; and 3 to dorsal. First lateral line running from front 
of spinous dorsal to under middle of soft dorsal; the second from 
slightly in front of spinous dorsal to upper edge of caudal; the third 
from upper end of gill opening to middle of caudal; the fourth very 
short, not extending past ventral tips; the fifth beginning a short dis- 
tance behind ventral base and running to lower edge of caudal; it does 
not join its fellow of the opposite side, nor does it join the median 
line of the breast: the median line starts a short distance in front of 
ventrals and running between them reaches nearly to their tips. 

Color in spirits: Brown on sides and back, becoming lighter below; 
no definite markings on body; one or two specimens show traces of 
dark blotches on sides; dorsal irregularly mottled with dusky; anal 
sometimes obliquely crossed with 7 or 8 dusky bars; sometimes uni- 
formly dark slate color, the tips of the rays white; pectoral with faint, 
dusky bars following the contour of the posterior edge of the fin; 
ventrals dusky. In life sometimes bright rusty red with pearly spots: 
fins rusty red, the lower dusky purplish, the red often replaced by 
dull green. 

This species differs from Hexagranmos otakii chiefly in not having 
the fifth lateral lines connected with each other, nor with the median 
line on breast. 

The type is from Tokyo, and is 225 millimeters in length. One 
cotype from Nagasaki, and two from Hakodate. 

The type is numbered 7374, Ichthyological Collections, Leland 
Stanford Junior University Museum. Cotypes are in the U. S. Nat. 
Mus. 


(Name from the vernacular, Aburako: fat thing.) 


4. HEXAGRAMMOS OCTOGRAMMUS (Pallas). 


Labrax octogrammus PALLAS, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 111, 1811, p. 283; Kamchatka, 
Petropaulski and Avatcha Bay. (Coll. Merk. ) 

Chirus ordinatus Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1873, p. 28; Unalaska. 
(Coll. Prof. Geo. Davidson. ) 

Hexagrammus ordinatus JorpaNn and GitBert, Synopsis, 1883, p. 642. 

Octogrammus pallasi BLEEKER, Versl. Ak. Amst., VI, 1874, p. 1370; after Pallas. 

Chirus octogrammus GUNTHER, Cat. TH, 1860, p. 92. 

Hexagrammus octogrammus JorpAN and EVERMANN, Fish. N. M. Am., I, 
1869; Unalaska, Petropaulski, Robben, Iturup Island.—JoRDAN and GILBERT, 
Rept. U. 8. Fur Seal Comm., III, 1898, p. 449, pl. 1; same localities. 


L898, p. 


Head 3 in length without caudal; depth 34. Dorsal XTX, 24 anal 
95. Scales below lateral line 86 to 95. Hye 54 in head: maxillary 3; 
interorbital (bone only) 73. 


1010 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 


Maxillary reaching to below front of pupil. Outer row of teeth 
enlarged on both jaws; the bands of about equal width on both Jaws, 
much wider in front than on sides; a small patch of teeth on middle of 
vomer; palatines toothless. A short fringed flap above eye, its length 
one-half to three-fourths the diameter of eye; no tentacles at nape. 

The notch between spinous and soft portions of dorsals of mode rate 
depth; the tips of spines and rays scarcely produced above membrane: 
the last spine not lengthened beyond the one preceding it; the sixth 
spine 2} in head, equal to the tenth or eleventh spine; the sixth ray 
2; in head. Pectorals usually reaching just past tips of ventrals, but 
not nearly to the vertical from vent; its posterior edge broadly rounded; 
19 rays, not much branched; the seventh to the tenth rays the longest, 
1; in head. Anal rays free from membrane at their tips; the fifth ray 
3 in head. Ventrals rather long and pointed; their posterior fifth 





















~ i — i} PAS PY Mo 
Lines = LPI) >) 
p50 IPN 2 
Fas TPIS) hy 
Sy 
s) 


) y 
ee V1) PDS 
So 
= 5): 


- ? 
Z DOIN 
—— \N SY 
SS S 


Wie 5543333 BAAN 
AHURA 
(MS? 






















3993333 33334;40 068+ 









Fig. 2.— HEX AGRAMMOS OCTOGRAMMUS, 


extending past‘the median point between their base and front of anal. 
Caudal short and broad and very bluntly rounded. 

Scales on top of head and on body, except on breast and in front of 
pectorals, ctenoid; scales on sides of head smooth, slightly imbedded, 
and not imbricated; scales present at base of soft dorsal, on membrane 
between rays; and on base of caudal and pectoral, covering the basal 
half of the former, the basal third of the latter. Snout, maxillar ie 
preorbital, suborbitals, including suborbital stay, mandible, inter- 
opercle and branchiostegal regions without scales. A series of scales 
from front of anal running obliquely upward and forward to dorsal 
number 47, distributed as follows: 4 from front of anal to fifth lateral 
line, 28 to third lateral line, 7 to second lateral line, 4 to first lateral 
line, and 4 to dorsal. First lateral line united to its fellow of the Op- 
posite side at posterior end of cranium and running to under middle 
of soft dorsal; second line beginning a little behind origin of first and 
running to upper edge of caudal; the third line as usual from upper 
part of gill opening to middle of caudal; the fourth forked in front of 


a ere 


| 


~ 


' 





no.1348. JAPANESE HEXAGRAMMID FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 1011 


ventrals, the lower part running to base of ventrals, the wpper not 
reaching to tips of ventrals; the median line on breast forked in front 
of anterior half of ventrals, and running to lower edge of caudal, or 


- sometimes stopping over posterior ead of anal. 


Uniform dark brown color on back, lighter below; a dark streak 
along upper edge of suborbital stay, one from eye to tip of snout, dite 
from eye to end of maxillary, one from eye to nape; these only eyi- 
dent in the small examples; a dark, humeral spot; anal uniformly 
dusky, the tips of the rays white, or in the young crossed by 7 or 8 
black bars. 

Three large specimens from Hakodate, and numerous small ones 
from Hakodate and Mororan. This species is abundant from Hok- 
kaido, through the Kurile Islands (Robben Island, Iturup Island) 
and the Aleutian Islands to Petropaulski and Unalaska. 

(OKTO, eight; y pap, line. ) 


5. HEXAGRAMMOS LAGOCEPHALUS (Pallas). 


Labrax lagocephalus Pauuas, Mém. Ac. St. Petersb., II, 1810, p. 384; Kuril Islands. 

Yrammotopleurus lagocephalus JORDAN and EvrerMANN, Check-List Fishes, 1896, 
p- 435. 

Hexagrammus decagrammus BEAN and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, p. 385, 
specimens from Petropaulski; not of Pallas. 

‘Hexagrammos lagocephalus JORDAN and Grpert, Fishes of Bering Sea, in Rept. 
U.S. Fur Seal Investigations, 1898, p. 450.—JorDAN and EverMann, Fish 
BN” MeAna., 10; 1898, p. 1873; Robben I., Bering I., Iturup I. 


Head 32 to 4 in length; depth 3% to 35; eye small, about 54 in head. 
D. XX to XXIII, 22 to 24; A. 22 to 24; P. 20 to 21. Outer row of 
teeth enlarged in both upper and lower jaws. Teeth on vomer and 
front of palatines. Maxillary extending to below middle of eye in 
adults, 24 in head (24 in young). A small flap above eye, fringed 
along the margin; no tentacles on nape. Fins high, the spinous dor- 
sal deeply notched, the last spine somewhat longer than the one pre- 
ceding; in the adult the fifth spine is the longest, nearly + length of 
head, the third and fourth spines nearly equal to the fifth: from the 
fifth the spines gradually diminish in height to near the end of the fin, 
when they become rapidly shortened to form the notch. Caudal very 
broad at base, convex at its posterior margin, even when the fin is 
closed; pectorals broadly rounded, rather short, the longest rays 1} to 
14 in head, not nearly reaching vertical from vent; ventral fins 1} to 
2 in head, short and rounded in the young, becoming longer and more 
pointed in adults; pectoral and ventral rays very broad, especially 
toward their tips, and much branched; soft rays of dorsal and anal 
fins cleft on terminal fifth, as in other species, the two halves not 
diverging; 5 lateral lines on each side as usual, 2 dorsal, a median, and 
9 ventral; upper dorsal line continued to b 
dorsal fin, usually ending under the fourteenth or sixteenth ray; lower 


eyond middle of second 


1012 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV. 


dorsal line and the median line extended to ‘base of caudal; uppe 

ventral line originating below and in front of the pectoral fin, passing 
immediately above base of ventral, to which it does not fom a sepa- 
rate branch, and terminating opposite middle of anal fin; lower ventral. 
line single on breast, forking in advance of middle of Sentral fins, the > 
branches passing to base of caudal. In the young the scales are all | 
ctenoid, except those in mid-ventral region, breast, prepectoral area, 
and sides of head all becoming smooth in adult; snout, subocular ring, 
suborbital stay, interopercle, and usually the lowermost portion of 
subopercle, scaleless; basal half or more of caudal and basal third of 
soft dorsal with the membranes densely scaled; pectoral basis also 
densely scaled; scales on breast not greatly reduced, more than half 
as large as those on middle of sides; median lateral line with 110 pores; 
S or 9 scales in an oblique series between median line and the one 
above it. Color in most of our specimens a nearly uniform warm 
brown, lighter on under parts, marked only with irregular small black 









e 4 Pies 45334 5 ve 
Cy Sh hy aa {Wi 
v ); 3 a Mena eh Use 
3 Sa os 0) ae 
— a me a ae os a ee 
t tik) :. 39 Dy rh 
a oS BY ae ee ay 


5 
ae 





Fic, 3.—HEXAGRAMMOS LAGOCEPHALUS, 


spots and lines, wnich may extend on the dorsal and pectoral fins; anal 
and ventrals black, the thickened tips of the rays in these and the 
pectoral fins often white; a large blackish humeral spot in young 
specimens, often disappearing in adults. One specimen (Iturup Island) 
has the upper parts, including dorsal and caudal fins, bright reddish, 
with some dusky blotches and cloudings, the humeral spot conspicuous. 

West shore of Bering Sea; not known from Hokkaido nor from 
Alaska. We have numerous specimens from Robben Island, one spec- 
imen each from Bering and Iturup, islands. Young specimens up to 
20 cm. in length have the scales all rough ctenoid as in ZZ. stellerd and 
/1. octogrammus. Specimens 30 em. fone have most of the scales 
smooth, a few along middle of sides still etenoid. In an adult 54 em. 
long all the scales are smooth, those on head and nape partially imbed- 
ded. In shape and general appearance this species very much resem- 
bles 7. octogrammus. It has a deep caudal peduncle, a convexly 
rounded caudal fin, and a rather bluntly rounded snout. 

(Aay os, hare; Kédakn, head. ) 







ee : he “s oi a 


iE MEN GRAMMID FISHES— JORDAN AND STARKS. 1013 








SUMMARY. 


Family HexaGRAMMiIp%. 






aes 1. Agrammus Ginther. 
cblegel) ‘Tokyo, Aomori, Hakodate. 
2. ie ( Cee Tilesius. 


) Paaition to the species here enumerated, Dr. Peter J. Schmidt records 
a mer du Japon, ete., 1903, p. 15) Plewrogrammus monoplerygius (Pallas), 
- Vladivostok. This ehouid be added to the known fauna of the Japan 








NOTE ON THE FISH GENERA NAMED MACRODON. 


By THEoporE GILL, 


Honorary Associate in Zoology. 


Having had occasion recently to consider a question relative to the 
Scieenids, I found that Drs. Jordan and Evermann had adopted the 
name Sagenichthys of Berg (1895) for the genus called Ancylodon by 
Cuvier (1817). No new name was necessary, however, as one had 
been given long before as a substitute. The facts should be made 
known now in order to avoid the continuance of improper usage. 


1G 


Ancylodon was used by Cuvier (1817) for a genus of Scienoid fishes 
and was generally adopted for that genus till 1595. It had, however, 
been used previously (1811) by Illiger for a genus of Ziphioid ceta- 
ceans. This was known to Dr. H. R. Schinz, the translator of the 
first edition of Cuvier’s Régne Animal, and in his work (Das Thier- 
reich) published in 1822 he substituted (II, 482) the name ** Die Gross- 
zihne, Macrodon,” for ** Ancyclodon, Cuv.” or ‘Aneylodon,” and in a 
footnote (II, 483) indicated ** Das Wort Ancylodon, Hackenzahn, kann 
deswegen nicht gebraucht werden, weil eine Wallfischart so genannt 
wird. Es gehort dahin: Lonchurus ancylodon, Schneid.” 

This is in every respect perfectly regular, but the fact has been 
universally overlooked. 


LI: 


Macrodon was used by Johannes Miiller in 1842, in the Archiv fiir 
Anatomie, Physiologie [ete.], p- 308, for a genus of the family of 
Erythrinids (by him associated with his family of Characins) and has 
been universally retained for it ever since. The previous use of the 
name by Schinz (in 1822), however, renders it untenable for a later 
genus, and the one designated by Miller may receive the new name 


PRocEEDINGS U.S NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. 1349. 
1015 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi-—02——68 


1016 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 





Hoptias, with the Macrodon taretra or trahira of Miiller as its type. 
The species will therefore be called /oplias tareira by those who object 
to erroneous names and //oplias malabaricus by those who insist on 
retaining the first given name, however erroneous it may be- 

The name //op/ias is derived from the Greek Ozhov, Oza, armor, 
with the suffix -zas and allusion is made to the defensive armature in 
the way of the cranial shield-like surface as well as the offensive teeth. 
An analogous classical name is A7Zphias. 

This name //oplias is given with full knowledge of the name L/oplia 
of Illiger. The two names are quite distinct. 


al 


TEND OX 








Page. 
Abbott, on the Coastand Islands of north- 
west Sumatra, Birds collected by Dr. 
W. L., by Charles W. Richmond ....--- 485 
Abbott, on the Coast and Islands of north- 
west Sumatra, Mammals collected by 
Dr. W. L., by Gerrit S. Miller, jr..--.--- 437 
Aipbottimea s---->-------------------------- 812, 835 
psegma, new species .....----- 835, 861 
NCS Pee eeesee aaa == = nies = 208 
Aipramnise = ses ---=----------=------------"- 813 
Acantha lectularia .....--------------+---- 779 
Acanthias acanthias ....----------------- 629 
plaimvillei..........----------- 626 
uyatuSs......------------------ 630 
WIPaTIS .-.--0---------. --=---- 630 
Acanthidium pusillum....-.---.---------- 633 
Acanthocepola ....-----------------+-+---- 699, 700 
krusensterni......-------- 700,701 | 
ina Hb sen ae = 701, 702 
mesoprion.....----------- 702 
Acanthoeypris .---------------------- 972, 983, 990 
Acantholebius nebulosus. ..-------------- 1005 
Acanthopore ..-----------------+++------> 569 
Acanthoptergii-... .-----------+--------- 57 
Acanthopteri.-...---------------++++------ 1 
Acanthopus. ..---------------++----++------ 998 
Acanthorhinus acanthias. ..---.---------- 629 
americanus.--.-.=-------- 637 
Acanthothrips.-.--------------------- 188, 196, 198 
magnafemoralis, new spe- 
CleSee eee aesase a= 22 - = 199, 240 
Acanthropsis teenia...--- ie ob lnoeteeceroa 770 
Acanthurus...-------- ers Mee eens te se iaicie tin 959 
argenteus ...----------------- 695 
Accipiter virgatus ...--------------------- 491 
Acentrachme.....------+--------+------"" 
PNCOriNidesee ese sss sea2-2-2-- ees s- ===" 967 
Acervularia ineequalis. ..----------------- 417 | 
Acheilognathus ....-------------- 812, 815, 817, 822 
eyanostigma, new species 817, 
820, 861 
intermedium ...--.------ 818 
intermedius ...---------- 819 
lanceolata ..--------- 817, 819, 861 
Janeeolatum...---------- 819 
jamabatgesser sseee == 817, 818, 861 
jimbatus:-.-------------= $18 
melanogaster. ----------- 817,819 
rhombeus ..-.----------- $15 
Achillea millefolium ....---------------*- 189 
Achilognathus rhombeus ..-------------- S15 
steenackeri ...0---------- 815 
PcIVGHSCUsseee ta see === --------= 2-222 o- 960 | 
- Acipemses..-.-- Ge HouRnee be deacee's - Saeieaiats 960 | 





Page. 

A COC YPLISH ae Sosevesa nae ee enna weet ese 984 
ACTIGTI Gy: Se Soe eee oe ae cain eee ie 780 
ACTIGTN Si soos ced ese cen boa es ieee 795 
Acridium alutacead .-2.-- 5+ sancet eon me 796 
Gifferentiglige. - <oo--et << cecan we 800 

FOULUIE-CU LUM sos eeo ne enone 801 
SHOSHONE! Jan... © cae deen aaa aes 796 
tubercwlatum...-. 2-22... .....- 787 
Acrolophitus hirtipes.......-..--.-------- 781 
Acrydium viridifasciatum. .....----.----- 786 
Actitis hypoleucos. ...--...-.------------- AS7 
INGUS 5 eo alaciio ele ee cl sas eae nn alee ene ae 951 
AGaIMSI ss ccosecm mecca esse anncinn == anew 28 
JEgipan phalangium .......-..----------- 804 
7Eoliscus, new genus .......-.------------ 71,73 
punctulatus........--.--------- 71 
strigatus /...-...2..--ss-------- Tieie 
7@oloplus...-.---------+-+--2222- ese setsee ee 776 
chenopodii...-....------------- 777, 797 
plagosus ......------------+----- 778, 797 
TOPMLIS cose «nesses er eee eae e 798 
CUT DUllic= sceeesso ss aa ee 798 
Kolothripide ...-.-.------------++--- 124, 126, 237 
HMBolothrips ...-----------------+--+----°*°> 127 
bicolor, new species ..------- 127, 
130, 132, 236, 237, 242 
fasciata .....-- --<0-------=«- 127,128 
fasciatus.-..----- 127, 132, 236, 241, 242 
PROTA. ocoe ee ee ee ein awe ee anne 346 
cretacead ....---=------5sss cere stn” 346 
Mischna «....----------=-9---"" 732, 734, 735, 736, 737 
brevistyla ...-------------+++*+-- 735 
californica. -....-------------- 736, 737, 763 
CYANCR .-.-----~2-=-- = 228 = omen aoe 704 
flindersiensis. ------------------- 761 
hageni ..----------------29+7-**" 761 
iNGeMS. -.---+---+-=--2502 207-777 736, 763 
ME6tiS. fo pees oa a eee 761 
perampla...-------------+--2777" 761 
separata...------------es220850o 761 
SOLIGS = iow wee clove nsiewe oneseenn= 761 
MEschnids®.-=-+---=--<=-95- = 20s ose se 732, 750 
Fischnidiine...-.-----2-+--2220050°752>" 750 
#Eschnidium .....------+-+-2+-+207577" 711, 725, 782 
Mschnine. ++. ---22--2- 252-22 750 
Zschnophlebia ..-----------+-27777777777 736 
anisoptera ...------------ 762 
JEthopyga siparaja....---------+2-+-77>>- 520 
Ageneotettix scudderi . ...----------+***" 785 
AgrammUus ...---<--.--2-s=A2rsseen tnt 1008, L004 
agrammus...---+-+---+7-7"* 1004, 1018 
schlegeli....-------++++-++7°*" LOO 
Agriocnemis pulverulans ..------++++***> La 
Agriogomphus -.-----+-+-++=7775777 718, 738 


1017 


1018 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
Agprion 2. ..icccssecttoecm ene wemeee esteem 720;/730):| Am phitoe\aztecsi..--sacease seen eee 929 
Agprionide 2 = 22 ccc -sccnesssceeseeeeseeeee 748,750) ||| Amphitornus*bicolorss-u--- sees eceae eee 781 
APTIONING: -<-cenccsceeeeesoeet ee enieas 7495/50) | “Amphitrite gladiator sscssee sss ones aee 26 
Agrionopteral ce. -oncs-e serene 719, 721, 741 MCC aes ance siete (aye eae ee 26 
iNSiONIS: -oe-eeeeceedere eee 768;)| “Amyantise:ccscer cece eee ee ae eee 352 
AgTiQpOMAs--o2-+ ese ones eee eee sae 337,338,000") Amy ed ala oasscesneen essere ean eae 364 
AGTODSaIIS CLIN eee eee eee eee eee 518))|| Amyedalum) 22) eass-ee eee eee eee 364 
Agropyrum caninum ..-.-.2-.----------<- 162.) ‘Anableps'20-oesmcecwea seat aee see 961 
ARTOSUS SDB yeaa se eee eee eeeeeeee 162%) Anabrus\coloradus 22 s2ee-ss-2—4 =e 806 
CANING: 3. -f ascetic ee renee stae 162 DUT DUTASCelsieee- esos eee ase 807 
stolonifera.<cssst-cs-ensceeeeeee 162) || Anacanthuslorbiculanist:---—---e esses ees 658 
VU arise o.2 ese esie see sesso se 162) Anaitis: 27s322e5 ose ere Tere re ane ee 356, 358 
Ablia*esmontis' se. Senos e eee eee 963 papas ss Ma eee eee eee eee 398 
Alaskan Corymorpha-like Hydroid, by Anaphothrips oss eee cote cere seeseee ae 133, 160 
Samuel Fessenden Clarke .......----..- 958 Stristac esse ceo eee ae 161 
Alpunea es ee ete eee Ee eee eee 889, 890, 894. SULAbUS |= tes eee eas 107,111, 
scutellata, 2 exact aanaceeeee ee 894 112, 115, 118, 119, 120, 132, 
Alcedinidee 222055265 haces sete sees 498 160, 161, 238, 239, 241, 242 
Alcedo bengalensis........:..-..--------< 499. |) Anarrchichass:=.senacasseecneeeecceeenes 960 
ChiOrisie she cue eee ee eee 500=\| -Anarrhichas. co: =e. ose cesaece cee t ee eeene 960 
COromand ds; == =525-2t- ce eeceae eee 500! | Anatyaic occa. secs ence cesee eee see peat eEeer 718,719 
Isplda DensRlensiSseeee eee eects 499") -Aneiby pay outteter ee pienteere eine ee eee ate 763 
Meninting 4-2 Ase eee eee AOS | UAC Rey a erertere eit 714, 722, 727, 734, 735, 736, 737, 752, 761 
Pileata.2 2 4252 [se ecice o-ieeteseces 500 JUDIUS 2 5c eet 710, 728, 735, 737, 762, 763 
Al Cippe serra tas a hose ess eee 508) | “Aneylodom Sie e eres ace see saseee eee aes 1015 
cinerea ie. oe4 ee eee eee eee 508) Amisomorphars. =e aeliseene econ eect 863, 880 
MASTINOSUMIS ene eee eee eee eee 508 bulprestoides 2 --s-se-4- 880, 882, 885 
PeCtoralasy: Mose ees esse eee arene 511 Terrueinea secs. ieee 880, 882, 885 
AICULOdES BOSSY Pees - 2c seein ieee 118 || -Anisomorphines -o- = -ssoeeeee serene seas 865, 880 
Allorchestes knickerbockeri...........--- 930'4|' Amisopleuray 3-2 3242-2 eae oe eae eee nee 717, 744 
AIOPCCIAS =~ see reae ae eee se eee eee G19" |) Amisopterd (788s eee ceases 717, 750 
Vall POS isi cies ol amrciso es dacioenee 619) (AmisOpusipunctatars- ses seas eee eee 2° 
AIOPIAS Sacco ee sees ee eee eee 619'|) ‘Anomailaprioneeee= ese ee eee eee 736 
MABCTOUTUS eee oetace einen 619s PAnomeallocardiaeeras=— = ieee 338, 359, 375, 394 
VULPES) arsnielevs 55 emcees aclneceee 619, 672 prasilianaeesc.2 = eeeeeees 375 
AL ODT Shee ocean eee aes 598, 619, 672 CUNEIMERISeaec eee 376 
ANOSR ioe aes Ba hoes oem ee auean meats 961, 962 leptales sats a22see eee 376 
Aliph eldest eeiasc acces cote ecinas ae er eee 43 membranuilass==s5-ssee2 376 
Alpheus breyicristatus ..........-.------- 43 puellasststs sseesce eee 376 
PrevAroOstris = easee ee cee ee ee 43 subimbricata ....... See 396 
Gigitalis, se oen 5 Sossceeeeaee oe eee 43 SUDTUS OSS te saeee ones 396 
MAlAHAMICUSs es -2 ae ee eee 43° ||| Anomalodiscusseessse-e- neo-con eee eeeere 359 
Rua Ree eles wSeieeuiega ce entieseate 43 -<AMOmMUDra:. 8225525520 seseeee saee coe eens 31 
AUTH Cae os sabe hc ceictceen enemies eee 150 Ano pliakniclentae asses eee tee aes see 422 
IIIT CLA sa Soosesine cee cee ae an eee 967 9|" Amoplonotus politus=2-so- ---es-s eee eeee= 324 
PAULA TINTS talpar ct sapere tare ottobre ae eee 173) Anmoplotheca concava :2224-64--e-eeeeee ee 422 
Amaurornis phoenicurus ........-.......- 488 flabellites = 2. s2ssi225 226 se 422 
Amblycorypha huasteca.............--.-- 805) || pAmMormostigmaltinit: aeeesseeseseeeean sees 748 
Uhleniasso seca ee soe e eee 805) || *Amorrhinus|galeritsessessssee sees eee 501 
American Species, Synopsis of the Family Anousicinereus:. © <2 = 5.952eee eee eee eee ee 559 
Astartide, with a Review of the, by Anthothrips'et 2. 225.24. S2ae eae eeete ee eee 188 
William: “Healey. Dalllesscnceacess sss se 933 Niger eee eee 188, 239, 240 
INN Beare sea tons ssoe ceo oe Sea ace core eee 959 Nig Tass oo Ae eee 188 
IANTOINTIUIS he ao seas ce lene ee eee occas oe 338, 352 Velpasclteee-eeee 188, 189, 240, 241, 242 
Callosas-5.[ass-s eee eee eke 387,395 | Anthracoceros convexa .....------------- 900 
UTP Uae ene eaee see eee 370) | “Anthreptes!flavirasten: see. oe=eee seen eer 519 
AIMIMACY LCS) oo fe eel ee eR en oe ae 960 . mala censiguiate see eee 520 
ATTLIB OGY VCS iodo on Sasa see ee 960 MOGesta is shee See eee 519 
AMM OOV DGS ose eet ee ee ee 693: || Anti gona s 22.3 Bee: ease ee Saeeeee 355, 356 
AIP OIG DTS tira b cee eee eee 9705972) 985) |ieAuahig oniayeyese sean ene eee 919 
Amphipoda from Costa Rica, by Rey. rubescens) £5222 2ee eee 919 
Mhomas RW Stepping ..-425.200cs- cee 925 + ‘Anti pOnus ath 6.052 sens eee eer ee a= eee 355 
Amphipteryx agrioides.................-- 764 | Anuropsis malaccensis ....-- aE ae 507 
Anmipnintlests scans cocoate as seca ee ee Tl, | A@dom 232 2 5528 ae ee en 665 
MEeiINMCHis se pee oe ee ee 71 | massage: {22 so 36 oe as eee ee 665 
BULIG M aes Meese te oe te soos 71. |, AonysCin eréa/ = Saee a4- an eee erate 471, 482 
AST DI ce eee el eee eee $46 | Aphredoderus=-.22--5seeee toe eee eee 1,2 





nadie iti Metin 






r 


Page. 
> Aphrodima ..-----.-----------..-.--.----- 35) 
Aphylla ....-.---------------------------- 737 
MO nce lester erie n/c Ss = 762 
> Apterurus edentulus ................----- 669 
PAROOIMEE ae saeco eee cee 665 
Aptinothrips --..------.---.---------- 90, 133, 166 
UC aio )- x's =e Seccces 166 
MANOS esis se = =) 111, 124, 166, 167, 239 
var. connatticornis... 90,166, 
167, 239 
. Bivabolet), eS boceeeeeseneeroee 166 
Arachnechthra brasiliana.......------.-- 520 
Arachnothera chrysogenys. -.------------ 519 
Fi ethyl SUS UNA yas aye am tm elas =- = 519 
HOMPAROSUEIS|= => -\-)-/2 2)-1== ~~ 519 
TWO OCS Lae ta taiai ois = alan l~ n= 519 
Ptr ele fees a nies ln a ninies ees 173 
Areania septemspinosa -....-.------------ 30 
undecimspinosa ....--..--------- 30 
PARES TO Siee esas aoe ee wcicinieisi-e's sie asin = 727 
MANN Siete ele l=l= <== imi nim \-)m == 764 
TAOS erie ee ace == tin inininie nis cto wie oe 346 
Ae CMe eames es = eiecno ose sene === = 346 
AT CHIMMUIS RUGS see Sere or -mimn-i-im-ne = s 949 
WArded PacGMuUsi ose. c----s2----7--+-----=- 488 
PALA EMA ep eee en relsreinsis i= = i=in =o 488 
GAVEL Ce = = mio wraim = <lnie minim = = == 488 
Ree CNL aoc ie lclara/ntnn winnie = = lemme 488 
SMIMAtIAM A= -25-25---- 22 =~ === 488 
PAS IG eee aia sc c= 2 =~ == 488 
Pte) eee eee aac nine aie einen 488 
Arenaria interpres ..-.-------------------- 487 
Aretha phalangium...-...-------------- 804 
BAW En eee ee seca nie = mins nes elec 710, 727 
fUMUpPEeMOISs----2-------2----2~---=- 764 
iii eee Se ae 900 
Ariodes arenarius. .....------------------- 901 
INNIS eta estes tans sasoesccece nes 901 
ANE GUS. ae s2.--------2--=-------= 902 
SIA) 6 co geen eset ease Soe eeaeeeod 901, 902 
chondropterygioides. --.----------- 902 
gagorides ..... ..----------+----+++° 902 
grandicassis. .....------------+----- 901 
ele eee eee om <ieie =|-1-'= =i5)m ie = 902 
ATCase eee oe iis - == w= 902 
RCMPICUIS PRES eee =o See ecsaiste aie 902 
Arizona and Texas, with Descriptions of 
four new Species, Notes on Orthoptera 
from Colorado, New Mexico, by Andrew 
Nelson Caudell ....-..--.--------------- 775 
Arphia arcta......---------------++--+2-°° 785 
amipid alee eee aee 22 -="-----==- 786 
GeO Ame seeccane cesecmccsen- == >= 586 
OVAWCeDSies se - == =-=--- +2222" °- "= 786 
pseudonietana....----.----------- 786 
sanguinaria ...--.---------------- 786 
tepotutales-.----------=---------"- 785, 786 
Arrhenatherum ayenaceull...----------- 162 
Arrows sath ee. =.c2---2--=--029- =e 66 
RTE TT Serer ee nee icess-nc=--ieeene nes 346, 367 
Bye ee cia niomcisin'sm isin = 347 
ilunulata.-.-.------------------ 347 
StS eee ce sense es == 384 
gigantea_...-..------------------ 384 
kroyeri .-----------------------7" 383 
macilenta ....-----=---+-----29--*- 391 
384 


ponderosa 


INDEX. 








1019 





Page, 

Artemis tenuis .. 979 x 
EE Ae ens ey erie ey 373, 391 
CUPP dae Sot ce SSa e ees 391 
PATTON BN sci ce cate eae et oe ae melee eae te 356 
MTtGNi9 2 acoso Or ee ee a 856 
ATtHEMISa = eee a ee ee 846 
DATASONICHE se ee ete ieee ee 366 
SACCOWS2 ot Ee ee ate cp De 391 
Arthrophycus/harlanis.c: cue. se seee eee 115, 424 
AT UM cee anc oon ee sore os ae ae eee es 173 
IASG Sania aploceinlct eine Semin ies eee 346 
Ashtarothiackss sc oso os antenae ae aeeenee aeee 936 
ASPIGIOUIS MULAN sone sence a wee eee 175 
ASpidiliIM aes. see ee ess beeen nan sore eee 170 
ASS Sr OFes. Be er whe cpatateveietal ares ate claiaretece ieee 346 
AStacusiDaIMHICUS seessace. eneee ee ones 306 
SINIPOSUS! os. ches soe es oe eee 303 
Aistarte 2ee nap teen owes 934, 935, 936, 938, 943, 949 
acuticostatacsa.ces see os eceemes 941 
alaskensis, new species. ....-.. 944, 946, 951 
DICH CA Se asett eae ee: Berens 940, 944 
PANS ee eee no mae toeione 942, 943 
bennettii, new species.... 945, 946, 948, 951 
Di partie essere eae ces eeaae eee 936, 950 
bOrealis\sscs- cece oso se 937, 940, 941, 944, 947 
callighvpte:<c2.. cos. ees see aaa 936 
Calis ONnsticee cees ee ete eee emt 950 
GAStANCR 2c euecc es seek 937, 938, 943, 950 
VEU TELE tla eet site aren tee ae 941 
COMPRCLAle sc eee ene eceemen eae 944, 951 
COMPIeSSiss = oo = oe ono 935, 942, 943, 944, 950 
VAT? SULIRta)=2---- J-=- == 942, 947 
COLTUGRA =o ~e ne ee eee enn 941, 944 
CTASsi ens) - cn cee 2. .se nee eee ee 949, 950 
Grebricostatae.2-) ses > eee ee 939, 950 
CTEM Ease he eke a noe teas 37, 939 
eyprinoides 941 
depressa...-..--.----------------- 941 
digitaria........-.-.-------------- 950 
elliptica......-.-------------- 941, 944, 946 
esquimalti .......---- 936, 944, 945, 949, 951 
fAbUlNS ese selene dees 942, 945, 947, 949 
flabelistis:: seccececets=-peee=n aan 950 
AUCHUIAMth eae osarewe eee cee aR eee 950 
TUSCR Ah eens sents eee ee 950 
marensis .....--------+----++++++--- 941 
globosa.....-.---+-=-++--+-----+"* 942 
globula.....-.-------------+-+--*- 937, 940 
IDCYASSATH). <= <.\n---- 22 eee ees ee= 935, 950 
intermedia .:.....------------<<=- O41 
islandica .....-.------+--<«+-------- 941 
lactea 2-52 cac- eet ee= aoe = = ee 41 
latisulCaeesccesecuecet osperen=te—e 938 
laurentiana ...---.--------+---+-- 947 

var. soror, new spe- 

Cles Aer. Savees ceee es 943, 947 
TOUS fo cewejcenes cca eecsensnene=ees 939, 948 
liogona, new species - -.-- 937, 940, 948, 951 
longirostra ....-.---------++-77"7> 937, M3 
1OKIDs: ee eee ae coe one ee 9438 
WWtS cccccvesssacecenneese~se=os 938 
magellanica..-------++--++++0077 N38 
mortoni ....----<0sseenese222"** 938 
NADG «C2 so cawe sae wlesse mene menses 937, 940 
ODOUR =. sas sn sninn a= ae Sk= era 936 
oblonga ..----++--++ee22222000777 939 
OVALRcccccvasccesccassncsase=nesae M1 
pu TVBiscn cccvacascees 950 


1020 INDEX. 

Page. Page. 
Astarte picea ./.......-. BETIS TE ee RS 938 | Aulocara femoratum ..................... 785 
placentas= ss sassaesoneeee ee eee 941, 944 parallelum: 2-2) 22eseeee eee 785 
polaris, new species.. 937, 939, 943, 945, 951 Scudderis 55 esse eee 785 
portlanGicays-Ss.ee e eeeee 940) CATT Op Ores see eee em eee a ere ee 419 
PrOCeTas ses ee ane ane 9337) AmlOri yin Chicas essen ees a eee 58, 62, 73 
PLOUUCLA SIS Sasa eee 92L) |" Aulorhym chug see. eee ee ee 918 
pulchella. setae eo eee saiseels 942 Heyl Gus sso yeas 63 
pusilla. wei ee ee Se eee 950 JAPONICUS. =e eres eae 63 
Ura nse es hee ae See O41. || -Aulostomlaesabicene ne tem eee ee ne 64 
RAOMPOLM RCo ce eee eee 941, 944 CHIMENS (> ee ree eee 64 
FiChardsonil 3 eae ee 941 SINCHSIS7 Sa ae eee 64 
roland ses eee oe 938;,943;,044™ || CAnllostomi des os aee as ee 58, 64, 73 
SCOUMGRS 225 ee hee ee 944°) Autlostormuss 22 sneak mca eee ne 64, 73 
Semilinataiepee sae oe eee 942, 945 chinensis@=e-e. sas- see eee eee 64 
SCMNISUI CHUA sss 2s ehe eas cae 941 Coloratusieeceees sae eee 64 
SINITDL esses esses eee ee ee 937, 940 Valenbinivseen. = eeeae ee 64, 73 
ROTOR. See esc sea ee ee odd; 9470511 5] CANT A tA 2325 nsne ae ee oe eee 967 
Sirintas3t52 5-625 ot eee es 9425)| ATIStTod OSimiay 2-2 an sae 347 
subzequilatera........ 937, 938, 939, 940,948 | Avena flavescens-vera................... 162 
var. whiteavesii .. 939; «| Bacillus. 7208: Sue aes Seg oe ee 865 
940, 948, 951 Garinabasss5: sotto a ee eee 865 
SUbtrigOnasstae. ssn we eee 941 Coloradusise-2o- senses eee 865, 866 
Sulcatasee ereees 935, 936, 938, 989, 944, 950 hi SPAT CUSt=s ene a eee 865 
var. multicostata......... 946 palmer. s5s25 shee eee 865 
MDS son oe ae 939") Bacteria ts sei Zic8 = Sek a2 8 eae 872 
tellinoidesisss) sa eee 935 linearis: sos) ieee oie ame 874 
Grigong: stats 352553 hee ieee 940 SAY (ioe ane Son eae 874 
LRG ME Tra As = So Oh ae en eae 369,950 | Bacuncullimsass-s95-sssses = seen 865, 866, 867 
WTC alist a- 5 ta eet ee 93/7988) || -BaCUNCUIISs=ssse asses sae 863, 866, 872, 877 
und ulataeees: asatasi eon ee 936 LEM OMAILUISS = as eee eee 874 
VeEDETIfOMMIS 3222 94 eee 941 SAY Sess pentane oe eae ene 874 
vernicosa, new species. ...._. 945, 948, 951 rr SULAMIN USS -oe eee eee 871 
warhami......... ---- 942,945, 946, 948, 949 LENUESCENS sass e eee 872, 885 
WWAGH STO Soe nee Seed ee SR 941) | Bagrer sree saeng tse sos g1 ee eee 967 
ASTATTIGES 52 ts enews ta: niles sole PTE Een 933; 985" .| Bagrings?* eto Seaiors sb ea oks ie aeaen a gees 900 
ANTATCHG Balinese. eee eee 937, 5) (PeBaeruslarire ats ccs eee eee ee Nee eee 906 
Arctic American Fauna ...._.. 937.) BAISTGS tM a3 ace taeere eee fee eee ea 960 

Bast American. .....0205..2°.5 937 | Band-fishes of Japan, A Review of the 

list of species of the Eastern Cepolide or, by David Starr Jordanand 
CORSE eras he ces Se on ee eae 938 Henry: Wi ROWLer Sasa. eae ee ee 699 
list of species of the Western Baptornis advenus\:-2-2:--.----22-.2-2. 02 545, 553 

CO8Sbe seme csescce Secine se eee 943 | Baptornis and Diatryma, Notes on the 

West American: 225-)...0205-. 937 Osteology and Relationship of the fossil 

with a Review of the American Birds of the genera Hesperornis, Har- 
Species, Synopsis of the Fam- geria, by Frederic A. Lucas............ 545 
ily, by William Healey Dall... 933..)| “BarbatulasssS2ssccace casos eee oem 961, 962 
ZAASTEROSPON Cy lisa == see ee 5931597; G7 | Beir ince seers seas ee ee 812 
FANMUNTESOheae eee ee 698" | BarbudOs@esces see cnc Atos eee ee 17 
ASUTR DOS come este ee anne ad 655,606.71], Barb usseea tae eevee ee ee ee 822 
CUDENSIS Jess sans mee Seema nee 655 barbus!) 7. ee seta= se seo ee 824 
dipterypiaisen ssc ee ae eee ee 656 homopenes 2... st ee eee 822 
JAPONICA Se Sere eh ae ee 656, 674 HOMOZONMS Es s2-= see eee 23 
ASUUTBOLOGTISIg mu cause on et fee Le meng 491 schilegelice eee. ee 824 
Ateloplus notatus)s-ce--4.52-0.- ee 808) || Barilius temminelay sess eee 852 
Atergatis floridus..:........-..........._. 25 | Baroda sc. 25s oo ee ee 362 
OCYROR EE sce anne ee Secon ssoebe 29) | (Basieschnai ese eee e sa eee ee ee 710, 735 
AUCEIIA Geese sees kee eee ee 533, 960 jamatac) Lee ee eee 762 

Atlantic Walrus, The cerebral Fissures of Bassler, Ray 8.,on Thestructural Features 

ihe; by Pierre A. Wish =<. .5.5..../290) 8 675 of the Bryozoan Genus Homotrypa, with 

LOD OGOULA WR Hence ee 2 eran eee 353 Descriptions of Species from the Cincin- 
ALLL DATEL UlaTiS o1s2= 25 hs eae 415, 423 natian Groupeseises-s eee eee = 565 
AUS UY CRS eater eee L eter en aie vue ty) 50 | Bathyankyristes levis .............---.... 322 
ASUVIG SS Ses Sea ee tee tiny clei eee ha OE g 49 SDINOSUS. se ne eee 328 
UT CCAR Sete: Steyn Satay pe ey lined 62, 73 TED &X: setae eee 328 
PED OUIGIE Esc vs Ae une 62, 63,73 | Batisradula................. Sd tee ens 648 
mUlocarA BlObtie ace. Ales ee SVN. 185, | "Batoideis sae. 2 lee ----- 098, 642, 673 


rl 


INDEX. 
Page. 
Batostomella ....--------------+++-222+--- 418 | Blattida..... 


