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A Journal of Entomology

Volume XXI

1914

EDITED BY CHARLES T. BRUES

Published by the Cambridge Entomological Society,
Bussey Institution, Harvard University, Forest Hills,
Boston, Mass., U. S. A.

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A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

ESTABLISHED IN 1874

VOL. XXI FEBRUARY, 1914 NUMBER 1

Prodryas persephone Scudder.

CONTENTS

The Development of Anopheles punctipennis Say. Miss C. A. Smith

Some New and Interesting Species of Sapromyza. C. W. Johnson

Four New North American Chloropidae. J. R. Malloch

Formica exsecta in Japan. W. M. Wheeler

Observations on the Relation between Flower Color and Insects. E#. M. East
and R. W. Glaser

Philippine Mosquitoes. C. S. Ludlow 5 Oe

Myzomyia (Anopheles) ludlowii Theobald. C. 8S. Ludlow

New or Little-known Neotropical Hexatomini. ©. P. Alexander

Thermal Conductivity of Cocoons. H. B. Weiss

Sitowski’s New Aberration of Colias hyale L. P. W. Whiting

Exchange Column

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF.
C. T. Brurs, Harvard University.

ASSISTANT EDITOR
W. M. Mann, Harvard University.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

C. W. Jounson, V. L. Keiioee,

Boston Society of Natural History. Stanford University.
A. L. MELANDER, A. P. Morsz,

Washington State College. Wellesley College.
J. H. Emerton, J.G. NrepHam,

Boston, Mass. Cornell University.

W. M. WHEELER,
Harvard University.

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feo) CPE

VOL. XxXl. FEBRUARY, 1914. No. 1.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANOPHELES PUNCTIPENNIS
SAY:

By Miss Cora A. Smita.

Anopheles punctipennis Say, is a strictly American form of the
so-called malaria mosquito. A. punctipennis and A. maculi-
pennis, as well as A. crucians, have been constantly associated as
malaria carriers, especially since Dr. Duprée’s discovery of the
parasites of malaria in the salivary glands of all three. But in the
case of A. punctipennis there is growing up a reasonable doubt
as to whether in the north it is really a malaria carrier, or at
least whether the malaria carried by it is not a different form from
that conveyed by A. maculipennis. In 1903 Dr. J. B. Smith
of New Jersey stated that in that state only A. maculipennis had
been actually demonstrated to be a malaria carrier; and so far as
known this has not been proved to be otherwise. In 1903, also,
Hirshberg of Johns Hopkins published the account of his note-
worthy inoculations of fifty-eight females of A. punctipennis. He
allowed them to bite patients afflicted with estivo-autumnal mala-
ria, without finding the parasites in the walls of the stomach, or
intestine, in the body cavity, or in the salivary glands. In the
opinion of the experimenter himself, however, the fact that out of
forty-eight similar inoculations of A. maculipennis only eight were
infected detracts from the certainty of the results with A. punti-
pennis.

Breeding Places. Larvee, pupe, and eggs have been taken from
seven different pools near Ithaca, at Forest Home, from October
to the middle of August. The people living close by do not have
malaria, and on the evidence of reliable citizens, have not had it

1 This study was carried on in the entomological laboratories of Cornell University under
the kindly supervision of Dr. J. G. Needham, tO whom I am greatly indebted for constant
advice and help.

Q Psyche [February

for at least fifteen years. Whereas, down on the flats at the head
of Cayuga Lake, and where A. maculipennis is common, there is
more or less malaria all the time. Forest Home does not pro-
duce A. maculipennis at all, while A. punctipennis is there in
comparatively great numbers. This is not unlike the situation
at Baltimore where in 1902 Hirshberg and Dohme reported that
“4. punctipennis breeds in the higher sections, while A. maculi-
pennis is to be found in lower localities.”

Local Occurrence. On October 21 a great many iull-grown larve,
also many pupz, were found in pool 1, which is a drinking place
for cattle, fed by a spring, and never dry. It was covered with
Lemna, although not densely. A few masses of Spirogyra and
Cladophora were there. Larve of may-flies, dragon-flies and
damsel-flies, various beetles, mostly Dytiscidee and Hyrophilide,
ereat quantitites of small crustacea and spring-tails, a great many
chironomids of various species, and with some oligochete worms,
a few hydrachnids, and hydras—all these and some other forms,
including Culex, were present in the pool. Water-striders and
whirligig beetles were very few. The Lemna certainly furnished
some food to the larve of A. punctipennis, for they were often seen
to be brushing the leaves, after being brought into the laboratory.
The larvee were found in plentiful numbers, but always in separate
groups, as if each had developed from a different laying of eggs.

Pool 2 was of an entirely different character, and about a quarter
of a mile away. It was very small, not more than four feet in
width at the widest place, and about a foot deep. The bottom
was covered with dead leaves, and the water was clear, and there
were no visible algze or other plants in it. It was deeply shaded,
and contained just one brood of larvee, of less than fifty specimens,
all of about the same size, and nearly ready to change to the pupa.
They were almost black with a white mid-dorsal line. They were
the largest larvee that we have found. None found in the spring
were so well developed as these October forms, from which came
very large adults.

All the adults developing in autumn are exceedingly hardy. One
female emerged from the pupa on November 3, and was left with
no food or water. On December 2 it was still alive and eagerly
drank water and fed on moistened dates. It lived for three weeks
more with access to this food, never having tasted blood, having

1914) Smith—The Development of Anopheles punctipennis Say 2

spent its whole life in the cage. In the spring and summer they
die within three days, under the same treatment of water and
food.

A larva of A. punctipennis was frozen solid on Decemker 3, was
thawed out on December 4, and in an hour was apparently normal.

The full-grown larve found in the autumn differed more from
one another than those found in the spring and summer, when they
are mostly green or brown. In autumn there were many more of
the striped and speckled forms. They all developed into Ano-
pheles punctipennis, with some differences in size.

Pool 2 did not yield larve of A. punctipennis in the spring,
having dried up completely, and pool 1 was much later in devel-
oping them than 3 which was near by—within a hundred feet.

Pool 3 on May 24 yielded larvee of all sizes. Most of them,
however, were ready to pupate. They represented the first laying
of the spring. The water of this pool was several feet deep at one
end, and clear and cool. No larve have been found at this spot,
in the shade of an overhanging bank where Spirogyra grows
deep, giving its clear green hue from below the surface. A
few feet away, in shallow water with Spirogyra protruding from
the surface, were plenty of larvee. With the Spirogyra, and also
in fruiting condition, was plenty of Zygnema. In and above these
mats of fruiting alge, many of them feeding down among the fila-
ments, were larvee of A. punctipennis, nostly full grown. And with
them in great numbers were several species of Chironomid larve,
weaving their houses of the delicate threads, and feeding there as
well. This pool was visited at intervals, until on June 10 there
were scarcely any larve, but a few pupexe and plenty of empty
pupa cases. On June 17, however, great numbers of very small
ones from 1 to 2 mm. and less were to be found again in pools 3
and 1. In 1 they were found only among the Lemna, and in 3
only in mats of Spirogyra and Zygnema. Meanwhile, multitudes
of toad tadpoles had developed in pool 3, and along with their
growth went the disappearance of the mats of alge from the sur-
face, and also of Anopheles punctipennis from that part of the
pool. They were found a month later in almost the same place in
great numbers among fruiting Chara, which had spread from the
deeper part of the pool. There was protection and food among
its filaments.

4 Psyche [February

Pool 4 was a temporary pool beside Fall Creek, about six feet
in length and three feet or less in width. It was sheltered by an
overhanging stump, but was in the bright sunlight nearly all day.
Pools 3 and 1 were sunny also. The only alga in it was Mougeotia
which was in vigorous fruiting condition. Embedded within it
were many masses of Chironomid eggs, as well as many full-sized
Chironomid larve within their filmy homes. Many very small
larvee of A. punctipennis were at the surface of the water among
the delicate filaments. A great many minnows were darting about
below the algee, also small Coleoptera. There were no water-
striders or whirligig beetles, or other surface feeders. After two
weeks the Mougeotia had sunken to the bottom and the larve of
A. punctipennis had disappeared, excepting a few large ones.

Pool 5 was near 4 but in the deep shade, the larve being con-
fined to a mat of Spirogyra. Here the water flowed slowly. Pool
6 was near, but in sunlight all day, and the larve were concen-
trated among the filaments of a mass of Mougeotia, and were to
be found nowhere else in the pool. The water flowed quite rapidly
by, but the Mougeotia was anchored.

All the larvee found in the Mougeotia were exceptionally trans-
parent, even in the older stages. Just after molting, they were
almost as clear as glass, and were at all times the best ones to
study. On the other hand, larve found in pool 7, a muddy dark
pool in a very shady place, were always very dark and opaque.
Here the larvee were found among the large floating leaves of a
Polygonum, and nowhere else in the pool.

Feeding Habits. A number of larve of all ages were put in a
watch crystal with small masses of Zygnema and Mougeotia, all
in fruiting condition. Cladophora was added also. A good deal
of surface material was devoured by all the larve. The younger
ones were more particular in the matter of particles, rejecting a
good many. They moved around among the filaments, head
bent downward, finding plenty to their liking on the Cladophora,
as well as on the others. They merely brushed off the particles
from the larger filaments. A larva of only 1.5 mm. was seen to
swallow a filament of Zygnema, and to make an effort to swallow
large ones of Spirogyra, of which it would merely chew the broken
ends. Many small larvee were seen eating the delicate Mougeotia.
When the food is merely surface particles the head is turned a

1914] Smith—The Development of Anopheles punctipennis Say 5)

half circle with mouth parts upward, next to the surface film; but
when feeding on a filament, usually the mouth parts are under-
neath and the head is bent downward. When feeding in this
position, the antennz and maxillary palpi are spread wide apart,
bristles and hairs all extended. The large lateral bristles, outside
the antennz are held out like a fan, and the six branched hairs
on the top of the head are raised, making a complete hedge above
the rotating brushes.

If particles of food are scarce in the surface film, the young larvee
bend and run their brushes over their own bodies as far as possible,
the limit of their reach being apparent by the Vorticelle and
diatoms clinging to the anterior parts of some unlucky individuals.
Naturally these are not so active in their movements as the others.

In eating the filaments they swing the brushes: furiously until
a filament is brought within reach. Or they dive in among the
filaments, head down and brushes rotating. Sometimes they
merely crush out the contents of the cells, at least in the case of
large zygospores of Spirogyra, leaving the empty filaments. In
that case they grasp the filament anywhere and run it through
the mandibles, swallowing only the green parts. The delicate
filaments of Zygnema and Mougeotia are swallowed entirely, also
slender filaments of Spirogyra. They show considerable prefer-
ence for the more delicate filaments. Usually they draw the fila-
ment into the mouth with the rotating brushes, bite it in two, and
then rapidly draw in one broken end. They rarely leave a fila-
ment partly consumed, and often go back to the other broken end.

The food of the larva of A. punctipennis, is not necessarily
entirely of an herbivorous nature. Once I saw two young water
fleas (Simocephalus) almost dragged into the abyss. They strug-
gled valiantly and escaped by setting up counter currents with
their feet. The three currents could be seen close to one another.
One went too near and lost an antenna which was broken and
swept in by the brushes. It drew back but was temporarily in-
capacitated and unable at once to leave the vicinity. Finally,
it escaped. A little Chydorus all but lost its life, being drawn in
by the brushes, but escaped.

Fatalities. Dr. J. B. Smith in his report on the Mosquitoes of
New Jersey (1904) gave a detailed account of the enemies of mos-
quitoes. He remarked that the larva actually faces greater dan-

6 Psyche [February

gers than does the adult. He placed as enemies, first weather
conditions; then diseases, of which we know little. We have
seen several conditions which relate to this subject, however.

Four young larve that had passed their second molting were
every one of them afflicted with a protruding intestine, which ex-
tended out from the body for fully half the length of the larva.
This condition lasted for more than a day after they were taken
from the pool. A scarcity of food,—for they were kept in clear
water for twenty-four hours—evidently cured them. They were
normal on the second day after.

Spirogyra furnishes food for the growing larva, but it also shel-
ters enemies. It is the favorite habitat of several species of chi-
ronomids, and in just so far is it a check to mosquito development.
The chironomid larve build their tubes of the alge filaments, and
seemingly of other things too.

In six different instances we have had evidence that some chi-
ronomid larvee destroy the larva of Anopheles punctipennis, and
feed upon its tissues, as well as using portions of its body to fill
in the crevices of their houses. In all the cases, the Anopheles
was in the quiescent state just preceding or following the molting
process. In one case the chironomid built its tube close up beside
the body of the dead A. punctipennis, and gradually transferred
the tissues into the walls of its home. In another case a chirono-
mid was seen to swallow a part of the dark mass of the dead mos-
quito larva, and the digestion in the chironomid was watched
through the transparent organs. A healthy larva of A. puncti-
pennis was supposedly alone in a dish of water with algze for food.
It was left over night. In the morning its head was torn from
its body and was floating at a distance. The only living animal
in the dish was a chironomid larva.

Development. Careful observations on the swarming of Anoph-
eles punctipennis have been reported by Knab (1907). The
males were seen to swarm a little before 5 o’clock of a sunny after-
noon in October. They came from different directions to form
the swarm which contained less than a hundred mosquitoes. They
circled about above a projecting mass of foliage. Mating of a
number of individuals occurred, and by 5.30 o’clock the swarm
began to diminsh.

In the opinion of Kulagin (1907), based upon at least six years

1914] . Smith—The Development of Anopheles punctipennis Say 7
of observation of Anopheles in Russia, mating occurs in the autumn
except in a few isolated cases, where it occurs after hibernation.
The hibernating females deposit the eggs during the whole of the
next spring and summer, and the September and October larvee
result from the isolated cases. Accordingly, he is of the opinion
that there is but one generation in a season, the newly developed
forms not depositing eggs until after hibernation. There has been
insufficient study of this subject.

The eggs are laid singly and a number of times by each indi-
vidual during a single breeding season. Dr. Duprée found that
specimens of A. punctipennis, which were kept in the laboratory
and supplied with blood, would lay at six or seven different
periods, with a total number of more than 2,000 eggs. As many
as nine layings were noted in one case. The eggs, from 100 to 300
at a time, are deposited separately, or sometimes in clusters of
just a few. They are apt to float below the surface, although
some of them are on the surface. Stirring the water will bring a
good many eggs to the surface, from which they soon disappear
again. They seem not to possess so perfect a means of keeping
afloat as is recorded of the eggs of Anopheles maculipennis, which
has the light clasping membrane about the whole rim of the egg.
In A. punctipennis this clasping membrane is restricted to the
sides. It is very delicate, apparently, for in several instances it
was badly broken, or had perhaps been eaten away. A young
crustacean was seen to devour the clasping membrane from one
side of an egg.

The egg (fig. 1) is .55 mm. in length, mottled in appearance,
and dark brown in color with blotches of silvery white. At the
end are scattered light and dark spots, the former of which have
been called “knobs” and which are arranged in a more or less
regular pattern. Sometimes the eggs lose nearly all their dark
color, and float. They float with the concave surface underneath.
The larva breaks through the convex surface at the larger end,
leaving a little fragment of the shell cut out on three sides, and
bending over like a little canopy at one end of a little boat.

First Stage of the Larva (fig. 2). At first the young larva spends
periods of time quietly. Suddenly it will start a strong current of
water by means of the rotary brushes, which are large in propor-
tion to the remainder of the body. These are fully developed

8 Psyche [February

from the first. With these it sweeps in any small particles in
the surface film. It takes but a short time to exhaust the immedi-
ate supply, and so the larva moves from place to place. Fre-
quently it bends and brushes over its whole body as far as it can
reach, removing anything like vorticelle or diatoms. Sometimes
these develop too rapidly and it is not at all uncommon to find
larve less than three days old, thickly fringed with these sessile
forms. Of course, such as attach themselves to the head and
anterior part of the thorax remain there, being out of range of the
jaws.

If food particles are scarce, the larva will brush over any alge
or other plants that may be at the surface. One very small larva
was seen to remain down below the surface film for about half a
minute in search of food. One of these very young ones was seen
to eat a short filament of fine Spirogyra, when the larva was less
than two days old. It refused a row of diatoms. It started back
from an on-coming rotifer immediately in front of it. The same
rotifer ran into and over the long anterior bristles from the thorax
and the young larva gave no response. But when it happened
again from the front, the larva darted away. The most con-
spicuous movement of an Anopheles larva of any age is its turning
of the head through an angle of 180 degrees, when feeding. The
young larva does this with energy whenever feeding on surface
particles. It turns the head always in the same direction—counter-
clock-wise, as was determined by the periodical disappearance of
a Vorticella which was attached to the side of the head. This
always moved downward and out of sight before appearing at —
the other side.

The young larva measures from .7 mm. to .8 mm. in length,
not including the hairs at either end of the body. The second
and third segments of the thorax have not yet united and the head
is very prominent. The dorsal surface is dark brown in color,
except where there are conspicuous yellow spots, which are caused
by the cenocytes within. On the segments of the thorax and on
five of the segments of the abdomen these yellow spots are very
noticeable, especially on the third segment of the abdomen. The
head is colored an even gray, with a dark spot in the center, and
one small spot on each side. The single eyes and “collar” are
reddish in color and remain so during the first day. The branched

1914] Smith—The Development of Anopheles punctipennis Say 9

hairs from the sides of the head, outside the antennz, are rela-
tively longer than in any succeeding stage. The six bristles across
the dorsal surface of the head (a) are unbranched, as are the two
hairs which lie between the brushes and the central terminal hairs,
which remain unbranched throughout the larval life.

The most conspicuous structures of the head of the young larva
are the long simple hairs on the top, and the long lateral hairs
at the side of the head, which with hairs of the antennz form a
barricade. Four simple hairs and the absence of a rudder-like
tuft on the ninth segment (a) of the abdomen, are characteristic

of the first stage.

When about two days old the larva will have changed con-
siderably in appearance. It will measure by this time about 1.5
mm. in length. The thorax will have become distinctly formed
and the long hairs will appear somewhat shorter. The head will
have quite a different shape from that of the larva of one day. It
will have become very dark, especially the “collar”? which will be
almost black. The head is much narrower and deeper. The
integument has a snug, tight-fitting look (fig. 3). This figure
shows a larva in the act of molting for the first time. In this case
it died in the process, the integument of the thorax having failed
to split apart.

For some time previous to each of the molting processes in the
larval life, the head shows this peculiar narrowing, with the in-
creased width and deepening color of the “collar.” “The larva
measures just the same after the molting process as before it. In
this case it was 1.5 mm.

Second Stage of the Larva. The changes at the time of the first
molting are conspicuous. Although the thorax is distinct and
large, the head is even larger (fig. 4). The four dorsal hairs of
the posterior end have become eight (a), and the ventral tuft (b)
has appeared, consisting of two rows of long branched hairs with
a fan-like arrangement. On the head the simple hair just inside
of each rotary brush (d) has become much branched, and is used
for combing out the brush. The six simple hairs lying back of
the brushes, on the top of the head, have become very much
branched. The eyes are still little developed.

The yellow spots on the dorsal surface have increased in number
and density, being most conspicuous on the third, fifth, and eighth
segments of the abdomen, and on the thorax.

10 Psyche [February

Within the thorax a clear specimen shows a number of parts:
the anterior lobes of the heart with a large valve, the contractions
of which synchronize with the throbbing between the trachee of
the abdomen; the beginning of the arch of the trachez, surround-
ing the food tube, and from which branches are later given to the
organs of the thorax; the three pairs of imaginal buds.

Within a few hours after the first molt, one larva was eating
vigorously of fine filaments of algee, and preferably of surface
particles. It swallowed the filaments from the end, just as does
the full-grown larva.

By the time the larva is six days old, it begins to show signs of
the approaching second molt, which occurs from the seventh to
ninth day. As before, the head becomes narrow and the “collar”
dark and broad. One measured 2.2. mm. at this time, making a
growth of .7 mm. in about two days.

Third Stage of the Larva (fig. 5). The most important changes
which are evident after the second molt are: the rapid increase in
the size of the thorax accompanied by the enlarged internal organs;
the appearance of the ommatidia of the adult eye, around the
larval eye; the disappearance of two pairs of the long hairs and
the general shortening of all the thoracic hairs; the darkening of
the integument of the head, which shows an unexpected pattern
in the maculation. Eight specimens examined at this age showed
almost exactly the same arrangement of pigment on the head. It
may not be constant, but it is certainly more so than that of any
other stage.

Respiratory Siphons (figs. 17, 18, 19). At this time it is possible
to see, along with the rapid growth of the wing buds, the forma-
tion of the pupal respiratory siphons in the prothorax. From the
time of the first molt, a pair of straight tubes in each side of the
thorax has been evident. Now they have become more conspic-
uous. They seem to change their position, sometimes being close
up to the anterior wall of the thorax, and sometimes they le with
the end quite away from the wall. Developing near by, at an
angle with the first tube, and penetrating also through the wall, is
another structure, tube-like at first, but after a time changed to
form a part of the now plainly visible respiratory siphon. The
siphons, also, are frequently drawn away from the integument,
at other times being pushed up close to it.

1914] Smith—The Development of Anopheles punctipennis Say ll

Fourth Stage of the Larva. By the twelfth or thirteenth day
the larva has increased in length to 4-5 mm., and it then shows
_the signs of an approaching molt, the darkening of the head and
collar and the widening of the latter. Molting is getting to be a
critical process and a great many lose their lives in the act. They
are conspicuously large and cannot protect themselves meanwhile.
Sometimes the integument of the head does not separate off easily.
One was seen in which the head had not molted for more than
twelve hours after the rest of the integument had been shed. For
a day or more before the third molt, the changes about to occur
are evident. They consist of the appearance of the palmate, or
stellar hairs, which are of use in clinging to the surface film (fig. 7).
The body needs more support in its horizontal position. The
palmate hairs (ph) appear on the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and
seventh segments of the abdomen, and may be seen projecting
out from the segments for more than a day before the molting.
They appear quite suddenly. At the same time the reddish adult
eyes have become very conspicuous and are seen to be increasing
in the number of ommatidia.

After the molt, the maculation of the head appears to be different
from that just after the previous molt. The pattern of the spots
is the same, but the increased amount of pigment in the surround-
ing integument prevents the spots from showing clearly. The
buds within the thorax have become very prominent by this time
and in addition to the respiratory siphons and the wings, we may
see the projecting buds of the legs beneath, and of the halteres.
In the head, which remains especially clear for several hours after
each molt, we may see now the forming buds of the antennze
(fig. 20), the main portion of the brain with nerves branching to
the eyes, to the antennz, and to the digestive tube. Numerous
muscles to the mouth parts, with their relations to the muscular
lining of the integument, may be seen at this time also, as long as
the integument remains transparent. Now, too, the clear, dark
spots between the abdominal segments first become visible
(figs 7):

From about the fifteenth day to the twenty-second, growth is
rapid, if plenty of food is available. The record of one larva in
the laboratory was as follows:

12 Psyche [February

July 2—first molt (about 3 days old).
‘* 13—third molt (second not seen). —
** 21—transformed to pupa.
** 23—adult female.

This makes the complete cycle occupy about twenty-four days,
in midsummer in Ithaca. This specimen was taken from a spring-
fed pool, was transferred to the laboratory and raised in a procelain
dish in the water of the Cornell campus reservoir. Its food was
Spirogyra, Zygnema, and Mougeotia, with Cladophora for brows-
ing and to furnish surface particles. The adult which emerged
was no smaller than many that have come from pupe taken at
the same pool. The only special care given was to prevent the
afternoon sun from shining upon it, and to add fresh water fre-
quently.

Some of the Records of Developing Larve.

A. July 26—hatched .825 mm. long.
27—10.30 a. mM. 1. mm.
Q27—3 P. M. No change, head broad.

28—10.30 a. mM. Collar wider, head dark, 1.55, mm.
29—11.30 a.m. 1.55 mm., collar still larger, 3 days
old, not molted. (Died.)
hatched 825 mm. 4 hrs. old when meas-
ured. ;
27—head large 1.05 mm. 18 hrs. old, 10.30 a. M.
27—head large 1.17 mm. (About) 24 hrs. old,

B. July 26

7

245 P. M.

28—head narrower, collar wide, thorax more distinct

10.30 A. M.

* 29— 1.5 mm., 3d day 10.30 A. M.

< 30— 1.5 mm., 4th day molted. (Died.)

10.30 A. M.

C. July 25—had molted once 1.5 mm. 9 A. M-

29—second molt, about 43 days between Ist and 2d
molt.

30—no palmate hairs, single eye spots, no antennal
buds.

31—large eye beginning to show, 10 days.

1914] Smith—The Development of Anopheles punctipennis Say is

Aug. 1—palmate hairs not started, respiratory siphon well
developed 1 P. M.
1—palmate hairs not visible yet, 10 P. M.
3—palmate hairs visible, eyes distinctly double,
collar wider, head narrower.
6—molted for the 3d time, 15 days, 2 Pp. M.
D. July 23—1.6 mm., had molted once, about 4 days old.

30—4.5 mm., stellar hairs have appeared, 11-12 days.
31—4.6 mm., 13th day (Appr.) 8 ep. M. Just molted
for 3d time; eyes double, palmate hairs; trans-

parent areas of abdomen for first time.

Full-grown Larva (fig. 7). There is a period of about nine days
between the third molting and the transformation to the pupa,
during which there are few changes in appearance. The head
usually grows darker, although in many specimens it never be-
comes really dark. The adult eyes show greater development of
the ommatidia and the coming rounded eyes of the adult are being
revealed. The ‘collar’? becomes wider with age, and the thorax
assumes a decidedly round appearance. Often the whole body is
green, or an even brown, or with a white stripe, or spotted along
the mid-dorsal line. These differences in color do not appear in
the younger forms. Dr. Howard proved that in the case of A.
maculipennis young larve fed on alge will turn green.

The conspicuous structures of this last stage of the larva are
the five pairs of palmate hairs of the abdomen, the transparent
areas between the abdominal segments, and the little two-lobed
projections of the prothorax, which are indications of the develop-
ing respiratory siphons of the pupa.

When not in use, the palmate hairs are folded against the body.
They have been clearly described by Nuttall and Shipley (1900)
for A.maculipennis. Like all the other forms of hairs of the larva’s
body, they are wonderfully fitted to their work of holding to the
underside of the surface film. They are not found on the first
and second segments of the abdomen. On about the last day
before the change to the pupa, there suddenly appears on the
first segment of the abdomen a large tuft of branched hairs, a
certain indication of approaching pupation (fig. 7).

The transparent areas of the segments of the abdomen are like

14 Psyche {February

windows into the interior. Here we may see the rhythmic pulsa-
tions of the long heart.

Notched Processes of the Thorax. On the prothorax are two
notched projections just over the respiratory siphons. In one
specimen, on the second day after the third molting, an opening
was plainly visible at the base of both the first and the second
hairs on each side of the thorax (fig. 19). The delicate two-
lobed structure had developed between the hairs and the openings.
After a time the two hairs fell off, the inner one falling several
hours earlier than the outer. This left the third hair, which is
branched, with the two delicate processes and the openings close
tothem. Each opening is rimmed with several little ridges placed
parallel to the hairs. The transparent lobes would seem to pro-
tect the openings. Within, each leads into one of the two tubes
before described, and which must lead into the tracheal system,
although their connection with the trachez is not evident from
the outside. The openings are situated just where the thorax is
applied to the surface film, and are related to the respiratory
siphons of the papa.

The Change to the Pupa. After the tuft of branched hairs has
appeared on the first segment of the abdomen, we may look for
the change to the pupa before many hours. The thorax will
soon show a series of transparent spots, suggesting the areas in
the abdominal segments, and due, doubtless, to the segmented
structure of the thorax. The throbbing heart becomes plainly
visible along the mid-dorsal line. The following record of the
time was kept as one specimen changed: (8.30 p. M.) The larva
was perfectly quiet for a long time, with the antennz and hairs
of the head drawn up close. The body expands frequently and the
head is drawn in somewhat. The hairs on the thorax lie limp,
pointing downward. The sides of the metathorax become some-
what sunken, as if parts beneath had changed position, (9.40 P. M.)
Tiny dots on the rims of the respiratory siphons show through the
transparent integument. (These may be identified later on the
edges of the siphons of the pupa.) There is a rowing motion of
the hairs of the whole body, and a regular pushing with the pos-
terior end against the sides of the watch glass. In the abdomen,
fine ridges or wrinkles appear across the segments, between the
palmate hairs. (10.15 p. M.) The segments of the abdomen begin

—

1914] Smith—The Development of Anopheles punctipennis Say 15

to draw up, with a strong pulling away from the posterior end.
(10.20 p. m.) The integument of the anterior end splits all at
once, very quickly, and the two siphons are drawn out instantly,
the rest of the body being drawn out with a sudden twist. (10.22)
It has shaken off the skin and lies quietly expanding once more.
The actual change has taken place in a little less than two minutes.
After ten minutes, with a final jerk, it is a fully developed pupa,
darting here and there.

The Pupa. The color of the pupa is similar to that of the larva,
showing either the stripe or the blotch of white, or else being
green or brown. They all turn quite dark before emerging. The
pupal period is about two days.

One specimen which had changed to the pupa at 7.30 Pp. M. on
July 1, at 5 p. M. on July 3 had emerged as the adult. The ther-
mometer was above 90 degrees during both days. By the begin-
ning of the second day the pupa showed evidence of the coming
change.

At the anterior end of the pupa three parallel grooves appeared,
the central one of which lengthened as the hours passed. ‘Two dark
spots suddenly appeared near the anterior end. Across the thorax
between the respiratory siphons came a transparent place in the
integument, in the center of which the heart was seen. Above
the heart is a mass of striations arranged in a V-shaped structure.
Each of the striations shows a dark rounded base or origin, and
when compared with the thorax of the adult is plainly a hair.
They appear at the beginning of the second day, and grow more
distinct.

The Emergence of the Adult. After the changes mentioned above,
the whole pupa becomes very dark in color, and remains very
quiet, except for frequent quiverings. The heart beats more
rapidly than hitherto, as may be seen through the transparent
integument. Suddenly the abdomen becomes straight and the
body erect. Through the skin the stigmata within the thorax
may be seen in pulsation close to the wings. Before we are aware
of any break in the pupa case, the head and mouth parts are com-
pletely out. They remain bent downward for considerable time,
the wings, abdomen and legs being gradually drawn out. The
wings come first and are kept flat and folded over one another, the
spots being clearly visible from the first, although the whole wing

16 Psyche [February

is pale in color. The abdomen, greenish in color and very flexible,
begins to move backward and forward with a pushing motion.
Here seems to be the center of all the motion. Finally the abdo-
men is completely extricated and pushed backward, outside the
case. Now comes the most critical part of the process. The
two fore legs are drawn out together, being kept parallel with one
another. Similarly the second and third legs of each side are
kept parallel. The second pair separate from the third pair, and
are removed from the cases at exactly the same instant. Then
the first and second pairs are spread out firmly on the water, or
other support if possible, and all the effort is concentrated on the
removal of the third pair which are much longer than the others.
Unless an accident occurs, they will be pulled out together and
placed firmly out backwards. Then the insect will rest quietly
during the hardening of all the parts. The antenne of a male
mosquito were kept folded tightly for-several hours after emer-
gence. During all the process the pupa case rested up against
the side of the watch glass. In one instance we moved the pupa
case away from the glass as the process was going on, which appar-
ently caused failure in extricating the hind legs, and death of the
mosquito. Within the cast-off pupa case may be seen, at first,
a large air bubble which is of service in balancing the emerging
insect. (Nuttall and Shipley, 1907.)

The colors of the parts of the insect as it was emerging under
electric light were remarkable, the eyes being a deep iridescent
green, the legs dark green, the abdomen light green with gray
edges, and the yellowish spots of the wings becoming more and
more distinct. Within ten minutes from the beginning of the
process of emergence, our mosquito had spread its wings.

1914]

Smith—The Development of Anopheles punctipennis Say L7.

DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERS APPEARING DURING DEVELOPMENT.

Egg

Larva
Ist
Stage

2d
Stage

3d

Stage

4th
Stage

Pupa

Or

Characteristics.

Growth (average). Change. Period.
.57 mm. Qd-3d day | 2-3 days
(hatching)

.5 mm. 4th day 3-4 days |

(molt)

2.2mm. 8th day 4--5 days |
(molt)
5 mm. 14th day 6-7 days
(molt)
.5 mm, 22d day 8-9 days

(to pupa)

24th day 2-3 days
(to adult)

Trregular spots;
clasping membrane on
sides only.

Metathorax free at

first: 6 simple hairs on
head; 2 simple hairs
inside brushes; rudder
hairs absent; eyes sin-
gle.
6 branched hairs on
‘top of head; 2 branched
hairs inside brushes;
rudder hairs present;
‘eyes single.

Head smaller than
thorax; head dark with
pigment; eyes double;
‘respiratory siphons
forming.

Falmate hairs on
abdomen; transparent
areas on abdomen;
notched processes on
thorax; dorsal tuft on
abdomen. (Late in
forming.)

18 Psyche [February

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Herrick, G. W.
1901. Report of the Mississippi Exp. Station.
Hirshberg, L. K., and Dohme, G. C.
1902. The distribution of Anopheles in the vicinity of Baltimore. Bull.
Johns Hopkins Hosp., Vol. 13, pp. 45-48.
Hirshberg, L. K.
1904. An Anopheles mosquito which does not transmit malaria. Bull. Johns
Hopkins Hosp., Vol. 15, pp. 53-56.
Howard, L. O.
1900, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. 25, n. s.
1609. Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric. Cire. 40, ser. 2.
1901. Mosquitoes. McClure, Phillips & Co.
1910. Preventives and remedial -work against mosquitoes. Bur. Ent.
U. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. 88.
1911. Some facts about malaria. Farmers’ Bull. 444, U. S. Dept. Agric.
1911. Remedies and preventives against mosquitoes. Farmers’ Bull. 450,
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Imms, A. D.
1907. On the larval and pupal stages of Anopheles maculipennis Meigen.
Journ. Hygiene, Vol. XII.
Johannsen, O. A.
1903. Aquatic Nematocerous Diptera. N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 68.
Jordan, E. O. and Hefferan, M.
1905. Observations on the Bionomics of Anopheles. Journ. of Infectious
Diceises, Vol. 11, p. 56.

Knab, F.
1907. The swarming of Anopheles punctipennis Say. Psyche, Vol. 14, pp.
i 2
Kulagin.
1907. Zur Naturgeschichte der Miicken. 1. Die Zahl der Generationen der
Miicken.
Levander.

1902. Mittheilungen iiber Anopheles claviger Fabr. in Finland. Acta Soc.
Fauna Flora Fenn., Vol. 21, No. 3.
1907. Ueber Anopheles claviger Fabr. in Finland in den Jahren 1902 and 1903.
Meddel. Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn. Hift 30, pp. 52-60.
Minot, C. S.
1901. Notes on Anopheles. Journ. of Boston Soc. Med. Sci., Jan. 1901, Vol.
V.
Mitchell, E. G.
1907. Mosquito life.
Nuttall and Shipley.
1901. The structure and biology of Anopheles maculipennis. Journ. Hygiene.
Smith, J. B.
1904. Report of New Jersey Agricultural Station.

wi

1914) Snit'—Tke Development of Anop' eles p:nctipennis Say 19

Smith, Theobald.
1901. Notes on the occurrece of Anopheles punc’ipennis and A. quadrimacu-
latus in the Boston suburbs. Boston Med. & Surgical Journ. Vol.
V, pp. 321-324.
Theobald, F. V.
1901. Monograph of Culicide.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

.

Fig. 1. Eggs of Anophiles punctipennis. Actual measurement .55 mm.; (a)
clasping membrane, (b) “knob.”

Fig. 2. Larva just out of the egg. Actual measurement .825 mm.; (a) hair that is
branched later, (b) lateral hair.

Fig. 3. Larva during the first molt, age 3-4 days.

Fig. 4. Larva just after the first molt. Actual measurement 1.5 mm.; (a), (b),
(ec), (d) branched hairs.

Fig. 5. Larva just after the second molt, age 8-10 days. Actual measurement
2.2 mm.

Fig. 6. Larva just after the third molt, age 13-15 days. Actual measurement
4.5 mm.

Fig. 7. Larva just before the chauge to the pupa, age 21-23 days. Actual
measurement 8.5 mm.; (rs) respiratory siphon, (dt) dorsal tuft, (ta)
transparent area, (ph) palmate hair.

Fig. 8. Dorsal view of head and larva; (a) antenna, (p) maxillary palp, (b) brush,
(bh) branched hair, (ae) adult eye, (‘e) larval eye, (lh) lateral hair.

Fig. 9. Ventral view of head of full-grown larva; (b) brush, (c) teeth of mandible,
(m) maxilla, (p) maxillary palp, (a) antenna, (1) lateral hair, (t) mentum,
(x) chitinous structures within the mouth.

Figs. 10, 11, and 12. Maculation of the head of the larva; (10) just before the third
molt; (11) just after the third molt; (12) just before the change to the
pupa. (Sometimes there is more pigment; often less.)

Fig. 13. Dorsal view of pupa on the second day; (d) dorsal tuft, (h) outline of one
of the halteres, (r) dorsal hairs of adult, showing through the pupa case.

Fig. 14. Side view of pupa.

Fig. 15. The ninth segment of the abdomen from the side.

Fig. 16. Stigmata of eighth segment of the abdomen of a full-grown larva; (st)
stigma, (p) plate which folds over the stigmata when the larva is below
surface film.

Fig. 17. Showing buds of wings and of respiratory siphons in the thorax of the larva
just after the first molt; (tr) trachea, (rs) bud of respiratory siphon, (wb)
wing bud, (y) movable tube.

Fig. 18. Respiratory siphon just after the second molt; (y) movable tube, (t) tube,
(rs) respiratory siphon, (tr) trachea, (0) opening.

Fig. 19. Respiratory siphon (rs) of larva just before the change to the pupa, (0)
openings.

Fig. 20. Some of the organs of the head as seen just after the third molt; (ab) bud
of antenna, (ph) pharynx, (br) brain with nerves to eye, antenna and
pharynx, (m) muscles to mouth parts.

20 Psyche [February

SOME NEW AND INTERESTING SPECIES OF
SAPROMYZA.

By Cuar.es W. JoHnson.
Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass.

The recent synopsis of the Sapromyzide by Prof. A. L. Melan-
der (PsycuE, vol. XX, pp. 57-88, 1913), induced me to go over
some material that had accumulated for several years. The
results were something of a surprise. The series represented by
the following species is what one would expect to find if he had
only the two extremes, but the fact that practically all of the
intermediate species really exist is doubly interesting.

Two of the species suggest. the remarkable posterior tarsi of.
Platypeza (Calotarsa), thus presenting an interesting case of
parallelism.

It is also interesting to note the wide distribution of some
species and the apparently restricted distribution of others. Their
similarity in size and color is probably one of the causes why
these new species have been overlooked so long, and more careful
collecting will undoubtedly show that these are more widely
distributed than here indicated.

Sapromyza ornatipes sp. nov. Pl. 3, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Male: Face, front and antennz yellow, the front slightly darker than the face,
arista black, base yellow, pubescence short. Thorax yellow, slightly pruinose,
hairs black, with three dorso-centrals, scutellum yellow with four large marginal
bristles. Abdomen dark yellow. Halteres and legs light yellow, posterior tarsi
whitish, metatarsi with a row of short black bristles along the outer side and two
long, curved, black subapical bristles slightly broader and flattened at the ends,
the two following joints as broad as they are long, black, base white, thickly covered
with black hairs and with two long curved bristles on each, similar to those on the
metatarsi, the remaining joints brownish at the tips, with small black bristles and
hairs. Wings hyaline, clouded with brown, the latter starting near the junction
of the second and third veins and extending to a little beyond the anterior cross
vein and along the costa from near the end of the first to the end of the fourth
vein, with a partial interruption just beyond the end of the second vein, a band
also extending across the wing covering the posterior cross vein. Length 3.5 mm.

Female similar to the male except that the posterior tarsi are not differentiated,
although the second and third joints are black.

1914] Johnson—Some New and Interesting Species of Sapromyza 21

Six specimens. Holotype and allotype, Mt. Everett, Mass.,
June 27, and paratypes, Mt. Everett and BashBish Falls, Berk-
shire Co., Mass., June 28, 1912 (C. W. Johnson and J. A. Cush-
man), in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Sapromyza melanderi sp. nov. PI. 3, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Male: Front and antennz bright yellow, the face and occiput light yellow,
arista pubescent, black, base yellow. Thorax dark yellow, with three dorso-centrals,
scutellum yellow with four marginal bristles. Abdomen dark yellow. Halteres
and legs light yellow, posterior tarsi whitish, tip of the metatarsus black and broad-
ened, the following joint as broad as it is long, black with the basal third-
white, the next joint only slightly broadened apically and these joints are each
armed with two longer, curved black bristles as in S. ornatipes, but less flattened
at the ends. Wings hyaline with the cloudings less distinct than in the preceding
species, the costal clouded area being often obsolete beyond both the anterior
cross-vein and the end of the second vein, and the band extending to the posterior
cross-vein interrupted. Length, 3 mm.

The female resembles the male except that the posterior tarsi are simple, the
tips of the metatarsi and the outer half of the following joints black.

Eight specimens. Holotype and allotype, Providence, Mass..
June 24, Paratypes, Eastham, June 27 and, Barnstable, Mass.,
July 5, 1904 (C. W. Johnson); Nantucket, July 4, 1906 (J. A,
Cushman) and Aug. 7 and 15 (H. T. Fernald).

Sapromyza compedita Loew. PI. 3, figs. 7, 8, 9.

A common and widely distributed species. The second joints
only of the posterior tarsi black and as broad as they are long.
The clouding of the wing is confined to the apical portion above
the posterior cross-vein, with only a small clouding at the anterior
cross-vein.

Sapromyza houghii Coquillett. Pl. 3, figs. 10, 11.

The posterior tarsi are similar to those of S. compedita except
that the second joints are slightly smaller. The clouding on the
wing however is closer to that of of S. melandert.

I have collected and received this species from the following
localities:—Blue Hills, June 16, Eastham, June 27, Edgartown,
June 28 and Horse Neck Beach, Mass., July 30 (C. W. Johnson) ;
Sharon, Mass., Aug. 3 (J. A. Cushman); Kingston, Aug. (John
Barlow); West Thompson, Conn., July 12 (H. L. Viereck); Wash-

22 Psyche [February

ington, R. I., June 19, Atco, N. J., June 12 and Suffolk, Va., June
11 (C. W. Johnson).

Sapromyza sheldoni Coquillett.

This has the clouding of the wings very similar to that of
S. ornatipes except that both the costal and subcostal cells are
clouded. The posterior tarsi are not differentiated.

Additional records for this species are Fort Kent, Me., Aug.
19 (C. W. Johnson); Orono, Me., Aug. 13 (C. P. Alexander);
Wellesley, Mass., July 11 (E. P. Van Duzee).

Sapromy disjuncta sp. nov. PI. 3, figs. 12, 13.

Male: Face, front and antenne yellow, arista black. Thorax dull yellow,
slightly pollinose, four dorso-centrals; scutellum yellow. Abdomen yellowish
brown, lamelle large, whitish, fringed with long, black hairs. Halteres and legs
yellow, tarsi whitish, the second joints of the posterior tarsi black, scarcely enlarged,
tips of the remaining joints brownish. Wings hyaline, a clouding at the anterior
and posterior cross-veins, at the ends of the second, third and fourth veins, and a
spot midway between the anterior cross-vein and the end of the second vein slightly
fused with the clouding at the end of the second vein. Female similar to the male.
Length 3.5 mm.

Twenty-two specimens. Holotype, Washington, R. I., June
19, and allotype, Buttonwoods, R. I., June 15, 1912. In the
collection of the Boston Society of Natural History. Paratypes,
Bretton Woods, N. H., June 25, Boston, June 6, Cambridge, .
June 21, Dedham, Sept. 4 and Mt. Tom, Mass., Sept. 22, Tiver-
ton, R. I., July 31, Darien, Conn., May 27, June 11, Ithaca, N. Y.,
July 23, Delaware Water Gap, July 12 and Wildwood, N. J.,
Aug. 12, Philadelphia, June 20 and Frazer, Pa., July 24 (C. W.
Johnson); Branford, Ct., ( H. L. Viereck); Norway, Me. (S. J.
Smith); ““N. Y. and Ct.’’(Osten Sacken) Mus. Comp. Zodl. A
specimen from Jacksonville, Fla., collected by Mrs. A. T. Slosson
and referred to S. compedita also belongs to this species.

The clouding of the wing is similar to that of S. philadelphica
but the black second joint of the posterior tarsi distinguishes it
from that species.

Sapromyza conjuncta sp. noy.

Male: Face, front and antennz light yellow, arista blackish, base yellow, pubes-
cence very short. Thorax dull yellow, slightly pollinose, with four dorso-centrals,
scutellum noticeably lighter in color than the thorax. Abdomen reddish brown;

1914] Johnson—Some New and Interesting Species of Sapromyza 23

lamellz small, red, margined with brown. Halteres and legs light yellow, tarsi
not differentiated, middle femora with a row of four strong bristles on the under
side near the tip. Wings a whitish, not yellowish, hyaline, the clouding like that
of S. compedita from which however, it can be readily distinguished by its simple,
unicolored tarsi. Female similar to the male. Length 3 mm.

Seven specimens. Holotype, Buttonwoods, R. I., June 18,
1912. Paratypes Auburndale, Mass., Blue Hill, Mass., Aug. 2,
Manomet, Mass., July 26, Amsden, Vt., July 10, Jamesburg,
N. J., July 4 and Avalon, N. J., June 8 (C. W. Johnson).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

. Sapromyza ornatipes sp. nov. Hind tarsus, male.

. Sapromyza ornatipes sp. noy.» Hind tarsus, female.
. Sapromyza ornatipes sp. nov. Wing.

. Sapromyza melanderi sp. noy. Hind tarsus, male.
. Sapromyza melanderi sp. nov. Hind tarsus, female.
. Sapromyza melanderi sp. nov. Wing.

. Sapromyza compedita Loew. Hind tarsus, male.

. Sapromyza compedita Loew. Hind tarsus, female.

. Sapromyza compedita Loew. Wing.

10. Sapromyza houghii Coq. Hind tarsus, male.

11. Sapromyza houghiti Coq. Wing.

12. Sapromyza disjuncta sp. nov. Hind tarsus, male.
13. Sapromyza disjuncta sp. noy. Wing.

OOD Oo SS OO TO

NoMENCLATURE NOTE ON THE MALLOPHAGAN GENUS ANCIS-
TROCEPHALUS PAINE.!

The fact has recently come to the notice of the writer that the
name Ancistrocephalus, recently employed by him for a new genus
of Mallophaga, is preoccupied, having been used by Monticelli
for a genus of Cestode worms in about 1890; this name, therefore,
cannot be used for the Mallophagan and is herewith substituted
by the name Physconella. The type of this genus is Physconella
kelloggi Paine, as described in the paper referred to in the accom-
panying footnote.

J. H. Paine, Washington, D. C.

1Paine, J. H. A New Genus of Mallophaga—Psyche, Vol. XX, No. 5, p. 158 (1913).

24 Psyche [February

FOUR NEW NORTH AMERICAN CHLOROPIDE
(DIPTERA).

By J. R. Matziocs,
Urbana, Illinois.

Parectecephala dissimilis sp. nov.

Male: Yellow, subshining. Frons parallel-sided, a little less than twice as
wide as either eye; frontal triangle not occupying whole width of vertex, glossy,
reaching in a narrow line to the anterior margin of frons, sides concave, a large
black spot mid way between ocelli and anterior margin, ocellar region brown;
surface hairs black, long and fine; post-vertical pair of bristles erect; head in profile
elongate, frons projecting over one-third the length of eye, face receding much
as in Ectecephala; face and cheeks whitish yellow, height of latter equal to over
one-half the breadth of third antennal joint; antennze of good size, situated on
almost apex of projecting frons, yellow, basal joints browned, third blackened
above and at apex, third joint about one and one-half times as long as_ broad,
upper surface at apex distinctly less rounded than lower; arista white, yellow at
base, covered thickly with white hairs which give it the appearance of being thick-
ened, length of arista equal to one and one-half tomes that of antenna; proboscis
and palpi pale yellow, the former rather large and the apical portion folded back
below the basal; eyes about one and one-half times as long as high, bare. Meso-
notum with faint indications of three, almost confluent, reddish yellow stripes,
the lateral margin of the outer stripe on either side brown, surface hairs dark,
short; pleurz immaculate, highly glossy; scutellum flattened, the surface roughened
slightly and with numerous short, black hairs, 2 apical long bristles and a number
of short ones on margin. Anterior margin of abdominal segments brown; hypo-
pygium glossy, prominent, with a projecting ventral process. Legs slender, only
the last joint of tarsi, and claws black. Wings clear, veins brown; all veins dis-
tinct, only the apex of fourth slightly less distinct than the others; cross veins
separated by almost as far as length of last section of fifth vein; third vein slightly
upward bent at apex; third costal section two-thirds as long as second; veins
3 and 4 distinctly divergent; outer cross vein but little longer than inner, the cell
enclosed by it, therefore very narrow. Halteres pale yellow.

Length: 3.5 mm.

Type: -Cat. No. 15968, U. S. N. M.

Locality: Chester County, Pennsylvania, July 22, 1893. No collector's name
on specimen.

This species has much the habitus of some of the species in
Diplotoxa and also those in Ectecephala. From Diplotoxa it may
be separated by the less closely approximated cross veins, and
the third vein being less distinctly upturned. From Ectecephala
the flat frons readily separates it.

1914] Malloch—Four New North American Chloropide 26

Parectecephala is likely to be confused with Eutropha Loew,
the genera being very close, if aristalis Coquillett belongs to the
former. Becker includes this species in his genus, but I can
see no reason for separating the type from Eutropha. The frons
is unprojecting and in other respects the type agrees very well
in habitus with EHutropha thalhammeri Strobl, which is repre-
sented in collection United States National Museum.

Botanobia (=Oscinis) marginalis sp. nov.

Female: Yellow, slightly shining. Ocellar region, and back of head black?
third antennal joint at insertion of arista slightly browned. Mesonotum black
gray, four equally wide reddish yellow stripes begin on anterior margin and extend
to beyond middle of disk, becoming wedge shaped posteriorly; margin of disk
laterally, on the posterior angle, reddish yellow; humeri and lateral margin of disk
at middle pale yellow; pleurz pale yellow, with a vertical black stripe on upper
half below wing base, which joins a forwardly directed diagonal stripe extending
to about midway up mesopleura, and another spot above hind coxa; scutellum
black-gray on disk, the margin broadly pale yellow; postnotum black. Abdomen
yellow, each segment with dark brown fore marginal band which is produced
backward in center. Legs entirely yellow. Wings clear, veins brown. Halteres
yellow. Hairs on body yellowish; bristles black.

Frons occupying one-third the head width; triangle ill-defined; surface hairs
numerous, short, black, those near eye margin rather setulose; antennz of normal
size, third joint rather acute on upper surface at tip; arista barely longer than width
of frons, pubescent; cheek at least half as high as width of third joint of antenna;
eyes oval, distinctly pubescent. Mesonotum impunctate, the surface hairs short;
scutellum with 4 marginal bristles, the apical pair largest, but barely longer than
the length of scutellum; outline of scutellum rounded. Legs normal. Wings
with third costal division slightly over one-half as long as second; veins 3-4 divergent.

Length: 1.5 mm.

Type: Cat. No. 15970, U. S. N. M.

Locality: Biscayne Bay, Florida. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson.) One specimen.

Botanobia (=Oscinis) proxima sp. nov.

Female: In coloration almost similar to marginalis. Differing in the following
respects from that species: The insect over all is more slender; the head is more
elongate; the eyes are elongate oval, whereas in marginalis they are placed with
their long axis diagonal to the line of the body; the mesonotum has the two center
yellow stripes reaching to short of the middle of disk, and the outer two reaching
to distinctly beyond the middle, in marginalis the stripes are of equal length; and
the mesonotum is more distinctly shining, the pollinosity being less distinct in
proxima.

Length: 1.25 mm.

Type: In collection of W. L. McAtee.

Locality: Wallops Island, Virginia, June 1, 1913. (W. L. McAtee.)

26 Psyche [February

Botanobia (= Oscinis) insularis, sp. nov.

Female: Black, slightly shining. Head yellow; frontal triangle black, slightly
shining, the surface covered with gray dusting; third joint above, and both basal
joints brown; proboscis glossy brown on basal portion; occiput concolorous with
triangle. Mesonotum unstriped, and like the pleure thickly covered with gray
pollinosity; scutellum gray pollinose. Abdomen generally yellowish on basal two
segments, the others brownish black, shining. Legs yellow; darkened, brownish
or blackish, on all coxe, all femora except apices, indistinctly on mid tibize and
distinctly on middle of hind tibize and apices of tarsi. Wings clear, veins brown.
Halteres yellow.

Slender. Frons occupying one-half the head width, orange yellow; triangle
as wide as vertex, and not reaching middle of frons, margined with hairs; surface
of frons with scattered black hairs; antenne larger than usual, third joint slightly
angular at upper margin of apex, distinctly pilose; arista with basal joints about
two-thirds as long as apical portion and thickened, pubescence short but distinct,
length of arista equal to width of frons; cheek half as high as width of third joint
of antenna; palpi large, almost bare; eyes distinctly higher than long, pubescent.
Mesonotum unpunctured, surface with very few weak hairs; scutellum with weak
discal hairs and four marginal bristles. Legs normal. Wings with third costal
division two-thirds as long as second; veins 3-4 subparallel; last section of fifth
vein twice as long as penultimate section of fourth.

Length: 1mm.

Type: In collection of W. L. McAtee.

Locality: Wallop’s Island, Virginia, June 1, 1913. (W. L. McAtee.) Three
specimens.

FORMICA EXSECTA IN JAPAN.

By Wiuu1am Morton WHEELER,

Bussey Institution, Harvard University.

Among several Japanese ants recently handed to me for identi-
fication by Mr. W. M. Mann there are a few specimens repre-
senting an undescribed variety of Formica insecta. This species,
though well known from northern and central Europe and Siberia,
has not been taken hitherto east of the Altai Mountains of Mon-
golia.

Formica exsecta Nylander var. fukati ap oe

Worker: Length 5-6 mm.

Differing from the worker of the typical form in having the mesonotum in profile
straight and sloping gradually to the mesoépinotal constriction, instead of convex.
The notch in the superior border of the petiole is distinctly narrower and shallower,
the gaster is darker, being black throughout and not red at the base of the first

1914] East and Glaser—Relation Between Flower Color and Insects Pal

segment, and the posterodorsal portion of the head is much less deeply and exten-
sively infuscated.

Described from four specimens taken by Mr. T. Fukai in the
Saitama division of Japan.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATION BETWEEN FLOWER
COLOR AND INSECTS.

By E. M. East and R. W. GuaseEr.
Bussey Institution, Harvard University.

In 1909 a cross was made between the small red flowered Nico-
tiana forgetiana Hort (Sand) and Nicotiana alata Lk. and Otto var.
grandiflora Comes, the large white N. affinis of horticulture, for
the purpose of studying certain problems of heredity. About
fourteen thousand plants of the second, third and fourth hybrid gen-
eration have been grown, and it has been established beyond a rea-
sonable doubt that each plant is completely self-sterile though it
crosses easily with any of its neighbors. Several hundred carefully
controlled self-pollinations have not yielded a single seed, while
histological studies have shown self-fertilization to be practically
impossible. On the other hand, hundreds of artificial cross pollina-
tions have yielded capsules full of seed in almost every instance,
showing with what ease cross-fertilization takes place, for artificial
pollination is usually not as successful as natural pollination.
The fact that every capsule formed naturally on these plants must
have resulted from a cross-pollination produced by an insect,
serves to excuse our adding to the already huge literature on the
relations between insects and plants. The sixteen different color
forms that have segregated from the original cross permit observa-
tions on the percentage of flowers cross-fertilized and the selective
value, if any, of distinct color varieties.

