AMERICAN FORESTRY
\(r
THE MAGAZINE OF
THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C
VOLUME XXV— JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1919, INCLUSIVE
PP
AUTHOR
Page
Abbott, Clinton G., article by 945
Allen, A. A., articles by 793; 877; 931;
1001; 1228; 1291; 1419; 1526
Andrews. Eliza. F.. article by 1476
Babbitt, W. H., article by 1265
Barnes, Will C, article by 798
Benet, W: R.. poem by 1467
Besley., F. W., article by - 983
Brown, Nelson Courtlandt, article by 1315
Burris. M M.. articles by 859; 1217
Butler. O. M., article by 1410
Carson, William, article by 1297
Chapman. H. H., articles by 835; 1075
Cheyney. E. G, articles by 790; 792; 856; 1006; 1290; 1473
Clapp, Earle H.. article by . ._ 947
Clark, W. Darrow, article by 818
Clopper. H. S.. article by _ 1482
Cook, Alice Spencer, article by 1329
Craft, Quincy R.. article by 1470
Dana, Samuel T., article by 1507
Davis, R. O. E. article by 1350
DeBoer, . S. R„ article by 1458
Demorlaine. J., article by 1040
Dow, Joy Wheeler, article by 819
Faulkner, Ralph H., article by 1155
Faxon, R. B., article by 864
Ferguson, John, poem by 1044
Eraser, Donald A., poems by 1328; 1478
Gaskill, Alfred, article by 154:>
Gates, Moody B., article by 1063
Graves, Henrv S.. articles by 907; 1109; 1281; 1401
Greeley. W. B„ articles by 1093 ; 1379 ; 1451
Guise. C. H„ article by 1486
Hammatt, R. F., article by 1531
Hawes, Austin F„ article by 1479
Hill, Roland, article by 1199
Hulbert. Henry W.. article by 1059
Illick, J. S.. articles by 1386; 1538
KftU, Joseph A., article by 1264
Lange, D.. article by 1273
Leopold, Aldo, articles by 1295; 1479
S INDEX ii^lif
j t^l Page
Lewis, Lieut., article by 1206
Lowdermilk, W. C, article by 1534
Lyford, P. L., article by 1482
MacDonald, Austin F., article by 1361
Mason, David T., articles by 1187; 1469
Mattoon, Wilbur R., article by 1547
Maxwell, Hu, articles by 807 ; 845 ; 923 ; 973 ; 1208 ; 1343
Mitchell, Guy E., article by 1480
Moore, Barrington, article by 1113
Owens, Vilda Sauvage, poem by 1220
Pack, Charles Lathrop, articles by 771; 918; 985; 1053; 139.1
Pearson, C. H., article by 782
Pratt, M. B., article by 1443
Rane, Frank W., article by 1546
Ridsdale, Percival Sheldon, articles by. 899; 963; 1027; 1137; 1251
Riley, Smith, articles by 1260; 1465
Riordan, M. J., poem by 1450
Sarett, Lew R.. poem by 1314
Seaver, Fred J., article by 1475
Sharpies, Philip P., article by 1415
Shattuck, C. H., article by 1219
Shufeldt, R. W., articles by. 801; 868; 937; 995; 1069; 1221; 1285;
1465; 1481; 1531
Simmons, J. R., article by 1205
Sperry, Edward P., article by 1062
Strayer, O. B., article by 1536
Stuart, R. Y., article by 1193
Swift, J. Otis, articles by 853; 1009; 1066; 1358
Taylor, Arthur A., article by 1446
Tillotson, C. R., article by 785
Tourney, James W., article by 816
Treen, E. W., article by 1551
Tucker, Frank B., article by 1226
Walker, Robert Sparks, article by 1485
West, Clara L., article by 1523
Wilson, Ellwood, articles by. 825; 889; 953; 1015; 1057; 1078;
1238; 1241; 1302; 1371; 1428; 1492; 1558
Wilson, McLandburgh, poem by 789
Wylie, Lollie Belle, poem by 1474
Zimmerman, H. E., articles by 823; 1450
GENERAL INDEX
Page
Air, Photographing Forests From The 1206
Aircraft to Fight Forest Fires, Army 1081
Airplane Forest Fire Patrol in California— R. F Hammatt. 1531
Airplanes Find Forest Fires 1371
Airplane Patrol in National Forests 1244
Aliens with Appetites De Luxe, Excluding Enemy— Charles
I.athrop Pack .. . . 1053
Allies. Forest Casualties of Our — Percival Sheldon Rids-
dale 899
Alphabet Grown on Trees — H. E. Zimmerman 823
American Army Got Its Wood, How the— Percival Sheldon
Ridsdale 1137
American Forestry Forestry Association, War Service of
the 1158
American Lumberjack in France, The — W. B. Greeley.... 1093
Annual Meeting, The Announcement of the 1530
Page
Appalachian and Piedmont, Regions, Erosion in the — R. O.
E. Davis 1350
Appalachian Mountain Club, Philip W. Ayers Elected
President of 922
Appreciation, An — J. A. Woodruff 1092
Arborists Meet 1430
Architecture in Our National Forests and Parks, Landscape
S. R. DeBoer 1459
Army, French Forests for our — Percival Sheldon Ridsdale. 963
Army and Training in Forestry, The National — James W.
Tourney 818
Army Got Its Wood, How the American — Percival Sheldon
Ridsdale V • 1137
Artificial Limbs, Wooden— Hu Maxwell 807
Ax ! Introduce Yourself to an 787
Ayres Elected President of the Appalachian Mountain
Club, Philip W 922
GENERAL [NDEX— Continued.
Page
Bi|i«g or Basket Worm. The— Fred J. Seaver I I7S
er Work "'-
Beech, Plant \ poeni b) I.ollie Belle Wylie L474
Belgium, Forest Restoration in 1477
Belgium's Forests Blighted l>y the Hun— Percival Sheldon
Ridsdale 1251
"Biddy," An Original Bird— Clinton G. Abbott 945
Birds ami Boasts, A Christmas Walk With— A. A. Allen... 1256
Bird. "Biddy." An Original— Clinton G. Abbott 945
Bird Department— By A. A. Allen :
The Sandpipers 793
The Plovers 877
The Waterfowl 931
Kails, Gallinules and Coots 1001
The Herons 1228
The Gulls and Terns 1291
The Loons and Grebes 1419
A Christmas Walk With the Birds and Beasts 1526
Bird House Building Contest, Trenton's — M. M. Burris.... 859
Birds as an Act of Patriotism, Protecting — Moody B. Gates. 1063
Birds in Winter, Care for the 781
Boats and Their Manufacture, Wooden — Hu Maxwell 973
Book Reviews : Department of Magazine —
France, the France I Love 826
Mrs. Allen's Cook Book 891
Trees, Stars and Birds 891
The Forest Ranger 1240
Practical Tree Repair 1240
Identification of the Economic Woods of the United
States 1240
Vacation Days in Colorado's National Forests 1241
Trees of Indiana 1240
The Book of the National Parks 1307
Timber, Its Strength, Seasoning and Grading 1307
Forest Management 1363
The Condensed Chemical Dictionary 1500
Forest Products — Their Manufacture and Use. 1500
The Hidden Aerial 1502
Thrift and Conservation 1562
1919 Forest Club Annual 1562
Borers, Protect Locust Trees 1243
Bouquets 1016; 1375; 1426
Brave, A Garden of the — poem by Vilda Sauvage Owens. . . 1220
Brazil Nut Tree, Uses of the— C. H. Pearson. 782
British Forests, War's Destruction of — Percival Sheldon
Ridsdale 1027
Broadway, Guarding Forests Near 1552
•Built-Lp" Wood— O. M. Butler 1410
Burgoy ne Elm, The 1480
Burned Out, American Forestry Offices 1493
California, Airplane Forest Fire Patrol in — R. F. Hammatt. 1531
California's Redwood Park — Arthur A. Taylor 1446
Camp, Cornell Foresters in — C. H. Guise 1486
Campaign, Tussock Moth Caterpillar — M. M. Burris 1217
Canada to Help France — Ellwood Wilson 1057
Canadian Department. The— Ellwood Wilson.. 825; 889;
952; 1015; 1078; 1241; 1302; 1370; 1428; 1492; 1558
Canadian Forestry Corps Work in France — Roland Hill... 1199
Canal Zone, Uncle Sam, Lumberman — W. H. Babbitt 1265
Care for the Birds in Winter 781
Cascara Stumpage Advertised on Siuslaw 972
Casualties of Our Allies, Forest — Percival Sheldon
Ridsdale 899
Caterpillars, A Simple Way to Destroy — Edward P. Sperry. 1062
Central Park Trees Starving to Death — Charles Lathrop
Pack 1391
Chestnut Felled by Dynamite, Huge 1484
China, Forests and Floods in — H. H. Chapman
Christmas Tree, Travels of an English — Clara L. West... 1523
Christmas Walk with Birds and Beasts, A — A. A. Allen... 1526
Church Built from One Tree — H. E. Zimmerman 1450
City Tree Planting — Aldo Leopold, Grating Solves 858
Code and the Regime Forestier, The Forest — W. B.
Greeley 1 CI
College of Forestry Exhibit, Syracuse 1 iss
Community and Roads of Remembrance, The 1416
Conference, Southwestern Forest Supervisors Hold Forest. 101)5
Conference, Tri-State Forestry 1565
Congress, The Second Southern Forestry 1566
Conservation of Paper 1355
Page
Conservation, The Dry Kiln and— E. W. Treen 1551
Consular Service, DuBois to Enter 1 I7'J
Contest, Trenton's Bird-House Building— M. M. Burris 859
Control of Private Forest Cutting— W. Darrow Clark 818
Control, Now for Forest Fire — Alfred Gaskill 1542
Cooperage Industry, Wood Used in the— Hu Maxwell 1208
Rails, Gallinules and— A. A. Allen 1001
Cornell Foresters in Camp — C. H. Guise , 1486
Course in Lumber Uses, University of Minnesota Offers... 1207
( r.iter Lake Shell Hole 941
Cruising Timber — P. L. Lyford 1482
Current Literature: (Department of Magazine). .. ,828; 892;
955; 1019; 1082; 1245; 1309
Cutting, Control of Private Forest— W. Darrow Clark 818
Cut -Over Lands, Use of 1298
Dean of Foresters Retires, Dr. Fernow 1289
Decade of Private Forest Planting in Pennsylvania, A — J.
S. 1 Hick [538
Desert Plants, Emergency Feed from 875
Destruction of British Forests, War's— Percival Sheldon
Ridsdale 1027
Destroying Female Trees — Aldo Leopold 1479
Digest, Forestry 788; 881; 1008; 1296; 1356; 1408; 1490; 1575
Disabled Men. Forestry Pursuits for 883
Dixie, Forestry in 861
Douglas Fir, The— poem by Donald A. Fraser 1478
Douglass "Killed in Action," Lieut 1289
Dry Kiln and Conservation, The — E. W. Treen 1551
DuBois to Enter Consular Service 1472
Dynamite, Huge Chestnut Felled by 1484
Dynamite. Nurseryman Believes in— O. B. Strayer 1536
Elm, The Burgoyne 1480
Emergency Feed from Desert Plants 875
Engineers Hoboken Sheet, Old Tenth 886
Engineers, The Forest— Henry S. Graves 1109
English Christmas Tree, Travels of An— Clara L. West.. 1523
Erosion in the Appalachian and Piedmont Regions— R. O.
F. Davis 1350
Essay, Prize Offer for Forestry 1562
Excluding Enemy Aliens with Appetites De Luxe— Charles
Lathrop Pack 1053
Exhibit, Syracuse College of Forestry 1488
Extension Work in Forestry — A- F. Hawes 1479
Farm Forestry, Terms Used in 1342
Farm Timber Adds to Cash Return From Land, Sale of
Surplus 817
Farm Woodland Development under the Smith-Lever Act,
The Possibilities of— C. R. Tillotson 785
February— And Plant Life Still Sleeps in Northern Climes
— R. W. Shufeldt 868
Feed from Desert Plants, Emergency 875
Female Trees, Destroying— Aldo Leopold \ 1479
Fencing Materials from Forests— Hu Maxwell 923
Fern, Gathering the Spinulose Shield— Frank B. Tucker.. 1226
Fernow, Dean of Foresters, Retires 1289
Fire Control, Now for Forest— Alfred Gaskill 1542
Fire Patrol in California, Airplane Forest— R. F. Hammatt. 1531
lire Losses, Prevention of Forest— Smith Riley 1260
Fire, The Glory of the Redwoods Threatened by— M B
Pra» 1443
hires, forest Destruction Prevented by Control of Surface
— Joseph A. Kitts ]264
Fires Occur, Why and How Some Forest 1354
Fires, The Northwest's Worst 1259
Fir, The — poem by Donald A. Fraser 1328
Fir, The Douglas — poem by Donald A. Fraser 1478
Finn of Foresters, New 1566
Floors Made of Wood— Hu Maxwell 1343
Floods in China, Forests and— H. H. Chapman 835
Florida, The Gopher Tortoise of— R. W. Shufeldt [ 1465
Flowers of Maryland and West Virginia, State 1524
Flowers. Phytophotography— Or the Science of Photo-
graphing—R. W. Shufeldt 1059
For Them a Tree Is Planted There ] |<;,s
For Them a Tree Stands There ]26S
Foreign Nursery Stock Inspection 1076
Foreign Students of Forestry in America 1525
Forest Casualties of Our Allies— Percival Sheldon
Ridsdale 899
Forest Code and the Regime Forestier, The— W. B. Greeley. 1451
GENERAL INDEX— Continued.
' Page
Fprest Cutting. Control of Private Forest — W. Darrow
Clark 818
Forest Destruction Prevented by Control of Surface Fires —
Joseph A. Kitts 1264
Forest Engineers, The — Henry S. Graves 1109
Forest Fire Control, Now For — Alfred Gaskill 1542
Forest Fire Patrol in California, Airplane — R. F. Hammatt. 1531
Forest Investigation 1218
Forest Losses on the Italian Front — Nelson Courtlandt
Brown 1315
Forest Opportunity on Pine Lands in the South — F. W.
Besley 983
Forest Plantation Upon Pikes Peak, National — Smith
Riley 1465
F'orest Policy of France — Its Vindication — W.B.Greeley.. 1379
Forest Research — In The War and After — Earle H. Clapp. 947
Forest Restoration in Belgium 1477
Forest School News (Department of Magazine) ... .1372 ;
1425; 1496; 1560
Forest Service Offers Photographic Exhibits 1426
Foresters and Lumbermen Home from France — David T.
Mason 1187
Foresters Edition of American Forestry, Announcement of. 1464
Foresters. Jobs for Returning Lumbermen and 1159
F'orestry and Horticulture, Highway — Henry W. Hulbert.. 1059
Forestry and Patience — Quincy R. Craft 1470
Forestry as a Vocation — H. H. Chapman 1075
Forestry Congress, New England 942
Forestry Corps Work in France, Canadian — Roland Hill... 1199
Forestry Digest. .. .788; 881; 1008; 1296; 1356; 1408; 1490; 1553
Forestry, Extension Work in — A. F. Hawes 1479
Forestry F"or Boys and Girls — By E. G. Cheyney :
Squeaky Chipmunk Learns Something About Pine
Seeds' 790
Squeaky Chipmunk Collects Some Seed 856
Squeaky Chipmunk Makes a Discovery 1006
Squeaky Chipmunk Finds Two More Vandals 1290
Squeaky Chipmunk Sees a New Enemy 1473
Forestry in Dixie 861
Forestry, Insects in Their Relation to— R. W. Shufeldt.... 1221
Forestry Pursuits for Disabled Men 883
Forestry — Relation of Wood to the Development of Civili-
zation— William Carson 1297
Forestry Situation in New South Wales, The 862
Forestry — The National Army and Training in — James W.
Toumey 816
Forestry Units, A Letter from Chaplain Williams of the.. 885
Forestry? Why Not a Secretary of — Frank W. Rane 1546
Forests and Floods in China — Herman H. Chapman 835
Forests and the Water Supply, National — Samuel T. Dana. 1507
Forests Blighted by the Hun, Belgium's — Percival Sheldon
Ridsdale 1251
Forests in the War, French — Barrington Moore 1113
Forests in the War, Strategic Importance of — J. Demor-
laine 1010
Forests, The Guardian of Our — Alice Spencer Cook 1329
Forests, Tracts Added to 1550
Forty Maples — Poem 1356
F'orward with Tree Planting — Charles Lathrop Pack 985
France. A Lesson from — Ralph H. Faulkner 1155
France, Canada to Help — Ellwood Wilson 1057
France. Canadian F'orestry Corps Work in — Roland Hill.. 1199
France, Foresters and Lumbermen Home from — David T.
Mason 1187
I'rance— Its Vindication. The Forest Policy of — W. B.
Greeley 1379
France. The American Lumberjack in — W. B. Greeley 101)3
France, The Meeting of New and Old World Logging
Methods in the Fir Forests of — W. C. Lowdermilk. . . . 1534
France. To Help Reforest 789
Freedom, In the Furrows of — Charles Lathrop Pack 918
French Forests for our Army — Percival Sheldon Ridsdale. . 963
French Forests in the War — Barrington Moore 1113
Fuel, Catting Wood for 1536
Fuel Wood by Weight, Sell 1012
Fund. The Welfare 1163
Furrows of Freedom, In the — Charles Lathrop Pack 918
Garden of the Brave. A — poem by Vilda Sauvage Owens.. 1220
Gardens! Victory — Charles Lathrop Pack 771
Gathering the Spinulose Shield Fern — Frank B. Tucker... 1226
Georgia Training Foresters for the War Department 1080
Page
Giant Redwood, The— poem by M. J. Riordan 1450
Glory of the Redwood Threatened by Fire, The — M. B.
Pratt 1443
Gopher Tortoise of Florida, The— R. W. Shufeldt 1465
Grating Solves City Tree Problem 858
Great Tree Maker", "The 1158
Grow, When Trees— J. S. Illick 1386
Guardian of Our Forests, The— Alice Spencer Cook 1329
Guarding F"orests Near Broadway 1552
Gulls and Terns, The— A. A. Allen 1291
Harmless Fire-Bug, The— poem by E. G. Cheyney 792
Harnessing a River — Guy E. Mitchell.. 1480
Herons, The— A. A. Allen 1228
Highway Forestry and Horticulture — Henry W. Hulbert.. 1059
Highways, Trees and the — Philip P. Sharpies 1415
Historic Trees, Lecture on 1246
Hoboken Sheet, Old Tenth Engineers 886
Honor Roll— Memorial Trees, National. .1204 ; 1270; 1333; 1433;
1494; 1564
Horticulture, Highway Forestry and — Henry W. Hulbert.. 1059
Houston Urges Protection of the Forests, Secretary 822
How the American Army Got its Wood — Percival Sheldon
Ridsdale 1137
Huge Chestnut Felled by Dynamite 1484
Hun, Belgium's Forests Blighted by the — Percival Sheldon
Ridsdale 1251
Idaho For More National Forests (Editorial) 944
In the Furrows of Freedom — Charles Lathrop Pack 918
Insects in Their Relation to Forestry — R. W. Shufeldt 1221
Introduce Yourself to an Ax ! 787
Investigation, Forest 1218
Irving Along the Croton Aqueduct, With Washington —
J. Otis Swift 1066
Italian Front, Forest Losses on — Nelson C. Brown 1315
Italian Government Buys Timber 844
Jobs for Returning Lumbermen and Foresters 1159
Kentucky, Forest Reserve for 1220
Kiln and Conservation, The Dry — E. W. Treen 1551
Kiln Drying Oak for Vehicles 911
Landscape Architecture in Our National Forests and Parks
— S. R. DeBoer .' 1459
Large Trees, Transplanting 1198
Lesson From France, A — Ralph H. Faulkner 1155
Letter from Chaplain Williams of the F'orestry Units.... 885
Let Trees Tell Their Glory, Not Our Sorrow 1057
Limbs, Wooden Artificial — Hu Maxwell 807
Lincoln Memorial University 1308
Locust, The Seventeen- Year— R. W. Shufeldt 1285
Locust Trees from Borers, Protect 1243
Logging Methods in the Fir Forests of FVance, The Meet-
ing of New and Old World — W. C. Lowdermilk 1534
Losses, Prevention of Forest Fire — Smith Riley 1260
Louisiana, Forestry in 1018
Lowden Endorses Tree Planting, Governor 876
Lumberjack in France, The American — W. B. Greeley 1093
Lumbermen and Foresters, Jobs for Returning 1159
Lumbermen Home From France, F'oresters and — David T.
Mason 1187
Loons and Grebes, The — A. A. Allen 1419
Maine Woods, Table of Native 1308
Maker" "The Great Tree 1158
Mandrakes; Wild Lupine and Notes on the American Snap-
ping Turtle— R. W. Shuefeldt 995
Maples, Forty — (Poem) 1356
Marketing Woodland Products, Ten Helps in 817
Maryland, Spring in — poem by John Ferguson 1045
Meaning, Monuments With A 1045
Meeting-House, Renascence of The Modern — Joy Wheeler
Dow 819
Meeting of New and Old World Logging Methods in the
Fir Forests of France, The — W. C. Lowdermilk 1534
Meeting, The Annual 1530
Memorial to Our Soldiers and Sailors, Roadside Planting
as a — R. B. Faxon 864
Memorial Tree, Washington's First 984
Memorial Trees 1201
Memorial Trees in 1920 1537
Memorial Trees, Enthusiasm for 863
Memorial Trees Planted for Soldiers and Sailors 913
Memorial Trees, National Honor Roll. 1204; 1270; 1333;
1433; 1494; 1564
GENERAL INDEX— Continued.
Page
Memorials, Trees for • ••• ■ • •••• ••• ",;l
Mexico as a Source of Timber— Austin F. MacDonald. . . . 136]
M ighty Tree, A ( Frontispiece poem) • • • • • 770
Minnesota Offers Course in Lumber Uses, University of.... 120'
Monuments with a Meaning 'Ww
Mountain. Thunder— Henry S. Graves WW
Mysteries and Revelations of the Plant World— D. Lange.. Ul.i
"Napoleon Willow" Dying Mil
Narcissus Bulbs, Fall is the Time to Plant 13U3
National Army and Training in Forestry, The— James W.
Tourney b™
National Forest Plantation Upon Pikes Peak— Smith Riley. 1 U> >
National Forest Policy— The Proposed Legislation— Henry
S. Graves 1281
National Forest Policy— Discussion :
The Proposed Legislation, by Henry S. Graves 1281
A Discussion of Methods— R. S. Kellogg 1282
Pennsylvania's Opinion— George H. Wirt 1283
Control of Growing Forests— Alfred Gaskill 1281
Forest Economics: Some Thoughts on an old Sub-
ject— Wilson Compton 133'
Mandatory Control Opposed— E. A. Sterling 1339
Publicity Education Necessary— R. S. Maddox 1340
A Lumberman's Viewpoint— Everitt G. Griggs 1340
Leaseholds Interfere — G. L. Hume 1341
No Half- Way Policies— J. E. Barton 1341
A Forest Policy Badly Needed— Ellwood Wilson 1342
A Policy of Forestry for the Nation— Henry S.
Graves 1401
A Program for Private Forestry— H. H. Chapman. . 140o
Let all Sides be Heard— R. D. Forbes 140(5
Forest Economics— H. H. Chapman 1473
Classification of Lands and Our Forest Policy-
George Drolet 1475
Box Manufacturers Resolve 1475
A Forest Policy— Frank L. Moore 1476
National Lumber Manufacturers Resolve 1544
A National Forest Policy — The American Paper and
Pulp Association 1544
Resolutions by the New York Conference on a
National Forest Policy 1545
National Honor Roll, Memorial Trees 1204
National Forest Policy, Why and How. A 1049
National Forests, Airplane Patrol in 1244
National Forests and Parks, Landscape Architecture in Our
— S. R. DeBoer 1459
National Forests and the Water Supply — Samuel T. Dana.. 1507
National Honor Roll, Memorial Trees.. 1204; 1270; 1333;
1433; 1494; 1564
National Lumber Congress, A 891
National Park to Honor Roosevelt, A 855
Natural History Department— By R- W. Shufeldt
Plants that Occur in Both North and South Atlantic
States; Together with Notes on the American
Sparrow Hawk 801
February — And Plant Life Still Sleeps in Northern
Climes 868
Various Parasitic Plants: With an Owl Story 937
Mandrakes ; Wild Lupine, and Notes on the Ameri-
can Snapping Turtle 995
Phytophotography — Or the Science of Photographic
Flowers 1069
Insects in their Relation to Forestry 1221
The Seventeen- Year Locust 1285
The Gopher Tortoise of Florida 1465
An Interesting Spider from Florida 1481
The Racoons of North America 1531
Nature in the Nude 1525
Nepperhan Valley in Winter Time. Walks in the Woods,
The— J. Otis Swift 853
New Brunswick Forest Service Staff Conference — Ellwood
Wilson 1080
New England Forestry Congress 942
New England Mills, Scotch Lumber Cut by 1235
New South Wales, The Forestry Situation in 862
New York Forestry and Reconstruction 880
North America, The Raccons of-R. W. Shufeldt 1531
Northern Climes— February and Plant Life Still Sleeps in
— R. W. Shufeldt 868
Page
Norway, American Lumber for 950
Nurseryman Believes in Dynamite — O. B. Strayer 1536
N ursery Stock Inspection, Foreign 1076
Nut Trees, Uses of the Brazil— C. H. Pearson 782
Oak" The "Wye Mills— H. S. Clopper 1482
Oddities in Tree Stems— Eli/a F. Andrews 1476
Old Tenth Engineers Hoboken Sheet 886
Paid in Full— C. H. Shattuck 1219
Palisades in the Interstate Park. Summer Walks in the
Woodland. Along the— J. Otis Swift 1358
Paper. Conservation of 1355
Parasitic Plants; With an Owl Story, Various— R. W.
Shufeldt 937
Park, California's Redwood— Arthur A. Taylor 144b
Patience, Forestry and— Quincy R. Craft 1470
Patriotism, Protecting Birds as an Act of— Moody B.
Gates 1063
Paulownia Tomentosa Tree, The— Robert Sparks Waikc, . i
Pennsylvania, A Decade of Private Forest Planting in— J.
S. Illick • 1538
Pennsylvania, Free Trees for Planting in 852
Photographing Flowers, Phytophotography— Or the Science
of_R. W. Shufeldt 1069
Pictorial Memorial Trees 1537
Piedmont Regions, Erosion in the Appalachian and— R. O.
E. Davis , 1350
Pigeons Aid Foresters, Carrier 1504
Pigeons to Protect Forests 1306
Pikes Peak, National Forest Plantation Upon— Smith Riley 1465
Pine Growth in the South, Slash— Wilbur R. Mattoon 1545
Pine Lands in the South, Forest Opportunity on — F. W.
Besley 983
Pines, The — poem by Lew R. Sarett 1314
Planting as a Memorial To our Soldiers and Sailors, Road-
side—R. B. Faxon 864
Plant a Beech — poem by Lollie Belle Wylie 1474
Planting, City Tree— Aldo Leopold 1295
Planting, Forward with Tree — Charles Lathrop Pack 985
Planting in Pennsylvania, A Decade of Private Forest — J.
S. Illick 1538
Planting Trees In a New Way 1018
Plant-Life Still Sleeps in Northern Climes — February and
— R. W. Shufeldt 868
Plant World, Mysteries and Revelations of the — D. Lange.. 1273
Planted There, For them a Tree is 1468
Plants That Occur in Both North and South Atlantic
States: Together with Notes on the American Sparrow
Hawk— R. W. Shufeldt 801
Plants ; With an Owl Story, Various Parasitic — R. W.
Shufeldt 937
Plovers, The— A. A. Allen 877
Policy of Forestry for the Nation, A— Henry S. Graves 1401
Policy— Why and How, A National Forest 1049
Porto Rico is Planned, Reforestation of 1501
Possibilities of Farm Woodland Development Under the
Smith-Lever Act— C. R. Tillotson 785
Prevention of Forest Fire Losses — Smith Riley 1260
Private Forest Planting in Pennsylvania, A Decade of — J.
S. Illick 1538
Prize Offer for Forestry Essay 1562
Profit. Pruning for— Will C. Barnes 798
Protecting Birds as an Act of Patriotism — Moody B. Gates. 1063
Pruning for Profit— Will C. Barnes 798
Pyrenees. Scouting for Timber in the — R. Y. Stuart 1193
Quebec, Seaplanes to be used for Forest Fire Patrol Work
in 1238
Racoons of North America, The— R. W. Shufeldt 1531
Rails, Gallinules and Coots— A. A. Allen 1001
Redwood Park, California's— Arthur A. Taylor '. . 1446
Redwood, The Giant — poem by M. J. Riordon 1450
Redwoods Threatened by Fire, The Glory of the— M. B-
Pratt 1443
Reforest France, To Help 789
Reforestation of Porto Rico is Planned 1504
Regime Forestier, The Forest Code and the — W. B. Greeley 1451
Remembrance," "Roads of 1334
Remembrance," The Community and "Roads of 1416
Renascence of the Modern Meeting-House — Joy Wheeler
Dow 819
Reorganization in Massachusetts (Editorial) 943
GENERAL INDEX— Continued.
Page
Research— In the War and After, Forest— Earle H. Clapp. 947
River, Harnessing A — Guy E. Mitchell 1480
"Roads of Remembrance" 1334
"Roads of Remembrance," The Community and 1416
Roadside Planting as A Memorial to Our Soldiers and
Sailors — R. B. Faxon 864
Roosevelt, A National Park to Honor 855
"Roosevelt" — poem by McLandburgh Wilson 789
Roosevelt the Conservationist 788
Rothrock. A Tribute to Dr. J. T 1458
Sale of Surplus Farm Timber Adds to Cash Returns from
Land 817
Sandpipers. The — A. A. Allen 793
Saw, The New Spring 844
Seaplanes to be Used for Forest Fire Patrol Work in
Quebec 1238
Secretary of Forestry? Why Not A— Frank W. Rane 1546
Sentinels of the Forest 1489
Service of the Trees, The— poem by W. R. Benet 1467
Seventeen- Year Locust, The— R. W. Shufeldt 1285
Scotch Lumber Cut by New England Units 1234
Scouting for Timber in the Eastern Pyrenees — R. Y.
Stuart 1193
Slash pine Growth in the South — Wilbur R. Mattoon 1547
Smith-Lever Act, The Possibilities of Woodland Develop-
ment Under the— C. R. Tillotson 785
Soldiers and Sailors, Memorial Trees Planted for 913
Soldiers and Sailors, Roadside Planting as a Memorial to
Our— R. B. Faxon 874
South, Forest Opportunity on Pine Lands in the — F. W.
Besley 963
South, Slash Pine Growth in the— Wilbur R. Mattoon 1547
Southern Forestry Congress, The Second 1566
Spider from Florida, An Interesting— R. W. Shufeldt 1481
Spinulose Shield Fern, Gathering the — Frank B. Tucker.. 1226
Spring in Maryland — poem by John Ferguson 1044
Spring Saw, The New 844
Spruce Tree 573 Years Old 1363
Squeaky Chipmunk Makes a Discovery— E. G. Cheyney... 1006
Squeaky Chipmunk Learns Something About Pine Seeds —
E. G. Cheyney 790
Squeaky Chipmunk Collects Some Seed— E. G. Cheyney!! 856
Squeaky Finds Two More Vandals— E. G. Cheyney 1290
Squeaky Chipmunk Sees a New Enemy 1472
State Flowers of Maryland and West Virginia 1524
State News: (Department of Magazine) ....1299; 1364 ; 1432 ;
1495; 1555
Summer Walks Along the Palisades in the Interstate Park
.—J. Otis Swift 1358
Surface Fires. Forest Destruction Prevented by Control of
—Joseph A. Kitts 1264
Starving to Death, Central Park Trees— Charles Lathrop
Pack 1391
Stems, Oddities in Tree— Eliza F. Andrews 1476
Strategic Importance of Forests in the War— J. Demor-
laine 1040
Students of Forestry in America, Foreign 1525
Syracuse College of Forestry Exhibit 1488
Tree Stands There, For Them a 1268
Tree Stems, Oddities in— Eliza F. Andrews 1476
Tree. The Wishing— J. R. Simmons 1205
Trees and the Highways— Philip P. Sharpies 1415
Trees as Wireless Towers 1058
Trees for Memorials 779
Trees Grow, When— J. S. Illick 1386
Terms Used in Farm Forestry 1342
Terns. The Gulls and— A. A. Allen 1291
The Federal Income Tax and the Forest Industries— David
■ T. Mason 1469
Thunder Mountain — Henry S. Graves 907
Timber Census in the North-Eastern States, The— A. B.
Recknagel 792
Timber Cruising— P. L. Lyford 1482
Timber in the Eastern Pyrenees, Scouting for— R. Y.
Stuart 1193
Timber, Mexico As a Source of— Austin F. MacDonald... 1361
Tortoise of Florida, The— R. W. Shufeldt 1465
Towers, Trees as Wireless 1058
Training in Forestry, The National Army and— James W.
Tourney 816
Transplanting Large Trees
Travels of an English Christmas Tree— Clara L. West!!!!!
Tree, Church Built from one— H E. Zimmerman...
Trees in 1920, Memorial (Pictorial)....'.
Trees, Memorial
Trees Planted For Soldiers and Sailors, Memorial!!!!!!!!
Trees, The Service of the— poem by W. R. Benet
Tri-State Forestry Conference
Trenton's Bird House Building Contest— M. M. Burris..!!!
Turtle. Mandrakes, Wild Lupine and Notes on the Ameri-
can Snapping— R. W. Shufeldt
Tussock Moth Caterpillar Campaign— M. M. Burris ! !
Twentieth Engineers (Forestry)
Organization of
Record of Development and Production
Employment Application Sheet
The Welfare Fund !..!!!!!!!
Uncle Sam, Lumberman, Canal Zone— W. H. Babbitt
Uses of the Brazil-Nut Tree— C. H. Pearson
Various Parasitic Plants ; With an Owl Story— R W Shu-
feldt
Vehicle Manufacture, Wood Used in— Hu Maxwell !
Versatility of Wood
Victory Gardens !— Charles Lathrop Pack !!!!!!!!!
Vocation, Forestry as a— H. H. Chapman \
Wales, The Forestry Situation in New South
Walks in the Woods— J. Otis Swift ....
The Nepperhan Valley in Winter Time
"Around Robin Hood's Barn," to the Grassy Sprain
Wood
Along the Croton Aqueduct— With Washington
Irving
Walnuts for Planting, Gather
War and After. Forest Research In the— Earle H. Clapp! !
War, French Forests in the— Barrington Moore
War Service of the American Forestry Association
War's Destruction of British Forests— Percival Sheldon
Ridsdale
Washington's First Memorial Tree.
Waterfowl, The— A. A. Allen
Water Supply, National Forests and— Samuel T. Dana...!!
Weeks Law Policy, The
Welfare Fund, The
What "They Say" .' 1016 ; 1375 ;
When Trees Grow — J. S. Illick
Why and How Some Forest Fires Occur
Why Not a Secretary of Forestry?— F. W. Rane
Why We Need More Forest Research (Editorial)
Why Wood is Best— Alfred Gaskill
Williams of the Forestry Units, A Letter from Chaplain
Winter, Care for the Birds in
Wireless Phone in Forest Work
Wireless Towers, Trees as
Wishing Tree, The — J. R. Simmons
Wood by Weight, Sell Fuel
Wood, F'loors Made of — Hu Maxwell
Wood for Fuel, Cutting
Wood is Best, Why— Alfred Gaskill ,.,"..
Wood Used in Vehicle Manufacture — Hu Maxwell
Wood, Uses of — Hu Maxwell
Wooden Artificial Limbs
Wood Used in Vehicle Manufacture
Fencing Materials from Forests
Wooden Boats and Their Manufacture
Wood Used in the Cooperage Industry
Floors Made of Wood
Wood, Versatility of
Wooden Artificial Limbs — Hu Maxwell
Wooden Boats and Their Manufacture — Hu Maxwell..
Wooden Ships
"Wye Mills Oak" The— H. S. Clopper
Page
1198
1523
1450
1537
1201"
913
1467
1565
859
995
1217
1110
1111
1160
1163
1265
782
937
845
1567
771
1075
8G2
853
1009
1066
792
947
1113
1158
1027
984
931
1507
1566
1163
1426
1386
1354
1546
1237
991
885
781
1375
1058
1205
1012
1343
1536
991
845
807
845
923
973
1208
1343
1567
807
973
888
1482
Woodland Development Under the Smith-Lever Act, The
Possibilities of— C. R. Tillotson 785
■I1IIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1I1IIHIIII
Illllllffllllllllllllllll
10
lllllllllllllli
AMERICAN FORESTRY
THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor
January 1919 Vol. 25
;:i!iii!iiiiiiiiiiii
■■■HlllllUUIIIttllllll
CONTENTS
No. 301
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM 1
IN THE WASHINGTON NATIONAL FOREST
A beautiful waterfall, with a drop of Ave hundred
feet, on a tributary of the Skagit River
Entered as second-class matter December 24, 1909, at the
Postofftce at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879.
'ight, 1919, by the American Forestry Association. Accep-
tance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in
ii 1103. Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 11, 1918.
Frontispiece — "A Mighty Tree" — Poem.
Victory Gardens — By Charles Lathrop Pack 771
With eighteen illustrations.
Theodore Roosevelt — Conservationist 778
With one illustration.
Trees For Memorials 779
With three illustrations.
Care For the Birds in Winter 781
Uses of the Brazil Nut Tree— By C. H. Pearson 782
With five illustrations.
The Possibilities of Farm Woodland Development Under the Smith-
Lever Act— By C. R. Tillotson 785
With four illustrations.
Digest of Opinions on Forestry 788
To Help Reforest France 789
With one illustration.
Forestry for Boys and Girls — By E. G. Cheyney 790
Gather Walnuts for Planting 792
The Timber Census in the Northeastern States 792
The Sandpipers— By A. A. Allen 793
With eleven illustrations.
Pruning for Profit— By Will C. Barnes 798
With two illustrations.
To Purchase Additional Lands for Eastern National Forests 806
How Wood Compares With Coal in Heating Value 806
The Uses of Wood— Wooden Artificial Limbs— By Hu Maxwell 807
With twenty-one illustrations.
The National Army and Training in Forestry— By James W. Toumey.. 816
Sale of Surplus Farm Timber 817
Control of Private Forest Cutting— By W. Darrow Clark 818
Renascence of the Wooden Meeting House— By Joy Wheeler Dow 819
With seven illustrations.
Secretary Houston Urges Protection of Forests 822
Alphabet Grown on Trees— By H. E. Zimmerman 823
With one illustration.
Canadian Department— By Ellwood Wilson 825
Book Reviews 82"
Current Literature • 828
770
AMERICAN FORESTRY
'A mighty tree, heir of the forest fair
Transported with its grace ana verdure rare.
Star-crowned, it shone radiance divine
And linked the name of Christ with man in hearts
From lightning, harnessed to the will of man.
Came light and color to perfect the plan,
^/v7lth art and nature wed to make it fair
The tree was bathed in heauty rich and rare;
One moment shimmering in glorious white
Then colors blending to the soul s delight.
shi
ashine.
I stood and gazed, my senses filled with joy.
No longer man, but in my heart a boy;
And then I turned, and from the darkness came
A picture of the -war and mankind's shame,
I heard the cannonade, the clash of sword.
The awful shrieks that cursed the very Lord,
And then I cried, "O Christ of Shining Star
Vv hy is Thy peace. Thy power. Thy reign so far?
I turned again, and blended in the tree,
I saw a vision of the -world to be.
I saw the tree a wondrous tree of life
And men forgot their anguish and their strife.
1 he -war no longer raged, and millions came
1 o take the leaves of healing in Christ s name.
Once more the sick were healed, the lame could dance
And weary men found solace in a glance."
■i
lllllllllllll
AMERICAN FORESTRY
VOL. XXV
JANUARY, 1919
NO. 301
iiiiniiuuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiunnniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!!!
VICTORY GARDENS!
BY CHARLES LATHROP PACK,
PRESIDENT, NATIONAL WAR GARDEN COMMISSION
WE'VE won the war ! Now, keep it won and enjoy
the fruits thereof. To do this is going to require
continuing effort in order that what has been
acquired may be stabilized. Careless relaxation may
destroy some of the gains which have been secured.
Much that has been
fought for and won with
the precious blood of our
best and bravest sons, may
be lost unless great care
is exerted to make the all-
important r e c o nstruction
days on which we are now
embarked and on whose
uncharted seas we will be
sailing for several years to
come, as complete with pa-
triotic effort and conscien-
tious devotion to high duty
as the war days through
which we passed so bravely
and so unflinchingly.
Twenty million tons of
food to Europe in 1919!
That is the task which has
been assigned to the United
States as a result of Mr.
Hoover's promise to our
Allies and the other nations
abroad. He knew when he
said the word it would be
carried out. He knew the
American people, what they
have done and what they
would do.
It is a big order but it
will be filled ; there is no
doubt of that. When that
amount was fixed it was
the result of careful study
of the minimum require-
ments of America's Allies and the neutrals who are nec-
essarily dependent on this country for a large part of
their food supply. Twenty million tons is not all they
need, but it is the least amount that will meet their
requirements. It was figured out that the American
The Fruits
of Victory
Write for Free Book to
National War Garden Commission
Washington, D.C.
Charles Lathrop Phck,ft-«ident P.S.Ridsdale.Secretwy
people without any undue restrictions, without denying
themselves to the point of privation, could easily furnish
that quantity. It would be well to make it greater if
possible, for it would prevent that much more hunger,
suffering and starvation in Europe and Asia. It will be
impossible to prevent a cer-
tain amount of starvation.
This pitiful toll cannot be
prevented. Before suf-
ficient quantities of food
can be supplied to them
from the present dimin-
ished granaries of the
world, thousands of wretch-
ed people who have been
near the point of starva-
tion for the past three or
four years, will actually
have died for lack of food.
The task of America is
to reduce this suffering and
death to a minimum. Con-
servation of food will help.
But the big problem is to
produce. There can be no
conservation when there is
no production. The war
gardeners of the United
States have made a won-
derful record during the
past two years. They can
always look back proudly
to what they did in the way
of increasing the nation's
food supplies.
Now they are called on
for an even greater task.
This phrase, "an even
greater task," is used ad-
visedly. There are several
reasons why it is true, why
the Victory Gardens of 1919, as the home food producers
will now be known, have their biggest year ahead. War
gardening has been an evolution, a development. The
War Garden was the chrysalis. The Victory Garden is
the butterfly. It would be very easy to permit a let
m
772
AMERICAN FORESTRY
WAR GARDENS
OVER THE TOP
down, in the days of victory, in fact there is grave danger
that there will be one. When the "shouting and the
tumult die," when the cannon have ceased to roar and
when victory is assured, it is so easy to say : "Now we can
rest ; we have fought and won ; there is nothing more
to do."
But there must be no slackening. Relaxation may
mean ruin. Much of the good that has been wrought
may be lost ; indeed, worse days may come, days of
world-wide pestilence, anarchy and social wreck if
famine is allowed to sweep unchecked through the
nations. That is why
it is more important
than ever to keep up
the good work, to
make the "Victory
Gardens" of this year
and the next and the
next even more num-
erous, more flourish-
ing, more helpful to
this nation and to
humanity as a whole,
than were the War
Gardens of 191 7 and
1918. It can be done.
I firmly believe that
the American people
can do greater things
than they have ever
done before. I am
not mistaken about
their character and
their determination.
There were 5,285,-
000 War Gardens in
191 8. Why not make
it 1 0,000,000 in 1 91 9?
Let us show the
world that we are
no "quitters." It's
harder to work for
something that seems
to be accomplished
than while the fight
is on.
There is however
another war in prog- F°R FREE BOOKS WRITE TO NATIONAL WAR GARDEN COMMISSION
... T. . WASHINGTON. D.C
ress nght now. It .. q^ Lath.-x>P Pack, President
not visible through
the marching of soldiers, the bold array of battleships
and the reverberation of guns and cannon. But silently,
like a thief in the night, the grim monster Hunger is
leading his cohorts through the world. Like invisible
phantoms, wraiths of the dead, these troops march
through town, village and countryside, cutting down
women, children and strong men. This is the kind of
war in which the world is now engaged. It is the world
war for food. It will not be over this year, but it will
T
he Seeas o/\
hsure the Fruit;
last for a number of years, five or ten at least. That is
why effort must be made to produce every bit of food
possible.
In spite of the fact that there was such marvelous
response by the home food growers of the United States
last year and that they rounded up the "slacker land" in
fine shape, letting very little of it escape, it is believed
there can be even greater results. This applies both to
numbers and to average production. With the training
and the experience they have gained during the past two
years it is certain that a majority of the "city farmers"
will be able to raise
more beans and to-
matoes and cabbage
than they have here-
tofore. And as to
the number of gar-
dens — that figure,
too, should be in-
creased. All that is
necessary is for the
people in any par-
ticular locality to
say : "We had 5,000
gardens last year ;
we'll make it 8,000
or 10,000 in 1919."
Every community
doubtless will find a
certain number of
lots which were not
cultivated last year.
There were some
back yards and a few
plots which escaped
the general round-
up. The thing to do
is to get them all
into the Victory
Garden "draft" of
1919. If every city,
town and village will
make up its mind to
work a little harder
in 1919 than in 1918,
the thing will be
done ; and after it is
over the ease with
which it was accom-
plished will surprise
everybody. For instance, Boston set out last spring with
the idea that it could reach a mark of at least 15,000
War Gardens. When the count was made it was found
there were more than 30,000. There were many similar
experiences. That shows that any place can "surpass
itself" if it determines to do so.
Plans have been made by the National War Garden
Commission for a bigger and more intensive campaign
this year than was carried on last season. In order that
■
Percival S.Ridsdale, Secretary
VICTORY GARDENS!
773
results be obtained it is necessary to continue the preach-
ing of the lesson of food need. It is only by keeping the
thought constantly before the minds of the people that
they can be impressed sufficiently with the importance
of the work. They must be reminded again and again,
"lest they forget." In the press of other work, in the
welcoming back of our soldiers — who deserve every
tribute that can be paid them — and in the vast business of
reconstruction now occupying so much thought, it is
essential to keep the home food production idea to the
fore. This is being done. Everybody is urged to co-operate.
tion plant," this year it will be: "Every Garden a Peace
Plant." The gardening books to be distributed by the
Commission this year, the majority of them already off
the press and ready for shipment as called for, are of
more attractive and durable form than last year. Im-
provements have been made in the contents of the book,
and they have heavy covers with the Flagg poster on the
front in colors.
One of the Commission's representatives, Everett H.
Kelley, is now on a tour of the country which has taken
him through a large part of the South and will carry him
on to the Pacific
War GardensVktforious
With plenty of
time in which to pre-
pare and with the
experience of the
past two years as a
guide, the National
War Garden Com-
mission already has
gone far in getting
ready for its 1919
campaign. Thou-
sands of posters
have already been
sent out, especially
through the South
where garden plant-
ing is under way at
the time of this .
writfng. Garden
books also have been
sent out in consid-
erable quantities, as
well as several series
of short daily garden
lessons for the south-
ern papers, to be
printed by them for
the benefit of their
readers. Soon the
work will be in full
swing throughout the
entire country.
Several handsome
new posters have
been prepared by the
Commission and will
be ued his year s NATIONAL WAR GARDEN COMMISSION
campaign, along with WASHINGTON. DC.
the beautiful and
striking "Sow the Seeds of Victory" poster by James
Montgomery Flagg which inspired so many home food
producers and attracted so much favorable comment
last year. The new designs, one of them entitled "War
Gardens Over the Top," and the other, "War Gardens
Victorious," are the work of the well-known artist,
Maginel Wright Enright. They show the Victory Gar-
dener leading his vegetables on to the conquest of the
new world enemy, General Hunger. Instead of a "muni-
Every War Garden a PeacePlant-
— Charles LathropPack.President,
Coast, up into the
Northwest and all
through the Central
West. In urging the
importance of great-
er food production
"F. O. B. the Kitch-
en Door," he is con-
ferring with various
officials and com-
mittees in the cities
and towns he visits ;
and he is illustrating
what was done last
year by moving pic-
tures which he car-
ries with him show-
ing war gardeners
at work. He is
a c c o m p a nied by
Mrs. Kelley, who is
helping to spread the
message. S e v e ral
other representatives
of the Commission
will start on tours
of the northern parts
of the United States
in the near future.
Among those who
will take an active
part this year in
stirring up Victory
Gardening are the
agricultu r a 1 agents
of the United States
Railroad Adminis-
tration. J. L. Ed-
wards, who is in general charge of this branch of the
service, has called on the regional directors and the super-
visors of agriculture of the different lines, to give this
work their careful attention ; and as a result the agents
are making extensive plans for aggressive work and
showing much enthusiasm. Typical of letters received by
the Commission is that from B. F. Bush, regional direc-
tor, Southwestern Region, who says : "I wish to state
that the railroads in the Southwestern Region will again
Copyright 1919 0/ NATIONAL WAR GARDEN COMMISSI
774
AMERICAN FORESTRY
REE BOOKS TO
AL
ARDEN
MISSION
wash;ngton,o.c.
do everything they possibly can in permitting their right-
of-way and other station grounds to be used for farming
and agricultural purposes;" and from N. D. Maher,
regional director, Pocahontas Region, who says : "We
will have our agricultural agents co-operate with you in
connection with
spreading the
message of
Food F. O. B.
the Kitchen
Door. There is
no doubt that,
with all the
people to be
fed in Europe,
the Victory
Gardens are as
i m p o rtant as
the War Gar-
dens." Mr. Kel-
ley is inter-
viewing a num-
ber of these of-
ficials and ar-
ranging plans
for further co-
operation. The
rail roads ac- .
tively support-
ed the War
Garden cam-
paign ; they
will assist
equally the Vie-
to r y Garden
campaign.
P. S. Rids-
dale, secretary
of the Com-
m i ss ion, has
just been in
England at-
tending a War
Garden confer-
ence with food
officials there.
While the pur-
pose of his trip
to Europe was
prima rily in
the interests of
the American
Forestry Asso- _ - ^ - _ „ A_ . says Mr. Web-
c.,™ He ,o* LIBERTY SOWING the SEEDS of VICTORY f • y *•
occasion to visit food situation
the British Isles to offer continued co-operation on the will be just as acute next year and the applications for
part of the National War Garden Commission in the War Gardens are pouring in just as steadily as if the war
work of home food production which they are doing were still on." The value of gardening will be empha-
abroad. At the same time he has been investigating sized this year in connection with the "Own a Home"
methods employed there, particularly relating to garden-
ing by the wounded and recuperating soldiers around
hospitals. It is believed that much can be accomplished
along that line in the United States this year. Just as
it did last year, the Commission again in 1919 will offer
any assistance
it can render to
foreign coun-
tries in stimu-
la t i n g city
farming.
That they
are recognizing
everywhere the
greater need
there will be
for food in
191 9, and that
p r e p a rations
are being made
for the cam-
paign, is shown
by n u m e rous
reports to the
Comm ission.
The signing of
the armistice
did not stop
the r e q u e sts
Register Web-
ster, of Brook-
lyn, was re-
c e i v i n g for
garden permits
for next sea-
son ; and he al-
ready had
granted more
than a thou-
sand such per-
mits. Only one
person who had
given con sent
for the use of
his land, he
says, has with-
drawn such
permission be-
cause the war
is over. "Every-
body seems to
u n d e rstand,"
Copyright 1919 by NATIONAL WAR GAfittX COMHSSSN
VICTORY GARDENS!
775
Victory Edition 1919
HOME
CANNING &DRYING
of Vegetables & Fruits
Published by
National War Garden Comn
Washington, D. C.
CapyrlgM- lOlOby NATION A«. WA0 CAPDtN COMMISSION
THE KAISER jS CANNED CAN F
idea which real estate dealers all over the United
States are taking up and preparing to push with
all vigor now that building operations can go
forward with increased speed.
That many cities and towns are alive to the
needs of the future and the demands for service
that will be made upon them, is evidenced by
reports which the Commission has been receiving
during the past month or so. They are asking
for advice as to the plans for the coming year;
and in many cases state that they have been busy
during the fall and winter in going over their
experiences, comparing notes and trying to dis-
cover where they have made mistakes and how
they can correct them this year so as to improve
on their past record. Here is a letter from
Urbana, Illinois :
"We have already begun to make plans and
get ready for another year. We have a feeling
here that the garden should be placed upon a
permanent basis for educational and community
purposes and should be made the concrete and
objective means of encouraging health, thrift and
industry. We have established central offices or
headquarters and are now" — this letter was writ-
ten November 25 — "holding frequent meetings
and gaining much useful knowledge from an
exchange of experiences. The women have
taken great interest in the work.
"Personally I have great faith in the influence
of the garden as a means of social unity. It
should form the foundation for close community
organization which should make for individual
and local efficiency. This in turn makes for in-
dividual prosperity and happiness and means
state and national efficiency. The garden with
related topics of health and industry appeals to
everyone. I vote with both hands to keep and
prosper the garden while we have it and so
extend and enlarge its scope and vision of
usefulness as to make it the means of that
Victory Edition 1919
WAR GARDENING
and Home Storage ofVkgetables
Published, by
National War Garden Commission
Washington, D. C
1910 »j NATIONAL WAH CAffDEN COMMISSION
776
AMI- UK "AN FORESTRY
social unity that will mean better life for everyone."
Now if everybody else will "vote with both hands" to
continue the garden movement and make it a permanent
institution, the problem will
be solved. We will have the
10,000,000 Victory Gardens
for which we hope. What
that will mean to the world
cannot be told ! It will be
impossible to determine the
number of lives that may be
.saved, the suffering and de-
privation that will be avoid-
ed and the happiness and joy
that will come to thousands upon thousands of poor
people abroad whose daily bread is of meager quantity
and wretched quality. Reports have told how the Ameri-
THE PAFADERS
more than any other nation to hold in check and finally
crush altogether the terrible foe, Hunger. Mr. Hoover
has said there will be seven years of world food short-
age. This must be reduced,
if possible.
Let the Victory Gardeners
now line up! Let them see
this war through to a glor-
ious conclusion. Let their
motto be: "We have just
begun to fight." That speaks
the true spirit of America.
That was the impulse which
sent the boys through at
Cantigny and at Chateau Thierry, at St. Mihiel and in the
bloody Argonne. The memory of these deeds must be an
incentive and an inspiration to every man, woman and
- :2
can soldiers as they passed through some of the war-
racked villages of northern France and Belgium, took
little children upon
their knees and
shared their ration's
with them, and of the
light which shone
upon the thin, sad
faces at this act of
mercy. The American
soldier typifies the
United States. This
country must now
help to feed the world.
Uncle Sam has be-
come the Joseph of the Modern 'World. He must try
to stave off the "seven lean years." We alone can do
child in the United States. There can be no finer tribute
to the nation's heroes than to make real and lasting the
victories for which
they died.
In a sense every
home garden planted
in 1919 will be a
monument to the
American fighter and
to the service he per-
formed in helping to
establish firmly for
the benefit of all man-
kind the undying
principles of Liberty,
Truth and Justice. Every individual, every organization,
every community that encourages others or actively
VICTORY GARDENS!
777
assists in increasing home food production in the United
States this year, can feel that it is an act of the truest
and deepest humanity.
Said a recent dis-
patch from the other
side : "The enthusiasm
in the first flush of
allied victory is now
giving way to a reali-
zation of the appalling
conditions and the
actual needs of the mil-
lions in Belgium and
northern France."
Anxiety over the food
situation was said to be paramount. That is the question
which is of first importance. Once it is solved, other
economic and social problems in connection with re-
construction will be well on the way to taking care of
themselves. One of the finest and most inspiring slogans
which helped the Amer-
ican Army in the car-
rying through of some
apparently impossible
war tasks was — "It
can't be done. We'll
do it." Put that into
effect in the home food
campaign of 19 19.
All the world— that
is, all the world worth
mentioning — 1 o v e s a
winner. That is why
they praise and honor the men who "do things." Is it
worth trying to reach that goal of 10,000,000 Victory
Gardens ? "It can't be done ? Let's do it !"
M!imi!i:!n;^;;;i;:;;!:!!::iii!!:;::;;;ii:;:i!;::!i;;;i;:.;;::; :;, ::: ; ■:; .::-;;;:'i!:::ii: :,i;.::!; .;i;::!iis::: :;: : ; .': iiiiiiniiiiimiiiiii
Prize winning ex-
hibit of the Trinity
Methodist Church
Canning Club at M cri-
den, Connecticut. This
display scored pj out
of a possible 100
points.
This blue-ribbon en-
try won the National
Capitol Prize Certifi-
cate offered by the
National War Garden
Commission; also a
prize from the local
chamber of commerce.
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF SIDNEY A. EDWARDS, AGRICULTURAL AGENT OF THE
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, MERIDEN, HAD ONE OF THE LIVELIEST WAR GARDEN AND CAN-
NING CAMPAIGNS IN THE COUNTRY. IN ITS WAR GARDENS THE CITY RAISED ABOUT
5100,000 WORTH OF ITS OWN FOOD. THIS MEANT MUCH IN A CONGESTED MANUFACTURING
DISTRICT.
■H
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIU
ill!lllll!llll!!l!!!i!!lll!»lllllll|jjj|j!l!illl!l!ll!!ll![[|||iljjj!!lil
ROOSEVELT THE CONSERVATIONIST
Theodore Roosevelt Is dead, bat bU spirit, his example, live after
national lite. We have lost a treat leader in a crisis in the nation's
others, a leader who defended his country, arms In hand in, war,
tried to do. His death at this time is a national calamity, depriving
leadership, which feared nothing so much as wrong or failure to do
an Inspiration to those who see in service to humanity, In unselfls
His voice is silent, but his influence for good lives on. His
strengthen our righteous efforts.
True patriot, model citizen, devoted husband and father, wise
can ill spare him.— Leonard Wood.
him, and will ever be a strong influence for better individual and!
life, a leader who always placed the people's interests before all
freely offering his life, as have his sons in this war and as he himself
the nation of his wise counsel, his conscientious and courageous
his duty. His life, his ideals, his accomplishments will always be
h endeavor and in duty done, life's best reward,
spirit will march in the van of our armies in war, and in peace it will
leader, best type of American, such was Theodore Roosevelt— the world
CO N S E R VATION
never had a truer
friend, a more hearty
advocate and a stronger
supporter than Theodore
Roosevelt. It was he who
gave the movement the
great impelling force which
placed it in the forefront
of the nation's big prob-
lems. Through his wise
foresight in recognizing
the vital importance of this
subject and his energy in
furthering discussion of
the question, conservation
became what it deserved to
be, one of the leading
thoughts in the mind of
the entire nation.
It was through the first
historic Conference of
Governors called by Presi-
dent Roosevelt in May,
1908, that there was
brought into existence the
first concentrated and na-
tion-wide effort to place
the conservation movement
in the important position
which it has occupied ever
since. This conference
gave dynamic and concrete
being and national life to
a topic which had been
discussed for some years
previously. The powerful
personality of President
Roosevelt and his strong
endorsement and virile
utterances gave to the con-
servation movement a firm
place among the problems
with which the nation had
to grapple.
In his address at the We sha11 reca11 him as "that tower of strength
opening of the First Con- That stood four-89uare to a11 the winas that blew"
ference of Governors, President Roosevelt said: "The other man to perpetuate
prosperity of our people depends directly on the
energy and intelligence with which our natural resources
are used. It is equally clear that these resources are the
final basis of national power and perpetuity. Finally, it
is ominously evident that these resources are in the
course of rapid exhaustion." Further he said: "Flood
prevention, water power development, preservation of
m
the soil and improvement
of navigable rivers are all
promoted by a policy of
forest conservation." Again
expressing himself on this
vital theme, he said: "The
preservation of the forests
is vital to the welfare of
every country. China and
the Mediterranean coun-
tries offer examples of the
terrible effect of defor-
estation." In numerous
speeches and in messages
to Congress he did not fail
to impress strongly upon
the people of the United
States the need for the
future prosperity and well-
being of the country of
adopting measures looking
to proper saving along
with proper utilization of
all natural resources.
It is eminently fitting,
therefore, not only that
the memory of what Mr.
Roosevelt has done in
arousing the thought of the
country on this subject
should be honored, but
that there should be some
concrete and lasting evi-
dence expressive of the
nation's gratitude for his
services to mankind in this
direction. It has been pro-
posed by the American
Forestry Association of
which organization Mr.
Roosevelt was formerly
vice-president, that this
take the form of nation-
wide planting of memorial
trees and the naming of a
great national highway in
honor of Theodore Roose-
velt. He did more than any
the forests of America. In
speaking of this tribute to the great conservationist,
Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the Association, said:
"No finer tribute can be paid the man who did so
much to awaken the country to the value of our national
resources. Knowing him as I did, I know he would
approve most heartily of the planting of memorial trees
— a living lesson of that which he sought to teach."
%xzt% for (Mtmvxmlz
JUST the other day Mrs. Louis Boex of Cincinnati
planted a silver maple in honor of her son Louis,
who was a gunner on the Ticonderoga. The state
of Indiana is urging memorial groves in each of her
ninety-two counties. The state forester of Massachu-
setts suggests that memorial forests be planted. Another
plan urges the employment of
returning soldiers in planting
such forests. Thus has the sug-
gestion by the American For-
estry Association that memorial
trees be planted in honor of the
sailors and soldiers, who gave
their lives in the battle against
autocracy, taken hold of the
public mind. The newspapers
are taking up the idea in edi-
torials urging planting of me-
morial trees.
It is the aim of the American
Forestry Association to regis-
ter all such trees planted in
order that a record may be kept
for another generation and it
is requested that members of
the association keep the officers
informed of any such activities.
The members of the association
have a fine opportunity to bring
forestry to the fuller attention
of the American public by
means of this campaign and it
is urged that each member place
before any local memorial com-
mittee the suggestion that me-
morial trees be planted. Sug-
gest that the committee call
upon the state or city forester
for advice, and keep the Amer-
ican Forestry Association in-
formed of any developments
and plans for planting.
Plans for memorial tree
planting take many forms. In
Indiana Richard Lieber, the
secretary of the Board of For-
estry, at the suggestion of
Governor Goodrich, proposes
to let each county decide the
size of its own grove to the
memory of their boys. Representatives from these coun-
ties will be urged to form a state organization, appoint
an executive committee and with the assistance of
artists and park experts lay down general principles of
AS IF A GUARD OF HONOR
The trees at the foot of the hill upon which stands the most
famous monument in the world.
beauty, symmetry and expression to the groves.
From Kansas comes the heartiest indorsement of the
memorial tree plan by Governor Capper. He has turned
the suggestion over to the new administration with the
hope that Arbor Day in Kansas be the banner one in
the state's history by the planting of memorial trees along
the motor highways crossing
that state. The Lincoln High-
way has big plans under way in
co-operation with the General
Federation of Women's Clubs
for the planting of memorial
trees along that route. In
Louisiana "Victory Oaks" are
to be planted along the Jeffer-
son Highway and the American
Forestry Association is getting
letters every day from state and
city foresters urging planting
along similar motor routes.
The opportunity to beautify
the cities is one of the big
phases growing out of the me-
morial tree idea. In St. Louis
Park Commissioner Cunliff will
plant memorial trees along each
side of the famous Lindell
Boulevard. In Kansas City a
group plan memorial is being
discussed which offers a fine
opportunity for the planting of
memorial trees. In Baltimore
discussion is on for a memorial
in Mt. Vernon Place that will
include avenues and drives with
proper tree planting. Phila-
delphia is discussing a boule-
vard connecting the University
of Pennsylvania and Fairmount
Park. Such plans as these of
course include fine memorial
buildings and arches, but every-
where the conviction is growing
that trees as memorials should
be incorporated in the plans.
Another suggestion that has
come to the American Forestry
Association is the one for mak-
ing the Community Christmas
Trees permanent, rather than
a new tree every year. C. P. Wilbur, acting state forester
of New Jersey, informs the association that there is a
permanent tree at Morristown, N. J., in the city park.
It would appear that here is a good suggestion for every
779
780
AMERICAN FORESTRY
member of the association to work on m his own locali-
ty. The permanent tree would, if properly placed and
cared for, prove a wonderful inspiration the year around.
Alfred Gaskill, the state forester of New Jersey, urges
the organization of community units to plant memorial
trees in park, public square or school yard. The sug-
gestion has been made by Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman
of the General Federation of Women's Clubs that the
school children of Chicago plant memorial trees in honor
of Mrs. Ella Flagg Young. This suggestion can be taken
up by other communities
who wish to honor educa-
tors in a similar way. J. S.
Holmes, the state forester
of North Carolina informs
the association that the
General Federation of
Women's Clubs in that
state has planted "Persh-
ing" and "Liberty" oaks
and that the tree planting
idea is being taken up by
the schools. F. W. Besley,
the state forester of Mary-
land, has a forward going
plan which includes the
planting of trees in honor
of children, thus the tree
becomes an object of great
interest to the growing child
and he comes to take the
greatest care of the tree.
Frank William Rane, the
state forester of Massachu-
setts, is urging memorial
forests. He points to the
fact that there are millions
of acres in the country
waiting for just such noble
endeavor and he suggests
that the returning soldiers
be employed in this great
work. In Oakland a "Vic-
tory Park" is being dis-
cussed and M. B. Pratt, the
deputy state forester of
California suggests memor-
ial trees in the municipal auto
parking areas that are being
established all over the state.
The college campus of-
fers a fine setting for me-
morial trees and the suggestion has been made that the
"old grads" get together and plant trees for the men who
answered the call of their country. The elms at Yale,
for instance are famous. Every Oberlin man and woman
knows Tappan Walk and the famous elm at the corner
of the campus of that Ohio college. To enumerate trees
with a history would go beyond all space bounds but
A LIVING MEMORIAL
Mrs. Louis Boex is placing the last spade full of earth around the roots
of a silver maple tree — a memorial for her son, Louis Boex, gunner on the
Ticonderoga, who lost his life when he was answering the shell-fire of a
submarine which afterwards sank the troop ship.
some of those most widely known are the elm in whose
shade William Penn made his treaty with the Indians ; the
Charter Oak in Massachusetts ; the palmettoes of Charles-
ton, S. C. ; the cypress trees at the Jumel mansion in
New York City ; the Washington Elm at Cambridge ;
the pin oak trees in Mount Vernon Place, Baltimore,
dedicated to eight Maryland men on Washington's staff.
More recent plantings have been the 150 Liberty Oaks at
Liberty Heights just outside Westminster, Maryland, set
by high school boys for the Women's Civic League of
Westminster. State Fores-
ter Besley believes this is
the first memorial tree
planting on such a scale,
the trees being distributed
along a mile of the road.
Look for the opportunity
in your city ; picture to your
fellow-citizens the beauties
of forestry and urge the
planting of trees in connec-
tion with any memorial
adopted. Well may we con-
sider France for as Richard
Lieber, secretary of the In-
diana Board of Forestry,
says:
"The Argonne Forest
stands as a huge memorial
grove to the memory of
American and Allied he-
roes. The Argonne is also
a symbol of what a forest
will do in war and in time
of national peril. Trees are
man's best friend.
"Stone and bronze monu-
ments may be heroic and
military, they are more of-
ten vaingloriously dynastic
in purpose. A monument
of trees in a well ordered
grove is human and hu-
mane ; it speaks the lan-
guage of freemen. It is
full of solace and hope to
the bereaved. As a living
and a breathing thing it
speaks of victory over
death. It is expressive of
thanks and devotion by the
people to its heroes, dead and living."
The appeal of the living, growing tree is universal
and the American Forestry Association finds that hun-
dreds of organizations are eager to furnish the plan. One
of the most recent indorsements of the plan came from
the Women's Association of Commerce with headquarters
in Chicago and another from the Woman's National
TREES FOR MEMORIALS
781
WITH TREES FOR A BACKGROUND
The trees about the famed Bartholdi Fountain in the Botanical Garden at Washington prove without shadow of a doubt that trees are the proper
setting for any memorial.
Farm and Garden Association with headquarters in
New York City. Everyone sees the coming of the city
beautiful in plans for memorials. The tree will have a
prominent place in such plans and presents an oppor-
tunity for a growing interest in the beauties of forestry.
In this work the members of the American Forestry
Association have a big part — the great opportunity in
fact to interest every organization to which they belong
in the value of forestry in general. We all know the
devastation in France that has been pictured to us during
the war. The authorities agree that the forests of France
kept the Hun from reaching Paris. That should be a
great lesson to any country. In our trees lie a great
strength ; in memorial trees in honor of our soldiers and
sailors, whether they lost their lives or not, is a great
object lesson as well as a lasting and fitting memorial
to those who fought against autocracy.
CARE FOR THE BIRDS IN WINTER
T^HE American City publishes an interesting letter
■*■ from Ernst Strehle, Park Superintendent of St.
Louis, in which he says that a systematic effort
has been made to care for their native birds during the
winter for the past two years. Continuing Mr. Strehle
says:
"So successful has the experiment proved, that we ex-
pect to extend the work to all St. Louis parks this winter.
"Feeding stations were established at numerous places
throughout the park, and the work of feeding was turned
over to one of the employes of the park, who had pre-
viously received the proper instructions as to procedure
The food consisted of grains and other seeds, bread and
meat, the total amount of food used being about 200
pounds per week throughout the entire winter.
"The following approximate number of birds were
regular guests at the feeding stations : Two hundred quail,
50 blue jays, 100 red-headed woodpeckers, 30 three-toed
woodpeckers, 100 flickers, 30 winter wrens, 70 brown
creepers, 30 red-breasted nuthatches, 150 black-capped
chicadees and 30 red birds. Several hundred gray squir-
rels also took advantage of this opportunity to get food
easily.
"About 700 bird boxes, made by the children of the
manual training classes of the St. Louis public schools,
were distributed and hung in the various parks, under
the supervision of the Park Superintendent, often in the
presence of the children who made them. These boxes
were made according to the specifications issued by the
United States Biological Survey.
"No one can accurately estimate the value of this
work, but there can be no doubt that if these birds had
not been fed and protected in this way the unusual
severity of last winter would have forced them to migrate
further south or would have killed them outright. Their
loss to Forest Park would have been serious, as they are
of considerable value in checking the development of in-
sect life in the park, to say nothing of the pleasure they
give to the persons who visit the park during the winter.
"The woodpeckers, for example, or the creepers and
nuthatches, whose food in winter consists largely of
eggs, pupae and larvae of insects which hibernate in the
bark and wood of trees, will demonstrate in a very short
time to anyone who will stop to watch them why it is
worth while to induce them to remain in a climate other-
wise too severe for them. The red bird, and many others
likewise, ordinarily seek a sheltered ravine in the deep
woods, and seldom winter in the city unless specially in-
duced to stay. With the possible exception of the blue jay,
all the birds mentioned have a decided economic value
that is many times greater than the cost of feeding and
caring for them during the severest winter."
USES OF THE BRAZIL-NUT TREE
BY C. H. PEARSON
THE Brazil-nut tree, called in botanical language,
Bertholletia excelsa, is one of the most remarkable
plants belonging to the monkey pot family It
forms a lofty tree with spreading branches and with a
thick rough bark. Its stem averages a hundred feet
in height and from two to four feet in diameter. The
branches do not appear until near the top where they
extend outward and up-
ward in an irregular fash-
ion as shown in the illus-
tration. Its leaves are
undivided, arranged alter-
nately upon the branches,
about two feet long and
from five to six inches wide
of a brilliant green. The
flowers are yellowish white,
more or less inconspicuous,
and the fruit, which is
produced in the upper
branches, is a massive,
round, hard-shelled pod
from four to six inches in
diameter.
This gigantic tree in the
South American forests
forms immense stretches
of forests along the Ama-
zon and Rio Negro rivers,
and likewise about Esmer-
aldas on the Orinoco. The
range of the Brazil-nut
tree is not well-known, but
it is one of a kind very
extensive in the country,
i. e., those of which both
the timber and the fruit
are largely available. The
majority of the timber
trees of Brazil do not yield
fruit eaten by man; while
the majority of their fruits are obtained from plants not
yielding available timber. The Brazil-nut tree affords
in its lumber, its fruit, and its ba.k many useful products
which attract our attention.
The wood obtained from the Brazil-nut is highly
esteemed in Brazil for building and naval construction
and for works exposed to the soil and air. It is hard,
heavy, strong and tough and splits with a straight, clean
fracture though not so easily as a good many other
woods of equal weight and hardness. The wood has a
long fiber and is noted for its toughness and durability.
It is light brown, tinged with red and turns slightly
781
A SMALL CLUMP OF BRAZIL NUT TREES
This tree averages a hundred feet
feet in diameter. It is most useful,
yield valuable commercial products.
darker with age. Considering its hardness the wood
works well and takes a very good polish, which it retains.
There is an almost .inexhaustible supply of this wood
and the large forests have scarcely been touched with
an ax.
As described above, the fruit of the Brazil-nut tree
is an excessively hard-shelled pod which contains from
eighteen to twenty-four
edible seeds, so beautifully
packed in the shell that
when once removed it is
impossible to replace them.
Although they are called
nuts they are not nuts in
the botanical sense ; in the
trade they are generally
so considered. Brazil, Para
and cream nuts are a few
of the more common trade
designations. Originally
these seeds were exported
chiefly from Para, and,
therefore, came to be called
Para nuts. In Venezuela
both the trees and the nuts
are called juvia and in Bra-
zil the Portuguese name for
the seeds is castanheiro or
castanheiro do Para. This
name has been corrupted to
castanha, meaning nut, and
the term castanhal, means
nut orchard.
The gathering of these
seeds is an important in-
dustry in Brazil. Mr. C.
F. Carter in the Decem-
ber issue of the South
American, gives a very
interesting description of
the manner of gather-
ing the seeds. He says :
"Early in January, the harvesting parties set out
to gather the crop. As the only means of transporta-
tion in North Brazil is by water, these parties travel
in canoes up the smaller tributaries to the castanhals.
Arrived there, the pods are assembled at the foot of
the trees, and broken open with the machete, after
which the nuts are carried in baskets to the canoes
which, when loaded, are taken down the small streams
to the larger rivers navigable by steamboats. As the
river steamers are unable either to maintain regular
schedules or await the arrival of gathering parties with
in height of stem, and two to four
for its lumber, fruit and even bark
USES OF THE BRAZIL NUT TREES
783
nuts it is nec-
essary that
the nuts be
left on the
river bank in
what are
known as
" p a i o e s. "
These paioes
consist of
cleared spaces
protected from
the hot sun
and tropical
rains by palm
leaf shelters.
However, these
paioes are in-
adequate and,
in consequence,
the nuts sus-
tain more or
less injury at
this stage, according to the length of time they remain
in the paioes.
In a few districts, the custom of washing the nuts
prevails. The method now in vogue is the same as was
employed generations ago. In these districts, when the
canoes arrive from the castanhals, the nuts are trans-
ferred from the smaller boats in small wicker baskets
Courtesy the South American
LOADING THE NUTS ON SMALL BOATS
The only means of transportation in North Brazil is by water and so the harvesting parties travel in
canoes to the castanhals, or orchards, where the nuts are carried to the canoes in baskets for loading.
which are im-
mersed in the
stream several
times. By this,
process the
accumulated
dirt is washed
off and imper-
fect nuts rise
to the surface
and float away.
The cleaned
nuts are passed
on to the
larger canoes
or lighters and
are later trans-
ferred to the
river steamers
for transport
to Manaos and
Para."
These so-
called Brazil nuts are well-known in the American
markets and are highly esteemed for their oily almond-
flavored interior. They are a luxury in some countries
and an article of food in another. They are used either
to obtain an oil or are eaten in the raw state or are
otherwise prepared as an article of food. About the end
of December the seeds are in the fit state to be eaten raw ;
Courtesy the South American
NATIVES BUSY TAKING OFF BRAZIL NUT CARGO
The cargoes of nuts are brought down the small streams of North Brazil in canoes to the larger rivers, which are navigable by steamboats
and which carry the nuts to market. The industry it an active, profitable and most important one in Brazil.
784
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Europe and 13,843 to this side
of the Atlantic, and the respec-
tive figures for Para were 87,496
and 93,532. The total exporta-
tion to Europe was 212,660, and
to American ports, 195,027. The
statistics of the Department of
Commerce and Labor give the
following amounts and values
of the Brazil nuts imported into
the United States from 1909 to
1914, inclusive :
Courtesy the South American
UNLOADING BRAZIL NUTS
This shows the method of unloading the nuts by basket and depositing them on the river bank awaiting
the arrival of the river steamers.
and they may be preserved for many months by storing
them in a moderately dry place and out of reach of
the hot sun or excessive moisture. The use of the seeds
for procuring an oil is more extensive and important
than is generally known. If they are kept dry the ker-
nel soon easily separates from the hard shell of the
seed. The seeds are then cracked with a small mallet
or by means of machinery especially designed for this
purpose without injuring the kernels. The sound ker-
nels are next cleaned from every particle of shell and
crushed for the purpose of obtaining the oil of which
there is approximately 70 per cent. The oil obtained
from the first pressing is of the best quality ; it is clear
and suitable for food and is sometimes used as a sub-
stitute for olive oil. It retains the taste of the kernel,
which to some persons is very disagreeable. The oil
is used also by watch makers and artists.
The bulk of the seeds coming into the United States
are eaten. It has been estimated that about twenty per
cent are shelled and used by confectioners for making
various sorts of candied products. This latter use is
rapidly increasing.
According to Mr. Carter the exports of Brazilian nuts
from Para, Manaos, and Itacoatiara during the period
from January 1st to June 30, 1915, amounted to 407,687
bushels. Of this total, 188,542 bushels were from Manaos,
38,117 bushels from Itacoatiara, and 181,028 bushels
from Para. Manaos shipped 100,890 bushels to Europe
and 87,652 to American ports, Itacoatiara 24,274 to
Year Amounts
Value
1909 (Bushels) 407,719
1910 " 461,496
1911 " 283,902
1912 (Pounds) 21,539,508
1913 " 11,933,445
1914 " 20,423,497
$ 761,219
1,251,738
804,064
1,092,671
668,534
1,075,907
Another interesting
product
of the Brazil-nut tree is
the bark.
Courtesy the South American
PLACING BRAZIL NUTS IN THE PAIOES
These paioes are shelters built of palm leaves on the river banks, in
which the nuts are protected from the hot sun and tropical rains pending
the arrival of the river steamers.
The inner portion of the bark is rather thick, very fibrous
and of a dark brown or reddish color indicating the pres-
ence of tannin. It contains tannin in commercial quanti-
ties, but it is rarely used for this purpose because the bark
is too valuable for making oakum used so extensively in
Brazil for calking vessels.
A CABLEGRAM from France received from Secretary P. S. Ridsdale, of the American Forestry Asso-
ciation, just before this magazine went to press announced that the French Government has accepted
the offer of aid in reforesting France made by the Association. Mr. Ridsdale, after visiting the de-
vastated areas, will return to Washington, sailing from Liverpool February 5th, on the first available
boat. Plans for gathering the seed for France will be completed upon his return.
THE POSSIBILITIES OF FARM WOODLAND DEVELOPMENT
UNDER THE SMITH-LEVER ACT
BY C. R. TILLOTSON
ACCORDING to estimates made by crop reporters of
the Bureau of Crop Estimates, United States
Department of Agriculture in December, 1917,
approximately 83,000,000 cords of firewood were used
on the farms of the United States in the year 1917. The
total value of this in round figures was $283,000,000. A
A WHITE OAK STAND
These trees are 2S years old, 2 to 5-inch diameter, 30 feet high. The stand
is in excellent shape for a thinning of 2,000 to 2,500 per acre. Sprouted
low. Grazing has been practiced. Brighton, Livingston County, Michigan.
similar estimate made in December, 1916, showed about
82,000,000 cords used in 191 6, valued at $225,426,000.
These figures represent only the value of cordwood used
on the farm. They do not include the value of other
products, such as posts and poles used on the farm nor
the cordwood and other material sold from the farm
woodlands. With these taken into account, it seems
reasonable that the total value of products cut from farm
woodlands during each of these two years must have been
from $400,000,000 to $500,000,000. Probably more often
than not, moreover, the woodland owner through ignor-
ance of values received less for his woodland products
than they are worth. For the most part also farm wood-
lands are in poor condition and not producing as much
cordwood or other material as would be possible if they
were properly cared for. It is apparent that even con-
sidered from the standpoint of a revenue producing crop
only, farm woodlands are an asset of considerable
national importance. The coal shortage experienced in
several regions last winter has emphasized the fact that
farm woodlands have a value other than that of being
merely revenue producers. Many a farmer and com-
munity would have gone cold for a period last winter
had it not been for cordwood cut from farm woodlands
to meet the emergency of no coal. The same may per-
haps be true next winter and then again at some future
date. It is principally as a yearly crop, however, that
wood deserves attention.
Wood produced in the farm woodlands is a farm crop
and there is a continual need on the farm for it. As a
crop it has attributes possessed to a like degree by no
• \
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ENGINE CUTTING WOOD
Saws whole trees up yi to 2 cords an hour. Santa Fe Springs, San
Bernardino County, California.
other on the farm. It demands little care ; will thrive on
poor soil ; naturally and continually regenerates itself, and
is marketable at all seasons and at increasing values as it
grows older and larger. In some regions wood is still
the main crop of the farm and furnishes employment for
786
786
AMERICAN FORESTRY
man and beast alike during winter months. The wood-
land serves as a protection to farm buildings, livestock,
and crops and increases the sale value of the farm. These
things entitle it to consideration at the hands of agri-
culturists and all others interested in better farming and
better farm conditions in general.
A great and growing interest of late years been taken
by the individual states and the nation in rural affairs.
Through their agricultural colleges and experiment sta-
tions the states have been wrestling with local agricultural
problems and sending useful information broadcast to
farmers within their borders; the national government
has also been helping agricultural affairs largely through
the organization of the United States Department of
Agriculture, but also through giving direct aid to State
Agricultural Colleges in the form of Federal appropria-
tions. A number of acts for this purpose have been
passed from time to time, but the one known as the
Smith-Lever Act, passed May 8, 1914, is proving to be
more far-reaching in its effect than any of the others.
This bill pro-
vides for co-
operative agri-
cultural exten-
sion work be-
tween land
grant agricul-
tural colleges
in the states
and the United
States Depart-
ment of Agri-
culture, this
work to consist
of the giving
of instruction
and practical
demonstrations
to persons not
a 1 1 e n ding or
resident in
these colleges
and imparting to such persons information on these sub-
jects through field demonstrations, publications, and
otherwise. The work must be carried on in a manner
mutually agreed upon by the Secretary of Agriculture
and the colleges which receive the benefit of the act.
To pay the expenses of this work, $480,000 is to be
appropriated yearly from Federal funds; $10,000 of this
will be distributed to each state. An additional $600,000,
or a total of $1,080,000, was appropriated for the fiscal
year July 1, 1915^0 June 30, 1916. For each year there-
after for seven years, the Act provides for an appropria-
tion exceeding by $500,000 that of the preceding year.
Thereafter, there will be permanently appropriated each
year in addition to the sum of $480,000 the sum of
$4,100,000 to carry on this work. For the fiscal year
July 1, 1918, to June 30, 1919, there will be appropriated
$2,580,000. To receive its due quota of the money ap-
• Report of the Secretarj, page 50, Yearbook of the Dept. of Ap-., 1914.
PRODUCTS OF
A load of hackberry poles on public square for sal'
propriated in any one year, the State must provide an
equal amount either through an appropriation by the
State Legislature or through "state, county, college,
local authority, or individual contributions from within
the State."
As stated in the Yearbook of the Department of Agri-
culture* for 1914, this is one of the most striking educa-
tional measures ever adopted by any government. The
machinery for putting it into effect is already well de-
veloped, every State in the Union has agreed to its pro-
visions, and already the State Agricultural Colleges and
the United States Department of Agriculture are getting
in closer touch with the agricultural population than has
hitherto been possible. Through the employment at these
colleges of experts in different lines, such as agronomy,
animal husbandry, dairying, etc., many lines of work are
already being carried on under the provisions of this
law. The possibilities in this respect have been made
more effective through the system of county agents in
most States. These men, with headquarters usually at
the county seat,
are in the em-
ploy of the Ag-
ricultural Col-
lege. It is their
business to as-
sist farmers in
a g r i c u ltural
matters. They
are almost con-
tinually travel-
ing from farm
to farm in their
counties and
carrying infor-
mation to the
farmers. All of
each State's
activities sup-
ported by this
Act are under
the control of
the State Extension Director, who is also connected with
the College, and before any projects for which the use
of Smith-Lever funds are contemplated can be initiated,
they must receive both his approval and that of the States
Relation Service of the United States Department of
Agriculture.
The significance of this bill and the organization of
county agents which has arisen out of it to those inter-
ested in forestry and particularly in farm woodlands
must be apparent. The importance of farm woodlands
to their owners has already been pointed out. Why,
then, should not they be given their due share of atten-
tion under the provisions of this law ? The average wood-
land owner knows less about the handling and selling of
his timber than about any other farm crop. The present
big demand for cordwood is doubtless resulting in the
needless slashing of many farm woodlands and will
THE WOODLOT
:. They bring $2.50 per load at Gallatin, Tennessee.
THE POSSIBILITIES OF FARM WOODLAND DEVELOPMENT, ETC.
787
destroy their future usefulness. Through expert advice
upon how and what timber to cut from farm woodlands,
great quantities of cordwood in the aggregate can be
secured without damaging their productive capacity. The
woodland lends itself very well to demonstrations of
various kinds such as improvement cuttings, estimating
timber, planting to secure windbreaks or better stands,
efficient cutting and marketing of products, preservative
treatment of fence posts, and a number of others. There
is no question of the legality of such work under the
terms of the bill. It has already had the approval of the
States Relations Service of the United States Department
of Agriculture, and Extension Directors in several
States. There is apparent-
ly no reason why the farm
woodland should not come
in for attention and a great
many reasons why it should.
All that now needs to be
done by those interested in
this phase of agriculture is
to impress upon the State
Extension Director the im-
mediate necessity for initi-
ating such work, and assist-
ing him to do it.
The best means of giving
such work permanency and
effectiveness appears to be
for the agricultural colleges
from which the extension
work is directed to attach
to their staffs for this par-
ticular purpose an expert in
forestry. His position would be similar to that of an
expert in dairying, for instance, who is attached for the
purpose of improving the dairying conditions throughout
the State. The forestry expert would be able to take
advantage of the system of county agents and through
them reach more people than through any plan in which
he would have to work alone. There is little question
but that through assistance given in the sale of wood-
lands products alone he would each year save to wood-
land owners in the State many times his salary. In
teaching them how to care for their woodlands he would
be making provision for future supplies of farm timber
and increasing the value of the farms. His duties would
not interfere with those of the State Forester, and in most
cases at least he would be welcomed and given as much
assistance as possible by the State Forester. In several
States, such experts have already been employed by the
agricultural college.
Where in the opinion of the State Extension Director
conditions do not at present warrant the employment of
such a man, it may still be possible for the State Forest
Service to carry on such work in co-operation with the
State Extension Service of the College. At least two
State foresters are already doing so with entirely satis-
factory results. If a State Forester wishes to conduct
work in line with provisions
of the Smith-Lever Act
and can allot for that pur-
pose a certain amount of
his appropriation to a pro-
ject which will come under
the direction of the State
Extension Director at the
college, there is little doubt
that many of these direc-
tors would be willing to
submit such a project to the
United States Department
of Agriculture for approval.
On the strength of funds
allotted by the State For-
ester for this purpose, the
Extension Director would
be in a position to request
an equal amount of Federal
Smith-Lever money to meet
it providing, of course, the States' entire quota were
not already utilized in other extension projects. As each
State's quota of this Federal money will continue to in-
crease yearly until July, 1922, State Foresters have a
splendid opportunity to take advantage of this Smith-
Lever Act. They should lose no time in getting in
touch with the Extension Director of their State in
order to work out with him a project which will con-
form with the provisions of the law, be acceptable
to both, and be effective in giving the woodlands under
this law the consideration which their importance in the
general farm economy fully justifies.
OPEN WOODLOT IN GOOD CONDITION
A stand of sugar maple, walnut, coffee tree, ash, red oak and hickory at
Prospect, Marion County, Ohio.
INTRODUCE YOURSELF TO AN AX
?<r
'TU1E ax is intimately associated with the history
■*■ of the world and has played a prominent part in
all stages of its progress," says Mercer P. Moseley,
Assistant Federal Fuel Administrator for the State of
New York.
"In Biblical lore and historical age its record is one
of absorbing interest. Elijah employed it as an instru-
mentality to strengthen the early Christian faith when
he performed the miracle of its rising from the depths
of the Jordan. Bryant's 'Forest Hymn' makes illuminat-
ing reference in the lines 'Ere man learned to hew the
shaft or lay the architrave.' Its function runs the mani-
fold gamut from murder to peaceful pursuit. Under
its stroke the heads of both kings and commoner have
rolled in the sawdust in the days when the mob reveled
in the sight of blood. It was the general weapon of war
in ages past. Gladstone and Lincoln employed it for pur-
poses of healthful exercise. Boone and Crockett reck-
oned its indispensability with that of the rifle. Today our
engineers depend upon it to throw bridges across streams,
to erect hurried protection for front-line fighters and to
advance the arts of war. And those of us at home can
and should use the ax to split dead wood for live fires
and thus save coal. This modest and non-spectacular
performance is a distinctly patriotic and helpful con-
tribution to the success of our arms across the seas as
well as to the comfort of those left behind. Introduce
yourself to an ax."
7SS
AMERICAN FORESTRY
DIGEST OF OPINIONS ON FORESTRY
WILL YOU NOT CO-OPERATE WITH US BY IMPRESSING UPON THE EDITOR OF YOUR
NEWSPAPER THE IMPORTANCE OF FORESTRY? WRITE TO YOUR NEWSPAPER
MEMORIAL TREES, the forest fire in Minnesota, the
work of the Boy Scouts in locating walnut trees and
the saving of paper are subjects discussed by the news-
papers of recent issue. In the Memorial Tree and paper
saving campaign the American Forestry Association has
a big part and with the co-operation of the members of
the association will have a still bigger part. Every mem-
ber should further the suggestion that Memorial Trees
be planted for the sailors and soldiers who fought in
the war by writing his newspaper and placing the sug-
gestion before committees having memorials in charge.
Each member should constitute himself a committee of
one to forward to the secretary marked copies of papers
mentioning this subject in any way.
Plans for memorials are now being discussed every-
where. The Boston Post devoted a page to memorial
suggestions leading the article with a letter from the
American Forestry Association suggesting that trees be
considered in whatever was done. The Pittsburgh
Gazette-Times in an editorial tells of the association's
secretary going to France to offer aid to reforesting that
country and of the importance of that work. The Con-
stitution of Atlanta takes up the Memorial Tree idea
editorially and says the suggestion is "both commendable
and feasible." The Dayton News points out what fine
memorials trees will make and adds that their great value
to bird life should be taken into account. "Any plan
that will result in more tree planting," says the Milwaukee
Journal, "should have the most careful consideration."
The New York Sun says editorially: "No more appro-
priate, beautiful, or sensible memorial to the men who
have fallen in the war could be devised than plantations
of trees." The New York Mail calls the memorial tree
idea one of "excellent possibilities for a great national
work."
"Tree planting is at once a simple, thoughtful, artistic
and durable means of raising a memorial. It is being
urged by the American Forestry Association," says the
Chicago Tribune, "and because it is so simple of accom-
plishment and so enduring it should receive immediate
and active support everywhere in the United States."
"There would seem to be a quality all but universal
in its appeal in the proposal, which to a considerable
degree has been put into practice to plant trees along
the great highways," says the Cincinnati Enquirer, while
the Baltimore Star takes this view : "The public is be-
coming sympathetically attuned to the idea of having
memorial trees planted for soldiers and sailors." The
suggestion for permanent Community Christmas Trees is
meeting with hearty indorsement and Earl Godwin, writ-
ing in the Washington Times, says: "There is a good
idea. Here is a fine opportunity for a 'Victory Grove'
that would be one of the finest tributes to our heroes no
matter what may be done in bronze or stone." As to
the value of memorial tree planting the Tifton, Georgia,
Gazette says, "that is a splendid suggestion from the
Savannah News."
"A Spectator" who witnessed the planting of Memorial
Trees for four members of the Church of the Holy
Innocents, at Tacony, writes in the Public Ledger, "the
exercises were marked by great reverence and solemnity."
"The Listener" in the Boston Transcript devotes com-
ment to memorial tree planting and the Transcript also
calls attention to the request of the Society for the Pro-
tection of Native Plants that less laurel be used. The
New York Evening World prints the story of the laurel
wreath sent to President Wilson by the General Federa-
tion of Women's Clubs which is urging it as the national
flower. The Post Dispatch of St. Louis in an editorial
asserts there are many available locations for tree plant-
ing there and continues, "the groves were God's first
temples, and as a living shrine for liberty the twentieth
century can offer nothing better." The Public Ledger
says, "there will be complete unanimity as to the wisdom
of formal tree planting in parks and on highways." The
country is impatient, the Public Ledger adds, with the
average memorial that sprang up after the Civil War.
The drain upon the sources of the timber supply of
Great Britain are pointed out in a long article in the
Christian Science Monitor and the St. Nicholas treats
of what family the peanut really belongs while the
Youth's Companion tells its readers about the wood
needed in making an aeroplane propeller. The Nashville
Banner carries an article by Latimer J. Wilson on the
"aeroplane forest patrol" which subject is attracting at-
tention all over the country. The New York Herald had
a good story on the offer of the American Forestry
Association to help in reforesting France and another on
the need of replanting black walnuts.
In an article on "Autumn's Chemistry" the Portland
Oregonian touches upon the wonders of Nature at the
closing of the year. The Cleveland Plain Dealer carries
a feature story on the quick work in pine tree cutting to
make ships at Galveston. The Washington Star prints
the letter to the Boy Scouts from Secretary of War Baker
praising that organization for its work in locating black
walnut. The Washington Times has printed many arti-
cles on memorial trees and the news associations, as could
be seen from the page of headlines printed in the Decem-
ber number, have co-operated in a very fine way. The
Times of Marietta comments upon the fact that walnut
trees are disappearing and says, "for every food tree cut
DIGEST OF OPINIONS ON FORESTRY
789
down six should be planted." The newspapers are find-
ing many good stories in the office of the state or city
forester since the American Forestry Association started
the campaign for memorial trees.
The Dallas News is giving more and more space to the
value of forestry, having carried a story on "trees and
rainfall," by Dr. Joseph L. Cline, the weather observer
there, and another on the pecan as a valuable shade tree.
"The destruction of timber in the last half century has
been little short of criminal," says the Evening Journal
of Dallas in suggesting more attention be paid in the
schools "to the resources which Providence has set aside."
The Detroit Free Press calls attention to the shortage
of several valuable woods in an editorial and reminds us
that Ruskin called the tree the link between earth and
man. The Trenton (N. J.) Times has had two editorials
on forestry and several news stories.
The Charlotte Observer "will not despair," it says,
although "it has hammered on the cross tie conservation
idea for years past." The Observer goes on to point out
the fuel value in the cross ties being burned along rail-
road rights of way every year. From cross ties to poetry
may be a long cry but the newspapers seem ever ready
to print anything touching the beauties of Nature and
there is always something about trees in that subject.
The Arkansas Gazette has a poem, "Song of the Pines,"
and John D. Wells, the sweet singer of the Buffalo News,
pens of the "First Frost of Fall," from which we take
this verse :
The first frost fell last night! It glazed the trees.
The pavements, too, it painted snowy white;
The roofs and walks, as Fancy seemed to please,
It fell upon and coated over night;
The town was white, with autumn's hoary sign,
And here and there in all the world of man
It touched a heart and turned, as it turned mine,
To nutting days in Mills' Grove again.
Once more rally to the call, members of the American
Forestry Association. Every tree beckons to you to be-
come a friend — a friend of action instead of an admirer
only. Their interests are our interests, heed the call.
ROOSEVELT
'Tis not alone in Flanders field
The poppies grow;
To him who spent his life for us
Comes Death's fell blow,
Our greatest Soldier of the Right
Is stricken low.
More dauntless spirit never beat
In any breast,
More valiant sword was never drawn
On any quest,
Now wept by all who love the land
He sinks to rest.
We vow that we shall wage his fight
Upon the foe,
We vow that we shall keep his faith
Because we know
'Tis not alone in Flanders field
The poppies grow.
— McLandburgh Wilson, in the New York Sun.
TO HELP REFOREST FRANCE
p ARRYING a sack of Douglas fir seed, Percival S.
^ Ridsdale, secretary of the American Forestry Asso-
ciation, has arrived in France to offer the help of
America in reforesting the 1,500,000 acres of woodland
wiped out by the war in the north and east of that
country.
The seed carried by Mr. Ridsdale will grow 50.000
trees, valued at about a million dollars, although the
sack in which he carried it is small enough to be fitted
into a traveling bag. The Douglas fir seed has been
asked by the French Government for experimental plant-
ing, as it is thought to be suitable for French soil and
climatic conditions.
"This vast acreage of forest was used in trench, road
and barracks building or else was blasted to pieces by
shells," Mr. Ridsdale explained. "Almost a million
Harris and Ewing
A SMALL PACKAGE WITH A BIG VALUE
Taken just before he sailed for France, this picture shows Mr. Ridsdale
holding the bag of Douglas Fir Seed which he carried with him. It held
50,000 seeds— all that could be obtained in this country at this time.
French people were dependent upon these forests for
their livelihood six months in the year and the French
Government faces a great economic problem in providing
them with other resources until the forests are restored.
"In collecting the seed wanted by France the members
of our association, the forestry departments of the vari-
ous States, the Boy Scouts and other organizations will
be called upon to help," he said. "A million and a quarter
acres of forest in the north and east of France have been
practically wiped out during the war and must be re-
placed."
AMERICAN FORESTRY
rv
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THE PINE WOODS FOLKS
SQUEAKY CHIPMUNK LEARNS SOMETHING ABOUT
PINE SEEDS
| QUEAKY Chipmunk was darting nervously around under
the blueberry bushes near his hole beneath the old rotten
log. He was in a great hurry because he had heard a
strange sound and he always made it his business to find
out all about every sound that he heard. His scanty little
tail stood straight up as he bobbed from stump to stone
and from stone to fallen tree.
"That's very strange," he said, stopping a moment on
his old familiar log to catch his breadth, "I heard a distinct bump, and it was
not so very far from here either."
With that he scurried off to have a peak behind an old pine knot that he
might have overlooked. He had just jumped to the top of the old pine knot
when there was a tremendous thump behind him that sent him scurrying into,
the brush in a panic. But he was back again almost instantly. No matter
how badly he is scared his curiosity is so great that he is just obliged to come
right back to see what it was that scared him. No sooner had he scampered
back to the old pine knot than his bright little eyes discovered the shiny
new pine cone lying less than two feet away.
Now Squeaky has a terrible temper and nothing makes him quite so angry
as to have been badly scared when there was no real cause for it. His fur
bristled up, he pounded the old knot with his tiny hind feet, and squeaked his
very maddest. His little tail quivered and jerked with every squeak, and
the more he squeaked the angrier he seemed to get. At first he squeaked) at
the pine cone, but he soon stopped that and turned his attention to the top of
the big Norway tree for he knew perfectly well why that cone had fallen.
Sure enough a red form glided out on the end of a limb high up on the
great Norway, hung down head
first over a big r^^^^^i)^fSSx\^)\\ bunch of need-
les, at the end /$^w£Astr~-RH AJ T^X!^VV>c~i °* a Drancn> an^
down came an ^^r^^^^A^fX^^^\Xt\^^j^^^ other pine cone.
It came so close ^^yVWVy-^ ^^^<XJ)\H$£' t0 k*m tnat ^e
ducked in spite ^^ of himself, but
he immediately recovered with an angry little chatter and squeaked louder
than ever. Indeed he squeaked so loud that he was almost afraid of himself.
A scolding chatter came in answer from the top of the pine tree, a chatter
so harsh that it was almost a bark. "Don't you touch those cones," Chatter
Box, the red squirrel, called down angrily. "D,on't you dare touch them.
I cut them down and they are mine."
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FORESTRY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS
791
1
"I know you cut them down," snapped Squeaky, who could be as saucy
as anyone when Chatter Box was away up in the top of a tree, "and you be
careful where you drop them. You almost hit me that time and if any of
them fall in my yard I'll take every one of them."
"You try it," snapped Chatter Box, "and I'll eat some of your children."
This scared Squeaky a little, but it would not have stopped him from
taking one of the cones if he had not wanted to see what Chatter Box was
going to do with them. He was very young himself and the few pine seed
he had stored the winter before had all spoiled on him. He knew that Chatter
Box was an authority on pine seed and he wanted to see what he would do
with them. He climbed a stub on the old log over his house and watched.
Chatter Box came tearing down the tall Norway in a great hurry, scatter-
ing loose pieces of bark in all directions. He grabbed up the cone nearest
to Squeaky and carried it to the top of the old stump. He picked a nice flat
spot, curved his tail
his back, and, with
fixed on Squeaky, he XT/^^f A ^
idly around in his y)))/../0')\ I'//'/
cone scales and dig
under them. Squeaky
"Yes, he was eating
"I thought it was too
Squeaky called in
"It is too
to eat any of
ter Box retor
taste pretty
he added
he picked
cone and car
onto the
"Have you
mzmzw
up gracefully behind
his bright little eye
turned the cone rap-
paws, biting off the
ging the seeds from
watched him closely,
them."
early to eat those,"
neighborly fashion,
early for you
mine," Chat-
ted, "but they
good to me,"
teasingly a s
u p another
r i e d it up
stump,
stored up
very many of them this year?" Squeaky asked, ignoring the insult, for he:
had not yet found out what he wanted to know.
"Stored them," Chatter Box exclaimed in contempt, "I should say not.
They will not be ripe enough to store for two weeks yet."
That was what Squeaky wanted ta know. That was the reason his had'
shriveled up the year before. He had stored them too early. So you could
eat them for two weeks before you could store them, that was worth knowing,
too. The next thing was to get some to eat right now, for it had made him
very hungry to see the other fellow eating them right before his eyes. He was
in hopes that Chatter Box had cut down more than he could eat and would
leave some on the ground. He was afraid to try to climb those tall trees
and try to cut them down himself. He counted all the cones he could see on
the ground and waited patiently. But Chatter Box slowly picked up one after
i'<mm
i
702
AMERICAN FORESTRY
another, the pile of green cone scales on the top of the
stump grew high, and still he did not show any signs of
stopping. At last Chatter Box jumped down to get the
next to the last one, and Squeaky could not stand it any
longer. When Chatter Box started back for the stump
Squeaky made one grand dive for the remaining cone,
grabbed it and ran for his life.
Chatter Box saw him and gave chase. It was a close
race, but Squeaky won out to his hole, bumped into
Mrs. Squeaky who was waiting for him in the doorway,
and they both rolled down the passageway together.
Safe inside their snug little home with the cone, they
proceeded to shell out the seed while Squeaky told his
little wife all he had learned, and they both laughed at
Chatter Box who was still scolding out on the old
rotten log. (To be continued)
THE HARMLESS FIRE-BUG
The lightning bug flew through the woods,
And flashed his little lamp ;
"This is the thing to use," says he,
"The woods are very damp."
He chuckled to himself and said,
"The woods will soon be drier,
Then this is still the thing to use,
So's not to start a fire.
"So rain or shine or wind or calm,
My little lamp's the best;
No man-made lantern, match or flash
Can ever stand the test."
Problems For Boy Scouts
1. What conifers lose their needles every winter?
2. Does the snow lie deeper in the woods or in the
open;
(To be answered in the next issue)
GATHER WALNUTS FOR PLANTING
BLACK walnut is of the most profitable woodland
and pasture trees. It is rapidly becoming scarce on
account of the important part it has played in the war,
and the strong demand for the wood for cabinet material,
caskets, musical instruments, furniture, etc.
The nuts for planting should be selected, so far as
possible, from vigorous trees producing good-sized nuts
in abundance. If squirrels and hogs are not trouble-
some, the nuts may be planted this fall, putting two
nuts in a hole and covering with about four inches of soil
well firmed. In many places the safest method is prob-
ably to keep the nuts over winter and plant them in the
spring. For this purpose a pit, dug eight to twelve inches
deep in a well-drained, cool location, is a desirable storage
place. A layer of nuts, two nuts deep, is covered with an
inch of sand, and so on until all the nuts are stored, after
which soil should be mounded over the pit to shed excess
moisture. Nuts mixed with sand will keep quite satis-
factorily in a cool cellar. A bushel of walnuts contains
from i.ioo to 1400, depending upon the size of the nuts,
or enough to plant an acre, using two nuts in each hole,
spacing the latter three feet apart each way.
THE TIMBER CENSUS IN THE NORTH-
EASTERN STATES
From an address by A. B. Recknagel, at the Annual
Meeting of the Society of American Foresters, Decem-
ber 27, ipi8.
SHORTLY before the Germans launched their drive
on the vernal equinox, which, as far as they were
concerned, ended in a winter solstice known as an
"armistice," certain members of the War Committee of
the Society of American Foresters foregathered in the
New York office of R. S. Kellogg and planned another
drive which, it is hoped, will result far more favorably.
The objective was nothing less than a timber census
of the Northeastern States. Statistics on the consump-
tion of forest products we have — excellent statistics —
but we need to know with equal accuracy as to the exist-
ing supplies of timber so that we may balance supply and -
demand through the adoption of a proper forest policy.
The meeting was held on April 25, 1918. Those pres-
ent represented the States of Maine and New York and
a plan of campaign was developed for securing the
desired data. The chairman of the War Committee,
Prof. Tourney of Yale, was unable to attend, but
shouldered the burdens of securing the needed data for
the States of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut,
New Hampshire and Vermont by enlisting the co-opera-
tion of various organizations in these States.
The campaign developed rapidly and met with an
unexpected degree of support on the part of timberland
owners. Forms for reporting estimates were prepared
and sent out in each State by some recognized agency.
In New York Mr. C. R. Pettis, Superintendent of State
Forests sent out, under date of May 15, a strong letter,
stressing the urgent need for reliable information about
merchantable standing timber.
What followed up to the ending of the war, has
been told by Prof. Tourney in the November issue of
the Journal of Forestry, issued by the Society of Ameri-
can Foresters.
On the day following the signing of the armistice the
"Census Makers" gathered in Boston and, with the joy-
ous shouts of the peace revel in their ears, decided that
despite the end of the war the valuable data accumulated
in the census should not be lost but that the work should
be carried to completion. It was left to each State to
compile the data and to publish them through whatever
agency in the State seemed most appropriate. Then the
Forest Service will probably publish a summary for the
entire Northeastern region. The Reconstruction Con-
ference of the National Lumber Manufacturers' Associa-
tion in Chicago on November 23, 1918, passed a strong
resolution endorsing the plan.
So the matter stands at present. Conceived as a piece
of war work the timber census gives promise of filling a
peace need as well.
T71 ALL or winter pruning of grape vines may be done
-*- at any time during mild weather from November to
March, while the vines are in a dormant condition.
THE SANDPIPERS
(FAMILY SCOLOPACIDAE)
BY A. A. ALLEN, PH.D.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ORNITHOLOGY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY
WHEN the waters in our lakes and ponds recede
during late summer and leave exposed great
areas of soft mud, they would become very un-
attractive were it not for the flocks of graceful little
birds that assemble upon them. With jerking heads or
tilting tails they trot along the soft oozy shore in search
of the larvae that lie concealed in the mud. These are
the sandpipers. There are tiny ones, smaller than spar-
"SANDPEEPS" IN FLIGHT
Least and Semipalmatcd Sandpipers showing the characteristic pointed
wings of the family.
rows, and there are larger ones as big as pigeons, some-
times in separate flocks, sometimes all mingled together.
They are brownish or gray above and white below, with
slender legs and long slender bills, and except for their
size, all look much alike. It takes a sharp eye to dis-
tinguish the different species when they have assumed
their fall plumages. But it is in this plumage that we
see the most of them for on their way north in the spring,
the waters are high, mud flats are scarce, and they are
in a hurry to get to their nesting grounds. In their
breeding plumage many of the species are strikingly
marked with black or chestnut and are easily distin-
guished from one another, but in the fall they consti-
tute a post-graduate course in bird study that appeals
to those who have passed through the warblers and
the sparrows and the flycatchers and are ready for more
difficult problems.
Together with the plovers, the avocets and stilts, the
turnstones, and the phalaropes, the sandpipers make up
the great group of shore-birds. The plovers have much
shorter bills than the sandpipers, the avocets and stilts,
much longer legs, the turnstones squarish bills, and the
phalaropes, lobed toes, but they are all very similar in
general appearance.
There are about 100 species of sandpipers, most of
them being confined, except on their migrations, to the
northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere, many of
them nesting within the Arctic Circle. Forty-five are
found in North America, some of them confined to the
West, some to the East, but the majority nest in the
far north and follow in their migrations the routes of
abundant food. Thus they are more common along
the sea coast than inland.
They are great travellers, these sandpipers, perhaps
the greatest of all, some of them traversing the entire
length of both continents in their migrations. The
majority of species spend the summer on the barren
grounds of the far north and, in the fall, though some
of them stop on our Gulf Coast, many speed their way
across the Caribbean to northern South America and
some continue down the coast even to Chile and Pata-
gonia. When they leave their summer homes they
have stored up great layers of fat, but when they reach
their winter quarters, the majority have grown thin.
Particularly is this true of those that follow the route
of the golden plover on the long flight from Nova
Scotia to Venezuela or from Alaska to the Hawaii
THEY MAKE THE SHORES ATTRACTIVE
Stilt Sandpipers are feeding in a close flock at the right; a dowitcher,
yellow legs and Semipalmated Sandpipers are at the left, black terns
are in the background.
Islands without a single stop. Twenty-five hundred
miles in a single flight seems almost incredible, but such
is the accepted belief today with regard to the plover
and other shorebirds that accompany it. Indeed they
have been seen passing over the Lesser Antilles as
though untired and continuing on to the main land of
793
704
AMERICAN FORESTRY
I
.i7'^--''i
1 . -
HIDING IN THE OPEN
Pectoral Sandpipers crouch on the shore to escape detection.
South America though
good stopping places were
plentiful. When instinct
compels birds to make such
a trip, it is little wonder
that it carries some of them
on southward far beyond
the bounds of reason and
good sense, even to Cape
Horn, a distance of per-
haps 9,000 miles from their
nesting grounds.
In former years all of
these shorebirds were con-
sidered game birds and
were shot in such numbers
that some of the species
were nearly exterminated.
This was possible because
they ordinarily fly in close
flocks so that many can be killed at a single discharge
of the gun. Now, through the Migratory Bird Treaty
with Great Britain, they have passed under Federal
jurisdiction and all save a few species are given pro-
tection. Of all the shore-birds, only the yellow legs,
the Wilson's snipe, the woodcock, and the black-bellied
and golden plovers remain on the game list for which
there is an open season.
The commonest species of sandpiper is the spotted
sandpiper, "tip-up" or "teeter-tail" as it is variously
called. In summer it is found along almost every stream
and lake from Northwestern Alaska to Louisiana, and
in winter, from Louisiana to Southern Brazil. It can
be distinguished from the other sandpipers of its size,
about that of a sparrow, by the conspicuous spots on
its underparts. In the fall, however, these are lost and
it would be hard to identify were it not for its constant
teetering. Several other species, and especially the
solitary sandpiper, jerk their heads when they walk,
but the spotted teeters its tail or its whole body as
though it had difficulty in balancing on its slender legs.
It flies with a peculiar hovering movement of its wings
which show a narrow gray line down the middle.
The solitary sandpiper is perhaps the next most com-
mon species inland. Although it probably does not nest
in the United States, it is very late in moving north-
ward in the spring and early in returning in the fall
so that except for the month of June, it is nearly as
common in most places as the spotted. It is somewhat
larger and darker than the spotted sandpiper and lacks
the spots on its underparts and shows conspicuous white
outer tail feathers when it flies. It is the one sandpiper
that seems to prefer woodland pools and it ventures
among the trees quite readily.
The yellowlegs are similar in color pattern to the
solitary sandpiper, but are grayer and have whiter tails.
There are two species, the greater and the lesser which
are almost identical except for size. Indeed when there
are no other birds about
so that the size can be cor-
rectly judged, it is some-
times impossible to tell
which species is under
observation. When they
take flight, their notes will
often announce them for
the smaller species never
gives but two notes to-
g e t h e r, "wheu - wheu,"
while the greater gives
three or more in succes-
sion, "wheu, wheu-wheu-
wheu-wheu, wheu, wheu-
wheu." The yellowlegs
have withstood the on-
slaught of the gunners
better than any of the
other species and are still
OCTOBER MORN
A lesser Yellow Legs feeding in the early morning.
• *.
1
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•
*> *
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r
r * 'w'
■
m . I \
*.-•■.•.■:♦■ -ll
THE WHITEST OF THE SANDPIPERS— THE SANDERLING
is likewise the only Sandpiper with but three toes. It prefers the
drier sandier shores.
THE SANDPIPERS
795
fairly abundant in suitable places during May and again
from August to November. Indeed they have been
much more successful than the knot, the willet, and the
Bartramian sandpipers.
The knot which is about the size of the yellowlegs,
but with a shorter bill and legs, formerly occurred in
A "SANDPEEP" ON THE SHORE
The Least and Semipalmated are the smallest of the Sandpipers.
flocks of thousands along the coast, but has been so
decimated that it can no longer be considered a game
bird. It has the unfortunate habit of flying in very
dense flocks so that many could be killed at a single
shot. In the spring the underparts of the knot are a
beautiful rufous, giving it the name of robin snipe.
The willet is considerably
larger and has striking black
and white markings in its wings.
It was formerly found along the
coast as far north as Nova
Scotia, but is now rare north of
Virginia.
The Bartramian sandpiper or
upland plover as it is better
known, is about the size of the
yellowlegs, but is brown instead
of gray and has a shorter bill.
It is more a bird of the interior
than the other sandpipers and
was formerly very abundant
throughout the grassy plains
and pastures of the Mississippi
Valley. It is ordinarily a shy
bird, but will permit one driving
or on horseback to approach
very close. Market hunters took
advantage of this in former
years and nearly exterminated the species. In a few
places, however, they are still firmly established and now
that they are protected by the Federal Law should
increase. Like the willet they always stretch their wings
straight up over their backs when they alight and then
close them. They have a striking call during the breed-
ing season like the syllables "chr-r-r-r-r-ee-e-e-e-e-e-oo-
o-o-o-o-oo," given with a rising and falling inflection.
Indeed most of the shore-birds have striking whistles and.
as they are quite easily imitated and decoy to the imita-
tion, it has made their extermination all the more
possible.
The smallest of the sandpipers,
called "sandpeeps," are the least
and semipalmated which in out-
ward appearance are very much
alike, the semipalmated being
somewhat grayer. They are
usually seen in flocks which
along the coast are often of con-
siderable size. A much whiter
species, somewhat larger, is
called the sanderling. It prefers
the drier, sandier shores, whence
the name.
The pectoral sandpiper has
almost the exact color pattern
of the least sandpiper, but is
much larger. The red-backed
sandpiper is conspicuously
marked in the spring with red-
dish-brown upper parts and a
broad band of black across the belly, but in the fall it
becomes entirely gray above and white below. It can
be distinguished from the others of its size by its slightly
decurved bill. The remaining sandpipers are too numer-
ous for full description, but the white-rumped is
very similar to the red-backed in the fall, the Baird's that
This is the Least.
ANOTHER "SANDPEEP"
But this time a Semipalmated Sandpiper — it has a somewhat heavier bill and is somewhat grayer than
the Least.
resembles a small gray pectoral, and the stilt sandpiper
with dark legs that resembles the yellowlegs might be
mentioned. Then there are other sandpipers that have
departed from the type of those thus far mentioned. The
curlews, for example, are considerably larger and
796
AMERICAN FORESTRY
browner and have strongly decurved bills. Like the
willet and upland plover, the curlews were formerly
abundant, but are now scarce. Indeed, one species, the
eskimo curlew, is believed to be extinct. The godwits
have slightly upcurved bills and the dowitcher, Wilson's
snipe and woodcock have exceedingly long probe-like
bills. What has been said regarding the curlews applies
also to the godwits, for while the marbled godwit is
NO SPOTS ON THIS
Fall styles with the spotted Sandpipers permit of no polkadots. A
September Spotted Sandpiper.
still fairly plentiful in the Northwest, the Hudsonian
godwit is one of the rarest shore-birds.
The dowitcher is more like the other sandpipers and
often associates with them on the open mud flats, but
the Wilson's snipe prefers the grassy marshes and seldom
ventures out on the bare flats except early in the morn-
ing and at dusk. The Wilson's snipe is a better game
bird than the other small sandpipers because of its
habits. It sometimes travels in flocks, but they scatter
when feeding and do not get up together nor afford a
"pot shot." They ordinarily escape detection until they
jump with a somewhat startling "kick" or "bleat" and
quickly get off on a zigzag course that puzzles the
hunter.
Even more abberrant and the best game bird of them
all, is the woodcock. It never ventures out into the
open except after dark, but spends the day usually in
alder thickets, though sometimes at a considerable dis-
tance from water. Because of the nature of its haunts,
it is a difficult target for the hunter. It has, however,
the unfortunate habit of never flying very far and allow-
ing itself to be flushed and shot at time and again. Once
in its winter quarters in the South, a bird remains in the
same thickets until time to move northward again.
Because of this, in many places hunters with dogs have
been able to exterminate nearly all the birds wintering
in some localities. This has resulted in woodcock becom-
ing extremely scarce in most places.
The woodcock is one of the most protectively colored
birds that we have and on the nest it frequently relies
entirely upon its coloration and will allow itself to be
touched while incubating. It is said of the European
woodcock that when it is frequently disturbed with its
young on its feeding grounds it will remove them to
some upland thicket for the day and bring them back
to the feeding ground at night, carrying them between
its thighs. Both the snipe and the woodcock have flexi-
ble bills and the tip of the upper mandible can be moved
separately from the rest of the bill. This permits them
to seize the worms or grubs which they find by prob-
ing in the soft soil. The tips of their bills are filled with
sensory pits covered with a soft membrane which enables
them to locate their food.
