my Naat
ee
Proceedings
and Reports
| | |
i OF THE BELFAST
8 NATURAL HISTORY O
and =
PHILOSOPHICAL
SOCLEEY= =":
os ee 2 Sees 2 oe Go ee eee eee ee eee eee oe oe
SESSION
1924.95,
Price :
Two Shillings
Belfast :
THe NORTHERN WHIG, Lrp., Prinrers, Bripge Street
1926.
a i = = a TS,
RECENT PUBLICATIONS
OF
ES OC Maa Ns
CHNTENARY VOLUME 1821-1921.
A review of the activities of the Society for 100 years
with historical notes and memoirs of many distinguished
members ; copiously illustrated (viii + 212). Compiled and
edited by Arthur Deane, M.R.J.A., F.R.S.E., Hon. Secre-
tary of the Society. 7/6. By post 8/-. :
THE MONASTERY OF ST. MOCHAOIL OF NENDRUM,
An account of the recent exploration of this Hiberno-
Celtic Monastery under the auspices of the Society’s
Archeological Section, with a history of the Monastery (A.D.
440-1224) and many notes of archeological interest relating
to Down and Antrim. “ Copiously illustrated (xxvii + 187).
By EC. Lawlor, M.A\ RA... with -an- inberesmmne
foreword by Professor Rh. A. S: Macalister: D. Litt.. D.Se.
etc. 10/6,
GUIDE TO THE RUINS OF NENDRUM MONASTERY.
For use of Visitors to the site of the Monastery;
illustrated. (12 pp.) By Major C. Blakiston-Houston,
J.P. . One shilling.
PROCEEDINGS AND REPORTS
— OF THE —
BELFAST NATURAL HISTORY
AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
oa FOR THE =
SESSION 1924-25.
EDITED BY
ARTHUR DEANE, F.RS.E., M.RLA.
HON. SECRETARY.
Belfast :
THE NORTHERN Waic Lrp, Commerciat Buitpines, Bripce Srreer.
1926,
lil
BELFAST NATURAL HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
[ESTABLISHED 1821. |
CONSTITUTION.
The membership of the Society consists of Shareholders,
Annual Subscribers and Honorary Members.
Shareholders holding more than two shares are not liable
for an annual subscription, but shareholders of two shares pay
an annual subscription of five shillings, and holders of one
pay ten shillings.
In 1914 a new class of membership was created
including persons of either sex. to be elected under the bye-
laws of the Society, and admitted by the Council on payment
of ten shillings per annum. Such members have all the privi-
leges of the Society, and take part in any business of the
Society not affecting the ownership of its property. In 1917
an Archaeological Section was founded. Persons wishing to
join the Section must be members of the Society and pay
an additional minimum subscription of five shillings per
annum. An Application Form for Membership to the
Society and to the Section will be found on page vii.
A general meeting of Shareholders and Members fs held
_ annually to receive the Report of the Council and the State-
ment of Accounts for the preceding year ending 31st October,
to elect members of Council, to replace those retiring by
rotation or for other reasons, and to transact any other busi-
ness incidental to an Annual Meeting.
The Council elect from among their own number a Presi-
dent and other officers of the Society.
Each member has the right of personal attendance at the
ordinary lectures of the Society, and the privilege of in-
troducing two friends for. admission to such.
Any further information required may be obtained from
the Fon. Secretary at:--The Museum, College Square
North, Belfast.
CONTENTS.
Pages.
Morton, Prof. W. B., Lord Kelvin aA Rin oS)
Mur, A. Ey Christopher ~Plantim)) Printer .ol
Antwerp, 1520-1589 ce a, ... 10-14
Johnson, R. C., Spectroscopy and its Applications ... 15-28
Annual Meeting of Society ee coe ... 90-84
Annual Meeting of Society: Archaeological Section 35-40
List of Exchanges Es es es .. 43-46
List of Shareholders and Members Ay eo Ie ao
List of Past President ... sig cas ae VI.
Meinbership Application Form ... a Boe Note:
Ofticers amd Council. 1925-26" Me oe AG
Statement of Accounts ae ae at Agee
Vv.
BELFAST NATURAL HISTORY
AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
Officers and Council of Management for 1924-25.
firesident :
ProFessorn W. B. MORTON, M.aA., M.R.I.A.
Vice-jresidents :
Sir CHARLES BRETT, t1.p.
S. W. ALLWORTHY, m.a., M.D., F.c.s.
Pror. GREGG WILSON, o.8B.E., M.A., D.SC., PH.D., M.B.I.A.
ROBERT M. YOUNG, J.P., M.A., M.R.LA.
J. M. FINNEGAN, B.a., B.sc.
WILLIAM SWANSTON, F.e.s.
Wan. Treasurer:
W. B. BURROWES, F.z.s.a.1.
Bon. Hibrarian:
ROBERT M. YOUNG, g.p., M.R.1.A.
Gon. Secretary:
ARTHUR DEANE, m.z.1.4.
@ouncil :
SIR CHARLES BRETT, tu.p.
T. EDENS OSBORNBE, r.r.s. 4.1.
S. W..ALLWORTHY, M.a., M.v., F.c.s.
WILLIAM FAREN, F.z.s.a.1.
ARTHUR DEANE, m.r.1.A., F.R.S.E.
W. B. BURROWES, r.r.s.A.1.
EK. J. ELLIOTT.
H. C. LAWLOR, M.a., m.r.1.a.
WILLIAM SWANSTON, r.cas.
PRoFEssorn GREGG WILSON, p.sc., M.n.1.A.
John M. FINNEGAN, B.A., B.SC.
PROoFEssor W. B. MORTON, m.a.
F. ADENS HERON, D.L., J.P:, F.R.S.A.I.
ROBERT M, YOUNG, M.a., M.R.LA
Ricur Hon. 8. CUNNINGHAM.
Retire 1925,
Retire 1926.
Retire 1927.
-—-+- a ~—— -n- goey S- +--+
1821-22.
1822-27.
1827-4-.
1843-52.
1852-54.
1854-56.
1856-58.
1858-60.
1860-61.
1861-63.
1863-64.
1864-66.
1866-68.
1868-69.
1869-70.
1870-71.
1871-74.
1874-77.
1877-79.
1879-81.
1881-83.
*Died during their Presidency
vi
PAST PRESIDENTS.
James L. Drummond,
M.D.
Rev. T. Dix Hincks.
James L. Drummond,
M.D.
*Wm. Thompson.
Robt. Patterson, F.R.s.
Thos. Andrews, M.D.,
F.R.S., M.R.I.A.
John Stevelly, iu.p.
George C. Hyndman.
*Jas. McAdam, F.R.s.
Robt. Patterson, r.R.s.
Prof. Wyville Thom-
son.
Prof. Jas. Thomson.
Joseph John Murphy.
Robt. Patterson, F.R.S.
Prof. Wyville Thom-
son.
Robt. Patterson, F.R.s.
Joseph John Murphy.
Prof. J. F. Hodges,
M.D.
Robert Young, c.x.
Prof. John Purser.
Sir R. Lloyd Patter-
son, F.L.S.
1883-85.
1885-86
1886-89.
1889-91.
1891-94.
1894-96.
1896-98.
1898-00.
1900-93.
1903-06.
1906-08.
1908-11.
1911-15.
1915-19.
1919-21.
1921-23.
President 1923.
Professor W. B. Morton, M.A., M.RB.I.A.
Prof. R. O. Cunning-
ham, M.D.
Wee kl,
M.R.I.A.
Prof. E. A. Letts.
Je H. Greenhill,
MUS.BAC.
Prof. M. F Fitzgerall
Sir R. Lloyd Patter-
son, F.L.S.
Prof. J. D. Everett,
¥.R.S.,)D-Col.
*‘Nhos. Workman, J.P.
John Brown, F.R.S.
Prof. J. Symington,
M.D., F.R.S.
Sir Otto Jaffe, Lu.p.
Sir John Byers, m.a
M.D., M.A.O.
Prof. J. A. Lindsay,
M.D., F.R.C.S.
Prof; W.. St. Clair
Symmers, M.B.
Prof. Gregg Wilson,
0.B.E., M.A., D-SC.,
PH.D., M.R.I.A.
*Henry Riddell, m.z.,
M.I.MECH.E,
Patterson,
ee
vil
Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Founded 5th June, 1821.
Application Form for Membership.
Name etG.a..0:. 3: Me ae es cick Ree ie oe eee
[Please write name in full. |
DESCRIPTION, 9 eee elite nad a ioe rom re aa aren
To be filled
up by the
Candidate. JENEYSUIS (Sh aK GE exact serie iam eR nS Oe AIOE
jo 35 uageaee aes eet ere arias , being desirous of becoming a Member
of the Society. I, the undersigned member, recommend........
as a suitable candidate for election.
Dated this.......... GO, Of ee teas teens sna oe Io Wee
Signature of
Member Cor eeeo+ceoeors er eee eree re eecreseeecer Se ecoeseseaese re
[Candidate must be known to the Member signing this form. ]
[All applications are subject to the approval of the Council.]
Recelved. -.... ene Filected by
Council
@eeeseerexe2eeceseanpeeee2x2e0@
Vill
CONSTITUTION OF SOCIETY.
The membership of the Society consists of Shareholders,
Annual Subscribers and Honorary Members.
Shareholders holding more than two shares are not liable
for an annual subscription, but shareholders of two shares
pay an annual subscription of five shillings, and holders of
one pay ten shillings.
In 1914 a new class of membership was created
including persons of either sex, to be elected under the bye-
laws of the Society, and admitted by the Council on payment
of ten shillings per annum. Such members have all the privi-
leges of the Society, and take part in any business of the
Society not affecting the ownership of the property of the
Society.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.
Persons wishing to join the Archaeological Section must
be Members of the Society, and pay an additional minimum
subscription of five shillings per annum. State below if you
wish to join this section.
I desire to join the Archaeological Section.
Signature )
of pos cagetiona acta: We ee |
Candidate |
[All applications for Membership to the Section are
subject to the approval of the Archaeological Committee. |
This form, when filled in, should be addressed to the
Hon. SECRETARY,
B. N. H. & P. Society,
THE Museum,
CoLLEGE Square N.
Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, Session 1924-25,
Lorp KELVIN AT THE AGE OF 22.
From the Jubilee Commemoration Volume.
Lorp KELVIN AT THE AGE OF 82.
From Prof. 8. P. Thompson’s ‘‘ Life.’’
[See also Plates following Page 9. ]
Lord Keluin i
PROCEEDINGS OF THE BELFAST NATURAL
HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
SESSION. 1924-25.
QO—_-- -—-—=
4th November, 1924.
In Museum, College Square N.,
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS,
LORD KELVIN.
By Proressor W. B. Morton, M.A., M.B.J.A.
Any account of Wiliam Thomson, Lord Kelvin, must
begin with his father, James Thomson. There is a special
reason for this, over and above the interest which attaches
to the heredity of a great man. When genius has appeared
in the world it has often had a double task to perform; to
free itself from a cramped and unfavourable environment
and then to do its special work. In the case of the Thom-
sons these tasks were divided. It was the father who broke
away from the farm in County Down where his ancestors
had lived for four generations. By his ability and force of
character he made a place for himself in the world of learn-
ing, and a home filled with eager interest in the things of
the mind. In such surroundings the genius of the son found
everything favourable to its rapid development and full ex-
pression. So, in a way, the two lives seem to combine into
a continuous whole, the hfe of strenuous preparation
followed by the life of splendid achievement.
The way to knowedge was opened for James Thomson,
as it has been for many another farmer’s son, by a scholarly
country minister. The Thomson home was near the Spa at
Ballynahinch, and at Ballykine, not far away, a school was
opened by the Rev. Samuel Edgar, the minister of the
Secession body of Presbyterians in that district. He was a
man of note in his day and was afterwards chosen to be
2 Professor W. B. Morton on
Professor of Theology at the College in Belfast. He was
succeeded in his chair by his son John Edgar, the well-known
philanthropist, and in Ballynahinch, at church and school,
by another son, Robert Edgar. James Thomson became an
assistant teacher in the school, and entered the University
of Glasgow, spending the winter there in four sessions while
supporting himself by teaching at home during the suc-
cessive vacations. He wrote a series of text-books, in par-
ticular an arithmetic which was used by many generations
of Irish schoolboys. When the Belfast Academical In-
stitution was opened in 1814, he ws the first teacher of
mathematics, and was shortly afterwards promoted to the
Professorship in the Belfast College. He built two houses
in College Square East, one of which, No. 17, he occupied.
In 1832 he was called to the chair of Mathematics in
Glasgow. His second son William was then eight years of
age.
Two years later, at the ripe ages of ten and twelve,
William Thomson and his elder brother James matriculated
in Glasgow University. So great was their precocious
ability and so thorough the preliminary education received
from their father that they were able te profit by the Cellege
classes and to win prizes in competition with older students.
It is to be remembered that Scottish lads in those days
went to College at earlier ages than 1s now the custom. For
the Thomson boys the College took the place which the
school does for the ordinary boy; and when William, who
proved himself to be the more brilliant of the two, went up
to Cambridge at the age of 17 his knowledge and maturity
of thought placed him in a different class from the ordinary
undergraduate even of the best type. Notwithstanding
this, he entered into the life of the place with the zest of
the normal undergraduate. ‘‘ Thomson of Peterhouse ”’
was one of the founders of the ‘* University Musical
Society ’* and played the cornet; he went in for rowing, and
won the “‘ Colquhoun Sculls.” Meanwhile he was con-
tributing original papers to the “‘ Cambridge Mathematical
Journal,’’ signing them “ P.Q.R.,”’ as if to avoid by this
anonymity any assumption of superiority over his fellows.
At the Tripos of 1845 he was second Wrangler, being
beaten by a man who had been practising the rapid writing-
out of examination answers while his great rival was adding
to knowledge by his researches,
Lord Keivin 3}
Meanwhile at Glasgow Professor James Thomson was
planning the future career of his brilliant son. The Pro-
fessor of Natural Philosophy, Dr. Meikleham, was very old
and infirm, and had been obliged, even before William went
to Cambridge, to delegate his work to substitutes. <A
vacancy in the chair was bound to come soon, and the father
was determined that the son should be in all points qualified
to fill it when the time came. Accordingly in the year
following his graduation William was sent to Paris to make
the personal acquaintance of the French mathematicians
and physicists, among whom his work was already known,
and to widen his experience in the experimental side of
Natural Philosophy. Everything fell out as it was hoped.
In 1846 the chair fell vacant. The application sent in to the
electors by the young man of 22 was accompanied by testi-
monials from all the greatest scientific men of Britain and
France and by a list of 26 original papers already published.
His election was unanimous, and so began the greatest
scientific professorship of all time. I lasted till 1899, when
at the age of 75 Lord Kelvin resigned his chair and enrolled
himself as a ‘‘ research student ’’ of Glasgow University.
It was a quaint fancy on the part of the veteran man of
science, but ‘‘ research student ’’ ecntinued to be a correct
description up to the very end of his life. For eight years
he continued to think and to write, both on those funda-
mental questions which had always occupied his mind, and
on the new subject of radio-activity, which was to bring
such profound modification in our views on the structure of
matter.
It was a life of singular unity, consistency and com-
pleteness. Except for the adventure of the Atlantic cable,
it was outwardly uneventful. But the mental life was
lived at the unresting speed of genius, a life full of excite-
ment, of eager search and discovery, of intense and wide
interest, of constant give and take with other minds, of
splendid service to humanity.
In attempting to give scme account of this long life of
thought, action and uence IT shall speak of his work, first
in abstract Physical Science, then in the application of
Physics to practical ends, and las stly of his personal influence
on his contemporaries. His especial greatness lay in the
close union of the discoverer, the inventor and the teacher,
4 Professor WV B. Morlon on
His advances in theoretical Physics were based on an
intimate knowledge of the work oi the great school of French
Mathematical Phy sicists. While still a boy he had made
himself acquainted with the writings of Lagrange, Laplace
and Poisson, and just before leaving Glasgow he had eagerly
read the work of Fourier on the theory of Heat- conduction.