Our knowledge of the behavior of insects relative to flowers has
been greatly extended during the past few years by the work of
Plateau, Forel, Lovell, Greenicher and others, but it has resulted in
that obscurity which precedes aggregation and precipitation by
disclosing the marvelous complexity of the relation. The adjust-
ment between certain insect forms and certain types of flowers is

28 Psyche [February

just as obvious now as when pointed out by Sprengel, but few
entomologists or botanists will admit its adequate interpretation
by the simple natural selection idea as believed by Hermann
Miiller and his followers who did not see the obstacles to this view
as plainly as did Darwin.

The attitude of botanists has been affected chiefly by genetic
investigation. Mendelian research and hypotheses regarding
mutational evolution have at least gained a serious reconsideration
of the origin, inheritance, and cause of survival of flower forms.
Investigations on cross- and self-fertilization, by giving a clear
and reasonable interpretation of the vigor of first generation
hybrids and the converse—the apparent deterioration through
inbreeding hybrids—have caused us to view mechanisms for cross-
pollination at a new angle. Self-pollination gives inherently
stranger races (vigor not masked by heterozygosis) and insures
reproduction, but practically precludes the trial of variations not
of decisive value or of various recombinations of new variations
with old characters. On the other hand, cross pollination, while
permitting the survival of weak types through the vigor of hetero-
zygosis, and while rendering reproduction more dubious, does
assure a trial of all new variations in all the combinations possible
in a mendelian sense.

The appreciation of the intricacy of the behavior of insects to-
ward flowers is due primarily to the knowledge of insect sense or-
gans, to the ingenuity of the experiments of animal psychologists,
and to the passing of the tendency to interpret all the actions of
the lower animals as tropisms.

For these reasons the question as to whether particular flower
colors have a survival value due to the preference of certain insects
for them, upon which we have gathered a few data, would probably
be answered somewhat as follows by the majority of biologists.
Excluding any question of olfactory sense, it may be assumed that
insects perceive color differences from short distances but seldom
if ever exercise a choice. Night flyers, of course, perceive white
much more easily than colors. These conclusions are supported
by the data in the following table:

1914] East and Glaser—Relation Between Flower Color and Insects 29

Total number Total number Per cent. of
Flower color. of flowers on of flowers flowers
10 average plants. fertilized. fertilized.
WVinitebeces Aces scorn 18,035 7,052 39.10
bellows. ceo hos 26,686 4,836 18.12
TRG | aah ae 14,165 2,154 15.21
IRurplesesse ee-cei 9,721 1,628 16.74

Ten average plants of each of the four colors—white, yellow,
red and purple—were selected at random. The total number of
flowers produced on each color type during the flowering season
(July 15 to October 15) was determined by counting the places
on the racemes where flowers had been. The number of capsules
present was assumed to be the number of flowers fertilized, al-
though this count is not as accurate as the first by reason of the
accidental loss of capsules. Long experience with Nicotianas,
however, leads us to believe that this error is small.

The first point to be noted is the comparatively small percentage
of cross-pollination by insects. Numerous experiments on artificial
cross-pollination have shown that a very small amount of pollen
causes normal development of the capsules, yet the yellow, red
and purple types had only about 17 per cent. of their blossoms
crossed. According to the table, the percentage of white flowers
fertilized was more than twice as high as any of the colored types.
The reason for this is obvious. From the beginning of the flower-
ing period, about July 15, to the end period of summer heat, about
September 15, the flowers opened at about 4 p. m. and remained
open until about 7.30 a.m. During the last month of flowering,
the weather was so cool that the flowers also were open throughout
the day. Nearly two thirds of the fertilizations occurred during
the last month as could be determined by the positions of the
flowers on the racemes. Furthermore the percentage of fertiliza-
tions on the white type during the last month was about the same as
on the colored types. Roughly, one might say then that about 6 per
cent. of the pollinations of the colored types were made by night-
flyers (Sphingide, ete.), while during the same period these insects
pollinated from 20 per cent. to 25 per cent. of the white type. In

30 Psyche [February

other words, there was a high rate of selection of white flowers
during the period when the flowers were pollinated at night, but
there was no selection of colors when daylight pollinations were
made by the Hymenoptera and Diptera that frequented the plants.

PHILIPPINE MOSQUITOES.
By C. 8S. LupLow
Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C.

Myzomyia flavirostris sp. nov.

Female: Head dark, covered with dark brown and white forked scales, and white
long slender scales on the vertex, extending forward as a long tuft; antenne brown,
verticels and pubescence white, basal joint brown but not so dark as the cephalic
scales; palpi dark brown the ultimate joint white, except, a very narrow brown
basal band extending as a tiny brown band on the apex of the penultimate, a broad
white band on the base of the penultimate and the apex of the following joint, the
remainder of the organ dark brown, except a very narrow white band, at the pre-
ceding joint, very heavily scaled at the base; proboscis light scaled on the apical
half, often not noticeable from the dorsal aspect, and always more marked on the
ventral side, the proximal half dark brown, very heavily scaled at the base; clypeus
dark brown; eyes dark brown.

Thorax: prothoracic lobes dark, with brown cheetz; mesonotum has the median
third of a light brown, sometimes almost yellowish, covered with the fine tomentum
so often found on Anophelines, and sparsely with golden brown hair-like scales, a
well marked dark median line broadening so as to cover the “bare space,”’ and in
some specimens suggestions of other laterad dark lines, a bunch of long white
slightly curved scalesextending over the nape; the lateral parts are a rich dark brown.
Seutellum dark brown in the median portion lighter laterad; metanotum dark;
pleuree almost black.

The abdomen is very dark, almost black, with scattered brown to golden brown
hairs.

Legs: the coxze and trochanters are dark, covered with small dark scales and
cheetze; femora of the fore legs light brown, tibiz and tarsi darker brown, ungues
simple; mid-femora light brown, the rest of the leg dark brown, but the terminal
tarsal joint appearing fawn colored in some lights, ungues simple; hind femora light
brown, tibize much darker, especially toward the apex, and some specimens showing
a tiny white apical spot, all the tarsal joints brown, sometimes with a suggestion of
apical light spots on the third and fourth joints.

Wings, clear, covered with brown and light yellow scales. The costa as a whole
is dark with five small light spots, one at the apex of the first long vein; one, extend-
ing on the first long, about on a line with the base of the second posterior cell, the
third, also extending on the first is well interior to a line through the base of the
fork of the fifth long vein, and the last is a tiny spot between this and the root of
the wing. The wing field has many small spots the third long vein is mostly light,

1914] Ludlow—Philippine Mosquitoes 31

with a small dark spot at its apex and one near its base; there are light spots at the
fourchette of each ford cell; the stem and lower fork of the fifth long vein are mostly
light with a dark spot at its apex, and one at the base of the cell; the distal half of
the upper fork of the fifth long vein is white with a very small dark spot at the very
apex, the sixth vein is dark; the wing-fringe is dark except for light spot at the
apices of all the long veins but the second and sixth. MHalteres with light stem
and dark knob.

Length: about 3mm.

Habitat: Camp Wilhelm, Tayabas, P. I.

Taken: November.

I am indebted to Dr. Malcolm Watson, Klang, F. M.5., for call-
ing my attention to this species. The wing and palpal markings
greatly resemble the dark form of funesta, and with the hand lens
the light proboscis is not sufficiently marked to call attention to it,
and I had laid it aside as being probably this form of a species so
common on the Philippine Islands.

Popea palawanensis sp. noy.

Female: Head black, mostly covered with dark brown flat scales, a white border
around the eyes, and a narrow median portion of curved scales, white at the vertex
and brown at the nape; antenne dark brown, verticels and pubescence brown,
basal joint dark with a few slender hair-like brown scales on the median aspect;
palpi about one fourth the length of the proboscis, dark brown; proboscis dark
brown, eyes dark brown; clypeus brown.

Thorax dark; prothoracic lobes heavily covered with white flat scales and dark
brown chet; mesonotum dark brown with silvery white slender curved scales
very closely set to form a white spot covering the cephalic third, the caudad edge
is irregular, and reminds one of the “solid W” described for Lepidotomyia magna
Theo; the remainder of the mesonotum covered with slender curved, rich, dark
brown scales, except an irregular white spot just cephalad of the wing joint, and
white scales forming a line around and extending on the “bare space’’; Scutellum
dark, partly denuded, the mid-lobe having a few white flat scales in the median line,
a few white rather broad curved scales laterad of the flat ones, and then brown
curved scales. The lateral lobes are denuded, except for one white and a few brown
curved scales. There have apparently been five marginal cheetze on the mid and
three on the lateral lobes; pleura dark brown with five or six large bunches of silvery

- white flat scales; metanotum dark.

Abdomen covered with dark brown scales except for rather heavy basal lateral
brilliant white spots. On the venter are also heavy basal brilliant white spots
sometimes extending as basal white bands, and there are on several segments,
bunches of very long brown scales, so much constricted on the basal part as to appear
almost petioled.

Legs brown; cox and trochanters testaceous with a few white scales; the fore
femora white on the ventral aspect nearly to the apex, fore tibia brown only on the
dorsal aspect, the ventral and lateral aspects brilliantly yellowish white; all the tarsi

oe Psyche [February

brown. On the femora of the mid legs the ventral white extends on the dorsal
aspect to form a white spot near the apex, the very tip being brown; the tibia are
brown except a white spot near the apex, the very tip being brown; first tarsal is
basally white bands and has a white band near the apex, the tip being brown; second
tarsal is basally white banded, the other tarsal joints are brown. The hind
femora are silvery white except for a narrow basal brown band, a broad brown
band a little beyond the mid-length of the femora, and a narrow brown band at the
apex; tibize brown; first tarsal basally white banded, and a white band near the
apex; the second tarsal basally white banded, and the remainder of the tarsi are
brown. Fore and mid ungues equal and uniserrate, hind simple.

Wing clear, with brown, rather long and broad-ended scales, somewhat resembling
Teniorhynchus scales. Cells short, petioles about as long as the cells. First sub-
marginal longer and narrower than the second posterior, bases nearly on a line;
base of the third long vein and mid cross-vein meet, and the posterior cross-vein is
more than twice its length interior. Halteres with white stems and heavy dark
brown knobs.

Length: about 4.5 mm.

Habitat: Puerto Princessa, Palawan Island, P. I.

Taken: May.

Described from one specimen. A few specimens evidently of
this mosquito have been previously received, but always in such
bad condition that no description was possible.

MYZOMYIA (ANOPHELES) LUDLOWII THEOBALD.

By ©.-S> Lupiow;
Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C.

For sometime there has been quite a good deal of discussion as
to the breeding habits of this mosquito, different observers claim-
ing that it bred in fresh water, in blackish or salt water, and that
it bred in either.

Without wishing to question the observations of any of those
who have studied this Anopheline, and merely because there has
lately appeared the definite statement, the foundation for which
I do not know, that “Judlowii is exclusively a saline breeder,””! it
seems better to publish what I myself know on this point.

The specimens which I sent to Mr. Theobald, and on which the
species was founded, were taken by Dr. Graves in the Province of

1 The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. L. O. Howard, H. G.
Dyar and F. Knab. 1912.

1914] Alexander—New or Little-known Neotropical Hexatomini oo

Abra, Island of Luzon, on the Benguet Road during the construc-
tion of that road. The location is definitely inland; the camp was
in a deep canyon, where Dr. Graves wrote me “the Mountains
are so high we see the sun only between 9 a. m. and 3 p.m.” The
Benguet River runs through this canyon, and there is no sea or
blackish water within many miles. These Anophelines were there
in great numbers, the collection from which the specimens were
_ sent to Mr. Theobald, containing about fifty specimens, all of
them this one species.

It is also of interest to note that for a while no other species were
taken, although no effort was made to that end, and during that
time malarial fever was very prevalent.

This can only mean that M. Ludlowi may breed in fresh water,
but this, by no means precludes its breeding also in salt or brackish
water, for a sufficient number of other Anophelines are shown to
breed indifferently in fresh or salt water to make it at least allow-
able.to suppose that Judlowii may do the same.

NEW OR LITTLE-KNOWN NEOTROPICAL HEXATOMINI
(TIPULIDE, DIPTERA.)

By Cuas: P. ALEXANDER,
Ithaca, N. Y.!

The following species were included in collections received for
study from the American Museum of Natural History (Mr. Gross-
beck); United States National Museum (Mr. Knab); Cornell
University (Dr. Bradley); and the Muzeu Rocha (Senior Rocha).
I express my sincere thanks to the above-named gentlemen for
this and other favors received from them. The present paper
deals with the Hexatomini, an extensive tribe of crane-flies, which
reaches its maximum of specific development in the tropics. The
study of these forms was conducted as research in Systematic
Entomology at Cornell University under Dr. J. Chester Bradley,
to whom I am indebted now, as before, for advice and many val-
uable suggestions.

1 Entomological Laboratory, Cornell University.

34 Psyche [February

Eriocera Macquart.

1830. Caloptera Guerin; Voyage de la Coquille; Zodl.; pl. 20; f. 2.

1838. FEriocera Macquart; Dipt. Exot.; vol. I, pt. 1; p. 74.

1838. Evanioptera Guerin; Voyage d’ la Coquille; Zodl.; vol. 2, pt. 2; p. 287.
1848. Pterocosmus Walker; List Dipt. Brit. Mus.; vol. I, p. 78.

1850. Allarithmia Loew.; Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna, p. 38.

1857. Oligomera Doleschall; Naturk. Tijds. v. Nederl. Ind.; vol. 14, p. 11.
1859. Arrhenica Osten Sacken; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.; p. 242. x

1859. Physecrania Bigot; Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.; p. 123; pl. 3, fig. 1.

1912. Androclosma Enderlein; Zodél. Jahrb; vol. 32, pt. 1, p. 34, fig. U, V.

Eriocera is one of the dominant genera of the crane-fly fauna in
Neotropical countries. The key given below is based on a study
of specimens of many of the species and a careful consideration of
the original descriptions. It should, however, be supplemented
by the original description wherever this is possible.

A Key to the Neotropical Species of Eriocera.

1. Wings dark colored with hyaline or yellowish cross-bands, or wings light col-

ored ‘withtdark/cross-bandsteA. |e eee ne Coe ee eee 2
Wings, whether dark colored or not, uniform, or nearly so, in color, not cross-
|oLchate (eyo | eee. | eee eee nether RENE ce nit ince nas O Beh molto 9 ¢ 13

2. Wings light-colored with three dark cross-bands, [small species; length, 9,
Simm], (BortotdRicos) ssncpele ee eer ee eee eer trifasciata Réder!
Wings dark colored with hyaline or yellowish cross-bands................-.. 3

3s Headidark«colored)notmedioryellowseses eee eerie ene 4
Head vellowishtorreddishi, 26 46 acne serienone er 6 nee eee sao

4. Base of the wings pale; femora with the basal third and a ring at the second
third yellow; first four abdominal segments bright yellow; head with a

yellowish-grey bloom. (Colombia.)..................... braconides End.?
Base of the wings dark; legs, abdomen (with the exception of the apical seg-
ments of the 2 ) and head entirely black. (Guatemala.).... magnifica, sp. n.

bee Lipof the wing darkscolorede Sa.) ae ee ee ee eee 6
Tip of the wing pale giving the wing the appearance of having an apical yellow
Conoselopnol, (ONKoieelay 1bveAvall)) 3 co cone pac ocoseoocuseaes perpulchra, sp. n.

6. Wings pale brown with a moderately narrow, hyaline band, whose distal edge
is limited by the cord; a small brownish stigmal spot [antenne bright brown-
ish-yellow; thoracic dorsum brownish-yellow with three greyish brown stripes;
femora with middle third and apical quarter brown on a ochraceous-yellow
ground] (Colombian) ae esse eer eae oe virgulativentris End.s

Wings darker brown with the cross-band usually wider; stigma not distinct ...7

1 Roder, V. von; Stett. Entomol. Zeitung; vol. 46, p. 338; 1885.
2 Enderlein, G.; Zool. Jahrbuch; vol. 32, pt. 1; p. 47, (f. B‘); 1912.
3 Enderlein, G.; 1. c.; p. 47, 48; (f. e1); 1912.

1914] Alexander—New or Little-known Neotropical Hexatomini 35

Me

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Legs with the tibiz, at least the posterior ones, with a broad white ring........ 8
Wersayithourtwlitesbands:.-cyie.j cesar eles acre chayy are tory ieuetery eves eles aa es 9
. Thorax uniformly black; {head and base of antennz uniformly fiery reddish

yellow; wing band yellow; anal cells a little less brown than rest of the brown
oat cll] ee a (iaraiztl erent ere ann Pua) oy aoe Skene = tenioptera Wied.‘
Thorax not uniformly black, dorsum very faintly striped, pleurze sooty-brown;
[abdomen black; a scoriaceous, bluish-black band at the base of each seg-
ETI | Sta Pore Zl) Re ate een LR Te eT Le eae ee Ae caminaria Wied.s

. Femora banded with yellow rings on a darker ground; [large, 9, length, 18 mm.;

head yellowish-orange; first antennal segment brown; abdomen with seg-
ments 2, 3, 4 and the terminal ones yellowish-orange, the others black].

(Brazil.). . a: . ..fasciata Guer.*
Femora not banded wath -yallow rings; ries yellow” brown or black usually
darkening toward the tips of the segments................5...0..0005 10
Antenne entirely orange; [larger; 9, length 15 mm.; wing-bands pale yellow].
GEST azail 9) eee wag ae terete Ney ee cite cay PRE tae ote a Menlo ts fos ruficornis Macq.?
Antenne with only the scape orange, flagellum brown; [smaller; 2 less than
A QR rri trie Peete ee Ae ree RATES CT Sys CR ag Me ABR MAE 11
Thoracic dorsum blackish-grey trivittate with black; [wing band and anal cells
Vellowishillves Graz iall) eget mee pete. 2h Sie opc.t 2 Beet sk Gates) aes melanacra Wied.8
Thoracic dorsum neither grey, nor trivittate with black.................. 12

Abdomen black, at base of each segment a shining, scoriaceous, bluish-black
band. [This species is also included in couplet 8; Wiedemann does not
mention white tibial bands, but specimens which Schiner determined as being
caminaria had white on the tibiee]. (Brazil.)............caminaria Wied.*

Abdominal segments 2, 3, and sometimes 4, with at least the caudal margins
whitish; bases of the segments usually reddish. (Northern S. America.)
TASB Sac ROR RRS, Pee teh Code a longistyla Alex. (= erythrocephala Fabr.) preoce.s

Abdomen mostly yellowish or yellowish-brown, usually with a black band be-

OT AEW UTERO ES Geel ae Ord Et amas en oe a fn ee er 14
Abdomentmostly: black or blackish: see. .ricscies uh fs es deen awaares es 26
Prontal tubercle black or blackisht.. 2 20-6 Seo ecco once ce su oaklaew ene ses) 15
iBrontallituberclesyellowishvormeddish sense) eee ese ene 18

Thorax red between the pronotum and the suture, with a dark median line;
[abdominal segments 6 and 7 black; wings pale brownish; <’, length, 15
mT | Sea (NEXICOS) Mapp fra Piece Sits ats hS epee area’ mesoxantha O. $.19

Thorax yellow or reddish-yellow, without a dark median line............... 16

4 Wiedemann, J.; Aussereur. zweifl. Insekt; vol. I, p. 28; (Limmnobia); 1828

5 Wiedemann, J.; l. c.; vol. I, p. 31; (Limnobia); 1828.

6 Guerin, F. C.; Voyage de la Coquille.; Zo6l.; vol. 2, pt. 2; p. 287; pl. 20, f.2; (Eva nioptera);
1830.

7 Macquart, J.; Dipt. Exot.; vol. 1, pt. 2; p. 176, 177; (Cylindrotoma); 1838.

8 Wiedemann, J.; Aussereur. zweifl. Insekt; vol. I, p. 548; (Limnobia); 1828.

§ Fabricius, J.; Syst. Antliar.; p. 31; (Tipula); 1805.

10 Osten Sacken, C. R. R.; Biologia Centr. Americana; Dipt.; vol. I; p. 10; 1886.

36

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

Psyche [February

Antenne with flagellum light yellow; thorax uniformly yellow; [abdomen
with segments 3-7 with brown spots; wings brownish, lighter-colored in the
IMtertor.oO mie cells|(Vlexicos) peers ae eer elec flavida Will.

Antennz brown or black; thorax yellow with black lateral spots or stripes. . . .17

Antenne black; a large black spot on mesonotum above each wing; abdomen
black excepting segments 1-4 and 9. (Mexico.)....... _..brunneipes Will.12

Antenne brown; a short black stripe on each side of the mesonotum; abdominal
segments 1-4 with a narrow posterior black band; remaining segments
black excepting their yellowish bases. (Mexico.)

SA ae ieee ocr ck tee een a willistont Alex. (=fasciata Will.) preocc.13

Cell 1st M2 far out toward the wing-margin, so that Cu: beyond this cell is
shorter than Cwi+M;; that portion of Ri between cross-vein r and Sc2, very
thin, indistinct; [antennze of the & very long, filiform, twice as long as the
body aa(Hastern Brazil?)yon ese eRneg gare ee macrocera, sp. N.

Cell Ist M2 nearer to the wing root, so that Cw: beyond this cell is as long
or longer than Cui+Ms; ; Ri between r and Sc2 equal to the remainder of
R: in thickness; [antennze of the known o’’s short]............... 19, 23

Males with the frontal tubercle produced into slender horn-like points which
are directed laterad; [abdomen with a subterminal black band]. (Bolivia.)
bs SS Di ee Se Se EO ea EOL Cs Me fie ated cS eeuh R ty cornigera, sp. Nn.

Males (as known) with the frontal tubercle normal....................-.- 20

No conspicuous black subapical band on the abdomen; stigmal spot conspic-
uous; [length about 19 mm; wing 17 mm.]. (British Guiana—Eastern Brazil.)
SS ic oe IOS Eero ce BOE seen ure nian eeion ros cic kaveturensis, sp. n.

A conspicuous sub-apical dark brown or black band on the abdomen......... 21

Larger species; (length, 20 mm.; wing, 18 mm.; [Sc2 longer than Sei]. (Ecuador.)

SEC CRC Ee apieio eons Ob Ota wo Gab ohausiana End.14
Smallerispeciesillenztha) oommaorless|se eens ener ecC ener aoe cenere Q2
Antenne brown; body coloration dull brownish-yellow. (Peru.)

REP chs. cc As eR i peice tra do Fe ee RR eed bits led Gis Blake peruviana, sp. D.
Antenne yellow; body coloration yellow and black. (Mexico—Costa Rica.)

Rin Ge tara tei A ee NaS Src ahd uO. Semi e St Gh at thn zonata O. §.15
Females (as known) without a subapical black band on the abdemen; [length

25-28 mm.; wing, 20-21 mm.]. (British Guiana—Eastern Brazil.)

SEE Te enna aha Sic aden cata ote wa Se kaieturensis, sp. n.
Females (as known) with a subapical black or blackish band on the abdomen. . 24
Mesonotum uniformly reddish-yellow; [antennze brown; wings tinged with

loon eaantclal|y (C8 koro) 6 Se 5 Ais ancaadone acco dobou eben obsoleta Will.1s
Mesonotum longitudinally, striped. 2.2 5.) - es oe ee ee eee ee 25
Scape of the antenne yellow; legs yellow, segments tipped with black; Sez

longer and more conspicuous than Se:. (Mexico—Costa Rica.) zonata O. 3.15

U Williston, S.; Biologia Centr. Americana; (suppl.; Dipt.; vol. I); p. 227; 1900.
12 Williston, S.; l. c., p. 227; pl. 4, fig. 5: 1900.

13 Williston, S.; 1. c., p. 226; pl. 4, fig. 10; 1900.

4 Enderlein, G.; Zo6dl. Jahrbuch.; vol. 32, pt. 1; p. 45, 46; fig. A1; 1912.

15 Osten Sacken, C. R. R.; Biologia Cent. Amer.; Dipt., vol. I, p. 10; 1886.

16 Williston, S.; Biologia Cent. Amer.; Dipt.; vol. I (suppl.); p. 227; 1900.

1914] Alexanier—New or Little-known Neotropical Hexatomint 37

Scape of the antennz brownish-black; legs blackish-brown except base of fore

femur; Sc: shorter than Sci. (Mexico.)................. townsendi, sp. n.

26. Color metallic blue with head orange-red. (Panama.)........ lessepst O. S.11
Colormot metalicmbinexnmry A ie See erase Oak oes cin vensNie oteoleoienega vias ates Q7

rgd Matayes rortey ayer cecaus lest Gi ie aa tee AAR a Pana er UR 28
PPh HA CIe pISESCLIEMEIM LACKS hess oh te Gielen se oie hn tes a cide Secs ai cn de alee oye sons 29

28. Frontal tubercle red; scutellum black. (Mexico.)......... hemorrhoa O. §.18
Frontal tubercle black; scutellum red. (Guatemala. ) Pe Aeticty. erythrea O. 5.19
DOMErontal tubercle Orange, facac ye wee ok Ae nee ere verdes s sicie sikece otic ote 30
Rrontalsthuberctedblachksnssucee wer tee: cosh ieivaiccks = ieacioiees Sec mene aan: gees 31

30. Abdominal segments 3-5 with basesred dish. (Mexico.)....... gracilis O. 8.2
Abdominal segments altogether black. (Colombia.).........macquarti Fnd2

31. Wings luteous, blackish toward the tips. (South America.) chrysoptera Walk
Wanresarmosthyablackisinn armen crete eit eaeye ctrey tate «2 ciate nvexcdn vewtleyen« 32

32. Wings brown, darker along costa; cells uniform; wings not reddish-yellow at
basisea(Miexicon) arr Or nena tott: secre. amen ee ae lace pretiosa O. 8.23
Wings brown, either reddish-yellow at base or else with hyaline in some of the
(CaGie = mca here a plan RRS aD ne By OR ISIE CR Gr a es ee eae eee 33

33. Wings a little reddish-yellow at base. (Brazil.)............... nigra Wied.24
Wings blackish, some of the cells with nearly hyaline streaks. (South America.)

5 aeco Sick cr Once ORCC UcRel a EN GEN nen Once Neco C NCHS bs AE CR TE Rete tenebrosa Walk.2s

The following species are not included in the above key:

Penthoptera fuliginosa Schiner;?6 (Colombia) shining _ pitch-
black; femora with a broad yellowish-red ring immediately beyond
the base; head, antenne and palpi black; wings tinged with brown,
more saturated on costal margin. Osten Sacken, (Studies on
Tipulide, pt. 2, p. 224), suggests that this is an Eriocera.

Limnobia flaviceps Wied.;?’ (Brazil) thorax and abdomen black,
forehead fiery yellow; antennz black. Venation (PI. 6 b; fig. 10)
like Eriocera but cell R: very short..

Eriocera magnifica sp. nov.

Dark brownish-black including the head; wings dark with a broad pale yellow
postmedian band.

17 Osten Sacken, C. R.; Biologia Cent. Amer.; Dipt.; vol. I, p. 13; 1886.

18 Osten Sacken, C. R.; ibid.; p. 11.

19 Osten Sacken, C. R.; 1. ec.

20 Osten Sacken, C. R.; 1. ¢.; p. 12.

21 Enderlein, G.; Zodl. Jahrb.; vol. 32, pt. I; p. 45; 1912.

22 Walker, F.; Insecta Saundersiana; vol. I; p. 488; (Limnobia); 1856.

23 Osten Sacken, C. R. R.; Biol. Cent-Amer.; Dipt.; vol. I, p. 12; 1886.

24 Wiedemann, J.; Aussereur. zweifl. Insekt.; vol. I, p. 27; (Limnobia); 1828.
25 Walker, F.; Insecta Saundersiana; vol. I, p. 439, 440; (Limnobia); 1856.
2; Schiner; Reise Novara; p. 42. (Penthoptera); 1868.

27 Wiedemann, Aussereur. zweifl. Insekt; vol. I, p. 550; (Limnobia); 1828.

38 Psyche {February

co, Length, 14 mm.; wing, 12.4 mm.; antennz about 3.8 mm.
Fore leg, fem. 7.6 mm.; tibia, 9.7 mm.; tarsus 1, 4.9; 2-5, 4.1 mm.
Middle leg, fem. 9 mm.; tibia, 9.6 mm.
Hind leg, fem. 9.8 mm.; tibia, 11.8 mm.
2, Length, 21 mm.; wing, 16.3 mm.; antennz about 5 mm.
Fore leg, fem. 9.9 mm.; tibia, 10.6 mm.; tarsus, 8.4 mm.
Middle leg, fem. 11.4 mm.; tibia, 10.9 mm.
Hind leg, fem. 12.8 mm.; tibia, 13 mm.

3’, Rostrum and palpi dark brown; antennz, two basal segments brown; flagel-
lum very dark brownish-black. Front, vertex and occiput deep brown. Frontal
tubercle moderately broad, deeply notched.

Thoracic dorsum dark brownish-black without distinct stripes; pleuree more
brownish. Legs and halteres dark brownish-black.

Wings (fig. 7) brown with a broad light yellow band slightly beyond the middle,
its outer margin just distad of the cord.

Abdominal tergum, basal half shiny, apical half dull black. @, similar to o
but larger and the genital segment reddish. Paratype paler and evidently newly-
emerged; same place and date as the allotype.

Holotype, o. Trece Aguis, Cacao, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala. April 5.
(Schwarz and Barber.) Allotype, @ same locality and collector as the &,
April 9. Paratype, 2 with the allotype. Types in the U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll.
Paratype in the author’s collection.

In its blackish head, magnifica agrees most closely with braconides
Enderlein (Zoél. Jahrb., vol. 32, pt. I; p. 47; fig. B'; 1912) of
Colombia; the remaining species with banded wings have the
head conspicuously orange or yellow. Braconides differs very
notably in its pale wing-basis, light bloom on the head, different
leg-pattern, etc.

Eriocera perpulchra sp. nov.

Head reddish; frontal tubercle notched; wings yellow with two brown bands.
o’, Length, 20.8 mm.; wing, 16.6 mm.; abdomen about 16 mm.;
Antenne 3.2 mm.
Middle leg, femora, 10.4 mm.; tibia 11 mm.; tarsus 8.3 mm.
Hind leg, femora, 11.8 mm.; tibia 13.6 mm.; tarsus about 8 mm.

3’, Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne, segments 1-2, orange-yellow;
segment 3, yellow basally, passing into dark brown at the tip; remaining segments
dark brownish-black. Front, vertex and occiput bright orange, rather obscured
posteriorly. Frontal tubercle very broad, truncated in front and broadly notched.

Pronotum very dark brown. Mesonotum, prescutum, medially broadly dull
chocolate-brown with three narrow darker lines, one median, the other two on the
sides of the broad median band, these dark vittze becoming indistinct behind; sides
of the sclerite anterior to the pseudosuture brighter, orange; sides of the preescutum
behind, dark colored; scutum, scutellum and postnotum dark brownish-black.
Pleurz dark brown, rather lighter colored on the ventral sclerites. Halteres, stem

1914] Alexander—New or Little-known Neotropical Hexatomini 39

brown, basally, darkening to brownish-black on the knob. Legs: coxe and tro-
chanters dark brown; femora dull brownish-yellow, tip broadly dark brown, an
indistinct broad darker median band; tibiz and tarsi brown, the former lighter
colored basally.

Wings: pale light yellow; a broad brown basal band filling in the space from
slightly beyond cross-vein b to beyond the origin of R,; a second brown band filling
in the space from the cord to the tip of Ri, down to the end of Cur. Venation (see
fig. 8): Se rather short, ending opposite cross-vein r-m before the middle of R2+3;
cross-vein r about equa! to that portion of R2 proximad of it; Rs long.

Abdominal tergites reddish-brown, segments 6-7 rather darker, brown; segments
8-9, reddish. Sternites reddish-brown.

Holotype, Savannah, North Brazil. August 22, 1911. (Crampton.) Type
in American Museum of Natural History.

Eriocera longistyla Alex.

1805. Tipula erythrocephala Vabricius; Syst. Anthar.; p. 31 (non T. erythro-
cephala DeGeer. 1776).
1821. Limnobia erythrocephala Wiedemann; Dipt. Exot.; vol. 1, p. 17.
1828. Limnobia erythrocephala Wiedemann; Aussereur. zweifl. Ins.; vol. I, p. 30.
1838. Cylindrotoma erythrocephala Macquart; Dipt. Fxot.; vol. I, pt. I., p. 67.
1866. Eriocera erythrocephala Schiner; Verh. Zoél. bot. Ges. Wien.; vol. 16, p.
929.

1868. Eriocera erythrocephala Schiner; Novara Reise; Dipt.; p. 41.

1869. Eriocera erythrocephala Osten Sacken; Monographs Dipt. N. Am.; vol. 4;
p. 248.

As I have shown elsewhere, the Tipula erythrocephala of Vabricius is homonymous
with DeGeer’s species and I have renamed it as above.

I have before me five specimens of this handsome little form, as follows:

(1) &, Waratuk, Upper Potaro R.; July 15, 1911. (Crampton.)

(2) o&, Upper Potaro R.; July 17, 1911. (Crampton.)

(3) o&' @, Tukeit, Upper Potaro R.; July 24, 1911. (Lutz.) (in cop.)

(5) @, Tukeit, Upper Potaro R.; July 24, 1911. (Lutz.)

I am including a few additional details in regard to measurements and coloration:

o, Length, 9.1-10.3 mm.; wing, 9.9-10.4 mm.
2, Length, 10.8-11 mm.; wing, 10.3-10.9 mm.

First and second antennal segments of the same bright orange color as the dorsum
of the head; flagellum of antenne and the palpi dark brown.

Mesonotal preescutum dark brown covered with a thick yellowish bloom which is
less intense on the cephalic margin of the sclerite; three broad dorsal stripes, very
indistinct. The thoracic dorsum, viewed with the naked eye, appears pearly-
yellow; scutum and scutellum similar to the prescutum; postnotum darker brown,
less pruinose. Wing shown in fig. 6.

Abdominal tergites, segment 1 very dark brown, only the extreme margin orange;
segment 2 light orange-yellow, with a dark brown postmedian band; segment 3
orange, more yellowish on the anterior and posterior margins; segment 4, dark
brownish-black, anterior quarter orange; segments 5-7 deep black, 8 and hypopy-
gium orange. Sternites about as in the tergites; the lateral line dark on 2nd and

40 Psyche [February

3rd segments. The last specimen listed above (@) is similar but the abdominal
tergum has the basal three-fourths of segments 1-3 almost black, the apical quarter
yellowish. The @, in cop, has the first abdominal tergite black.

The specimens are in the American Museum of Natural History with the excep--
tion of specimen No. 2, in the author’s collection.

Eriocera macrocera sp nov.

Head reddish-yellow; antennz of the < twice as long as the body; the section of
Cu: beyond the outer end of cell 1st M> is shorter than the fused portion of Cu: and
M3.

&, Wing, length, 8.3 mm.; breadth at widest point, 2.5 mm. Front, vertex
and occiput bright orange-yellow; antenne very long, brown.

Thorax and abdomen, brown. Wings witha slight brownish tinge; stigma darker
brown, large but ill-defined; veins C, Sc and R rather yellowish; remaining veins
brown. Venation (see fig. 4). Costa incrassated between ends of Sei and Ri ;
Sco near the tip of Sci; the portion of R: between Sc: and cross-vein r, delicate,
indistinct; Rs strongly arcuated at origin; R2+s nearly twice as long as that por-
tion of R: before cross-vein r; the portion of Cu: beyond the outer end of cell Ist M2
is shorter than the fused portion of Cu: and M; instead of distinctly longer as in all
short-antenneed forms known to me; in other words, cell 1st M>» (discal) is very far
out toward the wing margin.

Holotype, <, Igarapé-assii, Para, Brazil. January 30, 1912. (H. S. Parish.)
Type in Cornell University Collection.

The only South American Eriocera, so far described, with elon-
gate antenne in the male. From the related Northern species,
E. longicornis Walk., it differs in its reddish head and body-color.
The type-specimen is not at hand and a more detailed description
will be given later.

Eriocera cornigera sp. nov.

Frontal tubercle of the male produced into long, slender points; abdomen with a
subterminal black band; general color yellow.

o, Length, 12.8 mm.; wing 11.6 mm.; antenne nearly 4 mm.
Middle leg, femora, 8.2‘mm.; tibia, 8.8 mm.
Hind leg, femora, 9.4 mm.; tibia, 10.,7 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark, blackish; antennee, first two segments brownish-yellow;
third bright yellow; remaining segments dark brownish-black. Front brownish-
yellow; vertex and occiput brownish-yellow, greyish near the eyes; frontal tubercle
brighter, orange-yellow. Frontal tubercle extended into two elongate, pointed
tubercles.

Pronotum prolonged into rather long obtuse points at the antero-lateral angles,
brown. Mesonotum, preescutum, median line tawny; a large, dark brown stripe
beginning near the cephalic margin, narrowing behind and gradually converging
to near the suture. ‘To either side of this, near the middle of the sclerite, begins a
broad stripe which runs to the suture; ground color of the sclerite yellow. Scutum

1914) Alexander—New or Li tle-known Neotropical Hexatomini 41

largely brown, tawny in the middle; scutellum and post-scutum tawny; postnotum
tawny. Pleurz yellowish-tawny; sternum light yellow. Halteres tawny, knobs
rather darker. Legs brownish-yellow, scarcely darker at the apices of the segments.

Wings: cells C and Sc tinged with yellow, rest of wing greyish; stigma very indis-
tinct, rounded. Venation (see fig. 3.). Sc rather long, ending just beyond the level
of cross-vein r-m; Sc2 longer and much stronger than Sc: which is reduced in size
and simulates a cross-vein (as in zonata O. S.); R, very long, nearly straight; R2+s
long; cross-vein 7 oblique, inserted on R:» just beyond the fork.

Abdominal segments 1-5, light yellow; 6-7 deep brownish black; hypopygium
broken.

Holotype co. Songo, Bolivia. (Received from Staudinger-Bang-Haas). Type
in author’s collection.

Eriocera kaieturensis sp. noy.

Large species (wing 17-21 mm.); head yellow; thoracic dorsum striped; legs with
a broad subapical yellow band; wings with an indistinct yellowish band before the
cord, stigma distinct.

ov, Length, about 19 mm.; wing, 17 mm.; antenne about 4 mm.
Hind leg, femur, 11.4 mm.; tibia, 11.5 mm.; tarsus, 7.4 mm.
Q, Length, about 25 mm.; wing, 20.8 mm.
Middle leg, femur, 11 mm.; tibia, 10.9 mm.; tarsus, 8.9 mm.
Hind leg, femur, 14.3 mm.; tibia, 14.8 mm; tarsus, 8.5 mm.

o&, Rostrum and palpi brown; antenne short, segments 1 and 2 bright orange,
remaining segments brown. Front, vertex and ccciput bright orange-yellow.

Mesonotal prascutum light yellowish-brown pollincse with a broad darker
brown median stripe, broadest in front, narrowed to a pcint near the suture, this
broad band including a narrow, dark brown, median line; two broad lateral stripes
of the same brown color on either side, beginning behind the pseudo-suture, con-
tinuing back across the suture onto the scutal lobes; scutum light yellowish-brown,
each lobe brown medially, a continuation of the lateral preescutal stripes; scutellum
light brownish-yellow. Pleure darxer brown dorsally, beneath much paler,
yellowish. Halteres, stem dull yellow, knob brown. Legs: coxze and trochanters
orange-yellow, the latter with a narrow black line; femora yellow, darkened at
the tip and indistinctly and breadly darker beyond the middle producing a yellow
subapical band; tibiz dull yellow; tarsi dull yellow, each segment tipped with brown.
Wings: of a pale yellow color, this color rather darker, more greyish, beyond the
cord and near the base of the wing; stigma conspicuous, but not dark, brown,
occupying the end of cell 1st Ri; veins brownish-yellow. Venation as in figure 1.

Abdominal tergum, segments rich yellowish-brown, darker apically; segments 5
and 6 darker; lateral margin of the tergites dark brownish-black, producing a
dark lateral abdominal line; sternum yellow.

9, Quite as in the o’, but larger.

Holotype, o&. Kaietur Falls, Potaro R.; British Guiana. August 8, 1911.
(F. E. Lutz.) Allotype, 9. Savanna, North Brazil. August 20,1911. (Cramp-
ton.) Paratype, @. Ceara, East Brazil. (Senor D. Rocha.) Holotype and
Allotype in American Museum of Natural History. Paratype in Muzeu Rocha,
Ceara, Brazil.

42 Psyche ‘February

The paratype differs from the type oc and 9 in having the
first flagellar segment of the antennez tipped with black, the wings
more unicolorous; and femora without the broad indistinct yellow
band. I believe that the specimen is merely a variant of the
typical species. (Length, almost 28 mm.; wing, 21 mm.)

Eriocera peruviana sp. nov.

General color dull brown; frontal tubercle orange.

o&, Length, 11.8 mm.; wing, 11.2 mm.; antenne about 2 mm.
Middle leg, fem., 8 mm.; tibia, 8.8 mm.
Hind leg, fem., 8.9 mm.; tibia, 10.2 mm.

Rostrum and palpi yellowish, the latter rather more brownish. Antenne very
short, brown; basal segments lighter colored. Frontal tubercle and region imme-
diately behind it rich orange-yellow; frontal tubercle deeply furrowed. Remainder
of front, vertex and occiput rich brown.

Pronotum dark brown. Mesonctum, prescutum, ground color light brownish-
yellow; cephalic margin dark brown, continued backward as a stripe on either side
of the narrow median line; a short brownish stripe on sides; scutum, scutellum
and postnotum brownish-yellow. Pleurz yellowish-white, a broad darker band
extending from the root of the wings to the cervical sclerites. Halteres light
brown. Legs: light brown, uniform. Wings: cells C and Se brownish-grey,
remainder of wings clearer grey. Venation (see fig. 5): Se strong, Sc: remote from
tip of Sci; Re+s more or less on a level with Rs.

Abdomen dull yellowish brown; sub-terminal three segments darker; hypo-
pygium reddish-brown.

Holotype, o. Callanga, Peru. (Received from Staudinger-Bang-Haas).
Type in author’s collection.

Eriocera townsendi sp. noy.

Frontal tubercle orange-yellow; scape of antennz dark brown; legs black.
@, Length, 18 mm.; wing, 13.6 mm.
Fore leg, femora, 6.3 mm.; tibia, 7.3 mm.
Middle leg, femora, 7.8 mm.; tibia, 7.2 mm.
Hind leg, femora, 9.1 mm; tibia, 9.5 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown; scape of the antenne dark brown, apice of
segment one pale, silvery; segments 3 to 5, yellowish-orange; remaining antennal
segments darkening to brown. Frontal tubercle moderately prominent and rather
deeply notched, rich orange-yellow; sides of the vertex behind the eyes brown.

Mesonotal prescutum with a broad deep brown median stripe, margined with
a narrow deep black line and divided by a narrow median line of the same black
color; the lateral black stripe is forked near the pseudo-suture, the caudal branch
ending at the pseudosutural fovea; sides of the sclerite somewhat brighter brown;
scutum, lobes brown, blacker on the cephalic margin; scutellum and middle line
of the scutum orange; postnotum dark brown laterally, broadly dull yellow medially.
Pleurze dark brown. Halteres deep brown, base of the stem a little paler. Legs:
cox and trochanters deep brown except the fore trochanter which is dull yellow;

1914] Alexander—New or Little-known Neotropical Hexatomini 43

fore leg with basal quarter of femur conspicuously yellow, abruptly darkening to
brownish-black; tibize and tarsi dark brownish black; middle and hind legs uni-
formly very dark brown. Wings almost uniformly brown; cells C and Se a little
darker colored. Venation: Sc long, Sc: much longer and more distinct than Sco;
R2+3 rather long, a little longer than R2 beyond cross vein r and about three times
as long as R:z between the fork of R2+3; and r.

Abdominal tergum, segments 1-4, orange-yellow; 5, extreme base orange-yellow;
remainder of 5th and 6 and 7, deep velvety-black; genital segment orange. Ster-
num similarly colored but duller.

Holotype, @. Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, Mexico. Hd. R. Piedras Verdes.
Alt. about 7,300 ft. (Coll. C. H. T. Townsend.) Type in U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll.

This species is closest to zonata O. S. but I cannot make the
two descriptions agree. The basal segments of the antennz in
townsendi are very dark brown; there is more black on the abdo-
men; the legs are not yellow (except base of fore femora) but
dark brown. The peculiar course of Sc; in zonata, apparently
ending in radius rather than in costa does not obtain in the new
species, where Sc; ends in costa, Sc; being about twice as long as
Sc.

Eriocera erythrza Osten Sacken.
1886. Eriocera erythrea Osten Sacken; Biol. Cent. Amer.; Dipt. vol. I, p. 11,

One 2 from Cacao, Alta Vera Paz. April 12, 1906. (Schwarz
and Barber).

The mesonotal preescutum shows indications of darker brownish stripes of which
the median is more double. Venation: Sc long, Sc: strong, ending about opposite
the fork of R2+s; Se: weak, much shorter than Se:. Rs almost in a line with Rex 33
R. before cross-vein 7 a little less than one-half of R»+3; cross-vein 7 a little more than
one-half of R: before it; basal deflection of Cu: under the middle of cell 1st M:.
The specimen is in the U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll.

Eriocera gracilis Osten Sacken.
1886. Eriocera gracilis Osten Sacken; Biol. Cent. Amer.; Dipt. vol. I, p. 12.

One o’, Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, Mexico. Hacienda R.
Piedras Verdes. Alt. about 7,300 ft. Coll. C. H. T. Townsend.
Specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus. Coll.

The mesonotal prescutal greyish on dorsum, with three black stripes cf which
the median one is broadest in front, narrowed to a point near the suture; the lateral
stripes which lie on the sides of the dorsal triangle are connected on the anterior
margin of the sclerite with the median stripe; the sides of the preescutum are more
yellowish than the grey dorsal triangle; scutum and scutellum, as well as the
postnotum deep, rich brown. Venation: Sc rather short, ending far before the

44 Psyche [February

fork of Re+3; Sc2 much shorter than Sc: but strong, in a line with the cord of the
wing; R2+; long, as long as R: alone; cross-vein r about as long as that portion of
R: between it and the fork of R:+3; basal deflection of Cu: as near to the fork of M
as to the middle of cell 1st Ms.

Penthoptera Schiner.

1863. Penthoptera Schiner; Wiener Entomol. Monatsschr.; vol. 7, p. 220.
1869. Penthoptera Osten Sacken; Monographs Dipt. N. Am.; vol. 4, p. 256.
A Key to the American Species of Penthoptera.

1. Small (wing less than 8 mm.); mesothoracic preescutum with the ground color
obscured by a greyish or bluish pruinosity, dorsal stripes not distinct;
metatarsi of the legs white; cell J/: of the wings present, i. e., M: and M;:
separate at the wing-margin. (Eastern U.S.) ............ albitarsis O. S.1

Large (wing more than 9 mm.); mesothoracic preescutum yellowish with four
shining blackish marks; metatarsi of fore and middle legs more or less brown;
cell Mi of the wings lacking, i. e., 1/1 and M2 fused to the wing-margin.
(Guatemalagyys sc: «52 5 cee ee Oe eee conjuncta, sp. 0.

The new species described below is a typical member of the
genus Penthoptera as defined by Osten Sacken (Monographs,
l.c., p. 256, 257). It agrees with albitarsis O. 5. of Eastern North
America, and chirothecata Scop. of Central and Southern Europe,
in its snowy-white tarsi, a character not yet found in Friocera,
so far as I can discover. It differs from these two species, and
comes closest to cimicoides Scop. of Central and Southern Europe
in the lack of cell M, of the wings; from the last-mentioned species,
it differs in tarsal and body-coloration, ete.

Mr. F. W. Edwards’, in his recent comprehensive paper on the
Seychelles Tipulidee, has questioned the generic validity of
Penthoptera. The group is, indeed, founded on rather trivial
characters, but these, as defined by Osten Sacken, are numerous
and apply very well to the typical group of species. Penthoptera
fuliginosa Schiner, the only form ever described by the founder of
the genus was considered by Osten Sacken to be a species of
Eriocera. In case Penthoptera is reduced in rank, Schiners fuli-
ginosa will require renaming.

Penthoptera conjuncta sp. nov.
Thoracic dorsum yellowish with four dark marks; tarsi white; cell M1 absent.
o, Length, 9.5 mm.; wing, 9.8 mm.
2, Length, 10.6 mm.; wing, 10 mm.

1Qsten Sacken, Monographs, vol. 4, p. 257, 258. See Needham, 23rd Rept, N. Y. State
Entomologist for 1907, plate 12, figure I, for photo of wing.

2 Edwards, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.; 2nd series, Zodlogy; vol. 15, pt. 2; Sept. 1912. The
Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905—No. 14—Diptera, Tipulide; p.
195-214; pl. 10-11.

1914] W eiss—Thermal Conductivity of Cocoons 45

Rostrum and palpi brown; scape of antenna light yellowish-brown, the basal
segment slightly darker than the second segment; flagellum broken. Front,
vertex and occiput dark-colored, thickly bluish-grey pruinose. Frontal tubercle
prominent, not notched.

Mesonotum yellowish-brown, shiny, a narrow deep brown line on either side of
the broad dorsal median portion, beginning above the pseudosutural region, nar-
rowing behind and ending before the transverse suture; a large rounded brown
spot on the sides of the sclerite before the transverse suture; scutum, scutellum
and postnotum yellowish-brown with a faint greyish bloom; a rounded darker
brown spot on the lateral lobes of the latter. Pleure very light yellow, a large
rounded brown spot on the mesopleurze underneath the wing-root and less distinct
spots on the propleure and cervical sclerites forming an interrupted dorso-pleural
band. MHalteres deep brown. Legs: coxe and trochanters light yellow; femora
yellowish-brown, extreme tip darker brown; tibiz brown; fore metatarsus brown
on basal two-fifths, remaining portions of fore tarsi pure white except the last
segment which is brownish; middle leg, with the basal third of the metatarsus
brown; metatarsus of the hind legs entirely white. Wings: subhyaline or slightly”
tinged with darker, especially toward the tip; veins dark brown. Venation, see
figure 2.

Abdominal tergum with the segments dark brown; segment 1 pallid at base,
darker apically; extreme margin of segments 2-6 pallid; 7-8, not pale at tip;
& hypopygium reddish-brown; sternites dull yellow.

Holotype, &. Patalue, Guatemala, Central America. 700 ft. (Dr. G. Eisen.)
Allotype, 2, with the type. Received at the National Museum, January 6, 1903.
Type in U.S. Nat. Mus. Coll.; allotype in author’s colléction.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

The figures are all drawn to scale by means of a projection microscope.
Fig. 1. Eriocera kaieturensis sp. nov.; wing.

Fig. 2. Penthoptera conjuncta sp. noy.; wing.
Fig. 3. Hriocera cornigera sp. noy.; wing.
Fig. 4. Eriocera macrocera sp. noy.; wing.
Fig. 5. Eriocera peruviana sp. nov.; wing.
Fig. 6. Eriocera longistyla Alex; wing.

Fig. 7. Eriocera magnifica sp. nov.; wing.
Fig. 8. Eriocera perpulchra sp. noy.; wing.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF COCOONS.

By Harry B. WErss,
New Brunswick, N. J.

With a view toward determining the value of cocoons as a pro-
tection against extremes of temperature, thermometric tests of
those of quite a number of species were made in the following man-
ner: Normal empty cocoons were selected and the bulbs of ther-

46 Psyche [February

mometers placed inside so as to occupy as nearly as possible the
positions of the pup, that is, care was taken to have an air space
surrounding each bulb. Each cocoon was fastened in place by
elastic bands and then glued or sealed with wax.

The following tables show three different sets of conditions:
one under normal field temperatures, one where a gradual rise
takes place effected by placing the cocoon in an electric oven, and
the other where a sudden drop occurs. The average length of
time for the temperature of the inside of the cocoon to reach that
of the surrounding atmosphere during a rise and fall was almost
three quarters of an hour.

Cocoon of Telea polyphemus.
Field Conditions.

Outside Temperature
temperature. inside cocoon.
TORE: 15°C
8° 12°
Tha 10°
Gradual Rise.

Surrounding Time. Temperature
temperature. inside cocoon.
48°C, 0 min. 48° C.
5s My 48°
55° Li 54°
57° 25) 55°
60° i = Sa
61° Sip 59°
62° 40 * 62°

Sudden Drop.

Surrounding Time. Temperature
temperature. inside cocoon.
10-€: 0 min. 14°C.

a i 14°
0° Ta 10°
0° fen 6:
0° oy 4°

Cocoon of Bombyx mori.
Field Conditions.

Outside Temperature
temperature. inside cocoon.
10°C; 15e€
9° 12°

Zi ts

1914]

Surrounding
temperature.
20°C:

44°

Surrounding
temperature.
HOKE,
0°
0°
0°
Og

Weiss—Thermal Conductivity of Cocoons

Gradual Rise.

Time.

0 min.
1, 4
200 a
By)
40 “
SOM a

Sudden Drop.

Time.
0 min.
5 ee
ilsy 2
OR
Gin

47

Temperature
inside cocoon.
26°C,

Temperature
inside cocoon.
14°C.
14°
10°

8°
ie

Bag of Thyridopteryx ephemereformis.

Outside
temperature.
8°C.

Y he
he

Surrounding
temperature
26°C.

38°

Surrounding

temperature.

10°C.
0°
0°
0°
9°

Field Conditions.

Gradual Rise.
Time.
0 min.
109 =
20M
pie
a0)
By
AOY ss

Sudden Drop.

Time.

0 min.
15
D5 ima
Soa

Temperature
inside bag.
USC.

iit?

We

Temperature
inside bag.
965C:
29°
42°
43°
48°
52°
53°

Temperature
inside bag.
965C:
Q5°
13°
5°
ge

48 Psyche [February

Cocoons of Callosamia promethea and Tropea luna gave similar
results. In spite of errors due to imperfect conditions, these tables
show that the temperature inside a cocoon is practically the same
as that of the surrounding air and that there is a constant tend-
ency for the inside temperature to approach that of its surround-
ings.

One fact, however, which is readily apparent, is that sudden
changes of temperature do not occur within the cocoon. When
the outside temperature was suddenly lowered as from 10°C. to
0°C., the temperatures in the cocoons fell gradually and even dur-
ing a gradual rise, the cocoon temperature lagged behind that of
its surroundings. This is no doubt due to the poor conducting
qualities of air and silk.

As the cocoon of Samia cecropia is double and the pupa thereby
protected by two air spaces, this was somewhat more resistant to
sudden changes of temperature than the others, a longer time
being required for the inside temperature to reach that of the at-
mosphere, when either a rise or fall occurred.

From figures showing comparative conductivity! one can see
that air is extremely poor conductor, and also wool, the thermal
conductivity of which approaches that of silk, the exact figures
for silk being unobtainable. It is worth noting that the rather
thin paper-like covering of the bag worm was equally as resistant
to sudden changes, as the well made heavier cocoons of Bombya
mori and Callosamia promethea.