With the exception of one species, all of our sandpipers
nest on the ground. The exception is the solitary sand-
piper, which, so far as is known, utilizes the old nests of
other birds like the robin and grackle, sometimes at a
considerable distance above ground and away from the
water. All sandpipers lay three or four eggs, very large
for the size of the bird, which are sharply tapered so
that they will fit together like the pieces of a pie. Other-
A SIMPLE LITTLE HOME ON THE SHORE
Sandpipers do not build elaborate nests but merely line a depression with
a few straws. They lay large pointed eggs that fit together like the
pieces of a pie. This is the nest of a Spotted Sandpiper.
wise the old bird would be unable to cover them. They
are usually buff or tan in ground color, or with some
species greenish, heavily spotted with black or brown.
Young sandpipers, when hatched, are covered with
down, often of a striped pattern, and are able to run
about and follow their parents or even swim across
streams. The first plumage is similar to that of the
adults in the fall and in the spring all molt into the
THE SANDPIPERS
797
breeding plumage. If there is a bright plumage, females
don it as well as the males. Indeed, among the phala-
ropes which are closely allied to the sandpipers, the
females are brighter than the males. It is interesting
=*'
HOME AGAIN
The Spotted Sandpiper returns to its nest and inspects it closely to see
that all is well before taking its place upon the eggs.
to note that with them the males are left to incubate the
eggs and care for the young while the females assume
no responsibiliites after laying the eggs.
The food of the sandpipers includes many mosquito
and fly larvae and a few of them frequent the uplands
and catch grasshoppers and other destructive insects.
On the whole, however, they commend themselves to us
more because of their graceful appearance and charming
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THERE'S NO PLACE LIKE HOME
For keeping a Sandpiper busy. She has only four eggs, but they are so
large that she covers them with difficulty.
ways. Our shores and mud flats would be desolate
indeed with no birds to enliven them and most people
are glad to see all of the smaller species removed from
the game list.
T^HE meeting of the newly organized Tennessee For-
•*■ estry Association, which was to have been held in
December, has been postponed to some time in January.
It is proposed that the By-laws and Constitution shall be
broad enough to include the interests of the lumbermen,
timber owners and farmers, as well as all those interested
generally in the knowledge of tree growth. Conditions
in Tennessee promise bright prospects for a splendid
working forestry organization in the state.
/"V\E of the principal markets for American lumber
^-^ will be found in Italy, according to a special cable
to the Italian-American News Bureau. Reconstruc-
tion work in the recently invaded territory to the
northeast of Venice is already making large demands
for building material, and plans for building projects
contemplate the expenditure of millions of lire by the
Italian government.
A S this magazine goes to press, comes the first acknowl-
■'*■ edgment from overseas of the Christmas boxes sent
the boys by the Welfare Committee for Lumbermen and
Foresters in War Service; — From R. Aaronson, of the
Eighth Company, Twentieth Engineers. "Accept my
kindest wishes for the New Year. Thanks very much
for the package. It sure makes the fellows feel good to
know that the folks back home are thinking of us."
rPHE building of wooden ships is likely to continue
■*■ for years to come, according to reports from the
various ship yards throughout the country which are
constructing ships for the Emergency Fleet Corporation,
and have completed only 50 per cent of their contracts.
PLANT WALNUT TREES
PRUNING FOR PROFIT
ARE YOU RAISING FRUIT OR WOOD?
BY WILL C. BARNES
THE overland train slipped into an obscure siding waived all other requirements and turned the place over
on the edge of a little town in the fruit belt of to him with a thankful heart.
eastern Kansas. On the platform of the observa-
tion car, several travelers watched a man at work in a
nearby orchard pruning apple trees ; "dehorning 'em"
a western cattle man called it.
Naturally the conversation drifted into the subject
of pruning. One of the party, a Boston merchant, re-
marked that, until recently he had the idea that pruning
was a "carpenters job" pure and simple. "I know bet-
ter now," he explained, "thanks to some rather practical
lessons re-
ceived while
on this last trip
to the Pacific
coast." Some
one pressed
him for par-
ticulars. H e
lighted a fresh
cigar and set-
tled back in his
chair.
"For fifteen
years," he be-
gan, "I have
been the proud
possessor of a
twenty acre
orange grove
i n southern
C a 1 i f o r nia.
During all
these years I
have seen it
only twice, but
have been giv-
ing it 'absent
treatment'
through vari-
o u s alleged
'orange grove
experts,' the
last being a
man whose main qualifications for the job of caring for
it, were his absolute integrity, and ability to distinguish
between his own and his employers money, and an eco-
nomical nature that Harry Lauder himself would envy.
During the first six or seven years of ownership, I went
through the whole gamut of experience in 'hiring and
firing* a genial lot of pirates and spendthrifts, whose
one ambition seem to be to draw their pay and give in
return the least possible amount of labor. Thus when
I 'met up' with this paragon of economy and honesty I
798
1 -
i \ son
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EUREKA LEMON TREE— BEFORE PROFESSIONAL PRUNING
One of the lemon trees told of in this story — so shapely and attractive to the eye!
"I soon found that his economical ideas permeated
his whole system, for his letters and reports were few
and short and if brevity is the soul of wit he is at once
the wittiest man ever.
"After several years of his management I decided to
visit the place and see for myself what was happening.
Across the road from my place was a grove whose
owner was reputed to be making big money out of his
trees. To him I went for advice.
" 'Your trees
look so ragged
and uneven in
their outlines'
I ventured,
pointing to my
own which, ac-
cording to my
innocent eyes
were better
looking being
as shapely and
even as a lot
o f Christmas
trees.
'"Yours do
look better
from an artis-
tic standpoint,
but let me
show you why
"that isn't the
ideal shape for
an orange tree.'
We walked
over to one of
his trees. It
was almost
ragged in ap-
pearance and
instead of the
dense wall of
green which
formed a fairly impenetrable mass on the outside of my
trees, his were open to the heart, and one could see deep
into them at any point. There wasn't a dead limb on
one of them, while they bore plenty of young vigorous
limbs all new growth. The sunlight reached every part,
inside and out, and each tree was loaded with fruit.
"Then we walked over to my side of the road. The
tall shapely trees looked wonderfully attractive to me.
We got down on our knees and crawled under the low
sweeping boughs into the tent like center. Instead of
PRUNING FOR PROFIT
799
young green growth there was nothing but dead limbs
in the center and the shade was so dense that the sun-
light scarcely penetrated into the heart of the tree.
" 'A victim of poor pruning' was his remark. Then
he showed me how the pruning must have been done
by inexperienced men for instead of cutting the limbs
off as close as possible to the body of the tree, most of
the stumps had been left an inch or two long. This pre-
vented the bark of the tree from healing over the wound
left by the operation, nature's remedy, and each stump
was rotting at the end, an ideal place for disease to get
a foothold.
"Then and there I learned that to produce citrus fruits
you must open up your trees to the sun and air, and by
know it all, want $3.50 a day. Whats more, the Japs
go right ahead with their work and get done, while the
Dagos fool along on the job, look at the trees, stand
off and gaze at 'em as if they were trying to paint a ,
picture and them trees were models.'
"I said nothing, for it seemed hopeless to try to edu-
cate the man who as the bible says has neither the hear-
ing ear, nor the seeing eye. Years of work in an orange
grove had apparently not taught him that there was a
scientific side to pruning and it did not merely consist
of sawing off a few limbs here and there, with the
main idea of securing a tree shaped like a toy Christ-
mas tree, regardless of the fact that the tree's great pur-
pose in life was presumed to be fruit production.
THE SAME TREE, BUT AFTER THE VISIT OF THE PROFESSIONAL PRUNERS
A total wreck— ragged and unsightly to the eye. It is the same Eureka lemon tree in my grove, after manhandling by those Corsicans.
keeping the dead wood cut out, furnish plenty of young
vigorous limbs upon which to grow it. To an up-to-
date orange grower, dead wood on an orange tree is
anathema.
"I went after my man on the question of pruning.
'Who does our pruning?' I demanded. 'JaPs> mostly,'
was his reply. 'Are they the best for the work?' I was
inexorable. 'Well — perhaps they aint as scientific as
some others but,' and here his penchant for economy
came to the front, 'they do the work just as well, as far
as I can see, and charge a whole lot less.' 'For instance,'
I persisted. 'Well, the Japs charge $2.25 a day for
pruning, while the Sicilians and Italians who claim to
"The next day in answer to my request my friend
sent a Corsican pruner to see me, a man born and raised
in the citrus groves of his native land. He had great
hoops of rings in his ears, was dark and swarthy in
complexion and reminded me of the three bandits in
Fra Diavolo. Also he weighed about 200 pounds, was
not an inch over five feet four in height and his build
recalled a boyhood recollection of a picture in a Sunday
school book of the mighty Sampson engaged in his
cheerful task of tearing from their roots the gates of
Gaza.
"Also he arrived in a Ford, which impressed me. The
Japs came on foot. He looked over my splendid lemon
800
AMERICAN FORESTRY
trees and shook his head. Crawled on his hands and
knees under their low sweeping boughs to get inside;
peered up through their dim interior and shook his
head still more. Every time he did so those great gold
ear-rings waved and blinked in the sunlight like a section
of the jewel tower at the Frisco fair.
"With him was a young chap to whom he occasionally
confided a few thoughts in their own language. I began
to feel uncomfortable, as if I had perpetrated some out-
rage against them both, and that the outrage had some-
thing to do with the way those trees had been pruned.
Nor was my judgment wrong. In his experienced eyes
a gross outrage had been committed upon every tree in
the whole grove. He was arrayed in a sky blue suit of
clothes, a stiff linen collar at least three and one-half
inches high encircled his short brown neck and a bril-
liant red four-in-hand tie lit up his front like an Arizona
sunset. It was a very hot day, the trees were dusty
from the long rainless spell, and when he finally emerged
from his last inspection he looked somewhat the worse
for wear. His collar was wilted to a rag, that sky blue
creation with trousers that measured more across the
seat than they did in length — peg tops of the most exag-
gerated type — a favorite cut of his class, was dusty and
laced with cobwebs. He mopped his rosy face with a
pink handkerchief that after the operation reminded
you of the print shop roller towel. Breathlessly I waited
for his verdict.
" 'You trees bad shape,' he blurted out, just like that,
as if to give me the worst right at the beginning. 'Looka
like some wood choppa man done da prune.' He waved
his arms towards the lemons. 'He nicea looka trees for
park, mabbeso, but no gooda for fruits. 'Dat tree,' and
he picked out one of the most shapely in the lot 'dat
tree take one gooda man four hour to prune right, maybe
so do four tree one day — dat a gooda work.'
"I did some mental figuring. Four trees divided into
$3.50 meant almost 90 cents a tree, there are 80 trees
to the acre — $72 an acre for pruning. I hoped my man
had not heard the time limit set by the gentleman with
the ear-rings. I sighed. Experience surely did cost
money. Nevertheless my blood was up and I made a
bargain for three men to come the next morning and
start the work. I didn't get down to the grove until
about three o'clock the next day. The rows of lemons
were the first trees in the grove to strike the eye as you
alighted from the trolley. I glanced towards the place.
The sky line seemed to have a strange, unnatural ap-
pearance. The first rows of trees looked as if a cyclone
had struck them. They stood rough and gaunt, their
denuded limbs holding their mangled stumps toward
Heaven, as if in mute appeal against such an outrage
as seemed to have been prepetrated upon them. On the
ground there was apparently more wood than in the
trees. In fact, about some of them the limbs made a
pile quite as high as the trees themselves.
"Now pruning to me had always meant a gentle lady-
like clipping of tips here and there, a sort of polite tree
manicuring if you please. This work had apparently
been done with a ruthless hand almost heroic in its
treatment. But I had determined to go the limit on the
reconstruction of my grove and if this was the proper
way to do the job I would make no outcry.
"Time however, justified the treatment. My Corsican
friend and his fellow conspirators knew their business.
Next year those trees will bear fruit on every limb where
none has been borne before, for the trees have produced
new wood so fast you can almost see it grow ; fruit bear-
ing wood of the best kind."
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NEXT SEASON AT GLACIER
CECRETARY of the Interior Lane announces that
^ the enterprises engaged in the accommodation and
entertainment of tourists at Glacier Park have already
completed arrangements for the 191 9 season, which be-
gins June 15 and ends September 15. All hotels and
chalets will be open and there will be adequate transpor-
tation facilities on the road and trail systems. The
usual rates for service will prevail.
The National Park Service plans to make many new
trips available for Glacier Park visitors next summer. In
this connection,, a new trail across the Continental Divide
through Logan Pass, connecting the St. Mary Lake
region with Granite Park and Lake McDonald, is worthy
of special mention, as it promises to be an exceptionally
popular feature in a successful after-the-war season.
PHILIPPINE FORESTERS ARE PATRIOTIC
THIS IS THE FLOAT 07 THE BUREAU OF FORESTRY IIC THE
FOURTH LIBERTY LOAN PARADE OH OCTOBER 12, lilt, AT
FAR-AWAY MANILA.
A FOREST FIRE IS A REAL ENEMY
Carelessness causes many fires." Are you care-
less? Never leave your camp fire without making
sure it is completely out. We won the war to defend
Democracy. Must we now fight forest fires? Are you
careful with fire in the forest? Burning matches
cause fires. Break your match in two before throw-
ing it away. If you discover a forest fire, put it out.
PLANTS THAT OCCUR IN BOTH NORTH AND SOUTH
ATLANTIC STATES; TOGETHER WITH NOTES ON
THE AMERICAN SPARROW HAWK
BY MAJOR R. W. SHUFELDT, M. C, U. S. A.,
MEMBER CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ETC.
(Photographs by the Author)
IT IS a well known fact, especially in the northern
sections of the country, that some of the plants bloom-
ing during the early summer months have very incon-
spicuous flowers, but when autumn comes around and
these same
plants go to
seed, their seed-
pods stand
among the most
o r n a m e n tal
growths of the
kind met with
in nature. One
of the most
conspicuous of
these is seen in
the Climbing
Bitter- sweet
(Fig. 2), whose
flowers are
notably small,
greenish, and in
little clusters at
the termination
of the branch-
es. Hardly
anyone would
notice them,
unless special-
ly s e a r c hing
for a spec-
imen. How-
ever, late in the
fall an entire
transformation
takes place in
this "twining
shrub," as some
botanists have
called it. Its
be a u t i f ully
shaped leaves
turn to a bril-
liant Naples
yellow and its
seed-pods to a deep orange. Nor is this all ; for the latter,
upon splitting open into three partitions, display the
gorgeous scarlet-tinted covering to the seeds. The dis-
,A GRANDFATHER CHESTNUT ALL READY
Fig. 1 — Along the hill-top
just over the western boundary
of Columbia.
play they then make is one of marked beauty, and
branches — or runners — bearing the pods are gathered by
many for home decoration. It is truly wonderful the
length of time these seed-pods will retain their original
colors without
fading in the
least degree —
sometimes for
many years. A
fine branch, at
hand at this
writing, was
gathered some
ten years ago
in New York
State, yet the
yellow and
orange tints are
as intense as
the day it was
gathered.
Beyond the
fact that this
vine is related
botanically to
the Spindle
Tree (Eoomy-
mus), it is dif-
ficult to under-
stand why some
insist upon call-
ing it a tree —
the "Staff
Tree." Doctor
Gray called it
a "twining
s h r u b." Ma-
thews speaks
of it as a"twin-
i n g , shrubby
vine, common
on old stone
walls and road-
s i d e thickets,
and sometimes
climbing trees to a height of twenty, or more feet. The
light green leaves are smooth and ovate, or ovate-oblong,
finely toothed, and acute at the tip ; they grow alternately
801
FOR THE FIRST SNOW BLANKET
of Rock Creek Park, Washington, District
802
AMERICAN FORESTRY
and somewhat in ranks owing to the twisting of the stem.
The tiny flowers are greenish white, and grouped in a
loose, spike-like terminal cluster ; the five minute petals are
finely toothed along the edge, and the five stamens are in-
serted on a cup-shaped disc in the manner explained."
Bitter-sweet vine is often seen growing over the old stone
walls in New England, the deep gray of the latter affording
a fitting background for the matured fruit in the autumn.
It would appear that it is not found in nature further
south than North Carolina, while it ranges westward to
New Mexico and north to the Dakotas.
It is a wide span between Celastrus and any of the Iris
family, a species of which is next to be considered — though
only in part; that is, attention is invited to its remarkable
fruit, which, in any instance, so closely resembles a big
THE IRIS FAMILY IS KNOWN AS THE Iridaceae, AND ITS BEST
KNOWN GENUS IS Iris, WHICH HAS BEEN CREATED TO CONTAIN
THE IRISES, THE FLAGS, AND THE FLEUR-DE-LIS
Fig. 3— One of the daintiest plants of this group is the Blackberry Lily
(Btlamcanda chinensis), shown here just before the seed pods open up.
ripe blackberry. (Figs. 3 and 4.) Next summer its flowers
will form the subject of one of our illustrations, as speci-
mens of them were not obtained during 1918. We may
say here, however, that its flat, blade-like leaves closely
resemble those of the common iris or Fleur-de-Lis, the
favorite flower of France; some of these leaves may be
seen, in part, in the cuts. In passing, it may be said that the
flowers of the lily are of a deep orange, finely
and irregularly speckled with deep crimson and
purple. On an unnumbered plate, Neltje Blan-
chan gives us a pretty illustration of them, though
it has suffered through undue reduction in repro-
duction. This authority informs us that the plant
originally came from China, and was first re-
ported as a wild flower at Eas>t Rock, Con-
necticut ; next on Long Island, and then at Suf-
em, New York. It is surely a very beautiful
addition to our native flora, and it is hoped that
the Orient will favor us in a similar way with
still other plants.
The genus of the Iris family containing the
greatest number of species is Sisyrinchium, the
Blue-eyed grasses, of which Gray gives some
fourteen different kinds for eastern United
States alone, against the single species of the
Blackberry lily
described
above. The
flowers of
these two gen-
era are some-
what alike in
form, and quite
different from
an iris or
Fleur-de-Lis.
Our remark-
able parasitic
plant, the com-
mon Dodder
( Cuscuta gro-
novii), was fig-
ured and de-
scribed in a re-
cent issue of
American
Forestry; but
who would for
a moment
think that this
curious mur-
derer of other
plants was a
OUR Cclastraceae OR STAFF TREE FAMILY
HAS SOME CURIOUS PLANTS GROUPED
IN IT. THIS IS THE SHRUBBY BITTER-
SWEET, A STOUT VINE, NAMED THE
"STAFF TREE" (Celastrus scandens)
Fig. 2— It has also been called the Climbing
Bittersweet, or the Wax-work vine. Its leaves
are beautiful and so are its remarkable berries.
member of the
same family as the beautiful morning glories (Ipo-
moea), or the bindweeds, and the sweet potato vine?
Yet all these plants and still others have not a few
characters in common, which, from the viewpoint of
the scientific botanist, certainly throw them into one
and the same assemblage — the Convolvulus family;
they owe this name to the fact that in all of them the
corolla is convolute or twisted in the bud. Two such
buds are here shown in Figure 5, which illustrates our
common Bindweed. All morning glory buds are
twisted up like this, as are the little scarlet ones of our
Cypress Vine; and there are a great many plants of
SOME OF THESE CERTAINLY LOOK LIKE RIPE BLACKBERRIES, AND SO
WILL ALL OF THEM WHEN THEY FULLY OPEN
Fig. 4— The
origin.
plant originally came from Asia, and its generic name is of East Indian
It is known as the Blackberry Lily (Belamcandra chinensis).
PLANTS THAT OCCUR IN BOTH NORTH AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES 803
this group in other countries besides the United States.
In the case of the Bindweed, the flowers are of a glis-
tening white, and for this reason the plant may be recog-
nized at a long distance. It often climbs and masses
upon other plants, cutting off the sunlight from the
latter. Then, again, we may find it in the most shady
corner of some deep wood, and the example here shown
flourished in such a place, being photographed in situ
with no little difficulty. Finally, we may find bindweed
growing in great masses in an open field, with hundreds
of its lovely, immaculate flowers glistening in the bright
sunlight. Sometimes these blossoms are tinged with
pink, and other species possess still other characters. The
one here shown is the common Hedge Bindweed (C.
septum) ; it may become ten or twelve feet long,
while other species, such
as Trailing Bindweed (C.
s. repens), the Small Bind-
weed (C. arvensis), and
others, rarely exceed a yard
or less in length. Most of
the larger species of bees
are great patronizers of the
representatives of this fam-
ily of plants. It is by no
means an unusual sight to
see a Dodder vine twisting
itself all over a Hedge
Bindweed, exhausting its
life juices — and to think
that both are members of
the same family ! It might
well be called a kind of
floral fratricide.
Our Cypress Vine (Ipo-
moea quamoclit), another
convolvuline species, al-
ready referred to above,
with its pretty little scarlet
flowers, came from Tropi-
cal America, and now
flourishes in many places
in the South. We fre-
quently see it growing over
garden fences and similar
places. Its flowers are said
to be white in the case of
some plants, and there are
other species and subspe-
cies (varieties) of it.
We have many interesting plants in the Lobelia family,
several of which have already been figured and described
in previous issues of American Forestry. An average
example of the Great Lobelia is here reproduced in
Figure 7 ; and this is a plant which, in favored spots,
may occur in great numbers, producing, when in full
flower, a blaze of splendid sky-blue, which may be
seen a long distance off. Sometimes its flowers
are pure white ; and, whatever their color may be, they
THIS LOVELY WHITE FLOWER IS OF THE VINE KNOWN AS
HEDGE BINDWEED, WHICH, IN THE SOUTH, MAY BLOOM
UNTIL VERY LATE IN THE SEASON
Fig. 9 — Bindweeds are close relatives of the Morning Glories and Cypress
Vines; they
family.
are usually found growing in moist or wet places.
When our Ruby-throated Humming-bird of the East
was more plentiful than it now is, it was frequently seen
visiting these flowers of the Great Lobelia, as their tube-'
shaped corollas constituted the very style of flowers that
these little gems of the bird-world fully appreciated. The
cross-fertilization of the Lobelia is, however, principally
accomplished through the agency of bees of various
species and certain large flies.
THE AMERICAN SPARROW HAWK
BY MAJOR R. W. SHUFELDT
(Photograph by the Author)
"WTE have a splendid array of falcons and hawks and
" their near allies in the bird fauna of this country,
and of all these many species our Sparrow Hawk is not
only the smallest but de-
cidedly the handsomest in
plumage. Upwards of a
dozen vernacular names
have been bestowed upon it
in different parts of the
United States, while its
scientific name, given it by
Linnaeus generations ago,
Falco sparverius, is the one
by which every ornitholo-
gist knows it the world over.
In length, the Sparrow
Hawk measures less than
a foot, and the plumage
color-pattern is different in
the two sexes. Both are
very handsome, though the
male is rather the more
striking in this respect. An
adult male, in full breed-
ing-feather, has the top of
the head of a clear ashy
blue, all to a central patch,
which latter is a bright
chestnut. The back of the
neck and the sides are of
a dingy pale yellow, with
an ashy area on the former.
The entire back and shoul-
der is of a clear chestnut
rufous, transversely barred
with black. Wing-coverts
and secondary wing-feath-
ers ashy blue like the crown,
the feathers each dotted with black ; the flight-feathers
are dusky, margined with yellowish white. The rufous-
colored tail is tipped with white, and embellished with a
subterminal bar of black. There are markings of black
on the side of the head and nape. Breast, and to a degree
below it, pale rufous or rusty, and then whitish to the
tail. All of this area is spotted with black, beginning
above, with fine dots on each feather, and ending below
with much larger ones. Tail-coverts beneath, pure
are all grouped in the Convolvulaceae or the Convolvulus
804
AMERICAN FORESTRY
white. Irides, rich brown ; feet, yellow with black claws,
and a yellow area around either eye as well as the base
of the blue-tinted beak.
In the female, fine black bands mark the entire tail, the
terminal one being broad. She has a longitudinally
streaked crown, with pale brownish streakings on a
yellowish-white breast and lower parts. Her shoulders
are rufous red, while in most other respects she more
or less nearly resembles the male in her coloration.
Our Sparrow Hawk chooses curious places sometimes
wherein to lay its clutch of beautifully marked eggs, the
ground-color of which usually is a cream-white. Occasion-
ally the female is satisfied with a deserted hole of any of
our larger woodpeckers,
while any other hollow in
a tree has been made to
answer. The eggs have
also been found in rock
cavities, and in various
holes in clay and sand-
banks, while nesting-boxes
set up for other birds have
been selected ; and when
these were not available
around the home, the pair
will even choose any old
cranny under the barn-
roof or a similar place in
any of the larger out-
houses.
Judging from the above,
it is not at all difficult for
us to imagine that our little
Sparrow Hawk has a strong
leaning toward real socia-
bility with respect to his
arch enemy — man. Many
years ago, I had in my
possession a tame one,
which was kept for several
months, and during all that
time it was one of the most
interesting little pets im-
aginable. There was no
difficulty whatever in my
making a number of fine
photographic negatives of
him, and the picture obtain-
ed from one of these has
been reproduced as an illus-
tration to the present arti-
cle. Perhaps I may be par-
doned for the pride I felt when, with others of a set of
animal pictures, it won a prize at an exhibit given under
the auspices of the Aintree Photographic Society at
Liverpool in November, 1898 (Class "K") — twenty
years ago.
Only at exceptional times do Sparrow Hawks prey
upon our small song birds, and upon still rarer occasions
GREAT OR BLUE LOBELIA IS A RELATIVE OF THE RED CARDI-
NAL FLOWER, BOTH BELONGING TO THE Lobeliaceae OR LOBELIA
FAMILY
Fig. 6— It is not difficult to recognize the bright blue flowers of this plant
(L. syphilitica), of which the example here shown is an average specimen.
very young chickens or ducklings are taken by them
from the farm yard. On the other hand, however, this
little raptorial prince kills and devours every year simply
thousands of field mice, moles, grasshoppers, crickets,
and no end of other insects and small mammals, the
ravages of which are only too well known to every
farmer and agriculturist from one end of the country
to the other.
In the autumn, when we observe a Sparrow Hawk
hovering in his characteristic way over some corn-
field where the grain has been shocked up, and giv-
ing vent to his well-known call of Killy — Killy — Killy
— Killy — Killy, we may be sure that he is in quest of
the first field mouse that
lias the temerity to show
itself. Note how he checks
himself ; and, suspended
over one spot on quick-
wavering wing, his piercing
eyes have detected the un-
happy mouse below. Down
he comes in a graceful
swope — and the distant
squeal of the unfortunate
rodent is distinctly heard.
On account of this wav-
ering flight, many people
have applied the name of
"windhover" to the Spar-
row Hawk ; and, as it is a
vernacular name with a
reason for it, we may let it
go at that. This also ap-
plies to calling it the "Kit-
ty hawk," while, as already
remarked, it has been giv-
en not a few other common
names.
In Florida the Sparrow
Hawks are said to be smal-
ler than the more northern
species, while there are also
desert forms of them in
the western country ; de-
scriptions of these will be
found in most works pre-
senting popular accounts of
our raptorial birds.
As pointed out in a prev-
ious paragraph, the Sparrow
Hawk in captivity makes a
very engaging little pet. To
bring this about, not a little patience must be exercised —
above all else no end of well-directed tactfulness and
kindness. As a matter of fact, the history — both written
and traditional — of the attitude assumed by man toward
any or all of the animals below him in the biological
scale, is responsible for the behavior of any particular
one of them, with respect to the development of gentle-
PLANTS THAT OCCUR IN BOTH NORTH AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES 805
ness or ferocity. This applies to the lowest as well as
the highest forms, or we might say from insects to the
higher apes in-
clusive. Our
lite rature on
this subject —
which is both
interesting and
important — is,
as yet, not very
extensive. The
subject is de-
serving of far
more study and
close attention
than it has re-
ceived up to
the present
time. No one
of the verte-
brate g r o ups
furnish better
illustrative ex-
amples of all
this than do
birds. For
many years
past there has
been almost a
universal move-
ment on foot
to e n c o urage
the matter of
good fellow-
s h i p between
many species of-
our small land
birds and our
own species. At
first only a
limited number
of people en-
tered the field
to bring this
r e 1 a t i onship
about where
possible, and it
was chiefly ac-
complished
through plac-
ing attractive
foods for them
in convenient
places out-of-
; through
the establish-
ment of bird
homes in the trees and elsewhere, and the feeding of
many birds in the wintertime at close quarters in the
Fig. 7 — The Sparrow Hawk is one of the handsomest of our American Hawks.
open. At this writing this is a very common prac-
tice all over the country, and it is truly remarkable to
note the bene-
ficial and most
interesting re-
sults.
• Many ex-
plorers of new
lands have fre-
quently noted
how tame all
the birds were
that they came
across in places
previously en-
tirely unknown
to man. It was
as true of land
birds as of the
marine forms
or the so-called
water birds.
One traveler
was returning
from a spring
with a small
camp pitcher in
his hand filled
with water,
when some
bird, about the
size of a robin,
came and lit on
the brim of the
vessel to get a
drink for it-
self. This was
on one of the
East Indian
Isles ; and if
memory fails
me not, the ex-
plorer was
Alfred Russel
Wallace.
But the lit-
erature of ex-
ploration teems
with such ac-
counts, though,
unfortunately,
e x a m p les of
the kind are
becoming more
and more rare.
Through the
use of traps
of many kinds,
-indeed all the various species of birds in this
and guns
nearly all-
and persistent persecution
806
AMERICAN FORESTRY
country have become extremely distrustful of man. This
applies to the representatives of every avian group, from
loons to bluebirds ; and it is a crying shame that the un-
fortunate relationship can so easily be proven to be true.
Now, the true raptorial birds and owls form no ex-
ception to the above rule, and our little Sparrow Hawks,
referred to above, would seem to be especially susceptible
to kind and gentle treatment. They make, as stated
before, very interesting not to say charming pets for
those who have a leaning toward keeping any of our
native birds in captivity. A Sparrow Hawk may be
kept in a good, roomy cage, or in some place where it
can enjoy its outdoor freedom at will. In the latter
instance, the bird has been known to return home to
roost every night, and to come to call if within hear-
ing. Finally, it will delight in flying down to rest upon
your hand or shoulder, to receive any food you may
have for it. No doubt, if kept in a large "flying cage," a
pair of these birds would breed in captivity. The young
are at first feathered with a full plumage of pure white
down, and it is a long time before they assume the
plumage of either of the sexes when adult. All of this
part of their history, with numerous illustrations, I have
published in other connections many years ago.
Photograph by Western Newspaper Union
WOMEN FELLING TREES NEAR PETWORTH, ENGLAND
One of the many unusual tasks performed successfully by the women of
England was the felling of trees. This picture shows a group of happy
workers drawing the felled logs 'to a train where they were loaded by
other women and sent off to the mills.
A N Associated Press dispatch from Birmingham says :
■f*- Canes of walnut from a tree which stood in front of
the Birmingham meeting house before the battle of
Brandywine, have been made by a local concern. They
were sold at a bazaar for the benefit of war hospitals.
Other canes were sent to French war officials as
mementoes of General Lafayette, who was wounded
almost within the shadow of the tree.
One cane made of a selected piece of the tree has
been sent to M. Jusserand, the French ambassador at
Washington.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF CHRISTMAS
BOXES
The following cordial letter has been received by the
Welfare Committee for Lumbermen and Foresters in
War Service thanking the Committee for what was done
for the boys at Christmas :
"American Forestry Association, December 31, 1918.
Washington, D. C.
Gentlemen :
I have just received your cablegram announcing that 200
additional Christmas labels from forestry troops in France, re-
ceived too late for the shipment of boxes, have been responded
to with Christmas cards and a very generous money gift. The
American Forestry Association has certainly been a most gen-
erous and warm-hearted Santa Claus for the forestry troops
in France at this Yuletide period. I wish to thank you in behalf
of the men in the 10th and 20th Engineers and the other troops
working with them; and I assure you that we will all carry
very grateful memories of the friendship and interest shown in
our work and in us personally by the Association.
Very sincerely yours,
Lieutenant-Colonel Engineers." (Signed) A. B. GREELEY,
TO PURCHASE ADDITIONAL LANDS FOR
EASTERN NATIONAL FOREST
THE National Forest Reservation Commission has just
approved for purchase 54,744 acres of land for na-
tional forests in the White Mountains, Southern Appa-
lachians, and Arkansas.
The largest tracts purchased are in Georgia, where the
resumption of purchase work has been authorized by the
commission. An aggregate area of 38,108 acres in Rabun,
Union, and Townes Counties, scattered through 39 tracts,
was approved for purchase at an average price of $7.22
per acre.
In Alabama, in Lawrence and Winston Counties, 5,159
acres were approved at an average price of $4.30; in
North Carolina, in Macon and Buncombe Counties, 1,940
acres were approved at an average price of $4.30 an
acre ; in Virginia, in Augusta and Shenandoah Counties,
1,381 acres were approved at an average price of $4.36
an acre; in West Virginia, in Hardy County, 40 acres at
an average price of $7.00 an acre, and in New Hamp-
shire, in Grafton and Coos Counties, 9.04 acres at an
average price of $6.68 an acre.
In Arkansas, 7,269 acres, located mainly in Polk, Pope,
Johnson, and Garland Counties, were approved for pur-
chase at an average price of $3.61 per acre.
To date the National Forest Reservation Commission
has approved for purchase 1,702,534 acres for national
forest purposes in the 17 areas of eastern national forests.
HOW WOOD COMPARES WITH COAL IN
HEATING VALUE
In heating value one standard cord of well-
seasoned hickory, oak, beech, birch, hard maple,
ash, elm, locust, or cherry wood is approximately
equal to 1 ton (2,000 pounds) of anthracite coal,
according to estimates by the Forest Service,
United States Department of Agriculture. How-
ever, a cord and a half of soft maple and 2 cords of
cedar, poplar, or basswood are required to give the
same amount of heat.
One cord of mixed wood, well-seasoned, equals
in heating value at least 1 ton of average grade
bituminous coal.
THE USES OF WOOD
WOODEN ARTIFICIAL LIMBS
BY HU MAXWELL
Editor's Note.— This is the ninth story in a series of important and very valuable articles by Mr. Maxwell on wood and its
uses. The series will thoroughly cover the various phases of the subject, from the beginnings in the forest through the processes
of logging, lumbering, transportation and milling, considering in detail the whole field of the utilization and manufacture of wood.
THOSE who compile statistics of the artificial limb
industry usually include crutches; and occasionally
canes and surgeons' splints are likewise included. A
similarity of purpose exists in all articles of this class, but
there are several differences in the processes of manu-
facturing as well as in the materials used. Wood is
common to all, but the different articles require woods of
different kinds. There is less reason for including canes
than crutches ; for most canes are not employed by per-
sons as an assistance in walking, but rather for the sake
of fad or fashion ; but crutches and artificial limbs are
used by disabled persons exclusively. In consideration of
demand for crutches and limbs will continue long after
peace shall again be restored.
The limbs wear out and crutches break and must be
frequently renewed. The export of artificial limbs from
this country is not large, neither are the imports. Shortly
after the beginning of the present war, when it became
apparent that many maimed men would return from the
battlefields, limb manufacturers in the United States
established branch houses in some of the European coun-
tries, ready to serve the unfortunates who might lose
legs or arms. It is preferable but not absolutely necessary
that the manufacturer of a limb shall make personal
•
"■ • ■' 13
TYPICAL WHITE WILLOW TREES
Nearly all of the white or English willow wood that furnishes wood material for artificial limbs grows in city parks and on road sides where
the trees were planted for shade and ornament. The trunks are usually thick and short, and the larger they are the better the wood is. The
photograph from which the above cut was made was taken in a Chicago park.
that fact, the present article will class crutches and false
limbs in the same industry but will exclude canes. That
is the treatment accorded the subject by the United States
Forest Service.
The total bill of woods consumed annually for limbs,
crutches, and splints in this country, according to gov-
ernment statistics, is 687,980 feet, board measure. That
compilation was made prior to the beginning of the pres-
ent war and represents an average consumption in normal
times. Without doubt, the industry has grown much
since, and many years must pass before it again falls as
low as it was in recent times of peace; because the
measurements and supervise the fitting and adjustment.
Several leading American manufacturers have established
finishing factories in the allied countries. These factories
are supplied with artificial limbs in quantities from head-
quarters in the United States. The fitting and finishing
work on these limbs is done at the finishing factories,
where each limb is adapted to the individual require-
ments of the wearer. The finished article has never
been exported in quantities, nor is it practical to do so.
Some of the warring governments supply cheap legs
for their crippled soldiers, but they are of iron, and
little or no wood enters into their use. Possibly after
807
SOS
AMERICAN FORESTRY
WOODEN LEG WITH JOINTS
This illustration gives a good idea
of the shell and the internal mechan-
ism of a wooden leg of the latest
design. Nature is imitated as closely
as possible, and the lightness of the
limb is surprising. It weighs only a
few pounds and there is not an
ounce of superfluous material in it.
From the catalogue of the Pomeroy
Company, New York.
FACTORY-MADE PEGLEGS
Sometimes the pegleg without the ankle joint is preferred or is considered
necessary, but the old club that was made on a turning lathe or with a
drawing knife has been displaced by a wooden limb which is light, service-
able and artistic in appearance. Some of the modern patterns are shown in
the above collection from the catalogue of a well-known manufacturer.
THE USES OF WOOD
809
the war the various governments may furnish their
soldiers with limbs as a part of the pension system. Fol-
lowing our Civil War, our government supplied 100,000
artificial limbs to disabled soldiers and sailors, and the
practice of supplying them was kept up during several
years. The Congress passed legislation in the fall of
1917 known as the War Risk Insurance Act. One of
its many commendable features was a provision accom-
panied by an appropriation for the supplying of arti-
ficial limbs to amputated soldiers of this war. It is the
policy of the War
Risk Insurance
Bureau, I am in-
formed, to supply
the p e r m a nent
HE CAN FIRE AX ENGINE
A man with an
artificial leg is
not necessarily
debarred from
occupations
which might be
considered
impossible.
The
accompanying
pictures give
scenes front
real life,
I hough rather
rarely
encountered.
The power of
the will has
us much to do
with it as the
power of the
wooden leg.
artificial limb as soon as the ampu-
tated man is prepared for its use.
Between 125 and 150 firms
making limbs carry on business in
this country. Some are large establishments employing
factory methods and operating on a fairly extensive
scale, while others are small, giving employment to only
a few persons, and doing a large part of the work by
hand. It is a business that can be carried on in a small
way without calling for much capital, though it is capable
of enlargement without limit.
The average life of an artificial limb is about eight
years, and repairs are frequently necessary during that
time, for accidents befall artificial members as frequently
as those which nature provided the wearer, but with this
difference, the limb which nature gives does not wear
out, while the man-made substitute is a machine which is
not guaranteed to bear its burden and do its work for
four score years and ten. There are differences in these
machines as there are in machinery of other kinds. Some
are better than others. Each manufacturer persuades
himself that his product is best, and he tries to persuade
others that such is the case. More than one hundred
and fifty patents have been issued on artificial limbs in
this country, and nearly every patent is backed by an
owner or agent whose business it is to push the article
by all fair methods. That helps to account for the num-
erous claims of superiority by different manufacturers.
Some of these claims are doubtless urged more strongly
than is warranted by real merit; yet the fact cannot
be disputed that many ingenious and valuable devices are
in use and that frequent improvements are being made.
It remains a fact, none the less, that most manufac-
tured limbs have their weak places and that not one has
yet been invented that equals nature's own device. The
joint is the hard part to imitate. The natural joint is a
wonderful piece of mechanism and it defies all imitations.
The manufactured product may have joints modeled after
nature with the most painstaking care ; yet the most en-
thusiastic manufacturer does not claim that he can make
an ankle joint as good as the real article. The nearer
it copies nature, the more complex it becomes and con-
sequently the more liable it is to get out of order. Even
the natural ankle is sometimes sprained and put out of
commission for days or weeks at a time, and the arti-
ficial is still more liable to meet mishaps. A doctor may
charge twenty-five dollars for repairing a displaced ankle
WOODEN LEGS MAY BE USED IN CLIMBING
bone; and it is no reflection on the manufactured article
if it calls for repairs that cost money. Some such joints
may cost twenty-five dollars in a year in repairs, or twice
as much as the natural foot costs in shoes. A repair
bill of that size, however, is declared to be excessive by
the makers of some of the best artificial ankle joints.
The case is said to be similar to that of an automobile
which may go a long time without any cost for repairs,
and then run into a streak of bad luck.
A high grade wooden limb consists of more parts than
a casual observer would suppose, and most of the patents
cover details rather than the general form of the limb.
All efforts are directed toward imitating nature as nearly
as possible in form and movement. So close is the
imitation in some cases that the wearers of artificial
810
AMERICAN FORESTRY
limbs conceal the fact from
all except their most intimate
friends. Some wearers of
such imitations can play ball,
climb ladders, enjoy hunting
and fishing, skate, and in
many other ways take part
in the affairs of business and
pleasure. The catalogues of
manufacturers of wooden
arms and legs contain so
many testimonials from
wearers who seem pleased
with the substitutes, that the
reader is inclined to doubt
whether they should be
classed with the unfortunate.
Much more is heard of arti-
ficial legs than of arms.
That is because the loss of
a leg is a much more serious
matter than the loss of an
arm, and the one-legged man
is at a greater disadvantage
in the ordinary affairs of
life than the man is who has
only one arm. the old reliable crutch
The false limb is not a The crutch is considered to be an artificial limb and is so listed in statis-
, . . ,T tics of manufacture. It has been called the first aid to the crippled.
modern invention. JNO One The article is made in several styles and the buyer may pay for style
* , ,. r as well as for service.
knows when the first came
into use, but they are mentioned in writings hundreds,
even thousands of years old. The beginnings were doubt-
less crude
A LATHE UNIQUE IN ITS MECHANISM
There ire lathes which shape gun stocks, shoe lasts,
and wooden doll heads, but the above cut represents
one even more specialized. It shapes the interior
of wooden legs, down almost to millimeter measure-
ments. Few machines equal it in accuracy of work
}'. w»t- invented by the J. E. Hanger Artificial
Limb Company, Washington, District of Columbia.
make shifts.
American In-
dians cut forked poles for
crutches and other sav-
ages probably resorted to
that or to other devices to
assist cripples in getting
over the ground. The
crutch or the staff was the
real invention and all that
has followed may be con-
sidered as improvement
and development. There
are records of highly ar-
tistic arms made of wood
centuries ago. It seems
to have been more difficult
to make a successful arm
than a leg, and it is some-
what the same yet, but
that is because an arm is
required to perform more
functions than a leg.
Some persons, on in-
sufficient evidence, have
made the claim that no
artificial arm is now pro-
duced that is as perfect as
were some in existence cen-
turies ago. That claim is
based on written descriptions
which are largely imaginary.
A few ancient manufactured
arms have come down to the
present time, and are pre-
served in museums. Some
of these arms are clever and
ingenious, but they are not
to be compared with the best
product of the present time.
They usually weigh twenty-
five or thirty pounds, in con-
trast with the two pound
weight of the best arm now
made. According to some
of the old writers, weight
was desirable in an artificial
limb, since the owner might
want to use it as a weapon
to knock out his foes in bat-
tle, and the heavier the bet-
ter. That viewpoint is not
wholly ancient, for a scene
in a modern story has one
of the characters in a Michi-
gan frontier town using his
wooden leg as a club to quell a belligerent lumberjack.
Nearly any wooden leg or arm can be made to per-
form one or two functions very well, and that was what
was aimed at by makers centuries ago ; but it becomes
quite another problem when the attempt is made to pro-
THE FIRST FACTORY OPERATION
This crudely shaped block of English willow is the raw
material with which the artificial limb maker does his
best work. It is the first stage in the process; but
before it has advanced thus far, the wood has under-
gone many months of air seasoning, for the workman
must not touch it until it is in perfect condition.
THE USES OF WOOD
811
duce something
that will take
the place of na-
ture's handiwork
generally. The
bones, flesh, ten-
dons and carti-
leges, and par-
ticularly the
nerves, of the
natural limb do
specialized work
which the best
substitutes can
seldom equal.
The best kinds
of artificial arms
weigh from one
to two and a
half pounds ;
legs from four
to seven pounds.
The lightest are
for small per-
sons. In a few
instances legs
are manufactur-
ed for children
less than two
years old, and
for persons
eighty or more. When limbs are fitted on a person who
is growing rapidly, frequent changes are necessary.
The cost of limbs varies so widely that it is impossible
to name an average; but the
prices quoted in the catalogue of
a well known manufacturer of
these articles range downward
from $150. The size of the
artificial limb does not govern
the price so much as it is gov-
erned by the kind of workman-
ship employed in its manufac-
ture and by the patented devices
used. The rough material is not
expensive. A few pounds of
wood, a little leather, rubber,
steel, and shellac constitute the
materials, but the labor that
forms and fits them is expensive
and is responsible for the prin-
cipal items of cost.
Different manufacturers ad-
vertise special features of their
product and claim high value for
certain devices. Competition is
keen, and the unfortunate per-
son in need of a limb has many
offers from which to choose ; but
THE ALPHA AND OMEGA OF
SUBSTITUTES
The prehistoric pegleg and its latest rival.
The old is much better than nothing, but it
is distanced in appearance, convenience and
efficiency by the articulated member made
of willow wood, metal and rawhide. The
illustration is from the catalogue of the
True Artificial Limb Company, Niagara
Falls. New York.
THREE STYLES OF WOODEN LEGS
That on the left is a limb not extending above the knee;
the next has the knee bearings, and the next is the
artificial limb extending above the knee. Each is pro-
vided with its own peculiar and necessary mechanism
and fittings to' conform to differences in pattern. Photo-
graph by courtesy of True Company.
there is not much difference in the range of prices for
similar articles.
The cheapest and crudest artificial leg is the wooden
peg which is strapped in place and can be made by any
carpenter or turner for a few dollars. This is the'
historical peg that figures in chronicles, romances, and
poetry. The
comic supple-
ment artists who
illustrate Sunday
papers equip the
pirates and ho-
boes with legs
of that kind.
The Dutch gov-
ernor of New
York, as Wash-
ington Irving
described him,
was better
known by his
peg leg than by
any other pos-
session or attrib-
ute; and a stan-
za in Hood's
"Faithless Nelly
Gray" is some-
times selected by
authors of
school grammars
to test the pupil's proficiency in parsing ambiguous
syntax . "The army surgeon made him limbs ;
Said he, 'They 're only pegs,
But there 's as wooden members quite
As represent my legs.' "
The peg is practically inde-
structible. It has no springs to
snap or joints to rattle, and time,
wear, and tear make little im-
pression on it.
There is no hand-made arm
quite as simple and substantial
as the pegleg ; but there is a peg
arm also, and it is equipped with
a hook in place of a hand. A
character in Dickens' "Dombey
and Son" wore one. That was
the old, cheap makeshift; but
modern inventors have produced
one with the hook equipment,
and it is by no means a cheap
makeshift. Among the high-
class manufactures in this line
is an arm equipped with two
hooks operated by springs and
bands, the forms and movements
apparently having been suggest-
ed by the mandibles of a stag
812
AMERICAN FORESTRY
beetle. The hinged hooks are so accurately adjusted that
the wearer of the arm can use them in picking up a
glass of water and drinking from it. When the hooks
are not in use they may be concealed by slipping a hollow
hand over them. This and other devices emphasize the
skill, patience, and ingenui-
ty of manufacturers in pro-
ducing limbs as nearly as
possible like the natural
members.
Some controversy has
arisen as to the origin of
the word "cork" as applied
to a limb. Most people are
under the impression that
the name implies that such
limbs are made of cork, or
that they are as light as
cork. The latter meaning
is reasonable, but the as-
sumption that limbs are
now made, or ever were
made, of cork has no basis
in fact. Cork is nothing
more or less than the bark
of a species of oak tree that
grows in southwestern Eu-
rope and in northwestern
Africa (Quercus ilex). It
is too weak for use as arti-
ficial limbs, and if it were
otherwise fit, it could not
be had in pieces of suffici-
ent size. The name of the
limbs is said to have originated in a quite natural way,
and refers to the town of Cork in Ireland where once
they made artificial limbs of excellent quality. The
town gave its name to the product.
In the manufacture of such limbs different materials
are employed, rubber, leather, steel, felt, and wood, and
the most important of these is wood. More than one
wood is serviceable, but there is one which is usually
rated far superior to all the others, and it holds undis-
puted first place in the industry, though the government's
published statistics apparently prove the contrary. These
statistics fail to make it
clear that some of the
woods shown in the figures
are for crutches rather than
for limbs proper. White or
English willow (Salix alba)
is the wood par excellence
for manufactured limbs. It
is frequently listed as red
willow, but that is not
strictly correct, for red wil-
low is a different species,
a native of this country,
while white willow is for-
eign, though it has been
so widely planted in the
United States that it is
plentiful in many regions.
White willow is essen-
tially a town and highway
tree. It occurs in parks, in
yards, on street borders,
and along highways where
it casts delightful shade and
forms a pleasing feature of
the summer landscape. Be-
ing an open-ground tree,
and usually not much
crowded, it develops a
short trunk and an enor-
mous crown. The tree seldom furnishes more than one
short sawlog, and the logs range in diameter from one
to two and a half feet. Old trees may be three feet in
diameter, and in extreme cases six feet. The larger the
tree the better the wood for artificial limbs.
Thus it is that the supply of wood for artificial limbs
PROGRESSIVE STAGE IN LIMB MANUFACTURE
The blocks of willow wood have been roughly shaped and mounted in
order to adjust the proportions preparatory to the final cutting and the
finishing touches. Much of the work cannot be done by machinery, but
must be perfected with carving tools used by hand. This photograph was
obtained through the courtesy of Pomeroy Company, New York.
WOODEN FOOT IN ACTION AND AT REST
This illustration gives an idea of the articulation of the wooden foot and its
action during the process of walking and standing still. The inventors have de-
voted their best thoughts to the perfection of an ankle joint which will not only act
naturally, but will endure the severe strains to which it is subjected.
THE USES OF WOOD
813
comes almost wholly from plant-
ed trees. Few of them were
planted in expectation that they
would ever come into market
for lumber. They have never
been regularly taken by lumber-
men; but a few logs have been
cut here and a few there when
streets have been widened or
parks cleared. The supply of
willow wood from that source
has generally been ample, but
now, because of the war, the de-
mand is much greater than it was
formerly, and it may be antici-
pated that the search for suitable
willow for limbs will continue
for years, and no one who has
trees of this wood should per-
mit them to be destroyed but
should try to dispose of them to
manufacturers of limbs.
White willow that goes to fac-
tories often causes damage to
saws and other tools that are
employed in working it. That
is done by metal in the wood.
Such is a common fault with
much wood that is cut from trees
which have grown about resi-
dences and in the vicinity of
barns and near fences. While
such trees are growing they are
YUCCA PALM IN THE MOHAVE DESERT
The photograph of this strange tree was made available by the courtesy of the United States Forest
" specimens from
The equivalent
tograr..
Service. The scene is in southern California, where these uncouth trees, which look like specimens from
the Carboniferous Age, are furnishing splints used by surgeons in setting broken bones,
of 40,000 board feet is cut annually.
RAW MATERIAL FOR SURGEONS' SPLINTS
A section of the trunk of the weird yucca palm is being prepared for the factory where it will be con-
verted into sheets of veneer to be cut into splints for binding broken bones. These by tens of thousands
are now being sent to Europe for use in the army hospitals. The sheets of wood look like lace and are
as strong as horn. Photograph by the United States Forest Service.
apt to be made use of as fence
posts to which to nail boards, or
as posts on which to hang gates ;
or the planks which form sheds
are nailed to them ; or they may
have been equipped with ham-
mock hooks. The metal driven
into the trunks remains there
until the saws find it when the
wood is passing through the mill
or shop. The growth of a few
years completely hides all trace
of the metal until the logs are
opened. Experienced sawmill
operators do not like to handle
timber that has grown in cities
or towns or near barns or resi-
dences because of the hardware
concealed in the wood.
White willow did not become
the leading wood for limbs by
any accidental choice. It was
proved by trials and experience,
and only after it was found to
be the best was it admitted to
814
AMERICAN FORESTRY
first place. It possesses certain characteristics that are
wanted, and it has them in a higher degree than any
other known wood. It is light in weight, a requisite
which cannot be insisted upon too strongly; it is very
tough, not easily split or splintered under blows and
twists, and not apt to check or warp in process of
seasoning. After it has become dry it shrinks and swells
but little. The pores in the wood are very small and
impurities are not readily absorbed. It cuts easily, and
therefore lends itself readily to the shaving and whittling
which the manufacturer must do in converting the rough
billet into the finished limb. Some of the cutting is done
by machinery, but much is hand work with special tools,
in hollowing the inside and shaping the exterior. The
limbs are hollow. They are thin shells, and willow wood
is so tough and strong, in proportion to its weight that
the shells can be whittled very thin. They are then
covered with raw hide, the kind of leather that forms
the heads of drums, and the final coat of varnish is
applied to the leather. The necessary metal and other
fastenings can be
affixed securely to
this thin shell.
The breaking of
a wooden leg is a
serious matter,
though not so ser-
ious as the fracture
of a bone of a natural leg, and
it is less painful; yet some pain
of a pecuniary kind may be oc-
casioned by the knowledge that
a broken willow leg may cost a
hundred dollars in repairs.
The suggestion has been made
that false limbs might be made
of woods other than willow ; and
so they might be and so they
have been. Willow is not the
lightest wood in this country. A
dozen others are as light or
lighter; but lightness is not the
sole quality to consider. If it were, the first place
among American species would go to Missouri corkwood
(Leitneria floridana), and tupelo roots would be available,
and also the golden fig of Florida, or several of the
cedars. But, on account of undesirable physical quali-
ties, not one of these is a rival of white willow in the
wooden limb industry.
Many attempts have been made to find substitutes for
wood ; not that cheaper material is wanted, but in some
instances it is difficult to fit a wooden limb satisfactorily
and other materials would be more convenient. That
none of the substitutes has been wholly satisfactory is
evident from the fact that wood continues to be the most
widely used material for manufactured limbs. Gold has
been mentioned among other substitutes, but perhaps
reference to that precious metal in Thomas Hood's poem
was not meant to be taken seriously. If gold were as
cheap as willow, it still would not often be employed for
this work, because it is too heavy and too weak. Alumi-
num would be better than gold, but it has had little use,
although it is claimed that the former German Emperor's
withered arm has been concealed incide a hollow alumi-
num mechanism that passes for an arm.
Fashion has more to do with false arms and legs than
might be supposed. Some wearers are as proud of theirs
as smokers are of favorite pipes, or sportsmen of guns
which break records, or fishermen of reels which land
the largest and gamest fish. Some patrons of the limb
factories buy new arms or legs nearly as regularly as they
buy new clothes; not that the old are worn out, but
fashion, as they think, demands new outfits at regular
intervals. Besides, it is good foresight to have a new
member ready for use if the old should become incapaci-
tated by accident.
Crutches are with reason included in the limb industry,
for both are put to the same use in assisting cripples to
carry on the affairs of life; but the points common to the
two products go little farther than
the methods in which they are used.
The processes of manufacture are
different, so are the woods employed.
The crutch maker
needs very hard
and very strong
woods, and weight
is not objection-
able; but the limb
manufacturer must
have light wood,
yet it must be
strong, and he has
few species to
choose from. The
crutch maker has a
pretty wide field of
choice.
New Hampshire
leads all other
states in the pro-
duction of crutches so far as statistics show. Birch
and maple, which are excellent woods for crutches, are
abundant and of fine quality in New Hampshire. Choice
woods like cherry, rosewood, and lancewood, find a place,
the first two as handles or grips and as tops to fit under
the wearer's arms, and lancewood, because of its strength,
becomes the shaft. New Hampshire produces about 250,-
000 pairs of crutches a year. The best grades are made
of sugar maple with rosewood handles.
If canes were admitted into the artificial limb indus-
try, the number of woods to be listed, and the total
quantity, would be much increased. Cane makers con-
sume about 2,000,000 feet of wood a year, in addition to
some woods which are never measured in feet, such as
weichsel, bamboo, and nannyberry.
The wearing of artificial limbs is not restricted to any
condition of life, to any size of persons, or to any age.
THE MECHANISM OF ARTIFICIAL ARMS
Inventors have worked faithfully on the problem of producing acceptable sub-
stitutes for the human arm, and the accompanying illustrations show some of
the results of their genius and labor. The problem has many angles that must
be taken into account, and many ideas have been successfully developed.
THE USES OF WOOD
815
The unfortunate rich open their purses to buy the best
that skill and experience can produce, and the poor man is
able to purchase serviceable substitutes for lost members.
The surgeon's splint
deserves a place in the
industry. It is a wood-
en patch on nature's
limb rather than a wood-
en substitute. Many
woods can be worked
into splints, but complete
figures giving kinds and
totals appear to be lack-
ing; but one excellent
wood has been listed. It
is the yucca palm of
California and Arizona,
Yucca mohavensis. It is
a peculiar tree, a hard-
wood that belongs to the
lily family. It develops
no annual growth rings,
its trunk consisting of
woody fibres and soft
tissues. Splint makers
reduce the trunk to
veneers which are then
cut in strips of the de-
sired size. The strips
look like lattice-work or
coarse lace. The wood
is very stiff, strong, and
light, and is an ideal
materia! for splints. The
yucca is a desert tree.
Its trunk may attain a
diameter of a foot
or more. Its dark,
branches, and leaves are
ragged, suggesting in ap-
pearance the extinct
trees of the Carbonifer-
ous Age. Fortunately, a
use has been found for
the wood, other than as
posts for sheep corrals
near the water holes in
the deserts where this
palm ekes out its precar-
ious existence. Nearly
40,000 feet, board meas-
ure, or ten times that amount if the surface of the
veneer is measured, are yearly converted into splints for
reducing broken bones.
Mention has been made of government statistics of
the woods reported by the manufacturers of limbs and
that in these figures the limbs, crutches, and surgeons'
splints are grouped in the same industry. It is possible
to segregate the woods, with fair accuracy, according to
their uses. The following table lists these woods
816
AMERICAN FORESTRY
and the quantity of each used during an average year:
Birch 353,000 feet
Maple 147,000 '
Willow 56,170 "
Hickory 40,000 '
Yucca 39.8oo '
Lancewood 30,000
Rosewood 10,000 "
Cherry 10,000 "
Total 686,080 "
The birch, maple, hickory, lancewood, rosewood, and
cherry in this list are made into crutches ; yucca is used
for surgeons' splints, while the willow and basswood go
to the limb makers. Perhaps some of the hickory is
used for small pins in ankle and knee joints. Some
manufacturers attach ligaments and springs to such pins.
(Editor's Note: American Forestry Magazine is indebted to
the Hanger Artificial Limb Company, of Washington, for many
of the illustrations in this article.)
THE NATIONAL ARMY AND TRAINING IN FORESTRY
BY JAMES W. TOUMEY, DIRECTOR YALE FOREST SCHOOL
IN THE rapid industrial progress of the United States
during the past half century there has been an in-
creased appreciation of the necessity for forest man-
agement if wood supplies are to be maintained in adequate
amount for our future needs and vast areas of our non-
agricultural lands be kept in productive condition instead
of becoming areas of desolation and waste. Without
scientific management woodlands rapidly deteriorate and
lose their productive capacity, so much so that the yield
of useful materials from them is reduced to one-third or
even one-quarter that which they are capable of produc-
ing when well organized and managed.
The forests of the country embrace approximately 550
million acres or about 29 per cent of the total area. In
order that the wood supply of the future may be adequate
for our needs all of this vast area, with the exception of
the comparatively small part capable of development for
agricultural use must be maintained in forest and organ-
ized for protection and permanent economic management.
Although the progress made by the U. S. Forest Service,
the forestry departments of the several states, educational
institutions for training in forestry and local forestry
organizations has been considerable in recent years, as
yet only a beginning has been made and we have a long
way to go before there is at large a real appreciation of
forestry and the need for its application on our absolute
forest land, which is one of our great basic resources if
this land is maintained in reasonable productivity and
continues to perform its just function in our economic
development.
Not only is there great present need for a wider
knowledge of forestry and its application by those living
on the land, due to the necessity for insuring a necessary
future supply of wood but due also to the importance
of vast supplies of timber in national defense. The
world war has shown more clearly than ever before the
dependence of modern warfare upon timber. The for-
est capital of France has been of prime importance in
the defeat of the Central Powers. Modern war is a
conflict between national resources brought into use by
the contending armies. The country without these re-
sources, of which wood is one, is defeated before the bat-
tle is begun.
The great and far reaching opportunity presented for
industrial and technical education in the American army
during the long period that must necessarily ensue be-
tween the declaration of peace and re-embarkation must
be utilized to its fullest extent. The plan now in progress
of organization under the auspices of the Y. M. C. A.
is in the hands of a commission in whom the American
people have the highest confidence. It is the function of
this commission, assisted by eminent educators, to de-
termine the character and extent of the facilities placed
at the disposal of the soldiers of the American Army in
France. In providing the facilities for education in the
army forestry training should be given a conspicuous
place.
In all probability when peace terms are signed there
will be an American army in France of one and one-half
million men or more. It will likely take many months
to return these men to this country and fit them into
industrial and other work. Of this number between five
and six hundred thousand were recruited from the
land, where they were engaged in the production of farm
and forest crops and likely will want to return to the
land after the war. Most of these men have some knowl-
edge of agriculture but few have a real appreciation of
forestry and the possibilities of its development in their
own communities. It is believed if educational facilities
in forestry are approved a considerable proportion of
the army recruited from the land will avail themselves of
the opportunity to gain a knowledge of the subject ade-
quate to apply its principles to the future management of
the woodlands in their respective communities. In the
writer's judgment no equal opportunity has heretofore
arisen to stimulate the practice of forestry in this country.
The inquiry naturally arises if forestry education is
provided for those members of the National Army that
desire it during the period between the declaration of
peace and re-embarkation, can the instructon be made of
such a nature when given in France that it can be applied
in this country and be of real use to the returning sol-
diers? It is believed that the instruction in forestry
should be definitely organized and for the greater portion
of the soldiers electing this study, it should center in
silviculture, namely, the methods of handling the forest
in order to attain successful natural or artificial regenera-
tion and the improvement of the stand through the vari-
ous methods which add to the quality or yield of the
product. Emphasis should be placed upon forest pro-
tection and there should be a course of lectures upon the
place of forestry in our national life and in our economic
THE NATIONAL ARMY AND TRAINING IN FORESTRY
817
development. For the most part the instruction should be
in the form of field work under personal supervision by
practical foresters. In this connection it may be added
that French forests, due to their long period under man-
agement, afford much better illustrations of the results of
silvicultural treatment than forests in this country, none
of which have been organized for forest management ex-
cept in recent years. In the forests of France that have
not been destroyed or seriously over cut or injured due to
the war may be found every stage in the life of managed
stands. The results of silvicultural operations executed
in the past are expressed in the present condition of
stands. For the above reasons selected French forests
are admirable for demonstrating on the ground the re-
sults of every phase of silvicultural treatment.
The large numbers of American soldiers that will elect
the study of forestry if opportunity is afforded will not
only have a vast and far-reaching effect on forestry in
this country but the work can be made to perform a
large service in rehabilitating many of the forests in
France that have been injured or destroyed by the war.
If the instruction in forestry provided for the army
serves its best purpose it should consist largely of field
work under supervision, where the men are taught the
art of forestry through the actual performance of work in
the woods. The field work necessary in the conduct of
the training can be made not only of educational value
but its importance to France should be fully appreciated.
Not only can improvement work be carried out in forests
now existing but many of those destroyed by war can be
replanted as a part of the field work. As a practical
illustration, if but 20,000 soldiers out of the one and one-
half million or more men that will likely be in France
at the close of hostilities should elect to study forestry
prior to re-embarkation, this body of men in pursuit of
their practical experience in forest planting could plant
approximately 10 million trees in a single day and thus
reestablish stands of timber on at least 8,000 acres of
devastated France. It is assumed that the planting stock
available in France for artificial regeneration is so limited
in amount that it would be desirable to supplement it by
suitable stock available from this country. Last spring
the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry through the
Governor of Pennsylvania offered to the French Govern-
ment a gift of four million forest tree seedlings from the
State Forest nurseries. Itvis believed that at least 10
million forest tree seedlings are available in the forest
nurseries of eastern United States, many of which are
suitable for planting in France. Those suitable for for-
eign use and growing in state or other publicly owned
nurseries can very likely be secured for overseas use at
little or no cost.
More than 1,400 American foresters are now in the
United States Army in one capacity or another. Ap-
proximately one-half are graduates of forest schools or
were students in forest schools when the United States
entered the war. It is evident that if the instruction in
forestry provided for American soldiers is organized
with foresight and definitely planned for without delay
and the American foresters now in France organized into
a teaching staff to take charge of the work at many cen-
ters as soon as peace is declared much can be accomplish-
ed of real value to the soldiers themselves and of great '
future value to this country. At the same time a vast
work could be performed in the rehabiliament of French
forests.
SALE OF OF SURPLUS FARM TIMBER ADDS
TO CASH RETURN FROM LAND
'"PEN helps in marketing woodland products, summed
A up in the accompanying chart, should be carefully
considered by those desiring to sell timber. These aim
to bring the producer in touch with the consumer so as
to market as direct as possible. High-grade logs of
white oak, yellow poplar, red gum, ash, cherry, black
walnut, etc., in most cases can be sold direct to the manu-
facturing plants, although located at considerable dis-
tances. Local wood-using plants usually buy in lots as
small as wagon or truck load, but not less than a carload
lot can be sold profitably for shipment.
In most sections of the South the farms have sufficient
woodland for the best welfare of the farm, but in a few
districts like the "black belt" and intensive tobacco grow-
TEN HELPS IN MARKETING WOODLAND
PRODUCTS
1. Get prices for various wood products from as many
sawmills and other wood-using plants as possi-
ble.
2. Before selling, consult neighbors who have sold
timber and benefit from their experiences.
3. Investigate local timber requirements and prices.
Your products may be worth more locally be-
cause transportation is saved.
4. Advertise in papers and otherwise secure outside
competition.
5. Secure bids if practicable both by the lump and by
log-scale measure.
6. Be sure that you are selling to responsible pur-
chasers.
7. Get a reliable estimate of the amount and value of
the material before selling.
8. Market the higher grades of timber and use the
cheaper for farm purposes.
9. Remember that standing timber can wait over a
period of low prices without rapid deterioration.
10. Use a written agreement in selling timber, espe-
cially if cutting is done by purchaser.
ing sections, the timber has been mostly cut, and owners
are obliged to buy firewood and lumber, posts and rough
timbers for the upkeep of their farms. Where there is an
excess of wooded land and growing timber above the
permanent needs of the farmer timber becomes an im-
portant product, to be sold in many cases from land
cleared to make openings for more field crops or pastur-
age. The farmer's interest centers naturally in the con-
servation and disposal rather than the production of tim-
ber. Much of the grown timber was on the farm when
the present occupant came into its possession. In the
case of the ordinary field crops and live stock, however,
which mature in from one to three years, production
usually is the prime consideration.
CONTROL OF PRIVATE FOREST CUTTING
BY W. DARROW CLARK
PROFESSOR OF FORESTRY AT THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
F)R the last two decades foresters and other advo-
cates of forestry have talked and written abund-
antly on the various arguments favoring the cutting
of forests in accordance with forestry principles, with a
view to the future crop.
Are we not now offered the psychological time to
pause, take account of results, and determine whether
or not our past methods have been justified by these
results ?
So far as I am able to observe, the amount of privately
owned forest land which has been cut in accordance
with the teachings of forestry forms a very insignificant
total when compared with the amount which has been
cut in the same old "devil may care" way.
Although the writer does not possess the data neces-
sary for competent judgment as to the results obtained
on National Forest timber sales areas, yet he feels safe
in assuming that in so far as they have been cut in
accordance with the rules of the United States Forest
Service, they have at least served in the nature of
experimental cuttings made with a definite purpose and
for obtaining definite results in the future crop. As such
they will serve as stepping stones to better practice,
while the cuttings on private lands can serve only in a
haphazard way.
What, we may ask, is the reason for such a situation?
The reason is both simple and apparent.
In the one case, the method of cutting was directed
by Government experts. In the other case, the method of
cutting was directed by the private owner, who very
clearly lacks sufficient interest in the future condition of
his forest possessions.
How, then, can the method of cutting on private lands
be improved? Is the answer, "By Government Control?"
Certainly the current tendency is for the Government
to step in and direct wherever private and public inter-
ests conflict.
Abstract principles affecting the rights of individuals
have been suspended. Corporation owned railroad prop-
erty has been taken over and is now being operated by
the Government. Manufacturing plants and their output
have been commandeered. The quantity of certain foods,
and the quantity of fuel which the individual may con-
sume has been limited. The amount of profits which
may be made, and the amount made which may be re-
tahied has been definitely limited. Verily, even men are
drafted bodily and directed to do thus and so, and to go
here and there. All this has been done for the welfare
of the republic. Government direction of cutting on pri-
vate lands will be in the direction of this tendency.
Government ownership is not prerequisite. The United
States Forest Service logically would be the directing
center. The Eastern part of the country can be divided
into districts, irrespective of State lines, similar to the
western districts. A district office in charge of a dis-
trict chief can be established in each eastern district,
together with a corps of assistants. No cutting on pri-
vate land would be permitted until the owner had made
application to his district chief, and the chief in turn
had specified the manner in which the cutting should
proceed. In other words, the cutting would all be done
under Government control just as is done on the National
Forests.
Naturally, under this regime the office of the indi-
vidual State Forester would become superfluous. In
many cases there is little doubt that he would simply be
taken over by the U. S. Forest Service. The State
Forester would thus be freed from local political con-
trol, and accordingly he would be very much more in-
dependent in carrying out his policies for the best forest
results. It might seem advisable in many cases to con-
vert the State Forester's office into a State City For-
ester's office to direct, shade tree and park work through-
out the State. But these are the details. Is not the
time ripe for some agitation as to the advisability of the
adoption of this policy?
Let us have no misunderstanding as to what is the end
sought, and what is the means to that end. Better con-
servation and reproduction of our forest resources is
the end sought, and government control of all cutting is
merely the means by which we may possibly attain it.
It was never more apparent than now that the bone and
sinew of a nation, its recuperative power, its power to
come back after a devastating blow, lies largely in its
natural resources. Ie behooves every man, woman and
child of our nation to take heed of this fact. It is direct-
ly up to those who know what the present situation and
tendency is to stand by their guns and to send this idea
home to the people.
WHEN YOU PLANT A MEMORIAL TREE WRITE AND TELL THE AMERICAN
FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C.
818
RENASCENCE OF THE MODERN MEETING-HOUSE
BY JOY WHEELER DOW
THERE is, at least, one bit of classic architecture
that fits into the American landscape, perfectly.
It is the wooden, Colonial Meeting-house. Origi-
nally good in its conception, good in the honest appli-
cation of American forestry to its lines and proportions,
without the mistaken idea of counterfeiting stone-work,
and invested now by three centuries of American his-
tory with irresistible personality and magnetism — who
is not gladdened to see its spire and gilt cockerel shim-
mering afar in the glorious sunshine of America, as it
strange to say, there is no more danger of fire from the
wiring and all our modern inventions which tamper
with fire, and make insurance policies necessary even
for those who dwell in monolithic concrete dwellings.
The old Colonial dwellings rarely burned down. Then,
there is the wide range of selection — different kinds of
wood for the different parts of the building. Spruce
and yellow pine are not the only framing material,
although, white pine, I believe, is best for door and
window casings, outside doors, cornices and mouldings.
A COLONIAL HOUSE IN SWITZERLAND
Gothic grammer correctly expressed in wood.
dominates the cluster of elms or maples of the village
common in the middle distance of a picture of match-
less rural scenery?
Besides these sentimental considerations, what kind of
a building is more suitable for an all-the-year-round
proposition in our land, than one constructed out of some
kind of sound and time-resisting species of wood selected
from our splendid native forests? A non-conductor of
temperatures, a wooden building further insulated by
back-plastering and double paper lining, is snug and
warm in winter, cool in summer, while it harbors none of
the insidious dampness which is apt to linger, at all
times, in a house constructed of massive masonry; and
This should be leaded with a white lead base. Weather-
boards, where there is an alternate choice of using cedar,
cypress or some other wood, may be left entirely with-
out paint, as was done in the Jacobean-Colonial dwelling
called "Keepsake" illustrated in the March number of
"American Forestry."
The first colonists had no paint, the few houses
of that period remaining having withstood the vicissi-
tudes of three hundred years without its help and for
this reason it has always seemed to me, as a matter of
personal choice, that it would be a good rule today
never to stain or paint wood, obscuring its beautiful
grain, if it can be avoided.
819
820
AMERICAN FORESTRY
For the interior of our home, we may introduce the
hardwoods— like oak or chestnut for the exposed ceiling
timbers and partition timbers. Oak, maple and yellow
pine play an important part for floors, only do not try to
imitate the floors of bowling-alleys with excessively
And then, there come to mind the splendid old mansions
in the neighborhood of Benefit Street, in Providence,
Rhode Island, and along Federal Street, in Salem, Mas-
sachusettes, all in brown color schemes, mostly mono-
tones, depending upon richness of detail for contrast
and shadow. I may tell you, however, why the new
Meeting-house at Summit was placed, apparently, with
its back to the street. It was done for a certain and
irresistible dramatic note in the setting that nothing
else would produce. The theory of Orientation played
no part.
One is little prepared for the religious perspective
which greets one upon entering the Meeting-house from
Waldron Avenue — the main entrance. People remark
the high pulpit with its sounding-board, the lectern, the
chancel, the altar over which it is easy for the imagina-
tion to descry a sanctuary lamp dimly burning. There
is even a faint suspicion of incense in the atmosphere,
which however, is nothing but a certain historic haze
the architect of the building has artfully produced,
rather than services in which acolytes have taken part.
Conventional manners and reticence are likely to give
way to the heart-to-heart question —
"And pray, what kind of a church is this, anyway?"
"It is the Unitarian Meeting-house."
"What are you saying?"— and tableau of consterna-
tion !
Yes, it is difficult— very difficult for an architect to
design a Unitarian Meeting-house. The requirements
are so exacting. Strange as it may seem, it is the very
symbols of some of the densest of religious superstition
THE EXTERIOR OF THE BUILDING
All Souls In-The-East, Unitarian Universalist, and voted by the Archi-
tectural League of New York the ideal meeting-house of America.
narrow strips such as mill men often recommend in
order to divide the inevitable shrinkages of their half-
aged product as much as possible. Poplar is best, in
this section of the country, for white paint and enamel
trim, because the grain and color of the pieces are hard
to match, while it is a soft wood requiring some protec-
tion. The Summit, New Jersey, Meeting-house illus-
trated, is trimmed with poplar, capped with birch rails.
There are three-ply, built-up, birch doors, and a birch
casing for the renaissance organ, all birch being cabinet
finished, but without a particle of stain, depending solely
upon time for deepening the tone values.
White paint is a bit harsh for the exterior of a meet-
ing-house as rich in architectural detail as is this one, and
in a city or large village, it soils too quickly and streaks
horribly. There is, moreover, an indefinable charm im-
parted to Colonial buildings by soft browns and drabs. I
cannot tell you why ; but a subconsciousness suggests
reminiscences of the subdued and grateful tones incident
to the Italian travertine, as one reason, while another,
possibly, is suggested by memories of the delightful belfry
of old St. John's which presides over the docks of Ports-
mouth, New Hampshire, also the brown steeple of St.
John's and St. Paul's, respectively, in New York City.
THE NEW MEETING HOUSE
The old time hallowed atmosphere of the great portico.
RENASCENCE OF THE MODERN MEETING-HOUSE
821
THE
INTERIOR
FROM THE
ORGAN
LOFT
The
fee
ing in
this picture
is
hard
to
describe,
but "homi
lies
were
m
the air"
—the quiet
and
peace
Ot
a blessed place.
that go toward making this Meeting-house so awfully
fetching. They all help to make us kin with Christian
worshippers of past centuries ; and that is something the
human mind must have — companionship. In a Unitarian
THE LECTERN
The simple dignity of the high pulpit with its sounding-board, the Ren-
naisance lectern and the approach to the chancel.
THE HIGH PULPIT
The sheer beauty and purity of the decorative treatment of the interior
of the new Meeting House is plainly felt in these two pictures.
meeting-house the wooden roof-tree is the best kind of
an introduction to anyone you meet beneath it. You
may claim anyone's acquaintance.
If you have committed some utterly unnecessary sin of
the heart, you had better not come to church at all until
the foul crime, whatever it be, is made good, or is "burnt
and purged away," until, indeed, you may return to the
old, square pew of your pious forefathers, with their
wonted sense of receiving a kind of Marconigram from
heaven, which deciphered reads — "Well done, good and
faithful servant, enter thou into the joy of thy Lord." For
a Unitarian meeting-house has neither nook nor cranny
where an evil deed may bestow itself and say that it is safe.
There are no expiatory waste-baskets. The dyed-in-the-
wool Unitarian is always the son in the field, never the
822
AMERICAN FORESTRY
returning prodigal — the son who says to his father — old-fashioned scraper at the threshold. He wants the
"Lo, these many years do I serve thee, neither trans- feeling of great age and veneration in his building, for
gressed I at any time thy commandment ; and yet thou the confidence in our good deeds it inspires. He wants
never gavest me a kid that
I might merry with my
friends" and goes to church
rather for the comforting
reassurance, in lieu of a
surprise party and fatted
calf — "Son, thou art ever
with me, and all that I have
is thine."
Hence, the architect of
a s u c c e ssf ul Unitarian
meeting-house must, by
subtle architectonic expres-
sion, set forth the scenario
of the faith — that, in spite
of the terrible handicap
that has been placed upon
poor human nature, even
though God either cannot
or will not be merciful to
all men from the human
standpoint, we can be, and
intend to be, though indeed
it demands, as Robert
Louis Stevenson says on the
illuminated cards — "all that
a man has of fortitude and
delicacy."
The architect must make
the world appear less tragic
than it is, by a meeting-
house at once distinctive and
This
THE ENTRANCE
photograph reproduces faithfully the detail of the
beautiful in its simplicity, homelike and inviting.
graceful, one whereby we may forget for the moment
that there are some very disagreeable things in this
beautiful world to conceal. He must have the atmos-
phere produced by agnes of Unitarian sacrifice and devo-
tion. He wants to inclose some holy ground that those
who habitually wear muddy shoes, may be seeking the
the tranquility of twilight
for the flood of memories
and historic associations
that come with it. He
wants to make believe that
the meeting-house is a res-
toration rather than a new
building, and that it has al-
ready stood upon its site
for a century or two, that
the old square pews have
remained the property of
the different families for
generations, still with
enough and plenty to go
'round (even if there real-
ly isn't) universal respecta-
bility and bienseance. He
wants to make believe that
there is no grim want to
dishearten us, are no skele-
tons to be ashamed of, no
black sheep to dread, no
don't-miss-anything r e 1 a -
tives to scandalize, no mili-
tarists to organize, harness
and drive the weak-minded,
no pacifists, and that when
Sunday mornnig comes
again, we are free to re-
pair to the same old pew
where our father, grand-
father and great-grandfather knelt, before us, glad to
join in the responses and litanies as of yore —
"O God, who by Thy Son hast redeemed the
world—"
And these are the spiritual needs we have endeavored
to meet by the art of the new meeting-house.
SECRETARY HOUSTON URGES PROTECTION OF THE FORESTS
/GREATER conservation of wood and wood products
^-* through protection of the raw material in the forests
of the United States, is urged by Secretary Houston, of
the Department of Agriculture. The secretary's annual
report also advocates provisions for pushing more rapidly
the improvement work in the forests, for a greater num-
ber of forest guards, and for earlier organization each
fire season of the protective system.
It is declared that protection of the forests during the
present year proved an exceptionally difficult task. An
annual strain was imposed on an organization somewhat
depleted in numbers and much weakened by the loss of
many of its most experienced men. Added to this was
the difficulty of securing good men for temporary ap-
pointment as guards during the fire season, and parties
of men for fighting large fires. An unusually early and
severe dry season caused the outbreak of serious fires
before the summer protective organizations were fully
ready.
The Department declares that some embarrassment in
meeting the situation was caused by the failure of the
annual appropriation act to pass Congress until after the
fire season was virtually over. Relief was furnished by
the President, who placed $1,000,000 at the Secretary's
disposal as a loan from the President's emergency fund.
It may be necessary, the Secretary says, to seek from
Congress again a deficiency appropriation of $750,000.
AMERICAN FORESTRY
823
ALPHABET GROWN ON TREES
BY H. E. ZIMMERMAN
TN the course of a number of years Mr. E. A. Miles, of
-*- Clifton Springs, New York, has collected one of the
most unique alphabets in existence. In addition to the
letters of the alphabet a complete set of numerals was
also collected. The numerals and letters were all cut
from trees, the numerals only having been found in the
vicinity of Clifton Springs. There is but one root in the
collection. In no instance have the letters or numerals
been twisted into their present shape. They grew that
way naturally. The letters are from the following places :
A from Oshawa, Canada ; B from Banff, Canada ; C from
near the summit of Mt. Tamalpais, California; D from
Erie County, New York; E from Marilla, New York;
F from Great Falls of the Potomac, near Washington,
D. C. ; G near Attica, New York ; H near Clifton Springs,
NATURAL LETTERS AND NUMERALS
Formations from trees and shrubs growing on battlefields and places of
historic interest in the United States and Canada, making a complete
alphabet and numerals.
New York (this letter is the only one formed from a
root) ; I from grounds near the former home of William
A. Wheeler, Malone, New York, former Vice-President
of the United States; J from Grand Canyon of the
Colorado, Arizona; K near Attica, New York; L from
Lunday's Lane battlefield, Ontario, Canada; M near
Attica, New York, while walking with his mother, a
striking coincidence indeed, when it is remembered that
the word "mother" begins with an "M" ; N, which was
the first one discovered, was found near Clifton Springs.
New York ; O and P were also found there ; Q came
from near the top of Mt. Lowe, California ; R from near
the Parliament buildings, Toronto, Canada; S near Clif-
ton Springs, New York. On a visit to the tomb of Lin-
coln, Springfield, Illinois, Mr. Miles saw a gentleman
trimming a tree near Lincoln's tomb. In one of the small
branches cut away Mr. Miles saw a well-formed letter T.
He got it for the mere asking. U is from Clifton Springs,
New York ; V from Plains of Abraham, Quebec, Canada,
where Wolf died ; W near Attica, New York ; X on Little
Roundtop, Gettsburg, Pennsylvania; Y in the vicinity
of Petersburg, Virginia, where the well-known tunnel was
exploded in the Civil War, and Z near Attica, New York.
Let Prospective Clients Know
You Use The Best Varnish
High quality builders go with
high quality products. People
know this. That is why you up-
hold your good reputation when
you finish with
Murphy Varnish
" the varnish that lasts longest "
Use this widely-known varnish
on all your work and tell people
that you use it. Let people know
that you stand for quality in
materials and workmanship.
There are longest-lasting
Murphy products for every
purpose.
Murphy Transparent Interior
Murphy Transparent Spar
Murphy Transparent Floor
Murphy Nogloss Interior
Murphy Semi-Gloss Interior
Murphy Univemish
Murphy White Enamel
Murphy Enamel Undercoating
Write for information.
MurphyVarnish Company
Franklin Murphy, jr.. President
Newark
Chicago
Dougall Varnish Company, Ltd., Montreal
Canadian Associate
Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
824
AMERICAN FORESTRY
WHEN YOU BUY
PHOTO-ENGRAVINGS
buy the right kind--That is, the
particular style and finish that will
best illustrate your thought and
print best where they are to be
used. Such engravings are the real
quality engravings for you, whether
they cost much or little.
We have a reputation for intelligent-
ly co-operating with the buyer to
give him the engravings that will
best suit his purpose--
Our Utile house organ "Etchings" is
full of valuable hints-Send for it.
H. A/GATCHEL Fret. C A. STINSON.'.Vict -Pres.
GATCHEL & MANNING
PHOTO-ENGRA VERS
Sixth and Chestnut Streets
PHILADELPHIA
PLANT BLACK WALNUT
TREES
^Bagberrtj
Canhle
JHeabquarters
Twelve 3'A inch Bayberry
Tapers in green box 60
cents. Postpaid.
Bayberry Wax "Thimbles"
for waxing thread, with
cluster of bayberries for
handle, packed in green box,
20 cents each Postpaid.
All Seasons of the Year
CAPE COD PRODUCTS CO.
North Truro. - Cape Cod
FRAME HOUSES FOR FRANCE AND
BELGIUM.
1YOW is the time to promote sentiment
for the frame house in France and
Belgium, according to R. S. Whiting,
Architectural Engineer of the National
Lumber Manufacturers' Association. He
points out that the people of these countries
for hundreds of years have lived in houses
built of stone, and know nothing of the
utility and beauty of the frame home as it
is known in America.
Mr. Whiting declares he is doubtful as
to whether the French and Belgians will
go back to the stone houses and he sees
a chance for American lumbermen to in-
augurate such a wood building propaganda
that the people over there will learn to
want the frame house.
Mr. Whiting suggests that architects in
the United States who are favorable to
wood construction should be immediately
put to work on the task of studying French
and Belgian conditions, in order to de-
vise the best frame home for them along
lines that meet their own ideas of what
a home should be.
LUMBERMEN WILL AID IN RECON-
STRUCTION.
'T1 HE lumbermen of the United States
have pledged themselves to co-operate
with all other industries and with the
agencies of the Government in the recon-
struction work which confronts the nation
as the result of the World War. This was
the decision reached at the conference held
at Chicago under the auspices of the Na-
tional Lumber Manufacturers Association.
The sessions were participated in by rep-
resentative lumber manufacturers from all
sections of the United States and by or-
ganizations of lumber wholesalers and re-
tailers.
An intimate discussion of the problems
which are yet to be solved, before the
country returns to normal working con-
ditions, was the main feature of the con-
ference. All phases of the situation were
gone into and the net result was a definite
program which is expected to be carried
out.
President John H. Kirby of the National
Lumber Manufacturers' Association de-
clared that the conference will have far
reaching effects upon the industry. The
absolute harmony of purpose which pre-
vailed and the definite plans which were
adopted, he declared, were a guaranty that
the industry would be found working along-
side of all others in the reconstruction pro-
gram for the nation.
BURN WOOD AND SAVE
COAL
0
ADVISORY BOARD
Representing Organizations Affiliated with the
American Forestry Association
National Wholesale Lumber Dealers' Association
W. CLYDE SYKES, Conifer, N. Y.
R. L. SISSON, Potsdam, N. Y.
JOHN M. WOODS, Boston, Mass.
Northern Pine Manufacturers' Association
C. A. SMITH, Coos Bay, Ore.
WILLIAM IRVINE, Chippewa Falls, Wis.
F. E. WEYERHAEUSER, St. Paul, Minn.
North Carolina Forestry Association
E. B. WRIGHT. Boardman, N. C
HUGH MacRAE, Wilmington, N. C.
J. C. SMOOT, North Wilkesboro, N. C
National Association of Box Manufacturers
B. W. PORTER, Greenfield, Mass.
S. B. ANDKRSON. Memphis, Tenn.
ROBT. A. JOHNSON, Minneapolis, Minn.
Carriage Builders' National Association
H. C. McLEAR, Wilmington, Del.
D. T. WILSON, New York.
C A. LANCASTER, South Bend, Ind.
Boston Paper Trade Association
N. M. JONES. Lincoln, Maine.
JOHN E. A. HUSSEY, Boston, Mass.
ARTHUR L. HOBSON, Boston, Mass.
Philadelphia Wholesale Lumber Dealers' Ass'n
J. RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa.
FRED'K S. UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa.
New Hampshire Tlmberland Owners' Association
W. H. BUNDY, Boston, Mass.
EVERETT E. AMEY, Portland, Me.
F. H. BILLARD, Berlin, N. H.
Massachusetts Forestry Association
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Milton, Mass.
FREDERIC J. CAULKINS, Boston, Mass.
HARRIS A. REYNOLDS, Cambridge, Mass.
Lumbermen's Exchange
J RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa.
FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa.
R. B. RAYNER, Philadelphia, Pa.
Camp Fire Clnh of America
WILLIAM B. GREELEY, Washington, D. C.
O. H. VAN NORDEN. New York
FREDERICK K. VREELAND, New York
Empire State Forest Products Association
FERRIS J. MEIGS, New York City
RUFUS L. SISSON, Potsdam, N. Y.
W. L. SYKES, Utica, N. Y.
California Forest Protective Association
MILES STANDISH, San Francisco, Cal.
GEO. X. WENDLING, San Francisco, Cal
GEO. H. RHODES, San Francisco, Cal.
Minnesota Forestry Association
W. T. COX, St. Paul, Minn.
PROF. D. LANGE, St. Paul, Minn.
MRS. CARRIE BACKUS, St. Paul, Minn
American Wood Preservers' Association
M. K. TRUMBULL, Kansas City, Mo.
A. R. JOYCE, Chicago, 111.
F. J. ANGIER, Baltimore, Md.
i,
Southern Pine Association
B. WHITE, Kansas City, Mo.
E. RHODES, New Orleans. La
ENRY E. HARDTNER, Uranie, La.
CANADIAN DEPARTMENT
825
CANADIAN DEPARTMENT
BY ELLWOOD WILSON
PRESIDENT, CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS
'"F HE forest protective associations in
the Province of Quebec are keeping
up their record for progress and The
St. Maurice Association has decided to buy
two flying boats and their equipment for
use during the coming season. A commit-
tee has been appointed and tenders have
been asked for. Stations for housing the
machines will be built together with a cen-
trally located machine shop for the repair
of the Association's mechanical equipment,
which now consists of railway gasoline
speeders, automobiles, motorcycles and
motor driven pumps. The motorcycles have
proved a very marked success during the
past season. The usual type was employed
except that they were geared down and
an especially heavy front fork was used.
These machines can go over the rough-
est roads, they can carry in the side-car
a motor driven pump with 600 feet of hose
and are much more economical to operate
than automobiles.
The St. Maurice Association has com-
pleted its season's work, having extin-
guished seventy-four fires which burnt over
an area of 3,443 acres, or .041 of 1 per
cent of the area patrolled. The total cost
was 7-20 of a cent per acre and the total
cost of extinguishing fires which required
extra labor besides that of a ranger was
$936. Although wages and equipment cost
more than in previous years the assess-
ment per acre was not raised.
Mr. D. C. A. Galarneau, late forester for
Algoma Central Railroad, has accepted a
position with the St. Maurice Paper Com-
pany of Three Rivers. Professional for-
esters are proving their worth to the big
paper and pulp companies.
On December 10th a forestry confer-
ence was held by the Canadian For-
estry Association and the Members of
the Government of Nova Scotia. It is
hoped that as a result of this meeting a
Forest Service along the lines of that lately
established in New Brunswick will result.
Such a service is badly needed and will be
a great asset for the Province and will
bring it into line with development in the
rest of the Dominion.
Among the cause of fires in one of our
Provinces we find "Campers and Tour-
ists" and the list of fires attributed to
them is quite large. Unfortunately a large
number of these are Americans, and the
writer takes this opportunity of calling the
attention of all our friends who visit this
side of the line in the summer to visit the
beautiful north country to the damage they
do thoughtlessly. It is realized that we
have only to direct attention to this mat-
ter to ensure its absolute elimination. The
greatest offence is in failing to extinguish
camp fires.
Next year the Canadian Forestry Jour-
nal will appear in a new dress and in
enlarged and improved form. The Cana-
dian Forestry Association is rapidly grow-
ing in membership and influence and its
field of usefulness is constantly broaden-
ing.
Owing to the closing of munition fac-
tories the amount of labor available for
woods operations has been somewhat in-
creased and the outlook for normal pro-
duction somewhat bettered. However the
cut of both lumber and pulpwood is likely
to be less than usual.
The plans for the opening of a new
Forest Products Laboratory in British
Columbia are progressing favorably and it
will soon been under way. The Dominion
Government will co-operate with the Uni-
versity of British Columbia in its installa-
tion.
The Canadian Government has started
a five months course in Forestry at the
University of British Columbia for re-
turned soldiers, to fit them for rangers and
for Government work. Mr. E. J. Hanzlik
will be in charge of the work. The course
opened November 1st and will continue
until March 31st. This is a most excel-
lent idea as the crying need has been in
Canada for competent men to fill ranger
positions. It is to be hoped that something
of the kind can be undertaken in the East.
The work done by the new Fire Protec-
tion Service in Ontario during the past
season has been excellent and shows great
improvement over previous conditions.
The organization is now complete and in
fine running order. The equipment is com-
plete and the system of supervision and
reports excellent. There is still great dan-
ger from the new settlers in the "clay
belt" owing to the rapid clearing of large
areas of land. The permit system is work-
ing well, but so many fires for clearing
are necessary that their rigid control is
very difficult. The time has come when
fire protective agencies, Government or co-
operative, must take some steps toward
themselves burning debris for settlers
and loggers, simply as a preventive
measure. If slash burning could be un-
dertaken by such agencies instead of being
left to the settler and the lumberman a
REYNOLDS
SCREW DRIVING
MACHINES
Power-Driven, Automatic,
Magazine Fed.
For Either Wood or Machine Screws
are— in the opinion of leading American
manufacturers —
"not to be duplicated" — (Buick).
"decided labor savers" — (Stewart-Warner
Speedometer).
"almost indispensable"— (Maxwell Motor
Co.).
"a time and labor saver" — (Hoover Suc-
tion Sweeper).
"doing the work of four men" — (Edison).
"best money-makers we have in our plant"
— (Pfau-Cincinnati).
"very satisfactory" — (Grand Rapids Re-
frigerator Co.).
"indispensable" — (Lindsay-Toronto).
"wonderful labor savers" — (Cincinnati
Coffin Co.).
"great labor saving devices"— (K-W Igni-
tion).
"giving excellent satisfaction" — (Hoosier
Kitchen Cabinets).
"difficult to improve on" — (Morgan-Mon-
treal).
"just about twice as efficient as the old
hand method" — (Hart & Hegeman-
Hartford).
"very satisfactory"— (Cable-Nelson Piano).
"operated entirely by women" — (Coe-
Stapley -Bridgeport).
"cutting assembling costs in two or even
better"— (H. C. White Kiddie-Kar).
Send for Catalog E
THE REYNOLDS MACHINE
COMPANY
Dept. F
MASSILLON, OHIO.
great saving in the cost of extinguishing
fires would be accomplished ; and, as the
cost of this work would be charged to
protection instead of to logging operations,
the objection of the Woodlands Depart-
ments to cleaning up the woods would dis-
appear. It is fairly certain that if all
logging slash was burnt after the opera-
tions were finished and before the danger
season arrived, forest fires would almost
disappear. Fires in virgin stands are com-
paratively rare under present protective
measures. The great majority occur in
cut-over land and on old burns, and these
fires are extremely difficult to fight and
spread rapidly over large areas. Some
work along these lines will probably be
undertaken next season as an experiment.
Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
826
AMERICAN FORESTRY
BOOKS ON FORESTRY
.„..„., FORESTRY will publish each montk, (or the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a
uJf^f title? TuttorsY.nd prices' ef such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry As-
- C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid.*
list ..
soclatlon, Washington
FOREST VALUATION— Filibert Roth J'-jjJ
FOREST REGULATION-Filibert Roth.-. *■"
PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR-By Elbert Peets_. ......... *•«
LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS-By Arthur F. Jones 2.11
FOREST VALUATION— By H. H. Chapman *•!•
CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY-By Norman Shaw....;. f50
TREES SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS-By John Kirkegaard . . . . . . LH
TREES' AND SHRUBS— By Charles Sprague Sargent— Vols. I and II, 4 Parts to a Volume— ^
iFt
OF A FORESTER— Gilford Pinchot }•}'
THE TRAINING ^* ~ £„«_„..._-
LUMBER AND ITS USES-R. S. Kellogg. ■■■;•■••••■•■-•■••• — ••• \],
THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK-B. E. Fernow 2.17
NORTH AMERICAN TREES-N. L. Brltton '•»
KEY TO THE TREES— Collins and Preston. ...... •••••••• *•"
THE FARM WOOD'.OT— E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling :'i"A 1 M?
IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Samuel J. Record 1.25
PLANE SURVEYING— John C. Tracy j-JJ
FOREST MENSURATION— Henry Solou Graves «••»
THE ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY— B. E. Fernow }■«
FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY— Filibert Roth }•»•
PRACTICAL FORESTRY-A. S. Fuller........ •■•••••■ }'«
PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY— Samuel B. Green ISO
PRINCIPLES OF FRUIT GROWING— L. H. Bailey }■»
THREE ACRES AND LIBERTY— Bolton Hall J™
TREES IN WINTER— A. S. Blakeslee and C. D. Jarvis ".-■■■■■i uv-"i ,; ; ?„
MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico)— Chas. Sprague Sargent 6.00
AMERICAN WOODS— Romeyn B. Hough, 11 Volumes, per Volume i-.i- -.iiili
HANDB()OK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, EAST OF THE
ROCKY MOUNTAINS— Romeyn B. Hough 6.00
GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES— J. Horace McFarland •••••••••• J-JJ
PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD: THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— Chas. H. Snow 3.50
HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION— Samuel M. Rowe 5.00
TREES OF NEW ENGLAND— L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks 1.50
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES-H. E. Parkhurst 1.50
TREES— H. Marshall Ward }•*•
OUR NATIONAL PARKS— John Mulr J-91
LOGGING— Ralph C. Bryant i-50
THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE UNITED STATES-S. B. Elliott 2.50
FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND— Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawes 3.50
THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS— Henry Solon Graves 1.50
SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES— William Solotaroff 3.00
THE TREE GUIDE— By Julia Ellen Rogers 100
MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN— Austin Cary 2.12
FARM FORESTRY— Alfred Akerman .57
THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization)— A. B. Reck-
nagel 2.10
ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY— F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown 2.20
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD— Samuel J. Record 1.75
STUDIES OF TREES— J. J. Levlson 1.75
TREE PRUNING— A. Des Cars 65
THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER— Howard F. Weiss 3.00
THE PRACTICAL LUMBERMAN— By Bernard Brereton (third edition) 1.50
SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY— By James W. Tourney 3.50
FUTURE OF FOREST TREES— By Dr. Harold Unwln '. 2.25
FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS— F. Schuyler Mathews, S2.00 (in full leather) 3.00
FARM FORESTRY— By John Arden Ferguson 1.30
LUTHER BURBANK— HIS METHODS AND DISCOVERIES AND THEIR PRACTICAL AP-
PLICATION (In twelve volumes, beautifully illustrated in color) 48.00
THE BOOK OF FORESTRY— By Frederick F. Moon 2.10
OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES— By Maud Going 1.50
HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN— By Jay L. B. Taylor 2.50
THE STORY OF THE FOREST— By J. Gordon Dorrance 65
THE LAND WE LIVE IN— By Overton Price 1.70
WOOD AND FOREST— By William Noyes 3.00
THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW— By J. P. Kinney 3.00
HANDBOOK OF CLEARING AND GRUBBING, METHODS AND COST— By Halbert P. Gillette 2.50
FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY— By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr 2.50
MANUAL OF POISONOUS PLANTS— By L. H. Pammel 5.35
WOOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— Chas. H. Snow 5.00
EXERCISE IN FOREST MENSURATION— Winkenwerder and Clark 1.50
OUR NATIONAL FORESTS— H. D. Boerker 2.50
MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES— Howard Rankin 2.50
FRANCE, THE FRANCE I LOVE— By Dr. Du Bois Loux. Pauline L. Diver, New York City 1.50
EXERCISES IN FOREST MENSURATION— Winkenwerder and Clark 1.50
'This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to It any books on forestry or
related subjects upon request.— EDITOR.
WOOD FOR THOUSANDS OF USES.
'T'WO of the outstanding results of the
■*• recent Lumber Congress in Chicago
are the renewal of peace time activity in
the lumber industry, and the apparent de-
termination of manufacturers of this pro-
duct that wood as a construction material
shall become known in all quarters of the
earth.
Not that wood is not now known — for
it is. But it is proposed that it shall be-
come known in a new way. Its utility for
countless building purposes and in the
manufacture of countless articles of use —
that is the goal for which those who turn
the products of the forest to account for
mankind are striving.
Plans are being materialized in lumber
organizations the object of which is the
dissemination of information about wood.
It is proposed that no possible question on
the point of wood utility shall be left un-
answered. And all of this information
is to go to the remote corners of the earth,
not only in the United States, but on other
continents.
In this connection, it is announced, the
National Lumber Manufacturers Associa-
tion has had compiled by experts pam-
phlets containing valuable data about all
branches of the lumber industry.
BOOK REVIEWS!
France, the France I Love, by Dr. Dul
Bois Loux. Pauline L. Diver, New YorkM
City. Price, $1.50. This is the first of theB
series — My Tribute to France — to be pub-l
lished by Miss Diver, and the little book!
greets the world most attractively bound in
broad bands of red, white and blue — simu-1
lating the tri-color of France, that flag
which is the triumphant emblem of a proud
and simple people. In his introduction
called "The Significance of France," Dr.
Frank Crane says :
"France is perhaps the most significant
nation in the world.
"We little realize her tremendous mean-
ing in history.
"She is the center of Democracy in Eu-
rope.
"Right in the nest of kings, right amidst
the toughest and bloodiest traditions of
Autocracy, she has stood erect for over a
hundred years, proclaiming the inalienable
rights of man. It was in keeping with the
fitness of things that Germany should at-
tack her, for she stands for everything that
Germany would trample under feet. Hers
are the highest ideals of honor, the keenest
sense of sportsmanship, the finest qualities
of mercy and gentleness and all the things
that lend brilliancy and dignity to the
human soul.
"Superficial observers before this war-
thought that she was going down the pur-
ple path of dalliance to disintegration.
They little know the depths of her re--
sources. She has rallied magnificently.
"She flew at the throat of the attacking
Prussian wolf with all the heedless courage
of a thoroughbred hound. Hers will al-
ways be the central position in this great
war.
"The other nations of the world are glad
and proud to be her allies.
"Every man has two countries : his own
and France.
"From now on forever the plains of
Picardy will be the high point of the
world's pilgrimage, and unborn generations
shall visit there and tell to one another the
glorious deeds of France, and of how the
whole world rushed to her defense.
"Our feeling toward France is more
than admiration ; it is an abiding passion."
POSITIONS WANTED
POSITION wanted by technically trained For-
ester. Have had fourteen years experience
along forestry lines, over five years on the
National Forests in timber sale, silvicultural
and administrative work; three years experi-
ence in city forestry, tree surgery and landscape
work. Forester for the North Shore Park Dis-
trict of Chicago. City forestry and landscape
work preferred, but will be glad to consider
other lines. Can furnish the best of reference.
Address Box 600, Care American Forestry
Magazine, Washington, D. C. (1-3)
FOREST ENGINEER, 30 years of age; married;
eight (8) years experience in South and North-
east, in field and administration, desires to
make a change. References upon request. Ad-
dress Box No. 510 Care American Forestry
Magazine, Washington, D. C.
AMERICAN FORESTRY
827
IMPROVEMENT OF FORESTS
Providence Journal
The question of more and better highways in
the Adirondack region is of particular interest
to the motor fraternity. Touring autoists are
especially interested in having the existing roads
improved and new ones developed, suggests
Eugene M. Travis, New York State Comptroller.
The welfare of these travellers is intimately
bound up with the increased accessibility for
tourists, campers and settlers of the entire Adi-
rondacks. j he work of protecting the forests
against lire is greatly facilitated by improved
roads, enabling the prompt mobilization of men
to fight fire.
OREGON TREES DISEASED
Portland Oregonian
Fir trees along the Columbia River Highway,
which are turning brown, as though seared by
fire, according to foresters of the United States
Forest Service, are not dying, but are merely
suffering from a Spring disease something like
the grippe, which every spring or two attacks
Douglas fir growing where it is subject to the
dry, cold east winds, which sweep down the
Columbia River Gorge. This rather unique local
disease of the Douglas fir was recently named
"parch blight" by Thornton T. Munger of the
Portland forestry office.
EFFICIENCY IN FOREST
MENSURATION
can be gained both by the Teacher and
the Field Han through
WINKENWERDER & CLARK'S
EXERCISES IN FOREST MENSURATION
Adopted as text by fire forest schools
and circulated among the over-seas for-
esters through the American Library As-
sociation.
"...it is the nearest approach to a con-
densed handbook we have yet seen, and
on this account will be useful to the prac-
titioner as well as the student " Review
in Forest Quarterly.
Price $1.50, postpaid. Address
E. T. CLARE, University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
1337-1339 F STREET.N.W.
WflSHINGTON.P.Q.
flNP
Illustrators
3 ^olor Pro^ss Work
Superior Qoality
Phone Main 5274
PLANT MEMORIAL TREES
FOR OUR
SOLDIERS AND SAILORS
iNG for the Garden
is the title of our 1919 catalogue — one of the most beautiful
and complete horticultural publications of the year — really
a book of 184 pages, 8 colored plates and over 1000 photo-
engravings, showing actual results without exaggeration.
It is a mine of information of everything in Gardening,
either for pleasure or profit, and embodies the result of
over seventy-two years of practical experience. To give
this catalogue the largest possible distribution we make
the following unusual offer :
To every one who will state where this advertisement was
Every Empty Envelope
Counts As Cash
to every one who will state where this advertisement was
seen and who encloses 10 cents we will mail the catalogue
And Also Send Free Of Charge
Our Famous "HENDERSON" COLLECTION OF SEEDS
containing one pack each of Ponderosa Tomato, Big Boston Lettuce,
White Tipped Scarlet Radish, Henderson's Invincible Asters, Hen-
derson's Brilliant Mixture Poppies and Giant Waved Spencer Sweet
Peas, in a coupon envelope, which when emptied and returned will
be accepted as a 25-cent cash payment on any order amounting to
$1.M and upward.
Peter Henderson & Gi
■3b & ,37
COPTLANDX ST
UNIVERSITY OF MAINE
ORONO, MAINE
Maintained by State and Nation
HPHE FORESTRY DEPART-
-*- MENT offers a four years'
undergraduate curriculum, lead-
ing to the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Forestry.
******
Opportunities for full techni-
cal training, and for specializing
in problems of the Northeastern
States and Canada.
******
John M. Briscoe,
Professor of Forestry
Carleton W. Eaton,
Associate Professor
******
For catalog and further infor-
mation, address
ROBERT J. ALEY, Pres't,
Orono, Maine
School of Forestry
UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO
Four Year Course, with op-
portunity to specialize in
General Forestry, Log-
ging Engineering, and
Forest Grazing.
Forest Ranger Course of
high school grade, cover-
ing three years of five
months each.
Special Short Course cover-
ing twelve weeks design-
ed for those who cannot
take the time for the
fuller courses.
Correspondence Course in
Lumber and Its Uses. No
tuition, and otherwise ex-
penses are the lowest.
For Further Particulars Address
Dean, School of Forestry
University of Idaho
Moscow, Idaho
Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
828
CURRENT LITERATURE
^j|HE towering maples,
V^J pines and spruces on
many an estate, and
the sturdy, fruit-
laden apple, pear and
peach trees you see in
many well-kept orchards,
wore planted with Thor-
burn's Seeds.
For 116 years we have
been studying the nature
of trees; the causes of
vigorous, healthy growth ;
the soils best adapted to
each species, and espe-
cially the kind of SEEDS
that can be depended on
to produce
HEALTHY
STRONG
BEAUTIFUL
TREES
On the quality of the seeds
the trees depend absolutely ;
too much care cannot be taken
to see that they are perfect.
Whether you wish large-
leaved, luxuriantly- foliaged
shade trees for your home,
heavily laden fruit bearers
for your orchards, or forest
trees on some great tract of
land, Thorburn's Seeds can be
depended on to make your
planting a success.
Thorburn's Grass Seed for
lawns and links and Thor-
burn's vegetable and flower
seeds are unsurpassed in
quality.
We shall be pleased to mail
illustrated catalogue on re-
quest.
J. M. Thorburn & Co.
53 Barclay St., through to
54 Park Place
New York City
TREES for
FOREST PUNTING
Plant forest trees. Give employment
to our returning soldiers and
supply timber for future needs.
We have the trees and will have the
men to plant them.
Give us your order now for next
Spring.
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
KEENE, N. H.
We will plant our trees by contract
or at cost to us.
Turn Stump Land
Into Money
Clear your stump land
cheaply — no digging, no
expense for teams and
powder. One man with a
K can rip out any stump
that can be pulled with the
best inch steel cable.
Works by leverage — »me
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Government experts.
Showing
^■V^V HAND POWER, tasy levet
operation
VA
Stump.
Pullerjf
Write today for special
offer and free booklet on
Land Clearing;*
Walter J. Fitzpatrick '
Box 43
182 Fifth Street
San Francisco
California
No Stump Too B\6
rjQVr Climb-proof, chain link fencing,
r I U IV L wrought iron and woven wire fence
__..-_ iron gates, lamp standards, grille
r r Nf F work> fountains, vaBcs, tennis court
1 AjII \sLt amj poultry yard enclosures.
Catalogues on Request
J. W. FISKE IRON WORKS
New York, N. Y.
100-102 Park Place
The Barflett Wa
If You Own Tree'
You Need This Book
"Tree Health" is its name.
An invaluable handbook
on care of trees, that is
ALIVE with practical,
helpful hints.
Tefls how The Bartlett
Way of Tree Surgery dif-
fers from "other ways."
Why better. Sead for it
THE F. A. BARTLETT CO. i™MFORDScoNENT
CURRENT
LITERATURE
MONTHLY LIST FOR DECEMBER, 1918
(Books and periodicals indexed in the
library of the Untied States Forest Service.)
FORESTRY AS A WHOLE
Proceedings and reports of associations, forest
officers, etc.
Florence— R. Institute superiore forestale
nazionale. Annali, vol. 3, 1917-1918.
185 p. il., pi., diagrs. Firenze, 1918.
Philippine Islands — Bureau of forestry.
Annual report of the director of for-
estry for the fiscal year ended Dec. 31,
1917. 91 p. Manila, 1918.
Queensland — Dept. of public lands. An-
nual report of the director of forests
for the year 1917. 5 p. pi. Brisbane,
1918.
Society for the protection of New Hamp-
shire forests. Resolutions adopted at
the annual meeting, Sept. 4, 1918. 3 p.
Concord, N. H., 1918.
U. S. — Dept. of agriculture — Forest Ser-
vice. Report of the forester, 1917-18.
36 p. Wash., D. C, 1918.
FOREST EDUCATION
Mosher, Edith R. Forest study in the pri-
mary grades ; earliest lessons in story
form. 76 p. il. Lansing, Mich., Pub-
lic domain commission, 1918.
Arbor day
Indiana — Dept. of public instruction. Some
suggestions for the suitable observ-
ance, by the public schools, of arbor
and bird day. 12 p. Indianapolis, Ind.,
1917.
SILVICULTURE
Whellens, W. H. Forestry work. 236 p.
il. London, T. F. Unwin, Ltd., 1918.
Natural reproduction
Sparhawk, W. N. Effect of grazing upon
western yellow pine reproduction ir-
central Idaho. 31 p. pi. Wash., D. C,
1918. (U. S. — Dept. of agriculture.
Bulletin 738.)
Planting
U. S. — Dept. of agriculture — Forest ser-
vice. Tree distribution under the Kin-
kaid act, 1911; 2d revision. 13 p. il.,
map. Wash., D. C, 1918.
FOREST PROTECTION
Fire
Cox, W. T. The recent forest fires. 5 p.
St. Paul, Minn., 1918.
FOREST UTILIZATION
Kneeland, P. D. The utilization of forest
products in Massachusetts as affected
by the war. 4 p. Boston, Mass., State
forester's office, 1918.
Lumber industry
Pratt, E. E. The export lumber trade of
the United States. 117 p. pi., maps.
Wash., D. C, 1918. (U. S.— Dept. of
commerce — Bureau of foreign and
domestic commerce. Miscellaneous
series no. 67.)
Southern cypress manufacturers' associa-
tion. Eastern edition rate book on
CURRENT LITERATURE
829
cypress lumber and shingles, issued
Xov. i8, 1918. 133 p. New Orleans,
La., 1918.
U. S. — War industries board. Report to
price fixing committee on market prices
of lumber, 1913-1918. 242 p. Wash.,
D. C, 1918.
Wood-using industries
American walnut association. American
black walnut. 16 p. il. Louisville, Ky.,
I9IS-
Beyer and Small. Timber, lumber, pulp,
paper. 36 p. il., maps. Portland,
Me., 1918.
Estep, H. C. How wooden ships are built ;
a practical treatise on modern Ameri-
can wood ship construct'on, with a
supplement on laying off wooden ves-
sels. 101 p. il. Cleveland, O., Penton
pub. co., 1918.
U. S. Shipping board — Emergency fleet
corporation. The elements of wooden
ship construction, pts. 1-5. il. Phila..
Pa., 1918.
WOOD PRESERVATION
Hicks, P. R. Service tests of cross ties.
83 p. Madison, Wis., American rail-
way engineering association, 1918.
AUXILIARY SUBJECTS
Conservation of natural resources
Pennsylvania state grange — Committee on
conservation. Report. 13 p. Tyrone,
Pa., 1918.
Description and travel
Southern Pacific company. The high
Sierra of California. 14 p. il., map
San Francisco, Cal., 1917.
Erosion
Mosier, J. G. and Gustafson, A. F. Wash-
ing of soils and methods of prevention
38 p. ii. Urbana, 111., 1918. (Illi-
nois— Agricultural experiment station
Bulletin 207.)
PERIODICAL ARTICLES
Miscellaneous periodicals
American city, town and county edition,
Oct., 1918. — Fire department for for
ests, by G. D. Pratt, p. 255-8.
American museum journal, Oct., 1918. — Our
American forest engineers in France,
by H. S. Graves, p. 412-25.
Annals of botany, Oct., 1918.— A study in
the anatomy of hazelwood with refer-
ence to conductivity of water, p. 553-67.
Botanical gazette, Xov., 1918. — Notes o
Xorth American trees: 3. Tilia, by
C. S. Sargent, p. 421-38; Pine needles.
their significance and history, by J.
Oufrenoy, p. 439-54.
Country gentleman, Nov. 9, 1918— The
woodlot goes to war, by P. S. Lathrop,
p. 11-12, 29.
Cut-over lands, Nov., 1918.— Chemical
utilization of southern pine for war
purposes, by Southern pine association,
p. 8; The lumberman's interest in the
future of the south, by A. G. T. Moore,
P- 15-16.
Gardeners' chronicle, Xo. 23, 1918. — Inter-
esting London trees, by A. D. Webster,
p. 203-4 ; European trees in Tasmania,
by A. Garnett, p. 206.
Memorial Trees
for
Sailors and Soldiers
"Shagbark Hickory"— A beautiful nut tree that is
known as the National Tree of America.
What more fitting memorial to our hero
dead than a living tree growing each year
to commemorate by its increasing strength
and beauty the deeds of those who made
the supreme sacrifice?
Every city and town will do honor to
its sons who died, and to the homes bereft.
No monument, no tablet, no memorial of
any sort is so appropriate as a living tree
for each soldier and sailor who died that
liberty, justice and peace might prevail.
Deep rooted in the soil of their homes,
its branches reaching aloft to the skies,
its leaves sheltering the nests of happy
birds— a Tree is most symbolical of the
life and deeds of the strong, courageous,
clean souled men whose memory will live
forever in the hearts of the folks at home.
We are tree specialists and landscape archi-
tects of over fifty years experience. We will be
glad to place our services at the disposal of any
individual or community interested in nut, shade,
fruit trees or evergreens.
Our 1919 Catalogue and Planting Guide will be
sent free at your request.
GLEN BROS., Inc.
(Glenwood Nursery, Established 1K6)
1825 Main St., Rochester, N. Y.
Gardeners' chronicle of America, Nov.-
Dec, 1918. — Forest tree nurseries for
private estates, by A. Smith, p. 271-2.
House and garden, Nov., 1918. — Planting
of deciduous trees and shrubs, by
E. L. Strang, p. 38-9, 54.
Journal of heredity, Oct., 1918. — Hybrids of
the live oak and overcup oak, by H.
Ness, p. 263-8; China's trees and ours
strikingly alike, p. 272-81.
Missouri botanical garden bulletin, Nov.,
1918. — Pruning, p. 107-13.
Mi'tisey's magazine, Dec, 1918. — War fires
and fire fighting, by L. C. Everard, p.
S38-SO.
New Zealand journal of agriculture, Oct.
ANDORRA-GROWN
SHADE TREES
For Street or Lawn
Our ability to supply trees
of the highest quality ib not
curtailed by the Btoppage of
foreign shipments. 600
acres of home grown stock
for your selection.
Andorra
Nurseries
Wm. Warner Harper, Prop.
Sueecstions for Effective Box 200
Planting on request Chestnut Hill
Phila., Penna.
FORESTRY SEEDS
I OFFER AT SPECIAL PRICES
Finns strobns Plrea Eng-lemannl
Pseudo-tsug-a Done- Pices Pgatnu
■anal Thuya Occidental!*
Pinna Ponderosa Pinna taeda
and many other varieties, all of thla
season's crop and of food quality.
Samples npon request. Send for my
catalogue containing full lint of varieties.
THOMAS J. LANE
TREE SEEDSMAN
Dresher
Pennsylvania
Nursery Stock for Forest Planting
TREE SEEDS
SEEDLINGS Write for price, on TRANSPLANTS
large Quantities
THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO.
CHESHIRE. CONN.
HILL'S
Seedlings and Transplants
ALSO TREE SEEDS
FOR REFORESTING
ID EST for over half a century. All
leading hardy sorts, grown in im-
mense quantities. Prices lowest. Quali-
ty highest. Forest Planter's Guide, also
price lists are free. Write today and
mention this magazine.
THE D. HILL NURSERY CO.
Evergreen Specialists
Largest Growers in America
BOX 601 DUNDEE, ILL.
Orchids
We are specialists In Or-
cblds; we collect, Import,
grow, sell and export this class of plants
eicluslvely.
Our Illustrated ajd descriptive catalogue
of Orcblds may be bad on application. Also
Hpecial list of fresbly Imported unestsb-
llshed Orcblds.
LAGER & HURRELL
Orchid Growen and Imborkr,
SUMMIT. N.J.
POSITION WANTED
YOUNG MAN recently discharged from the U. S.
Navy, wants employment with wholesale lum-
ber manufacturer; college graduate; five year's
experience in nursery business; can furnish
best of references. Address Box 675, Care
American Forestry Magazine, Washington,
D- C. (i.3)
Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
830
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Yale School of
Forestry
Established in 1900
A Graduate Department of Yale
University
The two years technical course pre-
pares for the general practice of for-
estry and leads to the degree of
Master of Forestry.
Special opportunities in all branches
of forestry for
Advanced and Research Work.