Bats, Observations on the Number of 
Young of the Lasiurine, by Marcus 


Bleekeria mitsukurii 
| Bleekeria mitsukurii, and on certain Jap- 


















. ; a 
Mee. ao oe | anese Fishes, Supplementary Note on, 
wee eeee sets sette 744} by David Starr Jordan 
Beachia suessana immatura...-..-------- BOR aire Oyo eee eee ane 
Bean, Barton A., on Notice of a Collection | Blepharipc yaa: see eels dk aE 
of Fishes made by H. H. Brimleyin Cane Blythipicus porphyre eaBinat ea 
River and Bollings Creek, North Caro- Bolla 6a tig an aed 
lina, witha Description of anew Species clarkei.. ; 2 1 rt oe ae 
of Notropis (N. brimleyi) .-------------- 913 | Boopedon nubilum oe Tf ea 
Bean, Barton A.,on Notice of a small Col- Res ot ee eee 
Jection of Fishes, including a rare Eel, re- pie e ealeudtabaiiodes9 eet ee 
cently received from H. Maxwell Lefroy, ania pene ares os Onan 
Bridgetown, Barbados, West Indies -.-- 963 Curia: sec : i nia Lee 
ESC ees i-i-tei=i=\si-iniere i= ='0//m “I= SF 947 Ryn oe ee eee Testes 735 
Rese menees a=) neater 527 nak eens eae 
anastomella ....------------------ 531,532 | Brachypeplus magnus.....-.---------- a 
SANUS eee eli minim 529 WITCSCOUBscuse- ee ee eee eran 
brachyrhynchus. -.--------------- 529 | Brachypodius crimiger...-.--------------- 
ICOM a ees eee = --e=-==-- == 531,532 | Brachypteryx malaccensis .-.------------ 
coromandelicus ...-------------*- 530 | Brachypus eutilosus....--------------+--- 
cylindrica -.---------------------- 529 | Brachystola magna.......------------+--- 
gigantea -..----------------7070-7° 529 | Brachytron........---------------->-- 718 
Pare HIS ema elon 528 pratense ...----------+++--++- 
TRAGIC ope eee a= n= nen 529 | Brachyura...-..------------p---2-77--=°"" 
melanotus ..----------------7°777> BOQ) | wBramWessscesss- sea oer <= oma ae 
melamurus...----------------7---- 599 | Brimley in Cane River and Bollings 
shismalorhynchus...------------- 528 Creek, North Carolina, with a Deserip- 
timucoides. -.---------------77°°7" 530 tion of a new Species of Notropis (N. 
Belonia uniformis .....-----------+---7777 763 primleyi), Notice of a Collection of 
Belonide --..--------- Rare tte =I 525, 526, 543 Fishes made by H. H., by Barton A. Bean 
Benedict, James E., on Descriptions of a Brocade perch...--------+-----7500577077" 
new Genus and forty-six new Species of Bromus erectus. ..-------------0- 00007007" 
Crustaceans of the Family Galatheide, jmermis...-------------*-°°72°°"" 
witha List of the known marine Species OMS) EIBTOSING§ o 2 aoe eee ne mmm noe oe cei 
Benedict, James E., on Revision of the Brunella vulgaris...----+-----2+++0057777" 
Crustacea of the Genus Lepidopa. .----- ss9 | Bryozoan Genus Homotrypa, with Descrip- 
Berycide .-.----- Beet 5 oe waes ae 1, 2:3, 5,19; 21 tions of Species from the Cincinnatian 


Beryeoid Fishes of Japan 


Group, The structural Features of, by 








the, by David Starr Jordan and Henry Ray S. Bassler ------------+-20777777 777" 
NMRH WAI eee namin eae sca Ty ji | Bubonidse =-2<-.-------~-—- =e oo tea 
Berycoidei, families of -.--------=------7- 9 | Bucco chrysopogon .-----------=-777977~" 
penyseeeeeeen = 2s a 1,3, 11, 18, 21 duvancelii ....---------+-----7°777" 
decadactylus ..------------------7- 3,21 hendelinns meet se sect es sepe eeee 
e@plendens.-----------------7-77°""" 3,4, 21 mystacophanes .---------+----7"7* 
Peegriehiine: seeee oe cae 493 | Buceros bicornis. -------------7577 7-77" 
mPancehiite sesso en ee 69 CONVEXUS - --------2----"9-" "257 
Birds collected by Dr. Ww. L. Abbott on galeritus...-------------7-7777""" 
the Coast and Jslands of north- undulatus =--------=--=--72=="-"= 
west Sumatra, by Charles W. BuceLotides = en dec = =< == === sora 
BiGhmond es s-----s----5 7-357 485 | Buchanga atra ...--2----202 005 
of northwest Sumatra, List of Spe- cineracen..-------2s222 299777 
cies by Localities .----------- 521, 522, 523 Budytanthus’.-------------=-h=*s05 a 
Bithynis acanthurus ------+-<--5-5077777" 430,434 | Budytes flavus leucostriatus. ------++-+**° 
jamaicensis..-.--------+-777777" 430, 434 Jeucostriatus ..------+++2-7777°"" 
Rane peSe-===s=2----a3r 927s 3 53, 54 Butorides javanica -..------25re7 7777" 
nipponensis ----------+50777077" 53,54 | Butreron capellei....---------s007 7007" 
Bltersiinestee-/<- cr ----5 "=" 430,434 | Bythopora MeCKi acc -beee- ses = ore sees 
Er Pe nace ase- ese RTS e g33 | Cacomantis sepulcralis ..---++-+-+75777°77 
ETL nee cin ee $38, 839, 861 Ceenoneura carnatica..----------27°°°*77" 
laine eee = aac e- =o TTS Gig | CCenpaliiis<<-pe"eeot=" or Sere ee 
Blasenfuss, der rothe...-.---------777777" 166 | Calappa philargius .-.------+ss07777°7"" 
Bilatta americanee-------------2---9 70°77" 779 | Calappidae.--v---<--=---07 70070 
permanica..------------77007777°7" 778 | Calieeschne -..»----=-sonss tennessee 
Pe etnliseeee se sae neo 778, 779 Caligilictncsssacneceese ee ee 


1021 


Page. 


778 


693 


693 
959 
S90 
501 
423 
423 
7s 
798 
612 
773 
773 
737 
762 
795 
795 
505 
507 
505 
795 


736, 737 


762 
430 


923 


913 

ll 
162 
162 
967 


152 


565 
494 
501 
501 
501 
501 
500 
500 
DOL 
500 
600 
516 
516 
SM 
Ho 
504 
488 
489 
581 
496 
7A 


959 


30 


736 


1022 INDEX. 
Page. | Page. | 
Callichthys 2 22se22 osc ose eee eee ee 959; 961, 962 | -Candona simpsomi_=_5---.222)----22- one 997 
Callicistroniaiee==s--- esses eee ee eee 365) ‘Candonellan ee. ee sneer = a ene eee 991 
Callinectes sapidus acutidens .........-.. 480, 435 SMATaS Citi diese ee see eee 992 
Callista,.—. 0226 ace eee 302,'900) |; CANGOMINGE ce. ae ae ne ee ee 973, 996 
@XSPINAtA- =e eee ae Lec sere 383" |) Cam COMOpSISS= 24) - aes =e ee tee ae 974, 997 
Piganteasae sh. cee ee eee 301/369)" Canis: carchaniag: -a-ssee) eee oe ae eres 614 
longispina ses c,.ee ease eee 389) |, Cannorhyn¢hus)-ss2 = 9 eee eee 66 
Gallistotapes:.:. 22 .ece eee eee 362 | tabacarigiaes. Sas 5 ee 66 
Callithnes, 22. ake eee eee 338; 357; 3644|: (Capitonidcey ste see ee ae eee ee 5OL 
Callocardias:.4:2432 est eee 338, 353 | Capnobates fuliginosus................... S06 
aresta st 22 eee ae 370, 387 | Capocta elongata] ea) eae ene ee 822 
catharia, new species.... 387,402,411 | Pracilis\. 32:44 C5852 ee eee $23 
STUUR ae eee ee ea 353) | intenmediusmessn == 42 = eee 819 
ALO ETHIE eee eae 370 | lanceolntar. cesses sete ee 819 
TERASIANG 23 23 5o eee. oe eee 370 Him barter ce eee ee ce eee 818 
V.ESI CHa scenes ee ees eee 370 THOM DCs ea eo eee eee ee 815 
zonata, new species. ..--- 3/0, 381, 4105 | Caprelia 2. 5525 are ee ee enn 927 
Callorhynchidw@eae= soso eee ee ee eee 667) || (Carassitis 25:so5: see sce seer ae eee eee 818, 859 
Caloenasmicobanicd=s 552s oc eee eee 491 PUAHUS. ose ores neeaet eee 860, 862 
Caloptentis)atlamisseenans sos eeee eee oe 799. | CALASSIUS 1-2-5 os Pee ee ee 859 
faSCigtus-i-2 see sece too eee S00 Carchanbimus 5-year 614 
AOTIG ATA ee eee S04 | Plaucus ee. eee 613 
MIN OMG as eee ee ee 803: | Canchamias’= = -5s. spe eens 607, 610, 614, 616 
occidentalistas).---.oss2 ee 803 | ACUtUS Sas satan seen ee eee 616 
jlhbbeal oe peee a ms aco se Ne Sa 804 alwOOdic 2 522500 2 eS eee 624 
TOP AIIS fe tah aka ee neg eee 798 | bleekert 425: N-sa' ees 615 
burn bub ean seasons 798 Gan Chamlas aa. ss seee eee 614 
VCS cco oe abe etree aes 797 | Panrencustscee --— =e 615 
Calopteryeide eas fee eee 742,750 | PICS tate se eee ee 613 
Calopteryxias. tenes eee eee Lee 715, 745, 746 JAPONICUS Ssee ae eee 614, 615, 672 
Caloris aitinosimsee ae ee ee ee 518 | Vea aye ee tee ee 614, 625 
CalymenesirsArscc 4 sot sees s aoe ee 415 r leiicand US 425,95 45—- see eee 616 
Cameratar= 2.2542 tbe 418, 423 | MelaAnoOpterus; -4- hese eee 615 
Camarocrimusee see eee 418, 423 | ANU US ex" P= Shce ce eee 614 
Cumibarus | CUDENSIS os 2-2 sean eee ae 430, 434 VELUSi Lao pe ie eres 624 
Cammulaypellucidas seep ee ener seat o nee 787 NUDES er 2 ee ee 619 
Jampephaga compta, new species.... 486,514,515 walbeehmii 2225. te ee eae 617 
NEPlecta: eee saere coh oe 515 | Carchariide ...-_._-... oe Ae 598, 607, 617, 671 
Campephamid ta hea ene eee O13) \Carchaninee aren seat aati ane 607 
Campostoma anomalum.................. 914) |S Carcharodont asec ss ee eee eee 622, 624 
Cancericrangoniseeeeere eee eens aeeeee 42 CRDENSIS| cn) Je eee eee 624 
GCLeEMQLUS fo. Aas neice cee eet ee 23 GHTC HATTA 2) ear ae ere 624, 672 
GOTMIB ees ot eee ee ne 32 rondeletiie a0) 202 s-e eee 24 
JONG IMIS secs. e ee ae eee 23 SMUG ee ey 624 
Iu ATIS Ee a eeete ten st hp oer 30s). Carchanodontine ss pes seas 622 
OCVROC ERS en e oe rence eee 25) | Carcinophills paeiini. =e eee ee 427 
DElAPICUS= Ses sei aet eee tee 26 | Carcinoplax longimanus....--..--..____. 23 
phillvra sons os eo say ee ee 29 VeStba 2. Sian ace es 24 
PETTUS ses nee eee es eee ee 31 VeSbiGHS i227 Bene ee ee 24 
TobrOMaAcul ats se. = eee ee 24° |) \Carditae enn’. <a seer eee he eee eee 950, 951 
SC yl arses 23 NeA oe ee, eae 540" Cardi’. foes ss seen tree ere el eer 395 
SEXGEN LAPIS ena eee nae nee 27 DICOLOY Aassasen ee he eee 373 
SULIZOSUS|ocas-t sos oee ee a eee 303 DULPUTCA ce al. Acta eee eee 372 
UST 0 a meaner te anne ne Se 29 TRIE OMUMIEE ache eee 369 
WeSbIb US eect. Saas eer re Hae 22>) (Caridina denticulatame: 65-26 45-ee eee 49 
ViCLODe = nap aaa eee Pe me Aa ae 30 LeU COSHC TALE: a5. ae eee 50 
Can Grid cess freee see cls er gen 28 PaLeparensise- a eee ee ee 50 
Can dona 2255-2: eee ene ees 973, 996, 997 WY Clie ince) = aes a ee 50 
BEUMNN Abeer eae 997 | Carpophaga consobrina ...............--- 489 
CLORINANI sens sa see ae 996;|) Caryalisises 20/2 sehen nese ee 358, 354 
GEA WANCTISIS eos = 55) eee eee 997 ||. \Caryoeriniis's.5: see aee see eee 415 
eUpleCte lla, C-swes.ne ts ees ne 997 >| ‘Cassis\ japonica) ess s== 5 ee os ane enna 36, 37 
Pe DSL ORIG =) see eee ee eee 996° | \Cateliysiaic crs Se cosy ee ee ee ee ee 360 
Gens eee cea see nn. ve yee 988 | Catfish, The use of the Name Torpedo for ~ 
EMBED n Seatr pee 8 es ae 997 the electric, by Theodore Gill.......... 697 
PECUICANG AR > = oo foc. whoa 997 | Catfishes of Japan, A Review of the Silu- 
POM Ex psec ass ON ate care 996 roid Fishes, or, by Dayid Starr Jordan 
SISTHOIGCR 2b are: Aare neo ore es 997 and Henry, WeHowlen- sae. sess 897 











; 
| 





Page. 





eis etetsietetcislale lee laleie o1as n/<a's.< 915 
Catostomus commersonii..-.............. 914 
: HUGGING die 914 
Ne a Ee ee teens Sao wk ie See a 601, 602 
Caudell, Andrew Nelson,,on Notes on Or- 
thoptera from Colorado, New Mexico, 
Arizona, and Texas, with Descriptions 
OMAOMMMEWSPCCLES 22. ces eke cesses 775 
Caudell, Andrew Nelson, on The Phas- 
mide, or Walkingsticks of the United 
PLCS EmeeeCe errals ecco. ccc ss ca ance c ee 863 
Gre bhuetdl Germ sere os ose cfc decaea cece 742 
SEMIN Smee crate tai Stara nia'eia nine 763 
Wenbiseidas |. -.2.---- - BaP oars ore wisiala ie eis 58, 70, 73 
AG MIDI Osprey aioe asec ne =~ ss = 68 
AVE INGLIS Pen tesla al cece caw c ces cu 69, 71, 960 
HID OULGCUS Herts. nccioese ssc a8 70 
NUL PeKten nm mice oe cine Jace 69 
RGUUAGUSuese ee scsi Scns ooo 69,71 
Centroeyllium ritteri, new species ....... 635, 673 
AO MMO SERS A ee ne a acres ko chain 972, 981 
RG ETUMOM MORI Seey sss fies <2 elo clae%s cc cesta 630, 631 
OUTAGE Sec se ACs eee Sco se 631 
‘ SOMME OSUS= 222 =e (oa = oe 633 
REO Sey ee ars 2 oa oe oe see 629, 635 
UOC ee ee ne 635, 636 
WENTLOSGVIMMUSS= a2 2 36 isco stb ose ses 633 
Cephalopteragiorma.-- -_..-=--.-2.2------ 665 
OIL GARE aise en a2. 0 Snes 666 
Cephalopterus edentula ................-. 665 
ORO Ape reh any ere oeiot ee 665 
Cenhalosemilitimye= 5.255.522. 2.2 2 601, 602 
TUG GE VS mmmctss fececcns 602 
umbratile, new species. 602, 671 
WephaloOninipsiaces-sccasscss-2os-55 <5 188, 194 
vd Yucesw, New species ---.--- 194, 240 
Cephalusicephalus).-..<-).--5-2...023-.-- 844 
MUON mantener cifs 2 eds cec see 699, 700, 959 
EIU Ueto fanaa la) aero Sa) wes 701 
LMG eNsbenulaaeee os So SS 700, 701 
Nea er le a= tc s ew acee 702 
AMO Sueno sonia i. 2S - ake 702 
MACRO DMOM Mesa Saesus cca ass See 702 
S@hllepehiberasamsccssce~sess se e--8e 700, 702 
eLearn 700 
SOMME ner ae Reem ON SS cok hace oie 699, 700 
_Cepolide or Band-fishes of Japan, A Re- 
- view of the, by David Starr Jordan and 
EGE Wer DOWIlOrs.- 5-2 eciecces-2sacs-+56 699 
RG TU ele eS moa sw, nite o's ctarisie ecee ss 346 
PCMH ences ce aciss-ss 2 cecceetee ess 927 
WEREOMIENCCIO ers 4.5 5 = nie Soe nines = 475 
Cerebral Fissuresof the Atlantic Walrus, 
pibespyerierre Ay Wish... .2.2--2.2-.----- 675 
MGErIOCAVATAMOSA .2.2-2....02.9--~--2-2-- 569, 588 
COTHARHTASUTAM Sno cio -- ae anne einen 520 
NOMEANOSPA Rie: =a - as. -'5-s a5 <<< =* 519 
MW SIACENSISSe aes. <n ae w= =~ oo 520 
NUPATAT Ae ee ascse set ces ss -c~ 520 
PI SOMOS MEIN Ms ciao <a «sas 0 =~ 2m 520 
Cervimunida, new genus .......--------- 249, 305 
princeps, new species. -.--- 249, 305 
AS CIV MUMS ere es seine ne = ne -= pees =~ ane 481 
Wenyis equins...98-...---<---.---9+---" 478 
RN TAeIC eee ae cs Sues sa esi 599 
FPOMCUS|s 2252. --Utisac--2=---- 599 
POPU Ue eee reece mace === 599 
zygeena...-.--.---------------- 618 


INDEX. 











102% 

Page 
COSUACIONIEES's S78" ice fy Sais Senne, 598 
Cestrum nocturnum...................-.. 173 
Cetoconchascapha.....-.....-......... 951 
Qptorlinida. i ae 098, 625, 672 
GCetorhinns 2520.5 de eee eee 2 
PUNNETi eae ae eee 625 
TOSS eee a ee 625, 672 
BOVINE os ere ee 625 
Ceuthophilus devius ..................... 808 
Valois) .o. 52: eee a eee S08 
Vinculattisi 2.0 eee 808 
Coyartt. ieee 8s eee a eee ee 199 
Chestetesirondosus::...2-2) 22.0. ee 79 
Chsetodon ssaeoastouis «Ao oun eee 959 
oceliatns\-2- teen c oe eee 4 
BiPiAbus SS Sake en 964 
Chetodontl dee. so2 a2 coe ek Mees 694 
Chestodonits.ciche2.- enn oe eee eee eee 1 
ChalGig esse 8 os See 920 
Chalcoparia singalensis .................- 508 
Chailecophapsindicajs 2-5-2. eee ee 491 


Chaleopteryxeenn esos soe ae ee 729, 746, 754, 755 





Chalcostetha insienist.--..-. 2. eocwsseeee 520 
Chama thacars 14-5 sete. eles 399 
Chameleon tats ects oS ee ee 359 
Chameleav: 22-2 ue ee oa ee 359, 360 
Charsanidies. 23 e- ee nk eee e 486 
Charadrius dominicus fulvus ..........-. 186 
HVS As te oS ceene eee 486 

CORTON sat ane ape 486 
PYLCNOUMOTAK es ss ees eee ee 486 

Charybdis 6—dentatus: ........2-..-...<. 27 
JRPOMICH: Ssh. ck ese eee eee 27 

Miles SES os ee oe ee 27 

GINA 5. .e cote oe sece Sak eee 27 

Snbormata’: <2 4-2. eee ee 28 

SLUNG ates 225522 Sate eee 27, 28 

truncatus, varietas............ 28 

VATICO MIR ns here ees ae 27 

Chasmias=2- ss) 5-. 3-5 oee eek eee oe eee 696 
misakius.....-- poosntee ales see 696 
Chasmichthys ss sseenees-ce eae ee eae 696 
dolichognathus .......-.--- 696 

PULOSUS See gate eee 696 

MISA EAS tes sae en eee 696 

Cheiragonus acutidens .......-.---------- 28 
@helmos.-22ctsn oe --ceeese se eee 967 
Gheonda'cooperi=--<---.2----.-- Sep eee S44 
Chilosecyllium: .-.-5-=------------------<.5 6038 
PTISCWM - =) ce eee ewe 604 

INGICUM 2 = Jase ce eee ances 604, 671 
margaritiferum ......-...-- 604 

plagiosum ...........--.-.- 603, 604 

Gn mser i oo oe cee sw cae eee 667, 669, 960 
MONSULOSS ss -- <5 ewes ogee awe 669 
phantasma .....---------------- 669, 674 

Chim Pride... .< 22-2. cs es anes enane 667, 668, 674 
Chimveroidei. .......---------c-ee-seen-ees 667, 674 
QHiONSo uc bec se eae eos) < anne oes e $58 
Chiona , SoS 
Chione , call 
GANISSs.. o< sae neon nnenssesuse= 375 
amathusia. .......--------+0-+++-- 394 
asperrima ...--. ~---------+-++++*- 383, 395 

DOTS ee oun = onde nccawcownnaee sess aes 
biradiata -......---------<-0+eeers 386 
cancellata.......--------+ 800, 373, 388 oe 
Cardioides ....-..----+--++++++++ a 


1024 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
Ghione cing Ulatacs see eee 883) |i(Chloridella fasclatape sso ase eee B4 
columbiensis «..'52.2..---2--22-42~ (090) 400 Taphidea. 2 2-ser. ists hice 55 
COMpte sors so. se eee eee eee 393) || Chlorodiusiexaratus:--)-.-eese- see -ea eee 25 
Conrad: 3. oS. eee eee eee 399 | Chlorogomphine...........-. S Aa ee PRE 750 
CYPlias. occa. eee oe ee eee ener 395 | Chlorogomphus ....- : Sante kt Aad Ae 732, 756 
Garwianl oe es modo oe eee eee 394 | Chloropsis cyanopogon....-...........2.- 505 
efieminata.< i. .25-cc2sc eee eee 394°) \Chlorostomar {2o2 5.4 soe eerise eee eee 35 
floridella.+ d=s2c 5 eee eee 356 | Chonetes helderbergie..................- 429 
fuchitraca 232+ ee oeeeee eee eee 392 hudsSonicarses = --see eee eee ee 422 
pnidiai ste soa eee cece. 358, 394 JeTSeVeUSIS = 55 Sessewe ee eanee 417 
granulatas 22 sth .c2- chose ene 374 | Chortophaga viridifasciata............... 786 
TUG: -) ee a See eee 370 | Chotorhea chrysopogon ..........----<-.. 501 
UNTVPUIG UNC Aes eee stele aloe stele eters 374, 393 MYySiACOPMANCS =. acee ce seeeaase 501 
kelletuiiesseac. ose ceeh ce sceeeeeeee 394, |-Chrysanthemumy sesssse. ee ee ee eee 173 
KOCHIR aan cen ose e een oer 375° | Chrysodomus=: asses seas as eee eee 947 
atilinate, ence ec ee eee Meee 317578945405) I; ChRYSO Paes sees tas cess aaa e eee 119 
IA VACRUIME ee coos celeste hiss on eeree 874 | Cincinnatian Group, the structural Fea- 
lilacinaeee: os om Nee 393 tures of the Bryozoan Genus Homo- 
Orissa so siciare sce ae Rao 407 trypa, with Descriptions of Species from 
THATS eee eet ee Cee eae ee 395, 405 the, by Ray'S. Bassler’. .-2.222 9222222 = 565 
mazyckii, new species.....-... S73, c02 41 | Cine a. $5245.26 ceeatee one eee eee 967 
obliterata, new species .....-- 394,405,412) | (Cire asen tins oa see aten ase eee 336, 350, 351, 408 
paphia sce we eae ease ee 375, 395, 405 Corrugatay.. 2. sae ee eee eae 801 
pectorimarciass-nsscs=-ee eee ree 374, 395 MALSarita; jo J--<-s-ssse eee eee 408 
pertincta, new species ....---. 296, 405, 412 MMMM WN Biss see. See 408 
PUDEL Reese aoe aeen sce sare n eee 374, 393 SUbUTIE ONS Ais ese eee ee 408 
UL Cari sik deseo tas ae emacs 393 ||) Cincenitar. 2. - 2-52. ase sh Snake See een 351 
DUT PMTAS CCN Seema e sees ers eer 370 BTADICA os as a ese sea eee 351 
PUNPUTISSA TAS saree See eee ere 393) | pCixcomphalusiosssss see oan ee eae naaniet 356, 358 
PYLMOSG TL Se sehss te se smee ce Meee 3/0. | Circotettix azurescenS- 9-2... -----+---4--- 793 
TULA pees Sete ee See Caen en eee 397 Garlinianus =332 eres eee 793 
schottii, new species. ........- 395, 404, 412 = SUMMUSUS 455 stiches eae see eee 793 
StPAMIMea) oss. 5. estes ee eoeee eects 398 undulata. Sfeca ose eee sate 776 
subrostrata .......- PRS EAE 373, 393, 394 UM GM AGUS Sense eee ee eee ee 793, 794 
SuCcCINGIa ie ssc osc see eee eee 392, 393 VGIFUCULALUS Ss. soe see eee 794 
TUNE Seas 3 S)y- Sahota ike test 396 *|>/Cirolaias 36 U ee oe oe ee oe 431 
ATI reese sere Soe os pee eoeenee 395 cubensis, new species ......-.... 430, 431 
Un Gate ame 222 Boo Sees hee ee eae 392, 393 MAVANS sasno oes emawee nome 431 
OHIO Cass trae eens SS oe eae eee 358 ‘| Cirolanides texensis.-.-.222------2- Seeks 431 
Chionells See se= sasees (880; 300, S005 SDM Soa yoo so Til me LISTS ELLE UL See Se 967 
Chioniss sess seen eae eae ee eaters 3bo) | PCIShHICOlAyCistiGolamaasss ens a ee eee eee 512 
Chiropsisiconstellatus sos .2-4-44--5 ssceeee L005: | (Citheres.=3.. oases 2 ace tess ce eee 352 
Chirothwipst=seeecasc sce eee 90; 95, 98, 125,126,183 | Cittocincla melamura-----..-:..-.....-:.. 512 
AMCEMMAtlismeeeee eee = Ace 134,186 | Cladopora rectilineata.........-.......... 417, 423 
erassus, New species ..... 133, 136,287 | Clarke, Samuel Fessenden, on An Alaskan 
longipeniise esses. seen 134 Corymorpha-like Hydroid.............. 953 
Manicatarscesasceesccessae 134: 5 (i Clausimg 2 cst oe: eee ee eee eee eee 355, 358 
MAMI GHEE eee 1058 133 5134523 7p ale Cla USI el] ales: cere ease ete sere eee ee 358 
obesus, new species.......--- 108; “iClementia. <2 classes eee 336, 338, 348, 397 
112, 133, 137, 237 eracillimeassssss sens eaes a. eae 408 
synopsis of species ...-.....-- 133 solida, new species......--. 384, 401, 411 
Chirus\hexaprammnisssossasee ees ccesecee 1006 | Clibanarius japonicus, new species....--- 35, 36 
OCLOPTAMMUS hoe eeeeeee eee 1009 | Clinostomus elongatus --.-..:....-2.-.--. 844 
OLdiIn Vhs) Se. see eee aes 1009; |" Clitum mamas! S25 5 see cietee Ries ere rte eeier 865 
SUPErcillosusassaassneee ne eee 1005 | Cobitichthys dichachrous ................ 767 
Chiamydoselache?. 52=5--2- 0200-22 eee 596 CN BOS cose cceee ee eee 767 
Chiamydoselachidte. -.----. 22. 2sssse- 594, 596, 671 polynemsa: 5-522 766 
Chlamydoselachus anguineus..........-- 596,671 ||, *\Cobitidees 22 ...s2 nee oe eee eeeeree eects 765, 774 
Chipmydothecayessscssonnsses eee 970,971,975 | Cobitidee, or Loaches, of the Rivers of 
azbeca..<2-5- 971, 976, 977, 978, 1001 Japan, a Review of the, by David Starr 
MeOXICRNR Ss vscaseeasetes 971, Jordan and Henry W. Fowler.........-. 765 
976;977; 978: 1001 || Cobitisss-ceeceee eee eee 765, 770, 772, 959, 961, 962 
Chioealtisibrunmea). 225252525 eee eee 783 anablepsi... sacccc sees eee 962 
WlTTOUSias acacia seis rane eee 783 anguillicaudata sss... aoe eee 766 
Chiloridell gies sisteccsssesees toe et ose 54 bartbatulay s:.sace0rasccene nosecemee 961 
MINIS! As 2 oscc ns As ccc sees ate 55 bifurcatasc..55 st ashes ee eeeeeoee 766 
Costataacsscesaccccciccscesece 55 DIWD sc ccedeeetc nes Rese ee eee 771, 772 











— 


; 
/ 











INDEX. 1025 
Bh . Page - 
Cobitis eae Sela ieieiniwlelwiaiai= wis es eviews a w= == a 771 Corystes punctata ...... eae 

decemcirrosus ............22...... 766 | Costa Riea, Amphipoda from, by Ree. - 

PLONE MU deem e cl sce Sede c ek 771 Thomas R. R. Stebbing . 95 

She COCR Rae == ser = ae 961.) Mettnnenius.> cbs eee ee a 

IMetenoglitusess=)- 295s. .<<ce0-- 20d, 962 Tea Aaa oe eh vee 

3 J a phocephalus, new species 689 

japonica ---------. eee. 77 miatona 28s? Lehr Rees ha 

PME rare 2 <5 sence 71 thompsoni ......... 689 

maculata bette iste eisoea (oes c< sc Ss 7664 GOmbis (211 seek ee eee eee 950 

mucropus Spel cferalais) [tats ssials <isieie sas « 766 IebalOpe <i 0k hes et eee 14 

pectoralis Be letettetala| = elelers arviewisiaSeim sie 6 766 | Crabs, Hawaiian, Descriptions of new 

PSSTAUSTNNS Rvatey arta ate = fsa Sie seis acisiaeis 766 Species of, by Mary J. Rathbun ........ 75 

rubripinnis Sree eras areee ata tae are ae (OOo = Crangonierangon. vss, 2ceeee eee 42 

Ee hakodatei, new species ......... 42 

pea == = sans sGse ene PROpIMGIUSS 5... gas tee 42 

Japonica septemspinosa ................2. 12 

Pipa ADL PS ete lela es ain) 52 = ys ete Vulgarisi: +. 5... eee eee 12 

ree tense 222-2 sec Soon. SiclGranponideas 3 eal a eae 12 

OGD CONN names se as S= 832 scecche sees fAQD A Craniapatagonicyse. sls. eee eee 950 
Colenthnips taseiata-.-22---...522. 22s. D225 Cassa tellites!ss54- sree Jae ee 933, 95 

SLU Gla ueemoe eee yaaa nace. e 128 brasiliensis:.o.2..».2.4.00: 050 

GritASClAtAlerae el aseee oes oe 1287 (Pe Crassatellitidey on. ces see ek eee seeees 933 

OLMIS Meee eer ee See ponies She acus ss BGO 103 (044 41S CLASSIN Bs eel ae ne ee 935 

ONE VATOSUNISS c= cae aicc setts ee See D3 { OS | eC LASSIN Cll Gps eee eee ee 933, 935 

SEE pee er ceeiis cays isa Se eee Daly O55) 044es ey OLASSIVOMUS: aceon = as Hearn te eee ee 360 

Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and MeCLCONGTIA Ns 2k55 2.6 ceee oe 376 

Texas, with Descriptions of four new Crenellajm erases. s =. eae eee ee eee nee 950 

Species, Notes on Orthoptera from, by Grenimargos-.csccsee eee te eet eee 936 

Andrew Nelson Caudell................ 775 insequicrenwtays... a.seeee ee 936 
KCl ban DC OO as-is. /2 sis cued cesses eSee ASO Gm OCI INS een oe cele oe eeetede te eae 173 