From the standpoint of temperature alone it is doubtful if the
pupa needs the protection afforded by a thick cocoon, especially
when we consider that pupe of the superfamily Papilionoidea are
without such coverings.

From the standpoint, of moisture however, it is exceedingly
necessary for the insect to have such a covering, especially if the
pupal stage is passed on the ground among leaves or in situations
likely to be moist.

Cocoons of Callosamia promethea, the vers of which tend to
fray out toward the proximal ends, which are not finished inside
with coatings similar to the remainder of the interiors, when partly

1The conductivities for heat of a number of substances is as follows: Copper, 1.041,
Iron 0.167, Ice 0.0057, Marble 0.005, Glass 0.0025, Cork 0.0007, Wool 0.00012, Paper 0.000094,
Air 0.000056.

1914] Weiss—Thermal Conductivity of Cocoons 49
a ]

submerged in water for seven hours, showed interiors perfectly
dry, the water having penetrated only the outer layer. Those
partly submerged in alcohol and sulphuric acid for the same time
were wet clear through, the acid having softened the entire mass.
Alcohol penetrated easily but did not have the disintegrating action
of the acid. When totally submerged in the above liquids for one
hour, the acid and alcohol readily entered the proximal end from
which the moth escapes and also penetrated the sides, but water
was effectually kept out, the fringe-like ends of the layers being
bunched together sufficiently for that purpose, and the pressure
of the air inside the cocoon undoubtedly helping also.

It is a generally accepted fact that the interiors of cocoons are
coated all over with a gummy resinous substance, also that the
emergence is usually effected by a fluid secreted by the insect,
which has the property of softening the threads and gum.

The following paragraphs from Trouvelot explain how this is
accomplished:

“T. polyphemus is provided with two glands opening into the
mouth, which secrete during the last few days of the pupa state,
a fluid which is a dissolvent for the gum so firmly uniting the
fibres of the cocoon.

“This liquid is composed in great part of bombycic acid. When
the insect has accomplished the work of transformation, which is
going on under the pupa skin, it manifests a great activity, and
soon the chrysalis covering bursts open longitudinally upon the
thorax; the head and legs are soon disengaged, and the acid flows
from its mouth, wetting the inside of the cocoon. The process of
exclusion from the cocoon lasts for as much as half an hour. The
insect seems to be instinctively aware that some time is required
to dissolve the gum, as it does not make any attempt to open the
the fibres and seems to wait with patience this event. When the
liquid has fully penetrated the cocoon, the pupa contracts its body,
and pressing the hinder end, which is furnished with little hooks
against the inside of the cocoon, forcibly extends its body; at the
same time the head pushes hard upon the fibres and a little swelling
is observed on the outside.

“These contractions and extensions of the body are repeated
many times and more fluid is added to soften the gum, until under
these efforts the cocoon swells and finally the fibres separate, and

50 Psyche [February

out comes the head of the moth. In an instant the legs are thrust
out, and then the whole body appears; not a fibre has been broken,
they have only been separated.”

The cocoons of Samia cecropia and Callosamia promethea do not
have a gummy coating over the entire interior. In each case the
end through which the moth emerges is composed of silken fibres
loosely pulled together and not covered with a gummy substance.
It is as if each layer of the cocoon was spun into a fringe at this
end, the fringes of all layers being bunched together forming a
little cone. In the cocoon of Samia cecropia, it was possible to
push a pencil through this fringe with apparently no effort. The
fibres parted readily, it being necessary to break only a few in the
extreme outside layer. The same can be said of C. promethea’s
cocoon. i

This condition of affairs evidently enables the emerging insect
to escape, without the aid of secretions or cutting apparatus, the
struggles evidently helping considerably to enlarge the opening.
It is rather strange how few text-books on entomology mention
this method of emergence.

SITOWSKIT’S NEW ABERRATION OF COLIAS HYALE L.
By P. W. Wauitina.

Bussey Institution, Harvard University.

In the Bulletin de L’ Academie des Sciences de Cracovie for May,
1913, L. Sitowski figures and describes an aberrant form of Colias
hyale L. to which he gives the name polonica. The example, a
male, was taken at Radlow in Galizia and appears to be different
from any of the forms hitherto described. Besides minor differ-
ences of color distinguishing the aberration from the parental
form, there is a great extension of the dark border on the upper
side of the primaries into the disk, and an entire absence of the
border on the upper side of the secondaries. A suffusion of
dark scales over the light areas distinguishes the under sides of
the wings from the type.

The scales of the wings are strikingly different from the normal,
lacking altogether the apical processes and being smoothly rounded
off instead. The scent-scales at the bases of the hind wings

1914] Whiting—Sitowski’'s New Aberration of Colias Hyale 5E

are blunt rather than pointed and the striations are parallel to
the sides rather than oblique as in the type.

Considerable discussion follows as to the causes which might
be supposed to produce an aberration of this type. The hypoth-
esis of Pictet, that one and the same factor may produce different
changes of color, is adopted. Melanism and albinism are sup-
posed to be brought about by the same environmental factor
acting upon different individuals of the species. As evidence
for this view, it is stated that dark forms and light forms occur
in the same region, and the aberration polonica displays both
the melanic and the albinic tendencies in the single individual.
The author would seem to assume either that temperature,
humidity and light must be constant in any given region or that
the life histories of the various members of any species must be
so adjusted that they are subject to exactly the same conditions
at the same periods of development. It is also not at all clear
why the breeding experiments with Colias should have been
entirely overlooked. Harrison, Main and Frohawk have clearly
shown that albinism is a segregating hereditary character in
C. edusa, and Gerould in very extensive experiments upon C.
philodice and eurytheme has demonstrated the laws of inheritance
of albinism with large numbers. Judging also from our knowl-
edge of spotting in general it seems much more probable that
the aberrant coloration of polonica should be due in part if not
wholly to hereditary rather than environmental factors.

52 Psyche [February

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

Wanted, in exchange or for cash, North American Catocala.—Rudolph C. B.
Bartsch, 46 Guernsey Street, Roslindale, Mass.

Empidide desired from any part of the world.—A. L. Melander, Bussey Insti-
tution, Forest Hills, Mass.

Will name and return species in certain families of Coleoptera. Buprestide
especially desired.—C. A. Frost, 26 Pond Street, South Framingham, Mass.

Wanted. Insects fron ant-nests, with specimens of the ants, from any part of .
the world. Will give Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera from the Western
United States—W. M. Mann, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Mass.

Will exchange for Geometridz from any section of North America, or identify
material for privilege of retaining examples.—L. W. Swett, 501 Washington Street,
Room 44, Boston, Mass.

Will exchange insects of various orders for Parasitic Hymenoptera from any
part of the world.—C. T. Brues, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Mass.

Wanted, for cash or exchange, living material of Lucilia from the Southern
States; also living material of Cynomia mortuorum from Europe and any other
species of Cynomia except Cadaverina. Will give direction for shipment.—P. W.
Whiting, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Mass.

Carabus chamissonis and other rare Coleoptera for Dytiside not in my collection.
—F. W. Dodge, Melrose Highlands, Mass.

Wanted. Ants from all parts of the world.—W. M. Wheeler, Bussey Institution,
Forest Hills, Mass.

I pay cash or give American and exotic insects in exchange for fertile eggs of
Catocala spp., living Cataocla Q 2 (captured specimens only), hibernating pups
and larve of any other group of Lepidoptera.—William Reiff, 366 Arborway,
Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass.

Numbers of American Museum Journal Desired. Vol. III, No. 4. Vol. V,
Nos. 1, 2 (including Guide leaflet 18), and 3.—Nathaniel T. Kidder, Milton, Mass.

Florida insects of all orders, also Fish, Batrachians, Reptiles, Shells and Marine
Invertebrates sold by A. G. Reynolds, Gulfport, Florida.

New England Orthoptera identified. I wish to examine adult orthoptera of all
families from all parts of New England. Material will be identified for the privi-
lege of retaining desired examples, for which good exchanges will be given, subject
to approval of owner.—A. P. Morse, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.

The undersigned will greatly appreciate receiving records of New Jersey species
not listed in Smith’s Insects of New Jersey.—Harry B. Weiss, 272 Hale St., New
Brunswick, N. J.

Offered for cash, but exchange preferred. Fitch and early Illinois reports;
Insect Life; Harris’s Insects; many others.—J. E. Hallinen, Cooperton, Okla.

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215i

SY CHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

ESTABLISHED IN 1874

VOL. XXI APRIL, 1914 NUMBER 2

CONTENTS

The North American Families of Lepidoptera. Wm. T. M. Forbes .
The Alimentary Canal of a Cercopid. J. C. Kershaw

Four New American Hemiptera. EZ. Bergroth

Note on the Habits of Liomyrmex

The Phorid Genus Platyphora in America

Descriptions of Two New Genera of Parasitic Hymenoptera. S. A. Rohwer

Some Remarks on American Lauxaniide. K. Kertész
Book Notice

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VOL. XXI. APRIL, 1914. No. 2

THE NORTH AMERICAN FAMILIES OF LEPIDOPTERA.

By Wo. T. M. Forsss,
Worcester, Mass.

The following is an attempt to present in tabular form the
differences in the families of Lepidoptera which occur in the
United States, to which the few well characterized Central Amer-
ican families of Macros have been added for completeness. None
of the accepted lists have been followed strictly in family delim-
itation. but on the other hand none of the changes is new. The
butterflies are according to the system followed by Scudder and
Comstock; the Macro-heterocera follow Dyar’s list with a couple
of changes; the Tineids are separated along the lines laid down
in various papers by Busck, with the addition of the primitive
families recognized by Spuler in the European fauna.

As compared with Dyar’s list the principal changes are the
following:

The Parnassiide are combined with the Papilionide.

The Agapetide, Heliconide, Ithomyide, Lymnadide, Liby-
theidee, and Nymphalidz are combined as Nymphalide.

The Megathymide with the Hesperiide.

The Nycteolide with the Noctuide, following Hampson. I
am not at all sure that the union is justified, but no satisfactory
family characters have been developed, and a number of the
genera are doubtful. The most distinct characters of the Nycteo-
lidee are the slender male frenulum-hook, the peculiarly enlarged
and bent basal joint of the antenna, the head-vestiture, and the
raised scaling. The last is shared by various Noctuids, and inter-
grades seem to occur in the case of the other characters. The
peculiar wing-form, which seems to have first given Nycteola
its family status, is not shared by our second species, Characoma
nilotica (=N. proteella).

54 Psyche [April

Apatelodes is transferred to the mainly tropical family Euptero-
tidze, on both larval and adult characters, but it makes a very
distinct subfamily, largely developed in South America. So far
as I can see the Australia Chelepteryx will also belong to it,
and probably other Australian genera. It seems to be one of
the interesting types, like the marsupials, which have survived
only in America and Australia.

Psychophora fasciata is a normal Noctuid, with large ocelli
and typical trifid Noctuid venation; on the other hand, so far as
I can see, Curtis’ figures of P. sabinii represent the common arctic
Hydriomenid geometer which Hulst considered it to be.

The Pyromorphide and Chalcosiide have been treated as sub-
families of the typically European family Zygenide. Aco-
loithus, of our species, might about as well be placed in the typical
Zygeenine, next to Ino, as among the Pyromorphine.

The following partial generic list will explain the disposition

of the Tineina:

Y ponomeutide Stenomatide Cycloplasis ?
Simeethis Stenoma Coptodisca ?
Choreutis Ide Douglasia ?
Allononyma Brachiloma Tinagma ?
Setiostoma Blastobaside Heliodinide
Glyphipteryx as in Dyar’s list Heliodines
Atteva (Cita) exc. Endrosis Acrolepude
Yponomeuta Cosmopterygide Acrolepia
Plutella Coleophora ? Gracilariide
Cerostoma Batrachedra ? Chilocampyla
Trachoma Cosmopteryx Acrocercops
Seythris ? Lymnecia Parectopa
Argyresthia ? Stilbosis Gracilaria
Zelleria ? Mompha (Laverna) Lithocolletis

Epermenia ?
Schreckensteinia ?

Walshia
Theisoa (Cacelice)

Cremastobombycia
Ornix

Gelechude Chrysopeleia Leucanthiza
as in Dyar’s list Psacaphora Marmara

(Ecophoride Leucophryne Lyonetude
as in Dyar’s list Erineda ? Bedellia ?
also Eido Elachistide Proleucoptera
Endrosis Elachista Philonome
but not Ethmia Heliozelide Lyonetia

Ethmiide Heliozela Phylloenistis
Ethmia Antispila Bucculatrix ?

1914] Forbes—The North American Families of Lepidoptera 55

Tineide Acrolophus Adelide
Argyresthia ? Hypoclopus Incurvaria
Zelleria ? Pseudanaphora Brackenridgia
Monopis Tischeruide Cyane ?
Tinea Tischeria Isocorypha?
Trichophaga Coptotriche Graya ?
Tineola Opostegide Nemotois
Seardia Opostega Adela
Xylesthia Nepticulide Prodoxide
Amydria Nepticula Prodoxus
Setomorpha Ectoedemia Pronuba
Anaphora Trifurcula

I acknowledge considerable help from Mr. Busck in this part
of the table, and regret he was unable to take time to contribute
the Tineina as a whole. The interrogation points indicate some
of the principal points where the family positions are uncertain,
either from lack of study of dissections, or from failure to develop
characters of true family rank. Most of the genera I have not
seen I have simply omitted from the list, unless their position was
quite evident. The Heliozelidz, as they stand here are hetero-
geneous, with little doubt. Part of the genera may be distributed
among the recognized families, while some may need to become
typical of new ones. There are indications of a connection
between Tischeria, Opostega and this group, through such forms
as the Old-world genus Opogona, which may or may not be sig-
nificant. Opostega is certainly aculeate, Tischeria has structures
corresponding to aculez, but so enlarged and modified that their
status is doubtful, while I am unable to see any at all in Antispila.
The whole range of structure in the five families Gelechiide to
Blastobaside is hardly as significant as that within the Tineide,
even as here restricted.

The principal difference from the arrangement in Comstock’s
Manual is the treatment of the Tortricina, Geometrina and Pyra-
lidina; (except the feathered forms) each as a single family. His
Cymatophoride is the Thyatiride of this table, and his Zygv-
nide are here called Syntomide, following general European
usage in treating Zygena as the group related to Pyromorpha.
The Auzatide have been combined with the Drepanide (Platyp-
terygide).

Kirby’s Bibliography is so different in its treatment of family

56 Psyche [April

lines that a detailed comparison is not worth while; for instance
his Lasiocampide are here divided among the Saturniide, Lono-
miide, Eupterotide, Lasiocampide, and Megalopygide, members
of most of which also occur in others of his families.

The characters used are in general familiar, and fully explained,
for instance, in Smith’s Glossary of Entomology, but the following
points may not be clear. The “quadrifid’” venation is that
in which M, and M3; are so closely associated with the stem of
cubitus as to appear more or less dislocated branches of it, as
well as the two true branches of cubitus; in the trifid venation
only M; is associated with cubitus, and Mz is free, associated with
the radial stem, or lost; of course in primitive forms, where the
medials keep their basal connection direct, the cubitus has only
the two branches that properly belong to it.

When only one pair of palpi are developed they are the labial;
but in a few primitive forms, such as Prodoxus, the maxillary
palpi are the larger and more conspicuous—they can be easily
distinguished by their attachment to the tongue, and in these
primitive forms by their larger number of joints (5) and free
movability, being folded near the middle in repose, and usually
in dead material.

Aculeze are minute spinules scattered over the wing-membrane.
They are several times as numerous as the scales, but so small
as only to be visible with higher powers of the microscope, and
being covered by the scales can only be seen in bleached and
stained or denuded wings. In the Micropterygide, Hepialide,
Prodoxidee, Adelidze and Nepticulide they are generally distrib-
uted; in the Heliozelide, Tischeriidee and Opostegide they are
mostly in the region of the base of the cell of the fore wing, and
somewhat difficult to find; while in all the other Lepidoptera
they are absent, except for a patch of enlarged modified ones
near the base of the inner edge of the fore wing.

The antennz in the great majority of Lepidoptera have regu-
larly imbricated scales on the upper side of the shaft, while the
sides, pectinations when present, and under side are covered
only with minute sensory hairs. In the lowest families, however,
such as the Tineidee, the whole surface is scaled, and on the other
hand the Saturniidee have lost all the scales except on the basal
joint.

1914] Forbes—The North American Families of Lepidoptera on

At the base of the abdomen, on each side, there is a large
cavity, which, to judge by its position and gross structure, is
probably auditory in function. This is called the tympanic
cavity here, and its outlet, which les at the boundary between
thorax and abdomen, the tympanic opening. Usually it is high
up, about on the level of the wings in a spread specimen, but
in the Geometridz it is lower, and generally very conspicuous.
In the Pericopidze, where it is also particularly large, it is as high
as in most families, and projects slightly above the general surface
of the abdomen.

In counting the number of anals in the fore wing (alternative
No. 8) an imperfect and rudimentary first anal, which only forms
a short bar near the margin, is often met; in* the Macros (forms
with the wing-membrane three or four times as wide as its fringe
or more, and generally hairy or deep vestiture) such a rudiment
is not counted; in the Micros (where the wing-membrane is not
more than twice as wide as its fringe, and the vestiture, except
on the head, is scaly) it is. Doubtful cases have generally been
entered twice in the table, but no attempt has been made to make
the part referring to the Tineina complete.

Table of Families.

Tle, WARGO leo ocotc\o. ty are eb A ee CCCI ecient RED Reel Ao ene tea 2
They WWARIVEIESSS 55 aecs'o GMELIN yet BO SLO enero cet tee ce eee ea 52
2. Hind wings with four or five radials, with at least ten veins besides anals, wing-
Mempranegspimlatedep wy spy moe renee ee Ac cise. Stiaic ais ek ale eee 3
2. Hind wings with only one free radial (two in the otherwise much reduced Doug-
lasia group); with at most six (or with Sc, 7) veins from cell............. 4

3. Wings hardly wider than their fringe, expanse about one-half inch
MicrRopTeRYGID&

3. Wings ample, fringe narrow, expanse over one inch............. HeEpraLipa
4. Each wing deeply cleft into six narrow strips.................. ORNEODIDZ
4, Fore wing moderately cleft into two, and hind wing deeply into three feathers

PrEROPHORID
4, Wings entire, or fore wing only, moderately cleft......................... 5

5. Inner margin of fore wing and costal margin of hind wing narrowly folded, and
interlocking; fore wing at least four times as long as wide, and base, at least,

me Glelind awinatrausparente ocr, ii sur. dele. 8 ok co Sie sass wecie t 30s ANGERIID A
5. Wings not interlocking at middle of margin, very rarely transparent, and if
Bo wate peaader tonecawan Garter Seen A, ser paene Sones. ss Scala ca ole «+e aceon Sx 6

1The New England families are indicated by small capitals.

58

18.

Ne).

Psyche [A pril

. Hind wing lanceolate, without marked anal angle, or notched below apex and

trapezoidal; the fringe almost as wide as wing, or wider. . Trverna in part 55

. Hind wings much broader than their fringe, never lanceolate and rarely trape-

zoidal:- with prodticed (apex. rs sas sou ie.0 oe See Oe eee i

. A double series of enlarged and divergent scales along Cu of hind wing below

Pterophoride (Agdistine)

;, No:such: specialized! scales. 25-2 2): a.oa5 oe oe se ee ee eee 8
EHoreswingswithttworanalsrat margin: eee ee ee 9
. Fore wing with only one anal reaching margin, Ist A rudimentary, or repre-

Sented| by atold:73dA atimost by, asshortispur see es en aoe eee 15
ueAntennse Strongly; clubbed: e-v.cune eee totes aioe eee Castniide
; Antenne tapering -regularly:.c. coc ssc ces oe sa leeks ee oe 10
. Sc and R of hind wing independent, parallel, connected by a strong cross-vein

near nid dleroticellvoribeyonda-ee ae anes eee ieee eee i
. Se arising from cell near middle (sometimes free also for a short distance near

| oes) Se since fee een oe Dette Aree es vty oa phere ne) TSO le EvcLreipa
se@ansing nearstip of cellagnfac..n sins Sean aeee eae Eee 14

. Se arising separate from R, running closely parallel to it to well beyond end of

cell, or fused with it beyond end of cell; the base of R in that case either
complete, showing as a short spur, or lost............... PYRALIDID# in part

. Se. entirely independent of R, or connected by a weak cross-vein, or one near

base of wing, Sc and R sharply divergent before end of cell, TrveINa in part 55

5. Poreswingewith: accessory: celligiey.- a. meas een ee ee eee 12
JNovaecessory ‘cell. os 2c epee Bie te eo OAR Ce eee 13
. Wings lanceolate, strong; body heavy, far exceeding the hind wings when
SPLGAC... Mela Mele bie ies ecece edd tateers eae ace ae eve ee ae ee rae Coss1p.8
Wings ample, rounded, body short and slender................... Dalceride

. Tongue developed, palpiscaled..................-..- Zygenide (Chalcosiine)
. Tongue absent, palpi small and hairy or absent......... most PsycH1p& (o's)
. R 5 long-stalked, colors light, the northern species with crinkly hair on fore
BSR tr ae eee ates cee im adie Ronin eitr 5 2 cel Sorat a SiGie’ orice MrGALopyGipa&

. R5 from cell, dark, smoothly scaled forms ....... ZYGENIDE (PYROMORPHIN 2)
Hind wing with three anals, the first often fading out toward base......... 16

. Hind wing with two anals or less, at most with a short spur of Ist A at margin

ins broad=win ged FOrMS so sce ees © ook LSet ee eee 17

. Se and R of hind wing closely parallel or fused beyond end of cell

PyYRALIDID# in part

. Se and R strongly divergent from before end of cell........ TINEINA in part 55
. Antenne distinctly swollen toward tip, and frenulum wanting, (Butterflies) 18
. Antennz not swollen toward tip, or if so (Agaristid, Sphingide) with a strong

frenulum:... <3 <%..0oh0os bdr Oe ee ee nner 93

. Fore wing with all veins present, from cell, eyes strongly lashed in front, an-

tennz sepavated at base by a distance greater than half width of eyes
HESPERIID&
Fore wing with some radials stalked or absent, eyes rarely lashed, antennz
closerstozethert- 2 ons. ore oe ee eee Slee MARR cin hed 20.G oot 19
Hindi wingsawithsonlysonelanaleeree ae oeeere ener tore ee PAPILIONIDE

1914] Forbes—The North American Families of Lepidoptera 59

19,
20.

20.

21.

21.

22.

22.

23.

23.

Q4

Hind wing with two well-developed anals...................--0.s-0000- 20
M> from middle of end of cell in both wings, or obsolete, fore wing in northern
SPECIES Withy LEnKOr ClEVeln VEMS ae 4 < -/.1aah ofan s slow eles statins ee Fo ae « 21
M> distinctly associated with radial stem, in one, and usually in both wings;
lower discocellular vein often obsolete, with at least a trace of. a humeral

WTI es 0 PIAL BS On ODOT Oe Cn OND OO CAE Rr Ee rr 22
Awhumerale vem) in) hind) witifs-cecsre..-res ces. Erycinide (Itiodinide)
IN@: lnmea PENS Sores ces odor oo Opicicarrt.e crc ocr ataenn ae econ Lycm[nipma
Butterfly walking on four legs (except female of Hypatus), radius five-branched,

Mipiromiy celleesew ts ne ee eete yer dann ss chert aeahays crates eee NyYMPHALID&
Butterfly using all its legs for walking, radius usually four-branched, M: stalked

THAIN Tbs 85 8 ois Ste Sento nen ONPe Conn rG CROC ORO Mec Nae l ete Aer Pear PIERIDz

Our species very stout and two inches or more in expanse, the hind wings rarely
reaching beyond middle of abdomen, Se and R of hind wing connected at
the middle of the cell or rather before by a vein (R:) which is as strong as

any; and then closely parallel to end of cell or beyond.......... SPHINGIDA
Wings proportionately larger, Se and R rarely connected by a strong cross vein,
andnitssOmstronsivedivergentipeyondeiberss ens aed ele ele eiicl ciel Q4

Se and R separate, but connected bya more or less distinct cross-vein; accessory
cell fused with discal cell, but with the line of separation (Ri-+s) indicated
by a slight thickening, starting from an angulation in the stem of R; species

underoneunchsinfexpanseasere cases ses eee eee ade: a few TINnEINA 55
24. Accessory cell separated by a full-sized vein, or completely absent......... 25
25. Cu of fore wing apparently three-(in a couple of Lithosians two-) branched. .26
Pom Cnoftore winesapparentlysftour-brancheder «meee ae) erences oi eeel ae ae 40
AG, Jdirerial linea arora eW eec a iolp ois gicd ol too eid Ga ae Ma ole OU ner oe ice eco Q7
26. Frenulum rudimentary (less then one fifteenth length of hind wings) or absent 33

Se and R fused from base of hind wing beyond middle, swollen at the base,
then rapidly diverging; very slender................. LirHosiip in part

. Se and R separate at extreme base, then closely approximate or fused a greater

OL easrishan Ceniart ecu aie ep E Va hcke ese cede. 8s ad ore eres 28

. Seand R sharply divergent from close to base ..... .. URANtmDa2 (EPIPLEMIN2)
. Stout-bodied moths, the thorax at least a sixth as wide as length of fore wings

29

. SIEGE Tro gat eer 1) Ge REA eS ea eeie DRUG Om cer ERSETS once ace eam 32
. A strong brace vein from an angle near base of Se to root of frenulum

GEOMETRID® in part

. Se moderately thickened and curved at base........4.......0000eeeeeeee 30
fe Culapparentlysthinee-branched im hind) wings sess. ca0ee. seo sees oes... 31
. Cu apparently four-branched in hind wing...................... THYATIRIDE
. Tongue wholly absent, the northern species with hyaline subterminal spots

Evupreroripa (APATELODINA)

. Tongue distinct, usually strong; wings fully sealed............. NoropontiD
. Tympanic opening at base of abdomen small and subdorsal, Ist A usually

partly present, Se of hind wing slightly bent at base and but little enlarged;
the humeral angle not expanded. Usually with Ms and Cu: stalked in both
PALATE aha 6 htc souds oStcd cold Oey ache CI Soe eae Eto ohn Dioptide

60 Psyche [April

32. Tympanic opening with a few exceptions conspicuous, lateral; Ist A wholly
absent in both wings; Sc of hind wing sharply bent or much enlarged at
base, almost always with a brace vein running across to base of frenulum

most GEOMETRID A

33. Sc and R of hind wing fused for a very short distance, then sharply divergent,
separate from base, or connected by a weak cross-vein; tympanic opening
INCONSPICUOUS. ssc). ee eke states lous elec see > ape ae eee ae eee 34

33. Sc sharply divergent from R at extreme base, then sharply bent and touching,
fusing or closely parallel to it or connected by a strong cross-vein,; tympanic

opening’ conspicuous, lateral). 2). 3. sre oer hie a few GEOMETRIDZ
34. Antenne notiscaled beyond) basalljomtbeer aarti) nae tyieiet late 25
34. Antenne) closely scaled\ on upperside. ..-).462 02925 see eee 36

35. Two anals; M: of fore wing connate or stalked with radial stem, CERATOCAMPID
35. Mi separate from radial stem; with only one anal, or upper discocellular vein

long and dongitadinal ieee ac cese vce cise ets che ae ey. cove ies SATURNIIDA
36. Sc of hind wing sharply divergent from R from close to base.............. 37
36. Sc and R parallel at base, connected by a weak cross-vein..............--- 39
37. Ra: widely separated from R; all the way from cell to margin. . .. Lacosomip2
87. Rs and R; arising from cell closely associated with Rs. ...............+.-- 38

38. Rs and Mi: stalked or closely approximate at base, and separate from Rs
Uraniide (Uraniine)
38. R; separate from Rs, which may be stalked with Rs............. Lonomitide
39. Frenulum about one-sixteenth length of hind wing. . Ewpterotide (Ewpterotine)
39. Frenulum obsolescent, not exceeding humeral angle, or absent... Bombycide
40. Cur of fore wing arising from cell about a third way out from base, or even
nearer base; R; stalked with M:, with humeral veins in our species; no
PROTA 3A oko ct oectc hee on ckass ere tare Ree Ee Te LasrtocaMPIDa3
40. Cu: of fore wing arising well beyond middle of cell; usually with frenulum. .41
41. Se and R of hind wing strong and parallel to beyond end of cell, and then ap-

proaching very close or fusing a short distance................ DREPANIDS
41. Se and R fusing before end of cell or wholly independent................. 42
42. Fore wing with complete venation (twelve veins) all the radials, medials and

cubitals arising separately, or with R2 and ; shortly stalked...... THYRIDIDA
42. Rz and 4 or Rs and ; long-stalked or with some veins absent............... 43
43. Se apparently absent (fused except at extreme base with R)...... SYNTOMID
AS OCand He separating berore endsot celle nee eee eee eee tt
44eeAntennse swollenstoward abipmacmmaerios ci icisee ere icke arcs AGARISTID
A4 se Shattrolsantenne repulanlyataperiy eee mereecier i eae eet rire 45
Ab’ Ocellatpresent rece 26 care Ae eee ES Oa Ty oe eek nee et ages te eee 46
ADs ck OCCU L ASEME > ope. scare ire Casale oak Serkch ae Sac me a Ree gor eee eter amet 50
46. Se and R of hind wing fused to middle of cell or beyond...... most ARcTIID
46. Sc and R fused for more than a fifth length of cell, but the fusion not reaching

THI Ge Ha Aes Fock res oe it is he erat aE ec cheer ai are eet en cee eee 47
46. Se and R fused for less than a fifth length of cell, the fusion sometimes imper-

TST C] et Pee BO eR COPS Jct in hs Ain ete Clee eens MRRNER ENT Seo orale) dicrcr 9% '¢ 48
46. Sc and R connected by a strong cross-vein.............. a few Lymantriide*

_*The Hypside, distinguished by the well developed tongue, are represented by an uniden-
tified and aberrant species in the Barnes Collection.

1914] Forbes—The North American Families of Lepidoptera 61

47.

47,

48.

48.
49.

49.

50.

50.
51.

51.
52.
52.
53.

53.
54.

5A.

55.
55.
56.
56.
57.

57.

58.

58.

59.
59.

Hind tarsus ordinarily not more than eight times as long as thick, often with
reduced tibial spurs; M2 reduced only in Eubaphe; in the rest of full strength
and associate with cubital stem; moths often stout; Sc very much swollen
Ce STIS 9 ncletesicS U6 ar a Cace aR Go CIO oa eR RCO ED Racecar Eaa many ARCTIID®

Hind tarsus ordinarily much more slender, the tibia with long spurs; M2 usually
well separated from cubital stem, though nearer it than radial, and often
weaker than the other veins; Sc not more than twice as thick as R in their
basal portion; usually slender moths.................... some Nocrurpzs

Tympanic bull enlarged dorsally, showing from dorsal side as two rounded
bosses on the first segment of the abdomen; brilliantly marked species

PERICOPIDA

ymipanicyoulleenncCOnsplCUOUS| ene ee cirri cereal 49
White or yellow species with palpi not reaching the middle of the smooth-
scaled front, and four-branched Cu in both wings... . . Arctiupa (Haploa)
Species with longer palpi, three-branched Cu in hind wings or gray ground
GOO 5 155 ae Sie OL eRGne EMCI a noc Mt earuceties he cher pee most Nocruips
Fore wing with raised scale-tufts, small, with Sc and R ordinarily fused to near
middlerotecellMbuteireerat baSemes ses saeco ae oa cer erie eee Not
Horeawinesismoothly scaled irene seers eet aie Sherr ners oil
Se and R of hind wings fused for a point about middle of cell, or connected by
AVCLOSSaV CLI A CR Cee teen ree ictal ne ea tate earn most LyMANTRIIDZ
Se and R fused from base to middle of cell............... most LirHosirpa
Legs lost, never leaving cocoon.................--- Psycurp (9s in part)
\iviiilin, saoraanell eres 8 Ge pn nl tee e eel ons Gani ia Deny cleanin a ealols cla 53

Cocoon seedlike, with a valve at one end (being formed of the larval case),

the moth normally not leaving it........ Ae Nese ee Psycuip (@s in part)

Cocoon normally felted of the larval hair, or rudimentary and underground. .54
Abdomen closely scaled, or spined, or with bristling dark gray hair

: GEOMETRID (a few 9s)

Abdomen smoothly clothed with fine light woolly hair; moth not normally

leaving the cocoon, which is composed of the larval hair
LyMantTRupD&® (a few 9s)

Fore wing with three or four unbranched veins only..................+-- 56
Horexwine withysome)brancheds ves. s2e) ne ose ase ee acl cia esl 57
JN” BV GRE NGN ASM 0) Sst sekok Bho pe bict Davin. xs CEG achcrEG aces erera SE ee OpostTEGID
INOREVECADE Tie cette PR Rear eyes ona os eater ene HELIOZELID® in part
A well-developed eyecap, fringed with overlapping scales; labial palpi small,

cellislend erorkwanbin ghee rc aoe ie ee ae acres ere o.crake se 58

Eyecap not developed,—at most with first joint of antenna large, a little hol-
lowed on inner side, and fringed with a single row of bristles (pecten)...59
Cell very small, less than a tenth area of wing, or wholly absent; membrane

ENOTIGEWSE 8 'G.o oto cio-b ton ols EIS RO ERCEV ING © RONNIE TENS nT RO oe ane NeEpricuLip#
Gell larcery membrane not aculeate:.25..----2+-+.5-:-+--5- >= LYONETIIDE
Maxillary palpi twice as long as eye, folded, conspicuous......... PRODOXID#

Maxillary spalpishortersthanveye.sor pOLrect aerate acide ska cicl-eralencrslerel- 60

61.

Psyche [April

. Vestiture of thorax of deep. hair and spatulate hair, also similar on palpi and

legs, the palpi usually strongly sexually dimorphic, large in both sexes;
wings scaled, venation complete, with base of media preserved
TINE (ANAPHORIN)

. Palpi barely reaching middle of front or shorter, tongue absent; vestiture of

thoraxvand) bibisssdense and hanya eee et eee eee (Cosside in part)

. Thorax, at least, scaled or slender, palpi also in the majority of cases, and fore

and middle tibize; often minute moths with lanceolate wings............ 61

. Hind wing lanceolate, much narrower than its own fringe, fore wing much

broader but also lanceolate. aco. core ooobe nt oe oo Cen eee 62

. Hind wings with well-marked anal angle and rounded or somewhat pointed

apex, not strongly concave below it; when narrower than fore wings, with
three well:devéloped analls.-)..:, 2. jacks a8ae Wh ected - dics ae se teh eee 76
Hind wings various in size with produced apex, strongly concave below apex,
and again produced more or less on M; and Cu, with well-marked anal

ENived ies wetetclawrd Gad GLO nae Rinaras bean or Tavita. cmicices crn most GELECHIID&
. Maxillary palpi present and folded in repose..................+..+-++->- 63
. Maxillary palpi obsolete, or three-jointed and porrect.................-.. 65
. Head extremely rough, with bristling vestiture ..................-....-- 64
. Head smooth-scaled, except narrowly behind................ ACROLEPIIDA

. Aculeate; R: of hind wing much stronger than base of main stem of R, and

ANY Hs) B lopspll sO Oi SOsccconscwocaaceenosdad a few ADELIDE

. Not aculeate; R: of hind wing no stronger than basal portion of Rs, well out

from base, connecting Se and R, which are closely parallel toward base
a few TINEIDS

. Head very rough and bristly on both vertex and face, second joint of palpus

withelateral bristles) towards tiple se vomereee oe eer re TINEID@ (Tenaga)

. Lower part of face, at least, smoothly scaled; palpus without bristles...... 66
. Fore wing with four veins or less, either free or stalked, to costa from cell, and

five or six veins to inner margin (R; running to outer margin)
some YrONOMEUTIDS

. Fore wing with five veins to costa from cell or with only three or four to inner

miargine (VestOseOsta) cscs cic vere Bnei oeek ete ere cache ee teeta eee 67
Vertex rough=bristledis sur oa cs 2 coos a Se ne nee He ae eee 68
. Vertex smooth-sealed, or with a few erect scales behind.................. 70
. Accessory cell very large, extending nearly half-way to base of wing, fore wing

with heavy spinules on base of Sc and base of cell ......... TISCHERIIDAS
. Accessory cell small, or more often absent; not aculeate.................. 69
. A of fore wing forked at base, costa of hind wing not lobed....... BEDELLIA

. A of fore wing perfectly simple, costa of hind wing strongly lobed, with the

obscure basal parts of Sc and R closely parallel to the edge of the lobe
GRACILARUD

. Se and R of hind wing nearly straight and parallel toward base, usually con-

nected by a distinct, but weak cross-vein Ri, a short distance out from base,
in a few cases where Sc is very short, with Ri independent of it, reaching the
costa beyond its tip; when the costa is lobed with Se fairly straight, and
ending at the commencement of the concave portion..............+.-. 71

1914] Forbes—The North American Families of Lepidoptera 63

70.

Ute

78.
78.
os
“9.
80.
80.
81.

81.

82.

82.
83.

83.

84.
84.

Se and R sharply divergent at base, Ri when traceable appearing as a basal
fork of Se, oblique, short, and heavy, and Rs running nearly through the
axis of the wing; or with Sc and R both obscure, closely parallel to the basal

lobe of the costa, and R functionally replaced by the base of M........ he
mal pip LUTE ds tOMVertexae nately ere et ee nto teoeens COSMOPTERYGID
» Leiovi “wemvvaeive, Cline oye, ooo ancconns A cohen Abe Ge HELIODINIDZ
pe VMaxillany) palpi present. porrect: oe nae ee ee GRACILARIUDA in part
ee vised larva Wallin Alsembe tn. ce sae re oro meee Cae os aetee oe oma Re 73
. Cu-stem of hind wing at least two-branched, palpi usually smoothly upturned

Lomvertexeshindutipiseslooselyshainyeeenn ae ee oe ieee ELACHISTID
. Cu-stem of hind wing simple, free, no cell, or with very short palpi........ 74

. Basal joint of antenna broadened with overlapping scales (a rudiment of an

eyecap), tongue weak, Cu of hind wing simple; hind tibia with a regular
seriesjombristlesii., 2. tr cu kwine see nk vse nles Lyonetiide (Phyllocnistis in part)

. Basal joint simple or with a slight pecten of bristles 75

. Palpi if upturned not reaching middle of front, usually hanging, Het10zEL1p
. Palpi moderately long and usually slender, upturned in life

GRACILARIID in part

. Cuz of fore wing arising less than two-thirds way out on cell, most TortRrictp
§ Cusot fore wing arising further outonveelll) ees. 45.4506 tees coke Hee nese 77
. Wing-membrane aculeate; Sc of hind wing with a strong basal fork (the lower

fork being Ri), or considerably swollen at base, R and Se usually sharply
divergent from base, antenne often extremely long, vertex very rough

e ADELID in part

Wing-membrane not aculeate; antenne never much longer than fore wing;

Ri rarely as strong as the other veins, and when distinct separated from the

base of the wing by several timesitslength.....................00000-- 78
Maxillary palpi four- or five-jointed, folded........................00-- 79
Maxillary palpi porrect, three-jointed or rudimentary................... 80
Head-enly slightly rough behinds 3... .o2...022..0.+-+000-+-d A CROLEPIID 8
Vertex with long: bristly vestiture. 50.56... ssa... 200. TINEID# in part
M: and 2 of hind wing both absent............... Tortricip® (Carposina)
Mok bint: winteypresentr tapes eer ate eee tonicas ss cir rere ace ees 81

Labial palpi with bristles on side of second joint, or vertex and front both with
extremely long rough vestiture, and second joint of palpus heavily tufted
and third long; R and M: of hind wing widely separate. .Trnerp™ in part

Labial palpi without bristles, head with short, fairly smooth vestiture or third

Jomt.or palpussmMeonsprcUuoOush :-s 4. <0 Gos cs arises Boe oN ee aioe 82
R and M, of hind wing widely separate at base, at least half as far apart as at
ITA PEAH OV Sve Rete oto oes neh ore RCT EU ET ER ERE tern eee 87

R and M, of hind wing closely approximate or stalked
Palpi as long as head, with second joint triangularly scaled, and third less than

half as long normally porrect
Palpi upturned to beyond middle of front often far beyond vertex, the third

joint more than half as long as second, and upturned.................. 85
Re ands SCparake a asmiuy es Mh a. atlek ios Oost asi: TortrRicip® (PHALONIIN2)
Raeand) stalked tojeastanics <1. -./acane sce stced san GELECHIID (male Anarsia)

64 Psyche [April

85. Veins of fore wing all present and R; running to outer margin
YPONOMEUTID# in part

855 Rierunning) to costa onlosta--ma ae epee eae ene tee eee 86
86. Fore wing with all veins from cell separately, hind wing wider, with R and M,
long=stalkeds (02455 ssn me ee RR Oe Oe Eee STENOMATID

86. Fore wing with R: and; stalked, the hind wing trapezoidal and usually wider,
strongly rounded out at end of M; and Cuw.......... a few GELECHIIDE

86. Hind wing lanceolate, narrower than fore wing............. CoSMOPTERYGID

87. R» arising at apex of cell, and M; and cubitals also closely crowded from lower
angle, male usually with strong sexual modifications; five radials run to

(COIS EN se alen Ry Ao chee GeO ERG ONT ORAS Otc tas Pa fic caer asd BLASTOBASIDE
87. R» arising less than nine tenths the length of the cell, and well away from the
OTIZITIGOLN Hs tap apeea Revs ss CiSierae ass ic nn ee tare Ea oe oe CO e a eee 88
88, Five veins run from cell! to costa im! fore wing. s../...0....-s25.-+ 25s oe 89
88. Four veins run from cell to costa in fore wing, R; ending decidedly below the
CN 0c) Cee nae OU RA RRA Ee ICCO rien co. inte eke: Arie pe ge ee ee oeERL Ae Opt tie gc oc 90
89. Hind wing with M2 arising decidedly nearer M; than M;....... ETHMIDz
89. Hind wing with Mb» arising decidedly nearer M; than M:; or rarely half way
between sthems ic shasta eo eee (EcoPHORID® in part
90. Rs and ; stalked; ocelli rudimentary or absent........ (EcoPHORID In part
90. With all veins of fore wing arising separately or (Allononyma) with R: and 5
stalkedGandslarcevocellinea merreereee cere: YPONOMEUTID# in part

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Fig. 1. Typical primitive Lepidopterous venation (Eriocephala thunbergella,
with the addition, in dots, of a few veins lost in Eriocephala, but generally preserved),
the veins numbered according to the Comstock-Needham and German systems.

Se, Subcosta.

R, Radius.

M, Media.

Cu, Cubitus.

A, Anal.

hum, humeral cross-vein. on
udev, upper discocellular vein (cross-vein radius-media). riz

1914] Kershaw—The Alimentary Canal of a Cercopid 65

mdey, middle discocellular vein (in this case, and usually, a portion of media-

one).

Idev, lower discocellular vein (the portion so marked is a portion of the stem of
media one-plus-two, but as ordinarily defined the short cross-vein m. would also
be considered part of it).

Ist A is a concave vein, and when it becomes rudimentary is known as the sub-
median fold.

The veins, hum., Sc’, se-r, r, cu-Ist a, Ist-2d a, and 4th a, are lost in almost all
higher forms.

i, Intercalated cell (reckoned as part of the discal cell).

ace. ce, Accessory cell (reckoned as part of the discal cell in micros- and butter-
flies, where it is more or less completely fused with it, but not in most moths, where
it is perfectly separated, when present).

Fig. 2. Portion of bleached wing-membrane, showing points of attachment of
scales and aculee.

THE ALIMENTARY CANAL OF A CERCOPID.

By J. C. Kersuaw.

The following brief notes refer to Tomaspis saccharina Dist., a
pest of sugar cane in Trinidad, West Indies, where the nymphs
feed on cane roots and the adults on the leaves. In the nymph of
this Cercopid the air, which all sucking insects doubtless imbibe
in quantity along with the liquid food, appears to pass through
the alimentary canal and be utilized in forming the air-bubbles
coated with mucinoid which are emitted from the anus and form
the froth in which the nymph lives. After examining this Cer-
copid I am the more inclined to believe that (as stated in a pre-
vious. paper on Flata in Psycue) the “‘food-reservoir”’ in the head
of Flata functions in part as an air-separator to rid the liquid food
of superabundant air before it passes through the alimentary canal.
In the Cercopid nymph, however, the air is directly utilized, as
mentioned above. In this Cercopid and in Cicada the diverticu-
lum or pouch of the midgut (forming the “food-reservoir”’ of the
head in Flata and the filter-chamber of the thorax in Cercopid*
and Cicada) is almost filled up by the zigzag course through it of
the posterior part of the midgut and the anterior part of the mal-
pighian tubes. This diverticulum, pouch or filter-chamber is
entirely situated in the thorax, as are also the diverticula of Per-
kinsiella and other Homoptera mentioned in the paper referred to
above; only entering the head in Flata, Pyrops and Dictyophoro-

66 Psyche [April

delphax, so far as I have had the opportunity to ascertain, and in
these genera the diverticulum does not enclose other portions of
the alimentary canal. But although the alimentary canals of
these Homoptera are all on the same plan, yet the simple arrange-
ment of Aleyrodes and Psyllid seems to lead up to and culminate
in the very complex system of Cercopid and Cicada. On con-
sidering the diverticula and zigzags of these two latter one must,
I think, conclude that Berlese’s theory (of filtration or osmosis in
order to get rid more quickly of imnutritious liquid) is correct.
Dr. Licent’s opinion that the anterior portion of the malpighian
tubes is producing the froth or spume of the nymph is, in my opin-
ion, certainly correct.

The alimentary canal of the nymph of Tomaspis, when just
hatched, is practically like that of the adult, so that the enwrapping
of other parts of the midgut by the diverticulum takes place in
the embryo. There is a well-marked cesophageal valve, and
behind and laterally to this the midgut forms a recurved diverticu-
lum or pouch somewhat U-shaped in transverse section, the ex-
ternal cavity of the pouch enclosing the zigzag ascending anterior
portion of the midgut and descending straight portion; also the
straight ascending and zigzag descending portions of the malpi-
ghian tubes. But the whole pouch and all parts of the alimentary
canal are covered by the peritoneal membrane, muscular and con-
nective tissues. Thus the zigzags of the various parts of the gut
do not pierce the walls of the pouch in order to enter or leave it,
but are merely enclosed between its exterior walls (fig. 1, d’, ex),
the peritoneal membrane, muscular and connective tissues sealing
up their entrances and exits and the narrow gap or slit-like open-
ing (fig. 1, d’, so) between the exterior walls of the pouch. I thus
differ from Dr. Licent in believing that the basement-membrane
of the epithelium of the pouch does not separate or split off there-
from and enclose the other portions of the midgut, but that it is
the peritoneal membrane which encloses the whole hermetically.
The pouch is a diverticulum of the midgut, and the lips of its long,
narrow internal aperture leading from the pouch to the sac are
bounded by a broad and thick band of fat-cells (fig. 3, f) on each
side, which may probably act as a valve to regulate the flow of
food from the pouch to the sac; and as the latter is somewhat
askew to the large and more or less conical sac of the midgut, the

1914] Kershaw—The Alimentary Canal of a Cercopid 67

muscle connecting the cesophagus and top of the sac may—by
pulling the pouch and sac still more askew—contract the opening
further, or by relaxing open it wider. The pouch lies ventrally
and medianly within the mesothorax. The sac lies more dorsally
and chiefly within the meta-thorax, but projects at times into the
abdomen. The cesophagus runs through the pro-thorax. In
figures 2 and 8 the anterior end of the pouch is not quite in a natural
position, since it is usually more pulled over and downwards to
the top of the sac by the large muscle attached to the latter and to
the cesophagus. Figures 2 and 3 are slightly diagrammatic to
avoid confusion of parts. The lines of the organs in the transverse
section if projected to the longitudinal view (fig. 3) would not all
agree as they strictly should; for instance the ascending midgut,
to agree with the transverse section strictly, should have been
dotted in right behind the malpighian tubes, instead of being
shown just clearing them, but this would altogether have confused
the sketch. The epithelium of the pouch not only tucks in longi-
tudinally between the malpighian tubes, midgut, etc. (fig. 3, trans.
sec.), but also—in a plane at right angles to the longitudinal tucks
—between the several zigzags of the various tubes (fig. 3, i, k).
This is only just indicated for the longitudinal tucks in the trans-
verse section; in reality the epithelium follows all the interspaces
of the organs very closely indeed, and more or less adheres to, but
does not fuse with, the latter. Thus it presents a very large area
for filtration or osmotic action.

The total length of the alimentary canal is about fifty mm.,
made up as follows:—the cesophagus is about 1 mm.; the pouch
and sac together 3 mm.; the tubular part of the midgut from the
sac to the constriction or midgut sphincter ! 10 mm.; from thence
to its entrance into the pouch 15 mm.; the zigzag portion within
the pouch 11 mm.; from the anterior end of the zigzag to the origin
of the malpighian tubes (rectal valve) 1 mm.; thence to the anus
9mm. The length of the lobulate portion of the malpighian tubes
is about 7 mm.; the smooth portion to their entrance into the
pouch 3 mm.; the zigzag portion within the pouch 7 mm.; the
straight portion to the origin of the tubes 1 mm.; total length
about 18 mm. All measurements were taken with the organs
straightened out but not unduly stretched.

1 This constriction is provided with annular muscles.

68 Psyche [April

The appearance and contents of the posterior part of the alimen-
tary canal of the nymph—from the mid-gut sphincter to a little
within the pouch—differ from that of the adult in being of an
opaque white (due to the contents) and swollen with a great quan-
tity of semi-translucent, colorless or whitish granules varying from
one to fifteen microns in diameter, the majority being about five;
the contents of two nymphal posterior guts were analyzed at the
Trinidad Government Analyst’s Laboratory and the granules were
found to be amorphous insoluble calcium phosphate and to consti-
tute about 80 per cent. of the contents of the gut; the remaining
contents consisted of organic matter (which would be chiefly old,
detached cell fragments from the epithelium of the gut) and sodium
chloride and potassium phosphate. A quantity of the roots of the
grass on which the nymphs chiefly feed was also analyzed by the
Government Laboratory; they contained small quantities of cal-
cium salts and phosphates, but there was no evidence of the pres-
ence of insoluble forms of calcium phosphate. The Cercopid, very
shortly after moulting to adult, voids a quantity of a white sub-
stance like plaster-of-paris, which dries on the leaf or other object
and takes its impress, afterwards drying and becoming hard and
brittle. This is often left under the old froth and moulted skin, as
the adult usually remains in the spittle until its integument becomes
hard and fully colored. This white substance is chiefly calcium
phosphate, and gives canary-yellow crystals when heated with a
solution of ammonium molybdate in nitric acid. Thus it seems
that the greater part of this phosphate is retained in the posterior
part of the gut of the nymph and only evacuated after the final
moult. Each insect voids about two milligrams of this substance.!

The epithelial cells of the posterior portion of the gut are usually
loaded with dark granules (food in process of absorption); those of
the anterior part—before the sphincter—are fairly clear and the
gut is semi-translucent pale yellowish-brown, as it is throughout
in the adult as a rule: rarely an adult also has the posterior portion
of the gut white as in the nymph, due to its contents being of the
same nature.

19.4 milligrams of this exerement was dried at 100° C. when its weight was 6 mg., and was
analyzed by Mr. Shrewsbury of the Trinidad Government Laboratory. ‘‘Percentage compo-
sition of excrement: organic matter, 20.0; water, 36.0; ash calcium potassium phosphate with
minute trace of iron, 44.0. The organic matter was largely ammonium urate. The micro-
scopic appearance of the globular particles of which this excrement was composed was exactly
similar to that of urinary calculi.”

sid

ba 3

1914] Kershaw—The Alimentary Canal of a Cercopid 69

The froth or spittle of the nymph appears to be a mucin or
mucinoid, since it reacts to the usual tests for mucin; it granulates
with sub-acetate of lead and stains deeply with methylene blue in
glycerine and alcohol; the material taken from the malpighian
tubes before it is poured into the gut also gives the xanthoproteic
reaction. This mucinous substance is produced by the anterior or
smooth portion of the malpighian tubes, which in the nymph is of
larger diameter than the lobed part through being swollen with the
secretion, whilst in the adult the reverse is usually the case. The
nuclei of the smooth part of the tube take Delafields haematoxylin
heavily; those of the lobed part mostly stain but faintly. If the
smooth part of a nymphal tube is placed in alcohol, the contained
mucinoid shrinks and coagulates and can be dissected out as a very
pale yellowish, stringy substance. If this coagulated material is
then placed in water, it quickly swells and becomes viscid, pale
bluish-translucent and just like the untreated material fresh from
the tubes. The alcohol and water treatment several times in suc-
cession leaves the material practically unaltered after again placing
itin water. The secreted froth is a very stubborn material, though
it consists merely of air-bubbles coated with an exceedingly thin
film of the mucinoid; in this, however, are numbers of crystals;
those of calcium oxalate are numerous; uric acid, leucine pellets
and urates are also present; also sodium and potassium chlorides.
In fact every substance excreted from the anus of the nymph is
found in the froth, but it is the mucinoid substance which accounts
for the froth retaining its form more or less for three or four days
after the nymph has abandoned it. Fragments of shed epithelium
from the gut occur in the excrement of both nymph and adult.

I could find but few crystals in the lobed portion of the malpigh-
ian tubes; those of uric acid are large and there are numerous urate
granules. But some of the cenocytes contain uric acid and calcium
oxalate crystals and urates. These cells are exceedingly large,
situated in a cluster on either side of the abdomen, and their outer
membrane granulated with a claret-red color. They are, as usual,
connected intimately to the trachee near the spiracles and also
to the fat-body, which also contains urates, etc., in some of the
cells.

The blood of the nymph differs conspicuously from that of the
adult; in the former it is nearly colorless, in the ee of a bright
and clear oil-yellow.

70 Psyche [April

The salivary glands are highly developed and differ somewhat in
the nymph and adult. The great length of coiled, chitinous duct
situated entirely within the upper part of the head acts, I believe,
as a salivary-reservoir. At its distal end is a small and irregularly
shaped flattened gland, also within the head. Eleven of the tubular
glands reach, when straightened out, beyond the end of the abdo-
men, and, therefore, are somewhat serpentine within the body, or
their ends are recurved and lie at the posterior end of the abdomen
amongst the fat-body and other organs. The twelfth tube is
shorter and thicker and lies partly within the head,being apparently
entangled and drawn in by the coil of salivary-reservoir and muscles
of the head. The anterior lobes of the glands lie within the pro-
and meso-thorax. The secretion of the glands seems to be neutral
or very faintly alkaline.

In the nymph of the Cercopid there is a curious arrangement of
the spiracles, primarily, no doubt, for the purpose of preventing
them from becoming choked with the glutinous froth or spume
in which the nymph lives. The tergal plates and pleura of the
abdomen are greatly produced and bent around the underside of
the abdomen till the opposing ends touch one another. Thus is
formed—for the whole length of the abdomen—on the underside
of the nymph a large air-chamber or reservoir. The spiracles
open into the upper part of this chamber, so that although the
whole chamber and spiracles are, of course, integumentary and
external, nothing can be seen of them by viewing the nymph on the
exterior, unless the ends of the plates closing the chamber are
turned up. Apparently the whole sternal surface of the abdomen
has been invaginated and has thus drawn inwards the pleural region
with the spiracles, and pulled around the ends of the tergal plates,
as shown in the diagrammatic sketch. In the adult the tergal and
sternal plates with the pleura have returned to a normal position,
and consequently there is no air-reservoir. The nymph appears
to hermetically seal itself with the froth, but the amount of air
contained in the chamber is sufficient to last for a considerable
time. I think, however, that from time to time the nymph breaks
through the covering of froth—generally with one of the fore legs
—and thus admits a fresh supply of air, afterwards resealing the
rent with fresh mucinoid. At each moult, also, the nymph usually

1914] Kershaw—The Alimentary Canal of a Cercoyid 71

but not invariably leaves its old froth and covers itself with fresh
spittle on a new rootlet.