For students planning to engage
in forestry or lumbering in the
Tropics, particularly tropical Amer-
ica, a course is offered in
Tropical Forestry.
Lumbermen and others desiring in-
struction in special subjects may be
enrolled as
Special Students.
A field course of eight weeks in the
summer is available for those not
prepared for, or who do not wish
to take the technical courses.
For further information and cata-
logue, address: The Director of the
School of Forestry, New Haven, Con-
necticut, U. S. A.
J
Forestry at
University of
Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
A FOUR - YEAR, undergraduate
course that prepares for the
practice of Forestry in all its
branches and leads to the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN FORESTRY
Opportunity is offered for grad-
uate work leading to the degree of
Master of Science in Forestry.
The course is designed to give a
broad, well-balanced training in the
fundamental sciences as well as in
technical Forestry, and has, conse-
quently, proven useful to men en-
gaged in a variety of occupations.
This school of Forestry was estab-
lished in 1003 and has a large body
of alumni engaged in Forestry work.
For announcement giving
Complete information and list
of alumni, address
FILIBERT ROTH
21, 1918. — Pinus insignis for fruit cases,
P- 235-6.
Outing, Aug., 1918. — The greatest park in
the world, by E. H. Jessup, p. 289-93,
342-4-
Plant world, July, 1918. — The history of the
linden and ash, by E. W. Berry, p.
i63-75-
Rural New Yorker, Nov. 9, 1918. — Care and
treatment of tree seed, p. 1259.
St. Nicholas, Oct., 1918— Tree of victory,
by G. F. Paul, p. 1062-6; Cutting aero-
plane spruce in Canada, by F. J. Dickie,
p. 1066-7.
Science, Nov. 15, 1918. — Note upon the
hydrogenion concentration necessary to
inhibit the growth of four wood-
destroying fungi, by M. R. Meacham,
p. 499-500.
Scientific American, Sept. 14, 1918. — De-
fects in airplane woods, by S. J. Record,
p. 212, 218-19.
Scientific American, Sept. 28, 1918. — Woods
for making airplanes, by S. J. Record,
p. 248-9.
Scientific American supplement, Aug. 31,
1918. — Use of the heliograph, by M. R.
Tillotson, p. 141.
Scientific American supplement, Oct. 5,
1918. — Cashew nut tree, p. 221.
Scientific American supplement, Oct. 26,
1918. — Use of creosoted fir for marine
construction, by B. L. Grondal, p. 263.
Trade journals and consular reports
American lumberman, Nov. 23, 1918. —
Plant nut and timber trees, by F. W.
Buffum, p. 60.
American lumberman, Nov. 30, 1918. —
Lumber industry's part in the recon-
struction program, by E. B. Parker, p.
33-5-
American lumberman, Dec. 7, 1918. — Tie
logging in the Himalayas, by T. S.
Woolsey, Jr., p. 55 ; Describes French
forests, by F. M. Bartelme, p. 67-8.
American lumberman, Dec. 14, 1918. —
Measurement of Spanish cedar logs,
by C. D. Mell, p. 55-
Canada lumberman, Dec. I, 1918. — Hydro-
aeroplane for forest protection, by H.
Sorgius, p. 30.
Engineering news-record, Dec. 5, 1918. —
Filling the allies' rush order for air-
plane spruce, by N. A. Bowers, p.
1023-31.
Hardwood record, Nov. 25, 1918. — Birch as
veneer wood, p. 23.
Hardwood record, Dec. 10, 1918. — Beech
and maple flooring compared, p. 24, 33.
Journal of electricity, Nov. 15, 1918. — The
present status of Hetch-Hetchy, by R.
W. Van Norden, p. 438-43-
Lumber, Nov. 18, 1918. — California pine
production during the war, by C. S.
Smith, p. 21-2.
Lumber, Dec. 2, 1918. — The timber resources
of New York state, by A. B. Reck-
nagel, p. 26.
Lumber world review, Dec. 10, 1918. — The
use of lumber in Italy, p. 46.
Paper, Nov. 20, 1918. — Researches in chemi-
cal woodpulp, by C. G. Schwalbe, p.
11-18.
Paper mill, Nov. 9, 1918— Utilizing wood
waste, by R. H. Morelton, p. 22-3; Pa-
per yarn development, p. 44.
Pioneer western lumberman, Nov. 15, 1918.
— Naval stores a product of the pine
forests, p. 20-22; Redwood block floors
and street pavements, p. 22-23.
Pioneer western lumberman, Dec. 1, 1918.
— Lumbering in the Philippines, by A.
F. Fischer, p. 14-18.
Pulp and paper magazine, Nov. 7, 1918. —
Research for the pulp and paper in-
dustry, by W. B. Campbell, p. 993-4.
Southern lumberman, Nov. 23, 1918. — Ex-
hibit of American softwoods in Lon-
don, p. 36.
Timber trades journal, Nov. 9, 1918. —
Plantations on the Lincolnshire wolds,
by W. P. Greenfield, p. 581.
Timber trades journal, Nov. 30, 1918. —
Cheap and effective drying kilns, p. 679.
Timberman, Nov., 1918. — Deserrollo com-
mercial con Peru, by M. D. Derteano,
p. 40-1 ; Swedish lumbering costs, p.
42; Standing timber areas in Europe,
p. 42; More lumber from tapered logs,
p. 44; Graphic chart showing the sav-
ing possible in sawing one-inch lumber
by use of thin kerf saws, p. 48 ; Dough-
boy aristocracy, by D. Skeels, p. 56;
Export grading rules, by E. E. Pratt,
p. 63.
U. S. commerce report, Nov. 21, 1918. —
Reforestation activities in Hongkong,
by G. E. Anderson, p. 712.
U. S. commerce report, Nov. 23, 1918. —
The fuel problem of Brazil, p. 738-46.
U. S. commerce report, Dec. 5, 1918. — Prog-
ress of American shipbuilding, p. 887.
U. S. commerce report, Dec. 7, 1918. —
European processes of paper textile
manufacture, by H. G. Brock, p. 922-6.
U S. commerce report, Dec. 10, 1918. —
Swedish exports of wood pulp, p. 950.
U. S. commerce report, Dec. 14, 1918. —
Market for lumber in south China, p.
1016-19.
U. S. commerce report, Dec. 19, 1918. —
Progress of shipbuilding in China, p.
1076-8.
Veneers, Dec, 1918. — Ways of finishing
birch wood, by A. A. Kelly, p. 15 ; Air-
planes and veneer industry, by K. C.
Symons, p. 23-4.
West Coast lumberman, Nov. 15, 1918. —
Shingle nails in relation to the cedar
shingle industry, by J. S. Williams, p.
24-5-
West Coast lumberman, Dec. 1, 1918. — The
making of a topographic map, by E. T.
Clark, p. 20-1, 42.
Wood-worker, Nov., 1918. — Of practical in-
terest to wood finishers, by A. A. Kelly,
P- 34-5 1 Sawdust in paper-making, p.
35-
Wood-worker, Dec, 1918. — Woods used for
wagon felloes, by E. F. Horn, p. 25.
Forest journals
American forestry, Dec, 1918. — Effect of
CURRENT LITERATURE
831
the war on forests of France, by H. S
Graves, p. 709-17; North Carolina
women urge protection of birds and
roadside trees, p. 718; Bayberrie candle
lore, by C. Cornish, p. 719; Saving an
old elm, p. 720-24; Tree values, by
A. F. W. Yick, p. 722-4; How forestry
and tree culture concern the disabled
soldier, by W. M. Hussie, p. 725-7; The
Forests of France, by H. L. Sweinhart,
p. 726; The Christmas roll call of the
Red Cross, p. 727; Memorial trees for
soldiers and sailors, p. 728-9; French
forests in the war, p. 730; The giant
General Grant, p. 730; Wooden furni-
ture and the place it fills, by H. Max-
well, 731-41; Donations to the welfare
fund for lumbermen and foresters in
war service, p. 741 ; Christmas boxes
for the forest and lumber regiments, p
742; Christmas with the birds, by A
A. Allen, p. 743-7; Supervisor McMil-
lan gives his life for his country, p
747; Pictures and plants for Christmas,
with an elk story, by R. W. Shufeldt,
p. 748-53 ; Digest of opinions on for-
estry, p. 756-7; Canadian department
by E. Wilson, p. 758-60.
Australian forestry journal, Oct., 1918.—
On an elementary principle of forestry,
by N. W. Jolly, p. 6; Wasteful con-
version in sleeper getting, by G. Bur-
row, p. 7-8; Mountain cypress pine, by
W. M. Brennan, p. 9; Forest fire pre-
vention : "Journal" discussion, p. 10-13 !
Honey wealth of forests, by A. Shal-
lard, p. 14-15; Supply of coniferous
timber for Australia, by N. W. Jolly,
p. 15-16; A forest act for Western
Australia, p. 17, 19, 21 ; Karri regrowth,
p. 20, 26; The cypress pine of the
Xor'west, p. 21, 24; Powellising railway
sleepers, p. 21-2; The spur of necessity;
uses of Australian woods, p. 24, 26;
To support weak or broken limbs, by
W. C. Grasby, p. 26-7; Trees as me-
morials, p. 27; Australian timber re-
sources, p. 34; Forest trees of Queens-
land: black bean, p. 35-6; Toy makers
use planing mill waste, p. 37; Uses of
mountain ash, p. 37, 39.
Baltimorean, Sept.-Dec, 1918. — Forest plant-
ing operations at St. Jovite, Quebec,
by A. C. Volkmar, p. 32-3; Timber
cruising methods in the northwest, by
J. Wetherbee, p. 33-5.
Canadian forestry journal, Nov., 1918. —
Britain's need — Canada's opportunity, by
J. R. Dickson, p. 1908-10; Shocking
loss of life, U. S. forest fires, p. 191 1 ;
The lesson of the Minnesota disaster,
by W. T. Cox, p. 1912-14; Why aero-
planes need spruce, p. 1914; Winter
injury to trees 1917-18, by W. T.
Macoun, p. 1917-18; A scheme to af-
forest the prairies, by T. Tod, p. 1919-
20; New use of birch in paper making,
by C. Leavitt, p. 1922-3; Eastern Can-
ada and British trade, by T. H. Black-
lock, p. 1923-4; The new birth of fores-
try, by F. Roth, p. 1924-6; Great work
of overseas forest corps, p. 1926-7; A
new forest insect enemy of the white
birch, by J. M. Swaine, p. 1928-9; The
high mortality of balsam fir, by C. D.
Howe, p. 1929-30; Forest protection in
British Columbia, by C. Leavitt, p.
I93I-3; New ways in the woods, by E.
Wilson, p. 1934-6; The prop of our
empire ; British government stripping
5000 acres of timber each month for
emergency uses, p. 1936-8; The case
for Nova Scotia's forests, by R. Black,
p. 1940, 1942-4.
Indian forester, Sept., 1918. — A note on the
economic value of the Chinese tallow
tree, by P. Singh, p. 383-7; Notes on
European forest research, by S. How-
ard, p. 394-401 ; Sylviculture in the
Central Provinces from the tax payers'
point of view, by J. W. Best, p. 401-9;
Manufacture of matches in Rangoon,
by A. J. Butterwick, p. 410-17; Big teak
in Burma, by C. G. Rogers, p. 417-19;
Note on the dying back of sal seedlings,
by E. A. Smythies, p. 420-2; Produc-
tion of wood tar in India, p. 423-4;
The treatment of timber, p. 424-34; A
lumber camp in the Highlands, p. 434-8.
Journal of forestry, Nov., 1918. — A folding
Biltmore stick, by W. B. Barrows, p.
747-8; Another word on site, by F.
Roth, p. 749-53; Height growth as a
key to site, by E. H. Frothingham, p.
754-60; Nursery practice in Pennsyl-
vania, by G. A. Retan, p. 761-9; Pri-
vate Planting in Pennsylvania by
N. R. McNaughton, p. 770-1 ; Some
new aspects regarding the use of
the Forest Service standard hypso-
meter, by H. Krauch; p.772-6; Knot
zones and spiral in Adirondack red
spruce, by E. F. McCarthy and R. J.
Hoyle, p. 777-91; Some fundamental
considerations in the prosecution of
silvicultural research, by R. H. Boerker,
p. 792-806; Lands problems, by C. J.
Buck, p. 807-13; Rock elm, by E. H.
Frothingham, p. 834-6; The Younglove
log rule, by H. O. Cook, p. 836-7;
Specifications for cross-ties, U. S.
Railroad administration, p. 837-9;
Growth of western white pine and as-
sociated species in northern Idaho, by
J. A. Larsen, p. 839-40.
New York forestry, Oct., 1918— Forest
taxation, by A. S. Houghton, p. 21-32.
Quarterly journal of forestry, Oct., 1918. —
Excursion to Kew gardens, p. 233-7;
Moisture in relation to tree growth, by
W. P. Greenfield, p. 253-60; The ascent
of sap and the drying of timber, by H.
Stone, p. 261-6; War-time training and
employment of women in forestry, by
G. P. Gorden, p. 266-71 ; New Zealand
forestry, by D. E. Hutchins, p. 280-5.
Revue des eaux et forets, Nov., 1, 1918 —
Service forestiter d' apres-guerre, by
A. S., p. 241-3; Les exploitations de
guerre et Pavenijr de nos pineraies, by
P. d'Aboville, p. 244.
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
DEPT. OF FORESTRY
BUSSEY INSTITUTION
/^kFFERS specialized graduate
training leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry in the
following fields : — Silviculture
and Management, Wood Tech-
nology, Forest Entomology
Dendrology, and (in co-opera-
tion with the Graduate School
of Business Administration) the
Lumber Business.
For further particulars
address
RICHARD T. FISHER
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
I
The
New York State
College of
Forestry
at
Syracuse University,
Syracuse, N. Y.
UNDERGRADUATE courses in
Technical Forestry, Paper and
Pulp Making, Logging and Lum-
bering, City Forestry, and Forest
Engineering, all leading to degree of
Bachelor of Science. Special oppor-
tunities offered for post-graduate
work leading to degrees of Master of
Forestry, Master of City Forestry,
and Doctor of Economics.
A one-year course of practical
training at the State Ranger School
on the College Forest of 1,800 acres
at Wanakena in the Adirondacks.
State Forest Camp of three months
open to any man over 16, held each
summer on Cranberry Lake. Men
may attend this Camp for from two
weeks to the entire summer.
The State Forest Experiment Sta-
tion of 90 acres at Syracuse and an
excellent forest library offer unusual
opportunities for research work.
Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
832
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| AMERICAN FORESTRY |
THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor
February 1919 Vol. 25
Ii;illlllll51I!:;i!!:!il!llll!l!i!]|ii!llllillII!iffi
CONTENTS
llllinifllllllllllllllUlllllllllllllillllllllMIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIII
No. 302
■iiiiiiiinii
ig
IN THE PIKE NATIONAL FOREST, COLORADO
Seven Falls, South Cheyenne Cannon. Three hundred
feet high, the ascent is made by 267
wooden and 20 stone steps
Entered aa second-class matter December 24, 1909, at the
Postoffice at Waahington, under the Act of March 3, 1879.
Copyright, 1919, by the American Forestry Aaaociation. Accep-
tance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in
Section 1103, Act of October 3. 1917, authorized July 11, 1918.
Frontispiece — North China Flood Pictures.
Forests and Floods in China — By Herman H. Chapman 835
With twenty-five illustrations.
The New Spring Saw 844
With two illustrations.
Italian Government Buys Timber 844
The Uses of Wood — Wood Used in Vehicle Manufacture— By Hu
Maxwell 845
With fourteen illustrations.
Free Trees for Planting in Pennsylvania 852
Walks in the Woods — The Nepperhan Valley in Winter Time — By J.
Otis Swift 853
With four illustrations.
A National Park to Honor Roosevelt 855
Virginia Inherits for Benefit of State Forest Reserves 855
Forestry for Boys and Girls — The Pine Woods Folk: Squeaky
Chipmunk Collects Some Seeds — By E. G. Cheyney 856
Grating Solves City Tree Problem 858
With one illustration.
Trenton's Bird-House Building Contest— By M. M. Burris 859
With three illustrations.
A Bird Fountain for Roosevelt 860
Forestry in Dixie 861
With one illustration.
The Forestry Situation in New South Wales 862
Enthusiasm for Memorial Trees 863
Roadside Planting as a Memorial to Our Soldiers and Sailors — By
Prof. R. B. Faxon 864
With seven illustrations.
February — And Plant Life Still Sleeps in Northern Climes — By R.
W. Shufeldt 868
With fourteen illustrations.
Emergency Feed From Desert Plants 875
With three illustrations.
Governor Lowden Endorses Tree Planting 876
The Plovers— By A. A. Allen 877
With eleven illustrations.
Forestry and Reconstruction in New York 880
Digest of Opinions on Forestry 881
Forestry Pursuits for Disabled Men 883
A Letter From Chaplain Williams of the Forestry Units 885
Old 10th Engineers Hoboken Sheet 886
Wooden Ships 888
Canadian Department— By Ellwood Wilson 889
Book Reviews 891
National Lumber Congress 891
Current Literature 892
Sad experiences in previous genera-
tions taught the people the danger of
building their mud-v.<alted houses on the
level plains. Consequently in this vicini-
ty the villages generally are perched on
the high spots of land, and they were
only partially submerged. After many
weeks the tvaters slowly subsided, and
here and there in the distance a few
trees could be seen, or a forlorn village
North China Flood Pictures
/N Chili Province, south of Tientsin, the dikes on either
side of the Grand Canal gave way. Hundreds of
square miles of land were submerged. We left Tientsin
and traveled by steam launch over flooded fields a distance
of thirty miles before reaching the broken end of the
standing partially above the
waste of waters.
Greater Tientsin is divided
into a number of foreign set-
tlements or concessions — Jap-
anese, British, German and
Russian — all outside of and
separate from the real Chinese
city of Tientsin. Large por-
tions of these concessions
ivere flooded, with water over
the first floor of the houses.
— Photographs by courtesy of
Mr. Frederick R. Sites.
Ticntsin-Pukoiv Railway.
Parts of the dikes remained
standing slightly above the
water level, and at these
places the boatman utilized
both man-power in towing.
and wind power on their sails
to move the heavily ladencd
cargo boats. Disease and
epidemics threatened. A mad
rush was made to get rid of
the flood waters. Tempor-
ary dikes were rapidly built
along the boundaries of the
various concessions. The
woman carrying the baby is
walking on one of these dikes.
llllllll!IUll!ll!!llllllllll!!!n[IUIII!lllllllllllllll!!HHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!![![llllll!llllllllllll
AMERICAN FORESTRY
VOL. XXV
FEBRUARY, 1919
NO. 302
minimi
FORESTS AND FLOODS IN CHINA
BY HERMAN H. CHAPMAN
PERHAPS no phase of forestry has aroused so wide
a public interest as the influence of forests upon
stream flow. For over a century, the governments
of modern nations, notably France, have proceeded on the
basis that the denudation of mountain slopes caused
ruin by unleashing the demons of flood and erosion, and
that the only effectual means of control were reforesta-
tion of these slopes, combined with artificial barriers in
the beds of the torrents. And the only possible method
of bringing these great projects of restoration and pro-
tection to a successful conclusion has been found to be
national control.
While France, under the constructive national forces
of the republic, has gone a long way towards correcting
the evil of denudation which followed the rampant indi-
vidualism of the revolutionary era, America has been
struggling towards a realization of the same truths. For
over a century, not counting the colonial era, our nation
took no effective steps to safeguard the public interests
represented by the protection belts of forested mountains
from which our rivers take their rise. Finally, the prin-
ciple of national ownership and control was won, both in
the west and the east, and we are buying back the lands
in the Appalachians and White Mountains which passed
from public control under a thoughtless and exaggerated
individualism.
Meanwhile, China has been the principal sufferer from
floods due to deforestation, and the best and most con-
vincing examples of the devastation and ruin caused
thereby may be studied in the great plains of north
central China, whose rivers rise in steep mountainous
country, which has been converted by unchecked forest
Courtesy of "Asia"
THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA
Looking out over the barren hills, one subtly feels that "immemorial mystery of North China, wrapping Peking like an imperial purple mantle,
a somber northern inscrutability enfolding the Great Wall as inpenetrably as the mists obscuring its turrets.
836
AMERICAN FORESTRY
explqitation into barren
slopes devoid of vegetation.
It remains for an edu-
cated and keen minded
Chinese forester, Dau Yang
Lin, a graduate of the Yale
Forest School at New Hav-
en, Connecticut, and a pio-
neer in the awakening of
new China, to present these
facts to the world in a man-
ner thoroughly convincing.
Mr. Lin is connected with
the University of Nanking,
and has devoted his entire
time for three years to
studying the effects of
floods and the influence of
forests on their control. In
A RIVER BED IN SOUTH MANCHURIA
Broad and stony, with almost no water, this shows clearly the evil
results of deforestation. The region is also notorious for the many
robbers which infest it. Photograph by Frank N. Meyer
a pamphlet prepared by
him and issued by the Chi-
nese Forestry Association,
entitled, "Forests and the
Chihli Floods," he sums up
the evidence. Mr. Lin does
not rely on his own judg-
ment, but quotes from the
published statements of
many prominent engineers,
none of them foresters
(until within a few years
there have been no for-
esters in China), in support
of his conclusions. These
are:
i. That the river chan-
nels in the Chinese plains
are incapable of carrying
ARTIFICIAL TERRACING
A striking picture taken in Shansi Province, China, showing other deforested mountains with artificial terracing to prevent further erosion.
FORESTS AND FLOODS IN CHINA
837
to the sea the enormous discharge of water in times
of flood.
2. That this condition is tremendously aggravated by
the great quantities of silt carried down by the torrents,
which the streams are forced to deposit as soon as their
velocity is checked by the low gradient of the plains.
3. That it is impossible ever to improve these chan-
levees so that they will
nels by deepening or by
carry these floods and silt.
4. That the volume of
water and silt must be di-
minished at its sources in
the mountains, so that not
only will the flow be ex-
tended in point of time and
diminished in velocity, but
that by so doing the carry-
ing power of the stream
will be proportionately les-
sened and the load of silt
diminished.
5. That there are but
two means of securing this
result — the erection of bar-
riers, dams and reservoirs,
and the reforestation of the
denuded slopes.
6. That the
construction of
dams and res-
ervoirs is not
only enormous-
ly e x p e nsive,
but will not
solve the prob-
lem, since these
reservoirs will
rapidly and
completely fill
up with silt,
requiring their
renewal per-
petually,
7. That the
r e f o Testation
of the slopes
offers the only
hope, and the
most practica-
ble method for
checking this
erosion of soil, and that without reforestation the plains
of China will continually be subject to floods of greater
and greater severity.
Few of us have any conception of the problem which
the Chinese have brought upon themselves by their short-
sighted destruction of these mountain forests — a result
due directly to the complete absence of government
ownership and control of these lands and by the exercise
TYPICAL SCENES IN CHINA
Taken in Wu Tai Shan, Shansi, the upper picture shows starkly naked mountains, completely deforested,
while the lower picture shows the consequent erosion at the foot of the hills and a caravan crossing
through the dry river beds.
of the rights of private individuals to do as they pleased
regardless of the welfare of the nation or posterity.
The brief account given by Lin of the great Chihli
flood of 1917 may visualize the tragedy resulting from
this selfish shortsightedness.
"While in Tientsin during the months of November
and December of 1917, I had the opportunity of going
through the flooded sections of this city, and it was a
terrible sight indeed ! The
boatman who took us
around through the flooded
streets would indulge in
pointing out to us the
highest marks made by the
flood water on the different
walls, and also tell us that
millions of natives were
rendered homeless, that
thousands had already per-
ished, and that coffins were
seen floating in the flooded
area. The country which
was under crop ready for
the harvest is now a great
inland sea with boats plying
between points or islands
formed by rising ground.
The damage
that has been
done to crops
and houses,
the loss caused
by stoppage of
trade, interrup-
tion of railway
traffic on the
Peking - Han-
kow and the
Tientsin - Pu-
k o w railways
— this has been
e s t i m ated at
h u n d r eds of
millions of dol-
lars. It is fur-
ther estimated
that in the city
of Tientsin
alone there are
more than
120,000 flood
sufferers, but thank goodness, most of these sufferers are
being properly taken care of by different organizations
and for their shelter thousands of mud huts have been
put up.
"According to the latest report of the general Relief
Committee, which gives detailed information of each of
the hsien that has suffered from the floods, we learn that
there are altogether 103 hsien or 17,646 villages affected
838
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Photograph by Frank N. Meyer
ABOVE THE CITY OF CHIEH CHOU
View of the deforested mountains and the big dike the people have
built to prevent a small mountain stream, which carried down much mud
and stony debris from over-running their city.
by the floods, and that in these hsien there are as many
as 5,611,759 sufferers who are either homeless or starving.
"When we come to think of prosperous and peaceful
Switzerland as having a population of only 3,425,000 and
an area of 15,975 square miles as compared with 5,611,749
sufferers and 15,000 square miles of flooded districts
here, we at once comprehend the severity and the extent
of devastation by the floods; and it is no wonder that
they have been called phenomenal floods or something
that Chihli province has not experienced for the last
170 years.
"Dr. P. E. Licent, a well-known scientist, who con-
ducted perhaps a more scientific investigation through the
flooded districts than anybody else, said: 'It is to be
Photograph by Frank N. Meyer
VIEW FROM THE LARGE DIKE
This looks over the city of Chieh Chou, Kansu, China, and shows how
much lower the streets are than the brim of the dike. By digging a
small canal and by reforestation, the situation would be enormously
improved.
feared that next fall there will be another big flood
around Tientsin, because the five rivers in this province
are badly silted up and the embankments are in bad
repair. For instance, along the Tze-ya Ho from Sien-
hsien to Tientsin, I saw twelve places at which the em-
bankments are broken. Now it is on account of a long
continued deforestation which has deprived the different
watersheds of their protective covering that all these
rivers have become silted up.' Then pointing to the map,
he continued : T was traveling in the mountains near
Paotingfu last August, and I saw hundreds of corpses
washed down with houses, dead cattle, bowlders, etc., by
the terrific torrents. In one place called Tai Lun Mung
near Chochow, I saw eighty-four corpses floating grue-
somely on a little pond. The terrible mountain torrents
must have been responsible for such a state of affairs.
China cannot hope to harness her water or regulate her
streams until these torrents are stopped and to stop them
permanently a systematic program of reforestation must
be carried out.' "
The conditions caused by these floods tend to become
steadily worse, as indicated by Dr. Licent. The river
Photograph by Frank N. Meyer
THE HEI SHUI KIANG
OR BLACK-WATER RIVER
It passes the city of Chieh Chou and runs along mountains which have
been totally deforested. As a result many landslides take place in the
rainy season and the city is always in danger of being destroyed by
the river.
beds become completely filled with great masses of sand
and silt, and the mountain slopes become furrowed into
deep gullies through which the torrents roar in foaming,
boulder strewn crests after every downpour. Mr. Lin
cites the well known physical law that the carrying power
of water increases as the sixth power of its velocity, so
that an increase to ten times the rate of flow multiplies
the power of the stream to transport mud and rocks by
one million. This detritus in turn tears out and deepens
the gullies, thus concentrating and increasing the velocity
of the water. The vicious circle thus established has
the most appalling results, and the devastation by a single
flood of an area whose population and resources are
equal to Switzerland, is the logical consequence.
Among the many citations quoted by Mr. Lin to show
that reforestation alone offers a permanent solution of
FORESTS AND FLOODS IN CHINA
839
these evils which threaten to destroy whole provinces,' is
that of Mr. H. Vander Veen, C. E., consulting engineer
to the Natural Conservancy Bureau, Pekin.
"As long as the slope of the water level is such that a
current can be maintained strong enough to carry all the
matter held in suspension along, no harm is done. But
the natural slope of the plain is, for several rivers, insuf-
ficient. In such a case the river is therefore forced to
get rid of the soil, held in suspension, along its way, con-
sequently its bed gets raised and in the long run the river
has to find another course, which it does by bursting its
dikes to find in the lower lying land the place where it
can deposit its burden, which it could carry no longer
and for which no more room could be found in the old
bed. This is the case more or less with every river run-
ning through the plain of China.
"The only way to diminish this evil is to diminish the
amount of soil brought down from the mountains. And
the reason for this enormous quantity of silt coming
down from the mountains is that those mountains are
bare so that during a heavy rain nothing prevents the
water from rushing downward practically immediately
after it has fallen, taking with it large quantities of soil,
Photograph by Frank N. Meyer
THE YELLOW RIVER "CHINA'S SORROW"
Several hundreds of feet of good cotton land have been eaten away dur-
ing a few weeks. Not in vain is the river called "China's Sorrow" for
life and property is never quite safe within its immediate neighborhood.
Near Chao Yi, Shensi, China.
so that it reaches the river down below more like torrents
of mud than of water. Now if those mountains were
planted with trees not only would then the water be
unable to take away so much soil but it would also reach
the river gradually in a regular flow divided over a
longer period and not within a few hours in fierce
torrents.
"It is impossible, therefore, to lay too much stress
upon the enormous importance of reafforestation. The
deterioration of the various rivers in China and specially
of those in this province, would never have reached its
present stage if deforestation had not taken place. I say
specially the rivers in this province because they all take
their rise in the mountains west of the Peking-Hankow
line, which for a great part consist of loess, a soil which
isily carried away by the rain.
"To build reservoirs in the hills in order to regulate the
Photograph by Frank N. Meyer
INSPIRING MOUNTAIN SCENERY NEAR SHAN HAI KWAI, CHINA
At the base of the mountain in the foreground of the picture a little
growth of pine trees may be observed, otherwise all vegetation has been
removed by the Chinese.
flow of the water, as has sometimes been suggested, is
not only far too expensive but moreover wrong as it
does not do away with the problem of silt. Sooner or
later these reservoirs would become filled, consequently
new ones would have to be built, a process which would
have to be carried on into eternity.
"Reafforestation is most imperative, for without re-
afforestation the improvement of rivers can only be partly
accomplished, but all these processes going hand in hand,
the improvement of the hydraulic conditions of the coun-
try will be decisive."
China has been brought to this condition directly by
the absence of a national consciousness and of organized
methods of government by which the will of the people
Photograph by Frank X. Meyer
CARAVAN PASSING THROUGH A FORESTED REGION
This is at an elevation of about 9,500 fe?t above sea level. The muleteers
have just set fire to a bit of dry brushwood, against express orders, and
a nice forest of blue spruce and whit.: birch is in full flame near Yang
Sa, Kansu, China.
840
AMERICAN FORESTRY
American Red Cross Official Photograph
American «<ra i. B y the GRQUp QF ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS
To the right are seen the rounded backs of the rows of huts built for the refugees at a total cost of about ten dollars per hut.
could be enforced to secure
the greed of individuals,
absence of such control,
throw responsibility for
economic consequences to
the wind and grab for the
immediate profit.
In the United States the
struggle for public welfare
and the restraint of ruth-
less individualism has been
waged with more success.
Just in time, our great
mountainous public lands
of the West were establish-
ed as permanent national
forests — and with the adop-
tion of the policy of pur-
chasing lands in the Appa-
lachians and White Moun-
tains, the economic error of
permitting these slopes with
their protective forest cov-
public welfare and restrain er, to pass through the process of denudation which has
which will always, in the been completed in China, bids fair to be checked in time.
It has never been claimed
by foresters or engineers
that results of equal de-
structiveness to those now
occurring in China would
follow the denudation of
forested slopes in this
country. But this is true
only because the combina-
tion of conditions here is
less dangerous. In the
Chinese plain, the water-
sheds of those rivers com-
prise 60,000 square miles of
very steep slopes, combined
with a soil of loess or wind-
placed silt — and these con-
ditions are aggravated by
the flat gradient of the
rivers in the plains below,
and by their extremely
Photograph by Frank N. Meyer
NATIVE WOMEN CARRYING BUNDLES OF FIRE WOOD
They start out very early in the morning to cut in the higher moun-
tains and late in the afternoon they are back home again. In this way
all chances of forests ever establishing themselves again are frustrated
and lumber becomes more and more scarce in western China. Near
Siku, Kansu, China.
American Red Cross Official Photograph
A GROUP OF FLOOD VICTIMS IN CAMP
At the "American camp" where accommodations were provided for a thousand families. The south exposure of the huts makes it easy to keep
them warm.
FORESTS AND FLOODS IN CHINA
841
dense population
of physical laws
to China. To a
lesser degree,
but to the full
extent permit-
ted by the to-
pography, soil
and r a i n f all,
and by the
stream gradi-
ents, these same
results not only
will occur, but
have already
occurred along
the streams on
the Atlantic
seaboard and
elsewhere. The
reckless clear-
ing of steep
slopes in the
A p p alachians
and in the
wooded areas
of T e n nessee
has caused ex-
tensive erosion,
and great fertility. But the operation
of gravity and erosion are not confined
injured many rivers by silting, and destroyed millions in
property values, while in the west, overgrazing of moun-
tain slopes has
been followed
by rapid deteri-
oration of val-
1 e y s through
u n r e g u lated
movements of
water.
Why is a
forest cover
the only solu-
tion of this
problem ? Be-
cause the dam-
age is evidently
caused by the
combination of
velocity, a
function of
volume of flow,
and silt, which
is the direct re-
sult of velocity
and volume,
and both these
American Red Cross Official Photograph HOUSING FLOOD REFUGEES .
, , „ . _ ., , ., . ~. , conditions are
China and America joined hands through the Red Cross to provide and care for the refugees. This shows
the huddle of mat huts in which refugees were living after the Tientsin flood before the American Red <J u e t. O the
Cross camp was constructed.
Courtesy of "Asia"
THE CAMEL-TIRELESS SERVANT OF THE MONGOLIAN
Symbolizing to the European all the mysticism and romance of the desert
—to the u»er of camels in China they are merely "indispensable utensils.
Photograph by Frank N. Meyer
ON THE ROAD FROM PEKING TO WU TAI SHAN
A halting place along the road where one can obtain a cup of tea and
some coarse oatmeal cakes. A very sterile region and yet scenically
very interesting.
842
AMERICAN FORESTRY
character of the surface receiving the rainfall. Dams
are inadequate because by the time the water reaches
the streams it is too late to control either its velocity or
its burden of silt except at enormous expense. But the
forest cover controls both factors automatically. From
the time the
d o w n pouring
rain strikes the
first or topmost
portion of the
tree canopy,
until the clear
water trickles
or oozes into
the streambeds
below, the for-
est interposes a
com plete suc-
cession of nat-
ural barriers to
floods and silt.
The force of
the rain on
bare soil dis-
lodges it and
hardens the
surface. The
drainage from
such a surface
is rapid and complete, carrying sediment from the very
point of impact, and causing the gullying to begin in
every direction. Rain falling through a forest canopy
drips gently to earth, upon a carpet of waterholding
A STRIKING EXAMPLE OF ARTIFICIAL TERRACING
From this point one may gaze far over this unknown land where hill after hill shows artificial terraces
painfuily and patiently built on deforested mountains to prevent further erosion.
litter and humus below which the soil is kept porous by
protection from rain, by root penetration, and by the
humus itself. The surface litter forms tiny dams in
every depression and retards the formation and flow of
surface water, replacing it with seepage. Not only is the
erosion of soil
from the sur-
face prevented,
but the water is
s t r a i ned and
kept clear.
When abnor-
mal rain fall
swells the
streams, their
erosive force is
kept low by the
absence of silt
at their sources.
Mr. Lin has
contributed in-
form ation of
inestimable sig-
nific ance not
only in China
but throughout
the civil ized
world, regard-
ing the abso-
lute necessity of maintaining forests on mountain slopes
as the one adequate means of protecting fertile plains
and rivers, and preventing destructive floods. But not
until China has fought and won the battle for national
WU TAI SHAN, SHANSI PROVINCE, CHINA
Bottom lands buried in waste from deforested mountains.
FORESTS AND FLOODS IN CHINA
843
consciousness and a national government responsive to the other, such as caused France to lose considerable
the needs of the people, can she hope to solve this tre- portions of her mountain forests. But it takes more
mendous internal problem. Just as the physical laws than knowledge to secure results. China's barren moun-
operating to destroy the plains of China as a conse- tain slopes must be reclothed with forests in order that
quence of for-
est denudation,
are world wide
in their appli-
cation, so the
p r i nciples of
government of
the people, by
the people and
for the people
are the only
certain meth-
ods for secur-
ing permanent
prosperity and
c o n t entment,
whether they
apply to Cau-
casians, Mon-
gol i an s or
South Sea Is-
landers. The
Chinese have
the natural in-
t e 1 1 i gence to
distinguish be-
t w e e n despo-
tism on the
one hand and
rampant indi-
vidualism o n
Photograph by Frank N. Meyer
LARCH FOREST
The last bit of larch forest left upon a northern mountain slope near the Tchai Ling Sze temple in the
Wu Sai Shan region, Shansi, China. White tailed deer and wolves live here in this secluded remnant
of the once extensive forest which covered all the now so appallingly barren slopes.
equable stream-
flow may be
maintained and
her people in a
measure pro-
tected from the
terror of flood.
The will to fight
the battle for
true democratic
government in
which order
and efficiency
is made sub-
servient to the
c o mmon good
— this is the
need of China
today — and the
first fruits of
such a victory
will be the
creation of a
national policy
for reforesting
the mountain
slopes of north-
ern China.
DEFORESTED MOUNTAIN SLOPES
Feeble efforts at farming may be plainly seen in the foreground. Wu Tai Shan, Shansi Province.
844
AMERICAN FORESTRY
THE NEW SPRING SAW
YF7ITH the aid of a new saw that has lately been in-
" troduced, it is claimed that a strong boy or woman
is able to cut more wood than two experienced lumber-
men equipped with a standard crosscut saw. In support
International Film Service
A SAW ANY ONE CAN USE
With this mechanism a boy or growing girl can handle any piece of cord-
wood that may be brought in to cut up for firewood. It requires but little
muscular strength to operate it, and is said to work so smoothly as to
attract the attention of the Government experts.
of this claim is the record made during a contest con-
ducted a short time ago.
Two men with a crosscut saw mastered an n-inch
International Film Service
CONGRESSMAN RAKER OF CALIFORNIA OPERATING THE
SPRING SAW
This enables one person to do as much work as two ordinarily accomplish
with a standard crosscut blade.
chestnut log in 92 strokes, while one man, with the new
machine saw, accomplished the same work in 70 strokes.
The implement consists of two steel arms actuated by
a powerful connecting spring. A bracket is attached at
the fore end of each of the members, and to these the
blades are clamped. To operate, the saw is merely drawn
back and forth in the usual manner, all of the necessary
pressure being exerted by the spring. The entire
contrivance weighs only \2 pounds. It is especially
suited for the farmer who does not wish to incur the
expense of purchasing a power outfit for cutting fuel
wood. In addition to cutting logs, it may be employed
for felling trees of medium size. — {Popular Mechanics).
ITALIAN GOVERNMENT BUYS TIMBER
A N INTERESTING and highly significant develop-
-^*- ment with respect to the export lumber market has
taken place within a short time, says a dispatch
from New Orleans. The purchase, by commissioners
representing the Italian Government, of 3l/2 million feet
of yellow pine timber (specified of "Southern pine mer-
chantable grades") for delivery at Gulf ports to be
moved, via ships supplied by purchaser, to Italy. This
sizable order was placed with the Southern Pine Emer-
gency Bureau, which now is distributing the business
among the Southern pine mills east and west of the
Mississippi. It will be inspected at the mills by Asso-
ciation inspectors and shipped to designated ports to
await the cargo-steamers, which are to be furnished
by the buyers.
The order is noteworthy and important not only be-
cause of its size, but because of its indication that
post-war lumber-buying for European countries may be
handled largely by government commissions— which in
their turn will deal with organized central agencies in
preference to making direct purchases from the indi-
vidual mills. It is not officially settled that this method
will be adopted, but in addition to the Italian transac-
tion noted above, there have been intimations very
recently that France and England will buy lumber in
this country through the "high commissions" which
have handled their war-time purchases. The very im-
portant question of ocean tonnage, which has bothered
students of the export market more than a little, may be
disposed of if the business is handled upon the lines
indicated, sellers making delivery at American ports and
buyers providing cargo space.
SUBSTITUTES FOR HICKORY IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF HANDLES
C PECIFICATIONS for handles for intrenching tools
^ were prepared during the war by the Forest Pro-
ducts Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, allowing seven
substitute species in place of hickory and also certain
minor defects, thereby making possible greatly increased
production for this class of material and at the same time
giving satisfactory handles.
THE USES OF WOOD
WOOD USED IN VEHICLE MANUFACTURE
BY HU MAXWELL
Editor's Note.— This is the tenth story in a series of important and very valuable articles by Mr. Maxwell on wood and its
uses. The series will thoroughly cover the various phases of the subject, from the beginnings in the forest through the processes
of logging, lumbering, transportation and milling, considering in detail the whole field of the utilization and manufacture of wood.
NEARLY every kind of tree that grows to usable size
in this country fills a place in vehicle manufacture
or repair, either in shop or factory, or on the farms
or highways where wagons and sleds are made or mended.
So wide is the range of vehicles, as to sizes, kinds, and the
places which they are expected to fill, that nearly any
billet of wood, large or small, may give service as a sled
sole, singletree, pin, crossbar, standard, spreader, neck
yoke, axle, or something else that is helpful in making or
mending vehicles. Statistics compiled in factories show
much but not all of the wood consumed by vehicle
makers or repairers. Teamsters on highways, farmers
in fields, workmen with teams everywhere, need wood
at times to make repairs, and often they go to the
nearest forest, if one is convenient, and cut the piece
they need. The people who do this put to use, some-
where and at sometime, practically every kind, of wood
that grows in America. It is a sort of unwritten law that
the driver of a vehicle must be able to make repairs of
certain kinds when he happens to be out of reach of a
shop. It has always been so ; for Homer, writing of the
siege of Troy, refers to a similar custom then : "His
sounding ax lops green limbs from a sycamore to spoKe
a chariot wheel." The drivers of sleds, carts, and
wagons have been swinging their axes ever since that
time in woods and forests to procure wagon material
to meet emergencies.
However, a discussion of the vehicle industry must
here be confined to a narrower range than that which
goes back to Homer's time, or to the activities of the
repair man who mends and patches by highways and
waysides wherever accidents occur. Up-to-date manu-
facturing and present day statistics must hold chief place.
Investigators for the government have gone pretty
RAW MATERIAL FOR AXLES, HUBS AND FELLOES
This scene is in the hardwood region of Arkansas and is strictly up to date. The high grade oak is on its way to the mill for conversion into
wagon stock to meet a portion of the extraordinary demand for tens of thousands of heavy wagons for our armies in foreign lands. Only the
best wood is acceptable for this use. ,
845
846
AMERICAN FORESTRY
fully into the industry which makes wagons, particularly
as to the woods used in factories, though little attention
has been given to the woods employed and the work
done by individuals and in small shops which cannot be
classed as factories. A summary of the investigations
by the government shows that forty-two kinds of woods
are worked into vehicles by factories in the United States,
and that the total amount was approximately 740,000,000
feet a year in the period immediately preceding the
war. The total is now probably much more. Forty-two
woods are listed by name, but the actual number of
species is much larger; because in most cases the listing
is by genera, and different species are not mentioned by
The names and amounts of the seven softwoods which
contribute to the vehicle supply follow :
HOW WAGON AXLES ARE TESTED
The above picture represents the type of machine employed by wagon
manufacturers and by the Government in testing axles to determine
their strength. Pressure by means of the powerful screws is applied
until the axle is forced to give way; but the applied pressure is
measured at the various stages and the information thus obtained is
of future value.
name. For instance, all pines are classed as one, though
there are thirty odd pines ; all oaks as one, and there are
more than fifty oaks; all hickories as one, though there
are a dozen, all ash as if but one existed, but there are
several, and so on down the list. Instead of only forty-
two vehicle woods, as the list shows on its face, the
number doubtless exceeds 150 if each species is duly
credited with its share.
But accepting the figures as they are given, the vehicle
makers use seven foreign woods, seven domestic soft-
woods, and twenty-eight domestic hardwoods. All the
foreign species enumerated are hardwoods ; so it turns
out that of the forty-two woods, thirty-five are hard-
woods. Measured in feet, the hardwoods total 702,264,-
693, the softwoods 36,878,444; expressed in percentages,
the hardwoods constitute 95 per cent, the softwoods
five per cent. The use of foreign woods in the vehicle
industry are here shown :
FEET
Mahogany 516,000
Hucalyptus 40,000
Circassian walnut 16,820
Rosewood 1,000
Padouk
Doncello
Spanish cedar.
FEET
1,000
330
250
FEET
Bine 33,077.055
Cypress 1,320,951
Fir 934,610
Spruce 835,650
Hemlock.
Redwood.
Cedar. . . .
FEET
448,678
259,000
2,500
Total 36,878,444
The list below names the hardwoods used annually in
the American vehicle industry :
FEET
Hickory 239,483,910
Oak 212,918,361
Yellow poplar 48,665,960
Ash 43,974,668
Maple 35,863,267
Cottonwood 33,278,658
Kim 31,296,922
Red gum 26,650,314
Birch 14,267,125
Basswood 6,418,308
Beech 5,497,308
Tupelo 1,067,600
Chestnut 972,809
Osage orange 439,026
Black walnut 390,450 Total 701,687,940
Though numerous woods are used in a small way in
vehicle making, comparatively few are employed in large
amounts. The two most important are oak and hickory.
All others combined do not equal the amounts of these
two. They contribute sixty per cent of the whole supply.
No other industry is so dependent upon one or two
woods, except shuttles and lead pencils, in each of which
Hornbeam .
Locust
Hackberry.
Buckeye. . . .
Sycamore. .
Cherry
Butternut. .
Magnolia. . ,
Blue beech.
Cucumber. .
Applewood.
Catalpa ....
China tree.
FEET
126,000
110.350
100,000
63,419
62,600
39,650
11,500
9,500
5,000
3,8oo
1,000
500
500
Total 575,370
METHOD OF TESTING BUGGY SPOKES
The strain on a buggy ;.poke comes from endwise pressure, and if
the spoke is overloaded it bulges at the middle The machine repre-
sented in the above picture delivers and measures pressure of that
kind, and the behavior of the spoke is shown. Tough woods bend,
but brash woods break under that strain.
THE USES OF WOOD
847
a single wood exceeds all others combined. For vehicles
oak and hickory are fairly evenly matched in quantity,
but hickory is the leader. Its place is in light vehicles
like carriages, buggies, carts, and racing sulkies where
elasticity or resiliency is highly essential. Oak goes more
into heavy wagons where elasticity is not of first con-
sideration but strength is accorded the leading place. The
that each will be equal to the duty assigned it. Averages
have been worked out by elaborate tests ; and dimension
stock is cut in sizes which will assure sufficient strength.
Most large vehicle factories maintain testing apparatus
WATER WAGON WITH WOODEN TANK
This vehicle, serviceable for the purpose intended, represents a rather
unusual use for wood in wagon making. The work must be well put
together or the joints will leak as the result of jolting over rough roads.
The tank here shown was manufactured at York, Pennsylvania, by the
A. B. Farquhar Company. The tank's capacity is ten barrels.
two woods, oak and hickory, are dissimilar in many of
their qualities.
The average strength of hickory is about thirty-three
per cent greater than that of oak, when both are well
seasoned, but the strongest oaks are not below medium
hickory in strength. Hickory is the tougher wood, and
in point of
e 1 a s ticity, or
the ability to
spring back
when bent, it
averages about
fifteen per cent
superior to
oak.
Every kind
of wood varies
greatly in
strength and
elasticity when
one sample is
compared with
another, and
hickory and
oak are no ex-
ceptions. For
that reason it
is necessary to
select these
woods careful-
ly for vehicles,
to make sure
WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN IN A RUNAWAY
Manufacturers of buggies put the shafts to the severest tests to determine strength and toughness, and
to discover defects. Only those which come through the ordeal unmarred are considered suitable for
high-class vehicles. The accompanying illustration shows some of the defects which may be discovered
by tests. The unfits are, of course, rejected.
A RELIC OF OLDEN DAYS
The body of an overland freight wagon that crossed the plains of the
far west before the first railroad was built west of the Mississippi
River. The exterior wooden braces and the stay chains across the bed
give additional strength and increase efficiency on rugged roads. Such
a bed held enough merchandise for a four or six horse load.
of their own; and the government laboratory at Madison,
Wisconsin, has gone thoroughly into the matter of vehi-
cle woods and has compiled information available to
manufacturers who care to use it.
Hickory's best use is as poles, shafts, reaches, rims,
and spokes for light vehicles ; while oak serves best as
spokes, felloes, hounds, tongues, bolsters, axles, hubs, and
other parts of the running gear of large wagons. Other
strong woods employed in considerable amounts by
wagon makers are ash, maple, elm, birch, beech, Osage
orange, and locust. Some of these are selected for par-
ticular parts. Of ash they make spokes, standards, and
axles, and oc-
casionally beds
for ore wagons
and frames for
auto mobiles.
Maple is very
strong and it is
often made into
heavy axles.
Elm is tough
and is one of
the best woods
for long spokes
in extra large
log wagons.
Birch and
beech fill places
similar to those
filled by maple
and ash. Osage
orange, or bois
d'arc, has a
special place. It
has often been
selected in
pre f erence to
848
AMERICAN FORESTRY
RESULT OF OVERLOADING A WHEEL
The strongest, toughest wood in the world has
its limitations. Overload it and it will crush.
The stubs of broken and twisted spokes in this
picture betray the enormous strain under which
they gave way. They are of hickory. No other
wood, under the same circumstances, would have
come through with as little wreckage.
all others for felloes of wagon wheels which are expected
to see service in the hot, dry regions of the southwestern
part of the United States, in Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas,
and westward. It is extremely strong and durable, but
the chief characteristic recommending it for felloes is its
small tendency
to shrink or
swell in dry or
wet situations.
The tire on an
Osage wagon
wheel seldom
becomes loose
during the try-
ing times of the
hot, dry sum-
mers of the
Southwest, be-
cause the wood
does not shrink.
Under similar
conditions, tires
can scarcely be
kept on wheels
made of other
woods. In run-
ning through deep sand, the paint is quickly worn from
the felloes. Most woods, when not covered with paint,
soon absorb water when exposed to dampness ; but an
unpainted Osage orange
felloe is polished by sand
and becomes smooth like
horn, and moisture has lit-
tle effect on it. Neverthe-
less, it has its drawbacks,
one of which is its lack
of elasticity. Tolting over
rocks is apt to break the
felloe. It does best in hot,
sandy roads. An agree-
ment recently entered into
among wagon manufactur-
ers has for its purpose the
elimination of this wood
as a wagon material, be-
cause of the increasing dif-
ficulty of procuring it.
Though it has been widely
planted as shade and hedge
growth, the commercial
supply has always come,
for the most part, from its
natural range in Texas and
Oklahoma, where its origi-
nal home did not much ex-
ceed an area of ten thou-
sand square miles. That is
a small range for a com-
A SMALL BUT USEFUL VEHICLE
All of the important wheeled appliances
transportation are not drawn by horses, oxen, or
driven by motors. The wheelbarrow in some
form is with us always, and there are different
forms of this lowly implement. Some have one
wheel, and some two, but they all are propelled
by pushing. The pattern shown in the picture
is for use on factory floors.
BROKEN IN THE INTEREST OF SCIENCE
These Douglas Fir axles did not reach their present condition by acci-
dent or ordinary usage. The Government's testing laboratory at Madi-
son, Wisconsin, broke them by powerful machinery to determine what
loads they were capable of carrying. Compared with other woods the
showing was satisfactory.
mercial tree, and the supply has become very limited.
Locust is a hub wood for light vehicles. Its extra-
ordinary strength and durability, in addition to its hard-
ness, qualify it for use as hubs. It holds spokes firmly,
resists strains and twists which would break most woods,
and decay has little effect on it in many years. Elm is
also a hub wood, but its place is in heavy wheels instead
of light, and it is a competitor of oak in the hub factory.
H o r n b e am is
very strong and
hard, but the
total demand for
it is not large,
for the reason,
among others,
that it is not
abundant and is
procured with
difficulty, but it
fills a special
place in the ve-
il i c 1 e industry,
being preferred as tongues for very large and strong
logging wagons and carts.
The beds or bodies of wagons call for special woods,
and the choice falls on yellow poplar, basswood, tupelo,
cottonwood, and red gum. The wood for bodies must
be light, tough, fairly strong, not inclined to split, and it
must possess excellent fin-
ishing qualities. The fine-
ly-smoothed surface must
paint well, for the show
part of a wagon or car-
riage is the body. The
lumber for the bodies or
beds of farm and road
wagons is known as box
boards in the market, and
though various dimensions
may be had, boards from
thirteen to seventeen inches
wide, clear and sound, con-
stitute the highest class.
The foregoing list of vehi-
cle woods contains no men-
tion of willow, yet some
willow box boards are used
with satisfactory results.
They are probably classed
in statistics as cottonwood,
or "brown cottonwood."
Fine carriages and auto-
mobiles display high grade
wood finish, the automobile
more of it than the carri-
age. The government sta-
tistics covering vehicle
woods (and there are no
THE USES OF WOOD
849
other statistics worth the name) do not distinguish be-
tween horse-drawn and motor-driven vehicles ; conse-
quently, it is not practicable to quote figures giving the
woods used in each class ; but it is a matter of common
knowledge and observation that the automobile now de-
mands most of the fine woods, both foreign and domestic,
employed in the vehicle industry. The leading native
woods appear-
ing in such fin-
ish are birch,
black walnut,
sycamore, cher-
ry, and butter-
nut ; and all the
foreign woods
on the list be-
long in the fin-
ish class.
Whether ve-
il i c 1 e s are
drawn by ani-
mals or driven
by motors, they
belong in two
general classes,
those for pleas-
ure and those
for business.
The line of sep-
aration is not always clearly drawn, since considerable
pleasure may be derived from the business wagon, and
the pleasure vehicle may contribute to business. Each
class is subdivided to an almost infinite degree. A vehicle
need not go on wheels, for the sled or sleigh is as much
in evidence as the wagon or carriage, but within certain
regions. No marked difference in the material that goes
to make a wagon or to make a sled can be pointed out.
THE FAMOUS CONESTOGA WAGON
This is not a picture of a replica of the famous Conestoga wagon, but of the genuine article, though one
of the last survivors of the romantic days of old, when wagon transportation was the only kind across
states. This photograph was taken at Altoona, Pennsylvania, and was made available for this illustra-
tion by the courtesy of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
Strong materials are needed in each, and woods suitable
to make the bodies of one are also the kinds wanted for
the other. The cutter's artistically-painted bed calls for
as high a grade of yellow poplar, gum, maple, or bass-
wood as is demanded for the panels and body of the
carriage; and the bob-sled, block-sled, stoneboat, and
yankee jumper are constructed of materials similar to
those consum-
ed in the man-
ufacture of the
grocery wagon
and the ox
cart.
The hickory
racing sulky is
said to have
made the
American race
horse famous.
The wood is so
strong, tough,
and r e s i lient
that a sulky of
extreme light-
ness, and of re-
markable en-
durance has
been the result,
and it is with-
out an equal or a rival. This made possible the lowering
of racetrack records, and in many instances the sulky
wins races for which the racehorse receives the credit.
However, the fact has been recognized that the hickory
tree has had its part in much racing history which has
redounded to the credit of American racetrack sports-
manship.
The trade wagon's place in the daily business affairs
DEFEATING RAILROAD EMBARGOES
This heavy truckload of poles gives more than a hint of the modus operandi of breaking the railroad embargoes which have plagued domestic
commerce so much during the past two or three years. If the haul is not too long, the motor truck takes the load and speedily delivers it at
its destination. This is being done all over the country with excellent results. The cut shows the Frehauf Semi-Trailer tractor.
850
AMERICAN FORESTRY
of the country is a conspicuous one. A special make of
wagon has been provided for the baker, butcher, grocer,
huckster, ice cream vender, fishmonger, flower seller, and
a list of others almost interminable. Most of these are
specialized in bodies rather than in gear. Each has its
boxes, shelving, and compartments built to meet the
user's peculiar needs. Much pine, fir, cedar, spruce,
hemlock, cypress, and redwood are worked into such
tops and bodies. Accompanying these softwoods, and
used in the same way, are Cottonwood, basswood, gum,
poplar, elm, sycamore, hackberry, beech, buckeye, and
other hardwoods. Much ash and some hickory are em-
now as they supplied it before railroads captured the
long-distance travel.
No one man invented the vehicle, but many a man has
made improvements on models already existing. Patents
by thousands have been placed on record, nearly three
thousand patents for springs alone. There are patents
on hubs, axles, tops, and on nearly every other piece and
parcel of a vehicle. These indicate growth and develop-
ment, though the first vehicle made by man was so long
ago that no record of it exists. Some of the ancients used
sleds when they could not make wheels strong enough to
carry the loads, and it was dry sledding in the deserts of
POSSIBILITIES OF THE MOTOR TRUCK
Remarkable strength and excellent speed characterize motor trucks like that in the above illustration (Duplex, Lansing, Michigan). The wooden
wheels are feats of engineering, no less than the powerful motor and the rigid frame. The maximum load that may be carried is measured by
bulk rather than by pounds.
ployed for bows and other parts of the tops of such
business wagons and over all the tent or cover is stretch-
ed as a protection against snow and rain.
The horse-drawn stage coach, famous in the days of
Charles Dickens' American tour, and later in the western
experiences of Mark Twain, has nearly gone out of use ;
but not so with the city omnibus and the taxi. These
vehicles are in the thick of business and they are largely of
wood. They are passenger carriers, as the old stage-coach
and thoroughbraces were, and forests supply the material
Africa and in the land of the Hittites. Yet those people
knew about sleds and some of the loads hauled on them
surpassed the records of the largest sled loads of logs in
Michigan and Wisconsin. The ancient people had wheels
also, and they had many kinds and sizes. Some were
nothing more than wooden rollers like modern house
movers use, and they worked in the same way. They
had wheels on axles, some of them heavy for oxen,
others light for horses. They made built-up wheels such
as we make now. A rock carving in Syria shows a chariot
THE USES OF WOOD
851
with wheels which would almost pass for automobile
wheels of today, except the tires. The chariot dates from
before the time of Sanballat, or iooo years before the
Christian era. The light wheels on some of the chariots
ON THE ROAD TO FRANCE
This shipment of Overpack's Michigan logging wheels was bound for France to assist the American forces
in getting out war material from French forests. The wheels are ten feet in diameter and are well
known to logging contractors not only in America but in distant countries. They are manufactured at
Manistee, Michigan. The spokes are of cork elm and are said to be the longest in the world for wagons.
of the ancients, of which some knowledge exists at the
present time, were made of birch, sycamore, locust, fig,
and other woods which now would not be regarded as
wholly satisfactory for wheels. Some of them had little
or no metal, and were not very
different from the light wooden
Red River carts of Manitoba and
Saskatchewan, or like the heavi-
er, clumsier all-wood carts used
by the New Mexicans a hundred
years ago. It is not necessary to
go farther into the history of
vehicles made in ancient times.
The point is that there has been
a long series of developments in
the plans and the making of ve-
hicles, and we are simply using
what was in part used ages ago,
and are adding to make them bet-
ter. It is a notable fact that the
American Indians knew nothing
of wheel conveyances. It is not
known that they ever made or
used a wheel of any kind, unless
their discoidal stones be regard-
ed as such, and they were only
playthings. But they had a rude
sled consisting of two poles on
which they placed the article to
be moved, and thus dragged it
along the ground.
American vehicles are now bet-
ter than they ever were in the
past and better than vehicles are now in the countries
across the sea. That is in part due to skill in manufac-
turing and due in part to the excellent woods supplied by
our forests. No other country ever had anything to
compare with our hickory and
Osage orange in their peculiar
qualities ; but we have had other
woods and plenty of them, and
the wagon and carriage makers
never lacked material. Accord-
ing to Burnaby, there were 9,000
wagons in Pennsylvania in 1759,
and according to Filson who
spoke from personal knowledge,
the wagons were worth fifty
dollars each, when sold at Phila-
delphia. The nine thousand
wagons represented an invest-
ment of $450,000 in wagons in
Pennsylvania alone at that early
date. The figures stand for what
was left after Pennsylvania in
the year 1755 had furnished
wagons worth $100,000 for the
ill-fated Fort Duquesne expedi-
tion under Braddock, from which
scarcely a wagon returned. The Carnegie Museum in
Pittsburgh has the tire from one of those wagons, found
in recent years near the battlefield where Braddock's
army was defeated by the Indians. The old tire sug-
A TRACTOR DOING STRENUOUS WORK
It begins to look as if tap line railroads may soon be dispensed with in logging operations, if tractors
continue to expand their spheres of usefulness. The accompanying illustration represents anj Avery
tractor (Peoria, Illinois), hauling logs on Powell Brother's operation near Elton, Iowa. Ox and horse
teams are back numbers there.
852
AMERICAN FORESTRY
gests a story in wagon improvement since then. It was
made in sections, each section being fastened to the
felloes with iron bolts, the heads of the bolts protruding
through the tire, like cogs on a wheel, but spaced farther
apart. In wagons of that kind the felloes were made
thick and strong and they supported the tire; but the
modern tire supports the felloe. The change in con-
struction shows a great improvement in wagon wheel
building in one hundred and fifty years.
The most famous wagon ever made in the United
States or in the world was the Conestoga. It had its
name from the name of the town in Pennsylvania where
the earliest were manufactured about the time of the
Revolution. The name appears to have been applied
later to wagons of the same type made elsewhere, notably
those manufactured at Newton, Virginia. During the
westward movement, when families trekked to new homes
beyond the Mississippi, wagons of that kind carried them,
and were known as "prairie schooners," and still further
west they were sometimes designated as "ships of the
desert," though that name was a borrowed term rightly
belonging to the camel in eastern lands.
The Conestoga wagon was a really important agent in
American history and romance. Its front wheels were
small, rear wheels high; the hubs were enormous; the
body was high in front and behind and projected far
over the running gear fore and aft; a white cover was
stretched over the bows, providing a waterproof roof,
lynch pins held the wheels on; brakes, commonly then
called "rubbers," checked the wagon's speed descending
steep hills; and the inevitable tar bucket swung from
the rear axle. The tar was the lubricant for the "thimble-
skeins" — the metal-covered wooden spindles on which
the wheels turned. It was pine tar and it had an odor
which has been described as "enduring from everlasting
unto everlasting." The highways along which those old
Conestogas traveled smelled perpetually of the pine tar
dripping from the hubs of passing vehicles.
The Conestogas were the freight carriers overland be-
fore the days of railroads, and convoys of them made
ambitious journeys. A farnous route led from Phila-
delphia and Baltimore to Nashville, Tennessee; but that
was not the longest route. One led from the Mississippi
River through New Mexico to Chihuahua in Mexico.
Over that long route the wagons carried merchandise,
and those who drove the wagon trains across the Indian
country always went prepared to fight the redskins. It
was the same with the long emigrant trains which jour-
neyed to the Pacific Coast from the Mississippi or the
Missouri Rivers. Writings relating to the frontiers of
that time are filled with references to the Conestoga
wagons. Among those who recorded the perils and
romances of the overland pilgramages were John James
Audubon ; Francis Parkman ; James, Prince of Weid, and
Zebulon Pike, names famous in frontier history and
travel.
Of the horse-drawn vehicles those used for pleas-
ure were the first to yield to the automobile. Between
1906 and 1916 the manufacture of horse vehicles, other
than farm wagons, declined sixty per cent. The auto-
mobile's inroad upon farm wagons has not been so great,
but it has been considerable. The total number of vehi-
cles of all kinds has probably not decreased, and it cannot
be positively stated that the quantity of wood required
in their manufacture has declined. Automobiles require
considerable amounts of wood in their construction, but
they also use much metal. Some of the best automobiles
are built with wooden frames, and practically all motor
vehicles are trimmed with high class woods.
FREE TREES FOR PLANTING IN
PENNSYLVANIA
A LARGE supply of extra fine forest tree seedlings
■'"*- will be available for free distribution this spring,
has been stated by Commissioner of Forestry, Robert
S. Conklin. This is a real opportunity. Anyone who
wants to plant forest trees this spring may have them
for the asking. There are no strings to the offer, the
only condition being that applicants plant not fewer than
500 trees, pay for the packing and transportation, and
actually set out the trees in Pennsylvania for reforesta-
tion. The trees may not be sold and no orders for orna-
mental stock will be filled.
The stock available for free distribution is almost all
three years old and includes white pine, red pine, Norway
spruce, European larch, Arbor Vitae, and a limited quan-
tity of Japanese larch and white ash.
Last year over two million trees were planted by
private owners of forest land in Pennsylvania. Appli-
cations for almost one million trees have already been
received for the spring planting of 1919. Hence orders
should be sent early for the supply of certain trees will
surely be exhausted, and the number available in subse-
quent years will be considerably reduced on account of
the difficulties experienced during the past few years in
purchasing forest tree seed. Application for these trees
should be made to the Commissioner of Forestry, Harris-
burgh, Pennsylvania.
w
BEWARE THE ASH-WOOD BORER!
OOD boring insects were responsible for the loss
to a Mississippi lumber company of more than a
million feet of ash logs, according to reports of investi-
gators of the Bureau of Entomology recently. It was
during the manufacturing operations to meet the war
time demand for ash oars, ash handles and other sup-
plies.
The company had failed to provide for prompt utiliza-
tion of the logs after the trees were cut, and the destruc-
tive ash-wood borers got busy in regiments and divi-
sions.
The bureau lately has been devoting its energies to
advising lumbermen and others interested in successful
methods of combating the pest, in the hope of pre-
venting a spread to other sections of the country.
WALKS IN THE WOODS
(I) THE NEPPERHAN VALLEY IN WINTER TIME
BY J. OTIS SWIFT, AUTHOR OF " WOODLAND MAGIC"
(WITH PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR)
IT IS bright and sunny outside the house here in The
Manor. The inch of snow on the ground is melting
wherever the sun strikes it. The day grows warmer.
The blue of the distant Ramapoo Mountains, clear and
bright as torquoise this morning, is growing dim now as
the haze rises from the shining Hudson. The grim
Palisades turn from purple to gray and brown across the
river. It is a winter day full of grandeur. Mile upon
mile of rolling country over beyond Tappan and The
Reaping Hook suggest big thoughts and sweeping im-
pulses as I gaze from this ridge of hills. But all the
morning I have had a more intimate desire in my
heart. I have
wished to see
and study a
more humble
part of the uni-
verse about me.
You will laugh,
I am sure, but
I have been
wishing to see,
to make sure
down to the
smallest detail,
just what this
b i t ter winter
has done to the
little frog pond
over the hill at
the foot of the
o 1 d woodroad
in the Nepper-
han Valley.
Kings have
their courts,
and emperors
their botanical
gardens, but not one of them is iriore wonderful than this
little three-acre button-bush circled, flag-waded, lily-dot-
ted home of painted turtles and pollywogs. The greatest
landscape gardener in the world, who works day and
night, summer and winter, without salary and for pure
love, laid out its mystic mazes and hidden grottoes. You
know the place in summer ! A very tangle of wild frost
grapes, wild beans, sumach, Benjamin-bush and sassafras,
surrounding a half dried up shallow of green cow-lily
padded water, reeds, grasses and marsh marigold and
mallow !
To get there we go over through the grounds of the
New York Juvenile Asylum and down an old twisting
woodroad. Once this woodroad was a colonial lane from
Hastings to Tuckahoe, and Washington's troopers pass-
TIIF. OLD WOOD ROAD DOWN INTO NEPPERHAN VALLEY AND THE FROG POND
ed this way. Before that, legend says, it was the old
Algonquin trail where the Iroquois came down from
Central New York in the autumn to eat clams and
oysters along the Sound in winter. It comes down from
Tappan over the Palisades into the Lawrence Estate in-
tersecting the Palisades Interstate Park on the west side
of the Hudson. The Dutch settlers made a roadway of
it on this side. Christmas ferns, rock ferns, jack-in-the-
pulpits, bloodroot, Dutchmen's-breeches, windflowers,
fairy-cup moss, sarsaparilla, and a hundred other beau-
tiful little denizens of the wildwood grow among the
lichen-covered stones down this old forest wood path.
Overhead are
white and red
oaks ; dead
chestnut trees,
gaunt and
skeleton-like in
their barkless
nudity ; great
old tulips that
are glorious in
the spring. To-
day there is a
hush in the
wood. Chicka-
dees chirp
vaguely. White
breasted nut-
hatches run
head down-
ward over the
bark of the
black birches,
saying soft-
ly, "Crank!
Crank!" But it
is not the hush
of death. Only the chestnuts are dead — and even they
are not dead, for they struggle up in shoots every spring,
about the roots. Will the parasite disappear before they
are quite gone ? Far and wide through the forest we are
almost conscious of the breathing of the trees in their
winter sleep. It is the rest time, preparatory to spring's
reincarnations.
The tall, dry stalks of the lobelias rustle disconsolately,
their old clothes in the wind — like ghosts shaking their
shrouds about them. But, oh my friend, kneel down here
in the dead leaves by this clump of black haw and I'll
show you the ever-new miracle of reincarnation. Care-
fully we dig away the snowy leaves and decayed vegetable
mould about the roots of the lobelia, and discover a
nursery with two or three babies sleeping healthily. Each
853
654
AMERICAN FORESTRY
baby is an off-shoot from the mother stalk of the lobelia,
waiting patiently for next spring's hush-a-bye baby songs
through the undergrowth. The under world of the loam,
just below the dried leaf coverlet, is verily whispering
with life and energy. The ground is not frozen here in
this warm corner. Our fingers uncover elongated cucum-
ber-roots, jack-in-the-pulpit corms, tiny, globular, bulb-
like roots of many of the early spring flowers; the hard
nut-like tuber of the spring-beauty, the fleshy roots of the
dog-tooth violet — all very much alive and waiting with
■
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THERE ARE DENSE MASSES OF BUTTON BUSH ON THE
FAR SHORE
almost throbbing interest for the first warm rays of the
sun-god to call them in the spring.
No, there is no death here ! Only eternal, everlasting
life, incarnated again and again. Mother Nature kneeds
over and over this black earth to give form and fibre to
the souls of her plant children — for if they have not souls
what is the thing that is not matter, in the trillium, the
painted emblem of the Trinity? They are reincarnated
over and over, these wanderers of the wild places. This
tangled, sprawling root of wild ginger, Asarum canadense,
was black loam a few years ago. It will be black loam a
few years hence. But in its crawling, snake-like roots
is a spark of life as old, almost, as anything in the
world. It has come down the centuries, undying, this
particular thread, but constantly reincarnated. It is as
old as you or I. But let us get on to the f rogpond ! We
clamber down over gnarled root and mossy logs.
There is ice on the pond. The thin sheet of snow is
tracked with the feet of rabbits, squirrels, meadow mice,
mole shrews, and crows going to the air holes — and
something, perhaps only the wind, has been scattering the
seeds of the marsh mallow over the white coverlet. What
a glorious sight these marsh mallows were last August,
staining great patches of the swamp with pale rose color !
They stand dry and sere on little islands knee deep in
ice, now. The wind rattles their hard little seeds like pills
in a box. Beyond the marsh-mallow are yards and yards
of wild rose bushes, their red tips glowing brightly. Our
grandmothers used to gather some varieties of them to
make into jellies. Along the far shore is a jungle of
button-bush, covered now by dry, round balls, but last
summer making the bank look a bevy of brides in their
veils, the white flowers densely gathered in rounded
peduncled heads.
We go gingerly out on the ice, and on a far little island,
hidden behind clumps of elderberry where the cedar
waxwings, bluebirds and starlings feasted last autumn,
come upon a large high-bush blueberry. It should have
borne several quarts last year, but no one could have
picked them, and only the birds could have known of the
banquet — though dozens of boys passed within a few rods
on their way to school. Along the shore where in sum-
mer painted turtles sun on rotting logs, the dry stalks of
arrowleaf, cat-o-nine tails, calamus root, water arum,
cardinal flower and countless other free citizens of the
bog greet us as we pass. The farmers have been trying
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A QUIET SPOT UNDER GIANT OLD OAKS AND TULIPS
to exterminate them for hundreds of years, but these
persistent democrats flourish on from year to year, ful-
filling their duty of making the waste places beautiful.
There is a sense of mystery revealed in walking about
a frozen bog in winter. The catbird's nest that defied you
last July while its owner fluttered before you through the
watery jungle, mimicking every bird in the swamp and
many out of it, is plainly revealed now, a little handful
of sticks laid carelessly across the crotched twigs of the
cornel bush. It is half full of snow, but there is still
the air of a home about it. Close down by the door of
old Musquash's reedy house — the muskrats built high
WALKS IN THE WOODS
855
this year in anticipation of floods next spring — an owl
has been tearing away the dead grass of a meadow
mouse's nest, looking for his supper. Did he get him,
we wonder. There are tunnels under the snow, new
made. So probably Bubo
was disappointed.
There is color enough
about the swamp, even in
winter time, to delight the
eye of an artist. The thin
willowy shoots of the cor-
nel, the red-osier dogwood,
are turning blood red; the
willows are brown and yel-
low ; the sassafras bark
is paint-green, the color
country folks used to paint
their house blinds ; the ben-
zoin, or spice bushes, are
black with yellow buds
ready to break open before
the leaves come in the
spring; the climbing bitter-
sweet with its scarlet seeds
in orange pods ; the crim-
son and rose pink fruit
of the burning-bush — did
Moses see its cousin in the desert? — drooping on long
peduncles ; and the drooping cymes of orange and scarlet
berries of the woody nightshade, Solatium dulcamara,
give a glory and a vividness to the tangled masses of
CAT-O-NINE TAILS WITH DRIED STALKS OF MARSH-MALLOW
BEHIND, THEIR SEED PONDS RATTLING IN THE WIND
vines and shrubbery that advertises the swamp for what
it is, one of Dame Nature's own banquet halls for the
winter birds which we will not be able to entice to our
feeding stations in the gardens until they have exhausted
the bounteous feast here.
As we go homeward, the
cobwebs of the week's v, ork
cleared from our brains,
we wonder again that any
inventor of theological sys-
tem should have guessed
that this beautiful world
was made solely for man-
kind : witness that while
we in America may be
skimping our food to hu-
manely send it to starv-
ing Europe, this nice old
lady, Mother Nature, whose
realm we have been explor-
ing this winter day, has laid
a banquet in every swamp
and bog and woodland tan-
gle clear across America,
that her wild, joyous little
animated airplanes and con-
cert givers may have plenty
to eat through the long sleep-time of plants and insects.
And were it not for her birds and her insects, notably
the bees, we'd have no crops to send to starving Europe.
So we conclude the dear old lady must love us, too.
A NATIONAL PARK TO HONOR ROOSEVELT
'T'HE suggestion made by Charles Lathrop Pack,
-■• President of the American Forestry Association,
that a great national highway be named in honor of
Theodore Roosevelt, has met with popular approval from
coast, to coast as evidenced by cordial expressions and
endorsements in the press. This is closely followed by
a sentiment in favor of naming one of the National Parks
in honor of Mr. Roosevelt also and Senator Phelan, of
California, makes this definite by the introduction of a
bill to create a national park on the western slope of
the Sierra mountains "to be dedicated as a national
memorial to Theodore Roosevelt."
This is a departure from the principle hitherto main-
tained in the matter of naming national parks, but senti-
ment favoring it is strong. Robert Sterling Yard, chief
of the educational division of the national park service,
is an earnest advocate of the proposal. He says:
"Senator Phelan's selection of a national memorial to
Roosevelt is remarkably appropriate in many ways.
California's memorial to John Muir, her own naturalist,
author and prophet of the out-of-doors, was a trail over
the crest of the Sierra from Yosemite valley to the sum-
mit of Mount Whitney, the loftiest peak in the United
States.
"The nation's memorial to Roosevelt may well be the
1,600 square miles which inclose America's greatest
grouping of stupendous rugged mountains, her most ex-
uberant valleys, her most luxuriant forests, and a mil-
lion trunks of the giant sequoia tree, including the Gen-
eral Sherman tree, biggest, oldest and lustiest living
thing in the world.
"This proposed national park, which slopes westward
from the crest of the Sierras eighty miles or so south of
Yosemite, is regarded by the Department of the Interior
as the greatest in some respects that America can pro-
duce. No name has yet been chosen for this park ; it was
difficult to find one which carried the idea of its superla-
tive ruggedness and vigor. The name of Roosevelt
seems to epitomize and express these characteristics."
Tj1 MMETT D. GALLION, law partner with the late
*-* Senator Daniel, of Virginia, and for many years
connected with the Interior Department, left a will be-
queathing his entire estate, consisting of 750 acres of
valuable timber land at Green Bay, Virginia, to the State
forest service of Virginia.
All of testator's property, real and personal, is given
to the State of Virginia for the benefit of its State forest
reserve, his possessions to be used as a forestry reserva-
tion under the management of the State Forestry com-
mission.
856
AMERICAN FORESTRY
l&
7
F
THE PINE WOODS FOLK
SQUEAKY CHIPMUNK COLLECTS SOME SEED
OW that Squeaky Chipmunk
had learned the proper
time to collect pine seed
for his winter stoves, the
next thing was to get the
seed. He was sitting out
on the old pine log which formed the
roof of his cozy little home and he was
talking over the prohlem with Mrs.
Squeaky who was squatting comfort-
ably in the doorway.
"I ought not to have stolen that cone
from Chatter Box the other day,"
said Squeaky sadly. "If it were not for
that, I think he would cut me down
some cones when he cuts his own."
"Maybe he will not find all that he
cuts down," said Mrs. Squeaky con-
solingly.
"He may overlook a few," said
Squeaky, "but very few unless he cuts
a great many at a time. Then he
sometimes loses track of them."
"Oh, well," said Mrs. Squeaky try-
ing to comfort him, "he surely will
not cut them all, and when the cones
open on the trees and the seeds fall
out we can gather them up."
"Yes," said Squeaky, "we can al-
ways get them that way, but it is very
slow work and very tiresome. Here
comes Chatter Box now."
They both sat very still and
watched Chatter Box, the red squirrel,
come bouncing through the woods
towards the big Norways. He ran
straight to the tallest one, ran up it
a few feet, and stopped to look around.
He immediately saw the two Squeakys
watching him.
"So there you are, you little thief,"
he called to Squeaky, "waiting for a
chance to steal some more of my
cones are you?"
"No," Squeaky assured him, "I am
not going to steal any more. I would
not have stolen that one the other day
only I got so hungry watching you
eat that I simply could not stand it
any longer. I was wondering whether
I could not get you to cut me down a
few while you were up there."
Chatter Box climbed up a little far-
ther and took a seat on the stub of a
limb.
"I like your nerve," he said from
his new position. "Steal from a fel-
low one minute and ask him to help
you the next." He looked at Squeaky
sharply with his bright little eyes and
paused. The next thing he said made
Squeaky fairly jump for joy and then
feel very much ashamed, indeed.
"But," he continued, "I suppose I
might as well cut you down a few just
to be neighborly, for to tell you the
truth I did not intend to eat that cone
you stole the other day anyway. I
had had enough and was going to
give it to you."
With that he scampered on up to
the top of the tree and began cutting
off cones at a great rate. They fell
so fast that it seemed to be almost
raining cones.
"Help yourselves," called Chatter
Box, "there are plenty of them."
They did not wait for a second invi-
tation. They scuttled off into the
brush and were soon carrying in cones
as fast as they could run.
Pretty soon Chatter Box came slid-
ing down the tree to pick up some for
himself.
"Thank you ever so much, Mr.
Chatter Box," said Mrs. Squeaky
politely. "It would have taken so
many days to pick up this much seed
loose on the ground."
"That's all right," said Chatter
Box. "I always lose a great many any-
way. All of us do. We are forgetful
and we forget where we have hidden
them. Do you see those three big
trees over there so very close to-
gether? My great-great grandfather
planted those. He buried a cone there
and forgot it. Those three are the
only ones left."
w
Al
FORESTRY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS
857
■*<3
•^t^yI
"Isn't that wonderful," said Mrs.
Squeaky. "You must feel very proud
of him now. I have often wondered
where those bunches of little trees
came from."
"That's the way it happens," said
Chatter Box pleasantly, "they have
come from forgotten squirrel caches.
So you might just as well have the
ones I would lose and I'll be more
careful with the rest."
He scampered off to collect some
cones for himself and left Mrs.
Squeaky to explain the mystery of the
little groups of pine trees to her hus-
band.
THE BALSAM AND THE BIRCH
Said the little balsam seedling to the big white birch
You tower up above me like the spire of a church,
But the day is fast approaching and it's not far away
When I'll be growing faster than you dream of today.
I shall still be growing upward when you have reached your height
And then I'll drop my leaves on you with all my might!
THE CONIFERS WHICH ARE NOT EVERGREENS
(ANSWER TO BOY SCOUT QUESTION NO. 1)
HERE are in the United
States just two genera of
coniferous trees which drop
all of their leaves, or need-
les, in the winter like the
broadleaved trees. All the
other conifers, or cone-bearing trees,
drop some of their needles every year,
but always retain enough of them to
be called evergreens.
One of these genera is the larch, of
which there are three native species,
one in the lowlands of the Rocky
Mountains and the West Coast, one
near the timber line on the very high
mountains of the west, and one, the
tamarack, in the swamps of the North-
east and around the Great Lakes.
The needles on these trees turn a quite
brilliant yellow in the fall, about the
time that the hardwood leaves are
turning, and later fall off, leaving the
tree bare through the winter. The
fresh, green needles of spring, ar-
ranged in rosettes on little bumps
along the twigs, make them very
pretty.
The other genus, of which there is
only a single species, is the bald
cypress. It is one of the largest trees
in the Eastern United States, and is
found only in the swamps of the
southern states. Like the larch, it
sheds its needles and many of its
smaller twigs in the fall and remains
bald through the winter.
It has another and very interesting
peculiarity. Since its roots are almost
continuously under water and there-
fore very much in need of air they
send up peculiar growths, resembling
irregular cones, to the surface of the
water. These are known as "cypress
knees" and there are often dozens of
them rising from the roots of a single
tree. Where the water is deep the
roots are tall, where the water is
shallow, they are short. If you wade
around a cypress tree, you will cer-
tainly discover some of the knees
that are below the surface of the
water, even if you do not see any
above it.
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858
AMERICAN FORESTRY
SNOW IN THE WOODS
(ANSWER TO BOY SCOUT QUESTION NO. 2)
'T'HERE will probably be a great difference of opinion
■*■ as to the relative amount of snow in the woods and
in the open, depending upon the time of year that the
observations were taken. Owing to the tree canopy, the
radiation from the earth and the shade, the temperature
changes more slowly in the woods, and it is never quite
as hot or quite as cold as in the open. If there is no
sunshine, the first snow in the fall will probably disap-
pear more rapidly in the woods than outside, but with
sunshiny days and the cooling off of the ground the
shade in the forest begins to tell. Later snows last
longer in the woods and accumulate there so that toward
the end of the winter the snow lies much deeper in the
woods and lingers there for many days after it has dis-
appeared in the open fields.
PROBLEMS FOR NEXT MONTH
(1) Does the tamarack or cypress or cedar grow
faster in the swamp or on high ground?
(2) An ash and a sugar maple are growing close
together, which one keeps its shape the better?
GRATING SOLVES CITY TREE PROBLEM
'"P O INDUCE trees to grow and flourish in city streets
■*• and small parks has always been a hard problem for
foresters and city beautifiers. Even now, though great
progress has been made, none is hopeful of producing
large trees or prolonging their lives more than a com-
paratively few years. The chief obstacles to tree growth
in city streets are lack of root room, scarcity of moisture,
and the quick depletion of soil fertility which cannot be
renewed through asphalt and cement. Even where a
large opening about the tree trunk is left in the paving
material, the tramping of myriads of feet soon renders
it almost as solid as the stone sidewalk.
Paris was one of the first cities to seek and find means
for prolonging shade tree life. The initial move was
to cover the open space about the tree trunk with an iron
grating that sustained the foot traffic and prevented
packing. This idea was taken up and extended by
other cities till now New York has a system in vogue a
little in advance of all others. This city had to contend
with not only the tree troubles of other cities, but there
is hardly a spot in Manhattan where the natural rock is
not within a few feet of the surface.
The accompanying illustration gives a detailed sketch
of a tree-planting specification under which the Manhat-
tan Park Department contracts for the work. First, an
excavation 4 by 6 feet and 3 feet deep is made where
the tree is to stand. This is filled in with good quality
soil to within six inches of the top and the tree roots well
tamped. An iron grating in two parts the full size of
the excavation, with an 18-inch circular opening for the
tree trunk, is then set in, resting upon the sidewalk
material. This large area of grating lets out gas, steam,
and other harmful substances that are constantly escap-
ing from under ground pipes and which are harmful to
tree roots. It also allows a considerable amount of rain
water to reach the roots and permits aeration of the
surface soil under the grating. Mr. J. S. Koplan, the park
forester, has devised a flat steel cultivating tool with
which the soil under the grating may be stirred and
loosened two or three times a year, which also prepares
it for the reception of liquid fertilizer poured through
the grating.
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A Way to Keep City Trees Alive,
Showing the Orating to Save
the Roots from the Pressure
of Countless Feet.
Mr. J. P. Morgan was one of the first New Yorkers to
try the new device. Trees planted in front of his residence
in Madison Avenue several years ago are doing nicely,
where trees set under the old plan had invariably failed.
In Kenmare Park, at Kenmare and Lafayette streets,
the Park Department has a plantation of fine trees, each
with an 8 by 8 foot grating, the larger area being used
because of the poor natural soil conditions. One of the
newest and most attractive plantations of street shade
trees has recently been completed by the American Geo-
graphical Society around its building at 156th street and
Broadway. In this instance, semi-circular wrought iron
grills, with a 6-foot diameter at the curb line, have been
used. The trees are 8-inch Oriental planes, 30 feet high,
selected by the City Park Department from among hun-
dreds in the nursery. There are eleven of the trees, and
the fact that Oriental planes were selected proves that
that park forester does not expect another such severe
season as last winter, when nearly all the plane trees in
the city were killed by the cold. — New York Times.
TRENTON'S BIRD-HOUSE BUILDING CONTEST
BY M. M. BURRIS
CITY FORESTER, TRENTON, N. J.
BELIEVING in preventive medicine, and knowing
that our native insectiverous birds are a strong
factor in the suppression of insects attacking our
trees I urged a campaign for the starting of the bird-house
building contest.
Park Commissioner Burk was very interested in this
campaign and was willing to offer prizes for the best
bird-houses. We enlisted the services of Mr. W. R.
Ward, director of Manual Training of Public Schools,
and our plans for a lively campaign were soon formulated.
It was decided to open the contest to the boys of the
fifth, sixth and seventh grades. The following announce-
ment was sent out to the schools :
i. Every bird-house must be suitable for one or
another of the following birds: Bluebird, robin, chicka-
prizes. We were successful in instilling civic patriotism
into the hearts of about a thousand anxious boys who
were soon ready to start with their saws and hammers.
But before they started, they were told that these bird-
houses were to be built from scrap or waste lumber,
boxes, branches, logs, or anything which could be used.
The boys responded good and strong. About a thou-
sand boys started in the contest. Soap boxes, tin cans,
scrap lumber, buckets, funnels, flower pots, logs, bark
and every other conceivable material which could be
worked into a bird-house were brought into the manual
training rooms. The boys were busily engaged studying
plans of bird-houses which we had prepared for them,
and they soon flocked to the Public Library in search
of information regarding birds and bird-houses. They
PROUD TO POSE FOR THEIR PICTURES
This picture shows some of the boys who took part in the contest and the bird houses they built, standing in front of the Municipal Building.
dee, white breasted nuthatch, house wren, martin, song
sparrow, phcebe, red-headed woodpecker and sparrow
hawk.
2. Only boys in the fifth, sixth and seventh grades in
school may enter the contest.
3. All bird-houses must be well constructed and
properly painted or otherwise covered to protect them
from the weather.
4. The contest closes April 1, 1918.
5. All bird-houses are to be given to the City of
Trenton to be placed in the various parks.
The boys were told that by entering the contest they
would have lots of fun, learn something about birds,
help to attract the birds to our city, and might win a
prize. Very little emphasis, however, was laid on the
were told to be original and not to copy each other's
designs. They were given the necessary data for the
design of the house for whatever bird they were going
to construct it, but the details were left for them to
decide upon.
The boys were soon busily engaged with their tools —
all of them interested, heart and soul in this project. And
when the contest closed about twelve hundred bird-houses
were completed. A display of unexpected skill in design
and construction. Indeed, they were truly the work of
craftsmen.
They were proud of their work and they were granted
the privilege of a parade. How proud they were as
they marched to the City Hall, each boy carrying his own
bird-house. Some of the bird-houses were so large that
859
860
AMERICAN FORESTRY
little carriages were employed to cart them in the parade.
The boys were lined up in front of the City Hall, and
Commissioner W. F. Burk,
in the name of the city,
thanked them for their act
of civic patriotism. The
boys were glad in having
done their bit, a photograph
was taken of them with
their bird-houses and is
here reproduced. The boys
then brought their bird-
houses to an exhibition hall
in the heart of the city
where the bird-houses were
displayed.
Three prominent citizens
were selected to act as
judges. It was originally
planned to give only twenty
prizes, but it was so diffi-
cult to pick the winners,
that the judges decided
to give additional special
prizes. Crowds thronged
to the exhibition hall and
the bird-house display was
the talk of the city.
The bird-houses were
carted over to the parks
where a portion of them were placed on the trees. Not
only are they of beneficial value but they helped beautify
the parks. Commissioner Burk distributed them also to
the various
state institu-
tions and to
residents of the
city who had
suitable places
for them. The
Boy Scouts put
up more than a
hundred bird-
houses on Park
Island which
they use as
their camping
grounds in the
summer. The
demand for
them was so
great that some
were even sent
to Long Branch. Yes, we were very proud of the results.
The boys learned a good deal about birds and became
ardent admirers of them. This enterprise brought to
the city twelve hundred bird-houses, at no expense.
Trenton has responded to the cause of our feathery
friends and promises to be their protector.
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A PRIZE MARTIN HOUSE
Best of all, it was built by a deaf and mute boy of the sixth grade
THE PRIZE WINNERS
These attractive bird houses were the ones that carried off the trophies.
Without the co-operation of Commissioner Burk and
Director Ward, the campaign would not have been such
a success. Commissioner
Bark's mere presence in
the school was an inspira-
tion to the boys. He ap-
pealed strongly to the boys
and they responded. Direc-
tor Ward had a very effici-
ent staff of teachers in his
manual training department
and his services were in-
dispensable to the cause.
As a fond lover of birds,
and appreciative of their
power of insect control, I
was greatly satisfied with
the results of this campaign.
A Bird Fountain For
Roosevelt
The National Association
of Audubon Societies and
its affiliated State Organi-
zations, Bird Societies and
Sportsmen's Clubs through-
out the country, will at
once begin the work of pro-
viding for the erection of a
notable work of art, to be
known as the Roosevelt Memorial Bird Fountain. The
plan was originated by T. Gilbert Pearson, the Secretary
of the Association, and is being enthusiastically received
by bird-lovers
all over the
country, for
Colonel Roose-
velt was one of
the most force-
ful champions
of wild life
conservation
the world has
ever produced.
It is under-
stood that the
most eminent
sculpt ors in
America will
present plans
for the me-
morial bird
fountain. Its
location will be probably in New York or Washington
City. A National Committee of Nature-Lovers and
Sportsmen will advance the project and Mr. Charles L.
Pack, President of the American Forestry Association,
has accepted a place on this committee. Contributions
for the fountain fund may be sent to Dr. Jonathan
Dwight, Treasurer, 1974 Broadway, New York City.
FORESTRY IN DIXIE
IF HORACE GREELEY had been a forester and had
lived in 1919, his famous advice to the young Ameri-
can would have been "Go South, young man, go
South!" and to the young Southerner, "Stay South,
young man, Stay South !" For if ever there was a field
and an opportunity for the ambitious forester, it is in
the old South, from Virginia and Missouri to Florida and
Texas. Not only is there a field for the forester, but
more important yet, there is a wonderfully wide field
for forestry. While the East, under compulsion of a
real dearth of local timber supplies, has for fifteen years
been practicing at least the rudiments of forestry ; and
while the West, under government ownership of im-
mense bodies of timbered land, and under the scourge
of timber-destroying fires, has for as long, or longer,
studied the problems of forest conservation and applied
their solutions, the Southeast has, with a few notable
exceptions, not yet awakened to the need for forestry.
But the South
will not long
remain blind
to this great
movement, and
can already
point with
pride to 1,837,-
000 acres of
National For-
ests, in Vir-
ginia, North
Carolina South
Carolina, Geor-
gia, Alabama,
Florida, Ten-
nessee and Ar-
k a n s a s ; to
state forestry
d e p a r tments
and forestry
associations in Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee, Louisiana and Texas ; and to instruction in
forestry in the state colleges of North Carolina, Georgia,
Tennessee, Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. But with no
state forestry department in eight Southern States, South
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi,
Arkansas, Missouri and Oklahoma, and a total forestry
appropriation in the six named states now having depart-
ments of but $42,900 in 1918, there is presented to the
thoughtful Southerner a pressing need for increased
effort and a determined campaign for forestry legisla-
tion, study and action.
Never can there be a more propitious time for push-
ing forestry in the South. In recent years a great
awakening has taken place to the vast acreages of waste
and idle land — cut-over and swamp-land — that lie within
the boundaries of the Southern States. Beginning with
SOME OF THE FORESTERS WHO ATTENDED THE BIG MEETING AT JACKSONVILLE
the Cut-over Land Conference of the South, held in New
Orleans in April, 1917, a powerful movement has gained
headway, constantly looking to the development of the
South's greatest single asset, her warm and fertile soils.
It is but natural that in this development the greatest
prominence has been given to those uses of the soil,
farming and grazing, that promise an immediate cash
return. There has been a natural tendency, in the first
flush of their enthusiasm over their newly discovered
asset, for Southern land owners to class all their cut-
over lands together as valuable farming soils, and in
the absence of anyone to tell them differently to look
upon the possibilities of tree growing as too unremuner-
ative to be worth consideration. Now is the time for the
forester to come forward and show the owner of young
second-growth timber the value of his property, to
point out to him how fast it is growing, how valuable it
will shortly be, how simple a thing it is in the South
to renew our
fast-disappear-
i n g forests.
Now is the
time, before
the land specu-
lator can get
in his deadly
work on a
large scale, for
the forester to
present and
push his pro-
gram of land
c 1 a s sification
and thereby
effectively pre-
vent the repe-
tition of that
great economic
and social
tragedy which elsewhere has followed attempted agri-
cultural development of land that never should have
been farmed. Now is the time for the forester to link
together in the public mind fire protection for improve-
ment of the range and enrichment of the soil, and fire
protection for the encouragement of second growth.
The conference of Southern foresters held at Jack-
sonville, Florida, on January 3rd and 4th, with a field
trip on January 5th, brought out all of the above men-
tioned points. That meeting, engineered in part by the
Louisiana Department of Conservation (as was last
year's meeting at New Orleans, the first meeting ever
held in the far South of professional foresters), and in
part by Sydney L. Moore of the Sizer Timber Company,
of Jacksonville, and Austin Cary, of the United States
Forest Service, was remarkable by reason of three
things : First, the attendance of the state foresters of
861
Sd2
AMERICAN FORESTRY
six Southern States, as well as members of the United
States Forest Service, professors of forestry and other
foresters working in nine different states; second, the
presence and active participation of the Secretary-
Manager and Assistant Secretary of the Southern Pine
Association, the Secretary of the Georgia-Florida Saw-
mill Association, and the Secretary of the Turpentine
and Rosin Producer's Association ; third, the active in-
terest and wide connections of the Florida delegates, who
included the manager of the Florida Tick Eradication
Committee, the chairman of the Conservation Committee
of the Florida Federation of Women's Clubs, and several
state officials and members of the Florida legislature.
We venture to say that the meeting received wider pub-
licity from the trade journals and newspapers of the
country — thanks to the initiative of those agencies in
having representatives in attendance, than any previous
forestry event taking place in the far South. The pro-
ceedings of the meeting, which were conducted inform-
ally with few prepared papers, will be gotten out in
mimeographed form by R. D. Forbes, Secretary of the
Conference, Department of Conservation, New Orleans,
Louisiana.
The topics under discussion included "Forest Investi-
gations," "Railroad Fire Protection," and "Publicity and
Education," on the first or professional day's sessions,
presided over by State Forester Holmes of North Caro-
lina, in the absence of Col. Henry S. Graves, Chief
Forester of the United States Forest Service, who was
ill. On the second, or open, day's sessions, Secretary
J. E. Rhodes of the Southern Pine Association presided,
and started off the meeting with the remarkable state-
ment that within five years 3,000 southern pine mills
would cease operation because their stumpage will be
exhausted. "Forestry and the Forest Industries," and
"Cut-over land Utilization," occupied the meeting, prior
to a discussion by the Florida delegates of a proper
forestry code for that state. The meeting came to an
end, except for a most enjoyable field trip to Starke,
Florida, on the following day, with the passage of appro-
priate resolutions, embodying most of the ideas pre-
sented at the beginning of this article.
THE FORESTRY SITUATION IN NEW SOUTH WALES
THE special Australasian correspondent of the Chris-
tian Science Monitor writes from Sydney that the
need for a complete and consistent state forest
policy in Australia has occasioned much recent legisla-
tion on the subject, culminating in the new Forestry
Act of 1916, which repealed the old Act of 1909, becom-
ing law on November 1, 1916. The new act embraces
the most advanced measure of forestry legislation yet
introduced in the Commonwealth of Australia, so that
it is now made possible to create and maintain a pro-
gressive, consistent and suitable system of forest man-
agement.
By the provisions of this act a new policy was framed
for the allocation of the duties of the respective com-
missioners, systematizing the methods of control to be
exercised by them. As an outcome of this, it became
necessary to construct machinery for the performance
of the wide and important functions imposed upon the
commissioners, including the training of officers, the
demarcation and survey of forests, research work, com-
mercial development, including the conversion and sale
of wood; the introduction of system in administrative
methods and business management. So far as circum-
stances and financial limitations have permitted, this
scheme is now in operation.
A report upon the period of transition between July
and October, 1916, when forestry was dealt with as a
branch administration of the Department of Lands, and
November, 1916, to June, 1917, when the business was
transferred to the control of the Forestry Commission
appointed under the Act of 1916, has been issued recently
under the supervision of the Chief Commissioner for
Forests, Mr. R. Dalrymple Hay.
The initial steps taken during the period covered by
the report, toward the inauguration of the new admin-
istration in conformity with the Forest Policy may be
briefly stated as follows:
1. The preparation of regulations under the new act.
These were framed by the commission, and having been
approved by the Executive Council, were gazetted to
take effect from August 1, 1917. In a general way,
these regulations outline the administrative scheme, and,
in detail, direct the procedure.
2. The organization and training of a staff to un-
dertake forest survey as a preliminary to the laying down
of forest working plans. A number of trained surveyors
are still engaged in this work.
3. The selection of a site for the forest training
school, the design and erection of suitable buildings, and
the selection of a principal for the school.
4. The initiation of research for the investigation of
the pulping qualities of woods, for ascertaining their
value for manurial potash, and for ascertaining by de-
structive distillation their value for the production of
various by-products.
5. The creation of a commercial department was in-
augurated by the purchase of two saw mills, which are
now being worked satisfactorily as an industrial under-
taking upon strictly business lines. Arrangements have
been entered into with various government departments
for the supply from these mills of sawn, hewn, and
round timber, required for various public works.
6. The partial reorganization of the administrative
arrangements, as far as funds allowed, has been affected
including the establishment of an accounts branch with
necessary staff and the appointment of a leasing officer
to administer tenures which have already been, or in
future may be, granted in connection with state forests.
To provide consistency in the administration generally
throughout the forests service, a comprehensive manual
THE FORESTRY SITUATION IN NEW SOUTH WALES
863
has been compiled and circulated for the instruction and
direction of all concerned.
The timber industry, in common with others, has of
course been seriously affected by the world war, the
consequent disorganization of markets, and the restric-
tions of oversea shipping. It is therefore in natural
sequence to these conditions that forest activities should
have declined in volume and value, and forest revenues
decreased. In the same connection, the efficiency of the
Forest Service has been materially reduced by the enlist-
ment for active service of a large proportion of the
trained staff. Despite all obstacles, however, the new
scheme of forestry may be said to have been fairly
launched, and with every promise for progress ; and there
is already undoubted evidence that the introduction and
operation of the new policy, with its measure of inde-
pendent control, must prove of value to the State.
Systematization and stability which were impossible
under the ruling conditions prior to the Forestry Act
of 1916, make it probable that when activity in the
timber industry is resumed and accelerated, a.s it must
be after the war, the Australian forests will be more
fitted to meet the expected enormous demand which will
arise from the re-establishment of domestic and indus-
trial conditions.
The business of the Commission now in hand, includes
the following undertakings connected with the indus-
trial side of forestry, which do not usually come within
the scope of forest practice, viz : (a) Timber inspection ;
(b) Direct conversion and sale of forest products; (c)
Sawmilling and timber supply, and (d) Utilization of
prison labor.
A branch for the inspection, grading, and certifica-
tion of timber by the Government has been in existence
for many years, and is recognized as an essential in the
timber industry, for the convenience of trade, and the
satisfaction of timber purchasers.
In the regenerative treatment of forests, the practice
has been adopted of converting any marketable wood
in the areas under treatment, and in this way much
waste and low-value timber is being utilized with profit.
The business of direct conversion and sale of products
is one that promises to extend considerably in the prac-
tice of state forestry. The business of saw-milling and
timber supply is a recent development, rendered possi-
ble by the wider scope of the Act of 1916. Its primary
aim is the supply of timber for Government purposes.
With regard to the utilization of prison labor, this
scheme combines forestry with the work of reform;
prison labor being employed on clearing and planting
work near Tuncurry on the north coast.
A salient feature of the new forestry policy has been
the training and specializing of the staff. Three licensed
surveyors and one forest officer were trained in the
methods of forest survey and assessment work. A
graduate in engineering, of Sydney University, was
added to the staff of the commission, to acquire experi-
ence in the forest system and to organize and build up
the science of engineering as it applies to the opening
up and development of the forests. One forest officer
was given a short course in the methods of afforesta-
tion and nursery practice. Three overseers were ap-
pointed for training in the duties of state forest super-
vision.
The Strickland state forest, which is to be attached to
the Forest Training School at Narora, New South Wales,
has been organized as a medium for the training of
forest students. A commencement has been made in the
research work in connection with forest products and
by-products. Samples of wood have been submitted to
laboratory tests to ascertain their cellulose and pulping
qualities and arrangements have been made for destruc-
tive distillation of the principal native woods on a com-
mercial scale, in order to ascertain the quantity and
value of the by-products obtainable from them. This
line of research will have an important bearing upon
the problem of the utilization of waste, and upon the
future of Australian forestry.
ENTHUSIASM FOR MEMORIAL TREES
T N ALL parts of the country popular interest is mani-
■*■ fested in the American Forestry Association's plan
for memorial trees to soldier and sailor dead and in the
Association's similar plan for the planting of trees as
memorials to Colonel Roosevelt. Reports of constantly
increasing enthusiasm reach Washington by every mail.
Probably no memorial project growing out of the Euro-
pean war has met with such spontaneous approval.
Especial interest attaches to the activity of the Boy
Scouts of America in planning tree memorials to Colonel
Roosevelt. A million pine trees will be set out in the
Interstate Park by the Scouts of New York City. Several
troops of Manhattan Borough Scouts are endeavoring to
have a grove of trees planted in Central Park to repre-
sent the formation of a troop of scouts in the regulation
four patrols and called the Roosevelt Scout Shelter.
Special Roosevelt Scout services will be held in Phila-
delphia on April 5th, following which each troop will
plant a tree. Columbus Scouts will plant Roosevelt
Grove on the State House grounds in the center of the
city. The Boy Scouts in Everett, Washington, are to
plant trees on the highway from Skagit to King Lines
in honor of the soldier and sailor dead, and they now ask
that trees be included for their chief scout citizen.
Chicago is planning for a fitting memorial in the forest
preserve and the scouts are eagerly working on the plan.
In Syracuse, New York, the scouts will plant a number
of "Roosevelt elms" in each of the city parks. Boy
Scouts in Rochester have put it up to the park commis-
sioner to designate the kind of trees to be planted and
their location in the city parks. A row of Roosevelt trees
will be planted in Marion, Indiana, and the Boy Scouts
will carry out a public ceremony at the time of planting.
PLANT MEMORIAL TREES
ROADSIDE PLANTING AS A MEMORIAL TO OUR
SOLDIERS AND SAILORS
BY PROF. R. B. FAXON
WITH the interest that is being shown over the
entire country at the present time regarding the
planting of trees along our highways and through
many of the cities, towns, and villages to serve as me-
morials to our soldiers and sailors, it is interesting to note
that New York State has definitely under way a plan
whereby the unit of the State Highway running from
Syracuse to Utica is to be completely developed and the
planting so marked with suitable tablets to commemorate
the brave deeds of the sol-
diers and sailors in New
York State. This unit of
the highway is approximate-
ly sixty miles in length and
offers exceptional opportuni-
ties not only to serve as a
most fitting memorial for the
State's sons, but also to act
whereby this initial demonstration planting may be put
into immediate effect, but that a further appropriation be
made for the carrying out of similar projects throughout
various counties of the State. It is felt that no object
could express more fully the respect and admiration held
for these men than that of tree planting along the State
Highway, for in the years that will come, each succeed-
ing year will add to their glory and charm. Co-operation
with other State bodies such as the Sons and Daughters
A SECTION OF COUNTRYSIDE WELL ADAPTED FOR TREE PLANTING
as a demonstration planting for other sections of the
State interested in this work.
• The New York State College of Forestry, under its
State-wide Extension Service, has co-operated with the
New York State Motor Federation in the construction
of this plan and at the present time the preliminary
survey of this section of the highway is fully completed.
It is planned during the coming year that not only the
final planting plan is to be made available, but that active
work in planting may be started. A bill recommending
the planting along the State highways is soon to be placed
before the State Legislature where it is hoped that not
only a sufficient appropriation will be made available
m
A NATIVE PLANTING ON A
BEAUTIFUL CURVE OF ROAD
of the American Revolu-
tion is to be sought and it
is hoped that New York
State may find a worthy
pride in its achievements,
along this line.
The matter of roadside
planting, or as may be
termed, the utilization of
our roadside areas, has been given considerable momen-
tum during the past five or ten years, and should with
this added incentive of serving as a memorial planting
be brought to a point within the early future, when we
may look for more definite results.
There are many elements which enter into considerable
prominence and importance in the matter of roadside
planting and these should be given consideration if the
greatest amount of benefit is to be secured from such
plantings. It must first be recognized that tree planting
along our improved highways, if properly done and main-
tained, will be of considerable practical value aside from
that of ornamentation. That such trees can be of great
ROADSIDE PLANTING AS A MEMORIAL TO OUR SOLDIERS AND SAILORS 865
service in affording an added protection to the pavement
by means of their shade, is acknowledged by many
authorities when through the long hot summer months
the roadway is subject to an intense heat, causing the
pavement to dry out, and producing a large amount of
dust. Each par-
ticle of dust
thus blown
away shortens
the life of the
highway to that
extent. Trees
can, in some
instances be of
service in keep-
ing the drift-
ing snow off
the road side
along the more
open stretches
of highway
through the
winter season.
In many cases
where rows of
well establish-
ed trees have
been found
growing along
the edge of a
field, no depre-
ciation in the
value of the
adjacent land
was noticed in
its use for crop
purposes. In
some cases
where trees
such as the Ori-
ental Plane and
American Elm
have grown
into immense
specimens the
land adjoining
the trees for a
distance of a
rod or two has
possibly been
made less valu-
able for crop
pr od uc tion,
though the
added value
which su c h
trees afford the entire field in the way of shelter
from strong winds usually outweighs the loss of this
small area for crop production. Many unsightly and
barren strips composed of gravelly soil are found along
Photograph by Underwood and Underwood
AN AVENUE OF STATELY EVERGREENS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
The planting of such trees as memorials to our soldier and sailor dead is advocated by the American
Forestry Association. Surely there could be no finer tribute to keep fresh the memory of their heroic
deeds. This beautiful spot is on the road to Emerald Lane— a line of evergreens one mile in length with
a snow peak at each end, connecting Snow Peak Avenue and Emerald Lane.
certain sections of our highways and on such areas it is
usually found that little or no tree shrub growth is pres-
ent on account of the very sterile condition of the soil.
In such cases fertile soil must be brought in if we are to
secure worth while results in our plantings. Embank-
ments of vary-
ing size are
also found
along many of
our highways
and though in
some instan-
ces a natural
growth of na-
tive material
such as sumac,
birch, pine, etc.,
has completely
covered these
areas, in many
places such
e m b ankments
have been
found in a
very barren
condition and
it will take sev-
eral years be-
fore they will
be covered by
native growth.
In such instan-
ces artificial re-
forestation will
be most satis-
factory.
In arrange-
ment of plan-
tations especial
care should be
exercised in re-
taining and en-
hancing all de-
sirable views
from the road-
side. In many
places most
charming vis-
tas may be se-
cured by :a
slight c u 1 1 ing
through the un-
derbrush, and
in other in-
stances plant-
ings will be
needed to break up the longer stretches of views found
along the roads and by an opening here and there create
desirable views along various parts of the roadside. It
is often found desirable to bring ones interest into the
866
AMERICAN FORESTRY
roadway itself, due to objectional features found along
the highway or where the country is such as to be most
monotonous in its character. In such instances heavy
mass plantings of the trees or shrubs can be utilized on
willow may be planted to advantage, as such trees never
reach a size which will interfere with the overhead wires.
In other instances it has been found possible to so train
the large growing species that their crowns may grow
above the wires. Where tree planting is found imprac-
tical due to these conditions, it is always possible to mass
in large clumps of shrub material, preferably of stock
indigenous* to the surrounding region. That we have
such an obstacle before us should however not tend to
BARE AND UNSIGHTLY WITHOUT TREES
A splendid argument in favor of tree planting along our highways.
either side of the highway cutting the view from the
roadside, thus making the element of the picture the
roadway itself.
An obstacle in our tree planting work which must be
given due consideration in that along practically every
main highway we are confronted with many overhead
wires. That these are necessary is duly recognized and
it no doubt will be many years before we can expect any
adequate system of underground wiring throughout the
countryside. In many places where this problem must be
solved, trees such as the dogwood, hawthorne, sumac, and
AN ATTRACTIVE BIT OF ROAD
Native sumach is used for this planting.
stop our efforts for more and better tree planting in
such places.
The ultimate width of the improved highway is also a
present-day problem, for it is realized that in many
places where such improved roadways today are only
fifteen to twenty feet in width, eventually with the greater
A SPLENDID EXAMPLE OF ROADSIDE PLANTING
These beautiful trees grow well above the overhead wires, which are sometimes quite hard to dispense with in the country.
ROADSIDE PLANTING AS A MEMORIAL TO OUR SOLDIERS AND SAILORS 867
use of motor vehicles a demand for a roadway of not
less than thirty feet wide will be made. All planting
work to be considered should be done so as to allow a
pavement of this minimum width on all main highways
and where the present roadway is not sufficiently wide
to permit of any planting, immediate steps should be
taken to secure additional land to be placed under the
control of the State Highway Commission.
In many ways the maintenance of the tree planting
is of greater importance than that of the planting itself.
Ample provision should be made for the control of insect
attack so prevalent in many sections of our most beau-
tiful countryside, whether such work be under the con-
trol of the State, County, or Municipality. The matter
of pruning and thinning of such planting should be amply
provided for especially where the wire obstacle is at all
serious so that
when necessary
c u 1 1 i ngs are
made they may
be done under
the direct su-
pervision of a
trained forest-
er rather than
by the usual ax
and saw of the
lineman whose
only interest is
in the question
of good wiring.
We are most
fort unate in
the wide range
of planting
material from
which to select
for general
roadside plant-
ing. It is usually found that no such limitations as are
found in practically every city, town, or village, in the
way of narrow streets and of buildings in close proximity
to the street, need come into consideration in selecting our
planting stock. The American Elm and the Sugar Maple
have been planted through the Eastern part of the country
greatly in excess of other varieties and where the Elm
Leaf Beetle and other insects attacking the elm are not
found, the continued use of this variety is recommended
along the wider highways, for no other tree can add more
to the dignity and charm of the roadside than this
variety. The Norway Maple can and should be sub-
stituted for the Sugar Maple where the Maple Borer is
present in any one region, as this does not attack the
Norway variety. This tree grows into very symmetrical
form and is coming into universal favor for both road-
A SHADY SPOT
Shade cast upon the roadside during hot summer day
making the highway
side and town planting. In many respects the Oriental
Plane is worthy of greater use where the winter con-
ditions allow this variety to be planted. Various species
of Walnut and Hickory are also recommended. In
fact, many varieties of trees can be enumerated as being
well adapted for roadside planting, though aside from
the varieties mentioned above, those which should be
brought into greater prominence are the Scarlet Oak,
Pin Oak, White Ash, Horse Chestnut, Willows in variety,
Hackberry, and Dogwood. For the secondary or shrub
plantings it will be found in most cases that large masses
of native material is desirable. If each state in making
such plantings might be held in its selection to plants
indigenous to its own particular locality, the effect would
be most delightful and such plantations should grow
luxuriantly under a favorable environment. Such shrubs
as the Grey
Dogwood, the
Viburnums i n
variety, High-
bush Huckle-
berry, E 1 d ers
and Alders are
typical of the
native material
found along
many of the
Eastern high-
ways aside
from the states
so fort unate
as to include
in their list
the c h a rming
Mountain
Laurel. The
native roses
are also highly
desirable for
large mass plantings and their effect upon the roadside
during the early spring is most pleasing.
That we have neglected the use of the conifers, espe-
cially the pine and spruces, in our roadside work is known
to us all. Now that such plantings are to be carried out
and demonstration plantings are being made which will,
in a sense, serve as model plantings, we should most cer-
tainly include the conifers whenever possible and practical
in our planting list. Long rows of pines along the
roadside growing luxuriantly and perfectly at home in
their surrounding have much to recommend themselves
for greater use. A most delightful contrast is also
secured by mixing the decidious trees and shrubs with
the conifers, thereby adding to the general effect of
the roadside either in summer or in winter a warmth
and charm pleasing to all.
i when travel is extremely heavy, aids greatly in
more durable.
The Welfare Committee for Lumbermen and Foresters in War Service has been notified of the arrival at
Hoboken, February 12th, on the U. S. S. North Carolina, of the 12th Battalion, 20th Engineers (Forest).
Also the 32nd Company, 11th Battalion, 18 officers and 850 men. They will remain at Camp Mills several days
prior to their demobilization. These battalions were formerly of the 1st and 2nd Companies, 10th Engineers
(Forest).
FEBRUARY-AND PLANT-LIFE STILL SLEEPS IN
NORTHERN CLIMES
BY R. W. SHUFELDT, M. D., R. A. O. IL, ETC.
(Photographs by the Author)
THROUGHOUT New England — indeed often
throughout the entire State of New York — typical
winter weather usually prevails during the en-
tire month of February, with plenty of snow and ice
everywhere. Rarely is the reverse the case; while, as
we proceed southward and pass below the mid-tier of
Atlantic States, the woods, the fields, the streams — one
and all — appear very much as we see them in early spring
still farther South. In eastern Virginia, for example,
the meadows may remain green during some winters;
and while most trees will have, many weeks before,
parted with their leaves, yet, here and there a few
dandelions, and perhaps other flowers, have bloomed all
through this month, in situations sheltered from the more
searching winds of winter. It is needless to say that, as
we proceed still further southward, for example into that
land of flowers, Florida, the sequence of growing vegeta-
tion is perpetual.
To v return northward again, however, we may, on
one of our tramps along some roadside, meet with a
Bittersweet vine (Solatium dulcamara), which, though
it has lost most of its leaves, nevertheless has remaining
THIS IS AN AUTUMN SCENE AT THE NATION'S CAPITAL
Fig. 1— The waterfall at Pierce's Mill, in beautiful Rock Creek Park, Washington, D. C.
FEBRUARY— AND PLANT-LIFE STILL SLEEPS IN NORTHERN CLIMES 869
upon it bunches of its beautiful, bright red, ovoid berries
— the latter having been overlooked by the birds that are
fond of them, and are now in evidence of the plant's
hardiness ; these berries are of a rich dark green.
In turning, they first become a fine yellow, passing to a
deep orange, and finally to the brilliant scarlet noted above.
BITTERSWEET BELONGS TO THE NIGHTSHADE FAMILY(SoIara-
ceae); RANK SCENTED VINES, THE FRUIT OF WHICH IS OFTEN
SAID TO BE EXTREMELY POISONOUS
Fig. 2— Linnaeus designated this vine as Solatium dulcamara; its elegant,
red, ovoid berries are well known to us in the autumn.
This vine is also known by the common names of
snake or scarlet berry ; blue bindweed ; nightshade ;
poison flower, and perhaps others. It would appear that the
reputation it once bore of being "deadly poisonous" has,
long ago, been exploded — surely none of its near relatives
are, among which may be numbered the eggplant of our
gardens, as well as the tomato and potato. In Figure 2
are well shown some of its graceful purple flowers, with
their pointed, yellow centers. Often a few of these are
found in good shape on the vine at the same time when
the bunches of berries have assumed their gorgeous
scarlet skins. Note the curious form of the leaves of
this vine, with the little winglets near the base of each.
Often we find this vine growing on our fences, or even
upon some support or other in our backyards. Pro-
fessor Gray states that the derivation of the name
Solatium is not known, which, of course, applies to the
scientific name of the entire Nightshade family — the
Solanaceae; while others claim that it is derived from
solamen, consolation, solace, and so on, which has refer-
ence to the narcotic properties afforded by a number of
the tropical relatives of this vine; and the genus is one
containing an enormous number of species. The specific
name appears, without doubt, to be derived from dulcis,
sweet, and amaras, sour or bitter; for the juice of the
vine most assuredly produces the double impression
upon our sense of taste.
The common garden Nightshade or Morel bears black
berries, the poisonous qualities of which have not been
fully disproved. Perhaps it is just as well not to test
this by chewing them and swallowing the juice. This
vine is the Solatium nigrum of the botanies, and it is
well-nigh cosmopolitan in its distribution. Its flowers
are white. We have another vine we call "bittersweet,"
and it may be known in the autumn by its gorgeous
THE ASTERS OF THE Compositae CONSTITUTE A VERY NUMER-
OUS, NOT TO SAY PUZZLING GROUP OR GENUS TO STUDY.