Capel Clee econ nc ecseee scott os Ses ASO WIR CTIStae (eo ecne named tas eee aaa 350 
liv COUISiSs eerie ccc oece ss. 489° | Crossorhinus barbatus. ..................- 605, 606 
PMISCHE eee see sete eG meee tess se A900 CLOLOD ea ae sco: Cee. Noel pene oe eee eae 170 
INGA GA eee cicteckacieseasaseccex 491 | Crustacea of the Genus Lepidopa, Revi- 
MICODANICH: a cctaiacSescees ve <sicece 491 sion of the, by James E. Benedict....-. S89 
OMSL soa cecmacccue ccc sc ccak se 488 | Crustaceans from the Island of Cuba, on 
phasma, new name............. 490 A small Collection of, by 
WETMAMS Fs ces he <2 tccjeic's asso ence 489 William Perry Hay ......- 429 
Calum iG eee. Sa a secls aces cose Scie e ce 490 Japanese stalk-eyed, by Mary 
Conocephalus ensiger .............------- 805 Jha pune. sess oecaee 23 
LG DS eee ssa ae ce bee tae e: 805 of the Family Galatheide, 
WonozOunwallular ees. .2<) ss seesseosce ee 791 Descriptions of a new 
Contribution to a Monograph of the In- Genus and forty-six new 

sects of the Order Thysanoptera, inhab- Species of, with a List of 

iting North America, by Warren Elmer the known marine Species, 

RTC pene ie ke oe 79 by James E. Benedict ...-.. 243 
Copsychus saularis musicus ..........-.-- 512 | Cryptocandona........--------- ----+-+-- 973, 996 
(nT ERIN Sk Oe 746) | PCLyplOxTanimMaye s- sea o-5- ans sok e eee 399 
OTOL en coe ea ack cents 497 brasiliana-e---snee ecco 375 
(Acie at Fe Se ea. 697 | Cryptolithodes expansus ..........------- 32 
Corbicula ee hn he Ee Sf 939 Cryptostomata we ee ee eee ene meee n ene 571 
CTRER TC CRC Te ee oe matinee a Ol 778 a OLY LOU TLDS a eee oee a = eee aera 188, 205 
Cordilgerisicinerea ~-.:-:.----:=:-.s---<% 782 aspersus, new species ...---- 205, 241 

Greniilataies sae sss sa eee oe ess 781 | Cuba, on a small Collection of Crusta- 

OCCIPILALIS sec aaa esas 782 ceans from the Island ef, by William 
Wordillegaster S.-..--2.22.224-2t-+--< 719, 732, 750 Perry Hay ..:<--+--=s2-0---se0en~-ce-==s 429 
BAN AEE METRE cee vamee cece c siceis MEBs IGUICUlIGI | socaeeeee Oke oa ons ee 496 
@ordmlerAsterins: = 2-2-=5-.---2--+---<eens 750 | Cuculus sepuleralis............-------+--- 496 
ordmlenaya 22-2... .2-.-22ios2sc0-008 rk 740 | Culicicapa ceylonensis --....-------------- 7 SL 
RRGTEULEE e eee ks ofc cncescccceee 740,750 } Cumeus ......--.-2--- 2-2 e eee eee nernsnes Sol, ah 
Woromislatifrons..<-2csi-ccscscesce-ceces 54 | Curimatus...........------------2222eeees a 
Pee i ee 518 | Curtonotus longimanus ........-.-----++- = 
Corvus compilator, new name ...-------- 518 Vents. 222 shana buns at seeee a4 

soe ee 518 | Cuvier’s Régne Animal and Oken’s 
Ponmwmoriba. 2. MR... icsisiece.2s.2.2-- 958, 958 Names, On some fish Bene of the first a 
Corymorpha-like Hydroid, An Alaskan, Edition of, by Theodore Gill...--------- a 

by Samuel Fessenden Clark...--------- 93 | Cyanocharis.......------++----++++-+**7> 764 
Corymorpha pendula.........------------ 958 VUIQA ~. 22 .0--eesen ae eenee é 





1026 INDEX. 

Page. Page. 
Cyanoderma erythroptera...--..--------- 507,508 | Cypridopsis vidual - 2225: --<-csccceceeace 991, 991 
fulviventris, new species... 486,507 | Cyprimeria ~. 2525-22 -- 9-. oscere ee sone 397 
Gyanops envi cite 2 see sees seeee aaa 501 excavata ......-.--.---..----- 357 
Cy clinays iss: sassde = se oe eee 348).| -Cyprina <5. /4a.5%e- wees ceatie stent ee eee 345 
SA CCAS ane aero eee seiner 891! || Cy primidee a eee ae cence seer 811, 847, 861 
Gyclinellaraasasce= lees se eae $36; 388,357 ‘| (Cyprimine tees eee eee eee 813 

Pap lis' Se ass eee eee eee 373 | Cyprinoid Fishes of Japan, A Reyiew of 

ROWED sess cease eee eee ee 373, 391 the, by David Starr Jordan and Henry 
producta = -<-s-cs--a= ses vac 391 Wi. RO WlGre as ceere ena Sees 811 
singleyi, new species...... 391,404,411 | Cyprinotus ........-...... 969, 970, 972, 984, 989, 983 
subnuatinaltan saseqcee sere eeeee 391 burlingtonensis™~-cseses sees 989 
tenuis, Asso e eer 373, 383 Crenaeosecse {Saale saceenee eee 989 
Gyclinuss=-: fccete sent a ces eee eee 348 INCONETUCNSss.-6- hese aes 989 
Cycelocypridincers 295) ee seen eee 970, 971, 978, 993 pellucida #22. S222 cee ceeeee 988, 989 
Cyclocyprnistaes sess a= seee eee aes 973, 994 Lestudinan tae eee eee eee 989 
fOrDeSie. Bee oee eee ee 995. | «Cyprinus. 23 jh2.aee ack ne seen ae eee 813, 860 
SIOWOSO cone eee eee eee eee 995 QUTAUUS ssa S eee ee ereeeeneeS 860 
lee ViSs5- 2 eee ee eee 995 Carpio 22s 53-2 eas -eeeee eeee e 860, 862 
MOGSStal es ere ee eee 995 | Cypris...... vdee SS NSS Os eee 969, 970, 
Oycloprapsus:s42 502 ao ee eee eee a 971, 972, 975, 981, 984, 985, 993, 994, 996, 997 
Cimereus)-)- 4. == eter 76 altissimuss! S25 cease sae eee 985 
PTAMU Aplsescaee ee cose eee 76 azteca, J: os05- 2 ts ea ee 977 
henshawi, new species -...- 7a clavate: <2 See ee ele cee eeceee 969, 985 
DALVUNUSS ose ase see eee 76 CUM Callan 2 erase ee eee 987 
Gyclophyllays ce egies os teen ene eenee 737 elegamtilany. ft. oaer se oeeee cere - 994 
Giphyllas: s+ 22222 2ss eso 710, 762 exsculpta iit 4242 ee eepeeeeee 994, 1001 
Cycloptilus squamosus ......--..--------- 808 TaSCla ba) Ss joss sis ee see eee eee 984 
Cyclorhynehus planirostris ........------ 46 fiSChEr lind ee ee os ace eee 985 
Cy clorisms 2225. fasten ce eke eee wasn 355, 397 TUSCALAR ees c eee eee Ee eeeeeees 985 
Oyclospongyiliasneeoncewes ccees testes 628 SUANGISS eee ens peso eee es 970 
Gy clothyrist.5.<scea. ose ae eee 397 NeleMa sta. hee Se ee eee ere 986 
CATOLMENSIS! <=> esse ee eres 357 = Nerricki.s jets shee oe eee 985 
Cymatophlebiaesssac..-see> csc eeseeeeeee 735, 756 OM alas 5S ase eae eee ae eS 985, 986 
Cymbirhynehus lemniscatus .......------ 503 pellucidazyjse- see seeeeee 971, 985, 988, 1001 
Oyanies = = tee es ese ee ee hee 960 perelevanis) 2585. esos ecm 985 
Cynocephalus glaucus...--.....--.------- 613 PilOSS), “sak. acces seeker eeeneeeeee 986 
CyNOpPterus) MOntANO! =sssess eee ees eeee ee 474 pubera ees ee ese 971, 985, 986, 987, 1001 
titthsecheilus:=.c-4eeee se 474, 479, 482 punctata var. striata. 5- sss. cee 994 
measurements punctillatacss tse cstcc sees cee eee 987 
Ofes 2 occ ban cede pelo cerca 475 TE PLANS eet kisi esis ace ae 979 
CY PELUsrst sess s cen etsec cee soe ea ees - 185 TetiGulatarc. 2.28 ses eee 985 
Cy pnounypa cece eats ke wa. ee eee ss eee 423 stiicta ...s.t sees ec se Se eee 987 
@ypretitatcees tel ee oon tact ee ee eee 972, 982 stridlatan.s.- Siac. 252 0 eee eee 994 
Gostapa eos sain Sone seen eee 983 hestidinariaccs-4 a ences 969 
teminicandars ese ececee eee oe 983 ‘tristrigtays. cee. uoce ee eee 986 
Gyiprias. ities coho eee 971, 973, 993, 994, 995 VEMtTICOSA. 5 34242 brates eee eer 986 
demtifern: 225 5h eee ae eee eee 993 WATERS? Seok Oetmaecemeeee 971, 985, 986, 1001 
exsculiptacc a. seaeeee eee 971,998,994. |\u@yproisiese-<. sacs. Sask esos esses 971, 974, 975 
mMons'i:.22: dpa Medea oeele eon eee eee 993) | Cy pselurus AlOO% 225m soso ne eemeee sae 541 
ODeSas 6c 2 ei salons eee 993 doéderleini 2932. 2 yasese ame 541 
opthalmicasi us 2225. s eee meee 993: |aCypselus'eomaibusye --scnasee eee e- 503 
@ypricercus: JS. -0 wees fee eee eee 972, 981,984 | Cypsilurus.......... eee eee eee 539, 540, 544 
Cypridellaiec aos a ees see eae 972, 981 ASOOs Blea sees ae 540, 541, 542, 544 
Gyprididiey 5. cous nace ee tee eee eee 970, 971 hirun@dosesss cesce sees ee 540, 542, 544 
Cyprididsx, Report on the fresh-water Os- nuttallis 2 sceS se eee 540 
tracoda of the United States National poclopteruss:.-- sseesess 540, 542, 544 
Museum, including a Revision of the CYTES MM arIGUMN Ae ee ee eee eee 391 
Subfamilies and Genera of the Family, - Gyrénidee. i325. cba toe cee 935 
by, Richard W. Sharpe-.-.2.--2-- eee 969) |i Gyntinalrostratay=ss2scs-esee eee eee eee 422 
OyMri dine: Sees. os ee le Se 970) 971,972. 981) |ACystiphrap misses eee ae 567 
Cyprdopsellas-c..scacsee pct eee ees eee 991 |) Cytherea 4352 Sacemen soe ee eee 352 
Cy pridopsinss oo. ao ene eee ee 970; 971,.973, 990" || Gytherezcoc. os) ease see eee eee 998 
CYPTIGOPSISs 3-22 525. alec ee eee cee 973, 990;:991;:992.*||«Cytihtereasss6. coke sens See ee eee 336, 338, 
COStALA Ls =S sees Scissace ec aseeee 990 346, 351, 354, 355, 356, 358, 374, 382, 390, 404 
SIBATAS GING Soe sas= oe seeee 992 eequilatera -<-cebans- sins someseee 385, 386 








INDEX. 


Page. 
RUUD eheciae SAMUS Eee ae a2 wise eS nies ss 383, 389 
GOEUING SS a a as 347 
SURO tet sttaletetara l= 0/=)-)i- 2 /\aisieSiche «=< < 347 
emer eye 383 
IDROWANPINYOSA 82. es ohne 388 





eallimorpha, new species... 372,382,411 





GHG Neer ae Sake 352, 392 
EROS C Ue ere eye tes non c 304 
Cardiilay. 82. See aclecisee ce = 374 
PLUNGER 2 4 So Se ee 386 
ING IY Arrant ite ert ce: 354 
OWT Aree aac c nt Sok see 379 
ROUT PUR Taree alalolo eta icia soos. wie 2 are c 370 
Un OTC ets Ace Sete ac 368, 385 
Cemmssatelloides= ss... oc os bccn 386 
RET Albee eee rte shee le fjerin < Ss,0%s 374 
CUROMe Meets naa) bas close ace 388 
PlGR AMIS Eat eee cds ecees a 386 
PLOVeia ese ccc coca sais eccle 383 
ORCS NaN err 390, 403, 411 
LONELY Sh 0 eo ee 404 
Hal AMUN A etieveesets cose eiatets <ancl = Staion 371 
UU Maisie tas 2 eh ls ok seco e 353 
hatchetigbeénsis -.............. 346 
Rvs De ey eet eyes ata Seite es lcecs 371 
iy Glave ee eileen ote ee 348 
RINGO GL rater Prive ctnis\o js eich os 368 
MET LE TMMC CUE et aste scenic cece 385 
AS Oe Camere yn ee 353 
NUIT EE eet ys ofS ot” 383 
MONE Claire ee ae 386 
Namde i amis erates. ces oe ae 28 2 355 
ME Daneel ae Mita a Stee So \Snie cee 389 
IWsyorto Corel hi) 0) i) 5 eae ee 390, 403, 411 
neq aipereeersa ot yates eee cs ict 388 
AUR her oer ese 372, 390 
eile Oeste ae cS caciee s ces 370, 388 
NOC daer meee se tee. Tee 386 
VA GHLOMMES eater ct nk sce cs 385 
magdalenz, new species... 390,403, 411 
MIOCUSiH mar seem oS. Sec 383 
TINUUGLCOStAtA. Je. 2 sc e-+ soos 390 
PAM VOT UBALE ae fe cieistelc Sorceress 369 
NUS A pe en Sy at aya clavalalewices 397 
AMPLE ere yarsis ts ini =i << aes 386 
Gh GMM eet as 2 se a)-dniSe sere inin = 387 
MLC hele ees ck ISS Lae 383 
ROMINA eee at aes 5,2 'S5. 2 351 
PICMG Hays Hen ee os ce te < 384 
383 

“408 

PLU Se ever See peeme 385 
UE Unabe pete ye sock Ae Sime ee 352 
TOA cee ayia cmc care 5 os 372, 390 
Rn DIATMOSME Rees oo- See 225 22. 371 
PUAN AR ae see oa s/c owceis esiciesye 372 
BEA ene smo or ise secs cc clc o 370 
REDE ees (aaerk.s ohne ec cs 370 
BerailamevlOsa, £222 22.5 -c.ce ssc. 388 
ROMORGSIEM Se eee icc ce eke oclees 386 
RIMS ECE eee nets et 359 
strigillina, new species. -.....--- 372, 
: 378, 381, 390, 410 
SUUUMOTINIMIME sos ccs bie oc < cece = 385, 386 
RTS Ca Lass ke scot tec os 396 
RING NOSUERING ae Sooo sc ee -2--n == 389 


| 





Cytherea tellinaria.... 
texasiana..... 
tortuosa 











Ae aS ma er om Fate hw iva echt lo 389 
IMLCOlON seers oe pee ee 388 
Und UlRtacs: 5, sro eocee eae eee a5 
VEIIANIS 70-o 3, otc ee Ue 37] 
VGSICRh sae aes 2 Se pene 370 
Cythierides SSS Fr ia ean 
Cytheriopsisis cach. 05 Any sence eee 348 
CyUberopsis: <-cec ec 1a ee 348 
Cyttopsisiiten, S5i2-. asa Ce 604 
COSC Rae sd chit oe te aa 694 
Dactylis glomerata ....................... 185 
DACEYLOUITN DIC HLT nas See aaa S04 
Dalatias;s---- noes soe abccee Sete eee 636 
lights /sceeenss~ seen eee a ee 637, 673 
sparopharuss.- 2.5 eee 636, 687 
Dalatiidee....... Mosaleestawaks cone 628, 636, 640, 673 
Dalatiine ...._. ainlayaiclnah ea ata ata Stare ee ae 636 
Dall, William Healey, on Synopsis of the 
Family Astartide, with a Review of the 
INT CADIS DECIES ce =e sane aaemen nnn 933 
Dall, William Healey, on Synopsis of the 
Family Veneride, and of the North 
American recent Species ...........-..- 335 
Dalmanella perelegans.................-. 22 
Dalimam tes cucse soso. eae ewe 415 
Danionin aie. se eee =e ee $43 
Dardanus Yess eee oe SSS. oo. Boe 33 
haanii, new name.............- 34 
ITU CSSUS ete ae ee eee eae ae 3 
PUNCH TSE. -seseeeceee cease 34 
SCULDUDESY = ss een cae 34 
Darina :declevis Sse nae see eee 408 
Darwin] de ee ce cee tae den eee nea 998 
UMP LOWISSs = See as ee 998 
stevensoniet.dst season eee” 998 
Darwinulidse ss. =* 20.) saree sooner 998 
Dasibatis pastinacde-seeas- 2 sacecesee eee 658 
DaSVatidce tease. eee ean eee 642, 656, 674 
Dasvatines <-H2<2 5 setae = are sie ee 657 
DASVAWSE jsyos ene ele aoe ee eee eed 657, 658 
QKAJCL Sos 55: watson ses os Bae aes 659, 674 
PETTATLC I ss Ss es ee ee 659, 661, 674 
Tee: eos Merge = Soe ee re 659, 674 
micrura var. japonicus ......... 662 
NUGUSs oo ecos gases eee eae 662 
MASUNAGCAE N-eoste Aaa ete tees 658 
WJ USlS. cei et cienescacens owe . 658 
zugei OE cae eee Le eRe a ae 659, 660, 674 
Dasybatus ...... <2. 5.---------------0-5-- 698 
COMMUMNISS sua. none ois. op Um 648 
DASYPteLeS — 5-58) seb ctw cee we «ee ne ow na 425 
ITIEETMMECGINS ss. we boom’ a= = 8 426 
Deamiavs so. iss sase me cae oe ene ening ters 629, 631 
eglamting- <2. ica cea = ns 631, 632, 672 
DeCapoda...-- <<. 20s.<stcare= seem sans «=e 23, 430 
Demigretts Sacra ..o- 2. .< sa. --s <-s0500-5= 488 
DeNGTOUSNENUS .5-4-o- ccese ane eee eee 504 
INVIGUS —.-est- see oe oe eee SOA 
Derotmema cupidineum ....-...-.---.--- 789 
Hayaenils =. -necceo~ssa-se 778, 789 
[itelst:)alo colts een ye Se 792 
Description of a new Species of Seulpin 
trom Japan, by David Starr Jordan and 
Edwin Chapin Starks. ......----------- 659 








1028 INDEX. 

Page. Page. 

Deseription of an extinct Mink from the Dipty chus\o52 5 sees ses ssn ee cose sacleeste eee 330 
Shell Heaps of the Maine Coast, by ATMAUSt pecans o eee eee ee 330 
Daniel Webster Prentiss.......-.-.----- &87 australisess-. sn4j-n Ree eee 330 
Descriptions of a new Genus and forty-six bells e502 tee ee eee 331 
new Species of Crustaceans of the Family STAC IMAM US eae eee eee eee 331 
Galatheidz, with a List of the known INSIP MIS. ese aes ae seco tee 331 
marine Species, by James E. Benedict - 243, INTerMeGIUSs: fesse sees 331 
Descriptions of new Species of Hawaiian NIiGUS 34 soos es ee ee eee seer 332 
Crabs, by Mary J. Rathbun ......---..- 75 VAT: COUCOLOL Scenes 332 
Desmoenathus ssecees eee eee eee 597 occidentalis ...... 332 
TUSCA ado tee cee toe ator 557, 558 PALVUlUSs yess Soo ees eee 332 

MIST Areas tetas ata 597, 558 politus Seale ot eta eal ta tefoal ote teatro 332 
quadrimaculata.....-...-- 557, 558 | PUDESCENS sere eea ene eee 332 

Devonic and Ontarie Formations of Mary- TUbLO-Wibha buss eee 333 
land, on the lower, by Charles Schu- | TUPOSUSs chetadi ns eee ements 333 
GHED eee as ER ot ee eee 413 | Spininrare ints eee 333 
Dincanthas-cess ss ese- esse = eee 773 | SDINOSUS toast ea eee 333 
Diapheromera......-- 863, 865, 867, 870, 872, 873, 878 | {ICen tats) wet ee 333 
arizonensis, new species... 874,&77 UNGHET se eee eee 33: 

CArOlINaeeee eee eee 864,874 87i7o ll Discobatuseencee cate eee cee ree eee eee 647 
Gentricus:-sesse2eceeweaees 780, 878 SINGENSIS So se5-2 see eee eee 647, 673 

femorata ....-. 863, 874, 875, 876, 877, | Disparoneura...........2---.-.--------<-- 749, 764 

878, 885 | Dissemurus brachyphorus......-....----- 516 

Méexillamal se sseseee eee 864,874,878 | Dissosteira carolina .............--.------ 776, 788 
BAY ,cions co Se oasae sessseeeals 874 | longi pennispecese eas pee es 788 
velieines sees 874, 875, 876, 877,885 | Ditrema temmincki............-....-.--- 815 
Diaphorostomajes---554-scess]-- os ee eee 422)" |} Dobula ae cea e tee eee eee oe ae S44 
Dintryims ss -c>oses eth ese o- cca a cones 506 | Doclea canalifera ............- €:32 eae oe 29 
PIPANTCA aaswise nce= eee eacieeers 556 JAPON Cd 22555. se ses ese nee 29 
Diatryma, Notes on the Osteology and DodecseramMmMoshss. ss asqete se eee 1005 
Relationship of the fossil Birds of the Dolerocyprisi2e2e3- f= ee 2 ees 984 
Genera Hesperornis, Hargeria, Baptor- Dolinumefimbriavumr: css. sosesseereeneeees 34, 37 
nis and, by Frederic A. Lucas. .--...-.- 545 Varler atime 2 --55 osc cceeeeee 34, 37 
DIGIC. Sst het ec ont c/ seine oe = Seto 620 4/Dolliitisiaias state ie os. eee sac cane 349 
Dicewmmsineonostipniasss--soseeeee eee 6205) Donaxairmerwlanisi -<ass-se eee eee 348 
IDI Cero alse) a pOMLCA enna se eee beer er 666 lessonties: 2202 2 eee ata aeosee 385 
Dicerobatus edentulas << 2--222----- a2" 665 SCRIP UAH se os secs cece eee 349 
MODUS. Josssie ose sete 665 Stultorumis= = .occeeeroot eee eee 349, 386 
DICHGCELOS|DICONMIS eee oko ees oe a raraiae 500) }) Dorippe calllidavses: see seen ae eee jl 
Dichromorpha) yvinidis\s2-s- 2-2 oes 783 GOrsIPes 2 ss)52 eos ee eee ene 31 
Dick, the bridegroom fish ....-....-....-. 19 facchino..2225. 2208S se eae dl 
DICTUTEG Se eiseees oii eea sees cen TCs arenes 516 granulataso* 20-5 ae eee 31 
DrCteriass. 5. aso ee eee sen ae eee eee 744 japonica: See.s- ee te eee eee 31 
Dictyophorus reticulatus ...........-..--- 795 SIM Giza Secor ee ee eee 31 
Did yMODStaz see eee eee oe eee ee 156: ADoOnippidss carersee cet ee eee ee eee 31 
LMMS VOLS cei eee creas seer TLL; 763 OD OSIM Doses done woe ee es eee 346, 355 

DAPI tan 8) 2 ase en cee cee en eon soe a eee 936 Jamanckii 42°)... s2se Se steer 359 
Dimemusiictseceetc case cache eee eee 18" || ‘Dosinellaf2.< 25525 5.2: 3s oe Seep ee eee 347 
WENUSLUS. so scnae coe aie ee eee 18. \0 IDOSIMNTAR sagce eck aos eee ee ee eee eee 338, 346, 348 

DIOCON Lee seen Saas eres ee eee 960 airicang. =-\5 2.2.62 cto eee ee 346 
Diogenesiediwardsils Sc eee 36 angulosa.) ets oe so heen. 408 
Cciwandslicass: ste csck eae aeee 36, 427 ChiliensSe@ ose is acest eer 408 

Dione ik Sess ees tetera ee 352, 354 CONGCENtIGH: ate eee ee eer eee 366, 367, 384 
brevisping ss sete ee eee eee 389 ey clastic Sia. othe cso. e nieteemns 383 
previspinataty: 3. <.282 eee ae 389 Gilata tat Seen eee eee 383, 
Cxpinalasn soe see casera ee 388 GISCUSs Set SA eos esis 366, 379, 410, 411 
Pipbosullasiesssh. eee ee eee 392 Gunkerizas. 22 Sees ss eee 384 

MLO DUIS) St mares sey soe es eee 387 Glegansyeuscene eee eee 366, 379, 410, 411 

PLOLa Sas. Seer take hse ees ee 387 floridamassi2s25-csta ene ee 366 
VENEIIGS cosas eviccnteons Sk oe ee 371 | Ter ANS aoa eee cee 383 
Diphilebiay Wien te 25. shes. See 744 | lticinaligzs sce eea eee 383 
DIplacogdess-. s-seb see eee 719 RUSS ooo se Sees rs See aie oe 384 
DAT VUNG sone. seca eee e 763. | ObOVAtA: =. -s.0es Eee eee ae 366 
Diplomysud sae soe. Aes sees oe eee 897 ponderosais: 242.02 se soteee ese eee 366, 384 
Diplosis tWaibiel yas se a-c eee =< na oseiacsee 117 prostialta 2) oe eee ees 408 
DIPlera se ae cede oh senie cere ne wea 358 radiatac<..26 sohceese oe eee 383 
DIPLELUB DAS jsrec ek hes tet wees esas 648 simplex: 225-5 /ssene see eee 3d4 





INDEX. 


-Dosinia tenuis ....-.-----------+--++------ 357 

UME aT OMe erereteeiee  aieler= lai v= clsicc <= =)=1- 383 
OSM aoe sc ose eee 336, 338, 347 
DNS RENEE Sec c a cescs besten 845 
Dosiniopsis 35! 
DN Fars SS eal te alone feleini als elo aic(mi='w isin ioe: 
PSI ONIGREere ete nine sea nin wn ca eee ee 
Sate LSE ie ee ies el cini= == == = 


Dragon-fly wing venation, A genealogic 
Study of, by 


: James G. 
Needham ..- 

dynamic con- 

trol in vein 

evolution. - 

explanation 

of plates... 

lines of spe- 

cialization - 

ontogeny of 

the yvena- 

WON eee 

some general 

features of 

the wing... 

study of the 

wing by 

ATCAS!\---< 6 

summary and 

conclusions 

Mromia @ormia .--------s----<------------ 
TUMMPHI. 3---=-------------==--°- 
ROM aes sree eee ene ain = os =inle =i 
Drymophila velata .....-------------++++-- 
Drymotrypa ...--------------------------- 
FEatonia medialis -...--------------------- 
peculiaris ....---------------+---- 
singularis -...-..----------------- 

SIN SUAS ee ters = nos © olnjniz ml =i 

Eburna japonica .....--- ----------+------ 
Eburnea japonica ....-.------------------ 
TREO TYGIS eee eee sae nec. oaseos mes 


Echidna catenata 
Echinochama californica, new species. - - 
Edolius brachyphorus. ..-.-.-------------- 
cineraceus 
Edriocrinus pocilliformis. -..------ Berea: 
Eel, recently received from H. Maxwell 
Lefroy, Bridgetown, Barbados, West 
Indies, Notice of a small Collection of 
Fishes, including a rare, by Barton A. 
Bean 
Elasmobranchiate Fishes of Japan, A Re- 
view of the, by David Starr Jordan and 
Henry W. Fowler...-------------------- 
Elasmobranchil 
Elasmonotus 





asper 
carinipes 
eylindrophthalmus. ..------ 
debilis 
edwardsii....-.------------- 
leevigatus....--------------- 
latifrons....--- 





703 


963 


593 
671 
324 
315 
316 
316 
317 
319 
319 


320 | 


321 


321 





* ; ] nage. 
Elasmonotus lividus. ..........-.---..... ane 
longimmanu#s (2 ate, ios 
THAT PINATUS eu ee se ee 399 
TOLETSI 5 aoe a eee a 323 
parfaiti Sitka eosin oe tee Tee 9 
CUAGTETUS see eee 995 
SQUSIMONUS, 25a 2 2a ea eee 197 
Valllantices:"-.--.. ae eee 299 
Electric Catfish, The Use of the Name Tor- $ 
_bedo for by Theodore Gill ease ee 697 
Elops SONI USE ote aleve) oe re wate eee ee 962 
SRG Shakes hoes vate eee St es eee 765, 768 
nikkonis, new species............-. 768,774 
EL VIMUS SULT bUSise esac ene eee ee 162 
VINSIMUICUS 5 Sona. cto shew es ae weeks 162 
Emballonura peninsularis................ 173, 479 
measurements 
OL o-o e es 173 
Ba sy ON eas oan ee eee ee 173 
Hm POM CIbH YS seca 5 ote Se ee 693 
TALS UO ee ee 693 
PIMeni ta) tal PO a aes ae ae pee ete ee 889 
Empusa sphaerosperma ...-..........-..- 119 
PE ale ent ae ae eats le eee ere eit 72 
ANMNER UM oe te ete ere 764 
Encoptolophus costalis ......-.-.---..---- 787 
SOLMIGUS occ erie Sens 787 
Entomophthora sphaerosperma ...------. 119 
Bntoxychirus wyato-..---..--.....---.--- 629 
Wp allip Cheese m2 sees oes ee ae tee DLE, ae 
PAGINA oooh om ae ale nee aes aes 764 
Epallagine ...........-.-.---------------- 743, 750 
Ephidatia ..........------------------+==- 718, 719 
longipes ....-.----------------- 763 
Ephyra compressa.....-.------+--++--+++-- 49 
Epieschna.........---------------++--022- 736 
Epigomphus. .-.- Be Soc 2 Sakon Se Eee 715 
paludosus .-....------------- 710 
Epilobocera cubensis. ...----------------- 430, 435 
Erechthitessss0s+-e.- s2<52== <== === 181 
Eremopedes balli....--.------------------ 776, 807 
WNICOlOGs a= os e= =e ae =m 807 
Erigeron canadensis. ----.------------+--- 181 
Frinaceid .......--------------+--2-°7--- 472 
Eriocheir japonicus ..-.----------------- <n 24 
Eriochirus japonicus --------------------- 24 
Eriphyla ......----------------- ie ene tae 933 
Eritettix navicula.-...-.------------------ 781 
tricarinatus ...--.-.------------- 781 
Erpetocypris -.---------------------e=**- 975, 978 
reptams ....----------++-+++-- 979 
Serrata.c.ces--seccresiee= === 980 
Erythragrion salvum......-------+---->> 74 
Esacus magnirostris ...----------+---+-->- 487 
Escharopora pavonid. ..---------+++-5-+>- 571, 588 
ALGO Cee ee eeee eae oa enemas 960 
TUG ]IS. cco nee te dese ane =e earn saan 920 
Etmopterus..---- Ft eae ee ete 629, 633 
aculeatus ......-----+-+-+-+-> 633 
lucifer ....----------+--+++":° 634, 673 
Eucallista ...-- ae aaa eee 336, 388, 352 
Eucalyptocrinus. -.-------+--+++577777"" 415 
Eucalyptus from the Philippines, On the 
Identificationof aSpeciesof, 
by Joseph Henry Maiden ..- 691 
multiflora....-------+-+*++**" 691 
naudiniana ..---------+--+**** 691, 692 





1030 INDEX. 
Page. 

Eucalyptus persicifolia...........-------- 6919 Hay OSILCS ore meee ee eee eee aeeeaee 
pilwlanisiesse sees sere eee 691 helderbergiz preecedens........ 
Eucharis grandiflora ..........--.---+---- 173-|. Penestella 328 sac sese = eee eeaseee eee: 
Bucrate crenats-ce cae eee ee eee eee 3d. ||. Werebrazsssccn. ssc sceaaseeeeee cop Rye Me el 
Crenatusscs. ole ee eee 23) | Festuca durinscolars.-ccsssseee sees eee 
Eudynamis malayana---.--...-2..------- 497 Clationsscc 5. sosenm ccoascmeriseeperts 
Eudynamys honorata malayana ......... 497 Iheterophyllaee jac aeees se eereeeee 
Euraleus\paleus 22.2022 45-- see ee eee 611 OlLCOW se deaceas sone seemieeee cece 
Hulabes javanuse 2 s4 2 sees 519 OVINE Resccse scree eae ee eee 
TODUStD <3) Beas eee ees 519 pratensis:.. 5: st ects neeocs cn eee 
Btilabetidse 22 aoe ee reese cee eee e eee 518 MUDTay sass sesso See Uat eee tess 
BHulamid, lamiaeessse-eeee oe eee ees 614),| Hicusi: 2: Spee eees Aeon oe eee ee enea 
Bumunida 45 Shes eee woes eee seeeee 3384 elastic¢g. 25.25205-eo ee meee Cee 
Dita tee ocean 3a4 PTANCiiOre, <9. eee eee ase oes eee 
SMG ace ees cee anes eee 334 | Fish Genera named Macrodon, Note on 
HUpAsULUSs. casenees ce eee see se ieee 33 |) the; by Rheod ore (Gillie seas seeeener = 
Middend orice. sasaemee eee aes 35 | Fish Genera of the first Edition of Cuvier’s 
mud dend onttitesseseeaeetseeeee 35 Regne Animal and Oken’s Names, On 
HU tLOSUS CULL OTIS se saree eae ean ei 505 some) by, Nheodore:Gall 2 eens eee 
Bro Hanumeatay eset seceee eee eee 790 | Fish, Generic names, by Cuvier.......--- 
HUryCYPVisic.- -ostscse sss ees cee 972, 980,984 | Fish, Generic names, by Oken ..........- 
Byimy asim os eyaeee ae ee ae eeere 503 | Fish, Pierre A., On the cerebral Fissures of 
Eurylaimus lemniscatus..........-------- 503 thie Ati amitics Walrus sesh seen eee 
OChTOMWLUS see seee eee eee 503 | Fisher, Walter K., on A new Procelsterna 
Bury plerusivs- Sos bese sues ante a eeeeee 416 | from the Leeward Islands, Hawaiian 
Birystomus Cal OWyex ences = ssanesiscsisreisieri= 497 STOUP ee eam sees reise et ee sees eee eee 
Eurythrips, new genus........--......-.- 187,202 | Fishes, including a rare Eel, recently re- 
ampliventralis, new species. . 202, 241 ceived from H. Maxwell Lefroy, Bridge- 
osborni, new species..... 202, 203, 241 town, Barbados, West Indies, Notice of 
Eusphyra blochii........-..-: os ee eee 618 | asmall Collection of, by Barton A. Bean. 
HBOS tar. = oe ok teenie ected nee eae eee 362 | Fishes made by H. H. Brimley in Cane 
BNIGHORG\ Ae sce ee ee ce ee eters eee tee 746 River and Bollings Creek, North Caro- 
BITUN DSS eee ee ee ee oa etiam 133,147 | lina, Notice of a Collection of, with a 
fuscus, new species. ....----- 148, 154, 238 Description of a new Species of Notropis 
NID CS esa ae oe ee oer ee 155, 156 (N. brimleyi), by Barton A. Bean ...... 
MPT V OSUSH ir aiecls cee e 148,155,238 | Fishes of Japan, A Review of the Bery- 
occidentaliss sce ences sseseee 148, 152, 154 coid, by David Starr Jordan and Henry 
SYMOpSISiof species = s.2-2---4 sce 148 W Powders 0. .imese 4. be asasacces ese 
ENGL Clee oes ae 116, 120, 147, 148,154,238 | Fishes of Japan, A Review of the Cypri- 
Hublvelar 2. ec.-c5. sess 5st a sie “sees 336, 349 noid, by Dayid Starr Jordan and Henry 
Perplema esos eee oe 349 W ROWER sek oe ede & See 
EXO CORLI CES a see rer ae ees ee ote ener 526,538 | Fishes of Japan, A Review of the Elasmo- 
EEZOCUSUUISH oe essa ae Seer eee 536, 539,542,959 | branchiate, by David Starr Jordan and 
AS OOM Seo a a eee 541) 2 lenny, Wie Howler. cme attee eee eee 
brachycephalus ...........-..- 539 | Fishes of Japan, A Review of the Hemi- 
GOGErIEIMI = S22. sees eee eee 541, 542 branchiate, by David Starr Jordan and 
MUNGO eee ee And HaiwiniChapini Starks: 5-2. seeee-o eee 
peeciloptenusme sesso eee 542 | Fishes of Japan, A Review of the Synen- 
ER OLCtE hace sete ence ene coe eee eee Ee ee 346 tognathous, by David Starr Jordan and 
HM ONAUtCS See nee eee BSE ee 539, 544 Bdwin! Chapin Starks)e5-.ssesnsesee= oe 
brachycepialusess-seeeee aes 589, 544 | Fishes of Japan belonging to the Family 
CxS Gls2 4 a- eee ase eee ee 539 of Hexagrammide, A Review of the, by 
TOUGEl CUT See ssa es ee 540 David Starr Jordan and Edwin Chapin 


Extinct Mink from the Shell-heaps of the 


Maine Coast, Description of an, by 
Daniel Webster Prentiss 2-2-2. 2222-2. 887 
Halcojbachayes. face oe. se teaeeeck eens 492 
frineilAMSe- se. so cSt eee eee 494 
Onion eon’ Meer aesrsecnc mans] Soore sce 492 
TEU GOSASTEI Ss) Senate ssa eee 491 
DELCRMUNUS es pene ech eee ee ee 494 
BOLISNISIG Se aca eis pean 2 Neh iE 491 
WAS SNA E ets eek = ete ee iy te ee 491 
ULC OME See east. an ciate ain hcic ence nies 491 
Family Veneridee and of the North Ameri- 
ean recent Species, Synopsis of the, by 
William Healey Dallesfo2) . 2S. sc. cconse- 835 





Starks'5 2224525 Settee eee semen 
Fishes of the Family Lampridide or 
Opahs, On the Relations of the, by Theo- 
Gore Gilles. sts naste ee ee eee te eee 
lishes, On some neglected Genera of, by 
Theodore: Gill a2c sae. ose ee eee eee 
Fishes or Catfishes of Japan, A Review of 
the Siluroid, by David Starr Jordan 
and: rent y Ws Howlersseo-essseeese=s- 
Fishes, Supplementary Note on Bleekeria 
Mitsukurii, and on certain Japanese, by 
DayidStarnJordan sees ..52 eee eee ee 
Fissures of the Atlantic walrus, The cere- 
bral; by Pierre A. Bishe:22S.nqes ease 


Page. 