The total length of an adult Tomaspis saccharina is 7—8 mm.,
or a full quarter-of-an-inch, from the head to the tips of the tegmina.

In Cicada (a moderate-sized species common in Trinidad was
examined) instead of the rectum descending from the posterior end
of the diverticulum, it descends from the anterior. The malpighian
tubes, also, descend from the anterior part of the diverticulum to
the rectal valve without any return portion within the pouch, as
there is in Cercopid; so that on the whole, perhaps, the alimentary
system of Cercopid is slightly more complicated than that of
Cicada. The malpighian tubes of Cicada fork very near their
point of origin, as shown in fig. 5.

In the Psyllid (Freysuila dugesti Aleman, also common in Trini-
dad on the so-called Cedar) the arrangement of the alimentary
canal is as simple as in Aleyrodes, but there are four malpighian
tubes; these originate from the rectum at a great distance apart
from one another.!. The two middle tubes were much shorter than
the end ones in the specimens dissected.

I send these notes to Psycue chiefly because the figures form a
continuation of a former paper therein on the alimentary canal of
various Homoptera, and owing to pressure of economic work on
this Cercopid in Trinidad I shall probably be unable to add much
to them. Unfortunately I have neither a copy of Licent’s paper
nor of my own previous paper in Psycus, in which, however, Dr.
Licent’s paper is referred to. In conclusion it must be added that
I am greatly indebted to Prof. P. Carmody, Director of Agricul-
ture, Trinidad, who very kindly had the foregoing analyses made
in the Government Laboratory, and, moreover, gave valuable
suggestions and assistance in the chemistry of this Cercopid.
I have also to thank Mr. H. S. Shrewsbury, who made the analyses.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Tle d, diagrammatic transverse section of
a, diagrammatic longitudinal section of pouch, much simplified.
diverticulum or pouch. 2
b, diagrammatic transverse section of d, exterior view of alimentary canal of
diverticulum or pouch. adult Tomaspis.
c, external diagrammatic lateral view. — e, exterior view looking on anterior end.

1“Text-book of Entomology,” Packard, 1903, p. 320.

72 Psyche

f, exterior view of midgut at sphinc-
ter; and cells of epithelium. More
enlarged. Dark portion posterior,
light portion anterior gut.

g, part of malpighian tube of nymph,
junction of smooth and lobed parts.

h, the same, more enlarged.

3,

Longitudinal section through pouch and
part of cesophagus and sac. Only
two malpighian tubes shown fully.
Transverse section through pouch;
both sections are slightly diagram-

matic.

i, ventral view of part of zigzag of mid-
gut.

k, lateral view of part of a malpighian
tube.

4.
To left, adult salivary glands; to right,
nymphal glands.
5.
Alimentary canal of Cicada.
6.
Alimentary canal of Psyllid.
Us

a, diagrammatic transverse section of

s

nymph of Cercopid feeding on
rootlet.

b, diagrammatic transverse section of
adult abdomen.

LETTERING OF FIGURES.

a=anus.

ac=air-chamber.

ag=abdominal salivary gland.

ale=parts of midgut enclosed in pouch.

am=ascending midgut.

amp=ascending malpighian tube.

boe=base of cesophagus and upper part
of sac.

c=exterior cavity of pouch or divertic-
ulum of midgut.

[April

ca=cayity of abdomen.

es=constriction of midgut sphincter.

d=dorsal part of abdomen.

dm=descending midgut.

dmp= descending malpighian tube.

dr= descending rectum.

ep=epithelium of pouch.

ex=external wall of pouch.

f=fat-cells bounding aperture between
pouch and sae.

fe=filter-chamber or diverticulum or
pouch.

hg=gland of salivary reservoir in head.

id=interior cavity of pouch.

Im=longitudinal muscles.

m=muscle connecting cesophagus and
sac.

mi= midgut.

miv=midgut valve or aperture between
pouch and sae.

mp =malpighian tubes.

ms=mucinoid secretion.

n=nucleus.

ce = cesophagus.

cev =cesophageal valve.

p=peritoneal membrane.

p!=pleurum.

r=rectum.

rd=salivary reservoir duct.

re=salivary reservoir.

ro=rootlet of plant.

rv=rectal valve.

s=spume or froth of nymph.

sd=salivary gland duct.

se = sternite.

so=slitlike opening to exterior cavity of
pouch.

sp=salivary syringe or pump.

spe=spiracle.

te=tergite.

tg=thoracic salivary gland.

tm=transverse muscles.

tr=trachea.

1914] Bergroth—Four New American Hemiptera 73

FOUR NEW AMERICAN HEMIPTERA.
By E. BEercrotnH,
Turtola, Finland.

Among some determinanda communicated by Prof. C. F. Baker
were the following undescribed species.

Famity PyrrHocorip®.

Largus latus sp. noy.

Broadly ovate, black, above remotely punctured, shortly and sparingly pilose,
the impunctate head and the middle of the venter more longly pilose, an oblong
impunctate lateral spot near the anterior angles of the pronotum, the commissure
of the clavus, the membrane (except border and veins), the posterior border of the
metasternum, the whole first ventral segment and the border of the abdomen buff,
the broadly pale ochraceous lateral border of the corium not reaching the base,
inwardly angularly dilated a little before the middle. Head narrower than anterior
lobe of pronotum, eyes shortly stylated, rostrum reaching middle coxe, second and
third antennal joint together shorter than first joint but a little longer than fourth,
second half as long again as third. Pronotum at the base twice as broad as the
head. Breast rugose. Hemelytra a little shorter than the abdomen, laterally
strongly rounded. Anterior femora beneath with one strong spine and some smaller
ones. Middle and posterior femora unarmed. Length, Q 15 mm.

Locality: Bolivia.

Structurally allied to L. balteatus Stal which I know only from
description, but it is so quite differently colored that it cannot be
a variety of that species.

Dysdercus fervidus sp. nov.

Red, above crimson, antenne, lateral margins of prothorax, a broad subbasal
fascia to pronotum, clayvus, a fascia just behind the middle and the apical angle of
the corium, membrane, and legs (except coxee and trochanters) black, membrane
bordered with white, rostrum gradually becoming piceous towards the tip. Head
behind with a fine longitudinal impressed line extending to the base of the tylus,
rostrum passing the middle of the third ventral segment, first joint of antenne dis-
tinctly longer than the head, second joint somewhat shorter than first and twice
as long as third, fourth rather thick, about as long as first. Pronotum, clavus, and
corium punctate, underside of body impunctate. Sixth male ventral segment in
the middle very little shorter than fifth and fourth together. Length, @ 9.5 mm.

Locality: Cuba (Havana).

Among the numerous American species of this genus I am unable
to find a description fitting this pretty little species. Its nearest
ally seems to be D. fervens Walk.

74 Psyche [April

Famity Myopocuip2®.

Pamera hondurana sp. noy.

Sparingly pilose, black, hind lobe of pronotum dark castaneous, clavus with a
white streak near the outer margin, corium white, in the basal half with two longi-
tudinal blackish streaks meeting anteriorly, and a little behind the middle with a
rather broad transverse cinnamon-brown band which turns black at the costal mar-
gin, an exteriorly widening black fascia occupying the apical margin of the corium,
membrane fuscous black with an oval rather obscure whitish spot behind the mid-
dle, hind acetabula and posterior angles of metasternum white, abdomen fuscous
toward the base, antennze testaceous, last joint fuscous, rostrum and fore legs dark
ferruginous, fore femora blackish toward the base, middle and hind legs black, tro-
chanters and base of femora whitish, tarsi pale fuscous. Head extremely finely
rugulose, a little broader than anterior lobe of pronotum, postocular part very short,
eyes rather large but moderately prominent, first joint of antenne reaching apex of
head, second joint more than twice the length of first, third distinctly shorter than
second, fourth as long as second. Pronotum impunctate, very strongly constricted
and deeply transversely impressed behind the middle, basal margin straight, anterior
lobe subglobose, not quite twice the length of posterior lobe. Scutellum sloping
backwards, its basal half shining, transversely convex, finely and sparsely punctate,
apical half dull, impunctate. Hemelytra reaching apex of abdomen, corium with a
few almost colorless punctures, its costal margin slightly and broadly sinuate a
little before the middle. Fore femora strongly incrassated, with a double row of
spines beneath, fore tibiz slightly curved; first joint of hind tarsi two times longer
than the other joints conjoined. Length, o 4.5 mm.

Locality: British Honduras (Belize).

This elegant species is very distinct from the other Central
American forms. Owing to the very strongly constricted prono-
tum it differs somewhat in habitus from most species of the genus.

Famity VELIID2.

Rhagovelia bakeri sp. nov.

Above black, beneath greyish black, legs greenish black, somewhat renescent,
pronotum with an apical whitish fascia interrupted in the middle, abdomen at the
sides immediately within the margin narrowly and obscurely streaked with yel-
lowish brown, basal part of first antennal joint, anterior acetabula, all coxee and
trochanters, and basal part of fore femora yellow, hind femora at the base above
and beneath also tinged with yellow. Head with an impressed median line in front,
rostrum passing the middle of the mesosternum, antennz with the first two joints
pubescent, with scattered longer hairs, outer margin of the last three joints straight,
inner margin slightly convex, first joint one-half longer than second, third a little
shorter than second, fourth hardly shorter than third, pointed at tip. Mesoster-
num with the ridges between the anterior and the middle cox well marked, pubes-
cent, curved inwardly, strongly divergent posteriorly. Abdomen gradually taper-
ing to the tip, not carinated beneath. Legs pubescent, with scattered longer hairs,
middle femora thickened toward the base, middle tarsi a little longer than the tibie,
the second joint a little shorter than the third, posterior tibize with a short straight
spur at the apex.

1914] Wheeler—Notes on the Habits of American Liomyrex 75

Apterous male: Pronotum a little broader than long, rounded behind. Last
dorsal segment of abdomen truncate at apex, last ventral segment arcuately emar-
ginate at apex. First genital segment ferruginous beneath at the base. Posterior,
femora very strongly incrassate, not reaching the tip of the apical genital segment
spined beneath from the apex to a little beyond the middle, the first spine (near the
middle) the longest, the following gradually diminishing in length toward the apex.
Posterior tibiz straight, finely denticulate beneath down their whole length, with-
out large teeth, the teeth of the middle third slightly longer, the apical third slightly
narrower than the rest. Length, 4 mm.

Locality: Nicaragua (Granada).

Allied to Rh. femoralis Champ., but the antenne are differently
constructed; the venter is not ridged in the middle; the posterior

tibiz have no large teeth, ete.

NOTE ON THE HABITS OF LIOMYRMEX.

By Witit1am Morton WHEELER,
Bussey Institution, Harvard University.

The ant genus Liomyrmex comprises four described species,
cecus F. Smith, gestrou Emery, aurianus Emery and carinatus
Stitz, all from New Guinea, except aurianus, which has been taken
hitherto only on the island of Tenasserim, off the coast of Burmah.
L. carinatus and gestroi are known only from female specimens, the
other two species only from workers. The complete absence of
eyes in the latter phase and its testaceous coloration show that
these ants must be decidedly hypogeic, but no account of their
habits has been published.

Recently Prof. C. F. Baker has sent me from Mt. Makiling, on
the island of Luzon, Philippines, several worker specimens, which,
except in their slightly smaller size, agree perfectly with Emery’s
description of the Burmese L. aurianus (Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,
XXVITI, 1889, p. 504). Prof. Baker states in his letter that these
ants were found in the forest, ““abundant with termites—living in
the same chambers with these in entire amity.’’ The termites, of
which a number were included in the same vial with the Liomyrmez,
are workers and soldiers of Termes (Macrotermes) gilvus Hagen,
which is widely distributed in the East Indies (Singapore, Java,
Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, etc.). This must be a formidable
species, for the larger soldiers measure nearly 10 mm. and are
furnished with acute and powerful jaws.

76 Psyche [April

Prof. Baker’s observations leave no doubt that the species of
Liomyrmex are true termitophiles and suggest that their relations
to the termites are more intimate than those of the species of
Carebara, Aéromyrma, Erebomyrma, etc., which seem to be thief-
ants, living in chambers of their own in the solid masonry of the
termitaria and feeding surreptitiously on the termites and their

brood.

THE PHORID GENUS PLATYPHORA IN AMERICA.

By Cuaries T. Brvues,
Bussey Institution, Harvard University.

In 1877 Verrall described from England a peculiar species of
Phoride for which he erected the genus Platyphora, calling the in-
sect P. lubbocki in honor of its discoverer, Sir John Lubbock, who
had found it in an ant nest. Although Verrall’s description has
often been quoted, no further observations on this genus appeared
till 1912, when Becker described as Psalidesma pyrenaicum an
European form which he later ascertained was congeneric with
Platyphora lubbocki, although specifically distinct. Becker has
figured and carefully described this form and by comparison of a
drawing of Verrall’s type, obtained from Collin, has been able
accurately to characterize the genus. Since this, Collin has pub-
lished a figure of P. lubbocki and noted its occurrence in other parts
of England.

From Becker’s account I have been able to place in Platyphora
two American species which have been in my collection for a num-
ber of years, that I had considered as probably representing a new
genus. The two American forms differ from P. lubbocki only in
minor characters, but are distinguished from P. pyrenaica by the
third vein being bristly and distinctly forked at apex. All are so
similar, however, that there can be no question that all should form
a single genus.
ss Platyphora Verrall.

1877. Journ. Linn. Soc., London, Zodl., vol. 13, p. 259.
1901. Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., vol. 1, p. 88.
1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 386.
1906. Brues, Genera Insectorum, fase. 44, p. 13.

1908. Enderlein. Zoél. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst., vol. 27, p. 148.
1910. Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 17.

1914] Brues—The Phoril Genus Platyphora of America ris

1912. Becker, Wiener Ent. Zeit., vol. 31, p. 329 (Psalidesma).
1913. Becker, ibid.,- vol. 32, p. 19.
1913. Collin, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 24, p. 174, fig.
Type: P. lubbocki Verrall.
The four species so far recognized may be distinguished as

follows:
1. Third vein of wing entirely bare and not forked at apex..... P. pyrenaica Becker
Third vein bristly to the fork, which is indicated at least weakly.............. 2
2. Fork of third vein very delicate; segments of abdomen becoming shorter after
PIVEWSECOM Cite seem meee aA act cleus ce SsLEEN clove uses ayant P. lubbocki Verrall
3. Fork of third vein well developed; second and sixth segments of abdomen elon-
GEG os. cols cae pee CoO O Re oOo 6 de Cp BOWaN bon 8 01g OOD IO tense ra traiscrs 4
4. Legs andantennz brownish yellow; scutellum shagreened. P. coloradensis sp.nov.
Legs and antennez black; scutellum polished, shining... .. P. eurynota sp. nov.

Platyphora pyrenaica Becker.
Wiener. Ent. Zeit., vol. 31, p. 330, figs. (1912) (Psalidesma).
Becker, ibid., vol. 32, p. 19 (1913).

Platyphora lubbocki Verrall.
Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. 13, p. 259 (1877).
Lubbock, Ants, Bees and Wasps, p. 371 (1883).
Bezzi. Rendic. Istit. Lom. Se. Lett., vol. 33, p. 11 (1900).
Becker, Abh. zo6l.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 88 (1901).
Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 316 (1903).
Shelford, Journ. Linn. Soc., London, Zodl., vol. 30, p. 152 (1908).
Enderlein, Zoél. Jahrb, Abth. f. Syst., vol. 27, p. 148 (1908).
Becker, Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 32, p. 19 (1913).
Collin, Entom. Monthly, Mag., vol. 24, p. 174, fig. (1913).

Platyphora eurynota sp. noy.

o. Length,2.8mm. Entirely black, except the trochanters which are brownish
yellow, and the hypopygium which is piceous, with the lower projection fusco-
ferruginous; wings hyaline. Head from above slightly more than twice as broad as
thick, the hind margin straight and finely margined; anteriorly receding on each
side to the margin of the large eye which occupies the entire side of the head when
viewed in this position. Laterally the head is very much narrowed below, and not
quite so high as the height of the nearly horizontal front. Antennal cavities shallow,
each with four small reclinate macrocheete along its lower margin and a group of
three reclinate ones just to the side of the insertion of the palpus. Antenne with
the third joint rounded, rather small, bearing a long, bare arista, fully as long as the
width of the front. Cheeks each with a series of minute bristles below the eye, ex-
tending upwards to join with the postocular cilia which are very weakly developed.
Palpi extremely small, with a tuft of four or five small bristles at the extreme tip.
Front highly polished, with scattered hairs, but no macrochete although there are
a few stouter, bristly hairs along the posterior margin of the vertex. Ocelli large;
no frontal groove. Mesonotum large and broad, shining and clothed like the

78 Psyche [April

front; no dorsocentral macrochete, although there is a pair of larger bristly hairs
on the posterior margin at this place. Scutellum large, truncate at the sides; shin-
ing, without bristles, but with a series of short bristle-like appressed hairs in a close
series along the hind margin; twice as broad as long. Mesopleura smooth, bare
below, above polished and hairy like the mesonotum, with a large macrocheta at
its upper hind angle. Abdomen broad and flat, the second and sixth segments
lengthened as in P. pyrenaica; basal segments pruinose, but the sixth shining; no
hairs or bristles, except at the sides of the fifth and sixth segments which bear hairs,
and the posterior margin of the sixth which bears a series of short bristles. Hypo-
pygium small, with a rounded upper surface, two finger-like processes from the left
lobe; and several shorter processes from the right lobe. Legs rather slender, with-
out bristles; tibial spurs represented by several minute bristles on the fore leg;
those of the middle and hind tibize small, but quite distinct; fore and middle coxae
below with a few bristles and hairs. Fore tibia much shortened and its tarsus
flattened; the metatarsus nearly as long as the tibia. Wings large, with the costa
reaching the middle, its bristles very short; third vein bristly as far as the fork, its

Fig. 1

Platyphora eurynota sp. nov., wing.

2, Front lez of same side view.

3. Front tibia and tarsus of same, external view.
4. Antenna of same.

5. Platyphora coloradensis sp. nov., wing.

bristles almost as long as those on the costa. Third vein distinctly forked; thick
ened for its entire length; costa thickened beyond the first vein which is very thin
except on the extreme apical portion; heavy veins black; light veins fuscous. Fourth
vein slightly curved and faintly recurved at apex; fifth running nearly parallel to
the fourth and entering the wing margin just beyond the wing-tip; sixth much bent
down on its apical half; seventh distinct. Halteres black, with the extreme base
pale.

1914] Brues—The Phorid Genus Platyphora of America 79

Described from a single male collected at Forest Hills, Mass.,
May 30, 1910, by Mrs. C. T. Brues. The insect was moving about
among fallen leaves in an open wooded area. Ants of various
kinds are abundant in the vicinity and it is possible that the species
may be myrmecophilous like its European congener, P. lubbocki.

Platyphora coloradensis sp. nov.

oo. Length1.8mm. Black; antenne dark fulvous, darkened on the tip of the
third joint; palpi pale yellow; legs testaceous, tinged with fuscous on the tibize and
fuscous on the tarsi. Pleurze pale fuscous, piceous on the posterior half of the meso-
pleura. Hypopygium retracted, but apparently brownish as in P. eurynota. Head
structurally as in P. eurynota, and also the mesonotum, except that the dorsocentral
bristles are larger. Scutellum dull, not at all shining, with shagreened surface;
the series of bristles along its margin larger than in P. eurynota. Abdomen with
the second and sixth segments lengthened, slightly pruinose and nearly bare on the
first to fifth segments; sixth shining and clothed with sparse hairs. Pleurze and legs
asin P. eurynota. Wings hyaline; heavy veins pale brown, except the apex of
the costal vein which is fuscous; light veins very pale; costal bristles larger than in
P. eurynota; third vein bristly to the fork and second vein bristly; third vein thick-
ened, but not much stouter than the costa, light veins much as in P. eurynota, but
the fourth and fifth are less divergent at tip and the seventh apparently farther from
the margin. Halteres black, except at extreme base.

Described from a single specimen collected on a window at
Boulder, Col., by Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell, July 17, 1908, and sent
to me by Prof. Cockerell.

This species is very similar to P. eurynota in structure, although
entirely different in color and much smaller. It might perhaps be
considered as a mere color variety, but the scutellum is dull and the
Wing venation is not identical, so it appears to be a perfectly dis-
tinct, but allied species.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW GENERA OF PARASITIC
HYMENOPTERA.*

By S. A. Rouwer.
The following new genera and species are parasites of two insects

which have been proven to be of economic importance in relation
to the chestnut. The descriptions are offered at the present time

* A contribution from Branch of Forest Insects, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C.

80 Psyche [April

so the names of these two parasites may be available for economic
purposes.
Anomopterus gen. noy.

This genus belongs to the subfamily Liophroninz and is related
to the genus Centistes Haliday as defined in Szépligeti’s classifica-
tion of the Braconidze (Gen. Insect. 1904) but may be separated
from Haliday’s genus by the different venation, the different abdo-
men and the other characters embodied in the following description.

Malar space fully as wide as the width of the mandibles at the base; mandibles
simple; clypeus well defined, separated from the front by a deep furrow; inner
margins of the eyes parallel; antennz inserted above the middle of the front, pos-
terior orbits approximately as broad as the diameter of the eye; eyes coarsely gran-
ular; scape cylindrical, subequal in length with the second and third antennal
joints; body coarsely granular; notauli obselete; propodeum subtruncate pos-
teriorly and without any well defined areolation; venation as in Fig. 1; legs rather
stout, especially the posterior pair; the posterior tibiz thickening apically: abdo-
men with five segments; ovipositor well exserted.

Type: The following new species.

Anomopterus fasciipennis sp. nov.

Female: Length, 2 mm.; length of the ovipositor 0.5 mm. Head and thorax
coarsely granular; postocellar line slightly shorter than the ocellocular line; the
lateral ocellar line subequal in length with the diameter of the anterior ocellus;
antenne 20-jointed, the third joint distinctly longer than the fourth; first ten flagel-
lar joints longer than wide, beyond that the length and width become subequal
and the apical five joints are moniliform; mesoscutum coarsely granular; the met-
anotum more coarsely granular than the scutellum, about the same sculpture as
the dorsal aspect of the propodeum; dorsal aspect
of the propodeum with two faint lateral carinee and
with a faint median furrow, separated from the
posterior aspect by an irregular faint carina; mes-
episternum shining; practically impunctate; abdo-
men shining, impunctate. Ferruginous; the eyes,
the ocelli, posterior aspect of the propodeum, the
metanotum and the two apical abdominal seg-

Big ; ments black; the basal five joints of the antennz
Anomopterus fasctipennis
sp. nov., wings.

pale ferruginous, the remaining, black; legs the
color of the body; anterior wings hyaline with two
broad dusky bands, in the region of the bands the venation is pale brown, in the
hyaline portion of the wings it is pallid; stigma pale yellowish; posterior wings
hyaline, irides cent, the venation pallid.

Male: Length, 2mm. Agrees well with the above description of the female.

Falls Church, Virginia. Described from two females (one type)

1914] Rohwer—Descriptions of Two New Genera of Parasitic Hymenoptera 81

and two males recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk.
U.S. 11245 x, which refers to a note stating that this species is a
primary parasite of Ectedemia phlaophaga Busck. Material col-
lected by T. E. Snyder and reared September, 1913, by Carl Hein-
rich.

Type: Cat. No. 18051, U. S. National Museum.

Centistidea gen. nov.

Related to Anomopterus but may be separated from that genus
by the embossed area on the first tergite, by having the second dis-
coidal cell more widely opened and by having 14-jointed antenne.

Head as in Anomopterus; scape cylindrical, subequal in length
with the pedicellum; body shining with distinct separate punc-
tures; venation as in Fig. 2; legs not robust; first tergite with an
elongate embossed area basally.

Type: The following new species.

Centistidea ectcedemiz sp. nov.

Female: Length, 1.75 mm. Head subopaque, with separate, rather poorly
defined punctures; third antennal joint distinctly longer than the fourth; posto-
cellar line a little more than half as long as the ocellocular line; mesoscutum shining
with separate distinct punctures; scutellum more sparsely punctured; metanotum
shining, practically impunctate; propodeum shining with sparse separate punctures,
laterally with two well defined carinze, medi-
anly with faint, poorly defined carine, no carinee
separating the dorsal and posterior aspects; the
lateral posterior aspect with four or five strong
rugze; mesepisternum and sides of the propo-
deum shining impunctate; embossed area of
the first tergite slightly wider basally. Black;
mandibles pale ferruginous; scape and
pedicellum piceous; tegule and first tergite

fulvous; legs except the posterior tarsi fulvous;
wings hyaline, iridescent, venation pale brown, Lipsey,
stigma black. Centistidea ectoedemie

Male: Length, 1.45 mm. Agrees well with Se DEUS:

the above description of the female.

Ballston (Veitch), Virginia. Described from one female (type)
and one male recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk.
U. 5. 11236a, which refers to a note stating that this species is a
primary parasite on Ectedemia castaneew Busck, the material col-
lected and reared by T. E. Snyder, adults issuing April 23 and
24, 1913.

Type: Cat. No. 18052, U.S. National Museum.

82 . Psyche [April

SOME REMARKS ON AMERICAN LAUXANIIDZE.

By Dr. K. Kertesz,
Hungarian National Museum, Budapest.

1. In his article ““A Synopsis of the Sapromyside”’ (Psyche, XX,
No. 2, 1913, pag. 76) A. L. Melander gives a key to the American
species of the genus Camptoprosopella and considers C. xanthoptera
Hend. as a synonym of C. verticalis Lw. which is quite wrong. I
have both species before me; besides the type of C. xanthoptera
two other specimens, also from Peru, and four specimens of C.
verticalis from North America—Drayton Island, Fla.

C. xanthoptera is distinguished at first sight from C. verticalis
by the quite black, shining abdomen as well as by the orange color
of the thorax; besides, the third joint of the antennz is blackish
beneath and about the tip. But there are also very good differ-
ential characteristics in cheetotaxy; C. verticalis has three pairs of
strong dorsocentral bristles, and’ C. xanthoptera only two. All
bristles are distinctly stronger in C. verticalis than in C. xanthoptera,
but the rays on the upper side of the arista are shorter, the ratio
between the basis of the third joint of the antennz and the longest
rays in C. xanthoptera being 5: 10, in C. verticals 5:7.

2. Lauxania latipennis Coq. Of this species I have before me
only one specimen in bad condition, from Jacksonville, Fla. From
the whole habitus, the elongated antenne, but especially from the
very characteristic course of the second longitudinal vein, I think
that this species will find its best place for the present in the genus
Steganopsis Mei).

3. Caliope signatifrons Coq. In Melander’s key (page 63) to this
genus I think these words “‘center of front shining” should be
omitted hecause neither in my specimen from Philadelphia is it to
be seen, nor does Coquillett mention it in his description. Or
should Melander’s specimen belong to another species?

ANASA REPETITA HreEpEMANN IN Massacuusetts.—A specimen of this species
was taken by the writer in Allston, Boston, September 11, 1911. Last summer
three specimens were collected by Mr. H. M. Parshley, one at Beach Bluff, June
23, and two at Jamaica Plain, June 13 and August 9, 1913.

Erratum.—In February Psycue, page 21, for “Providence, Mass.” read Proy-
incetown, Mass. C. W. JouNson.

1914] Book Notice 83

BOOK NOTICE.

Entomology, with Special Reference to Its Biological and Economic Aspects.
By Justus Watson Folsom, Se.D. (Harvard), Assistant Professor of Entomology
at the University of Illinois. Second revised edition, with four plates and 304
text-figures. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston’s Son & Co. $2.25 net.

Doctor Folsom’s work is appropriately described in its title, which shows it to
belong among those important books to which a student may turn for information
concerning insects as material for experimental research. There are too few books
of this sort, particularly in the English language. The first edition was widely
welcomed, and its worth is so generally known as to make unnecessary any attempt
at extended review. Comment may, therefore, be restricted to changes appearing
in the new edition.

In this connection a comparison of chapter headings is illuminating:

Number. Title in First Edition. Title in Second Edition.
I Classification. Classification.
II Anatomy and Physiology. Anatomy and Physiology.
Ill Development. Development.
IV Adaptations of Aquatic Insects. Adaptations of Aquatic Insects.
V_ Color and Coloration. Color and Coloration.
VI Adaptive Coloration. Adaptive Coloration
VII Origin of Adaptations and of Species. _ Insects in Relation to Plants.
VIII Insects in Relation to Plants. Insects in Relation to other Ani-
mals.
IX Insects in Relation to other Animals. Transmission of diseases by insects.
X Interrelations of Insects. Interrelations of Insects.
XI Insect behavior. Insect behavior.
XII Distribution. Distribution.
XIII Insects in relation to Man. Insects in relation to Man.

It will be seen that Doctor Folsom has not increased the number of his chapters,
but has sacrificed portions of the older text in the interest of new features. Most
noteworthy amongst the latter is the discussion of disease transmission by insects,
which now constitutes a whole chapter. One misses nearly all of the extended
and somewhat academic treatment of the factors of evolution, and the conception
of species, which was in the earlier edition; but probably that was the least important
part of the volume. Certainly in its revised form, with its much greater wealth
of concise and well-indexed data, the book is farther removed from competition
than before.

A lighter grade of paper has been used this time, and the number of lines on a
page has been increased from 36 to 40. These innovations have resulted in a
slightly thinner and lighter volume.

The book will be a very valuable addition to the working equipment of any
biologist.

Vivo dbs Vivo

84 Psyche [April

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PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

ESTABLISHED IN 1874

VOL. XXI _ JUNE, 1914 NUMBER 3

Prodryas persephone Scudder.

CONTENTS

A New Diplopod from the Galapagos Islands, with Notes on the Chilopods. R. V.
Chamberlain .

A New Trichodectes from Baja, California. V.L. Kellogg and S. Nakayama

Sciara congregata, sp. nov. (Diptera). O. A. Johannser

Migrating Larvae of Sciara congregata Johannsen. G.G.Becker .

Natural Enemies of Simulium: Notes. F. M. Webster

The Mechanism of the Mouth Parts of the Squash Bug, Anasa tristis Degeer. D.G. Tower
Additions to the Gall Midge Fauna of New England. 2£. P. Felt

Exchange Column .

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Boston Society of Natural History. Stanford University.
A. L. MELANDER, A. P. Morss,

Washington State College. Wellesley College.
J. H. Emerton, J. G. NEEDHAM,

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Harvard University.

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VOL. XxXI. JUNE, 1914. No. -3

A NEW DIPLOPOD FROM THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS
WITH NOTES ON THE CHILOPODS.

By Rautew V. CHAMBERLIN.

The type specimens of the interesting new diplopod here de-
scribed were collected on Chatham Island in the Galapagos Archi-
pelago in 1898 and 1899, presumably by R. E. Snodgrass as a
member of the Stanford Expedition of 1898-1899.

Of the five species of chilopods known from the Galapagos Is-
lands, specimens of all of which were secured by the expedition
mentioned, four appear to be indigenous. ‘The five species are as
follows.

1. Orphnaeus brevilabiatus (Newport).

One female from Hood’s Island (May 18, 1899), between which
and specimens from Central America, the West Indies and else-
where I fail to detect any essential differences. A very common
geophiloid throughout the warmer parts of both hemispheres.

2. Mecistocephalus parvus Chamberlin.

I at first regarded the specimen of this species, which were from
Clipperton Island (November 23, 1898), as belonging to M. punc-
tifrons Newport; but a more critical study of material from India,
the East Indies and different parts of warmer America has con-
vinced me that Newport’s species has been too broadly conceived
by Haase and others and that several clearly distinct species have
been confused under the name. The confusion has resulted largely
because the species agree in having the number of pairs of legs
constantly 49, and do not differ in various other characters that
ordinarily serve for the discrimination of species in related families.
The species dominant in Java and the Malay Peninsula is a dif-
ferent one from the typical punctifrons of India; and the species
occurring in the Bermudas, West Indies and South and Central
America is also different and must bear the name gwildingi applied

86 Psyche [June

by Newport to specimens from St. Vincent. The types of M.
parvus are small slender specimens, near 20 mm. in length. The
cephalic plate is proportionately broader than in the other species
mentioned, being from 1.61 to 1.63 times longer than wide; whereas
in guildingi it is from 1.98 to 2.1 times longer than wide, and in
the Javan species (for which Meinert’s name cephalotes must prob-
ably be resurrected) from 1.68 to 1.71 times longer, while careful
micrometer measurements of numerous specimens of punctifrons
from India showed the cephalic plate in adults to vary from 1.88
to 1.91 times longer than wide, the plate in partly grown speci-
mens being near 1.85 and in the youngest ones 1.8 times longer
than wide.
3. Pectiniunguis albemarlensis Chamberlin.

This species is very close to P. americanus which is apparently
common on both the Pacific and eastern coasts of Mexico and has
been taken on the Florida Keys. The Galapagos species has near
the same number of legs (61 pairs) as americanus and is also marked
with a similar geminate dark stripe along the dorsum. The head
is distinctly broader, the ratio of length to breadth in the type being
57: 52, while the basal plate is longer, being but 2.5 times wider
than long as against 3 times in americanus. The ventral pores
are more numerous and the area occupied on each sternite ma-
terially greater. Of the two other known species of Pectiniunguis
as now restricted, one is from Cuba and the other from Colombia.
In California occur several species of a related genus which I have
recently named Nyctunguis. One female of P. albemarlensis was
secured on Albemarle Island at Iguana Cove (December, 1898).

4. Cryptops navigans Chamberlin.
Two specimens taken on Clipperton Island November 23, 1898.

~

5. Scolopendra galapagoensis Bollman.

Specimens of this species were taken on Hood, Chatham, Bindloe,
Narborough and Albemarle Islands. It seems to be much the
commonest chilopod of the Archipelago, being the only one in
fact that was taken on more than one island. Its affinities seem
to be closest to the group of the division Collares occurring in the
warmer parts of America.

The new diplopod Nesodesmus is a member of the Pyrgodes-
mide.

1914] Chamberlin—New Diplopod from the Galapagos Islands 87

Nesodesmus gen. noy.

Head strongly granulo-tuberculate. Antennz short, clavate,
with the fifth article thickest and much the longest.

Dorsum strongly elevated and convex; strongly sculptured,
being densely granular and tuberculate over the entire surface of
keels as well as remaining portion of metazonites; a longitudinal
row of larger tubercles each side of the median line, the tubercles
increasing in size caudad with a tendency to be confluent. Spir-
acles on segments 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15 and 16, each opening through
a thick, subeylindrical papilla borne on the marginal lobe second
from the caudal corner. Keels large, depressed, covering the legs
from above, almost contiguous, laterally mostly deeply lobate,
the lobes either 3, or by subdivision of the anterior one, 4 in num-
ber, the caudal border of keel also deeply lobate and the anterior
one of most less strongly lobed.

First dorsal plate broadly extended a covering the head as
in Lophodesmus. ‘Typically showing 12 rounded teeth or crena-
tions along the anterior margin corresponding to the twelve lobules
marked off on the border by 11 radial sulci.

Anal tergite short and broad, its caudal margin convex in gen-
eral outline; a broader median portion notched at the middle on
each side of which are two sharply separated narrow lobes or teeth.
In the type species the keels of the nineteenth tergite are produced
caudad a little beyond the caudal margin of the anal plate.

Genotype: N. insulanus sp. nov.

This genus is apparently most closely allied with Lophodesmus
as represented in Central America and Mexico. It is separated
chiefly because of the difference in the position of the spiracle and
the form of its papilla on the carinal margin, this occurring near
the middle of the side instead of at the caudolateral corner; in
the deeper lobation of the lateral border and the larger number of
its divisions and in the lobation of the anterior as well as of the
caudal border; and in having the entire dorsal surface of the keels
as well as of the median portion of the metazonite strongly
tuberculate. The first tergite has its anterior border divided into
12 lobules instead of the 10 characteristic of species of Lophodes-
mus thus far known.

88 Psyche [June

Nesodermus insulanus sp. nov.

Dark brown, irregularly dusky. Vertex of the head like the
dorsum, but the remaining portions together with the antennze
and legs a paler brown or brownish yellow. Prozonites ventrally
yellow.

Vertex and upper frontal region of head tuberculate with cor-
responding dusky or black areolation. Other parts with corre-
sponding areolz limited by a network of impressed lines.

Antenne short, strongly clavately thickened distad, the fifth
article being much the longest and thickest; sixth article next
in thickness and length, with the seventh more slender and much
shorter. Hairs on distal articles subdense, all very short.

First dorsal plate with its border projecting horizontally an-
teriorly and laterally widely beyond the head. Much longer than
the other tergites. Caudal margin mesally straight. Border
divided by radial sulci into 12 lobules each of which projects as a
wide, low, rounded tooth or crenulation at the margin. Lobules
- finely granular, the convex median portion of the plate appearing
more coarsely and densely tuberculate.

Sides of body parallel or nearly so excepting towards ends.
Keels of dorsal plates large, extending laterally over the feet. Keels
of the second tergite bent conspicuously cephalad, those of the
next three less and less so and the remaining ones back to the eight-
eenth with anterior and caudal margins nearly straight and par-
allel and at right angles to the long axis of the body. Keels of
the eighteenth segment bent caudad. Keels increasing in length
(7. e., in longitudinal diameter) from the third caudad, those of
the second being longer than those of the third. Each keel of the
second plate with lateral margin showing 3 rounded teeth with
corresponding divisions of border separated by sulci; the third
and fourth plates with borders of keels similar but teeth better
separated. On keels of the fifth tergite the lateral incisions of
keels extend mesad along sulci much farther, dividing the border
into 3 narrow, distally rounded lobes from the median of which
projects the pale subcylindrical spiraculiferous papilla; in all suc-
ceeding plates the anterior lobe is subdivided thus giving 4 distinct
lobes separated by deep narrow incisions replacing the sulci of
the most anterior plates; the most anterior lobe extending farthest
ectad, the posterior one least. Caudal edge of keel of all plates

1914] Chamberlin—New Diplopod from the Galopagos Islands 89

showing 2 (or 3) smaller lobes and the anterior margin presenting
a corresponding number of still smaller lobes or teeth excepting
on the second and third plates, the lobes or teeth becoming larger
caudad. Spiraculiferous papille smooth, the dorsal. surface of
the rest of the keels and of the remaining portion of metazonites
densely and strongly coarsely granular and tuberculate. Caudal
margin of metazonites between keels presenting 9 or 10 distinct
rounded teeth or crenulations which are weak or in part obliterated
on the plates cephalad of the sixth. Two longitudinal rows of
large tubercles, there being in each row 3 tubercles on each metaz-
onite, the most caudal of these being on a lobe or tooth of the caudal
margin; tubercles increasing in size from segment to segment in
in going caudad, the caudal ones of the eighteenth and nineteenth
segments in particular being large and conical. Keels of the nine-
teenth segment produced caudad so that the posterior edge is par-
allel with long axis of body or nearly so; between these keels 4
stout conical teeth project caudad and nearly attain level of caudal
margin of the anal tergite when viewed from above.

Anal tergite short, nearly concealed from above by the nineteenth
plate. Presenting a broad, mesally notched, median lobe and on
each side of this and farther proximad 2 conical teeth separated
by deep incisions.

Anal seale small; on its caudal margin presenting 2 conspicuous
tubercles, each of which bears a long bristle.

Sternites very narrow; longitudinally sulcate.

Trochanters of the legs relatively very long.

Ducts of testes opening through simple perforations on the ven-
tral surface of swellings on the coxee of the second legs, these swell-
ings commonly contiguous at the median line.

Gonopods of male each presenting a mesally hollow subhemi-
spherical basal division apparently capable of being closed against
the corresponding lobe of the opposite gonopod. Distal division
short and proportionately broad; distally. presenting a_ short
process projecting caudad and a larger subfalciform anterior proc-
ess from the caudal concave surface of which bends caudad the
conically pointed tip of a third process which seems to be the stylus.

Length: 9.5 to 11.5 mm.; width 2 to 2.25 mm. Locality: Gal-
apagos Archipelago; Chatham Island (May 21, 1899). Probably
collected by Snodgrass.) Thirteen specimens were secured.

90 Psyche [June

A NEW TRICHODECTES FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA.

By V. L. Kettoce anp S. NaKayaMa,
Stanford University, Cal.

Among some old specimens of Mallophaga in the Stanford Uni-
versity collection we have found a male and a female of an inter-
esting new species of Trichodectes, which is described herewith.
The specimens were collected by the well-known ornithologist,
R. C. McGregor, in a bird-collecting expedition to the islands off
Baja California (San Martin, Cerros, Todos Santos, San Ger-
onimo, Guadaloupe, and others). No parasites of mammals were,
as far as the records show, obtained, and the specimens referred
to in this paper were credited to bird hosts, the male to a Corvus
semicinctus from Cerros Island and the female to Hematopus
frazari from San Martin Island. There is undoubtedly error in
these attributions, either in the record-keeping or by abnormal
straggling in game bag or on skinning table from some mammal
to these birds. The host is, therefore, unknown. The specimens
are typical Trichodectes (mammal-infesting parasites), and cer-
tainly of the same species.

The new species suggests, in general shape of head, length and
character of antennz, the semi-dentate lateral margin of abdomen,
and terminal segments of the male, the wide-spread and familiar
Trichodectes limbatus of the goat; but the specific differences are
marked. Especially is the new species distinguished by the shape
of the abdomen, and great length of the tarsal claws. The abdo-
men of the male, in the new species, is as broad as long, almost
roughly circular in outline, indeed, while in limbatus, it is elongate
ovate. Also the posterior margin of the second abdominal seg-
ment bends conspicuously forward at its middle, revealing thus a
broad but deep rounding posterior emargination in this segment.
Thus the abdominal characters alone conspicuously distinguish
this new species from any other known Trichodectes.

Trichodectes painei sp. nov. (fig. 1, A-D).

Male: Body, length 1.21 mm.; width (across third abdominal segment), .60
mm.; general color, pale yellowish brown with darker bands and markings on head
and thorax, and pronounced, although narrow, dark lateral margins of abdomen,

1914] Kellogg and Nakayama—Trichodectes from Baja California 91

Fig. 1. Trichodectes painei sp. nov.

and distinct broad transverse bands, not reaching lateral margins, on segments 3
to 6, inclusive, of the abdomen.

Head, length .37 mm.; width .46 mm.; thus being wider than long: general
shape quadrangular with rounding angles; clypeal front broad and straight with
a slight gradual median concavity and at the middle of the concavity a very nar-
row, straight incision bisecting the anterior marginal marking; trabeculz incon-
spicuous; ocular fossz slight, with eyes unusually projecting and conspicuous;
posterior margin straight. Antennz very long, when projecting backwards ex-
tending slightly beyond posterior margin, second segment almost twice as long as
third, two small sense pits on third segment. A pair of straight, nearly parallel
occipital bands running forward to meet diagonal antennal bands, each occipital
band also sending an inner branch to the base of the mandibles.

Prothorax slightly narrower than the metathorax with both segments of about
the same length; lateral margins of prothorax slightly diverging so that the seg-
ment is widest between its posterior lateral angles. Metathorax widest in the mid-
dle with a projecting obtuse angle at the middle of each lateral margin; from these

92 Psyche [June

obtuse angles the posterior margin runs back and inward in a flatly curving line
for about one third of the width of the segment, the middle third of the posterior
being straight, with a shallow concavity. A series of fine but distinct short hairs
in a series roughly parallel with the slightly concave but nearly straight third of
the posterior margin of the metathorax. Straight diagonal bands of darker color
showing through each thoracic segment from the underside. Legs conspicuously
long, largely because of the unusual length of tibiz, tarsi and claws; tibie growing
wider toward tip and bearing a short, strong, blunt, spineless projection at the inner
angle of the tip; tarsi of middle and hind legs with claws of unusual length, each
claw being longer than both tarsal segments together and more than half as long
as the tibia; claws of the forelegs but a little more than half as long as those of mid-
dle and hind legs, but more strongly chitinized.

Abdomen, length .64 mm., width .60 mm.; almost roughly circular in outline,
although really broader in front than behind, and with the projecting, tapering
last segment and genitalia destroying the circular outline. Second segment with
deeply but broadly emarginate posterior border. Lateral margins almost dentate
because of the projecting posterc-lateral angles of each segment. Each segment
bearing a series of many fine short hairs along the median two thirds of the pos-
terior margin; longer but inconspicuous hairs projecting from the postero-lateral
angles of the segments. Strongly colored, but narrow, lateral borders on all seg-
ments; and conspicuous dark median transverse blotches covering most of the
dorsum (for the middle half of its width) on segments three to six inclusive; last
segment of abdomen narrow and projecting backward with the genitalia showing
distinctly.

Female: Body, length 1.57 mm.; head .46 mm., width .56 mm.; length of
abdomen .88, width .69 mm., the abdomen thus being considerably longer than
broad, and hence not of the nearly circular shape of that of the male. The antennz
are not as long and slender as those of the male, the second segment being only
slightly longer than the third. The ground color of the body and markings
both paler than in the male, but the markings and blotches about the same in ar-
rangement and character.

The species name paine? is given for Mr. J. H. Paine, an active
American student of the Mallophaga.

1914] Johannsen—Sciara tongregata 93

SCIARA CONGREGATA SP. NOV. (DIPTERA).

By O. A. JOHANNSEN,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

The following description is based on specimens reared at Fay-
etteville, Arkansas, by Mr. George G. Becker, whose account of
the habits of this insect appears in the present number of PsycuHeE.

Sciara congregata sp. nov.

Male: Length 2 mm. Head black, palpi and antenne fuscous, the antenn
rather short, about two thirds as long as the wing (measured from humeral cross
vein), the intermediate joints not twice as long as wide. Mesonotum subshining
blackish; scutellum, metanotum, and pleura subopaque, brownish black. Abdo-
men and hypopygium subopaque brownish black, the latter stout, with claspers
resembling those of Sciara jucunda, though the apical sete are rather stouter. Coxze
and legs brownish, the tarsi dark brown; legs relatively short and stout, hind tibia
about as long as the petiole of the media of the wing; apical third of tibiz slightly
broadened; hind tarsus about 0.8 as long as the tibia, hind metatarsus slightly
over 0.7 as long as the following four joints. Wings smoky hyaline, veins dark
brown, the radius, the forks of the media and the apical part of the forks of the
cubitus beset with sete. Ry; ends two thirds as far proximad of the fork of the
media as the tip of Rg is distad of this point; basal section of Rs very faint and
indistinct, though the basal section of R is evidently noticeably longer than R,;
costa produced nearly 0.6 of the distance from the tip of Rs to M;; Rs ends slightly
proximad of M.; petiole of media very inconspicuous; cubitus forks distad of the
base of the petiole of the media. Halteres dark.

Female: Length 2.5 mm. Like the male in coloring and structure differing in
having slightly shorter antenne, these being less than half as long as the wing, with
intermediate joints but little longer than wide; the basal section of Rs and the petiole
of the media a little more distinct. The lamells of the ovipositor are only slightly
jonger than wide.

Type in my collection; paratypes in the collection of the Arkan-
sas Agricultural Experiment Station. This species will find a
place in the key given on page 118, Fungus Gnats of North America
(Bull. Maine Agr. Exp. Station, No. 200), between S. vicina and S.
dives, differing from both in coloring, venation, and structure of

hypopygium.

94 * Psyche [June

MIGRATING LARVZ OF SCIARA CONGREGATA
JOHANNSEN.

By Grorce G. BECKER,

Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

The species of Sciara which Prof. Johannsen describes in this
issue of Psycue, first came under my observation on July 6, 1912,
when I noticed an army of the larve in a chain about five feet
long and three inches wide at its greatest width. The chain of
larvee was widest at about the middle and tapered toward each
end.

The general appearance of the army was that of a dead snake
and I was about to pass by it when closer observation showed
that it consisted of a migrating mass of larve. The chain was
moving very slowly at a rate of probably not more than a few
inches per minute.

In general the movement of the army suggested a sort of flow-
ing motion in which the larvee from the rear came up and traveled
over their fellows in front of them. It was noticed that the larvee
on the top made much better progress than those below. This
would naturally be the case since the individuals on the top de-
pended upon those beneath them for purchase. Since the larvee
must have been piled up about eight deep in the middle of the
procession it would seem that those next to the ground would be
unable to make much progress, and that they would therefore
have to wait until those to the rear had passed over them before
they could gain any headway. It was thus noticed that the ad-
vance of the chain was made by the larve from above. These
larvee, naturally, made more rapid progress than those beneath
them, and they no sooner gained the ground in front of the chain
than they were followed and covered by the great mass of migrat-
ing larvee coming from behind. Probably they did not emerge
again until most of the chain had passed over them.

The locomotion of the individual larva was accomplished by a
series of intermittent, jerky, flowing movements by which the
larva glided over those beneath it. These migrating larve left a
sort of trail in their wake somewhat similar to the track passed
over by a snake.

1914] Migrating Lave of Sciara congregata 95

A number of the migrating larve taken into the insectary and
placed in a cage, containing some oak leaf mold into which they
soon dispersed and fed rather actively for several days. About
three days later on lifting layers of the mold, I noticed that most
of the larvee had transformed to delicate yellow pupz. No accurate
record was made of the time passed in the pupal stage but this
was probably about two weeks.

On July 16, 1913, a little over a year after the first observation,
a second army of the worms was noticed. This was also found
in the town of Fayetteville, only a few hundred yards from the
locality where the observation of the previous year was made.
The army was much smaller than the one noticed last year (1912),
probably not more than three feet long.

Some of these larvee were kept and pupated about one week after
they were transferred to the leaf mold. The adults emerged prob-
ably two to three weeks later, during my absence. This insect
proved to be the same one observed last year. Specimens sent
to Prof. O. A. Johannsen were determined by him as a new species.
They are described in the present issue of PsycuE under the name
of Sciara congregata.

NATURAL ENEMIES OF SIMULIUM: NOTES.

By F. M. WesstEr,
Bureau of Entomology.

In the concluding paragraphs of his paper on “American Black
Flies or Buffalo Gnats,”? Bulletin 26, Technical Series Bureau of
Entomology, April, 1914, the author, Mr. J. R. Malloch, calls
attention to the occurrence of parasites of the larvee found in IIli-
nois, and also found by Mr. E. H. Strickland near Boston, Mass.

In the last paragraph of his paper, Mr. Malloch refers to some
work done by agents of the Bureau of Entomology many years
ago. As this reference leaves the matter somewhat obscure, it
may be stated that on May 6, 1888, while studying Simulium in
the St. Francis River, near Madison, Ark., the writer found a
Simulium larva about one-fourth grown, presumably belonging to
what was then known as Simuliwm pecuarum, infested by some

96 Psyche [June

species of Nematode worm which had every appearance of being
an internal parasite.

Under the same date it was mailed to Division of Entomology,
where it was duly received and given a division number 3498°.
Doubtless the specimen has long ago disappeared, but it is this
to which Mr. Malloch refers in his paper and may perhaps belong
to the same species as was later found infesting larvee of Simulium
in the Sangamon and Illinois Rivers, and which Mr. Strickland
years after has been able to carefully study.

On May 11, 1887, the writer while engaged in studying buffalo
gnats and other species of Simulium in the St. Francis River at
Madison, Ark., encountered a species of fly which were locally
termed ‘“‘black gnats.” These acted very much like true buffalo
gnats, although I was not able to observe them biting animals.
Specimens were mailed to the Department of Agriculture and the
notes of the Division of Entomology show that they were received
May 14, 1887, and given the division number 4133. They were
described as agreeing closely with the genus Hilara- but differing
by having mouth organs longer than the head, and by possessing
a stigma-like black spot near margin of wings. A year later, or
to be exact, May 6, 1888, the writer was again in the same locality
engaged in the further investigation of Simulium and again en-
countered these flies in abundance. It would seem that, as they
belong to a group known to be predaceous, they were presumably
attacking the gnats, although I do not find that this was actually
observed by me.

While camping on Devil’s River, about fifty miles from the
point where it empties in the Rio Grande, March 20 to 25, 1891,
larvee, pup and adults of a species of Simulium not recognizable
as belonging to either S. pecuarum or S. meridionale were found
in abundance. Specimens of all stages were forwarded to Wash-
ington where they appear to have been received May 9, and given
the division number 5003. One of these adults, captured while
in the act of attacking a horse, was infested by larve of a water
mite, division number 5003°. This is the larva of a Hydrachnid
agreeing with Limnesia.

A precisely similar observation was made by myself July 30,
1884, at Oxford, Ind., where an adult mosquito was discovered
with one of the water mites attached thereto.

1914] Webster—Natural Enemies of Simulium 97

With reference to the discussion of Simuliwm pecuarum Riley,
pp. 21-24 of Mr. Malloch’s paper, and the note attached thereto,
it may be stated that both males and oviparous females occurred
in abundance and were sent to Washington from Somerset Land-
ing, La., during April, 1886, and also the spring of both 1887 and
1888. Asa matter of fact, the egg-laying female and the male do
not usually travel far from the localities where the species breeds,
the males apparently never following the biting, sterile females.
The oviparous females were found to each contain 500 to 750 eggs.
Oviposition was observed March 27, 1888, and hatching was wit-
nessed the following day.

The specimen, to which Mr. Malloch refers as having been col-
lected at College Station, Texas, was obtained in sweeping a field
of wheat on the college farm, February 24, 1891, while the follow-
ing day both larve and pupe were found clinging to driftwood in
the Brazos River, seven miles away.

An abundance of material was sent from both Somerset Land-
ing, La., and Madison, Ark., during the years 1886 to 1891. While
pupe will not develop adults if kept in stagnant water, nevertheless
eggs of this species hatched en route between these points and
Washington, and pupe, packed in Spanish moss in cigar boxes, fre-
quently develop adults also en route.

Both. this species and S. invenustum were observed attacking
stock in the White Rock Mountains near Vineland, Ark., February
of the same year. Specimens were sent to Washington, and re-
ceived the division number 4094B. The other sendings to which
this note refers were from Pecos Creek above Marble Falls, Texas,
March 7, and Cypress Mill a few days later. Other material,
belonging to S. venustum, was sent to the Department March 19
and 23, 1887, when the females were observed ovipositing at Som-
erset Landing, La.

_S. meridionale was sent frequently during the years 1886 to
1891 from both Somerset Landing, and from Madison, Ark., the
latter collected in the St. Francis River. Simulium were also
collected and forwarded to the Department from Elk Horn Falls
on White River, just below Richmond, Ind., May 14, 1892. Also,
specimens of two species from the Wabash River, near New Har-
mony, Posey County, Ind. A number of head of stock were killed

98 Psyche [June

in that vicinity in 1884, and they were again quite troublesome
in 1890.

In the case of sendings from Wooster, Ohio, some years after
these dates, a farmer complained of flies getting in the ears and
nostrils of his horses while being worked in a particular field near
a brook, originating from a spring, and running over a rocky bed.
Specimens of the adults were submitted and determined as S.
pecuarum Riley, but I find no record of this in the Bureau notes
on Simulium. If I remember correctly in this Wooster, Ohio,
case, the difficulty was eliminated by pouring crude petroleum
into the spring, allowing it to be carried down stream by the run-
ning water.