THEY HYBRIDIZE FREELY; BUT THERE APPEAR TO BE UP-
WARDS OF AN HUNDRED GOOD SPECIES OF THEM IN THE
ATLANTIC STATES ALONE
Fig. 7 — This is the common Purple Aster (Aster patens), also called the
Purple Daisy. The caterpillar is the one the children call the "black
bear." There is a triple-banded one like it — deep chestnut and black.
They are the first species of larvae of this kind making their appear-
ance in the spring.
yellow berries, which, when bursting open, have elegant
scarlet seeds. A bunch of thesfe is very decorative in a
vase indoors, and their lasting properties are truly
wonderful.
During this month of February, we will find that
many plants have gone to seed, and a very interesting
one among these is the Angle-pod, here shown in Fig-
870
AMERICAN FORESTRY
SOME OF THE CLOSE RELATIVES OF THE
MILKWEEDS ARE CLIMBING VINES,
GROWING IN WET PLACES. THIS ONE,
Gonolobus laevis, BELONGS RIGHT IN THAT
FAMILY
Fig. 3 — Angle-pod is the common name for this
vine, the seeds of which are tufted as we find
them in the true milkweeds (Asclepias).
SOME INTERESTING PLANTS ARE FOUND
IN THE CROWFOOT FAMILY (Ranuncula-
ceae), AND THE THIMBLEWEED OR TALL
ANEMONE IS ONE OF THEM (Anemone
virginiana)
Fig. 5— When this species of Thimble-weed goes
to seed, its fruit-heads remind one of common,
medium seized thimbles, as they are represented
here in this cut.
ure 3. In dense thickets, along the banks
of sluggish rivers and canals, it flourishes
from Pennsylvania, westward to Illinois,
and southward through Kansas to the
Gulf. Although a "perennial twining
herb, smooth, with opposite, heart-ovate
and pointed, long-petioled leaves, with
small flowers in raceme-like clusters on
slender axillary peduncles" (Gray), it
nevertheless has a seed-pod almost ex-
actly like the one borne in the autumn
on some of our species of milkweeds.
When we open one of these pods, we
find the tufted seeds, arranged almost
exactly as they are in the pods of some of
the slender-pod Asclepias of the Milk-
weed family (Asclepiadaceae). The vine
has been called Angle-pod from its an-
gled fruit, the name being derived from
two Greek words meaning an angle and
a pod.
The vine and its pod is of a specimen
found growing on the banks of the
Georgetown Canal, a little more than a
mile west of Washington. Some day we
will show what the flowers look like,
when a clearer idea may be obtained of
their milkweed affinities.
Some plants are especially beautiful
and attractive when they go to seed, and
they may retain this state throughout the
entire winter. Among these we have in
mind the common Daisy Fleabane (Fig.
4), an abundant roadside species in the
region where it flourishes. These Flea-
banes are closely related to the Asters
of the Compositae, and the group con-
tains such well-known flowering plants as
the Horseweed (£. canadensis) and
Robin's Plantain (E. pulchellus). The
name is composed of two Greek words
meaning "spring" and "an old man," re-
ferring to the hairiness of the stems
when the plants are in flower, — that is,
hairy in the spring time, — one of the
Senecio names. Gray also gives
Euerigeron.
Referring to two of the Fleabanes, a
popular writer at hand says: "That
either of these plants, or the pinkish,
small-flowered, strong -scented Salt-marsh
Fleabane (Pulchea camphorata) , drive
away fleas, is believed only by those who
have not used them dried, reduced to
powder, and sprinkled in kennels, from
which, however, they have been known
to drive away dogs."
In these February days, in the woods
and fields from Maine to South Carolina,
WHEN THE DAISY FLEABANE GOES TO
SEED, ITS TUFTED FRUIT— FLUFFY BALLS
OF A RICH TAN— CONSTITUTE ONE OF
THE ATTRACTIONS OF THE LANES AND
ROADSIDES
Fig. 4 — Erigeron annuus of the great Composite
family (Compositae), may be easily recognized
by its hairy stem and the little leaf in the
angle of its branching stems.
ALONG STREAMS AND BORDERS OF
SWAMPS AND MARSHES IN NOVEMBER.
THE WELL-KNOWN SHRUB WE CALL
SPECKLED OR HOARY ALDER APPEARS
AS SHOWN IN THIS CUT
Fig. 6 — Alders belong to the Birch family
(Betulaceae), the species here shown being the
Alnus incana of the botanies.
FEBRUARY— AND PLANT-LIFE STILL SLEEPS IN NORTHERN CLIMES 871
we often meet with the Thimble-weed,
the plant having gone to seed at this
season. (Fig. 5.) Many of us know
it as the common tall anemone of the
waste places, roadsides and brakes along
the margins of the woods. Mathews
says: "The flowers generally have five
inconspicuous sepals, white or greenish
white inside and greener outside; the
flower-head, usually one inch or less
across, is succeeded by the enlarged fruit-
head similar in shape to and about as large
as a good-sized thimble." Honeybees
and bumblebees are the insects chiefly
responsible for the fertilization of the
Thimble-weed's flowers ; but they are as-
sisted in this by some very brilliant little
flies (Syrphidae) , which one may easily
detect by watching the flowers when they
bloom, about the middle of June and
later to include August. We have a pret-
ty long list of anemones in our flora, and
they are all regarded with great affec-
growingAinLIwetISmeadowLsL or along tion by those who love the woods and
'-NDc§^RSLiAnLEL fields- Our revered Professor Gray tells
THEY BELONG
WITH OTHER SPECIES,
TO THE LILY FAMILY.
Fig. 8— Numerous species of Wild
Onions or Garlic (Allium) occur in
our eastern flora. This is Allium
canadense, the specific name being
the old Latin one for garlic.
Greek and Latin derivation,
"a corruption of Naman,the
Semitic name for Adonis,
from whose blood the crim-
son-flowered Anemone of
the Orient is said to have
sprung."
Sometimes we find the
seeded Thimble-weed heads
sticking up above the snow
in the middle of the winter,
or even when the snow is
melting in the early spring.
During this part of the
year, too, the alder bushes
along our streams and
borders of our marshlands
appear as they are here
illustrated in Figure 6. This
is the common or Speckled
Alder, also called the Hoary
Alder (Alnus incana).
Commonly it is a shrub,
while on the other hand
some specimens may grow
to become so tall and big as
to really demand being rele-
gated to the tree class. The
,.„ ti„. .1 . r rmuuMll.1 Wl Mill Wllrl
us that the name Anemone is of ancient ples of the tall thistle (Cirdum aitis-
simum) THAT HAVE GROWN
TO BECOME TEN FEET IN
HEIGHT; HERE IS A MARY-
LAND SPECIMEN THAT WAS
FULLY THAT TALL
Fig. 9— Thistles, of which we have
a great many species, belong to the
Compositae. In their relations they
stand next to the much smaller
genus of Burdocks (Arctium), the
flowers of which have a thistle-
like appearance.
one in the cut — that is its
twigs — were taken from a
"shrub" fully ten feet in
height. It is well known in
the dendroflora of many
parts of Europe, and the
ancient Latins bestowed the
name of Alnus upon it. We
have several species of these
alders in our country, as
the Smooth Alder (A.
rugosa), the Black Alder
(A. vulgaris) — which is a
tree sure enough — and the
Seaside Alder, which is
likewise a small tree. This
last species is only found in
Delaware and Maryland,
not far from the Atlantic
coast-line; it has also been
discovered in Oklahoma (A.
iistles grow so close together sometimes, that one maritima). Then there is the
CANNOT PASS AMONG THEM EXCEPT AT THE RISK OF MANY Oepn nr Mniinr-aJn AlA~r-
PAINFUL PUNCTURES FROM THEIR STRONG SPINES K" ul iviuunuuii ruuer
Fig. 10-This is a late autumn or early winter group of common thistles; ^' cnsPa) and the Downy
rndairotherntpDarticUulaard.mir<! ** fr"iting "" 'h°Ugh "" P'ant °ffend' Green- the AlnUS mollis.
872
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Newhall says of the alders that they bear "staminate
flowers, in long, drooping clusters, with three (some-
times six) blossoms, and four or five small bracts to
each shield-shaped scale. Pistillate flowers, in oval or
oblong clusters, with two or three blossoms to each
fleshy scale. Scales or bracts, woody in fruit." Further
on: "Fruit, in 'cones,'
sometimes winged,
scale-like, cluster. A
scale-like nut." These
woody scales and bracts
in threes and the "cones"
are shown in Figure
6 of the present article.
There are over sixty
different kinds of as-
ters in the native flora
of the northern and
middle Atlantic tier of
States, and some of
them support almost
perfect flowers far into
the late autumn; in-
deed, a great many of
them, even the north-
ern varieties, do not be-
gin to bloom until
October or early No-
vember. (Figure 7.)
This is the reason some
people have bestowed
the name of "Frost-
flower" upon them in
the North, while fur-
ther South they are
known as "Starworts."
As we know, the rays
of many of the species
are of a rich purple ;
but then there are oth-
er species in which they
may be white, blue, or
even pink. In the case
of the "disk," it is
usually yellow, but later
on this may change to
purple. Botanists have
long been familiar with
the fact that these as-
ters are quite prone to
hybridize; and, as a
consequence, the limits
between any two spe-
cies is frequently but
poorly defined. Asters stand about in the middle of the
Composite family (Compositae), and are quite typical of
this enormous group of flowers ; in fact, it is our largest
family of phaenogamous plants, or plants that have
flowers developing both pistils and stamens, and, in
fruiting, produce seed. Asters, like the daisies and black-
eyed Susans, fall in the ray-flower group of the Com-
positae — so called from the fact that the corolla is made
up of radiating "petals" springing from the periphery
of a central disk, which latter is composed of the true
flowers; these are very small and tubular. By examin-
ing a daisy or an aster with a good hand lens, much of
this will be revealed to
you.
We speak of the co-
rolla of an aster as
being "strap-shaped"
(ligulate), while in
many other kinds of
the Compositae it' is
tubular, as in the case
of the flowers of the
I ron weed ( Vern on ia ) .
The Aster in Figure 7
of this article clearly
exhibits all the charac-
ters mentioned. WHd
Garlic (Fig. 8) is
a plant that may
persist far into the
autumn, and it may be
readily recognized — as
an onion — by its small
bulb with fibrous coats,
closely resembling a
small onion. Two of
these are shown in the
figure, which is a speci-
men collected along the
Virginia banks of the
Potomac River, not far
from Mount Vernon.
Like all the onion
group, all parts of the
plant are strong-scent-
ed and pungent. The
long, slender, cylindri-
cal stems spring direct
— in any single plant —
from the apex of the
bulb, as shown in the
cut, and its upper ex-
tremity supports the
extraordinary appear-
ing flower head. These
last are often few in
number and sometimes
even absent. There are
AN
HERE IS A MOST BEAUTIFUL AND, IN THE CASE OF THE MALE,
ELEGANTLY COLORED LITTLE LIZARD FROM FLORIDA
Fig. 13 — Wood's Swift (Sceloporus u. woodi), of which this is a male, has only been onmp pio-Vir nr tpn cnf-
very recently described. some eigm or leu spc
cies of the Wild
Onions, Leeks, or Wild Garlics in the northeastern United
States, and they are interesting plants to study.
Of all the groups of plants in the Middle-States sec-
tion of our country, none brings more home the fact
that winter has — as yet — not fully made up its ' mind
to leave us — than the Thistles. Take, for example,
FEBRUARY— AND PLANT-LIFE STILL SLEEPS IN NORTHERN CLIMES
873
the big fellow here shown in Figure 9, and note how it
towers among a perfect army of different species of
olants, every one of which has gone to seed several
months or more ago. Nearly all the seeds of this
plant have been borne away by their feathery tufts,
and there is scarcely a single meal left for some soli-
tary goldfinch that may, with his long undulating
If
1
■
\ '* 1
1 w •-!
^^^^
tifc^Bf.
^^
i^^^b
OUR SAW WHET OWL TS A VERY ATTRACTIVE LITTLE BIRD.
AND IX FEBRUARY WE MAY OCCASIONALLY MEET WITH ONE
IN THE WOODS
Fig. 12— His place ia among the smaller members of his family, and
ornithologists call. him Cryptogtaux a. arcadica. He sleeps nearly all
day long.
dips a-wing, come that way. One naturally associates
these goldfinches with the thistles-gone-to-seed — occasion-
ally so vividly that it requires no stretch of the
imagination to hear their plaintive notes, although
the little black-and-yellow fellows may be nowhere
near. This is especially the case when the plants are
growing in masses, as they are here shown in Figure 10.
Aside from studying flowers when they are in the en-
joyment of their perfect and normal condition, there is
another most interesting chapter in their lives which
deserves our earnest consideration and exhaustive re-
search. Reference is made to their diseased states, or
other manifestations in them indicating various departures
from the healthy ones. This is a very large and very
important subject, and much attention has already been
paid to it by phytopathologists, or those who take into
consideration the diseases of plants, shrubs, and trees.
Diseases of a great many different natures may attack
any part of any vegetable growth — as the stem, the
trunk, or any of the branching portions. Flowers, seeds,
pods, leaves, roots, bark — indeed any of the numerous
structures of plants are subject to disease, to the attacks
of parasites, to fractures or other injuries, burns and
scalds, lightning strokes, strangulations, impact of foreign
bodies, drowning effects of excessive solar heat, and many
other liabilities. In Figure 11 we have an example of
the effects of an attack on the part of some parasite on
the leaves and flowers of the common wild Sunflower.
In a previous number of American Forestry it was
SOME PLANTS ARE PARTICULAR VICTIMS OF PARASITIC
GROWTHS; HERE WE HAVE SOME VERY REMARKABLE ONES
ON THE WILD SUNFLOWER (.Helianthus decapetalus)
Fig. 11 — These big bulbs are caused by the sting of an insect, the larvae
of which we may find by cutting one of them open. The flower is fre-
quently included in the pathologic growth, as may be noted here.
shown how oak-galls were produced through the attack
of certain species of insects, and what an important in-
dustry resulted from ascertaining the value to man of
these products.
February, especially in the more northern State's, is the
month when the owls make themselves heard in the land.
874
AMERICAN FORESTRY
The nights are cold; the moon shines with a peculiar
brilliancy, and we are liable to have a snow-storm or
two. It is then that we hear the familiar notes of the
owls, either late of an evening or during the early morn-
ing hours. Of these, perhaps the notes of the Screech
Owl are most often heard, and next to this species, maybe,
the Great Horned Owl. Once in a while, however, come
the curious notes of our little Saw-whet Owl (C. a.
arcadica), although this bird may most often be heard
during the daytime. The notes so closely resemble the
filing of a saw, that the bird, long years ago, received its
vernacular name from that fact. This cute little owl —
living ones, as well as others in spirits. Both sexes
were represented, the males being much the handsomer,
with their sides striped with jet black, and the under
parts — throat and middle sides — of a brilliant blue,
bordered with the same intense black.
The writer was about to describe this lizard as new,
when it was discovered that one of the curators of the
National Museum had a description of it up in type and
about to appear. It belongs to the lizards we call "Swifts"
in the vernacular, and Sceloporus in technical science.
This one received the name of 6". u. woodi, being named
for Mr. Nelson R. Wood. Mr. Young describes it as
one of the pygmies of the group — has the habit, during one of the swiftest of the swift, and is captured only
the daytime, of
sitting out in
plain sight and
falling fast
asleep. He may
choose the top
twig of some
isolated bush in
an open field,
or the dead,
projecting limb
of a tree occu-
pying a similar
situation. His
appearance on
such occasions
is well shown
in Figure 12 of
the present ar-
ticle. This lit-
tle owl has fre-
quently been
made captive
and kept as a
pet; but it is_
the exception to
have it thrive
under such con-
ditions. It
seems to de-
mand consider-
a b 1 e exercise
and the same
kinrl of fnnA it THIS IS A MOST UNUSUAL IF NOT UNIQUE PICTURE, TAKEN IN SITU, OF THE HARLEQUIN
Kina 01 100a 11 milkweed caterpillar
Fig. 14^-Drury gave the moth of this insect its scientific name, which is Euchaetias egle.
secures in na-
ture.
Passing from owls to lizards, it is an interesting fact
to note that, old as our country is in point of settlement,
we still meet with undescribed species of animals, even
in the long-settled districts. This was the case with the
very beautiful little lizard here published for the first
time in Figure 13. The specimen was received by the
writer alive from Haines City, Florida, sent him by
Mr. R. H. Young, a member of the American Forestry
Association, who had secured it near his home. Several
others of the same species accompanied it, both dead and
with the great-
est difficulty. It
is a perfectly
harmless little
fellow, and
subsists chiefly
upon insects of
various species.
We have a
good many spe-
cies and sub-
species of these
swifts in var-
ious parts of
the United
States, this be-
ing one of the
smaller forms.
Others are
c o n s i derably
larger, perhaps
three or four
times as large.
They are per-
fectly harmless
little creatures
and are fre-
quently kept as
pets. We have
no venomous
lizards in our
reptilian fauna,
although very
many people
regard with dis-
trust and sus-
picion the famous "Gila Monster" or Heloderma.
The interesting subject presented in Figure 14 is a
very unusual one, as it was taken without disturbing a
single thing shown in the picture. In the lower left-hand
corner is seen the white bud of the Bindweed, and above
it, slightly to the right, some flowers of the Blue Boneset.
Several other plants are included — among them a withered
thistle. What is most interesting, however, is the central
subject, the one for which this picture was taken. This
consists of three pods of the common Milkweed,
FEBRUARY— AND PLANT-LIFE STILL SLEEPS IN NORTHERN CLIMES
875
Terminating the stem of one of those plants, with another
pod lower down. On the central, horizontally disposed,
upper pod, are six very curious-looking caterpillars ; they
are very hairy little creatures, the hair being regularly
arranged in tufts. Where it is dark it is black, while
the lighter tufts are of a buffy orange and light brown.
These are the caterpillars of the Milkweed moth
{Euchaetias egle), and they were taken natural size on
a six and a half by eight and a half plate, the locality
being Great Falls, southern Maryland, a few miles north-
west of Washington, D. C.
This Milkweed moth is a very abundant representa-
tive of its genus, ranging throughout the Atlantic States,
westward beyond the Mississippi Valley. It is a very
modest-appearing little moth, with an expanse of wing
measuring about four centimeters. Hampson has given
us a detailed figure of it, and Holland has likewise done
so in color. From the last it would appear that its wings
— both pairs— are of a pale grayish brown, and there is
a median row of some seven or eight fine black dots on
the abdomen above. This row of dots is quite character-
istic of several of the allied forms of this genus of moths.
EMERGENCY FEED FROM DESERT PLANTS
AN emergency drought-time feed for southwestern
stockmen which has previously been overlooked
is the desert shrub locally known as soapweed.
Its scientific name is Yucca. While this plant is not
high in nutritive value nor suitable for feed until it
meal with ground Yucca a fairly well balanced ration
is made. By using this feed without waste in dry sea-
sons only, a fair crop will always be available. If it
is used properly and due regard given to conserving
the present supply, thousands of cattle may be saved
CHOPPING AND SHREDDING YUCCA FOR CATTLE FEED
It is eagerly eaten by the cow, even though this particular milch animal was not in a starving condition, as were those which had tried to sub-
sist solely on range vegetation.
has been properly ground, the specialists of the United
States Department of Agriculture have found that in
seasons of drought when range grasses and other sources
of feed fail, it can be used to save cattle and sheep
from starving. By the addition of a little cottonseed
during the drought season to add to the nation's meat
supply.
There are a score or more species of Yucca. Sotol
has been utilized as stock feed for some years, but only
recently have soap weed and bear grass, two other forms
876
AMERICAN FORESTRY
which grow abundantly, been
utilized in this way. Both of
the latter are well adapted for
feed, but because the food ma-
terial is found mainly in the
tree-like trunk it is necessary
that they be ground or chopped
finely before stock can eat them.
The machines used for cut-
ting Yucca have heavy cylinders
carrying teeth or knives that
rotate before a chopping block
to which the plants are fed.
One of the larger machines run
by a 12 or 14 horsepower engine
with a crew of 3 men will chop
or shred about two tons of soap-
weed an hour.
If fed alone, this feed may be
expected to keep stock from
starving; if fed with concentrates a properly balanced
ration may be worked out. The customary practice
among users of this feed is to give young stock six to
This
SAVED FROM DEATH BY STARVATION
Bunch of cattle which were saved from starvation by the feeding of Yucca, or soap-weed. Some of the
stock here shown were unable to get to their feet without assistance before the Yucca was fed.
A TYPICAL STAND OF YUCCA, OR SOAP-WEED
ill furnish an emergency food for dry seasons when other range plants fail.
twelve pounds per day with one-half to three- fourths
of a pound of cottonseed cake or meal. Mature stock are
given 20 to 40 pounds and 1 to 2 pounds of the cottonseed
concentrate daily. Fifteen to 25
pounds per day fed alone will
save stock from dying. Prac-
tically the only cost in using this
feed is in its preparation and it
is estimated that when 20 pounds
is fed per day this cost amounts
to only 50 cents per month.
Yucca should be regarded as
an emergency feed only, the
specialists say. It makes a very
slow growth and only two spe-
cies— soap weed and bear grass
— may be expected to renew
themselves if cut off. The bear
grass of the New Mexico-Texas
plains region will produce a new
crop in three or four years,
while soap weed requires from
ten to fifteen years.
GOVERNOR LOWDEN ENDORSES TREE PLANTING
'T'HE importance of wood as building material and
■*■ the necessity for conservation of trees is recognized
by Gov. Frank O. Lowden of Illinois as paramount issues
in the economic life of the country. He has often urged
tree planting in the state.
In a recent article in the Chicago Tribune Governor
Lowden said:
"I know of no single acre of land in Illinois, even
though it be not suited to cultivation, that cannot be
made to produce trees successfully. We shall, if we
are wise, make laws whereby every acre, which will not
produce wheat or corn, will be made to grow trees.
"It may be that we shall be wise enough to exempt
these lands from taxation, saying to the owner: 'Plant
this little tract to trees and we shall tax you nothing,
requiring only that when your children or your grand-
children harvest them they shall pay a fair percentage
of the proceeds into the treasury of the state.' "
"You would not only set these little acres to work
for the profit of both the state and the owner, but the
growing forest upon the farm will help to tie the children
to the farm."
THE PLOVERS
(Family Charadriidae)
BY A. A. ALLEN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ORNITHOLOGY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY
WHAT ARE THE WILD WAVES SAYING?
Here's a fine place for plover and here are a couple of ringnecks and a sanderling.
IF TRAVEL is an education, the plovers must be
a highly educated family. With their near relatives
the sandpipers, they hold, with one exception, all
records for long distance nights. The one exception is
the Arctic tern which nests within the Arctic circle and
winters within
the Antarctic,
traveling some
ten thousand
miles over the
sea twice a
year. When it
comes to actu-
ally seeing the
world, how-
ever, there is
no bird to com-
pete with the
golden plover.
This bird nests
on the Arctic
shores of Norih
America and
then flies south-
east to Lab-
r a d o r , New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The 2,500 miles of sea
between Nova Scotia and South America hold no fears
for it and a di-
rect flight is
made over the
Bermudas and
Antilles, often
without a stop.
The journey is
then continued
through Vene-
zuela and Bra-
zil to the pam-
pas of Argen-
tine. But not
content with
seeing so much
of the world,
this inveterate
tourist seeks a
different route
for the return
journey. Start-
ing northwest
from Argentine, it crosses Central America and enters
the United States by way of the Gulf of Mexico, travel-
ing up the Mississippi Valley to Manitoba and Saskatche-
wan and thence to its breeding ground along the Arctic
BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER IN FALL PLUMAGE
They are easily distinguished from the
shores. The two routes are fully 1,500 miles apart.
The western golden plovers often start from Alaska
for a direct flight to the Hawaiian Islands and thence to
the islands of the South Sea. The golden plovers that
nest along the Arctic shores of Europe and Asia and
winter from
India to South
Africa, are only
slightly differ-
ent from the
American birds
and, if we in-
clude them, we
may certainly
claim the whole
world in the
range of this
r e m a r k a ble
bird.
The golden
plover is a
bird somewhat
smaller than a
pigeon with
long pointed
wings. Its up-
per parts are spotted with golden yellow and black, and
its underparts are uniformly black in summer and grayish
white in winter.
A white stripe
from the fore-
head down the
side of the
neck and breast
is conspicuous
in the summer
plumage when
set off against
the black un-
derparts.
Very similar
to the golden
plover is the
bl ack-bellied
plover which
has a similar
change of
plumage with
the seasons but
always lacks
the golden yellow spots of the upper parts. It is equally
cosmopolitan, and, in eastern North America, at least, is
a more common species. Some of them pass the winter
as far north as North Carolina but others continue their
877
golden plover, which they resemble, by the black spot under
the wing.
878
AMERICAN FORESTRY
ONE OF THE SMALLER PLOVER
The semipalmated or ring-necked plover is a miniature edition of the
Killdeer, but it has only a single band across its breast.
flight to Brazil and Peru, Both species are similar in
habits, frequenting shores and mud flats or even plough-
ed fields or pastures. They fly in close flocks and appear
not unlike small ducks at
a distance. Upon alighting
they scatter to feed, run-
ning along the beach in
search of stranded aquatic
insects and crustaceans
which they pick up with a
vigorous tilt of the body as
though they were about to
dive.
Both the golden and
black-bellied plovers are
still numbered among the
game birds and are hunted
either by means of decoys
or by stalking them along
the shore. They have rich
mellow whistles which are
quite easily imitated and
they may often be drawn
down to the decoys from a
great height by the hunters.
There are about seventy-
THE HOME OF THE KILLDEER
Creek bottoms, pastures and cultivated lands are the nesting place of this
bird. The black bands across the breast and the white neck ring break
up its contour and make the bird in this photograph difficult to see.
before the other shore-birds take wing, it pitches off on
a swift, erratic flight to some distant part of the shore.
Its wings are long and pointed and the speed which it
develops when once under way is as remarkable as the
irregular course which it often pursues.
Upon its nesting grounds, and it nests from the Gulf
States to British Columbia, it is even noiser than on the
shores, though in the defense of its nest it often loses
much of its timidity. Indeed when its nest is approached,
it will usually trail its wings on the ground and go limp-
ing off within a few feet of the intruder in an endeavor
to lead him away. The easiest method of finding a
killdeer's nest is always to walk in the opposite direction
from that in which the bird tries to lead one, noting
when it seems to show the greatest distress.
Were it not for the behavior of the killdeer, the nest
would be extremely difficult to find for it consists of a
mere depression in the gravel or in the soil of the
garden wherein are laid four very protectively colored
eggs. They are large for the size of the bird, light
brownish or drab in ground color, • with heavy black
markings, and pointed at one end so that they will fit
together and be more easily
covered by the incubating
bird.
The young killdeers when
first hatched are covered
with grayish brown down
and are even more protec-
tively colored than the eggs
so that when they crouch
in the nest, they are almost
impossible to see. The ac-
companying photograph of
a nest containing three
young and one egg will illus-
trates this point. They are
active little creatures and
can run about and even
swim, shortly after hatch-
ing. At the slightest alarm,
however, a note from
their
parents
tell them
to crouch and they remain immovable
until the old birds tell them that
danger is past and that they can
once more run about.
As soon as the young are able to
fly, various families gather into flocks
five species of plovers in the world of which only eight,
including the two mentioned, are found in North Ameri-
ca. Of these, by all means the most common and best
known is the killdeer, so called from its notes — "kill-dee,
kill-dee, kill-dee" — which constantly fill the air wherever
these birds occur. They seem to have petulant disposi-
tions and find expression for their feelings through con-
stant noise so that the slightest disturbance of alarm
starts them off. The majority of shore-birds are con-
fiding creatures and unless constantly shot at, will allow
even the hunters to approach closely. Not so with the
killdeer ; it seems to have a special aversion for man and
espys one approaching at a great distance and starts
"kill-deeing" SO as tO alarm the whole flock, and long B«*»« of its long wings, the killdeer appears much larger, when on the
° wing, than it really is.
SEEMS LARGER THAN IT REALLY IS
THE PLOVERS
879
A KILLDEER BROODING
The young birds can be seen crowding beneath the wing of the old bird.
and, if the season is dry, make for the shores and
mud flats. If it is a rainy season, however, they may
be found far from water until late in the fall. Some
killdeers remain as far north as New Jersey for the
winter but others migrate southward as far as Vene-
zuela and Peru.
Before the passage of the Federal Migratory Bird Law,
the killdeer was on the game list and their tiny bodies
graced the table of many a "pot hunter." The majority
STANDING GUARD
Note how protectively colored are both the old and young killdeers in
spite of their conspicuous marks.
of sportsmen, however, though attracted by their swift
flight and apparent size, have always been willing, after
once discovering the size of their bodies, to leave them
in peace. Today all realize that their value about culti-
vated fields and pastures during the summer in destroy-
ing grasshoppers and other pests, more than equals their
slight value as food and are glad to see them given a
much deserved protection.
The remaining North American plovers are somewhat
similar to the killdeer in general appearance but are
smaller. Another difference is that the killdeer has two
black bands across its breast while the rest have but one.
Another distinctive mark of the killdeer is the rufous
patch above the tail. The conspicuous white ring
around the neck is shared by all but the plain colored
HIS FIRST SWIM
Young Killdeers can run and even swim very soon after hatching and
follow their parents about instead of staying in the nest.
mountain plover of the high arid plains of the West.
The best known of the remaining plovers is the semi-
palmated or ring-necked plover which breeds in northern
North America and spends the winter anywhere from
the Gulf States to Patagonia. It seems to prefer sandy
beaches to the mud flats and is common during May
and again in August and September all along the coast
and the shores of inland lakes. Like the killdeer it
A young Killdeer only a
JUST OUT
few hours old but already far from home.
appears much larger on the wing than it really is and
during the years that it was considered a game bird,
even the most callous "game hogs" could not but feel
a tinge of regret when they felt the tiny bodies of their
880
AMERICAN FORESTRY
victims. It has a clear cool note of two syllables which
is always given when it takes wing and further adds
to its charm.
The Wilson's plover of our southern coasts is a very
NEST AND EGGS OF THE KILLDEER
The eggs are large for the size of the bird and very protectively colored.
They are pointed at one end and ordinarily fit together like the segments
of a pie. Here one of the eggs has been disarranged by the bird's hasty
departure. The nest is a mere depression in the gravel.
similar bird but is somewhat larger. The piping plover
is a much paler bird and does not have the pronounced
breast band of the ring-necked species. It is nowhere a
common bird but is found in summer locally from
CAN YOU SEE THEM?
Three young killdeers crowding in the nest and one unhatched egg are
here shown. The young birds are even more protectively colored than
the eggs and crouch at the slightest alarm and this makes them very
difficult to find.
Saskatchewan to Virginia. The snowy plover of the
southwestern states is an even lighter bird with just a
suggestion of the breast band and face markings of
the other species.
All of the plovers have long legs and relatively shorter
toes than the sandpipers with which they usually associ-
ate. Their bills are likewise much shorter and are
slightly swollen at the tip being suggestive of those of
pigeons with which birds, indeed, they are supposed
to have much in common.
NEW YORK FORESTRY AND RECONSTRUCTION
TN AN address before the annual meeting of the New
■*■ York State Forestry Association held in the Educa-
tional Building in Albany, oji January 21st, Dr. Hugh
P. Baker of the State College of Forestry at Syracuse,
who has just returned to his work in the College after
sixteen months as an officer in the regular infantry, de-
scribed the effects of the war upon the torests of the
world and discussed the important problem of the de-
velopment of a land policy for New York and the rela-
tion of the forests to water conservation. He empha-
sized the fact that the period of reconstruction will be
the day of the technical man, speaking as follows :
"The turning of nearly every industry in the country
from the beaten path of pre-war years into war channels
through which was poured unending shiploads of war
supplies onto the shores of France, has demonstrated
clearly the idea that the time of reconstruction in this
country and the period of prosperity which seems to
promise to follow reconstruction will be the day of the
technical man."
In describing the effect of the war in Northern France,
Dr. Baker stated that for the two years ending Decem-
ber, 1918, the total requirements of the Associated Gov-
ernments were approximately 600 million cubic feet of
saw log timber; three quarters of which by volume had
to be large sized material. This tremendous demand
upon the French forests had to come from a greatly
decreased forest area since over 1,230,000 acres of forest
land was in the territory occupied by the Germans. The
loss of this acreage of forest land meant to France an
annual loss of approximately 17^4 million cubic feet of
saw log timber. The drain upon the French forests for
the past four years is estimated to be equivalent to the
growth of twenty years. In other words, the growth
that would have taken place in the next twenty years
in the French forests has already been used. It was
shown further that the forest areas of practically every
other European country, excepting Russia, have been
seriously depleted and that lumber for the rebuilding of
the devastated portions of France and Belgium must
come from America, as the disorganized condition of
Russia will probably not allow that country to come into
the world lumber trade for years to come.
In emphasizing the place of the forester in assisting
the State of New York in solving its land and water
problems, Dr. Baker emphasized the necessity of having
a clear understanding of just what forestry means. As
agriculture means not alone the growing of a crop of
grain but the production of food and draft animals, and
the manufacture of the crude products, as in the dairy
industry, and finally the marketing of the product, so
forestry has been as broadly defined in the 200 years of
its application to European forests.
DIGEST OF OPINIONS ON FORESTRY
881
DIGEST OF OPINIONS ON FORESTRY
WILL YOU NOT CO-OPERATE WITH US BY IMPRESSING UPON THE EDITOR OF YOUR
NEWSPAPER THE IMPORTANCE OF FORESTRY? WRITE TO YOUR NEWSPAPER
ONE of the most remarkable examples
of service to their readers is shown
by the editors of the country in their
endeavor to present to the readers stories
having to do with outdoor life. To the
editor, perhaps stronger than any other
man, comes the call of the great outdoors.
And the editors in a vast majority of cases
answer that call less than any other set
of workers. But they have the great oppor-
tunity to present the beauties of nature and
they never weary in this well doing. Col-
umns upon columns are being printed in
the various publications of the country
today in regard to trees and the value of
forestry as a result of the suggestion of
the American Forestry Association that
memorial trees be planted in honor of the
men who lost their lives in the great war
and in honor of those who offered their
lives. The comment goes into other fields
and is here condensed for the readers of
the American Forestry Magazine with the
request that they in turn keep the import-
ance of forestry before their local editors.
There never was such an opportunity for
the members of the Association to do a
great work and the editors will welcome
anything you have to say of a constructive
nature.
state forest reserve while an editorial in
another number says:
"Practical forestry is being presented as a
line of work to interest returned soldiers who
have grown to love an outdoor life."
The importance of forestry is so great
in the eyes of the editors of the Dallas
Evening Journal that in an editorial they
suggest that it be taught in the public
schools. The Journal adds:
"The destruction of timber in the last half
century has been little short of criminal. The
way of the father has been foolish and their
sons should be pointed the wiser way."
The Realty Magazine of New York gives
the lead position to the value of tree plant-
ing in home making and uses many pic-
tures. The Farm Journal of Philadelphia
has an article by Charles P. Shoffner who
writes:
"Now and then a suggestion is made that
strikes thirteen. Here is one by the American
Forestry Association that rings true. They say:
'let a tree be planted in memory of each fallen
hero.' Could a finer tribute be paid? There
is something so beautiful, so noble and so up-
lifting about a tree that makes it a memorial
worth while."
Commenting upon memorial tree plann-
ing the Milwaukee Journal says:
"It is not enough to build good roads through
the country side. We should beautify them."
Then the editor goes into the possibili-
ties and beauties of trees planted along
these roads. According to the New York
Evening Mail there are "Excellent possi-
bilities for a great national work of for-
estation presented by a movement started
by the American Forestry Association for
the planting of victory oaks or victory elms
to commemorate the soldiers who laid
down their lives on the battlefield."
Memorial Tree planting is a move in the
right direction, says the editor of the
Metropolis at Jacksonville, Fla., who goes
on to say: The announcement that the
Women's Clubs of Florida intend to urge
the planting of trees, as memorials to brave
men who entered their country's service
in the world war, is a move in the right
direction. It indicates a move that has
everything to commend it. It is both
patriotic in spirit and leading the way to a
greater and more general appreciation of
trees.
Trees in themselves are a thing of beauty
and of utility in the Creator's design of
the universe as a place fit for human habi-
tation.
"there were nine French mills operating, getting
out a total of 10,000 feet a day. Under pressure
recently, one of our American mills turned out
70,000 feet in three days. A hurry call cama
through for road plank to be used in the Argonne
so that artillery and transport could be kept
moving forward without sticking in the mud.
This one mill, planned to produce 10,000 feet a
day, averaged more than 22,000.
"Under normal conditions we use culls for
road plank, but there was not time to select or
choose in this emergency. We went through every-
thing as it came. The planks were all five inches
thick and we turned out some more than 12
inches wide as fine, clear stuff as I ever saw.
War is certainly wasteful.
"The French lumbermen come close to tears as
they see the speed with which we fell and cut
their trees which they have carefully tended for
decades. There is small chance of their adopt-
ing our methods. They say we are too fast;
that it takes too long to raise a tree to cut it up
so quickly.
"The American foresters have done wonderful
work under difficult conditions. Away off in
lonely camps they have had none of the stimulus
which comes with excitement and it has been
hard for them to keep going with enthusiasm at
top speed. The Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciation has helped greatly. It establishes huts
and tents out in the camps, gets supplies, en-
tertainment, motion-pictures, reading matter,
athletic supplies, writing material and even
pianos to the men, makes life bearable and so
keep spirits up."
The Florida Times-Union of Jackson-
ville points out that Florida's prosperity
depends on its rescuing of the forests far
more than most persons are aware. A
dispatch to the Philadelphia North Ameri-
can dated at Harrisburgh, by H. G. An-
drews, points out the immense income that
is possible through the forests of Pennsyl-
vania. The article goes on to show those
possibilities, how the chestnut trees have
been killed by the blight and points to much
constructive work that can be done.
The Christian Science Monitor calls at-
tention to the fact that the Maine Legis-
lature will take up the question of a
The work of the foresters in France has
always been an interesting subject to the
editors, and they have carried many feature
stories on this work. That a Frenchman
knows how to grow a tree while an Ameri-
can knows best how to cut it down, and
turn it into lumber, is the conclusion of
Captain J. K. deLoach of Atlanta, Georgia,
who has been in charge of the machinery
of the mills operated by the United States
Army in the vicinity of Vourges, France,
where the Twentieth Engineers (Forest)
have been producing large proportions of
the lumber used.
"Before we came into the bourges region,"
says Captain deLoach, In the Baltimore Sun,
A survey of the forests in Cook County,
Illinois, furnished a very interesting and
amusing story for the Chicago Tribune.
The picture of the beauties of the woods
in winter is well told and the whole story
tells the trip of the Armour Club and the
Prairie Club. The expedition was under
the guidance of Dr. Jorgenson, director of
Armour Gymnasium and the Chicago Tri-
bune gives nearly three columns to the
discoveries made by the two clubs. In these
days of paper conservation it will be un-
derstood that it takes what editors call a
"Corking Good Story" to get that space.
The Trenton, New Jersey, Times in an
editorial says there is a special message
for Trenton because of the suggestion of
Dr. Frederick of the Art School, in regard
to a civic center. This is to include the
site of the city's new hotel and a proposed
war monument. This special message
means much to Trenton, the Times points
out because:
"The President of the American Forestry Asso-
ciation and the head of the National War Gar-
den Commission, misses no opportunity to get
things planted and it will be well if people gen-
erally will follow his lead. He urges the plant-
ing of trees and the planting of gardens par-
ticularly during the coming spring and summer.
There is need for united and persistent effort in
both directions. Just now Mr. Pack is especially
interested in the planting of trees as memorials
882
AMERICAN FORESTRY
tor the American boys who paid the supreme
sacrifice In the war for democracy. He points
oat that in addition to being beautiful living
memorials to the nation's heroic dead these trees
we plant will be a thing of beauty and joy for-
ever to those who live not only now but in the
years to come and in some places It may be
deemed advisable and possible to set out great
forests in honor of the soldier dead."
The Times then goes on to point out what
can be done with the proposed civic center
if adorned with trees not only as memori-
als but as an artistic setting for the city
plaza and any buildings that may be erected
on it.
trees gives a new significance to the next
Arbor Day, writes the editor of the Geneva,
N. Y. Times:
"There is hardly a community in America,"
continues the Times, "to which the suggestion is
not a practical appeal."
"We venture to say there is no suggestion that
would have pleased this great American better."
In a special dispatch to the New York
World from Greensboro, North Carolina,
the statement is made that:
"Unless some action is taken by the Federal
Government, and that quickly, the Brevard sec-
tion and with it much of the best farming and
timber land in western North Carolina will be
washed away by the high water during the next
five years. During the last year this section has
experienced three damaging floods."
In an editorial in The Post of Boston,
the editor points out that Lynn City Coun-
.cil has taken action in the matter *of
memorial trees and says the Post:
"The beauty and fitness of these planted
memorials is very apparent. Trees are always
things of grace and as proposed would be grow-
ing stars of service well done. How could the
memory of our heroes be better perpetuated than
in a beautiful forest park?"
In the opinion of the editor of the Ham-
mond, Ind., Times:
"Colonel Roosevelt deserves a memorial in
which the entire nation can take pride" and then
it goes on giving an indorsement of the sugges-
tion of the American Forestry Association for
planting trees in honor of the Ex-President.
The Observer at Hoboken, N. J., com-
ments on a suggestion to make community
Christmas trees permanent.
According to the Houston Post:
"The Texas Forestry Association has never re-
ceived the attention that organization deserves
from the people of Texas. With 25,000,000 acres
in woodlands, Texas has a greater interest in
the present forests than has any other state. With
more than that number of acres in what appears
at times to be desert, Texas cannot afford to
ignore the forestry problem."
The editorial goes on to say that W.
Goodrich Jones, President of the Texas
Forestry Association, has sent to the papers
of the state letters in which he pleads with
the press for the forests of Texas and the
Post adds:
"The State Forestry Department deserves the
intelligent support of the legislature."
Papers of Illinois are commenting gen-
erally on the suggestion for tree planting
made by Governor Lowden:
"So great is the need of more trees," says the
Clinton, Illinois, Public "and so manifest their
benefit to future generations that society would
be justified in going to great lengths in stimu-
lating tree cultivation."
The Manufacturer's Record carries an
article from W. W. Lee, county superin-
tendent of education, Prentis, Miss., who
urges a reforestation plan to be undertaken
by the school children. Mr. Lee has a
plan for organization of pine tree clubs.
With pictures to illustrate an article "The
Coos County Forests," The Scientific
American gives the leading position to an
article on the wonders of the region on
the western side of the Coast Range Moun-
tains. The Morning Press of East Strouds-
burg, Pennsylvania, urges the planting of
memorial trees in an editorial in which it
used the poem by Joyce Kilmer.
The Review of Decatur adds its in-
dorsement to tree planting. The Hayfield,
Minnesota, Herald in an editorial sug-
gests that the planting be not attempted
all in one year, but that every Arbor Day
be made a memorial tree planting day.
The editor of the Press at tTtica points out
that:
"If three or four thousand trees were planted
in Utica as memorials for soldiers who wore the
uniform it would be a splendid contribution to
the shade, the beauty and the general attfac-
tiveness of the place."
Editors take up other subjects having to
do with outdoor life. In addition to com-
menting on trees, and their value, the Bos-
ton Evening Transcript comments at great
length on "The Bird Treaty Makes the
Birds Safe." Mr. Winthrop Packard takes
up the discussion of the mistatements and
the conflicting views given in recent news
articles on this subject, and in the intro-
duction to his article says:
"Birds are safe so far as good laws can make
them. Let not your heart be troubled."
A great lesson has been learned from the
war, the Northwestern of Oshkosh, Wis-
consin, points out in an editorial:
"More attention to Forestry."
Scientific forestry now is being taught
at twenty-three universities and colleges
in the country, the Northwestern says, and
points to the heavy drain on lumber sup-
plies and the fact that the coming period
of reconstruction will perhaps call for even
larger quantities of the raw materials fur-
nished by the lumber industries. The In-
quirer of Owensboro, Ky., comments on
the offer of the American Forestry Asso-
ciation to help reforest France and points
out the great opportunity for further
cementing the cordial relations of the two
countries.
The Dalton, Georgia, Citizen in an edi-
torial says that:
"Out of the maze for suggestions for memorials
that have followed the signing of the armistice
stands apart from all others because of its sim-
plicity and lasting qualities the suggestion for
the planting of a tree for each one who made the
supreme sacrifice."
The editor of the Republican of Colum-
bus, Indiana, says the planting of memorial
trees along highways is peculiarly fitting.
"It seems to make visible, says the editor,
"that glorious immortality for which the soldier
laid down his mortal body."
The memorial tree suggestion is very
pleasing to the editor of The Times at
Chattanooga who says:
"It is a fine thought that we should plant trees
in memory of the men who gave their lives to
the nation In the great war. More and more the
common sense thought of people is steering
away from the notion of respect for the dead
by erecting over them at home or elsewhere
monuments of dead stone; structures often the
very reverse of artistic or ornamental."
Chattanooga, The Times goes on to say,
is subject to some extent to the "Monu-
ment Habit." The planting of memorial
The American City in an article called
"Tree Planting an Important Part of City
Reconstruction Program," devotes exten-
sive space to the possibilities of city beau-
tifying. "A great benefit to the people of
the state" is the view of W. E. Barber,
chairman of the Division of Wild Life
Conservation, in a letter to the Milwaukee
Journal. The editor of the Lafayette, In-
diana, Courier calls the planting of me-
morial trees a most appropriate method of
supplying fitting memorials in honor of
our sailors and soldiers. In commenting
on the suggestion for planting memorial
trees in honor of Colonel Roosevelt, the
editor of the Telegram of Portland, Ore-
gon, says:
In the Denver Post "Lord Ogilvy" has an
article pointing out to the farmer why he
should make' a friend of Bob White.
The Times-Star of Cincinnati, has an
editorial on "Man's Ingratitude to the
Bird." The editor of the Times-Star points
out the tremendous reproduction abilities
of the insect, and shows how the world
would become a desolate waste and man
starved out unless the insects are checked,
but says the editor:
"Between man and this state of desolation
stand some natural barriers. One of these is
the army of birds which feed on insects. With
the destruction of the tirdj who stand guard
over our fields and forests, a catastrophe beyond
imagination to perceive would ensue. And yet
man plunges blindly along the fulfillment of the
grim paradox he has conceived. Every year he
slays by millions the feathered friends who are
his."
These short reviews, showing what the
editors are ready to do in the way of co-
operation, should be an inspiration to the
members of the American Forestry Asso-
ciation and again the call is issued to each
of our members to co-operate with his local
editors in every way by calling their at-
tention to forestry needs in his own locality.
He will be glad to listen to you or to hear
from you if you make your point clear and
keep it short.
FORESTRY PURSUITS FOR DISABLED MEN
rT^ HE Federal Board for Vocational Education, which
has been charged by Congress with the re-educa-
tion and rehabilitation of war disabled men, has made
an investigation of the subject of forestry and forestry
pursuits as offering opportunities for these disabled
men to train for.
A surprising amount of interest is being displayed in
the subject and it bids fair to become one of the popular
courses placed at the disposal of the disabled men.
This education is given at approved universities, land
grant colleges and other institutions. The disabled man,
if single, is given a support and allowance, or "training
fund" of $65 per month, and all his expenses of tuition,
material, library and laboratory fees, are paid by the
Federal Board. If he is married and lives with his wife
during his period of study, he is allowed $75 per month
and $10 per month for each child up to three.
When he has completed his course, the Employment
Placement Division of the Federal Board will help him
in securing a position.
There is no time limit set upon the course. The aim
is solely to make a competent, thoroughly trained man
out of the student.
The following extracts from the "Opportunity Mono-
graph" on Forestry Pursuits, issued by the Federal
Board, will be found of general interest.
What Forestry Is:
"Forestry is the business, or the art, or the science, depending
on the point of view from which you look at it, of handling
forests for timber production or stream-flow protection. It
does not. as is often mistakenly thought, have anything to do
with fruit trees, or even with street and park trees. The care
of these comes under horticulture and arboriculture. Forestry
is distinct from either in that it has to do primarily with entire
stands of trees, or forests, rather than with individuals. For-
ests are really nothing more nor less than tree societies, or
communities, comparable in many ways with human communi-
ties, every member of which has an influence upon and in turn
is influenced by its neighbors; and it is this fact that gives to
forestry its distinctive character.
"Forestry should also not be confused with lumbering. Lum-
bering has to do merely with harvesting the trees on any given
area, with cutting them, transporting them to the mill, and con-
verting them into lumber or other products. While the chief
task of the forester is to manage forest lands, he has to do with
the production of trees as well as with their utilization. For-
estry is concerned fully as much with the future as with the
present. Like agriculture it looks forward to keeping the land
continuously productive by the growth of successive crops.
Only in the case of forestry the crops instead of being wheat,
or rye, or corn, are trees, which in turn can be converted into
fuel, fence posts, telephone poles, railroad ties, wood pulp,
lumber and a host of other wood products. How much the
forests mean to the economic development of a community
through the crops which they produce and the employment
which they offer is evidenced only too plainly by the desola-
tion which has followed destructive lumbering in many a once
prosperous forest region.
"In addition to yielding crops which have a commercial value,
forests in mountainous regions perform another important func-
tion which is none the less valuable because its benefits are
difficult to measure in dollars and cents. By decreasing erosion
and regulating stream-flow the mountain forests conserve water
for domestic supplies, irrigation, power and navigation, and at
the same time help to lessen the damage caused by destructive
floods. So far-reaching is this influence and so great is the
population affected by it, that the treatment which such for-
ests receive becomes a matter of vital interest to the general
public. One of the primary concerns of forestry is to see that
forests are handled in such a way as to afford the maximum
amount of protection, even if this involves, as it not infre-
quently does, the restriction or entire prevention of lumbering
operations.
What Foresters Do.
"In order to handle to the best advantage the area under his
charge there is a wide range of work which a forester may be
called upon to do. He must be able to identify different kinds
of trees and must know the uses to which each can be put and
the sites to which they are best adapted. He must be able to
map the area and to determine the amount and value of the
timber upon it. He must be able to draw up a complete plan
for protecting the forest from fire and to carry out the details
involved in its execution. He must know how to control the
attacks of destructive insects and fungous diseases. He must
be able to handle the many details connected with the collec-
tion of seed and the production of young trees in forest-tree
nurseries. He must know where and how to plant these, or how
to sow the seed on areas where this is preferable. He must
know whether any given stand is too dense, and if so, what and
how many trees should be taken out to stimulate the growth of
those that are left. He must be able to determine the rate at
which trees are growing and the age at which they should be
cut and to make plans for harvesting them in such a way as to
secure natural reproduction. And finally, he must be able to
draw up a "working plan" providing in detail for the handling
of the entire forest in such a way as to keep it continually
productive.
"All of this obviously involves a good deal of office work in
the formulation of plans, the maintenance of records, and the
miscellaneous administrative work connected with any business
enterprise. It also involves a good deal of practical out-of-
door work. The average forester must take long walks and
horseback rides. He must often camp out in a tent or with no
shelter whatever. He must take his part in fighting forest
fires, which means the liberal and energetic use of the ax, the
mattock and the shovel. He must run compass and transit lines
and make topographic maps. He must estimate the size and
contents of standing trees by the use of calipers and height-
measures, and must scale the fallen timber. He must mark,
or blaze, the trees to be removed in lumbering and must see
that the operations are carried out in accordance with the
approved plans. He must collect tree cones, extract the seeds
from these, sow them in the nursery, care for the young seed-
lings and later set them out in the forest.
"He must also do a hundred and one other things which are
not strictly forestry but which are so closely connected with
it that they must be handled by the forester along with his
other work. Grazing is a good example of this, since most of
the forest regions in the United States produce forage as well
as trees. In order to utilize this to best advantage the forester
must know how many stock the range will support and how
they should be handled. In regions where mineral deposits
occur he must be familiar with the mining laws and must have
at least enough knowledge regarding mining to enable him to
deal intelligently with prospectors and others. Since most of
the forests occur in undeveloped regions he must know how to
open these up by building ranger and lookout stations and by
constructing Such other permanent improvements as roads,
bridges, trails and telephone lines. In short, the average for-
ester, particularly in pioneer regions, must be a veritable jack-
of-all trades.
Where Foresters Work.
_ "Forestry is primarily an out-of-door occupation. Some
indoor work in the formulation of plans, writing of reports,
handling of correspondence, and other office routine, is of course
necessary, particularly in the case of those charged with the
administration of large areas. But the average forester must
spend the bulk of his time in the open, in the forests for which
he is caring. Sometimes his headquarters may be in a small
town or sometimes in a more or less isolated situation in the
woods themselves. In either case his daily work will ordi-
narily take him into the open in sunshine and in rain. Occasion-
ally he may be absent from home for several weeks at a time
carrying his bed and provisions on his back, or, if he is fortu-
nate, on a pack animal.
"So far as geographical location is concerned, opportunities
for foresters have heretofore been mainly in the mountain
regions of the West where the National Forests are located.
As forestry comes to be practiced more and more on State
Forests and on private lands, however, similar opportunities
will develop in the East. There is no reason why large numbers
of foresters should not eventually be employed wherever for-
ests occur, and this means practically throughout the country
except in the Great Plains and in the farming regions of the
Central States and Middle West.
What Handicaps Are Serious.
"Generally speaking, a forester must be able-bodied and in
good physical health. He must have a strong heart, sound
884
AMERICAN FORESTRY
lungs and a constitution able to stand exposure to all kinds of
wind and weather. Heart disease, tuberculosis and other
serious organic troubles are handicaps that point to the choice
of another occupation.
"On the other hand, there are certain disabilities, and par-
ticularly injuries of various sorts, that do not constitute any
serious drawback. Injuries to the mouth, nose, ears, scalp
and other parts of the head, for example, do not disqualify
unless they interfere to a dangerous extent with one's eyesight
or hearing. Some deafness is allowable provided it has not
gone so far as to prevent communication or to endanger one
from falling trees or other accidents. Even blindness in one
eye is not a real handicap if the other eye is still sound. The
loss of an arm or a leg incapacitates a man for the physical
work required of most foresters, but minor injuries to these
limbs, such as loss of a finger or a toe, do not disqualify one.
"For certain specialized duties one can have sustained even
more serious injuries and still be able to give satisfactory serv-
ice. One may be badly crippled and yet be successful in research
work, provided he is able to move about more or less freely,
has some use of his arms, and can handle a microscope. Men
at fire-lookout stations need little more than good eyes and
sufficient hearing to use a telephone. On the other hand, one
would hardly wish to take up fire-lookout work as a perma-
nent occupation, and unless his condition can be improved
sufficiently td enable him to resume active physical work his
chances for advancement are poor. Special appliances for hand-
ling tools are not necessary, as is the case with many industrial
workers. The average forester must be able to turn his hand
to a wide variety of activities and to use such homely imple-
ments as the ax, the hammer, the shovel and the mattock.
"The danger of further injury is no greater in forestry than
in most other outdoor occupations. Accidents due to forest
fires, bucking horses, falling trees and rolling stones are always
■possible, but the proportion of those seriously injured in such
ways as these is not large. Those employed by the National
Government receive compensation in case of injury incurred
in line of duty.
What Training Is Necessary.
"Forestry requires the services of three more or less distinct
grades of workers — the professional forester, the forest ranger,
and the forest guard. The professional forester handles the
larger and more technical phases of forest management. He
determines what the forest under his charge contains, how
much it is worth, how fast it is growing, when and how it should
be cut, what kinds of trees should be favored, and other ques-
tions of the same kind ; and also exercises general supervi-
sion over the execution of whatever measures are decided
upon. The forest ranger acts as a sort of semi-technical assist-
ant to the professional forester. He does not need so thorough
an education as the professional forester but must have suffi-
cient technical knowledge to enable him to carry out intelli-
gently the plans formulated by the latter. His work is to a
large extent 'practical' and involves the routine of fire protec-
tion and fire fighting, marking the trees to be removed in timber
sales, scaling the felled logs, handling planting operations, sur-
veying, building trails, running telephone lines, and doing other
work connected with the administration of the forest. The
forest guard is ordinarily a non-technical assistant who helps
the forest ranger in those aspects of his work which require
little or no knowledge of forestry. Forest guards are fre-
quently appointed for short periods only to help the regular
force during the busy season, and particularly in the work of
fire protection and fire fighting. Previous experience in the
woods or in similar occupations such as lumbering and survey-
ing constitutes a valuable, but not essential, preliminary train-
ing for foresters of all grades.
"Twenty-five years ago the professional forester was almost
unknown in this country and there was not a single educa-
tional institution at which he could secure the necessary train-
ing. Today the profession is well recognized and there are
more than 20 schools offering instruction of a grade similar
to that required of civil engineers, doctors, lawyers, ministers
and other professional men. As a basis for the more techni-
cal phases of his education the man who desires to become a
professional forester must have had courses of collegiate grade
in botany, geology, organic chemistry, mathematics through
trigonometry, plane surveying, mechanical drawing, economics,
and either French or German, or preferably both. With these
as a foundation he is ready to go ahead with the technical sub-
jects such as dendrology, silvics, silviculture, forest mensura-
tion, forest valuation, forest management and forest regula-
tion. Obviously a comprehensive training of this sort cannot
be obtained with less than four years of collegiate work, at
least two of which must be devoted almost entirely to profes-
sional forestry subjects. If a man has already had a college edu-
cation, however, he can readily prepare himself for the profession
by two years of post-graduate work. The degree of bachelor of
science in forestry is usually given on the completion of a
four-year professional course, and of master of science in for-
estry, or master of forestry, on the completion of a five-year
professional course or of two years of post-graduate work fol-
lowing four years of regular college work.
"For the forest ranger no such intensive training is neces-
sary. With a high school education as a background, one year
of rather elementary training in such subjects as fire protec-
tion, surveying, timber estimating and scaling, nursery practice,
methods of planting, range management and report writing is
sufficient to enable a man to qualify.
"In general, the course covers much the same ground as that
taken by the professional forester, but in a much briefer and
more elementary way. Those who have already had consider-
able practical experience along these lines can secure a suffi-
cient foundation for their work in three or four months, al-
though even for such men the longer course is preferable if
time to take it can be found. Many of the forest schools of the
country now offer courses of this sort and the opportunities for
instruction are ample.
"Since forest guards are engaged almost wholly on non-
technical work no particular coursq of training is necessary.
No one with any ambition, however, would wish to remain a
forest guard indefinitely when other opportunities are open to
him merely by taking a free course of instruction. If one
wishes to take up forestry, therefore, and is not in a position
to take the professional course, he should by all means attempt
to qualify as a forest ranger. Should lack of other openings
then make it necessary for him to serve as a forest guard for
the time being, he would be in a position to take advantage of
the first opportunity for advancement.
What Opportunities Are Offered.
"Opportunities for employment for foresters may be classed
as fairly good. The point has now been passed where the
supply is totally inadequate to meet the demand, but at the same
time the war has greatly depleted the ranks of foresters through-
out the country, and there is no question that many new men
will be needed during the process of reconstruction and after-
wards. The National Forests already offer opportunities for
the employment of many men and it cannot be doubted that
similar opportunities will soon be offered in State forests as
well as in the case of forests still in the hands of private
owners. With the steady decrease in the timber supply, the
Nation will soon be face to face with the necessity of practicing
forestry extensively as a national safeguard and unless private
owners take upon themselves the task, there is little question but
that the Federal and State Governments will take matters
largely into their own hands.
"Altogether it is a safe prediction that any one who desires to
engage in forestry and who qualifies himself for the work will
be able to find employment. The entering salary for forest
guards in the national service averages about $900 a year and
for forest rangers about $1,100 a year. Technically trained for-
esters ordinarily enter at approximately the same salary as
forest rangers, $1,100 or $1,200 a year, but with greater oppor-
tunities for advancement later. In State and private work ap-
proximately the same entering salaries may be expected although
some private owners may be unwilling to pay quite so much to
forest guards and forest rangers at the start.
What Are The Chances For Promotion.
"Chances for limited promotion are reasonably good. It
should be recognized frankly, however, that one can not hope
to get rich in the profession and that a comfortable living is
all that can ordinarily be looked forward to. In exceptional
cases unusually able and well qualified men will doubtless be
able to draw salaries of $4,000 and $5,000 a year. The average
professional forester, however, can hardly hope to advance much
beyond $2,500 or $3,500 a year except by acquiring an interest
in some lumber business or in the forest itself. For the forest
ranger a salary of $1,500 or $1,600 may reasonably be looked
forward to. Moreover, this salary often carries with it a ranger
station which can be occupied as long as he stays in the service,
and also an opportunity to produce some crops for his own
use. Forest guards can hardly hope for more than $900 or $1,000
a year.
"In other words, in forestry, as in all other professions, the
better educated you are the better are your chances for promo-
tion. Even at best, however, the chances for large salaries are
small and those who are bent on getting rich should look else-
where for an opportunity to do so. On the other hand, one who
is satisfied to make a comfortable living, to spend a large part
of his life in the open, to occupy a responsible and respected
place in his home community, and to enjoy the satisfaction
which comes from having an important share in a work of great
public service, cannot look for a more congenial or attractive
occupation than forestry."
LETTER FROM CHAPLAIN WILLIAMS OF THE FORESTRY UNITS
TV/TR- P- S. RIDSDALE, Treasurer of the Welfare
•*-'-*• Fund for Lumbermen and Foresters in War Ser-
vice, has received a very interesting letter and report
from Chaplain Howard Y. Williams, formerly of the
Tenth Engineers (Forest). Chaplain Williams has re-
cently been designated Senior Chaplain of the Forestry
Units, with headquarters at Tours. In' writing to Mr.
Ridsdale, he said: "Your Fund has been a blessing."
His letter and report are both reproduced here because
they are full of interest, despite the cessation of hostilities.
Division of Forestry
Office of the Senior Chaplain
A. P. O. 717, France
November 27, 1918.
Dear Friends :
Have just come back to Tours after a two weeks' trip of
inspection and unlike so many previous times, now that the
censorship is reduced I can tell you all about it. Among the
30,000 soldiers that I am father for, we have had a large num-
ber with the First and Second Armies at the front. With the
armistice on and the changes resulting I had to go over our
field there to reassign chaplains, etc. I left for Paris the
second day after the armistice was signed and so got in for
a half day of their celebration. Unless you have been here
for a year, like I have, you cannot imagine the change that
has taken place in the appearance and spirit of the people. It
is wonderful, the new sunshine that has shed itself every-
where. Even the cities themselves show the change, with
their flags, arches, etc., but most of all the lights on the streets
in the evenings. I have stumbled all over myself and others
in the streets of Paris on the dark nights that have passed,
but never again. The whole place is ablaze, and all the other
cities and towns have followed suit. Parades were every-
where, but the funniest of all were those French girls who
would march down the streets, a number of them arm in
arm. Spying some Americans they would circle around them
and repeat, "Do your duty!" "Do your duty!" This meant
that we must kiss them all. Well, that was some celebration.
The next day found me at Chaumont, where we have our
General Headquarters, and where a branch of my section is
located. After a day there of consultation and plans I was
on my way in a big Sunbeam auto and with a good chauffeur
to the stamping grounds of the two armies. All the way along
the road were thousands of troops marching to and from
the old battle front. Many were coming back for rest, but
other regiments of infantry, cavalry, and artillery were on
their way to Germany. The roads were thick with the battle-
scarred French on their way to Metz. As you can well im-
agine the expression of the faces were very different from
those I have seen when men were marching to the trenches.
Another sight pitiful and yet joyful was the hundreds of
prisoners returning from Germany. As you know they were
just free and had to shift for themselves. They wore every-
thing imaginable, and carrying all sorts of boxes and packs
they made a strange sight meandering along singly sometimes,
and then by twos and threes, and crowds. They were directed
to great stockades, once used for German prisoners. There
every man had to take a bath and go through the louse
exterminator. Afterwards they were fitted out by the Ameri-
can Quartermaster with what was lacking in their needs, and
then they jogged on their way again, until finally they should
hit the railroad. They were now even an odder looking sight
for old French, British, and German uniforms were added to
by American. A man would have an American hat and
blanket topping off an old French uniform, or perhaps instead
of the hat khaki breeches used between French blue leggings
and a French coat. It was some sight, but they were happy
and that was sufficient. Most of the Americans had only been
there a short time and it had been a lark to them. After
the first few months few Americans had been taken. The
men had fought until the last, and never gave in.
Thus I went through Toul, over to Nancy, then by the
remains of St. Mihiel, Verdun, etc. I visited my men still
living in their dug outs in what was once No Man's Land. I
had taken some phonographs along and new records from
friends in the States. It did seem odd to hear the music being
played when outside all was torn to pieces, woods were shat-
tered, only stumps remaining, barb wire stretches everywhere
until one would think there had never been so much in all
the world. We have had seyeral groups of engineers working
in the Argonne Forest, where the Americans did their best
and hardest fighting. It almost seemed sacred ground when
I thought of the price that had been paid to gain it. Where
before the shells flew and raged, now all was quiet. Our
companies are all through and right up to the Hindenburg
line and beyond to where the last days found us. We leisurely
strolled through German trenches which they had thought
were secure forever. Made of concrete, the officers had pool
tables, baths, and then chicken and rabbit coops for the means
of dainty needs. How we fooled them. When one sees the
damage that German shells did to us, he wonders how more
could be done, but when one goes over that Hindenburg line
and on to see what we did to them he sees that more. The
land in these quiet days looks as though tornadoes and earth-
quakes had tossed and rocked her to the utmost. Towns have
not a wall left standing. Trees are cut and stand only in
shreds. Here and there are those machine gun nests which
took such deadly toll. You hardly notice them as they lie
covered under little mounds of grass, but careful observation
reveals the slit in the concrete through which they pour their
deadly hail. One near St. Mihiel was the worst I have seen. It
was at a cross-corner and covered three roads. It looked like
an innocent mound decorating the street corner, but a close-
up view showed the opening which covered the surrounding
country. We leisurely visited the trenches and picked up
enough souvenirs to start a small war of our own, guns,
shells, German helmets, pieces of barb wire, etc.. Will have
plenty to show you when I return.
Many are the friends that I f.ave renewed acquaintance
with again on this trip. My heart always beat a little faster
when I ran across men from my old regiment, the Tenth
Engineers, who have been promoted and commissioned and
are doing work with other units. I sort of feel as though we
were brothers. Then I saw Croyle and Davis of my days at
Union, and Heinzman of the days at Iowa. So it was
wherever I went, I ran into some of the friends of by-gone
days. Then on Sunday last I arranged to spend the day with
one of my old companies. I had three meetings and it was
some re-union. My regiment is going back sometime in late
December. How I should like to go with them. I telegraphed
to G. H. of my desires but also of my willingness to remain
if they thought it for the best interests of these engineers
who look to me as their senior chaplain. The word came
back, "You should remain," and so for two or three months
or longer I shall continue on the job here. I now have sixteen
chaplains assisting me, but expect to have twenty-five soon.
The men who are going home are of course delighted, and
the men who must stay are down-cast. Of course we would
all like to come home, but there is work still to be done here,
and as I am well acquainted with the field I am ready to stay
and do my best, always looking, however, for the day when I
shall be off for Hoboken and home.
Thanksgiving has passed and Christmas will soon be here.
Surely we had more to be thankful for than we dreamed even
a month before. We are proud of you at home and the
splendid way in which you have backed us up. Am sure that
you have found joy in service well done, even as we here
have done. My heartiest wishes for the Merriest Christmas
and a New Year resplendent in opportunities of service in the
spirit of Christ, our Saviour..
Faithfully your friend,
Howard Y. Williams, Senior Chaplain, U. S. A.
To keep up our pep it has been my purpose to publish once
a month such a news sheet as the following. Our immediate de-
parture makes our first effort the last. G. H. has asked me to
remain here in my capacity as Senior Chaplain for Forestry
Units, and so I shall not be with you on the return trip, much as
I should like to be. In spirit I shall be with you.
May our Heavenly Father bless you all richly as you go back
to civil life. I shall hope to see you all in later days, and shall
always be glad to hear from you at 3326 Oakland Avenue,
Minneapolis, Minnesota. Just remember that I am ready at any
time to marry you to that "best girl in the U. S. A."
I shall always count my experiences with you as very precious.
Good-bye ! God-speed !
Howard Y. Williams, Senior Chaplain, Forestry Units.
885
OLD 10TH ENGINEERS HOBOKEN SHEET
Headquarters Detachment of the Old 10th
Engineers, Tours.
Captain F. C. Barlow is in charge of a detach-
ment of men constructing a mill at La Chaise
Dieu.
C J. Clifford and Donald R. Broxon have been
commissioned second lieutenants. They are witn
cordwood operations at Chauraont.
Regimental Supply Sergeant Wm. H. Icenogle
has been commissioned and is in tiie Section
Forestry Ornce at Borucaux.
James A. White, our former regimental supply
sergeant, is now a second lieutenant in the for-
estry Section at Gievres.
Qiaplain Howard V. Williams is designated
Senior Chaplain of Forestry Units with head-
quarters at Tours. He now has fifteen chaplains
assisting him.
Former Regimental Sergeant-Major Henry T.
Miller is now the regimental sergeant-major for
tne Casual Attachment at Blois.
Second Lieutenant George Walker is in charge
of convoying trains. His headquarters is in
Gievres.
Guy C. Hendrickson, regimental sergeant-major,
has received his commission. Ed. Badertscher is
regimental sergeant-major in the new organiza-
tion.
Sergeant Mark A. Scharp has been employed
for several months in the office of the American
Delegate, C. 1. B. G., Paris.
Byron DeYoung, former chaufteur for Colonel
Woodruff, has been promoted to the grade of
sergeant in the 20th Engineers. He is now driv-
ing for Major-General Harbord, the present Com-
manding General of the S. O. S.
Cook Ed Redford has charge of the Depot En-
gineer officers' mess at Gievres.
Alfred C. Christeson was promoted to the grade
of color sergeant. He is attached to the D. C.
and F.
Glen D. Watkins and Jimmie Carron are keep-
ing an eagle eye on the mail directed to the men
of the old 10th Engineers. If you are called
away on detached service, drop the boys a line
and they will do their best to insure you rapid
mail service. Watkins has been promoted to
wagoner, and Carron has been promoted to ser-
geant.
Tom Morrison was recently transferred from
the first battalion and is now with the D. C. and
F., at Tours.
Headquarters, First Battalion, 10th Engineers,
Pontenx (Landes).
In the first place we are all very much cast
down over our loss of Captain Condon, one of
the best adjutants our District ever boasted, and
believe me the section that gets him will have
our envy. Since Major (now Lieutenant-Colonel)
Benedict's departure one doesn't know what to
expect next.
Our Sergeants, Billingslea, Kellogg, O'Malley,
Calloway, Cook, Hughes, Henry, Corse and Berge,
of old Co. C, Co. D, Co. A, 41st Engineers, and
503rd Engineers, respectively, are now nine very
dignified shave tails of the 32nd, 33rd, 34th, 41st
and 4th Engineer Service Co., 20th Engineers.
They are hitting the ball in great fashion too,
and have all the men behind them.
Our fine old Paymaster Clayton B. Griswold,
Co. D, died recently of pneumonia, and his pass-
ing is one of the first of a series of deaths re-
sulting from the "flu." Sergeants Pierce and
Warren, of the 32nd Co. Det. are the latest, and
we hope, the last cases.
It has been rumored that Sergeant-Major Ryer-
son, who recently took his examination for a
commission, has wavered somewhat in his deter-
mination to support the gold bars. The way
they treat those second looies at Tours, he says,
is "simply scandalous," and maybe he'd better
keep his present position where he at least can
make all the officers in the district toe the mark
for officers' call once a week. If a sergeant-
major doesn't command respect, who docs?
Sergeant Thomas F. Mahon (Mange— alias
Scurvy) has been appointed cop at a nearby junc-
tion. He's our only Irish cop, but amply makes
up for the lack of his brethren on the police
force. Recently he saved the appearance of an
outspoken but small Navy man who visited the
district. This little tar saw a big darkey coming
back from leave and said: "Gee, look at that
big coon over there I" Sambo turned around and
said: "Look out, Boss, you'se ovah heah now—
don't call me no coon." Mange stopped difficul-
ties by stepping up and saying: "Now, lads, no
fussing on my beat."
We nad a big wreck on the beach nearby. A
large vessel carrying Oporto and Malaga wine
was torpedoed just opposite headquarters of the
4th Battalion and several thousand barrels of
liquid joy came ashore. It's all gone now, but
while it lasted— "Golly how they did enjoy it."
Some claim it was Hun propaganda. Be that as
11 J"3?* it.caU8ed a lot of gaiety to the French
and Americans of this section, and is giving
several hundred lawyers a living once more.
The Hot Springs Special at Bourricos is com-
plaining of a diminished attendance since the
Summary Courts have been sti icter. Sergeant
Bugler Schillemoore is also kicking because the
patronage at his hotel is "very transient now-
a ■ d a v s '
Co. C, now 34th Co., broke the production
record last month by knocking off a hundred
thousand feet in 20 hours, which is going some,
considering the average size of the logs were
not over twelve inches.
Hope you can glean a little news from this
mess. Best of luck to you on your news sljeet.
We have all wanted something like that for a
long time, but have not had a progressive leader
to start it. It will be the only identity of the
old 10th now.
If I can be of service in the future — let me
know — parceque je le fera avec tous won coeur.
Headquarters, 2nd Battalion, 10th Engineers,
Besancon (Doubs).
Private Glen D. Watkins, lately of 3rd De-
tachment fame, was sent to Tours to assume
complete charge of the mails and to investigate
the cause of non-receipt of mail from the States
by these headquarters. Evidently he has been
successful as we have received no mail since.
Marion William Belknap, self-styled second-
story-man, is now posing in the most prominent
photograph shop in this district as "AMERICA'S
ANSWER TO THE HUN." The girls want to
know when he became a soldier.
The 37th Co. (formerly F Co.), in honor of their
big cut, 93,000 in ten hours, gave a banquet, but
the headquarters detachment was forced to de-
cline the invitation which, by the way. was not
given, in view of the fact that napkins were
not available.
Taken out of a laboring battalion, given a berth
in a real engineering outfit, and soon after pro-
moted to the rank of corporal; such is the history
which reads more like fiction, of the army life
of erstwhile Private, First-Class, Roy C.
Dougherty (good pay, travel and promotion).
Our representative from the East-Side, Ser-
geant Thomas Jeremiah O'Connor, the boy with
the typewriter neck because it is underwood,
is a valuable acquisition to our District Y. M.
C. A.
Private Schaner, of heavy work fame, straight
from the farm to the lure of the bright light way,
is being used as the detachment decoy.
Steeplejack Nick Oliver, is too well known to
need introduction. Suffice it to be said that in
ins illustrious person we boast of one of the
best stationary engineers in all respects that
has ever ornamented a chair with his person.
(.See Service Record.)
It is reported that our erstwhile Battalion
Sergeant Noel A. Dew, has been transferred to
the Camouflage Corps. Very appropriate
Sergeant Edward L. Ludwig, well known archi-
tect from Minneapolis, late of the 43rd Engi-
neers (road builders), is a valuable acquisition
to this office. Summing up all of his various
talents, he is one of the best eaters that we have
ever met.
Johnny Rule, a young but brilliant traveling
auditor, better known as '•Handsome" by the
smart set; who once wrote to his home paper in
S1SSON (where have I heard that name bofore)
that he would stand by OLD GLORY to the last,
has just been classified as "Z-4" as a result of
shell shock. Who threw the peanut?
Leo A. Millett, who "Thinks he should have
joined the infantry," is at present engaged in
chasing wagons up and down the P. L. M. in
search of one.
Wanted: A man to act as model for fitting of
Sam Browne belts, boots and spurs (to keep tneir
feet from slipping oil desks) for newly created
officers. «
Murrell C. Warren, better known to the elite
of this community as "Kancy Lai our, ' has just
recovered from an attack of heart failure.
One of our soldiers recently passing through
Tours from the front reports grand concerts at
headquarters. Who invented work.'
It is with- deep and genuine regret that we
have to report uie loss of one enlisted man,
Battalion Sergeant-Major Walter Charles Low-
dermilk. It is indeed more than a pleasure, it
is our duty, to salute Lieutenant Walter Charles
Lowdermilk.
Comply with requests from headquarters, and
let your folks at home know all about your
doings. Use field service post cards and save
paper.
Battalion Supply Sergeant Lloyd Phillip Emer-
ick, B. S. S., reiterates that he is an American
citizen, even though a native son. Long live
California!
Erstwhile Private Premier Class Viscount Ed-
mund Francis DeBaroncelli, until a few days
ago our only corporal, has decided to become
an American citizen, and has filed naturaliza-
tion papers. We knew he would get right.
3rd Detachment, lUth Engineers, Sore (Landes).
Our camp during the past three weeks has been
hard hit by the malady known as "Spanish
Flu," otherwise "Spanish Influenza," and it is
with sorrow that 1 have to report the death of
two of our boys. Corporal Clyde A. Warren died
on October 23rd, and Sergeant James A. Pierce
died on October 29th, diagnosis in each case
being pneumonia brought on by the "Flu." Both
of our departed comrades were original members
of the Co. "A" since the regiment was organized
at Washington,. D. C, and their loss is keenly
felt by all.
Our Acting Top Sergeant, Gerald D. Cook, bet-
ter known as "Jerry" Cook, is now wearing a
gold bar on his shoulder, having been recently
commissioned a second lieutenant, and all the
boys wish him the best of luck now that he
is "among the commission." We all feel that
we have three of the best officers in the whole
regiment now in Lieutenants R. T. Allen, C. W.
Chittenden and G. D. Cook, and are willing to
go upon record as having said so.
Supply Sergeant Paul E. Coller is now on the
job as "Acting Top," and is handling it like a
veteran.
The following promotions' have recently been
made in the Detachment:
Emery L. DeRushia, sergeant from private;
Ralph Elder, sergeant from corporal; Glen S.
Harding, sergeant from corporal; Loren H. Bal-
braith, corporal from private, Thomas F. John-
son, corporal from private; Joseph A. Lanum,
wagoner from private; Harry R. Suita, wagoner
from private; Ralph E. Bacon, cook from private;
Roger W. Billings, cook from private.
The Detachment as a whole would like to take
this opportunity to thank Lieutenant Weiss,
Medical Corps, U. S. Army, for his untiring
efforts, both day and night, in ridding this camp
of its epidemic of "Spanish Flu." We feel cer-
tain that if it was not for Lieutenant Weiss'
constant attention to those of us that fell victim
to this disease our losses would have been far
more severe than they were.
Co. B, 10th Engineers, Pontenx (Landes).
Sergeant C. B. Griswold, Co. B, 10th Engineers,
but lately with Disbursing Officer, Q. M. C., at
Bordeaux, died after a short illness at Base
Hospital No. 6 from pneumonia.
Griswold left the states with Headquarters Co.
as a private, but was assigned to Co. B,
shortly after arriving in France. Through his
untiring efforts and experience along clerical
lines he was made supply sergeant, and at the
same time was put in charge of all the clerical
work connected with the company. When the
company was divided into three camps, he still
retained his old duties, but on top of this was
made Acting Top. For sometime he was on de-
tached service for one week out of each month
with the Disbursing Officer. Three weeks before
his death he was on detached service awaiting
his transfer to the Q. M. C, and it was at this
time that the end came. He died October 22nd,
leaving a wife, mother and father, beside a great
number of friends in the 1st Battalion to mourn
his death. This was the first and only death
m the company snice it was organized.
In anticipation of winter, the tents at Aureil-
han Camp have been replaced by slab houses.
A new barber shop has been built recently, and
a shower bath and laundry are now being con-
structed.
Corporal Ernest C. Peachey is on detached
service with Captain E. C. Barlow, erecting small
mills in Northern France.
Corporal Erwin C. Hyde is also on detached
service. He is erecting a stationary steam en-
gine at Abainville (Meuse).
Private George O. Stewart received his com-
mission as second lieutenant October 23rd. Lieu-
tenant Stewart, previous to obtaining his com-
mission, was surveying and estimating timber
under Captain Berry.
Private Grover H. Lazarus has returned from
the hospital at Pontenx where he has been con-
fined for several weeks as a result of an acci-
dent at the mill.
Private Thomas Lommasson is on detached
service with the 17th Engineering Detachment
at Camp Gron, St. Sulpice. He is engaged in
dock construction work.
Corporal Kelly O. Reynolds is on detached
service with Major Benedict, the Section For-
estry Officer.
Captain Inman F. Eldredge is now adjutant
for the 11th Battalion, 20th Engineers. Lieuten-
ant R. T. Allen succeeds Captain Eldredge as
Commander of the 33rd Company.
Second Lieutenant Edgar Myers has recently
been commissioned, after completing the course
at the Saumur Artillery School.
Lieutenant Sanford, who has been in command
of t'ourant Camp, has been transferred and is
now captain of a Sapper Company in the States.
Sergeant J. V. C. Williams formerly of B
Co., 10th Engineers, is now with the Tank Corps,
First Tank Center.
OLD TENTH ENGINEERS HOBOKEN SHEET
8S7
Sergeant George A. Callaway was commis-
sioned second lieutenant, October 8th, and is
assigned for duty at Aureilhan Camp.
Sergeant Robert S. Henry succeeds Lieutenant
Callaway as Sergeant in charge of the mill opera-
tions at Aureilhan.
Lieutenant Charles T. Kraebel, formerly ser-
geant in Co. B, later with "The Stars and
Stripes," is now with Captain Swift Berry on
reconnaissance work.
Lieutenant \V. F. Ramsdell formerly sergeant
with Co. B, is at present stationed at Head-
quarters, 2nd Dist. Depot Division, 1st Corps.
Sergeant Glenn C. Fullenwider, who has had
charge of part of the woods operations at Courant
River Camp, left for Haute Marne on Novem-
ber 5th. He is now a student ir* the Engineer
Officers' Training School.
Courant River Camp is now operating a steam
skidder to skid logs from the wood to the river.
Owing to the extremely low water in the river
we have experienced a good deal of difficulty
in logging the Aureilhan mill. Conditions have
improved somewhat with the recent rains.
The following promotions were made in th*e
company November 7, 1918:
Huge V. Badertscher, from sergeant to first
sergeant; Oliver M. Savre, from corporal to ser-
geant; Fred M. Reed, from wagoner to sergeant;
Carl W. Labhart, from private first-class to ser-
geant; Samuel A. Brasher, from lance corporal
to corporal ; Chas. W. Cook, from private first-
class to corporal; Ray O. Pattison. from private
first-class to corporal; Mathias B. Stonestreet,
from private first-class to corporal; Robert K.
McClelland, from private to corporal.
Co. C, 10th Engineers, Pontenz (Landes).
We received the news yesterday that the Armis-
tice had been signed and of course the French peo-
ple here just went wild, the same as every other
place in France. They burned the Kaiser in
effigy in Pontenx and had a big lantern parade.
The thing that makes me sore is that they did
not allow the mills to shut down and give the
men a chance to celebate. One of our men stole
the big nut off of the saw mandrel, and we had
to shut down until we found it. It certainly
was a kid trick, but it gave the night crew
time to celebrate.
We broke all records last month, and also won
the cut in September. We cut 99,050 feet one
day last month, and nearly 1,800,000 feet for the
month. The spirit has been better in the last
three months than I "have ever seen it. The men
have certainly done great work. They are tack-
ling everything as though they were playing
a long game of football. There is a great deal
of rivalry between the woods crew and the mill
crew, and also between one outfit and the other
mills.
1st Detachment, 10th Engineers, Donzy (Nievre).
At the end of August, the 1st Detachment com-
pleted the Mortumier Operation near Gien, in
so far as available saw logs were concerned,
and moved overland, a distance of some 80
kilometres, to the »new operation near Ciez-
Couloutre. The dismantling of the mill, moving
of camp, mill and equipment overland and the
setting up of the new camp and mill at Ciez-
Couloutre was accomplished in one week— which
was pretty quick work. The new operation con-
sists entirely of oak, running to fairly good
sized stock, with large quantities of coppice,
now being cut by quartermaster and artillery
troops.
Captain Benedict left this station the latter
part of September to assume command of old
Co D of the 10th, and First Lieutenant T. H
Hughes of the 13th Co., 20th Engineers was
tied as Commanding Officer. Lieutenant
HuKhes has since been appointed captain.
Second Lieutenant W. R. Brown has been ap-
pointed first lieutenant and is still in charge of
the mill and shipping end of this operation.
Wagoners Frank H. McAleer, Reuben P. Mil-
ler. George M. I singer and Sergeant Michael E.
ady were transferred to the Motor Trans-
<"orps as motor drivers the latter part of
August and we have since heard that they were
driving trucks in the midst of the "Big Push"
at St. Mihiel. McAleer returned on a short leave
and told some very interesting tales of his ex-
ces at and near the front,
rporal Fred H. Miller has been transferred
to the Army Candidates School.
The following is a list of recent promotions
1st Detachment:
Earl Weaver has been appointed sergeant.
EoVl Harrison has been appointed corporal. The
following were appointed wagoners: Thomas A.
Clark, James W. Yates, Leroy T. Rickey, Carl
E. Speaks.
Co. E, 10th Engineers, St. Julien (Cote d'Or).
Promotions
itenant Haworth from second to first lieu-
utenant Herrick, from second to first lieu
mt Grant attended training school and
received a commission as second lieutenant in
the engineers.
IN MEMORIUM
of Those who regarded Democracy of higher value
than home, friends or life and were willing to sacrifice
all these to secure it
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Also headquarters for dependable Fruits,
Evergreens, Shrubs, Vines, Reeds and
Grasses, Hardy Perennials, Roses and
other flowers.
Correspondence with city and state offi-
cials on subject of MEMORIAL TREES
for Parks, Boulevards and Highways In-
vited.
Write today for 1919 Catalog
<^§§*
Look steadily at these plump, meaty
Stabler kernels for a few seconds and
then think of the rich, oily, delicate
flavor that characterizes Walnuts. Did
your mouth water?
FORESTRY SEEDS
I OFFER AT SPECIAL PRICES
Pinus Strobus Picea Englemanni
Pseudo tsuga Doug- Picea Pungens
lassl Thuya Occidentalis
Pinus Ponderosa Pinus Taeda
and many other varieties, all of this
season's crop and of good quality.
Samples upon request. Send for my
catalogue containing full list of varieties.
THOMAS J. LANE
TREE SEEDSMAN
Dresner
Pennsylvania
Broxon has been made a second lieutenant in
the fuelwood work.
Sergeant Jones is now 6rst sergeant.
Tile following are our new sergeants:
Manning, Hawke, Bradfield, McClosky, Bal-
singer and Bert Reed.
Backus (known as Goldic), one time cook, is
now a corporal in charge of the railroad con-
struction.
In October I understood that our operation set
a record cut in hardwood, 20 M' mill class, for
France.
We have a fine camp here, also the beginning
of a band.
Co. F, 10th Engineers, Levier (Doubt)
The 37th Co. formerly Co. F, established a new
record for mills of the Forestry Regiments on
October 30, 1918, by cutting 163,000 board feet
of lumber in two ten-hour shifts. The mill has
a rated capacity for two shifts of only 40,000
board feet.
The newest thing in non-coms are Sergeants
Alexander, Muzzall and John J. Poitevin, and
Corporals. Rene H. Meroux and James O. Hutch-
ings.
Private Ward G. Rush returned to familiar
scenes October 29th after having spent eleven
months in various hospitals in France receiving
treatment for ear trouble. He was as glad to
return as we were to see him.
Captain Fred Morrison treated the men of
his command to a most sumptuous feed on Sun-
day, November 3rd, in celebration of the record
cut made by the sawmill recently. Uncle Sam
will have to go some Thanksgiving Day to equal
it in variety, quantity and appreciation.
An item of unsual interest occured November
2nd — some first-class mail arrived.
It seems that Turkey knew she couldn't last
longer than Thanksgiving Day, so she capitu-
lated while the capitulating was good.
Master Engineer, Senior Grade, Parrish and
Sergeant, First-Class, Adams are wearing Sam
Brownes, having received commissions in the
Engineer Corps recently. We bucks are all
glad to salute them.
Lieutenant Adams received his commission
while in the Camp Infirmary with the mumps.
Don't tell the rank and file he wasn't "swelled
up" over it. Well, it's the kind of inflation
that isn't permanent.
First Lieutenant Yandell Y. Miller has been
assigned to this command as Camp Surgeon.
We have learned to know and like him. — The
regulation O. D. Pills never were better.
We are glad to see Major McKay again. He
returned recently from A. P. O. 714 where he
was attending the Sanitary School.
Ex-Corporal Charles M. Rose, Chef de Gare of
D'Yoche, has been appointed a sergeant.
No Reports Received From Companies A and D
TRAGEDY OF FRENCH TREES
f> ROKEN homes, ruined factories, shat-
tered churches, violated graves, it had
seemed to me we had rung all the changes
on the destruction of war. But there re-
mained one — the tragedy of the trees — says
a writer in McClure's Magazine. You can
rebuild houses, churches, towns even —
for that takes only money. But you can't
rebuild orchards of fruit trees and avenues
of great shade trees — for that takes time.
We were seeing them everywhere now —
orchards with trees that were but faded,
shriveled branches of brown leaves lying
on their sides ; orchards, where these had
been cleared away that showed nothing
but white-topped stumps. They say that
when the warm spring came, some of these
orchard trees, lying on their sides but not
wholly severed, leafed gently and then —
just before they died — bloomed once again
for France.
Timber Estimates and Maps
Forest Management and Protection
Improvement Cuttings, Planting
Boundary Surveys.
COOLIDCE & CARLISLE
Consulting Foresters
BANGOR. - - - MAINE
WOODEN SHIPS
RETIRING from his post as manager
of the Federal Shipping Board's wood-
ship division, Mr. James O. Heyworth de-
clared that the construction of these ves-
sels has been justified by the valuable
service they have rendered "in both coast-
wise and transoceanic runs." Of one hun-
dred and one wooden ships completed and
delivered to the Shipping Board up to
December 1st, last, he reports ninety-four
now in active service. Eighty-five of these,
according to the records now in hand,
"have made in all 305 voyages, covering
a total of 490,422 statute miles." Wooden
ships brought last year's Hawaiian sugar
crop to the States. They plied from San
Francisco to Manila, from Pacific coast
ports "to Africa and Antofagasta, Chile ;
from Antofagasta to gulf and Atlantic
ports ; from gulf ports to Atlantic ports,"
and thence "to Halifax, Bermuda and the
Virgin Islands." They carried canned
goods, cement, nitrates, coal, sulphur, gen-
eral cargo, "serving their purpose by re-
leasing from essential trades," in waters
outside the war zones, "vessels that could
meet the requirements war zone conditions
imposed.'"
Admitting that the "hopes of the propon-
ents of wooden ships as to speed of con-
struction were overly sanguine," Mr. Hey-
worth says, nevertheless, that, "measured
by performance, the entire wood shipbuild-
ing program has shown an efficiency of
over seventy-two per cent," which compares
very favorably, to put it in the mildest
terms possible with the efficiency shown
by, for instance, the "fabricated shipbuild-
ing program." And he expresses the be-
lief that the wooden ships will continue
in peace time "to serve a useful and pro-
fitable purpose." Their carrying capacity
and steaming radius may be increased, he
suggests, by the use of fuel oil instead of
coal. "Such opposition as has arisen
among operators to the wood ship is
based," he explains, "not so much upon the
material of which it is constructed as it is
upon its size and consequently small carry-
ing capacity." The fuel oil suggestion is
evidently presented to meet that objection.
WILLOW FOR ARTIFICIAL LIMBS
T1 HE Forest Products Laboratory at
Madison, Wisconsin, is working on the
drying of willow for artificial limbs.
There is a shortage of material and the
demand for artificial limbs will increase.
It takes from three to five years to air-
season the stock, but indications are that
it can be done in kilns in from 60 to 70
days.
PLANT MEMORIAL TREES
FOR OUR
SOLDIERS AND SAILORS
CANADIAN DEPARTMENT
889
CANADIAN DEPARTMENT
BY ELLWOOD WILSON
PRESIDENT, CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS
Y) URING the month of December
Messrs. Clyde Leavitt, Robson Black
and Ellwood Wilson, went to Halifax,
N«va Scotia, to attend a conference of
prominent lumberman and the Hon. O. T.
Daniels, Attorney-General and Minister
of Lands, to try and get a forest service
established in that Province. Nova Scotia
is now the only Province without such a
service, forest lands in the prairie provin-
ces being administered by the Dominion
Forest Service. While Nova Scotia has
very little left of her Crown Lands, the
lumber industry is a very important one
and it was felt that the time had arrived
to give more intelligent care to- her tim-
berlands. The conference lasted nearly
all day and the Premier took part for a
few minutes. The Minister listened to all
that the advocates of a forest service had
to say, but decided that the time was not
yet ripe for such a step in view of the fact
that the Province has practically no reve-
nue from its Crown Lands and the Minis-
ter feared that if such a step were taken
the expense might increase from year to
year. He was willing to take the step
if some means of financing it could be found
and an effort will be made to get the
timBerland owners of the Province to
subscribe sufficient money to engage a
Provincial Forester. Nova Scotia has had
a pretty good forest fire record until the
past season when the fires -were bad and
a good deal of timber and some property
was destroyed.
Mr. Leon A. Nix, a graduate of Syra-
cuse Forestry School, and recently with
the Chemical Division of the United Statei
Army, at Baltimore, has been made as-
sistant to Mr. Galarneau, Forester for the
St. Maurice Paper Company, with head-
quarters at Three Rivers, Quebec. Mr.
Galarneau will begin his work with a map
and estimate of the timber lands of the
company.
The annual Forestry Conference under
the joint auspices of the Canadian Forestry
Association, Co-operative Forest Protec-
tive Association of Quebec and the Wood-
lands Section of the Canadian Pulp and
Paper Association, was held in the
Windsor Hotel, Montreal, on the 29th and
30th of January. This is the blue ribbon
forestry event of the year in Canada and
was attended by practically all of the
pulp and paper and lumbermen of Eastern
Canada. The subjects discussed were all
thoroughly practical. Colonel Graves of the
United States Forest Service, Brigadier-
General J. B. White, D. S. O., commanding
the Canadian Forestry Corps, and Mr. E. C.
Hirst who did such good work with the
New England Lumbermen's, Unit in Scot-
land told how lumbermen helped to win
the war. There was a very interesting
discussion on the necessity for slash burn-
ing to reduce the number of forest fires
and to help prevent insect ravages. A full
discussion by experts of the use of flying
boats or aeroplanes in forest fire patrol
and forest mapping and reconnaissance
illustrated by moving pictures and lantern
slides. The use of light tractors in logging
operations was considered and an actual
demonstration was given. The com-
mittee of the Woodlands Section on possi-
ble improvements in logging operations
brought out much discussion of interest,
and the meeting was a very live one.
The staff of the Duck Mountain Forest
Reserve, of the Dominion Forest Service,
have sent out a very attractive calender
showing, by photographs of trail cutting,
brush disposal and railroad logging, the
activities of the District.
The Minister of Lands and Forests of
Quebec will introduce at the next session
of the Legislature a bill which it is hoped
will help to put the present excellent forest
fire protection system on an even better
basis.
Mr. G. C. Piche, Chief Forester of Que-
bec, has gone to France on personal busi-
ness. It is rumored that he will try and
bring back some large contracts for timber.
Mr. R. H. Campbell, Director, Dominion
Forest Service, has now quite recovered
from his serious accident of last summer
and is back at work again, much to the
satisfaction of his numerous friends.
The "Alberta Inspection News Letter
No. 7," for 31st December is out and
is of much interest and full of news of the
men of the District and those of the force
who went overseas. This letter is gotten
out by Mr. E. H. Finlayson, in the inter-
ests of his District and is very creditable
indeed. We hope it will be continued for
the future. Most of the staff have been
suffering from influenza and he says "The
past few weeks have just "Flu" by. "One
of the rangers has been having a good
deal of trouble with the Indians writing all
over his fire signs, so recently he sent one
of these to the Indian Department at
Ottawa for translation and found that
AMERICAN-GROWN
TREES
Shrubs and
Plants
/^VUR ability to supply
" trees, shrubs and
plants of the highest
quality is not curtailed
by the stoppage of
foreign Shipments
Buy nursery stock grown
at Andorra.
Andorra
Nurseries
Wm. Warner Harper, Prop.
Box 200
Chestnut Hill
Phila., Penna.
Our Catalog,
"Suggestions for
Effective Plant-
ing" on request.
TREES for
FOREST PLANTING
Plant forest trees. Give employment
to our returning soldiers and
supply timber for future needs.
We have the trees and will have the
men to plant them.
Give us your order now for next
Spring.
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
KEENE, N. H.
We will plant our trees by contract
or at cost to us.
Nursery Stock for Forest Planting
TREE SEEDS
SEEDLINBS Write for price, on TRANSPLANTS
large Quantities
THE NORTHEASTERN FORESTRY CO.
CHESHIRE, CONN.
The figgcg Way
If You Own Trees
You Need This Book
"Tree Health" is its name.
An invaluable handbook
"jneare of tr<.el> mat ig
ALIVE with practical,
helpful hints.
Tells how The Bartlett
Way of Tree Surgery dif-
fers from "other ways "
Wl, better. Sen! for it
THE F. A. BARTLETT CO. S&.M^&gJ
Orchids
Please mention American Forestry Magasine when writing advertisers
We are specialists in
Orchids: we collect im
ePxc!us8irv0eTy.Se11 ^ ""^ ^ <='^ ofplam,
Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of
dal istmn? b/ hM °°, "Motion- Abo spe-
Orchid" °f freshly ""Ported unestablished
LAGER & HTJRRELL
Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J.
800
AMERICAN FORESTRY
HORBURN'S
TREES
A WONDERFUL thing it
is to watch the growth
of any tree from its ger-
mination to the time that it bears
luscious fruit or its foliage
affords a grateful shade.
TREES
SEEDS
will give you that pleasure as
well as the profit derived from
Nature's process, if you had in
mind the marketing of fruit.
Thorburn's Seeds are secured
under the most favorable con-
ditions, selected from the best
stock and assorted and inspected
by experts. Our organization
dates back to 1802; we have
been studying shade and fruit
trees for over a century. Any
seeds you may order from us
you can depend upon absolutely
as of the first quality, reliable
in every respect.
We suggest that you send
for our 1919 catalogue which
we will gladly mail on
request.
J. M. Thorburn & Co.
Established 1802
53 Barclay St., through to
54 Park Place
New York City
some young Indian has poured out his
heart as follows :
"As I walked along here I was think-
ing a great deal about my sweetheart,
(or sister-in-law) I love her greatly.
I think more of her than I think of
anyone else.
It is I who wrote this."
Yale Forest School this winter and his
place is being taken by Mr. L. S. Webb.
The Laurentide and Riordon Paper I
Companies have co-operated in buying
1.500,000 spruce trees to plant the coming
spring, in addition to those from their
nurseries. They will each plant about one
million trees.
The fire season in Alberta has been
satisfactory and little damage is reported.
Mr. MacDonald, who went overseas from
this District, wrote that after falling 15,000
feet in his aeroplane he was a prisoner in
Germany and wanted some books sent over
so that he could while away the time and
improve his technical knowledge. He
marked it "Censor-Please rush" evidently
having a hunch that the war might soon
be over. The Nursery work on the Cypress
Hills during the past season was rather
unsuccessful owing to much frost and
drought. Fourteen men are expected back
soon from the front which will enable the
staff to resume its old time activities with
renewed vigor.
Major W. N. Millar, who went over with
the Tenth Engineers, has returned to the
University of Toronto to take up his teach-
ing again. He is reported as saying that
he thinks that if some military discipline
and methods could be put into forestry work
and lumbering that it would be a very good
thing. He says that whereas ten hours
extra work for having a button on one's
jacket undone may seem harsh, he feels
that such attention to details makes for a
better job, and that if all the little things
are in order and well looked after, the
job as a whole must be a better one.
Prof. R. B. Miller, of the University of
New Brunswick, is taking a course at the
Copies of '"Espana Forestal" which were
held back by the war for the past year
have just been received, together with the
bulletins of the Spanish Forestry Associa-
tion. These are very interesting and
thoroughly up-to-date giving reviews of
the forestry publications in many coun-
tries, including American Forestry. There
is an interesting article about a forestry
meeting held in Spain in 1805, another
on forest fires in Teneriffe, one on insect
pests, and many others well worth men-
tioning did time permit. The get up and
illustrations are excellent, reminding one
of the American Forestry Magazine. It is
very interesting to see the different view
point of the Spanish Foresters, which leans
much more toward the esthetic side, so that
we have articles on the beauty of the for-
est and of famous trees and some very
good poems together with scientific and
technical articles.
POSITIONS WANTED
FOREST ENGINEER, SO years of age; married;
eight (8) years experience in South and North-
east, in field and administration, desires to
make a change. References upon request. Ad-
dress Box No. 510 Care American Fopstry
Magazine, Washington, D. C.
YOUNG MAN recently discharged from the U. S.
Navy, wants employment with wholesale lum-
ber manufacturer; college graduate; five year's
experience in* nursery business; can furnish
best of references. Address Box 675,# Care
American Forestry Magazine, Washington,
n. C. d-3)
Everything
mmm
is the title of our 1919 catalogue — one of the most beautiful
and complete horticultural publications of the year — really
a book of 184 pages, 8 colored plates and over 1000 photo-
engravings, showing actual results without exaggeration.
It is a mine of information of everything in Gardening,
either for pleasure or profit, and embodies the result of
over seventy-two years of practical experience. To give
this catalogue the largest possible distribution we make
the following unusual offer :
To every one who will state where this advertisement was
Every Empty Envelope
Counts As Cash
to every one who will state where this advertisement was
seen and who encloses 10 cents we will mail the catalogue
And Also Send Free Of Charge
Our Famou. "nENDERSON" COLLECTION OF SEEDS
containing one pack each of Ponderosa Tomato, Big Boston Lettuce,
White Tipped Scarlet Radish, Henderson's Invincible Asters, Hen-
derson's Brilliant Mixture Poppies and Giant Waved Spencer Sweet
Peas, in a coupon envelope, which when emptied and returned will
be accepted as a 25-cent cash payment on any order amounting to
$1.00 and upward.
Peter Henderson & Go s£M
BOOK REVIEWS
Mrs. Allen's Cook Book, by Ida C. Bailey
Allen. Small, Maynard & Company,
Boston. Price, $2. In commenting on
this volume, just off the press, Lewis
B. Allyn, Food Editor of the McClure
Publications, well says: "The chemi-
cal composition of the body requires
foods of similar composition. The
author of this book in a delightfully
simple manner has presented the prob-
lem so that, generally speaking, the
body may extract from the foods the
maximum amount of building and fuel
material with the least expenditure of
dynamic energy.
"The housewife who studies these
chapters cannot fail to find sugges-
tions adaptable, economical and hy-
gienic.
"Mrs. Allen has expressed in popu-
lar terms a simple, workable outline
of food combination, well adapted to
the needs of the housewife. If her
book is carefully followed, the dietary
of the average family will be much im-
proved, cost decreased and a general
gain in health experienced."
Trees, Stars and Birds— A book of out-
door science, by Edward Lincoln
Moseley, head of the science depart-
ment, State Normal College of North-
western Ohio. Illustrated. Price, $1.40.
Published by World Book Company,
Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York.
The innate desire of the Vhild to
know about nature out-of-doors car-
ries educational possibilities that can-
not be ignored. But nature study as
such is still new in the schools and
courses and methods have hitherto not
been well defined. Everything has
been left to the already busy teacher,
including choice of subject matter,
presentation and conduct of field work.
The lack of a suitable textbook has
been a serious handicap. To over-
come this was the purpose of Profes-
sor E. L. Moseley in preparing this
new nature study book.
Trees, Stars and Birds covers three
phases of nature study that have a
perennial interest, and it contains
material that will make the benefit of
the author's long and successful ex-
perience available to younger teach-
ers.
The author is one of the most suc-
cessful teachers of out-door science in
this country. He believes in field
excursions, and his text is designed to
help teachers and pupils in the in-
quiries that they will make for them-
selves. Approximately equal sections
are devoted to the three phases of the
subject. The topics dealt with are
those of most general interest.
The text is well adapted for use in
junior high schools, though the pres-
BOOK REVIEWS
entation is simple enough for pupils
in the sixth grade. The book can also
be used to advantage by such organi-
zations as the Campfire Girls and the
Woodcraft League.
891
CATALOGUES RECEIVED
The beautifully illustrated 1Q19 edition
of the catalogue of Richard Diener Com-
pany—gladioli specialists— of Kentfield,
California, has just come in.
A booklet— "The Gladiolus Beautiful"—
has been put out by Howard M. Gillet, of
Lebanon Springs, New York, with full
price list for bulbs.
"Burbank's 1919"— a catalogue of fruits,
flowers and various economic plants has
come in from Burbank's Experiment Farms,
Santa Rosa, California.
The Southern Pine Association of New
Orleans, Louisiana, is publishing a series
of booklets, artistic, extremely practical
and well illustrated, noticeable among
which is one called "Beauty Plus Service
in Floors."
"The Modern Gladiolus" with full de-
scriptions and price lists, issued by George
S. Woodruff, of Independence, Iowa.
'pHE Augusta, Georgia, Chronicle makes
note of the sale of the nursery and
landscape business of the P. J. Berckman's
Company, Fruitland Nurseries, Augusta,
Georgia, to Mr. Sigmund Tarnok.
NATIONAL LUMBER CONGRESS
J^ NATIONAL Lumber Congress which
is to eclipse anything ever held before
in that industry has approached definite
form with the announcement of tentative
dates, probable speakers and other inter-
esting data.
The Congress will be held at Chicago
April 14th, 15th and 16th, according to
Dr. Wilson Compton, Secretary-Manager
of the National Lumber Manufacturers
Association, who is busily engaged in
planning the details of the proposed
affair. It will immediately precede the
annual meeting of the National Associa-
tion on April 17th and it will take in all-
branches of the industry in a nation-wide
discussion of export and domestic problems.
Trade Extension, Lumber Economics
and Logging Operations will be among the
subjects for the Congress, while the list
of speakers so far prepared includes W.
B. Colver, chairman of the Federal Trade
Commission, tariff commissioner, and B.
S. Cutler, chief of Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce.
d^ot^t^, POSITION WANTED
1 USITION wanted by technically trained For-
ester. Have had fourteen years experience
along forestry lines, over five years on the
National Forests in timber sale, silvicultural
and administrative work; three years experi-
ence in city forestry, tree surgery and landscape
work. Forester for the North Shore Park Dis-
trict of Chicago. City forestry and landscape
work preferred, but will be glad to consider
other lines. Can furnish the best of reference
Address Box 600, Care American Forestry
Magazine, Washington, D. C. (1-3)
REYNOLDS
SCREW DRIVING
MACHINES
Power-Driven, Automatic,
Magazine Fed.
For Either Wood or Machine Screws
are— In the opinion of leading American
manufacturers—
"not to be duplicated"— (Buick).
decided labor savers"— (Stewart-Warner
speedometer).
"almost indispensable"— (Maxwell Motor
Co.).
"a time and labor saver"— (Hoover Suc-
tion Sweeper),
"doing the work of four men"— (Edison)
best money-makers we have in our plant"
— (Pfau-Cincinnati).
very satisfactory"— (Grand Rapids Re-
frigerator Co.).
'"indispensable"— (Lindsay-Toronto).
W°Comn Co )'ab0r ^'""-(Cincinnati
"great labor saving devices"— (K-W Ieni-
tion). .
"giving excellent satisfaction"-(Hoosier
, Kitchen Cabinets),
difficult to improve on"— (Morgan-Mon-
treal),
"just about twice as efficient as the old
hand method"-(Hart & Hegeman-
Hartford).
|;very satisfactory"-(Cable-Nelson Piano),
operated entirely by women"-(Coe-
|( Stapley-Bridgeport).
cutting assembling costs in two or even
better"— (H. C. White Kiddie-Kar).
Send for Catalog E
THE REYNOLDS MACHINE
COMPANY
Dept. F
MASSILLON, OHIO.
FISKE
FENCE
Climb proof chain link fencing,
wrought iron and woven iron
fence, iron gates, lamp stand-
ards, grille work fountains,
vases, tennis court and poultry
yard. enclosures, stable fittings.
Catalogue on request.
J. W. FISKE IRON WORKS
100-102 Park Place New York City
45
Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertiser!
PATRONIZE
OUR ADVERTISERS
892
AMERICAN FORESTRY
RAYMOND B THOMPSON
E'
[REAL ESTATE]^-*
XCEPTIONAL op-
portunity to pur-
chase or lease special
and preferred shore fronts and coun-
try estates. Exclusive listings.
RAYMOND B. THOMPSON
Smith Building GREENWICH. CONN.
Tel. 866 Greenwich
WHEN YOU BUY
PHOTOENGRAVINGS
buy the right kind— That is, the
particular style and finish that will
best illustrate your thought and
print best where they are to be
used. Such engravings are the real
quality engravings for you, whether
they cost much or little.
, We have a reputation for intelligent-
ly co-operating with the buyer to
give him the engravings that will
best suit his purpose--
Our Utile house organ "Etchings" is
full of valuable hints-Send for it.
H. A. GATCHEL Pre*. C A. STiNSOH, Vice-Pres.
GATCHEL & MANNING
PHOTO-ENGRA VERS
Siith"«nd Chestnut Streets
PHILADELPHIA
CURRENT
LITERATURE
MONTHLY LIST FOR JANUARY, 1919
(Books and periodicals indexed in the
library of the UnUed States Forest Service.)
FORESTRY A9 A WHOLE
Graves, H. S. Forestry and the war; ad-
dress, Sept. 4, 1918. 3 p. Durham, N.
H., Society for the protection of New
Hampshire forests, 1918.
Hammatt, R. F. Forestry and agriculture.
4 p. il. San Francisco, Cal., U. S.
Forest Service, 1918.
Proceedings and reports of associations, forest
officers, etc.
Great Britain — Commissioners of woods,
forests and land revenues. Ninety-
sixth report. 50 p. London, 1918.
Minnesota — State board of forestry. An-
nual report for the year ending July
31, 1918. 19 p. St. Paul, 1918.
New Zealand — Dept. of lands and survey —
Forestry branch. Report for the year
ended 31st March, 1918. 45 p. Wel-
lington, 1918.
FOREST AESTHETICS
Halligan, C. P. Trees, shrubs and plants
for farm and home planting. 52 -p. il.
East Lansing, Mich., 1918. (Michigan
— Agricultural experiment station.
Bulletin 281.)
Newark, N. J. — Shade tree division. An-
nual report for the year ending Dec.
31, 1917. 34 p. il. Newark, 1918.
FOREST EDUCATION
Arbor day
Illinois — Dept. of public instruction. Arbor
and bird days, 1918. 74 p. il. Spring-
field, 111., 1918.
FOREST DESCRIPTION
Harper, R. M. A sketch of the forest geog-
raphy of New Jersey. 19 p. pi. map.
Phila. Geographical Society, 1918.
North Carolina — Geological and economic
survey. Timber resources of Anson
county. 5 p. Chapel Hill, 1918 (Press
bulletin no. 167.)
North Carolina — Geological and economic
survey. Timber resources of Mont-
Turn siump land into Money
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I 'fStuinp
Increase your acreage and thereby
increase your income.
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No expense for teams or powder.
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can outpull 16 horses. Works by leverage — same principle as
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stump. Made of the finest steel — guaranteed against
breakaee. Endorsed by U. S. Government experts.
Puller
Write today for
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booklet on
Land Clearing
Works eqally well on hillsides
and marshes where horses *-'•'
cannot operate
WALTER J. FITZPATRICK
Box 43 182 Fifth St.. Sun Frtncisc. . C«l. . ■'*
gomery county. 5 p. Chapel Hill, I
1918. (Press bulletin no. 165.)
North Carolina — Geological and economic
survey. Timber resources of Rich-
mond county. 4 p. Chapel Hill, 1918.
(Press bulletin no. 166.)
Schwab, W. G. The forests of Buchanan
county, Va. 20 p. pi., map. Char-
lottesville, 1918. (Virginia— Office of i
State forester. Bulletin no. 16.)
Schwab, W. G. The forests of Tazewell
county, Va. 14 p. pi., map. Char- '
lottesville, 1917. (Virginia— Office of
State forester. Bulletin no. 18.)
FOREST BOTANY
Maiden, J. H. Critical revision of the
genus Eucalyptus, pt. 35. 25 p. Sydney,
Govt, printer, 1918.
FOREST PROTECTION
Fire
Clearwater timber protective association.
Twelfth annual report. 20 p. Orofino,
Id., 1918.
Headley, R. The uncontrollable fire. 4 p.
il. San Francisco, Cal., U. S. Forest
Service, 1918.
Oregon — State board of forestry. Fire
warden's handbook; Oregon forest fire
laws, revised, 1918. 48 p. Salem, Ore.,
1918.
Potlatch timber protective association.
Annual report, 1918. 20 p. Potlatch,
Id., 1918.
FOREST LEGISLATION
Western Australia — Laws, statutes, etc.
Forest bill, 1918; second reading speech
by the Hon. R. T. Robinson. 16 p.
Perth, 1918.
FOREST ADMINISTRATION
United States — Dept. of agriculture — For-
est service. Recreation uses on the
national forests, by F. A. Waugh.
43 p. il. Wash., D. C, 1918.
United States — National forest reserva-
tion commission. Report for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1918. 11 p. Wash.,
D. C, 1918.
FOREST UTILIZATION
Lumber industry
Gibbons, W. H. Logging in the Douglas
fir region. 256 p. il., maps. Wash.,
D. C, 1918. (U. S.— Dept. of agri-
culture, Bulletin 711.)
India — Burma — Pegu circle. Conference
of 1917 on the departmental extraction
of teak in the Prome, Zigon and Thar-
rawady divisions. 6 p. Rangoon, Supt.
govt, print., 1918.
Seerey, D. F. Small sawmills ; their
equipment, construction and operation.
68 p. Wash., D. C, 1918. (U. S.—
Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 718.)
Southern pine association. War activi-
ties of the Southern pine association.
40 p. New Orleans, La., 1918.
Wood-using industries
United States — -Dept. of commerce — Bu-
reau of foreign and domestic com-
merce. Brazilian markets for paper,
paper products and printing machinery,
by R. S. Barrett. 77 p. pi. Wash.,
CURRENT LITERATURE
893
D. C, 1918. (Special agents series
no. 171.)
WOOD TECHNOLOGY
Holman-Hunt, H. L. The strength and
elasticity of some of the most common
Burmese timbers and size of scant-
lings deduced from first principles.
34 p pi. Rangoon, Supt. govt, print.,
1916.
AUXILIARY SUBJECTS
Conservation of natural resources
New York — Conservation commission.
Eighth annual report, 1918. 205 p. pi.
Albany, 1919.
National parks
United States — Dept. of the interior —
National park service. Report of the
Director for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1918. 284 p. pi., maps. Wash.,
D. C, 1918.
Architecture
Jacoby, H. S. Structural details or ele-
ments of design in timber framing.
368 p. il., pi. N. Y., J. Wiley &
sons, 1918.
PERIQDICAL ARTICLES
Miscellaneous periodicals
Aerial age, Jan. 20, 1919.— Plywood in
aeroplane construction, by H. H. Sup-
lee, p. 945-7, 961.
Agricultural gazette of New South Wales,
Nov. 2, 1918. — Wood-ashes as a source
of potash, by F. B. Guthrie, p. 817-19.
Angora and milk goat journal, Jan., 1919.
Goats on national forests, by W. R.
Chapline, p. 9-10.
Aviation, Jan. 15, 1919. — Use of airplanes
in forest patrol work, by H. S. Graves,
p. 754-5.
Breeders' gazette, Dec. 19, 1918.— The call;
an echo of the war from distant for-
est depths, by W. C. Barnes, p. 1120,
1165, 11%.
Colorado highways bulletin, Jan., 1919. —
Road outlook of Forestry service, p.
14
Conservation, Jan., 1919. — Controlling in-
sect pests of the forest, by J. M.
Swaine, p. 1 ; Airplanes as aids to
forest patrols, by C. Leavitt, p. 2.
Country gentleman, Jan. 11, 1919. — Starved
off the winter range, by G. F. Stratton,
p. 3-4, 42.
Country life, Aug. 24, 1918. — Firewood and
faggots, by A. D. Webster, p.
XXXVIII.
Country life, Sept. 28, 1918— Roadside and
hedgerow timber, by G. Jekyll, p.
266-7.
Country life in America, Jan., 1919. — Pro-
tecting young trees, by E. I. Farring-
ton, p. 66-8.
Garden magazine, Dec, 1918. — Seen in the
Arnold arboretum, by T. A. Havemeyer,
p. 138-9.
N'ature-study review, Jan., 1919. — The
Swiss mountain pine, by P. A. Mattli,
p. 1-5; The tamarack, p. 14-17; Some
reasons for the study of trees, by F.
T. Ulrich, p. 19-26; The balsam fir,
by A. K. Burt, p. 27-31.
Ottawa naturalist, Nov., 1918.— Our Cana-
dian nut trees, by F. E. Buck, p. 87-9.
Phytopathology, Dec, 1918. — The over-
wintering of Cronartium ribicola on
Ribes, by H. H. York and P. Spauld-
ing, p. 617-19; Overwintering of the
aeciospores of Cronartium ribicola, by
L. Dosdall, p. 619.
Plant world, Sept., 1918.— Root habit and
plant distribution in the far north, by
H. E. Pulling, p. 223-33.
Russian Pacific trade expansion, Aug.,
1918. — Timber in the Priamour and
Primorsk provinces, p. 44-5.
Scientific American, Nov. 30, 1918. — Get-
ting out airplane spruce, by F. W.
Vincent, p. 438-9.
Trade journals and consular reports
American lumberman, Dec. 21, 1918. —
Forestry revival in Australia, p. 58-9.
American lumberman, Dec. 28, 1918. —
Russian timber and timber lands, p.
55-6.
American lumberman, Jan. 4, 1919. —
Relative design in wood, p. 37 ; Labora-
tory's war-time achievements, p. 48;
Results of minor forest utilization dur-
ing the war, by C. T. Hamill, p. 51-2.
American lumberman, Jan. 11, 1918. —
Adopt plans to dispose of surplus lum-
ber; conference of federal and lumber
representatives devises plans to pre-
vent dumping, p. 31 ; South meets to
adopt forestry policy, p. 46-7 ; Siberia's
timber resources, p. 49-50; New type
dry kiln does good work, p. 52.