Nowadays the student at a University derives his knowledge
from text-books which systematize the results obtained in
the different branches and make it possible for the. average
man to gain a knowledge of a fairly wide range. In those
days before text-books the average man learned vothing at
all of advanced subjects, but the ¢xceptional man, who was
able to read the original authorities, derived a much oreater
insight and inspiration from his contact, at first hand. with
the thought of a master-mind. This was the case of Wilham
Thomson. There were three books of which he always
talked with a grateful enthusiesm, viz., the work of Fourier
‘just mentioned, “‘ Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur,”’
Carnot’s ‘‘ Reflexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu,’
and Green’s *‘ Essay on the Application of Mathematical
Analysis to Electricity and Magnetism.’’ The secoud and
third were books which he himself discovered; bemg in
advance of their time they had oe failed to obtain
recognition, and had been forgotten. All three exercised a
profound influence on the work of Thomson. Fcurier’s
work formed the starting point of researches on the conduc:
tion of heat in the ons of the Earth, which led to un
estimate of the length of time required for the globe to
cool down to its present condition. This produced a famous
controversy with the geologists whose views on the age of
the Earth required a much more libera} allowance of time.
The dispute has lost interest now, since the discovery of a
new source of heat in the radioactive minerals. Of much
greater importance was the work insvired by Carnct; work
which made Thomson rank along with the Germans Helm-
holtz and Clausius, as one of the founders of the Science of
Thermodynamics. At the time when he entered on his
professorship the caloric theory still held the field, according
to which heat was an impoaderable and indestructible fluid.
The experiments of Joule, carried out about that time, sup-
norted the modern view that heat was a form of energy, a
view which had been put forward earlier, on theoretical
grounds, by Mayer. Thomson was greatly impressed by the
Lord Kelvin 5
work of Joule, with whom he formed a close personal friend.
ship. For some time, however, he hesitated to aceept the
new theory as to the nature of heat, because the argument
of Carnot regarding the efficiency of heat-engines wa: based
on the caloric theory, and led to xesults of undoubted
viuidity. Ultimately he was able tc reconcile the conflicting
points of view and establish definitely the laws which govern
the transformation of heat into mechanical work.
In Electricity his earlicst work was occupied with the
way in which electric charges Cistribute themselves over
conductors. In this connexion he devised, while vet an
undergraduate, a quite original method of great beauty and
power. Afterwards he wrote anl1 experimented ir many
departments of Electrical Se:ence including the nature of
Magnetism and the propagation of electric signals along
cables. He was the first to deduce the existence of the
electrical surgings in which the waves of ‘“ wireless ’’ have
their origin. He was mainly instrumental in settling the
system of electrical units, and he founded the science cf
exact electrical measurement by his many designs of instru-
ments. His laboratory was the first in which research work
on electrical and other properties of matter were carried out
by a band of advanced students.
Lord Kelvin’s most absorbing interest on thecretical
matters was the nature of the aether. ‘This subje¢t was
never far from his thoughts, and he returned to it again
and again throughout the whcle of his life. The object of
his search, one which occupied the minds also of ‘all his
great contem :poraries, was a mechanical aether which would
‘“work.’’ To explain, we go back to the origin-of the wave-
theory of light founded by Huygens in the 17th certury and
by Young at the beginning of the 19th. This thecry had
its foundation in the fact that many of the vhenomena of
light were analogous to those which could be preduced by
wave-moticn through a medium. The theory was dev eloped
mathematically by. Fresnel, and the agreement with ob-
servation was £o satisfactory that belief in the real existence
of the hypothetical medium became absolute But the
aether was found to be strangely elusive when attempts
were made to penetr ate into its inner nature, tc imagine how
its parts moved in transmitting the light-waves, to find out
is relation to ordinary matter and to the phenomena of
electricity and magnetism. All the ‘‘ models ’’ which wer«
6 Professor W. B. Morton on
devised failed in some respect, that is to say, the behaviour
deduced from the supposed mechanical properties of the
medium did not agree with the observed behaviour of light,
Lord Kelvin towards the end of his life confessed to a sense
of failure in this life-long effort, but he did not labour in
vain. Not only did results of great value in Mathematical
Physics accrue from his investigations, but also. by his
thorough exploration of the possiblities in this region, he
left physical speculation in our day free to try other paths,
In the bronze statute by Mr. Bruce Joy which stands
in our Botanic Gardens Park, Lord Kelvin holds in his hand
a piece of paper on which is a diagram of four linked
gyrostats. This recalls his great interest in Dynamics, the
sclence of motion and force, and specially in the thecry of
spinning motion. His work on this subject is embkcdied in
the classical treatise on ‘‘ Natural Philosophy ’° written in
collaboration with his Edinburgh colleague, Prof. P. G.
Tait. This was intended as a first volume of a large work
which should extend over all departments of Physics. The
larger scheme was abandoned, partly on account of the
other pre-occupations of the authors and partly because the
ground was covered by separate works like Lord Rayleigh’s
“Sound ”’ and Maxwell’s ** Electricity and Magretism.”’
As it stands the book is unique in its profound and ex-
haustive treatment of the subjects which form the founda-
tion of all Physical science. The designation “* Thomson
and Tait ’’ is usually replaced by the contraction “‘ T and
T/’’ which is due to the writers themselves. In thei cor-
respondence they began their letters with ““O T’’ and
“ OT’ instead of the conventional openings.
It was Lord Kelvin’s work in connexion with the laying
of the Atlantic cable which brought him into the greatest
public prominence and led to his knighthood in 1866.
There could have been no success but for his profound
knowledge of theory, bis patient investigations and his in-
ventions, but his triumph was one of character as much as
of intellect. He had to contend with ignorance, incom-
petence and perversity, under conditions which would have
been intolerable to a !esser man or a man less single-minded.
The story of the cable has often been told. At the beginning
Professor Thomson occupied a curious and rather anomalous
position. He accompanied the expeditions, not to advise
as a physicist, but to represent the interests of the Scottish
vi
Lerd Kelvin i
shareholders. He put his knowledge and skill freely at the
disposal of the engineers engaged in the work of laying the
cable and when at last this was accomplished in the face cf
enormous difficulties he was obliged to stand by and see the
eable destroyed through the frocedure of the official
electrician of the company. ‘The problem to be solved was
the production of readable signals by means of electric
currents sent through the large resistance and capacity of
the great length of conductor. The electrician, Whitehouse,
was the patentee of certain receiving apparatus of rather
clumsy construction which could be actuated only by corm-
paratively iarge currents. His idea was to send into the
cable currents of very high voltage, which had the effect of
breaking down the insulation and rendering the cable use-
less. Thomson saw clearly that the only” solution of the
problem lay in devising receiving apparatus which would
respond to the weakest currents. For this end he devised
his mirror-galvanometer, and later his siphon-recorder. In
the former the reception of minute currents was shown by
the movement of a spot of light along a scale in a darkened
room, the light being reflected from a small and delicately
suspended mirror. On-the back of this mirror a fragment
of magnetised watch-spring was moved by the current in a
surrounding coil. In the siphon-recorder a light coil through
which the current passed was suspended between the poles
of a strong magnet. From a fine tube attached to the coil
a jet of electrified ink was squirted on a travelling strip of
paper giving a wavy line from which the Morse signals could
be read.
In 1865 the attempt was renewed with Thomson as
chief consultant, the ‘‘ Great Eastern ’’ being used as cable-
ship. In that year there was a break in mid-ocean, but the
following year not only was a new cable successfully laid
from shore to shore, but the broken cable was recovered and
completed. As a demonstration of the delicacy of the
recelving apparatus messages were sent and read at Valencia
going out along the one cable and back along the cther, the
two being joined in series for the occasion, by means of a
battery made of a lady’s silver thimble containing acid and
a small piece of zinc.
Of even greater practical benefit were Juord Kelvin’s
services to the art of the nav igator. He was made personally
familiar with the problems to be solved through his ex-
S Professor W. B. Morton on.
perience as a yachtsman, ali his leisure time in summer
being spent on board his famous schooner the “‘ Lalla
Rookh.’’ His compass, his sounding-apparatus, his tide-
recorder and tide-predicter came from his interest in all
matters concerning the sea.
Lord Kelvin had to engage in litigation in connexion
with his compass-patents. His opponent was a well-known
Belfast man of a past generation, Mr. F. M. Moore. It is
told that durmg the hearing of the cese one of the judges,
perplexed by the extremely technical character of the
evidence, enquired of counsel if it could not be possible to
explain the point at issue without bringing in the earth’s
magnetic force !
In connexion with the taking of soundings at sea a
great Improvement was effected by the introduction of steel
piano-wire to take the place of rope. Along with this there
were ingenious devices for paying-out or hauling-i in the lead
and a depth- indicator on which the pressure of the water
was made to compress a spring and so leave a record of the
createst depth reached. ‘The tide-recorder was a device for
cbhtaining an automatic ee record of the varying height
of the sea at a given place. Having obtained this for a
sufficient period ‘of time the record was mathematically
analysed and the sequence of future tides predicted.
When we come now to consider Lord Kelvin’s work as
a teacher we are met by a limitation which was a con-
sequence of his type of genius. The crdinary students who
formed the great bulk of his classes at Glasgow were able
to learn almost nothing from his lectures, though thev can-
not fail to have been impressed by his personality. In the
scientific army he was chief of staff with nothing to say to
the common soldier. In his lectures he was unmethodical
and erratic, constantly deviating from the matter in hand by
some side-issue which he oul follow up enthusiastically,
generalising, surmising and extending, while his audience
gave up all hope of understanding, His scientific papers
give the same impression of a mind imoving. with extra-
erdinary rapidity among new ideas, too eager to rnake fresh
discoveries to give much thcught to the clear presentation
of the results already won. He was at his best in the com--
pany of other investigators in Physical Science. The
ceecasion on which he expressed himself most fully on the
perennial problem of the aether was when he gave, in 1884,
Site
eit
Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, Session 1924-25.
Cottece Square East, BrLrast, SHOWING BIRTHPLACE OF
Lorp Kenivin. Site now occupied by ‘‘Kelvin Picture House.”’
The two houses on left of street lamp were built by Professor James
Thomson. The first house was Lord Kelvin’s birthplace. His
elder brother, James Thomson, was also born there.
(Reprinted from the Society’s Centenary Volume, 1821-1921).
<
Ge
i>)
=
<
Ve
£4
SS}
(ee
Of
on
WY)
cf
Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, Session 1924-25.
Photo: A. R. Hogg.
Str Wm. THomson, Baron Ketvin or Laras, O.M., G.C.V.O., P.C.
Born Belfast, 1824, Died at Largs, 1907.
Buried in Westminster Abbey.
[From a bronze statue by A. Bruce Joy, 1913, in Botanic Gardens
Park, Belfast. |
- Belfast Natural. History and Philosophical Society, Session 1924-25.
P= ORD KELVING — : \
— PAPERS & PATENTS. H
-20 i
1340 50 60 270 80 So) (900
‘| WONDERFUL GARDENS
OF MOUNTSTEWART.
BELFAST FIELD CLUB VISIT.
‘
BALLYWALTEWS LAUGHING JACKASS.
| Once again the Belfast Naturalists Field
Club have held the record excursion for a
‘N.F.C, in the British Islands, this time
whole day affair last Saturday. d Their
former outstanding affair was an after-
‘noon visit only to Hillsborough Castle,
| demesne. and fort, and on that occasion 198
ieurmedl up. the hon. secretary, Mr. N- H.
‘Foster, F-L.S., M.R.LA., and Mrs. Foster
lentertaining the party to tea.
: Leaving the Old Museum of Saturday
morning shortly after ten o'clock, three
s-charabanes | 0!
Be taok 100 ‘of the party, about ‘80 extra
travelling in their own cars, of which there
were 18 present. On arrival at Mount-
stewart they were met by Mr. Bolas, the
head gardener, who pointed out the various
interesting trees and shrubs: along the
avenue, including a very fine and tall
Mediterranean heath and a great Pinus
SI@NIS-
pntering the pergola round the sunk
arden, both it and the extension—the Red
fland of Ulster garden—delighted the
party. Among the many woe here on
the terrace or at the east en of the Italia
near the Noah's Ark and: Dodo
garden, v
illars, wera big Eucalyptus trees,
calyptus globulus, the blue gum of
Australia growing here to a height of 85
feet, the two largest clipped bay trees in
the British Isles, tivo very fine Florence-
court yews, and a big, New Zaland tree fern
which Mr, Bolas told the party was quite
hardy at Mountstewart. : F
With these were many rare or interesting
rock and other plants, inchiding the rare
Galifornian shru Dendromecon rigidum,
with its big yellow flowers. The pergola’ 1s
\planted with tiventy species or varieties of
‘Nustralian and New Zealand ‘acacias, the
Club palm, Cordyline australis ; the Chusan:
{nalm, Chamaerops humilis; ginger plant,
|Hedychium ° Greenii; Japanese banana,
Musa japonica; Jerusalem sage, Phlomis
fruticosa; Chilian nut, Guevina avellana;
cork tree, Querciis subes; bottle brush tree,
Joquat, Briobotrya; Vi-
thytidophyllum | from China ;
/aCCASION,
EOHS OF POTEEN-MAKING DAYS.
After a visit to Lady Mary's tea-
with its doyecote and two old ne ene
stones,’ formerly used for crushing barley
for Pores making, and still used on many
small’ farms for bruising young whins for
horse-feeding, a fine example was seen of
a rat-proof and cat-proof bird-house on
a tall column, and some more of the quaint
reproductions of extinct animals of which
many had heen seen at the east terrace
ingluding thes pisrodactsy, &e., and. the
low extinct Irish greyho: i
aye pee greyhound pig on wall
some of the oldest members remembered
seeing it in tlie sixties and seventies of Thee
century still existing in Donegal, Mayo, &c.
After a visit to a cork tree the next stop
was at Ballywalter Park, to visit Lady
Dunleath’s bird aviaries, rock garden, and
bird pond, where many interesting birds
Were seen in largé open-air aviaries, or in
the wired-in area round the bird pond.
Among the birds in No. 1 aviary were
Australian flock doves and blue-eye doves
(both have bred this season), palm doves,
snow bunting, red’ Hand’ and Zebra finches,
cutthroats, bulfinch, goldfinch. In No. 2
| Australian and other finches, spire birds
Dlackheaded and whiteheaded news, cordon
bleu, masked doves, redpoles, Pekin robins
tibbon finches, &e. Outside there are
trumpeters, Austraian piping crows, karra-
corrys, tinemon, Californian quail, Brazil
jays, Many species of duck in pond, black
swans, and a white rhea. In the rockery
was seen New Zealand ferns, wild small
white foxglove from the Alps, soldanellas,
vincetoxilim officinalis, and many other
plants from the Alps and Pyrenees.
While the party were Jlunching here
under the shade of many big trees a stately
white rhea and a number. of water birds
made their appearance, walking abont
among them, to the special delight of the
young folk, many members of the junior
section of the club being present.
2 AU SHENG JACKASS HEARD.
je caretaker of the bird: s -
ately able, before all the SNe NE IE
the avaries, to let quite a number, mostly
of the junior section, hear the Jaughin,
Fo
INVASION OF THE ARDS.
jackass at its best, the weirdest
eo a bird they had ever heard Heike
West End Cafe
a nice bathe
nior members
ied
\ iniors visited the
nm: outlying reef. i |
from SEE A
‘as held on
a
de-|
LUNAR RAINBOW AT ORLOCK HILL.
Sir—On Saturday night last a ver, fine
lunar rainbow was seen about halt past |
eleven from Orlock Hill. It was a perfect
bow, and several colours were visible, pink ~ >
and’ blue clearly so. It remained visible
for about half an out to the north-west
of the Hill, the moon heing behind or sonth-
east of our house. A fain lon of
ib i
scan p eae alae blots
families, a tye riking, that on
A\party stopped their motor SE ERaIReN Le
to see it more distinetly.—Yours, etc.
ALICH GLENDINNING,
Ovlock, Go. Down. 9 :
[We hve had letters from séveral oter
correspondents fo the sanie- effect:
ANhe,
SCORED SOME NOTAB
ERLEY" RACE BY OVER Two
RLEY, MR. J. HAV'S KENIL~-
MONTROSE FOURTH.