Prior to the outbreak of the war, the levees of the Mississippi
River were continuous through the alluvial country and kept in
good repair. With the outbreak of the war, however, when sterner
matters overshadowed everything else, the levees were neglected,
and in many cases caved into the river.

Soon after this time, as cavalry and artillery officers of both
armies have since assured me, there were severe losses of both
horses and mules in their respective commands. From this time
onward to 1886, the buffalo gnat became such a scourge, killing
in many cases every horse and mule on a plantation, that their
appearance came to be greatly dreaded.

It is the remembrance of those days when both domestic ani-
mals and occasionally a human fell a prey to these flies, that re-
mains to be refreshed in the minds of the people even to this day,
whenever the levees give way and overflows occur during the spring
time. There is, however, practically no danger whatever from a
return of such disastrous outbreaks of buffalo gnats as formerly
occurred. The gnats do not breed in the Mississippi River itself,
and it will require more than one season’s overflow to enable them
to increase in numbers sufficient to become a menace to domestic
animals.

The writer has been bitten by these gnats until his face and
neck were so blotched as to render shaving impossible for weeks.
Civil engineers working on the St. Francis River, during excessive
abundance of buffalo gnats, suffered severely from their attacks.
The gnats would make their way down their necks and under their
clothing, and also down their rubber boots and collect there about

1914] Tower—Mechanism of the Mouth Parts of the Squash Bug 99

the -angles. I have seen such men months afterwards with the
calves of the legs and the ankles discolored as though the limb had
been beaten or severely bruised. It may.be stated in this con-
nection that pellagra was not at that time recognized in this
country.

-

THE MECHANISM OF THE MOUTH PARTS OF THE
SQUASH BUG, ANASA TRISTIS DEGEER}

By Dantet G. Tower, B.S.,

In preparing a previous paper dealing with the external anatomy
of the squash bug (Tower, °13) it was found necessary to work
out the structure of the mouth parts and internal anatomy of the
head region. The mouth parts proved to be so interesting that
a study more detailed than was possible in a general consideration
of the anatomy has been made, the results being incorporated in
the present paper. A brief description of the external region of
the head and its parts has also been included so that one may more
readily orient himself as to the relation of the parts to one another.

At this point I wish to thank Dr. H. T. Fernald for his assistance
and the loan of books and pamphlets from his private library;
and Dr. G. C. Crampton, who has directed my work and greatly
assisted me in preparing this paper for publication.

As the sclerites of the head capsule are solidly fused together
the general regions are all that can be described. Of these the
occiput (occ), see Pl. 1 f. 1, lies behind the ocelli (oc) and forms
the posterior portion of the head surrounding the occipital fora-
men. It is marked off by a shallow transverse groove, from the
vertex. The vertex or cranium (v) comprises the dorsal region
in front of the occiput and bears the ocelli. This area is not marked
off from the frons (f), which lies above and between the bases of
the antenne. The anterior margin of the frons is united with
the base of the clypeus (c).

Below and on either side of the compound eyes (e) lie the gene
(g), while the ventral posterior portion of the head capsule forms

1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, Massachusetts Agricultural College.

100 Psyche [June

the gula (gu). The clypeus, as has been stated, is fused at its
base with the frons, and at this point is narrow, but as it curves
forward and downward it widens at its tip to form the base of
attachment for the labrum (Ibr) from which it is separated by a
narrow membranous ring.

The labrum is an elongate triangular sclerite. Its anterior sur-
face is convex, while its posterior surface is flat and contains a
groove which lies above the groove on the basal half of the anterior
surface of the labium (lab).

On either side of the clypeus is a narrow prolongation of the
frons called the fulerum (fr). The fulera lie close to the lateral
walls of the clypeus hiding them, but not united with them except
at their bases, where they fuse with the head capsule.

The maxillary laminz (Im) lie below the base of the antennz
(ant). Their bases are fused with the gene and their ventral mar-
gins are united with the buccule (bu), which are chitinous plates
projecting from the anterior ventral side of the head on either side
of the base of the Jabium.

The labium articulates with the anterior ventral region of the
head between the buccule. The labium contains, as stated above,
a dorsal groove in which lie the setz (s). The edges of the groove
beyond, or distal to the overlying labrum, overlap, forming a closed
tube, thus giving the enclosed setz more support. At its basal
end the groove becomes very shallow; the labium becomes filled
with muscles, tracheze and nerves, and the sete in this portion of
the labium gradually come to lie within the labrum, whose edges
meet beneath and confine the sete.

The sete now pass back through the articulating membranes,
which lies between the labrum and clypeus and between the lateral
walls of the clypeus. The walls of the clypeus at its tip turn under,
and their edges interlock, forming a narrow pair of supporting
lobes above which the sete pass. Upon emerging from these
lobes the maxillary setz (m) spread apart to receive the tip of the
pharynx and the canal from the salivary pump, both of which
enter the set at this point.

The setze represent the mandibles (md) and the maxille (m).
The maxillz are fluted and interlocked so as to form two tubes,
namely the upper or suction canal (fc), and the lower or salivary
canal (sc), see Pl. 1 f. 2. The mandibles are slightly shorter than

1914] Tower—Mechanism of the Mouth Parts of the Squash Bug 101

the maxille and their tips are barbed. Their function is
that of piercing the plant tissues and holding the sete in
place, while the tips of the maxillze, which are acute and fluted,
probe the plant tissues, take up the plant juices and eject the
saliva.

At the point where the maxillary sete diverge they are sur-
rounded by a membranous sheath, which renders air tight their
connections with the pharynx (ph) and with the salivary pump
canal or efferent canal (ec). After separating, the maxille together
with the mandibles pass back, one of each on either side of the
pharynx. The above mentioned membranous sheath also extends
back on either side of the pharynx and encloses the set, being
fastened to their bases. Soon after the maxillary and mandibular
setz have separated, at their junction with the pharynx, the man-
dibles separate from the maxille and take up a position above
them.

The bases of both the maxillze and mandibles widen posteriorly,
forming attachments for the muscles which operate them, espe-
cially the inner dorsal portion of the base of the maxille. This
becomes thickened to form a prominent ridge to which the chitinous
rod (h), see Pl. 1 f. 7 and Pl. 2 f. 9, which articulates with the gene,
is fastened by a short tendon. The rod runs downward between
the setz and the side of the pharynx, turning under the sete,
and here lies above the tentorial lobes, being embedded in a mem-
brane which separates the muscles of the setz from these lobes.
Laterally the end of this crescent shaped rod is fastened to the
under side of a small internal knob on the gene (p) situated
directly below the compound eye. Ventrally the rod is attached
to the tentorial lobe, see Pl. 1 f. 7.

The maxillary sete are each controlled by two powerful muscles,
both of which are attached directly to the bases of the maxille.
These are the protractor muscle (pm), which extends anteriorly
and is attached to the inside of the maxillary lamina and the side
of the tentorial structure supporting the pharynx and salivary
pump; and the retractor muscle which extends posteriorly and is
attached to the occiput and also by a few fibres to the dorsal sur-
face of the tentorial lobe.

Each mandibular seta is controlled by two series of muscles.
The two retractor muscles (rm), see Pl. 1 f. 3, are attached directly

102 Psyche [June

to the base of the seta. A short upwardly directed one is attached
behind the ocelli, a longer one extends posteriorly and is attached
laterally to the walls of the occipital foramen. The protractor
muscle (pm) is attached to the inside of the frons. This muscle
instead of being directly attached to the base of the mandible, is
attached to a small chitinous triangular plate (b) which articulates
at one corner with the gena near the anterior margin of the latter
just anterior to the base of the antenna. This triangular plate
likewise articulates with the mandible by means of a small rod (a)
which is attached at its posterior end to the base of the mandible,
while its anterior end articulates with the ventral corner of the
triangular plate. The muscle in contracting pulls the mandible
forward by means of the small connecting rod. These protractor
and retractor muscles control the piercing and probing of the max-
illary setee, and the piercing and holding of the plant tissues by
the mandible.

The cavity of the pharynx (ph), which is larger in the middle
than at either end, becomes continuous with that of the suction
canal, in the sete, at the point of divergence of the maxillary sete.
At this point the hypopharynx (hph), see Pl. 2 f. 12, or anterior
portion of the ventral plate of the pharynx (which is a slender
chitinous trough-shaped process) enters the suction canal and lies
on the ventral floor of the latter, while the epipharynx, or anterior
portion of the dorsal plate of the pharynx, lies above the sete,
fitting snugly over them, and extends anteriorly between the
lobes of the clypeus. The membranous sheath surrounding the
union of the pharynx and sete make this union air tight.

The pharynx becomes constricted posteriorly as it passes be-
tween the circumcesophageal commissures, opening posteriorly into
a membranous cesophagus. Posterior to this constriction the
oesophagus is enclosed by a sheath made up of longitudinal muscles.
This sheath is connected with the wall of the occipital foramen
dorsally by two transversely attached muscles, given off dorso-
laterally from the muscular sheath, and ventually it is connected
by two ventro-lateral muscles which diverge and are attached to
the walls of the occipital foramen. This sheath extends from the
posterior end of the pharynx back into the prothoracic region.
The four muscles support the cesophagus in this region and
probably by their movements of relaxing and contracting, together

1914] Tower—Mechanism of the Mouth Parts of the Squash Bug 103

with the action of the longitudinal muscles of the sheath, play
some part in passing the food down the cesophagus.

The pharynx is double U-shape in cross section. The lateral
margins of the dorsal plate (dp) are attached to the dorsal edges
of the rigid chitinous ventral plate. To the dorsal surface of the
dorsal plate are attached the powerful pharyngeal muscles (phm),
see Pl. 1 f. 6, which retracting draw up the dorsal plate creating
a vacuum thereby drawing the plant juices up through the suction
tube of the setze and into the pharynx. ;

The pharyngeal muscles are attached dorsally to the inside of
the head capsule. There are three distinct series of pharyngeal
muscles attached to the dorsal plate of the pharynx. The first or
anterior series is short and composed of small muscles. They are
attached to the dorsal plate just posterior to the epipharynx. The
second is the longest series and is attached to the widened middle
portion of the pharynx. The third or posterior series is attached
to the more flattened upcurved posterior portion of the pharynx.

As the dorsal plate lies on the ventral plate, when the pharyngeal
muscles are relaxed it seems reasonable to suppose that this pump
acts in the following manner. The middle portion of the pharynx
is filled when muscle series one contracts and is followed by the
contraction of series two, the third series remaining relaxed while
the middle portion of the pharynx is filling. When the middle
portion is full the first series of muscles relaxes, allowing the dorsal
plate to drop. The third series now contracts, opening the way
into the cesophagus as the second series relaxes forcing the con-
tents of the pharynx down into the esophagus. Series three now
relaxes to complete the emptying of the pharynx. At the
completion of this series of contractions and relaxations at the
posterior end of the pharynx, no doubt a new series of similar
contractions and relaxations begin again, or possibly they start just
before the completion of the first series. As the above descrip-
tion describes a wave-like motion and as no distinct valves have
been found as are seen in the salivary pump, the above described
process is no doubt the correct one.

Anteriorly the hypopharynx is marked off from the remainder
of the ventral plate of the pharynx by raised irregular thickenings
situated at the base of the hypopharynx on its lateral walls. The
epipharynx is similarly marked off from the remainder of the dorsal

104 _ Psyche [June

plate by corresponding thickenings on the dorsal plate. The
epipharynx is also well marked off from the remainder of the dorsal
plate because at this point the flexible dorsal plate ends and the
portion beyond or epipharynx lies above the union of the sete
and bears ten papillae. These irregular thickenings on the lateral
walls of the dorsal and ventral plate interlock on either side of the
canal of the pharynx. Upon a superficial examination these inter-
locking thickenings appear to be valvular, but closer observation
shows them to be lateral to the canal and that the canal is closed
by the dorsal plate of the pharynx being pressed against the ventral
plate. Situated on the ventral surface of the epipharynx and
above the diverging setz there is, as stated above, a series of ten
minute transparent papille arranged in pairs. It has been stated
by some writers that these papille or glands secrete an oily sub-
stance which lubricates the sete, which at this point must neces-
sarily move forward and backward and in close contact with the
epipharynx and hypopharynx. Others state that these are taste
organs. The balance of opinion seems to be in favor of the latter
view, although this point has not been sufficiently investigated.

Just posterior to the epipharynx on the dorsal plate of the
pharynx there are four pairs of glands arranged in a line, each
opening into the pharyngeal cavity. The nature of the secretions
which these glands empty into the pharynx is not known, but
probably they are digestive fluids. Above this series of glands is
attached the first series of pharyngeal muscles.

Anteriorly and dorsally the pharynx is supported by two struts
(n), see Pl. 2f. 11and 13, situated lateral to the lateral dorsal portion
of the pharynx. These struts diverge and extending upward fuse
with the lateral walls of the clypeus. In addition to these the
anterior portion of the ventral plate is supported by upward ex-
tending diverging lateral struts which fuse with the inner walls of
the fulcra, see Pl. 2 f. 12. At the point where the sete meet, the
lateral walls of the clypeus pass down on either side of the epi-
pharynx and setz and meet beneath the setz, thus forming the
lobes of the clypeus (Ic), see Pl. 2 f. 18. The pharynx is also sup-
ported by the tentorial structures, but this will be taken up later.

Below the anterior end of the pharynx lies the salivary pump
(sp) supported by the tentorium. This very unique pump con-
sists of a chitinous cylinder and piston. The cylinder is closed at

1914] Tower—Mechanism of the Mouth Parts of the Squash Bug 105

its anterior end except for the two openings of the salivary ducts
(sd) on its ventral side and the opening into the salivary pump
canal or efferent canal] (ec) in its anterior dorsal surface. Within
the cylinder is a valvular flap (iv) which is attached posterior to
the salivary ducts. This valve covers these ducts and allows the
salivary juices to enter the cylinder from the salivary ducts, but
does not permit it to flow back. The dorsal opening is closed by
a long valvular flap (ov), attached to the dorsal wall of the efferent
canal, which extends forward. This allows the salivary fluid to
pass out of the pump and into the efferent canal, but not to return
again into the cylinder. Normally the cylinder is nearly filled by
the piston head or plunger (pl), see Pl. 1 f. 5, to which is attached
anteriorly and laterally the elastic flexible membranous posterior
wall of the cylinder. Posteriorly the piston head or plunger is
attached to a piston rod to which are attached two large muscles
(k) which diverge posteriorly and are attached to the posterior
ventral region of the head and also by few muscle fibres to the
ventral surface of the lobes of the tentorium. ‘These muscles in
contracting draw the plunger back creating a vacuum in the cylin-
der. This closes the dorsal outlet valve and opens the ventral or
inlet valves causing the pump cylinder to fill with saliva from the
salivary ducts. When the muscles relax, the elasticity of the pos-
terior wall of the cylinder draws the plunger back into place, there-
upon the ventral valves are closed and the dorsal one is opened
and the saliva is forced out through the efferent canal and down
the salivary canal in the sete and into the plant tissues.

It seems not unreasonable to suppose that these salivary juices
act on the plant cells chemically, possibly as a poison, and cause
them to yield their juices more readily, although this point has
not yet been investigated.

The efferent canal after leaving the pump cylinder extends for-
ward in a straight line (being supported by a portion of the chiti-
nous tentorium and gradually itself becoming chitinized) until it
reaches the membranous sheath about the sete which it penetrates,
and then unites with the lower of salivary canal in the sete.

The tip of the efferent canal which is trough-like and chitinized
enters the salivary canal at the separation of the maxillary setz
and lies on the ventral surface of the salivary canal. The union
is made air tight by the chitinous tentorial support of the efferent
canal and the membranous sheath.

106 Psyche [June

As these unions of the pharynx and the efferent canal with the
setze must be more or less loose to allow for the forward and back-
ward sliding movements of the setz, as they are used in feeding,
the membranous sheath must fit tightly in and about these parts
to insure that there be no leakage at these two joints.

The tentorial structures are variously modified. The middle
region of the ventral plate of the pharynx is supported by two
chitinous plates which abut against and are attached to the pos-
terior portion of the head in the gula region. These pass forward .
and upward as broad curved narrowing plates. They converge as
they approach the pharynx and their inner edges turn up so that
the ventral surfaces of the turned up portion lie along the sides of
the ventral plate and are united by tendons to the ventral plate
of the pharynx, see Pl. 1 f. 4 and 7. These plates continue for-
ward along the sides of the pharynx, their ventral surfaces extend
further up the side of the pharynx. In cross section they appear
somewhat crescent shaped as seen in PI. 1 f. 6 (t). Lying on either
side of the pharynx, they form a trough or bed in which the pharynx
lies. Anteriorly the salivary pump lies below the pharynx and
between these curved tentorial structures securely held in place
by the connective tissue which surrounds it. Just anterior to
the pump, portions of the two inner surfaces of the plates pass
upward on either side of the efferent canal supporting it and con-
tinue with it to its connection with the sete. A portion of each
plate passes forward and slightly downward, fusing medianly,
with that of the other side, below the portions which support the
efferent canal to form the plate to which is attached the dorsal
anterior surface of the labium.

Opposite the anterior end of the salivary pump, the outer mar-
gins of the plates roll upward and over the fused central plates,
and form the two black heavily chitinized horns of the tentorium
(ht), each of which contains a groove, which acts as a guide to the
converging sete, which meet over the tip of these horns and pass
forward together above the lobes of the clypeus.

The horns of the tentorium separate posteriorly to allow the
chitinized tip of the efferent canal and its supporting structures
to pass upward between them and connect with the salivary canal
in the maxillary sete at the point where the setz come together.

The lateral margins of the horns of the tentorium and the lateral
margins of the plate to which the anterior dorsal surface of the

1914] Tower—Mechanism of the Mouth Parts of the Squash Bug 107

labium is attached, are fused to the inside of the maxillary lamina
and to the buccule along the line of union of the lamina with the
buccule.

A very delicate chitinous rod (i) which broadens dorsally is
situated internal to each compound eye. Each of these rods is
attached to the dorsal surface of the same small knob-like
projections of the genx below the compound eyes, to which the
chitinous rod that articulates with the base of the maxillary setz is
attached, see Pl. 1 f. 7 (p), and extending upward and slightly
forward is attached just above the eye. These rods apparently
act as protectors and supports of the eye structures and a few
muscle fibres from the antennz are attached to them dorsally.

There are two thick strong struts projecting inward from the
head capsule, one on either side of the head, located slightly ante-
rior to and inward from each ocellus. These form the base of
attachment for most of the antennal muscles.

The labrum is a very flexible sclerite. It contains numerous
muscles, tracheze and nerves. The action of its muscular system
has not been worked out.

The labium is controlled by two muscles, of these the protractor,
or extensor, extends down the labium beneath the anterior surface
and is attached basally to a small process of the tip of the tentorial
plate to which the labium is attached. The retractor muscle ex-
tends down the labium posteriorly and basally is fastened to the
ventral surface of the plate with which the labium articulates.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1883. Geise, Otto. Die Mundtheile der Rhynchoten, Archiv. f. Naturg., vol’
xlix, pp. 315-373, pl. X.

1885. Wedde, Hermann. Beitriige zur Kenntniss des Rhynchotenriissels, Archiv.
f. Naturg. (2) li. pp. 113-143, pls. VI and VII.

1892. Smith, John B. The Structure of the Hemipterous Mouth, Science, vol.
xix, No. 478, pp. 189, figs. 1-5.

1896. Marlatt, C. L. The Hemipterous Mouth, Ent. Soc. of Wash. vol. ii, pp.
241-250, figs. 21-23.

1911. Muir, I’. and Kershaw, J. C. On the Homologies and Mechanism of the
Mouthparts of Hemiptera, Psycue, vol. xviii, No. 1, pp. 1, pls. 1-5.

1911. Bugnion, E. and Popoff, N. Les Piéces Buccales des Hémiptéres (Premiére
Partie), Arch. Zool. Expér. et Général, 5° Série, vol. vii, pp. 643-674.

1912. Muir, F. and Kershaw, J. C. The Development of the Mouthparts in the
Homoptera with Observations on the Embryo of Siphanta, Psycuer, vol.
xix, No. 3, pp. 77, figs. 1-4.

1913. Tower, D. G. The External Anatomy of the Squash Bug, Anasa Tristis
De G., Am. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. VI, pp. 427-437, pls. LV-LVIII.

108

Psyche

[June

LETTERING OF FIGURES.

a=chitinous rod at base of mandible.

ant=antenna.

b=chitinous triangular plate articula-
ting with gene.

b-ant=base of antenna.

bu=buccule.

c=clypeus.

dp=dorsal plate.

e=eye.
ec=efferent canal.
f=frons.

fe=food canal or suction canal.

fr=fulerum.

g=gene.

gu=gula.

h=chitinous rod connecting maxillary
sete and gene.

he=head capule.

hph=hypopharynx.

ht=horns of the tentorium.

i=chitinous rod behind eye.

iv=inlet valve.

k=retractor muscle of salivary pump.

1=struts to which some of the antenna
muscles fasten.

lab=labium.

Ibr=labrum.

le=lobes of the clypeus.
m=mazxilla.

md=mandible.

ml=maxillary lamine.
n=pharyngeal struts.

oc=ocelli.

oce= occiput.

ov=outlet valve.

p=internal knob below compound eye.
ph=pharynx.

phm= pharyngeal muscles.
pl=plunger of pump.
pm=protractor muscle of mandible.
pm, =protractor muscle of maxille.
pth=prothorax.

rm=retractor muscle.

s=sete.

sc=salivary canal.

sd=salivary duct.

sg=salivary glands.

sp=salivary pump.

t=tentorium.

v= vertex.

vp=ventral plate.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Pirate I.
Fig. 1. Side view of head.
Fig. 2. Cross section of sete.
Fig. 3. Mandibular seta showing its connection with the gena.
Fig. 4. Cross section through the middle region of the pharynx.
Fig. 5. Longitudinal section of salivary pump.
Fig. 6. Cross section of the pharynx and salivary pump as seen in fig. 10.
Fig. 7. Cross section through the eyes. A diagrammatic drawing of fig. 9.

Pirate II.
Figures 8-13 are microphotographs.

Fig. 8. Shows the salivary pump and efferent canal and the attachment of the
labium. The horns of the tentorium are separated.

Fig. 9. Cross section of the head through the eyes.

Fig. 10. Cross section of the head through the bases of the antenne.

Fig. 11. Longitudinal section of the head showing the pharyngeal muscles,
pharynx and salivary pump, their supports, and the position of the sete.

Fig. 12. Shows the ventral plate of the pharynx, and the hypopharynx, which
are supported by the struts running to the fulcra.

Fig. 13. Shows the position of the pharynx and sete at their junction, behind
the lobes of the clypeus.

1 The microphotographs were taken by T. W. Nicolet, from slider prepared by the author.

1914] Felt—Additions to the Gall Midge Fauna of New England 109

ADDITIONS TO THE GALL MIDGE FAUNA OF NEW
ENGLAND.

By E. P. Fett,
Albany, New York.

Last year we prepared a list! of 187 New England species, a num-
ber being characterized as new. Additional material has been
received through the courtesy of Mr. C. W. Johnson of the Boston
Society of Natural History, Mrs. A. T. Slosson of New York,
and Miss Cora H. Clarke of Boston. Full data as to the origin of
the material accompanies each description.

Mr. Johnson captured a specimen of Asphondylia fulvopedalis
Felt at Brattleboro, Vt., August 15, 1908, adding thereby another
species to the list.

Monardia lateralis sp. nov.

Male: Length .75 mm. Antenne half the length of the body, thickly haired,
dark brown; 13- and probably 14-segmented the fifth with a stem one-half the
length of the tapering basal enlargement, which latter has a length nearly twice its
diameter. Palpi; the first and second segments short, the third twice the length
of the second. Mesonotum dark reddish brown. Scutellum, postscutellum and
abdomen reddish brown. Halteres and legs mostly fuscous yellowish, the apical
portion of the fourth and the fifth tarsal segments reddish brown. Claws strongly
curved, finely denticulate, the pulvilli longer than the claws. Genitalia; basal
clasp segment short, very broad, truncate distally; terminal clasp segment short,
stout, broadly rounded apically and not reaching the median line. Harpes broad,
irregular, heavily chitinized posteriorly, with the inner posterior angles produced
in slightly curved, stout, conical processes extending in a postero-lateral direction.

Type: Cecid. 1511.

This species runs in our key to M. balsamicola Felt, from which
it is easily separated by marked differences in the genitalia. It
was received from C. W. Johnson, labeled Boston, Mass., May 10,
Owen Bryant.

Monardia multiarticulata sp. nov.

Female: Length 3 mm. Antenne extending to the third abdominal segment,
thickly haired, yellowish brown, with 29 and possibly more antennal segments,
the fifth subsessile, disk-like, with a length about three-fourths its diameter and

exceptionally large, irregular stemmed disks. The terminal segments are produced,
the stem with a length nearly two-thirds that of the broadly pyriform basal en-

1 Psyche, Vol. XX, pp. 133-47.

110 Psyche [June

largement. Palpi; the first segment subquadrate, the second with a length four
times its diameter, the third a little longer than the second, the fourth a little longer
than the third and somewhat dilated. Mesonotum black, sparsely clothed with
ferruginous hairs. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum fuscous. Abdomen
brownish yellow, the ovipositor fuscous. Halteres and legs mostly fuscous yel-
lowish, the distal tarsal segment slightly fuscous; claws denticulate, the pulvilli
rudimentary. Ovipositor short, the lobes triarticulate, the distal segments sub-
orbicular and rather thickly clothed with long, stout setze.
Type: Cecid. 1501.

This species is described from a very interesting midge received
from Mrs. A. T. Slosson and labeled Franconia, N. H. It is re-
markable because of the very large number of antennal segments.
This and other characters prevent our referring it to two allied
forms, namely C. lignivora Felt and C. articulosa Felt.

Monardia rugosa sp. nov.

Female: Length 2 mm. Antenne extending to the third abdominal segment,
thickly haired, light brown; 12 segments, the fifth with a stem three-fourths the
length of the tapering basal enlargement, which !atter has a length one-third greater
than its diameter, bears conspicuous disk-like organs near the middle and is con-
spicuously wrinkled apically; terminal segment produced, with a length fully twice
its diameter, the distal half more slender, coarsely and reticulately wrinkled, and
with a short, tapering asymmetrical process apically. Palpi; first segment sub-
quadrate, the second ovate, the third smaller, globose, the fourth more than twice
the length of the third and slender. Mesonotum reddish brown. Scutellum light
purplish brown, postscutellum, abdomen, cox and legs mostly fuscous yellowish.
Claws rather stout, evenly curved, the pulvilli rudimentary. Submedian ventral
glands of the sixth abdominal segment oval. Ovipositor short, triarticulate, the
terminal lobes tapering to a narrowly rounded setose apex.

Type: Cecid. 1510. :

This midge was received from C. W. Johnson and labeled Han-
over, N. H., August 5, 1908. It is easily separated from females
previously referred to this species, by the distinct stems of the
antennal segments.

Porricondyla novae-angliae sp. nov.

Female: Length 1.75 mm. Antenne extending to the third abdominal segment,
sparsely haired, dark brown, probably 12 and possibly 14 segments, the fifth with
a stem one-fourth the length of the cylindrical basal enlargement, which latter has
a length three times its diameter; terminal segment missing. Palpi; the first seg-
ment stout, with a length three times its diameter, the second one-half longer, more
slender, the third a little longer than the second, somewhat dilated, and the fourth
one-half longer than the third. Mesonotum shining dark brown. Scutellum red-

1914] Felt—Additions to the Gall Midge Fauna of New England 111

dish brown, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark yellowish brown. Hal-
teres yellowish basally, fuscous apically. Coxe: and femora basally yellowish, the
distal portion of femora and the tibize mostly dark straw. Tarsi yellowish brown,
the posterior pair with the distal portion of the second and the third, fourth and
fifth segments whitish. Ovipositor short, the terminal lobes biarticulate, the basal
portion narrowly oval, the distal segment fusiform and sparsely setose.

Type: Cecid. 1503.

The midge was received from Mrs. A. T. Slosson and was labeled
Franconia, N. H. The structure of the ovipositor serves to sep-
arate it at once from all other females referable to this genus.

Porricondyla papillata sp. nov.

Female: Length 3 mm. Antenne extending to the fourth abdominal segment,
ratherly thickly haired, yellowish, the distal segments brownish; 14 segments, the
fifth with a short stem, the cylindrical basal enlargement with a length about three
times its diameter. Palpi; the first segment long, with a length four times its diam-
eter, the second short, irregular, the third nearly twice the length of the second,
the fourth slender and fully twice the length of the third. Mesonotum reddish
brown. Scutellum brownish yellow, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen
sparsely haired, vellowish brown. MHalteres brownish yellow. Coxe and femora
mostly pale straw. ‘Tibiz a little darker, the tarsi yellowish brown. Claws stout,
strongly curved, unidentate, the pulvilli longer than the claws. Ovipositor short,
indistinct in the preparation, apparently being covered by two rounded lateral
plates, each with a large, thick group of papille sublaterally; each papilla sub-
conical, hirsute and apically with a falcate process.

Type: Cecid. 1502.

The midge characterized above was received from Mrs. A. T.
Slosson and labeled Mount Washington. It is a large form easily
separated from all other midges known to us, by the two large
sublateral groups of papillz at the posterior extremity.

Lasiopteryx crispata sp. nov.

Larva: Length 2.5 mm., moderately stout, yellowish orange. Head rather nar-
rowly triangular, apex narrowly rounded. Antenne biarticulate, tapering, with
a length about three times the diameter; breastbone well chitinized, bidentate,
the shaft tapering posteriorly and somewhat expanded at its extremity. Skin
coarsely shagreened, posterior extremity broadly rounded, slightly bilobed.

Female: Length1 mm. Antenne one-half the length of the body, sparsely haired,
fuscous, the two basal segments yellowish; 13 and probably 14 subsessile segments,
the fifth cylindric, with a length about 23 times its diameter and with a moderately
thick subapical group of long, curved setz near the ventral third. Palpi; first
segment irregular, the second with a length three times its diameter, the third and

112 Psyche [June

fourth, each as long as the second and successively more slender. Face pale yel-
lowish; eyes black. Body yellowish. Mesonotum fuscous, the submedian lines
with broad, rather coarse scalelike hairs. Abdomen clothed with fuscous scales
and a few long hairs, the incisures yellowish. Wings hyaline, the membrane with
numerous narrow, curved scales; costa dark brown. Halteres black. Coxe yel-
lowish; femora basally pale yellowish, the tibiz and tarsi gradually darker to dark
brown. Claws slender, strongly curved, unidentate, the pulvilli about half the
length of the claws. Ovipositor short, the lobes narrowly oval and thickly setose.
Type: Cecid. a2341.

A single female was reared August 22, 1912, from a jar con-
taining oval, yellowish blister galls on Oakesia sessilifolia collected
by Miss Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass. It is possible that
this insect was not an inhabitant of this gall. The generic refer-
ence is also provisional.

Schizomyia speciosa sp. noy.

Female: Length 2mm. Antenne as long as the body, thickly haired, reddish
brown, the segments distally with yellowish hairs, these producing an indistinct
yellowish annulation; 14 segments, the fifth With a length about five times its diam-
eter, the 12th with a length one-half greater than its diameter, the 13th with a length
equal its diameter, the 14th disk-like. Palpi; first segment irregular, the second
with a length about three times its diameter, the third with a length four times its
diameter, somewhat dilated, the fourth one-half longer than the third and dilated.
Mesonotum yellowish brown, the submedian lines thickly clothed with long, yel-
lowish hairs. Scutellum and postscutellum yellowish. Abdomen sparsely haired,
dark brown. Wing membrane thickly clothed with dark scales, almost subhyaline,
there being a distinct spot near the tip of the third vein, one at the apex of the fifth
and another along its posterior fork. Halteres dark brown, the distal portion of
the stem yellowish, the apical half of the club white. Coxz yellowish brown.
Legs mostly dark brown, the anterior and middle femora narrowly annulate in the
middle with yellowish, the posterior femora with the basal half white; the bases of
the tibize, the first tarsal segment and the distal half of the second, third and fourth
and the basal portion of the fifth white. The bands on the posterior tarsi yellowish
and broader, there being on the third and fourth tarsal segments only a narrow,
brown annulation near the basal third. Claws moderately stout, evenly curved,
simple, the pulvilli rudimentary. Ovipositor when extended probably as lorfg as
the body, the aciculate part narrowly chitinized ventrally and approaching the
condition found in Asphondylia; the ventral plate well developed.

Type: Cecid. 1507.

The striking midge described above was received from Mrs:
A. T. Slosson and labeled Franconia, N. H. It is allied to S. rivine
Felt from which it may be easily separated by its somewhat larger

1914] Felt—Additions to the Gall Midge Fauna of New England 113

size, the darker color of the abdomen, the more distinctly and
broadly white-banded posterior tarsi and the relatively longer
antennal segments.

Hormomyia proteana sp. nov.

Male: Length 5 mm. Antenne extending to the third abdominal segment,
sparsely haired, fuscous yellowish; 14 segments, the fifth subsessile, subcylindric,
with a broad constriction at the basal third; the eighth and following rather plainly
binodose, with stems about three-fourths and one-half their diameters, respectively.
The three circumfili irregular and apparently forming double or nearly double bands.
Terminal segment with a narrow constriction dividing the globose basal enlarge-
ment and the fusiform distal swelling. Palpi probably small (indistinct in the
preparation) and presumably uni- or biarticulate. Mesonotum shining black.
Scutellum and the lateral and posterior margins of the thorax yellowish, the post-
seutellum dark brown. Abdomen mostly yellowish brown. Halteres yellowish.
Coxe and legs fuscous yellowish; claws simple, the pulvilli rudimentary. Geni-
talia; basal clasp segment long, moderately stout; terminal clasp segment long,
stout; dorsal plate broadly, deeply and triangularly emarginate, the lobes moder-
ately slender and narrowly rounded apically; ventral plate moderately long, broad,
broadly rounded.

Type: Cecid. 1521.

The large midge described above was collected by Mr. C. W

Johnson at Auburndale, Mass., May 28. _ It is easily distinguished
from other large Hormomyias by the antennal segments and par-
ticularly by the cylindric character of the basal ones of the flag-
ellum.

Parallelodiplosis cinctipes sp. nov.

Male: Length 1 mm. Antenne one-half longer than the body, thickly haired,
pale straw; 14 segments, the fifth with stems 2 and 23 times their diameters, re-
spectively. Circumfili moderately long. Palpi; first segment short, broadly oval,
the second quadrate, with a length more than twice its width, the third a little
shorter and more slender than the second, the fourth one-half longer than the third,
dilated. Mesonotum yellowish brown. Scutellum yellowish, postscutellum and
abdomen yellowish brown. Wings subhyaline, with indistinct fuscous areas
near the distal fourth, before and behind the third vein, near the middle, on the
margin between the third and fifth veins, and on the fork of the fifth and at the
basal third an indistinct diffused area extending nearly across the wing. Halteres
yellowish transparent. Legs dark brown, broadly banded with white as follows:
Femora, the apical half; tibiae, a broad band near the basal third and the apical
half; tarsi, the apex of the first segment and the basal two thirds of the second,
the basal two thirds of the third and most of the fourth and fifth, the banding being
more striking on the posterior than on the anterior or mid legs. Genitalia; basal
clasp segment moderately long, stout, with a distinct tooth at the internal basal

114 Psyche [June

angle; terminal clasp segment long, rather stout; dorsal plate broad, deeply and
roundly emarginate, the lobes narrowly rounded; ventral plate moderately long,
broad, narrowly rounded apically; style long, the basal two thirds swollen, the apex
dilated.

Type: Cecid. 1522.

The well marked midge described above was reared in May,
1908, by Mr. C. A. Frost, Framingham, Mass., from dead twigs of
Rhus vernix. The specimens were placed at our disposal through
the courtesy of Mr. C. W. Johnson.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

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especially desired —C. A. Frost, 26 Pond Street, South Framingham, Mass.

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Invertebrates sold by A. G. Reynolds, Gulfport, Florida.

New England Orthoptera identified. I wish to examine adult orthoptera of all
families from all parts of New England. Material will be identified for the privi-
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to approval of owner.—A. P. Morse, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.

The undersigned will greatly appreciate receiving records of New Jersey species
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Insect Life; Harris’s Insect: many others.—J. E. Hallinen, Cooperton, Okla.

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A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

ESTABLISHED IN 1874

VOL. XXI AUGUST, 1914 NUMBER 4

Prodryas persephone Scudder.

CONTENTS.

Hybrid Butterflies of the Genus Basilarchia. W.L. W. Field

Note on Linognathus forficula Kellogg and Paine. J. H. Paine Sag, Oy a
The American Species of Myrmica Allied to M. rubida Latreille. W.M. Wheeler
The Discovery of Eclimus harrisi in the White Mountains, N. H. C. W. Johnson

A Review of our Species of Trigonometopus (Diptera; Lauxaniides). Frederick Knab
Prothetely in the Larva of Photuris pennsylvanica De Geer. F. X. Williams
AVNewsAnopheline: «CaS, Ludlow =. 7. So) ij. 2 i Roe:

Notes on Asilide (Dipt.), with Two NewSpecies. Nathan Banks

Notes on Aulacophora Olivier and Oides Weber. F. C. Bowditch

Some Comments on the Value of Warning Colors and Mimicry in Insects. C. H.
Richardson

Exchange Column .

115
117
118
123
123
126
129
131
133

136

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF.
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ASSISTANT EDITOR
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Boston Society of Natural History. Stanford University.
A. L. MELANDER, A. P. Morss,

Washington State College. Wellesley College.
J. H. Emerton, J. G. NEEDHAM,

Boston, Mass. Cornell University.

W. M. WHEELER,
Harvard University.

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bee Ginke

VOL. XxXI. AUGUST, 1914. No. 4

HYBRID BUTTERFLIES OF THE GENUS BASILARCHIA.

By W. L. W. Fiexp,
Milton, Massachusetts.

On August 19, 1910, at Alstead Center, New Hampshire,
several females of Basilarchia archippus, reared in captivity, were
placed in a breeding-cage with males of B. arthemis captured in
the neighborhood. The butterflies were fed with dilute honey
applied to heads of Prunella and clover.

On August 20, a pair was found in copulation, remaining in
that state for about half an hour. Afterward the female was
removed from the cage and placed on willow shoots out-of-doors,
under a cheese-cloth covering. Every leaf of the willow had been
inspected; a wooden baseboard was provided, and all crevices were
tightly packed with cotton. The butterfly was a crippled one,
and found difficulty in balancing herself upon the leaves. Some
of her eggs were laid upon leaves in the normal way, a few on
stems, and many on the cheese-cloth in the vicinity of the foliage.
In seven days she laid sixty-two eggs, and then died.

The larve began hatching nine days after the beginning of
oviposition, but in all only nineteen appeared; and it was noted
that none of these came from eggs laid toward the end of the period
of oviposition.

The larve grew slowly, but were favored by unusually mild
weather, and began to construct hibernacula early in October.
On October 21, sixteen were found hibernating; the others had
disappeared. The hibernating larvee were transferred to a small
outdoor shelter near my laboratory in Milton, Mass.

On April 27, 1911, they were placed on willow shoots under a
cheese-cloth shelter. The willow shoots had been started indoors
and kept under close scrutiny, and were known to be free from
other larvee.

On May 7, the larvee began to issue from their hibernacula. In
all ten appeared, but one was very belated and weak, and soon

116 Psyche [August

died. One other was injured by a fall after pupating, and died.
Eight, all males, reached the imago stage successfully. The
small size of the pupa which died warranted the surmise that it,
also, was a male.

The butterflies were all closely like the type specimen of arthe-
chippus in the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, described by
Scudder (1889), and the two specimens captured on the wing in
Alstead, N. H., and deposited in the same collection. The older
specimens are likewise all males.

Diligent efforts were made to mate these butterflies with females
of allied species. Arthemis, archippus, astyanax and proserpina
were all tried, in different breeding cages and in various numbers
and groupings, but no mating occurred. Both sexes, however,
in several instances showed marked sexual excitement, and their
failure to copulate is probably to be ascribed to some unfavorable
element in the illumination of the cages at critical moments.

On August 30, 1910, at Alstead Center, a female Basilarchia
astyanaz, reared in captivity from a larva obtained near Brooklyn,
N. Y., mated with a male arthemis captured in Alstead. The
duration of copulation was fifty-five minutes. The female was
afterward imprisoned over carefully-inspected wild cherry shoots,
on the leaves of which she deposited eighty-two eggs. Oviposi-
tion was begun on September 5, and extended over nine days. °

The eggs were extremely slow in hatching, and no exact count
of the young larvee was obtained. Forty-one survived the early
frosts, and the construction of hibernacula began on October 21.
The hibernating larvee were kept through the winter in an outdoor
shelter in Milton, Mass., and bagged out on inspected shoots of
wild cherry April 27, 1911. On May 7 they began to emerge from
their nests, but their number had dwindled to ten when the count
was made. All of the ten pupated successfully, but only eight
reached the imago state: five males and three females, all rather
dark examples of proserpina.

Efforts to breed these butterflies with one another were unsuc-
cessful. Attempts were then made to mate them with arthemis
and astyanax, the two parent species; and the females were intro-
duced into the boxes containing the males of arthechippus, already
described; but no copulation occurred.

1914] Field—Hybrid Butterflies of the Genus Basilarchia 7

The accompanying plate shows a male and a female of pro-
serpina, and two males of arthechippus, chosen from the two series
just described. These specimens, with others more worn and
disfigured by their prolonged detention in the breeding cages, are
in the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy at Harvard University.
The tattered remains of the parents of both broods will be found
in the same case.

Publication of this record has been delayed in the hope of ob-
taining new hybrids and breeding them to further generations; but
though success seemed very close in the experiments of 1912 and
1913, no progress has been made. The work has been resumed
with abundant material, and the present summer may witness
some definite results. At all events, the hybrid character of arthe-
chippus and proserpina is now established; and observations
already published (Field, 1910) make it clear that proserpina
will at least breed with one of the parent species. Increased
interest thus attaches to the butterflies of this always interesting
genus.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Bateson, W.

1913. Problems of Genetics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Field, W. L. W.

1904. Problems in the genus Basilarchia. Psycue, xi, 1-6, 3 pl.

1910. The offspring of a captured female Basilarchia proserpina. PsyYcHE,

‘xvii, 87-89, 1 pl.

Scudder, S. H.

1889. The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada, with special
reference to New England. Cambridge: published by the author.

Nore on Linognathus forficula KEtLoGa AND PAINE.

Through recent correspondence with H. Fahrenholz of Hannover, Germany, an
active worker with the Anoplura, the writer has received information which con-
cerns the nomenclature of Linognathus forficula, described by Kellogg and Paine
from Cervicapra arundinum. The generic position of Rudow’s Hematopinus
forficulus 2 has, on account of an insufficient description, been considered doubtful.
However, Fahrenholz has come into possession of a series of specimens of Rudow’s
species which reveals the fact that it must be placed in the genus Linognathus.
The name L. forficula, therefore, as applied to Kellogg and Paine’s species, must
give way, on account of priority, and is herewith substituted by the name Linog-
nathus fahrenholzi. : Je hle PATNE:

1 Kellogg, V. L. and Paine, J. H. Anoplura and Mallophaga from African Hosts; Bull.
Ent. Research, Vol. II, p. 147, July, 1911.
2 Rudow, Zeitschr. f. gew. Naturw. Vol. 34, p. 169 (1869).

118 Psyche [August

THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF MYRMICA ALLIED TO
M. RUBIDA LATREILLE.!

By WituiamM Morton WHEELER.

The large and handsome Myrmica rubida Latreille remained for
many years the only species of an aberrant group within its genus.
In 1894 Emery described the first American species of this group,
M. mutica, from Denver, Colo., and five years ago I added a species
from California, M. bradleyi. Two additional species, M. aldrichi
and hunteri, from Idaho and Montana respectively, have since
come to light and are described in the following pages. Thus all
of the American forms are known only from the mountainous
regions of the Western States. The single Old World species
occurs in similar localities in Central and Southern Europe and as
far east as the Caucasus in Asia Minor and Eastern Siberia. I have
had abundant opportunity to study M. rubida in the Rhone valley
and other localities in Switzerland and M. mutica at Colorado
Springs and in neighboring localities in Colorado. Both species
have very similar habits. They usually nest in sandy creek bot-
toms under stones or in small crater nests. The workers of both
species sting severely, especially the Eurasian M. rubida, but neither
is very aggressive. The pupe have a peculiar canary yellow
color, unlike that of any other species of the genus.

As all five of the species now recognized are closely related to
one another and constitute a sharply defined group, I propose to
separate them from Myrmica sens. str. as a subgenus, Oreomyrma,
subgen. nov., with M. rubida Latr. as the type (Fig. la). The
workers and females in this subgenus are distinguished by having
the epinotum unarmed, the antennal club 5-jointed and the mandi-
bles with two large apical and 12-14 minute basal teeth. The
male has no club to the antennal funiculi and the mandibles are
like those of the worker. In Myrmica sens. str., with the type
M. rubra L., the antennal club of the worker and female is 3-or 4-
jointed, the mandibles have only 7-12 teeth and the epinotum is
armed with a pair of spines. The males have a distinct 4- or
5-jointed antennal club, and their mandibles are only 4—8-toothed.

1Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard
University, No. 79.

1914] Wheeler—American Species of Myrmica 119

The males and females of only two of the species (M. rubida
and mutica) are known. The workers of the five species may be
readily separated by means of the following key:

1. Anteroventral surface of postpetiole with a pointed or rounded tubercle or

Bro GU beranCemereiy-.3 orci ae tet vere tian eer Che: cy, HAs eye 2
Anteroyentral surface of postpetiole flat or at any rate without a tubercle or
POLO GUD OLA CO ees vee pala a erciancs Soles ee tetars eh emer Seat enh eet barry at Raat 3

2. Large species (worker, 7—8.5 mm.; female, 9.5-12 mm., male, 8.5-10 mm.)
epinotum'subdentate; postpetiole with a small, pointed, anteroventral tuber-
cle; deep red, posterior portion of first gastric segment blackish

rubida Latreille.
Smaller species (worker, 4-6 mm.), anterior border of clypeus entire, epinotum
not subdentate, rounded in profile; anteroventral portion of postpetiole much

PDOINS FORO OSD IN be ened oc aS Mes ROC en RENE Tee as t

om eepmred:spetiole) subopaques oss. \on «lo Ha oc tees. osc mutica Emery.
Black, with red thorax, petiole and postpetiole; both petiole and postpetiole
Shimin oan Orexs ENnGers sala sheen ave ee see ete eee bradleyi Wheeler.

4. Yellow; anteroventral tubercle of postpetiole conical or pointed . aldrichi sp. nov.
Deep red; spot on vertex and posterior portion of first gastric segment black;
anteroventral tubercle of postpetiole more rounded......... hunter sp. noy.

Myrmica (Oreomyrma) mutica Emery (Fig. | d).
Myrmica mutica Emery, Zodl. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst. VIII, 1894, p. 3118.

Worker: Length, 4-6 mm.

Head subrectangular, as broad as long, with straight lateral borders and rounded
posterior corners. Eyes at the middle of the sides. Clypeus convex, its anterior
border very feebly sinuate in the middle. Mandibles with two large apical and
about a dozen minute basal teeth. Antennal scapes, rather strongly curved and
slightly flattened at the base, scarcely reaching beyond the posterior corners of
the head. Funicular club 5-jointed. Thorax in profile with rounded pronotum
and the mesonotum gently sloping to a rather deep constriction in front of the epino-
tum, which has a subequal base and declivity, the former feebly convex, the latter
sloping and nearly straight. Petiole in profile longer than high, its node bluntly
rounded, with concave anterior and convex posterior slopes; ventral surface of
peduncle in front with a small, acute tooth. Postpetiole scarcely longer than
broad, a little broader behind than in front, somewhat broader than the petiole;
its ventral surface in profile straight. Gaster a little larger than the head. Legs
long, tibiz and femora feebly clavate.

Subopaque; dental border of mandibles, postpetiole, gaster and legs shining.
Mandibles, frontal area and front longitudinally rugose; remainder of the head
longitudinally and rather indistinctly punctate-rugulose. Thorax finely rugose,
longitudinally on the pleure, pro- and mesonotum, transversely and more coarsely
on the epinotum. Petiole and ventral portion of postpetiole finely and densely
punctate. Gaster and legs with small, scattered, piligerous punctures.

Hairs white, erect or suberect, coarse, rather short, abundant on all parts of the
body, legs and scapes.

°

120 Psyche [August

Ferruginous red; gaster slightly paler; frontal area, and in some specimens also
the antennal clubs, infusecated; mandibular teeth black.

Female: Length, 6.5-7.5 mm.

Closely resembling the worker. Postpetiole in some specimens opaque rugu-
lose, or with only the node smooth and shining. Mesonotum and scutellum sharply
and regularly longitudinally rugose, the former with an anteromedian and a pair
of parapsidal blackish streaks. Wings grayish hyaline; veins pale brown, stigma
dark brown.

Male: Length, 6-7 mm.

Head, including the eyes and excluding the mandibles, distinctly broader than
long, rounded behind. Mandibles similar to those of the worker, with two large
apical and numerous minute basal teeth. Clypeus very convex, with entire an-
terior border. Antenne slender; scapes very short, not longer than the second
funicular joint; which is three times as long as the first and of the same length as
the succeeding joints. There is no differentiated club. Thorax rather small,
narrower than the head through the eyes, with very distinct Mayrian furrows. Scu-
tellum convex, epinotum, petiole and postpetiole much as in the worker. Gaster
more slender, with the genital appendages proportionally larger and more exserted
than in M. rubida.

Shining; head opaque, indistinctly punctate and longitudinally rugulose; thorax
subopaque, more shining above, longitudinally rugose-punctate even on the epino-
tum. Sides and ventral portions of petiole finely and densely punctate.

Hairs much as in the worker but more delicate and flexuous.

Black; dental borders of mandibles, tibiz and tarsi brown or sordid yellowish;
gaster red, often brownish in the middle above; base of first segment sometimes
black or all of the gaster, except the base of the first segment, black. In other
specimens the postpetiole is red. Wings colored as in the female.

Colorado: Denver; type locality (Theo. Pergande); Colorado
Springs, Salida, Buena Vista and Wild Horse, 6000-7000 ft.
(Wheeler); Canyon City (Rev. P. J. Schmitt).

New Mexico: (Ern. André.).

Utah: Salt Lake County (R. V. Chamberlin), as the host of the
peculiar xenobiotic ant, Symmyrmica chamberlini Wheeler.

Washington: Olympia (T. Kincaid); Ellensburg and Pullman
(W. M. Mann).

Alberta: McLeod (C. G. Hewitt).

British Columbia: Dog Lake, Penticton (C. G. Hewitt).

Myrmica (Oreomyrma) bradleyi Wheeler. (Fig. 1 c.)
Myrmica bradleyi Wheeler, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XVII, 1909, p. 77, 8.
Myrmica (Oreomyrma) aldrichi sp. nov. (Fig. 1 b.)

Worker: Length 5-6 mm.
Head subrectangular, a little longer than broad, with nearly straight sides and
posterior border and rounded posterior corners. Mandibles and antenne as in

1914] Wheeler—American Species of Myrmica 12]

M. mutica. Clypeus convex, its anterior border very feebly sinuate in the middle.
Frontal area indistinct. Thorax similar to that of mutica, but the epinotum with
its base feebly and evenly convex and fully twice as long as the distinctly concave
declivity. Petiole laterally compressed ventrally, with a small, acute tooth near
the anterior end of the peduncle, its node from above subelliptical, longer than
broad, in profile with concave anterior and slightly convex posterior slopes. Post-
petiole from above but little broader than the petiole, slightly longer than broad,
a little broader behind than in front; in profile convex above, especially behind,
below with a prominent conical or pointed protuberance near its anterior end.

Mandibles opaque, finely longitudinally striated, their dental border smooth and
shining. Head and thorax opaque, longitudinally rugulose-punctate, posterior
portion of clypeus, vertex, occiput and pronotum above smooth and shining. Epi-
notum transversely rugulose. Gaster, legs, petiolar and postpetiolar nodes smooth
and shining, with sparse, minute, piligerous punctures; petiole and postpetiole on
the sides and below subopaque; finely and densely punctate.

Hairs white, erect, rather short; covering the body, legs and scapes as in M. mutica.

Brownish yellow; dental borders of mandibles and antennal clubs pale brown.

Described from sixteen specimens taken by Prof. J. M. Aldrich
at Moscow, Idaho.

At first sight this species may be readily mistaken for an im-
mature M. mutica on account of its yellow color, but on closer
inspection it is easily distinguished by the shape of the epinotum
and postpetiole and the smooth front, occiput, pronotum and
petiolar mode.

Myrmica (Oreomyrma) hunteri sp. nov. (Fig. 1 c).

Worker: Length 4-6 mm.

Closely related to M. aldrichi but differing in the following characters: Body
and appendages brownish red or ferruginous, with a large, black, subtriangular spot
on the vertex and a band of the same color across the posterior portion of the first
gastric segment. Frontal area, posterior clypeal suture, antennal clubs and dental
border of mandibles more or less infusecated. Sculpture sharper and coarser than
in aldricht. Upper surface of head with coarse, scattered punctures in addition to
the rugee. Smooth areas on the head, thorax and pedicel much as in that species.
Hairs pale yellow instead of white. Anterior clypeal border entire. Base of
epinotum somewhat flattened, anteroventral protuberance of postpetiole broadly
rounded and not conical or pointed.

Described from a dozen specimens taken by Dr. S. J. Hunter
from a couple of nests on the slopes of two mountains on the Madi-
son River, nearly opposite the mouth of Beaver Creek, Montana,
at an altitude of about 7,500 feet. The nests were in shaley earth
and apparently of the crater type.

Of all the American species of Oreomryma, hunteri is most closely
related to the palearctic rubida in coloration and sculpture. Per-

122 Psyche [August

haps it should be regarded merely as a subspecies of aldrichi, but
its exact status can be determined only with the aid of additional
material and with specimens of the males and females of both forms.

Further researches in the mountains of the northwest will prob-
ably bring to light additional species of Oreomyrma. The number
and distribution of those at present known indicate that the
Rocky Mountains are the center of distribution of the subgenus
and that M. rubida may have reached the Old World during the
Tertiary by way of the Behring Strait land-bridge.

ine.e*:
ae

Fig. 1. a, Thorax and pedicel of Myrmica (Oreomyrma) rubida Latr. in profile;
b, of M. (0O.) aldrichi sp. nov.; c, of M. (O.) hunteri sp. nov.; d, of M. (O.) mutica
Emery; e, of M. (O.) bradleyi Wheeler.

1914] Knab—Review of our Species of Trigonometopus 123

THE DISCOVERY OF ECLIMUS HARRISI IN THE WHITE
MOUNTAINS, N. H.

By Cuarues W. JOHNSON,
Boston Society of Natural History.

This interesting species has long been known only by the type,
a male, in the Harris collection, in the Boston Society of Natural
History. It bears the label, ““H. Gray,” without date or locality.
It was described by Osten Sacken as E’pibates harrisi in his Western
Diptera (Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, Vol. 3, p. 273, 1877). In the
note following the description he says: “It is probably from the
Northern United States as are nearly all the specimens in the
collection.”” On page 271 in the table of species it is referred
doubtfully to the “Atlantic States (?),”” but in the table of con-
tents where all the species are arranged systematically with local-
ities, ““ Massachusetts” is given without a question. I am unable
to find any authority for this and doubt if Osten Sacken made the
table of contents.