1
School of Forestry
UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO
Four Year Course, with op-
portunity to specialize in
General Forestry, Log-
ging Engineering, and
Forest Grazing.
Forest Ranger Course of
high school grade, cover-
ing three years of five
months each.
Special Short Course cover-
ing twelve weeks design-
ed for those who cannot
take the time for the
fuller courses.
Correspondence Course in
Lumber and Its Uses. No
tuition, and otherwise ex-
penses are the lowest.
For Further Particulars Address
Dean, School of Forestry
University of Idaho
Moscow, Idaho
The ~I
New York State
College of
Forestry
at
Syracuse University,
Syracuse, N. Y.
UNDERGRADUATE courses in
Technical Forestry, Paper and
Pulp Making, Logging and Lum-
bering, City Forestry, and Forest
Engineering, all leading to degree of
Bachelor of Science. Special oppor-
tunities offered for post-graduate
work leading to degrees of Master of
Forestry, Master of City Forestry,
and Doctor of Economics.
A one-year course of practical
training at the State Ranger School
on the College Forest of i,8oo acres
at Wanakena in the Adirondacks.
State Forest Camp of three months
open to any man over 16, held each
} summer on Cranberry Lake. Men
may attend this Camp for from two
weeks to the entire summer.
The State Forest Experiment Sta-
tion of go acres at Syracuse and an
excellent forest library offer unusual
opportunities for research work.
UNIVERSITY OF MAINE
ORONO, MAINE
Maintained by State and Nation
rpHE FORESTRY DEPART-
■• MENT offers a four years'
undergraduate curriculum, lead-
ing to the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Forestry.
******
Opportunities for full techni-
cal training, and for specializing
in problems of the Northeastern
States and Canada.
******
John M. Briscoe,
Professor of Forestry
Carleton W. Eaton,
Associate Professor
******
For catalog and further infor-
mation, address
ROBERT J. ALEY, Pres't,
Orono, Maine
Please mention American Forettry Magazine when writing advertiser*
894
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Yale School of
Forestry
Established in 1900
»»»
A Graduate Department of Yale
University
The two years technical course pre-
pares for the general practice of for-
estry and leads to the degree of
Master of Forestry.
Special opportunities in all branches
of forestry for
Advanced and Research Work.
For students planning to engage
in forestry or lumbering in the
Tropics, particularly tropical Amer-
ica, a course is offered in
Tropical Forestry.
Lumbermen and others desiring in-
struction in special subjects may be
enrolled as
Special Students.
A field course of eight weeks in the
summer is available for those not
prepared for, or who do not wish
to take the technical courses.
For further information and cata-
logue, address: The Director of the
School of Forestry, New Haven, Con-
necticut, U. S. A.
Forestry at
University of
Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
A FOUR - YEAR, undergraduate
course that prepares for the
practice of Forestry in all its
branches and leads to the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN FORESTRY
Opportunity is offered for grad-
uate work leading to the degree of
Master of Science in Forestry.
The course is designed to give a
broad, well-balanced training in the
fundamental sciences as well as in
technical Forestry, and has, conse-
quently, proven useful to men en-
gaged in a variety of occupations.
This school of Forestry was estab-
lished in 1903 and has a large body
of alumni engaged in Forestry work.
For announcement giving
Complete information and list
of alumni, address
FILIBERT ROTH
Barrel and box, Dec, 1918.— Utilization of
hardwood pieces, p. 45.
Engineering news-record, Jan. 16, 1919. —
Paint-coat method becomes standard
construction for wood block, by W.
Buehler, p. 133-4.
Hardwood record, Jan. 10, 1919. — Red gum,
p. 31; Ages attained by trees, p. 34.
Journal of electricity, Nov. 1, 1918. — Power
possibilities in California, by F. H.
Fowler, p. 393-5.
Journal of electricity, Dec. 15, 1918. —
Waste wood as a fuel possibility, by
O. F. Stafford, p. 541-3.
Lumber, Dec. 30, 1918.— England and its
need of timber, by J. Y. Dunlop, p.
45-6.
Lumber, Jan. 6, 1919.— Wooden shipbuild-
ing industry has served its purpose,
p. 12.
Lumber, Jan. 13, 1919. — Lumber trade in
Great Britain, by J. Y. Dunlop, p. 46-7.
Lumber trade journal, Jan. 15, 1919. — Tim-
ber valuations in Louisiana for 1918,
p. 27-33.
Lumber world review, Dec. 25, 1918. —
Profit from northern waste lands, p.
47-50; Our forest engineers in France,
by H. S. Graves, p. 54-6; Report on
cross bend tests of processed cypress
and sour gum, by the Bureau of stand-
ards, p. 56-8; Reforestation; con-
trolled burnings, by H. E. Hardtner,
p. 68; Operation of steam log haulers,
by S. D. Switzer, p. 77-8.
Lumber world review, Jan. 10, 1919. — Lum-
ber conditions in France, by L. B.
Thompson, p. 38.
Mississippi valley lumberman, Jan. 17,
1919. — Increasing the utility of red
cedar shingles, by J. S. Williams, p.
38-9.
Packages, Jan., 1919. — Work of Forest pro-
ducts laboratory, p. 26.
Paper, Dec. 18, 1918.— Making textiles of
paper yarn, by H. G. Brock, p. 14-17,
20.
Paper, Jan. 1, 1919. — Development of paper
yarn industry, p. 13-14.
Paper, Jan. 8, 1919.— New raw materials;
proposed technological index file for
papermaking materials, by A. Ruby,
p. 11-13.
Paper mill and wood pulp news, Dec. 14,
1918. — Paper-textile manufacture by
H. G. Brock, p. 36, 38, 40.
Paper trade journal, Jan. 2, 1919. — The
baobab as a source of paper making
material, p. 30, 50.
Pioneer western lumberman, Jan. 1, 1919. —
Forests delay melting of snow, p. 11;
Poison plants grubbed out > on national
forests, p. 11.
Pioneer western lumberman, Jan. 15, 1919.
— Present status of som^ problems of
the lumber industry, by W. Compton,
p. 6-7; Foreign lumber imports, p. 17-
20; The Burbank royal walnut, by L.
Burbank, p. 21.
Southern lumbermanuDec." 21, 1918.— From
destruction to reconstruction, p. 91-2 ;
L. L. L. L. vs. I. W. W.; how the
Loyal legion of loggers and lumber-
men got out the spruce for our air-
plane fleet, by L. K. Hodges, p. 95-9 ;
Lumber trade in Belgium, by R.
Blockhouse, p. 101 ; Getting rid of the
stumps, by F. M. White, p. 102-4;
Exhaustive analysis of conditions
affecting future of the industry, by E.
L. Parker, p. 105-6 ; American for-
estry troops make history in forests of
France, by G. H. Holloway and J. B.
Woods, p. 107-8; Promising outlook
for the lumber industry, by J. C.
Howell, p. 109-10; Reforestation on
cut-over lands, by A. Cary, p. 112;
Mechanical progress in the lumber
trade, by G. C. Taylor, p. 113-14.
Southern lumberman, Dec. 28, 1918. — Kiln
drying and the war, by F. J. Hallauer,
p. 31-2.
Southern lumberman, Jan. 18, 1919. — Trees
for memorials, p. 20.
Timber trades journal, Dec. 14, 1918. —
Scientific artificial seasoning of wood,
p. 751; Preservation of timber, by W.
Dallimore, p. 753.
Timber trades journal, Dec. 21, 1918. — Trees
for planting in Wales ; sweet chest-
nut, p. 793; The resistance to torsion
of woods, by H. Stone, p. 820; Timber
for pattern construction, p. XXIII-
XXIV.
Timber trades journal, Dec. 28, 1918.—
Rafting across the ocean, p. 827-9 ;
Timber for aeroplane construction, p.
831 ; Measurement of log timber, by
S. Walker, p. 832.
Timberman, Dec, 1918. — Growth of native
Philippine lumber industry, p. 41;
Immense forest. stands in Siberia, p.
77; South African timber resources,
p. 77, 79.
U. S. commerce report, Dec. 27, 1918. —
Developments in kauri gum indus-
try, p. 1177-8.
U. S. commerce report, Jan. 3, 1919. —
American shipbuilding during 1918, p.
20.
U.S. commerce report. Jan. 6, 1919. — Ex-
traction of turpentine in Germany, p.
. 75.
U S. commerce report, Jan. 7, 1919. — De-
tails of American shipbuilding in 1918,
p. 84-5 ;• Aren fibre from Netherlands
East Indies, p. 85; Scarcity of cooper-
age materials in France, by W. H.
Hunt, p. 88-9.
U. S. commerce report, Jan. 8, 1919. —
Canada's pulp and paper exports, by
F. S. S. Johnson, p. 106-7.
U. S. commerce report, Jan. 9, 1919. — In-
creased rate of American shipbuilding,
p. 118-19 ; Germany's "staple fiber" in-
dustry, p. 122-3.
U S. commerce report, Jan. 11, 1919. —
Mining and forest industries of Bri-
tish Guiana, p. 154-7.
U. S. commerce report, Jan. 13, 1919. —
CURRENT LITERATURE
895
Peat as an alternative for low-grade
fuels, p. 168-9 ; Chinese products of in-
terest to Americans, by J. Arnold, p.
177-84.
U. S. commerce report, Jan. 14, 1919 —
New school of forestry in Dundee
district, by H. A. Johnson, p. 203.
U. S. commerce report, Jan. 18, 1919.— Con-
dition of the Japanese paper market,
by G. H. Scidmore, p. 276.
U. S. commerce report, Jan. 20, 1919.—
Brazilian market for woodworking
machinery, p. 308-17.
U. S. commerce report, Jan. 21, 1919. —
Home-grown timber in Scotland, by
H. A. Johnson, p. 325-7.
Veneers, Jan., 1919. — Practical wood stain
formulae, by A. A. Kelly, p. 19-20;
Spruce in Canada, p. 25-6.
West Coast lumberman, Dec. 1, 1918.— The
making of a topographic map, by E. T.
Clarke, p. 20-2, 42.
West Coast lumberman, Dec. 15, 1918. —
Forest fire losses of past season, by
F. E. Pape, p. 27.
West Coast lumberman, Jan. 1, 1919. —
Manufacture of charcoal offers many
possibilities, by H. Sylven, p. 27, 36.
Wood turning, Jan., 1919.— Increasing
efficiency in broom handle factories,
by L. Prior, p. 15-16; Wood staining,
p. 21-2.
Wood-worker, Jan., 1919. — Practical wood-
bending methods, by H. R. Wells, p.
26-7; Some problems in shipbuilding,
by W. J. Malette, p. 31-2.
American forestry, Jan., 1919.— A mighty
tree; poem, p. 770; Victory gardens,
by C. L. Pack, p. 771-7; Roosevelt the
conservationist, p. 778; Trees for
memorials, p. 779-81; Care for the
birds in winter, p. 781; Uses of the
Brazil-nut tree, by C. H. Pearson, p.
782-4; The possibilities of farm wood-
land development under the Smith-
Lever act, by C. R. Tillotson, p. 785-7 ;
Introduce yourself to an ax, p. 787;
Digest of opinions on forestry, p. 788-9 ;
To help reforest France, p. 789; The
pine woods folks, by E. G. Cheyney, p.
790-92; The harmless fire-bug; poem,
p. 792; Gather walnuts for planting,
p. 792; The timber certsus in the north-
eastern states, by A. B. Recknagel, p.
792; The sandpipers, by A. A. Allen,
p. 793-7; Pruning for profit; are you
raising fruit or wood, by W. C. Barnes,
p. 798-800; Next season at Glacier,
p. 800; Plants that occur in both north
and south Atlantic states ; together
with notes on the American sparrow
hawk, by R. W. Shufeldt, p. 801-6;
Acknowledgement of Christmas boxes,
by W. B. Greeley, p. 806; To purchase
additional lands for eastern national
forest, p. 806; How wood compares
with coal in heating value, p. 806;
The uses of wood; wooden artificial
limbs, by H. Maxwell, p. 807-16; The
national army and training in forestry,
Please
r
by J. W. Tourney, p. 816-17; Sale of
surplus farm timber adds to cash re-
turn from land, p. 817; Control of pri-
viate forest cutting, by W. D. Clark, p.
818 ; Renascence of the modern meet-
ing house, by J. W. Dow, p. 819-22;
Secretary Houston urges protection of
the forests, p. 822 ; Alphabet grown on
trees, by H. E. Zimmerman, p. 823 ;
Frame houses for France and Belgium,
p. 824; Lumbermen will aid in recon-
struction, p. 824; Canadian depart-
ment, by E. Wilson, p. 825; Wood for
thousands of uses, p. 826.
Canadian forestry journal, Dec, 1918. — -
Building a Canadian aeroplane, by A.
Rubbra, p. 1957-9 ; The aeroplane in
B. C. forests, by J. H. Hamilton, p.
1960-1 ; Women a success in planting
work, by G. P. Gordon, p. 1961-4 ; Do
forests increase rainfall, by B. E. Fer-
now, p. 1965-6 ; Hydroaeroplane for
forest protection, by H. Sorgius, p.
1970; A forestry mosaic of British
Columbia, p. 1977-8; New Brunswick
to the fore, by G. H. Prince, p. 1982-5 ;
Nova Scotia getting ready, p. 1986-9.
Forest leaves, Dec, 1918. — Narrative of the
annual meeting of the Pennsylvania
forestry association, p. 178-82; 186-9;
Present demand for locust wood, p.
184-6; Commercial forests, by J. T.
Rothrock, p". 190.
Indian forester, Oct., 1918.— Progress of
spike investigation, by P. M. Lush-
ington, p. 439-60; Spike disease of
sandal, by R. S. Hole, p. 461-2; Note
on some chir seed-eaters, by A. E.
Osmaston, p. 462-7; The girth incre-
ment of sal in regular crops in the
United Provinces, by E. Marsden, p.
469-75; Mesopotamia and afforesta-
tion, by J. W. Nicholson, p. 476-85;
Prize-day at the Madras forest col-
lege, p. 486-97; Tanning industry in
South India, p. 499-500.
Journal of forestry, Dec, 1918.— The school-
trained forester, by F. Roth, p. 849-60;
Relation between height growth of
larch seedlings and weather condi-
tions, by D. R. Brewster, p. 861-70;
Deforestation and floods in northern
China, by D. Y. Lin, p. 888-96; Silvical
systems in spruce in northern New
Hampshire, by E. R. Linn, p. 897-908;
Extra costs of logging national forest
stumpage, by D. C. Birch, p. 909-14;
Furrow planting upon the sand plains
of Michigan, by H. C. Hilton, p. 915-
19; Measurement of fuel wood, by H.
O. Cook, p. 920-1 ; Plan for permanent
sample plots in the Adirondacks, p.
922-7; Silvicultural problems on mixed
forests, by C. Leavitt, p. 945-6; Tim-
ber supplies of the United Kingdom,
p. 946-7; Timber census of New York,
p. 948; Danish forest experiment sta-
tion, p. 949.
mention American Foretlry Magazine when writing advertisers
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
DEPT. OF FORESTRY
BUSSEY INSTITUTION
/"OFFERS specialized graduate
training leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry in the
following fields : — Silviculture
and Management, Wood Tech-
nology, Forest Entomology
Dendrology, and (in co-opera-
tion with the Graduate School
of Business Administration) the
Lumber Business.
For further particulars
address
RICHARD T. FISHER
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts !
DEPARTMENT
FORESTRY
OF
The Pennsylvania
State College
A PROFESSIONAL course in
Forestry, covering four years
of college work, leading to the
degree of Bachelor of Science in
Forestry.
Thorough and practical training for
Government, State, Municipal and
private forestry.
Four months are spent in camp in
the woods in forest work.
Graduates who wish to specialize
along particular lines are admitted
to the "graduate forest schools" as
candidates for the degree of Master
of Forestry on the successful com-
pletion of one year's work.
For further information address
Department of Forestry
Pennsylvania State College
State College, Pa.
896
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/ hereby accept membership in The American
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PLANT MEMORIAL TREES
| AMERICAN FORESTRY |
THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor
March 1919 Vol. 25
:::!!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH!l»il!llll!llllllllllllllllllllllilli!!l!!lllllll!llllllllll
CONTENTS No. 303
iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimniiiiiiiiii iiiiiniiniiiiiniiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiii nl
International News Service
EVEN THE RHINE RISES AGAINST THE EX-KAISER!
Ai if to emphasize the tragic isolation In which that un-
happy man finds himself, the house in Holland in which the
ex-kaiser has taken refuge is now cut off from the rest of
the world by far-spreading floods— and it is the Rhine of
all rivers which has thus risen against the fallen war lord
of the huns. The photograph shows a magnificent avenue
of trees in the rear of the castle, completely flooded, which
the ez-kaiser was in the habit of using as a promenade.
Entered as second-class matter December 24, 1909, at the Post Office at
Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1919, by the
American Forestry Association. Acceptance for mailing at special
rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917,
authorized July 11, 1918.
Forest Casualties of Our Allies— By Percival Sheldon Ridsdale 899
With thirteen illustrations.
Thunder Mountain — By Henry S. Graves 907
With nine illustrations.
Kiln Drying Oak for Vehicles 911
Memorial Trees Planted for Soldiers and Sailors 913
With seven illustrations.
In the Furrows of Freedom — By Charles Lathrop Pack 918
With ten illustrations.
Philip W. Ayres Elected President of Appalachian Mountain
Club 922
The Uses of Wood — Fencing Materials From Forests — By Hu
Maxwell 923
With eighteen illustrations.
The Waterfowl— By A. A. Allen 931
With nineteen illustrations.
Various Parasitic Plants; With an Owl Story— By Dr. R. W.
Shufeldt 937
With eight illustrations.
Crater Lake Shell Hole 941
New England Forestry Congress 942
Editorial:
Reorganization in Massachusetts 943
Idaho for More National Forests 944
"Biddy," an Original Bird— By Clinton G. Abbott 945
With two illustrations.
Research Work in Reconstruction 946
Forest Research— In the War and After— By Earle H. Clapp.. 947
With three illustrations.
American Lumber for Norway 950
What "They Say" 951
Canadian Department — By Ellwood Wilson 952
National Forests Furnish Recreation Worth Millions 954
Woodlot May Insure Safe Water 954
Current Literature 955
mm
-$&»*
Underwood and Underwood— Br; fw ft Official Photograph
WOODLAND ALONG THE ANCRE AFTER SEVERE SHELL-FIRE
Through what was left of these woods the .British drove the Germans. The trees show the effect of shell and
any of those still standing escaped wounds from shell, shrapnel scrap, machine gun and rifle bullets. The >
restored, but it first must be cleared of shattered trees, stumps and other debris.
rifle
hole
fire of both armies. Few if
woodland will have to be
Underwood and Underwood— British Official Photograph
ROAD BLOCKED BY FELLED TREES
Thousands of trees were cut down by the Germans to block roads as they retreated and this condition which hampered the British advance
near Harrincourt shows how the fine trees which line so many of the roads through France were sacrificed. It will take scores of years to
grow other* to take their place.
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuniniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!^
AMERICAN FORESTRY I
VOL. XXV
MARCH, 1919
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIII
NO. 303
FOREST CASUALTIES OF OUR ALLIES
BY PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE
EDITOR OF AMERICAN FORESTRY
This is the first of a long series of articles on the effect of the Great War on the forests of Europe, articles based on information
secured during a tour of Great Britain, France, and Belgium during December, 1918, and January and February, 1919. This trip
was taken for the purpose of investigating the war time losses in the forests of these three countries and of ascertaining how best
America can aid in restoring these forests. — Editor.
Paris, France, January 20, 1919.
THE Peace Conference is to determine how Germany
shall supply France, Great Britain, Belgium, and
Italy with lumber which these countries lost in the
Great War ; lost by the cutting of the forests by the
Allied armies, the cutting
for army requirements or
the shipping to Germany
for civilian uses by the Ger-
mans, and the destruction
of the forests and wood-
lands by the shell, shrapnel
and rifle fire of the con-
tending armies.
This action will result
in the replacement of actual
losses of timber, but it
will not restore the cut
over and the devastated
forests.
The restoration of
these forests is the
particular mission on
which the American Forestry Association sent the writer
to Europe, a mission requiring an examination of the
forests and woodlands, not only on the battle front, but
also behind the fighting area and in Great Britain.
As a result of the in-
quiries, which established
most forcibly the need of
reforestation, the Ameri-
can Forestry Association
has undertaken the patri-
otic task of supplying
France, Belgium, and Great
Britain with a quantity of
American forest tree seeds
which are to be used in the work of restoring the depleted forests of these three
countries. This is an endeavor, gratefully accepted by the Europeans,
which may be viewed as an appreciation by the lovers of forestry in
America of the sacrifices which the Allied countries made in the vitally
necessary task of supplying their armies ; and which the ruthless enemy
compelled in his lavish use of the forests not only for his army but for his
civilians, and often, so it seems, for the purpose of barbaric destruction
entirely unwarranted by military requirements. Do these countries need
A series of articles on the forest condi-
tions in France, Belgium, Great Britain, and
Italy, and also on the work of America's for-
estry regiments will follow month by month.
They will be well illustrated by photographs
secured especially for the purpose.
Underwood and Underwood
ONCE A TREE SHADED ROAD
The path of desolation which remained after the German advance along the Amiens-St. Quentin Road where desperate fighting prevented them
from reaching their object, the big supply station <* the British at Amiens. Many of these trees were a hundred years old.
899
900
AMERICAN FORESTRY
help in restoring their forests? It did not require a
long examination to make a reply to this question. Bel-
gium has lost practically all her forests. Fifty per cent
of the timber and woodlands of England, Scotland, Wales
TRENCH AND UNDERGROWTH WHICH SHELTERED THE GERMANS
not only was able to supply army requirements but was
able, by reason of her forests, to retain her liberty and
save her national soul. Had it not been for the defensive
value of the forests of northern France, which enabled
her to hold back the in-
vaders, and for their of-
fensive value, permitting
the secret gathering of
large bodies of troops for
attack, France would early
in the war have been over-
run and defeated by the
Germans. Her forests sav-
ed her and in this one re-
spect alone she is more than
amply paid for all her work
and all her expenditures on
them during the last one
hundred and twenty-five
years, the period for which
a definite forestry system
has been in force.
Can Germany Repay
the Allies?
In Belleau wood near Chateau Thierry where Americans first aided in stopping the last great rush of the aulllty 01 Liermany
Germans the trenches and undergrowth and shell felled trees were over run by the valiant Americans and the ^q reDaV in timber the
Germans driven out after terrific fighting. . '
losses sustained by France,
and Ireland has gone, and every tree in Great Britain Great Britain and Belgium has been carefully studied by
would have been cut had there been transportation for forest experts of these countries. The result of these
them to the sawmills, while
France with great forest
wealth and her forestry
system highly developed,
lost fully one-tenth of her
forests. In the battle-scar-
red sections of northern
France some million and a
half acres of forest are to-
day devastated and of lit-
tle value except as fuel
wood while large areas of
her forests, governmental,
communal and privately
owned, have been cut over
to supply the needs of the
French, American, British,
and Canadian armies.
France had not only to
see her forests destroyed in
the actual' fighting and in
the movement of armies,
but had to supply her own
army and those of her
allies with wood for their numerous military needs.
This had to be done because lumber could be more
readily secured in France than anywhere else, and France,
thanks to her splendidly developed system of forestry,
VIEW IN SHOT-SWEPT BELLEAU WOOD
A tangle of wrecked trees, matted undergrowth, massive rocks, wire entanglements and damaged trenches and
machine gun nests are to be seen where the marines and other forces of the American Expeditionary Force
scored a hard won victory over the Huns near Chateau Thierry. The writer in the lower right hand corner.
studies will be placed before the members of the Peace
Conference as soon as the work, which is now under
way, is completed. The information for the American
delegates is being gathered under the direction of Colonel
FOREST CASUALTIES OF OUR ALLIES
901
of the Twentieth Engineers, who is
report on the forest losses in France
C. S. Chapman,
also to make a
and Belgium.
One unoffi-
cial report just
available as I
am leaving
Paris is that of
Sous-Directeur
G. Huffel, of
l'Ecole Nation-
ale des Eaux et
Forets, who
says :
"Our French
forests have
terribly suffer-
ed from the
war. The fell-
ings made for
the needs of
the army, those
made by the
enemies with
an i n c r edible
v a n d alism in
the regions which he occupied — just the most wooded
parts of the country — have impoverished or ruined them
DESTROYED BY SHELL FIRE NEAR VERDUN
Such scenes as this are typical wherever there has been an intense bombardment of wooded areas in
northern France. Only the skeletons of trees are left and these will rot, decay and fall in a few years.
for a long time. As regards the groups of timber locat-
ed on the front lines, too often nothing remains of them.
"This situa-
tion is all the
more alarming
as our needs
will certainly
increase by
enormous pro-
portions. We
have to rebuild
our houses, our
furniture, our
machinery.
Neither our
own resources
nor the re-
sources of the
w o r 1 d - w ide
market will be
sufficient, by a
great deal. It
will then be
n e c e s sary to
have recourse
to German for-
need and which
From the last
ests, to take from them all timber we
Germany owes, because she ruined us.
Underwood and Underwood
RESULT OF FIRE ON GERMAN DUGOUTS
The targets for the tremendous shell-fire which destroyed the trees in this narrow valley were the German dugouts, the remains of which may
be seen on the farther side of the valley. So terrific was the bombardment that the dugouts were destroyed, the Germans driven out and not a
tree remains alive.
002
AMERICAN FORESTRY
official statistics, the total area of German forests (not
including the forests of Alsace-Lorraine) is of 16,341,700
acres, of which 10,663,700 acres are State Forests, i. e.,
forests belonging to various States, and 5,677,900 acres
belonging to the Communes or to the Public Establish-
ments. These forests are composed, above all, of resin-
ous trees ; Scotch Pine covers about half of the area
(exactly 47 per cent), and Spruce the fourth part of the
total area. Among deciduous trees, the Beech is by far
the most widely distributed.
"Statistics show what are, for all classes of forests, the
areas occupied by timber of different ages. Thus we can
state that there exists, in the bulk of German forests,
7,867,000 acres of timber of more than 60 years of age,
which may be
used for car-
penter's work,
i e., as lumber.
Half of this
area is covered
by Scotch Pine,
more than the
fourth part by
Beech, and a
little less than
the fifth part
by Spruce.
"If, not con-
s i d e r ing the
bulk of Ger-
man forests, we
prefer only to
consider for-
ests belonging
to different
States, we find
that Domania-
les forests con-
tain 4,032,000
acres of timber
of more than
60 years of age.
To this quan-
tity may be
added 63,950
acres of Com-
m u n a 1 Pine
timber located
in the Grand-
Duche de Bade and in Wurtemberg. On this basis, it is
easy to state what volume of lumber is immediately
available, in the State forests. This volume is at least
338 millions of cubic meters. More than the third
part is Scotch Pine which is excellent timber for lumber,
the fourth part is Beech which can be used for lumber,
and for railroad ties. Spruce and Fir will produce three
millions of plain boards. Oak will also be welcomed by
our cabinet-makers and carpenters who fear the lack of
this raw material.
Underwood and Underwood
CONDITION' AFTER A BATTLE
The destruction in this small patch of woodland was caused by an attack by the Germans oh a British
position. The Huns were driven back with heavy losses, but not before the concentrated fire from both
sides cut the trees in the fighting area to pieces.
"The value in money of these 338 millions of cubic
meters of standing timber will amount to 5,400,000,000
francs ($1,000,000,000) if we take as a basis the sale
prices realized during the last ten years in the bulk of
German State forests. At the present rate, the value
will be double and more, and perhaps triple. The material
coming from the Communal Fir timber of the Grand-
Duche de Bade and Wurtemberg, represents eight mil-
lions of cubic meters able to produce 250 millions of
boards valued at the pre-war rate about 200,000,000 francs
($36,700,000) on standing, and more than the triple at
the actual rates.
"How many labor days will be necessary to market
those 350 millions of cubic meters of timber, and how
many ye ars
will this work
take ? Is the
w o r 1 d - w ide
market able to
absorb without
trouble this
enormous
quantity of
products ?
"The first
thing to do is
to forbid or at
least to serious-
ly regulate and
reduce, during
the period of
r e a lization of
this material in
S t a te forests,
any other fell-
ing of timber
on the territory
of the Empire,
in order to re-
serve the for-
e s t r y la bor
a v a i 1 a ble in
Germany. This
point being
agreed upon, it
is easy to cal-
culate that to
fell and manu-
facture the
stock of lumber from German Public forests, 100 mil-
lions of labor days, plus the indigenous labor, will be
necessary. To clean up this work in a year's time, this
means to get 330,000 workmen, and this seems impracti-
cable. If we prorate the felling for a period of five
years, a body of 50,000 foreign woodsmen in connection
with indigenous foresters, will be quite sufficient.
"There is no doubt that timber thus spread over the
market could be easily absorbed.
"Before the war, in fact, France had to buy in foreign
FOREST CASUALTIES OF OUR ALLIES
903
Underwood and Underwood
AFTER BEING STRUCK BY A SHELL
A tree struck squarely by a shell as this was by a 75 m. shell is usually
torn into splinters. This one stood near Vitry le Francois.
countries,' five millions of cubic
meters of lumber, and the United
Kingdom bought more than fif-
teen millions of cubic meters.
The latter received prodigious
quantities of mine props furnish-
ed by our pine timber in the
Landes. At the present time, the
forests in the Landes will not be
able to furnish any timber for a
period of years. Furthermore, the
export of timber from Russia,
which supplied a large part of
the needs of the British, will now
be reduced or suppressed for a
long time. Our Allies of the
United Kingdom will then have
to take for their own needs a
large part of the enormous fell-
ing to be made in Germany.
"Besides we must consider
that the Germans themselves,
especially after we shall have
issued orders to forbid any other
felling that may interfere with
our own operations, as mention-
ed above, could be authorized to
receive part of the products of
the felling in case some timber
would remain unnecessary for our allies and ourselves.
Probably we would not refuse to cede them some timber,
eventually, at a reasonable rate."
Forestry Losses in France
French soil having been the chief battle ground it is
proper to first of all consider the forest conditions and
plans for restoration of her forests.
The total area of the French forests situated in the
fighting zones and in the regions which were long oc-
cupied by the enemy, or subject to his fire, has been
estimated in round numbers at 1,482,600 acres.
The principal varieties of trees which make up these
forests are as follows :
Among the deciduous trees : The Common Oak (var.
Quercus sessiliflora and Quercus pedunculata) , the
Beech (Fagus sylvatica), the English Hornbeam (Capi-
nus betulus), the Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), the Elm
(Ulmus campestris), the Birch (Betula alba), and the
Alder tree (Alnus glutinosa).
Among the indeciduous trees: The Fir (Abies pecti-
nata), the Norway Spruce (Abies or Picea excelsa), the
Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and the Black Pine of
Austria (P. laricio Austriaca).
These varieties are scattered very differently according
to the regions. The deciduous trees predominate in the
north of France (Departments of the North, of the
Somme, of the Pas-de-Calais, of the Aisne, of the Oise,
of the Ardennes, and of the Meuse). On the contrary in
Underwood and Underwood
DAMAGED CAUSED BY ONE SHELL
One shell, a large one, struck this tree and the photograph shows its effect. Thousands of trees in all
forested fighting areas were struck squarely during the storm of shell-fire and were destroyed in this
manner.
004
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Underwood and Underwood
FOREST VALUABLE FOR OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
Three artillery pieces and one French artillery officer are to be seen in this heavily wooded section of the Argonne Forest, but so well camou-
flaged are the pieces that they are not visible at a short distance unless the observer knows just where to look for them. In woods such as these
it is easy to conceal thousands of troops so well that the enemy airmen cannot discover them. One hundred and fifty-five pieces of artillery were
concentrated at this place.
the East the fir and the spruce constitute the greater part
of the woods in the mountainous part of the Department
of the Vosges; and, in the chalky plains of the Cham-
pagne (Department of the Aube and of La Marne), the
Austrian black pine is very common.
The principal forests belonging to the Government
which are not in the regions in question are :
Mormal, 22,649,186 acres; Nieppe, 5,728 acres; St.
Amand, 8,191 acres; St. Michel, 7,568 acres; Chateau-
Regnault, 13,397 acres; Signy, 7,860 acres; Sedan, 9,496
acres; Moyeuvre, 5,189 acres; Compiegne, 22,239 acres;
Laigue, 9,439 acres; St. Gobain, 7,904 acres; Retz, 14,826
acres ; Coucy-Basse, 5,322 acres ; Lachalade, 5,436 acres ;
Spincourt, 5,189 acres; Lisle, 6,671 acres; Sommedieu,
4,942 acres; Les Elieux, 5,189 acres; Parroy, 6,424
acres; Bois-Sauvages, 5,310; Valde Senones, 10,331
acres; Rambervillers, 13,679 acres.
The forests belonging to Communes or to private in-
dividuals are :
Mazarin, 7,029 acres; Sauton, 5,169 acres; Boux,
17,222 acres; La Fague, 10,827 acres; Nouvion, 9,234
acres; Ban Lemonie, 11,633 acres; Valtin, 3,867 acres.
It is very difficult to estimate at present, with any ac-
curacy, the area over which the forests in these regions
have been devastated, the methodical and detailed ex-
amination of these ravages being still under way by
the forestry department of the French Government, con-
sequently it is impossible to determine with precision the
area on which the work of reforestation is to take place.
Moreover, independently of the wooded tracts which
were more or less completely destroyed and which are
to be totally or partially reforested, it is proper to take
into consideration the agricultural lands which, having
experienced a tremendous upheaval from artillery fire,
mines, or works of defense will no longer be utilizable
except through reforestation.
At all events it does not seem to be exaggerating to
estimate at 741,300 acres the total of the lands on which
work of reforestation will have to be undertaken, 494,-
200 acres of forest lands and 247,600 acres of agricul-
tural lands having been ruined.
They will be reforested, as the case may be, either by
planting or seeding. The nature of the land and its
condition on the surface, the nature of the forest trees
to be employed, and on the other hand the labor resources
will involve the choice of one or the other of these
methods.
It may be estimated that the area planted will be 444,-
780 acres and the area seeded 276,520 acres, which will
necessitate, altogether, the use of 720,000,000 saplings
and 1,851,864 pounds of seed of different varieties, or
72 million saplings and 185,186 pounds of seed per year,
assuming a period of ten years as necessary for the execu-
tion of the work.
FOREST CASUALTIES OF OUR ALLIES
905
Native trees will naturally be utilized for the great
majority of the forest areas to be created, and among
them the oak, the beech, the ash, the fir, the spruce, and
the Scotch pine will occupy a preponderating place.
It is certain, however, that F ranee may use to advant-
age, in a certain measure, foreign varieties which have
already proven successful in France, and this enabled
the Administration of Waters and Forests to accept
with gratitude the offer of the American Forestry Asso-
ciation to place at its disposal seed of American trees to
help reconstruct the French forests.
If among these seed there are some, such as those of
the Douglas fir and the Weymouth pine, to which France
gives a very marked preference, it is owing to the fol-
lowing reasons :
The Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga Douglasii, known in
France as the "Sapin de Douglas," was introduced there
in 1826; and it has thus far proven there to be hardy
under all conditions, the great cold of 1879- 1880, x3°
below zero, not having affected it. Placed in an environ-
ment which suits it, it prefers somewhat cool silicious
soils, it grows rapidly and is capable of giving good
yields. It is a variety destined to have an assured future
in France as a forest tree. Fine masses of it are now
found in the center of the country, particularly in Sologne.
The Weymouth pine (Pinus Strobus), the Pine of
Lord Weymouth, is of no less interest to France. Its
introduction in Europe is very ancient, being said to
have taken place in England toward 1705 through Lord
Weymouth. Although of very great hardiness and rapid
growth, it spread at first very slowly on the old continent ;
but after about 50 years its use greatly developed. It
was introduced advantageously in moist and even peaty
soils, particularly those of the Vosges, where it gave ex-
ceedingly satisfactory results.
■ Cultivated on lands which suit it, that is, on cool soil
which is of a silicious or clayey nature preferably, it
grows with great vigor. It is a fully settled fact at
present that this species is also capable of being employed
successfully in France in the reforestation of certain
France Accepts Help
Following a trip to the battlefields, principally those
upon which the Americans fought, the writer had the
pleasure of presenting to the French Government of-
ficials the offer of the American Forestry Association
to provide France with American tree seed to reforest
not only sections of devastated forest land but for use
-****e-V""*
Underwood and Underwood— British Official Photograph
A COMBINATION OF DESTRUCTION
The Huns not only destroyed by fire this fine old Chateau in the Flanders section of the battle front, but cut down all the fruit and ornamental
trees surrounding it. Their explanation might be that of military necessity, but to the civilian it looks much like wanton destruction.
oof,
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Underwood and Underwood — British Official Photograph
WRECK OF A WOODLAND NEAR LE BARQUE
Wherever trees were subjected to concentrated artillery fire the result was much the same as indicated by this photograph. Almost invariably
some remained standing but all are so badly wounded that they will die.
on agricultural land so badly torn by shell fire that it
is no longer of agricultural value. Such land may ulti-
mately be restored for agricultural purposes after being
planted as a forest for nature then may very gradually
heal the scars of war.
At the conference held in the Ministry of Agriculture
in Paris were M. Dabat, Directeur General des Eaux et
Forets au Ministere de 1 'Agriculture ; M. Leddet, Con-
servateur des Eaux et Forets au Ministere de l'Agri-
culture, Chef du bureau des reboisements ; M. Eymeri,
Conservateur des Eaux et Forets au Ministere de l'Agri-
culture, charge du service des exploitations forestieres
de guerre, representing the French Government ; Major
Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr., Chief of the Paris office of the
forestry section of the American Expeditionary Forces ;
Capt. Maurice Fresson, liaison officer, and the writer.
M. Dabat with many expressions of gratitude accept-
ed the offer and later in an official letter of acceptance,
said:
"I am highly appreciative of the kind offer which you
have made to me on behalf of the American Forestry
Association and according to which the latter proposes
to place at the disposal of the General Bureau of Waters
and Forests considerable quantities of American forest
seed to help replenish the French forests devastated by
the events of the war.
"With deep gratitude do I accept the generous collabo-
ration of your Society in this vast work which is so neces-
sary in order to restore the painful ruins accumulated
on our soil as a result of the terrible war in which the
American nation contributed so powerfully and so vali-
antly toward bringing to a glorious conclusion.
"I therefore have the honor to request you to express
my sincere thanks to the American Forestry Association.
"The American forest seed capable of being used to
advantage in the proposed reforestation are primarily
those of the Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) or
Oregon pine and of the Weymouth pine (Pinus Strobus),
which have proved successful in our country and can be
utilized there to a considerable extent.
"Besides them, we should be interested in receiving
small quantities of the blue variety of Douglas (Colorado
Douglas fir), of Pinus monticula (Western White pine),
of Pinus resinosa (Red pine or Norway pine), of Larue
occidentalis (Western Tamarack), and of Picea Stichen-
sis (Tideland spruce), all being varieties whose use can-
not really be rendered general until experiments have
been made with them in nurseries or on small areas."
These facts, together with information about condi-
tions in Great Britain, Belgium and Italy have been for-
warded to the Board of Directors of the American For-
estry Association, and are to be presented to the members
of the Association. Later plans for the collection of the
seed needed by the Allies will be considered and an-
nounced in the magazine.
THUNDER MOUNTAIN
BY HENRY S. GRAVES
CHIEF FORESTER, UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE
IN THE high mountains of Central Idaho there is an
area of over a million acres that tells the story of
what would have happened in the western mountains
if the National Forest system had not been established.
It is an area of public land, rich in forest, mineral, water,
THE THUNDER MOUNTAIN REGION IS A VAST WATERSHED
An important source at the headwaters of the Columbia River. The
streams are swift, and there is an immense amount of potential water-
power in the region.
and grazing resources, in which abuse by fire and over-
grazing has wrought such havoc that the whole region
is becoming a menace to both the local and the
general public. It is surrounded by National Forests,
in which for over twenty years there has been protection
from fire, careful regulation of grazing, progressive
development of trails and other improvements, and a
foundation of industrial upbuilding and prosperity.
The Thunder Mountain country was not included
within the National Forests because of local opposition.
Within the area are valuable mineral deposits, and just
prior to the establishment of the National Forests in
Idaho there was a stampede of miners from all parts
of the West into that region. Thousands of sanguine
prospectors poured in, and mining camps sprang up as
if by magic. A beginning was made in building roads,
trails, and bridges. Money was lavishly spent, merchants
prospered mightily, and Idaho regarded the Thunder
Mountain region as a future center of great industrial
development. It was feared at that time by many peo-
ple in Idaho that the existence of the National Forests
might operate to retard mining development, and the
public sentiment against including Thunder Mountain
in a National Forest was so great that it was left as open
public land unprotected and subject to the abuses of
unregulated grazing of sheep.
The region now stands out in striking contrast to the
surrounding National Forests. While in the Forests the
resources have been saved and are being progressively
developed, the Thunder Mountain region is being
rapidly ruined, industrial development has practically
stopped, and unless steps are taken at once to bring this
TIMBER OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
The dense Lodgepole Pine makes an admirable soil cover. It also pro-
duces material of great importance in mining.
area under protection and control of the public, Idaho
will not only have an unproductive waste but will suffer
seriously through injury to an important water system.
The mining boom collapsed when the more available
mineral pockets were exhausted, and when it became
907
908
AMERICAN FORESTRY
apparent that permanent development could come only
with the importation of large quantities of heavy
machinery for the purpose of working deep mines.
i
.-*?!
1
HbUinJk
■ V ifflfi^H J
w'M
BrSP
*?*m
HI^E^^HfluODHH/V* '!
AN ABANDONED MINING CLAIM
In boom times the miner built his cabin at a point conveniently near his claim, living on in the hope
that the country would be opened up. Most of them have abandoned the country, and development must
wait until the area can be added to a National Forest and roads built to the mines.
There was required the construction of roads to make
possible the opening up of the rich mining resources
of the region. This was im-
practicable without Government
aid, and the area was shut off
from possible aid of the road
funds appropriated for the im-
provement of the National For-
ests. Then the miners drifted
away to newer points of inter-
est, leaving deserted towns and
prospect works as witness of the
former mining activities. The
region became almost depopu-
lated. The old roads and trails
which had been built have been
largely washed out and de-
stroyed. Forest fires, which in
the early days were often set by
prospectors to clear off the
ground in order to make ex-
ploration more simple, de-
stroyed millions of feet of tim-
ber. Lightning and carelessness
also started many fires ; and from
year to year great areas were
burned over, the fire rapidly de-
stroying forests which were of great prospective value
for lumber and for the needs of mining and other local
development. Not less than 300,000 acres in this region
have been burned. Timber with a potential value of at
least a million dollars has been destroyed, and the
process of attrition by fire is going on each year, so
that in time, if present condi-
tions continue, a great resource
will have been wiped out. The
region has become, too, a con-
stant menace to the surrounding
National Forests because of the
danger that the fires, gaining
headway under strong winds,
may sweep over into the timber
which the public is endeavoring
to safeguard.
But the most serious aspect
of the present situation is the
inevitable injury which is al-
ready seriously threatening an
important element of the head-
waters of the Columbia River.
The Thunder Mountain region
is of unusual importance as a
source of water. It is a high
mountainous region, ranging in
elevation from 3,500 to nearly
10,000 feet. Most of it is above
6,000 feet, which means that
there is a comparatively heavy
precipitation. Of special im-
portance is the fact that the snowfall is heavy, normally
remaining until late in the spring or early summer. The
A TOWN THAT IS NO MORE
The town of Roosevelt was a prosperous mining village, typifying the hope of the prospectors who in the
early days rushed into the Thunder Mountain country. In 1907 the town was wiped out as the result
of a landslide that dammed the river and flooded the valley.
mountains are broken and rugged and the slopes for
the most part steep. While there are many rugged
peaks and lofty ridges, most of the area is not above
THUNDER MOUNTAIN
909
timber line. In fact fully 85 per cent of the land origi-
nally was covered with forest of greater or less density.
The natural forest on this rugged mountain area is
typical of the upland regions of
central Idaho. In places there
are even today fine stands of
yellow pine and Douglas fir. It
is not uncommon to see trees
four or five feet in diameter.
Along the streams one finds
abundant Engelmann spruce,
while the most common tree is
the lodgepole pine, occurring in
some places as dense pure stands
and elsewhere in mixture with
yellow pine, spruce, and Doug-
las fir. Then at the higher
elevation, just as elsewhere in
the Rocky Mountains, one en-
counters Alpine fir and white-
bark pine. It was an admir-
able forest. It formed a pro-
tective cover for the steep slopes
and narrow ravines and can-
yons, and safeguarded the
regularity of the waterflow.
The region is one vast water-
shed. Innumerable streams dis-
tribute water in great quantities
into the tributaries of the Columbia River. The supply
of water is estimated at a minimum of approximately
power in excess of 100,000 horsepower, which ultimately
can be generated.
The watershed is being ruined. This is partly through
TREE GROWTH PERSISTS
Even the steepest slopes are capable of supporting trees
slopes make it essential that the slopes b
The character of the soil and steepness of the
protected by as much forest growth as possible.
SLOPE RISING ABRUPTLY ABOVE A STREAM
These slopes today are being burned over by forest fires
myriads of gullies which promise to have
1,000 second feet. Many of the streams have a rapid
flow, averaging about 100 feet to the mile, and it has
been estimated by some that there is potential water-
the great destruction of the forests, with the inevitable
effect on the rapidity of the melting of the snow in the
spring. More serious, however,
is the injury to the ground sur-
face by the excessive and utterly
unregulated grazing of sheep.
If this area had been under
careful regulation, it might be
possible to graze upon it as
many as 75,000 head of sheep
without injury to the watershed
and without injury to the pro-
ductiveness of the forest. In-
creasingly, stock men have been
rushing sheep on this area, ab-
solutely regardless of the effect
of the over-grazing on the for-
est range itself or upon the
watershed. During the past
season it is estimated that there
were about 300,000 sheep ranged
on the area. Not only is this
overgrazing destroying the bet-
ter grasses, but the soil is being
rapidly washed away. Gullies
are being cut that already are
from one to two feet deep and
which with every flood are being scoured out to a greater
width and depth. Portions of the area are described by
forest officers as practically a dust heap. It is said that
Over-grazing by sheep is already starting
serious effect on the stability of the waterflow.
910
AMERICAN FORESTRY
the southern end of the area is so devoid of forage
suitable for horses that practically nothing can live
there except sheep and that during the past sea-
son the sheep themselves were forced to eat grasses and
plants that they are never known to eat except in ex-
treme cases. The actual effect of the destruction of the
timber and of the overgrazing is already noticeable. On
one important stream the high water period is at least
one month earlier than on streams in the National For-
ests, under precisely similar conditions, where the water-
sheds are protected.
It is not yet too late to save the Thunder Mountain
country and to make it a source of wealth and general
public benefit to the State of Idaho and to the country.
There is still upon this great area an aggregate of
between two and three billion feet of timber; and while
the timber is comparatively much less accessible than
a great deal of other timber owned by the public and
by private individuals, it will nevertheless ultimately be
of great importance. Its destruction would be a calamity.
When the National Forests were put under administra-
tion there were other areas which had been greatly over-
grazed. The placing of the Thunder Mountain region
under strict grazing regulations would make it possible
within a few years to begin the restoration of the natural
grass cover, which, together with the forest, is indispens-
able to the protection of the watershed. The development
of the great mineral resources of this region is hopelessly
blocked until the area is incorporated into a National
Forest system so that roads can be built. The protec-
tion of the forests, the regulation of the grazing, and the
building of trails and other improvements would set
in motion a progressive development of the region
FIRE SWEPT AREA
Fully 300,000 acres of forest has been burned and the public has lost timber having an approximate value
of not less than a million dollars. The dead trees stand for a time after a fire, then are blown down and
furnish fuel for additional fires, which finally wipe out all tree growth.
PICTURESQUE WHITE BARK PINE
The white-bark pine grows on precipitous slopes and is of value in hold-
ing the soil. It often assumes a most picturesque form.
in contrast to the present pro-
gressive devastation.
There is but little land suited
to agriculture. There are a few
farm homesteads, but so far it
has been possible for home-
steaders to clear and put into
cultivation only slightly over
400 acres. It is believed by care-
ful observers that there is prob-
ably not more than an aggre-
gate of 4,000 to 5,000 acres
which could be farmed. These
lands occur in scattered patches.
It is certain that there will be
little development of them until
the mines and other resources
can be opened up in such a way
as is possible under the National
Forest system.
Not to be overlooked among
the resources is the wild life
which abounds in this region.
Game is plentiful and there are
reported to be many mountain
THUNDER MOUNTAIN
911
sheep and goats. Certainly no better fishing could
be found anywhere.
Adverse public sentiment was responsible in the early
days for excluding this area from the National For-
ests, and hence for the serious condition which has fol-
lowed. Public sentiment has changed. There is now a
demand among the people of Idaho that this area be
made into a National Forest. The present sentiment
in Idaho is well expressed by a resolution passed by the
State Legislature in 1917, in which there was only one
dissenting vote in each of the two Houses. The sense
of the Legislature regarding the value of making this
resources for the benefit of the local residents and tax-
payers ; make it possible for the State to realize upon
its equity in the lands by relinquishing the unsurveyed
school lands (Sections 16 and 36) and selecting more
valuable lands elsewhere ; increase the revenues of the
county and State through the receipt of 35 per cent of
the gross receipts collected by the Forest Service ; en-
large the power of the State to share in the benefits of
the Federal aid road act ; and otherwise assist in open-
ing to development and use the vast material resources
of the Thunder Mountain region."
It was affirmatively recommended in the last annual
Typical scene in
A MOUNTAIN MEADOW
mountain meadow, backed by ridges, covered with forest. This picture was taken fifteen years ago. Since then hundreds of
fires have been depleting the forest resources of this region.
area a National Forest is expressed in one of the clauses
of the preamble as follows:
"The inclusion of the said area within a National
Forest would eliminate the annual destruction of timber
by forest fires ; make it possible for homestead settlers
to secure title to their lands under the forest homestead
act of June 11, 1906, without expense to them other than
entry and final proof fees and without the necessity of
awaiting public land surveys ; would bring Federal
aid in the construction of wagon roads, trails, bridges
and telephone lines ; give adequate protection to the game
animals, birds and fish ; establish a system of regulated
range use, thus conserving and perpetuating the forage
report of the Forester that this area be comprised within
the National Forest system. It would not be a great
financial burden to the Nation because it would be
possible to deprive from it immediately a certain revenue
through the fees for grazing the number of stock which
could be permitted even under present conditions, and
this would go far to cover administrative costs. A
great mistake was made in the first place. The con-
sequences of that mistake are already serious. It is
essential that the public take action immediately to pre-
vent further injury and to make the area in ques-
tion of public service rather than increasingly a
public injury.
KILN DRYING OAK FOR VEHICLES
ONE of the distinct developments of experiments
conducted at the Forest Products Laboratory at
Madison, Wisconsin, during the war was a rapid
method of seasoning oak.
It requires from two to three years to air season
heavier oak wagon stock. Better stock has been secured
by drying this heavy green oak according to Forest Serv-
ice recommendations and the time for 3-inch material
green from the saw is reduced to 90 or 100 days.
Three large plants using this system have negligible
losses and as compared with losses at plants using other
methods, ranged from 10 per cent up to complete loss.
Where there were heavy drying losses there was heavy
pressure for relaxation in inspection, so that poor drying
neant not only an excessive loss of stock and a holding up
on deliveries but probably also poorer material in wagons.
One furniture plant with orders for spare parts that
followed improper drying methods is reported to have
lost $25,000 worth of stock on one run, stock which was
being depended upon to keep the force at work.
912
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Photo„raPh by Harris and Ewing BEAUTIpuL TRE£S SURROUND THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL
Though markers and monument, of bronze and stone wi.l doubtless be erected in many places to our heroic dead-™ boys who fought ; »d ^bled
that Justice, Truth and Liberty might prevail in every land, they will not be a.L A -^ -gn.fi an mean ng fc-und the p. g^
STS.E^-SST'U^- AnT'agr^h "JTSTJI ^n^r^f ^n^t, fur„ish,ng the needed artistic setting,
a point well demonstrated by this picture of the trees around our National Capitol at Washington.
MEMORIAL TREES PLANTED FOR SOLDIERS AND SAILORS
WHATEVER memorial is erected to honor the
American soldiers and sailors who gave their
lives for liberty, should be, in every sense,
worthy of the deeds they performed. This means, for
one thing, that it should be of lasting value, just as the
results of the victory they won will be an enduring bless-
ing to the human race. It means, in the next place, that
there should be about this memorial a lofty and senti-
mental appeal, in keeping with the principles of Justice,
Truth and Liberty for which these men fought and died.
In the third
place, the me-
morial should
be a living,
growing monu-
ment which
will increase in
strength and
meaning with
the passing of
the years and
with the grow-
ing power of
democracy.
What more
fitting tribute,
then, to Amer-
i c a ' s heroes
than groups
and rows of
trees and indi-
vidual trees in
their home
c o m munities.
They can be
planted along
the streets and
avenues and
highways, in
parks and
plazas, church
and school
yards and
home grounds
and in other
places. They
will stand as a
const ant ex-
pression to the
people of
America of the
love of freedom, light and life for which our soldiers
offered their lives and their services. As they grow
and expand, with their branches reaching upward
toward heaven, they will speak daily of the growing
and expanding life which they protect. Whatever other
forms of memorial are decided on, therefore, nothing can
Photograph by Drew-Bynum-Petcrs
PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR THREE WHO DIED IN SERVICE
Three memorial trees were dedicated Sunday afternoon at 2.30 o'clock in front of the first city playground
in South Canal Street, Newark, in memory of three young men who died in the service. The three thus
honored were: James V. Marzano and Oscar Sager, who made the supreme sacrifice on the battle-front,
and Frederick Sauchelli, who died in the navy. The three trees bore memorial wreaths and other
decorations. Mayor Gillen delivered the dedication. The exercises were under the direction of Director
Joseph Esposito. who sent invitations to young men in the service, home on furlough, to assist. Music
was furnished by the Police Band. (From the Call, Newark, New Jersey.)
be more appropriate than tree planting. This is true
for a number of reasons. Trees are a protection to life
and innumerable are the uses to which man puts wood,
ranging from the ships which cross the ocean to the
house he builds over his head.
Widespread approval has been voiced of the sugges-
tion put forth by the American Forestry Association
that cities, states and communities, no matter what other
memorials are erected, adopt the setting out of trees, in
commemoration of those sons of whom they are so
proud. And
this honor
should not be
confined to
those who paid
the supreme
sacrifice. 1 1
should be made
to include as
far as possible
all those who
entered the
service of their
country and
who stood
ready to back
to the limit the
cause of the
United States
and its Allies,
Governors of
m any states
and numerous
other officials,
civic bodies of
various kinds,
women's clubs
and others
have expressed
themselves as
in hearty ac-
cord with the
idea, and this
backing may
be counted
on to push
through any
plans in this
direction
which are
worked out.
Markers and monuments of bronze and stone doubt-
less will be erected in many places. This will not pre-
vent the carrying out of the tree-planting idea. In most
cases trees will serve as an artistic and needed setting
to be used in conjunction with some other memorial.
If an arch or building is erected, trees can be arranged
913
914
AMERICAN FORESTRY
at appropriate distances around it or used along ave-
nues and roads leading to it.
It seems, however, as if the service and the sacrifice
of America's sons in this great war call for something
more significant, something different from the customary
A LIVING, GROWING MEMORIAL
Walnut trees will not only furnish shade and add to the beauty of the
landscape and the nation's future timber supply but to its food resources
also. Planted individually along roadsides or elsewhere, or in groves,
they will stand as perennial reminders of the full measure of service
paid by America's sons who fell in France.
marble and bronze. There are many reasons why trees
are most appropriate memorials for these men. It was
the trees of France which played a large part in helping
to hold and finally drive back the Hunnish hordes.
France sacrificed her forests, as she did her sons, that
right and justice might prevail. In this connection both
the sentimental and the practical value of tree planting
must be recognized, for it is helping to make up for the
awful losses of devastation at the same time that it is
a living, growing memorial.
It was due to the careful planting and conservation
which had been practiced by the French for many years
previous to the war that, when the time came, her for-
ests were able to supply the vast quantities of wood
which was needed by the Allies for a thousand purposes.
This should be a great lesson to the United States. Its
forests constitute one of its greatest sources of wealth
and depletion must be overcome by new planting.
The practical patriotism which is exemplified in the
planting of trees as memorials is emphasized by the sug-
gestion of Agnes Mildred Brennen,. of Niagara Palls,
New York, who voices the opinion that nut trees be
grown, thus combining food value with that of shade,
artistic beauty and future timber supply. In this con-
nection she says :
"During the last four years more people of Europe
have died of starvation than were killed in the war. We
were called upon to feed the Allies, and this meant con-
servation of all food products. Now that peace is at
hand we are not held strictly to a limited amount of any
one commodity, but we are not morally released from
conserving. Europe must be fed and it is plainly our
duty to furnish the food; not for a year or two but
until that time when she will be able to raise her own
food. The motto of the Hun was, 'Destroy Everything1
and this he did most ruthlessly. We then, must adopt
for our slogan the motto of the war kitchens, 'Save
Everything.' We must now have our Victory Gardens
and make every available piece of ground work for
the cause of democracy.
"The number of our native nut trees has diminished
during the past few years, while the quantity of nuts
consumed has steadily increased. The war has laid
waste the nut orchards of France and Italy and we can
no longer import from these countries. Why then, when
planting trees in commemoration of the deeds of our
heroes, would it not be wise to plant a goodly number
of those trees which will not only serve as a fitting me-
morial to our honored dead, but also furnish food for
THE B1TTERNUT HICKORY
This beautiful tree grows throughout the United States all the way from
the Canadian border to Florida. It is one of a number of varieties.
According to the American Forestry Association there are no hickories
growing in a state of nature outside of North America.
suffering humanity ? It is unnecessary to elucidate upon
the value of nuts as food, which well understood by
the majority of people and is constantly becoming rec-
ognized by the people in general. Most nut trees require
less care than ordinary fruit trees and are longer lived.
MEMORIAL TREES PLANTED FOR SOLDIERS AND SAILORS
915
" 'When you plant another tree, why not plant an
English Walnut Tree?' Luther Burhank says, then he-
sides sentiment and shade and leaves, you have a per-
renial supply of nuts, the improved kind of which furnish
the most delicious, nutritious and healthful food which
has ever been known."
The oak, "symbol of strength," is suggested by the
North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, which
in a statement commenting on the me-
morial tree plan says :
"What more fitting memorials
could there be
than trees ! Not
monuments in
stone, never
c h a n ging, in-
different alike
to the seasons,
and the care of
1 o v ing hands ;
but beautiful
young trees,
growing ever
u p ward and
outward to-
ward the light,
like the souls
of those whom
we seek to
com memorate
and responding
daily to the
care bestowed
upon them.
"The ideal
tree for this
purpose is one
that will thrive
in most situa-
tions, is resist-
ant to disease,
will live long,
is beautiful in
youth and will
he still more
b e a u t i ful in
age. Such is
0 U r American
white oak. It
grows slowly,
but no tree
arouses such
genuine admiration, affection and inspiration. Some
other oaks, such as the willow oak, red oak, pin oak, live
oak, and others are ideal for the different parts of North
Carolina in which they are native, but the white oak
thrives all over this State and in fact over practically all
the eastern United States.
Courtesy of the Maryland Nut Nurseries
"Let us plant oaks, the symbol of strength — and one
might almost say of immortality — as memorial trees, not
only singly on school or home grounds, but in parks and
more particularly in avenues along our important roads,
making our ways beautiful with their living beauty and
keeping alive the sacred memories of those whom we
love and shall always delight to honor."
Memorial trees already have been planted in a num-
ber of communities, some by individuals, others by
churches, clubs and other organizations ; and plans
„ are being made in many other places to
follow out the
American For-
estry Associa-
tion's s u g ges-
tion. It is most
g r a t ifying to
note the prompt
and wide re-
sponse to the
idea. A num-
ber of the
states through
their forest or
their highway
commi ssions
are furthering
the movement
in a big way
and preparing
to plant entire
forests, groves
in the various
c o u n t ies and
thou sands of
trees along the
main roads. In
co-oper a t i o n
with the Amer-
ican Institute
of A r c hitects,
Portland, Ore-
gon, is working
out a compre-
hensive victory
memorial proj-
ect which in-
cludes beauti-
ful parks with
trees, a Liberty
T e m p I e, me-
morial hospital
and a broad central driveway, with trees on either side
and smaller roadways, leading to the State Capital, with
wooded parking in other portions of the scheme.
The plan outlined for St. Louis by the local chapter
of the American Institute of Architects provides for a
cross-town park system, with Chateau Thierry and St,
916
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Mihiel Parkways, Wilson, Pershing and Lafayette Cir-
cles, connecting with existing parks and making a com-
prehensive municipal improvement feature. It is sug-
gested that one of the parkways be named "Argonne
Forest," while a connecting plaza be named "Avenue of
the 138th" in honor of the St. Louis National Guard
Regiment which was in France.
Atlanta, Georgia, has selected April 6th, the anni-
versary of this country's entrance into the war, as the
date for the planting there of trees in honor of the heroes
of that city and Fulton County. The War Mothers of
Atlanta have arranged for this dedication. The Atlanta
Writers' Club has planned to set out a grove of trees
in honor of prominent Georgia authors ; and the first to
be so honored is Jacques Futrelle, who was lost on the
Titanic.
ing to the Association on this subject, George Bird Grin-
ncll, of New York, approves of the idea for a memorial
park or parks in Colonel Roosevelt's honor, as well as
of the plan for memorial trees for soldiers and sailors.
The Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce has adopted
the idea of planting trees there for Alleghany County's
soldiers and sailors who died in the war. The Elyria
(Ohio) Rotary Club has decided to plant maples along
the drives in the Memorial Hospital grounds, one for
each native son who was killed. John Poole, president
of the International Association of Rotary Clubs, speaks
of the memorial trees as "living and loving tributes"
to the memory of America's heroes. In Fort Wayne,
Indiana, the department of public parks has purchased
150 trees for a memorial park.
Photographs by courtesy of D. N. Pomcroy
THE END OF A PERFECT DAY
Beauty and the Beast have been busy filling up the baskets and sacks with walnuts and they seem to have made a very success-
ful haul. While "Maud" will not share in the feast, there are enough of the delicious, nutritious nuts for many children to
enjoy along with the little lady shown in the picture. When planting trees in honor of the nation's heroes who served or who fell
in the great war, why not set out walnuts or some other equally valuable food -producing tree which will combine a practical with
a sentimental value?
The tree planting day which is to be observed this
spring by the Sharon Community Center, of Farming-
ton, Iowa, is to be known as "Roosevelt Day." Thus,
at the suggestion of the American Forestry Association,
the man who occupied such a prominent position for
having made conservation a live issue in the United
States, is to be paid a tribute which would have appealed
most strongly to his nature-loving heart. In many places
throughout the country they are planning to honor
Colonel Roosevelt's memory by tree planting. In writ-
An American elm for every Ramsey County, Min-
nesota, son who paid the supreme sacrifice, is to be
planted in Linwood Park, St. Paul. Worcester, Massa-
chusetts, is considering the placing of a row of trees
along Green Hill Park Driveway leading out to Camp
Bartlett, where the boys from that city trained in the
early days of the war. Clinton, Massachusetts, is plan-
ning a park of trees in the heart of the city. At
Fort Worth, Texas, the men who trained at Camp Bowie
are to be remembered by trees along two avenues leading
MEMORIAL TREES PLANTED FOR SOLDIERS AND SAILORS
917
out to the camp. The City Federation of Women's Clubs
is back of this movement. There has been introduced
into the legislature of South Carolina a bill providing
for a park of not less than fifty acres at Columbia, the
State Capital, set with appropriate trees and with a me-
morial hall in the center. At Metuchen, New Jersey, the
board of education planted a Douglas spruce in the
school grounds to keep green the memory of that town's
sons who served.
Mrs. William T. Igleheart reports from Evansville,
Indiana, that they are planning to make the tree plant-
ing day there "a victory occasion."
And in Collamer, Indiana, the whole town helped in
mony. Everyone — young and old, after the tree had
been set in place, took one of the spades and deposited
some dirt around the roots. The spades which were
borne by a Boy Scout and a Camp Fire girl were
decorated with small American flags.
The first part of the services were held in the village
school. There a report was made on each individual
soldier from Collamer, as to the time he entered the
service, his duties, location at that time and anything he
might have said about the service and his home while
away. This recital was made by some member of his
family, father or mother, brother or sister, or by a
friend. There was also a short dedicatory address by
THE MEMORIAL TREE PLANTING AT COLLAMER
The town of Collamer, Indiana, with 200 inhabitants planting a tree in honor of its eighteen sons who served in the war. Recital of the service
of each man was made by some relative or friend. A Boy Scout and a Camp Fire Girl each had a spade with which each person present threw
some dirt around the roots. The man inside the fence (side view) is A. R. Fleck, County Superintendent of Schools; the man next to the Boy
Scout is Rev. Cyrus Fleck and woman at extreme left in front of the woman with baby in arms is Mrs. Oca Jellison, Principal of the school.
the planting of memorial trees. If the service had been
held in a great cathedral or if there had been 100,000
people present, it could not have been more impressive
and more patriotic in character than when the two hun-
dred inhabitants of Collamer, Indiana, gathered to do
honor to the eighteen sons of that town who were serving
in the great war.
The tree planting, reported by M. L. Galbreath to
American Forestry, was in many ways unique and
of permanent record. Collamer is in the home county of
Vice-President Marshall.
Every person present took an active part in the cere-
A. R. Fleck, county superintendent, explanatory remarks
by Mrs. Oca Jellison, principal of the school whose hus-
band was then in action in France, and prayer by Rev.
Cyrus Fleck. Then the audience marched outside and
formed a hollow square around the fence inside of which
the tree had been placed and as each one passed inside
he or she took one of the spades and placed a spadeful
of dirt around the tree. Prayer and the singing of
America closed the exercises.
Through memorial trees growing in their honor
America's worthy sons will live again through the
years to come.
IN THE FURROWS OF FREEDOM
BY CHARLES LATHROP PACK
PRESIDENT, NATIONAL WAR GARDEN COMMISSION
A NATION is as strong as its homes. The purposes
of the various community efforts, which today are
occupying the thought of many leaders in civic
betterment work, is to knit together and make more
secure the home ties.
The greatest of all
community efforts is
that of home food pro-
duction. The garden is
the cement which helps
to hold in place the
foundation of the home.
There is scarcely a city
or a town in the United
States where the ques-
tion of bringing the
producer and the con-
sumer closer together
has not been discussed
and where some sort of
plan has not been devised for bringing this about. But
the method which has accomplished the most and which
has proved
most success-
ful is that of
the home and
community
garden. No
other instru-
ments have
been found so
helpful to the
individual, the
unit of com-
munity life.
"We Ameri-
cans ought to
be a nation of
garden ers,"
says W. E.
Babb, a Chica-
go newspaper
man and apart-
ment-ho use
"cliff - dweller"
who cultivated
a garden last
year for the
first time in his
life and found
it not only
profitable from
an economic point of view but interesting and educational
as well. "Nature intended that we should be a nation of
918
THE DAYLIGHT SAVING LAW
Here is the Daylight Saving Law which was in effect
in 1918 and will remain in force during 1919, and which
will settle the minds of doubters as to whether daylight
saving is a one-year proposition or not :
"That at 2 o'clock ante-meridian of the last Sunday in
March of each year the standard time of each zone shall
be advanced one hour, and at 2 o'clock ante-meridian of
the last Sunday in October each year the standard time
of each zone shall, by the retarding one, be returned to
the astronomical time of the degree of longitude govern-
ing each zone, respectively."
CABBAGES AND KINGS
When a factory worker lias a garden like tins with the best of vegetables right at the kitchen door he
can feel as independent as an American citizen should feel. This is a corner in the one-acre garden of
an employe of Eastman Kodak Company at Rochester, New York.
gardeners," he adds, "and this applies to the man in the
city as well as to the rural districts."
He tells how after clearing all the "weeds, tin cans and
brick-bats from the vacant lot which he 'borrowed,' and
digging up a carload of
junk," he succeeded in
raising "enough to sup-
ply a score of people
with vegetables all sum-
mer, while in addition
my wife canned a lot
for winter use."
"And there was
something more," he
declares. "I learned
that vegetables are in-
teresting things to live
with. I tried raising
chickens once and got a
lot of real pleasure out
of it but it didn't compare with the joy and knowledge 1
got out of my war garden." He was awarded the first
prize by the
State Council
of Defense for
his war garden.
Many thou-
sands of other
people have
1 e a r n ed that
war gardening
is not only val-
uable but inter-
esting. City of-
ficials and busi-
ness men have
learned that it
is a movement
worth cultivat-
ing permanent-
ly. That is
why, in addi-
tion to their
kno wledge of
the present
world need for
food, they are
backing the
Victory Gar-
den campaign
this year. The
com m unit y
with the largest number of gardens in proportion to its
population, other things being equal, is the most pros-
IN THE FURROWS OF FREEDOM
919
Photograph
of Agriculture, Philippine Islands
EGGPLANT AND LOMBOY
This is one corner of a vegetable garden at Singalong, Manila, where the
home food production campaign has borne fruit.
community welfare schemes. This includes the planting
of gardens. All these forces realize the binding strength
of the home. Love of home reflects love of country and
inspires the spirit that produces real patriotism. Lincoln
said : "Let not him who is homeless pull down the house
of another, but let him labor diligently to build one for
himself."
America, the land of homes; America, the land of
gardens! That is a "consummation devoutly to be
wished," a goal worth striving for. The nearer we come
to that aim, the richer in things spiritual as well as
physical will be the nation.
Large industrial concerns which have encouraged and
assisted their employes to plant gardens and to raise part
of their own food testify to the value of the work as a
stabilizer of labor and as making more contented and
better workmen and citizens. The National War Garden
Commission has received numerous reports which bear
out this statement. Here, for instance, is what is said
WAR GARDEN WHERE FIRST ALFALFA IN UNITED STATES WAS GROWN
Lorenzo S. Clark, of Salt Lake City, answered the call of Pershing to "Keep the Food Coming" by planting a war garden on land where his
father, in 18.53, with seeds brought from England, planted the first alfalfa in this country. Under the direction of Walter J. Sloan, supervisor of
city war gardens. Salt Lake City in 1918 planted more than 8,000 home food producing plots and raised $750,000 worth of its own food Mr. Sloan
ts to the National War Garden Commission that they are planning for an even bigger campaign for Victory Gardens in 1919. He says:
"There will be need for an additional food supply for years. The people of the United States, at least a majority of them, are just beginning
to learn what it means to raise their own vegetables. I believe that it would be to their benefit, war or no war, if we could instill into the
minds of the American people this thought — No unsightly back yards, no vacant lots. Weeds are a menace to health, so are empty cans and
garbage in your back yard. We want health."
porous and the best community. One has only to look
at value figures of what some of the cities raised last
year, running into many thousands and in numerous
- into the hundreds of thousands of dollars, to realize
what this movement means.
Closely connected with this home food production
effort is the big "own-a-home" campaign which is being
conducted this year throughout the nation. This is being
stimulated by the United States Department of Labor,
the National Federation of Construction Industries, real
estate boards and chambers of commerce and various other
organizations which have at heart the lasting betterment
of the people. The Council of National Defense is now
utilizing the vast machinery which it built up to help
organize the nation for the pressing business of war, and A community garden group
4. .i i i r „ l t * i. Here are a few of the thousands of home food producers of Louisville,
tUming It WltO the Channels Of peace and Working OUt Kentucky, who have made a wonderful record.
920
AMERICAN FORESTRY
of the movement by the Norton Company of Worcester,
Massachusetts, whose employes last year cultivated ioo
acres of company land on which they raised between $40,-
000 and $50,000 worth of food, in addition to that which
more than 2,000 workers grew in their home gardens :
"The Norton Community Shop gardening activities
are no longer an experiment. On the contrary they are
an unqualified
success, and the
Norton Agri-
cultural Socie-
ty is looked
upon by the
company and
its employes as
a permanent in-
stitution. Many
who have never
handled the
spading fork
and the hoe are
becoming en-
thusiastic ama-
teur gardeners.
Far from turn-
ing a good
workman into
a poor farmer,
one of the most
i m p ortant re-
sults of the
Norton garden
activities has
been the mak-
ing of good workmen into better workmen. The proces-
sion of men who at the end of a summer afternoon in
the shop tramp over the hill to enjoy an hour of vigorous
exercise out of doors is matched the following morning
by the returning ranks of clear-eyed, vigorous men ready
to engage with equal enthusiasm in the regular vocational
work which they have chosen. The harvest time, which
brings to the man the tangible evidence of what intelligent
effort, persistence and industry will produce in the garden,
gives him a clear realization that the exercise of the same
qualities in the shop is as certain to bring its reward.
Better still, as
the officers of
the c o m p any
and its men
busy t h em-
selves in their
gardens side by
side, there
arises the spirit
of c o m r a de-
ship among all
who embark
together on
some great ad-
venture."
This idea
is s p r e a ding
around the
world and oth-
er nations are
coming to the
United States
to learn of the
benefits which
have come to
this country as
a result of the
The inhabitants
LOOK WHAT TRENTON DID
Some of the finest war gardens in the United States were in the capita! of New Jersey, where the Trenton
Food Garden Commission was active in keeping up interest in home food growing. Is this not a wonderful
improvement on an ash-covered lot?
community and shop garden movement,
of the Philippines have entered into this work with an
enthusiastic determination to improve their own condi-
tion at the same time that they are performing a broad
GAVE UP GOLF FOR GARDENING
That is what W. E. Nemits, assistant general claims agent of the Chicago Surface Lines, did when he saw the need of raising food for the boys
"over there." His report to the National War Garden Commission of Washington shows that although he had never done any gardening betore
he made a fine record. Individuals and communities everywhere are planning to make the Victory Garden Campaign this year a Digger
•uccess than was the war garden campaign last year.
IN THE FURROWS OF FREEDOM
921
humanitarian service. A report to the National War
Garden Commission from the Secretary of Agriculture
of the Philippines tells something of the way in which
they are planting gardens there. This work has been
well-organized and is being stimulated through district
and municipal campaigns so that everybody is reached
and encouraged to help in the food production effort.
Demonstration gardens are being planted throughout the
Island in the public squares and plazas of the different
municipalities to serve as a standing call to the Filipino
peoples to help in the world food war. The instance is
cited of a fourth grade school boy in one of the islands
in the Philippines who has taught a big lesson in food
production to the natives of the whole island. He en-
tered the contest which was held there and was given a
but it is because of the beautiful flowers and landscape
effects for which they are famous not because of the
vegetables which they grow.
The Victory Garden campaign in the United States
this year is in full swing and, in the widespread interest
shown and the number of gardens planted, bids fair to
surpass the wonderful work done in 1918. Hundreds of
organizations which were active in the movement last
year are again in the field, while new ones are taking up
the slogan of "Food F. O. B. the Kitchen Door," and
urging everybody to get into the furrows of freedom to
drive back the new enemy, General Hunger. Manufactur-
ing concerns have prepared to assist their employes again
this year by providing land for them to cultivate. There
is increased interest among railroad employes in the
work. State and city officials and garden com-
mittees are busy. Banks and libraries will
assist again by the distribution to their patrons
of thousands of garden books furnished them
by the Commission. The newspapers of the
country again are backing the movement and
lending it their hearty support. Big campaigns
are on in many cities and motion pictures are
being used to show what the "city farmers"
Lettuce and eggplant are some of the specialties they raise
in their gardens at Singalong, Manila.
small piece of land to cultivate. On it he
raised a variety of vegetables. He was told,
however, that it would not be possible for him
to grow a second crop of corn, as it never had
been done, and that the weather and other con-
ditions would not permit. But he did grow a
second crop of corn and it was larger than his
first crop. In this way he converted the
sceptics to the possibility and the value of rotation.
The Japanese Government is studying the methods
which have been carried out successfully in this country
by the National War Garden Commission. S. S. Honda,
trade commissioner of Japan and an official in the De-
partment of Agriculture, who was recently in the United
States, took back with him to Japan all the information
he could gather about home and community food pro-
duction, with the purpose of organizing a similar cam-
paign in his country. In discussing the subject he said
that a survey of idle land was then being made and that
his people, who knew virtually nothing about home gar-
dening, would be urged to cultivate all the land available.
Japan, of course, prides itself upon its gardens, he said,
Photographs, Bureau of Agriculture, Philippine Islands
AT CALLE TAFT, MANILA
Everybody is a victory gardener in the Philippines and they are rounding up the
"slacker land" even under the shadow of- the cathedral dome.
can do. As an illustration of what they are doing in
some of the cities, here is what C. E. Smith, garden
director of the Detroit Department of Parks and Boule-
vards, says in a letter to the Commission :
"The work for the present year is well on its way and
we are anticipating a much bigger and better work than
the year previous. With a large number of gardeners
already enrolled with us and the present amount of
available land for garden purposes more than double that
of last year, we feel assured that the victory gardening
for this year will be well worth the most strenuous
efforts." In Detroit they are using the Commission's
posters on the street cars, particularly to call the attention
of the factory workers to the need of home food produc-
922
AMERICAN FORESTRY
tion. Advertising clubs are assisting and here is the text
lit a resolution adopted at a recent meeting of the Adver-
tising Club of Washington:
KNOWING That the production of food is the paramount prob-
Icm before the world today, and
KNOWING That the President of the United States has called
upon us to help feed the people in the stricken areas of
Europe, and
Knowing That everything possible must be done to produce
food as close to the place of consumption as possible ; there-
fore, be it
Rtiotvtd by the Advertising Club of Washington, That its
members co-operate with the National War Garden Commission
in its campaign for Victory Gardens by using window displays
and garden copy wherever possible in order to
carry the message of Food F. O. B. the Kitchen
Door to the people, and be it further
Resolved, That we urge the Associated Adver-
tising Clubs of the world to co-operate and that
this resolution be sent to them.
The opening of the home garden drive this
year and every succeeding year should be
celebrated by a national holiday. It is a
new independence day for the nation ; and the
home soldiers of the soil should have some-
way of expressing the freedom which they have found
in the garden. Of course, there is no fixed first plant-
ing clay throughout the United States or even through-
out a restricted territory ; but some day might be fixed
which would answer the purpose of calling attention
in a nation-wide way to this great institution — the home
and community garden. Pageants and parades can be
arranged in the various cities.
On the last Sunday in March the Daylight Saving Law
goes into effect again, just in time to give the victory
gardener the advantage of the extra hour of daylight
Photographs, Bureau of Agriculture. Philippine Islands
IN A PHILIPPINE GARDEN
Pupils of the Tondo intermediate school at Manila are
taught gardening, as is shown by this picture, and they are
teaching their elders much about the work.
every afternoon which meant so much to him last
year and which meant the addition of millions of
dollars to the nation's garden products.
Are you going to have a part in the harvest of
victory? Will you help to conquer the new enemy,
Hunger, which is killing thousands of people in
lands across the seas? If you have not yet plant-
Thc message of "Food F. O. B. the Kitchen Door" has spread to the lands heyond
the sea; and the Filipino wards of Uncle Sam are doing tine work in home and qc\ m VictOTV Garden lllatt to do it todaV
community gardening. J c * I * '
PHILIP W. AYRES ELECTED PRESIDENT OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN CLUB
T?OR the first time in its history, the Appalachian Moun-
-*- tain Club has chosen a member of the forestry pro-
fession to lead it. At the recent meeting of the club,
Philip W. Ayres, who has for years accomplished notable
things for forestry in the State of New Hampshire, and
who is the Forester of the Society for the Protection of
New Hampshire Forests was elected President.
The members number over 2,000. There are well-
developed chapters of the club in New York City and
in Worcester, Massachusetts, while the general mem-
bership is more widely extended, including several mem-
bers in Washington, District of Columbia. Its honorary
and corresponding members include the distinguished
mountaineers of Europe and America.
The club has eleven forest reservations in New Hamp-
shire, varying in size from 1 to 300 acres, besides three
reservations in Massachusetts and two in Maine. It
maintains 54 paths in the White Mountains covering 213
miles. It maintains three huts of a capacity of 35 to 40
each in the highest parts of the White Mountains, be-
sides nine other camps and various other shelters at high
elevations above 3,000 feet and some of them above 4,000
feet, throughout the mountains. All of these are as
freely open to the tramping public as to club members.
The club is actively co-operating with the supervisor of
the White Mountain National Forest in the matter of
trails, telephone lines and fire lines.
THE USES OF WOOD
FENCING MATERIALS FROM FORESTS
BY HU MAXWELL
Editor's Note:— This is the eleventh story in a series of important and very valuable articles by Mr. Maxwell on wood and its
uses. The series will thoroughly cover the various phases of the subject, from the beginnings in the forest through the processes
of logging, lumbering, transportation and milling, considering in detail the whole field of the utilization and manufacture of wood.
THE forests have fenced American farms, orchards
and yards. Much material other than wood is in
use, and was used in the past, and doubtless will be
in the future ; but wood has held first place from the
earliest times, and it is not inclined to yield that place
now. It has been abundant and relatively cheap in many
parts of the country, and in most ways has been satis-
the land in the process of clearing. Such a fence was a
continuous windrow of brush extending round the field.
The building of one of that sort was like killing two
birds with one stone ; for the removal of the brush
cleared the land, and when properly piled, the brush
constituted the fence. Such a fence answered most pur-
poses when freshly built, but it soon decayed, and then
of "Tin- ll'hiu- Pine Bureau"
WHITE PINE GATES OF QUALITY
An attractive gate gives class to premises and furnishes an introduction which never fails to impress favorably those who
for the first time. Architects and landscape gardeners understand how to make the most of this asset. In this
I teems more genuine than metal. This is the gate at famous "Beverly" on the Pocomoke River, Maryland.
fa< tory. The kinds of fences built of wood, or partly
of wood, have been numerous and interesting, and fashion
has been regulated largely by convenience. The first
fence that encloses a newly-cleared field in a forested
region may not be the same in style, appearance, and con-
struction a>* that enclosing the meadow which occupies
the same site a century later. The original fence may
'have consisted of brush, limbs, and poles procured from
it settled so low that horses, cattle, and sheep could walk
over it at will and thus enter and depart from enclosures.
The brush fence never was much protection against hogs,
for these animals were able to force passage through
and under, and a short period of decay put such a struc-
ture out of commission. The brush fence used to be
common and it has not yet become obsolete. It was
never regarded as a wholly creditable farm improve-
924
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1,^*2^1
iimittit;
mints :
iHHURf
lillllilil!
iinian
illllliiWIIlHIIIIIIHIUHlHtBIHIHI
lflffi!li||Hllllllllllllllflli'
unmnii
:KIHHIHH«J'
RAILING AND POSTS OF WOOD
Fences of metal, in rods, bars, or wire, are frequently held up by posts
and rails of wood. It is difficult to find a substitute for wood at reason-
able cost. Wooden posts may be given preservative treatment to prolong
tluir period of usefulness and to increase value. This is now done on a
large scale.
ment, but rather as a makeshift for temporary service
only.
The log fence, or that made of logs, poles, and brush
in combination, was formerly more common than it is
now. It differed only slightly
from the common brush fence.
It might last a year or two longer
if the destroying agent was decay
alone. It was often easier to roll
logs, trunks, and branches to-
gether and build a fence of them
to enclose a field than to bring
them together in heaps and rid
the ground of their presence by
burning. A week of constant at-
tention might be necessary to rid the ground of a group
of log heaps by burning, but when rolled to the margin
to form a fence, the logs were out of the way. Some
fences were built of stumps pulled from the ground and
their roots all
turned in one
direction. Such
were more
common in
northern pine
regions than
elsewhere, be-
cause pine
stumps are
easily pulled
from the
ground and
they retain
their roots
many years. A
structure like
that is some-
times known as
a Canada fence
because com-
mon in the pine
regions of
Canada.
The fence
rail was the
ever- present
and all-important unit of fencing material. It still occu-
pies a conspicuous place, but has lost some of its popu-
larity. The rail is split from timber, and the regulation
length is eleven feet, but variations in length are many.
Rail-splitting was a common occupation in early times.
Farmers mauled the rails with which they enclosed their
fields. The splitting was done with mauls, iron wedges,
and wooden gluts ; and a strong, industrious man, when
he had good timber already cut into suitable lengths,
could split 400 or 500 rails a day. Champions had rec-
ords as high as 1 ,000 rails a day ; but such a number was
impossible except under the most favorable circumstances.
The rail fence is usually constructed with zig-zag panels,
the pattern being known as a "worm" fence or "Virginia"
fence, the first name being due to the resemblance of the
line to the path of a crawling worm.
Rails have varied much in size, according to timber
ORNAMENTAL RATHKR THAN USEFUL
Rustic fences are built in many styles, but most of them are intended to be ornamental. In most in-
stances other kinds of fence could be built for less money, but cheapness is not the main purpose held
in view by builders of fences of this kind. The rustic fence is often ready made in factories.
and region. During the Civij War, lines of walnut fence
in Indiana were purchased by gunstock manufacturers,
and it is said that those rails averaged the equivalent of
fifteen board feet per rail. A mile of that fence repre-
sented enough
timber to saw
75,000 feet of
boards. The
staked and rid-
ered fence re-
quired a little
more. Enor-
mous quantities
of timber have
been mauled
into rails in
some of the
fore sted re-
gions, where
wood was
cheap, fields
small and
farms numer-
ous. The West
Virginia Con-
servation Com-
m i s s ion esti-
mated that,
from the earli-
e s t settlement
IS THIS TOO GOOD FOR FENCES?
They figure that enough wood is in these two cars of logs to make two-thirds of a mile of plank fence,
but that the lumber will be of a grade too good for fencing. That is a matter on which opinions may
differ. The best white pine of New England was not considered too good for fencing. These logs are
Douglas fir.
THE USES OF WOOD
925
of that State down to the year 1900, no less than 4,500,-
000,000 feet of timber had been split into fence rails.
Most of it was
oak and chest-
nut, but some
was yellow pop-
lar, black walnut,
white pine, white
ash, and slippery
elm. Worm
fences are still
being built, but
they are disap-
pearing in favor
of wire and
boards, or of
straight fences
con structed of
rails and posts.
T h e post-and-
rail fence has
been considered
as the connecting link between the pioneer worm fence
and the plank fence. It was once made of flat rails whose
WORM FENCES
ENCLOSING
FIELDS
MOUNTAIN
A few long lines of fence like this may still be
seen in mountainous regions where timber has
only recently become salable, and was formerly
mauled into rails. Replacements are now made
with posts and planks or posts and wire. This
fence is in Tucker County, West Virginia.
ends were fitted in holes mortised in posts set ten feet
apart. Such fences ran in straight lines. It was a little
cheaper than the
worm fence if
timber had any
value. It requir-
ed about 55,000
feet of timber to
make a mile. The
plank fence uses
sawed lumber
instead of flat
rails, and nails
are the fasten-
ings instead of
mortises and
tenons as in the
p o s t - a n d-rail
pattern. A plank
fence may be
built with from
30,000 to 40,000
feet of lumber per mile, including the posts. There is
another pattern of rail fence much used on very steep
HOW A "SWEDE FENCE" BRISTLES
Such fences are constructed up and down steep
hills where the ordinary worm fence will not stick
to the ground. This one defies the worst farm
rogues, having been modeled after an old military
device constructed to stop cavalry. This fence is
on a farm among the Allegheny mountains.
Courtesy of "The White Pine Bureau"
FINE AND FAULTLESS AFTER A CENTURY
The white pine palings enclosing the famous Spaulding House at Nashua, New Hampshire, show few signs of deterioration
after a long period of exposure to the weather. The fence has received care and has been kept well painted. Neglect
is the greatest enemy of out-of-door woodwork.
926
AMERICAN FORESTRY
ground where the common worm fence will not stand. It
is known as a "swede" fence, so named from its resem-
blance to an old military contrivance built of spikes
called "Swedish feathers," and intended to check attacks
of cavalry. In building the swede fence one end of the
rail rests on the ground while the other end is elevated
at an angle of thirty or forty degrees and is supported
On stakes which cross each other like the letter X.
Various patterns of paling and picket fences are in
use. in some of which the pickets are held by nails, in
Photograph by Courtesy of the HartmannSanders Company
THE PERGOLA'S FINISHING TOUCHES
Happy surroundings tend to convert idle moments into years of pleasant
memories and the pergola has helped transform many barren spaces
into spots of charm and beauty.
others they are woven with wire; and in a few of the
old cypress picket fences of the South, wooden pegs were
used in place of nails. In Some instances it has been
found that the peg was the better fastener, for it remained
sound after nails of the same age had been destroyed by
rust. The picket fence involves a catch problem in
geometry which some of the old-time pedagogues thought
quite interesting, and they liked to put it up to their
advanced pupils thus: "Prove that more pickets are re-
quired for a mile of fence on level ground than for a
mile up and down hills." The pupil who could prove
the positive side of the proposition and round out his
reasoning with the formal and classic quad crat demon-
strandum, always received one hundred per cent in his
grade in mathematics.
Every species of wood in the United States which
attains sufficient size, has done service as fence rails,
either after being split or in the form of round poles ;
but not one species in twenty is satisfactory for split
rails, crude and common as such rails are. A wood has
generally been considered defective as a fence rail pros-
pect unless it could be split easily and was resistant to
decay. Relatively few woods possess both of these
qualities in the desired degree.
It is not practicable to make a list of rail timbers to
include all the good and exclude all the bad. It depends
largely upon the region. Where white oak and chestnut
were plentiful, rail splitters used few others in former
times; but some regions had neither of these. Black
walnut was more durable than oak or chestnut, but its
range was limited to certain districts, and chiefly to rich
land ; consequently, only here and there were walnut
fences possible. Yellow poplar splits well, but it is
brittle, breaks easily, and is prone to decay when exposed
to the weather, and its use as rails was restricted by a
prejudice against it even in regions where trees were
plentiful and of splendid size. Many pine rails were
made formerly, and a few are still made, but unless the
sapwood is excluded, the pine rail rots quickly. White
ash splits in a beautiful manner, and before the wood
became valuable in a commercial way, much splendid
ash timber was mauled into rails. All cedar with highly
colored heartwood makes good fence rails; but only a
few cedars are large enough for splitting, after the sap-
wood has been excluded ; and some cedar splits none too
well. Millions of rails were made of southern red cedar,
and trainloads of such rails were brought up many years
CATALPA FOR FENCE POSTS
Thi:
cut shows a small catalpa tree just attaining size fitting it for fence
posts. It is one of the handsomest trees of our forests and its large leaves
and showy flowers cause it to be planted oftencr for ornament than for
posts. However, it serves both purposes well, and is widely used.
THE USES OF WOOD
927
later to be made into lead pencils. On the northern
Pacific coast the giant red cedar contributed rails for
many a mile of fence. In California a similar service
was exacted of the incense cedar ; but the rail fence was
never as popular in the far west as it was in the eastern
country in early times. The westerners preferred to use
OSAGE ORANGE FENCE POSTS IN KANSAS
These posts were cut from planted timber, for Osage orange is not a
native tree in Kansas. It once formed hundreds of miles of hedge fence
in the treeless states, and now some of these hedges are being cut for
fence posts, having reached that size because they were not kept cut
back.
the incense cedar for posts and finish the fence with
lumber cut from yellow and sugar pines or from redwood.
Southern cypress possesses the essential qualities recpiired
of good rail timber, and much of it was once put to
that use.
Nearly any wood may occasionally be made into rails,
either because it is convenient, or because no better is in
reach. ( )ne rather abundant tree is never worked into
rails, because it is unwedgeable. It is black gum which
r
-.
cannot be split unless solidly frozen. Old rail splitters
always liked to initiate a novice by assigning him a black
gum log to split, and then joshing him on the subject
of his speed.
The best trees were always selected by rail makers
( speaking in the past tense) because such were more
easily split than those that were crooked and knotty. The
result was, in pioneer times, that the very finest oak,
chestnut, ash, and walnut were cut for rail fence material.
Enormous numbers of fence posts are now in use and
have long been in demand. The chief quality of posts
must be durability. They are always in contact with the
ground, and at the point of contact decay is active. For
that reason it is necessary to select the more durable
woods for posts if long service is wanted. Probably half
RAMSHACKLE RAIL FENCES
la rail fences arc kept in repair, they are not things of beauty and
may - to be things of utility. There are reasons to feel thank-
ful that old style rail fences are passing out of use. They are wasteful
of both wood and ground. This is a scene in southern Indiana.
UNUSUAL BUT EXCELLENT FENCE MATERIAL
These uncouth specimens, which might be mistaken for vegetable porcu-
pines, are tree yuccas growing on the -Lincoln National Forest, in New
Mexico. Stockmen uselthe dead and dry trunks in making corral fences.
The logs are set on end in the ground, forming palisades which answer
the purpose well in regions where other timber is scarce. Photograph
by the United States Forest Service.
of the fence posts in use are neither sawed nor split. They
are round poles, sometimes with the bark still on, but
commonly peeled. It is not so essential with posts as with
rails that the wood split readily, though trees more than
six or eight inches in diameter are generally sawed or
split before being set as posts.
Trees of every species, if large enough, may be used
for posts ; but some of them decay so quickly that they
are scarcely worth the trouble of setting. A post that
does not last five or six years is unprofitable. A split
or sawed post usually lasts longer than one of the same
wood in the round, because the round post is apt to con-
028
AMERICAN FORESTRY
tain a higher proportion of sapwood than the sawed post,
and the larger the proportion of heartwood the longer
the post will likely last. Every forested region has cer-
tain woods more durable than others, and these are pre-
ferred for fence posts. The following woods are re-
garded as good post material in regions where they
can be had :
Yellow or black locust occurs in the middle Appa-
lachian region. This tree's range has been widely ex-
tended by planting.
Incense cedar and redwood abound in California and
in southern Oregon. The posts are always sawed or
split from large trees and the sapwood is rejected.
Osage orange or bois d'arc grows in Texas and Okla-
homa. The sap is very thin, round posts are not objec-
tionable, and those sawed or split are not often seen.
Chestnut ranges from Connecticut to Georgia, and
the posts are sawed, split, or round.
White oaks of more than a dozen species are made
into posts in practically all parts of the United States.
The posts are nearly always sawed or split.
Black walnut heartwood is very durable, but the sap-
wood is nearly worthless for posts. Black walnut was
VIRGINIA RED CEDAR
This tree is known as the Virginia red cedar, but at the present time
more of it is cut for posts in Texas than in Virginia. It grows in all
southern states, and in Tennessee much of it was formerly split for fence
rails, but it is no longer used in that way. Few woods resist decay bet*
ter than this cedar.
never largely
usedi or posts.
M u 1 b erry
heartwood is
durable and
posts from
1 a r ge trunks
last well, but
the trees are
not abundant.
M esq uite
and several
other legumi-
n o u s species
of the South-
west have thin
sapwood, very
durable heart,
and make
good posts,
though the
boles and
branches are
usually very
crooked.
South ern
red and white
cedars, and
northern
white cedar
or arborvitae,
are extensive-
ly used for
posts and are
shipped far
from the re-
gion where
they grow.
C a t a 1 p a
lasts well, and
since most ca-
talpa posts
are cut from
planted trees,
the range of
this wood covers most states in the Mississippi Valley,
and also in other regions. The principal original range of
catalpa was restricted to the lower Ohio Valley.
The question as to what wood is most durable as fence
posts has not been decided. Both the wood and the
situation must be taken into consideration. Locust and
Osage orange are rivals for first place, if situations are
the same ; while in the dry climate of California, incense
cedar and redwood last a long time. In the southern
country they have called cypress the "wood eternal,"
under the assumption that decay has little effect upon it.
It lasts a long time, but not forever.
The practice of treating fence posts with preservatives
to hinder decay has become extensive and is on the in-
IDEAL TREE FOR RAIL SPLITTERS
Millions of fence rails have been mauled from such
oaks as this. The pioneer fence builder picked the
largest, finest trees because of the case with which
they could be split and of the symmetrical rails
produced. Heartwood was wanted, and large trunks
contained relatively more of it than small.
THE USES OF WOOD
929
crease. By such treatment, some woods which are not naturally durable
may be converted into long-lasting posts.
It has been said that America has used more wood for fences than for
houses, and the statement is probably true. Wooden fences are peculiarly
liable to destruction by decay, fire and flood; and they must be repaired
or renewed often. They can have little protection against weather. Paint
is occasionally applied, but not often. They are in contact with grass,
weeds, and leaves, all of which promote decay. Fires were more destruc-
tive in the past than at present, but even yet much fencing is consumed in
grass and forest fires.
No one can name a maximum, minimum, or average period of service
for a wooden fence. So many influences and accidents must be taken into
account that one case is not like any other. A fence of round buckeye
poles among the Allegheny mountains has been known to rot down in a
single year; and a similar fence of red alder on the Pacific coast may be
useless through decay in a time equally short. On some of the high and
dry ridges of western Maryland and the adjoining parts of Pennsylvania,
farmers point with pride to worm fences of chestnut rails and claim that
their grandfathers built them nearly a century ago. Old-fashioned doctors
of that region formerly made a
PRIME NORTHERN WHITE
Thousands of miles of
PINE
the northern
A plank fence
states from Maine to Minnesota have been built of
white pine boards cut from trees as faultless as that
in the accompanying illustration; but at the present
time timber of that class is seldom used for fenc-
ing boards because it is more valuable for other
purposes.
rheumatism remedy which is
not listed in the dispensatories.
It was distilled from the moss-
covered chestnut rails, the old-
est and dryest that could be
found. The wood was hogged
with an ax, placed beneath a
bottom-up kettle that had a fire
built on top, and in that manner
the oil was roasted out of the
chestnut wood. "A teacup of
chestnut rail oil, well rubbed in"
was declared to be a cure for
any case of rheumatism that
was curable. The only interest-
ing point in the prescription is
that the fence rail must be a
hundred years old. Some of
the cypress paling fences in the
southern states, and the white
pine palings in the North, are
reputed to be a hundred years
old. Ordinarily a chestnut or
oak rail fence needs a good deal
of repairing at the end of fif-
teen or twenty years, and in less
time if the fence is permitted to
be overgrown with brush, as
the custom is with untidy
farmers.
Fences have never been the
product of factories, except to
a very limited extent. It has always been the custom to procure the raw
material, haul it to the desired place, and build the fence in situ. That
has held true whether it was a rail fence, or one of planks and posts,
pickets, or posts and wire. Occasionally, the raw material grows on the
ground to be enclosed by the fence. That was usually the case in pioneer
days when the clearing of the land was the heavy job and the building
of the fence a side issue. In more recent times fences have usually
SOUTHERN WHITE CEDAR
All cedar is classed as good fence post material be-
cause of its durability when in contact with the
ground. The cedar shown in the cut ranges from
New Jersey to Florida, near the coast, often in very
wet situations such as the Dismal Swamp in Vir-
ginia. Enormous quantities of posts of this wood are
used yearly.
930
AMERICAN FORESTRY
been made of materials brought wholly from a distance.
Gates and some kinds of fencing are now the product
of factories. Such factories are often located near large
mills or in lumber centers. Several articles are included
in the output, among them being gates, ready to hang in
place ; pickets ready for nailing up, or already made into
panels suitable for fastening in place; woven fencing
consisting of slats attached to strands of wire. The
gates are of various patterns, fitted for different service.
Some are small and intended for dooryards, others are
farm gates for fields. The slat-and-wire fence is sold
in large rolls or spools for convenience in hauling and
handling.
The industry which turns out fencing and gates as
here described, is small in comparison with some of the
other wood-using industries, yet the annual total of wood
TYPICAL OLD STYLE RAIL FENCE
This "worm fence" is an old timer. It is a survival from past generations,
and except in a few regions only a few of them are left. The fence here
shown has probably 'stood more than fifty years. When it finally dis-
appears, it will be replaced with a fence of posts and wire or posts and
boards.
consumed in the United States exceeds 23,000,000 feet.
The principal gate and fence woods, and the yearly
demand for each are here given :
FEET
Yellow pine 6,765,000
Hemlock 5,152,000
Chestnut 5,121,000
White pine 3,883,000
Oak 2,640,000
Spruce 1,070,000
Douglas fir 805,000
Cypress 681,040
Cedar 465,500
Birch 300,000
Elm 155,000
Maple 140,000
Redwood 133,000
Basswood 50,000
Larch 48,000
Western Yellow Pine 33,000
Yellow poplar 5,000
Hickory 600
Total 27,448,840
The manufacturing of this material is not evenly dis-
tributed over the country. Thirty-four states produce
none. Most of the manufacturing is confined to states
listed below, with the yearly output of fencing and gates :
FEET
Virginia 6,925,000
Minnesota 4,570,000
Iowa 950,000
New York 725,000
Washington 320.000
Indiana 176,000
Pennsylvania 161,000
More disputes, controversies, and quarrels have been
caused by fences and lack of fences than by any other
one cause during
the whole journey
of man from sav-
agery up to the
present hour. Even
Homer, ancient as
he was, based po-
etic similes and oth-
er figures of rheto-
ric, upon farmers
scrapping over
their line fences.
Early lawj in all
countries were
passed for the pur-
pose of regulating
boundaries, land-
marks, and fences.
Every state in this
country has its laws
on the subject. One
of the first matters
which statutes seek
. to settle is the defi-
nition of a "lawful
fence" — how high
it must be, and of
what materials and
construction. If
roguish cattle break
through or jump
over a lawful fence,
the owner of the
stock is liable for damages. If land is not enclosed with
a lawful fence, the owner of the land may be stopped
from collecting damage for trespass. However the same
laws do not hold everywhere. In some states "every
man's line is his fence," and he need not build any fence
except for his own convenience, and he can claim dam-
ages for trespass. Some laws fix the height of a lawful
fence and specify the material of which it shall be built.
There is wisdom in the old adage: "Good fences make
good neighbors," the meaning being that community
quarrels are reduced to a minimum if all the fences are
in first-class order.
PROSPECTIVE POST TIMBER RUINED
Here is a young locust tree being devoured
by borers. That fate is overtaking millions
of locust trees in the United States. _ Large
and small alike fall victims to these insects.
No protection against the attacks is known,
and when an attack is once made on a tree
it is done for, though it may fight many years
against its fate.
THE WATERFOWL
(Family Anatidae)
BY A. A. ALLEN, PH.D.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ORNITHOLOGY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY
TO ONE who is fond of nature in her wilder moods,
there is nothing more fascinating than the flight of
the waterfowl. Seen against a leaden sky or against
the first flush of dawn, the sweep of their rapidly moving
forms holds a charm that can be replaced by nothing
else. The eye follows until as merest specks, they dis-
appear into the haze, leaving one with a feeling that na-
ture is not yet vanquished, that there are still great spaces
A MALLARD DUCK IN ITS NEST IN CAPTIVITY
Compare this bird with the drake mallard in breeding plumage and in
"eclipse."
unexplored, that man, after all, is but one small part of
the great creation.
Vast stretches of brown marsh, or waves lapping on
the lake shore, or surf pounding on the headlands are the
setting for a picture that clings to one's memory : there
are decoys tossing on the waves, mere blocks of wood
carved and painted to resemble ducks; crystals of snow
driven before the blast cut and sting the face ; frozen
spray covers the blind and the hunters that lie in wait;
Aeolus plays a tune in the gun barrels. The uninitiated
wonder how men can endure such privations in the
name of sport but they have not seen the picture, nor
heard the music of the wind, and the waves, and the
whistling wings. For nature has ordained that man
shall not lose his primitive hunting instinct nor his
love of primeval conditions that bring him close to her
bosom. No matter how civilized the world may become
nor how crowded her thoroughfares, the freezing winds,
and the waves, and the ice and the snow that bring an
imprecation from many, will still find a joyful response
in the men who go down after ducks.
Let us, therefore, wisely conserve what we have, and
as the number of hunters increases, let the open season
be shortened and the bag limit lowered. Let us propa-
gate waterfowl in captivity with which to restock the
marshes so that our children's children may still view the
picture that made its appeal to our forefathers and to us.
There are over 200 species of waterfowl of which
about fifty are found in North America. They are
grouped into five sub-families or groups that are rather
easily distinguished : the swans, the geese, the mergansers,
the dabbling ducks, and the diving ducks. The swans
have much longer necks than the other waterfowl, even
longer than their bodies. The geese have shorter necks
than the swans but longer than the ducks. The mer-
A CANADA GOOSE
Geese have longer necks than the ducks but shorter necks than the swans.
This is the commonest species.
gansers differ from all the others in having narrow,
serrate bills. The dabbling and diving ducks are readily
distinguished from the swans, geese and mergansers but
are not so easily separated from one another, unless one
can observe their method of feeding or distinguish the
lobe on the hind toe which characterizes the diving
ducks. The dabbling ducks frequent the marshes and
lake shores where they can feed in shallow water by
tipping. They feed mostly at night or on dark days and
spend the bright days at a safe distance from land. They
usually occur in small flocks, those of over a hundred
931
932
AMERICAN FORESTRY
being rare and those of from five to twenty much more
numerous. They migrate earlier than the diving ducks,
most of them having left the Northern States by the time
the ponds and marshes have frozen. They winter from
North Carolina to the Gulf and some species go as far as
northern South America. The dabbling ducks are like-
wise called river ducks and summer ducks.
The diving ducks, sea ducks or winter ducks, on the
other hand, often occur in flocks of several thousand and
A CANADA
GOOSE FEED-
ING IN SHAL-
LOW WATER
THE PROGENITOR OF OUR DOMESTIC
DUCKS— A WILD MALLARD DRAKE IN
BREEDING PLUMAGE
All the breeds of domestic ducks except the
muscovy are thought to be descended from
this bird. (The photographs of ducks on the
plank are of wild birds in captivity.)
feed in deep water, often far from land,
for they dive readily and secure their
food of molluscs, or the roots and buds
of aquatic plants in water up to ioo or
150 feet deep. They are not influenced
by the freezing of the marshes and
shallow water, therefore, and migrate
later in the fall and winter further
north than the others. They are less
exposed than the dabbling ducks to enemies while feed-
ing and, therefore, feed more during the day than at
night. They are better adapted for diving than the dab-
blers, having larger feet, stockier bodies, shorter necks
and shorter wings, characteristics which enable one,
when familiar with them, to distinguish the two groups
of ducks on the wing at a considerable distance. On the
water, the diving ducks rest lower and do not hold their
tails so high from the water as do the dabblers.
THE SWANS
Of the eight species of swans, there are two found in
North America. Both species are pure white, except
for the black bill and feet and a yellow spot between the
eye and bill that distinguishes the whistling swan from the
trumpeter. Both resemble very closely the domesticated
swan of ornamental ponds which has been derived from
the European mute swan and which can always be identi-
fied by the hump or knob on its bill. The trumpeter swan
is today one of the rarest of North American birds if,
indeed, it is not extinct in the wild state. A few individ-
uals are still living in captivity. The whistling swan still
holds its own in a few places, now that it is protected by
law, and every winter large flocks congregate on Cur-
rituck Sound and a few other good feeding areas. Jn
summer the whistling swan retires to the barren grounds
to breed where it is said to be very conspicuous on its
nest but it is able to defend itself against all enemies up
to the size of a fox.
Swans are noisy birds and when feeding or disporting
themselves, their loud clarion-like notes can sometimes
be heard for several miles. They can swim very rapidly
and outdistance a man rowing a boat so that they do not
take wing unless hard pressed. On the wing swans
are easily distinguished by their large size, long necks
and pure white plumage, not even the flight feathers
being dark.
THE GEESE
Of the twenty-five species of geese in the world,
eight are found in North America, of which the Canada
goose is the most abundant and best
known. Canada geese nest from north-
ern United States northward to the limit
of trees and winter from the Great Lakes
southward to the Gulf. Their comings
and goings are the most conspicuous
bird migrations that we have. We hear
their loud honking long before we see
them as they travel high over head in a
great wedge or Y led probably by an
old gander. They migrate both by day
THE MALLARD DRAKE IN "ECLIPSE PLUMAGE"
The plumage is worn during July and August while the flight feathers
are being replaced. It corresponds to the winter plumage of other
birds.
and by night and sometimes on foggy nights apparently
get lost and are attracted by the city lights and swing
low over the house tops honking loud enough to waken
even the most torpid.
On their migrations they are great vegetarians and are
fond of grazing on the young wheat both in the spring
and in the fall. In the south on their wintering grounds,
THE WATERFOWL
933
however, they seem to prefer to feed in the shallow water
of the bays and lagoons, tipping for aquatic plants and
animals.
Geese are said to mate for life and, certainly in cap-
tivity, it is difficult to get old birds that have lost their
mates to make another choice. The male goose is a
dutiful husband and assists his spouse in hatching the
The female does not change her
color during the molt. Here she has
lost her flight feathers.
eggs and caring for the
young. Both sexes are able
to deliver severe blows with
their wings which are armed
with bony knobs at the first
joint and they are, therefore,
far from helpless even when
they have shed all of their
wing feathers and are unable
to fly.
The Canada goose differs
from the other species in
having broad triangular
patches of white on the
cheeks which meet on the
throat. The Hutchins, white-cheeked, and cackling
geese are western representatives of the Canada goose.
The two species of brant are similar to the Canada geese
in having the head and neck black and the body grayish
brown but the white is confined to a few white streaks
forming a collar on the neck. They are considerably
smaller and are confined largely to the sea coast, the
black brant to the Pacific coast and the common brant
to the Atlantic. The snow geese are easily recognized
because they are pure white except for their black flight
feathers and a grayish patch in the wing. The eastern
greater snow goose is larger than the western lesser snow
e. A still smaller and rarer species, the Ross snow
goose, is likewise found in parts of the West. In Alaska
there is another species, the Emperor goose, which rarely
comes south into the United States. It has a white head
and tail and a bluish gray body more or less specked with
white. The chin and throat are dark, a constant differ-
ence from the rare blue goose which otherwise is a similar
looking bird of eastern North America. The breeding
range of the blue goose in northern Canada is unknown,
but it winters in Louisiana. The white-fronted goose is
very similar to the European Gray-lag goose, and there-
fore to our domestic geese which have been derived
from it, with the exception that the region around the
base of the bill is white in the native species.
THE MERGANSERS
The mergansers, sheldrakes, saw-bills, or fish ducks
as they are variously known, form a very distinct group
of waterfowl, easily distinguished by their narrow ser-
rate bills and their crested heads.
Three of the nine species are
found in North America but be-
cause of their fishy diet, they are
nowhere valued as food. Indi-
viduals of the two smaller spe-
cies, the hooded and red-breasted
mergansers, however, are often
eaten and pronounced as good as
many of the true ducks. The
females of all three species are
grayish birds with conspicuously
crested, reddish-brown heads, the
The long neck of the dabbling
ducks is greatly accentuated in
the pintail.
MALE PINTAIL IN "ECLIPSE" PLUMAGE
This plumage is worn only while the flight feathers are being replaced
instead of all winter as with most birds.
crest of the small hooded merganser being the largest.
The males are conspicuously marked black and white
birds, the male hooded being one of the most ornate of
the waterfowl. Mergansers secure their food by diving
and pursuing their prey beneath the water using only
934
AMERICAN FORESTRY
FEMALE PINTAILS GETTING AWAY
Typical Dabbling ducks with longer necks, longer wings and more slender bodies
than the divers. Compare with the scaup ducks.
their feet for propulsion. They first locate their prey
by lowering their heads as they swim until their eyes
are beneath the surface film and their serrate bills, with
the hook-like nail at the tip, are well adapted for holding
the slippery fish. Very often the gulls hover over the spot
where the mergansers
are fishing and swoop
down on them when
they come up with a
fish. Before the poor
birds can get a chance
to juggle the fish about
and swallow it, they are
sometimes so annoyed
by the gulls that they
drop it and then the
gulls promptly fall up-
on it and begin quarrel-
ing among themselves.
Mergansers nest either
in holes in trees or in
crevices in the rocks and, like the other ducks, lay whitish,
unspotted eggs.
THE DABBLING DUCKS
All of the domestic ducks and most of the ducks that
are commonly known, belong to this group. Indeed all
of the breeds of domestic ducks from the white Pekins
to the Indian runners, with the exception of the muscovy,
are thought to be descend-
ed from one species, the
mallard or common wild
duck, which is a typical
member of this group. The
muscovy is a very distinct
species native to the West
Indies and northern South
America. The wild mal-
lard differs but little in
coloration from the domes-
tic breed, the males having
bright green heads and
white rings around their
necks and the females be-
ing uniformly streaked yel-
lowish or grayish brown.
Under domestication, how-
ever, the birds change con-
siderably, becoming much
heavier, with fatter heads
and sagging bodies. In the wild state the mallard is
found all over the Northern Hemisphere, though in
North America, it is more abundant in the West and in
the Mississippi Valley than in the East. Here its
place is filled by the black duck or black mallard, as it
is sometimes called, a warier species that is better able
to take care of itself in more closely settled districts.
Male and female black ducks are alike except for their
bills which in the males are yellow and in the females
The teal are the smallest of
the ducks.
olive. They are uniformly brownish black except for
the purple patches and the snowy white lining of the
wings. Both the black and mallard ducks feed to a con-
siderable extent in the grain fields in the northern states,
spending the day out at sea or on the larger bodies of
water and feeding only
at night. They are
likewise residents of
the marshes and it is
here that they are most
successfully hunted.
Space permits only a
mention of the remain-
ing dabbling ducks of
which there are nine
other species found in
North America. The
best known of these are
the pintail, the baldpate,
the shoveller, the gad-
wall, the blue-winged
and green-winged Teals, and the wood duck, the last
being the most brilliantly colored of all. Its crested pur-
plish green head, variously marked with white, its pur-
plish chestnut breast and its buffy flanks all tend to make
it a striking bird much desired on ornamental ponds. The
males of the other species are quite beautifully marked
in their breeding plumages with whites, browns, blues,
and metallic colors but the. females are uniformly plain.
The fall plumage of the male birds which is
donned in late summer and worn for only a short
time while the flight feathers are being replaced,
resembles that of the fe-
males which is the same
throughout the year. This
early fall plumage of the
males, which is never worn
all winter as with most
birds, is called the "eclipse"
plumage. It serves to make
the birds less conspicuous
while they are replacing
their flight feathers and are
there fore comparatively
helpless, for unlike most
birds the ducks shed all
these feathers simultan-
eously and are without the
power of flight for four or
five weeks until the new
ones are grown.
With the exception of
the wood duck, all the dab-
bling ducks regularly nest
on the ground, usually near
water but sometimes a half a mile from it and in quite
exposed situations. The nests are crude affairs of grasses
and weeds but as incubation proceeds, the female plucks
down from her breast with which she covers the eggs to
FEMALE GREEN WINGED
TEAL
The bright colors are restricted to
the male ducks.
THE WATERFOWL
935
nately it is now quite easily
reared in captivity and is, there-
fore, in no danger of absolute
extinction.
THE DIVING DUCKS
There are seventeen species of
diving ducks found in North
America and some of the spe-
A FOSTER MOTHER AND HER BROOD OF YOUNG WOOD DUCKS
The wood duck has become rare over most of its extensive range but will probably not become extermi-
nated as it is protected by law and can now be reared successfully in captivity.
make them inconspicuous and to keep them warm while
she leaves them to feed. For the males never assist in
household cares, but, as soon as the eggs are laid, con-
gregate in flocks by themselves and show no further in-
terest. The wood duck is a notable exception for, in the
first place it nests in a hole in a tree and in the second
place the male attends
the female and some-
times assists in incuba-
tion and such care as
the young receive.
The wood duck has
always been much in
demand because of its
bright colors and since
A MALE CANVASBACK STANDING
Note the large feet and erect posture
characteristic of the diving ducks and
compare with the mallards and teal.
cies are the most
abundant of our
ducks, flocks of sev-
eral thousand scaup
ducks, for example,
being a not uncom-
mon sight on our larger bodies of water. The diving
ability of these ducks can scarcely be exaggerated for
some members of the sub-family, notably the old squaws,
are repeatedly captured in gill nets set for fish in from
ioo to 150 feet of water. Indeed, almost every
year in the Great Lakes, thousands of these ducks be-
come entangled in the nets and are drowned. The old
squaws, scoters and eiders arc believed to" use their
wings as well as their feet in diving, but the rest use
HOW THE DABBLING DUCKS
FEED
A female pintail "dabbling" in shal-
low water.
it is not a very wary bird, it has
fallen an easy prey to gunners
until it has become very rare
over a large part of its exten-
sive range. As a result, the
Federal Government has now de-
clared a closed season upon it
for a term of years. Fortu-
Phclegraph by F. Overton
A FEW SCAUPS DUCKS, OR BROADBILLS AS THEY ARE KNOV/N ON LONG ISLAND WHERE
THIS PHOTOGRAPH WAS TAKEN
The Diving ducks occur in much larger flocks than the dabbling ducks; this is but part of the flock.
936
AMERICAN FORESTRY
only their feet which are much larger than in the dab-
bling ducks. Their feet are likewise set farther back
so that when on land they stand more erect or rest on
their breasts and walk with difficulty. In nesting they
prefer the marshes so that they can slip from their nests
into the water without having to walk on dry land. With
the exception of the ruddy duck they are northern breed-
BLACK DUCKS WINTERING WITH CANVASBACKS ON CAYUGA
The Black ducks are dabbling ducks, the canvasbacks divers. Note that
the blacks rest higher on the water and hold their tails up from the water.
ing ducks, nesting from the northern tier of states
northward.
The choicest of all the diving ducks is the canvasback,
so-called from the white back of the male. The back of
the female is gray and the head and neck cinnamon
brown instead of rufous as in the male. A somewhat
similar species is the redhead whose head is brighter red
and whose back is grayer, not to mention other differ-
A RED HEAD AMONG THE CANVASBACKS AND SCAUP DUCKS
The Redhead is following a female Canvasback in the center of the
picture. Note the difference in profiles.
ences. The long bill and sloping profile of the canvas-
back is a good distinguishing mark in any plumage for
it can be distinguished at a considerable distance. The
reputation of the canvasback has been gained largely
frrough its habit of feeding upon wild celery (Valisneria)
yhich is believed to impart a pleasant flavor.
Other ducks of this group are the greater and lesser
scaup ducks, blue bills, broad bills or black heads as
they are variously called, the ring-necked duck, the
curious little ruddy duck with its upturned tail, the two
species of golden-eyes and the bufflehead (which nest in
trees, the scoters or sea coots of three species, and the
four species of eider ducks from which conies the eider
down of commerce.