BRITISH
| MUSEUM
| NATURAL |
LoISTORY.J
ome
on 1924-25.
2ssl
5
Society,
and Philosophical
Natural History
Belfast
In.
ther of Lord Kelvi
Bro
1892
led
D
From a photograph taken in 1878.
1822
n
Bor
ty’s Centenary Volume, 1821-1921),
cle
ted from the So
(Reprin
oe
y
S ; $ 3 f ! |
— $\ o - ; . 5 ‘ : ie ; :
[eee nen ; : fate heen Up eas aoe ; 5 ine
7 A re 2 . r ‘ = Pr f ; eS ae = : :
| 7 a | ¢ f 4 4. a eo 3
— = 1 | 2 |
= ; a \ si } ; 7
/ A :
= vs | ; : < : | 2
ms 2 : : . | |
pie | = |
: ay 2 . c: , : 2 7 ;
: . ; ‘ 4 ‘ 38 3) r zl
i 4 = . : : ,
t s & 3 i ae ; : :
lie : : z d : : | | | :
j Ls 3 3 | ? | |
Pas r= : : . : | | |
: | i i E 4
5 / : 7 | | 3 |
- Hf | |
. ‘ ‘i 5 |
5 f Z a | . ) |
‘ = rs : |
| | . : i 2 . 3 eat
=. ¢ i o Ni 2) = : : :
i : : . x. : ; © 2 :
1 ~ , x 7 > ‘a : : : }
4 | |
= J ZI : | | |
Y Ip te} , ; ; ni j % |
ee : ae E Wk Eye eg! : /
5 SBeer ) j Sirs ie z is
: ; y f ii = ;
: : 5 1 = . if G 3 = ; 7 :
= on C 2 . 7
- se : ay "i ; ; : 3 |
, a 7 - oa : | :
~ oo ee ISS Re ae 42 Ly. = 5; = : : ; | : 2 : |
fae: Sele peace eo
i - ; eee < - zo z 3 ig :
Lord Kelvin Q
a series of twenty lectures at the John Hopkins University
in Baltimore. Here he had an audience of accomplished
physicists from American Universities with one or two from
England; his “ twenty-one co-efficients ’’ as they were
called, in reference to the twenty-one quantities so desig-
nated in the theory of elasticity. During the course there
was a free interchange of suggestions and fruitful co-opera-
tion between the lecturer and the audience with the resuit
that much fresh hght was thrown on a difficult subject. A
verbatim report was taken by one of the audience who was
an expert shorthand writer as well as an able mathematician.
This was much expanded by Lord Kelvin, and published as
a volume ten years later.
Lord Kelvin was as much beloved for his character as
he was revered for his genius. He was for a large part of
his life the acknowledged leader of Physical Science in
Britain, but he never showed a trace of arrogance or assump-
{ion of superiority to other workers. Lord Rosebery on one
occasion spoke of his “* laborious humiulity.’’ He was always
ready to listen to others and to learn frem them. To voung
men he was ready with encouragement and a charmiag
courtesy, without a hint of condescension. In th: midst of
his busy life he would willingly go arywhere to lecture or
take part in a conference. He enjoyed intercourse with his
fellows, at meetings of the learned Societies or elsewhere.
It is impossible to estimate the value of the influence he
exerted and the inspiration of which he was the source.
Although he left this country at a very early age he always
called himself an Ulsterman. We may surely call him the
sreatest Ulsterman.
The lecture was ‘llustrated by portraits of Lord Kelvin
at different periods of his life, and also of his father and his
brother James Thomson, Prefessor of Engineering at Belfast
and afterwards at Glasgow. Views.were shown of gorne
pieces of apparatus. of the old and new Colleges at Glasgow
and scenes connected with the Thomscn family at Ballyna-
hinch. The lecturer expressed his indebtedness to Mr. R.
B. Bailie, of Ballynahinch, an authority on local history,
who had given him much information and also to Mr. R. J.
Welch, M.Sc., who had taken the photographs at Ballyna-
hinch,
0) A. H. Muir on
9th December, 1924.
In Museum, College Square North.
Proressor W. B. Morton, M.A., M.R.1.A., President,
in the Chair.
AL Murry CaN 4
“ CHRISTOPHER PLANTIN,”’
Printer of Antwerp, 1520—1589.
In the heart of the City of Antwerp is found the Musée
Plantin-Moretus. It is a printing works which was in the
ecntrol of one family from its foundation in 1555 until the
year 1870, a period of more than 300 years. It contains the
records of the firm since its earliest days, with the old print-
ing plant intact, and is an example of the house and works
of a famous printer of the sixteenth century. It was pur-
chased from the representative of the family in the vear
1870 by the municipality of Antwerp and is inainta‘ ned as
a Museum.
Christopher Plantin, the founder of the firm, was born
in France in 1520. | His early days were spent in poverty,
and he was left by his father ir Paris at the early age of
14, and thereafter supported himself, and picked up an
education. He went to Caen in Normandy, and with a
letter of introduction from his Latin master in Paris,
cbtained employment in the works of Robert Macé, Printer
and Bookbinder, with whom he spent five years. He fell in
love with a girl in the household of his employer, called
Jeanne Riviere, and married her in 1546. She was probably
illiterate and had no wealth, but she proved of sterling
character, and made him a true helpmeet. The young
couple moved to Paris, where Plantin set up a small business
in book-binding and leather work In 1549 they moved to
Antwerp with their eldest daughter. At that time Antwerp
was probably the most prosperous and wealthy city of the
Continent, with a population of 125,000, and trading with
every part of the world. There he continued his business of
Christopher Plantin. at
beokbinder with some success. He became favourably
known to one very important man, namely the Seigneur
Gabriel de Cayas, ‘secretary to King Phillip of Spain, who
remained his friend throughout the years.
Plantin met with an adventure, which nearly cost him
his life, and incapacitated him from pursuing his calling as
a bookbinder and leather worker. He was conveying to
de Cayas, a leather worked casket, wherein de Cayas wished
to place a jewel he was conveying to the Queen of Spun. As
Piantin hurried along in the dusk he was set upor by some
half drunken and masked roysterers, who mistook him for a
musician, who had incurred their resentment, and he was
run through the body with a sword, and left for dead. He
ras, however, nursed back to health, and being unable to
continue his former occupaticn, set up a printing establish-
ment. This was in the year 1555. He worked hard, and
as he had managed to pick up a good education he prospered,
and devoted himself to publishing books of learning. The
times were troublous, however, and the printer had many
difficulties to face. The laws against the publication of
books of a heretical character were severe. In 1561 Platin
had to go to Paris on business, and was absent from
Antwerp. One morning his family was alarmed to hear
hammering at the door. It was the Margrave with an
escort, and it appeared that he had a ccpy of a book cutitled
‘ A Brief Instruction for Prayer,’’ which was stated to con-
{ain doctrines contrary to the teaching of the Catholic
Church. It bore no name of any printer, but the type was
identified as being that in use in the Plantin Press. Ti turned
out that the book had been printed by certain of the work-
people, unknown to Plantin, at their own expense. ‘They
were at once arrested and taken to prison. But worse was
to follow, for later an order was received that Madame, the
daughters, and the servant were to present themselves for
examination before the dreaded Inquisition. They were all
good Catholics, but by the intervention of some of *he
Cathedral dignatories, the matter was settled. Neverthe-
less, the news got abroad, and the creditors of the firm
became alarmed, as the mere suspicion of heresy was
sufficient to affect credit, and the whole of the printing plant
and household effects were sold up at auction prices, and
the family found themselves in dire straits. They set up
a little business in underclothing to keep themselves alive
12 A. H. Muir on
until the return of Plantin. When he came hack he found
his business had disappeared in his absence, but fortunately
he had brought money back as a result of the settlement of
certain affairs in Paris, and was able to buy back a little of
his plant. Nevertheless, he was hard pushed for money,
and often in difficulties. At last some of the Antwerp
merchants, who had a high opinion of Plantin, found the
necessary capital, and entered into partnership with him.
From that time the business went ahead, and soon Plantin
was able to buy them cut, and recover the owne rship of his
business.
Two of his employees were destiued to play a large part
in the future of the undertaking. These were Francis
Rapheleng and John Moretus.
John Moretus was the first apprentice of Plantin, and
when Plantin was sold out in 1562, he went to Venice for a
time, but returned in 1565, and ever after was Plantin’s
right hand man on the business side of the undertaking. In
157 O he married Plantin’s second daughter Martine, and
when Plantin died in 1589, he inherited the famous printing
house, which was subsequently carried on by his descend-
ants.
Francis Rapheleng was a poor student, who had studied
in Ghent. Paris and Cambridge. He had a good knowledge
of the Semitic languages, and was Plantin’s stay on the
literary side. He was nct a good business man, like
Moretus, but his great knowledge nade him invaluable when
Plantin published his great work, the Polyglotte Bible. He
married Platin’s eldest daughter, Marguerite, in bo6os> bie
inherited from Plantin the printing house which Plantin
established in Leyden.
Plantin was a man of high ideals, and set himself to
use the art of printing for the spread of knowlec ge, and made
it his endeavour that all his publications should be printed
in the best style. He illustrated his books with plates, for
the production of which he nad recourse to the best artists
of his day. His great work was the Polyglotte Bible, which
set out in parallel columns the text of the Bible in Greeis,
Hebrew, Chaldean and Latin. The werk took four years to
Ave ;omplish, and was supported by the King of Spain. ‘The
best scholarship of the day was applied to make the book
the best book of reference of its time. Rapheleng proved
Christopher Plantin. 18
most useful and untiring in his efforts for its perfection,
while the King of Spain sent his chaplain, Doctor Arias
Montanus, a man of great leariing, to assist in its pro-
duction. ‘The cost of production, however, was very heavy,
ond involved Plantin in sericus liabilities.
Plant'n’s activity as a printer made itself felt far beyond
the boundaries of the Netherlands. He had uninterrupted
business relations not only with Dutch, Flemish and Brabant
booksellers and printers, but with Englishmen, Scotchmen,
Germans, Italians, Swiss, Poles, Portugese and Spaniards.
He had branch establishments at Paris, Leyden, and Sala-
manca in Spain, and was on the point of opening one in
Tondon. He disposed of his Hebrew Bible in the North
Western region of Africa, between the Mediterranean and the
sahara. He sent books to America, and was one of the
most regular «und influential visitors at the Fairs at Frank-
fort.
In 1570 King Phillip of Spain appointed him Protctypo-
eraphe, an honour which brought him no wealth but much
worry. He was given the privilege of printing the Liturgical
books for Spain, a privilege which involved him in grave
monetary difficulties, as the King was not at all prompt in
settling accounts. Th's privilege, however, while a cause of
much embarrassment to Plantin, proved a lttle gold mine
to his heirs.
Meanwhile Antwerp had declined in populaticn and
wealth owing to the disturbances of the times. In 1576
came the terrible ‘‘ Spanish Fury ’’ and the sack of Antwerp,
iu which Plantin suffered both in wealth and in health.
Antwerp took vears to recover from the harm inflicted on her.
When Plantin died in 1589 he was buried in_ the
Cathedral of Antwerp, and when his widow died in 1616 at
the advanced age of 95 she was laid by his side. His tomb
can be visited to this day in one of the chapels off the ambu-
lntory, while in an adjacent chapel lie John Moretus, the
erstwhile apprentice, and his wite Martine Plantin.
Plantin had many cares and worries in his life, even
when he was famous. Some arose from the disturbances of
his time, others from his business, especially with reference
to meeting his habilities, and others from certain members
ot his family, and something of his philosophy of hfe may
be gathered ‘from a sonnet written by him entitled * Le
Bonheur de ce monde,’
A. H. Muir on | %
¥
Avoir une maison commode, propre et belle,
Un jardin tapissé, d’espahers odorans,
Des fruits, d’excellent vin, peu de train, peu d’enfans
Posseder seul sans bruit une femme fidéle.
N’avoir dettes, amour, ni procés, ni querelle,
N: de partage a faire avecque ses parens,
Se contenter de peu, n’espérer rien des Grands,
tégler tous ses desseins sur un juste modeéle.
Vivre avecque franchise et sans ambition,
S’adonner sans scrupule a la dévotion,
Domter ses passions, les rendre obéissantes.
Conserver l’esprit libre, et le jugement forti,
Dire son Chapelet en cultivant ses entes,
C’est attendre chez soi biea doucement la mort.
“Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, Session 1924-25.
AL
G@LPIETATIS CONCORDIA. Ifasanl @
: 7
FRONTISPIECE OF THE PLANTIN PotyGuor BIBLE.
Illustration reduced from ‘‘ Christophe Plantin,’’ by M. Max Rooses
Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, Session 1924-25.
THE PLANTIN FAMILY.
From the Triptych above the tomb in Antwerp Cathedral.’
Illustration reduced from ‘‘ Christophe Plantin,’’ by M. Max Rosses
fast Natural History and Philosophical Society, Session 1924-25.
‘THe OLtp Printinc Room.
Illustration reduced from ‘ Christophe Plantin,’? by M. Max Rosses
Spectroscopy and its Applications. 15
27th January, 3rd and 10th February, 1925.
In Physics Lecture Theatre, Queen’s University.
Pror. W. B. Morton, President, in the Chair.
SPECTROSCOPY AND ITS APPLICATIONS.”
By R. C. Jounson, B.A., Ph.,D.
[Summary of three popular lectures, illustrated by lantern
slides and demonstrations. |
Introduction.
The physical conception of wave-motion, and the mathe-
matical development of this idea have perhaps played a
greater part than any other in correlating some of the most
widely diverse phenomena of Nature. The aether of space,
which has been postulated as the medium in which all
electromagnetic waves are propagated, may or may not have
a real existence according as one rejects or accepts the
modern relativistic position; but of the nature and mathe-
rnatical description of the wave-motion itself there can be
no doubt.
While all electromagnetic waves have one feature in
ecmmon (the velocity of propagation “‘ in vacuo ’’), they
may, of course, differ vastly in wave-length or frequency of
vibration, and this determines the nature and properties of
the waves. At the one extreme we have electrcimagnetic
waves varying say from 10@ cms. to 10? cms. in length, which
are the waves used in radio-transmission. ‘These merge into
heat waves which may have wave-lengths from about 10-2
ems. to 10-4 cms.; shorter than these we have the visible
radiations lying between 7.10—® ems. and 4.10—® cms.,
which affect the eye and give rise to the sensations of colour:
end again, shorter still, we have ultra-violet radiation incap-
able of affecting the eye but capable of detection by the photo-
graphic plate (and in other wavs). Ultra-violet rediation
merges into soft X-radiaticn at about 10°-© cms. wave-
length, while “‘hard’’ or penetrating X-rays may be as
short as 10-8 or 10-$ cms. The highly penetrating radia-
16 RR. C. Johnson on
tion of cosmic origin of which we have heard recently has a
wave length presumably Or the order of 10. ence. im
spectroscopy we are concerned only with the analysis and
measurement of the waves which constitute light: visible
light within the range mentioned above, say 7. 10-5 ems. to
4.10-5 ems., ultra- viciet light on the short- -wave side and
intra-red light adjacent to the long-wave side. It will be
necessary later to refer to wave-lengths again, and perhaps
a word is desirable as to the units in whieh these are
measured. We. call 10-3 cins. an Angstrom Unit, and on
this scale the visible spectrum extends from about 7000 A.U.
to'|4000 A.U. Fig I.* indicates roughly the wave-lengths
corresponding to the colour sequence red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, and violet of the visible spectrum. For
measurements of the long waves in the infra-red and the
shorter waves of the ultra-violet various methods are avail-
able, and these will be described later.
Spectroscopic Instruments.
The basis of spectroscopy is the analvsis of light, and
therefore any procedure by which a composite beam of light
is dispersed into its components is available for the purpose.