419 
423 
418 
951 
162 
162 
162 
162 


138, 162 


141 
162 
177 


173, 177 


173 


1015 


965 
966 
966 
675 


509 


963 


913 


811 


593 


57 


525 


1003 


915 


959 


897 


693 


675 














INDEX. 1031 
Page. ’ 

Fistularia....---..-..--.-.-....-..... 66, 67,73, 960 | Galathea ..........._... oe 
chinensis ... Miatee ce cs ee ee 64 acauthomera ..... as Rerneys =o ra 
BOBERICTSOMI foo - ceo... e 2s. 68 BU Ber tee Se Vl ieee 300 
GEPTOSS mos... 66, 68, 73 Seyphece woe we ee 500 
immaculata Settee iain i= mj [~imimim im 68 aire, <o.<) ie oe 900 
IONS OM eel Seimei 5/1 2 sia 66, 67, 73 RRO e P  e onl 247 $0 
Serrata.-.---.--..-...----...... 68 audrewalioc-o- eat aaate 947 oni), ‘ang 
tabacaria ...................... 66, 67 australiensis................. " a01 
ae 58, 63, 65, 73 brevimana .2a-00 5.0. ee 
Flagellaria eeeisuteeriinisin in son Seis ial 66 aliforniensis new species .. se 247, 301 
fistularis................2..-.. 66 COvBIICOlAS =e ott ee oe . "301 
RANCHI A eee Soc ic. cane 66 detlexdiingns ssc = oe 301 
PBEMLIEN ENC Meer reielsasmnny-icemee ses ensecce sss if dispersa Sea. 0 5esh.nce eee 247, 301 
HMw TACO TWVIGTACO.....-.....5l22.-2526: 904, 906 elegans ese ae, ee "901 
MIM COWS 05202 aisce oes 904, 906, 911 fabriciiee Saas! + oe ee 303 
MAMSOMMOCM. 5 ja -n:-/ne c's ou 904, 906, 911 Pind hese ee es eel mee 301 
MIUMIOCMNACO Meter =cccscecsbs. laeostaecee 901, 904 PTANGITOSHISi- noe eee 301 
Formations of Maryland, On the lower SRCR AUG a. oe eee ee ee 308 
Devonicand Ontaric, by Charles Schuch- INCONSPIGNE. =5. esse eee eee 301 
Teele soe deticice Se cicieccu seeks eke 413 integra, new species........ 247, 248, 301 
Fossil Birds of the genera Hesperornis, INteLTATOSINIS: 52-5. se eee eee 249, 301 
Hargeria, Baptornis, and Diatryma, INnGermedign.- see = eee 247,300, 302 
Notes on the Osteology and Relationship key to the species of .........-.. 246 
of the; by Frederic A. Lucas....-....... 545 labidoleptartstGas--8-4.. eee 302 
MOSSUMEDYVSANODLCES.. s22-c2-s.csss-.c5-e 210 latTOStLIS':...c s2aaeaoe eee. o- sees 302 
Fowler, Henry W., and Dayid Starr Jor- longimana<452-0 a eee 302 
dan, on A Review of the Berycoid longipedara<s-<-b wee oc. 306 
IANS AOA OH JE OO oe 1 LOU PILOSULIS Pcsinae ant oe 5 eee 302 
Fowler, Henry W., and David Starr Jor- machadOlbo-ceeeesee se eee ae ae 302 
dan, on A Review of the Cepolide or mMAoMIA Ca see see. Ca eee 302 
BaMdafishes Of JAPA 225 2222.22.02. 699 MONOMON ase eat eee eee eee 305 
Fowler, Henry W., and David a Jor- NOKAL Saeco ake eet eee 247, 302 
dan, on A Beer of the Cobitide, or Orientals! ss. 5-2e0e sooo cee 247, 302 
Loaches, of the Rivers of Japan.......- 765 DALTOCEIt- Asc te Se See emere 302 
Fowler, Henry W., and Dayid Starr Jor- paucilineata, new species’.. 247, 249, 303 
dan, on A Review of the pyeningic DUDESCENS ieee se emine eee 303 
HUSHOSON IAPAM or 22 <5 <)ste a2 Se! nets 3 811 MUSING iceceeee ao esse ee 303 
Fowler, Henry W., and David Starr Jor- TOStTatWe ss sosasse see eae seas 247, 308 
dan, on A Review of the Elasmobran- TUAIPES!/3) esc say 52a oe 303 
Chiate Hishesiof Japan: —.--.---2--2---+- 593 BUS OSS eee cease a es 306 
Fowler, Henry W., and Dayid Starr Jor- SpINOSONOStMIS =- 4 = sss 303 
dan, on A Review of the Siluroid Fishes SQUAT CTs sae era 246, 303 
OMMOA SMES OL APA <2 <(0 see ss. aces ei 897 SUIS OSS co eetet aoa sae eee 246, 303 
Fresh-water Ostracoda of the United SUbTUP OSU eeee= aaa oe eee 314 
States National Museum, including a SULCUS Ee oe ete ran 303 
Reyision of the Subfamilies and Genera tmidentate =>. a2 sssese see Spates 328 
of the Family Cyprididz, Report on the, WItiENSISiasskee costes aac ee 304 
iby Richardiw,, Sharpe:-.----...--.----- GBOs | Gala theistic: ecees sete lo =e nein 244 

FRRISTISHMNCOUStANS:. oc coco cc.t oc sewaceelee 34, 37 list of Known marine species 
MG AREER NUTINI a) = nice oele wie. wlerec ee 336, 338, 390 Of ....------- SSR TG aa 300 

WEEMNUTGENISIS <2 22 -2o-c5------ 269 | Galatheide, Descriptions of a new Genus 

ORIN se nieee ica cle es since 369 and forty-six new Species of Crustaceans 

MSA Se eee sete isos T= 369 of the Family, with a List of the known 
Galucanthdecascccce. << -s2--2---+-~-- 240, 246, 304 marine Species, by James E. Benedict... 243 
ICCA: fie <ioce ced case 304 | Galathodes .-....--..-----------++-+----*> oS 
PRT Timesheet el ols oe 317 abbIevintuS xe auseen <2 sens aoe 
eis eae = ese eke aa 304. AOULUS ee eee eee ma 
MERIT O IIS eee eye case 304 antonii Bin in wheter ae oo aie ae ee a 
diomedes ....--------------- ay Se eR a? eee 320 
faxoni, new name ......-.--- 304 aaa aa ea nae aaa 991 
investigatoris Ree ici ea enna 304 latifrons Se ie net he ee a 398 
OSHC oan os slob sous 304, 305 marionis ae <9 eae = eee ate 
var. investigatoris --. 304. reynoldsi......------+------** sae 
i 305 robustus. ....----------+--*+-> o 
SPIMOSH .---2---------eeeee=- u sg 
var. trachynotus .-..-- 305 TE eo ake ae an ae 

Prarie te os s2nt ess 204 serratifrons Simei nscssvecrenss 

Me unaionus estes. c228:ocs~- 305 sigsbel ...---------+---r++"+*" 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 69 


10382 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 

Galathodes simplex ...........-..-------- 326: |: Glanisianistotelise-pssss-02-e- eee eee 902, 903 
til ood coe ba 328 | Glaucopis leucopterus...............-.--- 518 
Lids =o eee eee 328 | Glaueostegus rhinobatus............--.-- 645 
triclentaiusese=saeeee eee $28''); Guathopogonae tee. econ eee eee eee 812, 822 
trifidts. 2+ oko eke eee eee are 329 Clon patattcuteateeeee eee 822 
Galathopsis Gebilis) 220 -5--=-ss-eeeeeee old elongatuss. aocsestneees 822, 824, 861 
Seva OULU S eee ease eerie 321 Pracilis cee eee eee 822, 823, 861 
Gal@iic a pa secece sc ncesueos4 ae eee 598) |; GODLO .ccasciseccacaecaaseeaas eee eee eenee 825 
GaleOCerdO = saene eee ee ee ee alan 607, 612 DALDUS ce eek ee ee $24 
mMacuilatsi 25 oaceenereece =e 618 DWE. Se Zan seek ek eeaseniceee ee 829 
tigrinis)c2ec soceiee see eee 612,671 @SOCINMUS: 2.3. sk enceeine SoSee a eee 831 
Galeopithecid sess Ser =n eenee eee eee 471 MAaY.EO se: 2. sos nee eee Oe 828 
Galeopithecusiicssccss-ee tees ABI; |S GODLOMIN Saas ees eee eee 812 
VOlATS os ace eee eee £715,480) | “Goldenceye perchica..-2ehass eee eeneeeeee 4 
measurements of... 471. | Golden: perch=-2 ap eee en a eeeeeeees 11 
Galeorhinus .........------+--------------- 610))| sGomphrschnasecsse-ee eee eee 718, 735, 737, 756 
POlECUSe Sona spose teen 611 furcillata sess. s ee eee 762 
Galeusssccoeeeeeeeeaeecaacei 607,/608;610) 6145960") |S Gomphidianes = sseee sees see a eee 738, 762 
PPM ose os scadseonas sesoSsbonsc¢ 6106115 | tGomphingtessss serosa eee 336, 356, 358, 359 
HAPODICUSEseee ease es sees eae GLU G7 | SGomip hin eee a aeeec a eee 737, 750 
Gallinagojstemura a2 22 < cer lee elena ee 487 | Gomphocerus carpenterii .....-.........- 783, 784 
@ard emia o2cscee ooo eee eee 173 clavaitlisss.. eeeeeees 777, 783, 784 
Gasteracanthus.......-.------------------ 59 Clepsydiaiee= a eee 783, 784 
Cataphractuse-sseesseeees 59 MaviCulas. oad. cesssene sees 781 
Gasterosteaineseeee- eee eee eee 61 pelidna:=.2.-4..s eee eres 782 
DUETS eee eeieaneeen eetents Gilly MG OMpHOIG CS Rane aeeenete eae eee eee 718 
Gastenosterdce cae eeecseesiaee ere earee fee Oui StipmatuSicss- coe se ceeee reece 761, 762 
GasterostelS. 2... cs. ---++- cer cesnc 09 01,72) 959" | Gomphomacromisss- ese. ase eee eee 741 
Geulestus esc aseecoeeeeetee 59 paradoxes: aseepeeeere 763 
cataphractus ..... 99 | Gomphuss--22sascsce cis sees omece 715, 718, 721, 732 
Caiaphractis!ssssse-eeeee eee 59, 72 GeSCripiUS) ope ee eee 705, 706, 762 
IMOPIN ALUMS. see 60 - dilatatisheoss se ahae eres 710, 727, 762 
insculptus jac .- ose 59 VHISASSins =e eee 762 
intermedius) sei iasso- eee 59: | Goniliats cee see eee eee eee 935, 936 
JUPONICUS Mace ee eee eee eee 195,61 |, Goniohellenus'ornata 2: seesn- sees 27 
microcephaluss-s= sees = 60 | Gonioneptunus subornatus..........-..-- 28 
ObpOlaniUSss-eeee eee ae eee 59 UUM Celtel ae. se eee ae 27, 28 
plebeius ..... Leite eee 60) | GOnIOpSis CLuUcmitete seater ease 430, 435 
PUP et Wee ae aoe eee eee 60 | Goniosoma japonicum...........-.--....- 27 
PUNPILUS S222. sees 61 Miles: Ss 22 Res ee eeeeee ee 27 
SCLratUSi...2:3% ose eeoeee eee 59 OTNSGUNYS 5 2f-- see eeeeee 27 
Wallismsoni. 7% 22.2 teeeee 59, 60 SPbEW CAMs ceo. oa nae 27, 28 
Gemma tise. cade oaetaneseeesoase 336, 338, 365, 379 Warilegata. cuss) noeee see ema 27 
CONCENUNICH: ene a seen eee eae 878 (Good allig.s. 2 2 ss as 54522 eee 936 
SEMIN A. ee eee eee ee 378, 401 herouvalensissesesse=se sees 937 
PULPULCM ss2c ea see eee eee eer 378, 401 macandre wile. --s<-ae-seseeeeee 950 
TOULEDY Senic~aciemnese eee eee as 378 permifidwum = se Hel Eee ees 937 
Gemmi ino et Se sho gass eens ater ee 365 Rian Sul anise. see eee 950 
Genealogic Study of Dragon-fly Wing Ve- Goodalliopsis<.2 ses. eee nese ees 935 
nation, A, by James G. Needham ...... 7031 |. GOSSypIGeees =e eee ee ee aaa 173 
Gephyroberyxsecsccdecseaistecsoeack sees 59520, "Goulds sae a seeseece eee 336, 338, 350, 367, 408 
GarwaAnle c= sccenscese cee bs?) | Gracula tobustaless-cs- oeee-esaeeeees Keates 519 
jaPONLCUS see eee See eee 6, 7,21 saularis: . fcc scan ee eee 512 
Gill, Theodore, on Note on the fish Genera StUPRING =~ sce earn seeeesee eee 518 
MaAMed MMaACroGONs.s.nae soceseenae es eee 1015 | Grammatopleurus lagocephalus .....-. 1005, 1011 
Gill, Theodore, on Some fish Genera of Grapsides' 2. cles Sea eteoee secre eee 24 
the first Edition of Cuvier’s Régne Ani- GIrapsus @epressusiza--e-- n> eee eee eee 24 
mal and Oken’s Names................. 965 hematocheir 2s. secu -eeeeene 24 
Gill, Theodore, on Some neglected Genera JaDONICUSy2-- cseeee eee eeeeee 24 
OLMISHES os (seis vies woe ene etee ees 959 SAN SUINEUS << ss sees eeeee 24 
Gill, Theodore, on The Relations of the Grass thrips? .: 2822255 2528 Steen 161 
Fishes of the Family Lampridide or Grateloupian: «4360 5 eco saree eeeeesae 348 
Opahs)asee- stews eset. soe ete cee 915 | Grateloupingio. seseeeece ee eee 348 
Gill, Theodore, on The Use of the Name Graucalus babiensis, new species..... 486, 513, 514 
Torpedo for the electric Catfish ........ 697 PUNSUTrensisesseeeeeeeseeeeeee 514 
Gitime sate a- ce cece ce scacneee ose ton oeneease 18,19 crissalis: 50.225 222cnecaeeeemnee 514 
GUAMIS Foo oases see see oe iebonen bac 697, 902, 903 enganensis ........-.---.+ conte 514 








hale 


INDEX. 


Graucalus kannegieteri 

simalurensis, new species.. 486,513, 

R : AITMALRETISIS ser avaclceiccctn Sete ce 514, 
(GUT OE, Se a 
GMT DGR. eases ese Gee ee ee eee 
. ee G Mi peemete Seor eee nce == = 

. novee zelandiz...............-. 

ROUT 52. gee ee 

Gmyllide ~~ =~ =<... -. 222-222-2222 222-2 

ery US AOOLEVILUUS) «255-223... s ee sece-- 

FEC ONE eo ot Sane eee 

PM EMLCAE suerte. Ao a es tae too 

Lok Gun mDS seeees Seeeee eee eee 

COUNT Ae le eee als Sais ce Spas 

NCTM UNIS Ware a iaeia aes cls ec.c een 

EUS SRE esl ern niclaisic = tetete 

Ne ROMMMN as asta isa acco e e's 

EP MC CHISN Sr )2t a. sclcite sarees 

PMP See eie es... Sees Seki ste dees 

RPRGUI ase eect ea senc ese eclc- 

pennsylvanicus 

personatus 

GRAS CMU Sieiaisccin ss Sas Sae ese ce = 

ILO PS essere an) -(Skcm riche oic's a0 Se 

Gygis alba kittlitzi 

Gymnotus 

Gymnura and Tupaia, measurements of - 

gymnura 

Gynacantha 


Gypidula 418, 


galeata 
Gyrophaenamanca.---.-.---------------- 
Gyropleurodus francisci 
Hadrotettix gracilis 
; trifasciatus 

le EMS a= oe anime ~~ = 718, 


Haleelurus 


728, 730, 
biirgeri 
- Haleyon armstrongi 
chloris 
coromanda 

pileata 

Halizetus leucogaster 
Haliastur indus intermedius -..-...------- 


Halimus 


incisa 
quadridens,---2-....0-.----<---- 


Halysites 
Mannmoveraaurata...---------++-=-------- 


CHLDENISISN=e ee aee cise eecie< == <== 

Hargeria, Baptornis, and Diatryma, Notes 
on the Osteology and Relationship of the 
fossil Birds of the Genera Hesperornis, 
by Frederic A. Lucas 
-Hargeria, new genus ....----------------- 
Harriotta 


ee ene Aaclciwiowieie'== aise 667, 
pacifica ...2.....----:---------- 
raleighana 

Hawaiian crabs, Descriptions of new Spe- 
cies of, by Mary J. Rathbun 

~ Hawaiian Group, A new Procelsterna from 
the Leeward Islands, by Walter K. Fisher 





514 | 


515 
308 
244 
308 
308 


936 | 


808 
808 
788 
796 


799 | 
788 | 


808 
781 
805 
809 


784 | 


796 
809 
809 





794 | 


805 | 


562 


959 | 


472 
482 
735 


762 


423 | 


422 


119 


599 
791 
794. 
737 
601 
671 
500 
500 
500 
a00 
491 
494 
494 
29 
29 
28 
28 
417 
625 
1 
854. 


884 | 


545 
552 
668 
668 
668 


~I 
ou 





1033 





Page 
Hay, William Perry, on A small Collection ‘ 
of Crustaceans from the Island of Cuba. 129 
Heliastus guanieri, new species .......... 794, 809 
THING SS oe 705 
Hehothinitpss see ae 87, 91, 97, 113, 133, 168, 169 
SOONG Ses eee _ 168,169 
CORLL. peek eae eee 172 
dra crentes 2.3. eh ee 82.176 
fasciapennis, new species. 168,171, 239 
TASCIAER Fosse udooke oa euees 174 
FASCIAGUS =. 245s eee 168,174 
femoralis:;.=.6 sosacee 168, 172, 239, 24: 
heemorrhoidalis.......... 111, 168, 169 
synopsis of species ........--. 168 
Hellenusihastacides paver sence tee ee ee 27 
Hemeroboides giganteus ..............--- 761 
Memian axes... see eee eee ae 736 
ephippiger . 2.5.0 22-5245 oe eee 733, 762 
Hemi anbus na] see ce ee ce ane eas 812, 824 
Darpuses-ons-oe2-. Sesesees 824, 861 
Hemibranchiate Fishes of Japan, A Re- 
view of the, by Dayid Starr Jordan and 
LawaniChapin’Starks' ---.-..2c2---ss-5~ 57 
1S syounoye HW ob Was 5A tae Ae eee 57, 72, 915 
emi cord ullisiyeecacs ces ceeenencee oeeeee 718, 741 
TE paeee ates eee ear 763 
Hemitisus tOMmatinuUs s-s- os - eee 34 
Hemigale hard wickii.......-----.-.--.-.-. {71 
Hemigomphus ochraceus.....--...------- 762 
Hemigrapsus sanguineus .....-.----.----- 24 
Hemiphilebighae sae. se Seen ee 749 
Hemiraimphidseys nesses enews 526, 532, 543 
HMemnramphius sce a. -s 2222 s-- os aeee eee DEO One 
POL CUS sec ape eaten 535 
occipitalis............-.--- 588,534 
BRON ese e Se eee 583 
Hemiscylliide........-..--------- 598, 608, 670, 671 
Hemiscyllinte ....-----...--------------.- 603 
Hemitapess:--. 4-225 -n=--5--e === =n= 359, 3€0, 361 
Hemitremia vittata ..............-------- 850 
Hemitrygon bennetti ......-.------------ 658 
Hemixus malaccensis ......-.------------ 505 
Heniochus diphreutes. ...-.-------------- 694, 695 
macrolepidotus....--.-------- 694, 695 
Heptanchus .....-.------------+--+-++-++: 5M 
Heptranchias. .......------------+---+--+-- 594 
cinereus: ©. -=-<os--504-56e=- 594 
AGaNTS oaks. Ate we Bee keen Oe Oe 
Heres ce soe se eo aac oe eens e seen 359 
Hermione .-.-.--.-------+=------+--""*"-"" 359 
Herpestes brachyurus -...---------------- 170, 481 
Herpetocypridine. .....-------------++--- 970, 971 
Herpetocypris -..-.----------- 971, 972, 975, 978, 980 
barbatus .....------------- 978 
brevicaudata.....-.------- 978 
intermedia...-.--.-------- 978 
minnesotensis. ..---------- 978 
peregrina ...-------------- 978 
TeptaDS:---+----=- 971, 978, 979, 1001 
strigata ....--------------- 978 
Hesperagrion heterodoxum ....--------- 764 
Hesperornis .-.---------+--+-+++52207777577 hd2 
gracilis. ....----- 45, 16, 547, 48, 552 
Hesperornis, Hargeria, Baptornis, and 
Diatryma, Notes on the Osteology and 
Relationship of the fossil Birds of the 
45 


Genera, by Frederic A. Lucas ---------- 


10384 INDEX. 
Page. Page 
Hesperornis regalis.......-.--.--- 545, 546, 547,548 | Holocentrum marginatum ............... 15 
Hesperotettix pratensis ....-.-.----...--. 797 OTLen tallies -aseceeaseeseeeee 15 
SPCClOSUS accel cce ee eee as 797 TUDIUM Seas eo ene nee 13,15 
WITIGIS¢ =<. Uoc ease eeee bees 797, ||) Holocentruss--2e--ee sae anaes IAS D1 
Hetzerina.....--- LE wae sie et etree 717, 745, 754, 764 alboruberesssesaace eee 13, 15, 16, 21 
Heteragrion flavovittatum ....-.......... 764 diadems -2-5- See Seal ens 17 
Heterocypris sea-ceees = eect eee $70, 972, 984, 990 ittodai, new species. -... 13, 16, 17, 21 
Prandis:s. asc eh hese eee 990 TOStralUs* x2 753-3. eee aeece 13 
Heterodontids <2 sees. oe ee eee DSO TUDO? Scheele eee 15, 16 
Heterodontus: 22... .s. oc ncusee sete eee 599 SOL Oils -seeea eee ae ee oes 13 
japOMICUs|--=- eee eee eee 599, 671 SPINOSISSIMUS == see eee 13, 14, 21 
philippiik. sascsoeee ee eee 599600) |" Holocephialitessesss sas seee eee ees 667, 674 
var. japonica ...-. 599 | Holometopus heematocheir..............- 24 
ZED. a -ca occ ose nes aneeeme 099-000) | olorbinuscalitoml cuss: sess aeeee eee 663 
Heterograpsus sanguineus......--.-.----- 24 VESPeLUIMO Asatte eee eee 663 
Heterophlebigi 35.0 s2e eee eee 747.) Holotrachys..-5.20 sees eee aoe eee 11 
JUCUNGS asst ees eeeeee 747 Vita) = aos 2 Ses gase ee sees 11 
Heterophilebinges sce aselae econ eee 750: ||) Homalonotus:—sonac-e-5-6 24 oe eee 415 
Mexarrammidse = -e-emeceaaeneneceer seme 1003,1013 | Homoeogamia apacha ........-....-.-.-.- 779 
Hexagrammide, A Review of the Fishes ‘ subdiaphangice -ce-eeeseee 779 
of Japan belonging to the Family of, by FLOM OTL Pai secefeils eee ee eee eee eee 565 
Dayid Starr Jordan and Edwin Chapin 566, 567, 569, 570, 575, 578, 579, 584, 588 
Starks 3.642 8 ee ee eee 1003 austini, new species ........-. 567 
Hexacramminces eeepc a cette eee 1003 568, 570, 572, 578, 584, 590 
Hexaoramm ose) ees eeneeeeer ene 1003, 1004, 1005 bassleri .. 567, 568, 572, 573, 578, 579, 583 
aburaco, new species..... 1006, CallosaiiaGaescsaeac ee eeteee 568 
1008, 1013 cincinnatiensis, new species. 568 
SSDeG eee ea eee sees 1005 572, 573, 576, 577, 589 
lagocephalus .-.._.. 1006, 1011, 1013 communis, new species .....- 567, 
octogrammus. 1006, 1009, 1012, 1013 568, 572, 573, 581, 586, 589 
Otaks ieee 1005, 1006, 1009, 1013 CUTV alesse ee 565, 566, 567, 
stellenige mecereemenee totes 1012 7 570, 572, 573, 575, 577, 581, 586 
Hexaprammusiaspete-nsscty-- mene eeeenee 1006 var. precipta, new 
decagrammus ...........- 1011 species..... 572, 573, 575, 590 
OGLOPTAM MUS == essere eee 1009 cylindrica, new species... .-. 567, 
Ordinatuse ses eee 1009 569, 572, 574, 585, 589 
Hemam chigce ence pee acce pene nite mee 594, 671 dawsoni...... 567, 572, 573, 576, 581, 591 
FHI aM GUT Des eres ere eee eee ae e eee 659 dumosa, new species......... 572, 
[DEW O21) Cae he eee a eS 658 573, 576, 588, 589 
Hn Chi daly snesoeieeicie nie aa ce oe ae ee "1 flabellaris........ 572, 573, 575, 580, 587 
Hinds, Warren Elmer, on Contribution to var. spinifera, new 
a Monograph of the Insects of the Order variety .. 572, 573, 580, 589 
Thysanoptera inhabiting North Amer- frondosa, new species. 572, 578, 579, 580 
TGS ses Se Cab ok ae ee ee 79 gelasinosa.s.-:cecse 572, 574, 586, 587 
Fp paSCutell ataceenee ee eee rey eee 894 grandis, new species. 572,578, 578, 588 
talpoidaiecrne i assse cea ee eee 889 libana, new species .......... 567, 
Bp pariOMyxisso ccs ecre eee eee eee ee 429 972, 573, 578, 589 
Hippiscus MONtANUS ssce eee eae 787 nicklesi, new species. 572, 574, 586, 589 
TEPC CTUS ere yee ee 787 nitida, new species .........-. 572, 
SMUUSSUIEIS aceon een estes 787 e 574, 586, 587, 588, 591 
huberculatuseeasesee ee ee eee 787 nodulosa, new species. ....--- 567, 
ZAPOLECUS wen maaielee eee ee ee rieees 787, 788 569, 570, 572, 573, 582, 590, 591 
Hippolyte cristatuss.cecesececeere ae se ener 41 ODMGQUAL Sea deses ero eeose eee 565, 
denticulatus*i. se rete ete 49 70, 572, 573, 575, 576, 581, 590 
SONI CUM Ata eis seeen terse cee 45 pulehra, new species......... 568, 
planirostris acces eat eter 46. 572, 573, 577, 588 
TI PPOlV ti ope ee ee ee 43 ramulosa, new species ..-.... 568, 
ATU Gini dee 5 sso soe coon ence cee 513 572, 574, 585, 591 
Eirundomiciphacaecese encore ee eee esos 503 richmondensis, new species. . 567, 
PUTHMITALIS Hee ee a eee ee 513 572, 573, 582, 590 
Hoematornis\pusillus:. 222. -ssccsssce- oe =- 507 splendens, new species... .--.- 572, 
Holbrook’s Salamanders, Rediscovery of 574, 587, 591 
one of, by Leonhard Stejneger......... 5d7 worthenii: . :c.22 ase eee eee 570, 
Holocenthms! sorece es ec ece ot seen ee eee 13 572, 578, 582, 583, 584, 590 
Holocentnid soe e rr Ah coe ecceee Zee Onn var. intercellata, 
Holocentrum:s 3s fee re eee eee ae sees 13 new variety.... 572, 
alborubrum\ss.222222...-.2- 15 578, 584, 590 


_ Homotrypa wortheni var. 





Page. 
prominens, 
PEWERVOUELC UY eiseiin 2 <ce nce - esse 572, 574, 584, 590 
Homotrypa, with Descriptions of Species 
from the Cincinnatian Group, the struc- 
tural Features of the Bryozoan Genus,by 


Ray S. Bassler......-..----------------- 565 
Homotrypella .....----------------------- 578, 584 
Hloplia--.-----------------+--------------- 1016 
Hoplias......-.--------------------+++---°- 1016 

PAIR TICUS ~.-----2-0-00>5+----- 1016 | 
RECT naa one int ='n cin’s a's '=5 = === 1016 
Hoploneschna .-..-----------+----++----- 735, 761 

UTAVI GUUS serie se -iis as <n = === - 762 | 
Hoplostethus - ...------------------------- Seiad 
japonicus ......------------ 7 
mMecdwerraneus ..~-------5-- aol 
Huenia elongata .-....------------------- 28 
era Gee aloe = nme =e =~ mio 28 
proteus ...-.--------------------- 28 
Hyalella dentata ..---.--------+----++-++- 929 
faxoni, new species..-.----- 928, 930, 931 
PHERMISee teen acne] secon cess - == 929, 930 
longistilus ....--.------------+-- 929 
Hyastenus.-..-.----- pete =. ee etala 29 
diacanthus...---....---------- 29 
Hybopsis .-------------- Be cee seiee ct siais ate 832 
kentuckiensis ...-.------------- 914 
Hydrangea ...-.-.-----------------------"- 173 

Hydroid, An Alaskan Corymorpha-like, 

by Samuel Fessenden Clarke ---.------- 953 
Hydrolagus colliei....--.-----------+++++- 669 
Hydrophlox ....--------------++---+77-77- 913 
Hylobates agilis ..------- Re ee eter: iowa 478, 482 

and Symphalangus, measure- 
TEMPS Olea ee sae ise a= = 478 
hoolock ...----:--:---+-------- 478 
Hymenophysa.....------------+------77777 765, 772 
Gti). 5 Soe sb eaeeeeeeDeEs 773, 174 
hymenophosa. -.---------- 712 
Hymenoptera. ------------------++-°- aia 349 
Hyphantosoma ..-----------------+++- 337, 354, 371 
Hypochlora alba.-...--------------+--777° 797 
Hyporhamphus-...---.--------------- 533, 538, 543 
commersonil..----------- 536 
dussumieri...------------ 535 
intermedius ..----------- 535 
japonicus. ..---.----- 533, 535, 543 
kurumeus, new species - - Doss 
534, 543 
~ > Sei isl genoaeeeseee 533, 534, 536, 543 
tricuspidatus .----------- 533 
unifasciatus .------------ 533 
Hypoteenidia striata --...-----------++7-7° 488 
Hypothymis abbotti, new species -------- 486, 509 
@ZMILeR = .----s------------- =" 509,510 
consobrina, new species - --- 486, 510 
vii eniss-e seco =~ a= 510 
Hypsipetes malaccensis .----------------- 505 
Hysteroconcha -....--------------- 336, 337, 388, 304 
Payeurieities .------\---=----------- 75-777" 469 
RIN LIeREe eee eee ce =e == 362 
Tethyophaga..-....-------------7007000 7 492 
icthyetus.....-------------- 492 
492 


javana...--------------72°°" 


INDEX. 








rye 

LO35 

Ce noes Page 

dentification of a Species of Eucalyptus 
from the Philippines, On the, by Joseph 

Henry; Maiden. -osic.ccnw sens 691 
agiotienra: 5.5 eens nae oe 749 
ee eae 
SNOUT eras Pd owen ae 764 
Tdolothrips!s2c-=-wa- =< 188, 206 
ee es » avy 
cConeraruy 2202s. eee on 5 aa eee 206, 241 
TAO X eee e moss ae "740 

Se ‘ 
Ilyoeypris:-..2 2-2. see 973, 995 
wor eee eee eeesesere & 10, FPO 
PIDG s-.e oee ee ase 969, 996 

Se 98 
Jacustrisa: 3. 7h. coaseeeekote 969 
HiyodromuUse.Goseceancs aeons 971,975 


Insects of the Order Thysanoptera inhab- 
iting North America, Contribution to a 
Monograph of the, by Warren Elmer 
MInds-< = 5en <i. ee er ee 79 
Tole olivacea 


PS ne Oe ee 50d 

Iotichthys phlegethontis ...........-..--. 850 
mena, CYiMIS eT =2.< se. <a. a sitieaerwe eels 505 
Sc ose es eee Seen ene cai alate ate ieee tare 365 
TSCHUCA Whe sce eos ae cee aio staat 813, 857 
steenaCkert 4227. 2.c2-e= eee 857, 862 
Ischnoptera uhleriana.....-.------------- 778 
Isogomphodon oxyrhyncus......---.----- 614 
Tsophlebia ......----.--.----------+--- 721, 732, 742 
Isophlebine ...--.-...----------------++-- 761 
Isopoda........------------ +222 eee ence renee 430 
Isuropsis ..------------+++-++--22ee eee: 622 
plata .. 2-2 .....- -22----20~6-== 623, 672 

glaucus ..----...----+---+-----+- 622 

TSUTUS ec soce en aaa = te eee a 622, 623, 624 
TGtOG Diecast oe Sate cate rete wn ne 13 
Ixos erythropthalmos -....--------------- 507 


Japan, A Review of the Berycoid Fishes of, 

by David Starr Jordan and Henry W. 