The Laborador duck, another of the diving group,
which formerly occurred in numbers along the Atlantic
coast, in winter, as far south as New Jersey, is now ex-
tinct. The last specimen of this species was taken in
SCAUP DUCK FEEDING AT THE EDGE OF THE ICE
The males have the white flanks the females the white at the base of
the bill.
1871 but the cause of its extinction is not known. It
is suggestive, however, of what may occur to many others
of our ducks if constant watchfulness is not maintained
to adjust the protective laws to any decrease that may
occur. The wild fowl are a great asset to the nation
and we can ill afford to lose them. We must, therefore,
keep up a constant vigilance to see that our laws give
them all the protection they need and that these laws
are respected and enforced.
CANVASBACKS WINTERING ON CAYUGA
There are a few Scaup ducks in the background. A Canvasback in the
foreground is in the act of diving.
VARIOUS PARASITIC PLANTS; WITH AN OWL STORY
BY DR. R. W. SHUFELDT
FELLOW AMERICAN ORNITHOL. UNION, ETC.
(PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR)
TO THOSE who chance to reside in the District of
Columbia, and are familiar with the adjacent terri-
torial regions of Virginia and Maryland, it is hardly
necessary to point out that all through this part of the
country winter frequently holds nearly everything in
nature in a very firm grip during the entire month of
March. It is quite the exception when the reverse of
this happens to be the case; and, as a matter of fact,
should this first lap of spring be open or hard, the state
of affairs with respect to flowers and other vegetation, in
localities where they are so abundant in the woods and
fields in spring, summer, and autumn, is the same — they
have vanished. The trees are bare; and should there be
snow on the ground, the only evidences of the plant life
of the previous season are, here and there, the lifeless
remains of the stalks of golden-rod, burdock, turtle-head,
and a few other plants. But, as in other lands, there
are winters and winters, and to this Washington forms
no exception. Some are practically of spring-like mild-
ness from beginning to end, so that when March comes
around, the month really begins and ends with days like
those of the middle of April.
In and around the celebrated Rock Creek Park of
Washington, we may see, in a stormy March, just such
scenes as we have in Figure i ; or, within the limits of
the "Zoo," such a wintry one as is depicted in Figure 2.
When this chances to be the kind of season that comes to
pass, it is idle to think of such a thing as a botanizing
trip. So we must resort to the next best thing, and go
carefully over our last year's notes and photographs,
selecting some interesting group or two wherewith to
fill in a March story. For example, such a group may be
seen in the one to which the Cancer-roots and Broom-
rapes belong.
In suitable localities, the One-flowered Cancer-root may
be found from Newfoundland to Virginia, thence across
WILD FOWL IN THE WASHINGTON "ZOO"
Fig.
Were we to leave out the little bridge and the rail fence, this wild swan and the Canada geese would make a very
tion as to how these elegant game birds appear in their native haunts in the winter time.
correct representa-
937
038
AMERICAN FORESTRY
the country to Texas, and westward to the Pacific coast.
Usually it is found growing in damp or even wet woods,
beneath the rank vegetation that most often is high
above it. It is not very abundant in the neighborhood of
Washington, the specimen shown in Figure 3 being the
first one discovered for some years ; it was found near
the bank of a tiny stream that coursed through a swampy
piece of woods, not far from a ford leading into Rock
Creek Park. As will be noted in the illustration, this
beautiful and delicate little flower tops a slender and
quite naked stem. Each blossom is tubular and five-lobed,
Fig. 5— IN THIS CUT WE HAVE ANOTHER CURIOUS PLANT OF
THE HEATH FAMILY, WHICH LIKEWISE HAS BEEN CALLED
"PINESAP," THOUGH IT IS MORE GENERALLY KNOWN BY THE
NAME QF FALSE BEECH DROPS (Monotropa hypopitys)
False Beech Drops, as a plant, belongs in the same genus with the
Indian Pipe, notwithstanding the fact that the summit of its stem is
not invariably "turned to one side."
. the color being sometimes white, but most often pale
violet or even purple. It possesses a faint, sweet frag-
rance, and to some extent this may attract the small
bees that are responsible for its cross-fertilization.
This Naked Broom-rape, as it is sometimes called, is a
leafless, parasitic plant that thrives upon the sap of other
plants ; that is to say, it is by nature parasitic — hence
its lack of leaves. It rarely grows over six inches in
height, and quite often several of them are found loosely
bunched in a group. In Figure 3 the plants are seen to
be growing near a rock, among blades of some swamp-
grass ; others near them grew at the foot of a beech tree.
Passing next to the Heath family, which is widely
separated from the Broom-rapes, we find a remarkable
as well as famous plant in the Indian Pipe, also known
as Pine-sap and Ghost-plant. The group shown in Fig-
ure 4 was taken natural size, as in the case of all the
other plants in this article, just as they grew in a forest
of big pines and oaks. This genus has been named
Monotropa for the reason that its flower-head turns to
one side, and it only becomes erect when it goes to seed.
Gray describes it briefly in the following words : "Low
and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or white ; parasitic on
roots, or growing upon decomposing vegetable matter ;
the clustered stems spring from a ball of matted, fibrous
rootlets; furnished with scales or bracts in place of
leaves; one to several flowered." The origin of the
name is from the Greek. He claims that Indian Pipe is
found in Mexico as well as in Asia. When picked, it
soon shrivels up and turns a sooty black ; while, if carried
home with care, with plenty of moist, rich earth about its
roots and planted in a proper environment, it will thrive
Fig. 6— THE GROUP OF FALSE BEECH DROPS HERE SHOWN IN
FIGURE 5 WERE PHOTOGRAPHED IN SITU. IN THIS CUT WE
HAVE ANOTHER SPECIMEN WITH THE SURROUNDINGS CLEARED
AWAY, IN THAT THE PLANT MAY BE MORE SATISFACTORILY
STUDIED
The remarkable caterpillar shown on the suspended leaf is the larva of
the Pipevine Swallowtail Butterfly (Papilio philenor), a beautiful form
of that famous genus.
and eventually go to seed — its life-cycle offering, upon
the whole, a most interesting and instructive chapter in
the study of one of the most curious growths we have in
our entire flora.
Mathews says of 'the Indian Pipe that when it goes
to seed "the enlarged ovary finally assumes an erect
VARIOUS PARASITIC PLANTS; WITH AN OWL STORY
939
position, becoming a pale, tawny salmon color; it is
usually ten-grooved and five-celled, and forms a large,
fleshy, ovoid seed-vessel." In favorable localities
we may meet with a considerable number of Indian
Pipe plants
growing in the
same piece of
woods. In the
hilly, t i m bered
country north of
Cabin John
Bridge, west of
with False Beech-drops, it is a very different appearing
plant (Figs. 5 and 6).
Quoting Mathews for these Beech-drops, he tells us
that it is "a parasitic plant, which draws its sustenance
from the roots
of the beech
tree. The stem is
tough, straight,
almost upright-
branched, stain-
ed with brown
madder, and set
Washington, is a with a few small,
great place to dry scales. The
Fig. J-OUR "ONE FLOWERED CANCER-
ROOT" IS A CURIOIS PLANT AND THIS IS
AN UNUSUALLY FINE SPECIMEN
The Broom-rape family (Orobanckaceae), to which
this plant belongs, is not a very extensive one;
its representatives, upon the other hand, possess
a special interest for us.
find them along
in June ; while
further South, as
in southern Vir-
ginia, they put
in an appearance
much earlier.
Gray d i v ides
the genus Mono-
tropa into two
groups or sub-
genera, namely,
the Eumonotro-
p a , represented
by the Indian
Pipe, and the
Hypopitys, cre-
ated to contain,
in so far as east-
ern United
curved, tubular,
dull magenta and
buff-brown up-
per flowers are
pur pie-striped ;
although gener-
ally sterile they
are complete in
every part, the
style slightly
protruding be-
yond, and the
stamens just
within the
throat. The tiny F'k-
-HERE IS A GROUP OF INDIAN PIPE
PLANTS TAKEN IN SITU, JUST AS THEY
lower flowers GREW IN NATURE. (Monotropa uniflora)
Indian Pipe is likewise called Corpse Plants and
Pinesap, and some of its relatives in the Heath
family (Erincaceae) are White Alder, Shin Leaf,
Laurels, Azaleas, Cranberries, Huckleberries and
a vast host of others.
are cleistogam-
o u s — closed to
outward agen-
botany goes, Monotropa hypopitys, the vernacular cies and self-fertilized. A few of the upper flowers are
name for which is Pinesap or False Beech Drops. cross-fertilized by bees. 6-20 inches high. Beech woods,
By way of explanation, it may be said that the plant Maine, south and west to Wisconsin and Missouri. The
called Beech
Drops or Can-
cer-Root, b e -
longs in the
Broom- rape
family (0 r 0 -
banchaceae) , in
which the One-
flowered Can-
cer-root (0.
uniflora), de-
scribed above.
is found. True
Beech -drops
are not figured
in the present
article for the
reason that, up
to date, no
specimens have
been met with.
Fig. 2-THE SOUTH VIEW OF THE MAMMAL HOUSE IN THE NATIONAL "ZOO" WITH ITS
As com pared L(5wi square tower-this building presents a most attractive picture in
name means on
the beech."
R e 1 a ted to
these Beech-
drops, and in
the same
Broom- rape
family, we
have still an-
other genus of
parasitic plants,
also represent-
ed by a single
species, known
as Squaw-root
or Cancer-root.
This genus is
Conopholis, and
the plant refer-
red to is C.
am e ricana; it
mo
AMERICAN FORESTRY
occurs over the greater part of eastern United States.
Good descriptions of it will be found in most all the
works devoted to the plants of the region just named.
Dissimilar as they are in general appearance, in all the
botanies we find the Spotted Wintergreen (Figure 7)
placed, in classification, as a close relative of the Indian
Pipe; but then, as pointed out elsewhere, the Heath
family, composed as it is of both shrubs and herbs, is a
very heterogenous assemblage of plants. The Spotted
Wintergreen referred to, Chimaphila maculata, is gener-
ally found growing in dense pine woods, where, with its
dark green, white-striped leaves, it is a plant sure of
attracting attention. The form of the leaves, as well as
the appearance of the flowers, are well shown in the ac-
companying illustration.
Individual plants differ
with respect to the striping
of the leaves, some being
very strong and conspicu-
ous, and also as to the
number of flowers. Often
the latter is single; but as
a matter of fact, there may
be as many as five on one
plant. The leaves are
pointed and remotely
toothed along their mar-
gins; moreover, they are
generally curved from stem
to point, the convex sur-
f a c e being uppermost,
which latter is quite shiny.
The white striping is on
the upper aspect and in the
neighborhood of the ribs
or veins. Pipsissiwa may
attain a height of eight or
nine inches, but the ma-
jority of plants met with
are shorter than this. It
flowers during mid-sum-
mer, and has a range over
the northern tier of States
to Minnesota, southward
to Georgia and Mississippi.
As will be noted in the cut,
the stalks bearing the
beautiful flowers are long,
slender and generally
straight; they are, too, of
a bright ruddy color. Each flower is borne at the end
of a separate downward-curved stem, which is about
an inch in length. Before bursting open, they are
pretty little white balls, with their stems more distinctly
curved downward, than they are after blooming.
A close relative of the Spotted Wintergreen is another
Pipsissiwa, called Prince's Pine {Chimaphila umbellata) ;
it is said to be more abundant than the Spotted form, with
its leaves arranged in two whorls about the stem at
Fig. 7— IN THE HEATH FAMILY WE ALSO HAVE THE GENUS
Chimaphila, OF WHICH THERE ARE TWO SPECIES. THE PLANT
HERE SHOWN IS ONE OF THEM, ITS COMMON NAME BEING THE
SPOTTED WINTERGREEN (C. maculata)
Chimaphila derives its name from two Greek words, which together mean
to love the winter.
quite an interval apart. These leaves are not pointed as
in C. maculata, but broadened at their outer ends ; neither
are they spotted. They are shiny and curved downwards.
The flowers of this species closely resemble those of the
Spotted variety, and rarely exceed five to the plant ; its
range is about the same.
Closely related to these Chimaphilas are two other
genera, namely, the genus Monesis and the genus Pyrola.
In the first we have the One-flowered Pyrola (M. uni-
flora) and in the latter the Shin-leaf {Pyrola eleliptica).
The last-named ones, says Reed, "is the most common of
the Pyrolas. The evergreen leaves are bright green,
obscurely toothed, broadly elliptical, and narrowing into
long stems that clasp at the base. During May a long,
smooth scape springs from
the middle of the group of
basal leaves to a height of
five or ten inches, bearing,
near its top, a raceme of
several flowers. It is com-
mon throughout the Uni-
ted States and southern
Canada." Reed does not
say what the flowers are
like, while another author
at hand says that there are
from seven to fifteen of
these ; that they are waxen,
greenish-white in color,
and very fragrant. As its
name indicates, the One-
flowered Wintergreen or
Pyrola bears but a single
flower on its upright stem,
which is usually about five
inches in height, though
frequently it is much
shorter. The flower is
either white or pale pink,
and does not differ very
widely from a Wintergreen
blossom. It is waxy and
has five petals, and often
measures half an inch
across. At first the upper
end of the stem is crooked
over; but after going to
seed, the pod stands erect
at the summit of the stem.
Sometimes it occurs grow-
ing in colonies, and is then sure of attracting atten-
tion. This is invariably in the high, dry woods of
the northeastern section of. the United States, westward
to Minnesota, and southward to the District of Columbia.
It is usually in flower along in mid-summer, and it surely
is one of the prettiest little plants of our woodland flora.
Passing from flowers to Owls, attention is here invited
to the Barred Owl {Strix v. varia) which has, for over
two years, occupied a commodious cage all to himself in
VARIOUS PARASITIC PLANTS; WITH AN OWL STORY
941
the Bird House in the National "Zoo" at Washington, down upon its perch, and allows its
and which has a very interesting history. At this writ- to hang way down below it, for a
ing he is full grown, and in very beautiful plumage, while least ten inches or more. There are
at the time of
his capture he
was in the pure
white, downy
stage of the
young of this
species, and,
like most
young owls, a
most remark-
able-1 o o k i ng
bird. It was at
this stage of
his growth
that I penned
an account of
h i s capture,
and published
it in a popular
journal in New
England some-
where. That
story was il-
lustrated, in so
far as this par-
t i c u 1 a r owl
was concerned,
by a reproduc-
tion of a pho-
tograph I
made of it,
which showed
the attitude it
assumed when
asleep. This
attitude is most
e xtraordinary,
J Fig. 9— NESTLING OF THE BARRED OWL (Strix v. varia), A WELL KNOWN SPECIES OF THIS
as it s o u a t s country, although now fully grown, this bird receives both room and board
4 FREE FROM THE GOVERNMENT AT THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK AT WASHINGTON.
f • "
4
• -•• f
k *
* • 1
A ' • J'
%»
-
Ay
M
^# If ^f \ 1 -**•
■ft •
*
J
•
wAc
-
head and neck
distance of at
those who will
be interested
to know what
this Barred
Owl looked
like when it
first left the
hollow in the
tree that its
parents had
selected as a
nesting place.
This I secured
a few days
after it came
into my pos-
session, and a
r e p r oduction
of the photo-
graph illus-
trates this
brief biogra-
phy.
It will be of
interest to
know that of
the large num-
ber of species
of owls we
have in this
country, that
in the case of
the o w 1 1 e t s
their first
plumage is al-
m o s t invari-
ably white and
downy as in
the case of this
young Barred
Owl.
CRATER LAKE SHELL HOLE
C^ RATER LAKE was recently most aptly described
^ by Representative Sinnot, of Oregon, when speaking
from the floor of the House as follows :
"Crater Lake, cauldron-like and circular, 7,000 feet
high, is perched amid the peaks. Perpendicular sides of
slaggy lava rise over a thousand feet from waters of
indigo blue six miles across and 2,000 feet deep.
"To the scientist, a mighty volcano collapsed within
itself, Mount Mazama, 15,000 feet high, telescoped.
"To the poet, 'the sea of silence,' 'a lake of mystery.'
"To me, a shell hole of a war of worlds — who knows?
"Could the great blind poet have seen this marvel ere
his pen had Lucifer and his host of rebel angels —
Hurled headlong flaming from the ethereal sky,
With hideous ruin and combustion, down —
in Miltonic imagery here he'd have found the impact."
f^ OPIES of the Roster of American Foresters and
^ Lumbermen in Military Service — final publication —
are available on request. This is a reprint from the
November issue of American Forestry, containing ad-
ditions and changes received up to November 15, 1918.
Address American Forestry Association, Washington,
District of Columbia.
NEW ENGLAND FORESTRY CONGRESS
THE two-day session of the New England Forestry
Congress held in Boston, February 24th and 25th
marked the close of a period of fourteen years of de-
velopment of state forestry in Massachusetts, and
brought together many of the foremost foresters of the
country for a general review and discussion of the place
of forestry in public economy. In spite of the celebra-
tion due to the arrival of President Wilson on the 24th,
the sessions were well attended and the audience fol-
lowed the discussions with closest attention. Thirteen
papers were given, each of which dealt with some sub-
ject of direct interest and was discussed not on the basis
of theory or sentiment but from the results of experi-
ence and practical application. The first session was
devoted to a consideration of the economic importance
of forestry. The waterpower situation in New England
and its dependence on forest protection was set forth
by Henry I. Harriman, President of the Boston Cham-
ber of Commerce. Richard T. Fisher, Director of the
Harvard Forest and head of the Forest School gave an
illuminating talk on "Home Grown Timber, the Hope of
the Wood Using Industries of New England" in which
he emphasized the facts which the average man has so
far failed to grasp, namely, that it does not pay to have
to ship timber 3,000 miles and pay freight charges, while
at the same time the land capable of growing this tim-
ber lies idle at the factory doors. Ellwood Wilson, whose
Company, the Laurentide Paper Company is spending
$100,000 per year in reforestation, set forth "The Rela-
tion of Pulp and Paper Manufacture to Forestry."
In the afternoon on Monday, while the guns were
booming the salutes to the President and cheering crowds
swayed round the Copley Plaza, the program of the meet-
ing, somewhat more thinly attended, proceeded within.
Dr. Metcalf, Chief of the Division of Forest Pathology
of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry dis-
cussed "Fungus Diseases at Work in our Forests" and
brought up to date the knowledge of the White Pine
Blister Rust. E. C. Hirst, State Forester of New Hamp-
shire, recently returned from the management of the
ten sawmill units sent to Scotland, talked on "Co-opera-
tion in Forest Fire Protection." Commissioner George
D. Pratt of New York gave an illustrated lecture on the
work of the Conservation Commission in protecting the
Adirondacks.
In the evening, at the banquet given at the Copley
Plaza, Forester Henry S. Graves gave an address on
"The Need of Private Forestry" which should be in the
hands of every citizen. His analysis of the economic
situation with which this country is faced, and the rela-
tion of private timber holdings to the problem may well
serve as a basis for constructive efforts in the future.
On Tuesday, the morning session was devoted to
"State Forest Policy." Dr. J. T. Rothrock, the veteran
state forest commissioner of Pennsylvania, now retired,
discussed the problems of re-organization now facing
that department and strongly advocated the continuance
M2
of the separate department under which the work had
developed.
H. H. Chapman, Professor of Forest Management of
the Yale Forest School, discussed "State Forest Policies
in the United States." The principle emphasis of this
discussion was laid on the necessity of maintaining
separate departments of Forestry instead of effecting
consolidations with other branches of state activity.
Massachusetts is faced with a re-organization of this
kind, and there is a serious danger that the initiative and
efficiency of the work will suffer unless kept in a depart-
ment free to develop and cope with the big problems
which it faces. It was shown by Mr. Chapman that out
of thirty states with forest organizations, fourteen had
kept the work of forestry entirely independent, three
more practically so by nominal connection with state
land departments, six had tried combination with fish
and game protection, four with state geology, two with
state experiment stations and but one with State Boards
of Agriculture. The effect of these combinations on for-
estry was in each case determined by the degree to which
forestry officials were subordinated to other officials.
Game wardens have almost never succeeded in develop-
ing a progressive program of forestry, no matter how
well intentioned they might be. State geologists have
had better success — being scientists and specialists them-
selves they have given the State Forester the initiative
and sympathetic support needed. Foresters connected
with Agricultural Experiment Stations have been free
to develop forest education and demonstrations for en-
couragement of private forestry, for much the same
reason — just as the members of a college faculty are
given freedom of initiation in research.
But the one experiment in combining State forestry
with agriculture in the State of Vermont proved a failure,
and enabled the interests which are always seeking an
opportunity to control State departments for their own
ends to overturn this department, oust the State Forester,
against whom not a shadow of criticism could be found,
and reduce the office of Forester to that of an unimpor-
tant subordinate of the Commissioner. It was strongly
urged that Massachusetts recognize the tremendous eco-
nomic interests at stake — with three-fifths of the area
of the State suitable chiefly for forest production — and
set the work on a firm foundation by the maintenance
of a separate State Forestry Department.
This view was supported by the Congress, which
passed strong resolutions to that effect.
A paper was read from Dr. B. E. Fernow, the dean of
American foresters, on "Forestry Policies of Foreign
Countries." One of the most instructive papers was by
W. R. Brown on "Results of Twenty-five Years' Clean
Cutting and Selective Cutting in New England." This
paper was a digest of what had actually happened fol-
lowing the efforts of the Berlin Mills Company to prac-
tice forestry on their holdings. Facts such as have been
shown on these cuttings will be the basis of all successful
EDITORIAL
943
future operations in forest management, and this paper
will serve as a starting point for a new era in silvicultural
practice in the spruce regions.
Forrest H. Colby, Forest Commissioner of Maine, fol-
lowed with a discussion on slash disposal. The final
number was on the subject of "Forest Research," by
Prof. J. W. Tourney, of the Yale Forest School.
The Congress passed resolutions favoring the exten-
sion of the operation of the Weeks law, the undertaking
of a timber census, the extension of regulation of the
management of private lands by insistence on proper fire
protection and the adoption of measures which will in-
sure the protection of the land for timber production, the
passage of a bill by Congress extending aid to forest re-
search by States and urging the State of Massachusetts
to maintain a separate State Forestry Department.
The meeting was conducted under the auspices of the
Boston Chamber of Commerce and the Massachusetts
Forestry Association. The proceedings will be pub-
lished, and will thus be made available to foresters and
the general public.
EDITORIAL
REORGANIZATION IN MASSACHUSETTS
FORESTRY in Massachusetts is facing the problem
of reorganization. The Constitution provides that
all of the State's activities, now numbering some
110 departments, must be reorganized into not more than
20. The wisdom of such a provision is not a subject of
debate, since the matter is settled. It remains to deter-
mine what will become of State forestry in the scramble.
The answer depends upon the attitude which the peo-
ple of Massachusetts take toward State forestry and
their estimate of its relative importance in the general
scheme of things. First, is forestry of sufficient impor-
tance in the economic welfare of the State to merit a sep-
arate organization as one of 20 departments? Second, if
not, what combination will give the best results for for-
estry and for the public?
The handicap under which forestry as a public policy
has suffered in this country is a surprising lack of fore-
sight and comprehension of what it means in the eco-
nomic life of the average man. Prices of wood products
go up at a rate faster than that of other commodities,
and the public grumbles and seeks for evidence of a lum-
ber trust, when the cause lies in the denuded hills at their
own doors and the freight bills on Oregon fir. Hind-
sight may be better than foresight. Many a bankrupt
can understand the causes for his failure after it happens.
We are steadily bankrupting our forest industries and
riotiously expending the inheritance of nature, which we
did not produce. Meanwhile there appears in our press
such articles as "Timber's Horn of Plenty," in the Liter-
ary Digest, which lulls our senses to sleep by remark-
able perversions of facts regarding the abundance of our
timber supplies.
Three-fifths of the State's area unsuited for agricul-
ture, but capable of producing 2,000,000,000 feet of tim-
ber annually, and with manufacturing industries depend-
ent for their continuance on home-grown timber, and a
lumber industry capable of employing permanently
30,000 men; with streams furnishing water power of
tremendous value to her chief industries, and dependent
absolutely on stream regulation through the maintenance
of forest cover; with the scourge of the gypsy and
brown-tail moths and the white pine blister rust calling
for the united efforts of all organized forces to prevent
the complete destruction of both forest and shade trees,
the State of Massachusetts still hesitates whether to put
State forestry as one of her 20 departments. Yet this
department is now nineteenth in point of appropriations
and number of employees among the 110 branches of the
present government.
Perhaps it is because the work of this department has
scarcely begun, and for lack of actual demonstration of
results, that the department is looked upon as a minor
branch of the State's activities. In other words, fore-
sight is to be eliminated in this reorganization of Massa-
chusetts State Forestry, and the departments are to be
crystallized in their present form.
That is just the reason above all others which demands
a separate organization for State forestry. It is NOT
established — the tremendous need for rapid expansion is
clear to all who have true foresight. How is the average
citizen ever to be brought to realize his need and to sup-
port the economic program of reforestation, fire protec-
tion and regulated timber cutting unless the State De-
partment of Forestry is free to expand this educational
work and its demonstrations of practical results? And
if one thing has been clearly demonstrated in our State
governments, it is the fact that when forestry depart-
ments are subordinated as a minor branch of a large or-
ganization, the scope of the forestry work becomes lim-
ited to the ideas, not of the forester, who comprehends
the situation, but to some game warden, agricultural com-
missioner, or highway engineer, who provides first for
what he does comprehend and permits forestry to gather
the crumbs which fall from his table.
The future of State forestry in Massachusetts is in the
balance. Pennsylvania's wonderful progress in forestry
followed a reorganization which created the Department
of Forestry as a separate organization in 1901. Massa-
chusetts cannot afford to overlook the task ahead, for
there will come a time when camouflage and evasion of
economic facts will no longer be accepted by the citizens
of the commonwealth, and they will ask, "Why are not
these things done, and what has the State Forestry De-
partment been doing to enlighten us and to protect our
welfare?" The answer will be: "In 1919 the citizens
944
AMERICAN FORESTRY
of Massachusetts did not consider the State Forestry
Department of sufficient importance to stand alone and
bear its own responsibility for success or failure. You
placed us under another department, and we have been
powerless to grow to the measure of our responsibilities.
The fault rests on your shoulders."
These are the questions to be met in the next few
weeks by the great and general court of Massachusetts,
which is trying to reach a wise solution of her problem.
May we hope that they will have foresight, and place
the responsibility of the forestry program squarely on
the shoulders of a separate Forestry Department.
IDAHO FOR MORE NATIONAL FORESTS
ON March 3, 1907, Congress prohibited the further
creation of National Forests by Presidential Proc-
lamation in the States of Washington, Oregon,
Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. The late
Theodore Roosevelt before signing this bill used the
authority of which he was about to deprive himself in
creating extensive areas of new National Forests in the
six States mentioned. At the time, this action aroused
tremendous protest, and was looked upon as a defiance
of the wishes of Congress.
That the action of the President was in advance of
public sentiment at the time no one will deny. In the
State of Idaho especially a bitter antagonism existed
towards the creation of National Forests, and this senti-
ment was actively expressed by the late Senator Heyburn.
In the Thunder Mountain region of central Idaho a
typical mining boom was under way, and out of defer-
ence to the wishes of the Senator and of the miners who
feared Government restrictions, an area of 1,100,000
acres was omitted from the Proclamation and remained
public land without National Forests, but entirely sur-
rounded by them.
The period of 11 years which has elapsed has seen a
tremendous reversal of public sentiment in every one of
the above States. The Legislature of the State of Idaho
has for two successive sessions passed resolutions peti-
tioning Congress to create a National Forest out of this
rejected Thunder Mountain area. In the last session
both Houses of the Legislature passed this petition
unanimously, while in the previous session there was
but one dissenting vote in either House.
What is the reason for this change? The answer is a
demonstration on the ground of the benefits of National
Forest Service administration compared with the evils
of unregulated use of public domain. The Thunder
Mountain region has but one-half of one per cent of
land fit for agriculture. Experience has abundantly
demonstrated that nonagricultural timbered lands in the
West are best regulated by National ownership and man-
agement under the principles adopted by the Forest
Service. The Legislature of Idaho backed by all of the
economic interests of the State now set forth in their
memorial to Congress :
1. That fires range unchecked in this region and have
destroyed 700 million feet of timber.
2. That the old roads built in the time of the boom
have gone to pieces, and that for lack of transportation,
and of State and local funds to develop roads, mining
and water power development are impossible.
3. That wild life is being exterminated.
4. That hordes of sheep from Oregon invade this
region annually, and are converting the entire area into
a dust heap.
5. That no revenue whatever is being yielded by the
resources of the region for the benefit of the State.
It is conspicuously true that this region whose carry-
ing capacity for sheep is not over 75,000 is grazed by at
least four times that number annually, and that local
stockmen and settlers have no rights whatever. The
indictment against the system of private initiative and
"laissez faire" is a heavy one. What is the cure?
According to the Idaho Legislature, "Inclusion of said
area within a National Forest would eliminate the annual
destruction of timber by forest fire ; make it possible for
homestead settlers to secure titles to their lands under
the Forest Homestead Act ; give adequate system of
regulated range use, thus conserving and perpetuating the
forage resources for the benefit of the local residents and
tax payers; make it possible for the State to realize its
equity in the lands by relinquishing the unsurveyed school
lands and selecting lands elsewhere ; increase the revenue
of the county and State through the receipt of 35 per
cent of the gross receipts collected by the Forest Ser-
vice; enlarge the power of the State to share in the
benefits of the Federal Aid Road Act; and otherwise to
assist in opening to development and use the vast Na-
tional resources of the Thunder Mountain region."
This region on account of its inaccessibility has no
value as a National Park. The surrounding area under
National Forest administration has developed rapidly and
the new road legislation will further stimulate this
process.
The American Forestry Association has from the first
stood firmly on the platform that National ownership
and management of National Forests was fundamental
to the welfare of Western States, and has resisted all
efforts to secure support for the pernicious doctrine of
dispersal and cession of these National possessions to
the State. The State of Idaho is the latest convert to this
doctrine, but apparently its conversion is thorough and
complete.
THE Seventh Annual Meeting of the New York State
-1- Forestry Association was a most successful one and
a great deal of interest was manifested in the discussion
of a broad and varied program. Important addresses
were delivered by Dean Hugh P. Baker, of the New
York State College of Forestry at Syracuse; Prof.
Ralph S. Hosmer, of the Department of Forestry at
Cornell, and others.
"BIDDY", AN ORIGINAL BIRD
BY CLINTON G. ABBOTT
(.(,
B
IDDY" did something no other grouse was
ever known to do. This in itself is quite
an achievement in an old world in which
it is supposedly impossible to be original. Per-
haps at some unknown time or in some obscure
place, under an environment which creates a like
line of bird thought, some other Biddy did what
this remarkable bird has done. If so, there is no
known record of it.
To relieve the suspense and start the narrative,
it should be known that "Biddy" tamed herself,
and thereby got into the movies. Be it further
known that the proper name of the bird to which
this pet name is applied is the ruffed grouse,
although incorrectly called the partridge in parts of the north
woods. All of her family are beautifully marked and extremely
shy woods birds, which shoot up from your feet with a rushing
whirr of wings. The camouflage of her striped brown coat is
protection from the keenest eyes, so that the danger of detec-
tion is slight, except during the flashing flight to greater
safety.
The still and moving pictures of Biddy and the story of her
unique adoption of man was told by the writer in a talk on
Wild Life in the New York State Forests, at the September
meeting of the New York State Forestry Association at Lake
Placid Club, New York.
The appearance of this particular bird, both in the movies
and in print, is due to the fact that all attempts to tame or
domesticate the ruffed grouse have absolutely failed. In no
recorded case have either young or adult birds shown the slight-
est confidence in human beings. The baby grouse hatched from
eggs set under hens will almost immediately after breaking the
shell dart to the nearest hiding place and remain as suspicious
as though in their natural environment; while in the woods
they scatter and hide completely at the first signal of danger.
At such times the mother bird will flutter along in plain sight
as if wounded, but after leading the enemy away from her
nest or young by such tactics, suddenly takes flight and is gone.
The voluntary adoption and apparent desire for human com-
panionship by this particular bird after being raised in
the woods and reaching full size, is in every way remark-
AN UNUSUAL CONVERSATION
"Biddy"-the queer little bird which, in defiance of all recorded laws of instinct and habit, sought and apparently thoroughly enjoyed the com-
panionship of man, her hereditary enemy.
945
946
AMERICAN FORESTRY
able. The story is an unusual chapter in wild life.
During the past winter, while the snow was very deep
in the woods and it was very difficult for the grouse to
obtain food, the men of a logging crew in the Catskills
noticed that a partridge (grouse) apparently attracted
by the sound of chopping, came to where they were at
work and accepted crumbs from their lunch baskets.
Her confidence gradually increased and she became a
regular guest of the men
in this particular cutting,
and with her need for food
satisfied still seemed to en-
joy human companionship.
She even became so friend-
ly as to perch herself on
sled loads of logs and ride
towards camp, and upon
one occasion the men even
bad to push her off to keep
her in the woods where she
vas safe.
When food became boun-
eous, after the snow went
iff in the spring, it was ex-
pected of course that Biddy
would return to her own
kind, and be guided by the
wild attributes of her na-
ture. Strangely enough,
however, she continued to
appear at about the same
spot in the woods, and
those who had become fond
of her learned that the
sound of chopping or the
beating of sticks together was sufficient to bring her
a long distance.
Reports of this reached a local sportsman, who, by
investigation, confirmed the story, and he later advised
the Conservation Commission. The writer, therefore,
packed up his camera and moving picture outfit, and
with considerable doubt in his heart as to the outcome,
visited this spot in the woods in company with his inform-
ant, one of the men who had been Biddy's friends during
THE CONFIDENT APPROACH 'OF THE FRIENDLY LITTLE BIRD
Secure in her knowledge that a friend was calling, Biddy finally came,
exhausted and warm, after traveling
if to say "Well, here I am."
the winter. He was assured that by pounding two sticks
together Biddy would appear to have her photograph
taken, but when no bird appeared after beating for some
time he became quite skeptical of the whole story. Bid-
dy's friend, however, kept insisting she would come if
she heard them, even a long way off in the woods. He
explained that it might mean a long walk, since
grouse do not usually resort to flight, except to escape
danger.
Finally it came to look as
though the writer's doubts
were justified, and the man
began to fear that his pet
had fallen victim to some
gun or animal. They,
therefore, ceased "chop-
ping" and sat down to eat
their lunch. Before they
finished the woodsman sud-
denly said: "There she is
now," and out of the
bushes walked Biddy. Her
mouth was open, for it was
a warm day, and her whole
attitude was one of weari-
ness, for she had apparent-
ly come for a long way.
But she came straight up
to them, as much as to
say: "Well, here I am."
She refused food, so her
motive was not hunger,
but the desire for human
companionship.
The moving pictures
taken by the writer show Biddy in a playful mood. She
would rush up to them with feathers fluffed out, make
a big show of fighting, much like a pet canary, then
dart away to renew the attack. Rather rough treat-
ment was taken in good part, and plainly understood
by her as part of the game.
Thus it was that Biddy, the grouse, went into the
movies, and built for herself a niche of fame in the
bird kingdom of the Great North Woods.
a long way— straight up to us.
RESEARCH WORK IN RECONSTRUCTION
A FORCE of nearly 400 'employes of the United States
-^Forest Products Laboratory is working in co-opera-
tion with the University of Wisconsin, on research work
in connection with reconstruction.
The laboratory's war time achievements are unique in
that practically all of them can be turned effectively to
uses of peace. For example, the laboratory demon-
strated the practicability of artificially drying freshly
cut airplane stock, instead of storing it for a year or
more in sheds to season. At the time of the signing of
the armistice, airplane stock was being dried by the
laboratory method faster than was necessary to meet
the demands of the manufacturers.
More than 300 kinds of the type developed by the
laboratory in various parts of the country, which were
used in drying airplane material, gunstocks and vehicle
parts, for the use of the Government in war, can now be
turned to account in the pursuit of peaceful occupations.
WE WANT TO RECORD YOUR MEMORIAL TREE PLANTING. PLEASE ADVISE
THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C.
FOREST RESEARCH-IN THE WAR AND AFTER
BY EARLE H. CLAPP
ASSISTANT FORESTER, U. S. FOREST SERVICE
rIE war has been full of surprises in its use of wood.
The first year brought a wonderful change in the
form of trench warfare, which carried with it an
unprecedented demand for wood in . many forms, a de-
mand which, according to one French authority, utilized
in some cases as high as a cubic meter of wood
per linear meter of front. The requirements for air-
planes established entirely new standards, which extended
practically from the selection of the tree in the woods to
the inspection of the final product in the completed plane.
The commonplace wooden box assumed sufficient import-
ance in connection with the general question of packing
to warrant the formation of a special unit in the General
Staff and later on in all of the bureaus of the War
Department. Charcoal in many special forms, developed
through the efforts of large numbers of research agencies
in many countries, was a primary requisite in defensive
ties. Gradually the work has been gaining momentum.
While the thought of preparation for war did not enter
into it materially, the experience of the past year and a
half has shown that in research the best preparation for
peace may be a long step forward in effective preparation
for war. A great volume of data was accumulated con-
cerning the stand, distribution, and quality of our forests,
concerning both technical and economic problems of pro-
duction and manufacture, and concerning the mechanical,
physical, and chemical properties of wood and how best
it can be conditioned and utilized for many purposes. An
organization of experts was developed which served as a
splendid nucleus for a large expansion and which has
supplied an invaluable background of knowledge, training,
experience, and outlook.
The expert knowledge of wood and its problems gained
through years of research frequently enabled the Forest
gas warfare and drew a large
part of its raw material from
the tropics.
Requirements for wood
and wood products were sub-
ject to rapid change. Noth-
ing was acceptable because
it had been done that way be-
fore, and men who adhered
slavishly to precedent were
swept aside in the fiercest
competition for progress and
excellence the world has ever
known. The demand for
correct technical practice ex-
tended from the simplest
uses to the most complex,
from the pick handle, the
wooden box, and the gunstock to the highly complicated
airplane.
Some thirty years ago the Forest Service began the
development of forest research as one of its earliest activi-
A METHOD OF DETERMINING THE
STRENGTH OF AIRPLAINE WING
RIBS
An approximation of the air pressure
in flight is secured by applying the
load at many points by the system of
levers. This method of testing has
also been used to develop the strong-
est and lightest designs.
Service to anticipate problems long ahead of the men
responsible for the utilization of results in the mili-
tary departments, and the general purpose of the
Service during the war has been to use its research
organization to help wherever help was needed and
to seek out the opportunities without waiting for
formal requests. The activities of the Forest Ser-
vice, first and last, dealt with practically every use
of wood in modern warfare — aircraft both heavier
and lighter than air and for both land and sea,
wooden ships, military vehicles, boxes and crates,
containers and packing in general, lumber and struc-
tural timber, offensive and defensive gas warfare,
grain alcohol, acetate of lime, pulp for explosives,
hardwood distillation for various purposes, wooden
limbs, fiber board, wooden pipe, implement handles,
rosin for shrapnel, and naval stores products, tannin,
noseplugs for shells, and various pulp products.
In order that the results secured might be known and
used co-operative relationships were established and main-
tained with practically every one of the numerous Gov-
ernmental agencies which dealt with the war: In the
947
948
AMERICAN FORESTRY
War Department with the General Staff, the Bureau of
Aircraft Production, Ordnance Department, Quarter-
master General, Surgeon General, Engineer Corps, and
Panama Canal ; in the Navy Department with the Bureaus
of Construction and Repair, Steam Engineering, Yards
and Docks, and Supplies and Purchase; with the Ship-
ping Board, Fleet Corporation, Fuel Administration,
Director General of Railroads, Advisory Commission of
Aeronautics, War Industries Board, War Trade Board,
with several of our Allies, and with large numbers of
war manufacturers.
Advice and assistance were rendered members of these
organizations on foreign and domestic timber resources,
their location, quality, production, and means of increas-
ing production, on manufacturing processes, on the
strength properties of wood and physical and chemical
properties, the best substitutes, methods of drying, storing,
finishing, and
preserving
woods, prepa-
ration and re-
view of speci-
fi c a t i ons, in-
s p e c t ion and
the training of
men, and final-
ly, on various
economic ques-
t i o n s relating
to the wood-
producing and
wood-using in-
dustries. The
activities of the
organization in
ad d i t ion in-
cluded what-
ever field and
laboratory in-
v e s t i g ations
were necessary
to secure basic
information.
Many things
have been given
the credit for winning the war — food, ships, money, and
occasionally even fighting men and guns. No one ques-
tions the place of the airplane. The field was so new, the
requirements so exacting, and ?o much was needed that
the Forest Service centered its research largely on air-
plane problems. For the airplane the question of artificial
drying of wood loomed early as one of first importance.
Three-inch green spruce dries in the air in from one to
two years. During our neutrality our Allies-to-be prac-
tically exhausted the reserve stock of dry Sitka spruce.
Airplane authorities insisted that only air-dried stock was
acceptable. The pressure of the Kaiser's armies, how-
ever, required some other answer. Forest Service kiln-
drying specifications reduced the required period by
CROSS GRAIN OR STRAIGHT?
Straight to any but the closest ocular inspection but shown to be worthless for _
the splitting test, the surest method of detecting cross grain in Sitka spruce. This apparently perfect
piece of spruce would probably have broken in the air during the first maneuver.
twelve times, from years to an equal number of months,
and the supply of dry spruce lost its sinister place as the
controlling factor in airplane construction. These speci-
fications were based on several years' investigative work
mainly on other woods and for other purposes, and they
have since been checked intensively. Theoretically,
properly kiln-dried material should be better than air-
dried material for the simple reason that it is possible
in properly regulated kilns to maintain optimum con-
ditions throughout the entire period of seasoning, where-
as air-drying permits limited regulation only. If prac-
tice sustains theory, the result becomes one of first im-
portance. The advantage in strength and toughness per
unit of weight of spruce over its best substitutes is sur-
prisingly small ; but such as it was England crossed an
ocean and a continent to secure her critically-needed
supply, and the United States organized for its exploita-
tion a body of
men which in
former wars
would have
been a large
army. The
work of the
past year and a
half has dem-
onstrated that
properly < kiln-
dried spruce is
in fact strong-
er than that
dried in the air
even under the
best conditions.
Vehicle mak-
ers in the Unit-
ed States be-
fore the war
depended to a
very large ex-
tent upon air-
dried material.
S p e cifications
for escort wag-
ons called for
stock which did not conform to the standard sizes. The
accumulated air-dried material on hand was available,
therefore, only in small part, and it was necessary to go
back to the sawmill to secure what was needed. Oak in
large sizes for vehicle manufacture seasons naturally in
two or three years. Dry material had to be secured in
weeks. The kiln was again the only solution. The indus-
try, however, did not have enough kilns, did not know
proper methods of drying, and did not have trained
operators. Losses from poor kilns or even good kilns
inefficiently operated reached from 10 to 50 and even
100 per cent. The Rock Island Arsenal Record of
December 26 shows what can be done by suitable kilns
operated by competent men. Spokes for 56" artillery
airplane construction by
FOREST RESEARCH— IN THE WAR AND AFTER
949
wheels were dried with a loss of .37 of 1 per cent, spokes
for 60" wheels with a loss of .29 of 1 per cent, rims for
56" wheels with a loss of 2 per cent, and rims for 60"
wheels with a loss of 1 per cent. But even more im-
portant than losses is time, and time has been reduced
to one-twelfth. The type of kiln at the Rock Island
Arsenal was developed at the Forest Products Labora-
tory, as were also the methods followed; and the man
who assisted in the initial operation was a Service expert.
The drying of black walnut presented similar prob-
lems. Air-drying was the rule before the war. The
demand for rifles required the use of kilns, and with
the kilns came excessive losses. It is reported that one
plant adhering to an imperfect schedule lost 60,000 gun-
stock blanks, valued at $1.20 each when green, in a
single kiln run. Concerns following closely methods
developed by the Forest Service have been turning out
gunstocks with losses not uncommonly less than 1 per cent.
If the war had continued the supply of naturally-
seasoned willow for artificial limbs would soon have been
exhausted. For
air seasoning a
period of three
to five years is
necessary.
Work under
way at the For-
e s t Products
L a b o r a t ory
promises to re-
duce this per-
iod to 60 or 70
days without
increase in
losses.
A great vol-
ume of data on
the strength of
wood for prac-
t i c a 1 ly all
American spe-
cies has been
built up in the
Forest Service during the past two decades. The num-
ber of individual tests amounted at the end of the war to
no less than 300,000 and covered 130 American species.
These tests were of constant and wide application during
the war in airplane construction and for practically every
other use where a knowledge of the strength of wood
was required. For example, they permitted the prepara-
tion of tables showing strength values at 15 per cent
moisture content which were adopted by both the Army
and the Navy as a basis for the design of all wooden
parts of aircraft. These data made it possible to select
the species most suitable for airplanes and to be sure of
the selection, and made it equally possible to reject
unsuitable species. They showed that the variation in
strength was so great as to render a considerable per-
centage of even the best woods unsuitable. By a density
Photogaph by H. D. Tiemann
DRV KILNS OF THE TIEMANN TYPE
Built in the Pacific Northwest for seasoning airplane stock by the Bureau of Aircraft Production these
kilns have a daily capacity of 35,000 to 40,000 board feet of wing beam stock._ From some of the charges
there was no degrade due to drying. Each of the 24 kilns holds 0 loads similar to those shown.
requirement it became possible to insure the selection of
the strongest stock. By the admission of specified defects
in lightly stressed parts it was possible practically to
double the quantity of acceptable stock without sacri-
ficing anything in safety. The latter problem involved
little more than the application of data already available
and the assignment of one man for a period of about
three months. Many thousand men in the woods and
at the mills would have been needed to produce the same
quantity of spruce.
One country lost many planes in flight because spiral-
grained spruce was used in construction. Forest Service
tests prevented similar losses on our part by showing
where the line between straight and spiral-grained ma-
terial could be drawn safely. Little was known at the
beginning of the war on the strength of plywood as a
material. The need for this information was supplied
very rapidly by an extensive series of tests which be-
came the basis of all of the present plywood specifications
and of plywood strength factors used in airplane design
by both the
Army and the
Navy. In ad-
dition, the tests
made it possi-
ble to adopt
with safety the
u t i 1 ization of
more species
than had origi-
n ally been
thought suit-
able and thus
prevented the
supply of ply-
wood from be-
coming, as it
might easily
have become, a
factor control-
ling a i r p lane
production.
Further ap-
plications of strength data were found in the design of
wing beams and wing ribs. Laminated wing beams, for
example, offer the opportunity to utilize a much larger
per cent of the spruce cut, a percentage far too low at
the best. Special supplemental tests developed types of
laminated and spliced wing beams as strong as the solid
wing beam of our first planes, and the types developed
have been adopted by the Army and Navy. As an ex-
ample of the special supplemental tests on wing ribs may
be cited those for an American combat plane produced in
large numbers. The weight of the standard rib was
reduced by one-third and the strength per unit of weight
was increased three times. The wing so developed was
adopted and similar designs were developed for six other
Army and Navy planes. Strength tests had a further
application in ship timber, and this and other information
950
AMERICAN FORESTRY
served as a basis for a comprehensive series of recommendations
to the American Bureau of Shipping and the Fleet Corporation
on the specifications to be followed in the selection of timber.
Special tests of boxes were needed to supplement the strength
tests of wood as a material. Fortunately methods and special
testing equipment had been developed before the war. In some
specifications which involve the construction of hundreds of
thousands of boxes the number of woods permitted was increased
from i to 30. It became possible to use the woods at hand and
to make full use of the facilities of box making plants wherever
they might be. In addition, nailing, strapping, and construction
in general were standardized and adapted to the very severe
war requirements in overseas shipments. Redesigns saved
enormous quantities of cargo space. Large sums were saved in
initial costs. Losses since July I at ports of arrival in France
are reported officially to be only 15 per cent of those before
July 1, and the reduction is due in part to the application of
Service investigations.
Another general class of problems of first importance dealt with
timber supplies and production. A general survey was made
of the timber resources of the United States in order to make
sure that our supplies of woods should not be dangerously
reduced before provision could be made for substitutes. The
best data available were maintained on requirements as com-
pared with current production, and similar data were secured
concerning the forest resources of other countries. For special
woods and for special purposes, much more intensive studies
were required. It was not sufficient to be able to furnish data
on the properties, conditioning, and uses of wood in airplanes.
If it became necessary to select substitutes for spruce knowledge
as to supplies, quality, current production, and the extent to
which production could be increased was necessary on those
woods which from the standpoint of properties alone seemed
to meet requirements. The program on airplane woods included
field studies of the eastern spruce, practically equivalent to the
Sitka spruce of the Northwest, and also such other possible
substitutes as Port Orford cedar, Douglas fir, eastern white pine,
Norway pine, western white pine, yellow poplar,' western hemlock,
silver, noble, white, and lowland fir, and even sugar pine, cypress,
redwood, and western yellow pine. The work on eastern spruce
was being followed up intensively by the Navy, but work on many
of the other species was far in advance of immediate require-
ments.
Black walnut is the accepted gunstock wood. It had been
cut heavily for years, production was not meeting requirements.
It became necessary, therefore, in co-operation with the States
and other forestry agencies and the Boy Scouts to make a field
survey throughout practically its entire range. New sources of
supply were found, new producers were interested, and processes
of manufacture inspected and supervised to insure the most
efficient cutting of the material; for it must be remembered that
the black walnut was almost equally needed for airplane pro-
pellers. Fortunately, the requirements for these two purposes
could be reconciled. Production was more than doubled; and
the supply of black walnut was no longer a critical problem
when the armistice was signed. Two or three years more of
war might, however, have required the use of substitutes.
Demand for tonnage in the transportation of food, munitions,
and armies left none for the import of tannin on which we have
hitherto depended. It became necessary to increase our domestic
production, and as a basis for this a field survey made by the
Forest Service indicated necessary lines of action for individual
plants throughout practically the entire region of tannin pro-
duction.
The campaign of many agencies for increased production of
wood as a fuel to relieve the coal shortage is not new to readers
of American Forestry. The increase in production is known to
be large; and it has relieved discomfort and suffering and helped
to keep up the fighting spirit at home.
Many other lines of work can only be mentioned in an article
of this length. Various economic questions relating to lumber,
pulp, and other important forest and wood-using industries were
studied in order to keep in touch with developments in the
industries, to anticipate difficulties, and to provide Government
organizations with the information which they might need for
administrative action. Badly needed materials, such as a satis-
factory coating for airplane propellers and waterproof glues
primarily for plywood, were developed, as were also methods of
inspection and certification for glues in general. Material assist-
ance was given in the technical training of men, for which always
the demand far exceeded the supply.
The lessons of the war will become more and more clear as
time goes on. But it is already obvious that the nation without
timber is handicapped in war as it is in peace. It is hardly
possible that another war will find Great Britain practically
without forests, and the lesson holds true everywhere. How
greatly, for example, would it have been to the advantage of
England, and incidentally to us as well, to have had on her
own soil ample supplies of airplane spruce. England will now
have another powerful incentive to go into the business of for-
estry. Obvious would have been the advantages to the United
States to have had at home ample supplies of materials known
to be suitable for airplane propellers rather than to be dependent,
even in part, upon the tropics of Africa, Central America,
and Asia.
Local as well as general timber supplies are necessary. In
the congestion of our railroads almost the first commodity to
suffer was wood. The farm woodlot has assumed a greater
importance than ever before. It supplied material for many
essential war needs. Black walnut brought as high as $135 per
thousand feet in the tree, locust for treenails $10 per cord in the
tree, and it is to be hoped that these and other wood prices
have helped to make owners of woodlots realize that in the pro-
duction of timber there is an opportunity for profit and ser-
vice as well.
We ought to know much more definitely what our own forest
resources are. In years past there have been many estimates
varying in character and intensity and giving results not at all
comparable. The time has now come when much more com-
plete data under comparable plans should be secured for the
entire country. It is needed in all the forest and wood-using
industries as a proper basis for future plans governing their
operations. It is needed to stabilize the forest industries in gen-
eral. It should carry with it the collection of other data on
cut-over lands, growth under present conditions and the possi-
bilities of growth, social and labor questions, and in fact the
whole range of questions necessary for the formulation of a
forest policy for the Federal Government as well as for the
States and private interests. We need far more knowledge as
to foreign supplies, together with information as to properties
and utilization and the economic and trade conditions which
influence production and importation.
The war has emphasized over and over again the need for
research in all lines of human endeavor. That the lesson is
being heeded is shown by such great national research move-
ments as those under way in England. With the need ahead for
growing all the timber that we use, as it must be now in much
of Europe, rather than depend upon virgin supplies, the technical
basis must be supplied through forest research. There will un-
doubtedly be a vastly increased program of industrial research
in the United States, and this program should include the
whole range of investigations covering the properties and utiliza-
tion of forest products. Industries, certainly for their profits
and possibly in some cases almost for their existence, will be
dependent upon the investigative efforts which they make for
themselves or those which are made for them by other agencies
and the results of which they apply. Investigations to determine
the properties of materials and the best methods for their manu-
facture and use are going to have a very decided bearing on
the extent to which these materials hold their place in after-
the-war competition. No industry can count on holding for its
products any field which it has formerly occupied. This holds
true of wood and the forest and wood-using industries as much
as any others. It is going to be a question of competition all
along the line, beginning with the use of land, then between
materials and industries in our own country, and finally, as a
part of the struggle friendly or otherwise, with other nations.
AMERICAN LUMBER FOR NORWAY
THE first shipment of American house-building materials,
ever sent to the wood-producing nation of Norway has
just recently gone forward, according to an announcement
from the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. It is
declared that the shipment is the beginning of a lumber trade
which promises to develop to important dimensions.
A New York correspondent of the Bureau reports a recent trip
to Louisiana where he purchased about 120,000 feet of yellow
pine in the different dimensions suitable for wooden buildings,
and says that the shipment was made direct to Norway from
New Orleans. Another order half the size quickly followed.
The correspondent also tells of having placed orders for high-
class carved interiors in quartered oak, mahogany and satinwood
for homes to be erected in Christiana, as samples of American
lumber building materials. Stocks of such materials are to be
carried at Christiana, Bergen and Trondhjem by a company
now in process of organization.
AMERICAN FORESTRY
951
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WHAT "THEY SAY"
"American Forestry with its unexcelled
illustrations has always appealed to me and
it surely is something which every forestry
student should look over each month." —
/. Nelson Spaeth.
"I shall stay with you as long as I can.
Your magazine is O. K. and my wife en-
joys it as much as I do. We are keeping
them all for future reference." — Pat
Whelan.
"The January number of American For-
estry is before me and as a devout lover
of the great-outdoors, and especially the
trees, I want to add my bit of praise to this
most interesting issue. The appearance of
the paper, the interesting articles and above
all the beautiful and luring pictures are in-
deed worthy of commendation." — C. E.
Davidson, Editor Dealer's Bulletin.
"Just a line to let you know that in my
estimation, you are making a wonderfully
fine magazine. It is getting more attrac-
tive and valuable each month, and I am
sure for you it must be a thing of beauty
and a joy forever." — D. E. Beasley.
"I want to express my particular delight
in the February American Forestry which
has just come to my desk. You surely have
succeeded in making a readable magazine."
— /. Horace McFarland.
"I have had in mind to write you for
some days past, inquiring about Glacier
National Park, and incidentally to compli-
ment you on the American Forestry. I
think it fine." — C. A. Lightner.
"Permit me to offer my hearty congratu-
lations on the Feburary number of Ameri-
can Forestry. The cover is attractive and
the contents are so varied that every one
who has a spark of love for outdoors can
find something worth while that is of spe-
cial interest to him. You are setting a fast
pace for yourself if the magazine is to con-
tinue to improve as it has in the past. Go
to it, and the best of luck." — Joseph W.
Tatum.
"I wish to comment on the unusually in-
teresting and instructive character of the
magazine, which the present management
has developed to a point of unusual excel-
lence."— Henry Crofut White.
"The Monthly Lists of Current Litera-
ture, published regularly in the last pages
of American Forestry, are of great value
to our School. Your magazine, through
its popular articles, continues to be a vital
factor in forest economics." — George W.
Perry.
PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR OUR HEROIC DEAD
SPECIAL OFFER TO MEMBERS ONLY
One of the following described books will be presented free of charge to any member of the
American Forestry Association who secures ONE NEW subscribing member:
No. 1 — Field Book of American Trees and Shrubs, 465 pages, 275 illustrations of trees, leaves,
blossoms, fruits, seeds, area of growth, etc.
No. 2— Field Book of Wild Birds and Their Music, 262 pages, 38 colored and 15 other full-page
illustrations.
No. 3 — Field Book of American Wild Flowers, 587 pages, 24 colored plates and 215 full-page
illustrations.
FILL OUT THIS BLANK
I present for Subscribing Membership in the
including American Forestry Magazine, and enclose $3.00 for the 1919 fee —
Name
Send Book No.
Address
to Name
..City _..
Address City _ —
$2.00 of above fee is for AMERICAN FORESTRY for One Year.
AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association.
Subscription price without membership, three dollars per year; single copies, twenty-five cents.
Pltait mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertitert
952
AMERICAN FORESTRY
CANADIAN DEPARTMENT
BY ELLWOOD WILSON
PRESIDENT, CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS
On January 29, 30 and 31 wee held in
Montreal the most interesting and best
attended Forestry, Lumbering and Pulp and
Paper meetings ever held in Canada and it
is doubtful if any such get-together meet-
ings of foresters and lumber and paper men
were ever held before on this continent.
The papers and discussion were all of a
most practical nature and showed a strong
spirit and desire for co-operation.
The meeting of the Canadian Forestry
Association showed that body to be in a
most flourishing condition, with nearly one
thousand new members and a record of
much useful work for the past year. Ad-
dresses were made by Major Barrington
Moore, of the United States Forest Service
on the work of the American Forestry
Units in France and by F. J. Campbell,
President of the Canadian Pulp and Paper
Association, and W. Gerrard Power, Presi-
dent of the Canadian Lumbermen's Asso-
ciation. The only new officers elected were
Clyde Leavitt, Forester of the Commission
of Conservation, as Vice-President, and
P. B. Wilson, of the Spanish River Pulp
and Paper Company, as a Director.
The attendance at the meeting of the
Canadian Society of Forest Engineers was
the largest since the founding of the So-
ciety. The guests were, Major Barrington
Moore, F. J. Campbell, Prof. Macarthy,
of Syracuse University; W. G. Howard,
New York Commission of Conservation;
H. R. Bristol, Forester of the Delaware &
Hudson Railroad; D. A. Crocker and Mr.
Shepard, of the Lincoln Paper Company,
and Lieut. H. M. Kinghorn. After the
dinner most of the evening was taken up
with a discussion of the necessity for for-
estry research work in the woods, follow-
ing a most excellent paper on the subject
by Dr. C. D. Howe, of the University of
Toronto, and a most interesting discussion
on forestry education and training. Dr.
Howe pointed out very forcibly the lack
of accurate knowledge of silvicultural and
ecological and biological conditions in the
woods and urged that more intensive work
along these lines be conducted by studies
on the ground and the establishment of
sample plots where continuous studies could
be made.
The Forestry Conference, under the joint
auspices of the Quebec Forest Protective
Association and the Woodlands Section of
the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association,
was opened by the Hon. Minister of Lands
and Forests of Quebec, Jules Allard, who
said that his Government was anxious to
do all in its power to forward the proper
protection and utilization of the forests and
their proper conservation. Brig.-General
J. B. White, D. S. O., who has been in
command of the Forestry Corps in France,
gave a very interesting talk on his work
and on forestry conditions in France and
said most forcefully that Canada must be-
gin planting operations at once and advo-
cated the use of returned soldiers for this
work. Prof. J. M. Swaine, of the Domin-
ion Bureau of Entomology, read an inter-
esting paper on insect damage to the for-
ests. Prof. Swain has spent several years
in field work in the forests from the At-
lantic to the Pacific and has done much
work of a practical nature. His work
shows that now the danger to the forests
from insects is greater than that from fire
and advocates more careful protective
measures, chief of which is the burning of
logging debris. He said that the balsam fir
was so infested with fungous disease at
present and so liable to attacks from borers
that it was probably only a question of time
before this species would be practically
wiped out in Eastern Canada. Mr. Clyde
Leavitt read a paper on burning logging
debris from the standpoint of fire protec-
tion and logging and there were some very
interesting discussions in which many prac-
tical woods operators took part. A com-
mittee of heads of Woodlands Depart-
ments was appointed to go thoroughly into
the matter and to make actual experiments
in burning logging debris under actual op-
erating conditions and to report on the
cost and feasibility. Dr. Fiske, of the Life
Extension Institute of New York, read a
paper on Health in Relation to Business.
Lieut. Lewis gave a most interesting talk
on the interpretation of airial photographs,
illustrated by actual photos taken at the
front. He showed the wonderful possi-
bilities of such photography for making
timber reconnaissances, mapping unex-
plored and difficult country and following
the process of logging operations. There
is no doubt but that in a short time the
airplane will be widely used for these and
other purposes. The committees on hard-
wood utilization and improvement of log-
ging conditions reported and the reports
brought out most interesting and practical
discussion. The latter committee was con-
tinued with instructions to go into the
woods and report on as many actual logging
operations as possible. Demonstrations of
caterpillar tractors and a new, horse-drawn,
motor-operated rotary snow-plow were
given.
The papers and discussion at the meet-
ings and the discussion carried on inform-
ally by the men present seemed to bring
out the following conclusions. That the
present great need is for some protection
against insects and fungi in the forests.
That logging methods will have to be im-
proved in order to cut down their cost and
to leave the forests in better condition for
a second crop. That the present method
of cutting to a diameter limit is bad for
the forest. That some means must be
found to utilize the hardwood from mixed
hardwood-softwood forests and that plant-
ing on a large scale must begin at once.
The meetings of the Technical Section of
the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association
and its general meeting were very inter-
esting and largely attended and the latter
brought out also the need for forest plant-
ing and the recommendation to employ re-
turned soldiers in such work.
The Minister of Lands and Forests of
Quebec has offered to contribute to the ex-
pense of a sea-plane patrol of timber limits
to try out this method and see practically
how it will work for fire-protection and for
making maps. He has also asked the Quebec
Limit Holder's Association to send a dele-
gation to see him to discuss a law to be
introduced at the 1920 session of the legis-
lature to encourage forest planting. Such
a law has been drawn up by a committee
of the Association and was submitted to the
Minister on the twelfth of February.
Mr. Piche, Chief Forester of Quebec,
has written that he met Mr. Ridsdale,
Executive Secretary of the American For-
estry Association, in France and that they
are both working to help reforestation in
that country. He also says that everyone
in Paris is talking English and that the
"poilus" are making English "communiques"
to their English and American comrades-in-
arms.
H. M. MacMillan, who has been assist-
ant to Major Austin Taylor, in the splen-
did work of the Imperial Munitions Board
in getting out airplane spruce in British
Columbia, will soon finish with that work.
MacMillan's record as Chief Forester of
British Columbia, as Canadian Trade Com-
missioner to the Far East and in the Spruce
Production Division has been one of which
he may well be very proud.
R. D. Craig, another forester, also did
good work in charge of the Spruce In-
spection.
The Riordon Pulp and Paper Company
have agreed to continue their contribution
to the co-operative investigative work being
carried out by the Commission of Conser-
vation under the direction of Dr. Howe.
The St. Maurice Paper Company of Three
Rivers, Quebec, have commenced mapping
and estimating their timberlands. The work
is being carried out by Mr. Galarneau, chief
forester, assisted by Messrs. Nix and Terry.
CANADIAN DEPARTMENT
953
The Hon. A. E. Smith, Minister of
Lands of the Province of New Bruns-
wick, gave a most interesting talk on
his work in putting the administration
of New Brunswick's forests on a sound
and scientific basis and in taking it out of
politics. He made the statement that after
their survey and estimate was completed
that if he found it necessary to curtail the
cut in that Province for the sake of per-
petuating the forests that he would certain-
ly do it. New Brunswick and Quebec are
running a neck and neck race in the work
of putting their forestry administration on
a sound and enduring basis.
It looks as if it was "up to" Ontario to
make a move for the placing of its timber
sales branch under the direction of the
forestry branch and to begin a survey of its
forest resources.
The Timberman, in its January issue,
describes a method in use in Sweden by
which branch wood and other wood up to
four inches in diameter is cut up by a
machine into pieces and burnt like coal.
This proved very successful where too
deep a layer was not placed on the grate
and shows a way in which much wood now
wasted could be utilized.
The partiett W»y
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Everything for the Garden
is the title of our 1919 catalogue — one of the most beautiful
and complete horticultural publications of the year — really
a book of 184 pages, 8 colored plates and over 1000 photo-
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It is a mine of information of everything in Gardening,
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over seventy-two years of practical experience. To give
this catalogue the largest possible distribution we make
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m
ADVISORY BOARD
Representing Organizations Affiliated with the
American Forestry Association
m
National Wholesale Lumber Dealers' Association Boston Paper Trade Association
W. CLYDE SYKES, Conifer, N. Y. SiJt I9N.ES^ Lincoln. Maine.
R. L. SISSON. Potsdam, N. Y.
JOHN M. WOODS, Boston, Mass.
Northern Pine Manufacturers' Association
C. A SMITH, Coos Bay, Ore.
WILLIAM IRVINE, Chippewa Falls. Wis.
F. E. WEYERHAEUSER, St. Paul, Minn.
North Carolina Forestry Association
E. B. WRIGHT. Boardman, N. C.
HUGH MacRAE. Wilmington, N. C
J. C. SMOOT, North Wilkeaboro, N. C.
National Association of Box Manufacturers
B. W. PORTER, Greenfield, Mass.
S. B. ANDERSON, Memphis, Tenn.
ROBT. A. JOHNSON, Minneapolis, Mina.
Carriage Builders' National Association
H. C. McLEAR, Wilmington, Del.
D. T. WILSON. New York.
C A. LANCASTER, South Bend, Ind.
JOHN E. A. HUSSEY, Boston, Masa.
ARTHUR L. HOBSON, Boston, Mass.
Philadelphia Wholesale Lumber Dealers' Ass'a
J. RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia. Pa.
FRED'K S. UNDERHILL. Philadelphia, Pa.
New Hampshire Tlmberland Owners' Association
W. H. BUNDY, Boston. Mass.
EVERETT E. AMEY, Portland, Me.
F. H. BILLARD, Berlin, N. H.
Massachusetts Forestry Association
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Milton, Mass.
FREDERIC J. CAULKINS, Boston, Masa.
HARRIS A. REYNOLDS, Cambridge, Mass.
Lumbermen's Exchange
J. RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa.
FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa.
R. B. RAYNER, Philadelphia, Pa.
Camp Fire Club of America
WILLIAM B. GREELEY, Washington, D.
O. H. VAN NORDEN, New York
FREDERICK K. VREELAND, New York
C.
Empire State Forest Products Association
FERRIS J. MEIGS, New York City
RUFUS L. SISSON, Potsdam, N. Y.
W. L. SYKES, Utica, N. Y.
California Forest Protective Association
MILES STANDISH, San Francisco, Cal.
GEO. X. WENDLING, San Francisco, Cal.
GEO. H. RHODES, San Franciaco, Cal.
Minnesota Forestry Associatloa
W. T. COX, St. Paul, Minn.
PROF. D. LANGE, St. Paul, Minn.
MRS. CARRIE BACKUS, St. Paul, Minn.
American Wood Preservers' Associatlea
M. K. TRUMBULL, Kansas City, Mo.
A. R. JOYCE, Chicago, 111.
F. J. ANGIER, Baltimore, Md.
Southern Pine Association
I. B. WHITE, Kanras City, Mo.
J. E. RHODES, New Orleans, La.
HENRY E. HARDTNER, Uranie, La.
Please mention American Forestry UagoMine when writing advertisers
954
AMERICAN FORESTRY
A Beautiful English Walnut Tree In
Washington's Garden, Ht. Vernon.
The Great Washington
probably did not know that an acre (50 trees) of
English Walnut Trees
will produce in a single year food equal to
60,000 eggs (as asserted by Dr. J. H. Kellog),
but he did know the great value of nut trees
and planted them around his home at Mt.
Vernon. You may not know that at Roches-
ter we have highly developed the
Northern Grown English Walnut Tree
so that it is available for planting about
your home, in your garden and orchard, with
the same assurance of success as a planting
of Apples, Pears and Peaches, without regard
to our cold winters.
Read about these wonderful trees in our 1919
catalogue, which will be sent free on request,
and let us aid you in making a selection for
your home, in your garden and orchard, with
GLEN BROS., Inc., Glenwood Nursery,
1827 Main St, Rochester, N. Y.
A Modern English Walnut Orchard
near Rochester, N. Y.
260 bushels from 221 trees— one season
Nursery Stock for Forest Planting
TREE SEEDS
SEEDLINGS
Writ* for price* on
large ouantitiee
TRANSPLANTS
THE NORTHEASTERN FORESTRY CO.
CHESHIRE. CONN.
TREES for
FOREST PLANTING
Plant forest trees. Give employment
to our returning soldiers and
supply timber for future needs.
We have the trees and will have the
men to plant them.
Give us your order now for neart
Spring.
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
KEENE, N. H.
We will plant our trees by contract
or at cost to us.
FISKE
FENCE
Climb proof chain link fencing,
wrought iron and woven iron
fence, iron gates, lamp stand-
ards, grille work fountains,
vases, tennis court and poultry
yard enclosures, stable fittings.
Calaltgue on request.
J. W. FISKE IRON WORKS
100-102 Park PUce
New York City
45
WE HAVE THEM
--YOU--
MAY NEED THEM
500,000 Oak Seedlings in Ten
Sorts
Elm, Ash, Catalpa, Butternut,
Hickory, Locust and other Seed-
lings. 1 ,000,000 Resinosa, Rigida,
Thunbergii, Ponderosa and Stro-
bus pines.
A full supply of shrubs in
lining out sizes and specimen
plants for immediate effect.
Send for list and Prices Today
ATLANTIC NURSERY CO.
Incorporated
BERLIN, MD. - - U. S. A.
NATIONAL FORESTS FURNISH
RECREATION WORTH
MILLIONS
I" AST year the National Forests provided
$7,500,000 worth of recreation to the peo-
ple of the United States, according to a
statement of Landscape Architect Frank
A. Waugh in his publication "Recreation
Uses on the National Forests," just issued
by the United States Department of Agri-
culture.
The Government charges no admission
fee to these great recreation grounds, con-
taining some of the finest hunting, fishing
and camping places in the world ; but if
citizens had paid the minimum price de-
manded for wholesome recreation by com-
mercial dealers in that commodity, and
willingly paid by the public, the total would
have reached the above amount. More
than 3,000,000 people spent on the average
not less than 25 hours in the Forests, so
that the number of hours of recreation was
at least 75,000,000. A valuation of 10 cents
an hour equals the cost of a cheap movie.
But the charge to the public for hunting
or fishing, for visiting the wonders of the
National Monuments, for access to some
of the finest scenery in the world for auto-
mobiling and picnicing was nothing — a low
price to pay for $7,500,000 worth of recrea-
tion.
The recreational value of the National
Forests alone is estimated by Dr. Waugh
as more than the whole cost of their ad-
ministration, and is in addition to the
timber and forage resources and the value
of watershed protection. On this basis
the National Forests are certainly a pay-
ing investment for the American people.
WOODLOT MAY INSURE SAFE
WATER
f\ N ANY farm a woodlot, grove, or
^ windbreak is highly desirable, not only
to supply fuel and small timber, but for
its beauty and the protection it affords.
If kept clean and free from stock, such
wooded area, an orchard even, may be
made to serve another useful purpose,
that of supplying water, says Farmers'
Bulletin 941, "Water System for Farm
Homes." Forest-covered lands conserve
rainfall and soil moisture, and in many
instances afford ideal sources for farm
water supplies. The farmer therefore,
who fences off his wood lot, or part of it,
or forests an inclosed area and keeps it
clean for water-supply purposes, is fol-
lowing closely the wise policy of cities and
towns which, to insure safe, ample water
supplies, acquire elevated, sparsely settled
watersheds, and clean, forest, and patrol
them.
WHEN MEMORIAL TREES ARE PLANTED PLEASE INFORM THE AMERICAN
FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C.
J
CURRENT LITERATURE
955
CURRENT
LITERATURE
MONTHLY LIST FOR FEBRUARY, 1919
(Books and periodicals indexed in the
library of the United States Forest Service.)
FORESTRY AS A WHOLE
Proceedings and reports of associations, forest
officers, etc.
Hawaiian sugar planters' association. Re-
port of the committee on forestry for
the year ending Sept. 30, 1918. 14 p.
Honolulu, 1918.
India — Forest dept. Annual return of sta-
tistics relating to forest administration
for the year 1916-17. 24 p. diagr.
Simla, 1918.
South Australia — Woods and forests dept.
Annual progress report upon state for-
est administration for the year 1917-18.
13 p. pi. Adelaide, 1918.
Sweden — Forstliche versuchsanstalt. Mit-
teilungen, 13.-14. heft, 1916-17, v. 1-2.
il. Stockholm, 1917.
SILVICULTURE
Buhler, Anton. Der waldbau, v. I. 662 p.
Stuttgart, E. Ulmer, 1918.
FOREST PROTECTION
Insects
Great Britain — Board of agriculture and
fisheries. Insect and fungus pests of
basket willows. 11 p. pi. London,
1918. (Leaflet no. 301.)
Diseases
Cheel, E. and Cleland, J. B. Disease in
forest trees caused by the larger fungi.
12 p. pi. Sydney, 1918. (New South
Wales — Forestry commission. Bulle-
tin no. 12.)
Rankin, W. H. Manual of tree diseases.
398 p. il. N. Y., The Macmillan Co.,
1918.
Fire
Coeur d'Alene timber protective association.
Thirteenth annual report, 1918. 12 p.
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, 1918.
Maine — Dept. of state lands and forestry.
Fire protection, Maine forestry district.
72 p. Bingham, Me., 1918. (Bulletin
no. 2.)
FOREST MANAGEMENT
Scotia — Dept. of crown lands. The
farm woodlot in Nova Scotia. 23 p. il.
Halifax, 1917.
FOREST ADMINISTRATION
New York — Conservation commission. Cir-
cular of information relating to lands
and forests. 32 p. il. Albany, 1918.
U. S. — Dept. of agriculture — Forest service.
January field program, 1919. 31 p.
Wash., D. C, 1919.
U. S. — Dept. of agriculture — Forest ser-
vice. What the national forests mean
to the water user, by S. T. Dana. 52 p.
il., map. Wash., D. C, 1919.
FOREST UTILIZATION
Central bureau of planting and statistics —
Statistical clearing house. A list of
forest products statistics. 53 p. Wash.,
D. C, 1918.
'iiimiiiiiii!«!!innnniiiiii!iiii!ii!innniiiii!iiiiiiii!i!!!i[iiiiiiiii!iiii!nii
Japanese
Dogwood
Cornus Kousa
Specially valuable for wood-
| lands and other situations
I adapted to mass planting. The
I Japanese Dogwood flowers a
J month later than the American
^ species, thus extending the bloom; the flowers
j are much larger, snowy white and visible for
I half a mile or more; the scarlet strawberry-like
I fruits are much more conspicuous than those
( American Dogwood.
We offer a large quantity of 2-year old seedling plants 8 to 12 inches high, at $8.00 per §
jj 100, or $35.00 per 500.
Our catalogues and booklets will be of special value to those who contemplate extensive 1
plantings of deciduous trees and shrubs, or evergreens. Write today for copies.
I HICKS NURSERIES,
aiiiiiiiniiuiiiiii!
BOXF,
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
WESTBURY, N. Y. I
iii:iiii[|ii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiE
FORESTRY SEEDS
I OFFER AT SPECIAL PRICES
Pinus Strobus Picea Englemanni
Pseudo-tsuga Doug- Picea Pungens
lassi Thuya Occidentalis
Pinus Ponderosa Pinus Taeda
and many other varieties, all of this
season's crop and of good quality.
Samples upon request. Send for my
catalogue containing full list of varieties.
THOMAS J. LANE
TREE SEEDSMAN
Dresher
Pennsylvania
HILL'S
Seedlings and Transplants
ALSO TREE SEEDS
FOR REFORESTING
"DEST for over half a century. All
leading hardy sorts, grown in im-
mense quantities. Prices lowest. Quali-
ty highest. Forest Planter's Guide, also
price lists are free. Write today and
mention this magazine.
THE D. HILL NURSERY CO.
Evergreen Specialists
Largest Growers in America
BOX 601 DUNDEE, ILL.
g nillllllll»lim!llll!lllllllllll!llllllltllllll!lilllllil!l!lll[llllll!lllll[IIHIII!!llim
For Living Memorials
Plant Rosedale Trees
fl The best memorials are Evergreen Trees, symbolic
of Immortality.
H Rosedale Evergreens have been frequently trans-
planted and carefully grown. They have developed
sturdy tops and compact root systems that thrive
when removed to new surroundings. We offer you
a choice among 70 varieties. The large sizes can
be safely transplanted for immediate effect.
U We also supply nursery trees, both Evergreen and
Deciduous, in large quantities for forestry planting.
Write today for the Rosedale Catalog.
ROSEDALE NURSERIES
S. G. Harris, Proprietor
Box K Tarrytown, N. Y.
lUiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiimmimimiiiiimmi 111 11 minimi m riiiiiiinii immii 1111 11 in iiiiimi mini MM imiu 11111111 mm imiiiiuimmiidi
Pleaif mention American Forestry Maaaxine when writing advertisers
956
AMERICAN FORESTRY
BOOKS ON FORESTRY
AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry,
* list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry
Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid.
FOREST VALUATION— Filtbert Roth
FOREST REGULATION— Filibert Roth
PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR— By Elbert Peets
THE LUMBER INDUSTRY— By R. S. Kellogg
LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS— By Arthur F. Jones
FOREST VALUATION— By H. H. Chapman
CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY— By Norman Shaw
TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS— By John Kirkegaard
TREES AND SHRUBS— By Charles Sprague Sargent— Vols. I and II, 4 Parts to a Volume—
Per Part
THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER— Gifford Pinchot
LUMBER AND ITS USES— R. S. Kellogg
THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK— B. E. Fernow
NORTH AMERICAN TREES— N. L. Britton
KEY TO THE TREES— Collins and Preston
THE FARM WOODLOT— E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling
IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Samuel J.
Record
PLANE SURVEYING— John C. Tracy
FOREST MENSURATION— Henry Solon Graves
THE ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY— B. E. Fernow
FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY— Filibert Roth
PRACTICAL FORESTRY— A. S. Fuller
PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY— Samuel B. Green
TREES IN WINTER— A. S. Blakeslee and C. D. Jarvls
MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico)— Chas. Sprague
Sargent
AMERICAN WOODS— Romeyn B. Hough, 14 Volumes, per Volume
HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, EAST OF THE
ROCKY MOUNTAINS— Romeyn B. Hough
GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES— J. Horace McFarland
PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD; THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— Chas. H. Snow
HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION— Samuel M. Rowe
TREES OF NEW ENGLAND— L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES— H. E. Park-
hurst
TREES— H. Marshall Ward
OUR NATIONAL PARKS— John Mulr
LOGGING— Ralph C. Bryant
THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE UNITED STATES— S. B. Elliott
FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND— Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawes
THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS— Henry Solon Graves
SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES— William Solotaroff
THE TREE GUIDE— By Julia Ellen Rogers
MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN— Austin Cary
FARM FORESTRY— Alfred Akerman
THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization)— A. B. Reck-
nagel
ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY— F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD— Samuel J. Record
STUDIES OF TREES— J. J. Levison
TREE PRUNING— A. Des Cars
THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER— Howard F. Weiss
SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY— By James W. Tourney...
FUTURE OF FOREST TREES— By Dr. Harold Unwin
FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS— F. Schuyler Mathews, $2.00 (in full
leather)
FARM FORESTRY— By John Arden Ferguson
THE BOOK OF FORESTRY— By Frederick F. Moon
OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES— By Maud Going
HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN— By Jay L. B. Taylor
THE LAND WE LIVE IN— By Overton Price
WOOD AND FOREST— By William Noyes
THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW— By J. P. Kinney
HANDBOOK OF CLEARING AND GRUBBING, METHODS AND COST-^By Halbert P.
Gillette
FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY— By Theodore S. Woolsey, jr
MANUAL OF POISONOUS PLANTS— By L. H. Pammel
WOOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— Chas. H. Snow
EXERCISES IN FOREST MENSURATION— Winkenwerder and Clark
OUR NATIONAL FORESTS— H. D. Boerker
MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES— Howard Rankin
FRANCE, THE FRANCE I LOVE— By Dr. Du Bols Loux, Pauline L. Diver, New York City
».5*
2.00
2.00
1.11
2.10
2.00
2.50
1.50
5.H
LIS
1.15
2.17
7.30
1.50
1.75
1.25
3*0
4.00
1.61
1.10
1.50
1.50
2.00
6.00
7.50
6.N
1.75
3.50
5.N
1.5*
1.5*
1.5*
1.91
3.5*
2.5*
3.50
1.50
3.00
1.00
2.12
.57
2.10
2.20
1.75
1.75
.65
S.tt
3.5*
2.25
3.0*
1.3*
2.10
1.50
2.50
1.70
3.00
3.00
2.50
2.50
5.35
5.0*
1.50
2.50
2.50
1.5*
* This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry
or related subjects upon request.— EDITOR.
POSITIONS WANTED
POSITION wanted by technically trained For-
ester. Have had fourteen years experience
along forestry lines, over five years oft the
National Forests in timber sale, silvicultural
and administrative work; three years experi-
ence in city forestry, tree surgery and landscape
work. Forester for the North Shore Park Dis-
trict of Chicago. City forestry and landscape
work preferred, but will be glad to consider
other lines. Can furnish the best of reference.
Address Box 600, Care American Forestry
Magazine, Washington, D. C. (13)
YOUNG MAN recently discharged from the U. S.
Navy, wants employment with wholesale lum-
ber manufacturer; college graduate; five year's
experience in nursery business; can furnish
best of references. Address Box 675, Care
American Forestry Magazine, Washington,
D. C. (1-3)
FOREST ENGINEER, 30 years of age; married;
eight (8) years experience in South and North-
east, in field and administration, desires to
make a change. References upon request. Ad-
dress Box No. 510 Care American Forestry
Magazine, Washington, D. C.
OUR ADVERTISERS ARE
RELIABLE
Wood-using Industries
Smith, F. H. Pulpwood consumption anc
wood-pulp production in 1917. 19 p.
Wash., D. C, 1919. (U. S.— Dept. of
agriculture. Bulletin 758.)
Strachan, J. The recovery and remanu-
facture of waste paper; a practica
treatise. 158 p. il. Aberdeen, The
Albany press, 1918.
Technical association of the pulp and paper
industry. Vocational education in the
pulp and paper industry. 6 p. N. Y.
1919.
Technical association of the pulp and pape
industry. Year book, containing lists o
members arranged alphabetically anc
geographically, corrected to July, 1918
40 p. N. Y., 1918.
Talley, H. R. Machinery for cutting fire
wood. 16 p. il. Wash., D. C, 1919
(U. S. — Dept. of agriculture. Farm
ers' bulletin 1023.)
WOOD TECHNOLOGY
Western Australia — Woods and forests
dept. Quelques apercus sur les bois de
l'Australie occidentale. 23 p. il., map.
Perth, 1918.
WOOD PRESERVATION
Kynoch, W. and Coderre, J. A. Creosote
treatment of jack pine and eastern
hemlock for cross-ties. 24 p. il. Ot-
tawa, 1919. (Canada — Dept. of the in-
terior— Forestry branch. Bulletin 67.)
AUXILIARY SUBJECTS
Conservation of natural resources
Wisconsin — State conservation commission.
Biennial report for the fiscal years end-
ing June 30, 1917, and June 30, 1918.
144 p. il. Madison, Wis., 1918.
Botany
Palladin, V. I. Plant physiology. 320 p.
il. Phila., Pa. Blackiston's son & co.,
1918.
Grazing
Sampson, A. W. Effect of grazing upon
aspen reproduction. 29 p. pi. Wash.,
D. C, 1919. (U. S. — Dept. of agri-
culture. Bulletin 741.)
National monuments
Sieur de Monts national monument. Pub-
lication no. 22. 20 p. il. Bar Harbor,
Me., 1918.
Aviation
Wright-Martin aircraft corporation. His-
pano-Suiza aeronautical engines. 148
p. il., pi. New Brunswick, N. J., 1918.
PERIODICAL ARTICLES
Miscellaneous periodicals
Botanical gazette, Dec, 1918. — Limiting fac-
tors in relation to specific ranges of
tolerance of forest trees, by A. H.
Hutchinson, p. 465-93; Notes on North
American trees : 3, Tilia, by C. S. Sar-
gent, p. 494-511-
Bulletin of the Pan-American Union, Dec,
1918. — Fustic wood, by C. D. Mell, p.
823-32.
California fish and game, Jan., 1919.— The
coyote as a deer killer, by E. V. Jotter,
p. 26-29.
Conservation, Feb., 1919. — Reforestation as
a post-war policy, by C. Leavitt, p. 8
CURRENT LITERATURE
957
UNIVERSITY OF MAINE
ORONO, MAINE
Maintained by State and Nation
rpHE FORESTRY DEPART-
-*- MENT offers a four years'
undergraduate curriculum, lead-
ing to the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Forestry.
******
Opportunities for full techni-
cal training, and for specializing
in problems of the Northeastern
States and Canada.
******
John M. Briscoe,
Professor of Forestry
Carleton W. Eaton,
Associate Professor
******
For catalog and further infor-
mation, address
ROBERT J. ALEY, Pres't,
Orono, Maine
Country gentleman, Jan. 25, 1919. — Tapping
nature's sugar bush, by R. H. Smith, p.
13, 63-4.
Country life, Feb., 1919. — The decline of
the hickory bark beetle, by H. Bird, p.
96, 98.
Gardeners' chronicle, Jan. 4, 1919. — The
judas tree in London, by A. D. Web-
ster, p. 2.
Geographical review, Dec, 1918. — A com-
bined map and panorama for orienta-
tion from lookout stations, by E. Fritz,
P- 501-3.
In the open, Jan., 1919. — Our national elk
herds, by E. W. Nelson and H. S.
Graves, p. 33-8.
Iowa conservation, July-Sept., 1918. — The
national park of the middle west, by G.
Bennett, p. 43-7.
Journal of geography, Jan., 1919. — Black
walnut and the war, by S. R. Winters,
P- 33-5-
National wool grower, Jan., 1919. — Use of
the forests, by S. R. Winters, p. 21-2.
New Zealand journal of agriculture, Dec.
20, 1918. — The native forests and for-
estry matters, by E. P. Turner, p.
376-80.
Oregon voter, Jan. 4, 1919. — Wood ship-
building, p. 76-9.
Parks and recreation, Jan., 1919.— City for-
estry, by J. Koening, p. 20-2; The for-
est preserve district of Cook co., 111.,
by D. H. Perkins, p. 25-8.
Science, Dec. 27, 1918.— Resistance in the
School of Forestry
UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO
Four Year Course, with op-
portunity to specialize in
General Forestry, Log-
ging Engineering, and
Forest Grazing.
Forest Ranger Course of
high school grade, cover-
ing three years of five
months each.
Special Short Course cover-
ing twelve weeks design-
ed for those who cannot
take the time for the
fuller courses.
Correspondence Course in
Lumber and Its Uses. No
tuition, and otherwise ex-
penses are the lowest.
For Further Particulars Address
Dean, School of Forestry
University of Idaho
Moscow, Idaho
WHEN YOU BUY
PHOTO -ENGRAVINGS
buy the right kind--That is, the
particular style and finish that will
best illustrate your thought and
print best where they are to be
used. Such engravings are the real
quality engravings for you, whether
thoy cost much or little.
We have a reputation for intelligent-
ly co-operating with the buyer to
give him the engravings that will
best suit his purpose--
Our little house organ "Etchings" Is
full of valuable hints-Send for it.
H. A. GATCHEU rm. C A. STWSON, Vict-Pret.
GATCHEL & MANNING
PHOTO-ENGRA VERS
Sixth and Chestnut Streets
PHILADELPHIA
DEPARTMENT OF
FORESTRY
The Pennsylvania
State College
A PROFESSIONAL course in
Forestry, covering four years
of college work, leading to the
degree of Bachelor of Science in
Forestry.
Thorough and practical training for
Government, State, Municipal and
private forestry.
Four months are spent in camp in
the woods in forest work.
Graduates who wish to specialize
along particular lines are admitted
to the "graduate forest schools" as
candidates for the degree of Master
of Forestry on the successful com-
pletion of one year's work.
For further information address
Department of Forestry
Pennsylvania State College
State College, Pa.
' I
American chestnut to the bark disease,
by A. H. Graves, p. 652-3.
Science, Jan. 24, 1919. — Eucalyptus never
present in North America, by E. W.
Berry, p. 91-2.
Scientific American, Dec, 1918. — Freeing
the forest reserves from predatory ani-
mals, p. 571-2. .
Scientific American supplement, Dec. 31,
1918. — The wax palm and its uses, by
C. D. Mell, p. 395.
U. S. Dept. of agriculture. Journal of agri-
cultural research, Dec. 9, 1918. — -Seed-
ling diseases of conifers, by C. Hartley
and others, p. 521-58.
U. S. Dept. of agriculture. Journal of agri-
cultural research, Dec. 23, 1918. — Para-
sitism, morphology, and cytology of
Cronartium ribicola, by R. H. Colley,
p. 619-60.
U. S. Dept. of agriculture. Monthly
weather review, Nov., 1918. — Smoke
from Minnesota forest fires, by H.
Lyman, p. 506-9.
U. S. Dept. of agriculture. Weekly news
letter, Feb. 5, 1919. — Carlessness causes
most fires in national forests, p. 2-3.
U. S. Dept. of agriculture. Weekly news
letter. Feb. 12, 1919. — Foresters advise
provision for fuel wood of future, p. 3.
U. S. Dept. of agriculture. Weekly news
letter, Feb. 19, 1919.— Simple treatment
renders short-lived wood durable, p.
13-14-
Please mention American Forestry Magasine when writing advertisers
958
AMERICAN FORESTRY
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
DEPT. OF FORESTRY
BUSSEY INSTITUTION
/"OFFERS specialized graduate
^ training leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry in the
following fields : — Silviculture
and Management, Wood Tech-
nology, Forest Entomology
Dendrology, and (in co-opera-
tion with the Graduate School
of Business Administration) the
Lumber Business.
For further particulars
address
RICHARD T. FISHER
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
The
New York State
College of
Forestry
at
Syracuse University,
Syracuse, N. Y.
UNDERGRADUATE courses in
Technical Forestry, Paper and
Pulp Making, Logging and Lum-
bering, City Forestry, and Forest
Engineering, all leading to degree of
Bachelor of Science. Special oppor-
tunities offered for post-graduate
work leading to degrees of Master of
Forestry, Master of City Forestry,
and Doctor of Economics.
A one-year course of practical
training at the State Ranger School
on the College Forest of 1,800 acres
at Wanakena in the Adirondacks.
State Forest Camp of three months
open to any man over 16, held each
summer on Cranberry Lake. Men
may attend this Camp for from two
weeks to the entire summer.
The State Forest Experiment Sta-
tion of 90 acres at Syracuse and an
excellent forest library offer unusual
opportunities for research work.
Trade journals and consular reports
American lumberman, Jan. 25, 1919. — Tim-
ber cargo to be its own vessel, p. 35.
American lumberman, Feb. I, 1919— Dam-
age to French forests, by T. S. Wool-
sey, Jr., p. 46-7 ; Federal rules for cross-
tie production, p. 47; The geared loco-
motive in lumbering, p. 51 ; Russian
lumber industry demoralized, by R. E.
Simmons, p. 53.
American lumberman, Feb. 8, 1919.— British
timber trade during 1918, p. 7i"2-
Automotive industries, Dec. 19, 1918 — De-
velopment of the aircraft spruce in-
dustry, by L. K. Hodges, p. 1037-40.
Coal age, Dec. 5, 1918— Preservative treat-
ment of mine timbers, by K. C. Garth,
p. 1025-7.
DuPont magazine, Feb., 1919.— The destruc-
tive distillation of wood, by C. T. 1
Clark, p. 15-18.
Engineering and contracting, Feb. 5, 1919 — !
Results of 12 year service tests of ex-
perimental wood block pavement at
Minneapolis, p. 146-7.
Engineering news-record, Jan. '30, 1919. —
Progress reported on wood block ex-
periments in Minneapolis, by C. H.
Teesdale and J. D. MacLean, p. 233-4;
Rainfall influence on durability of zinc
treated cross-ties, by C. H. Teesdale
and S. W. Allen, p. 234-5; Non-pres-
sure treatment of wood for buildings,
p. 237-8.
Hardwood record, Jan. 25, 1919.— Woods
used in making violin bows, p. 39-4°;
Cloth made of wood, p. 40.
Lumber, Feb. 3, 1919— Lumber trade in
Great Britain, by J. Y. Dunlop, p. 46-7.
Lumber, Feb. 10, 1919.— War service of
west coast mills recounted, p. 13; Cy-
press conditions seen at short range,
by J. E. Williams, p. 15-16; Forestry
as a rural community project, by R. S.
Hosmer, p. 48-50.
Lumber, Feb. 17, 1919.— Tractors revolu-
tionize lumber operations on the Pa-
cific coast, p. 43.
Lumber trade journal, Feb. I, 1919.— Suc-
cess of wood constructed ships, by J.
O. Heyworth, p. 17 ; Prospects for lum-
ber in Italy, by N. C. Brown, p. 21-2.
Lumber world review, Jan. 25, 1919. — Wood-
en shipbuilding on the Pacific coast, p.
19-24; Creosoted southern pine rail-
road tanks, p. 26-7.
Manufacturers' record, Oct. 17, 1918— The
wooden ship, by E. T. Hollingsworth,
P- 74-5-
Packages, Feb., 1919. — History of pail in-
dustry, p. 32.
Paper, Jan. 29, 1919. — Paper section of the
U. S. Bureau of standards, p. 11-13;
Papermaking in Japan, p. 14-17.
Paper, Feb. 5, 1919. — Woodpulp manufac-
ture in France, by P. Rochon, p. 11-15.
Paper mill, Jan. 25, 1919.— Japan's paper
requirements, by F. R. Rutter, p. 16.
Paper mill, Feb. 8, 1919.— The art of paper-
making, by C. T. Hamill and S. F. i
Acre, p. 97-8.
Paper trade journal, Jan. 13, 1919.— Utili-
zation of eucalyptus as a raw material '
of paper, p. 42, 52.
Paper trade journal, Feb. 6, 1919. — Paper
and pulp in France in 1918, by E. Bar-
det, p. 35, 39; Pulp mills in the United
States, by H. E. Surface and F. H.
Smith, p. 109, in, 113, "5. 121; Pulp j
and paper investigations of the For- 1
est products laboratory in 1918, by V. j
P. Edwardes, p. 123-4; Forest planting
work of Laurentide co., ltd., by E. I
Wilson, p. 133, 135 ; Work of the U. S. '
paper laboratory, p. 275, 277, 279.
Pioneer western lumberman, Feb. 15, 1919.
— Conserving the bark, by U. S. McMil-
lan, p. 9.
Pulp and paper magazine, Jan. 2, 1919. —
The manufacture of groundwood pulp,
by G. W. Dickson, p. 3-6.
Pulp and paper magazine, Jan. 30, 1919.-^-
Indirect cooking by forced circulation,
by A. E. Nielsen, p. 105-10.
Railway age, Jan. 31, 1919.— Use of treated
timber in car construction, p. 295-8.
Railway age, Feb. 7, 1919. — Tie producers
discuss conditions in industry, p. 343-8.
Railway review, Feb. 15, 1919. — Compari-
son of methods for purchasing ties, by
J. W. Fristoe, p. 242-4; Timber con-
servation in the tie business, p. 255-6.
Southern lumberman, Jan. 25, 1919. — Quar-
ter-sawing in a nutshell, p. 39.
Southern lumberman, Feb. 1, 1919. — New
type of wooden ship developed during
the war, p. 33.
Southern lumberman, Feb. 8, 1919. — The
inexhaustible supply of wood for
wheels, p. 32-3.
Timber trades journal, Jan. 11, 1919. —
Rafting across the Atlantic, p. 43.
Timber trades journal, Jan. 18, 1919. —
Rafting in British Columbia, p. 81.
Timber trades journal, Feb. 1, 1919.- — The
forest wealth of Burma, by A. S. Judge,
p. 184; China's trade in imported tim-
ber, p. 188.
Timberman, Jan. 1919. — British Columbia's
drive for airplane spruce, p. 36-7 ; Aus-
tralia discovering her timber resources,
p. 39; Second annual red cedar shingle
congress, p. 43-6; Utilization of wood
in Sweden, H. Sylven, p. 81.
Timberman, Feb., 1919. — Mediterranean
countries in need of lumber, by N. C.
Brown, p. 35; Some wood lessons of
the war, by H. B. Oakleaf, p. 36, 86-9;
West coast lumber in the Brazilian
markets, by E. F. Horn, p. 38-9, 67;
Standardized timber bridge for logging
railroads, by W. W. Amburn, p. 46;
Development of lumber industry in
Sweden, by H. Sylven, p. 56.
U. S. commerce report, Jan. 24, 1919. — Ex-
tracting kauri-gum oil in New Zealand,
by A. A. Winslow, p. 376.
U. S. commerce report, Feb. 3, 1919. —
British purchases of Canadian lumber,
CURRENT LITERATURE
959
by G. W. Shotts, p. 515; Lumber trade
notes from Quebec, by E. V. Richard-
son, p. 517; Rubber from Hainan
Island, by G. E. Anderson, p. 532.
U. S. commerce report, Feb. 4, 1919. —
Current American shipbuilding, p.
550-1 ; Progress of paper textiles in
U. S., by H. G. Brock, p. 556-9.
U. S. commerce report, Feb. 10, 1919. —
Textile substitutes in Germany, p. 643.
Veneers, Feb., 1919. — The future of Ameri-
can walnut, by G. D. Crain, p. 16-17.
West coast lumberman, Feb. I, 1919. — Re-
markable story of aircraft lumber pro-
duction in British Columbia, p. 21, 44;
Wooden ship made splendid record dur-
ing war, p. 28, 47.
Wood turning, Feb., 1919. — Getting out
small dimensions, by J. F. Hobart, p.
13-15-
Wood-worker, Feb., 1919. — Wood for arti-
ficial limbs, p. 21-2; Extended use of
west coast woods, p. 22; A drykiln and
storage room layout, by J. B. Ross, p.
26-7.
Forest journals
American forestry, Feb., 1919. — Forests and
floods in China, by H. H. Chapman, p.
835-43 ; The new spring saw, p. 844 ;
Italian government buys timber, p. 844;
Substitutes for hickory in the manu-
facture of handles, p. 844; Wood used
in vehicle manufacture, by H. Maxwell,
p. 845-52; Free trees for planting in
Penna., p. 852; Beware the ash-wood
borer, p. 852; Walks in the woods, by
J. O. Swift, p. 853-5; A national park
to honor Roosevelt, p. 855; The pine
woods folks, by E. G. Cheyney, p. 856-
8; Grafting solves city tree problem, p.
858; Trenton's bird-house building
contest, by M. M. Burris, p. 859-60;
Forestry in Dixie, p. 861-2; The for-
• estry situation in New South Wales, p.
862-3; Enthusiasm for memorial trees,
p. 863 ; Roadside planting as a memorial
to our soldiers and sailors, by R. B.
Faxon, p. 864-7; February, and plant-
life still sleeps in northern climes, by
R. W. Shnfeldt, p. 868-75; Emergency
feed from desert plants, p. 875-6; Gov-
ernor Lowden endorses tree planting,
p. 876; The plovers, by A. A. Allen, p.
877-80; New York forestry and re-
construction, p. 880; Digest of opinions
on forestry, p. 881-8; Forestry pursuits
for disabled men, p. 883-4; Letter from
Chaplain Williams of the forestry
units, p. 885; Old 10th engineers Ho-
boken sheet, p. 886-8; Tragedy of
French trees, p. 888; Wooden ships, p.
888 ; Willow for artificial limbs, p. 888 ;
Canadian department, by E. Wilson, p.
889-90; National lumber congress, p.
891.
Canadian forestry journal, Jan., 1919. —
Coupling the forest to the fruit farm,
by G. P. Melrose, p. 8-11; Why should
a tree die, by B. E. Fernow, p. 11;
Manitoba 75 per cent under forest, p.
13-15 ; Reconstruction and the call of
the forests, by E. Wilson, p. 15-18;
Surveying by camera from the air, by
Cull, p. 20-3; A land where the forest
is autocrat, by R. G. Lewis, p. 25-6;
A new tree supply base in the west, p.
27-8; Our aeroplane wood reserve p.
301.
Hawaiian forester and agriculturist, Nov.,
1918. — The Hawaiian sumach, by C. S.
Judd, p. 441-2.
Hawaiian forester and agriculturist, Dec,
1918. — New forest reserves, p. 483-507.
Indian forest records, 1918. — Note on the
preparation of turpentine, rosin and
gum from Boswellia serrata gum-oleo-
resin, by R. S. Pearson and P. Singh,
P- 303-45-
Indian forester, Nov., 1918. — Forest con-
servancy, by E. A. Smythies, p. 501-4;
Some Indian species of Zizyphus, by
R. S. Hol.e, p. 504-8; Note on Corypha
palm in North Kanara, p. 509-10;
Note on the prospects of manufacturing
paper pulp from Himalayan soft-
woods at the present date, July, 1918,
by W. Raitt, p. 510-12; Practical engi-
neering work at the Burma forest
school, Pyinamana, by A. J. Butterwick,
p. 513-16; Simul plantation in jhums in
Assam, by R. N. De, p. 516-19; Flow-
ering and after of Bambusa arun-
dinacea, by K. G. Menon, p. 519-20;
A new system of timber exploitation, by
C. G. Trevor, p. 525-7; Forest grazing
and the Nellore "kancha" system, by
C. E. C. Fischer, p. 541-7.
New York forestry, Jan., 1919. — Some sug-
gestions for the conservation policy in
New York state, by F. L. Moore, p.
5-10; Landscape forestry, by L. D.
Cox, p. 11-16.
Quarterly journal of forestry, Jan., 1919. —
The forestry museum at Kew, by W.
Dallimore, p. 38-40; Succession in es-
tate forestry, by W. L. Taylor, p. 40-5 ;
Some very injurious beetles, by B. W.
Adkin, p. 45-9; Developments in for-
estry in the west of Scotland, by G. P.
Gordon, p. 49-52; The fuel wood order,
1918, dated Sept. 27, 1918, p. 61-7.
Revue des eaux et forets, Jan. 1, 1919. —
L'impot forestier en Angleterre, by A.
Arnould, p. 2-3.
Skogsvardsforeningens tidskrift, Sept.-Oct.,
1918. — Om massafaktorenas och kubi-
kmassans fordelning kring medelstam-
men (Concerning the distribution of
volume factors and cubic volumes in a
stand with relation to the average tree),
by V. Hagelberg, p. 517-34; Traeartenes
spredningsevne og kulturens taethed
(The spreading ability of woody plants
and the density of their culture), by
L. A. Hauch, p. 535-74; Branslebristen
och Skogsvarden (The scarcity of wood
fuel and forest protection), by H. Pet-
terson and others, p. 575-96; Sveriges
haradsallmanningar (Sweden's hundred
commons), by J. A. Amilon, p. *209-
*243-
r
Yale School of
Forestry
Established in 1900
A Graduate Department of Yale
University
The two years technical course pre-
pares for the general practice of for-
estry and leads to the degree of
Master of Forestry.
Special opportunities in all branches
of forestry for
Advanced and Research Work.
For students planning to engage
in forestry or lumbering in the
Tropics, particularly tropical Amer-
ica, a course is offered in
Tropical Forestry.
Lumbermen and others desiring in-
struction in special subjects may be
enrolled as
Special Students.
A field course of eight weeks in the
summer is available for those not
prepared for, or who do not wish
to take the technical courses.
For further information and cata-
logue, address : The Director of the
School of Forestry, New Haven, Con-
necticut, U. S. A.
Forestry at
University of
Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
A FOUR - YEAR, undergraduate
course that prepares for the
practice of Forestry in all its
branches and leads to the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN FORESTRY
Opportunity is offered for grad-
uate work leading to the degree of
Master of Science in Forestry.
The course is designed to give a
broad, well-balanced training in the
fundamental sciences as well as in
technical Forestry, and has, conse-
quently, proven useful to men en-
gaged in a variety of occupations.
This school of Forestry was estab-
lished in 1903 and has a large body
of alumni engaged in Forestry work.
For announcement giving
Complete information and list
of alumni, address
FILIBERT ROTH
'«""!«*»
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PLANT BLACK WALNUT
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You might be getting every year a half peck of
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writes Garacove Farm, North East. Md.
"l blasted the stumps on 160 acres with Atlas Farm Powder. The
largest stump* were split to pieces easily," writes Fred Lauehiin,
Foster, Mo.
Ask your dealer for Atlas Farm Powder when
you have land to clear, trees to plant, etc. Our
120-page illustrated book, "Better Farming with
Atlas Farm Powder," will tell you how simple
and easy it is to do the blasting. You will find
the book worth dollars to you. But the coupon
or a post card will bring it. Write now — before
you forget.
ATLAS POWDER CO., Wilmington, Del.
Dealers everywhere. Magazine stocks near you.
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/ hereby accept membership in The American
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KIIIIIIIIIII1IIII
11III!IIIIIIIII!!I!II!!!1I!!1!IIII!II!!IIIIIIIIII
IIEIIffllUP"
AMERICAN FORESTRY
THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor
April 1919 Vol. 25 CONTENTS
1IDIIUIIIIIIIIIII1IIM
French Forests for Our Army— By Percival Sheldon Ridsdale
With sixteen illustrations.
Cascara Stumpage Advertised on Siuslaw
NO. 304
The Uses of Wood — Wooden Boats and Their Manufacture — By Hu
Maxwell
With twenty-one illustrations.
Forest Opportunity on Pine Lands in the South — By F. W. Besley
Washington's First Memorial Tree.
With one illustration.
ITALIAN CYPRESS
This beautiful tree Is a native of Europe and Asia. It Is a tall,
very slender, tapering tree, with branches lying close to the
stem. Often used to line a driveway or enhance a vista, it is
most
Forward With Tree Planting — By Charles Lathrop Pack.
With seven illustrations.
963
972
973
983
984
985
Why Wood Is Best— By Alfred Gaskill 991
With seven illustrations.
Mandrakes, Wild Lupine and Notes on the American Snapping Turtle..
—By R. W. Shufeldt 995
With nine illustrations.
Rails, Gallinules and Coots— By A. A. Allen
With thirteen illustrations.
Southwestern Forest Supervisors Hold Important Conference.
1001
1005
Forestry for Boys and Girls— The Pine Woods Folk — Squeaky Chip-
munk Makes a Discovery— By E. G. Chayney 1006
Digest of Opinions on Forestry 1008
Walks in the Woods: (II) "Around Robin Hood's Barn"— By J. Otis
Swift
With four illustrations.
1009
Sell Fuel Wood by Weight 1012
Canadian Department— By Ellwood Wilson 1015
Training Courses in Wood Inspection 1016
Forestry in Louisiana 1018
Planting Trees in a New Way 1018
Current Literature 1019
Entered as second-class matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Washington,
under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1919, by the American Forestry Association.
adaptable for landscape work. (Photograph by courtetv of Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of
the California Nursery Company.)
October 3, 1917, authorized July 11, 1918.
TREES HERE DOING A DOUBLE SERVICE
not only hid advancing French and American troops from enemy flying machine observers, but provided lumb
jmparatively heavy timber covered with earth provided fairly good protection from the enemy shells and forest
These trees
are seen. Comparatively heavy
always shelled because they were used to conceal troops.
lumber for such dugouts as
d woodlands were
CANADIANS GETTING OUT HEAVY TIMBER
Heavy timber such as shown in this photograph was used for piling, bridge building, canal repair work, etc., by the Allies, while the Germans
cut quantities of it to roof dugouts. These heavy timbers covered with several feet of earth made the dugouts safe from even the heav.est shells.
i?*IHIIIII!llll!llilllillllllllllllilffl
AMERICAN FORESTRY
VOL. XXV APRIL, 1919
^iniU|[|l!l!lllllllllll!l!lll!l!l!l«!IUIIIIIIIIII!l!lll!ll!lllll!IIU«lll!llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^
NO. 304
FRENCH FORESTS FOR OUR ARMY
BY PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE
EDITOR OF AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE
This is the second of a series of articles on the effect of the Great War on the forests of Europe, articles based on information
secured during a tour of Great Britain. France, and Belgium in December, 1918, and January and February, 1919, taken for the purpose
of investigating war-time forest losses and of ascertaining how best America can aid in restoring the forests of our Allies. — Editor.
Tours, France, January 30, 1919.
HERE is the headquarters of the 20th Regiment of
Engineers composed of lumbermen and foresters,
the largest regiment in the world, and the organi-
zation upon which the American Expeditionary Force
depended for its lumber for war needs and for its fuel
wood. Here, since the organization was completed by
the merging of the two
battalions of the loth
Regiment, mostly fores-
try troops, with the 20th
Regiment, mostly lum-
bermen, Col. James A.
Woodruff, a West Point-
er and regular army of-
ficer, has been in com-
mand, with Lieut. -Col.
W. B. Greeley, of the
United States Forest
Service and a director
of the American Fores-
try Association, assisting
him in directing the
operations.
Tours, being the head-
quarters for the S. O. S.,
— the Service of Sup-
ply— for the A. E. F.,
and being the concentration station for the supplies which
are landed at Bordeaux, St. Xazaire and Brest, became
the natural place to locate the directing forces of the
20th Regiment which supplied the troops with so much
of the material which they needed in railroad, camp and
trench construction.
Here it was possible not only to secure information
regarding the work of the regiment but also, by auto-
mobile to visit some of the lumber camps to see the con-
ditions under which the boys worked. The information
received, the impressions secured, the conditions exper-
ienced I pass on to the readers of American Forestry
FRENCH FOREST LOSSES
$800,000,000 is the general estimate of the war losses
and loss in reproduction value of the destroyed forests
of France. It is estimated that 16,960,000,000 board feet
of saw timber have been felled in the French forests since
the war started. Nine-tenths of this timber was used for
military purpqses. In addition, military operations have
destroyed 2,544,000,000 board feet, while the Germans
confiscated 2,968,000,000 board feet. The total estimated
drain on the French forests is, therefore, some 22,472,-
000,000 board feet. It would take France fully one hun-
dred years to fully recuperate from these forest losses,
for the productive capacity of the French forests has
been reduced about 424,000,000 board feet a year over
a very long period. Devastated forests in France cannot
be put to agricultural uses because the soil is of such a
quality that under French economic conditions the forest
crop is the most profitable one that will grow upon land
assigned for forest production.
Magazine, not so much in the effort to give a detailed
account of the accomplishments of the regiment, which
will come in later articles, as to convey to them out-
standing facts which should be of the most general
interest.
First then the feature which attracts attention at once,
the fact that it is the largest regiment in the world :
The regiment is com-
posed of 49 companies
of approximately 25'j
men each, divided into
14 battalions and having
connected with it 36 En-
gineer Service Com-
panies or labor troops.
The regiment originally
was organized to contain
48 companies, but the
49th was added in
France, being composed
of members of the New
England Saw Mill Unit
who had spent almost
two years in cutting
in the Scotch forests.
Three officers and 90
men of this Saw Mill
Unit volunteered as a
nucleus of the 49th Company of the 20th Regiment and
the full complement of the company was secured by get-
ting men from other organizations.
The chief forest cutting of the regiment was in the
Vosges section with Epinal as the headquarters of the
operating companies. The forests there were chiefly of
Scotch pine, fir and spruce. At Eclaron was the largest
single installation, a mill capable of shipping, as it did,
an average of five thousand ties a day. This mill was
situated in the forests of Argonne and furnished lumber,
largely duck boards, bridge timbers, piles and poles, etc.,
for the 1st and 2nd Armies. Colonel C. S. Chapman,
903
964
AMERICAN FORESTRY
with headquarters at Neufchatel had entire control of
this advanced section and of all the operations in the
departments of the Vosges, Doubs, Cote d'Or and Aube,
so that his work consisted of supplying all the requisitions
in the zone of active operations for the A. E. F.
The Eclaron mills were situated near some big ammu-
nition dumps and as the plant was run all day and all
night, being electrically lighted, it made a very good
target for the German bombers. The mills were bombed
several times but none of the workers were injured nor
was much damage done, and finally a real American trick
resulted in so misleading the German bombers that the
danger was entirely overcome. This trick was devised by
Major Spencer
who, realizing
that the elec-
trically lighted
mill was a
b r i ght target
for the Ger-
man bombers,
ran electric
wires into the
heavy woods
for a distance
of one-third of
a mile from
the mill and in-
stalled a num-
ber of electric
lights on the
trees. When-
ever an alarm
of an air raid
came, the
lights of the
mill were ex-
tinguished and
the lights
among the
trees one-third
of a mile from
the mill were
lighted by
s w i t ching on
the current and
were kept blaz-
ing while the
Germans wasted bombs on them and inflicted damage
only on some of the trees.
Other mills up along the fighting front were also
bombed frequently, but without serious damage.
The amount of wood required by an army for fuel, in
winter especially, is not appreciated by the civilian. For
instance, at the time the armistice was signed, Lieuten-
ant-Colonel A. S. Peck, assisted by Major R. J. Stuart,
Captain Donald Bruce, Captain Joseph Kittridge, Jr.,
some twenty lieutenants and twenty sergeants of the 20th
had charge of 10,000 quartermaster troops, all colored,
WEAVING SUPPORTS FOR SIDES OF TRENCHES
This photograph shows the manner in which brush and small trees were used to prevent the earth on the
sides of the trenches caving in. Great quantities of these mats were used by the Germans as well as the
allied armies.
cutting fire wood for the 1st and 2nd American Armies,
at the fighting front, with headquarters at Chaumont.
These men, cutting hard-wood coppice, and using trans-
portation on forty and sixty centimeter railroads, by
wagon truck or any other method of carriage available,
and working always to get the wood cut as near the
location of the troops as possible, managed to secure
and maintain a daily production of about 3,000 cords of
wood a day. This amount of wood supplied fuel for
approximately 1,000,000 troops.
The first mills used by the regiment when its first units
reached France were French mills, but their daily pro-
duction was so low that the units changed to American
built mills as
soon as possi-
ble, and within
a few months
all of the mills
in opera tion
were using ma-
chin ery sent
from the Unit-
ed States.
At the time
the armistice
was signed, the
regiment had
eighty- one
lumber mills in
operation and
twelve more
being installed.
The average
value of these
plants was
$15,000 apiece
When I was in
France the sale
of these saw
mills and their
m a c h i n e ry,
which were of
course of no
further use to
the American
Army, was
somewhat re-
tarded, if not
As one officer inti-
to trust an army
"~"v'"
■-
wholly prevented by army red tape,
mated, Congress is evidently afraid
officer to sell any army material, or so one might be led
to believe, as the Act regarding the sale of army material
provides that the sale price shall include not only the
original cost, but also the cost of installation. As a
result, many of the lumber mills will probably have to
be scrapped and sold as scrap, if the officers of the 20th
Regiment do not manage to get special permission to sell
them at the best prices they can obtain.
The men of the regiment with whom I came in contact
FRENCH FORESTS FOR OUR ARMY
965
at the lumber camps were in good health and fine physi- for the evening. Their diet is somewhat larger than that
cal condition, despite the generally disagreeable weather of the men in other units, on account of the very hard
conditions of the winter months, their hard work and the work which they do. I believe the increase in ration
fact that much of
their labor was per-
formed in the rain
and mud. The
majority of them
had put on weight,
which is not sur-
prising when one
considers the fact
that they are un-
usually well cared
for, particularly as
far as their physi-
cal condition and
their diet is con-
cerned. After
their ten hours of
hard work each
day, they return to
their lumber
camps, strip off
their wet and muddy clothing, have hot showers with
EFFECT OF SHELL AND RIFLE FIRE
This was once a standard under coppice forest near Ribercourt and on the route to Lassingy
It was practically totally destroyed by the heavy firing during a prolonged battle.
above other units
is about seven per
cent, and some of
the officers stated
that a ten or twelve
per cent increase
was most desirable.
At any rate there
seemed nothing
lacking in the mid-
day dinner which I
had with Lieuten-
ant-Colonel Gree-
ley at the camp at
Chenoncea ux,
where the 29th
Company, in charge
of Captain J. H.
Price, was located.
Here we had pot-
roast, cut thick and
piled high on the platter, rich gravy and plenty of it,
plenty of water and an entire change of dry clothing potatoes, macaroni and tomatoes, canned cherries, con-
FOREST CASUALTIES LIKE THESE ARE SEEN ALL ALONG THE FIGHTING FkONT
Wherever there has been a severe military action
n woodlands or forests the trees have suffered much as these have,
and heavy shell fire swept the woods.
The scene is near Verdun
Q66
AMERICAN FORESTRY
densfcd milk, sugar, butter, and a large thick peach pie, cut barracks, with eight men to a squad. This arrangement
only twice, making each portion one-quarter of a pie, and greatly facilitated the isolation of ill men. The squad
a real American pie at that. So husky and vigorous are tents were boarded to a height of four feet and well
sodded and
floored. Each
men living un-
der these con-
ditions that de-
spite their ten
hours of hard
work during
the day, their
favorite recre-
ation at night
is in some ath-
letic e x e rcise
or game.
At first the
men were rath-
er well crowd-
ed together, a
few large bar-
rack s being
erected at a
camp and usu-
ally sixty men
being assigned
to each bar-
rack. Later,
however, it was
found that the
men were bet-
t e r contented
and kept in
b e 1 1 er health
by being sepa-
rated in squad
tents, or small
CUTTING AND SHARPENING BARBED WIRE STAKES
These stakes or poles from five to six feet in length used for supporting barbed wire entanglements we're
cut by the hundred thousand for use not only on the fighting line, but for second and third line defenses.
had a small
stove, was
equipped with
six or eight
hunks and was
easy to keep
warm and dry
and comfort-
able. In sunn-
camps w h e re
tents were not
to be had, huts
were built and
served the same
purpose.