The historical method—and one of very great value still
—is the use of a prism of glass or some other transparent
substance. To prevent overlapping of the images in the
spectrum produced, a fine slit is employed. This is at the
focus of a lens (the collimating !ens) so that when the slit
is illuminated by the source of light in question, a parallel
beam is incident on the prism, is dispersed by it, and pro-
duces a spectrum which is focussed by another Jens (the
camera lens. Such a spectrum consists in reality of a
rumber of images of the slit of the instrument, each one
being in monochromatic light. 1f the instrument is intended
for visual observations only, the spectroscope will be pro-
vided with a cross-wire and eve-piece, but if for photographie
records the instrument has a photographic plate instead of
an eye-piece. This description of the essential features of a
prism spectograph is illustrated in Fig. Il.
In the case of work in the visible spectrum, the prism
is usually made of dense flint glass of refractive index, say
about 1.7 (puch) a sysvem will, however, transmit very
little ultra-violet hght shorter than 3900 A.U. and ‘or work
in this region a quartz prism and quartz jenses are generally
*Plate and Figures follow Page 28.
Spectroscopy and its Applications. 17
used. In this way it is possible to photograph spectra down
to 2100 A.U. The absorption of the film of gelatine on the
photographic plate becomes very pronounced for wave-
lengths shorter than this, and if it is desired to proceed
further it is necessary to use Schumann plates in which the
sensitive silver salt is deposited directly on the glass. Using
these special plates one may pRopoer an) spectra down bo
1800 A.U., but below this—in the extreme ultra-violet—the
oxygen of the air absorbs rapidly. It is then necessary to
use vacuum spectrographs (cr alternatively, spectrographs
filed wth Helium), and the instruments in this case have
necessarily to be of special design. With such instruments
wave-lengths as short as 800 A.U. can be measured.
At the other extreme we are faced with the insensitivity
of the photographic plate tou red and infra-red light. An
ordinary panchromatic plate will record wave-lengths up to
about 7000 A.U., and by staining with suitable dyes (such as
di-cyanine) it is possible to photograph wp to 9500 A.U.
Bey ond this, however, the photographic plate is useless, and
almost all infra-red work has therefore to be done with a
thermopile and sensitive galvanometer. The thermopile
receives an infra-red line on a small blackened strip, which
is consequently heated slightly ; the heat is transformed into
electricity, and the small resulting current is measured by
the galvanometer.
Glass is not of much use as material for a prism in
infra-red work, and quartz absorbs strongly above 40,009
A.U. Rock-salt and sylvine are therefore chiefly used for
the purpose—the latter is transparent up to 180,000 A.U.
Both substances suffer, however, from the disadvantage of
being hvgroscopic, so that they are attacked by moisture in
the ‘atmosphere. A remedy for this, which makes them
reasonably permanent, is to paint the surfaces with a suit-
able varnish.
There are, of course, a great inany detailed considera-
tions in connection with prism spectroscopy at which it is
. Impossible here to do more than merely hint. The accuracy
with which wave-lengths can be measured depends not
merely upon the size of the instrument, but on the quality
or definition of the spectral lines—and the latter is intimately
bound up with the properties of the optical system of the
instrument. -1t is necessary In some cases to use photo-
18 R. C. Johnson on
graphic plates of extra thin glass, so that these can be bent
into a curved holder in order to yield the best possible
definition,
Perhaps a word may be inserted with regard to the time
required in spectrum photography. ‘In the case of intense
sources of ight (such as arcs) a fraction of a second may
suffice, but in the majority of cases the time of exposure may
be minutes, or even hours. The photography of compara-
tively faint spectra under high dispersion is therefore a
matter of some difficulty, and in order to reduce the time
of exposure to a reasonable xmount the experimentalist may
have to investigate with some thoroughness the conditions
of production which will yield the spectrum in question with
the greatest intrinsic brightness.
In addition to prism instruments there is another class
altogether, which are capable of giving high dispersion and
resolving power: they are called gratings. Gratings may
be either of the transmission or reflection type, though the
latter are used in general in all important work. A reflection
grating consists of a large number of parallel rulings on a
plane or concave metallic mirror, usually either 14,000 or
20,000 lines to the inch. Such gratings are made by a
special engine under conditions of great rigour, the rulings
being done by a diamond point. Concave gratings possess
focussing power per se, but plane gratings are used in coin-
bination with a suitable lens. <A grating constructed in this
way has the property of ‘‘ reflecting ” a beam of light as a
spectrum—it may be several feet in length. To be more
precise, a grating—uutike a prism—produces several spectra,
and in this respect has the relative disadvantage that as only
cne spectrum can be utilised at a time, a considerable per-
centage of the incident light is unavailable for photography.
The mode of action of a grating is too complex to describe
fully here, but it is based upon the property of light waves
known as interference. Just as two trains of waves of any
kind (e.g., waves on water) are capable of producing a
stationary pattern of ripples such that at some points there
will be reinforcement and at others annulment, so in the
case of the light waves reflected from the rulings of the
erating there will be certain directions of reinforcement, and
in these directions spectra will result,
Spectroscopy and its Applications. 19
Types of Spectra.
Emission spectra, which constituts the analysis of any
source of light, fall into three classes :—continuous spectra,
line spectra, and band spectra. All incandescent solids,
with the exception of one or two rare earths, exhibit a con-
tinuous spectrum only. An incandescent mantle, or a
glowing electric light filament shows only this type of
spectrum, and the distribution of energy in the spectrum
depends almost entirely upon the temperature of the source.
Most other sources of light yield spectra of bright lines, e.g.,
inetallic ares, high potential electric sparks, and the electric
discharge of an induction coil through a gas are of this kind.
Such spectra are called line spectra, in contrast to another
type known as band spectra. These are usually produced
under similar conditions, but are strikingly different in their
appearance. As the name indicates, they usually have the
appearance of bands or flutings, sharp cn one side, but de-
graded away cn the other. Under very high dispersicn the
band heads can be split up into fine lines, and the individual
wave-leneths of these lines measured.
Line and band spectra differ, however, not merely in
their appearance, but in a more fundamental way. ‘They
obey different mathematical laws of correlation, and they
have different origins. Line spectra arise from atoms; band
spectra arise from molecules. ‘To this generalisation there
is no exception known.
The plate indicates a few of these types of spectra.
Numbers 1, 2, and 8 contain band spectra; Numbers 4 and
5 are exclusively line spectra; Number 83 contains a certain
amount of continuous spectrum in addition to bands.
There is another very general class of spectra, viz.,
absorption spectra, which may also be of the line, band, or
continuous type. Absorption spectra are the corverse of
emission spectra; that is to say, a beam of light from a
source which would yield a continuous spectrum may—when
passed through the substance in question—have certain
_wave-leneths absorbed. In this case the spectrum of the
transmitted light will show dark lines or bands.
Production of Spectra.
All light is the result of atomic or sub-atomic processes.
The modern views of atomic structure all indicate that the
20) R. C. Johnson on
origins of line spectra are to be found in the transitions of
electrons within the atom from one orbit to another. During
these Jumps energy is ernitted, and appears as monochro-
matic radiation in the spectral lines. If the atoms of an
element are subject to comparatively feeble excitation, then
only one—the outermost clectron—is disturbed from its
normal orbit; and in this case the “* arc ’’’ spectrum, as it
is called, is partially or completely developed. If the ineans
of excitation are more intense, the first electron
may be completely removed and a second one disturbed.
Such spectra, arising from the singly ionised atom, are
described as “‘ spark ’’ spectra. It may be that the atom
can be doubly ionised by vigorous excitation, and in this
case a further line spectrum is obtained. Thus it happens
that the same element may have several line spectra
associated with it, which can be stimulated in turn by :n-
creasng the intensity of the exciting conditions. Band
spectra, which arise from molecules, are, as_a rule, found
with the less energetic processes of excitation when the
molecule is capable of existing as such.
It is well known that many metallic salts, when. intro-
duced into a bunsen flame, give characteristic colour te the
flame. The spectrum of such a flame sometimes contains
bands due to the salt molecule; but usually the light is that
of the are spectrum of the metal, either completely er
partially developed. Flame spectra represent, then, the
least energetic type of excitation. The ionisatior in this
case has purely a thermal origin; i.e., the violence of atomic
collisions at the temperature of the flame is sufficient to pro-
duce disturbance of the electrons inside the atoms. The
bunsen flame itself has at least three interesting spectra.
The luminous blue cone contains the “*‘ Swan ’’ bands, due
prcbably to some hydrocarben molecule, and also the so-
calied CH bands, of which the precise emitter is also un-
known, From the non-luminous sheath there is strong
ultra-violet radiation arising from the OH bands. Only a
limited number of substances give flame effects. viz., vola-
tile salts of sodium, potassium, strontium, barium, calcium,
thallium, and a few others. It is, of course, necessary for
the production of flame spectra that the salt be volatilised.
This may be accomplished by introducing the salt on a
p! latinum wire directly into the flame, but a better reethod
is illustrated in Fig. IIT., where a spray of salt sclution is
Spectroscopy and its Applications. 21
introduced into the flame. Coal gas passes through the
jet A, and burns at the top of the tube B. The flame can
be made more or less luminous by rotating the jet A so as
to have it more or less inclined to the vertical. The flask
below contains dilute hydrochloric acid and magnesium turn-
ings together with a trace of a soluble salt containing the
metal of which the flame spectrum is required. The genera-
tion of Hydrogen gives rise to a fine spray which is carried
up the tube B by the draught of air, and colours the fiame.
Suppose a trace of Strontium Chloride is the salt in question
—the flame will vield bands due to Strontium Oxide and
Strontium Chloride, together with lines due to Strontiuin.
By feeding the flame with Chlorine, however, the spectrum
can be reduced to a few band of Strontium Chloride. If it
is necessary to avoid acids, we cun use a spark or are dis-
charge between poles of the substance below the tube B and
thus generate a fine dust which is carried by the draught
of air into the flame.
The presence of minute traces of Sulphur in the ordinary
coal-gas flame can be detected by means of the blue zone
which appears close up to the surface of a cold plate or tube
which may be placed in the flame. This blue light is due to
the band spectrum of Sulphur.
Another general method of producing spectra is by burn.
ing an arc between poles of the substance, or alternatively,
between Carbon poles which are impregnated with the
material. Currents of 2 to 15 amperes may be used accord:
ing to the volatility of the substance. The spectrum of the
Carbon are (excepting impurities) shows only one line
of 2478 A.U. in the ultra-violet. The greater part of the light
originates in the positive crater, and is continuous spectrum.
The violet Cyanogen bands are also present in the Carbon
are spectrum by reason of the presence of Nitrogen in the
atmosphere.
The are burned between Iron poles is of considerable
use in spectroscopy as a “‘ standard ’’ spectrum. It is very
prolific in lines,—to the number of several thousands—and
a considerable proportion of these have been accurately
measured and adopted as standard wave-lengths.
The are between Mercury poles, enclosed in a suitably
shaped tube, yields a brilliant green light consisting of the
DD), R. C. Johnson on
arc lines of Mercury. This light is used as a source of
illumination in drawing offices, as it provides a pronounced
black and white contrast.
An arc—being essentially an electrical phenomenon—
can be burned under a liquid, but in this case the spectrum
lines are usually broadened considerably, and accompanied
by the lines of Hydrogen if the arc is burned under water.
Spark spectra proper are produced by use of an induction
coil, which yields a small current at a high potential—say,
10,000 to 20,000 volts—together with a condenser in parallel
and a spark gap in series (vide fig. 1V.). The condensed
spark between poles of the substance inquestion yields a
spectrum consisting of both pole lines and air lines. No. 5
spectrum of the plate is a photograph of the light from a
condensed spark between Aluminium poles in an atmosphere
of Oxygen. The Oxygen lines can be distinguished from the
pole lines, in that they run uniformly across the spectrum,
exhibiting no concentration in the neighbourhood of the
poles.
The nature of the electric spark has been the subject of
a good deal of investigation. During each “ erack,’’ in
which the condenser discharges across the spark gap, there
really take place many thousands of oscillations of the
electric current. By various experimental devices—such as
the use of rapidly moving films—it has been found possible
to measure the velocity and energy of the oscillations in the
spark, and even to examine the spectrum of the light re-
sulting from successive oscillations. A single discharge of
the condenser yields a highly damped series of oscillations
as a rule—a great part of the energy being in the “ pilot.
spark,’’ or first member. ‘Lhis pilot spark of great energy
gives only air lines, but it volatilises the metal at the same
time. Subsequent oscillations generate the metallic line
spectra, but it is clear that a considerable part of the energy
of the spark is wasted in the production of air lines. The
introduction of an inductance into the circuit lengthens out —
the period of the oscillations, and at the same time threws
more energy into the subsequent oscillations. By using
large inductances the air lines can be removed, while the
metallic lines remain. The velocities of the metallic vapours
in the spark vary between 400 and 1,800 metres per second,
higher velocities corresponding to the lower atomic weghts.
Spectroscopy and its Applications. 25
_ The preceding methods of exciting spectra are not easily
adaptable to the case of gases. In this case the best method
is to pass a high potential discharge from an induction coil
through a glass tube fitted with two electrodes, and contain-
ing the gas at a few millimetres pressure. The conditions of
excitation are then under very convenient control, ¢.g., the
tube can be easily immersed in liquid air or raised to a high
temperature in observing the modifications of spectra. An
ordinary induction coil discharge through a tube is cor-
parable as regards energy conditions to are spectra; while if
a condenser is put across the terminals (as in fig. IV.) and
the tube put in series with the spark gap, the light from the
tube yields “‘ spark ’’ lines of the enclosed gas.
It is impossible here to go into detail about the manu-
facture and filling of discharge tubes: this is ali a regular
part of the work of the spectroscopist. Likewise one van
only hint at the tremendous extent of the field of modern
spectroscopic research. It must be remembered that every
element has its own line spectra—which are capabie of ex-
citation under suitable conditioris—and when it is recalled
how many molecules (oxides, nitrides, hydrides, halides,
etc.) may possibly be expected to yield band spectra, tne
search for these and the accurate measurement of their wave-
lengths throughout the region from infra-red to ultra-violet
is itself a gigantic task. Many of these exhibit structural
peculiarities. Some are modified by magnetic fields (the
Zeeman effect), some by strong electric fields (she Stark
effect), and some are profoundly modified when cther
radiating gases or vapours are present at the same time.
The whole question of the intensities of spectral lines and
bands opens up another large field of work, particularly as
various physical conditions are capable of modify:ng the dis-
tribution of energy in spectra.
The Applications of Spectroscopy.
The data of spectroscopy are of very considerable vaiue
‘in several distinct branches of Natural Science. For the
chemist and metallurgist there is here a new analytical
weapon of far greater sensitivity than eny chemical reaction
could provide. A spectroscope could detect the presence of
one millionth part of the least quantity of sodium which the
chemist might detect by chemical means. 5So in a metallic
alloy the presence of minute quantities of impurity are ex-
24 RoC. Johnson wr
hibited by corresponding lines in the spectrum. Jo the
physicist the analysis and interpretation of spectra provide
a clue to atomic and molecular structures. It is not too
much to say that when the nature and genesis of spectra are
fully understood we shall have solved the most fundamental
problems of physics. On the mathematical side Bohr,
Sommerfeld, Heurlinger, Kratzer, and cthers have in recent
years developed theories of the genesis of spectra from the
atom and the molecule. On the experimental side the last
quarter of a century has yielded a tremendous amount of
information with regard to actual spectra. Before the
latter results can be interpreted, however, the frequencies
corresponding to the various lines in the spectrum have to be
related together in formulae of certain types, and then a
theoretical interpretation of the various coefficients is
possible.