During the meeting of the New England Federation of Natural
History Societies at the Glen House the first week in July, frequent
collecting trips were made to various parts of the mountains. On
July 8, I captured a male of Eclimus harrisi on the flowers of the
blackberry on the Mount Washington Road near the Raymond
trail, just below the two-mile post, at an elevation of about 2,600
feet. This resembles the type in every respect except that its
length is 12 mm. while the type measures 14mm. A female of
this species wa; taken by Mr. C. A. Frost, July 6, along the
railway, above Base Station.

A REVIEW OF OUR SPECIES OF TRIGONOMETOPUS
(DIPTERA; LAUXANIID/®).

By FreEepERIcK KNAB,
Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.

The Lauxaniid genus Trigonometopus is easily recognizable by
the peculiar shape of the elongate head, triangular in profile, with
the frons horizontal and the face strongly receding, the antenne
nserted at the apex of the triangle. Four species have been

124 Psyche [August

described from America, three of which are represented in the
national collection by single specimens. Four other specimens in
the collection belong to two species hitherto undescribed and
are now characterized. The European species, Trigonometopus
frontalis Meigen, frequently has the last section of the fourth vein
appendiculate; none of the specimens before me show this peculiar-
ity. The American species may be separated as follows:

1. Wings subhyaline, two round dots on outer section of third vein
punctipennis Coq.

Wings not so marked 4.0. uc. a tame otice fee ae ale bier eee 2

2. Wing pale along the costa, a dark streak medially........................ 3
Wingsinotsonmanked sameeren ner een errr Pee ee re 5

Sh Ulloxo Haniel IMO AN NOs wesc oue cus oo dase aos oobobbusuodsS duc vittatus Loew
Abdomen dorsally black, marked medially with yellow ................. 4

4. Wings with a dark spot on the anterior cross-vein, median stripe of abdomen
COPD: cee eS en Dee ee albifrons sp. nov.
Wings without spot on anterior cross-vein, median stripe of abdomen abbre-
Waited” & stensfoitiages potoeeetel hohe eC Te See UE ene angustipennis sp. NOV.

5. Wings whitish hyaline, reticulated with fine bars of black between the veins
reticulatus Johns.

Wings not reticulate, a dark shade along costa involving second vein
rotundicornis Will.

Trigonometopus angustipennis sp. nov.

Male: Frons pale brownish, moderately broad, narrowing very slightly ante-
riorly, the part in front of the eyes not broadened; a dark patch clothed with dense
black hairs laterally from eyes to antenne; occiput dark brown along posterior
margins of eyes, a black streak from eyes along lower margin of cheek. Antennze
ferruginous, the third joint compressed, in lateral view broad and rounded; arista
long, pale at base, black beyond. Mesonotum and scutellum black, with three
narrow, well-defined, longitudinal yellowish stripes, confluent on anterior margin,
posteriorly continued over the scutellum. Pleurze ocher yellow. Abdomen
dorsally black, a median yellowish stripe extending to the apex of the fourth seg-
ment; sides and venter yellowish. Legs yellowish, the tarsi slightly infuscated.
Wings rather narrow, the costal region to the middle of the submarginal cell pale
yellowish, subhyaline, the involved veins pale; the rest of the wing smoky, a dis-
tinctly darker median streak involving the third and fourth veins and near the tip
of the wing extending forward to the costa and involving the tip of marginal cell;
all the veins within the smoky zone black, a dark shade along the fifth vein and
posterior cross-vein. Length: Body about 4.5 mm., wing 4 mm.

Guadeloupe, West Indies, 3000 feet altitude, 30 July, 1905, one
specimen (Aug. Busck).
Type: Cat. No. 18482, U.S. Nat. Mus.

1914] Knab—Review of our Species of Trigonometopus 125

In this species the ocular margins converge slightly anteriorly
while in the two species which follow they are distinctly divergent;
beyond the bulging eyes the frons is not markedly broadened, as
is the case in the other species. The head is also slightly shorter
in the portion beyond the eyes. In the single specimen the head
is somewhat distorted, nevertheless the differences from 7. albi-
frons, the species it most resembles, are obvious and abundant.

Trigonometopus albifrons sp. nov.

Male and female: Frons creamy white, very broad, widening anteriorly, a large
dark. brown spot densely clothed with black hairs laterally before eyes, scattered
black hairs anteriorly diminishing to behind the middle; occiput dark brown along
posterior margins of eyes to the cheeks, a dark streak from the eye along the lower
margin of the cheek, face white, nearly flat. Antenne whitish, the third joint
tinged with ferruginous, compressed beyond its base, in profile broad and rounded;
arista very long, pale near base, black beyond. Thorax narrow; mesonotum broadly
blackish brown at the sides, a median yellowish zone occupying nearly half its
width and divided by two ill-defined dark stripes into three pale longitudinal stripes.
Seutellum blackish brown, with a narrow median and less distinct lateral yellowish
stripes. Pleurz pale yellowish, infuscated on the mesosternum. Abdomen dor-
sally black, with pale lateral incisions and a median yellowish stripe extending its
entire length; venter pale. Legs pale yellowish, the bristles black; tarsi very
slightly infuscated. Wings rather broad, the costal region to the middle of the
submarginal cell pale yellow, semi-opaque and with the veins pale; posterior portion
of wing tinged with grey and with all the veins behind the second black, a darker
shade about the cross-veins and broadly along the third vein, particularly distally
where it is abruptly produced to the anterior margin at the tip of the second vein.
Halteres pale, with infuscated knobs. Length: Body about 4.2 mm., wing
3.5 mm.

San Marcos, Nicaragua, 2 specimens (C. F. Baker); Cacao,
Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, 30 March, 1906, one
specimen (Schwarz and Barber).

Type: Cat. No 18481, U.S. Nat. Mus.

The specimen from Guatemala differs in some respects. On
the wings the anterior expansion of the dark shade reaches the
costa before the end of the second vein, thus involving the tip of
the marginal cell; the portion of the second vein within the dark
shade is black. I attribute no significance to this difference, as
the two specimens from Nicaragua, which are surely conspecific,
show variation in this respect. In one the dark shade reaches
the costa at the tip of the second vein, in the other the pale costal
zone extends a short distance beyond the end of the second vein.

126 Psyche JAugust

Trigonometopus vittatus Loew.

A single specimen before me, taken by Mrs. A. T. Slosson at
Biscayne Bay, Florida, agrees with Loew’s description in most
particulars. The wing coloration indicated by Loew is like that
of the species just described. In the present specimen the differ-
ence between the yellowish anterior portion of the wing and the
smoky posterior portion is but weakly indicated; the dark shade
appears to begin behind the third vein, instead of in front of it,
thus leaving a pale streak along the anterior margin of the first
posterior cell. No trace of the distal extension of the dark shade
to the costa at the tip of the second vein, as indicated by Loew, is
perceptible, nor is there any strong contrast in the coloration of
the veins in the two regions. Another difference occurs in the
coloration of the abdomen; this may, however, be due largely to
the condition of the specimens, since the insect is said to have an
entirely pale abdomen in life. In Loew’s specimen the abdominal
segments are said to have basal dark bands, while in the specimen
before me these bands are apical. It is possible that the Florida
specimen represents a distinct species, but the variability shown
by the three specimens of 7. albifrons, and the paucity of material,
indicate a conservative course.

PROTHETELY IN THE LARVA OF PHOTURIS PENNSYI-
V.ANICA DE GEER.

By Francis X. WILuiAms,
Bussey Institution, Harvard University.

The term prothetely (tpo@ety, to run before, and 7réXos,
completion) was proposed by Kolbe in 1903, who applied it to
that condition found in insect larve in which the imaginal discs
have developed with abnormal rapidity resulting in the production
of larvee with pupal or imaginal characters.

Prothetely, though not of common occurrence, has been noted
chiefly in coleopterous larvee, being there represented by external
wing-pads, adult legs, additional antennal joints, modified mouth-
parts, abdominal tergites, etc., one or several of these peculiarities
occurring in a single larva.

1914] Williams—Prothetely in the Larva of Photuris pennsylvanica De Geer 127

In the fall of 1913, the writer collected upwards of one hundred
larvee of our common large firefly, Photuris pennsylvanica DeG.,
in the Arnold Arboretum, adjoining the grounds of the Bussey
Institution. These larvee, ranging from about 13 to 18 mm. long,
were in the second and last year of their growth. Under natural
conditions they should have pupated in May or June of 1914,
and produced adults a few days later, but, owing to the fact that
they were kept under artificial conditions, adults emerged in late
winter as well as in summer.

1

Fig. 1. Prothetelous larva of Photuris pennsyluanica De Geer.
1, dorsal view; 2, ventral view.

As secured in the field, these larvee appeared to be_ perfectly
normal. They were examined from time to time in the laboratory,
and on May 27, 1914, an individual was found with a pair of well
developed wing-pads on the meso- and metathorax. Two days
later another such larva was discovered. Photographs were taken
showing the dorsal and ventral view of one of these larvee anzsthe-
tized with chloroform, and are reproduced above. It will be seen
that the wing-buds are here much smaller than the wing-cases of

128 Psyche [August

a pupa, but similarly situated; they are quite symmetrical and are
developed just under the heavily-chitinized tergites which they
reflex a little. The buds of the metathorax representing the wings
are slightly larger than the elytral buds; in one specimen they are
almost entirely covered with brown chitin, in the other the buds
of the metathorax are largely of a whitish color and their bases
show through the tergite as white subcircular areas.

Prothetely has been noted by a number of observers: Heymons
(1896)! found it in the larva of Tenebrio molitor; Busck (1897)?
observed it in six larve of Anthrenus varius; Riley (1908)? speaks
of a prothetelous larva of a pyrochroid beetle, Dendroides canadensis.
In lepidopterous larvee Hagen (1872) and others mention the silk-
worm, Bombyx mori, and Kolbe (1903)> the Lasiocampid, Den-
drolimus pint.

As aforesaid, prothetely appears to occur most frequently in the
Coleoptera, and Riley * offers as an explanation of this, the fact
that the wing rudiment in most coleopterous larve is according to
Tower ‘not sharply marked off from the body hypodermis and
is usually directly evaginated to form the imaginal organ.’ The
step from this condition to an external wing-pad would be com-
paratively simple, which would not be the case in the Lepidoptera
and the Diptera for example, for here the wing rudiment is well
differentiated from the body hypodermis, for the former is in-
vaginated and thus lies in the body cavity, a condition designated
by Tower as the “enclosed type” of wing development.

Inasmuch as all the cases of prothetely noted occur only in
larve kept under artificial conditions, this accelerated develop-
ment is probably due in some way to these unnatural conditions.
Strickland (1911)§, is of the opinion that prothetely “is usually
caused by keeping larve at an abnormally high temperature.
This probably results in an increased supply of the enzymes which
cause these histoblasts to develop.”

Neither larva of Photuris pennsylvanica pupated; they lagged
behind the other larve, being, so to speak, already partly in the

1 Heymons, R., 1896, Sitzungber. d. Ges. nat. Fr. Berlin, pp. 142-144.
2 Busck, Aug., 1897, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., (V, p. 123.

3Riley, Wm. A., 1908, Ent. News, XIX, pp. 136-139.

4 Hagen, H. A., 1872, Stettin. ent. Ztg., pp. 392-393.

5 Kolbe, H. J., 1903, Allgem. Zeitsch. fiir Ent., Bull. 8, No. 1, p. 28.
6 Strickland, E. H., 1911, Biol. Bull., X XI, pp. 313-327.

1914] Ludlow—A New Anopheline 129

pupal stage. One did not attempt to pupate but sickened and
died, the second formed a cell in late June and remained therein
in an arched position for several days; it approached the form of a
pupa, the larval skin softening considerably, and the imaginal eyes
could be seen through this integument, but it perished without
any ecdysis.

A NEW ANOPHELINE.

By ۩)3S) Lupiow,
Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C.

The Anopheline to be described is an unusually brilliantly
marked one, the very marked spotting of the legs and wings being
at once noticeable. It probably lies nearest ludlowii but the wing
markings are quite different, the palpal bands are all narrow, and
the legs are very much more spotted than even the most distinctly
marked specimen of ludlowii which I have seen.

Myzomyia parangensis sp. nov.

Q. Head brown covered with white and dark brown forked scales, the white
ones on the vertex and spreading laterad about one-half the width of the eyes, the
brown fork scales on the rest of the head except a long tuft of slender white scales
projecting forward between the eyes; antenne brown, verticels and pubescence
white, a few white scales on the proximal joints, basal joint brown with “frosty
tomentum”’; palpi fairly heavily scaled, the scales outstanding, brown except a
small white tip and narrow white bands at the base of the penultimate and at the
base of the antipenultimate, the apical joint is very short; proboscis brown, labella
light; clypeus brown; eyes brown.

Thorax; prothoracic lobes dark brown with long, yellow bristles; mesothorax a
soft yellow, covered with ‘frosty tomentum” and sparsely by light yellow to white
fine hair-like scales, more apparent in a median line of them, and long white scales
projecting over the nape, but not confined to the very middle portion. A brown
median line widening at the caudal margin, and continued still more broadly on
the scutellum; scutellum much as mesonotum; pleura very dark brown with lines
of white “frosty tomentum”’; metanotum brown.

Abdomen dark brown covered with golden brown hairs, and a few long, light
spatulate scales on the apex of the eighth segment; the genitalia are also covered
with long spatulate scales.

Legs: cox and trochanters white; femora very markedly spotted or ringed in
brown and white, there being no marked predominance of either color, the spots

130 Psyche [August

rather large, the very apices light, but sometimes only faintly so; tibize like femora,
but the apices more distinctly white; the first tarsal joints are also markedly spotted
and have an apical white band; the second tarsal joints are both apically and basally
banded, more broadly in the fore legs, in the fore and mid legs usually with one
intermediate spot, on the hind legs there are several intermediate spots; the third
tarsals all have apical and basal light bands and at least one intermediate spot
on the hind legs; the fourth tarsals have apical and basal bands, broader on the fore
and mid legs, and the hind legs have the intermediate spot; the fifth tarsals are all
basally light banded, and in some specimens at least a suggestion of an apical band.
Ungues simple and equal. The bandings and spots on the hind tarsals, especially
where there are only a few or one spot, divide the legs so they seem quite evenly
marked brown and white.

Wings light yellowish much mottled with dark brown. The costa has six brown
spots and a mere dot, the last practically at the junction of the first longitudinal
vein with the costa; proximad is a small white spot followed by a larger dark one
extending on to the first longitudinal and the upper fork of the second long vein,
then comes a light spot about three times as long as this second dark spot followed
by a small dark spot, about half as long as the preceding dark spot and extending
on to the first long vein, then a long light spot followed by the third dark spot which
is the largest of all the dark spots, the distal third extending on the sub-costa, the
first long vein, on the stem of the second long vein and on the third long vein, the
last two veins being less heavily marked than those celphalad of them, there is then
on all these veins but the costa a light portion running under the remainder of the
costal dark spot until the very proximal end where the dark again extends as a tiny
spot on the sub-costa and first long vein. The fourth dark spot is not so long and
extends on the sub-costa and first long vein; the fifth dark spot is small, and on the
costa only, and the sixth spot is longer but also only on the costa. The wing field
is much spotted. A small spot besides the “dot”? spoken of on the upper fork of
the second long vein near the base of the cell and two on the lower fork, the one
near the apex small, and there is one on the stem near the junction of the sub-costa
with the costa. The third long vein is mostly light, there being besides the dark
spot connected with the large costal spot another dark spot just exterior to it and
one near the apex of the vein; the fourth long vein has two spots on the stem and
two on each fork; the fifth long vein is mostly light, but has one dark spot on the
stem towards the base, and three on its upper fork; the sixth long vein has three
dark spots, one near the base, one about the middle, and one near the apex. The
fringe is much mottled and is light at the junction of all the veins except the upper
fork of the second long vein and at the junction of the sixth, and has also light
mid spots between the upper and lower forks of the fifth, between the fifth and the
sixth and beyond the sixth it is light save for two dark spots just interior to this
vein. The apices of all the veins are light. Halteres with dark knobs and light
stems.

Length: about 7 mm.

Habitat: Parang, Mindanao, Philippine Islands.

Taken: October and November.

1914] Banks—Notes on Asilide 131

NOTES ON ASILID#, WITH TWO NEW SPECIES.

By NatuHan Banks,

East Falls Church, Virginia.

In the genus Asilus Hine has used as diagnostic characters the
bristles on hind border of the scutellum and on front side of the
hind tibize. There are cases where these seem to help very much,
but there are so many cases where they mislead that I think a
division of the genus on a color character (whether hind femora
entirely black or not) is much more useful for our Eastern species.
For A. notatus but two scutellar bristles have been described, yet
in many cases there are four or five, and often three. The tibial
bristles are apt to confuse A lecythus with A. paropus, if one is
not familiar with the species.

Asilus autumnalis sp. nov.

Face yellowish, white on the tuberosity, mystax black above and yellowish or
yellowish-white below, beard white; antennz black, third joint with sides more
parallel than in A. novescotia, bristle full as long as third joint. Thorax with dull
black median stripe, indistinctly divided in front, and two spots each side behind,
rest with yellowish dust, black hair in front and black bristles behind; scutellum
with two bristles on the hind margin; abdomen brown, mostly clothed with yellow-
ish pollen on sides and behind, and yellow hairs all over. Legs with black femora,
the tibize and metatarsi pale yellowish, with black tips. Wings as in A. novescotie.
The male forceps are more narrowed at tip than in A. novescotie, and the tip more
bent downward, so that the lower side is plainly concave. Length, 14-15 mm.

From Falls Church, Va., in August and September.
Our local species of Astlus which have the hind femora entirely
black may be distinguished as follows:

1. Front and middle femora largely yellow; ovipositor very long. . .flavifemoratus.

Bronte andemiddlestemoraiplackaeanmnen see emer ere eee eaiererrs 2

2. All tibize pale only at extreme base; metatarsi black; mystax black and
Kee Ota ee en ered VO Rbk ee aS Let a notatus.
Mibiserwithymorerpaleseea wast ote era ee ne eerie cyt or yc sete 3

3. Mystax mostly golden, tibia I wholly clear yellow; abdomen black, with white
hair, no yellow pile; male forceps furcate at tip.................-- orphne.

Male forceps not furcate, tibia I not all clear yellow....:.................. 4

4. Mystax mostly black; hind tibiz mostly dark; abdomen dark, with pale gray
ApicalemargiursstORSe PIM ents ssayee siecle cen nies oy esate) elo cross tor sree sadytes.

Miystaxalargely: pale. x-1) acton tesa sie sci oot Nene oe cat one new abe te 5

132 Psyche [August

5. Mystax mostly white; male appendages not much narrowed nor bent down

ab tip 2e. feckless ot side CRO aon eee Aes hE eee eee novescotie.
Mystax whitish or yellowish below, black above; male appendages more
cunved andenarrowed sat (lipsemsener eer ee ee Pao autumnalis.

Of Leptogaster I have taken most of the Eastern species, and in
going over these I am inclined to keep flavipes and favillaceus as
separate, at least as varieties, and would describe a new species.
As in Asilus I think the color characters are here more valuable
than some structural ones, at least more useful than venation.

1. No empodia; hind femora with band before broadest part; hind tibz with banP
at base and at middle dark; thorax pale; antenne yellow........ annulatus.
Empodiatpresent2s: ectera. & orice etic miner oe nie MR ee ae eee 2

2. Hind tibiz dark only at extreme tip; hind femur usually not plainly banded. .7
Hind tibie dark for a considerable distance; hind femur dark or dark-

Jot W5C0 (200 Bees Ape ae oie ieee re eee aah Nei Spear clin SoCo - 3

3. Legs mostly black; antennz dark; hind legs very slender............. tenutpes.
Legs wnostly paleo. f.52 ands nx Oe 8 oe Ce See +

4. Dorsum of thorax wholly shining black; hind femora with apical dark band,
and another over the beginning of the swelling............... atridorsalis.
Dorsuminot whollyzshining blacks jes440-o- pears eee Lee eee BeO

5. Thorax with three black stripes; hind femora with band over thickened part;
ANIENN MALE tole % crys essc.c ss 6a Fleer nel eedraa) ee ie eS eevee eotegen rege virgatus.
Thoraxswithout;suchastripes® = sic2 7 ee eee eee eee eee 6

6. Antenne dark; hind legs short, and the swelling greater than usual, and coy-
ered by broad band, the dark of hind tibie undivided............. pictipes.
Antenne yellow; hind legs longer, the dark band on hind femora not so
broad; the dark of hind tibize divided by pale.....-.......... brevicornis.

7. Thoracic notum polished reddish, often a black spot behind on each side; hind
femorawithiaismallidark, bands. 4-42 ee oea eee Ore eee eee eee 8.
MThoracienotuminot polished'reddishGa spss eer re ane ee eee 9

8: Body. mostly, ted diss: 9.2).4 a5 5 2 hee ee eee oe eee ee testaceus.
Body mostlyadarkand with pale marks): oes eeee ae oe ee badius.

9. Abdomen yellow on basal part, only dark over the incisures...... incisuralis.
Abdomen: with muchumore darks see oeeeee eee ee eee eee Lee 10:
10. Abdominal segments dark, pale only near apex; hind femora show a faint dark
marks bristles of thorax. iblackseeees eer aecre rere eae eee loewi.
Abdominal segments with pale before middle on third, fourth and fifth seg-
MIG See ene Pee See. baci atato sion aaa aske Gobo US ll

11. Lower anterior bristle of the two thoracic ones pale, larger species with duller
MAK eevee es, at ais tie bo aed ed Re ee ee eee favillaceus.

Both thoracic bristles dark, marks on abdomen strongly contrasting. .. . flavipes.

L. virgatus Coq. probably is L. carolinensis. L. incisuralis Loew
probably is L. ochraceus.

1914] Bowditch—N otes on Aulacophora Olivier 133

Leptogaster loewi sp. nov.

Similar to ZL. favillaceus and L. flavipes. Legs pale; hind femora with traces of
a dark band over swollen part, tip of hind tibize dark. Antenne yellow; thorax
grayish brown above, with traces of median stripes, the two bristles each side black;
abdomen grayish brown, tips of third, fourth, and fifth segments yellowish; vena-
tion yellowish-brown, as in L. flavipes.

Differs from L. flavipes (and favillaceus) in lacking pale on abdomen before middle
of segments, and the more distinct band on hind femora. Length, 10-12 mm.

From Paeonian Springs, Va., 28 June, and Ithaca, N. Y., 7 July.

NOTES ON AULACOPHORA OLIVIER AND OIDES
WEBER.

By F. C. Bowonitcu,
Brookline, Massachusetts.

In the arrangement of my Austral-Malayan species of Aula-
cophora the following notes occur which may aid in the study of
this group.

In Mr. Baly’s table of males, Linn. Soc. Journ. vol. xx, p. 2,
No. 14 postica Chap. is placed in § A-p: it should be in § Ay hay-
ing the middle anal segment sulcate longitudinally, as stated by
him in the description, p. 12, and verified by examination.

Unicolor Jac. cited by Baly 1. ¢., p. 23, states that the @ is un-
known; the description by Mr. Jacoby, Notes Leyden Mus. vol.
v, p. 201, speaks of five specimens, all 2’s; one of these five exam-
ples in the first Jacoby collection is now before me and is a o’: the
middle lobe of the anal segment is slightly concave, placing it in
§ A-, of Baly’s table of o’s. Mr. Baly speaks of its resemblance
to Boisduvali but the anal suleation seems to me to differ some-
what and needs further comparison. If the two are identical it
seems that intermediate forms must occur and I have seen none.

Semilimbata Baly described I. c., p. 74, has no characters given
for the o; the type specimen apparently came from “‘ New Guinea,
(Wallace)”’; in the first Jacoby collection among the unnamed
material is a o’ with the same label; the middle anal segment is
deeply concave placing the species in Baly’s Ay.

Denticornis Blackb. seems to me to be the same as fraudulenta
Jac. The peculiarities of the two first joints of the o antennze
described by Mr. Blackburn seem to me to be present in the
type of fraudulenta (in my collection) and to have been overlooked

134 Psyche [August

by Jacoby in his description; unless the specimen is held at a cer-
tain angle the points spoken of are easily overlooked.

Frontalis, Baly, |. c., p. 182, describes the third joint of the an-
tenn “‘twice as broad as long.”” Comparison with a specimen in
my collection labeled “‘type ex Baly”’ seems to show the words to
be accidentally transposed so they should read “twice as long as
broad.” :

Borrei Baly (pectoralis Jac) is described as having the thorax
impunctate (Ann. Mus. Gen. 1886, p. 50); the types now in my
collection all have the surface near the anterior angles punctured,
so the description should read, “‘impunctate except the anterior
angles.” Mr. Blackburn in describing his A. Richmondensis Proc.
Zobl. Soc. N. S. W. vol. v, 1890, p. 360, relies upon Mr. Jacoby’s
description to separate the two forms, which seem identical; in
Mr. Jacoby’s second collection he has under the name pectoralis
specimens from N.S. W. (square purple label) which exactly agree
with the description of Mr. Blackburn’s species.

A. celebensis Jac. 1. ¢., p. 52, typically has basa] and ante-apical
spots, what seems an extreme variety, has the elytra entirely black,
except for a small flavous spot at the apex, or a slight margin in
the middle of the side, the latter very like (flavo-marginata Duv.).
All come from Toli-Toli, No. Celebes (Fruhstorfer).

Aulacophora blackburni sp. nov.

Reddish, castaneous, labrum, face and antenne flavous, mandibles, eyes, tibize
and tarsi blackish, femora fuscous at apex, the joints 3, 4, 5 of the antenne dilated
in the male like denticornis Jac.

Type: 1 & Manila (coll. Bowditch). Length, 5 mm.

Head impunctate with two almost circular, deep fovee, one on either side of the
vertex above the eye, antenne a little more than half the length of the body, first
joint clavate, second joint very small, rounded, with a minute point externally in
the middle, third joint in the shape of a long pointed perpendicular tooth, the fol-
lowing two joints broadly dilated acutely pointed at their anterior angles, the fol-
lowing joints elongate nearly equal, thorax twice as broad as long, finely punctured,
very sparsely and finely on the disk, sulcation nearly straight, abbreviated on either
side, elytra strongly depressed below the base, showing very lightly punctulate,
last abdominal segment longitudinally lightly concave or sulcate.

The above specimen was in the second Jacoby collection mixed
with examples of s¢milis Oliv. Denticornis Jac. is the only other
species known to me with the peculiar dentate antennal third
joint, and this form should be placed next it.

19141 Bowditch—N otes on Aulacophora Olivier 135

In Nov. Zoélog. vol. i, pp. 299-300, Mr. Jacoby described
Oides unifasciata and suturalis, calling attention to the produced
metasternum, imitating to some extent the genus Doryphora, four
nearly allied additional forms have occurred and are here made
known. Mr. Jacoby further intimates a new genus for his forms,
but I have allowed all to remain in Oides for the present: the two
Jacoby species and also the new ones are rather more chunky and
robust than the other species of Oides and may be almost picked
out by the shape alone.

Oides confusus sp. nov.

Convex ovate, shining; head, antenne and below, mostly black, thorax flavous,
elytra reddish fulvous, with a common broad basal black band, not attaining the
lateral edge and a large round subapical spot on each elytron black.

@ with metasternum produced into a well marked obtuse process, last ventral
segment obtuse, impressed on either side.

Type Q@ Milne Bay, Br. N. Guinea (coll. Bowditch). Length, 12 mm.

Imitates 0. rubra Blanch. in size and color, but more convex and wider, antenns
attaining the rear edge of basal black band with the two or three basal joints more
or less fulvous, third and fourth equal and longer than the others, head with a few
fine punctures and an impressed line on the front, thorax very finely punctulate
over its entire surface and all the angles rounded, scutellum smooth, truncate be-
hind, elytra finely punctulate over the entire surface, abdomen edged with rufous
spots, the cox and base of the femora are also more or less tinged with rufous,
probably mixed with rubra in many collections.

Oides binotata sp. noy.

Convex, elongate, shining rufous, mouth, eyes, thorax and a large median lateral
spot on each elytron black. co and 2 with metasternum produced into a well-
marked obtuse process.

Type: & Q Kapour Holl, N. Guinea (Friihstorfer) coll. Bowditch. Length,
11 mm.

Head with a few faint punctures on the front, which is smooth and shining with
a faint median line, antenn reaching the middle of the elytra, thorax shining, faintly
impressed on either side, rather strongly, evenly punctured, sides strongly margined,
the angles obtuse, the anterior ones slightly reflexed, scutellum with apex obtusely
rounded, elytra smooth, shining, oblong, rather strongly and evenly punctate, the
sutural margin somewhat thickened posteriorly, the black spot on each elytron is
transversely rounded and a trifle nearer the lateral edge than the suture; the meta-
sternum process, with the color easily separate this form.

Oides gahani sp. nov.

Ovate flavous, eyes, antennz except base, elytra except anterior third, black,
the flavous part of the elytra being narrowest at the scutel and from there curved
back to meet the lateral margin at about the middle, @ and 9 with metasternum
produced into a well marked obtuse process.

156 Psyche [August

2 91 @ Stephansort, 1 o Milne Bay, Br. N. Guinea. Length, 11 mm.

Type: Q Stephansort (coll. Bowditch).

Head faintly and sparingly punctulate with a dark median line, antenne reach-
ing the middle of the body the scape wholly and second joint partly flavous, thorax
shining, impressed on either side of the disk, moderately and unevenly punctulate,
obsolete at the sides, which are rounded and slightly reflexed, anterior angles
rounded, posterior obtuse, scutel obtusely pointed behind, elytra shining, rather
more strongly punctulate, near the base, punctures becoming obsolete and fine as
they enter the black space, sutural margin thickened near the apex, entire under-
side dirty flavous; two of the specimens were in the 2d Jacoby coll. under the name
dimidiatum Blanch. but the size, shape and metasternal process separate it at once.

Oides femoratus sp. nov. »

Smooth, convex, flavous, antennz, most of the head, under side of the body largely
and legs, except the basal two thirds of the femora black, scutellum and margin of
the suture fuscous, ¢’ with metasternum produced into a well marked obtuse

process.

Type: & Cooktown (Austral.) (square dark blue paper label) 2 spec. (unnamed
in 2d Jacoby coll.) (coll. Bowditch). Length, 9 mm.

Head with a few fine punctures and impressed line on the front like confusus
(vide supra), mouth yellow, antenne reaching the middle of body, the scape more
or less rufous, thorax smooth, shining, faintly impressed on the disk, very faintly
punctulate, anterior angles rounded, posterior obtuse, sides margined and faintly
explanate, scutellum large very obtusely rounded at apex, elytra convex, every-
where faintly and evenly punctulate, the extreme sutural edge thickened, under
side mostly shining black, with the pro and mesothorax somewhat flavous, and
coxze and trochanters more or less yellow, legs black except the basal two thirds of
the femora; the color of the legs and the metosternal process (which is black) easily
distinguish this form, the upper color makes the species resemble sutwralis Jac.

from New Guinea.

SOME COMMENTS ON THE VALUE OF WARNING
COLORS AND MIMICRY IN INSECTS.

By C. H. Ricuarpson,
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J.

During the course of an extended field trip through Nevada and
eastern California several years ago, I had an opportunity to make
some observations on the feeding habits of certain amphibians
and reptiles. As several of these observations throw light upon
the protective value of warning colors and mimicry in insects,
they are given in the hope that they will be a real contribution,
even though a meager one, to these disputed questions.

In the region about Pyramid Lake, Nev., the fleet-footed grid-
iron-tailed lizard (Callisaurus ventralis Hallowell) was very abun-

1914] Richardson—Comments on Warning Colors and Mimicry in Insects 137

dant. Examination of the stomach contents of a number of these
lizards showed that their normal food was composed of various
insects and bits of tender plant foliage. I was however, quite
surprised to find in the stomach of one adult male, shot at Derby,
Nev., two wasps so conspicuously banded as to place them un-
mistakably in the category of insects possessing warning colors.
One had black and yellow bands on the thorax and abdomen, the
other black and gray-white bands on the abdomen. Another
wasp in a partially disintegrated condition, one insect larva, other
insect fragments, a number of green leaves and a few pebbles fur-
nished the bulk of the stomach ingredients. The whole mass of
food had begun to decompose and the colors of the insects were
considerably dimmed. It is evident here that a mature lizard
(with full adult colors and testes enlarged) did not discriminate
between conspicuously banded stinging insects and a harmless
white larva. As further evidence that Callisaurus shows no aver-
sion to bright colors, I may add that small, vivid purple flowers
were found in the stomach of one individual. Merriam! states
that blossoms form a considerable part of the food of this species
and although he does not give the colors of the blossoms, it is fair
to assume that a comparatively large number are brilliantly col-
ored, as brilliantly colored flowers grow abundantly throughout
the habitat of Callisaurus.

At Tallac, Lake Tahoe, Cal., I watched a large adult leopard
frog (Rana pipiens), on one occasion for a considerable length of
time. I was concealed so that I could observe the actions of the
frog, yet it could not see me. In the course of its wanderings over
a grassy meadow, the frog captured an insect which was taken
into its mouth, ejected, taken into its mouth again and finally
discarded. The insect proved to be a drone fly, closely resembling
certain species in the Syrphid genus, Eristalis. The first abdom-
inal segment of the fly bore two conspicuous yellow triangular-
shaped markings, the apices of which did not quite meet
mediodorsally. Here, then, we have a mimicking insect whose
form and vivid color pattern combined were not of sufficient
warning significance to ward off an insectivorous enemy. Just
why the frog refused to eat the fly is not quite clear, possibly it
was distasteful, but it is certain that the fly was mutilated beyond
recovery.

1N. A. Fauna No. 7, 1893, p. 172.

138 Psyche [August

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VOL. XXI OCTOBER, 1914 NUMBER 5

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CONTENTS.
List of the Hemiptera-Heetroptera of Maine. H.M.Parshley . . . . . . . . 4139
New and Little Known Harvesting Ants of the Genus Pogonomyrmex. W. M. Wheeler 149
Forficula auricularia in Rhode Island. R.W.Glaser . . . . . . . ae a
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ACauianstroMeDrazies VOI Danks eather emt Midi im ovens 8) «a eel6O
Mr. Crawford’s Recent Work on Delphacine. E.P.Van Duzee . . . . . . . 163
Two New Species of Platypeza Found at Stanford University. Frankie Willard . . . 166
BXCHAN CORO OLIN me, we eet tia wee PM ee Rt ge ac tee Ge Se. 169)

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VOL. XxI. OCTOBER, 1914. No. 5

LIST OF THE HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA OF MAINE.!

By H. M. Parsstey,
Bussey Institution, Harvard University.

The present list is the first of a series of papers in preparation
by me on the Heteroptera of New England and is offered as a
record of the species definitely known to inhabit Maine. In view
of the great extent of almost inaccessibie territory in the state and
the relatively small amount of collecting which has been done,
it is to be expected that additional species will be found, but I
hope that the list is complete enough to be a useful basis for sub-
sequent work, as it includes records of 175 species.

The records have been compiled chiefly from the following
sources: An unpublished list of Maine Hemiptera by Mr. O. O.
Stover, whose material was determined in part by Uhler, in part
by Professor Osborn; the collection of the Maine Agricultural
Experiment Station, determined largely by Mr. E. P. Van Duzee;
the collection of Mr. F. A. Eddy of Bangor; the collection of the
Boston Society of Natural History; and my own collection. The
dates given are the earliest and latest which I have found on
record for the several species.

My thanks are due the following, who have lent me their assist-
ance: Dr. Edith M. Patch, who has put the collections and records
of the Experiment Station at my disposal; Mr. J. R. de la Torre
Bueno, who has determined a number of specimens and given
valuable suggestions; Mr. F. A. Eddy, the veteran collector of
Maine, who has permitted the free use of his valuable collection;
Mr. C. W. Johnson, who has given me access to the ellection of
the Boston Society of Natural History; Mr. O. O. Stover, who
has generously allowed me to make use of his unpublished records;
and Mr. C. A. Frost, who has given me specimens of several species
which otherwise would not have been recorded.

1 Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Entomology No. 74.

140

Psyche

[October

The arrangement of the families followed is that of the new
system of Reuter,’ with certain modifications in accordance with

the

Aa @

222 2

S.

views of Kirkaldy and Bueno.

Famity CORIXIDZ.
Arctocorixa Wallengren.

. interrupta Say. 8 May. Orono.
. nitida Fieb. 24 April-1 May. Orono.

Corixa Geoffroy.

. alternata Say. 15 April-13 Oct. Orono.
. harrisii Uhl. Orono.
. kennicotti Uhl. 21 April.

Famity NOTONECTIDA.
Notonecta Linné.
insulata Kirby. 27 April. Orono.

irrorata Uhl. 22 May-19 Sept. Orono, Machias.

undulata Say. 8 May-17 Oct. Orono.
variabilis Fieb. 20 April-15 Sept. Orono.

Buenoa Kirkaldy.
(= Anisops, American species.)

. elegans Fieb. Orono.

Famity BELOSTOMATIDA.

Belostoma Latreille.
(=Zaitha Auct.)

. flumineum Say. 20 June (with eggs)—17 Oct. Orono.

Lethocerus Mayr.
(= Belostoma Auct.)

. americanus Leidy. 8 May-12 Sept. Orono, Oldtown.

Famity ACANTHIIDA.
(= Saldide Auct.)
Pentacora Reuter.

ligata Say. Norway, Magalloway River.

Acanthia Fabricius.

. coriacea Uhl. 4-11 July. Orono, Brewer.
. major Prov. (=deplanata Uhl.) Reported from the State by Uhler.

Famity MIRIDZ.
(=Capside Auct.)
Stenodema Laporte.

trispinosum Reut. 16 June. The Forks.

1Oefy. Fin. Vet. Férh., vol. 54, p. 5 (1911-12).

1914] Parshley—Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Maine 141

Miris Fabricius.

M. dolobratus Linn. 31 May-14 July. Throughout the state.
M. vicinus Prov. 22-31 May. Orono.

Resthenia Spinola.
R. insignis Say. 10 July-26 Sept. Paris, Mt. Kineo.

Lopidea Uhler.
. confluens Say. 28 July-8 Aug. Orono, Camden.
. media Say. 12 July. Princeton.
Phytocoris Fallen.
eximius Reut. 30 June—11 July. Orono, Waldoboro.
. pallidicornis Reut. 16 Sept. Westbrook, Waldoboro, West Beach.
annulicornis Reut. 17 Aug. Ft. Kent, Durham.

. lasiomerus Reut. 30 July. Orono.
Reported predaceous on aphids.

sph sa)

Aa Ba ae

Neurocolpus Reuter.
N. nubilus Say. Orono.

Calocoris Fieber.
C. norvegicus Gmel. 15 July. Eastport.

Adelphocoris Reuter.
A. rapidus Say. 20 July-15 Aug. Orono, Brunswick, Pownal, etc.

Lygus Hahn.
pabulinus Linn. Orono.
. pratensis Linn. 7 May—12 Sept. Found everywhere.
. pratensis var. Red form so determined by Van Duzee. Orono.
. convexicollis Reut. 6 July-17 Sept. Orono.
.invitus Say. 5-27 July. Orono, Waldoboro, West Beach, Capens.
. flavonotatus Prov. Orono. °

ail all oil all ais

Lygidea Reuter.

. mendax Reut. 30 June. Orono.
.rubecula Uhl. 18 July. Moosehead.

sali sa

Coccobaphes Uhler.
C. sanguinarius Uhl. 27 June-3 Aug. Monmouth, Manchester.

Tropidosteptes Uhler.
T. ? pettiti Reut. Rangeley.
Horcias Distant.
H. limbatellus Walk. 15 Aug.
Peeciloscytus Fieber.

P. basalis Reut. 13 Oct. Westbrook.
P. divergens Reut. 11 July. Capens.

142 Psyche [October

Peecilocapsus Reuter.
P. dislocatus var. goniphorus Say. 15 Aug. Orono.
P. lineatus Fab. 14 July-17 Aug. Orono, Machias, Eastport.
Camptobrochis Fieber.
C. nitens Reut. 11 July-15 Aug. Orono.
Capsus Fabricius.
C. ater Linn. 19 June—18 July. Capens, Orono, Eastport.
Monalocoris Dahlbom.
M. filicis Linn. 31 May-17 Aug. Bethel, Orono, Ft. Kent, Pownal.
Diaphnidia Uhler.
D. pellucida Uhl. 22 July. Orono.
On potato plants.

Hyaliodes Reuter.
H. vitripennis Say. 17 Aug. Ft. Kent.

Cyrtorrhinus Fieber
C. marginatus Uhl. 18-28 July. Moosehead, Orono.

Pilophorus Westwood.

P. amcenus Uhl. Collected in Maine by Packard.

Orthotylus Fieber.
O. flavosparsus Sahlb. 22-30 July. Orono.

On potato plants.

O. congrex Uhl. 10 July. Calais.

Collaria Provancher.
C. meilleurii Prov. 17 Aug. Ft. Kent, Orono.
C. oculata Reut. Durham.

Halticus Hahn.

H. citri Ashmead. Pownal.

Stiphrosoma Fieber.
S. stygica say. 17 Aug. Ft. Kent.

Idolocoris Douglas and Scott.

I. agilis Uhl. Pownal.

Orectoderus Uhler.
O. obliquus Uhl. 26 July. Machias.

Lopus Hahn.

L. decolor Fall. 15 July. Pownal.

Megalocoleus Reuter.
M. coagulatus Uhl. Pownal.

1914] Parshley—Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Maine 143

Plagiognathus Fieber.
P. fraternus Uhl. 13 Sept. Westbrook.
P. fuscosus Proy. 11 July-3 Aug. Orono, Waldoboro, Pownal.
P. politus Uhl. 14 July-13 Sept. Orono, Westbrook.
P. obscurus Uhl. 10 July-17 Aug. Calais, Ft. Kent.
So recorded probably =fuscosus.

This family has been little collected, and doubtless many more species inhabit
the state. I intend to pay special attention to the group, and give this arrangement
as merely tentative.

Famiry ANTHOCORID,
Anthocoris Fallen.
A. musculus Say. 30 April-19 Aug. Orono, Ft. Kent.

Lyctocoris Hahn.
L. fitchii Reut. 28 June. Orono.

Triphleps Fieber,
T. insidiosus Say. 22 June. Orono, Pownal.

Famity CLINOCORIDA.
(= Cimicide Auct.)
Clinocoris Fallen.
C. lectularius Linn.
Seasons and distribution no more restricted than in other regions.
C. ? hirundinis Jenyns.
There is a specimen in the Station collection taken from a swallow’s nest and
so labelled, but probably this species is strictly European.

Famitry NABIDA.
Pagasa Stal.
P. fusca Stein. Orono.
Reduviolus Kirby.
R. subcoleoptratus Kirby. 7 July-27 Aug. Orono, Belfast, Ft. Kent.
R. rufusculus Reut. 8 May-—5 Oct. Orono, West Beach, Waldoboro.
R.ferus Linn. 17 April-5 Oct. Generally distributed, Orono, etc.

Famrty NEPIDAS.
Ranatra Fabricius.
R. americana Mont. 4 Oct. Orono.

This species has been confused with both fusca Beauv. and quadridentata Stal.
Nepa apiculata Harr. should be found in the state, as its known range includes this
region.

Famity HYDROMETRIDA.
Hydrometra Latreille.
H. martini Kirk. 6 May-17 July. Orono, Monmouth.

144 Psyche [October

Famity REDUVIIDA.
Pygolampis Germar.
P. pectoralis Say. Manchester.

Reduvius Lamarck.
R. personatus Linn. 19 June—24 Aug. Orono, Pownal, Brunswick.

Apiomerus Hahn.
A. ventralis Say. 26 June. Monmouth.

Zelus Fabricius.

Z. exsanguis Stal. (= luridus Stal.) Manchester.
Z. socius Uhl. 18 July. Monmouth.

Fitchia Stal.
F. aptera Stal. 31 May-29 June. Manchester, Orono, Monmouth.
Records of the winged form have not come to my notice.
Acholla Stal.
A. multispinosa De Geer.
Sinea Amyot et Serville.
S.diadema Fab. 4 July-8 Aug. Orono.

(SusraMity EMESIN.)
Ploiariodes White.
P. tuberculata Banks. 27 June. Monmouth.

Famity MACROCEPHALID.
(= Phymatide Auct.)
Phymata fasciata Gray should be found in the state, but definite records have
not come to my notice.

Faminty GERRIDZ.
Gerris Fabricius.

G. remigis Say. 20 April-17 May. Orono.
G. conformis Uhl. 22 Sept. Orono.
G. marginatus Say. 10 May-19 July. Orono, Westbrook, Norway, Durham.
G. buenoi Kirk. 1 May-—15 Sept. Orono.

Limnoporus Stal.
L. rufoscutellatus Latr. 6 May-19 July. Orono, Brunswick, Norway.

Trepobates Uhler.
ae pictus Her.-Schfr. 15 Sept. Orono.

Metrobates Uhler.
M. hesperius Uhl. 22Sept. Orono.

1914] Parshley—H emiptera-Heteroptera of Maine 145

Famity VELIID.
Microvelia Westwood.
M. americana Uhl. 17 May-19 Sept. Orono, Pownal, Paris.
M. borealis Bueno MSS. 3 May. Orono.

I took specimens of this species in a temporary puddle in a wagon road through

a field.

Rhagovelia Mayr.
R. obesa Uhl. 15 July. Paris.

Famity TINGITID.

Corythuca Stal.
C. ciliata Say. Collected in Maine by Packard.
C. juglandis Fitch. 4-6 June. Orono.
C. arcuata Say. May-17 June. Ft. Kent, Brunswick, Bethel.
C. pergandei Heid. 22 May-17 Sept. Orono.

Leptobyrsa Stal.
L. explanata Heid. Bar Harbor.

Physatochila Fieber.
P. plexa Say. Westbrook.
Tingis Fabricius.
T. (Melanorhopala) clavata Stal.

The occurrence of this species is reported in the Station records, but I have
been unable to locate an actual specimen.

Famiry MYODOCHID .
(= Lygeide olim)
Ischnorhynchus Fieber.

I. geminatus Say. 22 May-11 Sept. Orono.
Records of I. resedw Panz. probably refer to this species.

Cymus Hahn.

C. luridus Stal. 24 May. Orono.
C. angustatus Stal. 10-26 June. Westbrook, Orono, Holden.
C. discors Hory. 20 June. Orono.

Blissus Burmeister.

B. leucopterus Say. 13 April-3 May. Jackman, Orono.
B. hirtus Mont. 7 April-12 May. Orono.
These two species are very closely allied, and may not be distinct. I found
them together under stones in early spring.

Phlegyas Stal.
P. annulicrus Stal. 23 June. Holden.

146 Psyche [October

Cdancala Amyot et Serville.
. dorsalis Say.
Reported from the state by Stover, but I have not been able to find definite
data.
Nysius Dallas.

N. ericz Schill. 28 Sept. Orono, Westbrook, Pownal.
N. longiceps Stal. 28 July. Orono.

Belonochilus Uhler.
B. numenius Say. 10 Sept. Orono.

Orsillus Dallas.
O. scolopax Say. Portland.
Uhler recorded this species as abundant on dry sedges near Portland.

Lygeus Fabricius.
L. kalmii Stal. 27 July-11 Aug. Orono, Green Lake.
L. turcicus Fab. Orono, Waldoboro.

Cligenes Distant.
C. pallidus Uhl. 22 April. Orono.

Ligyrocoris Stal.

12 Sept. Orono.

L. contractus Say. 2-12
15 Sept. Orono.

L. diffusus Uhl. 2-15
Myodocha Latreille.
M. serripes Oliv. 24-30 May. Orono.
Spherobius Uhler.
S. insignis Uhl. 25 Sept. Westbrook.
Cnemodus Herrich-Schaeffer.
C. mavortius Say. 19 June. Skowhegan.

Sphragisticus Stal.
S. nebulosus Fallen. 13 Sept. Pownal.

Eremocoris Fieber.
E. ferus Say. 27 April-13 Sept. Holden, Orono, Pownal, Capens.

Drymus Fieber.
D. unus Say. Orono.

Scolopostethus Fieber.
S. ? atlanticus Horv. 29 March. Orono.
S. diffidens Hory. 30 April. Orono.

Xestocoris Van Duzee.
X. nitens V. D. 22 April. Orono.

1914] Parshley—Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Maine 147

Geocoris Fallen.
G. bullatus Say. 15 June-20 July. Orono, Pownal.

Famiry NEIDID.
(= Berytide olim)
Neides Latreille.
N. muticus Say. 10 June-14 Aug. Orono.

Jalysus Stal.
J. spinosus Say. 6 June. Bangor.

Famity ARADID.
Aradus Fabricius.
eequalis Say.
. robustus Uhl. 24 April-27 June. Orono, Monmouth, Manchester.
similis Say. 29 April-4 June. Orono.
acutus Say. Norway.
niger Stal. 29 March-11 May. Orono.
quadrilineatus Say. 17 June-19 July. Holden, Paris, Monmouth.
.hubbardi Heid. 4 June. Orono.
. lugubris Fall. 7 June. Orono, Norway.
. abbas Bergr. 17 July—17 Aug. Ft. Kent, Machias.

PPP PPP > p>

Aneurus Curtis.
. inconstans Uhl. 24 Sept. Orono.

>

Famity CORIZIDZ.

Corizus Fallen.

C. crassicornis Linn. (= punctiventris Auct.) 31 May-7 Sept. Ft. Kent, Orono.
C. lateralis Say. Orono.
Harmostes refleculus Say doubtless occurs, but no definite record has come to
my notice.

Famity COREID®.
Anasa Amyot et Serville.

A. tristis De Geer. 22 June-17 Oct. Orono and numerous other localities.

Corynocoris Mayr.
C.typheus Fab. 10 May. Orono.

I took twelve specimens of this species as they flew up, one by one, to the dried
body of a long dead fowl. Some alighted nearby and others disappeared within the
carcass. I was unable to determine whether they came to feed on the juices of the
carrion or to prey on other insects, and they may have been attracted merely by
the odor. I believe that there are few if any so positive records of the frequenting of
carrion by Heteroptera.

148 Psyche [October

Famity ALYDID.
Alydus Fabricius.

A.eurinus Say. 19June. Orono.
A. pilosulus Her.-Schfr. 8 Sept. Orono.
A. conspersus Mont. June-10 Aug. Orono, Ashland.

Megalotomus Fieber.
M. quinquespinosus Say. 5 Aug.—28 Sept. Orono, S. Orrington.

Protenor Stal.
P. belfragei Hag]. 15 July-11 Sept. Orono, Pushaw Lake, Norway.

Famity PENTATOMID2.
(Cimicide Kirk.)
Elasmostethus Fieber.
E. cruciatus Say. 12 June-31 Aug. Orono, Paris, Ft. Kent, N. E. Harbor,
Chamberlain Lake.
Elasmucha Stal.
E. lateralis Say. 4 July-30 Sept. Mt. Katahdin, Kineo, Capens, Mercer,
N. E. Harbor.
Pentatoma Olivier.
P. persimilis Horv. 15 May-26 Sept. Orono, Caribou, Monmouth, Cherryfield.

Mormidea Amyot et Serville.
M. lugens Fab. 25 July-2 Sept. Orono, near Portland.

Euschistus Dallas.
E. euschistoides Voll. (= fissilis Uhl.) 18 June—11 Sept. Orono, Pownal, etc.
E. tristigmus Say. 27 May-17 Sept. Orono, Houlton, Wales, Pownal.
E. variolarius Pal. Beauy. Orono.
No doubt E. ictericus Linn. will be found, as its known range seems to include
the state.
Coenus Dallas.
C. delius Say. 5 May-17 Sept. Orono, Bar Harbor.

Neottiglossa Kirby.
N. undata Say. 19 May-31 Aug. Orono, Bar Harbor.

Cosmopepla Stal.
C. carnifex Fab. (lintneriana Kirk.) 31 May-17 Sept. Capens, Orono, Ft.
Fairfield, Eastport.
Banasa Stal.

B. calva Say. Orono, Manchester.
B. dimidiata Say. 16 June-28 Sept. Orono, S. Orrington, Bangor, Sherman.

1914) Wheeler—Harvesting Ants 149

Perilloides Schouteden.

(Perillus Stal., in part.)
P. exaptus Say. 19 May-30 Aug. Orono, Wales, Monmouth.
P. circumcinctus Stal. 17 May. Pownal.

Zicrona Amyot et Serville.

Z. cerulea Linn. 22 to 24 June. Newbury Neck, near Surrey.

I have one specimen of this species taken by Mr. F. A. Eddy on the coast. As
far as I know it has hitherto been reported only from the West and from Mt.
Washington, N. H.

Apateticus Dallas.
(= Podisus Herrich-Schaeffer.)
A. cynicus Say. 25 Aug—2 Sept. Orono. Pittsfield.
A. bracteatus Fitch. 6-24 Aug. Long Island in Penobscot Bay, Houlton.
A. maculiventris Say. 11 June—13 Sept. Orono, Norway, Pownal.
A. sereiventris Uhler. 29 May-3 Aug. Orono.
A. modestus Dallas. 24 June-17 Aug. Orono, Bangor, Pownal, Monmouth.

Famity THYREOCORID 4.
(incl. Cydnide)
Sehirus Amyot et Serville.

S. cinctus Pal.-Beauy. 30 April-31 Aug. The Forks, Orono, Bangor, Chamber-
lain Lake.
Thyreocoris Schrank.

T. nitiduloides Wolff. 14 June-21 Aug. Orono, Deering, Norway.
T. pulicaria Germ. 8 May. Orono.
T. unicolor Pal.-Beauy. 30 April-15 Sept. Orono, Pownal, Norway.
Famity SCUTELLERID.
Homeemus Dallas.
H. eneifrons Say. 22 July-12 Sept. Orono, Machias, Ft. Kent, Ashland.

Eurygaster Laporte.
E. alternata Say. 8 May-21 Aug. Orono, Houlton, Pownal, W. Beach.

NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN HARVESTING ANTS OF
THE GENUS POGONOMYRMEX:!

By Wiuti1am Morton WHEELER.

1. Pogonomyrmex guatemaltecus sp. nov.
Worker. Length 5-5.5 mm.
Head subrectangular, excluding the mandibles a little longer than broad, with
nearly straight sides, feebly excised posterior margin and prominent anterior cor-

‘Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard
University, No. 80.

150 Psyche [October

ners. Eyes rather small and flat, elliptical, just in front of the median transverse
diameter of the head. Mandibles convex, with five subequal teeth. Clypeus
short, feebly convex, its anterior border strongly bidentate, arcuately excised be-
tween the teeth, sinuate laterally. Frontal area distinct, with a median carinula.
Antennal scapes reaching less than half the distance between the eyes and posterior
corners of the head; funicular joints 2-10 scarcely longer than broad. Thorax
short, but little longer than the head without the mandibles, broadest through the
pronotum, somewhat compressed behind; in profile the dorsal outline is usually
convex and evenly rounded as far back as the boundary between the epinotal base
and declivity. These meet at an obtuse angle, the declivity being shorter than
the base, descending perpendicularly and forming a right angle on each side with
the metasternal angle which is sharp and rectangular in profile. There are no traces
of spines or teeth on the epinotum. Petiole with a slender, laterally compressed
peduncle which is nearly as long as the node and armed with a distinct anteroventral
tooth; node compressed anteroposteriorly and rounded in front, slightly overarch-
ing the peduncle, with which its straight or slightly concave anterior surface forms
at least a right angle and in some specimens even an acute angle in profile; seen
from above the posterior surface is subelliptical, nearly twice as long as broad, and
with rounded and not acute anterior border. Postpetiole campanulate, a little
broader than the petiole, broader behind than in front, in profile very convex both
dorsally and ventrally. Gaster elliptical, smaller than the head. Legs well devel-
oped.