Various
units of the
regiment per-
formed partic-
ularly good
w o r k during
the September
drive of the
Allied Armies
which forced
t h e Germans
hack so quick-
ly. During one
day's opera-
tion, the Amer-
i c a n fighting
SMALL POSTS USED FOR WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS
-Many hundreds of thousands of these posts were cut by the contending armies and on them was stretched thousands of miles of barbed wire.
The line of trenches is indicated by the whitish soil. Many miles o." such trenches formed lines of defense between the German advance and
Paris.
FRENCH FORESTS FOR OUR ARMY
967
A HEAVILY SHELLED ROAD NEAR RIBERCOURT
Here the automobile in which the writer toured the battlefront was stuck in a shell hole for
six hours. A terrific battle had been fought over this ground, thousands of tons of war
material was scattered in the fields and woods and within sight was an old quarry which
housed several thousand German troops.
troops captured three rail heads
and the immediate problem was
to provide enough ties to con-
nect these rail heads with the
French railroads nearest to
them. Thousands of ties were
needed but by hard work with
every available man, the Forest
units assigned to the task of pro-
viding the ties, secured the de-
sired number in a remarkably
short time.
The 7th Battalion, which was
placed at the disposal of the
French Government, manufac-
tured entirely free of cost to the
French Government, the follow-
ing quantities of timber: 4,468,-
000 board feet of lumber; 199,-
808 standard gauge ties; 191,-
604 narrow gauge ties; 127,475
poks and props ; 54,647 steres of
fuel wood. This is enough to
build 665 barracks; [95 miles of
railroad; 1,595 n'iles of tele-
phone line on the basis that half
the round material was poles ;
and warm a detachment of 500
French Infantry 150 years.
The casualties of the regiment
were, of course, not large, as
most of the men worked in sec-
tions far behind the range of
German guns. Among the cas-
ualties, however, are those of
two officers, Captain Harry H. Mac-
Pherson and Captain Wilford A. Fair,
who were killed by German machine
gunners on October 5, 1918. These men
were looking for mill locations in the
Argonne forests. .In some manner the
Germans got behind the troops in the ad-
vanced section during the night and the
next morning as the two officers walked
through the forests, hidden German ma-
chine gunners fired upon them. Mac-
Pherson fell, badly wounded and Fair
gallantly ran forward to aid him and
was killed as he knelt over his dying
fellow-officer. Captain Fair was cited
for gallantry.
First Lieutenant John H. Kelly was
killed in a motor smash-up. Master
Engineer George L. Nutter and Sergeant
Alcott were killed at St. Julien by a rail-
road train while doing a rush loading job.
The influenza was serious at two or
three camps and several men succumbed.
At the Mimizan camp in the Lands Dis-
THE PRESIDENT AND THE BAKERS
When President Poncaire of France visited Chate
Germans he complimented the bakers of the town
civilian population.
au Thierry after the American troops drove out the
upon their successful efforts to provide bread for the
968
AMERICAN FORESTRY
LUMBER USED IN TRENCH CONSTRUCTION
The sides of this trench of an advanced post of French troops along the Marne are braced by small
branches woven together and nailed upright of two and three inches in diameter. The dugout is roofed
with heavier timber. The trench shows the damage done by a German shell which exploded in it.
feet thick, and twenty-one miles
in circumference was built and
is still standing and in good con-
dition. When the war broke out
this property, which is owned by
an Austrian nobleman, was taken
in charge by the French Gov-
ernment, under somewhat the
same conditions as the Alien
Property Custodian of the United
States took charge of the prop-
erty of aliens here, and as it con-
tained some fine stands of pine,
portions of its forests were
leased to the American Forest
Units and were cut.
To appreciate the manner in
which the French, British, Ca-
nadians and Americans co-oper-
ated in the purchase of forests
and in their lumber production
it must be remembered that as
early as September, 1916, be-
cause of increasing difficulties of
transport, the British Army de-
cided it would be necessary to
secure its timber supplies in
trict the nth Company had a
number of cases and fourteen
deaths, among the dead being
Corporal Charles J. Cumisky,
who devoted himself to attending
the sick men without thought of
his own physical condition. Even
after he had been stricken with
the disease, he continued to
work and finally fell exhausted
and died shortly afterward. He
was recommended for a Distin-
guished Service Medal.
Within an easy run from
Tours by automobile, one may
see scores of fine old chateaux,
and among the most interesting
of these is the Castle of Cham-
bord. In the extensive grounds
attached to the chateau, a con-
siderable amount of forest cut-
ting was done. The story of
the arrangements for this cutting
is interesting.
The castle was built during
the sixteenth century as a hunt-
ing lodge for the Royal family
and in order to keep the game
in and to keep the poaching
peasants out, a wall some ten or
twelve feet high and about two
THE WELL KNOWN DUCK BOARD
Each army made great quantities of these duck boards for the bottom of trenches and for muddy and
slippery ground back of the trenches. The British, after the armistice was signed, manufactured 1,000,000
of the ten foot lengths on which the duck boards were nailed. These cost seven francs each and the
British expected to sell them for no more than one franc each.
FRENCH FORESTS FOR OUR ARMY
969
France. Accordingly, General MacDougal, head of the
Canadian Forestry Corps, secured mill equipment and
forestry companies to handle the exploitations. The for-
ests were supplied free of charge by the French in return
for certain tonnage which France required for the trans-
port of raw materials.
It was not until September, 1917, that the Comite
Franco-Brittannic de Bois de Guerre was organized by
Lieutenant Sebastien, to handle the acquisition of stand-
THE FRENCH GAS MASK
Wood workers were often so close to the fighting that they had to wear
gas masks for protection while gathering fuel wood or securing stakes for
barbed wire.
ing timber and the purchase of manufactured lumber
from Switzerland and other countries for the British
Service. This Executive Committee worked under the
supervision of General Chevalier, Chief of the Inspec-
tion Generale des Bois, under the Ministry of Armement,
which controls all the wood centers of France.
When Lieutenant-Colonel Graves, Chief of the United
States Forest Service, arrived in France to organize the
American Forestry Section, one of his first decisions was
to join this wood committee in order to avoid competi-
tion with other army services in France, and in order to
reap the benefits of an efficient existing organization.
Accordingly, in September, 1917, Colonel Graves was
appointed American Delegate to this committee, and the
name of the committee was changed to Comite Interallie
des Bois de Guerre. The work of the larger organization
was transacted by an executive committee composed of
Lieutenant Sebastien for France; Colonel John Suther-
land for Great Britain; Lieutenant-Colonel John Lyall
for Canada, and Major T. S. Woolsey, Jr. (for standing
timber) and Major Barrington Moore (for lumber, etc.)
for the United States.
This committee which met twice a week, purchased all
standing timber outside the army zone, for the British
and American armies, and later was joined by a Belgian
delegate, Major Parlongue. Timber purchase in the
war zone, which consisted chiefly of fuel, was conducted
by Lieutenant-Colonel Peck working through the French
Mission at Chaumont at which city General Pershing
established the American Expeditionary Force head-
quarters. Major Badrey, of the French Forestry Service,
THE FRENCH CUT LOW
With true French thrift applied to forest cutting the French forests left
stumps as low as cutting with axes or saws permitted.
was attached to this mission for the express purpose of
facilitating these purchases.
Under an agreement between France and England,
France supplied the standing timber, while England sup-
plied the equipment and personnel, for manufacture and
transport to the railways. When the Americans joined
the C. I. B. G. the British were established in the Landes,
Normandy, and in the Vosges-Jura. In addition there
070
AMERICAN FORESTRY
were a few pole operations in central France, south of
Orleans. Since this latter area was on the American line
of communication, the British kindly withdrew their
operations and ceded this area exclusively for American
exploitation. One of the first problems was to define
purchase areas for the use of the American or British
services — the French retaining the right to purchase in
all portions of France.
The Landes was divided so as to facilitate British water
transport from Bordeaux and Bayonne to a port in north-
ern France close to the British front. This arrangement
was necessary because of shortage of rolling stock in
France and the difficulties of transporting wood materials
tion, the \. E. F, undoubtedly would have paid far
higher prices for their timber and would have had greater
difficulty in securing it. According to Major Woolsey, of
the 20th Regiment, the A. E. F. owes a debt of gratitude
to Lieutenant-Colonel Sutherland and Lieutenant Sebas-
tein of the C. I. B. G., for their co-operation. Lieutenant
Sebastien, the head of the C. I. B. G. Executive, worked
tirelessly in the interests of the Allied timber supply, not
only having charge of the purchase of standing timber
in the S. O. S. of France, but also negotiating important
purchasing agreements with Switzerland, Spain, Portugal
and Scandinavian countries. Repeatedly, when the situa-
tion demanded, Colonel Sutherland withdrew his claims
A PONTOON BRIDGE ACROSS THE MARNE
The rapidity with which these bridges are built when tbe lumber for the pontoons and for the bridge makes it necessary for the forestry units
to be prepared to fill quickly all demands for pontoon lumber.
from Bordeaux north on the American lines of communi-
cation.
Similarly the Vosges and Jura timber areas were divid-
ed between the British and Americans so as to interfere
to the least possible extent with their railway transport.
The Vosges-Jura exploitations were particularly import-
ant for France since she secured a large per cent of her
aviation material, manufactured by the Canadians, from
the splendid spruce forests that make this region one of
the most valuable in France. Normandy being near the
British front was reserved for them.
Had it not been for the British and French co-opera-
to important forests, which were badly needed by the
American Section.
On account of war speculation, the price of timber in
France had more than doubled since the beginning of
the war. In the Jura, timber which before the war
brought $16.00 per thousand feet on the stump sold for
from $32.00 to $45.00 per thousand feet, counting 3}4
cubic meters of standing timber as equal to one thousand
board feet.
It was owing to the assistance of Lieutenant-Colonel
Joubaire, chairman of the French committee having
charge of the purchase or leasing of private forests, that
FRENCH FORESTS" FOR OUR ARMY
971
the A. E. F. was able to purchase private forests at even
less than the current market rate. Colonel Joubaire un-
questionably saved the United States more than a million
dollars because of his skill in treating with private owners.
value, which arose to two or three times the pre-war
value. The sale of private forests and the prices for
them were fixed by a Committee from the Board of
Armament, and it is interesting to note that the prices
FRENCH FORESTRY TROOPS
There is no waste in this kinrl of cutting nor is there any waste in disposing of tops and small branches. These are either used by the soldiers for
fuel wood or civilians pay for the privilege of gathering them for fuel.
Take this as an illustration : One of the first forests
operated by American troops — the Forest of Boisgen-
ceau — was offered for $800,000 by an Italian speculator,
and when the C. I. B. ( i. saw that the price was exhorbi-
tant the forest was immediately requisitioned for war
needs. The appraisal of Colonel Joubaire on the value
of the forest was secured and the final purchase price
was close to $140,000 as opposed to $800,000 originally
asked. In innumerable cases, where the demands of
private owners have been exhorbitant, as they almost
invariably were, Colonel Joubaire was able to reduce the
price to an equitable figure. When it is considered that
the A. E. 1'., when the final settlement is made, will have
purchased some $10,000,000 of standing timber in France,
the importance of the co-operation secured through the
C. I. B. G. can be fully appreciated.
About 40 per cent of French forests are State forests,
about 20 per cent Communal and about 40 per cent pri-
vate. The prices for the State and Communal forests
were fixed by a Committee of the Department of Agri-
culture and the stumpage prices were based on the market
for these private forests were about fifteen per cent be-
low the prices fixed by the Committee of the Department
of Agriculture. Some private forest owners desired
clean cutting, so that they might take every possible ad-
vantage of the prevailing high prices for their timber.
Others with an eye to future production permitted cut-
ting on a forestry basis only, while "all the cutting of
State and Communal forests was entirely on a forestry
basis and was so regulated that on the average the pro-
ductive value of such forests was restricted not more
than five years.
As France, prior to the starting of the war, imported
about 1,484,000,000 board feet of manufactured material
more than she produced, the French shortage must now
be met by continued over-exploitation of her forest
resources, by commercial imports, or by imposing a re-
fund of German timber from German forests.
Over-exploitation is, of course, impossible because if
continued it would bring erosion, floods and unfavorable
climatic conditions, and would destroy local wood in-
dustries upon which many thousands of French people
972
AMERICAN FORESTRY
depend, in a considerable measure, for their livelihood.
Importation is undesirable because of the high cost.
What the French prefer and advocate, is a provision
in the Peace Treaty for compelling Germany to refund
to France the amount of timber destroyed in France.
That Germany is capable of doing this is evident as she
is rich in forest wealth. Her total wooded area amounts
to almost 35,000,000 acres and her annual production,
exclusive of fire wood, is about 8,500,000,000 board feet.
erage and vehicles. Large lumber such as yellow pine,
Douglas fir, etc., is desired for bridge, railroad and canal
repair and construction. Most of the construction lum-
ber and general lumber which she may need can be sup-
plied from her own resources and after a short time may
be secured from the Baltic region at lower prices than
she could secure the same lumber from America. Finland
has a quantity of lumber ready to ship and lacks only
the shipping. This timber is from forests cut on about
WORK FOR FOREST REGIMENT UNITS AND BRIDGE ENGINEERS
The Germans destroyed this bridge in their retreat from Chateau Thierry and pontoons made of lumber produced by the 20th Regiment units near
the righting line and constructed by bridge engineers were needed for the troops advancing in pursuit,
Lumbermen of the United States are naturally curious
to learn of lumber trade possibilities in Europe, and it
was therefore interesting to secure information regarding
the possibility of American lumber finding a market in
France. Some inquiries revealed the information that
there is a possible market for hardwoods of the best
grade for interior work, parquet flooring, furniture, coop-
a fifty-year rotation period. The American lumbermen
must realize the necessity in developing a market abroad,
of taking advantage of the Webb Law, establishing agen-
cies, meeting earnest competition and making a market
for the sale of their best material to the high-class trade
by using clever salesmen earnestly advertising their goods
and quickly meeting the market conditions.
CASCARA STUMPAGE ADVERTISED ON SIUSLAW
'I'MIE first advertisement of cascara-bark stumpage on
A the National Forests is now being run. The adver-
tisement covers some eight hundred acres on the Smith
River drainage basin in the Siuslaw National Forest,
which is estimated to yield twenty thousand pounds of
dry cascara-bark. The minimum price named is three
cents per pound, which has been the prevailing price for
cascara-bark stumpage on the National Forest during
the high prices of the last year. Many sales of cascara-
bark, aggregating thousands of pounds, are made every
year on the Siuslaw, but most of the sales are for small
amounts. Pealing of cascara-bark is ordinarily distinctly
a home industry, done by the settler with perhaps the
help of some member of his family.
THE USES OF WOOD
WOODEN BOATS AND THEIR MANUFACTURE
BY HU MAXWELL
Editor's Note:— This is the twelfth story in a series of important and very valuable articles by Hr. Maxwell on wood and its
uses. The series will thoroughly cover the various phases of the subject, from the beginnings in the forest through the processes
of logging, lumbering, transportation and milling, considering in detail the whole field of the utilization and manufacture of wood.
STATISTICS of the woods used in the building of
ships and boats, as they are referred to in this
article, belong to the period immediately preceding
the beginning of the war. No similar figures have been
published covering the time since the war began. Pine,
fir, and oak supply most of the woods consumed in the
ship industry : pine 80,000,000 feet a year ; fir, 44,000,000,
and oak, 32,000,000. These are round numbers and some
of them should
be given more
in detail. The
principal pines
used by the
makers of ships
are the follow-
ing:
Southern yel-
low pine, 65,-
698,652; white
pine, 14,256,-
006 ; western
yellow pine,
518,500; sugar
pine, 200,500 ;
total pine, 80,-
6/3,658.
Three or
more southern
yellow pines
cont ribute to
the total, nota-
bl y , longleaf,
shortleaf , and
loblolly. North-
ern white pine
and Idaho
white pine are
listed without
d i s t i n c tion.
Western yellow
pine is a single
species, and
that is also true
of sugar pine.
Forty per cent
of all the wood
used by Ameri-
can boat build-
ers is pine.
Twenty per
A CATBOAT UNDER SAIL
The man who understands the manipulation of a catboat possesses the key to a world of enjoyment which
is unknown to the uninitiated; but the novice may be brought to realize the meaning of the proverb: "Hard
to manage as a catboat in a squall." The picture is shown by courtesy of Daniel Crosby & Son, Oyster-
ville, Massachusetts.
cent of all is fir. A dozen species of fir are native of
the United States, but nearly all that goes into boat
building is Douglas fir.
Other softwoods play a rather small part in ship-
building, though some of them are quite valuable for
particular purposes. The following table gives the
annual consumption of softwoods :
Pine, 80,673,658; fir, 44,342,080; spruce, 7,783,980;
c e dar, 6,999,-
722 ; c y p ress,
5,014,775 ;hem-
lock, 4,745,775;
redwood, 837,-
500 ; larch, 328,-
525; total, 150,-
728,011.
N o foreign
softwoods have
been reported
in our ship-
building
though several
imported hard-
woods are list-
ed, as is shown
in the follow-
ing table of
foreign hard-
woods :
M a h ogany,
1,190,192 ;teak,
764,309; euca-
lyptus, 273,050;
Spanish cedar,
27,300; Circas-
sian walnut,
25,000 ; balsa,
20,000; lignum
v i tae, 10,000;
padouk, 8,375;
run gus, 500 ;
cocobola, 200 ;
total, 2,319,557.
Most of the
foreign wood is
worked into
finish and spe-
c i a 1 1 i e s for
large and small
boats. Teak is
973
974
AMERICAN FORESTRY
deck wood, mahogany, Circassian walnut, Spanish cedar,
and padouk, go into finish, eucalyptus is made into tree-
nails, balsa into life preservers, and lignum vitae is choice
material for bearings or gudgeons.
Domestic hardwoods contribute more than 46,000,000
feet a year to the boat-building industry, the separate
contributions being shown in the list below:
Oak, 32,382,311; ash, 7,985,554; birch, 1,055,167;
maple, 1,014,167; basswood, 959,000; chestnut, 751,295;
elm, 706,600; yellow poplar, 448,077; beech, 219,366;
locust, 215,028; cherry, 184,976; red gum, 164,000;
sycamore, black walnut, and apple ; the tough arc elm.
hickory, Cottonwood, and willow.
It would be interesting to know what changes the war
has brought in kinds and quantity of woods demanded by
ship yards; but that information is not yet obtainable
and probably will not be for two or three years after the
close of the war.
It was customary in England after the Revolutionary
war had separated this country from that, to speak of
American vessels as "fir ships." That was the custom
especially when war ships were under discussion. It
HIGHEST GRADE SHIP TIMBERS
Douglas fir met the emergency when the call came for ships in a hurry to send our army across the sea. This is a fir ship under construction,
and the builders were never held up an hour on account of shortage of timber. It came faster than the carpenters could use it. The photograph
was furnished for this cut by the West Coast Lumbermen's Association.
tupelo, 138,490; hickory, 110,195; butternut, 78,237; Cali-
fornia laurel, 47,500; sycamore, 38,000; cottonwood,
14,026; black walnut, 3,750; apple, 1,500; willow, 1,000;
wild china, 1,000; total, 46,519,239.
Some of these woods have special uses, but it may be
said of them generally that they fill places where strength,
hardness, or beauty is required. The strong and hard
woods in the list are oak, ash, birch, beech, locust, and
hickory; the beautiful in grain or color are oak, ash,
birch, chestnut, cherry, gum, butternut, California laurel,
was not done in a spirit of praise, and yet it was not
ridicule. They used the word fir as a general name for
all American softwoods — pine in particular. American
ships then were largely pine, either southern yellow pine
from Georgia or the Carolinas, or white pine from New
York or New England. Pine prevailed in shipbuilding
then and it prevails yet ; but changes have occurred in
sources of supply during a century or more. Formerly
nearly all the timber was cut near the Atlantic coast ; but
now thirty-one states build boats, as may be seen by the
THE USES OF WOOD
975
A I.AKCH IN NORTHERN
MICHIGAN
The larch or tamarack furnishes roots of peculiar
value in hoat building. The large, sharply bent
taproot makes a knee to brace ship frames. The
long, fibrous roots supplied the thread with which
the Indians sewed together the pieces of bark in
making their canoes. The larch sheds its leaves in
winter, hence its nakedness in the picture.
following table which gives
the annual demand by states
for shipbuilding woods, the
figures representing feet :
New York, 37,700,500 ;
Pennsylvania, 26,716,000; Cal-
ifornia, 20,617,010; Oregon,
14,900,400; New Jersey, 13,-
341,796; Virginia, 11,138,497;
Maine, 10,299,400; Delaware,
7,867,136; Connecticut, 7,084,-
354 ; Maryland, 6,350,700 ;
Washington, 5,876,560; Mas-
sachusetts, 4,607,864; Louisi-
ana, 4,589,300 ; Michigan,
4,480,200 ; Ohio, 3,322,660 ;
Wisconsin, 2,669,000 ; Tennes-
see, 1,775,000; Florida, 1,615,-
000 ; West Virginia, 1,614,000 ;
Indiana, 1,462,000; Arkansas,
1,210,000; Illinois, 1,020,000;
North Carolina, 800,000 ;
South Carolina, 756,000; Dis-
trict of Columbia, 535,000 ;
Alabama, 511,000; Missouri,
431,000; Rhode Island, 414,-
000 ; Minnesota, 107,000 ;
Idaho, 63,000.
The wood with which to
build boats is doubtless pro-
cured in the forests of more
than thirty-one states, but the
reports do not show the origin
of the timber which shipbuild-
ers use, though it is well
known that every forested re-
gion furnishes some of it.
The ship industry gives a
better line on trade, from the
historical view, than any other
industry gives. Most com-
modities are intended to be
sold in the markets of this and
foreign countries ; but ships
are designed, not to be them-
selves sold, but to carry other
products to market, and ships
have never been built unless
the builders were reasonably
certain of cargoes. During
early years American-built
vessels carried cargoes to and
from our shores, and while
that condition existed, our
shipbuilding was a pretty fair
index to our sea borne trade.
But gradually foreign vessels
captured our ocean-borne traf-
fic and our vessels almost dis-
A SPLENDID CANOE TREE
The yellow or tulip poplar was formerly known as
the canoe poplar because it was the best in the
eastern states for dugout canoes, hewed from its
faultless trunk. Such trees are now sawed into
house finish and stock for making vehicle bodies.
It is the largest hardwood tree of the United States.
976
AMERICAN FORESTRY
appeared from the seas. A discussion of the causes of
that unfortunate state of affairs does not fall within the
scope of this article. The early builders of ships and
boats in America brought
the art with them when
they crossed the sea.
Among them were men who
were masters of the busi-
ness. They belonged to the
foremost seafaring people
of that period ; and when
they landed on the eastern
coast of the New World
their practiced eyes quickly
surveyed the unbroken for-
ests and saw an abundance ,
of ship material ready for
cutting. They had scarcely
set foot on the shore before
some of them began to
build ships, and their de-
scendants have been build-
ing ships ever since. They
received occasional hints
from the native Americans,
but no serious lessons, for
the Indians were poor sea-
farers. Some of them ven-
tured in their light boats a
a few miles from shore to fish, fight, or hunt, but their
cheif activities afloat were confined to rivers, lakes, and
other inland waters. The Indians' boats were built for
THE IDEAL BARK CANOE
Canoes like that in the picture may be seen in dreams and heard of in
romance, but such things in real life are not much in evidence. Let no
one look for a canoe, which is little longer than a man, carrying two
persons while floating high and graceful as a white swan. They are met
with only on the pages of summer resort folders.
smooth waters, for the most part, and along that par-
ticular line they were able to teach the newcomers, and
they did so. Nevertheless, not much that was new in
making boats or in sailing
them was found in Ameri-
ca. Nearly all that the
aborigines knew had been
known hundreds or thou-
sands of years before by
people of the Old World.
The Indian's canoe was the
most interesting of his in-
ventions or discoveries as a
means of water travel, and
he had two kinds of canoes,
one of bark, and one of
wood. It is not necessary
to deal with these at length,
but it is proper to speak of
them, because canoes mod-
eled after those of the In-
dians preformed a very
important part in our early
history, and these canoes
are with us yet, though in
modified form. They are
used now for pleasure more
than for business.
The bark canoe was most
in use on northern waters, and it was generally made of
the bark of paper birch, though some were made of the
bark of elm, basswood, hickory, and of other trees. The
ADJUNCTS OF PLEASURE BOATS
These articles consist of a single and a double paddle, three styles of back rests and two folding canoe chairs, and adjustable rowing seats.
Such articles belong in the industry which makes boats and supplies, and they are produced in very great quantities.
THE USES OF WOOD
977
pieces of bark were sewed together with strips of hick-
ory, basswood, or wicopy bark, or with the fibrous roots
of tamarack ; and the seams were made watertight with
pine and balsam resin, or with the pulpy inner bark of
slippery elm. Such canoes varied in size from the shallow
coracle four feet long, thirty inches wide, and six inches
deep, up to the trading vessel
thirty feet long, thirty inches
deep, and four and a half feet
wide. When offered for sale,
the largest bark canoes were held
at about forty dollars. They
were very important in trade,
travel, and war. Alexander
Mackenzie took one of them
from the region of the Great
Lakes to the Bering Sea by way
of the Mackenzie and the Yukon Rivers. That was per-
haps the longest single journey ever made in a boat pro-
pelled by human power alone. Bark canoes sometimes
carried sails, and Louis Hennepin is authority for the
claim that they could cover a distance of 160 to 180 miles
their spouts with wood, thus killing the monsters. It is
apparent that the flimsy vessel has played its part in his-
tory and romance. The bark canoe long ago disappeared
except as a plaything to induce tourists to part with their
dimes at resorts. It is believed that no factory makes
bark canoes, though a few are still made by individuals.
The dugout is a canoe hol-
lowed from the trunk of a tree,
and in the past this boat varied
in size from little troughs barely
large enough to carry one man,
up to enormous hollowed trees
which might carry fifty men and
their equipment. The Jesuit
BIRCH BARK CANOE MODEL
The northern Indians reached such perfection in their birch bark canoes that the white man was never
able to make any improvements in the model. The above cut gives two views, one sidewise, the other
perpendicular, looking down into the canoe. No bark canoes are now on the market, though an occasional
cne is made for private use.
missionaries mentioned canoes a hundred or more feet
long. The largest dugouts on record were made by
Pacific Coast Indians of red cedar. Nearly any tree can
be made into a dugout if the trunk is large enough, solid,
and straight. White pine served well, yellow poplar was
in a day un-
der sails made
of bark. New
England I n d ians
with fleets of bark
canoes engaged in
battle on the ocean,
according to Roger
Williams ; and a fleet
of fifty bark canoes
and one hundred and
seventy dugouts was mobilized on the Allegheny River
in '753 by the French for the invasion of the Ohio Val-
ley. Lawson in his account of the Carolinas states that
the Indians of that region hunted whales by sailing after
them in canoes, mounting on their backs, and plugging
IN A LIGHTER VEIN
Canoes built for pleasure hold their proper place in the ship and boat industry. Such
canoes are met with by hundreds on lakes and rivers in the north country in summer.
They arc marvels of lightness, grace and beauty, and are constructed of the finest woods
obtainable.
the favorite
in the middle
states, and cy-
press in the South.
The Indians hollow-
ed their canoes chief-
ly with fires, using
stones and shell as
scrapers to finish the
work. Other good
canoe woods were
sycamore, black walnut, butternut, cucumber, sassafras,
ash, cherry, and red and white cedar. The lighter cedar
canoe was the ordinary means by which the early farmers
of New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania carried their
produce to market, according to Peter Kalm who wrote
978
AMERICAN FORESTRY
LIVE OAK FOR SHIP KNEES
This is a fair and fine specimen of the southern live oak of which the largest ship knees have been
made. This particular tree stands within the corporate limits of New Orleans and it is known locally as
the "dueling oak," leaving the imagination to conjure up whatever uncanny associations it will, ',o
account for the omnious name.
about 1749. The dugout was the primitive ferryboat
almost everywhere in the eastern region before bridges
were built, and made travel on foot possible and assisted
the development of the country. As with the bark canoe,
the dugout is seeing its last days and has disappeared
except in a few remote districts where a relic may occa-
sionally be seen. A log
of suitable size and form
for an average dugout
would saw from 500 to
1000 feet of lumber.
Dugout canoes were
common in Europe in
very early times, as they
doubtless were in all
countries that had suit-
able timber.
The
I l
than after the dugout, though
both shapes are retained in mod-
ern production. The Indian and
the white trapper made a frame
of light sticks and slats, and over
it they stretched the hark form-
ing the skin of the vessel. The
modern manufacturer makes a
frame of slats also, but he makes
the shell of his canoe of thin
lumber in place of bark, or he
may stretch waterproof canvas
over a frame and make a collap-
sible boat. The modern canoe is
a little more substantial than die
Indian's handiwork, but what the
modern canoe gains over its pro-
totype in substantiability it loses
in romance. "The forest life,"
"with its mystery and magic," of
which Longfellow spoke in Hia-
watha, is not in the factory canoe
as it was in that made of cedar
slats, birch bark, and tamarack roots, by the wild hunters
of the wilderness.
The bateau as formerly used in America was a flat-
bottomed boat whose chief business consisted in carrying
merchandise on the rivers and small lakes. The name
was applied rather loosely to boats of several kinds and
sizes ; but one of the earliest patterns was made by saw-
ing a dugout canoe down the middle from end to end,
separating the halves four or five feet, still leaving them
parallel, and nailing boards across to form a bottom.
Bateaus made in that way carried large loads and some-
times ventured out to sea for long cruises up and down
the coast. Fifty or sixty barrels of flour could be carried
at a single load.
The bateau is not much spoken of by that name now,
but it has been modified, developed, and enlarged until it
THE BARK OF WHICH CANOES
WERE MADE
Indian
canoe was valu-
able in its days.
Form erly the
settler or hunter
went into the
woods with ax,
knife, and ad7,
and made his
canoe. Today
canoes-, and all
the light, small
boats developed
along the same lines, are factory made. The
manufacturer selects his wood as carefully as
ever the red hunter selected it, and he works it
more skilfully and turns out a handsomer prod-
uct. The light canoe which is now sold in sport-
ing stores is modeled after the bark canoe more
Most Indian canoes i
were of thin sheets of
paper birch, stretched
of wood to hold it in
above picture shows a
bark. The long lines
are characteristic of this
not peculiar to it. Sim
may often be seen
n the North
the bark of
over frames
shape. The
sheet of this
in the bark
birch, though
ilar markings
cherry bark.
CALIFORNIA REDWOOD IN SHIPBUILDING
This splendid steamship is the Seeandbee of the Cleveland and Buffalo Transit
Company. It is said to be the largest side-wheel ship in the world. The staterooms,
partitions, canvas-covered decks and some other parts are of redwood. The cut is
here shown by courtesy of the California Redwood Association.
THE USES OF WOOD
979
has become the canal boat and the river barge of the
present time. It always was and still is a slow and slug-
gish traveler and a carrier of heavy burdens. By building
on it a superstructure, it becomes a houseboat, and many
a one has assumed the dignity of a moving human resi-
dence. Such boats played a leading part in the "westward
movement." Emigrants and homeseekers who "went
ONCE WAS IMPORTANT IN BOAT BUILDING
This is a balsam fir. It is not now of any special importance in the boat
business, but it was the source of the balsam with which the Indian
ped the leaks in his frail vessels and made them service-
able. When Hiawatha made his canoe he "took the tears of balsam" and
made it waterproof, as Longfellow tells the story.
west" four or
five generations
ago built or
bought such
boats on the
banks of the
Ohio, Missis-
sippi, Tennes-
see, Mononga-
hela, and other
rivers, and
floated with the
curre nts ; or
poled or pad-
dled ; or pulled
or pushed their
boats against
the currents,
and in that way
worked slowly
and coura-
geously toward
the land of
promise. Their
boats were of
wood, u s ually
to the last peg
and treenail ;
and with broad-
axes, poleaxes,
crosscut saws,
whipsaws, aug-
ers, and adzes,
the boats were
built of oak,
yellow poplar,
black walnut,
c y p r ess, and
pine, before
sawmills and
shipyards made
their appear-
a n c e beyond
the frontiers.
The trade
boats intended
for upstream
travel were
usually known
as k e e lboats,
and they were
very important
on western rivers in the period intervening between the
canoe and the steamboat. Keelboats were propelled by
men with poles, and were made of any convenient wood,
but yellow poplar and black walnut predominated on the
Ohio River.
Pittsburgh was a noted point for traffic boats in early
times, as it still is. Eastern adventurers gathered there
SUPERFINE SHIP MATERIAL
.^proximately a half a trillion feet of Douglas fir
yet remain ill the forests, according to the best esti-
mates. No scarcity of ship material in the near
f'ture need be feared. Groups of trees like these in
the above picture explain how it is possible for a
single tree specie to produce such extraordinary
amounts of timber. Photograph by the Kent Lum-
ber Company, Seattle, Washington.
AMERICAN FORESTRY
980
to "start west," and not only dozens, scores, and hundreds,
but thousands of flat-bottomed boats were built in that
vicinity to carry settlers to Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana Illi-
nois and Missouri. Today enormous barges assemble at
Pittsburgh, as the pioneer boats assembled there a cen-
tury or a century and a half ago, an.l move off down the
river toward the west ; but today they carry coal instead of
emigrants. The same forests which furnished the planks
for the bateaus of 1783, and the keelboats of a later time,
still furnish
planks for the
coal- bearing
river barges of
1918.
The wooden
ships of com-
merce that sail-
ed the seas dur-
ing the early
period of our
history, and
down to the
present, have
been made
from relatively
few woods,
c o n s i d ering
that our forests
contain nearly
six h u n d r e d
species. The
wood must be
suitable and
convenient. On
the Atlantic
coast white and
yellow pine and
white oak have
been in most
demand, but
some elm has
found place, as
also a little
hemlock, chest-
nut, beech,
Norway pine,
and yellow
poplar. On the
Pacific coast
Douglas fir and
Port Orf ord
cedar were used
in early ship-
building and are still so used. The construction of ocean-
going merchant vessels on rivers far from the sea was an
early industry. The upper Ohio, from the vicinity of
•Pittsburgh to Marietta, Ohio, was busy with shipbuilding
before the opening of the nineteenth century. Ships
built there, 2000 miles by the river highway from the
sea, were important carriers of American commerce. One
of the ships when it reached Italy, was detained by the
officials because the port of clearance was believed to be
fictitious. They had never heard of Marietta. Ships
built on the upper Ohio passed down the river at frequent
intervals on their way to the sea, and carried cargoes to
the West Indies, France, Italy, and to other foreign coun-
tries besides carrying coal, flour, glass, pork, and furniture
to Philadelphia and other home ports. The first cargo of
coal from Pitts-
burgh to Phil-
adelphia, 1794,
by way of the
Gulf of Mexi-
c o , sold at
$10.50 a ton at
Phil adelphia.
It is worth
mentioning that
the Pittsburgh
and Marietta
ships were
made largely
of black wal-
nut, and the
wood attracted
attention
among ship-
build ers be-
cause of its
durability and
on account of
its great
strength in pro-
portion to its
weight. The
furniture car-
ried in sailing
ships from
Pittsburgh was
largely black
walnut, cherry,
and yellow
birch, and it
found a good
market in the
Atlantic coast
cities.
The United
States entered
upon its navy
program at a
time when it
WESTERN CANOE CEDAR
This is the western red or giant, cedar, and the picture is shown by courtesy of the Three Lakes
Lumber Company It was o{gthis' cedar 'that the Pacific Oast Indians made their remarkable canoes^
some of which would carry nearly or quite a hundred men. The wood is soft and is easy to hew. Few
dugouts are now made of it.
had become necessary to provide ships with which to
fight the Mediterranean pirates, late in the eighteenth
century and early in the nineteenth. Several vessels
were constructed of southern pine and live oak. The
first six ships contributed greatly to the early history
and the romance of the United States. These ships were
THE USES OF WOOD
981
the Congress, Constitution, President, United States,
Constellation, and Chesapeake. They were built of yel-
low pine, live oak, and locust. The Constitution was the
famous "Old Ironsides" and it was never defeated though
it fought many battles. It is still afloat, though much
patched. The United States fell into the hands of the
Confederates early in the Civil War, and when it was
When these six ships were planned it was believed that
war vessels could not properly be built in America with-
out live oak timber. The strong knees, cut from roots,
limbs, and trunks, were the best in the world, and the ■
planking and frames were nearly indestructible. In order
to make sure of a supply of this splendid timber for all
time, the government entered upon a policy of buying
THE BATEAU STILL CARRIES TRADE
Bateaus, those serviceable boats of burden of the olden days, did not all disappear when the steamboat was invented. The accompanying cut
represents a bateau advertised by its builder as being "for river and lake use," having "exceptional carrying capacity" and in great demand
"among lumbermen, river drivers and contractors."
about to be recaptured, they sunk it in the Elizabeth
River. It was raised, and it rounded out its 112 years
of~service. The Chesapeake was captured by the British
in the War of 1812, but the commander's last command
before his death in the fight has become a famous rally-
ing cry, "Don't give up the ship." The shot-marked
timbers were used in building a mill in England which
was still in existence a few years ago.
live oak land and secured several tracts in Florida and
Louisiana. That was really the beginning of the National
Forest Service. It is worthy of note that the policy of
buying land at that time was opposed, and prominent
men urged the purchase of oak without the land. Their
ideas of what would be needed were betrayed by the decla-
ration of Benjamin Stoddart, a naval officer of that
time (1799) that "$100,000 will buy enough timber to
WITHOUT A RIVAL IN THE WORLD
long, large and clear Douglas fir timbers like these were recently shipped by the trainload across the continent to eastern shipyards where a
shortage of such stock threatened to tie up building operations and delay the completion of transports to carry American troops to kurope.
Supplies were ample and the transports were completed in time, as is now a well-known fact.
982
AMERICAN FORESTRY
SCOWS AND BARGES
Boats may be useful without being pleasing in appearance. Scows, dredges,
barges and others that are designed to work in unromantic situations, are
as necessary as are any others. They arc generally built of heavy and
durable planks and timbers to provide the strength which they must have
to assure long service.
supply the navy for ages." Small prophetic vision had
he of the mighty demands that would he made upon our
forests to provide ships for our war with Germany in
1917 and 1918. All the timber needed for our first navy
would scarcely supply one of our shipyards one month
at this time.
The policy of buying and protecting forest lands fell
into disuse when iron ships seemed to be about to do
away with wooden vessels. The promise was not ful-
filled, as the present war has emphasized. The oak land
acquired as a ship timber reserve nearly all passed out of
the government's ownership in the years following the
advent of the iron ship ; but a little of it remains in
Florida and is included in the National Forest there.
The "knee" is an essential in
building the wooden ship. It is
shaped like a crude capital L,
and the bend suggest the name
knee. It is a brace inserted in
the angle where two timbers join
in ,the framing near the bottom
of the vessel. The braces are
hewed or sawed from trees, a
section of the trunk and the at-
tached limb or root constituting
the knee. Sizes vary. Large
ships require huge and strong
knees ; other vessels take those
of smaller size, while very small
knees are sometimes used in
boats which are little larger than
big skiffs.
Many kinds of trees produce
growths suitable for knees, but
all do not. The wood must be
strong and durable. The largest
and strongest knees are those
hewed from southern live oak. Douglas fir is a valuable
knee wood, and for small and medium-sized vessels much
use is made of tamarack roots. This is the same tree that
furnished roots as threads with which Indians sewed
patches on their bark canoes. When the tamarack tree
grows in the soil which it seems to like best, that is, a
filled swamp with a soft soil a couple of feet deep above
and a stratum of hard clay below, its roots take on a
peculiar form. The root strikes straight down through
the soft soil to the clay, and not being able to penetrate
that, the root turns at right angles and follows the surface
of the clay, thus forming the crook which becomes
the knee.
All wood used by shipbuilders does not consist
of heavy timbers. Doors, window frames, and inside
finish of many kinds must be provided, much as is done
in land buildings : and the kinds of wood used are not
much different from those on shore. The iron ship needs
wood finish in amounts depending upon the kind and
size of the ship.
Our forests provide few woods suitable for the large
pins with which ship timbers are fastened together. The
pins are known as treenails and they vary in length from
one to four feet and in diameter from a little less to a
little more than an inch. Very hard and strong wood is
demanded and it must possess small tendency to shrink
and swell. Oak does fairly well if carefully selected and
prepared, and a little red eucalyptus from California has
been used on the Pacific coast, but the best is black locust.
This tree's native range lies along the middle Appalachian
Mountains and in the adjoining region east and west,
though locust has been planted and it grows in nearly all
parts of the United States. The manufacture of locust
treenails by farmers and lumbermen was a paying busi-
ness, on a small scale, until iron ships largely displaced
wocd. When we began building wooden ships to fight
COMMODORE PERRY'S FLAGSHIP NIAGARA
This relic of the war of 1812 was sunk in the Battle of Lake Erie in which the Americans won a signal
victory over the British. The vessel was recently raised and is now one of the show objects at Erie.
Pennsylvania. It was built of green timber cut on the lake shore and is in a good state of preservation.
FOREST OPPORTUNITY ON PINE LANDS IN THE SOUTH
983
Germany in 1917, the locust treenail came into larger
use than ever in the past.
In building the war vessels constituting the first Ameri-
can navy, much locust was used for stanchions, braces
and posts, the wood being so extraordinarily strong that
small pieces were sufficient. In the War of 1812 Ameri-
can ships won victories in rapid succession over British
vessels of equal or larger sizes, and an English naval
writer gave it as his opinion that the superiority of the
American gunnery was due to the locust wood in the
ships. Small stanchions and braces took up less of the
precious space and gave the gunners more elbow room
in serving their guns, and it may have had something to
do with the markmanship that won victories.
FOREST OPPORTUNITY ON PINE LANDS IN THE SOUTH
BY F. W. BESLEY
STATE FORESTER OF MARYLAND
THE South is the land of opportunity. A favorable
climate, abundant rainfall, suitable soils, and a long
growing season make it admirably adapted for
growing crops. About fifty per cent of the land area is
in forest, which points to the growing of timber as one
of the most important crops of the South. Yet, with all
these natural advantages, there is a vast area of idle
land, and this area is increasing rather than diminishing.
In these days, when increased crop production is de-
manded, it is of the greatest importance to devote all lands
to their most productive use.
The three important uses of the land of the South are
for agriculture, for forestry and for grazing, and the
sooner a classification of land is made on this basis, the
better it will be for all concerned. The area in farm
crops is certain to increase and much cut-over land, now
classed as forest but in an unproductive state, will come
under the plow. There is, however, only a small percent-
age of this forest land that will be needed for many years
to come, and the great bulk of it will probably remain
in forest indefinitely.
The present uncertainty of future use injects an ele-
ment of chance and speculation into the problem that
seriously interferes with a permanent solution. In the
mean time, awaiting a permanent classification of the
land, it would be possible to grow another crop of timber
on most of it to the great advantage of the country, and
certainly without detriment to the land.
It is unfortunately true that no great amount of in-
terest in growing timber can be secured in a section
where there remains any considerable amount of the
original forest. The statement was made by the Secre-
tary of the Southern Pine Association at a meeting of
foresters in Jacksonville in January, 1919, that the large
Southern pine operators at the present rate of cutting
expected to be "cut out" in ten years. This may be
reasonably assumed as practically ending the simply of
virgin growth pine timber. After that the timber sup-
ply of the South will be dependent to a very large meas-
ure at least upon the second growth.
While the rapid disappearance of the original pine
forests of the South, which have been the chief source
of wealth, is somewhat appalling, it is not altogether an
unmitigated evil. The business of exploitation by those
who see no future value in the lands will eventually
he succeeded on a large part of the pine area by the
business of timber growing on a basis of sustained yield.
There is no other part of the country that is better
adapted for timber growing than the South. The most
favorable conditions exist. Cheap lands, the best native
species, rapid growth, combined with excellent transpor-
tation facilities and the possibility of developing import-
ant local wood-using industries, render conditions almost
ideal.
The day of cheap timber is rapidly disappearing, just
as rapidly as the disappearance of the original growth.
The price of timber will be measured by the cost of grow-
ing it plus a reasonable profit. We are now passing
through the transition stage from unrestricted timber ex-
ploitation, with a disregard for the future, to timber
growing on a permanent basis, with a certainty of ade-
quate returns on the investment.
There will be much changing in the ownership of
land, and it will take many years to effect the readjust-
ment, but it is certain to come, and with it a feeling of
security of investment and enterprise that has never
existed before.
The forests of the South have been the chief source of
timber supply for more than two-thirds of the population
of the United States for many years. The exhaustion
of the original forests is not only going to remove a chief
source of wealth to the South, but is going to have a far-
reaching effect in the country at large.
A large part of the pine lands were acquired, and are
still held, by lumber companies, whose chief concern has
been, and still is, to cut and sell the timber and after-
wards sell the land. After the timber is cut off, the land
has little, if any, sale value,. and consequently most of it
is still held by the lumber company owners.
Under private ownership, the cut-over lands have been
practically non-productive, partly because the owners
could see no profit in a second crop, and partly because of
the impossibility of protecting these lands against fires, so
that reproduction could be secured. Little can be hoped
for through private ownership under present conditions,
and it is not likely that much can be expected from private
initiative for many years to come.
It is manifestly the duty of the State to lead the way
and to place timber growing in the South upon a perma-
nent basis. Every State in the South should have a
Forestry Department, organized for administrative and
scientific work. Several of the States have already taken
984
American forestry
this step. Each State should acquire and place under the
management of its Forestry Department large areas of
forest land, upon which to demonstrate the principles of
applied forestry. Cut-over pine lands can be acquired at
low cost, and, under the favorable conditions existing in
the South, it should be possible to clearly and convinc-
ingly demonstrate the practicability of handling them for
profitable timber production. This program will give
to the State a definite problem to solve and a definite
forest policy to follow. It would give the Forestry
Department a stability and a permanency that does not
now exist, and would enable the State to demonstrate the
best methods of handling forest lands for timber pro-
duction. Forest fires, which are today preventing forest
growth, must be brought under control. It has been dem-
onstrated that fire in specific cases is an aid to reproduc-
tion, but it must be absolutely under control and used at
the right time by those who know how to use it to aid the
forest, and not left to the cattle raisers to scatter pro-
miscuously for the destruction of the forest. The solution
of the fire problem is, in a large measure, the key to the
whole situation, and is one that must be worked out
through much trial and tribulation. It is on large areas
of State-owned land, where fire protection can be prac-
ticed without interference on a large scale, that the fire
problem can best be worked out in a convincing way.
Until that is done and public sentiment reconstructed
timber growing as a business will not make progress.
WASHINGTON'S FIRST MEMORIAL TREE
rPHE first memorial tree planted in the Nation's
■*• Capital was in honor of the men from the United
States Department of Agriculture, who gave their lives
for their country. It was a white oak set out on the
spacious department grounds, with Secretary Houston
"gave up their lives in the great war. We will not forget
the part they played in that struggle, nor their sacri-
fice. We shall pay tribute to their memory in divers
ways.
"Today we are planting a tree for them. Nature will
and Mr. Henry S. Graves, Chief Forester, both of whom build from it a living monument. Every year it will
Photograph by Harris and Ewina
PLANTING WASHINGTON'S FIRST MEMORIAL TREE
are vice-presidents of the American Forestry Associa-
tion, as chief participants in the simple ceremony. The
various bureau chiefs and other officials of the depart-
ment were present at the planting.
"Many members of our department," said Mr. Graves,
strike its roots deeper, raise its crown higher and spread
its branches wider. It will grow in stature and strength,
like our own appreciation of the devotion of the boys
who gave all that their country and the world might be
a better and happier place to live in."
FORWARD WITH TREE PLANTING
BY CHARLES LATHROP PACK
PRESIDENT, AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
"He who plants a tree,
He plants love.
Tents of coolness spreading out above
Wayfarers he may not live to see.
IF YOU or your city have not joined the army of those
who are planting trees, enlist now ! With the growing
interest in this movement, do not allow yourself or
your community to lag behind. It is one of the most
important pieces of reconstruction work in the United
States in which you should have a part; in fact, it is a
work which should be continuous and grow with the
passing.
There is no reason why this should not be so. The
interest which has been
aroused in tree planting
throughout the country
should be maintained. The
added impetus which has
been given to this worthy
enterprise by the suggestion
of the American Forestry
Association that trees be
planted in honor of Ameri-
ca's soldiers and sailors,
both as memorials to the
dead and as tokens of ap-
preciation to the living for
their offer of service,
should not be allowed to
die. It should be but the
beginning of a great for-
ward-sweeping desire and
determination on the part
of the people of America to
see their cities and parks
beautified with handsome
trees, their roads and ave-
nues shaded and strength-
ened and their forest re-
sources enriched through a
deepening and broadening
of conservation methods
and efforts. A patriotic
chord was struck by the memorial tree-planting idea. It
made an appeal which has been nation-wide ; and in hun-
dreds of places throughout the United States it has been
carried into effect or plans are being made for its adop-
tion either as a separate proposition or in connection with
some other memorial being erected.
One of the big plans which' has been suggested and
which would fit in closely with that of the American
Forestry Association, is that advanced by Col. Webb C.
A MOST ORNAMENTAL TREE
The cone-shaped cypress with its graceful, light-green foliage is con-
sidered one of the finest trees that can be planted for decorative pur-
poses, and is widely used throughout the United States.
Gifts that grow are best;
Hands that bless are blest.
Plant! Life does the rest."
{From poem "Plant a Tree,"
by Lucy Larcom.)
Hayes, the son of a former president of the United States.
Colonel Hayes was chairman of the Cuba-China Battle-
field Commission of the War Department which was
charged with the marking of graves of American soldiers
who died in foreign service, and who has recently return-
ed from France where he served as regional Commis-
sioner for military labor.
This would provide for a county unit system of plac-
ing memorial tablets to the men who gave their lives
for their country. These
tablets would be placed on
the county courthouse or on
memorial highways extend-
ing from county to county,
preferably at the points
where these roads enter ad-
joining counties. Then the
plan for setting memorial
trees along these roads
would be pushed. This
would lead to the building
or improvement of thou-
sands of miles of roads in
the United States and to
the planting of many miles
of fine trees, which would
be an inspiration to other
effort in this direction at
the same time that it was
serving as a daily reminder
to the people of America of
the blessings of democracy
for which their sons and
brothers had fought and
died. Colonel Hayes be-
lieves also that the idea
could be extended to France
with a memorial highway
marked by trees extending
from Paris to a number of the battlefields where Ameri-
ca's sons won undying honor.
Before leaving Europe Colonel Hayes cabled to the
Chamber of Commerce at Fremont, Ohio, his home
town offering to provide the tablets for the men from
Sandusky County ; and William G. Sharp, former Ameri-
can Ambassador to France, did the same thing for
Lorain County. During the past session of Congress a
bill was introduced by Representative Sherwood, of Ohio,
985
986
AMERICAN FORESTRY
although unfortunately it was killed in the rush of other
business, which provided for the appointment of a com-
mission to carry out the ideas of Colonel Hayes.
Large cities and small towns all over the United States
are showing their approval of the memorial tree idea by
putting it into practice. The story of what some of them
are doing is an
i n s piration to
others. Almost
since the day of
the signing of
t h e armistice
the question of
memorials has
been a subject
of public dis-
cussion in near-
ly every city
and town
throughout the
country. It was
r e c ognized at
once that every
place would de-
sire to honor in
some perma-
n e n t manner
the service ren-
dered by those
who had died
or had offered
their lives for
their country.
In this discus-
sion there was
0 n e insistent
note, heard
time and time
again. This
was that the
memorial
should be
worthy. There
was frequent
e x p ression of
the opinion that
there should 1>e
no repetition of
some of the
"atroc i tics"
which had been
erected in
"honor" of
heroes of
This is one of the most popular trees for planting,
to the sugar variety, except on wide streets with
Howard County, Maryland.
lormer wars.
The spirit which was back of these, it was acknowledged,
had been patriotic and worthy of highest praise ; but the
outward expressions in many instances, it was declared,
had been anything but ornamental and had therefore
been the subject of frequent criticism. Of tree plant-
ing editors and others throughout the country have had
nothing but words of praise. It is most gratifying that
this should be so.
In a letter which Vice-President Marshall has written
to the people of Collamer, Indiana, in his own home
county, the story of whose tree planting appeared in last
m o n th's issue
of American
Forestry, there
is well epito-
mized the sen-
timent w h ich
has been stated
in other words
by hundreds of
other people.
The Vice- 1 'res-
ident said in
part :
"The idea
appeals to me
far more than
storied urn or
animated bust.
It embodies a
living thing,
rep resentative
of a vital senti-
ment of the
American peo-
ple and I hope
it is going to be
u n i v e r s a lly
popular in
America "
One of the
most active of
the larger cities
of the United
States in the
memorial tree
c a m p a ign is
Phil adelphia,
a 1 r eady noted
for its spacious
F a i r m o u n t
Park with
many acres of
beautiful trees
and for a com-
paratively large
number of trees
which it now
enjoys along
many of its
streets and in its suburbs. There the committee on
municipal art and tree planting of the Civic Club and
the Society of Little Gardens, are leading in the move-
ment to plant what they call "Tribute Trees." They will
work in co-operation with the Fairmount Park Com-
A FINE (H. I) SI'CAR MAl'I.K
For city streets the Norway maple is to be preferred
parking. The noble specimen here shown stands in
FORWARD WITH TREE PLANTING
987
mission which has charge of all tree planting in Phila-
delphia. Individuals who do not care to plant a tree of
their own are invited to join with some community group
in placing such memorial. The United States Marines
were among the first to ask permission to participate in
this patriotic undertaking; and they desire to plant a
whole avenue of trees. The members of the Civic Club
Charles W. Henry, Mrs. Edward Stotesbury Lewis, Mrs.
J. Howard Rhoads, Mrs. John Frederick Lewis, Mrs.
W. Beaumont Whitney and Mrs. F. A. Rakestraw.
In a recent communication, published in a local paper,
John R. Johnson, superintendent of parks, Passaic, New
Jersey, said : "We are too apt to look upon trees in a
more or less matter-of-fact way, as something Providence
A FITTING MEMORIAL TO STRONG DEEDS, FOR IT IS THE "SYMBOL OF STRENGTH"
flu- win] oak brings to mind the thought of long life and endurance. As a family the oaks are undoubtedly among the best of
for they are beautiful. long lived and little subject to di ,tase or insects. This monarch white oak is in central Maryland.
committee which is interested in the movement are Mrs.
Howard W. Lewis, chairman; Mrs. Henry Wolf Bikle,
secretary; Mrs. Edward W. Kiddle, Mrs. Leon T. Ash-
craft, Mi>s Mary Blakiston, Miss Sophia Cadwalader,
Mrs. Charles Davis (lark, Mrs. L. Webster Fox, Mrs.
Rodman E Griscom, Mrs. Roger W. Griswold, Mrs.
has fully provided for and of which there can be no
end. It seldom occurs to our mind that the pleasure we
received, and the comfort enjoyed from their presence, is
in great measure attributed to the forethought and activi-
ties of generations long since passed away."
They are now erecting monuments in Ohio to "Apple-
968
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Seed Johnny" whose name is now a household word
throughout the state because of the fact that this erratic
knight errant of the road traveled hither and yon sowing
the seed of tens of thousands of apple trees whose fruit
he was never to enjoy but which have proved a great
boon and a valued possession to others. That is the true
spirit of the planter. He thinks of the future and of the
enjoyment and blessing which will come to those yet
unborn from the seed which he sows or the tree which
he plants.
Similarly the future will rise to call those blessed who
today are adorning our parks and avenues and the coun-
AMERICA'S MOST POPULAR TREE
It can be truly said that no other tree holds as high a place as the
American or white elm. It is the most aristocratic of all the nation's
shade trees; and is almost if not quite as beautiful a feature of the
winter as of the summer landscape.
try's highways with handsome ornamental trees. Many
of these will have a utilitarian value in and of themselves ;
but their greatest value from the economic point of view
is likely to be the interest which they arouse in practical
forestry, in conservation and in encouraging a more
thorough and nation-wide study in the subject of timber
resources. This is a matter which will become of greater
and greater importance with the advance of our civiliza-
tion and the increase of population not only in the United
States but in other countries. The children will be taught
the value of tree life because they will participate in the
ceremonies incident to the plantings. They will know
and come to appreciate more and more as they grow older
the purpose for which this work was done. They will
know it was because their fathers and their elder brothers
were looking to the future welfare of mankind ; and the
lesson will impress its deep meaning on them.
The American Forestry Association is anxious to have
its members interested not only in tree planting in this
country but in the help which is to be extended to Great
Britain, France and Belgium in restoring their badly cut
or devastated forest areas. Percival Sheldon Ridsdale,
Executive Secretary of the Association, who went abroad
early in the year to investigate the amount of damage
done and to ascertain what assistance might be given,
reports on his return that about one and one-half million
acres of forest land in France has either been destroyed
by shell, machine gun and rifle fire or by the cutting by
the contending armies for barrack, trench and fuel wood ;
that practically all of Belgium's forests having any timber
value had been cut down by the Germans and used or
shipped back to Germany; that fully 450,000 acreas of
Great Britain's forests had been felled.
The forest authorities of each of the countries named
have declared eager to have the assistance of the
American Forestry Association in providing them with
American forest tree seeds. This help is to be extended
and the work will be carried on this year and in 1920.
There are many ways in which the people of the
United States can have the subject of tree planting kept
before them. Those who have the subject at heart should
help in various ways to keep this topic to the fore. At
the present time there seems to be no better way, no
method that will call forth a more popular response, that
by making it a memorial to the soldiers. But then there
A DESIRABLE SHADE TREE
Under favorable conditions the white ash grows fairly rapidly and attains
a good size with a moderately broad open crown and thin foliage. It is
native to a wide territory throughout the United States.
are other persons and events that can be memorialized,
and most fittingly, in this manner. The American For-
estry Association has suggested that trees be planted in
honor of the late Colonel Roosevelt along highway to
be named for him and elsewhere; and this is being done
in a number of instances. There are other lovers of
nature, men who through their written or spoken words
or in other ways have taught the beauty of woods and
trees and flowers ; and to all such trees might appropri-
ately be planted. One such was Walt Whitman, the
FORWARD WITH TREE PLANTING
989
centenary of whose birth will be celebrated on May 31
next. Many others will be found, some of national,
others merely of local renown, who are worthy of tribute
of this sort from their fellow-citizens.
In order to secure the best results it is necessary that
there be as widespread interest as possible in the work.
What a majority of the people in a community want
done, or even a much smaller band of enthusiastic work-
ers, usually is done. Is there a local forestry improve-
ment association in your neighborhood? If so help to
make its work successful by action. If there is no shade
a city street is somewhat at a disadvantage and so some
care should be used in selecting the best variety for the
particular locality and then they should be planted care-
fully and well cared for. Trees are beautiful or otherwise
as they harmonize with their surroundings. Those that
will look well on a narrow street may not be suited for
a wider street or a broad avenue. If there is any doubt
on the question it is advisable to consult the state forest
commission, the local forester or some other authority
who can tell what varieties are best for a given locality.
Of course, no general rules could be given for the entire
THE LARGEST BEECH IN MONTGOMERY COUNTY
That is the boast which this tree can make. It is I0J4 feet in circumference with a spread of 90 feet. It casts too heavy a shade for street
planting, but makes a beautiful lawn tree. The one shown here is in Chevy Chase, Maryland, not far from the District of Columbia line.
tree commission, no city forester or other organization
interested in this vitally important subject, interest your-
self in the formation of such an association. In any
community, whether it be large or small, there should be
co-ordination of effort to secure the best results in shade
tree planting and care.
In selecting trees for street planting the following
qualities should be considered in about the order named :
form, hardiness or adaptability, rapidity of growth,
shade protection, neatness and beauty. At best a tree on
United States, or even for a major portion thereof ; but
in a larger part of the eastern United States it will be
found that for narrow streets the red maple, red gum or
ginkgo can be recommended for narrow streets; for
wider streets, Norway maple, basswood, horse chestnut
or pin oak ; and for wide avenues, white elm, white oak,
red oak and tulip poplar.
Street trees should have hardiness and adaptability.
They should be vigorous, be able to recover from me-
chanical injuries and be as non-resistant as possible
990
AMERICAN FORESTRY
against insect attack and disease. While quick growing
trees are desirable in some ways it must he remembered
that such varieties arc likely to be the shortest lived and
will have to be replaced sooner than those of a somewhat
slower growth, which with good care can be made to
develop more rapidly.
It is not desirable to have trees which cast too much
shade, particularly on narrow streets. Houses and side-
walks need sun even in summer. Again the question of
neatness ought to be considered ; and trees which will
break up the pavement, such as silver maples, or those
which cover the pavement with their bloom in the spring.
such being cottonwoods and poplars, ought to be avoided.
Evergreens are not suitable for street planting because
their shade is not wanted in winter. Black locust should
not be planted because it is likely to be destroyed by the
than if brick or other loose-jointed material is used.
In planting a tree move as many of the roots as pos-
sible. A cloudy day is better for transplanting a tree
than a bright sunny one because a bright sun quickly ex-
hausts the stored up moisture. An important point is in
regard to packing the earth around the roots. They
should have close contact with the ground, because a
tree feeds through its roots, and therefore every smallest
rootlet should be firmly in the ground. To do this fill in
around the roots with finely pulverized earth, working it
under and around the roots by hind and compacting it.
If the earth is wetted down as it is put in it will make a
much better contact. It must be remembered that trees
cannot take care of themselves. They need food and
they need attention and so provision should be mad- for
their nourishment and to see that they are properly pro-
HE VlCl-PBtSlDKNT S CHAMBtO
WASMINGT Oft
February
Nineteen
1919
My dear Mr. (Jalbreath:
I am unable to say who was the author
of the fine Idea of planting trees In honor of
the boye who onrvered their country" • call for
•crvloc In the war which we have waged agair.6t
German autocracy. Whoever It was, In -due seaeor
he will deserve a memorial at the hands of hit
countrymen.
The idea appeal* to me far more than
etorlea urn or animated bust. It embodies a
living thing, representative of a vital senti-
ment of the American people and I hope it Is
going to be universally popular in America.
tfhen the trees shall grow lari?s enough, a fitting
plate can be attached to each one of them, bear-
lng the names of the soldiers.
Of course, it rejoices me greatly to
vnow that the cltlsens of my county have, under
your leadership, been among the first to take
advantage of this idealistic and patriotic move-
ment.
May Heaven send sunshine and showers
upon theee trees So that they may live to distant
ages,- vital reminders to the youth of every
generation of what Amerloa has done and great
Incentives to the doing of the fine things for
which the Republic has been so remarkably con-
spicuous.
With sincere congratulations, I
Very truly ycurs,
Martin L. Galbreath,
Collamer. Inl.
borer worm. Beech is a slow grower and casts too dense
a shade for any street.
There are several points to be taken into considera-
tion. Trees planted along a strtet should be of the same
kind, the same size and uniformly spaced. On narrow
streets trees planted every forty feet apart, and alter-
nated on opposite sides of the street, will be found suf-
ficiently close ; and on wider streets they should be from
forty to sixty feet or even farther apart, the distance
being determined partly by the size which the tree is
likely to attain and other habits. Every tree should
have at least six square feet of earth above its roots. -It
is more important that there be plenty of space where
the pavement and roadway are paved with concrete
tected against insects and other pests and against damage
from other causes.
Tree planting should form a permanent part of the
improvement program in every city and town in the
l'nited States. It should not be undertaken in a tem-
porary, haphazard manner; but should receive the con-
taut thought and attention of those who are interested
in making the community more attractive and at the same
time in adding to the future timber resources of the
L'nited States. It must be remembered that what is done
in one city or town serves as an inspiration to others ; and
that the habit once formed of setting out a number of
trees every year will become fixed and will extend until
it covers the nation.
WHY WOOD IS BEST
BY ALFRED GASKILL, STATE FORESTER OF NEW JERSEY
NO one thinks of building a battleship of stone, or
a bridge of copper, or a cabin of steel. The
qualities that determine the fitness of most structu-
ral materials are generally known ; the inherent quali-
ties of various woods, which make them valuable for
specific purposes, rarely are recognized. Wood sub-
stance, or cellulose, is much the same in all kinds of
wood, but a great diversity in the form and arrange-
(2) with reduction of the moisture content. The first
requires a selection of the material more or less vigorous
according to intended use ; the second involves "season-
ing," by storage or by artificial means, until the wood
is "air dry." Fortunately it is now possible to know
the real qualities of most of our commercial woods and
to choose what is fit with only a guiding reference to
old customs and preferences.
SPRUCE FENDER STOCK. OAK KEEL-AT THE PHILADELPHIA NAVY YARD
ment of the elements produces a wide range of values.
Practically every species has a characteristic structure,
though it varies with the individual.
But though wood in general must be recognized
as a material of great variability the constants in each
species give positive advantages for many purposes.
The truth of this depends upon the fact that fitness for
service increases (1) with uniformity of structure and
absence of defects (knots, cracks, crooked grain, etc.) ;
For engineers there have been constructed elaborate
tables showing the resistances of all our principal woods
to bending loads, compression, tension, shearing, in-
dentation, etc. ; the non-technical reader will be better
satisfied with general statements.
The user of wood is apt to define its qualities by means
of terms which mean quite definite things to him, but
which really are relative, or are capable of various in-
terpretations. For any important purpose it is advisable
001
992
AMERICAN FORESTRY
READY FOR SHIPMENT
Black locust squares V/2 x V/2 in. by 12 in., 20 in., 24 in., 32 in., 36 in., 40 in., 46 in., long to be shipped
for treenails. Keyser, West Virginia.
to find the wood that furnishes the greatest total of
desirable qualities when air dry as excess of moisture
constitutes a defect. Quantity and availability often
are decisive
factors.
Strength is
a term that is
often loosely
used to indi-
cate the power
of resistance to
a strain with-
out reference
to other quali-
ties, as weight,
toughness,
stiffness, etc.
Thus hickory
and white oak
are strong to
sustain a load,
but in a beam
may be less
service able
than longleaf
pine or Doug-
las fir because
the latter are
stiffen Pine
on the other
hand makes a poor hoe handle because it is compara-
tively brittle; oak is better but is apt to become bowed
and is too heavy ; ash is best because it combines suffi-
cient strength with stiffness, flexibility and moderate
weight. An-
other sort of
strength is
that which re-
sists shock
and "shear"—
the qualities
r e q u i red in
a hammer
handle, an ax
helve and a
wheel spoke.
For such use
no wood known
answers so
well as young,
(|uickly-grown
hickory.
Durability as
d e s c r i p tive
of wood quali-
t y is even
more loosely
used than
"strength."
SUGAR PINE SHAKES
This picture was taken in the Sequoia National Forest, California
Most of those who deal with woods in a technical
way understand it to be the quality which resists decay.
When kept perfectly dry, or when entirely immersed,
any kind of
wood lasts in-
definitely, but
if exposed to
warm air and
moisture it be-
haves quite
d i ff e r e n tly.
Poplar, beech,
maple and
most pines de-
cay so quickly
in contact with
the ground
that they are
unfit for use
as fenceposts,
telegraph
poles, railroad
ties, etc. — they
are not dur-
able. Other
kinds, as black-
locust, red ce-
dar, black wal-
nut, chestnut,
will last for
many years under similar conditions.
For many purposes the greatest value is found when
durability is combined with other qualities. Black
locust or white oak makes a good railroad tie, for
instance, be-
cause it is
hard to resist
the cut of the
rail as well as
durable to
withstand de-
cay ; a bridge
sill must be
strong to car-
ry a load,
hard to en-
dure wear, and
durable to re-
sist decay.
Within re-
cent years
durability has
lost much of
i t s practical
i m p o r t a nee
through the
d e v e lopment
of processes by
which non-
WHY WOOD IS BEST
993
durable, or perishable, woods are made very durable.
Thus by treatment with creosote, zinc chloride, etc.,
the hard but perishable beech and maples provide
THE STOCK DRYING ROOM
Showing oak and hickory spokes and elm hubs, at Oakland, California.
railroad ties of longer life than untreated white oak.
Toughness is the quality by which shocks and irregu-
lar strains are withstood. It is the opposite of brittle-
ness and differs from strength and hardness. The
classic example of toughness is a well-made wagon
wheel. The hub of elm resists the strain of the spokes ;
the spokes of hickory carry the twists of traffic, and
the mortised ends do not shear; the felloe of hickory
or ash maintains its shape against every deforming
force. Hickory, white oak, white ash and rock elm are
all tough woods. By combining toughness with elas-
ticity and relatively light-weight white ash stands above
all others for farm implement handles, for vehicle
frames, and now for the structural parts of airplanes.
Brittleness is usually a negative quality ; it may be
positive when a fracture is short and produces no long
splinters as tough wood when broken always does. It
is one of the qualities that make black walnut the pre-
ferred wood for gun stocks.
Elasticity is the property of recovering an original
shape after deformation, and is usually a most valuable
PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT
Brush treatment of telephone poles, showing method of application.
quality. Oak makes a poor wagon tongue because it
is only moderately elastic and is apt to bend and stay
bent; but it makes a fine ship knee because it is hard
and strong, as well as tough and flexible, and when
THIS IS THE BODY OF AN AUTOMOBILE BUS
White ash was used for the framework and interior finish.
994
AMERICAN FORESTRY
bent under pressure will keep the shape given it. Elas-
ticity is found in flexible woods like ash and hickory
and in stiff woods like pine and spruce. A floor beam
should be stiff and elastic; a carriage axle should be
flexible and elastic.
Flexibility-Stiffness: As an archer's bow so must the
felloe of a buggy wheel be flexible, elastic and tough.
For the buggy wheel hickory answers best; for the
bow ash is chosen because it is lighter and does not
"set" so readily. No one would choose a flexible wood
for a bridge stringer, or
for a car sill, but one
which is stiff, strong under
a load, durable and not
too heavy.
Hardness is of import-
ance when the service re-
quired of a wood tends to
cut into it, or to wear it
down. A railroad tie must
resist the cut of the rail ; a
floor board not covered
with a carpet must with-
stand wear. A door of
soft -vod is better than
^ .^ ot " rd wood because
it is ligi ■ *J and hardness
gives it io advantage.
The best fl oring is "quar-
ter sawed' to show "edge
grain" because that face
wears better than a com-
mon face sawed "through
and through." In ordi-
nary carpenter work hard-
ness is a disadvantage as
it increases the labor re-
quired with no correspond-
ing gain.
Shrinking: The wood
that shrinks, or works,
least is always preferable,
top that shrinks after it is finished will show an un-
sightly crack unless provision is made to conceal the
contraction. Floor boards are made narrow partly to
expose the edge grain, but chiefly to neutralize shrink-
age. If an eight-inch board shrinks a quarter inch
there is an appreciable space between it and the next.
If the eight inches are covered by four boards the gap
between each is only one-sixteenth of an inch.
Woods differ in this quality according to their struc-
WOOD WHICH TWICE OUTLIVED STEEL
White oak tie, side view This tie was laid in the track during the
year 1888. The steel has been changed twice since that time. The ties
have decayed but little anc! will probably serve
or five years. Plains, Montana
A carriage panel or a table
ture, and for particular purposes must be chosen with
reference to it. But apart from that the moisture con-
tent is of great importance. In some species the green
wood may contain as great a weight of water as of
wood substance. In any species seasoning causes the
water to be evaporated and the wood to contract. In
genera! the coniferous, or soft, woods shrink less than
the hard, deciduous, woods.
W eight: Our common woods vary from 22 pounds
(white cedar) to 53 pounds (hickory) per cubic
foot — air dry. Where
strong timbers are to be
used near the point of
production, weight can be
ignored. When cost as
well as quality must be
considered the transporta-
tion of a heavy wood
handicaps it. But in some
cases weight is vital : air-
plane wings, for instance,
are framed of selected
spruce because that wood
possesses considerable
strength and stiffness com-
bined with extreme light
weight. Ash likewise is a
preferred wood where
strength, toughness, elas-
ticity and a minimum
weight must be com-
bined.
Other qualities, as den-
sity, tastelessness, etc., are
sometimes of importance.
A tight barrel can be made
of white oak, but not of
red oak because the latter
contains numerous open
vessels or "pores." Con-
tainers and implements
used for food stuffs must be made of wood that imparts
no taste. Thus butter tubs and oyster pails are made
of spruce, or ash, or maple.
No user of wood doubts that its manifold qualities are
advantages rather than faults, since only through them
can the forest product, wood, be made to satisfy so many
human needs — needs that range from the coarse, solid
endurance of a railroad tie, through the soft, weather-
proof, roof shingle to the light, stiff and strong wing of
the mechanical bird.
side track for four
One of the members of the American Forestry Association desires to locate a tract of about one thou-
sand acres in New York State, within 150 or 200 miles of Buffalo, for hunting, fishing and vacation pur-
poses. Valuable timber is not essential — cut-over land preferred. Information will be gratefully received
and promptly forwarded. — Editor.
MANDRAKES; WILD LUPINE, AND NOTES ON
THE AMERICAN SNAPPING TURTLE
BY R. W. SHUFELDT, M. D., C. M. Z. S., ETC.
(PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR)
SO FAMILIAR are the May Apples to every one
who lives in the country where they grow, that a
detailed description of the plant is hardly called for
in this place. Then, too, the illustrations of it as si.^wn
in the present article, at various stages of its growth,
furnish all that may be necessary to refresh the memory
of those who
fail to remem-
ber this most
interesting rep-
resentative of
our eastern
flora. It is gen-
erally called
the Mandrake,
or more rarely
the Hog Apple,
and still more
rarely the Wild
Lemon. Its
generic name
in botany is de-
rived from two
Greek w o rds,
meaning a foot
and a leaf ; and
it is said that
one of its
earlier names
{Anapodophyl-
lum), bestowed
upon it by Lin-
naeus, car ried
this idea still
further, for it
likened the leaf
to the foot of
a duck. Pro-
fessor Gray,
however, claims
that it referred
to the "stout
petioles," which
hardly seems
likely. Al-
though Man-
drakes may, as
a rare thing,
come up singly
in the woods
where they oc-
cur— or perhaps only a few together — it is the rule for
them to appear suddenly in more or less extensive
patches, often covering a very considerable area. Their
appearance is quite simultaneous, as is their flowering
and, later, their fruiting, to which may also be added their
death in the autumn. In the North, the plant is not seen
until along in
May; while, as
we advance
sou thward in
the spring, we
often find them
up in the
month of April
in the District
of C o 1 u mbia,
and still fur-
ther south very
much earlier.
It is an abun-
d a n t species
throughout the
entire range of
the Gulf States,
to include large
areas in Texas.
When the
fruit of the
Mandrake rip-
ens in the sum-
mer, children
are extremely
fond of eating
it, the slightly
acid and sweet-
ish taste espe-
cially attracting
them. By them
it is sometimes
called the
"Umbrella
Plant," and for
the reason that
the leaves "un-
furl during
April showers."
With respect to
this Gray says
that the "flow-
erless stems
terminated by a
Ml
Fig 1. WE HAVE IN THIS PICTURE A VERY BEAUTIFUL EARLY SPRING COMBINATION OF
AN OLD JUDAS TREE (Cards canadensis), WITH A PATCH OF MANDRAKES OR MAY APPLES
(Podophyllim peltatum) BENEATH IT. THIS IS JUST BEFORE THE FLOWERS COME OUT.
Note the flowers of the Judas Tree, how they have blossomed out only on certain limbs of the tree— and
that long before the leaves appear. They are bright pink and very conspicuous during the earliest days
of spring. This particular tree is well known to many Washingtonians; it is on the right-hand side of
the road as we approach the Pierce's Mill bridge.
996
AMERICAN FORESTRY
large round 7-9 lobed leaf, peltate in the middle, like an
umbrella; flowering stems bearing two one-sided leaves,
and a nodding white flower from the fork." (See figures.)
Upon first blooming, they are quite fragrant, and the
pale green bractlets of the flower buds fall off very early.
May Apples are perennial, their rootstocks being after
the creeping order, and throwing off thick, fibrous roots ;
while the fruit, which is really a "berry," is many-seeded,
Fig. 2. THIS IS A VERY HANDSOME SPECIMEN OF THE MAN-
DRAKE. SOME OF THE PETALS OF THE LEFT HAND FLOWER
HAVE FALLEN OFF, THUS SHOWING THE FRUIT AT ITS EARLY
STAGE OF FORMATION
Note on the right-hand side where a leaf has grown through an opening
in a dead oak leaf that chanced to cover it on the ground where the
mandrake started; it has strangled it, and that plant never came to
anything.
and usually grows to become about two inches in length,
the form being more or less ovoid or egg-shaped. We
often find great patches of these Mandrakes growing in
the rich soil on the banks of streams and creeks flowing
through wooded areas; but then, again, an acre or more
of them may cover some hillside, in a similar soil, where
big trees of various species form a belt of timber.
Podophyllum has long been used in medicine as an
efficient cathartic and for a few other purposes ; however,
modern physicians seem inclined to discard it. It belongs,
with a few other plants, in the Barberry family (Ber-
beridaceae) — in so far as the flora of the northeastern
sections of the United States go. Twin-leaf, Umbrella
leaf, Blue Cohosh, and Barberry are well known repre-
sentatives of the same group. All of these occur in the
flora of the State of Virginia and in many places this
side of the Mississippi River.
The leaves and roots of the Mandrake are poisonous,
and children should be cautioned in regard to chewing
them. The odor of the flowers is very disagreeable to
some people ; but then, tastes differ very materially with
respect to the fragrance of flowers, and quite a long
story might be written on this subject.
Mathews informs us that Mandrakes are never found
growing wild in Maine, while the plant is rare in Vermont
and New Hampshire ; as we proceed further southward
it becomes more abundant. Indeed, in the greater part
of New England, its place is taken by the well known
4
»
* s
1 J
SBr ^
\Lm\ 1
.
■ ^ A*B
~1
\
r
T1 /
\ ,
V
■-
V v
Fig. 3.
THESE SPECIMENS OF THE MANDRAKE ARE TAKEN
in situ AT THE F0QT OF AN OLD OAK TREE
The plant in the foreground exhibits the fruit when it is about halfway
advanced toward maturity. Other plants nearby had their fruit almost
ripe upon them.
Skunk Cabbage, which, it must be believed, is by no means
an agreeable exchange.
In the flower world of the eastern United States, we
have another most interesting plant in the Wild Lupine,
also called Wild Pea and Sun Dial — less often Old Maid's
Bonnets. Aside from the matter of color, one may gain
a very good idea of it by studying Figures 5 and 6 of
the present article. A well-developed plant of this species
may grow to become at least two feet in height ; and
MANDRAKES; WILD LUPINE, AND NOTES ON SNAPPING TURTLE
997
should twenty or thirty others of similar proportions be
in the same group, the whole forms a picture that will
live in the mind of the nature lover for many a day — nay,
for many a summer to come. Sometimes its flowers are
a pale pink, though rarely, and still less often pure white.
They have been described as "butterfly-shaped ;" but this
is a bit far-fetched, as a glance at Figure 6 will prove. In
arrangement they form a long raceme on an erect stem ;
the leaves are of a particularly fine green color, and of
a compound arrangement, generally composed of eight
or nine leaflets arranged in a circle. When the Lupine
fruits, its four or five seeds are contained in a pod of
some two inches in length ; it is a hairy affair— broad
and flat.
Lupine is generally found growing on gravel banks
or gravelly hillsides, and sometimes on sandbanks that
advantage gained in the pea-shaped blossom? As usual,
the insect that fertilizes the flower best knows the answer.
The corolla has five petals, the upper one called the stand-
ard, chiefly a flaunted advertisement; two side wings, or
platforms, to alight on, and a keel like a miniature boat,
formed by the two lower petals, whose edges meet. In
this the pistil, stamens, and nectar are concealed and
protected. The pressure of a bee's weight as he alights
on the wings, light as it must be, is nevertheless sufficient
to depress and open the keel, which is elastically affected
by their motion, and to expose the pollen just where the
long-lipped bee must rub off some against his under side
as he sucks the nectar. He actually seems to pump the
pollen that has fallen into the forward part of the keel
upon himself, as he moves about. As soon as he leaves
the flower, the elastic wings resume their former position,
Fig. 5. THIS IS A BED OF WILD LUPINE (Lupinus perenms) AS IT FIRST COMES INTO FLOWER IN THE SPRING. IT HAS NOT
BEEN DISTURBED IN ANY PARTICULAR, SO ITS BEAUTIFUL LEAVES AND RACEMES OF ELEGANT PURPLISH BLUE FLOWERS
CAN BE APPRECIATED IN ALL THEIR GLORY . _.— ' I
Lupine belongs in the Pulse family (Lcguminotae)—* very extensive group of trees, shrubs and plants; it even contains the Judas tree, here shown
in Fig. 1.
are utterly lacking in moisture. Should they remain un-
disturbed for several consecutive seasons, and the
locality be particularly favorable to the growth of the
plant, the group may eventually cover an area of fifty or
sixty square feet — a wonderful sight indeed ! It has a
root that often finds its way into the soil for a distance of
several feet — thus the plant is rarely taken up success-
fully for transplanting to gardens ; so it is fortunate that
it may readily be introduced through planting its ferti-
lized seeds.
Speaking of its fertilized seeds, Neltje Blanchan has,
with marked significance, described how this fertilization
comes about in the flowers of the Pea family generally.
It is most delightfully put, and she asks, "What is the
thus closing the keel to prevent waste of pollen. Take
a sweet pea from the garden ; press down its wings with
the thumb and forefinger to imitate the acting of the bee
on them ; note how the keel opens to display its treasures,
and resume its customary shape when the pressure is
removed." (Nature's Garden.)
Another interesting fact about wild lupine is that, in
common with some other plants, it dozes off after the day
is over. The leaves do not change position from an
horizontal to a vertical one, as in other members of the
legume group, but they twist about on their own axes —
sometimes as much as through an entire half arc of a
circle. This may be a diurnal trick as well as a nocturnal
one — hence the term "sun-dial" applied to several of these
998
AMERICAN FORESTRY
plants. Some of
these movements
are wonderfully
c o m p 1 ex, and
must conse-
quently mean a
great deal to the
plant possessing
them. In this
wild lupine the
leaves fold them-
selves about the
stem below, par-
asol fashion ; or
the reverse
movement may
take place, the
1 e a flets extend-
ing upwards to
close up and in
line with the
stem that sup-
ports them. A
number of ex-
planations have
been put forth
making for a
solution of these
phenomena; but
the subject is too
extensive a one
to take up in the
present connec-
tion. It is brimful of interest, nevertheless, and deserves
to be carefully and exhaustively studied.
As a matter of fact, the study of the morphology of
flowering plants and their physiology is one of the most
fascinating lines of research in all nature. When one
comes to think of it, the opening and closing of such
flowers as our common morning-glories and allied Con-
volvulaceae is an extraordinary phenomenon. That it
should take place only at night or on very dark days is a
Fig. 4. FULLY RIPE FRUIT OF THE MAY-
APPLE OR MANDRAKE (Podophyllum pelta-
turn)'.
Observe how the fruit stems spring from the
point of the parting of the bases of the leaf-
stems. The leaves themselves are of an elegant
green, and the fruit is a rich yellow.
most interesting fact ; and that the movement in closing
is always in the same direction is another point worthy
of close study. What is the necessity for the closing up
of the leaves of sensitive plants and trees upon slight pres-
sure from one's fingers, and then opening again in a little
while? Why should the species referred to present such
a remarkable habit, while it is seen to be entirely lack-
ing in others?
Grafting and its
results still hold
many a secret
not yet revealed
to science, and
the same is true
of cross- fertili-
zation. Indeed
there is abso-
lutely no end to
the list of secrets
still to be dis-
covered through
r e s e a rches in
structural and
physio logical
botany, by those
who devote their
time and minds
to problems of
this nature.
Much research
work of this
class has already
been done ; and
doubtless, when
the temporary
checks caused by
the war shall
have ceased to
exist, a great
deal more will
be undertaken.
Fig. 6. A SINGLE SPIKE OR RACEME OF
THE LUPINE IS ONE OF THE GLORIES OF
THE PLANT WORLD DURING THE EARLY
SUMMER MONTHS, IN THE REGIONS
WHERE IT FLOURISHES
Lupine derives its name from the Latin of wolf,
lupus, for the reason that superstitious people
believe that the plant exercises its power to
devour the soil's fertility.
NOTES ON THE AMERICAN SNAPPING TURTLE
To one who has paid any attention at all to our fresh-
water turtles, surely the common Snapping Turtle is no
stranger. Two species of it is represented in the reptilian
fauna of this country, and both belong in the family
Chelydridae. Of these two forms the smaller occurs, in
suitable localities, all over the eastern parts of the United
States, and westward to the Rocky Mountains. South-
ward it ranges into South America, and may be found
in many parts of Mexico and Central America, in which
latter countries there is still another species which is not
found within our borders. In other words, there are
three North American species, or two in the genus
Chelydra, and the big fellow known as the Alligator
Snapping Turtle, which is the sole representative of the
genus Macrochelys. These animals are the largest of our
chelonian species, especially the last-named, specimens of
which have been taken that have weighed upwards of
140 pounds, or more. These are confined to the southern
parts of the United States, in the sluggish rivers and
swamps (M. lacertina), while our common snapping
turtle, although very much smaller than the Alligator
snapper, is considerably larger than any other United
States chelonian ; in fact, they are as pygmy and giant as
compared with each other.
The present brief sketch will be devoted to our com-
mon Snapping Turtle, the scientific name for which is
Chelydra serpentina. Captive specimens of this species
have been in my possession many times, young as well
as adults at various ages. Moreover, it has been studied
in nature from one end of the country to the other ; and
MANDRAKES; WILD LUPINE, AND NOTES ON SNAPPING TURTLE
999
when opportunity has offered, negatives have been made
by me from life. Prints from three of these have been
reproduced to illustrate this account of its life and habits.
The young are generally dark brown on the upper
parts, with a deep shade of ashy gray for the under
parts. Older specimens are much lighter above and yel-
lowish white beneath. There is considerable variation
in these tints, however, while other characters are far
more constant. For example, the under side of the tail
exhibits a series of large shields, as compared with the
scales of the Alligator snapper in the corresponding local-
ity. On the back (carapace) of our snapper there are three
longitudinal ridges — a median one, with one upon either
side of it. Big snappers will come to weigh upwards of
fifty pounds — rarely over forty in nature; and they have
a length of shell that measures an inch or two over a
foot. In some parts of the country, more particularly in
New England, snappers are often kept in the "swill-
barrel," where they become inordinately fat and heavy,
and are then said to make fine soup.
In young snappers the tail is very long in proportion
to the rest of the body. Practically, this character is
manifest throughout life, while, as in all aquatic chelon-
ians, the feet are broad and paddle-like, and evidently
adapted to powerful swimming. Snappers are unable to
draw into the shell either the head or the tail ; much less
are they able to close the shell in front or behind, as do
our well known land tortoises (Terepene). They are
pretty tough, however ; not easily observed in their native
element, and vicious to a fault. Personally I
have never met with a mutilated snapper in
nature, while box tortoises are frequently found
that exhibit the result of various injuries, the
Fig. 8. HERE IS A MUCH OLDER SPECIMEN OF THE AMERICAN
SNAPPING TURTLE THAN THE ONE SHOWN IN FIGURE 7 THE
SCALES ON THE UNDER SIDE OF THE TAIL ARE PLAINLY SEEN,
AS WELL AS ITS BIG, PADDLE-LIKE FEET
Observe the defenseless state of the body in this Snapper, and the pecu-
liar formation of the small, elongate plastron, with its overlying plates
of pale yellow.
Fig. 7. THIS YOUNG SNAPPING TURTLE IS ABOUT SIX MONTHS OLD. NOTE THE GREAT
LENGTH OF ITS TAIL AND ITS WONDERFULLY BRIGHT EYES
At this age the upper surface of the shell of the young Chelydra serpentina is dark brown, and very rough
superficially.
majority of which have been at the hands of man. Snappers
possess splendid powers of sight, notwithstanding the fact
that their eyes are small, and probably their other senses are
more or less well developed. In nature as well as in aquaria
their backs often grow a great mass of dark green, wavy moss,
which streams backwards as they swim along, and which is a
source of great protection to the animal, in as much as it causes
it to resemble a roundish, flat brown stone, having a cover-
ing of moss.
This species can remain under water for a long time; and
when settled among the mud-covered rocks, in places where
it is not too deep, it will stretch its neck out once in a long
while, bringing the very tip of its snout out of the water, to
take in a fresh supply of air. In such situations, too, it will
patiently lie in wait for any hapless fish, duckling, or frog
that may swim over it ; and
should it come within reach —
quick as a flash its long neck is
protruded, its unsuspecting quar-
ry seized, drowned or killed, and
subsequently eaten by this most
voracious of chelonians. The
bite of a large snapping turtle
may be very severe indeed, es-
pecially should it succeed in get-
ting hold of a finger or toe ; for
its sharp jaws can snip such a
member off as clean as though
done with an ax.
Should a snapper, lying in wait
for food, find that nothing is
1000
AMERICAN FORESTRY
coming his way, he will sally forth along the bottom of
the muddy pond or sluggish stream in which he lives
and capture such forms as he can. He has a wonderful
control over the muscles of the neck and the lightning-
like protrusion of the latter. Look out for your fingers
and face while handling a big, healthy one; for not only
can he thrust his head and neck forward in a straight
line, but to either side and backwards over his shell as
well. Indeed, the only safe way to pick one of these
fellows up is
in the same
m anner that
we pick up a
skunk — by the
tail, though not,
as we know,
for the same
reason.
There is a
very great dif-
ference in the
temp erament
of these turtles.
Some of them
become gentle
in captivity and
attached to
their keepers,
taking food
from their
hands and ex-
hibiting o t her
e v i d ences of
f am i 1 i a rity.
Upon the other
hand, other
s p e cimens re-
main as ugly
and as vicious
as those in na-
ture, and will
snap at any-
thing or any-
body within
reach. They
only feed under
water; and
many die in
captivity for
the reason that
this imperative
demand is either unknown to those who undertake to
rear them, or it is otherwise ignored.
Their breeding habits are pretty well known, for their
eggs have been discovered many times. In New England,
along in May, the female becomes restless and eager
to deposit her clutch of round, white eggs, that have
thin, tough shells ; she rarely goes further than fifty feet
from the stream or pond that is her home, usually
much less. Having found a soft spot to her liking, she
settles down in it by using her feet, trowel-fashion, upon
either side of her. As she disappears by the earth clos-
ing in over her shell, she soon gets far enough out of
sight to answer her purpose ; and when so situated she
lays her entire clutch of eggs, often to the number of a
couple of dozen. Then, by a gentle, swaying move-
ment, she works her way to the surface again, and in
doing so, the
loose earth
falls back over
the eggs, en-
tirely covering
them. In due
course the eggs
all hatch out,
as do the eggs
of other rep-
tiles under
similar condi-
tions. W h e n
fi r s t hatched
out, the young
turtles are very
dark colored
and wonderful-
ly cute little
fellows, being
frequently kept
in aquaria,
where they are,
however, rath-
er d a n gerous
a d d i tions on
account of their
fondness for
feeding on the
other inhabi-
tants. Up 'on
hatching out, it
would be inter-
esting to know
how these little
chelonian tots
find their way
to their native
e 1 e m ent, for
their size,
strength, and
range of vision
are all apparently totally inadequate to the accomplish-
ment of such a feat. In some situations, a heavy fall
of rain would probably help them out through the flood
or overflow that would naturally take place, thus widely
extending the usual limitations of the pond or stream
wherein reside the parents of the otherwise helpless
little crew.
Fig. 9. THIS IS THE SAME SNAPPER WHICH IS SHOWN IN A PREVIOUS ILLUSTRATION
(Fig. 8). THE SHELL IS COMPARATIVELY VERY SMOOTH AT THIS AGE, AND ITS HORNY
PLATES ARE WELL DEFINED.
It is interesting to note the way in which the head sags down far below the anterior margin of the
carapace, when the animal is resting in this position. The generic name of this species, Chelydra
(Kel-i-dra) is from the Greek, it having, in ancient time, been applied to a kind of tortoise or amphibious
serpent; the specific name, serpentina, refers to its habit of thrusting its head and neck forward like a
serpent when striking.
RAILS, GALLINULES AND COOTS
(Family Rallidae)
BY A. A. ALLEN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ORNITHOLOGY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY
?<?
THIN as a rail" is an expression that applies as
well to any of the members of this family of
curious birds as it did to the parts of Abraham
Lincoln's famous fence. For the rail is a marsh dweller
and nature has provided it with a compressed body like
that of a flea, to enable it to slip better through the
dense vegetation.
There are about 180 species in the family but only
fifteen are found in North America,, and of these only
four or five are
common even
in the most
suitable locali-
ties. By most
people they go
unseen and un-
known, for un-
less one haunts
the marshes, he
is apt never to
see one. When
a coot or a rail
meets with an
accident on its
migration and
is picked up by
the corner gro-
cer or the edi-
tor of the local
new spaper, it
a 1 ways causes
c o n s i derable
e x c itement in
the community
for it is usually
diagnosed as a
hybrid between
a duck and a
chicken, or, if
it is one of the
smaller species,
a cross between
a snipe and a quail. All of the members of the family
have rather long, stout legs like fowls, but their toes are
always long and slender to distribute their weight when
running over the soft ooze or the floating vegetation. The
coot has lobes on each side of its toes to assist it in
swimming, for it is much more aquatic than the other
species and, like ducks, often assembles on the open
water in large flocks. All species have longer necks
than ordinary birds and much shorter tails, which, like
domestic fowls, they hold erect. They resemble fowls
DUTY CALLS
The Florida gallinule or water chicken returns to its nest in the cat-tails. Note the conspicuous frontal
shield or prolongation of the bill on the forehead.
also in having short, rounded wings, but their feathers
are longer and softer giving their plumage a somewhat
hairy appearance. The gallinules and coots, and the sora,
yellow, and black rails, have short, thick, pointed bills
but the Virginia, clapper, and king rails have rather long,
slender, and somewhat decurved bills.
The coot and the Florida gallinule, which are perhaps
the best known members of the family, are sometimes
called "mud hens" or "water chickens." They are simi-
lar in general
appearance, be-
ing uniformly
slate color and
about the size
of bantams. If
one cannot see
the lobes on the
toes of the
coot, another
good field mark
is the ivory-
white bill which
in the gallinule
is red and
green. Both
species have
what is called
a frontal shield,
a horny pro-
longation of the
bill on the fore-
head, which is
not found on
any of the rails.
In the gallinule
it is bright red
and quite con-
spicuous but in
the coot it is
brownish and
much smaller.
When swim-
ming both species are quite ducklike, but their heads are
smaller and they are continually jerking them after the
manner of pigeons. When flushed they patter along the
surface for a considerable distance before they rise but
when fully on the wing, they resemble small ducks. Seen
on land or walking along the border of a marsh, on the
other hand, they do not resemble ducks in the least but
appear more like busy little hens, picking at everything
as they step along, lifting their feet rather high and
putting them down carefully as though they were always
1001
1002
AMERICAN
"THIN AS A RAIL"
The bodies of rails are compressed like fleas to enable them to slip better
through the dense vegetation.
sneaking up on some wary in-
sect or luckless tadpole.
They are never so cautious,
however, with their voices and
some of the most startling sounds
that ever come from the marshes
can be traced to them. Their
ordinary calls are somewhat hen-
like : cut-cut, or cak-cak, but oc-
casionally they give vent to a
startling, wup, pup, pup, pup,
pup, pup, or wup-wup-wup .
Like the rails they are especial-
ly noisy early in the morning
and at dusk, and occasionally
they break out in the middle of
the night.
Coots and gallinules build their
nests of dried rushes close to
the water level in the marsh
vegetation, the coot usually in
FORESTRY
deeper water than the gallinule and in more open situa-
tions. Often they have to add to their nests during
periods of high water to keep the eggs dry. The eggs
are buff in ground color, rather evenly marked, the spots
on the coot's eggs being smaller and blacker than on
those of the gallinule.
The young birds are covered with black down when
hatched, the coots being curiously ornamented with a
fringe of orange whiskers. They are able to run and
swim shortly after hatching and follow their parents
about, hunting for food. It is an interesting sight to
a family of gallinules threading their way along the
border of a marsh, the old ones continually calling and
the young constantly peeping so that they will not get
lost. As though to give the young something to follow,
the old birds continually flash their white under tail
coverts as they jerk along. At times the young get tired
and crawl up on the back of the mother or again she calls
them all to her and broods them for a while on little
FINAL INSTRUCTIONS
The two Virginia rails are about to exchange places on the eggs and Mrs. Rail is giving the last word
of caution to her dutiful consort before he takes his turn.
BACK ON THE JOB
The Gallinule is incubating and has ruffled its feathers to keep cool.
neit is built up from the water with dead rushes.
The
platforms of rushes or temporary nests which she con-
structs.
In the southern states another species of gallinule is
found. It is much brighter in coloration and thus gains
for itself the name of purple gallinule. It is not so
seclusive as the Florida gallinule and in shrubby marshes
often climbs up on the bushes to bask in the sun.
Of the rails the commonest and best known is the
Virginia rail, a bird about the size of a robin but of very
different shape with its small head, long bill, and long
legs. In general color it is dark brown, somewhat
streaked on the back and redder on the breast, the flanks
being barred with black and white. It is found even in
small marshes, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, nesting
from the Middle States to Ontario and British Columbia,
and wintering from the southern part of its breeding
range to Central America. It is often heard but seldom
seen for it is rather difficult to flush even when one fol-
RAILS, GALLINULES AND COOTS
1003
lows its notes out into the marsh. It seems to prefer to
dodge through the thick vegetation like a mouse, some-
times when cornered, doubling back almost between one's
feet to avoid flying.
The Virginia rail arrives from the south on its nest-
ing grounds from the middle to the last of April when
the marshes are still flooded and the new vegetation is
just beginning to show green. Nevertheless one needs
patience to find the birds even at this time though their
notes are almost as frequent as the croaking of the frogs.
The first notes heard in the spring are not very different
from the spring call of the peeper but soon one hears a
note that might be called its song. Cut-a, cut-a, cut-a,
cut-a, or racket, racket, racket, racket, comes from a little
clump of brown cat-tails, almost thin enough to see
through and yet, try as one may, one cannot see the bird.
A CAPTIVE COOT
The coot is sometimes called a "mud hen." Note the white bill and the
lobes on the toes.
As soon as the vegetation grows high enough to afford
some protection, nesting begins and the marshes resound
with their cries even during the night. A hollowed plat-
form of rushes is built in a clump of vegetation just above
the water and the tips of the flags or sedges are pulled
down until a sort of a roof is formed to conceal the sit-
ting bird from enemies passing over head. The young
rails are similar to the young gallinules but of course
are smaller. They are able to run about almost as soon as
hatched but if danger is near and the parent birds think
they are not traveling fast enough, they do not hesitate
to pick them up by any convenient appendage and hasten
off with them. The writer once attempted to confine a
nest full of young rails by placing an enclosure about the
nest, but the old birds without the slightest hesitation,
\1 I\ T> "*>
f-
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A LEAKY ROOF
But it serves to hide the Virginia rail from enemies that fly over head.
The rails always pull the tips of the growing vegetation down over the
msts in this way.
flew over the fence with the young ones and carried them
further into the marsh.
A larger edition of the Virginia rail and much less
common, except in some of the marshes of the Middle
West, is the king rail. Its color pattern is almost an
exact counterpart of that of the Virginia rail but it is
almost twice the size. A much paler species but other-
wise similar to the king rail, is the clapper rail, found
only in the salt marshes. The clapper rails of the Pacific
A VIRGINIA RAIL AT HOME
Note the long, slightly decurved bill.
1004
AMERICAN FORESTRY
a second time. Indeed on one occasion when the writer
was tramping through a rather extensive marsh, his
attention was attracted by a yellow spot close against the
water. Looking more closely, he discovered a sora rail
crouching low and expecting to be passed unnoticed. So
completely did it rely upon its protective coloration, that
it permitted itself to be touched before it attempted to
escape. The eggs of the sora rail are darker in ground
ON THE FENCE
This Virginia rail is about to carry its young out of the enclosure. Note
the short rounded wings.
coast are somewhat browner than those of the Atlantic
marshes and constitute a separate species.
The sora rail or sora is about the size of the Virginia
rail but is more olive in general color with grayer under-
pays. Its bill is much shorter and heavier and is bright
CARRYING HER BABY
The Virginia rail has picked up one of its youngsters by the leg and is
hastening Us departure from the vicinity of the camera.
color than the Virginia's and the downy young are
ornamented with a tuft of orange whiskers on the chin
and a brilliant red cere like a ball of red sealing wax
above the bill.
There are two other rails found in the United States
and Canada but both are rare. The yellow rail is some*
IS THE COAST CLEAR?
A Sora rail sneaking up to its nest in the marsh grasses.
yellow in color. Indeed the bill is the most conspicuous
part of the bird. Often when the sora is flushed, the
bill is the best mark by which to distinguish it from the
Virginia rail. In habits the two birds are very similar
being equally difficult to discover and when finally flush-
ed, both fly but a short distance with dangling legs and
apparently feeble wings before dropping again into the
marsh. It is practically impossible to flush either species
"WHOSE BLACK BABY ARE YOU?"
A young Florida gallinule only a few hours old.
RAILS, GALLINULES AND COOTS
1005
A HOME IN THE MARSHES
This nest of a Sora rail is in a large plant of the Arrow arum.
what similar to an immature sora but is considerably
smaller and can be distinguished by a white patch in the
wing. The black rail is the smallest and least known of
them all, being but little larger than a wren. Since it
darts around like a mouse through the grassy marshes
and is seldom flushed, it is scarcely ever seen even where
it is nesting.
Rails on the whole are not very intelligent birds and be-
cause of their life in the dense vegetation have apparent-
ly become very short sighted. They are quick to detect
motion but if one remains perfectly still, they will some-
times approach and even run over one's feet. With their
short rounded wings and soft plumage, it is not to be
wondered at that they prefer to run rather than to fly,
but it is surprising to discover what long distances some
of them traverse on the migration. Sora rails, for ex-
ample, regularly migrate to South America and on one
occasion, at least, a sora has flown across the Atlantic
to Great Britain.
Rails, gallinules and coots are all considered game
birds and are shot in considerable numbers, especially
Photograph by H. L. Sharp
A SORA'S PROSPECTS
Three of the eggs have hatched into little black powder puffs that are
curiously ornamented with tufts of orange whiskers beneath the bill and
drops of red sealing wax above.
in the South. The rails are very small, however, their
flesh is of inferior quality, and they are such weak flyers
that they furnish a very low grade of sport for hunters
other than boys.
SOUTHWESTERN FOREST SUPERVISORS HOLD IMPORTANT CONFERENCE
XT 0\V to obtain an accurate inventory of the timber
of the Southwestern National Forests, to determine
the extent of past cuttings, to secure growth and yield
figures, in short to lay a better foundation for scientific
management of the Forests, was one of the chief topics
of discussion at the meeting of the fifteen supervisors
and the district officers of the Arizona and New Mexico
Forests, who met in Albuquerque, New Mexico, during
the week beginning February 10th. A workable scheme
for an extensive program of silvicultural management
was presented and approved.
Many other problems of Forest administration, par-
ticularly those dealing with publicity, land classification,
education, game, fire protection and grazing were de-
bated.
The timber sale business in the Southwestern district
is large. In the fiscal year 1918, 121 million feet were
cut under sale contracts, having a value of $273,500.00.
At this meeting was displayed a device for more ac-
curately determining the location of forest fires, invented
by W. H. Gill of the Albuquerque office of the Forest
Service. The device, called a cameragraph, is a pro-
posed substitute for panoramic maps, which have been
extensively used in both eastern and western Forests,
especially in connection with the Osborne "fire-finder"
in the northwestern Forests.
1006
AMERICAN FORESTRY
^
K§*
^^;
&
THE PINE WOODS FOLK
SQUEAKY CHIPMUNK MAKES A DISCOVERY
By E. G. CHAYNEY
QUEAKY CHIPMUNK woke up
with a very distinct feeling of
chill and decided that some-
one must have left the front
door open. He did not tear up
to the door excitedly to see
what had happened as he ordi-
narily would have done — for the truth was
that he was only about half awake. In
fact he had been only half awake for sev-
eral weeks. Ever since the snow had closed
over the entrance to his house he had been
sleeping most of the time when he was
not eating. He had had some awful dreams
of the food supply giving out before the
snow melted.
"That's what it is," said Squeaky, sud-
denly wide awake at last, "the snow must
have melted."
He gave one sharp squeak to his sleepy
little wife and rushed up the narrow
passage to the doorway. Sure enough,
the snow was gone and the
sun shone full in his face. The
sun blinded him at first after
the long weeks he had
spent in the dark and he
blinked contentedly in
the warm sunshine
without seeing much.
Slowly it dawned
on Squeaky that he
could hear
a s t r a n ge,
rasping
sound not so
very far away. His curi-
osity was almost eating
him up and he strained his
eyes to look through that dazzling sunlight.
Gradually things began to take definite
form. At last he could see. Sure enough
there was that old prickly porcupine eat-
ing all the bark off of one of those very
Norway pine trees which Chatter Box's
grandfather had planted. Squeaky was
terribly excited.
"Hey, you old quill pig," he screamed,
"Stop that right away!"
Porky stopped eating and listened a
minute. He did not hear anything more
and started to eat again.
"Did you hear what I said?" Squeaky
screamed again as he hopped excitedly to
a stub on the top of the old dead log.
Porky paused again and looked curi-
ously around to see where the sound came
from. He saw Squeaky and settled com-
fortably down onto a tiny little limb which
did not seem nearly large enough to hold
him and prepared to talk. He had not
seen any of his friends for some time and
he was quite ready for a friendly chat.
"Hello, Squeaky," he called down cheer-
fully, "did you speak to me?"
"Did I speak to you?" Squeaky shouted,
tweeking his little tail angrily, "I screamed
at you as loud as I could."
"Well," Porky said pleasantly, "you see
I make so much noise knaw-
ing off this bark that I have a
hard time hear-
ing anyone else."
It was hard to
stay angry with
anyone who
spoke so
pleas antly
and Squeaky
began to feel
a little bit
ashamed of
himself. He
hoped that
not heard him
"quill pig."
"I was / )///// wondering,"
said Squeaky / 1/ // in a very dif-
ferent tone, I \ I ' "if you knew
that Chatter' ' / ' Box's grand-
father planted that tree that you are eat-
ing up?"
"Is that so?" said Porky looking at the
tree with a new interest.
"Yes," said Squeaky, feeling quite im-
portant, "he buried a cone there and those
three trees grew from it."
THE PINE WOODS FOLK
I
"Well, well, well," said Porky, " I guess
it's the only good thing that he ever did."
Squeaky felt a little taken back. "But
you will kill it that ,
way," he remonstrated. /UAs.\-\*
Porky looked thought
fully at the four
feet of trunk
that he had skin-
ned. "I expect it
will," he said in-
differently, but I
have to eat some-
thing."
"Why
don't you
eat some of those
little popples?"
Squeaky suggest-
ed. "They grow
faster and no one would miss them. That
tree there has been forty years growing up
and you will kill it in three or four meals."
"That's a fact," said Porky, "I never
thought of it in that way. I usually do
eat those small popples, but I saw old
Longfang, the wolf, yesterday and he
looked so hungry I climbed this big tree
to sleep."
"Look
out!" Por-
ky shouted
suddenly.
There was
rush and a
vicious snap as
Longfang's cruel
teeth closed on
the place where
Squeaky had
been. It was
a narrow es-
cape and Squeaky
was huddled close
up in the end of
the long passage with his heart pound-
ing against his ribs. "After all, "he
thought, "there are some people worse
than old Porky, even if they do not
eat trees."
Said the fuzzy pussy willow,
As he ruffled in the breeze,
"I surely am the handsomest
Of ornamental trees.
THE PUSSY WILLOW
"When the snow is mostly melted
And the flood is on the flats,
My kitten willow budlets
Turn to pussy willow cats."
SWAMP TREES
(Answer to Boy Scout Question No. 1 in January)
Our swamp trees do not as a rule
grow in the stagnant swamps because
they like it. They are there because
they have the ability to exist under those
unfavorable conditions where very few of
the other trees could grow at all. That is,
they have gone in there to escape competi-
tion.
The tamarack, the cypress, the black
spruce and the white cedar are all con-
sidered typical swamp trees. But take
those same trees out of the swamp and put
them in rich well-drained soil where they
will be protected from the competition of
their stronger enemies and what happens?
They grow about twice as fast as they
did in the swamp because the roots get
plenty of fresh air. The swamp is an un-
favorable location and no tree will do its
best there.
THE EFFECT OF SHADE
(Answer to Boy Scout Question No. 2)
You have probably noticed that when
two trees are growing close together most
of the limbs are on the outside and the
trunks of the trees will be practically free
from limbs on the sides next to each other.
This is because the limbs are unable to
grow in the shade. It is the same cause
that cleans the limbs from the trees in
dense forests and makes them grow with
tall clean boles, when those same trees if
grown in the open and singly would prob-
ably have many limbs coming almost down
to the ground.
This is true to a certain extent of all
{Continued on Page 1016)
1WS
AMERICAN FORESTRY
DIGEST OF OPINIONS ON FORESTRY
WILL YOU NOT CO-OPERATE WITH US BY IMPRESSING UPON THE EDITOR OF YOUR
NEWSPAPER THE IMPORTANCE OF FORESTRY? WRITE TO YOUR NEWSPAPER
BOSTON HERALD.— The presence in
Boston of the New England Forestry
Congress reminds us of certain facts
whose bearing upon the industries and
prosperity of the land our people are only
beginning to realize. The relation of for-
ests to rainfall is a recent concept in phys-
ical geography. The older text-books con-
tain but slight reference to the subject.
Within the last quarter of a century science
has reached the conclusion that the conser-
vation of forests near the headwaters of
great rivers is essential to preserve the fer-
tility of the agricultural lands in the water-
sheds, to maintain the navigability of the
rivers and prevent destructive freshets and
to supply the waterpowers of which Mr.
Harriman spoke in his address before the
Congress.
Chicago Daily Tribune. — It is doubtful if
there is in the whole Middle West a dis-
trict that lends itself more readily to the
purposes of a national park reserve than
the dunes at the south shore of Lake Michi-
gan. Why not the Roosevelt National
Park in the dunes of Northern Indiana?
Chicago American. — If the Roosevelt me-
morial is to be in the forest preserve, why
not have a forest for a memorial? Let the
Park Commissioners set aside 500 or 1000
acres out of the 13,000 of the preserve and
plant a great forest as a Roosevelt me-
morial.
Dayton News. — The Kiwanis Club, of
Washington, has sent to every other Ki-
wanis Club in America a request to join
in the planting of memorial trees for sol-
diers and sailors who lost their lives in
the great war. Each Kiwanis in the United
States is urged to see to it that a memorial
tree is planted for every one of its mem-
bers who died or was killed while serving
in the Army or Navy, and it is understood
that the recommendation has been received
with general approval.
Grand Rapids Press.— "If the State of
Michigan would simply enforce the law re-
quiring railroads to keep spark arresters
upon the smokestacks of their locomotives
the northern counties would become refor-
ested within 25 years," said a Kent circuit
judge Tuesday. "'The law is plain, and I
have called the attention of certain State
officials to it several times, but no action
has been taken."
Jacksonville Times-Union. — In this State
the law forbids the setting of fires, for any
purpose, except between the first of Febru-
ary and the last of March, and all good
citizens should try to have the law en-
forced. The fires allowed are only to be
started after due notice to people living
within two miles of the lands being cleared
or pasture lands, and public sentiment is
turning against any fires in the grazing
lands.
Springfield (Ohio) Sun.— The idea of
planting a tree for every soldier who died
for his country, making an avenue of noble,
living things, which shade the wayfarer
for all time to come, is peculiarly fitting,
and Springfield seems about ready to adopt
this plan of commemorating the heroic sac-
rifice of her four-score and ten sons in the
war with Germany. The idea of memorial
trees would seem to make visible that glori-
ous immortality for which every soldier
laid down his mortal body.
beauty of the city that they are being cut
down without legitimate reason or excuse.
No one should be allowed even to trim a
tree who does not know the business.
Dallas (Texas) Journal. — The American
Forestry Association has suggested that
every community in the United States shall
take steps to make its community Christ-
mas tree permanent; that it shall use a
living, growing tree for Christmas pur-
poses; that trees for this purpose shall be
planted and cared for. Millions of trees
are ruthlessly destroyed at every Christ-
mas season to serve unnecessarily a tem-
porary purpose.
Huntington (Ind.) Herald. — Our Ameri-
can boys ought to be remembered with
American trees— elms, maples, poplars,
gums, sycamores, hickories, walnuts, pines,
cedars, birches or one of the many others
that will be both ornamental and useful.
Hillsboro (Ind.) Times. — Thousands of
city streets and country roads can be made
attractive at comparatively small expense
for trees and the labor of planting, and the
programs of the dedication can easily be
made as impressive as those of Decoration
Day. The plan also has merit in its possi-
bilities of indefinite continuance.
New Rochelle (N. Y.) Daily Star.— Sen-
ator Walter A. Law, Jr., has introduced a
bill at Albany that will meet with the com-
mendation of every lover of nature in the
State. It amends the village law in rela-
tion to the planting, care and preservation
of shade trees.
Christian Endeavor World. — Memorials
to those that have fallen are a natural se-
quel of war. The question is becoming a
frequent one whether stone and bronze fur-
nish the most fitting monuments. There is
a growing feeling that men ready to give
their lives for their country would be most
honored by being associated with some-
thing that is itself of service to their fel-
low-men. It is finding expression in me-
morial highways and bridges and parks.
One of the recent suggestions is that the
best reminder of a noble life should itself
have life. The American Forestry Associa-
tion has proposed that the heroism of our
soldiers be commemorated by setting out
trees. The reckless waste of our forests
has awakened the nation to the need of
systematic measures for replacing them.
The value, as well as the beauty, of trees is
becoming more appreciated. The observ-
ance of Arbor Day will doubtless be more
general this year than ever before, and in
many places it will be closely linked in
thought with Memorial Day.
Boise News. — There is a good deal of
discussion current about the type of monu-
ment to be built to commemorate the men
who died for their country. The idea of
planting a tree for every soldier who died
for his country, making an avenue of noble,
living things, which shade the wayfarer for
all time to come, is peculiarly fitting. It
seems to make visible that glorious immor-
tality for which the soldier laid down the
mortal body.
Moline Dispatch. — Women of Moline,
and some of the men, are becoming increas-
ingly incensed at the cutting down of many
of the city's beautiful trees — trees which it
takes two human lifetimes to grow, and
which are often of more benefit to mankind
than are some men and women. It is
averred by those most interested in the
Ironton (Ohio) Register. — If the people
of this country do not at once begin plant-
ing black walnut timber they will make the
mistake of their lives. Now that the war
has developed the respective values of
foodstuffs, we are coming to understand
what we have annually wasted in the wal-
nut crop.
WALKS IN THE WOODS
(II) "AROUND ROBIN HOOD'S BARN" TO THE GRASSY SPRAIN WOOD
BY J. OTIS SWIFT, AUTHOR OF "WOODLAND MAGIC"
(PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR)
A GLINT of gold in the winter sunshine; filmy blue
the mountains on the western horizon ; a soft haze
veiling the Hudson below us, and lazy fish-hawks
circling in the ether above the Tappan Zee ! The cobwebs
of a week's work indoors tangle up our thoughts as we
gaze out of the window here in the Manor at Hastings-
on-Hudson. Let's get out in the woods and see if we
can, perchance, snare the old enchantment once again.
You'll come along, just to keep me company, and, too
there's a world of interesting things to see over in the
Grassy Sprain forest. The
old Dutch settlers around
Hastings stamped their
hallmarks on many things.
One was the little Grassy
Sprain brook that runs
down through Westchester
County from up near Po-
cantico Hills, the home of
Mr. Rockefeller, to the
Yonkers reservoir.
As we go down an old
colonial wood road to the
Nepperhan Valley, star-
lings whistle sharply in the
tall tulips and white oaks
by Robin Hood's Barn.
Robin Hood's Barn, you
know, was the wild wood.
The way to the silence and
rest fulness of Nature's lab-
oratories is always "around
by Robin Hood's Barn."
When our modern philoso-
phers talk of going into The
Silence as something new,
I recall the old monks and
anchorites who used to seek
out the woodland caves and rock cells in the fastnesses
to commune with their Maker. The silence of the wood,
as we go down this path, is so great one may almost hear
the rythmic beating of the big heart of Nature, to say
nothing of the soft whispering gossip of black birch and
hemlock rehearsing all the scandals of the jungle.
Downy woodpeckers and blackcap chickadees are busy
over the grubs in the bark of the dead chestnuts. Neat,
lady-like, gray-robed juncos flirt their two white tail-
feathers like momentary glimpses of ruffled lingerie peep-
ing beneath skirt bottoms in country dances, as we turn
again into the woods off Jackson Avenue beyond Mt.
Hope and come suddenly upon a wayside spring under
the roots of a gnarled old beech. Revolutionary troops
AN OLD COLONIAL WOOD ROAD BY ROBIN HOOD'S BARN
passing between White Plains and Dobbs Ferry used to
eat their noon-day lunch beside this spring. Over these
picturesque hills were camped the French army under
Count de Rochambeau in 1781 while he and Washington
planned the Southern campaign. Some of the most
celebrated soldiers of Europe may have stood on the
greensward here. Harvey Birch, the American spy, often
drank from this pool, and no doubt Washington Irving,
who knew every bit of the countryside hereabouts, drew
mystic fancies from the shadowy depths where the water
sank away under the mossy
bank and crawling beech
roots. The beech is cover-
ed with deep-cut initials,
and some thoughtful soul
has carved, right over the
drinking place, Pro Bono
Publico — for the good of
the people.
As we sink our lips in
the cold water a speckled
trout darts out from a re-
cess under the bank, flash-
ing his red-gold spots for a
moment in the shaft of sun-
light, and is gone. He has
been a willing prisoner since
the high water last Spring.
Pincushion, lichen, and
fairy-cup moss is pleated
over stone and wet earth.
There are deep fern-fes-
tooned crevices where it is
not hard to imagine that on
moonlit nights little old
men — gnomes and brownies
with frogskin breeches and
milkweed-silk doublets,
come out to dance with the laughing, frolicking, thistle-
down clad naiads and fays from the bullrush fens near
the brook below.