If, however, the stuly of spectra has yielded information
of fundamental importance to the physicist, it has quite
revolutionised astronomy: se much so that the last 25 years
have witnessed the birth of a new science, “Astrophysies. ”
By an analysis of the light coming from distant ¢ stars and
nebulae, from the sun and the planets, it has made pcssible
not only a celestial chemistry but a celestial physics, in pro-
viding us with knowledge cf the behaviour of matter at
temperatures and pressures differing vastly from any that
occur on the earth. But by a study in the laboratory of the
variations in spectra under various physical conditicns we
have an index to the extreme conditions prevaii in celestial
bodies. In connection with the solar spectrum, for example,
there are some 16,000 lines, two thousand of which belong
to Iron. Altogether some 66 terrestrial elements have been
detected in the solar spectrum. The conditions are appar-
ently such as to make possible the existence of compounds
like Cyanogen, Magnesium hydride, Calcium hydride, and
some hydrocarbons, for all these give bands in the solar
spectrum. The spectroscopic study of sun-spots has re-
vealed the true nature of these as vortices in which matter
is in rapid circulation, and it has been found that there are
strong magnetic fields connected with them (as shown by the
magnetic effect on the spectral lines). We also know through
the spectroscope that the sun rotates not as a rigid body,
but more rapidly at the equator than at the poles.
e
Spectroscopy and its Applications. oe
We
Planetary spectra again provide an interesting sequence,
and these Sontitm the views as to planetary temperatures
which had been formed on quite other grounds.
The spectra of comets have been subject to much in-
vestigation. The only elements existing without doubt in
comets are Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon. The
spectra of comet tails differ somewhat from those of comet
heads. In the latter the Cyanogen bands are strong and thie
Swan bands appear (probably due to CH), but in the tails
of many comets a new set of bands is found. These are
due to an ionised CO molecule, and their origin was first
identified by Fowler. Spectrum 2 of the plate shows this
system of bands as photographed by the author from a tube
containing Helium under special conditions.
The Doppler Effect.
One well-known physical phenomenon perhaps calls for
special mention here. If a source of radiation (i.e., of waves)
is moving towards or away from the observer, or if the
observer is moving, or if both are moving, then the apparent
wave-length as recorded by the observer is altered. We
are familiar with the fact that the whistle of a railway engine
approaching a station appears to rise in pitch to an observer
on the platform, and to fall again as the engine recedes.
Here the engine whistle is a source of sound waves moving
relative to the observer. ‘The same phenomenon is found in
the case of light waves.
If a star is moving towards or away from the earth in
the line of sight, then by no possible mechanical contrivance
could a terrestrial observer recognise the fact. The spectro.
scope, however, reveals this motion, for since the star is in
motion relative to the observer the effective wave-lengths of
the lines emitted will be altered, and by measuring the dis-
placement of the spectral lines of the star it is possible to
calculate from a simple formula the actual velocity of the
star in the line of sight. /
By use of the spectroscope and application of this
principle it has been possible to recognise binary stars which
are so far distant that the most powerful telescope is unable
to resolve them. In such binary systems the two stars are
usually rotating about their common centre of gravity, so
that in general one will be approaching the earth while the
26 BR. C. Johnson on
other is receding; while a quarter period ater there will be
no motion of either in the direction of the earth. The
spectral lines from a such a star will indicate this by period-
ically doubling and undoubling in half the period of the stars’
rotation. From such information it is sometimes possible to
compute approximately the masses of the stars. A special
case of the above phenomenon arises if one star has cooled
more rapidly and become a “‘ dark.’’ star, while the other
continues to give off light. In the case of a very distant star
this could only be recognised by the telescope if the plane of
rotation was in the line of sight, in which case the dark star
would periodically eclipse the other. The spectroscope, how-
ever, indicates that the star is in motion by an oscillation of
the spectral lines abcut a mean position.
Stellar Spectra and Cosmic Evolution.
Modern cosmogony explains the formation of stars as
the disintegration products of spiral nebulae. Briefly stated
the evolutionary chain is as fellows:—Nebulous matter
originally existed highly attenuated, cold, and widely diffused
through space. The universal force of gravitation in course
of time induced contraction, during the course of which two
things must necessarily occur :—
(1) The law of conservation of angular momentum
would involve an increasng angular velocity of rota-
tion as condensation of the nebula continued.
(2) The gravitational energy lost by contraction would
re-appear as heat, and the temperature of the
nebulous matter would rise.
With increasing velocity of rotation the nebula wouid
assume a spheroidal, and ultimately a lens-shaped configura-
tion; but beyond a certain critical point mathematics shows
that no further compensation would be possible, and matter
would be flung off from the periphery. In the presence oi a
gravitational field, however small, the ejection of matter
would be localised to two diametricaily opposite points of she
periphery, and so would be emitted in long spiral arms from
the rotating nebula. Such longitudinal filaments, being
unstable, break down into small condensations which yield
stars. All stages in this evolutionary chain can be observed
by the astronomer. Many hundreds of spiral nebulac have
been recognised in space, all at vast distances from even the
ini
Spectroscopy and its Applications. 27
farthest stars of our own universe. Some of thern are ex-
ceedingly massive, e.g., the great nebula in Andromeda is
eapable of yielding a hundred million stars of ahout the
average mass of our sun. The final disintegration of a spiral
nebula produces a star cluster (such es that in Hercules),
and on this interpretation our own galactic universe would
be a star cluster—indeed, the largest star cluster known.
We, however, are interested particularly in the stars
themselves and their evolution subsequent to formation.
Altogether about a quarter of a million stars have had their
spectra examined, and these have been classified accordiny
to their general types into a number of groups denoted by the
letters O, B, A, F, G, K, M,N, R. These groups have been
again subdivided, but this general division is adequate for
cur present discussion. The O type are the hottest stars,
are often found associated with irregular nebulae, and
usually have a spectrum consisting of bright lines due to
Helium and Hydrogen. The B type are predominantly
“Helium Stars,’’ but the first metallic lines appear (viz.,
Calcium lines). The A type have very strong Hydrogen
lines, the Helium has gone, while metallic lines due te
icnised Calcium, Magnesiurn, etc., invrease in intensity.
In the F type the Hydrogen lines decrease, and the metallic
lines increase. Class G consists of the solar type of star
(i.e., our sun is typical). hey contain many metallic
lines, Hydrogen lines, etc., and show the first evidence of
chemical compounds. Absorption of the blue end of the
spectrum makes these stars appear vellow. The K type
have feebler Hydrogen lines and mauy band spectra. M
and N types exhibit broad absorption bands, usually strong
in the ultra-violet, and also bands of Titanium: Dioxide.
‘hese types are “‘ red ’’ stars.. A rough estimate of the
temperatures corresponding to the different classes would
be :—O— 35,000° C; B— 26,000 to 14,000° C; A—-. 12,000
te 9,000° C; F— 7,500° C; G— 6,000 tc 5,000° C; M--
3,000° C. It is impossible here to enter into an adequate
discussion of the bearing of spectroscopic evidence on the
course of evolution of a star. It can only be said in passing
that. the evolutionary process is by no means as simple as
might be imagined at first sight. Contrary to what was
thought at one time a star does not pass through the stages
OB, A, F,.G, K, M.-N) -R:in:the order named.: but. be-
ginning as a star of comparatively late type—say IF, G, or
28 Rk. C. Johnson on
K—and of very low density, its subsequent contraction
results in a rise of temperature. This means a regression
of type through K, G, F, A. ete. Finally a time comes
when the loss of heat by radiation will preponderate, the
temperature will decrease, and a progression along the
evolutionary chain will result. 'The star ultimately attains
a comparatively small bulk and large density (.5 te .05).
This theory of stellar evolution—known as ‘‘ the giant and
dwarf theory ’’ we owe to Lane, Ritter, and Russell; and
it appears to be well substantiated by astronomical data.
Perhaps enough has been said to show that spectro-
sccpy is playing, and will play, a fundamental part in ovr
knowledge not only of the fine structure of matter, but of
the nature of the material Universe itself.
Physics Dept.,
Queen’s University,
Belfast.
January, 1926.
Description of Plate.
1. The Negative band spectrum of Carbon. This is in
the ultra-volet between 3,000 and 4,000 A.U. ap-
proximately. The spectrum originates from an
ionised CO molecule.
2. The Comet-Tail bands, which also arise from an
ionised CO molecule, and extend irom the orange
at 6,250 A.U. down to 3,200 A.U.
3. <A band spectrum of Suiphur Dioxide.
4. Condensed discharge through a stream of Sulphur
Dioxide in a vacuum tube. Shows the line spectra
of Sulphur.
5. Condensed spark belucen Aluminium poles in
about 80 millimetres pressure of Oxygen. Note
that the Aluminium lines are strongest at the poles.
Pelfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, Session 1924-25.
= Capp
29
20th January, 1925.
ee eee
In Assembiy Minor. Hall.
Proressor W. B. Morton, President, in the Chair.
Mr. Percy ALLEN.
‘OUR DRAMA FROM MRS. SIDDONS TO HENRY
IRVING (1800-1885)”’
[No®Abstract].
24th February, 1925.
In Assembly Minor Hall.
Pror. Morton in the Chair.
Mr. Joun J. Warp, F.E.S.
“LIFE: ITS MYSTERIES AND ODDITIES.”’
Illustrated by Lantern Slides.
[No Abstract. |
30 Annual Meeting.
ANNUAL MEETING.
104th SESSION, 1924-25.
The Annual Meeting of the Shareholders and Members
was held on the 21st October, 1925, in the Museum, College
Square North. Professor W. B. Morton, M.A., M.H.1.A.,
President of the Society, occupied the chair and amongst
those present were Professor Gregg Wilson, M.A, D.Se.,
Colonel Berry, ‘MOR TA.3) Dr I) Al Chart Nine G,
Pomeroy, M.A.; Mr. F. Adens Heron, D.L.; Mr. J. M.
Finnegan, B.A., B.Se.; Mr. El. ©. Lawlor, M.A. MURA: -
Mr. E. J. Elliott, Mr. T. Edens Osborne, F.R.S.A.1.;: Mr.
David E. Lowry, Mr. Wm. Nichol! and Arthur Deane, Hon.
secretary.
Apologies for absence were received from Sir Charles
Brett, LL.D.; Sir Frederick Mcneypenny, C.V.O.; the Rt.
Hon. Samuel Cunningham, Mr. R. M. Young, M.A.; Dr.
S. W. Allworthy, Mr. Robert A. Mitchell, LL.B.; Major
Blakiston-Houston, and Mr. W. B. Burrowes, Hen.
Treasurer.
The Hon. Secretary read the notice convening the
meeting, and also the Annual Report of the Council, which
was as follows :—
Your Council has the pleasing duty of placing before the
Shareholders and Members the report of the work of the
Society for the closing year.
ne
OBITUARIES.
Your Council regrets the decease during the year of
four members, Mr. A. W. Stewart on the 8th December,
1924; Mr. J. B. O’Neill on the 16th March, 1925; Mr.
James R. Bristow on the 4th April, 1925, and Dr. Gawin
Orr on the 18th May, 1925,
Annual Meeting. 3]
NEW MEMBERS.
Twenty-one candidates have been elected te n:ember-
ship, making a total of 322 Shareholders and Members.
Three Shares (No. 426) registered in the name of the late
John Anderson, F.G.S., for inany years Hon. Treasurer of
the Society (1871-1882) have been transferred to Mr. Har-
court Howard Jones.
ee
LECTURES.
The Session was opened on the 4th November, 1924,
with an illustrated address by the President, Professor W.
B. Morton, M.A., M.R.I.A., on Lord Kelvin. Altogether
seven lectures were delivered, two in the Museum, two in
the Assembly Minor Hall and three at the Queen’s
University. The Council desires to make special reference
to a course of three lectures by Dr. R. C. Johnson, Lecturer
on Physics at Queen’s University, on ‘‘ Spectrosccpy and
its Applications,’’ which were well attended by members
and the public, and were much appreciated.
COUNCIL’S THANKS.
Your Council is again indebted to the Vice-Chancellor
of Queen’s University (Dr. Livingstone, M.A., M.R.I.A.)
for the use of rooms; the Physics Lecture Theatre being
used on the 27th January and 8rd and 10th February. The
Council desires to record the Society’s thanks to the Uni-
versity authorities for their continued co-operation in the
Society’s work and toc the lecturers for the assistance
rendered by them. ‘They wish also to thank the Press for
the interest they have taken in the Society’s proceedings
during the session.
PUBLICATIONS.
During the pericd covered by this report two publica-
tions have been issued by the Society :—‘‘ The Monastery
of St. Mochaoi of Nendrum,’”’ by Mr. H. C. Lawlor, M.A,,
M.R.LA,, Hon. Secretary of the Archeological Section,
and ‘‘ A Guide to the Ruins of Nendrum Monastery,” by
Major Blakiston-Houston, J.P. Both publications have
met with great success.
Annual Meeting.
o
bo
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.
The Archeological Section continues its progressive
work. <A separate report of the Archeological Committee
will be submitted to the members of the section at its
Annual. Meeting. Your Council has approved under date,
6th February, 1925, revised by-laws governing the Section.
These have been printed, and copies may be obtained
from the Hon. Secretary of the Section. 3
EXCHANGE.
Your Council continues to receive, in exchange for the
Society’s Proceedings, publications from some sixty
Societies and Institutions in all parts of the world. Many
ot these publications are of much value and inportance.
DEPUTATION TO QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY.
A proposal was made at the last Annual Meeting and
referred to the Council for consideration, that a deputation
from the Society should wait upon the Senate of Queen’s
University with a view to establishing a Chair of Arche-
clogy and Classical Art. The deputation has been sym-
pathetically received by the Senate of the University, and
your Council hopes that the University at the earliest
opportunity will follow the example of many of the more
modern Universities in England and Scotland by establish-
ing either a chair or a lectureship in Archeology.
BUILDING.
Your Council was compelled, owing to the cordition of
the outer walls of the Museum staircase, to have them re-
pointed, many slates replaced, and new gutters fixed to
staircase roof; Messrs. Young and Mackenzie kindly under-
took to see that the work was satisfactorily completed. The
fabric of the building, including the house attached, is now
in satisfactory condition, and the thanks of the Council
have been tendered to Messrs. Young and Mackenzie for
their services. |
COUNCIL MEMBERS.
In accordance with the constitution of the Scciety five
Members of the Council retire from office, viz., Sir Charles
Annual Meeting. Do
Brett, Dr. 5. W. Aliworthy, Messrs. T. Edens Osborne,
Wm. Fareu, and A. Deane. All these members are eligible
for re-election.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT.
The Financial Statement, which has been passed by
the Auditor of the Local Government Department of the
Ministry of Home Affairs, appears on page 41.
In submitting his statement for the year ending 31st
October, 1925, the Hon. Treasurer (Mr. W. B. Burrowes)
reported that the credit balance at the beginning of the year
was £95 9s 9d. This had been changed to a deficit of
£119 12s 9d, partly accounted for by some exceptional
expenditure which had to be met such as repairs to the
building, £70 Os Od, and a balance on the Centenary Volume
of £120 Os Od. These items, however, will not arise again,
as the Hon. Treasurer does not anticipate any large amount
to be met during the coming season.
ADOPTION OF REPORT.
In moving the adoption of the Report the President said
all the members of the Society were greatly indebted to Mr.
Deane for the work he had done for the Society since he
became Hon. Secretary. His efficiency, interest, and zeal
had certainly made his (the president’s) work very easy.
The Report was of a very satisfactory nature, and showed
that the Society had initiative, and was carrying on its work
in an efficient manner. Whilst encouraging their own
members to give papers, they at the same time felt it a
duty to bring in distinguished lecturers from outside in order
to spread scientific knowledge among the people. It: carry-
ing out that policy they had not had to refuse any paper
from any of their own members; they had not sacrificed one
side to the other, and they had had excellent papers from
their members as well as lectures by prominent men from
outside their own ranks. Thus interest in the work of the
Society had been kept alive. It was, he continued, a good
thing to have a course of lectures carried on at the Uni-
versity, as it made them feel the close connection which
existed and ought always to exist between the Society and
the University. They looked forward in the next session
34 Annual Meeting
to having similar meetings at Queen’s. In conclusion the
President referred to the important work done by Mr. H.
C. Lawlor and his colleagues in connection with the work
of the Archeological Section at Nendrum, and said he had
heard the highest opinions expressed regarding Mr. Lawlor’s
book and the work which it embodied.
Colonel R. G. Berry, M.R.I.A., seconded, and the
report was unanimously adopted.
ELECTION TO COUNCIL.