Fowler .--------2+-cee--ce-ecneneesee=e= 1 
Japan, A Review of the Cepolidee or Band- 

fishes of, by David Starr Jordan and 

Henry W. Fowler....------------------- 699 
Japan, A Review of the Cobitide or 

Loaches of the Riversof, by David Starr 

Jordan and Henry W. Bowler. .-.-==-<= 765 
Japan, A Review of the Cyprinoid Fishes 

of, by David Starr Jordan and Henry 

W. Fowler..-.----=----+-+-2-=--9<=20""" 811 
Japan, A Review of the Fishes of, belong- 

ing to the Family of Hexagrammide, 

by Dayid Starr Jordan and Edwin Cha- 

Dini StALKS = 22 =~ maser nee ae 
Japan, A Review of the Hemibranchiate 

fishes of, by David Starr Jordan and 

Edwin Chapin Starks. ..--------------- 57 
Japan, A Review of the Siluroid Fishes or 

Catfishes of, by David Starr Jordan and 

Henry W. Fowler ------------------"-"" 897 
Japan, A Review of the Synentognathous 

fishes of, by David Starr Jordan and 

Edwin Chapin Starks...--------------- 525 
Japan, Description of a new Species of 

Seulpin from, by David Starr Jordan 

and Edwin Chapin Starks....-.-------- 689 
Japanese Fishes, Supplementary Note on 

Bleekeria mitsukurii and on certain, 


1003 


by David Starr Jordan ...---------*+-** 693 
Japanese stalk-eyed Crustaceans, by Mary 
23 


Te Rathbulins-s24<=---=" see ae 


1036 INDEX. 
Page Page 
Jordan, David Starr, and Edwin Chapin Tamna ‘cormubieus se) e eee eee eae 623, 672 
Starks on A Review of the Fishes of PI BUCE sswaseeces ob eee eee eee 623 
Japan belonging to the Family of Hexa- Lamnide sane 2. cet eeee eee eee 598, 622, 672 
PTA eee = see eee en ee 1003 amine at Se ee ee ie a eee 622 
Jordan, David Starr, and Edwin Chapin Lam panidh: cesses eee ae eee ee eee 35 
Starks on A Review of the Hemibran- Lamipracs 2h sacck oo eco eee 953 
chiate Fishes of Japan.........-----..-- 57a ilueuna pT Ocoee eee eee SION de ete 920 
Jordan, David Starr, and Edwin Chapin Thamiprididse ss cae seat oe cee reas 915, 920 
Starks on A Review of the Synentog- Lampridide or Opahs, On The Relations of 
nathous Fishes of Japan.......-..----.- 525 the Fishes of the Family, by Theodore 
Jordan, David Starr, and Edwin Chapin Gills SU ee oe eee 913 
Starks on Description of a new Species LamMprididi. sce aaee oa ee ee ee 920 
of Sculpin fromapantere 22s ee cess G89!) eiltesurm or OC cee er eats ee a 920 
Jordan, David Starr, and Henry W. Fow- Lampridoideny 5352.52. 5h ee eee ee 920 
ler on A Review of the Beryeoid Fishes AM Prin 2 assce gear ssose eee eee 920 
Oiglapams aces aeaciios se eeee eee omens || Lamipris o> s2<ss2sse= see eee 917, 918, 919, 928, 924 
Jordan, Dayid Starr, and Henry W. Fow- UW) .,2 = 45 ee eee ee 922 
ler on A Review of the Cepolide or Lamprocorax. SLIUMTOSELIS ee ee eeeeee 518 
Band-ishes Of vg apanye-ee. 5 s-e ee eee 699 chaly beans. 7--.---eee eaaee 518 
Jordan, Dayid Starr, and Henry W. Fow- tytleriss: 53.5 25. eee eee 518 
ler on A Review of the Cobitide or Taniidse 5.220 aoe ee ee 517 
Loaches of the Rivers of Japan.......-- 76D) |) Sua NUNS! CORONA MIS: a 45 eee ae ee 517 
Jordan, David Starr, and Henry W. Fow- melanocephalos'225--. esse eeeee ee 505 
ler on A Review of the Cyprinoid Fishes MPSICUS: =o S: pe edse eee eee 512 
ObJApAMlce == sete cease. = Lee 811 TSTINUS 52 os Fete te hoscee eee 517 
Jordan, David Starr, and Henry W. Fow- ANUS |e sees sees Se eaectse aoe Soe oe 737 
ler on A Review of the Elasmobranchi- parviullus?issscee ste cee eee 715, 76% 
ate Mishes On Japaien ese ance aeeeee 593 | Lasiurine Bats, Observations on the Num- 
Jordan, David Starr, and Henry W. Fow- ber of Young of the, by Marcus Ward 
ler on A Review of the Siluroid Fishes CONG | La cee ee ee 3 cageet scene Dies weeemre 425 
orCathishes of Japane.- oe cecceeecees ese 897. |) Wbalsiurus 5 -eaca dee ns tee ee seas See Poe eee 425 
Jordan, David Starr on Supplementary 2 blossevillel..o-22-22 242 asa ee 425, 426 
Note on Bleekeria mitsukurii-and on porealis 22.24 asseniecuces aeesiecee 425, 426 
certain Japanese Fishes ......-.--...--. 693 Saline 222. <2 eee 425 
QULIS As se patties ae seeelaceteiee See ae este 920 GIMELCUS) Fe -.ca52 8 noe 426 
JUNIPCTUS VATSIMIAN ae - =e se as oe 208, :|\Datilidee 523s sac onc cise eae ose eeeses 699 
Katelysigenascsassacmcee soee athe sence 336: 3605361) | Matos cote Seas cee ae ae ae eee ee 697 
KMellia ners Ss oa sa eslseie a2 io ceeiooe Sees 935) || Mbditrenllia valid aes = sce econo tee 32 
IRON Oe Stee Soin 2 ie nero ales atale so ee OL Oe Li? | | Quatreilliidees. 222. ese ce eee eee 32 
balmorinate s53-= st ase ee 77) | plieand erdonga pes= eee =—- See ee eee ae 53 
Keim Cd gis. esses se cismins cates Seas me a sees 4 | longirostris var. japonicus -.--.-- 50 
KIN Gai = ae Seas osnbadecs sede oss eees 11 PaGiieus ~55- 225 oe2 ae oeeeeeee 53 
Rin phi Shee eee ern anes see 924 paucidens'. 22525 -c scmcesaaeeeees 51 
Kaiitacinelammsal a barica=s=.- se ceeeeiaseae 512 Sermiler a. 5.20505 52 
MAC UMN oe eae ea eee eee 512" Sebi: sus. vec loskesetcs se soee ne Ae eeeee 967 
Kikoe@ emis ts. ss32 st <2 sae Se eee eee 423)\|) ue biUS/SUpPeLCIMLOSUS Saee sence ae emcees 1005 
abraas ser amuse eee eee eee eee eee ae 1004 | Lefroy, Bridgetown, Barbados, West In- 
EX OATS ae eee eee eee 1006 dies, Notice of a small Collection of 
LS OCe PAIS Heese ae See ee 1005, 1011 Fishes, including a rare Eel, recently re- 
OCtOpTAMIIMUS =. pee. ose eee 1009 ceived from H. Maxwell, by Barton A. 
(ua DEUS ese 8 eins ee ee oe = fee ee Sees 960 IBEW) =. 221. teasasccmedelsapeeaiese eee 963 
hactopunrys thiqueter:--cssscss soe eee 964" |) eimonites ruficollis 222. sa2sess-e eee ee 487 
SIMALSUS DOTEALIS! > sane hecioein Samana 6373638), | UCIO DES ees se ae 5 ee ee eee ee ee 657 
microcephalusseee-sscaseseeee 637° |“dhbelobatus.. 02.2222. 9-222 eee eeeeee ae ee 645 
ee Vr a S OVE DVN CUS sense setae eee 648 Crucigtus):2e.. lessee 657 
Tinis Sete ee eae sce b eee ae 717, 745, 754 panduratus:s)4-5--eeeeeeereeee 645 
IBaIMibrusilacinigtae-=-seesse-eee nena 29: |MILGIOCaSSIS A226: ee aot eee eee 901, 907 
LACIMIAWIS! =. <-Pat eee aeeeene eee 29 JongirostnisS-ces--peeeeeree 908, 909, 911 
Wali ave wee hems ectecan eee 29 poeciloptenuse..-- eee seeeee ee 907 
WeIGUS She Ree. ame ee eee 29) |:iLeiodomlechinatum 22 -ees eens eee 637, 688 
usmellconchare > sees seek ens een 338, 354 microcephalus..-2s-ps-sesen- ee 637 
Inia Bee etre se sons a oecacrnaiie acme 624. | Mheitruss. 25 5.\52 dee acne Ree eee eee eee 59 
ComiuUbicus- 252.5 25s seee seat eee 623 EYVMMNULUS cc. . oc peeeeoeeseeese 59 
amMIOpsistermmin Ck sass =" peeeer josee 614.) | kemur voles 252-5 Sera ee eee 471 
aN RAS se see eee ee ence eee 622;623; 624. |: EeENOMIY Sas =. dec ene ce ee Ole eee 466 
CORNUDICH ac seses sec ocinae teers ce 623 MeCYECM: .caca somes eRe eee 466 





—— 





















INDEX, 1037 
Page. 
Lenothrix, new genus......-------------- 466 | Leucosides .........-- Te 
canus, new species 466, 480, 483 longifrons <i ane ie Ps 
. PRANVGULSS Bae Cotter im minim fein eile sin im iio AGO Te Metucdslides © ite hoes Se ae 5 
Lepadocrinus..-.-..-.-.--------++-+++++--- Hod | AEG Sok, ne ea . 
feeperditiat....--.--:---+--------- 405. 4160419, 493") Learognathus marhiorata’....-...1..ce oe 
Lepidocardia Pee eesti 356 | Liagore rubromaculata..-. eee ee 
Lepidopa - ---.--------------------- 889, 890, 891, 893 rubromaculatus........... ‘ ee o4 
deamez, new species wert eee ree 891, $93 Libellarorcalipatacies cat ona. laeceeeseee ; 64 
: mearnsi, new species ...------- SOI SODi1|| ibell ae oo see cee etoile uae T21, 742 
; pees? 891, 892 pannewitziana ...........-..--- 747 
Revision of the Crustacea of the plilchelaneas0.5 meee =63 
Genus, by James E. Benedict. SSOM Tiel UG sey eta cess > re ene tee itmes 739, 750 
yichmondi, new species. -.-.--- SOIeS9b 4) uibellwmlinee: 22 asec 2- es «cee ee ee 7 740, 7”) 
seutellata -. 891,894 | Libellulium agrias ......-...-..---------- 761 
ETHIST Metals elee cate ne = i= i= 891, 892 | SOUTH UIN Sete. tawaees ean 761 
websteri, new species .-.------- 891, 892 KaIpLe oscace chap ene eae 761 
WepidOps ------------------+---------=-->- SO ie elcid Cyber eres ane erent 995, 998 
MYOPS .-----------------+--2-+--- 892 IMM OISENEIS\=-.----44= ees 99s 
RCM Weiter ee cos -lelterene oe = 894 | Te CUOlAtN. seco ee 998 
OMS bese ints = = sere seo “ine g92 | Limmocythere ....--...------------------- 998 
Lepidorhinus...-.-------------------+---- 629,630 | Limonidromus ....-----------+--++++++--- We 
FOUAGEUSia>- 53-2 ------=<>~--- 631,673 | Limopsis panamemnsis.....---------------- 951 
squamosus .---------------- 630 | Limothrips ..-.-..--.---------- 90, 133, 138, 179, 183 
Lepisacanthus ee ees rose a meine = 19 aven, new species -.---- 39, 237, 242 
japonicus Bae tase aaielon = == 19, 20 COLEAIUM sn oee- owe sa ee 138, 208 
Leprus cyaneus..---.----------------+777- 778, 788 poaphagus ....-.------------- 80, 161 
waheeletiioe 2-5 -2-: ---=----==-=-- 788 inti Clete see. eB e 79,179, 183, 208 
- Leptaena rhomboidalis ------------------- 415,493 | Toiobagrus .....-------.------24-----"="- 901, 909 
Leptodius exaratus....-------------+++--- 25 Teinienesasse hace -Sss-eeen ss 909, 910, 911 
WepiopoOGiass:<-2-5---+7--2> 2-2-5272 oe 967 .| Liocarcinus corrugatus.....-------------- 25 
Leptostrophia arectimuscula ....---------- 422 strigilis .....-.-.---------++-- 25 
ESTE Speen snes =~ 710,717,727 | Liocassis longirostris ......--------++--+-- 908 
rectangularis ....------------------ 60) || MOGI A jase eas een ae 418 
PriGOlOlseneesss= 122-2 I-22 = +2 == Eel MOCON CHW a -.e5-2=- >= = oe ele 336, 351 
Wmeshiniees S222. --==-------------------7---"* 748, 750. || LaOCyMB.--<---=-- en 336, 338, 304 
Mewciseime.-2-)--------=+------------"- "> 812 DECK 4225 snes eee 399, 407, 412 
WeUeiscUS=4--22-- ---25-as---*--->- 813, 825, 844, 850 | HLUNNEAS sos bass sey se == ee 378 
AL TWWUS = seen eels sss = S44 | fluctuosa -=...---=-------<==" 378, 400, 947 
argenteus-leuciscus. ..--------- 844 | scammoni...-.-.-------------- 400, 407, 412 
everulescens..-.--------- _.. 844, 845, 862 WiTiGiSe ocak one steno =a 399, 407, 411 
GobUlaeees ees. se-e- = s2= = g44.| Wirodiseus...----------~-----2==--="=-72>*= 933, 935 
hakonensis ..------------------ BAGH) pluinop Olas ae ee 338, 358 
Wakwensis’ ----------------- 844, 846, 862 Litaneutria minor. ..-------------++---">- 780 
japonicus - ---- Spode sapEceee $44, 845, 862 | Tithadothrips ------------------+-=--7°"=" 210 
NOU essays $44, 849, 862 | vetusta ..--------+---+--*+-** 211 
leue@isGUSeessea---222--- =~ =~ Sudenl e[nibhOULd ee. s6 seen oe =e ieee $2 
DALVUS ee esc = 840 | Litorina sitchana....----------+-2277777*" 35 
phalacrocorax, new species. $44, 845, 862 Loaches, of the Riv ers of Japan, A Review 
phoxinus -..--------- pees Sere 844 | of the Cobitidee, or, by David Starr om 
PUSilslee= eee == 840 | Jordan and Henry W. Fowler..-------- 765 
\ TILT eee ee ne se~e =~ = 44 | Locusta curtipenmis ...------+----s27057>" 783 
Seiboldil ...-------------=------ 854 curvicauda.....-+----++++-+5077" 805 
taczanowskii ....------ 844, 847, 848, 862 fuliginosus -...----+----7+5050577 806 
temminckil.--..--------------- 852 verruculatus ...<---+-++++=-5577" 74 
AIROSETIS een | <2 o-4jes seen 855 | TOCUBEK SE hea cdackne neers ese Bod 
variegatus ....------------*---- 833 | olin PCLEONC s--- 2-2 tame roe 162 
Leucogobio _.. $12,825 | Lonchurus ancylodon ....----++++++95777" 1015 
826, 829, 561 Tephind hsv enee= =~ =p eee re yaaa ae 960 
giintheri --. 826, 827,861 | Lophobrane Whivetegcs es - ocak ene v7 : : 
herzensteini .....------------ g25  Lopholatilus chame leonticeps .---------- es 
Pordamies/ctscct.- 2-2 826, 827,861 | Lophoxanthus s¢ raberrimus -------++****" saa 
mayede ..--------------- $26, 828, 861 WoriCATihadte cs --baee eaten eo te = 
teniatus Re Eee seee esr 995  Loriculus galgulus ----------+--"-"*7""" reed 
peecinin eeere sw ease eHee SRGe PALIOUA cane ee a ee Rook wr 
Leucorhinia Bereta ote cea 8. 222625256 763 Lower Dev onic and a ae 
2, . } , es 
PR nace ee eeeesee eee 30 of Maryland, On the, Py im aa a 
jongifrons ....-----------770°777 $9 | Schuchert ...-------<---"79°75 


10388 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
Lower devonie and ontaric of Maryland, Macropnathuists-ce.neee ee cane ee 69 
Composite section.of -25- 2 4--s+—- es 422 | Scolopaxc. 2 322s ese ee 69 
Lower devonic of Maryland,Coeymans IMaSCromia; 2235. secenee se eres ser eee 740 
limestone 418 MOOrelcstss. core cae eee 733 
Cumberland Macromiinss. 2 oss2> eee es eee 739, 750 
Basin...-- 414-{Maeropteryridas == oe eres ee eee 502 
Ja ta Macropteryx comata see -saene eee 503 
Tuscarora, lOnPIpenni gate aeeeeeaee ee 502, 503 
and Niaga- perlonga, new species.. 486, 502, 503 
ran depos- Macropygia TUunGepssas-o- eee ee eee 490 
its of Cum- simalurensis, new species ... 486, 490 
berland Macrorhamphosid se = ssssss2-) eee eee 58, 68, 73 
IBasineeerrs 415: ||SMacrorhamphosuse-se-eeeeseeeeeaeeee 68, 69, 71, 73 
Manlius CORMUiIS 2 aeee=eeme aia 69 
formation “417 gracilisn -s-ssee ease 70 
New Scot- JUPOUACUS pees eee 69, 70, 73 
land and sagifue, new species.. 69,73 
Becraft scolopax 3 Sse Saecses 69, 70 
limestone. 419°) Macrosponiumso=s2 2a eee ee 119 
Oriskany |. Maicrothemis'-sss5sn0. ee eee eee 718, 742 
formation 420 | celenO:2:..6 eae eee 763 
Salina for- Mia Gruen sss sence ac ose eee One eee 37, 430 
mation... 415) Mactrastrianenilanss.. = eee eee 936 
Toxd8, M9) ai. cee ohn ae lee ee epee 520 Mactrinanyt ct cen eek ee eee en nee 936 
Lueas, Frederic A., on Notes on the Oste- Mieotee: tetas 53 35 eae eae 697 
ology and Relationship of the fossil Maiden, Joseph Henry, On the Identifi- 
Birds of the genera Hesperornis, Har- cation of a Species of Eucalyptus from 
geria, Baptornis, and Diatryma ........ 545 the Philippinesses-2 sees eree eee 691 
uein a bipartitaaseeeee4-see- ae eee eee eee 9386.4 i Miadidesr: Ste £0: -Ssee eo ae ee ee 28 
TRUICING PSiSeeee eee ee eee 357 | Maine coast, Description of an extinet 
SuNnGdlachisess-/ es eee 373 Mink from the Shell-heaps of the, by 
KTOVeriG Ss feces Fee 391 Dapiel Webster Prentiss.........-...--: 887 
Ltt ClO Perea sense cess eee ee ee 965}; Maja elongata, t=.2— 0 s22-22 see reer 28 
Ipuitta.cim Creates te. See. ccec a ane eee 471 heraldica’....s52:es..25 sateaste eee 28 
Lutreola macrodon, new species ....--.-- 888 PLOLENS Seca Ssees eS ee eee 28 
ViSOMUIN eens soo ee eeee eee 883 5 {Malsicopterontcanitorive ce. see eee eee 508 
lutreocephalus —--2-s25-2- 888 GIMICTEUS. “eases See sere see 508 
Lyon, jr., Marcus Ward, on Observations MAPNITOSULE seer esas-e eee 508 
on the Number of Young of the Lasiurine notatum, new species ..-.-- 486, 508 
Balts 2 Fe steno toec cet eee 425 | Malacorhimus) plutomigi <2 32 --ss-ee-e 4-205 648 
ysiosquillavlatitronss=-— 2-2 s-e eee of] ‘“Malacosarens 22s4sseae eee eee eee 2 
ysmata planinostris! sess. secespee ee aoe 46 | Malacothrips, new genus...........-.--.. 188, 200 ° 
MeMurrich, J. Playfair, on Note on the Sea zonatus, new species... 200, 240, 241 
Anemone, Sagartia paguri Verrill.....-. 427 | Malapterurus electricus --...:.----..2t2.- 697 
IMACa CUSIE tease koe ee eee 483 | Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott 
CyMOMOlS US see ee eee 476, 477, 480, 482 on the Coast and Islands of 
fuscus, new species.......... 476, 477, 479 northwest Sumatra, by Ger- 
MEASUTEMENS Of ce sees eee 477 rit, S:; Millers jnvesess-osee == 437 
MeMEStriNUSs «522 a eee eee 475, 482 of northwest Sumatra, sys- 
HINDFOSUS eS seeds eee ee ee 476,477 tematic List of Species....... 439 
Machephilusidumerilic---2--2e-eeeeeee 630) | - Mianhattanensisis-402-. 32 Se ee eee eee 378 
Ma CriGiscus seat mana tase eee eee 386,009) | Mamils)j avaliicass2se= =e 5—-5> eee eeeee ee 470 
Macrocallistar2tees2< oos3- se ees 388; 351,353), |) Miantidsse. 228 = oss cessn eee eee 77 
MUTANT agate ee See 386: |, SMareiancs. - 222 es ae See 338, 359, 360, 408 
BUTAMtIACa ss. esses 386 kennerleyils.. 9 22sseetene 396, 398, 406, 411 
CHIONG! Sneath ase eee ee 386 PULa oe eek ee ee eee 397 
INAC WA oo es eee eee 369, 386 subdiaphanans. 22. 4s-ee ees 397 
mimMibOSas: <st2 ca sere 369 | Maryland, On the lower Devonie and 
PANN OSd=3 fase 3 eee 386, 387 Ontarie Formations of, by Charles 
puellawsss.cds5 nea 387s G HUG Olt pean ee eee eee 413 
squalidass22-2.cssssoe eee 386 | “sMaschusikanehiliaseece= eee eee eee 442 
Mat crOd OMae ae ace eie ste <e -e soe oe 1015 | Mastacembelus annulatus.........--...-- 529 
Note on the fish Genera named STaACilis i... Heese eee 528 
byt beodore! Galle no-s-. 1015 melanotusi=-e52 ssoeeeaee 530 
baneinee Hee See os oa cuseecmee 1016 schismatorhynechus....-- 528 
trahirae. ssteesscc24Sosncee ee 1016 |=Masticurajs-sc05.5 22 eee eee ee eee 642 








= 








F 
. - 
| INDEX. 1039 
: ; Page me 
Matsukasa uwo--------------------------- 19: | Meristellaarcuata-..-..-..---+-.- : oe 
Matsukasago .-----------------+++++------ 19 | Mermiria texana ......2..20-.-20eeeeeeee enn 
- Matuta Iumaris ......-...-----+-++-++++-- Stik iMesod cer a ee co 
plamipes -..----------------------- 30 | Meropidae oie, Se ee are: ee 
: victor ..-------------------------- 30 | Merops philippinus ...- Sapo eo 498 
Matutide -----.---------------------2000-- 30 UriCnh oe ea ee ee 198 
Mecistogaster lucretia...-..----.-.------- pie RBM" | MoeoPheRRIa ae, en ee 
Megaderma SPASM slog .j2 =< 2-9-5 = 474, 479 Simiplicolis.=-=..seeses eames 763 
measurements of..-. 474 | Mestobregma boreale .............------- 739 
Megalestes major. ...--.------------------ 764 FUSCMNOUG so e< ese nee 789 
Megaloprepus -.------------++--+++--- 748, 749, 754 lnwan tet veed ee 790 
Megaphasina, new genus -..-.-----------+--- 867, 878 MACUIGSUIL oo. oesesseeenes 790 
dentricus. ..-...----------- 878, 885 Plattelizc. = sassoste noun 79 
Megilla maculata .-..-------------------- 119 mulehell nts eases ae eee 790 
Meiglyptes tukki....---..-----------+---- 501 pulchellum .....-.---=--- ‘ 790 
Melanoplus....-------------------++-7-7-7- 776 | Metator pardalinum.ce<sss-¢e-se5-5eansn 790 
altitudinum .-..-.----------- 798-4) SMCS 2 2s ocy oo ees aaa a eae nee 363 
ALANIS reciente ainsi = <!= = -i-'== 799 | Mezobucco duvaucelii.....-......--.----- 501 
ipivattatus =------------>--=-- 799 | Micippa philyra........-.-..-.----------- 29 
Howeeliiee =... == ==--- === 799 | thie Gisecae se oe on eo 29 
ecoccineipes ...--------------- 799 | Micristodus punctatus.........---.-.----- 626, 627 
ORM Hee ta eleair mie === 799 | Mierocentrum laurifolium ...-.-.-...---- 805 
coloradus, new species ------ 799,809 | Microcypris ...-.-.-.---------------+-+--- 972, 980 
conspersus ....--------------- 801 | Microdiplax...:...-.......-----+-<.«-0-= 718,719 
QUINOA. soos Se eReeoee eee 803 | Microhierax fringillarius .........------- i94 
differéntialis.......------ 776,777,800 | Mierolepis turskyi -..-------------------- S44 
HASCIMHUSI Ss cece = 2-9 === =" 801 | Micromerus blandus ...-.--.------------- 764 
femur-rubrum .....------ 777, 801,804 | Micropodide .......---------------------- 503 
Mabellatus +. .--.--------2-2-- 801 | Micropternus phaioceps brachyurus -..-- 2 
Hewidsesoo--cce-3-----2----e- 801 | Microstagon .........--------- --+-------- 935, 936 
gladstoni ....--.------------- 801 | Microstigma.......-.----------+----++"+-> 748 
TOME see sees 2 ae -1- = 798 | Microtarsus melanocephalos .-.---------- wd 
REA Seeee Slee ni= == = = 802 Olivaceus:..-.--e45--62=>-=—==— 507 
intermedius .-.-..------------- g02 | Miller, jr., Gerrit S., on Mammals col- 
Ne kaMWS ie se cei ole === g02 | lected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on the Coast 
latifercula, new species. ----- 802, 809 and Islands of northwest Sumatra. ..--- 437 
RTI Ge setae aa =r == 803 | Mina lobata ....--.----------------+-2°"7° 173 
occidentalis..-..---.------=--- 777,803 | Mink from the Shell Heaps of the Maine 
packardii ...---.------------- 804 Coast, Description of an extinct, by 
pictus ...--------------- ieee 799 Daniel Webster Prentiss. ..------------- 887 
plumbeus....---------------- 804.)| Mi od Once sees aoe => se sere eee 951 
propinquus -.---------------- 799,800 | Miodontiscus -...--------+--++-257777707>" 951 
Melanothrips ....---------------------777" 910 | Misgurnus....------------2--=---"7527-"" 765, 766 
@xtIMCta a s2o=----------==--- 210 anguillicaudatus....---------- 766, 774 
Melias diardi ....---.-----------------*+"° 497 dichachrous...----------+++--- 767 
Melittophagus swinhoii ..---------------- 498 fossilis...------------+--"**°°°° 766 
ARI GH eee ee eee - = 498 polynema ...-------+-++---+"7° 766 
Menethius incisa...-.-------------------" 28 | polynemus ..-.-----++-5+2+577 766, vA 
quadridens ..---------------+- 58) || WitsukUrina..-.-0)-—=—e =n one ees 620 
Mencethius incisus --..-.--------+-------7- 28 owstoni ...-----<------=- 620, 621, 672 
quadridens....--------------- 9g | Mitsukurinide .....--------------"""" 59S, 620, 672 
Mercenaria ...--.--------- ee ae eae 360,361 | Mixornis everetti ..-----<-----222-0°°°°7" 507 
antiqua...-.------------------ 376 BUlATIS ~<a ons sere ee secee 507 
ecancellata ...-------------=--- 376 pileatus ...2-------=-+-=:->===>> a at 
earolinensis ------------------ S7i7' |p Manas sees sccm o> ee a NT 7 i6 
opal ee eo Sri aliIMo DU aia5-ce eee eos 2 ee aan neon 4 
Repent ee 4 Achia2 3. - 377 auriculata..----------+-22277 7777 tn 
eee epee ate =-: 376 edentula .:.=..-----<-42-+-0+-*5=" ¥ a 
Rega) ee 2e= <2 se Fee <= 361 japonica ~~~ <=<-2-=<"="5<=97e == 666, 679 
Mies niconielse-o-4-.--52-2---22-=---->-- 348 ATODUIAE occas ee oe sane aera ee = 
vec ee-s 336, 337, 352, 354 | -Mobulidie ...-.----+-----rreeene7r77 G12, OOo, A 
Paengliniuess2-22.c+---=--=+--"~ 979 | Modiolaria nigra .-----------=7777777° 7" re 
fippana-.~.----.<-<-------7"-"-- 355 | Modiolopsis -----------==:--77" 77777" ree a ee 
Merista Camura. 5--------------=--77°-7"° 417 | Mola..------ SSR RRR PnP Matsa dows eee a aide 
Bee ee faeces cen--- 22-279 r- 417,418 | Monarda stricta .--------+-<--9"" 79797 “6 
Peete. 8---cee-te teen enn 416, 423 MonOcCaIthUS=.-=<---->—arsPet , 


1040 INDEX. 











Page. Page. 
Monocéntridse ss. ct. oie eee ees 1,2,19,21 | Munida media, new species ........-- 252, 262, 310 
MOnNOCeNtriS:=2-260-0- Nee ee eee 19, 21 mexicana, new species ...... 251, 264, 310 
CALINAtA <2 ce see eee ee eee 20 microphthalma.......... 251, 267, 310, 311 

CaTiINatus: ote tee eRe 19 MmiGrops cece. coe eee 311 
cataphractsé ~--- sssse-see ss 20 var. lasiocheles......... 31 
JAPOMICUSS...cen cee ee renee 19, 20, 21 miles. ao ae natn eer eee ee ae 311,314 

MOnOCHITUS). fe: +n. see eee eee 967 Miliparis; sc. A ee ee eee 262, 311 
Monoculuss2-2 fees eee = 974, 990, 991, 993, 994, 995 var. andamanica......- 306 
OVatUS. 5.4250. ee ee 987 curvirostris.-...... 307 
VILENSSo2 0 cacao ase eee 986 NOLMANI Sere eee eee See Darel! 
Monograph of the Inseets of the Order nuda, new species. ........... 251, 265, 311 
Thysanoptera inhabiting North Amer- OWCSE: Ave GE ie aes Bese se aL elit 
ica, Contribution to a, by Warren Elmer PCraArmMa tae 2 Loose ee eee eee 252, 311 
Hm) 22. seek eee eee 2 ee oon Soe 79 perlata, new species ......... 251, 266, 312 
Monotry pa worthemi se: 555 5-e5- eee O88 prolixa =2= 222 eee Stone Sees 252 
Monticulipora dawsoni..............----- d81 DPLOPINO UA eee eee ee 251, 267, 312 
1rONGOSA) =.n6-e eee a79 PYOKAMG, <a ee eee 312 
MAMI ata eee eee 579 pusilla, new species...... 245, 251, 268, 312 
WOUGHC Tanase eaten eer ec 583 quadrispina, new species. 245, 251, 269,312 
Monticuliponidse ees seen eee ee eee O65 TELUS CNS eee eee eee 245, 251,312 
MOREMY TUS). o2ane eis tae eee 960 | robustace sz gece eee oe 312 
NWEOTEAS Re Peace ee ee ee ee 957 LONGECLELIEE ep sees e eee ee 306 
MOsChUS MEP US ..3.cck esetonte oa oeeeee 4139 | Sanictizpaulin se eee ee oe 251, 312 
Motacillaieulanis@esscees-e- e ee 507 | SCabraccgn sates Oe eee 312 
TUG CA i Lee ale cee ans Sees aoe ele a04 sculpta, new species......... 251, 270, 312 
MUElANODE Farce soe eee ee eee 504 SCMLONE: 0.) )A4e Se eae ae ee 312 
Singalensiguce <--2 aaa 508 simplex, new species ........ 291, 272; 313 
Motacilliccey sesso 8 a eee eee 504 SpDImIcondataee see eee 313 
MUNN Sone sees cen o: ete cee 1 Spimifirons:<. scy.c asses eee 313 
IVIUUIIE SVeT AY) Goes ve sees ai Se /aeiaje tees 520 | SpIN OSA ease wse eee eee es 254, 255, 318 
ENT CT a oi rete dey eee atc parece 244, 245, 251, 305 Spinuiliferae-2- hoes eee ee 313 
OURMIS Bea seas ee en eee 252, 258, 305 AM SQUAMIOSH AE Aa eee ee eee 313 
aad amanica ss 8e-8 se 251, 306 . Vall pro lian space eae 313 
angulata, new species -.. ... 251, 252,306 StIMpPsoMitceeess see eee 252, 258. 313 
MUS tra lEMGiSsea oss see eee ee 306 SUDIUG OSA. gee ee 245, 252, 308, 314 
bamdtiaeet es oe ee ee 306 var. australiensis...... 306 
Wane Caer esa ya ee tS SOON RG tenella, new species ..... 245, 252, 274, 314 
CAMUD Dar seatis ee esate ee Bee 306, 310 Tenuima may sees ees 306 
CONIOTIM eee crs eee need 307 tri¢arinatag.n scene te eee 314 
GONSULICTA eta cee erent ae 252, 307 | : tropicalisie ese se sae eeereeeee 314 
curvatura, new species ...... 251, 253,307 | tubereulata 2223 een eee 314 
CURVAMAN Deas Bonin sae ee ee 251, 307 | Valida tau hee eee 252, 314 
curvipes, new species .....-. 251, 254, 307 WIL aries eee eee 314 
GUEVITOSERISK 37. ere 307 Vitiensis: asa es ae 311 
debilis, new species ......... 2552065307.) NUT COPSISS eee eee 244, 245, 246, 275, 315 
decora, new species ......... 201, 257, 307 abbrevyiatas-c2 8 4eee eee 277, 315 
ed: wardsii:o. i 8s ee eee ees 307 Aabdominglisy eee see eee ee eels 
Evermanmins ass scene ne een 252, 307 AD ySSOLUMEe eee eee 315 
flinti, mew species .......-.-- 252, 258, 307 aculeata cesses Waa: 275, 280, 315 
LONGCODS fae sae ere ae eee 251, 307 acuminata, new species . 276,277,315 
PRB CUIP CS eer pocats as ee ee 308 ACItA Sse s5sse see eee eee 315 
gracilis 308 aculispina, new name ....... 315 
granulata 308 AGASSIZ oe EE 316 
gregaria 307 antONlysssoce sone eee 316 
308 MINICOM eo eee ee 276, 279, 280, 316 
haswelli 309 ATIOS( 292550554555 eee 316 
eteracanithe = ess. ease ae eee 809 ANLCLINA 2s ae ee eee 316 
hispida, new species......... 252, 259, 309 ‘ armata..._.. seed pa en 276, 316 
honshuensis, new species. ... 251, 261,309 ASPELANSE cece eee 277, 316 
INCOKiA sinc nase sas Sanaa ee 309 bahamensis, new species. 276, 278,317 
UIXOLN Ail seeps esis 2 ae eee 310 baindiivss3ecsae-ee ator 276, 317 

ELS pse at ets aoe diene 245, 251, 269, 306, 310 beringana, new species ...... 276, 

IER ASA se syste ea ess eae 251, 272, 306 279, 280, 317 
ADOMIC Ay ee ss Says yee eee ars 310 | brevimanaessessencee eee 291, 318 
key to the species of the genus -- 251 | Garinipes, 332453. eee eee 277,317 

LON SIPeSies = sa-sasoaesos Sa sonics 2o2 310i Centrinays);J22c esac eee 317 


‘ 
: 
7 








Munidopsis ceratophthalmus 
Gilliataieces s- oc ss - sn 
Crassdces sos so = 
CLimMlisincessse-==----------- =" 
eurvirostra. .-.--------------- 
eylindrophthalma -....------ 
eylindrophthalmus -...------ 











INDEX. 1041 
Page. Page 
318 | Munidopsis spinifer ........-.------.-- ae O77, ) 
291,315 spinoculata ......-.--.------- O76, 
276,318 SQUAMOSA ......-.---------- 276, 
319 stylirostris ..............-.--- 27 
277, 319 subsquamosa.......------+-- 275, 327 
319 aculeata ......- 315 
276, 281 3 


eylindropus, new species. 276,281, 319 


@asypus. ..--------------+-->- 319 
“ RIS esas se oe aon 319 
depressa -...---------++-+-->- 319 
edwardsii....---------------- 320 
erinacea ...--.--------------- 277, 320 
espinis, new species...--- 276, 282, 320 
expansa, New species.... 276, 282, 320 
gilli, new species .------- 276, 283, 320 
goodridgii ....--------------- 320 
@TANOSa .-----------22----2->- 320 
Ihamata -.2-2-----=---------*- 277, 320 
hastifer, new species- ---- 277, 284, 320 
WeminMeis sees -2---- ===" == - 320 
hendersoniana --------------- 321 
IVS GSee sleiatme imei 275, 321 
imermis'...------------=---=-- 321 
AICS eeiese eee a cis icierine = 321 
key to the species of --------- 275 
loevigata ...----------------7- 321 
VatitnOnSs .-:---:-------------- 276, 321 
Jatirosttis -.----------------"- 277, 320 
OMinGeeee eee ea aes naa 322 
tiniest ee ae ou 
longimana..-.--------------- 977, 322 
longirostris ------------------ 277,322 
margarita ...---------------7- 22 
marginata ...---------------- 322 
PT OMiS Heseer a= 2 = 323 
ALEC tiene aS sateen 323 
TELS eee ara 323 
milleri -- --- Beee eo aers 323 
mina, new species ------- 276, 285, 323 
modesta, new species ---- 276, 286, 823 
moresbyi----------------7°""" 323 
Mibids. -2a-+—-+--=--—- 276, 291, 318, 328 
opalescens, new species. - 277, 287, 324 
OMNalnssaeee oe =n es 324 
OBLIG kee == oe 324 
PGR eerie ae 324 
RtOse ses cele eee cen FT 324 
platirostris ---.--------+--7-"" 276, 324 
polite cco -g2s-2 eet ===>" 276, 324 
poseidonia -.---------------"" 325 
quadrata. --------------5---7° 277, 325 
quadratus...--------- eee 290 
Me pr eect he ces 325 
reynoldsi....-------2--*--7""" 325 
TOPUSteet ee eee toe 277, 325 
TOSHCEN See ene eames = 328 
RGRtU aie saee ees ae ay 305 
Reabraceescesssee-sen ss 275, 825 
REODIL see seo eee =o is 277, 325 
PeniGeaseeeeeess ==" == 277,326 
serratifroms .------------7"77° 277, 326 
SHanreriiess-o----'=--22""-577 326 
sigsbei ee eerie nent 276, 326 
Pisce eos oer os 276, 326 


simplex -.------=-7200°777 77 


277, 326 





var. aculeata... 


pallida ...- 

















talismani ......-----.-------: 
tanneri ......-------++2s0+--- : 
tAUTULUS. 2. coo ccs seen ennnee 328 
LODO Sp oo ns Sora ones 328 
tenuirostris, new species. . 276, 289, 525 
tomentosa. .....---------+-+-- 829 
townsendi, new species .. 277,290, 
trachypus ....------+-+-++---- 328 
{rive Al. .occsesteses es oace'sn ene 328 
tTiG ONS'. Jocwsiwe ewe aries = a= 285, 328 
tridentata.......----5--- 
ATO ONS socin wa ane oe wee . 276,329 
unguifera ...-.------------+-- 329 
VELL co sept cto te = et 329 
verrilli, new species. ..--- 276, 291, 329 
ViCiINA....-- eee ee eee een tees 329 
WillOSS: c20a= = <n nee Scenes 277, 330 
wardeni.......-- bisiaiete em oie oe 
Muraena Piet re. SD 
Murchisonia...-.---------+--229007077"" .- 416,423 
Murcia ....--------2-----°" ona tea 358, 359, 360 
WATT Ose tesa cee ee ete aiere oie eee wa 458 
Wikis aes sete caer ena meme o seer Gaaw 466, 467 
alexandrinuS ---.--------+-+--7°°**"" 458 
SIS DOD Sepa oe ea aoe 463, 480, 481 
catellifer, new species. ---------- 464, 465, 481 
measurements Of ..------- 466 
CON GOlOW season ae 460 
domitor, new species.----------- 461, 462, 481 
ferreOCaNUs. .------=--++--2777 777777 "" 466, 469 
AIMMUS seeesness=a2 nea noes 461, 462, 480, 481 
and domitor, measurements 
Ol caidas eee oes eae 462 
freMNeDSs< 4-2-2" --ssr oar oe ee 463, 480, 481 
measurements Ofecse een ee 463 
Pee. Soee an 461 
163, 465, 478, 480, 481 
ASIses as 464 
MOR Gf CUSs=r cman mea aa 467 
PADMOSUS ---=2--o-- far ate 458, 459 
UNE =. 2 ae seer enS Ss Sree ones 460 
TathliSuckess seeasveo setae one Ome 459 
simalurensis, ew species ..-+--+-+-- 458, 479 
measurements Ok 2-5-5 459, 460 
surdus, new species. ------+---> weeee- 460,479 
measurements ee 461 
SUrifelees eenee ee er aan wee. AGA, 467 
e OLIeraDE si sero=esr ea oe aoe 463 
Muscicapa atra ..-<-----s7279797"" adeane 516 
AZUPCAS ese seers Sao ence 510 
javanica. -.---+=---20*07°7""" % 510 
mmalabetica...<.-----=:-"— "= 512 
Muscicnpidte.-n-+--2"3s5s01 + ia a, oe 
Muscitrea grisola ..---------7757 77 a 
Mune heen ae ee te ae ws 
Mustelidia=v-kese eer ee a Mi A 
Miastelinese us cne=te or Sneak 60% 
Mustelus..----<----***7°7° 607, 608, 610, 959, 960, 962 