Body, but especially the mandibles and gaster, shining. Mandibles very coarsely
longitudinally striated. Clypeus and head covered with coarse longitudinal ruge,
subparallel on the head and diverging only very slightly from the median line and
not till they reach the occiput. Interrugal spaces reticulate and feebly punctate.
Anterior depressed portion of pronotum transversely rugulose; remainder of pro-
notum, the mesonotum and pleure coarsely and longitudinally reticulate-rugose.
Ruge on the epinotum finer and transverse. Petiolar peduncle smooth and shining,
posterior surface of node coarsely longitudinally reticulate-rugose. Postpetiole
subopaque, finely and densely reticulate-punctate. Upper surface of gaster with
sparse piligerous foveole, which are somewhat more closely aggregated near the
anterior margin of the first segment. Legs very finely shagreened with small, sparse,
piligerous punctures. Antennal scapes longitudinally rugulose.

Hairs pale yellow, stiff, pointed, erect, varying in length, generally distributed
over the body and appendages. Ammochete on clypeus, ventral surfaces of mandi-
bles and gula long, but on the gula forming only a small psammophore, 7.e., the
long hairs surround only the anterior portion of the gula and do not enclose the
whole of it as in most species of Pogonomyrmex sens. str.

Color deep red, legs and base of first gastric segment slightly paler; teeth of man-
dibles black; anterior border of clypeus, posterior border of first gastric segment
and a transverse band on each of the remaining segments dark brown or blackish.

Female (deilated). Length nearly 7 mm.

Very similar to the worker. Rugosity of thorax finer and more regular. Gaster
larger, with the black banding of the segments more distinct, but the punctures on
the dorsal surface smaller and less foveolate.

1914] W heeler—Harvesting Ants 151

Described from a large number of workers and a single female,
which I took December 12-14, 1911, from many nests at Zacapa,
Guatemala, in the extremely arid plains known as “La Fragua,” a
region with pronounced xerophytic vegetation (giant cacti, etc).
The ants were nesting in the fields, the grass of which, at the time
of my visit, was parched and had been eaten down to the rects by
the cattle. The nests were regular, flattened craters from 2-8
inches in diameter, not surrounded by clearings, and much like
the nests of the other small North American species of Pogonomyr-
mex. <A pile of grass-seed or chaff, often found to one side of the
crater, showed that the species is granivorous like other members
of the genus. Many nests were also found in the sand-ballast of
the railroad near the town of Zacapa. The worker is readily dis-
tinguished from that of most of the described species of Pogono-
myrmex by the peculiar shape of the thorax, clypeus and petiole
and by the 5-toothed mandibles.

2. Pogonomyrmex huachucanus sp. nov.

Worker. Length 4.5-5 mm.

Head subrectangular, excluding the mandibles as broad as long, with nearly
straight lateral and feebly excised posterior margin. Eyes elliptical, rather convex,
at the middle of the sides of the head. Mandibles with convex external and rather
oblique apical borders, the latter 6-toothed. Clypeus moderately convex, its ante-
rior border marginate, distinctly bidentate and arcuately excised between the teeth.
Frontal area distinct, with median carinula. Antenne not reaching halfway be-
tween the eyes and the posterior corners of the head; first and second funicular
joints distinctly longer than broad, remaining joints, except the last, as long as
broad. Thorax slightly longer than the head without the mandibles, from above
broadest through the pronotum, but with the transverse diameters of the meso-
and epinotum equal; in profile the dorsal outline is convex in the pronotal region
but the mesonotum and base of the epinotum form a straight line gently sloping to
the two spines, which are shorter than the base of the epinotum, rather slender
but blunt, closely approximated at their bases and directed upward, outward and
slightly backward. The epinotal declivity is short, abrupt and much as in P. guate-
maltecus, forming in profile a right angle with the metasternal angles, which are
in turn rectangular. Petiole with slender, laterally much compressed peduncle,
half as long as the node and with a distinct but rather blunt anteroventral tooth.
Node from aboye subelliptical, pointed or acuminate in front, less than twice as
long as broad, its posterior surface rather sharply marked off from the anterior, so
that the summit appears pointed also in profile. The anterior surface is slightly
convex in profile and rises abruptly and perpendicularly from the peduncle, the
posterior surface, also slightly convex, is about one and one half times as long as
the anterior and constricted near its posterior end. Postpetiole from above sub-

152 Psyche [October

globular, a little broader behind than in front, a little broader than long and some-
what broader than the petiolar node. In profile the dorsal surface is very Convexs
the ventral bears a rounded boss in its middle. Gaster elliptical, proportionally
larger than in P. guatemaltecus

Mandibles, gaster and legs shining, remainder of body appearing more subopaque,
owing to their sculpture. Mandibles longitudinally striated; clypeus and head
longitudinally rugose, the rugze being moderately strong and numerous and dis-
tinctly and gradually diverging from the median line towards the posterior corners;
the interrugal spaces densely punctate. Thorax throughout reticulately rugose,
the rugze being somewhat coarser and further apart than on the head, longitudinal
on the pronotum and pleurz and arcuately transverse on the mesonotum and base
of the epinotum. Peduncle and anterior surface of petiolar node shining, finely
shagreened, posterior surface coarsely and irregularly rugose and punctate. _ Post-
petiole finely and densely punctate. Gaster very smooth and shining even at the
base, with minute and sparse piligerous punctures. Legs finely shagreened and
sparsely punctate, antennal scapes longitudinally rugulose.

Hairs pale yellow, erect, of unequal length, covering all parts of the body, longest
on the dorsal surface. Ammocheetz well-developed on the clypeus, ventral sur-
faces of mandibles and gula, but the psammophore is restricted as in P. guatemalte-
cus and does not extend to the posterior and lateral borders of the head.

Deep red, lower surface of head, the legs, coxee and gaster paler and more yellow-
ish; dorsal surface of first gastric segment with a dark brown cloud on each side
and usually with a median longitudinal streak of the same color. Mandibular
teeth and anterior border of clypeus black.

Described from twenty-two specimens taken by myself Novem-
ber 11, 1910, from a single nest on the rocky southern wall of Miller
Canyon in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, at an altitude of
about 5,600 feet. This nest was under a small, flat stone and
resembled the nests of P. (Ephebomyrmex) imberbiculus Wheeler,
which I have seen in the mountains of Texas.

At first sight P. hwachucanus resembles guatemaltecus, but closer
comparison reveals many differences, especially in the shape of
the thorax and petiole, not the least being the presence of epinotal
spines in the former species. This is, indeed, unlike any of the
known North American species but singularly close to P. bispino-
sus Spinola of Chili, as I find by comparison with cotypes of the
variety semistriatus Emery received from Professor Silvestri. ‘The
thorax in bispinosus, however, is more flattened dorsally in front
than in huachucanus, the metasternal angles are rounder, the petio-
lar node is lower and the postpetiole is as long as broad and less
globular. The gaster of the typical bispinosus is said to be smooth
and shining as in huachucanus, but in the variety semistriatus tts

1914] W heeler—Harvesting Ants io

base is opaque and finely punctate-striolate. These differences are
all so slight that hwachucanus may eventually prove to be merely
a subspecies of bispinosus. The resemblances between the two
forms, separated by such a wide territory, is very suggestive in
connection with the origin of the genus Pogonomyrmex. Owing
to the fact that this genus is represented by the greatest number
of species in North America, and that it is most closely related to
the boreal genus Myrmica, it has been assumed that the species of
Pogonomyrmex originated in the western United States and mi-
grated thence along the arid plains and mountain ranges through
Mexico, Central and South America as far as Patagonia. On this
assumption, P. hwachucanus might be regarded as a rare relict of
a group of species which once ranged over a large portion of west-
ern America, but now survive only in Chili and the Huachuca
Mountains of Arizona.

P. huachucanus and guatemaltecus, together with bispinosus and
two other South American species, brevibarbis Emery and silvestrit
Emery, are also of considerable interest, because in the restricted
area of the gula enclosed by the long hairs of the psammophore
and in sculpture they are transitional between the species of Pog-
onomyrmex sens. ste. and the subgenus Ephebomyrmex Wheeler.
The acute, spinose character of the metasternal angles in brevi-
barbis and silvestrii reveals a still closer relationship to the latter
subgenus. All of these species may, therefore, represent today
the most primitive and ancestral forms from which both subgenera
have been evolved.

3. Pogonomyrmex californicus Buckley.

The worker of the typical form of this species measures 5.5—6 mm. and is charac-
terized by the shape of the petiole and the sculpture. The anterior surface of the
petiolar node forms very nearly a right angle with the upper surface of the peduncle,
and the ventral surface of the latter bears no tooth. The surface of the body is
shining, the rug of the head and thorax being sharp and pronounced, the spaces
between them impunctate or with punctures so small and shallow as to be barely
visible under a magnification of 20 diameters. The petiolar and post-petiolar nodes
are very finely and densely punctate and indistinctly rugulose. The body is light
ferruginous red, the mandibles, clypeus and legs more yellowish.

The female measures about 8 mm. and resembles the worker very closely in form,
sculpture and color. The head is somewhat broader than long. Wings hyaline,
with their basal portions distinctly yellowish, the veins and stigma brown.

The male measures 7.5 mm. and has rather broad mandibles, with oblique 4-
toothed blades. Head, thorax, nodes of petiole and postpetiole, coxze and femora,

154 Psyche [October

except their bases and tips, and base of first gastric segment, black; remainder of
body red, the mandibles and antennz being more brownish, the gaster more yel-
lowish in tint. Wings colored as in the female.

No type-locality in California is mentioned in Buckley’s original description. I
have seen numerous specimens from the following places:

California: Lakeside, Pasadena and Claremont (Wheeler); Point Loma, near
San Diego (P. Leonard); San Pedro (T. D. A. Cockerell); Lompoc and Upland
(J. C. Bradley); San Jacinto; Sierra Valley.

Arizona: Yuma (Wheeler).

Nevada: Las Vegas (J. C. Bradley)

This ant is very common in the sandy canyon bottoms of south-
ern California. Its nests are flat craters 4-10 inches in diameter,
with sloping, central or eccentric entrances. The workers are
agile hunters of insects when these are to be found, but at certain
seasons of the year large numbers of seeds are collected and stored
in the nests. The nests in the Arroyo Seco, at Pasadena, Cal.,
were often found covered with the seeds of a common canyon
shrub (Hriogonum fasciculatum) during the month of December.

4. Pogonomyrmex californicus Buckley subsp. estebanius Pergande.

This form, which should be regarded as a subspecies and not as a variety, aver-
ages a little smaller in all three phases than the typical californicus. In the worker
the rugze of the head and thorax are decidedly more delicate, but the interrugal
punctures are quite as indistinct. The anterior surface of the petiolar node is
more sloping and therefore forms a larger obtuse angle with the upper surface of
the peduncle, and the node is lower than in the typical form of the species. There
is also a tendency to develop a tooth on the anteroventral surface of the petiole.
Typically the gaster is black, with the base of the first segment yellowish red; but
specimens are sometimes found with only the tip of the gaster black or with a few
black spots on the first segment, usually near its lateral or posterior borders. The
nodes are sometimes infuscated; more rarely the whole gaster is black.

The female varies considerably in size, from 7-9 mm; and the gaster varies greatly
in color. In most of my specimens it is entirely black, except for a large, bilobed,
yellowish red spot at the base of the first segment. In others only the lateral and
posterior margins of this segment are black and often the markings are interrupted
in the middorsal line. The veins of the wings are pale yellow, but the stigma is
brown.

The male measures 6.5-8.5 mm. Its mandibles are narrow, with transverse,
bidentate, apical borders. Its color resembles that of the typical californicus, ex-
cept that the gaster is in some specimens entirely red, in others entirely black. In
some specimens, too, more or less of the anterior portion of the head may be red.

Lower California; Calmalli Mines, San Esteban, type locality; San Borgia and
Margarita Island (Eisen and Haines).

California: Needles (Wheeler); Otis (J. C. Bradley).

1914] W heeler—Harvesting Ants 155

Arizona: Yuma, Yucca, Tucson and Phoenix (Wheeler); Nogales (Oslar); Flor-
ence.

This subspecies is very abundant in the hot deserts of California
and Arizona, but according to my observations it nests only in
pure sand.

5. Pogonomyrmex californicus Buckley subsp. longinodis Emery.

I fail to find this form among the large amount of material I
have collected, and am inclined to believe that it must be either
very rare or local. It was described by Emery as follows from
specimens taken in the Colorado Desert of California and received
from Pergande: “‘The worker differs from that of P. californicus
in its more slender pedicel, the second joint of which [7.e. the post-
petiole] is not as high as long; the peduncle of the first joint (peti-
ole] is shorter than the very long and anteriorly pointed node.
Sculpture feebler than in californicus; pedicel merely finely punc-
tate, without rugz. Color rather light red, abdomen, with the
exception of the pedicel and its base, brown.”’

6. Pogonomyrmex californicus Buckley subsp. maricopa subsp. nov.

The worker of this form measures 6—7.5 mm. and therefore averages larger than
the typical californicus from which it differs in the shape of the petiole and in sculp-
ture. The node of the petiole is less pointed above, its anterior surface is straight
and forms an obtuse angle with the upper surface of the peduncle, and there is often
a distinct anteroventral tooth. The petiole is fully as long as high. The ruge
of the head and thorax are much less prominent and the spaces between them are
filled densely with very distinct punctures, clearly visible under a magnification of
- 20 diameters. The surface of the head and thorax are decidedly subopaque and
not shining as in the typical californicus. The nodes of the petiole and postpetiole
are also more coarsely shagreened and less shining. The color is the same.

A single deiilated female from Rincon, New Mexico, measures 8 mm. and closely
resembles the female of the typical form in sculpture, the rugze of the head and
thorax being sharp, the interrugal punctures rather indistinct.

New Mexico: Alamogordo, type locality (G. von Krockow); Prescott and Albu-
querque (Wheeler); Roswell, Deming and El Rincon (T. D. A. Cockerell); Las
‘Truches (Miss Lillie Gerhardt); Engle (Miss Nora Newberry.)

Arizona: Yuma, Tucson, Benson and Grand Canyon (Wheeler).

California: Needles (Wheeler).

Texas: Marfa (Wheeler); Barton (J. C. Crawford); Victoria (J. D. Mitchell);
Chisos Mts., 4600 ft. (W. B. Phillips).

Mexico: Ojos del Diablo and Ojos de San Dijuela in Chihuahua (C. H. T. Town-
send).

As shown by this list of localities, maricopa ranges much further

156 Psyche [October

to the east, through the deserts of New Mexico and Texas, than
the other subspecies of californicus, and usually occurs at greater
elevations. Its nests are very similar, being flat craters in sand,
with sloping central or eccentric entrances.

7. Pogonomyrmex subnitidus Emery.

If I am correct in my identification, thisform is not asubspecies of
P. occidentalis Cresson, as E:mery supposed, but a distinct species.
Emery’s description is unfortunately very brief, but I believe that
it refers to a form which I found nesting in the vicinity of Pasa-
dena, California, both in the higher portions of the Arroyo Seco and
on the summit of Mt. Lowe (6400 ft.). I have also received a
series of workers of the same form from Mr. J. C. Bradley, who
took them in Los Gatos Canyon of the Diablo Range in the same
state. The nests are like those of californicus and therefore en-
tirely unlike the nests of occidentalis. The sculpture of the head,
thorax and pedicel of the worker, moreover, is very much like
that of the true californicus, but the epinotum is armed with two
slender, pointed spines, which are longer than in occidentalis.

8. Pogonomyrmex comanche Wheeler.

This form, which was also originally described as a subspecies
of occidentalis, must now be regarded as an independent species.
In the worker comanche the thoracic dorsum is distinctly more
rounded and arched in profile than in the worker oceidentalis and
the epinotal spines are longer both in the worker and female, but
especially in the latter. There is also a great difference in the
mandibles of the males of the two species, the blade in the male
occidentalis being moderately broad with oblique apical border
bearing 5 or 6 teeth, whereas in comanche it is narrow and more
curved and its apical border is transverse and only 3—4-toothed.
The epinotum of the male comanche bears a pair of small teeth,
which are represented by tubercles in occidentalis. The greatest
difference between the two species, however, is seen in the habits
and distribution, comanche living at low levels in pure sand, where
it makes rather small, flat crater nests very much like those of cali-
fornicus, whereas occidentalis lives at elevations over 6,000 feet,
and constructs large gravel cones with basal entrance and sur-
rounded by a clearing. The colonies of the latter species are also
much more populous. The types of comanche were taken in the

1914] Glaser—Forficula Auricularia in Rhode Island 157

sandy post oak woods at Montopolis, near Austin, Texas. I have
taken the species also at Milano in the same state.

A study of comanche, subnitidus, californicus and its subspecies
maricopa shows that these forms have essentially the same habits
and are all very closely and peculiarly related. Without its spines
the worker swbnitidus would be indistinguishable from the worker
californicus, and the same relation obtains between comanche and
maricopa. As it seems evident that the spined species of Pogono-
myrmex must be more primitive that the spineless forms, it is not
improbable that swbnitidus is really the parent species of californi-
cus and comanche the parent species of maricopa. If further study
supports this conclusion, maricopa will have to be regarded as
distinct species.

FORFICULA AURICULARIA IN RHODE ISLAND.

By R. W. GuaseEr,
Bussey Institution, Harvard University.

Since all previous records of Forficula auricularia in America
are very dubious, a report of the occurrence of large numbers of
this species of earwig in Newport, Rhode Island, seems advisable.

While in Newport in July, 1914, I heard that the estate of Mr.
T. Suppern Tailer was infested with earwigs and that they were
making themselves extremely disagreeable by entering the house
and crawling over people at night. I went to the estate and found
literally hundreds of what I then supposed to be the European
earwig. Mr. James A. G. Rehn of the academy of natural sciences
in Philadelphia and Mr. A. P. Morse of Wellesley, Mass., have
since kindly identified the species as FP’. awricularia Linn.

I found the insects hiding in all possible places during the day.
They were abundant in the cracks of stone walls, under porches
and behind vines. They were also taken from the inside of flowers
in large numbers.

According to Mr. Tailer and his gardener, the earwigs were first
noticed in 1912. In 1913 they increased to such an extent that
suppression work by spraying was begun and at the time of writing
this note (July, 1914), they seemed to have passed beyond control
and have spread to adjoining estates. No one seems to be able

satus

158 Psyche [October

to account for the introduction of F. auricularia into this estate
in any other way than through the agency of imported plants.
Their prodigious increase can also be explained with no less diffi-
culty, for refuse or anything which one might expect to be favor-
able food is not permitted to accumulate. Not having the time
to devote to the subject, I was unable to determine upon what the
earwigs were feeding.

It seems quite important that the matter be investigated by
economic entomologists, otherwise, F. auricularia might soon
rival the familiar and unwelcome Blattella germanica as a house-
hold pest.

A NEW STRATIOMYID

By CuHarLes W. JOHNSON,
Boston Society of Natural History.

This interesting fly was taken on one of my many collecting
trips to the Berkshire Hills in western Massachusetts. I have
delayed recording it, hoping that additional material would be
obtained. In the table of genera this would go in the genus Za-
brachia Coquillett, but the form of the antennze would at once
exclude it from that genus, while both venation and antennz bar
it from the other genera of the group. Although lacking the
anterior branch of the third vein, the position of the second and
third veins is nearer that of Pachygaster than of Zabrachia.

Berkshiria gen. nov.

Third joint of the antennz oblong, about double the length of the first and second
taken together; third joint with five annuli, the basal one broader than the others;
arista terminal, style-like, about as long as the entire antenna; front with two
longitudinal ridges; transverse suture deeply impressed; scutellum large, rounded,
with a broad depressed margin; third longitudinal vein without the anterior branch;
ends of the terminal joints of the tarsi with bristle-like hairs. Type B. albistylum
sp. nov.

Berkshiria albistylum sp. nov.

Black; front shining, the two ridges forming deep central and orbital grooves,
ocelligerous tubercle prominent; face receding, the orbits white; antenna yellow,
arista white with its basal fourth black. Thorax sparsely covered with a whitish
pubescence; humeri angulate with a small yellow spot at each point, a raised collar
extending between the humeri, and a blunt spine on each side before the base of the

1914] Ludlon—A new Aédine 159

‘

wing. Abdomen broad, about double the width of the thorax, the five segments
shining, sparsely covered with whitish hairs. Halteres white, base of the knobs
and stems brown. Legs black, knees, tips of the tibiz and the tarsi yellow, the
last two joints of the latter brownish. Wings hyaline, veins yellowish, three veins
extending from the discal cell. Length, 4 mm.

One specimen, collected along Austen’s Brook, Chester, Mass.,
May 28, 1912. Type in the collection of the Boston Society of
Natural History.

Other interesting Stratiomyide collected at Chester, Mass.,
are Scoliopelta luteipes Will. (Entom. Amer., I, 154, 1885) which
was quite common August 5 and 6, 1914, and a specimen of
Chrysochroma nigricornis Loew, July 25, 1913.

A NEW AEDINE.

By €. SS: Luprow,
_ Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C.

A long while ago, before it was known that Skusea multiplex
Theob. had long palpi in the male, and therefore was not a Skusea,
I received and named a lot of mosquitoes, which seemed to be of
this species. Nothing had called my attention to the change of
position of multiplex, so the specimens were not re-examined, but
lately I sent specimens to Mr. Edwards, who has called my atten-
tion to this point and, as the species was undescribed, kindly
returned the specimens for description. In general appearance
the female probably more nearly resembles multiplex than any
other species but it is described below as

Aédes panayensis sp. noy.

Head dark brown, covered with flat brown scales, which appear grey in some
lights, and small curved scales around the eyes; antennze brown, white-banded,
verticels brown, pubescence white; palpi brown and very short in both male and
female; proboscis brown; clypeus brown; eyes dark brown.

Prothoracic lobes brown; mesothorax brown, sometimes very dark, and covered
with slender golden brown curved scales; scutellum as mesothorax, with six long
marginal brown bristles on the mid, and three marginal bristles on the lateral lobes;
pleura dark, with bunches of white scales; metanotum dark brown.

Abdomen with brown scales and large white basal lateral spots on all but the
eighth segment.

Legs: coxee and trochanters light; femora dorsally brown, and ventrally white
nearly to the apex, and a light knee spot; tibize dorsally brown, darker than the

160 Psyche [October

femora, but ventrally white scaled to the apex; tarsal joints all brown. With the
exception of the femora, all the parts of the legs show a decided variation as to color,
dependent on the angle of light. Ungues of female serrate, those of the male fore
legs have both the ungues serrate.

Wing clear, covered with brown rather heavy Teniorhynchus-like scales. The
first sub-marginal cell is about three times as long as its stem, and nearly a third
longer and as wide as the second posterior cell, which is about the same length as
its stem. The mid cross-vein meets the root of the third long vein and they are of
about equal length, while the posterior cross-vein is much shorter, and three times
its length interior to them. Halteres have light stems and dark knobs.

Length: (female) 3 mm. (male) 2.5 mm.

Habitat: Rather widespread, but the first specimens were taken at Iloilo, Panay,
Pale

Taken at various times in the various places.

THE STANFORD EXPEDITION TO BRAZIL, 1911.
J. C BRANNER, Director.

ACARIANS FROM BRAZIL.

By Naruan Banks,
East Falls Church, Va.

The mites collected by Messrs. Mann and Baker belong to two
families, Ixodidee and Parasitidz (Gamaside). Several are the
same as those described from Paraguay by Berlese; the ticks are
species common in Brazil; of the six species described as new,
the Trachuropoda is the most remarkable. Besides these there
are some immature specimens, mostly of the Parasitidee, that
cannot be named.

IxopipD®.
Amblyomma striatum Koch. Two from Porto Velho, Rio Madeira
(Mann and Baker).
Amblyomma geayi Neum. One from Abunda, Rio Madeira, Brazil
(Mann and Baker).
Margaropus annulatus Say. Several from Porto Velho, Rio
Madeira, Brazil, (Mann and Baker).

PARASITID2.

Megalolelaps hwros Berl. Several from Independencia, Parahyba,
on Copris (Mann).

1914] Banks—Acarians from Brazil 161

Macrocheles cordiger Berl. Specimens, which are probably this
species have the dorsal shield less narrowed behind than
Berlese figures. They are from Porto Velho, Rio Madeira,
on Phaneus (Mann).

Hypoaspis scutalis sp. nov.

Body about once and a half longer than broad, nearly truncate behind, sides
nearly parallel. Dorsum without hairs, two stout ones on margin near tip, and
short bristles on ventral edge near margin; palpi long and prominent; legs I and TV
fully as long as body, last joint of leg I very much longer than the preceding joint;
leg II rather stout in the middle; all with short hairs or spine-like bristles. Sternal
plate with three hairs each side, not near margin, one on a small plate at base of
coxa III. Vulva shows a triangular opening. Ventri-anal plate extremely broad
in front, concavely narrowed on posterior sides, nearly twice as broad in front as
long, a few stout bristles each side; anus with a hair each side. Length .7 mm.

From Abuna, Rio Madeira, Brazil (Mann coll.), on Scarabeeide.
Hypoaspis invertus sp. nov.

Yellowish brown. Body nearly one and a half times as long as broad, narrowed
in front, dorsum without hairs, except on margin, four each side behind, and two
each side in front of coxee III. Legs moderately slender, but short, and with few
hairs. Sternal plate with three bristles on each side, one behind at base of coxa
III, and another at base of coxa IV. Peritreme long, rather remote from the coxe.
Ventri-anal plate large, inverted pyriform, much broader in front, concavely nar-
rowed behind, about three bristles each side in front, and one each side of the anus.
Length, .6 mm.

From Abuna, Rio Madeira, Brazil, on Scarabeeidee (Mann coll.).

Megisthamus armiger Berl. One from Itacoatiara, Amazon, on
large Passalus (Mann). .

Euzercon balzani Berl. Several from Manaos, from Itacoatiara,
Amazon, on large Passalus, and Porto Velho, Rio Madeira,
Brazil, on Scarabeeidee. (Mann and Baker.)

Celenopsis subincisa Berl. One from Abuna, Rio Madeira, Brazil,
on Scarabeide (Mann and Baker).

Celznopsis brevis sp. nov.

Body as broad as long, almost pointed at each end, dorsum with a transverse
furrow over coxe II, no hairs, except four rather long ones near margin beginning at
middle, and smaller ones around hind margin. Beak and palpi prominent, leg
I very long and slender, longer than body, last joint a little longer than the pre-
ceding; other legs moderately stout, all shorter than body; all legs with fine hairs
and a stouter one on patellee of legs III and IV; sternal plate (of 9) only between
coxee IT, two bristles each side; the vulva large, much narrowed behind; anus small,
fully its length before end of ventral plate; peritreme long, angulate near coxe III.
Length, .65 mm.

162 Psyche [October

From Abuna, Rio Madeira, Brazil (Mann coll.), on Scarabzeidee.
Celznopsis nitida sp. nov.

Red brown. Body plainly a little longer than broad, almost truncate behind;
dorsum smooth, but each side near tip is a large curved spine, and the posterior
margin bears a series of moderately long hairs. Venter with very small hairs on
sternum; vulva between coxe II and III, not very large; a large long spine each side
on the beak. Leg I very long and slender, with few fine hairs; others legs short and
stout, not as long as the width of body, fourth pair of legs stoutest, all with few
hairs; peritreme long, close to the outer margin of coxze; palpi long, first joint with
several very long hairs on inner side. Length, 1.7 mm.

From Abunda, Rio Madeira, Brazil (Mann and Baker).

Uropoda frontalis sp. nov.

Red brown. Body nearly one and a half times as long as broad, in front produced
in a slight median process, with a little hair at each side; the oral plate shows a
median and slight lateral projection in front. Above and below without distinct
hairs; legs very short, with few fine hairs, except at tip; the male genital aperture
is small, and situate between the hind coxe, a little nearer to the posterior than the .
anterior end of the body. Length, .6 mm.

From Natal, Brazil, on Diploderus (Mann coll.).
Discopoma ? modesta Berl. One from Independencia, Brazil, on
large Scarabeeidze, probably this species (Mann).
Trachyuropoda tricuspis sp. nov.

Body about once and a fourth longer than broad, broadest rather in front of the
middle. Dorsum rough, behind near tip with three ridges which project slightly
as three blunt cusps. AI! around the body is a thin membrane which is supported
by many bristles, the outer third of each bristle is jointed and much finer than the
basal part. The rostrum is bilobed at base, and with a curved spine each side,
palpi short, with many hairs at tip. Legs short and stout, with few hairs, femora
I and II with a plate-like process behind. Sternal shield with three hairs each side;
male aperture twice as broad as long, situate between cox III; vulva large, sides
straight, narrowed behind, in front with a U mark, and three hairs each side. Ven-
ter shows a few short hairs, and is crossed by a curved furrow beyond middle, anus
has a hair each side. Length, .9 mm.

From Itacoatiara, Amazon, Brazil (Mann), on large Passalus.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8.

Fig. 1. Celenopsis brevis.
2. Trachyuropoda tricuspis; vulva, and tip of body from above.
8. Celenopsis nitida.
4. Trachyuropoda tricuspis.
5. Uropoda frontalis.
6. Hypoaspis invertus.
7. Hypoaspis scutalis.

1914] Van Duzee—Mr. Crawford's Recent Work on the Delphacine 163

MR. CRAWFORD’S RECENT WORK ON THE
DELPHACIN4:!

By E. P. Van Dvuzez,
University of California, Berkeley, Cala.

Mr. Crawford has given us a considerable contribution to our
knowledge of the Delphacinee of America north of Mexico in which
he has described one genus and twenty species as new to our fauna
and in addition has given us a fair insight into the Delphacid-
fauna of Central and South America. There is a carefully pre-
pared key to the genera, in part founded on characters not before
used for this purpose. Chief among these is the use of the post-
tibial spur. The author has disregarded the pronotal carine in
his classification of the genera, as a character difficult to appreciate,
but uses those of the vertex and frons which are often still more
obscure. In spite of all the objections that have been raised
against the use of these pronotal carine in the classification
of this group it still seems to me that they form a character of
prime importance in discriminating the genera. There certainly
are very few species in which their form cannot readily be made
out, much more easily in fact than the form of the tibial spurs,
and it seems hardly likely that they would ever separate otherwise
closely related species. His discarding of this and other equally
useful characters has led to his lumping several readily separable
genera: three under Dicranotropis and six under Megamelus.
These will be referred to later. A hasty glance over the paper
shows that three genera and over forty described species were
unknown to him in nature out of a total of fifteen genera and
about one hundred species recorded from north of Mexico, a
relatively large number which leads one to fear there may be some
duplication among his twenty new species.

For one I cannot follow Kirkaldy, as Crawford has done, in
giving the Delphacine family rank. It seems much better to
continue the divisions of the old family Fulgoride as subfamilies,
at least until some competent student has worked out the classi-

1A contribution toward a monograph of the Homopterous insects of the family Delpha-
cide of North and South America. From Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 46, pp. 557-640, 1914.

164 Psyche [October

fication of the Homoptera in the same masterly way in which the
later Dr. Reuter has the Heteroptera. I add the following notes:

Genus Stobaera Stal.

Crawford unites concinna, minuta and affinis with tricarinata
but I am by no means convinced. While closely related I still
believe them distinct as pointed out by me in my report on the
Florida Hemiptera.

Genus Cochise Kirk.

In a letter from Mr. Muir he has suggested to me that Cochise
apacheanus Wirk. is a synonym of Bostera nasuta of Ball and I
am inclined to think him right in this. Kirkaldy writes his descrip-
tions in such a vague way it is impossible to form any mental
picture of the object he is describing. For instance what does he
mean when he says “lateral keels (of the pronotum) distant apically
and basally, arising anteriorly at the inner margin of the eye,
curving at an acute angle near the hind margin to meet the eye
again’’? If one tries to draw such a carina on a Delphacid prono-
tum he finds himself wandering aimlessly about, with two entirely
different sets of carine as the final result. Probably the genus
can only be located by a restudy of the type.

Genus Achorotile Dahlb.

It is likely that this genus does not occur in America. The
specimens I formerly located as albosignata Dahlb., I now find
to be the young of Megamelus notatus Germ. Achorotile foveata
Spooner is a redescription of my Stobera 4-pustulata from Florida.

Genus Jassideus Fieber.

In Macrotomella the lateral pronotal keels are distinct and run
to the hind margin and the form of the head is entirely different.
Stiroma I also believe to be sufficiently distinct. Both of these
genera have the keels of the head continued over the apex while
in Jassideus they are obsolete there, a character Crawford accepts
in Kormus. ;

Genus Phyllodinus Van Duzee.

Mr. Crawford names Jamaica as the locality for my nitens. It
was from Florida and was described in my paper of 1909, not
1907.

1914] Van Duzee—Mr. Crawford's Recent Work on the De!lphacine 165

Genus Liburniella Crawford.

This is a good genus sufficiently distinct from Liburnia Stal.
L. ornata Stal. is the only species known to me.

Genus Stenocranus Fieber.

S. saccharivorus Westw. is a light green insect, not “yellowish-
orange” as described by Crawford. His specimens may have
been in spirits. It was common about sugar cane in Jamaica and
I took it at Tampa, Florida.

Stenocranus croceus Van Duzee. This species is here wrongly
credited to Osborn and Ball, who merely listed the species but did
not describe it. Their paper was published in 1897, not 1896.
This is a true Kelisia as described by me, and has the front dis-
tinctly wider than in Stenocranus with the sides arcuated.

Stenocranus vittatus Stal is undoubtedly the same as my lautus
and both are probably mere color varieties of dorsalis Fitch.

Genus Dicranotropis Fieber.

The genera Peregrinus and Pissonotus are entirely distinct from
Dicranotropis and may at once be distinguished by the characters
of the pronotal carine: In Perigrinus they run straight to the
hind margin, while in Pissonotus they are more divergent and
rarely attain the hind margin. In Dicranotropis these carinz
follow the contour of the eye. The general aspect of Pissonotus
is very distinct, approaching only Megamelus. Mr. Crawford
sinks my basalis as a synonym of delicatus but it is absolutely dis-
tinct. The Columbus, Texas, specimen which he examined was
not typical of the species as I stated in my description. I do not
think I labeled that specimen as a “‘type.”” If I did it was done
inadvertently.

Genus Megamelus Crawford

This genus as outlined in the work before us contains at least
six undoubtedly valid genera: Megamelus, Kelisia and Prokelisia
with the lateral pronotal keels running straight to the hind margin,
and Euidella, Chloriona and Liburnia in which they curve outward
behind the eyes. In his key the author divides his unwieldy genus
into these two sections and under each uses color characters first
and ultimately structural features for locating the species. I have
not tried to run down any of the species by his key but it would,

166 Psyche [October

I believe, have been just as simple and useful had it been divided
into the six genera formerly recognized. The preparation of a
key for the large genus Liburnia was no small task and if Mr.
Crawford has done this successfully it is something for which we
will all feel grateful.

I must call attention to a statement made by Kirkaldy some
years ago and now repeated by Crawford: that Stal used Embolo-
phora monoceros as the type of his new genus Liburnia. There
is absolutely not one iota of foundation for this statement except
the fact that Stal placed it as the first species of his new genus.
As a matter of fact monoceros is the type of the entirely distinct
genus, Embolophora, and can never be used as the type of Liburnia
Stal. I have already shown (Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat Sci. X, p. 504,
1912) that Liburnia Stal was simply a new name for Delphax Auct.
(not of Fabr.) of which pellucida Fabr. should be the type. Del-
phax striata Fabr. is the type of Delphax Latr. but Stal does not
quote Delphax Latr. but Delphax Auct. and as striata seems to be
an unrecognized species it is probably better to use pellucida, which
is a well known form.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF PLATYPEZA FOUND AT STAN-—
FORD UNIVERSITY.

By FRANKIE WILLARD,
Stanford University.

While making a study of the insect larvee living in mushrooms,
I found an old cluster of Agaricus californicus which was infested
with hundreds of small oblong larvee that were feeding on the soft
fleshy portions of the plant at the base of the gills. Many other
specimens were taken during the months of April and May, the
dark gills of the mushrooms showing that the material was rather
old. When these were placed in jars containing damp soil the
larvee fed for several days in the mushrooms. Some then bored
into the soil to pupate, others pupated on the surface under the
fungus or in exposed places. The length of the larval period was
not determined. Most of the insects remained in the pupal stage
from seven to nine days, but some did not issue until the following

1914] Willard—S pecies of Platypeza 167

September, or about the time of the early rains. These larve,
which proved to be the immature stages of an undescribed species
of Platypezide, are cylindrical, soft, and cream colored. The
body tapers anteriorly and the first segment is rounded. The
surface of the body is rough, covered with many small spines.
Each segment, except the first, second and last, is provided with
two large, lateral, and two smaller, dorsal, segmented, spiniferous
appendages. The second segment has only dorsal sete; the last
segment has two pairs of lateral setze and one posterior pair. The
anterior margins of the first, third and twelve segments are each
provided with a pair of short tube-like processes. The ventral
side of segments five to eleven have a pair of papilla near each
lateral margin. The slit-like anal opening is on the ventral side
of the twelfth segment.

The pupa is dark brown in color; oval, flat, hard and wrinkled.
The appendages are the same as in the larva.

Some of the adult flies were sent to Professor J. M. Aldrich,
who kindly examined them and said they belonged to an unde-
scribed species. He sent several specimens of still another
undescribed Platypeza, which he reared from the shelf-fungus,
Polyporus, while at Stanford in 1906. The descriptions of the
two species follow.

Platypeza agarici sp. nov.

Male: Velvety-black. Head black; antenne black; face grayish in middle;
cheeks black, with black hairs. Eyes contiguous, divided, upper half reddish-
brown, with large ommatidia, lower half black, with small ommatidia. Thorax
black with black hairs. Abdomen velvety black; last segment and a narrow mar-
gin on the incisures, grayish. Sides and back with black hair. Legs black; tarsus
brown with fuscous pile; hind tarsal joints flattened; the third joint is the longest
and broadest; halteres black. Wings hyaline; subcostal cell of a yellowish tinge;
veins brown; anterior branch of 4th vein well arcuated; the posterior branch
reaches to the border of the wing; 2nd posterior cell short; posterior cross vein
removed from border of wing on 5th vein by twice its own length. An interest-
ing variation occurs in the cross vein between the first and second basal cell.
Always faint, it is entirely lacking in some specimens.

Female: Eyes separated and not divided. Abdomen velvety black. Length,
23-33 mm.

Platypeza polypori sp. nov.
Male: Velvety black. Head black; face black, grayish toward ventral margin;

cheeks black with black pile; antennz black; eyes contiguous, divided; the upper
half reddish with large ommatidia; the lower half dark brown with small ommatidia.

168 Psyche [October

Thorax black with black hairs. Abdomen velvety black; last segment and in-
cisures dark gray; sides and back covered with fine, soft, black hairs. Legs fuscous
or blackish; hind tarsal joints flattened, the basal segment broadest, the third seg-
ment longest; halteres fuscous; knobs black. Wings hyaline, subcostal cell with
a very faint yellowish tinge; veins brown; anterior branch of 4th vein rises at al-
most a right angle from the fourth vein; posterior branch does not reach the margin
of the wing; second posterior cell very short. The distance from the posterior
cross vein to the tip of the 5th vein is about one-third the length of the posterior
cross vein.

Female: Eyes not contiguous or divided. Face grayish. The first, third, fourth,
and fifth segments of abdomen grayish.

These studies were made in the Entomological Laboratories at
Stanford University where the types of the new species are de-
posited.

Fig. 1. Platypeza agarici sp. nov. 1, dorsal view of larva; 2, ventral view of
larva; 3, dorsal view of pupa; 4, ventral view of pupa; 5, one of the spines of larva;
6, wing; 7, hind leg, showing flattened tarsus.

1914] Exchange 169

EXCHANGE COLUMN

Will name and return species in certain families of Coleoptera. Buprestide
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VOL. XXI DECEMBER, 1914 NUMBER 6

Prodryas persephone Scudder.

CONTENTS.
Some Myrmecophilous Insects from Mexico. W.M. Mann... .. 171
The Bacterial Diseases of Caterpillars. R.W.Glaser........ 184

Prothetely or Semi-pupal State in Lopheros fraternus Rand. H. S.
Barber Es Dee Nn eae seioy Pps RES :

mailidsvand their Prey. Si Wsebromley. . 2 5%. |. . os . . . « 192

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Boston, ‘Mass. Cornell University.

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Harvard University.

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rast bla le

VOL. XXI. DECEMBER, 1914. s No. 6

SOME MYRMECOPHILOUS INSECTS FROM MEXICO.!
By W. M. Mann.

The following notes are based on a small collection made during
the months of May, June and July, 1913, in the State of Hildalgo,
Mexico. Most of this time was spent at the Guerrero Mill,
located below Real del Monte, and at the Hacienda de Velasco,
where I was the guest of Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Van Law. They,
together with the other Americans and English in charge of the
mines and mills, showed me every hospitality and it is largely due
to them that I was able to reside and collect in this interesting
locality. I am much indebted to Miss Helen L. Locke, Mr. and
Mrs. J. H. Skews and Messrs. Broiderick, Benton, Funston and
Calland, not only for assistance of various kinds, but for many
desirable specimens which they collected. The material collected
has been placed in the collections of the Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy at Cambridge and of Mr. B. Preston Clark of Boston,
through the kindness of whom the excursion was possible.

Although this region is easily accessible, and unusually interest-
ing and rich in insect life because of its ecologically varied nature,
it has been largely neglected by collectors. Only a few things have
been collected at Pachuca and at Guerrero Mill. Prof. W. M.
Wheeler, in looking over the literature on Mexican ants, failed to
find Hidalgo cited as the locality for a single species, and I have
found no records of other insects from that state.

Among the thirty-nine species and varieties of ants collected
(an account of these has been published by Wheeler in the Journal
of the New York Entomological Society, Vol. XXII, 1914, pp. 37-61)
nine were found to harbor guests or parasites. Three of these
belong to the genus Formica, one each to Camponotus, Prenolepis,

1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution of Harvard
University, No. 84.

172 Psyche [December

Liometopum and Tapinoma, and two to Pheidole, all of which
genera are commonly the hosts of inquilines, Prenolepis less
frequently than the others. The inquilines found are mostly
undescribed species of genera known to be of myrmecophilous
habits, but a new Diaprid, Hemilexis jessei, and a new genus of
Bethylidee, Bruesiella formicaria, both of which are probably
parasitic on the host ant, are described. There is also an in-
teresting new genus of cockroach, Myrmecoblatta rehni, which
inhabits nests of various species of ants, where it no doubt officiates
as scavenger. The occurrence of the weevil Liometophilus manni
Fall at Pachuca, with the same species of host with which it has
been found in Arizona shows that it is definitely associated with
this ant.

I have included in this paper a few remarks on the synonomy of
some species from north of the Mexican boundary, and erected a
new subgenus to contain certain of our species of Cremastocheilus.

ORTHOPTERA.

Family Buarrip».
Subfamily BLATTIN.
Myrmecoblatta gen. nov,

Female: Body elongate oval, not greatly flattened, the abdomen about as broad
as the thorax. Head almost concealed by the pronotum, only a narrow strip of
the vertex showing. Head small, triangular, the vertex somewhat swollen.
Eyes well developed, elongate, emarginate on inner border. Antenne long and
slender, the first joint thickened, the second small, the third longer than the second
and twice the length of the fourth. Thorax longer than broad, convex above,
tegmina and wings absent. Abdomen convex above, beneath gradually elevated
to the middle, which is therefore broadly carinate. Supra-anal plate semi-orbic-
ular, evenly rounded in outline. Cerci large, with eight distinct joints. Sub-
genital plate apparently provided with valves. Last ventral segment completely
divided by a V-shaped slit. Legs short and robust, with abundant fine, short
hairs. Femora weakly armed beneath, and with a strong spine at apex; tibie
spined at apex and on outer margin.

Male: Form broad. Pronotum entirely concealing the head. Tegmina more
than half as broad as long; short, not reaching apex of abdomen, with poorly
developed veins. Wings short and broad, less than half the length of tegmina,
with poorly developed veins. Supra-anal plate more than twice as long as broad,
the sides concave in outline, posterior border notched at middle, rounded on either
side. Sub-genital plate broader than long, straight at sides, rounded behind,
slightly concave at middle, bearing two equal stylets.

Type: Myrmecoblatta rehni sp. nov.

1914] Mann—Myrmecophilous Insects from Mexico 173s

Myrmecoblatta rehni sp. nov.

Female: (Fig. 1). Length 5 mm. Width 3 mm. Color reddish-brown, the
legs lighter, above regularly punctate and finely setose. Thorax longer than
broad. Pronotum broader than long, with concave posterior border and extended,
narrowly rounded angles.
Meso-and epinota subequal,
with nearly straight sides and
concave posterior border. Ab-
dominal segments 1—7 sub-
equal, with straight posterior
borders, the eighth con-
siderably narrower than the
seventh, rounded behind. Cerci
8-jointed, a third as broad as
long, acuminate for apical half
their length; nearly as long as
the sub-genital plate. Head
about as broad as long, the 4
front with an indistinct Y-
shaped suture. Labium ob-
tusely pointed, concealing the
mandibles. Eyes occupying
the sides of the head, faintly
emarginate on the inner bor-
der. Antenne slender, shorter
than the body, about 37-
jointed; the third joint twice
as long as the fourth, joints
4-13 transverse, the rest dist-
inctly longer than broad, and
sub equal; all the joints finely
setose. Legs short, rather flat,
the femora armed at apex with a slender curved spine; tibize bearing on the outer
border three slender subequal spines, at the apex two long and two shorter spines.

Male: (Fig. 2). Length 4.5 mm. Width 2mm. Color and setosity similar to
that of female. Pronotum
proportionally slightly broader
than in the female, the angles
broadly rounded, posterior
border concave. Tegmina ex-
tending a little more than
two-thirds the length of ab-
domen, broadly oval in out-
line, the apex narrowly
rounded; venation not very

Fig. 2. Myrmecoblatta rehni gen. & sp. nov. _ distinct. Wings less than half
Ventral surface of last gastric segments of male. the length of tegmina. Cerci

Fig. 1. Myrmecoblatta rehni gen. & sp. nov.
Ventral surface of female.

174 Psyche [December

more slender than in the female, longer than the supra-anal plate at middle. Legs
and antennz longer than in the female, the latter as long as the body.

Nymph: Similar to female, lighter in color. The suture on the front of head is
more distinct than in the adult.

Described from one male and numerous females and nymphs
taken at Guerrero Mill in nests of Formica subcyanea Wheeler,
F. rufibarbis Fab. var. gnava Buckley, and Camponotus maculatus
Fab. subsp. picipes Olivier. Some of the females had odthece
attached. They were abundant, several occurring in almost
every nest, where they are no doubt very efficient scavengers.
The genus has no systematic affinities with Attaphila, the only
other known Blattid of Myrmecophilous habits, but is more
closely related to Blatta, to which it runs in Caudell’s key to the
genera of this family (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 44, 1913,
p. 601-602).

COLEOPTERA.

Family STAPHYLINID®.
Pseudolomechusa subgen. nov.

Type: Xenodusa sharpt Wasmann.

This beetle was described by Wasmann from a series which
were taken at Cuernavaca, in company with Camponotus auricomus
Roger. In one canyon near the Guerrero Mill I found a number of
adults, some of them in copula, with colonies of Camponotus
maculatus var. picipes, Olivier which was here very abundant.
In the immediate vicinity were many nests of Formica microgyna
rasilis var. nahua Wheeler and several of T. rufibarbis var. gnava.
Buckley. With the former ant three adults of sharpi were taken and
with gnava several more, and three larvee, the latter close to the
ant brood. As most of the beetles were found with C. prcipes
(nineteen were taken from one nest) it appears that this is the
secondary or winter host and F. gnava the primary or definitive.
This heterocious habit is common to all of our species of Xenodusa
as faras known. The adult sharpi is very different from the other
American species on account of its greatly thickened pronotal_
margins and shorter antennal joints. Seen in profile the anterior
border is drawn out beneath into a distinct angle similar to the
structure in the species of the European genus Lomechusa.

1914] Mann—Myrmecophilous Insects from Mexico 175

The larva is very different from that of X. cava, the only one
known in that stage, which has been described and figured by
Wheeler (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XTX, 1911, p. 165-166) and
closely resembles that of Lomechusa. Those which I found are
5.5 mm. in length, yellowish-white in color, with short, feeble
legs, no eyes, papillose antenne and shallowly impressed vertex.
The body is slender and cylindrical, not at all depressed as it is in
cava, with an even covering of fine erect hairs.

The movements in life were very slow. Considering the pronotal
structure and the larval characters sharpi should not be included
in Xenodusa sens. strict., but more properly belongs to a distinct
subgenus for which I propose the name Pseudolomechusa.

Apteronina wasmanni sp. nov.

Length 3 mm. Head broader than long, rounded at sides, occipital margin
straight; clypeus projecting, the anterior border rounded; front broadly depressed,
the surface concave, with a longitudinal impression extending to occiput. Eyes
rather large, located at sides of the anterior third of head. Antenne long, the
first joint about twice the length of the second, which is two-thirds as long as the
third; the second joint is sharply constricted near base; fourth joint about half as
long as third; joints 4-10 subequal in length, becoming thicker anteriorly; apical
joint cylindrical, nearly twice the length of penultimate. Thorax not as broad as
head, very slightly longer than broad, rounded in front and at anterior third of
sides, posterior to which the sides are straight; posterior border straight; surface
slightly concave, with a narrow longitudinal impression at middle. Elytra trans-
verse, each as long as broad, together broader than thorax; sides nearly straight;
posterior border rounded. Abdomen at base as broad as elytra, broadest behind.
Legs long and slender.

Body and legs subopaque, finely punctate, the punctures coarser on the elytra
and abdomen; everywhere with fine, recumbant, silky hairs; thorax and sides of
abdomen with longer coarse hairs.

Color black, the antennz and legs brownish.

Described from several specimens taken with Liometopum
apiculatum Mayr ‘at Pachuca and Guerrero Mill.

A. schmitti Wasmann, which lives in company with the same
host ant from Colorado to Southern Arizona, has the head longer
than broad, the thorax is longer in proportion to the width, the
general form is more slender; the color is light ferruginous, except
the gaster, which is dark fuscous. The color of the Mexican form
of the host ant is considerably darker than that of the Arizona
variety with which I have taken schmitti, so the beetle in each

176 Psyche [December

case resembles the ant in that respect. Besides color the beetle
is similar to the host in pilosity and, superficially, in form, and in
life it carries its abdomen erect in a manner similar to the way in
which the ant holds its gaster. Nothing is known regarding the
biological relation of the beetle to the ant.

Dinardella mexicana sp. nov.

Length 2.75 mm. Head slightly broader than long, rounded at sides and in
front, posterior border straight; front with a flattened disc. Eyes medium in size,
flat. Antenne short, extending to apex of elytra; joints in front of the middle
thickest; first joint as long as the two succeeding together; joints 2-3 longer than
broad; joints 4-10 transverse; apical joint a little less than twice the length of
penultimate. Prothorax as long as broad, broadest at posterior fourth, posterior to
which the sides are straight; anterior and posterior borders straight; disc with a
faint longitudinal impression. Elytra transverse at base, together considerably
broader than thorax; sides slightly rounded; the posterior border of each straight.
Abdomen broad and flat; at base as broad as elytra, the greatest width at the third
and fourth segments. Legs short and slender.

Body subshining, finely punctate throughout and covered with a fine mat of
yellow pubescence; the thorax and elytra bear scattered, erect, black hairs.

Color dark fuscous to piceous, legs and antenne lighter.

Described from a small series taken at Pachuca and Guerrero
Mill with Liometopum apiculatum Mayr.

Besides being much darker in color D. mexicana differs from D.
liometopi Wasmann in the shape of the head, which in the latter
species is distinctly triangular and much broader than long; in
the thorax not being broader than long, and in having proportion-
ately longer elytra.

Zyras (Myrmecia) tapinomatis sp. nov.

Length 3 mm. Thorax broad; abdomen narrow. Color piceous, except the
antennz, mandibles, palpi and tarsi, which are fuscous; shining throughout; the
antenne less so than the body. Head not as wide as prothorax, about as long as
broad; finely but distinctly punctate. Antenne not extending to apex of elytra,
thick; first and third joints longer than broad, second joint small; joints 4-10 as
long as broad, each slightly longer than the preceding; apical joint a little shorter
than the next two together. Pronotum a little broader than long, with rounded
sides, the disc at middle very broadly and deeply impressed, the impression about
one and a half times as long as broad; finely punctate. Elytra together broader
than long, the sides straight and parallel, punctured similar to pronotum. Ab-
domen long and slender; about two-thirds as broad as elytra; very shining; the
third and fourth segments each having on the dorsum a prominent tubercle, the
anterior of which is the smallest, conical, and bears at the sides a fine mat of re-

ry

1914] Mann—Myrmecophilous Insects from Mexico Lie

cumbent yellow hairs; the posterior from above is round, with flat surface and with-
out hairs. The median portion of the abdominal dorsum is glabrous; the rest of
the body, legs and antenne are thickly though microscopically pilose, the antennz
more densely than the other parts.

Described from three specimens taken at San Miguel in nests of
Tapinoma sessile Say*

This species is very similar to M. lugubris Casey which I took
some years ago in Orcus Island (Puget Sound) with colonies of
the same host ant, but differs in the fine punctation of the head
and thorax, which in lugubris are reticulate. The thoracic de-
pression in tapinomatis is deeper and narrower than in lugubris
and the abdomen is proportionally much more slender.

Family PsELAPHID.
Pilopius major sp. nov.

Female: Length 3.25 mm. Color throughout brown. Head narrower than
thorax; from the front twice as long as broad, the sides in front of eyes sub-parallel;
vertex foveolately impressed at sides, a thin median carina extending to between
the antennal tubercles. Eyes large and convex, located at the posterior third of
head. Antenne thick, theefirst joint slightly bent at base, as long as the two
succeeding joints together; third joint smaller than the fourth, which is larger
than the fifth; joints 5-11 sub-globose, equal in size; apical joint one and three-
fourths times as long as penultimate, thickened. Prothorax a little longer than
broad, narrowed in front, with rounded sides; base compressed above, with median
and lateral foveze; the former is elongate, extending one-third the distance to apex.
Elytra together longer than broad, the sides rounded; humeri elevated into thick
ridges; discal strie broad, slightly arcuate, extending three-fourths the length of
elytra. Abdomen narrower than elytra and about the same length.

Body shining everywhere, finely punctate, with a thin covering of short, scale-
like hairs which are more dense in the pronatal foveze and on the occiput and
posterior elytral margins.

Described from specimens taken at San Miguel with Prenolepis
(Nylanderia) mexicana Forel., one from each of three colonies.
The maxillary palpi are short and proportionally smaller than in
the other species of the genus that I have seen. This species
belongs to the group which includes pulvereus Lec., ocularis Csy.
and abruptus Csy., in the latter two of which only the males have
been described, but is considerably larger than any of these. The
pubescence is much sparser than in pulverius. The other species
whose hosts are known are guests of different species of Aphzeno-

178 Psyche [December

gaster. Like most other Pselaphids of myrmecophilous habits,
few are found in a single ant colony, but they are generally common,
there being one or two in almost every nest of the host ant in the
localities where they occur.

Family HistEripm. ,
Hetzrius helene sp. nov.