On the motion of Mr. David E. Lowry, seconded by
Mr. A. G. Pomeroy, M.A., the following five members of
Council retiring in rotation were re-elected fer three
years:—Sir Charles Brett, Dr. S. W. Allworthy, Messrs.
T. Edens Osborne, William Faren and Arthur Deane.
THANKS TO PRESIDENT.
Proposed by Mr. H. C. Lawlor, M.A.,
Seconded by Mr. E. J. Elliott, and unanimously
Resolved—‘‘ That we place on record, at this Annual
Meeting, our deep appreciation of the services rendered by
Professor W. B. Morton, M.A., M.R.I.A., during his second
year of office as President of the Society.’’
At the conclusion of the Annual Meeting the new
Council met to elect officers for the ensuing year, when
Professor Morton was unanimously elected President.
The Officers and Council of a for 1925-26
will be found on page 46.
Ss
Cre
Archeological Section. 3
ARCHASOLOGICAL SECTION.
9th SESSION, 1924-25.
The 9th Annuai General Meeting of the Archeological
Section was held in the Museum, College Square North, on
Wednesday, 2nd December, 1925. In the absence of the
Chairman, Sir Charles Brett, LL.D., the chair was occupied
by Mr. Godfrey W. Ferguson, J.P.
_ The Hon. Secretary of the Section (Mr. H. C. Lawlor,
M.A., M.R.1.A.) presented the Committee’s Report for the
year ending 3ist October, 1925, as follows:—
The Committee regret that by death or resignations the
Section had lost twelve members during the vear, while
eight new members had joined, the total membership now
standing at 118.
The Comuinittee held four meetings during the year,
which were well attended; at its first meeting Mr. Andrew
Robinson, M.V.O., M.B.E., was co-opted a member.
As forecasted in last year’s Report, the Comittee
undertock the investigation and repair of the cashel and
souterrain at Dromena, under the supervision of Colonel
Berry. Considerable difficulty was experienced in procuring
labour, as men can only be obtained when they can spare
time from their farms. Hence the work at Dromena has
made slow progress; Colonel Berry will defer his report upon
the investigation until it is completed, which he hopes will
be next spring or summer.
A former resident in the district of Newtowrards re-
ported to the Hen. Secretary that on Chapel Island in
Strangford Lough, he had once seen a number of cairns of
stones which he believed were prehistoric burial roounds.
Chapel Island is very difficult of access, but Lord Lendon-
derry, on hearing of the matter, placed his motor launch
at the Hon. Secretary’s disposal, which enabled him to
inspect the cairns. There were five in number. and had all
the appearance of burial cairns. Major C. Blakiston
Houston offered, if we engaged James Lowry and
his men, who had worked at Nendrum, to convey
them across to the Island in the morning and back
in the evening, on whatever day suited Lord Lendon-
derry’s convenience to lend the boat from Mountstewart.
(2)
36 Archeological Section.
The date arranged was the 38rd September. ‘The men on
arrival proceeded to examine the cairns by removing the
stones at the centre, down to the undisturbed till. It was
found that at the bottom there remained the foundations
of the walls of dry-stone buildings, some six feet square,
open on the south side; modern nails were found on the
flcor. The cairns were certainly not of prehistoric age, and
from enquiries made by General Montgomery, the owner of
the Island, it appears that the island at one period, perhaps
a hundred years ago, had been a great centre of the kelp
burning industry; the heaps of stones were evidentiy the
ruins of the kelp burner’s shelters which were built open to
the south to protect them from the bitter north wind that
sweeps over this exposed part of the Island.
The afternoon was spent in examining the ruin of the
tiny chapel on the eastern summit of the island. A mere
fragment of the foundation of the early chapel remains;
this was carefully exposed by removing the debris of a
modern mortared erection used apparently as a cattle shelter
at one time, and a kelp burner’s house at another, as in the
debris was found a kelp sickle. On the debris being cleared
it was found that the early chapel had been of clay cemented
stones, dating probably contemporanecus with the school at
Nendrum, say 9th or 10th century. The chapel measures
(inside) E. to W. 28ft. 10in., N. to §. 14ft. 4in. Walls 33in.
thick. The door was on the north side, 7ft. 2in. from the:
west gable. On each side of the doorstep, which is very
much worn, is a fragment of a jamb, very roughly cut to
receive a door. In the N.W. corner were the foundations
of a little room, some 8f{t. x 6ft. inside, evidently a priest’s
kitchen. The doorway between the jumbs is 2ft. 6in. wide,
but only about 6in. of the jambs remain on either side.
Almost on the surface of the floor were what appeared
to be the much decayed bones of a heifer or similar animal,
as if it had been thrown in there without a grave, and the
ruined remains of the modern building thrown over it to
bury it. On digging, the only antiquarian remains found
were a few fragments of pottery of the old or souterrain ©
type, and one fragment of a wheel turned vessel. The
fragments were too small to reconstruct the vessels, but
the former may be as early as the 7th century, the latter
as late as the 10th or 11th,
Archeological Section. 37
To the E. of the chapel, in the hollow, perhaps 30 feet
below the level of the hilltop, are a number of irregularly
placed stones in what appears once to have been a walled
enclosure. This is evidently the church yard attached to
the old chapel.
Of the history of this ancient ecclesiastical site,
apparently nothing is preserved. Dr. Reeves visited it in
1844. At that date probably what now have the appearance
of burial cairns had some shape indicating their actual use,
kelp burner’s shelters, as he does not refer to them. Had they
been as they now appear, he could not have failed to enquire
into the possibility of their being prehistoric cairns.
The Committee wish to record their special thanks to
Major Blakiston Houston for his keen interest in this in-
vestigation, and for the use of his motor launch in bringing
Mr. Lowry and his men across the lough and back again,
and generally superintending the work. Jspecial thanks
are also due to Lord and Lady Londonderry for the use of
their launch and boat. Lady Londonderry came and took
the keenest interest im the matter, and the Marquis in-
tended to be present; he had a sudden call on Parliamentary
duty, and at the last moment cculd not come. The
Committee also wish to thank General Montgomery of Grey-
abbey, the proprietor of the island, for so willingly according
consent to the investigation. He caine with his brother Mr.
George Montgomery and both took a lively interest in the
proceedings. It is quite possible, and even very probable,
that Chapel Island, with its 10th century, or earlier, chapel,
was an outlying daughter of Nendrum. Local tradition
supports this idea.
Thus the actual investigation work of the Archaclogical
Section, compared with previous years, has not a great deal
to show. But its influence has been felt. In last year’s
Report reference was made to a deputation from all the in-
terested Societies which waited upon the Government to
urge upon it the necessity of an Act of Parliament for the
Preservation and Protection of Ancient Monuments. The
members of the deputation, while representing the Royal
Irish Academy, The Royal Socicty of Antiquaries of Ireland,
The Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club and this Society. were
all members of the Archwological Section of this Society.
38 Archeological Section.
As a result of the representations made to the Govern-
ment, a Bill dealing with the subject was promised in the
King’s Speech at the opening of the present Parliament.
'This Bill is being influentially supported, and may have been
entered as an Act of Parhament before this Report is pre-
sented to the Section. It is satisfactory to have to record
that if so entered, it will have been entirely to the credit
of the Archwological Section of this Society.
The Hon. Sec. being in Augher, Co. Tyrone, in Septem-
ber, made enquiries regarding that very important monu-
ment of antiquity, the chambered tumulus of Knockmany,
containing several engraved stones of importance quite equal
to those at New Grange. He was informed that as nobody
seemed to know anything about it as being important, the
stones had been shifted, and that it might suffer injury at
he hands of the men working on the Government Forestry
Department. On his return, the Hon. Secretary reported
to Dr. Chart the danger tc which he had heard that the
monument was exposed; Dr. Chart esked for a detailed
report, which he could lay before the Ministry of Agriculture,
to whose Department the site belongs. The Hon. Secretary
visited the monument early in October and found the stones
much injured by hooligans cutting their initials or names
over the precious spirals, cup marks, and other designs,
which, in addition, were rendered almost invisible through
the growth of lichen. Several of the stones were
either prone or in danger of becoming so. Dr Chart
forwarded this report to the Forestry Department, and we
are assured that the Monument will be carefully surrcunded
by a barbed wire enclosure, to which no one will be
admitted without a yermit, and that the recently displaced
stones will be re-set up and the lichen cleaned off. If this
were done, possibly more clear transcriptions of the inscrip-
tions might be made or others found.
With regard to Nendrum, Mr. Johnston reported that
during the past summer a very large number of people had
visited the ruins, and the ‘* Guide to the Ruins,”’ by Major
Houston had had a ready sale. Of 600 copies, only 50 now
remain, in the hands of various booksellers, etc. These
would certainly be sold early in the coming year, and a
second edition would be necessary. Out of the funds in the
collecting box at Nendrum, sign posts directing visitors
Archeolcgical Section. hy,
where to go, were purchased, and Mr. Lowry and his men
had been paid for two days’ work, cutting down the weeds
and brambles. These items of receipt and expenditure
appear in the Hon. Treasurer’s account.
With regard to the Nendrum Pook; this was issued on
the 17th March, 1925. 600 copies were printed, of which
400 were bound. Of ihese some 80 copies were issued to
the Press for review; ten copies were, under customery use,
taken by the Author, and 320 copies actually sold; some
fcrty copies remain in the hands of the printers and booix-
sellers. The average price realised by sales was about 7/11
per copy. The accounts, in which the book venture is in-
cluded in the “* Nendrum Fund,’’ show that after all charges
for circulars, printing, advertisements, etc., have bcen paid,
there is a credit balance of some £7. Sales of the Book
continue at, of course, a reducing rate, but when the re-
maining bound copies are disposed cf, there should be a
surplus of at least £20/25 to the credit of The Nendrum
Iund. To this must be added the sale of the still unbound
copies, 200 in number, which may have to be sold as a
Publisher’s Remainder, at perhaps a net sum, after cost of
binding, of say 2/6 each, which represents a liquid asset of
about a further £20.
The Press Reviews of the book have been eminently
laudatory. Of these special mention must be made of those
in The Times, The Review of Reviews, The Irish Rosary, —
The Antiquaries Journal, London, The Spectator, The
Journal of the Cork Historical and Archeological Soriety.
The Scottish Historical Review, The Journal of the Royal
Society of Antiquaries (Ireland), The Irish Statesman, The
Glasgow Herald, the Scotsman. the Journal of the Co.
Louth Archeological Society, The Dublin Magazme, The
Belast News-Letter, Northern Whig, Irish News, The Bet-
fast Telegraph,. The Ivish Times, The Daily Independent,
The Irish Book-Lover, and in the Welsh Y Tyst. Further
reviews, chiefly in Continental papers, are promised. <A
statement of the sale of this volume will be found on page
42.
In the unavoidable absence of the Hon. Treasurer, the
Financial Statement was alsc read by the Hon. Secretary.
It showed a balance to credit of the Section of £111 12s 9d,
including £6 8s 9d to the credit of the Nendrum Fund after
all expenses in connection with the Nendrum Book had been
paid.
40 Archeological Section.
After some amendments, on the suggestion of the Very
Rev. the Dean of Down, the report was adopted and ordered
to be sent forward to the Parent Society for printing in the
Society’s Proceedings.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE.
Sir Charles Brett was unanimously re-elected Chair-
man, and Mr. H. C. Lawlor, Hon. Secretary of the Section.
The Committee, of which the Section elect under Riile IIT.
nine members, was re-elected, it beiug understood that at its
first meeting, it should co-opt Mr. Andrew Robinson and Mr.
David EK. Lowry. The Committee thus, including the co-
opted members, will consist of: —Sir Charles Brett, LL.D.,
Chairman; Mr. W. B. Burrowes, Hon. Treasurer: Mr. H.
C. Lawlor, M.A., M.R.1.A., Hon. Secretary; Messrs. F. A.
Heron, D.L.; R. 8, Lepper, M.A., F.R.Hist.S.; T. Edens
Osborne, F.R.8.A.J.; J. Theodore Greeves, R. J. Welch,
M Se. MR A:; G. W: Fereuson) J-Ps-Colomeloan
Berry, J.P., M.R.1.A.; Professor W. B. Morton, M.A.
(President), Andrew Robinson, M.V.O., M.B.E.; David E.
Lowry, Arthur Deane, M.R.I.A.. Hon. Secretary of the
Society.
‘926T “THdy. Jo Aep 496 | ‘9261 ‘Arenigeg yo Avp 41g
‘IoypnY “AMUVIO ‘A ‘JaOWYO Suunooy “SHMOMANA A “M
*4D9IIOD SI BUIOZeL0F oy} yeyy AjizIEd J ‘10UIeEAOy ‘TL LOITIA ‘L A
‘JUNODOB ONIZ V ST 9AOGR ay} YYZ AJIZIID OAK
OT 6T c6cs ~~ [®40.L OT 6f c6SF [870]
YS S08 Lb/6z6r ueoy avyy “quaa aad §
eG <806 > Sere O02 00h 2 re sainjueqoq
Bo Be Pete oD ASopowyory "quad sad 4b ‘ocd Buiuutdg 32011g yIOK
6.8 OOLs es yoog wnipuey PEP Sei ai
ee es Anne ae seq JIpny 6 ZL 6IL °° S86L ‘4249490 YSTE UO JUNOOOW ysuIese ooueleg
(eas cigs aa fae sesivyg yurg It 0 28— ———
Os OF pe OTS) oe hg | 2 6L-008. ate 2100 an LB Ue Ni
0 9 S250 s5¢ ae soanqoory 8 eT9o aire ASopowyoay
—: ‘Z1A ‘squowAeg 19419 (je tet iee oe oe see soinyoe'y
Tile Cole ves ee Suistyioapy ‘ — ‘za ‘sqjdreoey snosurypeostpy ‘*
© 61S Ee 35 Se ie seseysog ‘ 0°26 ac sounjoA Areusezuey ‘sepeg Aq peasitvey ‘‘
OEE 2k sjunoooy Adouotjeyg pure Suyuug ‘ 0-0. ok = sr ay EY squey *S
0 0 (or4 coe cee coe eee SOLIETVS oe S 9 62 cee eee see Spueplaiq 6é
Geolieep (6° a SOXVyT, pue sozyey “quey ‘‘ 0-8 onk. es ek suoiydiaiosqng ‘
02020) =" sa ‘OJe ‘SesTUeIg JO esduURUEWUILY Ag 6 6 GGe ss: ial? qunosoy 4sej ded sev aourleg of,
‘GVaV HOSIG HVaV HO
"IM “TH
‘S88 “LOV (GNV14GUD SLNANMOGNG IVNOLLVONAdGA
42
Z 9 eslF
0 p SOT see eee ; ore eourleg ee
0 61 T one see tae “pry Str ULOY ILO NE 6
060 a see Agjsingy uyor “ .
0. Ore He eee s sulog “pf [GQ CE AL GE Ae Ae bee Apisqng *
b 8L pb ae ea (wnipusN) Armory sourep ‘ 9 C98 = aS a suorydraosqng *
0) SE OL en i (vuomtorg) YSTeMA “et ~ (0) OO ee ie Tet @ SOU
Or @O Qe ae (‘oye ‘Surjoaery,) sesuedxq Ag —GCZ-p26l
9 LI OLIs | Omir ao te ey cfs se Sone lest Ob
6 fe) fo) eee eae eee eee ooUuL[eg ce 9 LI OLLSF
0 0 ° p00 ese ae yUNOIDW “TOTO AA "7 ce Se Oane
6 CT 6ST eee see see "010 ‘Surqulig (3 3) 6 ‘val one eee sae Bog 099 ‘sapeg (73
Oe Gb oer. es os SuistqoApy Ag @ Cnr Wien °° “* -pung wnipueN wory sourpeg Of,
“MOOd WIAANAN
Ip =
"GZBI ‘10q090Q ISTE pepue s1e9z_ 9Y} IO
“NOILLOUS TVOIDOTIOW HOAV
“ALAHIOOS IVOIHdOSOTIHd GNV AYOLSIH IVYNLVN LSVATHE AHL HLIM LNNOOOV NI
Exchanges. 48
EXCHANGES.