1042 INDEX. 
Page, Page. 
Mustelus Canis=.of2csce ee nee eee eee 960: |: Nettrobasisqa esac ate eee ee 746, 755 
WMaANazOt ocr oO eee 608,671) || Neurothemis ee oes eee eee 723, 725, 742 
Mustelusies.. 22 As Seas 608 | New genus and forty-six new Species of 
Vulgaris): A: 222235 se cerrceeete 608 Crustaceans of the Family Galatheide, 
Myliobatidse -<2 ee eeeeaceaeeeeeeee 642, 663, 674 Descriptions of a, with a List of the 
Myliobatis:-.2 s20 oe. ache Se mee wleciseeeiecers 663 known marine Species, by James E. 
AQUI ay 3. Sea Sous eee eee ee 663 Benegictres ase Gee en ene ae ie 243 
comutar. Soase.ts eee eee 663,664 | New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas, with 
nieuhofinn <<. cece eeee see 663, 664, 674 Descriptions of four new Species, Notes 
MIGUN ONG sence sees eee eee 664 on Orthoptera from Colorado, by 
tobijel.c2eeisee peer 663, 674 Andrew,.Nelson Caudell..--.--...1..2-- 775 
My otisimiuricolatee. eer ee eee eee 478,479 | New Procelsterna from the Leeward 
measurements of ........ 473 | Islands, Hawaiian Group, A, by Walter 
MYT: so Sos eie dee eels aero eae eee 30 Re MUSTO T 68:50 caches re oe eee eee 559 
PUP AS ek ee cece See es eeeia eee 30 | New Species, Notes on Orthoptera from 
Myripristis.< 205. scessecdscacesn tasters 11 | Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and 
JapONiCus!.2 = -.cbeecisssae eee 11 Texas, with Descriptions of four, by 
Myristicivora bicolor: sese-- eee eeee 490 Andrew Nelson Caudell..-......-...... 775 
Myrmecophila nebrascensis ......-....--- 808 | New Speciesof Crustaceans of the Family 
MyxsOpsis)permanumt. = -eseee eteseeeeeeeeee 363 Galatheide, Descriptions of a new Genus 
IMI PSUS: oi: :-..008,. Asie tac e ie eee cee ee 363 and forty-six, with a List of the known 
Miysiey oi ut ae ee ere Cte se ee oe 336, 357 marine Species, by James E. Benedict. - 243 
Nannodip axe sae ace one ee ee Seer 740 | New Species of Hawaiian Crabs, Descrip- 
Nennodythemistessseeeenaaen ase enn 740 tions of, by Mary J. Rathbun........... 75 
Nannophyaosese asses sccaesen ee onaee 740 | New Species of Notropis (N. brimleyi), 
Namnothemiss se sss-sascec sere eee eee 740 Notice ofa Collection of Fishes made by 
Dell Bess 5. <a eee 763, H.H.Brimley in Cane River and Bol- 
Narcin eytimileic tease soe so aceeece ees 656 | lings Creek, North Carolina, with a 
Warcobatid see Aae iesea) oe seen 642, 655,674 | Description of a, by Barton A. Bean .... 913 
ING SIpeSCDNS esc nscseece se Canes eee eee 718,736 | New Species of Sculpin from Japan, De- 
pentacanthas cases seen eae 75d, 762 | scription of, by David Starr Jordan and 
Nassaeemmiulatacscco: o- eS eeeee 36,57) ||| pd wan Chapin Starks eee ee 689 
INGUICH Hae Sicee ee on cathe dat rh Sac eee Ove lh New dale male Ugo be sosebenc occ oceebeecnee 971, 974 
Scan slam Aen aaa eee ee eee 35 | HEMEL Sooste esos eosssce due 974 
Naka GInCantha:sasemese eee eeen seer 29 | patagonica ....... nga aes 974 
Nectannaninsignis ses. se cee eens 520) | INiGanis..).. 22 cp bisse eee ees eee eos 935 
Nectarinia chrysogenys ..............0-:- 619) (|) Nisactusyalbomiger S95 s4s26 anes 491 
IN@ctariniid sets en eet eee O19) ||| (Nishikidais=:steeil gies sl See ee et 11 
Needham, James G., on A_ genealogie North America, Contribution to a Mono- 
Study of Dragon-fly Wing Venation.... 703 graph of the Insects of the Order Thy- 
Neglected Genera of Fishes, On some, by | sanoptera inhabiting, by Warren Elmer 
Rheodore/ Gull os 22 ee-cec ee ener 959) o|) ie PIM Sy 52-1 ee oe eee eneneee 79 
Nehalllenmiaes S202 Sees secenetoee ene 710,727 | North American recent Species, Synopsis 
ITEN Gs 262 Sisic 2 Goan eee 764 of the Family Veneride and of the, by 
Nema Chellis ei ae Se ae er eee 769 Walliamneale yal) alls o: 2s pee aanleen 335 
TASCIBtUSS Jac cose 769 North American Thysanoptera, abdomen. 105 
INematogniathiy-mecescinena cee eeeee eee 897,911 append- 
INEMODILUSHASCIATIS= Seca sae aoe eee 808 ages of 
Wtahensiss te... soos sete 777, 809 the tho- 
Nemobrama ccc) sa5 sce seen ene eee 18 rax:legs 98 
WebDDIb pees cecamne meen 18 artificial 
Nemoricolaiscsssa tener cece yon tee 504 checks - 119 
mipalensis: ic) ote see eee 504 beneficial 
Nemorivagarcs: ss os eee oes eee 504 forms .. 117 
Neocorduliave sae eeaas nee eer ceee eas 714, 718, 741 biblio- 
ANArOSyMISsc 42 eee 741, 763 graphy. 221 
Neocrassina syses2s asses a hte eee 935, 936 charac- 
INGOCYPLISi S535. pes eee eso eee ee 983, 985 evs) aes 121 
pladigtoret. 32s euasere a eee 983 collection 
Neptunusisladiatori-- ness s-ee- eee eee ee 26 OLR Eee 84 
NSStaLOlGes! eis h sone eee 27 deformi- 
pelagicuslescasec os a ee 26 GieS "=... 110 
var. tritubereulatus. . 26 develop- 
trinibercwlatus access. e eee 26 mente 112 
NebuIM Wiese ceiene scp ac nee aS ebook case 901 dissemi- 
Neureschndasseee teas Saswiscciecsese ss eA cO N/GaN ToT nation . 111 





- North American Thysanoptera, economic 


. 


consid- 
erations 
explana- 
tion of 
plates .. 
external 
anato- 


general 
consid- 
erations 


history... 
index to 
families, 
genera, 
and spe- 
cies .... 
index to 
food 
plants. - 
index to 
general 
subjects 
individ- 
ual ya- 
ria tions 
injurious 
forms .. 
integu- 
ment... 
method of 
measure- 
ments... 
mouth 
parts -.- 
natural 
checks - 
organs of 
vision... 
preserva- 
tionand 
mount- 


reproduc- 
tion .... 
sexua l 
charac- 
ters: ter- 
ebrantia 
synopsis 
ofsub- 
orders 
and fam- 
ilies -..- 
systematic 
position 
thorax --- 
tubulifera 
une lassi- 
fied de- 
serip- 
tions -.- 
wings - 


INDEX. 1043 


Page 


116 


236 


87 
210 


b& 
Ww 
oe 


234 


123 


116 


~~ 
=I 


122 


91 


119 


91 


89 


110 


107 


124 


82 
95 
109 


208 
101 





Page. 
North Carolina, with a Description of a 
new Species of Notropis (N. brimleyi), 
Notice of a Collection of Fishes made by 
H. H. Brimley in Cane River and Bol- 
lings Creek, by Barton A. Bean .......- 913 
Note on the fish Genera named Macrodon, 
by Theodore Gill 
Note on the Sea Anemone, Sagartia pag- 
uri Verrill, by J. Playfair MeMurrich.. 127 
Notes on Orthoptera from Colorado, New 
Mexico, Arizona, and Texas, with De- 
scriptions of four new Species, by 
Andrew Nelson Caudell 775 
Notes on the Osteology and Relationship 
of the fossil Birds of the Genera Hesper- 
ornis, Hargeria, Baptornis, and Diatry- 
ma, by Frederic A. Lucas ...........-.- mS 
Notice of a Collection of Fishes made by 
H. H. Brimley in Cane River and Bol- 
lings Creek, North Carolina, with a De- 
scription of a new Species of Notropis 
(N. brimleyi), by Barton A. Bean.-..--- 913 
Notice of a small Collection of Fishes, in- 
cluding a rare Eel, recently received 
from H. Maxwell Lefroy, Bridgetown, 
Barbados, West Indies, by Barton A. 


Lys er onnioe eerisccceopee-maoncomer nce 963 
INOtLGa Die cence see aaaee eee eee aaa ea 593, 594, 671 
Notodromadins& -..-..------..-.----<----- 971, 974 
Notodromas ccsa- pen eete weet enna 971, 974 

MONACHA see eee eee 974 
Notorhyneus deani.....-.-.-------------- 594 
Maculatiseen see oes eee 594 

Notropis arge....-.------------------+---- 914 
brimleyi, new species ----------- 913 
coccogenis ....--.--------------- 913 


(N. brimleyi), Notice ofa Collee- 
ion of Fishes made by H. H. 
Brimley in Cane River arid Bol- 
lings Creek, North Carolina, 
with a Description of a new 


Species of, by Barton A. Bean. 913 
NoturuSs.<.-2--<222+ 2-20 -e esses eee 909 
Nucleospira..-..-------------+---2077-77"" 117, 423 
Number one perch ..-.------------------- 13 
Numenius arquatus....----------+-------> 487 

pheopus. ...-------------+-+--- 487 
Nycteridee .-.----.--2222----2=-- 775 2sos80% 474 
Nycticebidee -..----.------------207277-77" 475 
Nycticebus coucang malaianus....-.----- 475 

malaianus....-.---------+---- 475, 482 
tardigradus var. malaiana..- 475 
Wympha ...-20se-se0-- wn enor ere ae 352 


Observations on the Number of Young of 
the Lasiurine Bats, by Marcus Ward 


RiyOU; Jonette osteo new sn once aoa 425 
Ochrilidea cinerea .------------++- 0777777" 782 
crenulata .....---------++7777* 782 
Ochthodromus geoffroyi. -----------**--"> 486 
pyrrhothorax -.----------- 486 

Oectogrammus octogrammuls .--------+++*> 1005 
pallasi...------¢--==--"=*"" 1009 

Qetonalines: -2-s82- sesso ao ae 
Oeypodids .---+-2----+=+<sesecrsr en" " B 
Odontaspidide: -..-------------7°70700 7" 620 
MAOntASUIS+= = wears ane ae 614 





1044 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
Odontodactylus seyllarus.......---------- 54 || (Orectolobus 2 s---2a-2e7 epee ee eae 603, 605 
(canthus quadripunctatus .....-.------- 809 barbatus.------cee. 605, 606, 607, 671 
(@dicnemids . 5... 3:2<¢ Seas ee eee 487 |, Oriolidee?s:. 22-2 =cs.ccmee aoe ee eons 517 
(Edienemus magnirostris..............--- 48% | (@Orioluspmalculatus: -se-ee-e ee eee eee eee 517 
(@Hdipoda:canlinianus=<eses-e- 2S eeee 793 mundus, new species .........--- 486, 517 
collare2-e see ose ae 788 | Orophorhynehus {2 -2-52-2e6- 316, 317, 318, 320, 324 
GOstallis!...<- =o. "<0 eens 787 ATIES oad ae ee cee ee 316 
OTACIISS \S2s0es eo eh eee ee 792 edwardSil -=-!--2-.ceee- 320 
haydeni.s.0: 2.2.68 sses5- ee 789 hendersoniana........- 321 
IIOWS).ccba- sc oats eae 790 latiironse.ceessc-e- see 321 
longipenmisedssee- esses 788 iviGus'< 51h essa eae 322 
mon tamus: < Bestee se ass eer 787 Maroinats-seeeeeaaceee 322 
neplectusi sect sates eee a 787 THAI ONIN eee eee 323 
ANC ae UNN ea ete eres 790 Miti@us: 2 22~ -eeesaeee 323 
pelhicidaca.a.2 assesses 787 partaitie..-2-- eee meeotae 324 
Platten <2. steer aes eees 790 platinostris’.3222-es-s2-= 324 
TEN EDTOSAs nctea es oe eee 786 Sharreri=.. s-ceen seco see 326 
nndulaitiss2s- ssh cee ess acess 793 spinoculatusee- cose 327 
WY Olin Plame a- = ee seers 789 SpINOSUSise esse eee 323 
Cidipodine sete sesacen sone see eee ere 785 SQMaAMOSUSE-2-s455-5 eae 327 
Oken’'s Names, on some fish Genera of the Orphulella pelidmare. ----— =. sees ee 782 
first Edition of Cuvier’s Régne Animal PiGlurataly- =e eso ee ee 782 
and, by CtheodoreiGilless25-5 eee eee 965 Salina = = oeSaeaTUeee Ree 782 
Omphaloclathrumice. ease oe hese sees 38) |) Orthetaisterrugined, “2222-5 = == aee saa 763 
On Asmall Collection of Crustaceans from | (Orthichthiyshe 08 es ceeeeee eee 69 
the Island of Cuba, by William Perry VElITAEIS*.oo2 oon eee eee 69 
Ay) ese scene ese eee ee abi neee seis 429!) ‘Orthopora..¢ ss ceecenc cece tees eens 418 
On some fish Genera of the first Edition of Orthoptera from Colorado, New Mexico, 
Cuvier’s Régne Animal and Oken’s | Arizona, and Texas, with Descriptions 
Names, by Theodore Gill..........-.--- 965 of four new Species, Notes on, by An- 
On Some neglected Genera of Fishes, by drew Nelson Candelll 2-2-2 22 s25--s2 sees 77 
Tine adore .GuHlle ws see sek ses soe eee 969) | (Orthaphetesrs4222..3ss-cnect ae eeeeereeee 416, 423 
On the Identification of aSpecies of Euca- GéeformMisSsiescex. eee see eee 418 
lyptus from the Philippines, by Joseph woolworthanus ....-....-..- 422 
Henry Maiden: -2ossesce-6 cco 691 | Orthotomus atrogularis .--.......-..-.-.- 511 
On The Relations of the Fishes of the Fam- Orth. joss se sess Se ceee aa ee eee 765, 769 
ily Lamprididve or Opahs, by Theodore oreas, new species .....----.---- 769, 774 
Galles Le a ee ae Lee dete ee 915 |) Orth y Pia |e Soe a 2 eee ems eoae 859 
OnGOCy pris ese-sce scenes see eeee ee eece 990 || LOnty sia. a Aes Mec ases are cee ee eer 359 
Onion thrips ss. 2: se --2. oe ee ees ere 179 | Osteology and Relationship of the fossil 
QOniscusiasellus) 2. t act ee ceo hee eee 431 Birds of the genera Hesperornis, Har- 
Ontarie Formations of Maryland, on the geria, Baptornis, and Diatryma, Notes 
Lower Devonic and, by Charles Sehuch- on the, by Frederic A. Lucas..-....-.-- 525 
OQ bree asics ste isn cies ae cia ee alee eee ee 4137 | \@stichthiys' 244.2 onan= Se oes ae ee eine 11, 21 
Opa see otek Ue SERS eee 924 JPPONICUS seers eee eee WAL 
Opahs, on The Relations of the Fishes of OSETACIONE oe eke seo ea eee eee eee 960 
the Family Lampridide or, by Theo- Ositsicod tees ease esos see eee eee eee 424 
Gore! Gillgcsss es ancen jasc heen eee 913 of the United States National 
Opeia Obscura. oj2eatocisise setae eee 781 Museum, including a Reyvi- 
Ophilddidesy 2. Seesaw 699 sion of the Subfamilies and 
Opsamichthysy 2226-54coe sete 813, 850, 855 Genera of the Family Cypri- 
SIGDOlGIE pe seeee see eae 854 did, Report on the fresh- 
steenackeri!~ = 5-.--eoseee 857 water, by Richard W. Sharpe. 969 
LEMMING este ee see BH26 |" Obsikian. 26 sable ce aes oe Seer eee 812, 842 
UN CIRGStISh. eee ae aoe eee 855, 862 TASDOLIME: n.someoeen aoe eee 842, 862 
OPSaTUSPArVUS -seeen sect ceeee en secoeeae 840' "| ‘@tolithes(sstioo. esse ee eee 967 
Orbicullugty ies sane e sone 346) ||’ Ovalipes| bipustulatus =----4-5-s---eeeeees 25 
Orchelimpm herbaceum +2. --2--...--2--- D806, | Oxy COLypRUS|OPSClINa) swe eee eeee eee 781 
longi penne ase eee: seer 806:,| POS ySastiarn Mess so-so sese eee ee eee 741 
Oreh estas. sate ceases oe eee 925, 927 GUTSe 5 See aeeeee 763 
SULENSOMM. -sacirsisece cease eee 926) \\. Oxymeris. 42 -2ee sete co eee eee 951 
tucuratinga....... ee eee a vititss 927 Oxyrhinaiolaucn =.) eee eee 623 
PINCUS eae 926, 927,928 | Ozius hawaiiensis, new species ......----- 76,77 
M@rchestoided ee. ce ose ya ees see eee 927 trunecsats:. io. eee 77 
UUBETCUIATAT cos oeeeceee 926 | VerreaUxdl 222 eee eee 7 
OTeCLOlO bite Roe meee aaa e = cate 603 | Pachycephala vandepolli .......-----.--. 509 














INDEX. 1045 
‘ Page. Pare 
Pachycypris ..----- eee tence eee eee renee 975 | Panicum capilare .............- ; 127 
Pein Ges MA. -- =.= <=. 22-0+ 2 336, 338, 349 CniRealie ene eee ond 
erassatelloides ........----.- 386 sanguinale soe nase Meehan 162 185 
Imezana .-------------------- 386) Sapnitalaee-- ct oe oe ee al 
RUMI aera ees Sines = 714, 726, 727 ai OSCENG Coes Leal re 
NOM PApeMMIS: sco os - <--la 763 -anulirus japonicus.-........... : = ae t 
Pachysoma heematocheir.......---------- OAS Pam hie.e-< sae ane ee Sec a6 
OM USie ae ane awa ete eee a 935 alee ee) wat cae eee 
Pagurias....-.--------------------+-----+- 33 alapapilionis ead yadda Nee 
Paguride.......----.-------++--+ee+e-+++- 33 YAS 5 Sos ee a a ( 
TPRO MINS eee leis = one = = 33, 39 stemines, <<. us eel eee ‘ 
BS oie im <cime)> = ooo 34 var. laciniata........... 
constans .....------------------- 35 Var: Orpellaecct 2 cco 
depressus ....-.-------------+---- 33 War: Peitheess wees 
Gaye Silesia islet lel =i ine! =i~ 36 var: ruderata .........-: 
impressuS ...--------+----------- 34 var. sulculosa, new spe- 
eenmMeglyl oe. = 2=..e0---2-=-- === 35 Ribee + Ore er 8 eas 399, 406, 411 
middendorffii ...-...------------ 35 var, hUMida/ sess eee 399 
punctulatus...-...-------------- 34 tenienrinnials. <5 soe ie eee 399 
sculptipes -.-..-.---.-------- Sodac 34 HDS. CAS nee eee Ce 398, 399 
RAGIT CI yee oleae ete cian nee 34 | Parabacillus; new. genus ...............-% 863, 865 
RING ON ee as seein = == om 37 Coloradusstecst Secon 865, 885 
aleeaspisese-os-----------------=--====--- Attia RR ATACaM CON st Sete: <t econ eee eee 974, 997 
PUT EMUNNC aIL EE eee cic ee eimtceteinek 416, 423 euplectella .........----+-+- 997 
Paleemna .....--- te, aye eyae Soret sis a cjclcate =. 749.764 | Paracheilognathus,...--...-..----..-- $12, 815, 817 
ail eein OMe ere aces ai am nein sis cieeisie= == 50 THOMDeR ca.22>55 se 815, 819, 861 
URNS rare is seers totals eieleisiscsa einem = 53 THOMPCUS S225 seen 815 
JOREANROS CIS) S55 Oeepcooseoseaoce AS Pare Mie UUs yee = aes rears ieee 865 
Camailiculatus: -so+022seas5=4- 22 37 | Paracypridopsis.....-.------------+------ 973, 992 
Gol nivelsil So ocneeesomeEoseoereae 51 | Paradoxurus -..---.------------------+--- 481 
japonicus .......--------------- 50,51 | Paradoxus hermaphroditus .......--- 171, 479, 482 
NOMPIPesaeeseie- se \se ee == zi 53 | measurements 
VONPINOStIS.---\--.-+----------- 50, 51 ofs:t.<c Jest 471 
macrodactylus, new species. .-- 52 | Paraidemona mimica ......-------------- 796 
nipponensis....-.-------------- 53 | Parapenceus .....--------------------++--- 23 
OLtMaAnM Sees -- aber ek ye ASS he 53 acclivis, new species. ...----- 41 
pacificus .....- Basel 53 EIS eee oe ae see eee 38 
paucidens ....------ Pe Rete eel oe 5 i 51 akayebi, new species ---..-- 39, 40, 41 
semrifer.s--.-- -- ee eee sioiscie ae 52, 53 CUIVILOSUDIS saaeees ee eee 38 
Sie nUseeeseseeea nec a= ee 51 dalei, new species -......---- 40 
HEMUNCORMISEe eee aeccee esses = 51 incisipes ...-.-.----------.--- 38 
Soil ste eerste spare siete er === 51 joyneri...-.--------------++-- 38 
alcemoneteseeoes -seses2 =. ----=-=--- 10 433 lameliatus .-...-...-.--------- 35 
EMERETONUMIEe soe aciancine cee <i 433 mogiensis, new species ..---- 39, 40 
cubensis, new species...--- 430, 433 velutinus.....--------------- 23 
eigenmanni, new species .. 430,431 Parasilurus ...----------------22etet 900, 902, 903 
EMIeaYTTOIN eee aa sisaas sae seettincss- 25 50 ASOUUS so seme Reem 902, 903, 904, 911 
Paieopulepincs= 00. 4--sssc-eseasts-+ ++ 747 japonicus. ..-.--------+- weeeee _ 4 
superstes-..---------------- 746,763 | Parastarte -..------------------7"- 336, 338, 365, 900 
Paleeophlebine....-------------- 750 triquetra....---------++++++++"+ on 
Palzornis fasciatus 495 || Paratapes . -.=-----+=-----====="—---"= == 362 
major, new species ....- potas 486, 495 Paratettix cucullatus.-..--------+--+++++*- : = 
Paleeothrips ...--------------+----2-----°° 911 | Paratrachichthys. ------- ae nesetees : bi s 5, 9, 21 
erie ¢ 16 ; » c. e 
HOSGIN Seeeee cet shee =~ =~ 210, 212 Pp me a a a 
Palemon longipes ..----------------+++77 53 SD Eee ears ae mee ie 
nipponensis .....----- Reet ee 53 : traillii ....-..---------- e 
paucidens ....-..-----------+=+- 51.| Parazyga dewey ------------==-*-"-*7"""" a 
tenuirostre .-..----------------- 51 Parembola Selon. wn a ae eae een ie eee Le 
Bp eee ef esoe =e = be. d=-s-e see So PArisi@ lle seepaee= == seme e enna ee ae 
Palinurus japonicus......------+--------» 37 | Parmulioaes «soecen- Seti es a 
Paltothemis lineatipes .....-------+-+---- 768 | Paroxya floridana~.------.-:>+-~s---"-""" oa 
eerdalidircces ck sic ~~ PGs eee eis 46 | Parthenope laciniate sosan anon nENeS Ee ae re: 
Pandalopsis mitsukurii, new species. ---- 48 Z ER GL Del Toa iamieiaeel 99 
Pandalus hypsinotus ...-------------+-- ee Se Be oe oy 90,91, 102, 188, 175, 217 
latirostris, new species. -.------ Eee eae ee ae Te iy av. n MAL PUA ae 
PPE soe oe acinar etmale oeene ee 173 | dracen..-------- , lio, 





1046 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 

Parvivenus co. ops esse eee sae eee 359)" |: Phaleoides 24.2520 saec nace ee eee 347 
Pasiphad ). os2ses2 eae eee 358." Phacopsiloganilics. 422 ess-22235 2 422 
Pastinaca, olivaces ---222----=see-m === 658 | Pheenicophzeus erythrognathus ..-------. 497 
pastinaicay-2-s.- ee eee 658 | Phalacrocorax dilopus ---22=)-----==----= 552 
Pectuuculus aculeatus .........---------- 372 WITH G 3, Seer = oe es A52 
Nimbosusy-cecescoe see eae 369 | Phalangopsis robusta.=.......---..---.--- 808 
Pigidts:<.22¢ senses eee 372'.|) Phaon: :<&).028 ee eee 746 
wetula: eo ccc ee eee 375 | Phasma buprestoides............--------- 880 
PORASUS 220 2ec lees ose ee ee eee eee 960 | femoraten.-ssooeseee ase aes 874 
Péelamis) ie. See ee eee 920 | ferrugineas ease 25 ee 882 
Pelareopsis iraserl -sss5----52---es-= eee 4985499) 9) Bde Gl oe ee ase 780 

java Danraseniee.s=-e—--s-ee= 498 | Phasmide, or Walkingsticks of the United 
simalurensis, new species. .-- 486, States, The, by Andrew Nelson Caudell. 863 
498,499: |, Bhilentomanvelatiumis: ss 2 sss -2e2 eee 511 

sodalis, new species.....----- 486,499 | Philippines, On the Identification of a 

Pelecyora ee senses onset eee ee eee eeeeeane 346 Species of Eucalyptus from the, by Jo- 
Peliéshastatecucesacecce ace et en ee eeeees 170 seph Henry, Maidenis2:oesseneeeeeeeees 691 
Pempheris-csee se ese seen soe ee ete 3,923" |) Bhilosangal 722. -ssees ae eee eee 744 
Pen weide. se) eho eee tee 37 MOM GAN aes a= ae eee aie 75 
Pen celis HS lee ee ee eae aes loa einen letersi 38 Bhi] Og Cian eee eee eee eae eee 710, 764 
ashiaikae ects acne eee eee 38" | Phileumi pratense s--- 5 sserce eee eee 162 
Drasiliensises see eee eee eee 430,434 | Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum ......... 732 
Canaliculatuslesessce-ee a= eeeee 37) Bhleothripidee 2222-32. - eee eee 186, 187 
var. japonicus..... 37 SYMOpSiSiOl4-e=cee eee ee 187 
Guryirostisd. bese ee 38) | -Plnlceothusipssse 2.27 scecuspeseas 118, 188, 195, 196, 199 
GisuinehUsee esses: ees aee eae e eee 41 DOUG ase atee ee eee 82,110 
iN CiSip CS) eaeeeee ee see ee 38 CaN 2 eee eee 79, 209 
joyneri....--- Se ecient sae eeee eee 38 MAli Lessee see ene ees 79, 209 
lamellatis-ecessn-5-soeeee eee ene 38 Digrais-0- 3s soe eee eee 188 
latisnlcabusies--s-ceeceae sees eee 37 pergandei, new species - 196, 197, 240 
Monod ONES sesee ee eee eee eee 38 poaphagus). ose. 2. sseneeeteel= 161 
Semiswleatus-o-eo eee eae eae 38 - uzeli; Mew SPCCiGS2==—. =e 196, 240 
VelutinuUseecee sees ashe osaseee ee 39 WerpasGle. esoss= =e ee ee 189 
Pentamerus/oblongus 2.25.2. --- => =e 41.5'>) Phlox 252 .8ite awe see cae cee anaes teers 170 
Pentathemis membranulata ....-----.--- 718 | Phcoenicophaus erythrognathus......-.... 497 
POrea fo es eee eet ee eee aaa 960 | MAicGrorhinus=-s-e-serer eee 497 
DLASLUMN ese eee eee ee 15/5) SP Oa nS eee ae eee ee eeeerercte 173 
WUDIS2 oa aoeoeee eee eee 15 | Phoetaliotes nebrascensis...........----.- ~ 804 
PEL GCSOGES == esse ee isee ee eae eee eee 57 | Pholidops multilamellosa .......-..--.--- 422 
ercinaicHprodesicesseecs sence eee eee 914°.) “PhOxXinus=<-.ccccassesn eae ee aoe eee 813, 850 
Perc0i@el case 2ni-cessticsicee see eeee eee 1 PHOXiIMUS a2 asoses tee eee eee 850 
PErcCOMOLp HUE eeee esse eee eee 1 steindachnerin- 1-5-0 oesseseee 850, 862 
Perierocotus flammifterssss-e eee -ee eee 515 =}, Phy cis wisceaceeo seta snoeee Socom eee 920 
IPMOCUS!2.c2 seewsereeeee eee ee BID HIG u | Phylum ts Cybhe pees aaa eee eaters 863 
Periplaneta americana........-..--...--- 779 | Phyllodromia germanica:. 2222 ---2----0-6 778,779 
tun Cate 2S. 2225 ec ce eee eee eee 779)5|" Phyllopetalig ste ese te eee eters 735, 756 
Perithemist tse saet se eee nee eee 718 Api Calissse = ee eee eee 733 
Gomitign- 20-2 222 oe eae 763 |) Phyllopterahuasteca. = 2522.22 —2s- seer eee 805 
Persephone ose ee- sees sees ee eee 30 | Phyllornis cyanopogon. -.2.-.-5..2---..2. 505 
TU PAK Stee ce eee ese eeeees 30 | Phylloxera carye-foliz ...........-...--. 118 
Pesotettix altitudinum. --<--25- 2-22-21. 798 | PRYSa DUS he soe e eas eee ore ee eee eee met 147 
Chenopodite.jc2s2-- + see ete 197) | PhiysOCyPUlaa-c- o-oo see ee ee ae 973, 993, 994 
lakinuis) 23555 eee seve eee 802 inéquivalvaess-ssceceee eee 7 994 
NebrasCensis!!2-o.- -2= oeee cee 804 pustulossdss see see eee ee 994 
DICH peso oouscascoedoscesc 804" PMY sOpUSt a cet classe er mee eee 81, 147 
DIALOSUSH. access eee ace nea 797 NleTVOSS - 2-2 seek eee ee 155 
SPCCLOSUS 22 sso jcc oee eee eee 797 MUS Ty CNIGRISe == eee 154 
Pe talinteerseeeesenssee asec a= eee eons 738,750) || PigibUcus coeas ees eee = oe eee 967 
Petalurajcee cemisioseicleeiclenie ae eeeeeeae 732): |\ Picidse. Jen ccc eee ee ee Ce eee eee 501 
Retalumiticeeceesset as seereeee ieee mee 7395750). iCUSi rach yl use sse= seme eee eeeeem ete 502 
Petricolaysesncasensscscen-se-s <= 366, 400, 401, 408 JUVANEDSIS-. f-emeeeeese eeceeeer 502 
(Corgi besa ooo sSseeenscocsabocic 400 eV CDSS eer en He eee tea ee eee 502 
Petriforaiccsccctes sence =e essen eee 365 ma laGCensis=se-eea see ee aes 501 
Retrocolidoeeeeeesere ere anes erento 265 porphyromelas........------.---=-- 501 
Petromiy zon i252. sees oo se cese csc cchewes 960 tubulin e2e 222 ee eee 501 
Pezotetti=: albarracesse recess cee sone. 797 | Piltimmnid ce: ceceec meee te eee 24 








INDEX. 





Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——10 


1047 


xs i. Page. ’ 
Pimelodus arius ....-.....--.-+-2+-...0004 901,902 | Plotosus anguillaris . Page. 
Pine-cone fishes Ise en 19 POR ee ee S98, ILI 
scUlpin...........0..000.0eeeeeeeeee 19 lineatugs: 6.50 oe ae oa 
aoe aabs: OS a a at ie ea ada Dis" '|-spoalacuatigdis +... hea ues tos eee ae 
Pionocypris eee a isi=“(=!-[-=\=\~10)= ine ome. 0\e(6'n'e 990 Gindhnilerass aot ee ae If z 
eeieiacaathiae c=. .--2. 25%... .2-.... 200 99 ae ine tae Oot ae = 
incisa wees eee ee ee eee ee eee eee eee 28 compressa......... we ; tec ce 
SSeS Seater eee ints =e oim2 cin to -- 28 ficiclieni:. 5 <3 6 eee 2 
PAH CTR eee Noe Se ooo ces oo cele 28 VienTORR RNY Goce ee a a 
pivonhinAaralinedt = -.2-- 2... 2.0 css -vee es 495 pretenkis.. io eee 120. 138, 1462 oa 
$ umbra, new species...........- 486, 494 SerGtnin <i cet Scans 1‘. 
Pitar.....--e002222- 20022 e cece eee 354 tains seb ae ee 
ppeeeieeen oom -* 336, 338, 353,354 | Polinices ampla ....................... ‘i 2g i 
BAe c cn 5 2-5 <cec ie. .2s ss Sioparia|aRolititapesy eee ee ee nee 
UIETTN AL LeU epee si. crs 3,5 cle |a ie. cisjels.sjs ua 372)980))|) Poly cheles, casas. sceeenecs ae = ees rea 
callicomata, new species ....- 589, 402, 412 Polyiiixiis.:2 cums Oe) & coats wee 1 18,21 
(GINGIVA eee ie 372, 389 JApONIGd ees oak gg ee ‘18,21 
var. alternata.........-. 389 Towelnc-co0 eee oe ena 19 
SeOMCUIM Hy = 252... ===. 22-2 ee see 389 Tebilinet. sndiekeeecen ee 18 
COUSINS MINCAS 5225 < ons oes eis soe Dela ME OYMIXTIG aco oee eee eice i ee 1,2,17,21 
GTR G mee eee sleteln orci) a= 0 /einfassixise' <6 373054 | ROLY MOM US isso aa eee ween eee 95 9 
SETS He ee ae ete alae === = Sill SPolyodon:spathul aya.) o-<o nee dene see 621 
san Genel eee ee = S7IRS8 Te ROL POLAc hor. ee cee: eee Bee ee ae 418 
RELA A ise yssje cis =m siclsisise sees 388) |) Polyprosopus macer,...--..--).2--20e<sce 626 
MPI eels -= ~~ = =~ == 388 TNX SS sey ee 625 
POMGTS PI OSeL)a se simone eeelew es - =~ 388 rashleighanus.........-...- 625 
ET TLETG ees Io ie or arc cesses esas 371 | Polypterichthys valentini ..............-.. 64 
MEWCOMPIANG: «a5. o.coccec ess ewes oot | eolyterichthysce-.. esac ae =e ee oe 64 
MEMISHOMM ceo wis \ivisc isles sal ee oni 371 ChINGNSIS=-a-e- = aes 64 
OU MG HIS pere Pe ernie cic cic(s!oes Sones 587 walentini= 3-5}. esaeae 64 
ONC HS ee ete cilni ai! uiS sic S00 sie - 389 | Pomacanthus zonipectus ..............-.. 96-4 
MiMi a OM reese aaa (sccc sok asset exc Sid) || SPOnTtO parte co4-s-cncn- once aaee eae 973, 995 
tomeana, new species. ...-..-. 387, 402, 411 PATH 2 ease Se oe Ee 995 
ECOL Teeter lea ete ates niin ss 388) |) Parbumids sso oace canoes Saceeee ate eee ee 25 
: SADT OTA DE teste esterases n= «asec isic cinjcise 388 | Portunus arcuatus..........- be aitane Sepa 28 
Pita wnOlMeCCCNSIS... =... -------2-2.+--.--.- 504 COLEUPRUS 32 .45- ee Bese sone 25 
ere heiaterata ic ata ate saaie'clee «2 <0 504 6-dentatusi >: 6-2-2 eee 27 
Plagiostira albonotata..........------.--- 807 pladiator:s-<-5- 42 aeseeee ee 26 
PPT TES ES Seb pegocs aces ese e ee eaaeeeee 736 hastatoides).=-—. 2 sie tcena eee 27 
IS LOBUCCUS UNS) 5-2-5552. ----- cies" -==-- 649 miles ae ooo Nar ew erate 27 
Platybema planirostre.......-.-.--------- 46 PElBPICUS ec se scee ee =e eee ea 26 
LAMITOSEEIS = ogee -2s2c2----- - 46 SURPLUS; 83 ht veer en ws aatene 25 
pIAtyCeras SpITAle ..22----=--2--2--r=-->-- 422 | trituberculatus .....-. gate aS 26 
Platygrapsus depressus ....-...--.-------- 24 | frunicetus cth.ne eee eee ee 27,28 
Platylophus coronatus........-.---------- 517 Varietas’:..-. <b semen 28 
Platynotus depressus .....-......--------- 24 | : VATICPALUS oom 54 eee a 27 
Platyonichus bipustulatus........-.------ 25 | Potamocypris..-.--- See 971, 973, 991, 992, 993 
Platypodon menisorrah .......-.--------- 614 NewtONios see cea wee eee 991 
Platyrhina sinensis: ...-..--..+:-----+---- 647 smaragdina....-.-.--- 971, 992, 1001 
Platyrhynchus ceylonensis. .------------- 511 ya bts Wegener eee 992 
Platysmurus leucopterus.....------------ BIG || Preeconiaieccstesc.ceacc- = Sacac at oh eae baa 985 
Platysqualus tiburo .........------------- 618 | Prentiss, Daniel Webster, on Description 
GEL ES ee eee ye aes sine = 618 of an extinct Mink from the Shell- 
SME Sn oo ics se 2+ 749 heaps of the Maine Coast.....---------- 887 
Platystrophia lynx. nen eet 3S 9 3 577, 578 Presbytes ...------- 22 - sees rece reser tenses 483 
PIE CULOPOMMIS ac sein - = 2 oen- ace = 20 = == 967 CListeLUS se eta ene e ne eee 477 
BRIESIMSISNLCA pe enese oss scores f-ercesee-- 935 WAUITS see fee esee tenance 478, 480, 482 
Plecutacromylonis.-.=---:----+-----s-ss"-- 608 measurements Of...------------ 47 
LeSVIN Poe actin oe 608 WHtatUSsiacnc coe == sea en essen == 477 
RMIT CHIEN Eee oe eee eicse niemae 244, 305 sumatranus .....--------------- 177, = 
RTOTTORL OT Bee fois dee 305 | Priacanthus ...---~------------+92+***>"" me 
planipes ...:..------------+ 305 | Prickly-fish......-------+++-+--2-7*+*- : a 
RIP ErOMCcLestees ee oc sc cc assacesedse O50), Primiacc..:.sssse cen -t= deem snemnsh soso a 
ee ee ccece 520 | flaviventris. ...-----------++++*" bu 
8... 2.2. 897,898,911 | pileata .....----+---+-2e00r002 0° ee 
Plotosus eh es 898 POH ACOtaecas va cans.esaes sex 5<e ton eS SON Ne 607, 613 


1048 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 

Pridnace glauca)-.bccse en asen see eee ee 618,672 | Pseudothrips, new genus................. 133, 146 
PrignOCy PMS. -eeee seas osha eee se eee 972, 980 inequallis =e. css=.ceeeee 132, 146, 238 
Prionodon'...22 sec). shee nae eee eae 613\ |) Psinidia‘boxresler ce. -c-eee eee e eee eee 789 
japonicusi:s.cceccee ese eeeees 614 TUSCLIPODS KE cetera eee eee 789 
Pristidids:.2-.9:- 02 bes se eee eee 639 SUulCLTONS tet a6 25 eee Oe 791 

Pristiophorid)..----2-----ese=" += eee 628, 638, 673 var. amplicornus, new 
PristiophOrus-s-26 = 2ces4- ence eee ere 639 VATLELY? = ce senen mee 791, 809 
GOLrats 2.2 ce Ore eee 639 wallula cet necnc oo sce eeeeeeee 791 
JAPONICUS). <a eeeee ee ees 639)'673, ||| Psittacidees 25 econ eee ceeieeeee eee 495 
Pristis at ee ee eee 959/961, 962' | ‘Psittacus fasciatus------------eeeesse esse 495 
Pristiurus=...:<2 600 hee aee eee ee eee eee 610 * paleulus.2 3-8 se eS 496 
melastomMUSesese ses ee eco 610 | Psittinus/abbotties.ce---e----e--=eee ee eee 486, 496 
PristOpom <pccmsssceasanses saeco secre 967 INCeLUSpaeces sweets 496 
Procelstermazc ca eee soca oe Cee ee aoe 659 | Pterocephala:giormma-=)- 3... --- nese eee 665 
cerulesis-e26-s5e 559.560, 5615562563: || (Pteroplatean-.2--eeeeeeeeee eee eae eee eee 657, 662 
cinerea .....-.... 559, 560, 561, 562, 563 altavelass eek. cee 662 
from the Leeward Islands, hirundo...... Rati e eke aneenee 662 
Hawaiian Group, A new, japonica to ssc. ee ace eee 662, 674 
by Walter K. Fisher ...... 559’ || ‘Pteropodidse=--s:sateceeeeecee ee eee 474 
saxatilis, new species....... 559; Bteropus: sic... ce asececeoee eee eee eee 481, 482 
561, 562, 563 SPASM! 22a cect eee eee eee eee 479, 482 
Progomphus opseurus:--- eee eens 762 tittheecheilus<-4.- sees -ee eset ee 474 
Propterygia hyposticta.........-..-.---<- 648 | Ptilodictya:--22---22 ese. e~ ce eee eee 418 
Protapes sv sce sett jecocoe tt eee ee 362, Ptychogaster'. -- 222-25 -.-2 ce sane eee 299, 333 
PYOLOPOLUS| GOMMINUS ~eueeeeseeeeeeeeenee 844 defensa, new species. ...... 299, 333 
Protothecncjncseeo. secre eee 336, 337, 338, 364, 395 fOTMOSUS .22}:2 cee eee eee 334 
rata. whee See 395 hendersoni--<- see ee eee eee 334 
Rsammobianimpars-ses-—creseeeeoee eee 362 IN'VeStiPAaAtOLrismasu=seeeee eee 334 
Peephidists--eees eee eee 336, 337, 338, 366, 401 Lee vis eno. seee acs os See 334 
lordii. o.assececiastee eee 401, 407, 412 milne-edwardsi.....-...... 334 
ovalis, new species ........ 401, 407, 412 Spiniferace 25 este eee 334 
PSODPHIS). ain csloscaeiseciow ns eects eee 366,384 | Pugettia quadridens...------...-225-2--2- 28 
MOTE S24. cee Jase oese snot 366,407;408 «| Pulllastrajyssser seeeeee cesses tea eee 362, 363 
salimoneay 5122s se eee eieeereaee 408, || Py cnonotidies 2-2-2 ete eee eee 505 
tamtillla' 2.42 oecbers dase eseteree 306,408" |} PY¥CHONOUISS: cases ne =n see eee eee 506 
tellimiyalis}. 7-2 eee tee 366, 400, 408 Analisis. s0h2. 4222 e eee 506 
PSCUCATIUS sso). = See oak terae eee 901 DIUNNCUS <esee eeaseeee eee 507 
POMNCENSIS=c ie aecse ere ee 902 erythropthalmos ............ 507 
PSCUGODACTUS se.secn cise ce Sa EEE 901, 904, 906 modestus/s nit s5-seceeeecseeee 507 
aurantiacus ..-....--.- 906, 909, 911 (OO OS USE =e ee eee eee aaa 506 
folvidracos..-.-eeeee eee 904 pusillus: ...2<.2222:1 siete 507 
NUGIc¢eps - fs ceeeeeee eee 906 salyadorit 322.5. .45 eee See 507 
TANSONNCHE sesso eee eee 904 simplex:5.o:c=s¢2 Sere 506, 507 
tokiensis' 21.2 5s2ee ene 9065907. | (Py SOStens= sent. scten meee ies eee ears 59, 61, 72 
PREC OSODIONa- een 26 ae eee eee 812, 830, 835 occidentalis. ....... Sieoeeee 61 
CSOCINUS! <-s2-sceseee ee 830, 831, 861 sSteindachneri:=- 2 32--2--e eee 61,72 
vaTlégatus..2-.- sss ce sceee 833. | undecimalis, new species. .... 61, 62, 72 
ZOZETA S81 cee Yann es aeee 839,840 | Pyrotrogon duvaucelii...................- 502 
Pseudoperilampus. <2 5 2ese~o nese ere ise 812°813))| Pyrula reticulatacess-o-. 2 Shaws See 34, 37 
UY PUS) Ai. Bee 8135861) | TRaAGiOCriStaeseamer= eee eee ene eee 350 
Peeudophiea ssss5222 2s ascen st eeeceeee 715,,7430764: |. Raia.s so sceeseec sek esec nee Sweeper eee 648 
ochracea.. 2222-42 -20ecseer 764 | Raiechinoise..-- = s--=.s--25-2eiee eee 647 
Pseudophlebia minima..................- 7190763:;\|' Rajacc.tasossee seas see ese 647, 648, 959 
Pseudorasboral: 22222 22=-.cce sents noes 812, 838, 840 batis!\S2cc26 Se .ceeeecaee nena eee 648 
PAaLVG 2: ootssecetesc nesses 840, 862 Gjiddensis' ... 525 os sew = elses eee eee 644 
Pseudosermyle, new genus.........-...-- 866, 867 fascinatae.-o-0-e- seen oe eee Sees 664 
arbuscula: -2-2.<2 sess 867, 868, 885 FUSCE x ia.cicdees oceans des heeeeeeeeeee 649, 674 
AZtECE/ 2 5o2 cee Skee 868 isotrachySs <%\52.<.<5-...acesssecieeeeeeee 649, 674 
banksii, new species. 867, 868, 871 JB POW Car ses see ne nee ae eee eat 652 
linearis's.-.oiie See eso 868 kenojeh secs. <cemseseins 24 2esceee 649, 652, 674 
MeKICHNA? Jecisseiesias sees 868 meerderyvoorti 2255225 sae eee 649, 650, 674 
SAUSSUTL 3-2 coset ccc ce 868 MIiCUH ORT 57s 5 seiecten nee eee 664 
stramineus .. 864, 867, 868, 871, 885 Ocell ata -..:.4 ssso0seeseasnsaacaeeee 650 
strigata.:.... 867, 868, 869, 870, 885 tengu, new species....-..... 649, 653, 654, 674 
truncata, new species. ... 867, | Rajidsccice...<5-0ae5de eee 642, 647, 673 
868, 869, 885: | Rallids: 122255... 2.25-hcosnedasnecnmeer eee 488 











INDEX. 1049 
Page. Paid 
Rallus pheenicurus See telaininietes=inie cso sis = 488 | Review of the Siluroid Fishes or Catfishes ty 
SETIAUUS. <== -- 2-2 es eee e eee neo = 488 | of Japan, A, by David Starr Jordan and 
Ranella albivaricosa .....------.-------- 34,36,87 | Henry W. Fowler.........----. a 
Ranina dentata ata Sg él Review of the Synentognathous Fishes ar i 
SEE roger 7a nS n= s 3 Japan, A, by David Starr Jordan and 
SCabra....-------------++++-+-02- 31 Edwin Chapin Starks .................- or 
serrata -..-----.-----------++------ 51 | Revision of the Crustacea of the Genus ; 
Raninidee et ears re ee iebe i oe se 3 Lepidopa, by James E. Benedict ....... ang 
Raphidothrips. -.-..---------------------- 133,158 | Rhamphobatis ancyclostomus......... 643 
Raphismia pee tee haber ta leie ey nn so) a 714, 719, 721 } Rhamphoberyx cages gcse BE itesll 11 
bispina ......----------------- 763 | Rhaphidothrips fuscipennis, new species. 159, 238 
Rasbora rasbora ....--------------+++----- 843 | longistylona:........c.++- 160 
Rathbun, Mary J.,on Descriptions of new | Rheet« CVU adsteseeee steven deeeoee cea 936 
Species of Hawai- PT eee ee etd ae an 643 
shal One yc) Sonasogs 75 ANCYClOStOMUB): Cost s.e ssw nee 643, 673 
Japanese stalk-eyed ancylostOma <s..s-n.ssehcedeecenss 643 
Crustaceans - ----- 23 SINENSIS*-s.c<5 sonee sees aeA eens 647 
Ratufa affinis...-..--.------------+---+--- 447 suuatine.. so732-..s2sieeseee eee 640, 641 
aureiventer.-.-----.------- AdS* | Rinineodon! sk eeseces see aa sae e eae eae nese 626, 627 
picolor-.-------------------------- 449 DUNCAbOS ssa-ssecbossessweree 627 
hypoleuca.....------------ 449 Ung OL nr oi ci ee 626, 627, 672 
punguranensis. ...------------ 447, 448,449 | Rhineodontidw........-..------------ 598, 626, 672 
femoralis, new species. .-- 447, 448, 450, 480 Rhinichthys cataracte .....-...---------- o14 
hypoleuca --...------------------- 449 | Rhinobatide .....-.....----------------*5 642, 673 
lenata, new species .--------- 449, 450,483 | Rhinobatos......---------------++-+-- 959, 961, 962 
measurements of ..-.------------- 450 | Rhinobatus......-..----------------«- 643, 645, 961 
melanopepla. ...-----------+------ 449 annulatussscs-2 +2. os “sense => 647 
nigrescens, new species -- 448, 449, 450, 481 Column S=-504 ==. 5 eee 646, 647 
pallintwsci:---:------- 449, 450, 480, 481, 483 Lavine. 3. Soe eee 644 
pyrsonota ..--------------++-++2577- 447 polyophthalmus .....---- 645, 646, 673 
Rediscovery of one of Holbrook’s Sala- ThinObatUs ++=<-2esss2sce~~ ee 645 
manders, by Leonhard Stejneger ------ 557 schlegeli...--..-------------- 645, 673 
Relations of the Fishes of the Family Lam- RhinoberyX ..-------------++---2+000*2"" 11,13 
prididee or Opahs, On the, by Theodore brachyrhynebus.....-------- 13 
Galt eee eet eterctel=intein = e=i-= ir == = 915 | Rhinochimeera ....----------------+++-*°- 667, 668 
Reniceps tiburo ....------------+---+7777- 618 pacifica.....------------+- 668, 674 
Rensseleria equiradiata ..-..------------ 422 | Rhinochimeride......------------++--++- 667, 674 
Report on the fresh-water Ostracoda of Rhinocypha....------------------ 717, 743, 755, 764 
the United States National Museum, trifasciata....-..------------ 764 
including a Reyision of the Subfamilies Rhinodon pentalineatis ...--------------- 626, 627 
and Genera of the Family Cyprididz, by typics .....-------- 222222 626 
Richard W. Sharpe-.-.---------------7- 969 | Rhinomyias pectoralis --.----------+-+---- All 
Retepora colummnifera .....----------+++-- 571,588 | Rhinosciurus laticaudatus.-..------------ 158, 480 
Review of the Berycoid Fishes of Japan, Rhinoscymnus rostratus...--.------+-+->- 637 
A, by David Starr J ordan and Henry W. Rhipidomella assimilis - ------------------ 422 
Haul enero eeecceee- <=" --o = 1 Oblate -. cesses ene ese == 422 
Review of the Cepolide or Band-fishes of Rhipidura javanica ...----------+--+---* 510 
Japan, A, by David Starr Jordan and Rhizonema. .---------ee-ssee sere 953 
Henry W. Fowler...---------------77777 699 | Rhodeine .....-----------+---077 70 812 
Review of the Cobitide, or Loaches, of Rhomalea pecticornis ...---------+++*-->> 795 
the Rivers of Japan, A, by David Starr Rhopodytes diardi-..---------:------*77* 197 
Jordan and Henry W. Kowler..:------- 765 | Rhynchichthys-..------------++777777077" 11, iB 
Review of the Cyprinoid Fishes of Japan, pelamidis ...------------- i 18 
A, by David Starr J ordan and Henry W. Rhynchobatus....------------5070077 7" 643, 7 : 4 
eens Bernas ae meen 
Review of the Elasmobranchiate Fishes djiddensis - - - - a 
of Japan, A, by David Starr Jordan and Rhynchoeyclus mucronatus ORE eno a tnae a 
Henry W. Fowler. ..+-20+0-0- 000+ BRU i ee iiel oaaee een 
Review of the Fishes of Japan belonging Rhynchonella --.------+---"- 7 48 
to the Family of Hexagrammide, A, by campbellana Saw d seen ens aht, ri 
David Starr Jordan and Edwin Chapin eminems.-------+-+++7°7"" 6a 
es ee .- eet -en een 1003 fOTMOSA.------+- == 2057777" nh pos 
Review of the Hemibranchiate Fishes of lamellata ..------ : ied 9 a 4 
Japan, A, by David Starr Jordan and Rhynchospira ---------=*--""" pao ceed “6 
Edwin Chapin Starks...--- heh Goce 57 globosa...--------*5777°°"" 








1050 INDEX. 

Page. Page. 
Rhynchotrema formosa ......--.---.----- 418 | Sciuruserebus, new species ........-- 456, 457, 481 
Rhyncobatus duhameli .......----..----- 644 measurements of........- 457 
VO VAS slash ajsjo ce Speicteeinaee ae 644 laticaudatus:: sos. seeeeeaaeseeee 458 
Rhytidoceros undulatus. ......-.-........ 500 mansalaris, new species....-.. 451, 452, 481 
Richardia sethiopies. 325s 2 -eccecicsicee ein ele 173 MINMIATUS se os ce ee ee eee 453 
Richardsoiiius balteatis .................- 844 NOTGUS:. 5. Aeoasces sooner eee 454 
Richmond, Charles W., on Birds collected albescens:a se 222: 4555-8" 452 
by Dr. W. L. Abbott on the Coast and group, measurements of. . 456 
Islands of northwest Sumatra.........-. 485 DIO oak. eo ceee oe cccaeeaeee 456, 457 
RictocyMa...;. /sccscesseneseeeee eee 936, 937, 945 pretiosus, new species.... 454, 455, 456, 480 
esquimaltis=-2e-cae eee 937, 949, 951 saturatus, new species............ 453, 
mirabilisice teases os ono 945 454, 455, 456, 481 
Rubus 26.22. ececeineceasum aeacasieeccemtresr 181 LENUIS §5 8S 3 seein tee eeeee 451, 452, 482 
Ruditapess.<2-22.e-see-e5-= os adbee aber 363, 364 ubericolor, new species ...... 455, 456, 480 
Rupellaria lamellifera .....--.--...2..-.. 400 Wittatuststesesseeees sees 453, 454, 456, 481 
RuSel. < S23. ce Sas ose oe eee eee eee 48), | Scoliodonices: Hoteeeecseeee+ esses 607, 614, 616 
Rurtilusitilus seas eee eee ee eee 844 SHON, Goes os ss sap oesbordestocs 616, 672 
Saccostoma sc. 22 shececn ence ae ee repee eee 696 laticaudus(s: 2. osecn eee 616, 672 
gulosumisccces-ce cere aoe 696 Wal beebmMi= jce-25 see see ace 616, 617, 672 
Sagartia cic, ccoscasereee eee ee acess 427,428 || Scolopa: ide 1. ssese-nasceeee ee cates 487 
paguri Verrill, Note on the, by Scolopaxjarquates-e-+o-ceeeee ee eee eee 487 
J. Playfair MeMurrich .......- 427 PRO PUS Sn seis eee 487 
Sagenichthys<.s235-8 sesso te aee eee 1015 Stenlra 0. oSt eee ecco seer ee 487 
Sagifue ...... Shaw sae sad awe cess eo ose 695) Scolothrips; me wa semseacs-aaneeaee eee 133, 157 
Salamanders, Rediscovery of one of Hol- G-macnlatiseess peer eee eee 157, 238 
brook’s, by Leonhard Stejneger.......- 557 || SCOMbDEresO kes S=ecee a eee ene eee eee ee 962 
Salamandra quadrimaculata..........-.-- 557 SAUNUSE 80 saci ae cee 962 
Salangana tranciae-eoo.-2- 2 oe eee eee 503; |sScombresocidse.-ase-seseseeee eee 526, 536, 544 
fuciphaga'--2-2 --s-sasseeee ease 5039 /SCOMbIeSOX Sosa ehenietesae eee eee 537 
inex pectatan.<..stee-p eee 503 SChhd: aaemoreeceencaepocsataas ; 537 
Salm0, s2 theses cesarean ce oten eeeeeceee 960, 961 “SAQUITUS cose. occa see eae eee 587, 5388 
Samarangiay 2.85.6. se-ne ee eee 36L. ||) Scompridee 25. sec sce eiense ee eens 536, 920 
Sam@er sssis05. 6 325s ccened- ooh eene ee cee 967, | (Scombroid cigs: -seeaeseer eee eee een eeeeae 1 
Sarcocheilichthysiess- neces esse eee eee 8125832) |) SSeudderiaicunyvicaud ai-seesss aeeeeeee eee 805 
hil end orties see seeee 837 FULCATA Whe). ce See ceeea eee 805 
variegatus.......... 832, 833, 861 texensisih= ec sso eee eee 805 

GAT CUlSi aces os ose Seca Eee ce oe 642 | Seulpin from Japan, Description of a new 

SAULTUS! 2a: S 2..desctetesen shales eee eee 962 Species of, by David Starr Jordan and 
SAI CAVA o-4ee eee ee oe ee eee 365 Edwin’ Chapin’ Starks =2.----sss0 s-eeee 689 
Saxidomus... 336, 337, 338, 356, 364, 391, 397, 398,408 | Scyliorhinide ............-.--. 598, 600, 603, 665, 671 
SIAUS So: S35 eee eee 391, | Scyliorhinin hese seen eee eee 601 
brevisiphonatuss-e--) ses eeee 408)", Seyliorhinus:2sc5--cee eee eeee 601 
SITANTCUS Heise nee ee 3845391, 408) scydlium burs enisec seen ee eeee nese 601 
Mtitialiliijecs. ee Solas eee DOO TOON hasselitiiscs sis. St sae cose eee eee 604 
OVatUse sso See eee 391 laticepseca:.3 2. 55.0csseeee sere 602 
SQUALIGUSSe eo = eee eee 391, 397, 408 OMM AUTUMN so hs-/eactw coe eeeeeee 604 
SAY ANG is sacviqshene abso coe sea reser oemmeee 370 phymatodes!-- 5-2 cesses 604 
Scapavorbynchuse.-- eee eeaeeee 620 plagiosum 5.222 422-e eee eee 604 
Sehistocerca alutaceaie: ss4-55-- seers 796. || (Seymmodon) 22 se<c-- eee ese 631 
amen Cana ee eee 796 TINE ENS eee eee Lk 630 
ODSCUWI alc. a. secs eee 796. || \Seymmus/ateriv:. 22k tee ae eee ees 119 
shoshone 22 3-->.esceee esos 796 previpinna) 2s ---2-- ee ee eee eee 638 
Schisturas tease ose eo ee eee 773 WChid)s\-3.¢ Scans See oe 636, 637 
Schizopygailuctiferas=.-- asec se eet cee 164 +!) Seynorhinus lichiai=.- sss) 5 ssseeeos sees 636, 637 

Schuchert, Charles, On the lower Devonic Sea Anemone, Sagartia paguri Verrill, 
and Ontaric Formations of Maryland -. 413 Note on the, by J. Playfair MeMurrich. 427 
Scizena japonica (cataphracta)..........- 19°) "Sea wold-fishe. += 222 sscecseboeeee eee 1 
PUDLas, S255 Ace eeccee eco eee ees 15 ||, Selache maximus) sos5 2 42-0 eee eee 625 
Sceliuridae esc 5p sssckccwe none sso ees 447 +\\ Selachill 3262s. eee oe eee 593, 671 
Seclurus (abbott. =. ee oases sos sees 453 || Selachusimaximis)-2--- o--- eee eeeeeeeee 625 
BlbesCens. 522. sean sas ee 452, 453, 456,478 | Selanonius cornubicus .....-...--.----.-- 623 
aurelventeny jcc acjeasoeeessene « 448 walkeris. 22 22sec ans soemeeene 623 
banearus, mansalis, and tenuis, Selenichthhy ess .2)2c b= saeccaemeeeeneemes 915 
MEASUFEMENtS OL. <5 5225s o tees 452 | Semnopithecus sumatranus .......-...--- 477 
bancarus, new species .....-. 451, 452480) ||| ‘Semotilus..22<2c-ces cee seeee ae 832 
DLOOKeD swe cmcccen notes cero emere 451._|| 'Septamodifersi...-..c-a.-csese neers 34 





INDEX. 


5 Page. 
Semcounuips ena--\-\--s-+------------ 88, 102,133, 141 | 
cingulatus, new species . 141, 237, 238 
| eu Externe cao ica hss cc 184 
. synopsis of species. ..----.-.-- 141 
variabilis........ Se enen 141, 143, 237 
Sermiyle .------.-------------------------- 866, 867 | 
MNpreculseeseeses il gccs occas. - 868 | 
ERP ES ROMCHIUUTIN eras ejeieejaleie'= cietcisis\s's = a/ere 867 
 ‘Sstrigata.......---2.--.----------- 870, 872 
Sesarma hematocheir.........--.-------- 24 
Sharpe, Richard W., on Report on the 
fresh-water Ostracoda of the United 
States National Museum, including a 
Revision of the Subfamilies and Genera 
of the Family Cypridide...........---- 969 
Shell-heaps of the Maine Coast, Descrip- 
tion of an extinct Mink from the, by 
Daniel Webster Prentiss. ..-...--------- 887 
Siboma crassicauda .......-.------------- 844 
Sicyonia cristata -......------------------ 41 
Paltari lees Bonet a sceb dos = 897, 898, 900, 911 
Raltrinsceeeeee cee a anc ce sein oni= esis ee 900 
Siluroid Fishes or Catfishes of Japan, A 
Review of the, by Dayid Starr Jordan 
and Henry W. Fowler....-------------- 897 
Gunmnuseessesees-2oes2=-2----- ===> == 903, 959, 961 
MAGLI Seem en eco = ane == onan = - 903 
japonicus ..-...------------------- 903 
MinCUlaAbISHesees -os----5---=----- 902 
GCE MENNeeeee sess Seca === 902 
Silver ye -----------------2---+--------- 18,19 
Gimmishece ccc eee a ai Me Se SS a 5-2 483 
RUIniA Reece cec a. ce 2-2-2 477 
cynomolgus. ..--.------------------ 476 
mnemestrina ....----------.--------- 475, 477 
syndactyla....:-------------+------ 478 
Sinnhi scene none een as eeser =~ 2 = 478 
Siphonalia signum ...-------------------- 36, 37 
STEINER EE eeee eae == 2-2-2 = 22 920 
Gnipe-fishes.-.-------------=----------+--- 68 
SQATUN Soeeecees---=-----------2=7+- 7" 960, 961, 962 
Golandering ...----------------=---"--->>* 350 
eq) MinGlal 3456 soaepencooseanos 350 
Soldier-fishes ....------------------+----°- 10 
Solenocera distineta...--.---------------- 41 
Solenostomus....--------------------2777- 64, 66 
eauda rotundata ...-------- 64 
: GhiNeDSISefe sees seis! 64 
Solidago bicolor ...-----------+------++777- 150 
Somatochlora..-.----------------------77"° 741 
taMmMOSIMeebe ss. 2---- <--\--==---- = 636 
EATIMMIGSUNte neces soso = 6-22-92 636, 637 
brevipinna....-..------------- 637, 638 
microcephalus..-.-.-------- 637, 688, 673 
ERIS ean =~ <= - 2  - a 960, 967 
Species of Hawaiian Crabs, Descriptions 
of new, by Mary J. Rathbun ....------- 75 
reedierig: = 22-------+------2-2-+-07--"- 181 
Spectrum bivittatum -.-----------------*- 880 
femoratum....----------------- 874 
nia ace see seis == > = 880 
Spherocystites ...-..----------++070007 "7 416 
multifasciatus. -.----- 417, 418, 423 
Spharagemon gequale ....---------------- 788 
; angustipenne....---------- 788 
Golisress:..--+2-22-----""=" 788 


| 








1051 


, Page. 
Spharagemon cristatum.................. =29 
humile caters ; 7 
wyomingiannum . 789 
Sphenocercus oxyurus.......... 188 
Sphyinia cocci ose eee Cee 618 
BlOchiis sso os Se ee 618 

fDULO tS et ee ee 618 

TYCO ene de dvcw odes eNene 618, 672 
Sphymmid®-2..22 4 ec eee 598, 617, 672 
Spilormmisss-2- - sesso eee eee ees 193 
abbotti, new species............ 186, 492 

beaches. 3: che2h a ee ee 192 

GS VISONI eh -9. cee, eae eee 493 
Spinax:acapthias:. t+. sren cme 633 
SPIDAX Ceased tee shane eens 633 
Spiranthes:simplex. 2-5. 0cnen- sess = oeaes 150 
Spirifer concinnoides.................-..- 422 
CONCINNUS. osc Jace ebe ene 22 

CTUSP Ose oe saciwv ees ee Sane eee 415 
eumberlandis .....2. <2. -s-sen0- 120, 422 
CYCIOPteIUS 2... = 5h oe 422 
MACrOpleura.----=—--50-- =e eaee 419, 422 

MOC ESUUS) soe sen == cee mes 117,418, 423 
MIASATENSIS)| = =~. sso eas eee 415 
octocostatus: --..22 55-02 .sesenens 417, 423 
paucicostata .2..--..--+.-.------- 422 
perlainellosus.......-.----------- 422 
THCIOtUN! -22 2 oe dagneain een ele 415 
SUICALUSS « — tokete ee halen 415 
tribals... 2. = -seceeae== ae =F es 420, 422 
VATIUEK CM oo ee ns asinine ere aawes 418 
Spirocypris, new genus......----- 970, 971, 972, 981 
passaica, new species.....--- 971, 

981, 982, 1001 
Spirontocaris dalli......------------------ 43, 44 
geniculata ......----------- 45 
grebnitzkii, new species --. 44, 45 
jordani, new species. ..----- 44 
mororani, new species -.--. 43 
rectirostris ....-.----------- 44 
stylus .......---------+---- 44 
Spiropagurus spiriger.....---------------- 37 
Spizaétus alboniger....--------------+--- 491 
Squale dentelé.....-.-------------7777-77- 604 
Squaleus licha.......-----+--------+7777* 637 
malleus.< .<2ccs<e~ cee wee ne eo 618 
Gqqallige eseeeecles ne tore == ee ee 628 
Squalidee ..--.5----22----20-=--2-"= "=" 628, 636, 672 
Squalius caerulescens ...----------------** 845 
hakuensis. ..---------------*+-"- S46 
japonicus ....-.---------+---77"> 845 
tyberinus ....-----------++++-7"° S44 
Suusilus?ss.sab-S2naee- 2 4-e gs atser ese: 604, 629, 959 
acanthias -.-----------+--+---*°"" 629 
alopeciaS....-------+---*-777777" 619 
americanus ..-.-----------7-*7""" 637 
appendiculatus .-..--------=---*" 606 
barbatus ...---- .----=----29"*777" 606 
porealis ...--------------9700077"" 638 
espruleuS.-<---2--2------=*9-5-"= 613 
carcharias ..------------*7*"*7""" 614, 624 
caudatus.....------+--22997777° 7" 64 
cetaceUs <.--<-6+-------2--088"""" 620 
cormubicus...----------7-7777"""" os 
eleplias/sscs-.22-==--"*8 "== an 626 

paleUs wisccacsosetwsn scar ser arene 610 


1052 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
Squalusiglacialis!<.... 2.0 ccc ceesasewacesee 638 5) Stenocypristessss--e eet esee ee eteee 972, 983, 984, 985 
PIAUCUS cee. oocickce emoe eeu eseote 613 Cheyreuixiterc: tas cee re ee 986 
STONOVIANUS =-- ee eeseee esse e eee 604 | Stenogomphus carletoni ................. 761 
GUND en anus eee eee eee eee 625 |. Stenophlebia.--c-2-22.- ee 732, 739, 755, 756 
HiTUNdINaACeUS te. waemaseneseceese 618. | Stenophiepins._.-. 5. ene eee 750 
Nomisnus)-ca-cac cee eeeee eee 625 Stephanoberyx....0 eh eee ee 2 
indicus a oie ieee oe Sterns certless-2ce.e- ea eee ee 559 
ISOS... 2-2. 2+ 2e eee eee ee ee eee e ee i Zs fuliginosae = '.-3e ee eee 562 
maculatus Soe a atalcloteretee iota eles eee oe Stermoptye:.... cee ee 959 
maximus See eiae Meceeeuee enieeeeee soe Sticklebacka:.!../)u. serelehee eee 58 
microcephalusseasssesse saeeeeee 638 Buietononien 418 
mitsukurii, new species ......... 629, 672 ae letine Aoaae Oo ee 
picmepsias - whee oo eetas 637 | Stirapleura decussata ais idicfa.a. jateiate isloeieeeee 784 
HOMViCLIAN See sce ee eee ee eee 638 delicatula............-2-....- 784 
pelegrinuse sts ccoetec eee 625 | Stizostedion .........-.-........eceeneeeee 967 
PIstigd sehen kk ee eee 961) || /Stomatopodais-..ceeeeseee eee eee ae 54 
rashleighanus) = 5 oec.eeeet see eee 626 |) ‘Strandesias- 9.22 esseasees aca ene 972, 983 
tuberewlatis! at scene ee teen 604. || ‘Stromatoporasee.2-s5-- sees 418, 419, 422, 493 
WY2tOs Feces aoe eee eae 629 || Stropheodonta becki:--- 22.22. -2sseessee. 429 
Vl pes. sceee eee ee eee eee 619 | Strophonella geniculata..........5....... 417, 418° 
VUlpIMUss sceeeceereees sete eeoeeee 619 | Structural Features of the Bryozoan Genus 
TIPO. a eacee eae ae eee Tee ee 618 Homotrypa, with Descriptions of Species 
SqMatinaive- ho esecs eo eee eee ee 640, 643 from the Cincinnatian Group, by Ray 
aeuleata ste. 4-5 see 642 So Basslers2a0 ss Sesee joss eee 565 
angelus: 425-22 0e ce ice ce eeneeee 640) || /Sturnd desea ee eee essen ee eee eee 518 
jAPONICAa eek ake ese eee 641,673.) Suidtere Jaen asceeee ase sae eee eee 446 
SUS Ae Fee eee 640,642 | Sumatra, Birds collected by Dr. W. L. 
WALI SATIS: mana a. sac eee 641 Abbott on the Coast and Islands of north- 
SQua tind esse ae ae ee eee 628, 640, 673 west, by Charles W. Richmond......... 485 
Squilllavececeeyaseenee ee cee oe ere aeeee 54 | Sumatra, Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. 
aflinis! oss ese sic ee eee 5d Abbott on the Coast and Islands of 
COSTAE ors cots Se Se 55 northwest, by Gerrit S. Miller, jr....... 437 
FASCIA A228 5s eS! A 54- | JSumlettasCeces se casee cee ee ee ee 336, 349 
SPA Pe eececciwiec 2oatne Seen dO? | ‘Subettinas s5-tscs.c- een eee 350 
OLALOTIA) saisee sec eeiwoe oe te SER 55 mrensthua@lis<-- eee eee sees 350 
Tap hid 68). Aote ee Sete ee ee 55 Sunettinass-ee ee eee 350 
Stachyris banjakensis, new species....... 486,505 | Supplementary Note on Bleekeria mitsu- 
MACuUlatseeme ae. Lee ee ees 508 kurii, and on certain Japanese Fishes, 
Stagmatoptera minor. --./.-2522<.ce -2cce- 730 by, DavidiStarrJordani=ss--sss.5 eae 693 
Starks, Edwin Chapin, and David Starr SUS Jes setcicus eee eee eee eae eee 481 
Jordan, on A Review of the Fishes of Vilttatusec ass eee ae oe 446, 478, 479, 480 
Japan belonging to the Family of Hexa- measurements of -.......<..- 446 
PTAMM Ide ee seece oeetes eee LOO38i Syiliviaieisti colavssesssssseseee Beene eee 512 
Starks, Edwin Chapin, and David Starr SVN pPewruMy 2 ssh sn) see 720, 742 
Jordan, on A Review of the Hemi- Symphalangus syndactylus .............. 478, 482 
branchiate Fishes of Japan............. 57) | (SYMBETISi. J Js2 sessed ose te eee 920 
Starks, Edwin Chapin, and David Starr Synchismus tuberculatus ............2... 603, 604 
Jordan, on A Review of the Synentog- Symerossus berdmoreii< =... .-. 5222.2. s.<ee- 772 
nathous Fishes of Japan................ 525" |. \Symentopnatht-3- oe... epee eee 525, 543 
Starks, Edwin Chapin, and David Starr Synentognathous Fishes of Japan, A Re- 
Jordan, on Description of a new Species view of the, by David Starr Jordan and 
Ob Sculpin from Japan s.s2.- eee eee 689 Hdwin' Chapin Starke) 25.26 sees 525 
Stauironotus' elliotti-<2 <2 25. scceeccecls8 785 |) (Syngpnethusiee.--sscensos eee eee 960 
Staurophilebisiecs:s-csn- se ccceh eee 7105711 ;:735) |) SyNngmatushe-nse. +. 2 Ss 960 
reticulata sce: saan 162) (SYHOGUS Sa USS see eae 962 
Stebbing, Rev. Thomas R. R., on Amphi- Synopsis of the Family Astartide, with a 
poda trom (Costa Rica-. 2-2. eee eee 925 Review of the American Species, by 
LEZ OSLOM Eas o Se fa auc eee eee 671 William Healey Dall ...... ............ 933 
PIPTINUMIMN os eos ae 670 | Synopsis of the Family Veneride and of 
Stejneger, Leonhard, on Rediscovery of the North American recent Species, by 
one of Holbrook’s Salamanders ........ 557 William Healey Dall 32-2555) 335 
Stelllifer | ctas sas esec tees te co ea 967 | Synthemis brevistyla ».........--......-- 763 
Stenobothrus admirabilis ................ 731 | Syrbula admirabiliss2sessess sss eeeeeee ee 781, 782 
BLGOlor eee saa ae eae 781) || ‘Syrmiumiiiasense —.4. eee eee eee 495 
curtipennis 7 5scs...-cecee ce 714, 783: | S¥xphus'sosssssel ee) a eee 119 
oceipitalis 2252.23 ssi es 782°), Syrrhinasss.2-2ec cei eee 64% 
quadrimaculatum ......... 782 columne..... esedecwscceseeeeeen 645 