Length 2mm. Color reddish-brown, in some specimens the side margins of the
head, the margin of mandible and apex of femur piceous; shining. Form robust,
about two-thirds as broad as long. Head above sparsely, coarsely punctate, less
so between the eyes and beneath; clypeus about twice as broad as long, finely
punctate; front with short yellow hairs. Thorax transverse, its breadth nearly
twice the length; broadest at base; front border concave, narrowly margined; sides
straight to the constriction, which is located about five-eighths the distance from the
anterior angle to base; median portion of disc finely, regularly punctate, with
sparse yellow hairs; marginal portion in front of constriction very finely rugose
longitudinally and less shining than the remainder of thorax; the anterior border
feebly rounded, posterior portion slightly elevated; margin of sides with a rather
dense brush of long stiff yellow hairs. Elytra at base distinctly broader than
thorax, the width of both together about equal to length; abundantly pilose; apical
margin punctate; marginal and humeral striz entire; third and fourth striz extend-
ing for five-sixths the length of elytra, carinated for entire length. Propygidium
and pygidium finely rugulose, the former with sparse long hairs. Posternum
narrowly margined for half its length; transversely impressed at half the distance
from end of margination to anterior border; distinctly excised at anterior border;
margined portion shining, smooth behind and finely punctate in front. Anterior
tibize nearly a third as broad as long, the front margin posterior to the angle straight,
with about eleven elongate denticles. Middle and posterior tibize one-third as
broad as long, the outer edge rounded.

There is considerable variation in the shade of color and a little in size. The
hairs are rather long, curved, and moderately abundant. In some specimens they
are almost entirely absent, probably having been scraped off by the ants.

Described from a number of specimens taken in nests of Formica
subcyanea Wheeler and F. microgyna subsp. rasilis var. nahua
Wheeler. The former ant is the favorite host, as nearly every
nest in some localities contained the beetles, while they were
found in only one nest of the latter species out of dozens examined.

This species, the first known from Mexico, is more closely re-
lated to some undescribed forms from our southwestern states
than to any of the described species. It is more pilose than any
of the species which I have seen, except californicus and an unde-
scribed species (hirsutus mss.) from Arizona.

1914] Mann—Myrmecophilous Insects from Mexico 179

Terapus mnizechi Mars.

Two specimens were taken at San Miguel in nests of Phezdole
vasleti var. acolhua Wheeler. In the place where these were found
was a stone fence extending for about a half mile, along which
were literally hundreds of nests of acolhua. Although I made
several visits here and searched many nests in other localities for
the beetles no more were found. It is evidently exceedingly rare
locally but has a wide distribution in Mexico.

Terapus infernalis Fall.

Melaneterius infernalis Fall.

An account of this species has been given by Wheeler (PsycuE
XVIII, 1911, p. 112-114) who found a number of specimens at
Pasadena in company with Pheidole hyatti Emery. One of these
was studied by Bickhardt (Psycur XIX, p. 97, 1912) who found
that the beetle and most of the details of Wheeler’s figure agreed
with Marseul’s description and figure of mnizechi, to which species
he referred it. Recently, through the kindness of Mr. J. H.
Arrow, I was able to examine in the British Museum a specimen
of mnizechi from the Federal District of Mexico. This was un-
doubtedly the same as the San Miguel specimens, and these are
specifically quite distinct from the Southern California form.
In infernalis the propygidium is feebly punctate above and more
coarsely beneath, with the upper, smoother portion much smaller
than the lower, and there is no sharp line between the two parts.
In mnizechi the upper portion is smooth and shining, the lower
punctured and opaque, and each part is in strong contrast to the

Correction: For Myrmecotonus read ‘“‘Myrmeceicon,’”’ page

179 and 180.

mentum angulate penind. Ais Clhlaracver IS CUOrrelavcu witli Lu
geographical distribution of the species, all of the species in this
group inhabiting the middle and far West. C. wheeleri Lec.

178 Psyche [December

gaster. Like most other Pselaphids of myrmecophilous habits,
few are found in a single ant colony, but they are generally common,
there being one or two in almost every nest of the host ant in the
localities where they occur.

Family HistErip®.
Heterius helene sp. nov.

Length 2mm. Color reddish-brown, in some specimens the side margins of the
head, the margin of mandible and apex of femur piceous; shining. Form robust,
about two-thirds as broad as long. Head above sparsely, coarsely punctate, less
so between the eyes and beneath; clypeus about twice as broad as long, finely
punctate; front with short yellow hairs. Thorax transverse, its breadth nearly
twice thé length; broadest at base; front border concave, narrowly margined; sides
straight to the constriction, which is located about five-eighths the distance from the
anterior angle to base; median portion of disc finely, regularly punctate, with
sparse yellow hairs; marginal portion in front of constriction very finely rugose
longitudinally and less shining than the remainder of thorax; the anterior border
feebly rounded, posterior portion slightly elevated; margin of sides with a rather
dense brush of long stiff yellow hairs. Elytra at base distinctly broader than
thorax, the width of both together about equal to length; abundantly pilose; apical
margin punctate; marginal and humeral striz entire; third and fourth striz extend-
ing for five-sixths the length of elytra, carinated for entire length. Propygidium
and pygidium finely rugulose, the former with sparse long hairs. Posternum
narrowly margined for half its length; transversely impressed at half the distance
from end of margination to anterior border; distinctly excised at anterior border;
margined portion shining, smooth behind and finely punctate in front. Anterior
tibiz nearly a third as broad as long, the front margin posterior to the angle straight,
with about eleven elongate denticles. Middle and posterior tibize one-third as
broad as long, the outer edge rounded.

There is considerable variation in the shade of color and a little in size. The
hairs are rather long, curved, and moderately abundant. In some specimens they
are almost entirely absent, probably having been scraned «#b— **

poy Ua auy
wu a nave seen, except californicus and an unde-
scribed species (hirsutus mss.) from Arizona.

1914] Mann—Myrmecophilous Insects from Mexico 179

Terapus mnizechi Mars.

Two specimens were taken at San Miguel in nests of Pheidole
vasleti var. acolhua Wheeler. In the place where these were found
was a stone fence extending for about a half mile, along which
were literally hundreds of nests of acolhua. Although I made
several visits here and searched many nests in other localities for
the beetles no more were found. It is evidently exceedingly rare
locally but has a wide distribution in Mexico. :

Terapus infernalis Fall.

Melaneterius infernalis Fall.

An account of this species has been given by Wheeler (PsycuE
XVIII, 1911, p. 112-114) who found a number of specimens at
Pasadena in company with Pheidole hyatti Emery. One of these
was studied by Bickhardt (Psycur XIX, p. 97, 1912) who found
that the beetle and most of the details of Wheeler’s figure agreed
with Marseul’s description and figure of mnizechi, to which species
he referred it. Recently, through the kindness of Mr. J. H.
Arrow, I was able to examine in the British Museum a specimen
of mnizechi from the Federal District of Mexico. This was un-
doubtedly the same as the San Miguel specimens, and these are
specifically quite distinct from the Southern California form.
In infernalis the propygidium is feebly punctate above and more
coarsely beneath, with the upper, smoother portion much smaller
than the lower, and there is no sharp line between the two parts.
In mnizechi the upper portion is smooth and shining, the lower
punctured and opaque, and each part is in strong contrast to the
other. The upper part is proportionally larger than it is in infer-
nalis. The latter species is smaller, measuring two millimeters
while mnizechi measures three.

Family ScaRABHID®.
Cremastocheilus, subgenus Myrmecotonus noy.
Type: Cremastocheilus knochii Lec.

I propose this subgenus to contain those species which have the
mentum angulate behind. This character is correlated with the
geographical distribution of the species, all of the species in this
group inhabiting the middle and far West. C. wheeleri Lec.

180 Psyche [December

should be included with these, though in some specimens the
mentum is very feebly notched.

The species which belong to Cremastocheilus subgenus Cre-
mastocheilus have the mentum distinctly incised behind and are
all native of the Atlantic states. The type of the genus Cre-
mastocheilus is C. castanee Knoch.

Cremastocheilus (Myrmecotonus) mexicanus West.

Several specimens, found with Formica subcyanea Wheeler at
Guerrero Mill agree closely with others identified as this species
from nests of Formica gnava Buckley in the Huachuca Mts.
(Schaeffer) and from the Santa Rita Mts., Arizona (Snow).
There is in this series, as in other species in the genus, considerable
variation in sculpture and pilosity as well as in size.

Cremastocheilus (Myrmecotonus) armatus Walker.
C. pilisicollis Horn.

Recently I examined the type and several paratypes of C.
armatus in the British Museum, and compared with specimens of
the form which is identified in collections as pilisicollis Horn.
The two are identical, so the latter name must fall into synonomy,
as was considered probable by Horn. (Monographic Revision of
the species of Cremastocheilus and Synopsis of the Euphoriz of
the United States. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. XVIII, 1879, p. 390).

Family CuRcULIONID.
Liometophilus manni Fall.

A single specimen of this curious weevil was taken at Pachuca
in the galleries of a colony of Liometopwm apiculatum Mayr.
The species was first found in Southern Arizona, where it lives
with a variety of the same ant. The oily-red color, so character-
istic of the chitin in many beetles of myrmecophilous habits, is
evident at the middle of the anterior elytral margin, where the
scales are absent, probably having been gnawed off by the ants.
This is, so far as is known, the only truly myrmecophilous weevil
found in North America.

The Mexican specimen (length 4 mm.) is considerably larger
than a paratype from Arizona in my collection, and the light-

1914] Mann—Myrmecophilous Insects from Mexico 181

colored transverse bands on the elytra are in stronger contrast to
the rest of the body, but otherwise the two agree closely.

HYMENOPTERA.
Family Draprip&.
Hemilexis jessei sp. nov.

Female: (Fig. 3). Length 3 mm. Color jet black, except ‘the mandibles,
front of the propleurz, petiole, antennz and legs, which are rufous. Head sub-
globose, as broad as long and about as thick as long, sparsely punctulate, with
scattered white pilosity; occipital border rounded, sides in front of eyes very
slightly concave. Mandibles thick and short; bifid at tip. Eyes large, orbicular,
little convex, black, located at sides of head posterior to middle. Ocelli small,
arranged in a triangle. Antenne inserted at bases of flattened tubercles; contigu-
ous at base; the scape clavate, about as long as head; apex of scape shortly excavated
beneath, unarmed. Pedicel thickened toward apex, as long as the first funicular
joint; first funicular joint a little longer than the second, joints 2-6 subequal; the
last four subequal, forming a club. Prothorax above very short; in profile tri-
angular; the pronotum thickly covered with white pubescence. Parapsidal furrows
shallow, but distinct, extending the length of mesonotum. Mesonotum feebly,
very sparsely punctate. Scutellum sparsely rugulose longitudinally, transversely

Fig. 3. Hemilewxis jessei sp. nov. Q

depressed posteriorly. Metanotum longitudinally carinate at middle, the surface
rugulose. Petiole cylindrical, twice as long as broad, smooth and shining. Ab-
domen smooth and very shining; somewhat depressed. Legs rather short, the
femora narrow basally, and clavate at apex. Wings extending past tip of abdomen,
the tips rounded; pilose; slightly infuscated; veins yellowish.

182 Psyche _ [December

Described from a series found in several colonies of Formica
subcyanea Wheeler about Velasco and near Guerrero Mill. This
is the second American species of Hemilexis as defined by Kieffer
(Gen. Ins. Fasc. 124, p. 20, 1911), and differs widely from the
other, H. californica Ashmead. Nothing is known regarding the
habits of the other species, but jessei and the following variety are
undoubtedly closely associated with the ants, probably as parasites
on the immature phases. Only one or two individuals were
found in each nest. They moved about rather slowly among the
ants, which paid no attention to them.

This species is dedicated to my small collecting companion,
Master Jesse Van Law.

Hemilexis jessei var. minor var. nov.

Three females which were taken in the same locality and with
the same host ant as the preceding form seem to belong to a distinct
variety. The size is much smaller (length 1.75 mm.) than in the
typical form, and the coloration is lighter. The prothoracic
pleurz, scutellum and petiole being light fuscus. Otherwise the
two forms are identical.

Family BerHyLip®.

Bruesiella gen. nov.

Female. Apterous. Head transverse, broader than thorax; face evenly rounded,
smooth except small foveze at apex. Antenne 12-jointed, the basal joint much
enlarged; inserted at base of clypeus; narrowly separated at base. Mandibles
stout, thickened at tips. Eyes well developed, oval, flat. Ocelli absent. Pro-
thorax transverse, smooth, with a single large puncture near a feeble longitudinal
impression at margin. Mesothorax transverse, the pleurz extended into a thick,
nearly perpendicular lamina. _Metanotum from above subquadrate, broadest
behind, sides feebly, irregularly margined; the posterior border with an acute,
interrupted carina. Scutellum absent. Abdomen slender, somewhat depressed.
Legs short, stout, the middle and posterior femora swollen, flattened; tibize spinose,
the middle more strongly than the others.

This genus runs out at Sclerochroa in Kieffer’s table in the Genera Insectorum.
(Fascicle 76, p. 10, 1908). The peculiar structure of the mesothorax is quite
different from that in any other of the described allied genera. In general appear-
ance it bears considerable resemblance to some of the Thynnide.

Type: Bruesiella formicaria sp. nov.

Bruesiella formicaria sp. nov.

Female: (Fig. 4). Length 3.5 mm. Body shining. Head, thorax, anterior
portion of first abdominal segment and legs brown, remainder of abdomen black.

1914] ’ Mann—Myrmecophilous Insects from Mexico 183

Head much broader than long, with straight sides, rounded
posterior corners and straight posterior border. Clypeus
broadly rounded in front. Mandibles slender, curved; the
tip thick. Eyes large and flat, located in front near sides
at about half their length from base of clypeus. Ocelli ab-
sent. Antenne 12-jointed, short and thick, the first joint
swollen, as long as the second and third together; second
joint shorter than third, joints 3-11 subequal, eylindrical,
longer than broad; apical joint about twice as long as
penultinate. Head and antenne shining, minutely
punctate, the vertex with four distinct fovez arranged
trapezoidally. Prothorax transverse, narrowed in front
to form a short, thick neck, sides slightlyrounded; post-
erior border concave. Mesothorax transverse, flat above;
the pleurz extended into broad, vertical lamelle, which
incline slightly backward toward the base. Metanotum
narrower than mesonotum, longer than broad, widest be-
hind; depressed at middle, the posterior border acutely
carinate; posterior surface flat. Abdomen with a short
thick petiole; a little longer than head and thorax, sub-
cylindrical. Legs stout, the femora enlarged, flattened,
middle tibize with five strong spines on outer edge. The
entire body with very sparse scattered erect, black hairs,
tarsal joints spinose at apex.

; : : j Fig. 4.
Described from a single specimen taken with Bryesiella formicaria

Formica microgyna rasilis var. nahua Wheeler — gen. & sp. nov. 9
at Guerrero Mill.

Family PreRoMALIp«®.

Pheidoloxenus wheeleri Ashmead.

A single specimen of this wingless parasite was found with
Pheidole ceres Wheeler var. tepaneca Wheeler at Guerrero Mill.
Wheeler, who discovered the species in nests of Pheidole instabilis
in Texas, considered that it is entoparasitic, either on the ants or
their brood.

Family Eucuarip2.

Orasema tolteca sp. nov.

Female: Length4mm. Head triangular, slightly longer than broad, with convex
occipital border and nearly straight sides. Mandibles bidentate, the teeth long
and acuminate; front flat; clypeus and frontal area separated from the remainder
of front by a deep impression. Eyes oval, large, very convex; ocelli large and

184 Psyche ’ [December

convex, arranged in a broad triangle. Antenne short and stout, the funiculus
extending barely to occipital border; pedicel slightly longer than thick; funicular
joints subequal, cylindrical, one and one-third times as long as broad; apical joint
conical, one and one-half times the length of penultimate. Thorax trilobed, lobes
convex. Scutellum rounded behind, with a strong transverse impression before
the posterior border. Metanotum abruptly sloping, with strong lateral sulci.
Petiole from side more than twice as long as thick.

Head shining, finely densely punctuate, the temples finely shagreened;
flagellum coarsely punctate and opaque. Thorax and petiole coarsely, densely,
rugosely punctate; parapsides finely, transversely aciculate; gaster smooth and
shining. Scape brown at base, flagellum black, tips of femora, the tibize and tarsi
ferruginous; rest of body metallic green. Wings slightly infuscated, veins and
the distinct stigma brown.

Male: Similar to the female. The thorax is bronze in color, and the petiole
proportionally thicker.

One male and two females, together with numerous pupze were
found at San Miguel in nests of Pheidole vasleti var. acohlma.
The pup were lying among the brood of the ants, and were
always quickly removed by the worker ants when the nest was
uncovered.

This species is much larger than O. occidentalis Ashmead, from
Southern California, but is otherwise very similar. O. stramineipes
Cameron, from Panama differs in the form of the metanotum
which has: ‘‘a central area bordered by keels which sharply con-
verge at the top.” This is entirely different to the structure of
the metanotum in folteca.

THE BACTERIAL DISEASES OF CATERPILLARS!
By R. W. GuaseEr.

There seems to be a considerable amount of collateral evidence
that caterpillars are subject to bacterial diseases, but I am not
familiar with a single case where this has been conclusively proved.
Such a state of affairs can be explained in part by the fact that
much of the work on caterpillar diseases was done before the intro-
duction of Koch’s technical methods in 1880 or shortly after, be-
fore these methods had been fully perfected. Within compara-

1 Contribution from the Bureau of Entcmology in coéperation with the Bussey Institution
of Harvard University. (Bussey Institution, No. 83.)

1914] Glaser—Bacterial Diseases of Caterpillars 185

tively recent times diseases occurring in the same caterpillar, but
totally different etiologically were confused with one another. ‘The
same name was often given to two distinct diseases and vice versa,
the same disease was designated differently by different workers.
Furthermore, the cultural and biological characters of the bacteria
isolated were never thoroughly studied and hence no two investi-
gators knew whether they were dealing with the same or different
species. Many people untrained in bacteriology entered this field
and helped to swell the enormous literature already accumulated
with their inexact observations and careless experiments. Every-
one familiar with the subject knows how difficult it is, how careful
one has to be in drawing conclusions and how easily serious mis-
takes are made. From a consideration of some of the more im-
portant contributions to our knowledge of the bacterial diseases
of caterpillars, the present condition of the subject will become
apparent as well as the vast number of problems yet unsolved.

Flacherie and the Clinical Picture of an Infected Silkworm.

99 66

The diseases known as “‘flaccidezza,” “lethargia, negrons,”
‘mortipans,” “‘maladie de tripes,” “‘maladie de morts-blancs,”’
‘“maladie des morts-flats,”’ “‘schlaff-sucht,”’ “‘faulsucht,”’ “flaecid-
ity,” ‘““schizomycosis,’” and “caterpillar cholera’? are synony-
mous with the one known as flacherie.

Flacherie appeared in the silk industry as an epidemic at the
end of the sixteenth century. The larve usually contract the
disease, which is characterized by its acuteness, after the fourth
moult or at the time of spinning. Sick caterpillars show very few
outer symptoms except loss of appetite and sluggishness. Some-
times their skin becomes black but in other cases they retain a
healthy appearance till death. Soon after death the body becomes
soft, flabby and dark colored in twenty-four to forty-eight hours
and is filled with a brown-black liquid which is said to contain
many bacteria.

«

The Etiological Factor of Flacherie in Silkworms and Other
Caterpillars.

In 1870 Pasteur recognized flacherie in silkworms as a distinct
disease capable of transmission to healthy larvee by the infection
of their food, either with the excrement of sick individuals or with

186 Psyche [December
the dust of infected silkworm nurseries of the year before. Pas-
teur believed that a number of organisms, which multiplied in the
intestine, were responsible for the disease. In 1873 Bolle found
that bacteria were very plentiful in the bodies of silkworms affected
with flacherie. In 1886, S. A. Forbes found that the alimentary
canal of silkworms during the first stages of the disease was full
of micrococci. He also obtained these micrococci from the blood
_in pure culture and believed them to be identical with Steptococcus
bombycis described by Cohn. Forbes says that the disease can
be transmitted by means of this bacterium and larve so infected
die after twenty-four to forty-eight hours. He further states that
the disease is not transmitted through the egg and that the bac-
teria retain their vitality for years.

In 1891 Macchiali found two organisms responsible for flacherie,
namely, Streptococcus bombycis and a Bacillus bombycis.

In 1893 Wachtl and Kornauth expressed the belief that the
bacteria found by Pasteur in 1870 are identical with Microzyma
bombycis described by Béchamp in 1867 and identical with Strep-
tococcus bombycis Cohn. At about the same time Cramer, Cuboni
and Garbarini considered Streptococcus bombycis to be the causative
agent of flacherie.

In general, Streptococcus bombycis seemed to be the form most
frequently encountered and the controversy practically subsided
with the acceptance of this bacterium as the etiological factor of
flacherie in silkworms.

In 1903 Kelly made the remarkable statement that “flacherie
is but another name for indigestion.”’ Other theories as far-fetched
as the above followed in rapid succession, the most extreme, per-
haps, being the one advanced by Sawamura in 1906. He says:
“The writer has inferred from his experiments that the flacherie
of silkworms can be caused by various bacteria of general occur-
rence. During that disease no specific bacteria can be found which
would be restricted to the occurrence in that epidemic. The fol-
lowing bacteria were found by the writer to produce flacherie by
multiplying in the body of the silkworm:

1. Bacillus coli.

2. Bacillus Ellenbachi.
3. Bacillus ferrugenus.
4. Bacillus fuchsinus.

1914] Glaser—Bacterial Diseases of Cater pillars 187

5. Bacillus megaterium.

6. Bacillus megaterium bombycis.

7. Bacillus mycoides.

8. Bacillus pyocyaneus.

9. Bacillus rubefaciens.

10. Bacillus viridans.
11. Various species of Proteus.
12. Micrococcus (Staphylococcus) pyoyenes aureus.

Our knowledge of the etiology of flacherie in silkworms has not
advanced in the least since Pasteur’s time and the same thing
can be said of other caterpillar diseases of a supposedly bacterial
nature.

Forbes in 1886 and 1888 described flacherie-like diseases in the
caterpillars of Pieris (Pontia) rape, Datana ministra, Datana au-
gusi, Mamestra picta, Pyrameis cardui, and Nephelodes violans.
In 1888 he said that “all the bacterial diseases of insects thus far
carefully studied, take first and principal effect on the epithelial
layer of the alimentary canal, no distinctively blood disease having
yet been distinguished if we except a supposed flacherie of Cleonus
larvee reported by Metschnikoff in Russia, but not critically
investigated.”

The flacherie-ltke disease in caterpillars of the meal moth, de-
scribed by Berliner in 1911, seems to begin with an acute intestinal
disturbance which later affects the entire body, converting the
interior into a brown liquid. In April, 1913, an article on Septi-
cemia-like disease of caterpillars of Arctia caja L. appeared in the
“Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences.”

According to the authors Picard and Blanc, caterpillars dead
from this disease become flaccid and give off a putrid odor. Their
digestive tube is empty and contains a clear liquid often exempt
from micro-organisms. ‘The blood, however, contains a pure cul-
ture of what Picard and Blane call a coccobacillus and with which
they have artificially reproduced the disease. This coccobacillus
for which they propose the name Coccobacillus caje measures about
1.5u and is slightly oval. It is motile, and Gram negative but
takes the anilin dyes readily. Cultures in bouillon grow in twelve
hours at temperatures ranging from 15 degrees to 35 degrees, with
an optimum growth at 25 degrees. The cultures have an odor
resembling putrid eggs and in 24 hours assume a greenish fluores-
cent tint best obtained at the optimum growth temperature. The

188 Psyche [December

cultures do not contain pyocyanin, however, as can be shown by
extracting with chloroform. The coccobacillus grows rapidly on
gelatine which it liquifies and on gélose (agar) the growth in two
cases was slightly fluorescent. Streak cultures on gélose (agar)
spread in a short time all over the surface. On potato the growth
is feeble and begins to develop only after 48 hours without pro-
ducing the greenish fluorescent pigment. Caterpillars of Arctia
caja inoculated in the prolegs with a fine needle dipped in virulent
blood or in a culture of bouillon die regularly in three days when
kept at 15 degrees and present an intense multiplication of the
bacillus in their blood. Inoculated caterpillars die in 12-24 hours
when they are kept at a temperature of 25 degrees and the blood of
such individuals appears more virulent than the blood of those
which die at 15 degrees. If several drops of the culture are intro-
duced into the pharynx by means of a pipette caterpillars die in
24 hours at 25 degrees and the coccobacilli invade the blood.
This fact, that caterpillars can be infected by ingesting the etiologi-
cal factor, leads the authors to hope for the employment of the
disease practically.

Picard and Blane found that brown-tail caterpillars are very
susceptible to the coccobacillus. The authors inoculated several
Coleoptera and Hemiptera, but found that the bacterium was
non-pathogenic to these forms. White rats are also nonsuscepti-
ble to the intraperitoneal injection of a cubic centimeter of a viru-
lent culture in bouillon, but the green frog (Hyla arborea) is sus-
ceptible and dies in 24-48 hours when inoculated in the lymphatic
spaces. The blood from such a frog is again virulent for cater-
pillars.

The above results obtained by Picard and Blane may have been
correctly interpreted, but they can hardly expect bacteriologists
to accept them for the following reasons: No account of their
actual experiments is given; we know nothing about the number
of caterpillars which were used, and no mention was made of con-
trols. The absence of accurate controls alone places the article
among worthless publications. Furthermore, the morphological
description of their coccobacillus is very superficial and cultural
features are almost entirely disregarded. They say nothing about
colonies on nutrient gelatine or agar other than a growth was ob-
tained on these media. Many other media absolutely essential

1914] Glaser—Bacterial Diseases of Caterpillars 189

for a scientific treatment of the subject have been omitted. Apart
from the pyocyanin test and the mention of temperatures all phy-
sical and biochemical characters have been ignored and the ques-
tion which I would like to ask is: How do Picard and Blanc know
that they were dealing with the same organism at all times?

Many of the authors reviewed seem to agree in one point,
namely, that the flacherie-like diseases are primarily intestinal
affections and that the bacteria concerned are found outside of
the intestine, in the body cavity, only during the later stages when
the alimentary canal ruptures.

Among certain human diseases somewhat analogous cases can
be found. In typhoid fever, for instance, the main lesions of the
disease occur in the intestine. Cholera is purely an intestinal
affection characterized by diarrhcea in the form of the so-called
rice water discharges. Among insects, European foul brood, a
disease in bees caused by Bacillus pluton, is another example of
such an intestinal malady.

While it therefore seems possible that some of the caterpillar
diseases now grouped under the name of flacherie are intestinal
disturbances caused by toxic products liberated within the ali-
mentary tract by specific bacteria, it is not at all unlikely that
other diseases affect other parts of the body such as the disease
described by Picard and Blane. The entire subject, however, is
still one for controversy.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1870. Pasteur, L.M. Etudes sur la maladie des versa soie. La Flacherie. Tome
ler., pp. 207-317; planches 10.

1886. Forbes, S. A. Studies on the contagious diseases of insects. Bull. of the
Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I], pp. 257-321; figs. 2.

1893. Tangl, F. Bakteriologischer Beitrag zur Nonnenraupen Frage. Forst-
wissens. Centralblatt; Bd. XV, S. 209-230.

1893. Tubeuf, C. von. Ueber die Erfolglosigkeit der Nonnenvernichtung durch
kiinstliche Bakterien Infektionen. Forstlich. Naturwiss. Zeitschr.,
Heft 3, S. 113-126.

1893. Wachtl und Kornauth. Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Morphologie, Bi-
ologie und Pathologie der Nonne. Mittheilungen aus dem Forstlichen
Versuchswesen Osterreichs. Heft XVI, S. 1-38. Taf. 1-111.

1894. Eckstein, K. Untersuchungen iiber die in Raupen vorkommenden Bakte-
rien. Zeitschr. f. Forst- und Jagdwesen; Bd. X XVI, S. 3, 228, 285, 413.

190 Psyche [December

1896. Duggar, B. N. Ona bacterial disease of the squash-bug. Bull. Ill. State
Lab. Nat. Hist. No. IV, pp. 340-379; plates 26-28.

1905. Sawamura, 8. On the large bacillus observed in flacherie. Bull. of the
Coll. of Agri., Tokyo Imperial Univ., Vol. VI, No. 4; pp. 375-386.

1906. Sawamura, 8. Note on the bacteria pathogenic to silkworms. Bull. of
the Coll. of Agri., Tokyo Imperial Univ., Vol. VII; No. 1, p. 1.

1907. Mercier, L. Recherches sur les bactéroides des Blattides. Archiv. f. Pro-
tistenkunde, Bd. IX, S. 346-356; plates 12 and 13.

1911. Berliner, E. The ‘‘Schlaffsucht” of the meal moth caterpillar. Zeitschr.
gesammte Getreidw., Bd. III, No. 3, S. 63-70. ;

1911. Metalnikov, S. Concerning bacterial diseases of the bee-moth. Zeitschr.
Wiss. Insektenbiol., Bd. VII, N. 5-6, S. 178-181. Reference in the Expe-
riment Sta. Record Vol. XX VI, No. 3.

1912. Berliner, E. Die “Schlaffsucht’? der Mehlwurmmotte. Zeitschr. f. das.
gesammte Getreidew. (Referate aus Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Insektenbiol., Bd.
VIII, Heft 5, S. 191-192.)

1913. Picard and Blanc. Sur une Septicémie des chenilles d’Arctia caja L.
Comptes Rendus des Séances de |’ Académie des Sciences.

PROTHETELY OR SEMI-PUPAL STAGE IN LOPHEROS
FRATERNUS RAND.

By H. 8S. Barper,
Bureau of Entomology, Washington.

In the August number of Psycur (Vol. XXI, pp. 126-129)
Williams mentions and illustrates an abnormal larva of Photuris
pennsylvanicus that had developed the pupal wing pads, assigning
Kolbe’s term prothetely to the phenomenon, and citing the five
previous records of this precocious development. Since photo-
graphic records of a parallel case in another genus of Malacoderm
beetles are at hand they may be useful in close proximity to the
above note to which an omitted case of similar nature may be
added. Béving! 1906 speaks of an abnormal Donaciid larva:

“Tn a cocoon a larva with two large pupa wings on one side of
the thorax, and a pupal abdomen was found. There was conse-
quently no appendage, but the head and limbs were that of a larva.
At the side of this monster, a cast off, entirely normal skin was
lying, with the coverings of both cranium and limbs.”

1Bidrag til kundskaben om Donaciin-larveneres naturhistorie, Copenhagen, p. 241.
Translated into English 1910, Sonderabd. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. Hydrograph. p. 101.

1914] Barber—Semipupal Stage in Lopheros 191

In September, 1908, Mr. Schwarz and the writer found several
scattered larvee of Lopheros fraternus Rand. under a log on the
Virginia shore of the Potomac River near Plummer’s Island, Md.
Some of these were left in place, the rest being taken to the office
for breeding where the abnormally warm condition upset their
transformation. Several of them developed wing-pads and all died
before spring. But an early spring visit to the log disclosed normal
pupe, with their larval skins, where the few larve had been left

Fig. 1. Lopherus fraternus Rand.
1, larvee x 5; 2, semipupa or prothetelic state x 4; 3, group of larve, natural size.

the previous fall and from these adults issued. It was thought at
the time that a long period of slow internal change at low tempera-
ture was required in preparation for pupation which would be
induced by the rise in temperature in the spring, but that the early
rise in temperature when the first lot of larvae were taken to the
warm office, had stimulated an attempt at the second operation
before the first was completed, causing the abnormal and fatal

192 | Psyche [December

development which was then termed a “‘semi-pupa.”’ It is doubt-
ful if larvee assuming this state ever successfully develop into
adults.

The accompanying illustration shows the dorsal view of the
glossy, brown larve (enlarged five diameters) a lateral view of the
semi-pupa or prothetelic state (four diameters), and a natural size
view of the first lot of larve.

ASILIDS AND THEIR PREY.

By Stantey W. BrRoMLey,
Southbridge, Mass.

While collecting insects during the summers of 1912-13 at
Southbridge, Mass., I was attracted by the predaceous habits of
certain Asilidee and the apparent partiality of some of the species
for Hymenoptera, while others, as for example, Asilus sericeus,
would almost invariably seize a Lepidopterous insect. ‘To ascer-
tain more fully the feeding habits of the species, I made a special
collection of Asilidze with their prey.

Asa Fitch in his Ninth Report, page 251, pl. 4, fig. 7, refers to
what is now called Promachus fitchii O. S., as the “Nebraska
Bee-killer”—Trupanea apivora, stating that he had received it
from Nebraska where it was destructive to the honey bee and also
to the rose bug. Astorobber-flies killing bees, I have not seen them
do much damage, but I have never observed them closely in the
vicinity of hives. Most of the bees taken were in the field, prob-
ably at quite a distance from any apiary. They might, however,
become injurious if abundant near a hive, for they always capture
their prey on the wing and would undoubtedly seize indiscrimin-
ately any bee that came within their range. As the various species
of Vespa and other Hymenoptera were more plentiful in the fields
than the honey bee, these fell victims to the ravenous appetites of
the Asilids which preyed also on members of their own family and,
indeed, even on those of the same species.

As far as my observations go, there are very few insects that
will attack robber-flies. I have seen a species of Crabro sting and

1914] Bromley—Asilids and their Prey 193

carry off a male Erax estuans, and have also seen hornets kill small
Asilids. Spiders are, however, formidable enemies of robber-flies
I have taken three Proctocanthus philadelphicus from webs of
spiders; one from an Epeirid web and two from a web of Agalena;
six Deromyia umbrina from Argiope riparia, Dasyllis thoracica from
Theridium tepidarorium, and many small Asilids and Erax estuans
from Theridium, Epiera and Linyphia.

I am greatly indebted to Mr. C. W. Johnson of the Boston
Society of Natural History for many suggestions and kind assist-
ance in naming the insects included in the following lists.

List or Insects aND NUMBER OF SPECIMENS TAKEN FROM ASILIDS.

Asilus sericeus Say.

(Lepidoptera)

1 Euvanessa antiopa 1 Archytas analis
1 Satyrus alope 1 Eudamus tityrus
2 Colias philodice 1 Noctua sp.
2 Chrysophanus hypophleus

(Diptera)

Asilus lecythus Walker.
(Odonata)

1 Enallagma sp?

Asilus orphne Walker.
(Hemiptera)
1 Typhlocyba sp?

Asilus notatus Wiedemann.
(Diptera)
2 Metopia leucocephala 2 Sarcophaga sp?

(Neuroptera)
1 Chrysopa sp?

Asilus erythrocnemius Hine.
(Hymenoptera)
1 Formica sp? 2

Asilus latipennis Hine<’.
(Diptera)
1 Asilus latipennis 3

194

Psyche [December

Proctacanthus philadelphicus Macquart.

10 Apis mellifica

7 Bombus vagans

5 B. impatiens

2 B. perplexus

1 B. affinis

1 B. bimaculatus

1 B. sp?

1 Melissodes dentiventris
1 Andrena nulicula

2 A. sp?

2 Halictus nymphacorum
2 H. lerouxit

2 H.sp?

1 Sphecodes sp?

1 Crabro sexmaculatus

1 Tachysphex sp?

1 Sceliphron cementaritum
6 Formica fusca and vars? 2
1 Lasius umbratus Q

2 Myrmica rubra Q

5 Pimpla pedalis

1 Anomalon sp?

1 Pamphilius sp?

2 Pachyrhina sp?

2 Tabanus microcephalus

4 Pangonia rasa

1 Chrysops univittatus

1 Psilocephala hemorroidalis

1 Asilus notatus

1 A. sadytes

1 Erax estuans

1 Proctacanthus philadelphicus #:
(this was killed by a largeo”)

4 Deromyia umbrinag’ 2

1 Chrysophanus hypophleus
1 Pamphila hianna

3 Cincindela punctulata
5 Aphodius fimetarius

(Hymenoptera)

3 Vespa maculata
5 V. arenaria
2V. vulgaris
25 V. diabolica
17 V. germanica
9 V.sp?
1. Ancistrocerus capra
1 Gorytes simillimus
4. Aphilanthops frigidus
1 Ceropales fraterna
I Psammochares biguttata
1 P. cylindrica
1 P. sp?
4 Tiphia inornata
3 T. transversa
3 LS spr
1 Camponotus pennsylvanicus 9
1 Ichneumon trizonatus
3 I. creperus
1 I. montanus
1 J. parvus
1 I. letus
2 I. Instabilis
9 I. sp?

(Diptera)

3 Deromyia winthemi
2 Kristalis tenax

1 Chrysotoxum derivatum
2 Tachina sp?

4 Ptilodexia tibialis

1 Othalia cornicina

2 Sarcophaga sp?

1 Phormia regina

1 Muscina stabulans
1 Pollenia rudis

1 Eurosta comma

(Lepidoptera)

1 Feltia herilis?
1 Crambus leachellus

(Coleoptera)

1 Onthophagus hecate
1 Balanius uniformis

1914] Bromley—Asilids and their Prey 195

1 Ceresa biceros

1 Jassus olitorius

1 Alydus eurinus

1 Campylenchnia curvata
1 Eurygaster alternata

1 Camnula pelucida
6 Orphulella speciosa

1 Enallagma sp?

1 Fomica fusca var?
1 Atomosia puella

1 Melanotus sp?
1 Pachybrachys atomarius

1 Carynota muskokensis

1 Halictus nympheorum
1 Ich neumon sp?

1 Eristalis tenax
1 Sarcophaga sp?
1 Muscina sp?

1 Crambus sp?

1 Tomaspis bicincta

(Hemiptera)
1 Banasa dimidiata
1 Euschistus fissilis
1 E. tristigmus
1 Stictocephala sp.?

(Orthoptera)
1 Nemotettix cristattus

(Odonata)
1 Sympetrum rubicundulum

Erax zstuans Linne.
(Hymenoptera)
1 Ichneumon sp?

(Diptera)

(Coleoptera)
1 Carpophilus hemipterus

(Hemiptera)

Erax rufibarbis Macquart.
(Hymenoptera)
1 Pimpla pedalis

(Diptera)
1 Stomoxys calcitrans
1 Peleteria robusta

(Lepidoptera)

(Hemiptera)

196

1 Halictus ligatus
2 H. nymphacorum
1 H. lerouxw

1 H. sp?

83 Vespa diabolica

1 Asilus orphne
1 A. nove-scotie

1 Hoplia equina

1 Lygus pratensis

2 Apis mellifica

1 Bombus vagans

2 Andrena nubicula
1 Megachile avara?
2 Halictus ligatus

9 H. nympheorum
2 H. provancheri

7 H.sp?

1 Vespa diabolica

2 Augochlora sp?

1 Ancistrocerus capra

1 Tabanus microcephalus
1 Asilus snowit

2 A. notatus

7 Erax estuans 9 o'

1 Promachus fitchit

1 Cicindela punctulata
1 Amara vida

1 Haplandrus femoratus
1 Elater sp?

2 Melanotus sp?

Psyche

Promachus bastardi Macquart.
(Hymenoptera)

1 Ambyteles rubivagus

1 Ichneumon flavizonatus
1 I. letus -

1 Fe sper

2 Pimpla pedalis

(Diptera)

1 Sarcophaga sp?

(Coleoptera)

1 Limonius sp?

(Hemiptera)

Promachus fitchii Osten Saken
(Hymenoptera)

1 Aphilanthops frigidus
2 Tiphia inornata

1 T. transversa

Sr spi

[December

8 Formica fusca and vars? 9

1 Ichneumon trizonatus
1 I. rubiwagus

1 I. comes

21I.sp?

2 Pimpla pedalis

(Diptera)

1 Promachus bastardi
2 Atomosia puella

1 Mesogramma marginatus

1 Syrphus sp?

(Coleoptera)

2 Hoplia equina

1 Macrodactylus subspinosus

1 Onthophagus hecate
7 Aphodius fimetarius

1914]

1 Chrysophanus hypophleus
1 Pamphila peckius

1 Corizus sp?
1 Lygus pratensis
1 Emblethis vicarius

Bromley—Asilids and their Prey

(Lepidoptera)
1 Pyrausta sp?

(Hemiptera)
1 Eurygaster alternatus
1 Chlorochroa persimillis
1 Euschistus fissilis

Dasyllis thoracica Fabricius.

1 Halictus lerouxii

1 Macrodactylus subspinosus

2 Aphodius fimetarius

(Hymenoptera)

(Coleoptera)
1 Glyptoscelis pubescens

Dasyllis posticata Say.
(Coleoptera)

Dasyllis flavicollis Say.

(Coleoptera)
1 Telephorus carolinensis
Cyrtopogon marginalis Loew
(Trichoptera)
1 Trichopterid
(Hemiptera)

1 Winged aphid

10 Apis mellifica
1 Bombus impatiens
2 B. fervidus
2 B. vagans
1 Andrena sp?
1 Halictus sp?
1 Colletes americana
11 Vespa diabolica
2 V. vulgaris
2 V. arenaria
1 Gorytes simillimus
1 Cerceris deserta

Deromyia umbrina Loew.
(Hymenoptera)
2 Crabro interuptus
1 Ammophila sp?
1 Sceliphron cementarium
1 Bembidula ventralis
1 Campoplex sp?
1 Anthophilus bilunatus
1 Taxonus nigrisoma
1 Exochilium nigrovarium
4 Ichneumon sp?
21. saucius
3 Pimpla pedalis
1 Thyreodon morio

197

198 Psyche [December

(Diptera)

3 Pangonia rasa 1 Erax estuans
1 Asilus sericeus 1 Leptogaster badius
1 A. nove-scotie 1 Eristalis tenax
1 A. snowit

(Coleoptera)
1 Trichius affinis

(Hemiptera)

1 Ceresa taurina

Deromyia winthemi Wiedemann.

(Hymenoptera)
1 Halictus nympheorum 1 Campoplex sp?
1 Evania appendigaster 1 Ichneumon w-album
1 Formica fusca var? 1 Anomalon sp?

1 Augochlora similis

Ceraturgus cruciatus Say.
(Hymenoptera)
2 Formica fusca ? 1 Formica sp? 2

(Coleoptera)
4 Aphodius fimetarius 1 Macrodactylus subspinosus

1914] Exchange 199

EXCHANGE COLUMN

Will exchange insects of various orders for Parasitic Hymenoptera from any
part of the world——C. T. Brues, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Mass.

Wanted. Ants from all parts of the world.—W. M. Wheeler, Bussey Institution,
Forest Hills, Mass.

I pay cash or give American and exotic insects in exchange for fertile eggs of
Catocala spp., living Catocala 2 @ (captured specimens only), hibernating pupz
and larve of any other group of Lepidoptera.—William Reiff, 366 Arborway,
Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass.

Florida insects of all orders, also Fish, Batrachians, Reptiles, Shells and Marine
Invertebrates sold by A. G. Reynolds, Gulfport, Florida.

New England Orthoptera identified. I wish to examine adult orthoptera of all
families from all parts of New England. Material will be identified for the privi-
lege of retaining desired examples, for which good exchanges will be given, subject
to approval of owner.—A. P. Morse, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.

The undersigned will greatly appreciate receiving records of New Jersey species
not listed in Smith’s Insects of New Jersey.—Harry B. Weiss, 272 Hale St., New
- Brunswick, N. J.

Offered for cash, but exchange preferred. Fitch and early Illinois reports;
Insect Life; Harris’s Insect; many others.—J. E. Hallinen, Cooperton, Okla.

Histeridz. North American Histeridz identified or unidentified, desired in
exchange for beetles of other families. F. G. Carnochan, Bussey Institution,
Forest Hills, Massachusetts.

Hemiptera-Heteroptera. I desire specimens of this group from all regions,
especially New England. I will give in exchange species of this and other orders
(except Lepidoptera), and will identify New England material. Correspondence
desired.—H. M. Parshley, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Mass.

Wanted: Psyche, Vol. VIII, No. 265 (May, 1898); No. 267 (July, 1898); No.
268 (August, 1898); Vol. IX, No. 3¢0 (April, 1901). Address, giving price,
Librarian, Stanford University, Cal.

Sarcophagide from all parts of the world bought or exchanged according to
arrangement. North American material determined.—R. R. Parker, Entomolo-
gical Laboratory, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.

Advertisements.

A new edition of the Naturalists’ Directory has just been published by S. E.
Cassino, Salem, Mass. This directory is invaluable to naturalists since it is the
means of bringing together students and collectors in all parts of the world
through correspondence. The directory contains an alphabetical list of English
speaking professional and amateur Naturalists in all parts of the world, also a
list of Scientific Societies and Periodicals. The price of the Directory is $2.50
in Cloth Binding and $2.00 in Paper Binding. Sent postpaid. As only a
limited edition has been printed it is advisable for any one wishing a copy to
order at once.

200

Psyche

PSYCHE.

InDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Aberration of Colias hyale, 50.

Acarians from Brazil, 160.

Achorotile, 164.

Aédes panayensis, 159.

Aédine, a new, 159.

Alimentary canal of Cercopid, 65.

Anasa tristis, mouthparts of, 99.

Ancistrocephalus, 23.

Anasa repetita in New England, 82.

American Hemiptera, new, 73.

American species of Myrmica, key to,
118.

Anamopterus, 80.

Anamopterus fasciipennis, 80

Anopheline, a new, 129.

Anopheles crucians, 1.

Anopheles ludlowu, 32.

Anopheles maculipennis, 1.

Anopheles punctipennis, development
of, 1:

Apteronina schmitti, 175.

Apteronina wasmanni, 175.

Asilidze, notes on, 131.

Asilus autumnalis, 131.

Asilus, prey of, 193.

Asilus, notes on, 131.

Aulacophora blackburni, 134.

Aulacophora, notes on, 133.

Bacterial diseases of caterpillars, 184.
Baja California, Trichodectes from, 90.
Basilarchia, hybrids of, 115.
Berkshiria, 158.

Berkshiria albistylum, 158.
Bethylide, 182.

Blattidee, 172.

Botanobia insularis, 26.

Botanobia marginalis, 24.

Botanobia proxima, 25.

Brazil, Acarians from, 160
Bruesiella, 182.

Bruesiella formicaria, 182.

Caliope signatifrons, 82.
Camptoprosella verticalis, 82.
Camptoprosella xanthoptera, 82.
Caterpillars, diseases of, 184.
Celznopsis brevis, 161.
Celznopsis nitida, 162.
Centistidea, 81.

Centistidea ectceedemiz, 81.
Ceraturgus, prey of, 198.
Cercopid, alimentary canal of, 65.

Chilopods from Galapagos Islands, 85.
Chloropide, four new, 24.

Cochise, 164.

Curculionide, 180.

Dasyllus, prey of, 197.

Delphacine, review
work, 163.

Deromyia, prey of, 197

Development of Anopheles
pennis Say. 1.

Diapride, 181.

Dicranotropis, 165.

Dinardella mexicana, 176.

Diplopod from Galapagos Islands, 85.

Diplotaxa, 24.

Diseases of caterpillars, 184.

Dysdercus fervidus, 73.

Cocoons, thermal conductivity of, 45.

Colias hyale, aberration of, 50.

Cremastocheilus, 179.

Cremastochilus armatus, 180.

Cremastocheilus mexicanus, 180.

Cremastochilus pilisicollis, 180.

Cryptops navigans, 86.

Crytopogon, prey of, 197.

of Crawford’s

puncti-

Eclimus harrisi, 123.

Ectecephala, 24.

Enemies, natural of Simulium, 95.

Erax, prey of, 195.

Eriocera cornigera, 40.

Eriocera erythrea, 43.

Eriocera gracilis, 43.

Eriocera, key to species, 34.

Eriocera kaieturensis, 41.

Eriocera longistyla, 39.

Eriocera macrocera, 40.

Eriocera magnifica, 37.

Eriocera peruviana, 42.

Eriocera perpulchra, 38.

Eriocera townsendi, 42.

Exchange column, 52, 84, 139, 114, 168,.
199.

Families of Lepidoptera, key to, 54.
Flacherie, 185.

Flower color, relations to insects, 27.
Forficula auricularia, 157.

Formica exsecta Nyl. var. fukai, 26.
Galapagos Islands, Chilopods from, 85..
Galapagos Islands, Diplopod from, 85.
Gall midges, 109.

Habits of Liomyrmex, 75.
Hematopinus forficulus, 117.
Harvesting ants, 149.

Hemilexis jessei, 181.
Hemilexis jessei var. minor, 182.
Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Maine, 139.
Hemiptera, new American, 73.
Heterius helene, 178.
Heteroptera of Maine, 139.
Hexatomini, 33.

Histeride, 178.

Hormomyia proteana, 113.
Hybrids, of Basilarchia, 115.
Hypoaspis invertus, 161.
Hypoaspis scutalis, 161.

Insects, relation to flower color, 37.
Txodide from Brazil, 160.

Japan, Formica exsecta in, 26.
Jassideus, 164

Lauxaniide, 123.

Lauxania latipennis, 82.

Lauxaniidee, remarks on American, 82.
Largus latus, 73.

Larvee, of Anopheles punctipennis, 1.
Larvee, of Sciraa congregata, 94.
Lasiopteryx crispata, 111.

Lepidoptera, key to families of, 54.
Leptogaster, key to species, 132.
Leptogaster loewi, 133.

Liburniella, 165.

Timnobia flaviceps, 37.

Linognathus forficula, 117.
Liometophilus manni, 180.

Liomyrmex, notes on habits, 75.
Lopheros fraternus, prothetely in, 190.
Linognathus fahrenholzi, 117.

Maine, Hemiptera Heteroptera of, 139.

Mallophaga, 23.

Mechanism of mouthparts
squash bug, 99.

Mecistocephalus parvus, 85.

Mexico, Myrmecophilous insects, 171.

Mezamelus, 165.

Mimicry in insects, 136.

Monardia multiarticulata, 109.

Monardia lateralis, 109.

Monardia rugosa, 110.

Mosquitoes, Philippine, 30.

Mouthparts, of squash bug, 99.

Myodochide, 74.

Myrmecoblatta, 172.

Myrmecoblatta rehni, 172-173.

Myrmecophilous insects from Mexico,
Al.

Myrmecotonus, 179.

of the

Index 201

Myzomyia flavirostris, 30.

Myzomyia ludlow?i, 32.

Myzomyia parangensis, 129.

Myrmica aldrichi, 120.

Myrmica, American svecies allied to
M. rubida, 118.

Myrmica bredleyi, 120.

Myrmica hunteri, 121.

Myrmica mutica, 119.

Neopoda frontalis, 162.

Neotropical Tipulide, 33.

Nesodesmus, 87.

Nesodesmus insulanus, 87-88.

New England, gall midge fauna of, 109.

North American Lepidoptera, key to
families, 54.

Oides binotata, 135.

Oides confuses, 135.

Oides femoratus, 136.

Oides gahani, 135.

Oides, notes on, 133.

Orasema tolteca, 183.

Oreomyrma, 118.

Orphneus brevilabiatus, 85.

Orthoptera, 172.

Oscinus, 24.

Pamera hondurana, 74.

Parallelodiplosis cinctipes, 113

Parasitic Hymenoptera, new genera,
79.

Parasitidee, from Brazil, 160.

Parectecephala dissimilis, 24.

Pectiniunguis albemarlensis, 86.

Penthoptera conjuncta, 44.

Penthoptera fuliginosa, 37.

Penthoptera, key to species, 44.

Pheidoloxenus wheeleri, 183.

Philippine mosquitos, 30.

Phoride, 76.

Photuris pennsylvanicus, prothetely in,
126.

Phyllodinus, 164.

Physconella, 23.

Physconella kelloggi, 23.

Pilopius major, 177.

Platypeza azarici, 167.

Platypeza, new species found at Stan-
ford University, 166.

Platypeza polypori, 167.

Platyphora coloradensis, 79.

Platyphora eurynota, 77.

Platyphora, genus in America, 76.

Platyphora, key to American species, 77.

Pogonomyrmex californicus, 153.

Pogonomyrmex californicus subsp. este-
banius, 154.

202

Pogonomyrmex californicus subsp. longi-
nodis, 155.

Pogonomyrmex californicus subsp.
maricopa, 155.

Pogonomyrmexcomanche, 156.

Pogonomyrmex guatemaltecus, 149.

Pogonomyrmex huachucanus, 151.

Pogonomyrmex, new and little known
species of, 149.

Pogonomyrmex subnitidus, 156.

Porricondyla nove-angliz, 110.

Porricondyla papillata, 111.

Popea palawanensis, 31.

Prey of Asilide, 192.

Proctocanthus, prey of, 194.

Promachus, prey of, 196.

Prothetely in Lopheros fraternus, 190.

Prothetely, in larve of Photurus penn-
sylvanica, 126.

Pselaphide, 177.

Pseudolomechusa, 174.

Pteromalidx, 183.

Pyrrhocoride, 73.

Relation between flower color and
insects, 27.

Review: Folsom. Entomology with
reference to its Biological and
Economic aspects by W. L. W.
Field, 83.

Rhagovelia bakeri, 74.

Rhode Island, Forficularia auricularia
in, 157.

Sapromyzide, 20.
Sapromyza compedita, 21.
Sapromyza conjuncta, 22.
Sapromyza disjuncta, 22.
Sapromyza houghi, 21.
Sapromyza melanderi, 21.

Index

Sapromyza ornatipes, 20.

Sapromyza sheldont, 22.

Sapromyza, Some new and interesting
species of, 20.

Scarabzedix, 179.

Schizomyia speciosa, 112.

Sciara congregata, 93, 94.

Scolopendra galapagéensis, 86.

Simulium, natural enemies of, 95.

Sitowski’s new aberration of Colias
hyale L., 50.

Staphylinide, 174.

Stenocranus, 165.

Streptococcus bombycis, 186.

Stobeera, 164.

Stratiomyid, a new, 158.

Terapus infernalis, 179.

Terapus mnizechi, 179.

Thermal conductivity of cocoons, 45.

Tipulidee, Neotropical, 33.

Tomaspis saccharina, 65.

Trachyuropoda tricuspis, 162.

Trichodectes, new from Baja, Cali-
fornia, 90.

Trichodectes pamei, 90.

Trigonometopus albifrons, 125.

Trigonometopus angustipennis, 124.

Trigonometopus, review of our species,
123.

Trigonometopus vittatus, 126.

Veliide, 74.

Warning color in insects, 136.
White Mts., N. H., Eclimus harrisi in,
123.

Xenodusa (Pseudolomechusa) sharpi, 174°

Zyras (Myrmecia) tapinomatis, 176.

Inpex To AuTHORS.

Alexander, Chas. P., 33.
Banks, Nathan, 131-160.
Barber, H. S., 190.
Bergroth, E., 73.
Bowditch, F .C., 133.
Bromley, Stanley W., 192.
Brues, C. T., 76.
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 85.
East, E. M., 27.

Felt, E. P., 109.

Field, W. L. W., 115.
Forbes, Wm. T. M., 54.
Glaser. R. W., 27-157-184.
Johannsen, O. A., 93-94.
Johnson, C. W., 20, 82, 123, 158.
Kellogg, V. L., 90.
Kershaw, J. C., 65.
Kertész, K., 82.

Knab, Frederick, 123.

Ludlow, C. S., 30, 32, 129, 159.
Malloch, J R., 24.

Mann, W. M., 171.
Nakayama, S., 90.

Raines denies iemlulie

Parshley, H. M., 139.
Richardson, C. H., 136.
Rohwer, S. A., 79.

specter (Ce ZN, Ile

Tower, D. G., 99.

Van Duzee, E. P., 163.

Weiss, Harry B., 45.

Wheeler, W. M., 26, 75, 95, 118, 149.
Whiting, P. W., 50.

Willard, Frankie, 166.
Williams, Francis X., 126.

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