“Ano Publications of the Abo University Library.
Baset—Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft
in Basel 1922-24.
BercEN—(Norway)—Publications of the Bergen Museum.
-BerKeLEy—Publications of the University of Californa.
BOLOGNA
Publications of the Royal Academy of Science.
1923-24.
BreMEN—Publications of the Bremen Museum.
Bricuton—Abstracts of Papers of Brighton and Hove
Natural History and Philosophical
Society. 1924.
Brussets—Bulletins of the Royal Society (Botanical) of
Belgium.
Burrato—Bulletins of the Buffalo Society of Natural
Sciences.
Catcutta—Publications of the Geological Survey of India.
CAMBRIDGE—Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical
Society-
Cuicaco—Annual Report of the Field Museum of Natural
| History.
CHRISTIANIA—Publications of the Royal University Library.
Cincinnati—Publications of the Lloyd Library.
Cotumsus—Bulletin of the Ohio State University. Ohio
Journal of Science.
Dubiin—Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society.
_kprysurcu—Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanicéal
Society of Edinburgh, 1923-24.
GLASGow—Transactions of the Geological Scciety of Glas-
gow, 1924-25.
Proceedings of the Royal Philcsophical Society
of Glasgow, 1922-24.
44 Exchanges.
La PLtata—Publications of the National Museum of Natural
History..
LAUSANNE—Memoirs and Bulletins de la Societe Vaudoise
des Sciences Naturelles.
Lima (Peru)—Boletin del Cuerpo de le Ingenieros de Minas
del Peru.
Lonpon—Quarterly Journal of the Royal Microscopical
society.
ae Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society.
MANCHESTER—Journal of the Manchester Geological Society.
1921-22.
Orono—Bulletins of the Maine Agricultural Experiment
Station.
OrrawA—Publieations of the Geological Survey of Canada,
Department of Mines.
Paris—Publications of the Geological Society of France.
PHILADELPHIA—Proceedings ot the American Philoscphical
Society.
Pusa—Scientific Reports of the Agricultural Research In-
stitute. 1923-24.
Rennes—Bulletin de la Geologique.
Rio DE JANEIRO—Publications of the National Museum of
Brazil.
San Francisco—Proceedings of the Californian Academy of
Sciences.
St. Lovurs—Public Library Monthly Bulletin.
STRATFORD—The Essex Naturalist.
TacuspAyA—Annual Report of the National Astronomical
Observatory of 'Tacubaya.
Torquay—Transactions and Proceedings of the Torquay
Natural History Society. 1928-24.
Warsaw-—Zoological Publications cf the Museum of Poland.
Exchanges. 45
WastiIncton—Yearbook of the United States Department
of Agriculture, 1923.
Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion.
Annual Report and Bulletins of the United
States National Museum.
Publications of the Bureau of American
Ethnology.
Bulletins of the Smithsonian Institution.
Proceedings of the United States National
Museum.
Smithsonian Institution, Miscellanecus Col-
lections.
Publieations of the United States Geological
Survey.
46
BELFAST NATURAL HISTORY AND
PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
Officers and Council of Management for 1925-26.
President;
Proresson W. B. MORTON, m.a., M.R.1.A.
Vice-Plrestients ;
Sir CHARLES BRETT, tu.p.
S. W. ALLWORTHY, .a., m.p., F.c.s.
Pror. GREGG WILSON, o.B.£.. M.4., D.SC., PH.D., M.R.I A
ROBERT IY. YOUNG, J.p., M.A., M.R.I.A.
J. M. FINNEGAN, B.a., B.sc.
WILLIAM SWANSTON, F.«:s.
Gor. Creasurer ;
W. B. BURROWES, F.n.s. 4.1.
Won. Librarian :
ROBERT M. YOUNG, J.P., M.A., M.R.I.A
Bon. Secretary ;
ARTHUR DEANE, m.z.1.4.
Gouncil :
W. B. BURROWES, F.Rr.s.a 1.
KE. J. ELLIOTT.
H. C. LAWLOR, M.A., M.R.1I.A. Retire
WILLIAM SWANSTON, r.c-s. 1926.
Proressor GREGG WILSON, p-sc., M.R.I.A.
JOHN M. FINNEGAN, Ba., BSc.
Proressor W. B. MORTON, M.A., M.R.1.A.
F. ADENS HERON, p.t., J.P., F.R.S.A.I. Retire
ROBERT M. YOUNG, m.a., M.R.1.A. 1927.
Rr. Hon. 8. CUNNINGHAM.
Sir CHARLES BRETT, tu.pv.
T. EDENS OSBORNE, F.R.s.A.I.
S. W. ALLWORTHY, MaA., M.D., F.C.S.
WILLIAM FAREN, F-.R.S.A.1.
ARTHUR DEANE, w.r.1.A., F.R.8.E.
Retire
1928.
Shareholders and Members. AT
SHAREHOLDERS AND MEMBERS.
Corrected to November, 1925.
[*Denotes Holders of three or more Shares. |
[a - Members of Archaeological Section. |
Adams, John, Auburn, Cranmore Park Belfast
*Alexander, Francis, B.E. do.
Alderdice, ichard Sinclaire, F.c.1.B., 7 Wellington,
Place, do.
aAllingham, Robert, 3.p., North Street, do.
Allworthy, 8. W., m.p., Manor House, Antrim Road, do.
*Anderson, John, J.r., F.G.S., (Representative of),
Holywood, Co Down
«Anderson, Frank, m.b.E., Willoughby Terrace, Pecrtadown
aAndrews, Michael C., F.R.G.S.. F.R.S.G.S., Orsett,
Derryvolgie Avenue, Belfast
Andrew, John, L.D.S., R.S8.C.ENG., 23 University Sq. do.
aAndrews, Miss Elizabeth, 10 Park Crescent,
Tonbridge, Kent
aArcher, Rev. Canon, 3.p., Seagoe Rectory, Portadown
Armstrong, Hamilton, Corlea, Ashley Park, Relfast
aAtkinson, Arthur S., Dromana, Knockdene Park, do.
cBaird, Major William, g.P., Royal Avenue, do.
Beaumont, Ivor, 4.R.G.A., F.R.S.A., School of Art, do.
aBennett, S. A., B.A., B.SC., Campbell College, do.
aBennett, J. L., B.A., Helen’s Pay
aBerry, Colonel, m.p.1.a., Ardaluin Neweastle
Bigeer, Francis J., M.R.1.A./ FoR.S.A.1., Ardrigh,
Antrim Road, Belfast
Bingham, John A., m.p.s.1., 1, Ashley Avenue, do.
aBirch, J. P., Ashfield House, Ravenhill Road, do.
Blair, John G., 38 Victoria Gardens, do.
aBlake, R. F., F.1.c., 4 Kneck Read, do.
Boyd, Thornton, Blackstaff Spimning Company do,
48 Shareholders and Members.
aBoyd, Miss Kathleen St. Clair, Chatsworth,
University Road, : Belfast
Boyd, John, San Remo, Holland Park, Neill’s Hill, do.
Bradbury, Prof. F., Municipal College of Technology do.
aBreene, Rev. R. S., Killinchy, Co. Down
«Brett, The Venerable Archdeacon, m.a., Montrose,
Fortwiliiam Park, Belfast
Bristow, John, 10 College Square North, do.
*Brown, George B., Lisnamaul, Oimeau Road, do.
Brown, J., M.A., B.SC., 82 Marvville Park, do.
aBurrowes, W. B., ¥.R.S.A.1., Ballynafeigh House,
Ravenhill Road, do.
«Byrne, J. Edwards, J.p., F.8.S.A.1., 37 Royal
Avenue, do.
Caiwell, R. I., c.B.E., B.E., M.1I.c.g., Carninard,
Annadale Avenue, do.
aCameron, G. A., Institution Road, Colerains
aCampbell, A. A., F.r.s.A1, Drumnaierrie, Rosetta -
Park, Belfast
*Campbell, Miss Anna (Kepresentatives of), do.
aCarmody, The Very Rev. W. P., Dean of i
Down, Downpatrick
Carr, A. H. R., 22a Donegall Place, Belfast
Carrothers, EK. N., 145 Stranmillis Road do.
aCarter, C. 8., 7 Knockbreda Road, : do.
*Charlev. Phineas H., Coolbeg, Cultra, Co. Down
Clark, Sir George 8., Bart, p.u., Duniambert, Belfast
aClarke, John, Antrim Arms Hotel, Glenarm
aCleland, A. MeI., Macedon, Green Road, Knock, Belfast
Combe, Barbour & Co., Ltd., do.
aChart, D. A., Litt.p., 12 Malone Park, do.
aClarke, G. W., m.B.E., 39, Adelaide Park, do.
Crawford, Rt. Hon. R. G. Sharman, Crawfordsburn
Cremsinvorrols Ais WE. SBN IGG sSe, Se. 1004S.
Marlborough Park, Belfast
Shareholders and Members. 49
aCromie, Thomas, M.D., Clough, Co. Down
Cromie, A. G., Seeburgh, Castle Avenue, Belfast
Crymble, H., 40 Wellington Place, do.
Founuingham, Right Hon. 8., Fern Hill, Ballygo-
martin Road, do.
Cutler, H. A., M.INST.C.E., City Hall, do.
aDawson, W. R., 26, Windsor Park, do.
Davies, A. C., Lenaderg House, Banbridge, Co. Down
Davin, Miss A. G., Glenmore Lodge, Lambeg
aDavis, Colonel, 21 Malone Place, do.
Davison, A. H., F.a.1., 832 Wellington Place, do.
Deans, T. M., uu.p., Academy House, Rosetta, do.
*Deramore, Lord, p.u., Heslington Park, York
Despard,.V.D., 10 Academy Street, Belfast
Devoto, V. A., Kilmorna, Giastonbury Avenuc, do.
Dixon, Professor, M.A., SC.D., F.R.S., St. Ives,
Bladon Drive, do.
Dobbs, A. E., m.a., Kildollagh, Coleraine
*Donegall, Marquis of (Representatives of), Belfast
*Downshire, Marquis of.
Drummond, T. H., 7, Chichester Street, do.
Dunleath, Lord, Ballywalter Park, Ballywalter, Co. Down
Earls, Professor J., 3.a., Municipal College of
Technology, Belfast
Ewart, Fred W., M.A., B.L., Derryvelgie, Lisburn
Eiwart, Sir Robert H., Bart., Glenmachan House, PBPelfast
Thott, David, 3.p., B.A., Ardzoe, Bloomfield, do.
Elliott, E. J., The Towers. Donegall Park Avenue; do.
*Wenton, Francis G., 5 Rue Crevaux, Paris
aFerguson, G. W., C.E., J.P», Carnamenagh,
Antrim Road, Belfast
Finlay, Archibald H., a.c.a.1., a.1.e.E., Willesden, Holywood
Le) Shareholders and Members.
‘Finlay, Robert H. F., Victoria Square, Belfast
Finlay, W. J., 10 High Street, do,
Finnegan, John M., B.A., B.sc., 23 Botanic Avenue, do.
Fitzsimons, N., F.R.1.B.A., 92 Myrtlefield Park, do.
Forsythe, J., Lisadell, Cliftonville Road, do.
aFrazer, Kenneth J., Hillmount. Cullybackey
alrench, E. J., m.a., St. Anne’s, Donnybrook, Dublin
Fry, W. Arthur, High Street, Holywood
Fulton, G. F., Arlington, Windsor Avenue, Belfast
Geale, R. G., 40 Weilington Park, do.
*Getty, Edmund (Representative of), do.
Gibbon, Ltd.-Col. W. D., D-s.0., M.A., Campbell
College, Belfast
Gibson, Andrew, F.R.S.A.1., Fairfield, Lansdowne
Road, do.
Gibson, S., y.p., Summerhill, Dunmurry, Co. Antrim
Gibson. W.- E> ©.B-r.. DSC.“ PCa, PAINST Pons
Street Flax Spinning Co.. Helfast
Gibson, W. K., 16 Chichester Street, do.
Goldsborough, J. B., Central Public Library, do.
Gore, Wm., F.R.S A.I., Municipal College of
Technology do.
Gordon, J. 8., p.sc., Ministry of Agriculture, do.
sordon, Malcolm, Dunarnon, University Road — do.
Gourlay, R. J., Central Public Library, “do.
Green, H. Percy, Limehurst, Holland Park, do.
aGreeves, Arthur, Altona, Strandtown, | do.
aGreeves, John Theo., Nendrum, Knockdene Park, do.
aGreeves, W. Leopold, 11 Ormeau Road, do.
Grogan, J., Junior, 2 Orient Gardens, do.
Gillmour, J. W., Knocknarea, Kensington Road, Knock
Harris, Miss 8. M., 25, Hartington Street, Belfast
Hale, W. Barcroft, 6 Salisbury Gardens, do.
*Hall, Frederick H., ~ Waterford
Shareholders and Members. BA.
Hamilton, Rt. Hon. and Rev. Thomas, M.A., D.D., LL.D.,
21 Chlorine Gdns., Belfast
*Hamilton, Hill, s.p. (Representatives of), do.
Elanson, W. M. St. John’s Villa, Holland. Park, do.
Harland, Capt. W., 4 Psalter Lare, Sheffield
aHastings, 8S. R., 3.e., Church Street, Dowapatrick
Hastings, Archibald, 7 Cavehil! Road, Belfast
Hawthorne, John, B.A., PH.D., F.I.c., 16 Donegall
Square S., do.
Hayward, Harold R., ¥F.r.s.a.1., Hopefield House,
Antrim Road, — do.
Henderson, J. W., m.a., Methodist College, do.
aHenry, Professor R. M., M.a., M.R.1.A., Crosshill,
Windsor Avenue North, do.
aHenry, T. W., F.s.aRcH., Greenbank, Mount-
pleasant, do.
Herdman, E. C., Carricklee House, Strabane
*Herdman, Robert Ernest, 3.p., Merronburst,
Craigavad, Co. Down
@ateron, i: Adens,-D.:L.,°.J.P., F.R.S.A.I.,
Maryfield, Holywood
ailewton, John, M.p.s.1., Ava Pharmacy, 3815 Ormcau
Road, Relfast
Heyn, James A. M., Head Line Buildirgs, slo:
Higginson, R. E., U.S.P.C.A., Carnmoney
aHill, S. W., m.p., 46 Pound Street. Larne
Hind, John, 22 Cliftonville Road. Belfast
aHogg, A. R., 10 Thorndale Avenue, ‘ do.
donneyman, Wm., B.SCc., (LOND.), F.1.c., 18 Halstein
Drive, Ballyhackemore, do.
Hoskins, A. Percy, F.1.c., F.c.s., 14 Rosetta Park, — do.
-*aBlakiston-Houston, Major C., 3.p., Mycde,
| Bloomfield, do.
*Hughes, Kdwin, Craigavad (Representatives of) Co. Down
Hummel, Professor, M.sc., AM.I C.E., Queen’s
University, Belfast
o2 Shareholders and Members.
Hunter, Dr. J. A., Hampton Cottage, Balmoral
Avenue, Belfast
Hunter, William, g.p., Fortwilliam Villas, do.
James, Wm., L.p.s., 98 Gt. Victoria Street do.
Jamieson, Andrew (Andrew Jameson, Lid.),
Sandy Row, : do.
Jenkins, J. C., 86 University Road, do.
aJohnston, HE. C., F.R.s.a.1., Glenmount, Newtownards
*Jones, H. H., 3 Wiimont Terrace, Belfast
aJury, P. M., Brooklands, Dunmurry
dJennings, V. G., Wellcroft, Sandown Road, ‘Knock
*Kinghan, John R., Windsor Avenue (Repre-
sentatives of), Belfast
Kinkead, G. W., 9 Donegall Square S. do.
eKnox, Major 8. W., bu-B., Glenburn, Dunmurry, do.