Table of distribution of North American 
REMONIG eas Se - ~~ 2-2 - een - 2-2 = 
Tachopteryx hageni....-.---------------- 
: Meee ae oe ee neice a 
Tachysurus. ....-.------------------+----- 
TALUS Saas Seco tisnin sees 

Teniopoda pecticornis ...---------------- 
picticornis 
Taimuko-no-genpachi 
Mimistmoce se ses - == ------+2-2-- => - = 
Talorchestia 


fritzi, new species. ..--..---- 

Tanacetum vulgare ....------------------ 
356, 362, 
eorrugatus 
deshayesii ....-..-------+---------- 
GIES cies es =\cl- vis ors Ais laine aia = > 

HMC UMOSA eee -e- 5. - = 2--9-=-- <= 
PTACIIS 2522-2 = ----- 2-2-2262 - 7507" 

op 2 Sises 
pistrOMiGder--.--2-----------2----=- 
occidentalis.....-----------+--+----- 
squamosa ....------------++202--->° 
fenerrima..------------------------ 
mUidawereeene a= = ~~ = 
yirgineus 
Tarsophlebia 
Tatoenemis malgassica 
Tauriphila iphigenia 
Taurotapes craveri 
Tehitrea affinis.....-.------------+-+-07°° 
floris 

incii 

jnsularis ....-------------------° 
nicobarica 

procera, new species ...----- 
sumbaénsis 


486, 


ellina digitaria.....--------------777777" 
Telmessus acutidens 
Men tACilLeS secser == ims ss 


gyracanthus ...--------- 416, 
Tephrodornis grisola 


Terebrantia 


ebalsigpais=2.--.=-2-----------"--""7- 2" "7 


MragdOs o2scase-==-+22 2922223527 
Tetragoneuria..---------------77- 723, 724, 
MetraodOn .=--=-<-------97-7-" 950" 
Tetrathemis...-.-------------"7"" 
Tetroras angiova 
petinednce eee es 22 >-- 22" So 
Tettix crassus 
mueullatus.sse-----=--"------=" 2 
jneurvatus .------------227-00 2007" 
Perit S seen se = === 695, 696, 
argenteus....----------0777777777 
dussumieri 

Ree eea eee aaa 2===---3s6o 
Texas, with Descriptions of four new 
Species, Notes on Orthoptera from 
Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and, 
by Andrew Nelson Caudell 


716, 717, 


INDEX. ne 
1 0) oe 
Page. ‘ 
Textivenus ....... ; ane 
aie | extrac seege  aeee ee ree ee _— 
739 | Thalamita arcuatus ....-. " : c 4 pe Ao poo 
ew sats eee eee es on 
900, 901 ieninGnintal hie eee ee 27 98 
GODAai| THaumatGuBinda Sadi eeae eee eae ” P 
785 | he tiple cece seh eee aoa 
795 | Abeniatia’ Sosa nee 967 
19 | Thetironia.............-----... 357 
925 | Thetis Oe lpi ee oe ae 350 $87 
925, 927 | een St” sete ae $50, 200 
925, 930 | POY << steko te ea "957 
POM PNOLE 2 sauee tes aan oem ocean se se ameter 710, 717, 746 
363,964.) Thorine... 5. .\.---- 2-2 -2-=-evcoesseses-neee 746, 750 
‘ »f 
978) || Mhripidea sss se ee-sae> ses oop o=<eewe genes 124, 182 
363 SYNODSIS.Of |. -.-+ee-see seme = 133 
397 | Thriponax javensis .......-.------------- 502 
398 parvus, new species ...-.....- 486, 502 
SO7 al DRTIpS-- sce san eee 81, 133, 148, 152, 178, 179 
391 adonidumi=......--..2---s+<+<-.s<- 168 
383, 397 Qtee eat ae ee eae eae 179 
374 GOMMBUNIA 25> - eon ae eee ne $1,179, 180 
383 OTACHENE - ok noe oa cre eee nsa ea 176 
400 TASCiatO joes - aoe oe eee ee 127, 128 
364 heemorrhoidalis .......-.---------- 168, 169 
399 inequalis.......----------++++++--- 146 
363 longipennis ....----------------+-- 134 
747 Gama culatain]. ccs koe ee =ne c= ae=es 157 
764 6-maculatus ....--..-----------++-° 118 
763 MAICiIS . - oaks ace sele = Sees = = 155, 156 
362 manicata......---------+--++2-0007> 134 
510, 511 pallida <-.--...2-------c--9--ss=-s= 157, 158 
510 perplexus ....----- 108, 112, 179, 184, 239, 242 
510 phylloxers....-..-----++----+-">*> 79,118 
510, 511 TOIL costes oe eme = ea eee 166 
510, 511 secticornis ...----------+-----9*""7* 209 
510, 511 striata..--.----------=-=------>*= 81, 161,179 
510 striatus.....----------+++-*- 81, 161, 179, 180 
628, 672 WE DACL cee oe noes eee rene 81, 
844 111, 116, 117, 119, 120, 179, 180, 183, 239, 241 
936 trifasciatus.....---------------+7*" 118, 209 
28 tritici .....----+---2-"+°°"" 148, 149, 152,188 
494 ‘variabilis.-.---------<----<""=""7== 143, 145 
499 | Thymallus .-.----------*2<-2277--99557-"" 961, 962 
418, 423 Thysanoptera, abdomen ...-------------- 105 
509 appendages of the thorax: 
124 Jeg 9). -4sss-nseo eee 98 
124 artificial checks ---------- 119 
307 beneficial forms -.-------- 117 
960 bibliography ...----------- 221 
725, 726 characters Of. ..----------+ 121 
960, 961 collection of ..-.---------- R44 
718, 740 deformities ..------------- 110 
625 development -.--------->- 112 
780 dissemination ..---------- 111 
730 economic considerations. - 116 
780 explanation of plates...-- 236 
780 external anatomy .------- 87 
920, 959 fossil Set ae eee 210 
695° general considerations. --- 213 
695 en cs ares senessonea=h 89 
959 history Of ...----+---7*""" 81 
index to families, genera, 
and species ----- 238 
food plants. ----- 234 
775 generalsubjects. 22 


Page. 








1054 INDEX. 
Thysanoptera individual variations ..... 123 | Totanus totanus eurhinus................ 487 
inhabiting North America, TOWenias: <e.c ee ee 365 
Contribution to a Mono- SO aoe Se oe See ee ee 378 
graph of the Insects of ‘Drachichthyadcsa=: = 9es eee ae 2,5, 21 
the Order, by Warren Drachichth yin ce ss eae ee 5 
ElmersHindse 2s sss"eee 79. | ‘Traehi¢hthys.--.. so. see eee Les aoeT 
injurious forms ........... 116 Japonicns eee ase 6 
iIntesument ys. --ssee eee 87 pretiosus t=. wesc to eee es 7 
method of measurements. 122: Drachinus's:-sc 3.5. ato 959 
MOUTH PALS see eee eee 91) “Drachurus trachuruss---= ee 962 
natural checks... ...::.-- 119 | Trachyecomus ochrocephalus.........:... 506 
organs of vision .......... SL. +)  Traguli die Sepia oe eee ee 439 
preservationand mounting 85 | Tragulus amoenus, new species .......... 439, / 
Teproduchloneee- =e se ee 110 440, 441, 442, 481 : 
sexual characters: tere- aN pease see eee een ee 440, 441, 442 ; 
brantian sso. oe eee eee 107 brevipes, new species ...... 443, 446, 481 
synopsis of suborders and CANCSCENA Ty. eee eee Eee 439 
families: 2 pres ee 124 fulwiventerc-2 sees en 444, 445 . 
systematic pos‘tion of... - 82 jugularis, new species.......... 440, 
thorax: segs soe ncee eee 95 442, 445, 481 | 
tubuliferssce-rea eee aes 109 kanchills. oss ase 442, 443, 445, 446, 481 
unclassified descriptions. - 208 NADU Soceeeee ee se 439, 440, 441, 442, 481 
WANES th 02, 2a. he ee Soe ne 101 MipTICOMISe ss ae eee 439, 440 . 
Tiga javancnsiss-2er 5c): ele eee 502 pallidus 2S 28s econ es eas 443 | 
Aigonmia pul cheliavecs:sse- eee ee eee 844 PLeHOSUS Ss2e2 2 ee ep 439, 440 
TigrinumMiecrce cere e ok Ae eoee eee 671 russeus, new species. ........... 443, 
Tilapia Miloticaess ees eee 697 444, 446, 480 
Timaliide nc oe eee eae 507.2] “Bram Ga) 25.405) ae ore eee Sue 728, 742, 752 
SPUNVEMI a Le abe see eee eee 864, 882, 883 OTIS ER joie oo See ets eee 763 
californica, new species......... 883, 885 | Transennella............. 336, 338, 348, 366, 384, 936 
Timemine, new subfamily............... 865, 882 Cconradinar poe 348, 367, 379, 411 
Stim Ocleae ren): Ahern ee eee sae ne ee a eee 338, 358 R cubaniana =.) 5 eee 379, 411 
TIVel ae eye are ete 337, 338, 348, 349, 371, 383, 408 culebrana ion 367 
abaconis, new species ......... 367, 380, 411 stimpsoni, new species..... 367,379 
TS ENUM. oo. Soe ee eee eee eee 385 bait ays oo et aeons 384 
RES UEA oct cee ee ee 385 | Trematospira multistriata.............._. 422 
bicolor sc2x, cece eee eae 368))!| repostomaitaceees=- eee sae eeee aan 565 
brasiliana, new species........ 368, 301 410) Ereronitulyvacollises sees see. sassy 489 
DYLONENSISe eee se aee seco pee eee 385 mipalensis sos. cess. ce. eee 489 
delessertiy. eens) scan ve mun 386 VeLNADS 2. RkE as aceon eee en ae 489 
GUL wayne Se cere ee 368: || Dreromidse ys: seae ea ese een te ae 488 
ClCBANS (s\n ese ee eA 38) ',| Driacamthiis esate see eee ae eee 967 
RUM ata eae rps hse ae $68 3 RACs esaecnaceee eee Sees a 609 
STACIIONS cee een ce eRe eens E 385 SCydliume coe he ee ee ee 609 
IANS Fei nee He eta et oe 385 0] RELA ISHS Pee Aen Piao fir ee 607, 609, 614 
UMS ee eR sy ya 385 SCYIMUM Sat Soe cera c ace sae ~--- 609, 671 
RILOTINI Ed sae leie. ene ee en 369) || “Rribologonle seems cose ee no ato 813, 843 
MACIOIdES sree ase ae 367, 368, 385 PUNCTAtIM: 225 ee eee eee ee 843 
Margin ata cecave eek eee! 386 punctatuss.: -- 32 2-eeee 843, 862 
nasuta, new species. ........._. 36871380; 410) Brichiunusss esse: s2 ee ae eee ene 960 
perplexayy etn) samen ee 369 | ‘Tricholestes criniger...................... 505 
planulatalscce re eh eee ee 38; 38)5)| iirichothripsase sss ssa ae eee ae 187, 191 
LAdiaty Aeteeew eee ae oseee 385 - ambitus, new species.... 191, 240, 242 
SCIMifulya eset sec ese ee oe 385 beachi, new species... ... 191, 192, 240 
stultorum:<25. ees 386,408 | Trichys fasciculata ....................... 469 
SUMUSA ose cte bec eens ka ey 385 macrotis, Measurements of ...._. 470 
ing onella sd ule age ey 368, 380, 385 new species. ....... 469, 470, 481 
WETILEICOSAiy renee sees noe ene 368:| )dhtid ontaln-craseeees a ae ee 935, 936, 940, 943 
Wil eanigie cen ee ee 368 RCULICOSTA che se Se eee 937 
Piveling poe ee ee eda 354 | - alaskensigi2sc5 asses eee 937 
TOR CU W OMS etl tan esas as cp ete 59 aTCliCd so capaci a eee 937 
Tomonotus pseudonietana ............... 786 bam keiiss sik). oe eee 937 
teneprosa ee IY Sgt 786 bennettil 5.2120 ee eee 937 
Toria nipalensia! oi 23.0020 489 boréalis'.422.05 2.5.22 eee 936, 937 
Torpedo for the electrie Catfish, The Use COMpaCte Gi)-. Ss2ee eee eee 937 


of the Name, by Theodore Gill......... 697 elliptica. Cl: o.aee eee 937 


o-oo 








INDEX. 1055 
Page. ms 

Tridonta fabula....-.------.-.-------.-.-- 937 | Tylosurus anastomella ............... 527. 681. 4 
globosa -.--...---.-------+----- 937 Cantrainis: Sauce ee : 5 y 
pulchella pemottini ncico asym isc ren eee 937 coromandelicus............ 527 1) 43 
quadrans...--....-...-.--.--..- 937 giganteus......... _... 527, 529, 580, 543 
rollandi ...............-...-...- 937 impenialisn. crx ere 507 
SOTOL...--------------+---------- 937 THATINS i eK. weet eee OF 
striata pipieinbcie rici= sacs mim Sie ee 'Se/e.e =n 937 schismatorhynechus CPA seein: 527, 528, 43 
METMUCOSHs a= s'siv''s sis[nes'se cs ese OS7e SCY PbLOC pris suse e-eee ae 174, 997 
BRS TESI Wh A eteteie aie eietalalnlainicl-'=(01= -\= = == t= = <!e!m <0) - = 349,384) Ucides cordatus, ..........:ce--oc-ooe.-... 130, 435 
~  angulifera ....--------.-+-+-+---- 368 | Udeopsylla robusta................2-..-. 808 
fasciata we we eee ee cnet e ee ne 368 | Ulmus montana var. pendula tee 197 
MT CIS eee Sonos esas cede SOD AMUIM AE esate eh ees eee ee 753, 762 
RAOUL EN ESM BEI eee fete (aae ae lmcin erm wiei<ysre we SOS UIT UW Oeeeee een oe eae a ee 11 
Bie OMe Aleem ee =- === -- =~ === ~--- 3491), | EUpenetis’ sei seen een ate ert Oe ee 1 
CTASSALCILONES oe mc nein cece e ne SOs UACIS < Wren see esac eee eee een eee 721, 764 
Trigonobatus vulgaris.............----..- 658 MUTanoOscopus)--.255.5 sue eee eee eee 960 
Trimerotropis azurescens........-..------ 793\)|\Wraptera agassiai:<2.5.20-s0seectek pes 648 
pati 1S renee alee te eee AOA RULOlOp hinge: ca... sey ee ee 657 
GlpRUNeenecar sess se c= s- 701i: ULOLOPHUS asec eee ee aoe eee et eee 657 
COMMMDIA ees secede sees 793 RUTANUACS A ose ee eee 657 
IMACS Codec pecusseenoeeeae 792 Cru Cats a2 sees ee oc eee 7 ae 657 
fatiGimetarens.s-s-~= <2. =- 792 | TUSCUSS Ae en. ec eee 657, 674 
PACES ates emer sc eine cece = 792 tullberpi teta-icseey- oeed dena 657 
MRTOMPICOIA ce eicenee—o- « =) os O28 WRG pela a mereacise eee eee ee 739 
MELDlOxXaewete ose ccc cases. 7938 WU TODtY CIMISS .5- seen eee eee 244, 245, 292, 330 
pseudofasciata............. 792 ANMatusi:hs- eee ee ae a 330 
pseudofasciatus. ........--. 790 BUstralige ye cac go. 5 eee eee 330 
MUMMULIS aee eielesiececie asic esse lel 777, 793 var. indicus. ........ 330 
RESUS Se eee eeinis clases 793 pacilimanuseessesee ee sees 330 
VANE ULC ste rela rarn wiain elem = 793 DeWUS{ i cccccccescscste ces ews 331 
Tringa hypoleucos...........------------- 487 brevis, new species....... 292,297,331 
MASH PRES ere mia -i\eic cio = ene ons = 487 capillatus, new species. .....- 298, 331 
eM OM EA eee ae eee cela = 2 is sehen ee 935 TUSIMANUS eeeense sae ne see 331 
‘Priphlepse-o--~---=----------=----------<- 19 SLACIIMANUS coe ee see os 331 
MESTCUOSUS Meee neisicie -</- esses eee 119 granulatus, new species ..... 293, 331 
REVEL RENEE eae ecto cians 2 ole san 119 INSIPTAS neato sae eee 331 
Min@iletraeeee n= a-<- ooo = as <i-'- +2 eee 309 INTeLMeECUS nee Goss Meee 331 
ERP OMS ciciae ane em acne niis cence 764 jamaicensis new species ..... 294, 33 
Trogon duvaucelii ......----------------- 502 key to the species of .....-..- 292 
SOONG se seen se esci <0 = ~~ => 2-2 502 minutus, new species....-.-- 296, 331 
SRM LGN ae oe alae nie wine - ciel se 119 NEW UAMC 3... = sce enceeeeeeeee 330 
Tropidodus pantherinus......---..------- 599 MipTicapillis:s...ck-asceeweees 331 
Trygon akajei ....-...--.---------------=- 659 NtidUsos oe eae ee ee eee 332 
PREC e a= iaiaia\ ise - === 661 occidentalis ......-.-- 332 
cain Re eee iere sitesi iraininrm'= <= === 659 yar. coneolor .....--- 332 
ATPLONIIGUS sarees aiete-= == «'s1<= lei = sie 661 occidentalis: --.-<..ccccess-m= 332 
PastibaGaa-.--------------s--2-0*- 658 parvulus .........------- ae ee 
; Ape ese a ciao isieiee'= =) (sinl0 660 politus .:-..-.2..-+--s--2----- 332 
Sea ee aicollis Pe NS Se 487 bee new species...---.. 296, “eo 
ATE eet ete eh a SS ac otl-'e's's ois 780 pu ESCENS. ... 2-2-2 ee ee errr ove 
aoe ve Ss ee 3 
(Phleeothripide), characters TUgOSUS .- -- ey eee a So 
ime ee ae ral osc sscasees 186 BeaTU Des ne * eee. via Sha. i 
Tupaia ferruginea.........----------- 472, 478, 482 scandens, new species -...--- aad 
malaccana......---------++-----+- 472 spiniger, new species .....--- =) re 
perenne eee oe esos. tee 472 spinimarginatus -.-..-------- ne 

eae et 472, 480 spinosus .....----------++-+-- = 
oe ‘in dent sn 8 
: Ae 511 uncifer...--..---------+2-+=- S38 
Be ianeuicws Pee tb 34, 36 u ceaeoe mundus.....------++++-+07577" ee 

PN ale sedis SS Ve 506 TOXiS UjUS.. 2-2. = 29 --senceeree sen snn ees 

aa sro | Use of the Name Torpedo for the electric 
moluccensis -..------------------- 504 Catfish, The, by T saci er ate a 
ochrocephalus....--.------+------ 506 | Venation, A genealogic study of Drag is 

466, 467 fly Wing, by James G. Needham ...-.-- ' 
Tylomys...-..----<-+-2-2-+---2+0r0e0r 07 , Oe neyo e © eee eno e 338, $61 

itt oe 527,543 | Venerella ...---++---0------00reer 


1056 INDEX. 

Page. Page. 

IWENLELETUDES fer ac ee ine es cini= «lela tetera 365 | Venus campechiensis var, tetrica .......- 378 

Venericardia | osc. cacscec. cee semen 949, 950, 951 var. texana........ 378 

alaskenacoe a4 esaeeteateeree 951 Cancellata cs) aca sec eee ee 357 

armillact Soic.scoeeeeceenes 951 CS PES 525 joss soe eee 377 

Crassidens--=. -ooeeee eee 949, 950, 951 Gardigides 32252-4528 oe eee 374 

(-20)01 (bb eee REAR Rn eA ae 951 CASING? a. oe sake meee ocee eee 372 

INCISH sccm eseeee aes eee 951 Castrensis. .-/4..5-eriss see seeeeeeee 351 

MOM Aba receo ee eee eee 951 Chilensis(4s.fe-4 eee. 2 ee 399 

radiata. ..sscns-ceee ce eheeere 374 CiNCta 5 Sees see oo eee 372 

TUGIS 2h S23 cbece emer ee 950 eingenda:=-=-- eee 21S Sean eae 373 

VeNiIGOSa ses cccecce wees 951 cingilatan. eks ee eee ee ee 393 

Wenend se: o-see see eee eee 345, 950 columpiensis .952.-en see eee ee 399 

and of the North American COMPressal s [46 eae ee ee 941 

recent Species, Synopsis of concentricasas shen eae eee eee 347, 366 

the Family, by William COrbicula xc S52. tae sasseeeeee ee 349, 368 

Healey Dall. so22n.2cs2seseeee 335 COLtEZIC 54. ose ese see 392 

East American species.....-...- 366 Costata, «352225 Sanectaer eee aaseeee 364 

explanation of the plates ....-. 410 CI ASSY) Sere cern ara eee eee 393 

index tonames of subdivisions. 409 Cren alas. ccs oe cce= seeder eens eee 383 

notes on and descriptions of crenifiers).385 52) 5sscss nee eeneee ee 3738, 393 

East American species....--- 379 crenulatay 32325222 sea 374, 393 

notes on and descriptions of erispates, 225525. pace eee eee 372 

West Coast American species. 401 cubanianas 32225322 secadeeee seer 379 

table of distribution of North Cycloides 20 ss ss eee eee ee 384 

Asmeeri cams sof si.ciaein seer 338 CYPMWES seco neers eee one 595 

West American species ......-.- 384 cy prinoidesy: esas eey er ee 376 

IViETLERISLOSSaIN ts ane curerins ann ok eiee ene ae 358 decorate. -.c Asdeog eee ete 383 

Viel Orie sc n= ee aeaee cod ea eee ee 357 decussatars 652. see eee 363 

VENeRIRUpIS! 5S oe'sccas ease sae eee 365 Gilatatayc -So a6 ec donee seen ee oes 366 

MEN EID IS Se aeie coon Socata 336, 338, 365, 398 GiONC 3.225 shee apnoea 304 

ellipticarscess5-c3e5 coho eeees 400 GisCOrs! Assos iste oe ee 397 

HM pPrisasecace ss oes eRe 400 gliscrepatisc: 3-4 een: eee 395 

Folia. cea a2 2202522-5 eee 400 Mispar! ie. os Seas ates noc Reais 398 

gigantesy =.) wes eee 391 Gombelite: =. sisecs osea sees 395, 399 

Jamelliferay 5-05 fet ey eee 400 Gombeyits Fee Sse ee eee 364, 395 

ODlONTaL 5 tee See eee 400 GOUMELL. 32222 e sae eee 374 

pauperculasocss-h eee oS 400 GY SOLA wsc ymca cee eee esos 356, 373 

SOL ae oe ooh ee Seo ele 400 SLES ATS Fly See a ee ae 374 

MENtrICOlAE. -OSe: skeen neetccnes ee 336, 338, 355, 356 CleVeta nob a asaerc sence were 373 

MENUS a saeco aes 336, 337, 338, 354, 355, 360, 384, 399 CNCHUSta osteo so clece ae ome 394 

equilatera, ..-scsescnseeese peste 359 entobapta cee 22 ees o-.cecen sees 392 

BTriCanar cose cee esaceecom eee eae 356 exalbidatccsce.co.cs ieee eee 360 

A DOTA TA cweciaciiece-eeeeeeeree nee 377 OXCHVAla is sacmece aasceeeeee minmeiriars 392 

allvesitajckss accesses eetee-ccmeceene 375 e@ximila: 22-2 e cn Seas sae ee eee renee 374 

amipligita<cccaccs be seceten« aseeeeet 398 exoletaiea-6 3. sue tess (ae eee 346 

antillarum Sceccsee a seeee eee 375 expallescens 2222: 302. oneness 397 

apodema, new species. .......- 396, 406, 411 fasclaten 5c koe ee eee 358 

VEINS: ATtartoides: scoala eee ere een 378 ACXNOSA 252625 nck eee ee eee 375, 376 

athlets: 2s eae cee: See ee BDS MUMetWOSAr Ss Ss ee eee ee eee 359, 364 

AU bDeTIANG cc seo cm anes 376 ToVeEOlatan oe camies ieee eee 383, 390 

MUTE Werke crea acceler cere eee ane 363 frapilis!s<-)2<3:ck tccecceeee Jaeoes 362 

DEAT =) -eeticemcaswe cece Sone eee 3738, 393 fol gurandsssi5cestes Sse ee 377 

DELNAY1< -Gacewimcr wicleme cone cee es 361 fulminate: 25: Steen eee ae eee 371 

bilinestac=sec-. el ou seen eee aes 392, 396 fuscolineaita sae se cee sao eee 397 

brasiliensis) is: Se acdes= cee nesses 370 palling? . s2as2 253 fee See ee 359 

CAlCareay..\ scmcse sa ssaenee as AOE 377 gallus 032. ee eee 362 

califormiana)=.c.== 25-0 ceceseneeeere 393 emMMA. oo. etna eee ase 365 

CalifOrni cas... 0<cansoe eee eee 393 gigantea = 2ate 2 ee neeee ees 369 

Califormiensis)--. 4.cacoe anaes 393 STanNwlataws sc: hes see ee 374 

CalllOSsar scot cctv: ot Ceemie ee ee 392 SUINEENSIS As soe. Lose seen ees 372 
Calonhwillgescenc st eee se eee eee 356 hermonvillensiss.-sss-s see eee 361 | 

Campechiensist 2) soe ae Soe ccen ee 377, 390 Histrionica- 5-2-6 5s eee eee 397 

var. alboradiata .. . 377 TenObilis) = cass ase eee eee 399 

var. carolinensis .. 378 insequalisisis.:>-- nosso eee ‘373 

var. cuneata....... 378 insequival vis. -sce eee eee e eee 375 

var. quadrata ..... 377 Intersect :c.s2checeene see ee 395 





INDEX. 
1057 


Page. | 


punctifera..-..- 
a Se Ra. Seton's 376 


* Venus irus.... 
eee 365 | Venus 
ee 390 Spunctulata ....... Page. 
oe ee 391 PMG ME Aik. ae eee ee 374, 383 
eee si. 274 pieced. 2 ool ek ea 370, 374 
et ie 374 quadrangularis. aE ae ere tar 375 
eee one Teun eNOS A Weeks Weed 36 
eee Paice SEAR coe 1 a Oe ae ato 361 
lS 973 ago sek Scnslhp uekas ce it 372 
eee {00 rtd gt Row siey 6h Ls 3 
Mahe ree 400 3 Sennen ane . 34 
epee 383 a 2 Re he ge ae 390, 398, 399 
a 361 SOStett, cae rane etn 360 
eee 399 ighiundaia. 2c ae ee ee 376 
eee 360 Sasha, 0 dCs ae 12 
Meee ho cee, 878 397 PriBORA asco, ssn sea ee 72 
ee ee She es. sallei sania Ste eo OO Oe, 
— re 373, 375, 393 ee Pee sete eae oo4, S00, 872 
“UR a 375, 376 : RIT ie bocce keen a 383 
Pee Pea a NEY ak seripta ttt essence weeeee - 
eee eS 349 i ee en 360 
BRENT g ne pt A similli ttt tee twee eee © 
We 373 ee 5 aa ON er ee : sar 
eee = s onsis.... Je-seasace SOD, Sf 
arica .....----..------ ee Ure 
MPM dos re ne 374 prigenain an (y soe eee = 
Wee Sass ieee Sat stamine St aieh er Renee ereene 885 
mercenari PER, ons 3 ; Bis «vs iran ed ed 
Maria.... 352,360, 376, 377, 378, 392 oe Stina hor tPaasch sy erected 356 
Warvalbalceteceens cess "977 ate ee Sek 4 ata 396 
eeapelintaieencwts ate cai Gate aie aoa lane 397 
nGtateeee WA Savina bees hues coe a 377 
& o-e- 37 eh OE ee 
meretrix ae 377 dugilinte).2 2. incite SN, cpt 
ered Pe to shes ‘ sl Cede fone chan 392. 395 
ee ae 352, 376 Ne ee ae rag 
_ eta Pitre EU A : a Sriperhay Seta seg: Seee ee 391 
Te ete yee iereie ; fantaitantelinte ci, exis as ee 375 
ME 2 ps 377 ; ata con eee : 
IWS. ------+--------- 2 GAtaicae a aeel . S:aanee ane soe 77 
en ant 398 ceie ay Se eee 877 
eee eeeee-- xté sateen eee oa 
eer oe i ee ee See eee se 3 
= aoe Me se Ae Hie a ee 361 
ee ene) = ose a Senha css. hak eee 362 
a eepaiet 5 se cc settee 
eee Aan Ree : thouarsi oe ae ee as 5 
nuttallii.. Bron ce 392 tc TSL..--2+-+---++----+2- = 
MEER : ro keg Ue Sia ee 390 
eee tis ih) oars 392 t Benn ee nee sc ees eeene ee 
eee A cae piGniisleees aan ea 390 
EB nena eee en nen es Sino1os pita a. 375 
Repke yee tes 397 aa . a pal "ih ge a 2 ee a 397 
orl Tae gos eee . a vide ie ie ae : 
| are Rea tes one ee feeleaatests/<ceeed  Cipeeetee 396 
oe ee ce Rae ea hd icc Pinot ek a + aa 400 
epee es es pat eae : anniek eccan) alee 353, 354 
pacifica......... Ses eer eee 398 ee eye hme ane eas 368 
paphia....-.-- ee ah iene hes 358 ae eae pee eee SNC 8 IS 357 
MMEIRUCA se. 2e525---c<c62252- eee 5 : 2 aartibed Hated. ee ae 359 
ns oe cannes hein & sen Ee 375 
paytensis WE ia he = 5 + denne aaa eee 354, 355, 383 
=f oo Fira oor ae es o74 
pectunculoides ..--..-..2--eeee- ie ae anaes oot ee 373 
ie ou? a wyanpierillio i vatCald- aoncee. marae 355 
perlaminosa ii tes. ae amas ee 473 
pe coe vase 206 | Vespertilionide ........oo--o-ceeseeee 74 
cis lc wesy cee. a Sate eens a ee 473 
er ei. 396 | Vestalis .....-.---- CE mao eee 744, 750 
re ie Seid Serie SERIE. aoe eee 715, 745, 746, 74 
eee se. Sol apace ee ee 72 
pinacatensis ....... 2 i Wares Vi 373 | Viverra Hand oicill eink Saha 173 
Mp alt. a punceninonaee esos aC 
plumbea Mei coche ae ee Sil Saas S eeeee sr cues 471 
efits Sid arsine geo ae a 
er eee 373, a Birdahc ces tanec Meanie 358 
Be. 77 | Walkingstick SSee ae igen eae 358 
fee aPICere aed of the United States, the 
tes oe asmide, or, by Andrew Nels 
OT ese ecco __ 874 Caudell.....------- hoe 
pulcherrima....------- i fi horse 354,355 | Walrus, ansate fissure -.-- i) Se oot a > 
Me sk ae Pai eamaritt PRT. cence aa = 
oe 383 SATs eee poy oe 
Pe Be reeiiers ihc ce eee ey = 
aocecseess 374 eallosum nee ee : oa 
el al Ganier eee 684 oes 





1058 INDEX. 
Page. | Page. 
Walrus, coronal fissure ....----.--.-------- 6795688e |) Wikteab Uhr psec neces eeeee eee eae ae 148 
eruciatedtissule cece eee eee eee 680,688 | Wing venation, A genealogic Study of 
ectolateral fissure .......-------- 679, 688 Dragon-fly, by James G. Needham ..... 703 
fissures and gyres .....--.------- 676" ||| Weodia:is.5 454 -c5s cease eee 936 
PeNUal HSsurey- eee see eee 684,688 | Xanthippus zapotecus.............-..---- 788 
hippocampal fissure -....-------- 682,688 | Xantho exaratus.............-.......-..- 25 
BYTC. Socnse eeeoeeine 682, 688 ScCaberrimus'< 222 )sSeceeeeeeees 25 
lateral aspects... --seders eee eee 676 |) Xenocypris8? j-..5-s2=-1ss=5 eee cee tees 857 
fiSSULE =<. cshsececeee eee 678, 688, | XMiphiases..S: iss.2: ae ssee seen eee coe 960 
PYLE. ic season desea ease 681,688 | Xiphidium fasciatum .....:.....+......-- 806 
marina fissure seecenesase eee 683, 688 PLroductumi.-2--- pee eee esses 806 
PYTEY Lacaceee sweets 684, 688 saltans:..2sccseeeccese ween 806 
or sagittal gyre.... 681, 684, 688 strictum..25-2 22 =se-see ees 806 
medilateral fissure........--.---- 679, 688 Vicinum: 2 25 o--eeeaee 806 
mesalwaispeCtasce tees ceesce eee 682 | Xiphocaris:comipressay oes sees 49 
MORACHUS soe ee sete soe 686, 687 elongata. -.-/5.222ciscaeeseeeas 430, 434 
Paracoele\s.Sssecescecne see eee 684.-|  Wagara; 52-25 ssc2n nesses eee eee 66, 67 
PHOCH bce Sseence see ceeseeeeaeees 686;.687)| Yersinia ‘solitariann----sececee=s eee meeeeee 779 
postcruciateé fissure .......-.--.-- 688°) Yoldia:abyssicolaiacessess- cera eee ee eae 947 
postero-horizontal fissure. ....-..- 688 | Young of the Lasiurine Bats, Observations 
postsplenial fissure .....-..---.-- 683, 688 on the Number of, by Marcus Ward 
postsupersylvian fissure ......-.-- 688 Lyon IE sos eee eee ees se eee - 425 
pre and post sylvian areas.....-. 681, | Yuees filamentosacseesseeoseeeaeceoecees 195, 213 
presplenial fissure ..........----- 683;,688 | 8 Za CCOn. seceeese eee ear an eee eee eases 818, 850 
TOSMALUS! Sse eel esc sss 686, 687 platypus ic 22etssesee--eece 850, 851, 855, 862 
TOSMATUS Spins ori see oe 688 sieboldit.):-2 see2--se ween 851, 853, 854, 862 
TOStralifisgute ==. --s-e eee eee 684, 688 temminckils=: 5-25 ee eee 851, 852, 862 
spleniall fissures. 3. -)--a2e-seeee 682688: | -Zameus,; new genus =... ---snceeseceeeeeee 629, 632 
superorbital fissure .........-.--- 681, 688 SquamUlosus= sere se-eeeee=e 632, 633, 673 
supersylvian fissure -.....-....-- G773688" || sZeidse os ce scenes twee senate ce aeeeeeee 1, 694 
PYTCs iss 2echeceae 6795688 f° Bein. . ose w sess see eecm aceraistes ele eieeeete 694 
SVlviamfissure: = scence eies 688 Steps sane os eee ee eeeee 694 
PYTO Ss - Sciciesasemsiaceeeeeee 678,688. |) Zenarchopterus --o.escoeree eesti sacs 532 
terminology of fissures and gyres 680) IP ACES ae fas emeee noe seam eee eine teeters 959 
the cerebral Fissures of the Atlan- ZOZCLG: «5 5f2 052 eee ce soe eee ee ee eee ee 812, 837 
tic) by; Pierre 7A Bish seeeeeeee 675 hilgendorfivs a225. 2.2222 ee ee eee 837, 861 
the lateral ventricle: -..2.-220.2- 684. :Zimneel 25-3. 22 eae ee ee ee ee 967 
PSUS oe toe ae shoe see aeetieets 686,687 |): ZONOCY PYIS)- 3. o2ss cece soe eee eee eee 973, 990 
ZAIOPHUS see eisin -lcatccekicns eee 686,687" |; Zucleica)jnctccqdes oasc oes macsmissaeeeeeeaee 358 
West Indies, Notice of a small Collection Zygeene lewinils-cs-=5-cncsne- ees cse sees 618 
of Fishes, including a rare Eel, recently malleus yo <- tees. 5s2 45 eee 618 
received from H. Maxwell Lefroy, subarcuataao2 5.2 2.22. eeseeeeee 618 
Bridgetown, Barbados, by Barton A. TYSON. SOM coc ese ees 618 
BGA) sna deieeiinieeaieea eee meictelatateieiets S6SG| ZV GO DLCES cc eneeee ream er alse eee 742, 750 

















i