Kyle, Robert Alexander, 15 Wellington Park, do.
aLamb, G. C., Leura, Finaghy, do.
aLawlor, H. C., mM.a., M.R.1.4., 8 Windsor Avenue do.
aLawlor, Mrs. H. C., 8 Windsor Avenue, do.
aLepper, R. 8., M.A., F.R.HIST:S:, LL.M., F.R.S.A.L.,
Elsinore, Crawfordsburn, Cc. Down
Lewars, D. B., 17 Dundela Gardens, Bloomfield, — Belfasu
Lindsay, Professor J. A., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P.,
Queen’s Elms, | do.
Livingstone, R. W., M.A., D.LITT., M.R.I.A., Elmwood
House, do.
aLoewenthal, John McC., Lennoxvale, Malone Roaa, do. |
«Londonderry, The Marquess of, Mount Stewart,
Newtownards
aLondonderry, The Marchioness of do. do.
Loughridge, James, 173, Clitfonville Road, Belfast
Logan, Jas., M.A., F.R.G.8., Greystone, Ravenhill Pk., do.
Shareholders and Members. 53
Lowry-Corry, Hon. Cecil, Castle Coole, Enniskilen,
Co. Fermanagh
aLowry, David E., Oakley, Strandtown
*Macrory, A. J. (Representatives of), Belfast
aMagill, Mrs. A. P., 9 Wilmont Terrace, Lisburn
Road, do.
aMagill, Hugh, 217 Cavehill Road, do.
Magill, John E., Eversley, Whitehead
aMackic, James, 3.p., Albert Foundry, Belfast
Malcolm, Bowman, M.1.C.B., M.I.MECH‘E., Inver,
Ashley Park, Antrim Road. do.
Malcomson, Herbert, Riverside, Holywood
Maxton, James, M.I.N.A., M.I.MAR.E., 6 Kirkliston
Drive, Belfast
aMayes, William, Kenmuir, 12 Deramore Park South, do.
Mayne, H. Horner, 24 Elmwood Avenue, do.
Mercer, 8. P., Hanging Leaves, Jordanstown
aMercier, Mrs. W. C., Garvock, Green Road, Knock
aMerrick, A. 5., 82 Wellington Park, Belfast
Metealfe, A. W., Hawthornden House,
Hawthornden Road, do.
Milligan, A., 4 Cooks Street, do.
Mitchell, Robert A., Lu.B., T.c.D., Marmont,
Strandtown, do.
Moneypenny, Sir Frederick, c.B E., c.v.o., City Hall, do.
aMontgomery, Miss E. 8., 26 College Green, do.
aMontgomery, H. C., F.n.s.a.t., 40 Rosemary Street, do.
aMontgomeryv, H. H., 19 Malone Park, do.
aMorton, Professor W. B., M.A , M.R.1.A., Glencarse,
Nottinghill, do.
Mur, A. H., F.c/a., 7 Donegall Squar> West, do.
Muskett, A. E., 12 Belgravia Avenue, do.
Mullan, Wiiliam, Lindisfarne, Marlborough Park, do.
*Murphy, Isaac James (Representatives of), Armagh
Maxwell, W. C., a.R.1.B.A., 29 Donegall Street, Belfast
'54. Shareholders and Members.
“Murphy, Joseph John (Representatives of), Belfast
“Musgrave, Henry, p.u. (Reps.), Drumglass, Malone, do.
aMacalister, Professor, R.A.S., D.LITT., M.A., 18 Mount
Eden Road, Donnybrook, Dublin
McBride, A. H., Ormeau Avenue, Belfast
“McCalmont, Robert (Representatives of), Londen
“McCammon, Thos. P. (Representatives cf),
Woodvale, Holywood, Co. Down
McCance, Captain Stcuppe, 4 Markham Square,
London, S.W.3.
McCaughey, John, 79 Somerton Road, Belfast
MacConaill, Michael, B.sc., 17 Fleetwood Street, do.
aM‘Coy, B. J., F.R.Sai., 84 Smithfield, do.
McCoy, W. R. S., 27 Damascus Street, do.
*McCracken, Francis (Representatives of),
aMcCready, H. L., m.a., 104 Myrtlefield Park, do.
McDowell, Chas, Stephen, sB.sc., 33 Wellington Park, do.
McGill, J. F., Ardoyne Cottage, Ardoyne, do.
aMcGowan, Thomas, 738 Ann Street, do.
Mellveen, J. H. M., Irene, Parkmount Road, PAO.
Macllwaine, Dr. John E., 26 College Gardens, do.
aMcKisack, H. L., m.p., Chiorine Place, do.
aMcKisack, C. J., 9 Mount Pleasant, do.
MacLaine, Alexander, J.P., Quecn’s Elms
(Representatives of), do.
MacLane, L., Rathcline, Annadale Ave., Belfast
aMcMeekin, Adam, j.p., Cogry House, Doagh
MacMillen, Rev. J., M.A., D.D., 151 Ravenhill Road, Belfast
McMullan, C., Bangor Road, Hoiywood
McMullan, P. J., 3.p., Churchfield, do.
aMeNeill, George, 12 Deramore Park, Belfast
aNeill, F. F., 35 Candahar Street, do.
Newell, J. F., 25 Lombard Street, do.
MacConaill, M., B.sc., 17 Fleetwood Street, do.
MacLaine, L., Rathcline, Annadale Avenue, do.
Nicholl, William, 10 St. James’ Street, do.
Shareholders and Members. 55
Neble, R. S. H., m.a:, Lisnaton, Suffolk, Dunmurry
aNolan, Dr. M. J., Resident Medical Super-
intendent, Asylum, Downpatrick
Orr, James, M.B.0.U., 17 Garfield Street, do.
aQsborne, T. Edens, F.z.s.a tr, 4 College Square N. do.
Owen, D. J., 22 St. John’s Pari, Blackheath, London
Patterson, John F., 2 Mountcharles, Belfast
Patterson, Robert, M.R.1.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.,
(Glenbank, Holywood
Patterson, William H. I'., Auburn, Warren
Road, Donaghadee
aPereival, R. D., 3.p., Karyhill, Downpatrick
Emmkerton, H.-S., B.A., B.E:, A:M.1.c.E., Oak Lodge,
Cedar Avenue, , Belfast
Pomeroy, A. G., m.a., Arnside, Dundonald
Porter, J. W., 35 Templemore Avenue, Belfast
Porter, 5. C., 112 Eglantine Avenue, do.
Porter, Mrs.., do. do.
Pryce, A. R. Rhys, F.R.8.a.1., 2 Royal Terrace, do.
Rafter, H. L., 29 Fitzwilliam Strect, do.
Rangecroft, J.. 2 Derryvolgie Avenue, do.
Rhynehart, John G., F.R.c.sc.1., 138 Ashley Ave., do.
aRiddell, Alexander, 12 Lower Crescent, do.
awRippingham, T. F. O., a.r.1.8.A.. 1 Mount Pleasant, do.
aRitchie, John, Cullintra, Comber
Roberts, J. R., 48 Fitzwilliam Street, Belfast
Robertson, G. 8., D-sc., Queen’s University, do.
Robinson, EK. G., 1 Ashville, Inver Avenue, Antrim
Road, % oe
aRobinson, A., Corleen, Donegali Park, Beifast
aRaines, Colonel, Ardview, Killinchy, Co. Down
Rice, Capt. J. P., n.sc., Stormont, Strandtown, Belfast
Riddell, W., u.a.. 51 Myrtlefield Park, 10.
«Roden, Countess of, Tullymore Park, Newcastle, Co. Down
aRutherford, Rey. J. C., B.a., My Lady’s Road, Belfast
56 Sharcholders and Members.
aSalter, Victor, 6 Pickie Terrace, Bangor
aSalter, Mrs. V., 6 Pickie Terrace, du.
Savage, Arthur, Westhorp, Cherryvalley, Belfast
Scott, James, B.E., Craigtara, Annadale Avenue, do.
aSearle, G. O., B.sc., Research Institute, Glenmore,
House, . Lambeg
aShanks, E., Fernagh, Saintfield Road, Belfast
aSheridan, Wm., 9 Roe Street, Cliftonville, do.
Sinclair, Professor Thomas, M.D., F-R.c.S., Eng.,
University Square, do.
aSinclair, Thomas, J.r., Lisburn
aSkillen, Joseph, 25 Stranmillis Gardens, Belfast
Small, Professor James, D.SC.. M R.I.A., PH.C.,
Ardeolm, Green Road, Knock, do.
Smith, J. D., 3.P., M.t.c.£., Oakleigh, Ravenhill Road, do.
aSmith, R. Ingleby, c.£., 57 Eglantine Avenue, do.
Stanlev, Major Rupert, LL.D., B.A., M.I.E.E., F.I.BE..
Education Office, do.
Steen, William, B.L., Roseberry, Marlborough Park, do.
aStephens, Captain, J. K., g.p., 18 Donegall Square
North do.
aStevenson, John, Coolavin, Malone Road, do.
Stirling, James H., Mount Randal, — do.
Stewart, A. W., Seaforde, Park Road, do.
Strahan, Thos. Sherlock, B.sc., The Manse, Newry
aSymmers, Professor W. St. C., M.B., 23 Windscr
Avenue, Belfast
Scott, H. C., Rashee Road, Ballyclare, Co. Antrim
Sheils, Rev. J. F., Carrickmannon, : Ballygowan
alate, T- Mi ai.p., Ininmany Elouse, Downpatrick
*Tennant, Robert (Representative of), Rushpark, do.
*Tennent, Robert James (Representative of),
Rushpark. do.
Thomas, J. l., g.p., 4 Downshire Park, Bangor
aThompson, Edward, Prosepct Mills, Belfast
Thompson, John, s.p., Mourtcollyer, Malone Road: sider
Shareholders and Members. 57
aThompson, Joseph Altorf, Holywood Road, Belfast
Thompson, J. M., 4 Miiton Terrace, Wolseley Street, do.
Thomas, Trevor C., 34 Arthur Street, do.
aTorney, H.C. 8., F-r.s.a.1., The Moat, Holywood
Totten; J. H., B.A., B.sc., F.I.c., 16 Donegall
Square 5., Belfast
Rorrense la. D.L:, J.P., Edenmore, Jordanstown
Trimble, Dr. A.;3.P., Tyr Owen, Downview Ave., Belfast
Todd, Robert G., 1 Mount Easton, Cliftonville, do.
aTurner. 8., junior, 142 Cliftonpark Avenue, do.
*Purnley, Francis, Drumnasole, Carnlough
aWalmsley, Prof. T., m.p., Queen’s University, Beltast
aWallace, Colonel the Rt. Hon. R. H., c.B., p.1-,
Myra Castle, Downpatrick
“Webb, Richard (Representative of), Knock, Belfast
aWelch, R. J., Mm.sc., M.r.1.A., 49 Lonsdale Street, do.
Whitaker, W. Martin, x.c., m-a., 4 Castleton Terrace, do.
White, Charles E., 3.p., 10 Donegall Square West, do.
White, G. W., Chatsworth, Balmoral Avenue, do.
Whitla, Sir William, m.p., 3.p., Lennoxvale, do.
ra Nolsom, Prof. Gregg, 0.B.E., M-A., PH.D., D:SC.,
M.R.I.A.. Queen’s University, do.
aWilson, George, 17 Bedford Street, do.
*Wilson, W. Percival (Representative cf), do.
*Wolff, G. W. (Representatives cf), do.
Woodhouse, William, 24 Evelyn Gardens, Cavehill
Road, do.
Workman, Francis, p.u., 'The Moat, Strandtown, do.
Whitham, Miles R., Chamber of Commerce, do.
Workman, W. H., M.B.o.U., F.z.8., Lismore, Windsor
Avenue, do.
*Workman, Robt., Craigdarragh, Helen's Bay
Workman, W., 8 Corporation Street, Belfast
Wren, Prof. H., m.a., p.sc., PH.D+, Municipal College
of Technology, do.
Wright, W. S., 71 Marlborough Park, do.
58 Shareholders and Members.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
aBrett, Sir Charles H., tu.p , Gretton Villa, S.,
d’Albe, Fournier, p.sc. Lond. & Birna.), Ask. CSc:
M.R.I.A., ‘I'he Hermitage, Portsmouth Road, Kingston
Crone, Dr. J.S., J.2., MRA. 34 Cleveland Road,
Kaling, London, W.
uDeane, Arthur, F.R.8.., M.k.1.A., Mount Nephin,
Newtownbreda
Foster, Nevin H., M.R.1.A., F.L.S., M.B.O.U.,
Hillsborough, Co. Down
aStendall, J. A. S., M.B.o.u., Museum, College Sq., Belfast
Swanston, William, f.a.s., Farm Hill, Dunmurry
a*Young, Robert Magill, 5.P., M.A., M«R.I.A., F.R.S.A.L.,
F.R.1.B.A., Rathvarna, Belfast
ANNUAL SUBSCRIBERS OF TWO GUINEAS.
Belfast Banking Company, Ltd., Belfast
Northern Banking Company, Ltd., do.
Ulster Bank, Ltd., do.
[The Hon. Secretary will be obliged if shareholders ana
members will notify him in the event of change of address,
or of any inaccuracies appearing in the names and addresses
in the list. Address:—The Museum, College Square North,
Belfast. ]
Ca eh ten na eRe Na a a
Sacer caer Er
F BRITISH
MUSEUM
7 Sieg EN 7a
f oy } eel 2 6
Bio ta
:
| NATURAL
The Belfast Natural History and
Philosophical Society Centenary
Volume 1821-1921.
_ A Review of the Activities of the Society for 100 years with
Historical Notes, and Memoirs of many Distinguished Members
| TEVVEN PY -EIGHT, CONTRIBUTORS.
ldited by Arthur Deane, M.R.I.A., F.R.S.E., Hon. Secretary.
Demy 8vo.
Price 7/6.
212 pages with over 40 illustrations.
(By Post 8/-)
A Book of Great Value to all interested in the progress of Belfast.
Extracts from Press Notices.
Lorvthern Gd hig.
mo. it as -indeed a volume..of
hich not only those dead-and-gone
d founders; .. . our contemporaries
to-day might well be proud, but it
1iould also be a source of pride to all
ithe town, as evidence and a history
its intellectual aspects. . mae
30k is, in short, one that all ought to
ossess as @& buckler to their self-
sspect.
eekly Aorthern Whig.
the work contains a wealth of
formation regarding the progress of
jientific education and forms a
sry valuable addition to our Northern
terature.
| jelfast Neius- etter.
".. . The biographies of leading
embers are a very valuable feature,
3 they give facts not readily acces-
ble elsewhere. . . Special attention
iay be called to the portraits and
_lustrations ee her hditor . amd
-wmtributors have rendered a service to
je citizens in compiling this history
fa most useful Society.
he (tiness.
.. The volime is enriched with
ver 40 pages of portraits and other
jlustrations, and the whole forms a
- 2cord that shows that Belfast has not
een entirely. engrossed with commer-
al and industrial pursuits. Jak
_ lemorial perpetuating the name and
ime of men who have achieved dis-
imetion for themselves in the sphere
f intellect and brought honour to the
ity, which was at one time stvled the
orthern ewes,
ne ae
Irish eins.
. is one of the most interesting
and valuable books ever published in
Belfast. . .. The illustrations are
excellent; they include portraits of
Belfast celebrities whose names live in
the city’s history.
Belfast Celegraph
a valuable addition tc the
literature of Old Belfast . . abounds
in information concerning the Belfasu
of long ago The entire volume
is profusely illustrated, some of the
prints of Old Belfast being most in-
teresting.
Mvish Boohk-Lober.
. handsome, well-turned-out, and
valuable volume. A notable fea-
ture of the book is the many well-
reproduced illustrations of portraits,
scenes, and book-plates, the whole
forming an excellent work of reference
of which the city should be proud.
Si Hynden Mlacassey mm
Aoarthern hig.
No one who reads, as I have done
with swelling pride, the interesting
and inspiring Centenary Volume pub-
lished by the Belfast Natural History
and Philosophical Society, can ever
doubt that Belfast can always be relied
on, in the future as in the past, to
raise a stock of capable and far-sighted
leaders in industry and commerce, who
will maintain the trade of the city
against the world.
ae ee eres fom ee
i os by VW ERSKINE
DONEGALL SQUARE WEST, BELFAST.
MAYNE, Bookseller
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11