You should come along this brookside path from the
spring — worn by who knows what lagging feet of hoboes,
Ishmaelites and lovers — on a moonlit summer's night
when the underbrush is aglimmer with the mysteries of
glow worms, lightning bugs or phosphorescent wood, and
a-whisper with the love-songs of crickets, locusts, cicadas
and katydids. Above are the great cathedral arches made
by reaching arms of elm, yellow poplar, oilnut and red
oak that fill the imagination with strange, incompre-
hensible throbs of emotion originating in the pri-
mordial days when you and I — who knows — instead of
1009
1010
AMERICAN FORESTRY
plodding through brake and pink azalea by the brookside,
would have heen up there sweeping gracefully over yawn-
ing, moonlit depths from limb to bending limb and throw-
ing down nuts and sticks to tease the sabor-toothed tiger
and cave bear lurking in the shadows.
There is no snow on the ground just now, and we are
struck with the beautiful precision with which each
sharp awl-like skunk cabbage, green or purple, sticks up
through the frosty mud by the brook. This skunk cab-
A PICTURESQUE AND INVITING WOOD PATH IN LATE WINTER
bage, blossoming among the snowbanks and mud-flats in
January, is the first flower of Spring, undoubtedly.
What a jungle there is here in the bottom land of black
mucky loam ! Christmas ferns, Maidenhair ferns, rock
ferns, brakes, sarsaparilla, jack-in-the-pulpit, moonwort,
snakeroot, pinkster, feverbush, sassafras, and dogwood,
all growing year after year, dropping withered leaf and
sere stalk back into the mixing bowl to rot and form that
wonderful black surface soil that is the fertilizer of the
great old forest trees towering above. This is Nature's
kitchen where she kneads over and over the earth-stuff
for reincarnating her little plant and mighty tree folk.
It is her laboratory, workshop, her hospital where she
performs miracles of surgery and resuscitation. We reach
down among the decayed, lichen-covered roots of an
ancient hemlock stump and take up a handful of this
wonder-working black loam and ponder over it. It is
so clean we would not hesitate to taste it— and yet it is
the decay of centuries here in the forest, centuries of
bird, animal, insect, plant and fundus life. It is the
stuff that once may have been the bloom on the cheek of
an Algonquin maid, or the delicate veining in the lip of
the white violet, the tough heart of many an oak or
chestnut, or the taloons of eagle or fishhawk. It's the
dough from which all this loveliness about us was fabri-
cated, and, after a fashion, from which we, ourselves,
came. It comes the nearest to being the mysterious
Philosophers' Stone of the Magi, for it is one thing that,
with careful conservation and manipulation, turns every-
thing to gold. It is the foundation of the forests which
are the foundation of the wealth of the peoples.
Note for a moment the fallen timber in this little patch
of wood. There are similar patches all over America.
When I visited John Burroughs on his eighty-first birth-
day the country was anxious about the fuel supply, to
get it through the season of 1917-18, and Burroughs
agreed with me that if the fallen wood in the forests of
UP AMONG THE GREAT LEDGES THE FERNS ARE STILL GREEN
the eastern states had been gathered it would have gone
far toward keeping the Storm King out of the sitting
rooms of America that winter. Of course there is the
labor problem — but take an old hay rack and a dozen
children down any picturesque wood path in Autumn and
see how quickly it can be filled with wood-knots and
bone-dry limbs that crumble naturally into castles of coals
in the open fireplace, and bake apples such a candied
brown on the hearth in front. Clearing up the under-
WALKS IN THE WOODS
1011
brush gives young trees a chance, avoids forest fires, and
obviates the necessity of cutting down many live trees
for firewood.
A tree has such a personality, a possibility for vast
good to the race to be considered, that no one should
cut it down without due thought and care. When we
have learned to respect our forests as we do our live-
stock, America will have laid the foundations for solving
many a tragic economic problem looming so darkly now.
Mankind in his primitive days lived in the forests. He
fled there for protection as to a mother in his infant cen-
turies. Robin Hood sought sanctuary there. The hunted
outlaw flees him to the greenwood tree. You and I are
out here today for rest and comfort in the strength of the
forests. When we in America have spent our rich in-
heritance in thoughtless living, our streams are drying
up, and the desert stretches across the continent without
the voice of bird or animal,
and our fields are running
out — we'll return to the
protection of the forests as
once they protected and
cared for us, or we'll go the
way of Tyre, Sidon, and
the dodo. Not only must
we protect the Adirondack
forest, the great national
parks, the White Moun-
tains, but also every little
woodlot all across the
country like this at the
Grassy Sprain.
Right here on the edge of
the bog, among the grass-
roots, ox-eyed daisies and
buttercups, last Spring, I
found the round leaved
orchis, though it does not grow commonly back in the
bog where the marsh marigold, the cowslip, grows. I
took it home for my wild garden and expect great things
of it next Spring. Incidentally it is interesting that so
many beautiful denizens of the wild wood grow in one
locality and do not appear in some other close by. The
wake-robin grows everywhere along the Palisades on
the west side of the Hudson, for instance, but I have
never found it in Hastings on the east side of the
river.
While I am taking you along the State road to show
you where the watercress grows under a bridge in the
Sprain brook, and where the closed gentians are the
color of the bluebird's back in Autumn, where in the deep
troods the box turtles lie luxuriating in the cool edges
LOTS OF FALLEN TIMBER IN THIS LITTLE PATCH OF WOOD
of the swamp on hot summer days, I want to tell you
what I heard of the conversion of a very dyspeptic, cross,
material-minded man whose boast it was that there was
nothing in the world that couldn't be understood by his
common sense, and that he was from Missouri, anyway.
He was told by his physician that if he didn't get out
into the woods for a summer, he would die. He didn't
want to die, somehow, and so he came out here into the
Grassy Sprain forest, grumblingly and complainingly, as
a man going to his grave or a prison. In a juniper grove
where the gray squirrels woke him every morning with
their peculiar scolding, he lived all summer in a tent with
only the great shagbark hickories, white oaks, hemlocks
and junipers for companions. He went almost naked in
sunshine and rain, cooking his own food like a hunter,
and when he went back in the Fall, the color of a brown
nut and with added chest expansion, he had not only
regained his bodily health,
but his boyish heart and a
close knowledge of the
habits of all the birds, ani-
mals and trees. What
seemed to me more import-
ant, though, was that
through the long evenings
sitting in his hammock by
the campfire and listening
to the music of whip-poor-
will and veery, he had gain-
ed a suspicion that there
were, perhaps, in the mystic
pathways where rabbits
flitted silently ; in the caves
under mossy stumps, and in
the moonlit spaces along
the brookside, tribes of
eerie Little People who
spent their days painting the delicate tints into the
jewelweeds and dogtooth violets, and coloring the pink
mushrooms and fungi, and their evenings dancing, prob-
ably, on mossy stones up among the great ledges where, as
we pass, we find the Christmas fern still green this winter
day. I don't say he believed these things, mind you, for
who really knows? But when he went back to the town
in the Autumn he was no longer sure there were not
things in the world that he had never seen with his two
cold, disbelieving eyes. That very suspicion, that there
might be things he didn't know about, filled his mind with
a new and delicious delight, a sense of baffling mystery,
and started it growing again. He had found a new inter-
est in living, and, more important, in dreaming, and
he was no longer a cynic.
'"PHE first school of practical forestry in Scotland was
■*■ recently opened at Birnam, in Perthshire. The
school building that has been erected at Birnam is itself
an example of what can be done in forestry, being en-
tirely built of home-grown wood. At present the school
has twelve students. The course will cover two years
and will consist of both practical work and lec-
tures. The Duke of Athol has placed his wood-
lands at the board's disposal for practical instruction and
the aim of the school is both provision of technical
instruction and the furnishing of openings for dis-
charged service men.
1012
AMKK1CAN FORESTRY
•
S?^. t
A Beautiful English Walnut Tree In
Washington's Garden, Ht. Vernon.
The Great Washington
probably did not know that an acre (50 trees) of
English Walnut Trees
will produce in a single year food equal to
60,000 eggs (as asserted by Dr. J. H. Kellog),
but he did know the great value of nut trees
and planted them around his home at Mt.
Vernon. You may not know that at Roches-
ter we have highly developed the
Northern Grown English Walnut Tree
so that it is available for planting about
your home, in your garden and orchard, with
the same assurance of success as a planting
of Apples, Pears and Peaches, without regard
to our cold winters.
Read about these wonderful trees in our 1919
catalogue, which will be sent free on request,
and let us aid you in making a selection for
your home, in your garden and orchard, with
GLEN BROS., Inc., Glenwood Nursery,
1827 Main St., Rochester, N. Y.
Modern English Walnut Orchard
near Rochester, N. Y.
2S0 bushels from 228 trees — one season
WHEN YOU BUY
PHOTO -ENGRAVINGS
buy the right kind— That is, the
particular style and finish that will
best illustrate your thought and
print best where they are to be
used. Such engravings are the real
quality engravings for you, whether
they cost much or little.
We have a reputation for intelligent-
ly co-operating with the buyer to
give him the engravings that will
best suit his purpose--
Our little house organ "Etchings" is
full of valuable hints-Send for it.
H. A. GATCHEL, Pra. t A ST1NS0N, Vke-Pres.
GATCHEL & MANNING
PHOTO-ENCRA VERS
Sixth and Chestnut Streets
PHILADELPHIA
TREES for
FOREST PLANTING
Plant forest trees. Give employment
to our returning soldiers and
supply timber for future needs.
We have the trees and will have the
men to plant them.
Give us your order now for next
Spring.
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
KEENE, N. H.
We will plant our trees by contract
or at cost to us.
PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR OUR HEROIC DEAD AND
WHEN THEY ARE PLANTED INFORM THE AMERICAN
FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C.
SELL FUEL WOOD BY WEIGHT
Y¥/ GOD for fuel should be sold by weight
instead of by cord measure, for the
heating value depends not upon the bulk
of the wood but upon its weight, say for-
esters of the United States Department of
Agriculture in Bulletin 753, recently pub-
lished. A pound of dry wood of one spe-
cies has about as much heating value as
a pound of any other species, but two cords
may vary 100 per cent in their value for
heating.
It is the custom to sell hardwoods and
softwoods at slightly different prices be-
cause of differences in heating values. This
is only a superficial classification, however,
as two species of hardwood may have
heating values widely different. Where
hardwoods and softwoods are mixed to-
gether wthout regard to the proportion of
each, the values may be so different that
one man may, for the same money, buy
twice as much heating value as another.
The shape and size of the sticks may also
cause great variation in the actual amount
of wood substance, and therefore of fuel.
If weight were the measure, the species,
shape, and size of sticks would make lit-
tle difference, provided the wood were
thoroughly seasoned. It would be neces-
sary, however, to fix certain standards as
to time of seasoning of wood, the special-
ists say.
The bulletin points out that there is
special opportunity for greater use of
wood for fuel in New England, New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and the Lake
States, where there is a rural population
of about 20,000,000, which is estimated to
use annually 18,000,000 tons of coal.' A
considerable proportion of these fuel users
will find wood available close enough to
their own neighborhood to make long
freight hauls unnecessary. By turning to
wood they will not only conserve the fuel
supply and relieve transportation, but are
likely to contribute to the prosperity of their
own community. For one thing the oppor-
tunity to sell wood fuel would tend to en-
courage the improvement of farm • wood-
lands by proper thinnings.
An increased market for wood fuel
should open up good opportunities for op-
erators of thrasher and silo-cutting outfits
or others who have gasoline or kerosene
engines to do custom sawing during the
winter, according to the bulletin.
The bulletin contains many suggestions as
to how to develop and handle the woodlot |
to the best advantage. How to produce 1
wood, how to sell it, and how to use it j
are all covered in a practical way.
1
PATRONIZE
OUR ADVERTISERS
Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1013
WE HAVE THEM
YOU
MAY NEED THEM
500,000 Oak Seedlings In
Ten Sorts
Elm, Ash, Catalpa, Butternut, Hick-
ory, Locust and other Seedlings.
1,000,000 Resinosa, Rigida, Thun-
bergii, Ponderosa and Strobus pines.
A full supply of shrubs in lining
out sizes and specimen plants for
immediate effect.
Also, 210 a., splendid forestry tract;
120 a. great growth, milling to seed-
lings ; 90 a. farm. Liberal terms.
Send for List and Prices Today
ATLANTIC NURSERY CO.
Incorporated
Berlin, Md. - - U. S. A.
PLANT MEMORIAL TREES
FOR OUR
SOLDIERS AND SAILORS
Orchids
We are specialists in
Orchids ; we collect, im-
port, grow, sell and export this class of plants
exclusively.
Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of
Orchids may be had on application. Also spe-
cial list of freshly imported un established
Orchids.
LAGER & HURRELL
Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, IT. J.
FORESTRY SEEDS
Send for my catalogue containing
full list of varieties and prices
Thomas J. Lane, Seedsman
Dresher Pennsylvania
Nursery Stock for Forest Planting
TREE SEEDS
SEEDLiNSS
Writs for prices on
large Quantities
TRANSPLANTS
THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO.
CHESHIRE. CONN.
TREATING WOOD
4i,T ONG Life for Wood at Low Cost" is
the name of a valuable booklet which
has just been published by the Barrett Com-
pany. It treats in a very practical and
thorough way of the protection of wood
from destruction by decay and insect attack
through the application of creosote oil and
it tells of the simplicity and ease with which
this preservative may now be used.
illlllllll!:
FLOWERING FRUITS
Any flower lover who wills to make his grounds beautiful in early
spring with the "flowering fruits" does not go far astray;' Their
greatest loveliness shows when their dainty blooms contrast with
evergreens, or the shrubbery border's new-born foliage. Then you
will be glad you planted ten or a hundred of the double-flowering
Apple, which is a fleecy cloud of red, pink, and white; or the flower-
ing Peach, or the Japanese Quince, or the Japanese Cherry with blooms
like "little paper roses."
You can get acquainted with all these trees and many other rare
species if you will send for
Hicks Monograph "Flowering Trees and Shrubs "
Get on our list for the complete series. Every one devoted to sub-
jects that will help you develop the highest beauty in your landscape
or garden. I 1
HICKS NURSERIES, Box F, WESTBURY,' N. Y.
T I THEN planting
Memorial trees,
why not plant a tree
which will beautify the
landscape and in a few
years furnish a lucra-
tive income? Hardy
Pomeroy English Wal-
nut Trees will do this.
Booklet Free.
D. N. POMEROY & SON
English Walnut Orchards
LOCKPORT , N.Y.
ilkfymcrrm
HILL'S
Seedlings and Transplants
ALSO TREE SEEDS
FOR REFORESTING
"DEST for over half a century. ,A11
leading hardy sorts, grown in im-
mense quantities. Prices lowest. Quali-
ty highest. Forest Planter's Guide, also
price lists are free. Write today and
mention this magazine.
THE D. HILL NURSERY CO.
Evergreen Specialists
Largest Growers in America
BOX 501 DUNDEE, ILL.
giinuiiiimmiiiiiiiiiii mini in 1 : ■ i u iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiinii iiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiii iiiiniiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiuiiip
VICTORY TREES!
For Living Memorials
U The best memorials are Evergreen Trees, symbolic
of Immortality.
U Rosedale Evergreens have been frequently trans-
planted and carefully grown. They have developed
sturdy tops and compact root systems that thrive
when removed to new surroundings. We offer you
a choice among 70 varieties. The large sizes can
be safely transplanted for immediate effect.
H We also supply nursery trees, both Evergreen and
Deciduous, in large quantities for forestry planting.
Write today for the Rosedale Catalog.
ROSEDALE NURSERIES
S. G. Harris, Proprietor
Box K Tarrytown, N. Y.
uiimiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiinimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiu^
1014
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Some Government War Secrets
1
— and the reason for the Victory Liberty Loan
Wi
rE HAD promised the Allied war-chiefs
that we would have in France by July of
last year, 600,000 men. On that date we
had a little over 1,900,000. We had behind them
nearly 2,000,000 in this country under training who
would have been on the front before July, I919, and
we had behind those 4,000,000 men as many more
men as were necessary to do the job.
"Four million men in France meant at least
20,000,000 tons dead weight of shipping to take care
of them, and we had that program under way and
were making our maximum output just about the
time the armistice was signed. Twenty million
tons of shipping at present cost means just about
$4,000,000,000 or a little over.
"Did you know that those 2,000,000 men in
France, who did so much to bring the war to an end,
had only one small battery of American-made artil-
lery behind them; just one battery of 4.7 and a few
big naval rifles! The rest of the artillery used by the
American soldiers was made by Frenchmen in
France. But, on the way was a great stream of guns
and shells that would have blown the German army
off the earth. But that stuff had just come into large
production in November, 1918. And it is for the
deliveries on that big peak production that we have
to pay in December and January and will have to
continue to pay for in February."
"Our program for tanks, of which few got into
action, was, I have been told, to provide for a tank
in 1919 for every 75 feet of the front."
"Those are some of the things that cost money,
and practically none of those great supplies of artil-
lery, of shells or tanks, even of ships, practically none
of that stuff was ever used. What an awful waste!
We are asked to pay for a dead horse that never
drew a load! It is discouraging, paying for some-
thing that is no good!
"Well, let's see if it's any good. Do you realize
that the German army was never really routed; that
except for a little bit of a stretch down in Alsace-
Lorraine it was never fighting on German soil? They
were brave soldiers, the German soldiers. They still
had millions of them on the Western front. And
yet they surrendered while they were on foreign soil.
They had a fleet which had required years and years
and years to build and it flew the white flag without
firing a shot."
* * *
"I cannot believe that these great stores of muni-
tions were wasted. In addition to the bravery of the
American doughboy that arrived in France and got
into action in numbers about the 15th of July and
turned the tide and drove the Germans back, in
addition to his bravery and his almost reckless spirit
of determination, for which the praise cannot be too
high, I say in addition to that, I believe there was
one other factor that brought this war to an end at
least one year before the most optimistic of us had
dared to hope for. One other factor, and that was
that Germany, her general staff, knew that back of
the few hundred thousand Americans that really got
into big action, and back of the 2,000,000 in France,
was another 2,000,000 ready; and despite the fact
that we had practically no artillery of American
make on the Western front, that there was a great
stream of American-made artillery on the way. And
it is my conviction that the German staff knew that
if they prolonged the war into 1919, they were invit-
ing, not certain defeat, but certain annihilation."
"We are asked to pay for things that were never used;
we are asked to pay for shells that never were fired;
for cannon that never reached the battlefront, but
we are asked to pay for those things that helped in
a major way to bring this war to an end in 1918
instead of 1919. And the bringing of this war to an
end twelve months before we could logically look
for it means that we are asked to pay for saving the
lives of 100,000 or 200,000 American boys who would
have died on foreign soil had the war continued
another year."
— Extracts from a speech by Hon. Lewis B. Franklin,
Director War Loan Organization, U. S. Treasury 'Department.
ictory Liberty Loan
9 Space contributed by
The Clean-tip
Button r THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
Prepired by American Allocation of AdvcrtUine Agencies cooperitine with United Stites Treeiury Department
Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
CANADIAN DEPARTMENT
1015
CANADIAN DEPARTMENT
BY ELLWOOD WILSON
PRESIDENT, CANADIAN SOCIETY OF
FOREST ENGINEERS
'THE most important event from a for-
estry standpoint of the past month was
the meeting between a committee of the
Quebec Limit Holders' Association, some
members of the Woodlands Section of the
Canadian Pulp and Paper Association and
the Hon. Jules Allard, Minister of Lands
and Forests. This meeting discussed with
the Minister the advisability 'of planting on
government lands held under lease and
ways and means of accomplishing reforesta-
tion. The concensus of opinion was that
reforestation was a pressing necessity and
that the government should bear some of
the financial burden of such work. The
Minister said that he was quite willing to
consider any plan which the Committee
would bring forward and would, when such
scheme had been approved by the Com-
mittee and himself, bring down the neces-
sary legislation. Ways and means are now
being considered and the Committee will
shortly meet to discuss the subject in all
its different aspects and decide on what
shall be presented to the government. The
ravages made by a fungus disease on the
balsam are becoming so serious that in a
short time the present stand of this species
will all be affected and it will not be pos-
sible to cut it. As it forms about 60 per
cent of our total soft wood stand this will
cut the length of time for which we have
sufficient wood in two. The only means
for combating this disease that seems to be
known is to burn the debris from logging
and gradually try to clean up the woods.
This would have the added advantage of re-
ducing the danger from forest fires and also
the cost of fighting them but would in-
crease the cost of the wood.
An active interest in reforestation is be-
ing taken by the larger and more progres-
sive paper companies. The Laurentide and
Riordon Companies have been planting for
some years and this year the Price Brothers
Company, The Abittibi Company and the
Belgo-Canadian Company are making plans
to commence. Such progress is indeed note-
worthy and speaks well for the future of
our timber supply.
A standardization committee, consisting
of the Managers of the co-operative fire
protective associations, the Manager of Do-
minion ['arks, a member of the Forester's
staff of the Railway Commission and a
member of the Dominion Forestry Branch,
ther with the Foresters of Ontario and
New Brunswick, has been formed which
will try to correlate and standardize fire
protection methods and to develop new and
improved means for fighting fires. This
is a long step in advance and will cer-
tainly firing good results and increased ef-
ficiency.
DRIVE SCREWS AUTOMATICALLY
Each Reynolds as a rule replaces from
three to six operators.
Power - Driven, Automatic, Magazine
Feed, for either wood or machine
Made in many sizes and types for almost
all work requiring screws.
Write for catalogue and testimonial let-
ters from manufacturers who oper-
ate from two to twenty machines.
THE REYNOLDS MACHINE COMPANY
Simply dump a gross of screws
(either wood or machine) into the
hopper. The Machine does the rest.
MASSILLON
Dept. F OHIO
The Annual Meeting of the Dominion
Conservation Commission was held in Ot-
tawa in February and reported progress
along forestry lines in all parts of the
Dominion. Especially encouraging was the
report on the research work completed dur-
ing the past season and the large program
for the coming summer. The Provincial
Governments and private firms are co-
operating both with financial help and
through their forestry personnel. The in-
formation being obtained is absolutely basic
and is necessary before we can make any
intelligent plans for handling our wood-
lands in the future. Permanent sample
plots have been laid out where questions of
growth, future yields, insect and fungus
injuries, effect of slash disposal methods,
reproduction on old burns, and the effect of
different methods of cutting are being
carefully studied. Plots have also been es-
tablished for the study of planting under
different conditions of soil, number of trees,
various associations of species and other
important questions. The effect of the
drainage of swamp areas on tree growth is
also being studied. In one section a perma-
nent camp for the housing of personnel and
equipment has been constructed.
Messrs. Robson Black and Ellwood Wil-
son spoke at the Forestry Conference held
in Boston, under the auspices of the Boston
Chamber of Commerce, February 24 and 25.
A. C. Volkmar, who has been for some
years the Forester of the Riordon Paper
Company and has put their forestry de-
partment on a splendid basis, has taken a
position with the Canada Paper Company.
He will have charge of the mapping and
estimating of their new limits and will pre-
pare a working plan for their exploitation.
Lieut H. G. Schanche, who left the
Laurentide Company to enlist in the avia-
tion section of the U. S. Signal Corps, has
been discharged and has again taken up
his duties with the Laurentide Company.
Sergeant Arnold Hanssen, of the Canadian
Society of Forest Engineers, had a very
narrow escape just before the signing of the
armistice when a shell splinter or machine
gun bullet went through his steel helmet.
He has been taking a trip through southern
France and Italy and expects to visit his
people in Norway before returning to
Canada.
There has been a great shortage of timber
in South Africa during the war and but for
the foresight of the early settlers the situa-
tion would have been very serious. It is
felt that a vigorous tree planting campaign
should be undertaken. The railways have
already done some work along this line.
They now have 55,504 acres under manage-
ment, of which 23,532 acres have been
planted. The oldest are sixteen years of
age and are already yielding marketable
timber from which a considerable revenue
is obtained.
The Canadian Forestry Association is en-
tering a new year of usefulness with 8,000
members.
A new company, the "Norske Kemikalier"
with a capital of half a million dollars, has
been formed to produce medicinal and chemi-
cal compounds from the destructive dis-
tillation of wood. The principal material is
fir tree roots.
There is at present some inquiry for
Canadian timber lands from England and
Norway and some sales have been made.
The International Paper Company which
owns some two thousand square miles of
timber limits in the St. Maurice Valley, are
1016
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Note two ueci in tlm row mitiinf. Compare
•izc and appearance of trees with thote at the right,
planted to bla«lrd bed* — 4r jun /run fh*tfr*th.
in BLASTED
I found that trees planted in beds blasted with
Atlas Farm Powder did twice as well as tnose in
spade-dug holes, ' ' writes J. J. Funk, Webb City, Mo.
"1200 trees and 400 grape vines planted in blasted
beds grew more in a year than others in spade-dug
holes had grown in three years," writes F. M.
Reeder, Charles Co., Md.
Any one can blast beds for trees with Atlas Farm
Powder. > The work is easy, quick and efficient
Remember that ordinary explosives will not give the
same results as Atlas Farm Powder, and insist upon
having Atlas, the Origina/Farm Powder,foryourtree-
bed blasting,land clearing and other agricultural work.
Our book, "Better Farming with Atlas Farm
Powder," will show you how to save and make
many dollars. The coupon or a post card mention-
ing this paper will bring it by the first mail.
ATLAS POWDER CO., Wilmington, Del.
Dealers everywhere. Magazine stocks near >ou.
*■»■ --* ■■;■
I ATLAS POWDER CO.
Wilmington, Del.
■ S"nd me "better Farming with Atlas
|l-a<m Powder." 1 am interested in
explosives for the purpose before which
1 mark "X."
D Stump Blasting
D Boulder Blasting
O Subsoil Blasting
O Tree Planting
D Ditch Digging
D Road Making PD9
Name ,
I Address
Atlas Farm Powde
The Safest Explosive
The Original Farm Powder
about to commence the erection of a large
paper mill at Three Rivers, Quebec. It is
said that they will spend about six million
dollars. This addition to the mills in this
valley will make it one of the most im-
portant paper producing sections in the
country, and will be a great addition to the
industries already operating in Three
Rivers.
A delegation consisting of Sir William
Price, Brig.-Gen. J. B. White, D. S. O.,
and Ellwood Wilson, with other members
still to be announced, went to Ottawa on
March 18 to impress upon the government
the necessity of using returned soldiers for
reforestation work. In the opinion of Gen-
eral White, there is no other work so well
suited to those men who have been gassed
or shell shocked. He estimates that there
are about fifteen hundred such men to be
cared for. The Dominion and Provincial
Governments have large areas of lands
which could be planted and also nurseries
from which stock could be supplied.
The general opinion of all those who
have observed its results, is that in the
forests of eastern Canada, the diameter
limit has been worse than a failure. Its
effect has been to take out the best trees
and leave all the poor ones. It was always
supposed that the smaller trees left would
grow and produce a second crop but it has
been definitely proved that most of these
are suppressed trees which rarely take on
any new growth after the removal of the
larger ones and then only after some time.
If the stand is opened up appreciably almost
all of them blow down. The removal of the
spruce has encouraged the reproduction of
balsam and now that the balsam is being
heavily cut the forests are rapidly becoming
almost pure hardwood stands. It is hoped
that some other method of regulating cut-
ting in our forests will be developed. The
Quebec Government already has made ar-
rangements by which a license holder can
ask to have a forester examine the land
he wishes to cut, and if in the forester's
opinion, some other method of cutting than
that laid down in the regulations would be
better, he may give permission. This is
certainly a step in the right direction.
FORESTRY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS
{Continued from Page 1007)
trees, but some species are able to stand
much more shade than others. Those with
a dense, heavy foliage — that is those that
make good shade trees — can stand more
shade than those with less dense foliage.
The sugar maple is a very good example
of the former and the ash of the latter.
Consequently, when these two species,
the sugar maple and the ash, happen to
grow side by side, the light shade of the
ash has very little effect on the growth of
the sugar maple, while the dense foliage
of the sugar maple is almost sure to clean
all the limbs off of the near side of the
sensitive ash. .
QUESTIONS FOR NEXT MONTH
(1) In a dense stand of basswood, maple
and hickory, what species of young growth
do you find?
(2) What hardwood tree has a bud with
a decided hump on the side of it?
WHAT THEY SAY
"I have read with great satisfaction the
article by Dr. Shufeldt in American For-
estry on budding leaves. The fringe tree
especially interested me. Thank you for
giving me so much pleasure in these cruel
days." — Dan F. Bradley.
"We are now furnishing your magazine
to one of our Log Camps, and two of the
individuals of our company are also sub-
scribers. This is a good magazine and we
get a good deal of pleasure from reading
it. — P. R. Caray, Vice-President Camp
Manufacturing Company.
"I have been greatly attracted by your
series of articles and the excellent photo-
graphic illustrations in American Fores-
try."— Homer D. House, August 15, 1918.
"Let me thank you for having sent to me
the copy of American Forestry containing
Dr. Shufeldt's charming article on pictures
and plants for Christmas. It always does
me good to read things like this." — Walde-
inar Kaempffert.
TRAINING COURSES IN WOOD IN-
SPECTION
HP HE inspection of wood has played a
greater part in the manufacture of
aircraft than in any other important in-
dustry and at the beginning of the war
the number of men qualified for this work
was very limited. The Forest Products
Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, pre-
pared a handbook for inspectors and con-
ducted short training courses in wood in-
spection.
There is a very definite possibility that
with the coming of peace similar courses
of instruction for representatives of manu-
facturing plants in the wood using indus-
try will be instituted. A number of manu-
facturers have expressed a desire to send
men to the Laboratory for a short period
of training.
Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1017
DAVEY TREE SURGEONS
\
George IV. Burnett, superintendent,
Morris Whitridge estate, Adams-
ville, Rhode Island, and a view of
the famous "Avenue" on the estate
which is visited by hundreds of
tourists yearly
The tribute of George W. Barnett to
Davey Tree Surgery
Adamsville, Rhode Island.
The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., Kent, Ohio.
Gentlemen : Last year your experts treated a number of trees on the
estate of Mr. Morris Whitridge, of which I am in charge.
I naturally was interested in this work, as the particular trees treated
had previously been filled with cement. When this crude filling was
removed, revealing the hidden decay, I was curious to find out if the
same thing would happen again in a few years after your men had
completed their work.
As I watched closely each stage of the treatment given by your
representatives, I soon saw how your methods made it utterly impossi-
ble for the cavity to spread or moisture to enter.
Since then the trees have stood the most severe storms, and no signs
of cracking or opening have appeared. I am a staunch believer in
Davey Tree Surgery. Truly yours,
George W. Barnett, superintendent.
The saving of priceless trees is a matter of first importance on every
estate. Davey Tree Surgery is a fulfillment of the maximum expecta-
tions of those who love and value trees. A careful examination of
your trees will be made by appointment.
THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO., Inc., 2108 Elm St., Kent, O.
Branch Offices with telephone connections in New York, Philadelphia
and Chicago. Write nearest office.
Permanent representatives
located at Boston, Newport,
Lenox, Hartford, Stamford,
Albany. Poughkeepsie, White
Plains, Jamaica, L. I., New
ark, N. J., Harrisburg, Balti-
more, Washington, Buffalo,
Pittsburgh, Cleveland, De
troit, Cincinnati, Louisville
Milwaukee, Minneapolis, St
Louis, Kansas City. Cana
dian address: 252 Laugau
chitere West, Montreal.
JOHN DAVEY
Father of Tree Surgery
F.zery real Davey Tree Surgeon is in the employ of The Davey Tree Expert Co., In
falsely representing themselves
Note that the concrete filling is
laid in sections, thus forming
"rocking joints" which allozv
for swaying and prevent crack-
ing. Rigid steel rods bind the
branches at the crotch firmly
together
c, and the public is cautioned against those
1018
AMERICAN FORESTRY
BOOKS ON FORESTRY
AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, (or the benefit of those who wish books on forestry,
a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry
Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid.
FOREST VALUATION— Filibert Roth
FOREST REGULATION— Filibert Roth
PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR— By Elbert Peets
THE LUMBER INDUSTRY— By R. S. Kellogg
LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS— By Arthur F. Jones
FOREST VALUATION— By H. H. Chapman
CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY— By Norman Shaw
TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS— By John Kirkegaard
TREES AND SHRUBS— By Charles Sprague Sargent— Vols. I and II, 4 Parts to a Volume—
Per Part
THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER— Gifford Pinchot
LUMBER AND ITS USES— R. S. Kellogg
THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK— B. E. Fernow
NORTH AMERICAN TREES— N. L. Britton
KEY TO THE TREES— Collins and Preston
THE FARM WOODLOT— E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling
IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Samuel J.
Record
PLANE SUR VE YING— John C. Tracy
FOREST MENSURATION— Henry Solon Graves
THE ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY— B. E. Fernow
FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY— Filibert Roth
PRACTICAL FORESTRY— A. S. Fuller
PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY— Samuel B. Green
TREES IN WINTER— A. S. Blakeslee and C. D. Jarvis
MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico)— Chas. Sprague
Sargent
AMERICAN WOODS— Romeyn B. Hough, 14 Volumes, per Volume
HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, EAST OF THE
ROCKY MOUNTAINS— Romeyn B. Hough
GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES— J. Horace McFarland
PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD; THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— Chas. H. Snow
HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION— Samuel M. Rowe
TREES OF NEW ENGLAND— L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks ;
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES— H. E. Park-
hurst
TREES— H. Marshall Ward
OUR NATIONAL PARKS— John Muir
LOGGING— Ralph C. Bryant
THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE UNITED STATES— S. B. Elliott
FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND— Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawes
THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS— Henry Solon Graves
SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES— William Solotaroff
THE TREE GUIDE— By Julia Ellen Rogers
MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN— Austin Cary
FARM FORESTRY— Alfred Akerman
THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization)— A. B. Reck-
nagel
ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY— F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD— Samuel J. Record
STUDIES OF TREES— J. J. Levison
TREE PRUNING— A. Des Cars
THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER— Howard F. Weiss
SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY— By James W. Tourney...
FUTURE OF FOREST TREES— By Dr. Harold Unwin
FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS— F. Schuyler Mathews, $2.00 (in full
leather)
FARM FORESTRY— By John Arden Ferguson
THE BOOK OF FORESTRY— By Frederick F. Moon
OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES— By Maud Going
HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN— By Jay L. B. Taylor
THE LAND WE LIVE IN— By Overton Price
WOOD AND FOREST— By William Noyes
THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW— By J. P. Kinney
HANDBOOK OF CLEARING AND GRUBBING, METHODS AND COST— By Halbert P.
Gillette .,
FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY— By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr
MANUAL OF POISONOUS PLANTS— By L. H. Pammel
WOOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— Chas. H. Snow
EXERCISES IN FOREST MENSURATION— Winkenwerder and Clark
OUR NATIONAL FORESTS— H. D. Boerker
MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES— Howard Rankin
FRANCE, THE FRANCE I LOVE— By Dr. Du Bois Loux, Pauline L. Diver, New York City
$1.50
2.00
2.00
1.10
2.10
2.00
2.50
1.50
5.00
1.35
1.15
2.17
7.30
1.50
1.75
1.25
3.00
4.00
1.61
1.10
1.51
1.50
2.00
6.00
7.50
6.00
1.75
3.50
5.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.91
3.50
2.50
3.50
1.50
3.00
1.00
2.12
.57
2.10
2.20
1.75
1.75
.65
3.00
3.50
2.25
3.00
1.30
2.10
1.50
2.50
1.70
3.00
3.00
2.50
2.50
5.35
5.00
1.50
2.50
2.50
1.50
* This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry
or related subjects upon request.— EDITOR.
FORESTRY IN LOUISIANA
"DEFORESTATION of Louisiana and
conservation of those forests already
standing in the state is the purpose of a
popular movement which has been inau-
gurated through the efforts of R. D. Forbes,
superintendent of Forestry for Louisiana.
An association has been organized, and
one of its chief purposes will be the pro-
motion of public sentiment in favor of the
utmost co-operation in the prevention and
suppression of forest fires.
Mr. Forbes believes that one of the chief
causes of waste in lumber building mater-
ials is forest fire. The state still has ex-
tensive areas of forest, and it is the plan
to save as much as possible of them for
the uses of industry and the public through
an active campaign against forest fires.
BURN WOOD AND SAVE
COAL
PLANTING TREES IN A NEW WAY
pARK COMMISSIONERS are supposed
to be pretty wise in matters pertain-
ing to trees, but the more open-minded
among them are constantly learning new
wrinkles. The old saying that experience
is a great teacher applies in tree lore as
well as in many other lines of human en-
deavor.
Mr. William J. Butler, general manager
of the Board of Commissioners of West
Park, JolietJ Illinois, a few years ago read in
the magazines that dynamite was great stuff
to use in preparing holes in which to plant
young trees. But he was a conscientious
man, and did not feel it would be right to
try out experimental ideas in the public
park, which was entrusted to his care, so
he determined to test it in his own private
orchard.
He ordered from a nursery some Early
Richmond cherry trees, some Siberian
crabs and several other varieties of apples
and decided to plant them in blasted soil.
But, realizing the need of something to
compare with, in order to see just what
the advantages might be of the new method,
he induced some of his neighbots to order
some of the same stock, from the same
nursery, and plant it at the same time, in
soil of similar characteristics, in spade-dug
holes.
Mr. Butler says the tree holes on his
place were blasted with half sticks of dyna-
mite. The neighbors dug their holes in the
good, old-fashioned way.
All the trees were two-year-old nursery
stock. Three years after planting, Mr.
Butler writes :
"My trees are actually twice as large,
and look healthier in every way. I had
plenty of cherries and crab apples this sea-
son, also some other apples, while there
was not the sign even of. a blossom on the
trees planted in the undynamited soil.
Trees on both places have had practically
the same care, so I am satisfied in my own
mind that the difference in growth is due
entirely to the different modes of planting.
"All I knew about dynamite as used in
tree planting was what I had read in the
magazines, and I was merely experiment-
ing when I planted my trees. But I want
to say now that if I had 40 orchards to
plant not a tree would be set out that was |
not in a dynamited hole."
Evidently Joliet citizens residing near I
West Park may be expecting to be treated
to a little display of fireworks the next time
any trees are to be set out in the park. If
Mr. Butler will do the planting on thel
4th of July it will be unnecessary for thel
boys of that neighborhood to invest any I
money in firecrackers to fittingly celebrate |
the glorious day that typifies our independ-
ence.
Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
CURRENT LITERATURE
1019
CURRENT
LITERATURE
MONTHLY LIST FOR MARCH, 1919
(Books and periodicals indexed in the
library of the United States Forest Service.)
FORESTRY AS A WHOLE
Proceedings and reports of associations, forest
officers, etc.
Iowa state college — Forestry club. The
Ames forester, vol. 5, 1917. 73 p. il.
Ames, la., 1917.
New Hampshire — Forestry commission.
Biennial report for the two fiscal years
ending Aug. 31, 1918. 127 p. pi., map.
Concord, N. H, 1918.
Sweden — Forstliche versuchsanstalt. Mit-
teilungen, heft 15. 320 p. il., maps.
Stockholm, 1918.
FOREST AESTHETICS
Berry, J. B. Trees : their use and abuse.
19 p. il. Athens, Ga., 1919. (Georgia
state college of agriculture— Exten-
sion division. Bulletin 162.)
FOREST DESCRIPTION
Huffel, G. Les ressources realisables des
forets allemandes. 15 p. Paris, Impr.
Berger-Levrault et cie, 1918.
Schwab, W. G. The forests of Dickenson
county, Va. 17 p. pi., map. Charlottes-
ville, Va., 1917. (Virginia— State for-
ester. Bulletin 17.)
FOREST BOTANY
Kirkwood, J. E. The conifers of the north-
ern Rockies. 61 p. il. Wash., D. C,
1918. (U. S.— Dept. of the interior-
Bureau of education. Bulletin, 1917,
no. 53.)
FOREST MENSURATION
Beuzeville, W. A. W. de. The collection
of forest data and the compilation of
form factors, volume and height
graphs, etc. 5 p. Sydney, 1917. (New
South Wales — Forestry commission.
Bulletin 11.)
SILVICULTURE
Planting
Miller, F. G. Forest and shade trees for
planting in Idaho. 4 p. il. Moscow,
Id., 1919. (Idaho — Agricultural ex-
periment station. Circular 5.)
Webster, A. D. Seaside planting for shel-
ter, ornament, and profit. 156 p. pi.
London, T. Fisher Unwin, ltd., 1918.
FOREST PROTECTION
Insects
Fagan, Margaret M. The uses of insect
galls. 22 p. N. Y., 1918.
Diseases
American plant pest committee. Report
on white pine blister rust control, 1918.
16 p. Boston, Mass., 1919. (Bulle-
tin 2.)
Darnell-Smith, G. P. Dry rot in timber.
3 p. Sydney, 1918. (New South Wales
— Forestry commission. Bulletin 12.)
Fire
Metcalf, Woodbridge. County organiza-
tion for rural fire control. 23 p. il.
Berkeley, 1918. (California — Agricul-
THE
1337-1339 F STREET.N.W.
WHSHINGTON.P.Q.
ATfP
ILLUSTRATORS
3 ^olor Process Work
^lotrotypss
Superior Qoality
Phone ttain 8Z74
FISKE
FENCE
Climb proof chain link fencing,
wrought iron and woven iron
fence, iron gates, lamp stand-
ards, grille work fountains,
vases, tennis court and poultry
yard enclosures, stable fittings.
Catalogue on request.
J. W. FISKE IRON WORKS
100-102 Park Place
N«w York City
45
tural experiment station. Circular
202.)
Washington forest fire association. Elev-
enth annual report, 1918. 31 p. il.
Seattle, Wash., 1919.
FOREST UTILIZATION
Lumber industry
Lumbermen's credit association. Reference
book, Feb., 1919. Chicago, 111., 1919.
Wood-using industries
Ellmore, W. P. The cultivation of osiers
and willows. 96 p. pi. London, etc.,
J. M. Dent & Sons, ltd., 1919.
News print service bureau. Freight rates
upon news print paper from points of
production to the larger points of con-
sumption in the United States and
Canada. 156 p. N. Y., 1919.
U. S. — Dept. of agriculture. The use of
wood for fuel ; compiled by the office
School of Forestry
UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO
Four Year Course, with op-
portunity to specialize in
General Forestry, Log-
ging Engineering, and
Forest Grazing.
Forest Ranger Course of
high school grade, cover-
ing three years of five
months each.
Special Short Course cover-
ing twelve weeks design-
ed for those who cannot
take the time for the
fuller courses.
Correspondence Course in
Lumber and Its Uses. No
tuition, and otherwise ex-
penses are the lowest.
For Further Particulars Address
Dean, School of Forestry
University of Idaho
Moscow, Idaho
UNIVERSITY OF MAINE
ORONO, MAINE
Maintained by State and Nation
r^HE FORESTRY DEPART-
■*■ MENT offers a four years'
undergraduate curriculum, lead-
ing to the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Forestry.
******
Opportunities for full techni-
cal training, and for specializing
in problems of the Northeastern
States and Canada.
******
John M. Briscoe,
Professor of Forestry
Carleton W. Eaton,
Associate Professor
******
For catalog and further infor-
mation, address
ROBERT J. ALEY, Pres't,
Orono, Maine
Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
1020
AMERICAN FORESTRY
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
DEPT. OF FORESTRY
BUSSEY INSTITUTION
/"OFFERS specialized graduate
training leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry in the
following fields : — Silviculture
and Management, Wood Tech-
nology, Forest Entomology
Dendrology, and (in co-opera-
tion with the Graduate School
of Business Administration) the
Lumber Business.
For further particulars
address
RICHARD T. FISHER
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
The
New York State
College of
Forestry
at
Syracuse University,
Syracuse, N. Y.
UNDERGRADUATE courses in
Technical Forestry, Paper and
Pulp Making, Logging and Lum-
bering, City Forestry, and Forest
Engineering, all leading to degree of
Bachelor of Science. Special oppor-
tunities offered for post-graduate
work leading to degrees of Master of
Forestry, Master of City Forestry,
and Doctor of Economics.
A one-year course of practical
training at the State Ranger School
on the College Forest of 1,800 acres
at Wanakena in the Adirondacks.
State Forest Camp of three months
open to any man over 16, held each
summer on Cranberry Lake. Men
may attend this Camp for from two
weeks to the entire summer.
The State Forest Experiment Sta-
tion of oo acres at Syracuse and an
excellent forest library offer unusual
opportunities for research work.
OPPORTUNITY
THE PROMOTER OF A RAILWAY SYSTEM WITHIN MINNESOTA
AND DAKOTA IS COMPILING A LIST OF
PROSPECTIVE RAILROAD SYNDICATE MEMBERS
For the purpose of establishing a Railway Syndicate whose object will be of
floating a Railway Company and further developing said projected Railway
System. The DATA offered free will be forwarded to applicants when the
financial and supplies markets are re-established favorable to such construction
propositions. If you find yourself in a position to join such SYNDICATE, we
predict that the offered DATA will show satisfactory advantages.
Address: P. O. Box 271 - - Ottawa, Canada
of industrial investigations. 40 p. pi.
Wash., D. C, 1919. (Bulletin 753.)
AUXILIARY SUBJECTS
Climatology
Trimble, Robert E. Colorado climatology.
64 p. Fort Collins, Colo., 1918. (Colo-
rado— Agricultural experiment station.
Bulletin 245.)
Hydrography
Switzer, J. A. The larger undeveloped
water-powers of Tennessee. 35 p.
maps, diagrs., tables. Nashville, 1918.
(Tennessee — Geological survey. Bul-
letin 20.)
Erosion
Eastman, E. E. and Glass, J. S. Soil erosion
in Iowa. 391 p. il., map. Ames, 1919.
(Iowa — Agricultural experiment sta-
tion. Bulletin 183.)
PERIODICAL ARTICLES
Miscellaneous periodicals
Aerial age, Mar. 3, 1919. — The manufacture
of veneer and plywood, by B. C. Boul-
ton, p. 1240-1272, 1285.
American city, town and county edition,
Jan., 1919. — Memorial trees for our
soldiers and sailors, p. 11-12. .
Breeder's gazette, Mar. 6, 1919. — Live stock
on forest ranges, by W. C. Barnes, p.
529-30.
Bulletin of the Pan American union, Jan.,
1919. — Palisades interstate park, p.
79-91.
Colorado highways bulletin, Mar., 1919. —
Tree planting along concrete highways,
by S. R. DeBoer, p. 15-16, 20.
Commonwealth review, University of Ore-
gon, July, 1918. — Reconstruction and
natural resources, by B. Mackaye, p.
48-51 ; First steps for bringing into use
the idle lands of Oregon, by T. T.
Munger, p. 52-62; Continuous forest
production in the Pacific northwest, by
B. P. Kirkland, p. 63-78.
Geographical review, Feb., 1919. — The
southern longleaf pine belt, by F. V.
Emerson, p. 81-90.
Journal of industrial and engineering chem-
istry, Mar., 1919. — The recovery of
waste paraffined paper by extraction
with volatile solvens, by O. Kress and
L. F. Hawley, p. 227-9.
Monthly bulletin, Ohio agricultural experi-
ment station, Feb., 1919. — Tree memor-
ials for fallen heroes, by E. Secrest, p.
52-4.
Monthly bulletin, Ohio agricultural experi-
ment station, Mar., 1919. — Tamarack
for fence posts, by J. J. Crumley, p.
83-5.
Official U. S. bulletin, Mar. 10, 1919.— New
gas mask absorbent from wood, p. 17.
Outing magazine, Jan., 1919. — Bringing in
the breeds, by J. L. Cobbs, p. 177-80.
Resources of Tennessee, Jan., 1919. — For-
ests, gullies and reconstruction, by R.
S. Maddox, p. 23-31.
Scientific American, Jan. 4, 1919. — Molded
airplane propellers, p. 11.
Scientific American supplement, Jan. 25,
1919. — How matches are made, p. 56-7.
U. S. — Dept. of agriculture. Monthly crop
reporter, Mar., 1919. — Farm firewood
crop, p. 32.
Trade Journals and consular reports
American lumberman, Mar. 8, 1919. — Cheap
wood silo for Arkansas, p. 40; Fac-
tors affecting the fluctuations of lum-
ber prices, by H. Hoyt, p. 46.
American lumberman, Mar. 15, 1919. — Phy-
sical characteristics of jarrah, p. 35;
The real status of the Loyal legion, by
J. J. Donovan, p. 41 ; Work of 10th and
20th engineers (forest) in France, by
F. R. Barns, p. 48-9; Economic use of
wood refuse as fuel by C. M. Garland,
p. 70; Wooden gutters, by R. S. Whit-
ing, p. 71.
Canada lumberman, Mar. 1, 1919. — Getting
more lumber from tapered logs, p. 62.
Canada lumberman, Mar. 15, 1919. — Why
lumber output fell during past year, p.
28-35; B. C. owns half of Canada's
timber, by R. D. Craig, p. 36.
Hardwood record, Mar. 10, 1919. — The uses
of birch veneer, p. 23; Very small saw-
milling, by J. B. Woods, p. 30, i-j.
Lumber, Feb. 24, 1919. — Walnut important
factor in great war program, by H.
Hoyt, p. 10.
Lumber, Mar. 10, 1919.— What England
needs in the way of timber, by J. Y.
Dunlop, p. 9-10.
Lumber, Mar. 17, 1919. — Piling for the army
in France, by J. B. Woods, p. 9-10.
Lumber trade journal, Mar. 15, 1919. — The
lumberman's attitude toward forestry,
by H. T. Kendall, p. 22.
Municipal journal, Jan. 25, 1919. — Water-
works operation reservoir maintenance,
p. 65-7.
Paper, Feb. 12, 1919. — The American aspen
cellulose, by V. Litchauer, p. 46, 48,
CURRENT LITERATURE
1021
FORESTERS ATTENTION
AMERICAN FORESTRY will gladly print free of charge in this column
advertisements of foresters, lumbermen and woodsmen, discharged or about
to be discharged from military service, who want positions, or of persons
having employment to offer such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen.
POSITIONS WANTED
FOREST ENGINEER, SO years of age; married;
eight (8) years experience in South and North-
east, in field and administration, desires to
make a change. References upon request. Ad-
dress Box No. 510 Care American Forestry
Magazine, Washington, D. C.
POSITION wanted by technically trained For-
ester. Have had fourteen years experience
along forestry lines, over five years on the
National Forests in timber sale, silvicultural
and administrative work; three years experi-
ence in city forestry, tree surgery and landscape
work. Forester for the North Shore Park Dis-
trict of Chicago.
P
other lines
work
igo. City forestry and landscape
referred, but will be glad to consider
Can furnish the best of reference
Address Box 600, Care American Forestry
Magazine, Washington, D. C. (1-3)
YOUNG MAN recently discharged from the U. S.
Navy, wants employment with wholesale lum-
ber manufacturer; college graduate; five year's
experience in nursery business; can furnish
best of references. Address Box 675, Care
American Forestry Magazine, Washington,
D. C. (1-3)
50; Poplar soda pulp; commercial
yields of pulps from aspen and other
poplars, by H. E. Surface, p. 50, 52;
Literature of the paper industry, by M.
Hubbard, p. 54-80; Tearing resistance
of paper, by S. D. Wells, p. 150, 152-3 ;
Alcohol from waste sulphite liquor, by
V. K. Krieble, p. 153, 156, 158, 160, 162 ;
More uses for paper pulp, p. 162; Ni-
trating of wood pulp cellulose, by S.
D. Wells and V. P. Edwardes, p. 180,
182, 184-5; Report of the Committee
on bibliography, by H. E. Surface, p.
206, 208, 210; Papermaking in Russia,
by J. Perry, p. 210, 212.
Paper, Feb. 26, 1919.— Vegetable fibers used
in papermaking, by F. C. Clark, p. 12-
14; Where some of the wood waste
goes, p. 15; Woodpulp production in
1917-1918, p. 25.
Paper, Mar. 5, 1919. — Forest products sta-
tistics, pulp and paper edition, U. S.
Centra' bureau of planning and sta-
tistics, p. 11-14 ; Tonnage explained,
p. 39; For the preservation of forests;
N. C. forestry association, p. 40.
Paper mill, Feb. 22, 1919— Raw materials
needed by French paper mills, by A.
Janot, p. 10, 12.
Paper trade journal, Mar. 6, 1919. — Canada
making big progress in pulp and paper
industry, p. 16, 24; Production and
shipment of paper in U. S. A. for 1918,
p. 32, 34.
Pioneer western lumberman, Mar. 1, 1919.
— By-products of yellow pine ; South-
ern pine association, p. 11.
Pulp and paper magazine, Feb. 20, 1919. —
The manufacture of book papers from
wood fibers, by A. O. Bowness, p.
195-9.
Pulp and paper magazine, Feb. 27, 1919. —
Soda pulp manufacture, by E. Suter-
meister, p. 215-18.
Railway review, Mar. 1, 1919. — Increasing
use of zinc chloride in treating ties,
p. 323-4.
Southern lumberman, Mar. 8, 1919. —
American hardwood manufacturers'
association announces new inspection
rules, p. 26C-33; Southern Europe
offers splendid market for American
hardwoods, by N. C. Brown, p. 36.
Timber trades journal, Feb. 8, 1919. — The
timbers of India, by A. L. Howard, p.
197-9, 237; Famous trees, by H. J.
Elwes, p. 204. .
Timber trades journal, Feb. 15, 1919. — The
state housing scheme of Great Britain,
p. 249; The U. S. national forests and
the public welfare, by H. A. Smith, p.
270; Supply and consumption of tim-
ber in Germany, p. 270.
Timber trades journal, Feb. 22, 1919. —
Afforestation, by J. H. Quail, p. 283.
U. S. commerce report, Mar. 4, 1919. — Lum-
ber shortage in Italy, by D. F. Wilber,
p. 1007.
U. S. commerce report, Mar. 10, 1919. —
Eight months shipbuilding in the U
S., p. 1107.
U. S. commerce report, Mar. 11, 1919. —
Swedish wood-pulp market, p. 1146.
U. S. commerce report, Mar. 12, 1919. — The
lumber situation in New Brunswick,
by H. S. Culver, p. 1177.
Veneers, Mar., 1919. — Seaplane of gum
panel construction, by W. H. Rohr, p.
14-15; The technology of veneer cut-
ting, by J. C. Taylor, p. 21-2.
Wood turning, Mar., 1919. — Wooden toy
business in Great Britain, p. 6-7; Cloth
made of wood, p. 10. '
Forest journals
American forestry, Mar., 1919.— Forest
casualties of our allies, by P. S. Rids-
dale, p. 899-906 ; Thunder mountain, by
H. S. Graves, p. 907-11; Kiln drying
oak for vehicles, p. 911 ; Memorial trees
planted for soldiers and sailors, p.
912-17; In the furrows of freedom,
by C. L. Pack, p. 918-22; P. W. Ayres
elected president of the Appalachian
mountain club, p. 922; Fencing ma-
terials from forests, by H. Maxwell,
p. 923-30; The waterfowl, by A. A. Al-
len, p. 931-6 ; Various parasitic plants ;
with an owl story, by R. W. Shufeldt,
p. 937-41; Crater Lake shell hole, p.
941 ; New England forestry congress,
Forestry at
University of
Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
A FOUR - YEAR, undergraduate
course that prepares for the
practice of Forestry in all its
branches and leads to the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN FORESTRY
Opportunity is offered for grad-
uate work leading to the degree of
Master of Science in Forestry.
The course is designed to give a
broad, well-balanced training in the
fundamental sciences as well as in
technical Forestry, and has, conse-
quently, proven useful to men en-
gaged in a variety of occupations.
This school of Forestry was estab-
lished in 1903 and has a large body
of alumni engaged in Forestry work.
For announcement giving
Complete information and list
of alumni, address
FILIBERT ROTH
Yale School of
Forestry
Established in 1900
A Graduate Department of Yale
University
The two years technical course pre-
pares for the general practice of for-
estry and leads to the degree of
Master of Forestry.
Special opportunities in all branches
of forestry for
Advanced and Research Work.
For students planning to engage
in forestry or lumbering in the
Tropics, particularly tropical Amer-
ica, a course is offered in
Tropical Forestry.
Lumbermen and others desiring in-
struction in special subjects may be
enrolled as
Special Students.
A field course of eight weeks in the
summer is available for those not
prepared for, or who do not wish
to take the technical courses.
For further information and cata-
logue, address : The Director of the
School of Forestrv, New Haven, Con- {
necticut, U. S. A.
Please mention American Forestry Maganne when writing advertisers
1022
AMERICAN FORESTRY
DEPARTMENT OF
FORESTRY
The Pennsylvania
State College
A PROFESSIONAL course in
Forestry, covering four years
of college work, leading to the
degree of Bachelor of Science in
Forestry.
Thorough and practical training for
Government, State, Municipal and
private forestry.
Four months are spent in camp in
the woods in forest work.
Graduates who wish to specialize
along particular lines are admitted
to the "graduate forest schools" as
candidates for the degree of Master
of Forestry on the successful com-
pletion of one year's work.
For further information address
Department of Forestry
Pennsylvania State College
State College, Pa.
Forest Engineering
Summer School
University of Georgia
ATHENS, GEORGIA
Eight-weeks Summer Camp on
large lumbering and milling oper-
ation in North Georgia. Field
training in Surveying, Timber
Estimating, Logging Engineer-
ing, Lumber Grading, Milling.
Special vocational courses
for rehabilitated soldiers.
Exceptional opportunity to pre-
pare for healthful, pleasant, lucra-
tive employment in the open.
(Special announcement sent upon
request.)
p. 942-3; Reorganization in Massa-
chusetts, p. 943-4 ; Idaho for more na-
tional forests, p. 944 ; "Biddy," an origi-
nal bird, by C. G. Abbott, p. 945-6 ; Re-
search work in reconstruction, p. 946;
Forest research, in the war and after,
by E. H. Clapp, p. 947-50; American
lumber for Norway, p. 950; What
"they say," p. 951; Canadian depart-
ment, by E. Wilson, p. 952-3; National
forests furnish recreation worth mil-
lions, p. 954; Woodlot may insure safe
water, p. 954.
Australian forestry journal, Jan. 10, 1919. —
Trees on watersheds, p. 4, 15; The im-
portance of the wood pulp industry to
Australian forests, by N. W. Jolly, p.
9; Forest fires; causes and cures, p.
12-14; Ornamental trees: 1. "Black
bean" or "Moreton bay chestnut," p.
14, 17, 19; Treatment of indigenous
hardwoods, by H. Mackay, p. 19-20;
Forest trees of Queensland ; white
beech, p. 25-7.
Canadian forestry journal, Feb., 1919. —
Australia steals a march on Canada,
by H. R. MacMillan, p. 51-3; An im-
perial forest policy, by J. S. Maxwell,
p. 56-8; The making of a spruce tree,
by C. D. Howe, p. 59-60; The miracle
of Gascony's pine, by J. B. White, p.
61-2; The state's duty in managing
forests, by E. A. Smith, p. 66-7; The
tree-soldiers of France, by B. Moore,
p. 68-9; The day after tomorrow, by
R. Black, p. 74-6; World demand
shortens life of our forests, by F. J.
Campbell, p. 79-80; A year of propa-
ganda; the Canadian forestry associa-
tion's enterprises during 1918, p. 82-90.
Forest leaves, Feb., 1919. — Shall we prevent
forest fires or merely control them, p.
2-4; Report of committee of state
grange as to forests, by G. Pinchot,
p. 4-6; Some facts in the life of a
copper beech tree, by J. T. Rothrock,
p. 6-7; The forest goes out when the
railroad comes in, by J. T. Rothrock,
p. 7-8; Planting Roosevelt trees, p. 12-
13; Pennsylvania forest fires in 1918,
by G. H. Wirt, p. 13-14.
Hawaiian forester and agriculturist, Jan.,
1919. — Eucalyptus plantation, by C. S.
Judd, p. 20-4.
Indian forester, Dec, 1918. — The rosin and
turpentine factory, Jallo, Punjab, by
A. J. Gibson, p. 539-50; Note on opera-
tions in bamboo flowered areas in
Katha division, by H. R. Blanford, p.
550-60; Sal nurseries in Gorakhpur,
by S. Howard, p. 560-70; Cause of the
spike disease in sandal, by C. E. C.
Fischer, p. 570-5 ; A new species of
Hopea, by R. S. Hole, p. 575-6; Forest
insect conditions in India, by C. F. C.
Beeson, p. 581-91.
Indian forester, Jan., 1919. — Conversion of
blue pine forest to deodar in the
Bashahr division of the Punjab, by II.
M. Glover, p. 1-3; The effect of jhum-
ing on sal, by A. N. Grieve, p. 3-6;
A plea for teak taungas, p. 6-10; For-
est insect conditions in Gorakhpur
division, by C. F. C. Beeson, p. 10-15;
The effect of thinnings on a young teak
plantation, by J. D. Clifford, p. 16-18;
A useful wood-splitting machine, by
Bradley, p. 18-21; The use of atlas
preservative to kill trees, by A. J. S.
Butterwick, p. 22-25 ; Afforestation in
the United Provinces, by E. Benskin,
p. 30-9; The forestry museum, Ran-
goon, p. 39-44 ; A new use for the gum
of Butea frondosa, p. 45-7.
Journal forestier Suisse, Jan., 1919. — Sur
les degats causes par le nemate de
l'cpicea dans les forets suisses, by H.
Badoux, p. 1-8; Le danger d'extension
des degats d'insects dans les forets du
Pare national de l'Engadine, by A.
Barbey, p. 21-3.
Journal of forestry, Jan., 1919. — Mahogany
and some of its substitutes, by S. J.
Record, p. 1-8; Some biological and
economic aspects of the chaparral, by
E. N. Munns, p. 9-14; The relation of
gray birch to the regeneration of white
pine, by J. W. Tourney, p. 15-20; The
influence of thinning on western hem-
lock and grand fir infected with
Echinodontium tinctorum, by J. R.
Weir, p. 21-35; Appraisal of fire dam-
age to immature timber for statisti-
cal purposes, by F. G. Clark, p. 36-8;
Bear clover, by J. A. Mitchell, p. 39-
43; State forest notes and legislation,
p. 44-6; Commercial forest planting, p.
95-6; Forest research in France, by
B. Moore, p. 96-7; Pisgah national
game preserve, p. 97-8; Timber sales
on the southern Appalachian forests,
by F. W. Reed, p. 98-9; Red-belt in-
jury in Montana forests, p. 99-100; A
new forest for the Yale school of for-
estry, p. 100-1 ; Germination of yellow
poplar seed, by L. J. Young, p. 101.
Journal of forestry, Feb., 1919.— Private
forestry, by H. S. Graves, p. 113-21;
Roosevelt's part in forestry, by G. Pin-
chot, p. 122-24; The war and the lum-
ber industry, by R. C. Bryant, p. 125-
34; Marketing timber from farm wood-
lands, by F. W. Besley, p. 135-43;
Women in southern lumbering opera-
tions, by E. N. Munns, p. 144-9; The
national forests; the last free hunting
grounds of the nation, by A. Leopold,
p. 150-53 ; The structure and use of the
Parana pine forests of Brazil, by H.
N. Whitford, p. 154-8; Some causes
of confusion in plant names, by A.
Chase, p. 159-62; Economic aspects of
the wood-fuel campaign, A. F. Hawes,
p. 153-7 ; Some remarks on State
forestry policy, by A. S. Hosmer,
p. 168-72; Planting in relation to
the future of national forests, by
F. R. Johnson, p. 173-7; The timber
census in the northeastern states, by
A. B. Recknagel, p. 178-9; Is public
purchase of private timberlands the
only solution, p. 192-7 ; A turning point
in New York, by A. B. Recknagel, p.
199-201, 203-4.
Revue des eaux et forets, Feb. 1, 1919. —
Chronique suisse, by A. Barbey, p. 21-
4; L'importance strategique des forets
et la guerre, by J. Demorlaine, p. 25-30;
Les meilleures essences de boisement
dans la region du centre, by L. Chan-
cerel, p. 31-3.
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1023
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American Forestry Magazine
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1024
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No. 1 — Field Book of American Trees and Shrubs, 465 pages, 275 illustrations of trees, leaves,
blossoms, fruits, seeds, area of growth, etc.
No. 2 — Field Book of Wild Birds and Their Music, 262 pages, 38 colored and 15 other full-page
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Illllllllllllll
liniiiiiine
AMERICAN FORESTRY
THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor
May 1919 Vol. 25
CONTENTS
■IlllllllllliUIIIIll
No. 305 ■
THIS BEAUTIFUL SPOT IS ON THE GREEN, AT KENDALL,
MASSACHUSETTS, AND SHOWS THE TREATMENT OF A
STREAM WHICH HAS PROVED TO BE A VALUABLE ASSET
TO THE COMMUNITY. Photograph shown through courtesy of
the F. A. Bartlett Company.
WAR'S DESTRUCTION OF BRITISH FORESTS— By
Percival Sheldon Ridsdale 1027
With nineteen illustrations.
STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS IN THE
WAR— By J. Demorlaine 1040
With three illustrations.
SPRING IN MARYLAND— Poem by John Ferguson 1044
MONUMENTS WITH A MEANING 1045
With four illustrations.
A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY— WHY AND HOW 1049
EXCLUDING ENEMY ALIENS WITH APPETITES DE
LUXE— By Charles Lathrop Pack 1053
With six illustrations.
CANADA TO HELP FRANCE— By Ellwood Wilson 1057
LET TREES TELL THEIR GLORY, NOT OUR
SORROW 1057
TREES AS WIRELESS TOWERS 1058
HIGHWAY FORESTRY AND HORTICULTURE— By
Henry W. Hulbert 1059
. With five illustrations.
A SIMPLE WAY TO DESTROY CATERPILLARS— By
Edward P. Sperry 1062
With one illustration.
PROTECTING BIRDS AS AN ACT OF PATRIOTISM— By
Moody B. Gates 1063
With five illustrations.
WALKS IN THE WOODS— WITH WASHINGTON IRV-
ING ALONG THE CROTON AQUEDUCT— By J. Otis
Swift 1066
With seven illustrations.
PHYTOPHOTOGRAPHY— OR THE SCIENCE OF PHO-
TOGRAPHING FLOWERS— By R. W. Shufeldt 1069
With eight illustrations.
FORESTRY AS A VOCATION— By H. H. Chapman 1075
FOREIGN NURSERY STOCK INSPECTION INSUFFI-
CIENT 1077
CANADIAN DEPARTMENT— By Ellwood Wilson 1078
NEW BRUNSWICK FOREST SERVICE STAFF CON-
FERENCE 1080
GEORGIA TRAINING FORESTERS FOR WAR DE-
PARTMENT 1080
ARMY AIRCRAFT TO FIGHT FOREST FIRES 1081
CURRENT LITERATURE 1082
Entered as second-class matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Washing-
ton, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1919, by the American Fores-
try Association. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage. provided for
in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 11, 1918.
COSTUMES OF
STUDENT WORKERS
These young women are
part of a class which re-
ceived several months'
training in practical for-
estry and lumbering be-
fore starting actual daily
work on timberlands.
A FEATURE OF THE
TRAINING OF
WOMEN
The instruction received
by the women workers
fits them for certaii
kinds of lumber and for-
estry work in the future
and many may take ad-
vantage of this.
INSTRUCTION IN
FORESTRY
It was found that tin-
class of women volun-
teering for forestry
work learned quickly
and became serviceable
zcorkers in a few weeks'
time.
AMERICAN FORESTRY
VOL. XXV
MAY, 1919
iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
NO. 305
llllllllllllllllllllllllll!
WAR'S DESTRUCTION OF BRITISH FORESTS
BY PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE
EDITOR OF AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE
This is the third of a series of articles on the effect of the Great War on the forests of Europe, articles based on information
secured during a tour of Great Britain, France and Belgium in December, 1918, and January and Febuary, 1919, taken for the purpose
of investigating war-time forest losses and of ascertaining how best America can aid in restoring the forests of our Allies. — Editor.
London, February 8, 1919.
THE British navy must have coal. Without coal it is
useless. British coal mines must have timber. With-
out timber they are useless. British forests and wood-
lands cannot provide all the timber needed for British
mines. Therefore Great Britain knew early in the war that
unless she could get pit tim-
ber, or mine timber as it is
called in the United States,
from nearby countries she
could not keep her mines
producing coal and without
coal her navy was helpless.
The problem of obtain-
ing pit timber was there-
fore the- most serious for-
estry problem in Great
Britain during the war. She
met it by cutting fifty per
cent, some 450,000 acres, of
her productive timber land for pit timber and other war-
time needs and by importation, hampered greatly by the
submarine menace, from other countries. Furthermore,
she would have cut all the trees in the United Kingdom if
it had been possible to transport them to the saw mills.
Transportation, due to the fact that every horse and every
automobile was requisitioned when war broke out, was
not to be had except where saw mills were close to forests
and woodlands and this alone resulted in Great Britain
having left now about half the forest and woodland
SEED FOR GREAT BRITAIN
In order to restore her denuded forest lands
and to plant waste land Great Britain needs
forest tree seed. Douglas fir and Menzies Spruce
is desired and as the seed crop in Great Britain
is very small the American Forestry Associa-
tion has secured a fund which will enable it to
present a large quantity of the seed needed for re-
planting in the British Isles.
acreage she had when the war started. The need for
timber was so great, and the lack of British lumber
workers so pronounced that Great Britain speedily real-
ized her deficiencies as a producer of lumber. First she
imported Belgian labor. This was not satisfactory. Then
she tried Portuguese with better results but she did not
make real progress either
in labor or machinery until
she secured forestry and
lumber battalions from
Canada and the saw mill
unit organized and equip-
ped in New England and
sent over to Scotland for
eighteen months' work.
Big saw mills were
erected by the Canadians
and the saw mill units
took over portable mills.
These helped wonderfully
to supply some portion of the lumber needs and the
remainder was imported. One hundred thousand tons
of pit timber a month was demanded by the mines. Ulti-
mately Great Britain was able to supply 40,000 tons of
this and import from France 60,000 tons. Previous to
accomplishing this some pit timber was secured from
Sweden by means of a three-cornered agreement between
Great Britain, Sweden and Germany.
The British knew the Swedes needed certain commodi-
ties that only they could furnish so they said to Sweden,
AMOUNT OF CUTTING
It is roughly estimated that England, Scotland and Wales, cut about 17,000,000 tons of green timber for
war purposes in the three years 1916, 1917 and 1918. This amount is about twenty times the average annual
pre-war fellings. This however is only part of loss since the woods had to be slaughtered irrespective of
the interests of silviculture in order to keep the collieries and national industries supplied with the neces-
sary timber. This often entailed cutting out suitable sizes for pit-wood and other requirements and ruining
the entire future of the woods.
1028
AMERICAN FORESTRY
"We will furnish these to you if you send us pit-wood."
Sweden replied, "But Germany will not permit our ships
to carry pit-wood to England." Said the British, "Tell
Germany that you will not supply her with iron ore
which she needs, unless she permits you to send us pit
timber and you to get in return these supplies you need
from us." Sweden made the proposition, Germany
adopted it and the three cornered bargain between the
two enemies and a neutral was made.
Great Britain was thoroughly in earnest about cutting
down every tree if it was needed. Windsor forest, beau-
tiful, historic, thirty miles from London was sacrificed.
for the large developments in munition and other enter-
prises in Great Britain.
For a few months the authorities in Scotland, where
much cutting was being done, endeavored by co-operation
with the home timber trade to supplement the supply of
sleepers and of trench timber which was required, but
this assistance was quite inadequate, and after several
conferences in London with the departments interested,
it was decided to form the Home Grown Timber Com-
mittee which was done in November of 191 5.
The Committee was authorized to purchase fabricated
timber from the timber trade ; purchase woodlands
TIMBER STACKS AT A CANADIAN CAMP
This mill and lumber yard situated in the midst of a good-sized tract of timber land is typical of the way lumber operations were conducted in
the British Isles.
A big Canadian saw mill was established in the heart of
it and 4,700 of its 7,000 acres were cut. Practically all
would have been cut had not the mill burned down when
about two-thirds of its work was completed. In and about
this forest the writer spent a day as the guest of Mr.
M. C. Duchesne, honorary secretary of the Royal English
Arboricultural Society and one of the best informed for-
esters of England.
During 1915 the British Government found that it
was becoming increasingly difficult to obtain a sufficient
supply of imported timber for the army in France and
from the owners of estates, and carry out independently
the exploitation of woodlands on behalf of the Govern-
ment.
Immediate steps were taken to forward these objects
but the Committee was faced with various difficulties —
among others, the shortage of labor, and also the pro-
vision of plant. The owners of the estates, upon the
whole, rose to the position, and with few exceptions will-
ingly afforded the Committee the opportunity of selecting
and purchasing their forest ground. The timber trade
in Scotland, which was previously fairly well organized,
WAR'S DESTRUCTION OF BRITISH FORESTS
1029
responded generously, but labor and machinery continued
to be a source of anxiety.
For a few months Col. John Southerland acted as
executive officer in Scotland and afterwards was asked to
transfer to London, and became director of the Com-
mittee, with very ample powers. Finding that it was
impossible to secure a sufficient number of lumbermen
in Great Britain, Lord Selbourne, who was then Minister
of Agriculture, approached Lord Kitchener, and as a re-
sult the latter cabled to Canada and asked the Dominion
Government to provide a battalion of lumbermen. The
latter government at once acquiesced, and in the month
end of the year, and added materially to the output.
During the year, the Committee urged the employment
of German prisoners of war, and gradually obtained
limited supplies of these men for operations. Early in
1917 the Government had to reckon with a further
decrease in the shipping available for timber and for
other purposes, and as timber occupied a very large share
of the tonnage it was decided that operations should be
commenced in France, so that as little timber might be
carried by sea as possible. In considering this matter it
was necessary to remember that Great Britain was de-
pendent upon France for the provision of pit-wood for
CANADIAN OPERATION IN SCOTLAND
A large mill at Knockando, Scotland, erected and operated by a Canadian forestry unit, secured timber from a large area by the use of lumber
cables. This photograph shows one cable across the river Spey. The carriage is loaded and the method of operating the cable is clearly indicated.
of June, 1916, the 224th Canadian Forestry Battalion
arrived in England, fully equipped with saw mills
and tools.
In the meantime the Committee was able to make
arrangements for the provision of saw mills and of
other plant in Great Britain and Belgian and Portuguese
labor was utilized in some of the woods. The Committee
was still working under extreme pressure, for the im-
ported supplies were still decreasing, and Lord Kitchener
agreed to demand another battalion of lumbermen from
Canada. This battalion reached England towards the
the Welsh mines. These mines required about 100,000
tons per month of pit-wood, the greater bulk of which
came from the district of Les Landes and Gironde by
sea. The Government decided that it was essential that
this supply should be decreased if possible by the pro-
vision of mine timber at home, and by this time the gen-
eral supply of timber became critical, and the Govern-
ment decided that as practically all the wood was re-
quired for military purposes the War Office should take
control, and they accordingly appointed a Controller of
Timber under that department. The Controller of Tim-
1030
AMERICAN FORESTRY
ber was authorized to take charge of all operations at
home, and to take possession of all the imported timber
in the country. He was responsible for the distribution
of all supplies, and was given the right to fix prices.
By this process the Home Grown Timber Committee
was absorbed into the Timber Control. At that time the
Timber Committee had altogether in operation 135 dif-
ferent exploitations in Great Britain, as also 25 exploita-
tions by the
two Canadian
Forestry Bat-
talions. The de-
velopment dur-
ing this period
of the supply
of pit-wood was
such that the
imports from
France were
reduced by
<to,ooo tons per
month.
The War
Office and the
Con troller of
Timber in the
meantime ap-
plied for fur-
ther assistance
from Canada,
but these men
were really
asked for with
a view of their
being transfer-
red to France.
Up till this
time it was not
possible to
c o m m andeer (
forests, and as
c 0 croachments
upon them were
becoming some-
what serious,
and as time
was of conse-
(|uence, the
G o v e r nment
authorized the
Con troller to
take such for-
ests as he was
advised to select, and the owners were paid, failing
mutual agreement, the value of them as fixed by an inde-
pendent commission. At the end of about three months
the Control of Timber was transferred from the War
Office to the Board of Trade, and various alterations and
improvements were arranged in the administration.
This larch at Birnam Hill
A STAND OF LARCH
Dunkeld, Scotland, is at an elevation of 350 feet,
stands similar to this.
Meantime German prisoners and further Canadian lum-
bermen were enlisted in the work, and at the date of
the armistice England had purchased about 175,000 acres
and Scotland about 125,000 acres of timber land.
In addition to the above there was a considerable area
of wood cut in the first year of the war, of which no
accurate record can be obtained, and altogether probably
about 400,000 or 450,000 acres have been felled in con-
sequence of the
war.
As to pro-
duction during
the period, the
d e p a r tments
concerned ap-
parently have
produced about
18 million cu-
bic feet of tim-
ber, and the
Board about
280 million cu-
bic feet.
A statement
of the labor
employed at the
date of the
armistice by the
Timber Supply
Department in
England.
Wales and
Scotland, is as
follows : Brit-
i s h subjects,
m e n , 7,717 ;
women, 1,734;
Canadians, 6,-
686 ; G e r man
p r i s o ners of
war, 3,486 ;
Portuguese, I,-
926; New-
1 o undlanders,
541 ; Finns,
618; Danes,
391 ; other na-
tionalities, 25 ;
making a total
of 23,124.
A. P. Long,
Divisional For-
est Officer for
the three South Eastern Counties of England, says of
the production for war purposes : "We were subject at
all times to particularly heavy demands as the condi-
tions at the front called for, and as an instance I may
mention that early in 1918 owing to an exceptional call
there were despatched from this Division no fewer than
Much of the felling was of
WAR'S DESTRUCTION OF BRITISH FORESTS
1031
68 trucks of sawn timber per day to France alone for a
period of six weeks or more, other Divisions also sending
their share.
"The figures for pit-wood, barbed wire pickets de-
fence poles and telegraph poles and other round timber
are not available on account of the difficulty in col-
lating the different classes of material and the different
systems of returns throughout the country. But it may
be said that the
production also
was increased
enormously so
that, in spite
of the severe
res triction of
i m p o rts, the
country gener-
ally, including
the timber mer-
chants, kept
abreast of the
requirements.
"Some idea
of the extent
of this section
of the work
may be gained
from the fact
that in c-ni
week the South
Wales Division
railed no less
than 8,ooo tons
of pit -wood
d'rect from the
woods.
"I should say
that in round
timber our
principal de-
mand was for
pickets and de-
fence poles
owing to the
fact that the
South Mast of
England was
one huge arm-
ed camp and
t h e ir require-
m e n t s were
e n o r mous as
well as those for France. In the output of this class
of material this Division also supplied its fair share,
as you may gather from the fact that last spring
we were called upon to supply 569,000 pickets in
two months and this was about one-half of one
huge order."
A TYPICAL STAND OF SCOTCH PINE
This timber situated near Orton in Morayshire, Scotland, indicates the size and the character of the stands
felled by imported lumbermen operating in Scotland.
WHAT THE WAR HAS TAUGHT
The Earl of Selborne, an authority on forestry, made
this very frank statement, "There is no country in
which forestry has been more neglected than it has in
the British Isles. Now the experience of the war has
brought home at last, even to the Government of this
country, the immense importance of forestry. We were
dependent before the war upon imported timber to an
enormous
proportion of
our annual re-
quirement, not
only for all
building pur-
poses, but for
all pit-props in
our mines, and.
as every owner
0 f woodlands
knows, we who
own woodlands
found it very
difficult to sell
our product,
however good
in quality, for
any reasonable
price before
the war. Now,
suddenly in the
war, the Gov-
ernment d i s -
covered that it
isaverydanger-
ous thing to be
dependent up-
on oversea sup-
plies. The
shipping prob-
lem early be-
c a m e a c ute,
and it was soon
seen that a very
1 a r ge propor-
tion of our
tonnage was
engaged in
bringing timber
to this country
— timber for
building, timber
for mines, and
timber for pa-
per making. Very early they had to begin to curtail the
supply of tonnage used for this purpose; they began to
look about and see what there was in the British Isles that
could be used. They found a great deal more than any-
body believed existed here, and almost all of it has
been found to be of high quality, to be wholly suit-
1032
AMERICAN FORESTRY
able for construction purposes and for pit-props, and
you will remember before the war the timber trade was
constantly telling us that our products were not equal to
foreign goods for those purposes. It was not true, we
didn't believe it to be true at the time, and the experience
of the war has shown that it is not true; and although,
of course, a great deal of the timber that has been cut
has been used green and unseasoned, owing to the haste
with which its utilization has been required, yet it has
been proved to be of fine quality. It is no exaggeration
to say that if it had not been for what landowners of
this country have done in the way of planting in past
years, not only without any encouragement from the
Government, but in the face of great discouragement of
every kind, this country could not have carried on the war.
"Now, what
is the position
after the war?
Practically we
may say that
the supply of
coniferous tim-
ber is exhaust-
ed. Every-
thing that
could be possi-
bly utilized in
the way of
coniferous tim-
ber will be
utilized, before
the period of a
normal supply
of shipping for
i m p orts after
the war has
been restored.
There will be
n o coniferous
timber in this
country, except
very young
plan t a tions,
and compara-
tively few of
them. There
will have been
great inroads made upon our ash, the supply of oak will
not have been very materially impaired, but such trees
as poplars and certain classes of elm will have been
largely cut into, and the problem of reafforestation will
at once become acute.
"If we were caught — which God forbid — in any
war of this magnitude thirty years hence, and there had
been no replanting on a sufficient scale, the country would
be in a very bad position from the very beginning. So
far as we can foresee, it would be impossible to keep our
mines going on imported pit-props. Therefore, as a mere
measure of national safety, apart altogether from the
importance of the forestry industry in any civilized
country, it has certainly become necessary for the Gov-
ernment itself to become the owners of forests, and the
planter of forests, and to establish a Forest Authority
which would own millions of acres, and, gradually, under
a proper and well-thought-out system of rotation, estab-
lish forests on the French or German model."
HISTORY OF BRITISH FORESTS
In order to obtain a clear idea of the condition of for-
estry in the United Kingdom at the outbreak of the war
it is necessary to know something of its history during
the last century, for it was chiefly within that period that
the woods felled during the war were planted and tended.
From the middle ages onwards the State attempted to
prom ote the
c u 1 tivation of
timber by leg-
islative meth-
ods, but con-
trary to the
custom on the
c o n t i nent of
Europe, a very
small pro por-
tion (less than
3 per cent) of
the area of
woods in Great
Britain re-
mained under
State control.
The pre-war
c o n d ition of
British woods
w a s therefore
the result of
the action of
economic and
social forces
on which the
State has had
little direct in-
fluence. It had
been profound-
ly affected by
the fact that
unlimited supplies of cheap imported timber were avail-
able during the greater part of the 19th century, while the
steady rise in prices which marked its close had, when
war broke out, only begun to affect the management
of British woods.
Both English and Irish private woods of the early 19th
century consisted mainly of hardwoods, remnants of the
once extensive indigenous forests. In Scotland only
were parts of the indigenous forests coniferous, but by
the beginning of the last century they had been reduced to
an inconsiderable area. Private woods supplied the
greater part of the material required for rural and gen-
Brilish Official Photograph .
BRITISH OPERATION IN A FRENCH FOREST
Some sixty thousand tons of pit-wood were cut by the British in the French forests and were shipped to
England for use in the mines. The photograph shows a member of a South African labor unit.
WAR'S DESTRUCTION OF BRITISH FORESTS
1033
eral purposes, and owing to
the demand for small wood
and for oak bark for tanning
purposes coppice woods were
highly remunerative. It would
appear that a considerable re-
vival of interest in forestry,
probably more from an aes-
thetic than a practical stand-
point, took place towards the
end of the 18th century and
continued until the middle of
the 19th century.
Towards the end of the
1 8th century the growing
shortage of Navy timber led
for a time to an active plant-
ing programme by the Crown.
It was then determined to
plant with oak an area of
about 100,000 acres, sufficient
to meet the estimated require-
ments of the Navy. The work
was entrusted to the Com-
missioners of Woods and
Forests, who were to find
land for the purpose chiefly in
COL. JOHN SUTHERLAND, B. F. C.
British member of the Comite Interallie des Bois de Guerre,
stationed at Paris to represent the British Forestry Corps.
the ancient Royal Forests. In
1823 the Commissioners were
able to report that nearly 52,-
000 acres were under timber,
but although some planting
and replanting went on stead-
ily, the total area had not in-
creased by 1848. A revival of
planting took place in the
New Forest for a few years
after the Deer Removal Act
of 1851, but thereafter, as in-
terest in wooden ships declin-
ed, interest in the Crown
woods declined also, and
when forestry again began to
receive public attention, about
1880, the importance of Navy
timber had disappeared com-
pletely. In its place, ques-
tions bearing on the more
profitable management of the
Crown woods, the utiliza-
tion of waste land and the
production of coniferous tim-
ber became prominent. The
operations of the earlier
British Official Photograph
BRITISH FORESTRY CAMP IN FRANCE
This camp and mill combined is typical of British forestry operations on the western front in France while the character of the French forests leased
and cut by the troops is indicated by the forest on the ridge.
1034
AMERICAN FORESTRY
part of last century have borne good fruits, for although
the Crown woods were formerly managed chiefly with
a view to producing hardwoods, and the more recent
coniferous plantations are not old enough to yield mer-
chantable timber, there have been set aside, in the New
Forest and Windsor woods alone, since the outbreak of
war, and are felled or in process of felling some three
and a half million cubic feet of large coniferous timber
and approximately one hundred thousand tons of pit-
wood.
FUTURE FOREST ACTIVITY
Great as has been the sacrifice of forests and wood-
lands by Great Britain it has not been in vain for knowl-
edge of her weakness in timber resources forced upon
her by the war has led to a movement that assures more
forest activity in the future than she has ever exper-
United Kingdom having regard to the experience gained
during the war.
In view of the fact that a national lumber and forest
policy for the United States is now being earnestly advo-
cated it is well worth noting that this British forestry
reconstruction committee in its report to Parliament
states that the British forest policy has been totally
inadequate; that dependence on imported timber is a
grave source of weakness in war; that the supplies
of timber even in times of peace, are precarious and lie
too much outside the Empire. These conclusions, the
committee states, are not only the best reasons for ex-
tensive planting but afforestation would increase the pro-
ductiveness and population of large areas of the British
Isles which are now little better than waste.
The committee presents a summary of its main con-
British Official Photograph
CHARCOAL FOR THE BRITISH TRENCHES
The charcoal made in the French forests leased by the British were packed in bags by Indian labor troops and sent to the front on the narrow
guage railways so generally used by the armies for transportation.
ienced in the past. Plans have already been made and
are rapidly nearing completion, for the reforestation of
her cut over areas and for the planting of great areas of
waste land suitable for nothing except the growing of
timber. A committee of distinguished men, after a care-
ful survey of the situation, has submitted to Parliament
a report and recommendations which undoubtedly will
be the basis of the future forestry program in the British
Isles. This committee was commissioned to consider
and report upon the best means of conserving and de-
veloping the woodland and forestry resources of the
elusions upon the forestry situation in Great Britain by
saying :
(i) The total area under woodland in the United
Kingdom before the war was estimated at three million
acres, the annual yield from which is believed to have
been forty-five million cubic feet, or about one-third of
what it should have been under correct silvicultural man-
agement. These figures indicate the unsatisfactory con-
dition of British and Irish woods as at present managed,
and prove the urgency of remedial measures in the in-
terests of national economy.
WAR'S DESTRUCTION OF BRITISH FORESTS
1035
(2) During the five years preceding the war the aver-
age annual imports of timber similar in character to that
produced in the British Isles were equivalent to five hun-
dred and fifty million cubic feet of standing timber. The
home production was therefore less than eight per cent
of the consumption. The imports of timbers of all kinds
during the years 1915 and 1916 were respectively three-
quarters and two-thirds of the normal pre-war imports,
and their cost for the two years was seventy-four million
(4) Dependence on imported timber has proved a
serious handicap in the conduct of the war. The United
Kingdom cannot run the risk of future wars without
safe-guarding its supplies of timber as every other Power
that counts has already done.
(5) In order to render the United Kingdom inde-
pendent of imported timber for three years in an emerg-
ency, it is necessary, while making due allowance for an
improved yield from existing woods, to afforest 1,770,000
This mill and encampment at Craigoinean,
A MILL OPERATED BY NEWFOUNDLANDERS
Dunkeld, Scotland was a good sized operation, the extent
photograph taken from the hill overlooking the mill.
of which is plainly shown by the
pounds, or thirty-seven millions in excess of their pre-
war value. These imports absorbed seven million net
tons of shipping, equivalent to approximately fourteen
million tons dead weight.
(3) The area of land utilized for rough grazing, but
capable of growing first-class coniferous timber of the
same character as that imported, is not less than three
and probably more than five million acres. Two million
acres could be devoted to timber production without de-
creasing the home production of meat by more than 0.7
per cent, and if so used would ultimately afford employ-
ment to at least ten times the number of men now en-
gaged on that area.
acres. Taking 80 years as the average rotation, we advise
that two-thirds of the whole should be planted in the first
40 years. We consider that the quota to be planted in
the first 10 years should, in view of the initial difficulties,
be limited to 200,000 acres, of which we advise 150,000
acres should be planted by the State and 50,000 acres by
public bodies and private individuals assisted by grants,
or by co-operation between them and the State. The
area to be planted by the State in subsequent years may
be reduced in the same degree as private individuals
come forward to undertake the work.
(6) It is not proposed to plant arable land, but a
limited area of arable land should be acquired with the
1036
AMERICAN FORESTRY
forest sites wherever possible in order to provide small
holdings for forest workers. Our proposals carry with
them the important contingent advantage that they will
cause large areas of the United Kingdom, now almost
waste, to be put to their best economic use. They will
also, if provision is made in time, afford the means for
settling discharged soldiers on the land under healthy
conditions.
(7) Forestry demands long views, but the first fruits
are not so long delayed as many imagine. The policy of
The care of forestry, now divided among several depart-
ments, should be centralized in this body.
(9) We recommend that the Authority should be
authorized to make limited grants for every acre re-
planted or newly afforested during the first 10 years after
the war by public bodies or private individuals ; such
plantations to be made in accordance with approved plans
and conditions.
(10) We estimate the cost for the first 10 years at
£3,425,000. It may be necessary to invest £15,000,000
British Official Photograph
CHARCOAL KILNS NEAR THE BRITISH FRONT IN FRANCE
Hritish soldiers attached to the forestry division making charcoal in one of the forests leased from France. This charcoal was used for warming the
troops in the trenches.
State afforestation which we recommend will begin to
provide pit-wood, from the quicker-growing species on
the better kinds of mountain land, from the 15th year on-
wards ; by the 40th year the plantations made in the first
ten years alone will contain sufficient timber to keep our
pits supplied, in emergency, for two years on the scale
of present consumption.
(8) The first essential is a Forest Authority equipped
with funds and powers to survey, purchase, lease and
plant land and generally to administer the areas acquired,
with compulsory powers to be exercised, when needed,
after due enquiry and the award of fair compensation.
altogether in this enterprise during the first 40 years.
After that time the scheme should be self-supporting.
The financial return depends on prices, wages, bank
rates, etc., which are difficult to forecast. Forests are a
national necessity ; the country must have them even
though they yield less than the current rate of interest
on the capital invested. The whole sum involved is less
than half the direct loss incurred during the years 191 5
and 1916 through dependence on imported timber.
(11) The above proposals are framed in the interest
of national safety, which requires that more timber should
be grown in the British Isles. There remains a further
WAR'S DESTRUCTION OF BRITISH FORESTS
1037
question. The United Kingdom derives more than half
its imported timber from virgin forests in foreign coun-
tries, which are steadily being depleted. Canada contains
the only large reserves within the Empire. Unless ar-
rangements can be made with the Dominion Government
for the effectual conservation of these reserves, it is
inevitable that provision should be made within the
British Isles on a far larger scale than is here proposed
for the purposes of defence. We consider that this
British Isles, but also to set in motion the machinery for
carrying it into effect.
"Thirdly, to constitute a body who can view the for-
estry situation in Great Britain as a whole, and decide
on purely forestal grounds the conflicting claims of the
various countries unbiased by local or political pressure.
"Fourthly, to constitute a body who, in time of war,
could act with the Military Authorities to exploit both
State and private forests for the benefit of the country.
British Official Photograph
BRITISH FORESTRY SOLDIERS CUTTING WOOD IN FRANCE
The British Army needed quantities of lumber for barracks, trenches, dugouts and other military uses and several companies of lumbermen were kept
busy supplying these needs by cuttings in forests leased from the French.
question should be taken up at once with the Dominion
Government."
NEED OF A SINGLE AUTHORITY
General Lord Lovat, in command of the British For-
estry Regiments and a member of the Forestry Recon-
struction Committee, in speaking of the future develop-
ment of forestry in the British Isles emphasizes the
importance of a single forestry authority having com-
plete charge of the work which it is planned to do.
Lord Lovat very frankly says the creation of a single
forest authority is required :
"Firstly, and principally, to make a definite break with
the past, to get out of the welter of conflicting authori-
ties and to escape from the arena of party politics, Royal
Commissions and amateur inquires.
"Secondly, to make it possible for an accredited author-
ity not only to draw up a definite forestry policy for the
He adds, "the first three points have been dealt with
in the report of the Committee. It is only necessary to
say about the fourth point that in France at the begin-
ning of the war a central Forestry Authority existed,
the resources of each forest were known ; the transport
facilities, railway sidings and light railways had all been
studied in times of peace, with the result that the maxi-
mum of production was possible with the minimum of
effort.
"Forest utilization in England at the beginning of the
war presented a very different picture. It was twelve
months before the Government improvised machinery
to deal with the subject. By this time many of the skilled
men had already enlisted. Mills were to be found with-
out men, men were to be found without mills. Forest
workers were badged and de-badged at uncertain inter-
vals. Departments competed for labor, while German
1038
AMERICAN FORESTRY
prisoners, skilled in forest work, were unemployed for
months, and, after their employment, tied down with
such regulations as to make their work relatively unpro-
ductive.
"Even the responsibility for the organization on timber
production was never vested in one authority for many
W*"
• 4£ *
"It is difficult to see why Great Britain, who has her
State forests and forest policy still to create, should be an
exception to this generally recognized rule. It is cer-
tainly not on the experiences of the past that she can
base any claim to be an exception from the methods that
have been found to be necessary elsewhere."
WOMEN WORKERS IN FORESTS
The lack of labor made it necessary to employ a num-
ber of women in forestry work. The women so placed
were drafted from the working classes, and they had not
undergone any course of training preparatory to their
taking up employment in forestry. Many of them were
After instruction and practice women were able to fell timber quickly
and cleverly. This young woman was a particularly capable wielder of
the ax.
consecutive months, but changed from the Board of Agri-
culture to the Office of Works, from the Office of Works
to the War Office, and from the War Office to the Board
of Trade. The fault for all this is to be found in lack
of organization before the war. Nothing had been
thought out, no authoritative body existed in whom the
public had confidence. It was impossible to execute a
survey of timber resources and build up an organization
once the war had begun.
"It is not, however, with the past but with the future
that the nation is concerned. How to make a forest
policy, how to carry it out, and, if the occasion arises,
use the resources that the State has built up for the
State's best advantage.
"Both in precept and practice the countries of Europe,
the teachings of all recognized authorities and the find-
ings of the principal arboricultural societies, not only in
Great Britain but elsewhere, have agreed that a forest
authority is a necessary part of State afforestation.
COSTUMES OF WOMEN WORKERS
This sensible costume of shirt, trousers, puttees and heavy shoes was
found most suitable for the women workers in the woods.
unemployed women, who were idle because of slackness
in certain industries, fishing, spinning, mills, etc.
Mr. G. P. Gordon, in reporting on the results of this
action, says : "Experience of working squads of these
women proved that this type of worker without training
is not altogether suited for rural work on the land. Al-
though in many cases good individuals and good squads
were encountered, the average individual was too un-
settled to obtain the maximum value from her work. It
is thought that women of this class, for true economy,
must be constantly in touch with their own homes, as
they were found to be less adaptable than more intelligent
WAR'S DESTRUCTION OF BRITISH FORESTS
1039
and better educated women. Further, it was found that
the supervision of this class of worker was somewhat
costly, as initiative so necessary in land work was almost
entirely lacking.
"A problem which had a considerable influence on the
efficiency of these workers was the question of dress. It
was found that ordinary foot wear was quite unsuitable,
and experiments were made with clogs, high boots, leg-
gings, etc., and finally it was decided that stout boots
and leggings we're the most useful. The ordinary apparel
STRENGTH REQUIRED FOR THIS LABOR
It was found that women could stand harder work than was anticipated
and it is apparent the labor was far from light.
of the women was found to be unsuited for wet weather,
and experiments were made with waterproof skirts, which
were not, however, found to be very successful. In
nursery work skirts are always a drawback, as they
damage young plants in the nursery lines, and also break
down the edges of seed beds. In addition, in wet under-
growth they are a decided hindrance to freedom of
action. For outdoor land work it is essential that women
have the equivalent of a man's jacket, which can be
donned during a shower and cast off in hot weather or
for strenuous work.
"The question of housing this type of woman away
from her home was one which was attended with many
and varied difficulties. In the first instance comparatively
few of the women were able to do for themselves prop-
erly. Further, although they had their food prepared
for them, they were not able to purchase food in a thrifty
manner, and therefore had to suffer many discomforts.
Probably as a result of this the women were difficult to
control, and were somewhat unreliable as regards time-
keeping.
"A certain allowance must of course be made, due to
■
Ih&*' -'
MEASURING THE FELLED TREE
The women workers were able not only to fell a tree but also to report
on the amount of lumber to be secured from it.
the fact that the work and the conditions of labor were
entirely new to the women, most of whom were unac-
quainted with outdoor work and rural conditions gen-
erally.
"The experience gained during the years 1915 and 1916
forced one to the conclusion that this class of untrained
labor was not the most efficient for the purpose in view.
An attempt was therefore made to partially train the
women to at least a knowledge of out-door conditions. In
this connection the West of Scotland College of Agri-
culture organized at Kilmarnock in 191 7, a scheme for
this purpose. The women went into residence at the
College farm for a few weeks, and were thereafter draft-
ed to forestry work on different estates throughout Scot-
land. There was no attempt made to train the women
technically in forestry work, but they obtained an oppor-
tunity of experiencing land conditions. It was found
that the type of women willing to undergo this period
of probation was a more intelligent one than those form-
1040
AMERICAN FORESTRY
SHE FACED THE CAMERA
Nevertheless she was no fanciful worker but able to do her share of a day';
labor in a highly efficient manner.
erly dealt with. In addition she was more adaptable,
more reliable, and gave better satisfaction to her em-
ployer. These women were drafted to various kinds of
forestry work, e. g., seed collection, forest nursery work,
planting work, draining, bark peeling, timber felling,
brushwood burning, and bracken cutting.
"Although the period of instruction is too short almost
to warrant the term training being used, reports from
the employers of these women show that the scheme has
been more than justified. Their work has included
draining, planting, fencing, nursery work of all kinds,
felling timber, 'snedding' and cross-cutting timber, meas-
uring timber, and saw mill work. Further, they have
engaged in general estate work, bark-peeling, bracken
cutting, clearing up and burning brushwood. During hay
time and harvest they have been drafted to this work,
which has the advantage of giving that variety which
experience shows is so necessary in women's work on
the land.
"The effect on the women of this kind of work, has
been noticed, and in no case has it been found to be
detrimental. They have all been able for the work under-
taken, and have quickly become fairly expert at it.
Their health has, in all cases, materially improved with
the out-door occupation, and this has been so even in cases
where they have been employed all winter."
STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS IN THE WAR
BY J. DEMORLAINE
Translated by Samuel T. Dana, U. S. Forest Service, from Revue des Eaux et Forets, Paris,
France, February, 1919, and revised to date by Percival S. Ridsdale,
Editor of American Forestry.
M % V 7 OODS are an ornament in peace and a fortifica-
\y tion in war," wrote Cicero two thousand years
ago. Was he thinking at the time of the bar-
barian invasions which menaced the Roman world and
which the destruction of the forests of Gaul by the legions
of Caesar succeeded only momentarily in arresting? Cer-
tainly in uttering this aphorism, eternally true and now
more than ever justified, the prince of Latin orators
could not foresee the war in which we have been engaged
for more than four years, and in which the woods and
forests of France have perhaps played as vital a role as
our cannon. It is to wood — wood in all its forms,
utilized behind, within, and in front of our trenches — that
we owed our ability, in spite of inferior numbers, to hold
in check the barbarian hordes invading our native soil.
No one could have anticipated that modern war — pre-
pared for, in fact, as a war wholly of movement — would
have become for long months a war of position, trans-
forming our front, from the North to the East, into a
vast entrenched camp, and demanding wood in the most
diverse forms, from entanglement stakes or telephone
pole cross-arms, to timbers buried several feet below
ground, — from the smallest coppice pole to the most
majestic veteran of the forest. Our French forests were
fortunately very rich. Thanks to the conservative fore-
sight of our foresters since the organization of the pres-
ent conscientious and devoted forest administration, they
have been able to satisfy all needs in spite of the im-
portant and more and more numerous demands of the
army.
While this is not the chief role which foresters and
military men had believed the forests would play if war,
always menacing, should unchain its ravages on our coun-
try, can anyone say that they have failed to measure up
to all the expectations which the facts of history, classic
through repetition since the most remote times, might
arouse? By no means; our woods and our forests have
not only given us unreservedly of their riches to enable
us to hold our own against the invader, but they have
also played a no less glorious part in the episodes of this
unforgetable war, which will unquestionably remain the
most terrible and most monstrous war of modern times.
STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS IN THE WAR
1041
In the days now far distant when we sat on the benches
of the Forestry School at Nancy, our comrades will recall
that we were taught that our woods and forests would
play a dual role in war. In proportion to their extent
they could have, on the one hand, a tactical influence as
points of support in particular corners of the field of
battle, while on the other hand, when affording a con-
tinuance screen, they could play a most important and
valuable part as a mask for widespread movements and
for important maneuvers of large masses of troops.
It is considerations of this sort that for four years we
have expounded to our pupils at the National Institute
of Agronomy. How many of them have been able to
verify in person the truth of these theories ; how many
have unhappily wet with their blood the soil of a wood
our men who fought to the death under the shade of these
unfortunate woods — which are now themselves gone and
for so long a time — appreciated too well their tactical
value !
Can we minimize the strategic value of our more con-
tinuous forests, any more than we can deny that the
smaller patches, often only a few hundred acres in extent
and without a name until baptized with some title sug-
gested by their shape — "square," "trianglar," "star-shaped
woods" — have played a truly military role in the defense
of our front? Let no one be so deceived. Our great
French forests, from the Vosges to the sea, have often
stripped the invader of his offensive powers.
In 1914 the German armies of the East are held up on
the crest of the Vosges from Mulhouse to the forests of
Photograph by Underwood and Underwood
NORTHERN FRANCE— A BATTLE-SCARRED AREA, AS IT APPEARS TODAY
A scene at sunset on the National Road between Soissons and Chavignis, at one time the very center in the turmoil of battle. These skeletons-
mute and pathetic witnesses — arc all that remain of the once magnificent avenue of trees which lined the road.
the tactical importance of which they fully understood,
and which it had been their mission to defend at any
price ?
This conception of the military role of forests, based
as it is upon the numerous and exact data of history,
should not and can not be minimized when we consider
this latest war. Is it necessary to recall the names, for-
ever celebrated, of the woods of le Pretre, of la Grurie,
and of Mortemart, where thousands of our soldiers were
cut to pieces by shells in defending the approach against
the repeated attacks of the infamous Boche? Those of
Parroy before Luneville. The great forests of Alsace, of
the Vosges, and of Lorraine permitted us to regroup our
forces. Epinal was saved. At the same time the defense
of the Grand Couronne of Nancy succeeded in supporting
itself in the important forests of Champenoux and of the
plateau of Haye.
When, after having jumped the defiles of the Islettes
and of the Chalade in the Argonne, the victorious hordes
tried to menace our lines of communication in the rear
while themselves advancing on the Marne, it was again
the great forests of Trois-Fontaines, in front of Saint-
1042
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Dizicr, which saved this important nucleus of roads and
railways and enabled us to prevent the Boche from reach
ing the Marne from above Vitry-le-Francois.
To the west the army of von Kluck, seeking to isolate
the bulk of the French army in front of the capital and
thinking to enter Paris without striking a blow, appeared
to forget the dense defensive screen constituted by the
forests of Villers-Cotterets and of Compiegne. Thanks
to this the army of Manoury accomplished its rapid move-
ment and fell upon the left flank of the German army.
Paris, one can say without exaggeration, was saved the
first time by its forests.
It is thanks to these again in July, 1918, that Marshal
Foch, supporting himself on the projections of the forest
of Villers-Cotterets and of Campiegne worked out the
offensive that later developed into the brilliant victory
that we admire today, and that gave our arms the decision
in this unforgettable campaign. The great forests of Retz
(Villers-Cotterets) and Guise (Compiegne) — advanced
bastions in the defense of the entrenched camp of Paris
If we look at things from the point of view of the
enemy, we see that the important forests of Saint-Gobain
permitted him to retard the victorious advance of our
troops and to defend the important stronghold of Laon,
which made a deeper and deeper pocket in our steadily
advancing line. In front of Mangin's army the German
retreat was favored by the wooded nature of the country
which is covered by a dense screen of forest. The move-
ment of transportable material and of enemy units was
well protected by the shade of our forests, behind which
the Boche found a protective shelter. And if one stops
to look at the map, without which one may easily go
astray, he will find between the Sambre and the Moselle
the immense screen of forests which succeeded in 1914
in masking the concentration of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th
German armies.
According to General Malleterre : "North of the Oise,
the Serre, and the Aisne, the forests of Mormal, Nouvion,
Richeval, Signy Mazarin, Saint-Pierre Mont, and Dieulet,
the woods of the northern Argonne to the north of
*•£..
A WOODED SECTION OF THE BRITISH FRONT IN FLANDERS
Here is a photograph which shows the effect of sustained shell fire on a section of wooded country. It shows British troops advancing over newly
captured ground from which the Huns have been driven by artillery fire.
— permitted the Generalissimo and his lieutenants to
mass fresh divisions and important groups of artillery
out of sight of the enemy's aviators. The latter sought
to jump the gap at Soissons between Compiegne and
Villers-Cotterets. From the forests of Compiegne, of
Pierrefonds, and of Villers-Cotterets our counter attacks
issued in force, consciously supported by artillery well
secreted from all indiscreet reconnaissance. Paris was
saved again! The capital may well be grateful to the
forests that surround it.
Grandpre, then to the east of the Meuse the forest of
Woevre, the woods of Damvillers and the forest of
Moyeuvre, surrounding Briey, form an almost continu-
ous cover on the accentuated hills. The great wooded
region of the Ardennes shows itself in the north, between
the Sambre and the Meuse, as an extended mass of
sombre woods — the forests of Trelon and Saint Michel.
East of the Meuse the forests spreads out indefinitely
over the vast plateau of the Ardennes up to Moselle.
Mons, Maubeuge, Mezieres, Sedan, Montmedy, Longwy,
STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS IN THE WAR
1043
and Briey mark the vast and undulating line of forest in
Belgium and France."
It is in this great zone, and under the protection of
the immense forests of our northern frontier, that Luden-
dorff tried to direct the retreat of his armies when once
forced to abandon the forest of Saint Gobain, the central
bulwark of the Hindenburg line. As was foreseen, the
forests of the Ardennes offered to Ludendorff a favor-
able ground for the establishment of a new center of re-
time, the forests have played a glorious and momentous
part in the campaign.
This should not be forgotten when we now think of
repairing the immense disasters and the bleeding wounds
suffered by these majestic forests. As evidence of our
gratitude for the part the forests have played, let us
leave to nature, intelligently aided by the work of for-
esters, the task of patiently reconstructing them. Nature
is a good mother; she knows how to do things quickly
FOREST DESTRUCTION ALONG THE FIGHTING LINE
This before the war was a well wooded ridge, the famous Messines Ridge from which the British drove the Boche by terrific shell fire. The photo-
graph shows what is left of the trees after the several tornadoes of shell, machine gun and rifle fire which swept over the ridge.
sistance around which the German right wing could pivot.
The resumption of our offensive in the north surprised
him. Yon Hutier received the order to vacate the pocket
of the Laon and to abandon the precious support of the
forest of St. Gobain. He concentrated all his forces on
the plateau which follows the canal from the Oise to the
Sambre, supporting himself in the rear on the forests of
Mormal and the Nouvion, — that immense green block
which the map shows us to the north of the Cateau. The
forest of Mormal, more than 9 miles long and about 6
miles deep, constituted for the enemy a point of solid
support and a formidable obstacle to the advance of the
Allied armies. It was necessary to make the Boche
evacuate this dangerous obstacle by well planned turning
movements. The British thought that this would be too
long a piece of work, and audaciously resolved to force
the issue. The army of Rawlinson turned at the same
time the powerful defense formed by the forest of
Andigny, which the troops of the army of Debeney occu-
pied. On November 4 the great green block on which the
Boche had counted to retard our offensive fell into our
hands. Far from disproving the strategic importance of
the forests, these facts confirm it. Only the heroism
of our poilus kept it from being of great and prolonged
value to the enemy.
What more powerful demonstration could be wished
of the strategic importance of forests in war? Appreci-
ated in time of peace by the tourist and the hunter, who
find in their charming walks an easy and agreeable pas-
and well. Let us assist, not hinder her, in her work.
It is not necessary to ask these forests — already bled
white, to furnish wood of every nature for our front lines,
torn by shot, often devastated thoughtlessly by troops —
to furnish in increased quantity the necessary materials
for the reconstruction of our liberated regions. The
Boche must pay back in kind the wood which he has
forced us to spend without stint in opposing the fury of
the invader. Our French forests, and particularly our
beautiful forests of Ile-de-France, ought to enjoy a long
and well merited rest from the devastating ax and, above
all, let us not give aid to their enemies by allowing the
hunting of game, which the war has stopped. The
natural balance in the animal life of the forest has been
re-established by the war itself. Let us not favor the
return of the rodent under the pretext of restoring
hunting, often so harmful to the regeneration of
our high forests. These massive stands, after the
long and hard campaign, need a long and well earned
rest ! They have had their long months of suffering ; let
us leave them to refresh themselves in perfect peace. By
their strategic importance, which our great military chiefs
have not forgotten, they have saved France. In return
let us permit them to recover themselves. Failure to aid
them in healing their numerous and glorious wounds
would be not only a crime of treason against the country,
it would show how poorly we understand the real inter-
ests of the nation.
"In the depth of the wood the country has its heart."
This should never be forgotten.
1044
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Spring In Maryland
The valleys call to the mountain tops and the
mountains to the plain,
The east wind whispers to the Bay and Kent
hears the refrain.
The whip-poor-zvill lends a mystic thrill to the
chanting of the marsh,
And the lonely loon stills the insects' croon zvith
a summons loud and harsh.
The tang of the Severn calls to the rose and the
Bluebird hears the cry;
In Talbot's lanes the cardinal sings, and is an-
sivered from the sky.
A magic dew wakes the lilac, too; the daffodil
answers the thrush;
The burnished moon sets the swamps in tune, till
the willows bid them hush.
And the shattered dreams of the winter are
soothed in the cedar's balm;
The blue sky beams on a fairy land, and reflects
the Chesapeake's calm.
The sky and flowers of Nature's bowers, the hills
and the eastern strand,
The birds, the sun, and Man as one, greet the
spring in Maryland.
— By John Ferguson.
MONUMENTS WITH A MEANING
THE American doughboy had an important share in
making over the map of Europe. Now, but in a
different way, he is making over his own country.
This is coming about through the memorial plans which
are being worked out in hundreds of places throughout
the United States.
The memorials of this war are not going to be the
"meaningless mausoleums and monuments" which the
late Colonel Roosevelt one time condemned : but they will
in most instances typify the service and the sacrifice which
the nation's fighters endured in order that others might
their soldier and sailor dead, or to those who offered
their services. It is combined in park and city beauti-
fication systems, in the laying out of Victory driveways
and in the setting for other forms of memorial. All
this is in line with the suggestion of the American For-
estry Association that trees be planted as tributes to
the sacrifices of the country's heroes.
Arbor Day took on a meaning in many states this year
which it has not possessed since its first observance in
the United States more than forty years ago. It was
made the occasion in many places for dedication of the
THE "FATHER OF FORESTRY" IN PENNSYLVANIA-DR. J. T. ROTHROCK, OF WEST CHESTER
Known, loved and honored as a pioneer in forestry, not only in his own state but all over the country. Dr. Rothrock, who is a vice-president of
the American Forestry Association, recently celebrated his eightieth birthday, and on Arbor Day the State planted eighty trees in his honor.
enjoy greater happiness and peace. The men who gave
their lives for their country would ask no better, no
nobler, no more lasting memorial than that they live in the
hearts of their countrymen. This is being accomplished
through the parks, community centers, memorial drives
and roadways and similar city, town and county better-
ment plans that are being worked out.
Tree planting is a feature of most of the memorials
which communities all over the country are erecting to
trees planted to men who had paid the supreme sacrifice,
as well as to some of the leading figures in the war, in-
cluding President Wilson, General Foch, General Persh-
ing, and others whom the community took this fitting
opportunity to honor. In Pennsylvania, for instance, it
was selected for the setting out in one of the state for-
ests of eighty trees in honor of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, the
"father of forestry" in that state and a vice-president of
the American Forestry Association. Arbor Day was very
1045
104(3
AMERICAN FORESTRY
PLAN
rtl LAYIflf OUT
MEMORIAL PARK
JULt l%MIT.
it ktoim a jAt«K«. r*iH tun X(nr foatiU*
o
\
*% ft""*.
generally observed throughout Ohio, the school children
being particularly active in planting trees in school
grounds to former students who had gone into the ser-
vice. In Cincinnati among the schools which planted
trees on that day were Whitter, Bond, Hill, Westwood,
Oakley, Vine, Washington, Carson, Opportunity Farm
school. At Millville, New Jersey, each of eight schools
planted a tree in one of the city plazas. Simple and im-
pressive dedi-
catory services
were held as a
rule with the
plantings. One
of the most
touch ing of
these was that
at Burlington,
New Jersey,
where the baby
hand of little
Eleanor Mac-
Farland ten-
derly clutched
the branches of
the tree which
was planted in
honor of her
father, Dr.
James MacFar-
land. When
Mrs. Frank L.
Johnson, presi-
dent of the
Civic League,
at the conclu-
sion of an ad-
dress in which
she spoke of
the beauty and
the value of
trees and of
their fitness as
m e m o r i a Is,
came to the
naming of the
tree in honor
of Dr. Mac-
Farland, who
died on the
b a 1 1 lefield in
France, his lit-
tle d a u g hter
was lifted up
and her hand
placed on a branch beside that of Mrs. Johnson. All
the schools in the city took part in the ceremony, which
included the reading of a letter showing how the dead
hero had won the Distinguished Service Cross for help-
ing comrades under fire. As these men fought for a
better America, so are they honored most in memorials
'*V—
PLAN FOR MEMORIAL PARK
This is the way in which Fort Wayne, Indiana, has prepared to honor her soldiers
grove in one corner of the park contains four and a half acres of oaks.
soldier. Playgrounds, tennis courts, basebal
are provided.
which represent service, which stand for civic improve-
ment and betterment and for the happiness, development
and uplift of all classes. A fine example of the new com-
munity spirit which is being built up, of the finer Ameri-
canism which is being developed was displayed by the
town of Reading, Massachusetts, on April 19, observed
throughout the state as Patriots' Day, when everybody in
the place turned out to help convert an eleven acre tract
which had
been donated
to the city into
a soldier's me-
morial park.
P r o s p e rous
bankers and
shopmen, men,
women and
children, work-
ed t o g e t her
side by side
with shovel
and hoe, to
make a place
where the com-
munity might
enjoy itself.
Thirteen elms
were planted in
honor of the
men from that
town who had
given their
lives in the
war, while sev-
eral thousand
other trees and
shrubs were
set out.
In this con-
nection a most
interest ing
group plan is
being worked
out by the
Sharon Coun-
ty Church
C o m m u n i ty
Center, Farm-
ington, Iowa.
There a two-
day program
with exercises
devoted to the
development of
the park and playground have just been held and the
special tree-planting day was designated as Roosevelt
Day, because as Rev. Edward Roberts, pastor of the
church, said in his communication to the American For-
estry Association, "the present country life movement
began with the report of the Commission on Country Life
^4w^;#&&®£&fei
The large memorial
, each tree a memorial to a fallen
diamonds and other means for community improvement
MONUMENTS WITH A MEANING
1047
appointed by Mr. Roosevelt; and this constitutes added
reason for the participation of country churches in this
memorial feature." Plans for the tree planting at Sharon
working harmoniously with other community develop-
ment schemes, were prepared by the landscape extension
department of the Iowa State College. Such plans as
those being put into operation at Sharon are powerful
factors in encouraging the forward to the land move-
ment. At Sharon there are directors of domestic science,
recreation, children's play, athletics, gardening and all
other social activities tending to better living con-
ditions.
Anything that tends to city beautification makes for
general social betterment. The work being done in set-
both for patriotic and civic reasons. It will turn a place
hitherto unattractive into a beautiful spot, thereby bene-
fiting the city as well as honoring it."
In Philadelphia the trees to be planted in honor of that
city's soldiers and sailors include a group of 500 in
Logan Square, surrounded by the Cathedral and other
historic buildings. This section of the city is being con-
verted into one of the garden spots along the Parkway
which extends all the way from City Hall, in the heart of
the business district, out to spacious and beautiful Fair-
mount Park. Philadelphia is planting trees in many oth-
er places. Three oriental planes have been set out in
Franklin Square in memory of the men from the fifth
local draft board. Seventeen trees of the same variety
Photograph by Dayton Xews
PAYING TRIBUTE TO OUR NATION'S HEROES
Pupils of the Harrison School, Dayton, Ohio, as part of their Arbor Day celebration, planted fifty-five trees in honor of former members of the
school who were in army or navy service. They also honored in a similar way President Wilson, Generals Foch and Pershing, Governor Cox
and General William Henry Harrison after whom their school was named.
ting out miles of trees through parks and of planning new
parks, therefore, is most commendable. Minneapolis is
placing several miles of trees through its extensive park
system. From Spokane comes the report of the planting
of a mile of maples along one of the finest residential
avenues. Mrs. Sam Jones, president of the War Mothers
of Atlanta, which organization was responsible for the
conversion of Pershing Point into an attractive park, says
in speaking of the project : "We feel that we are going
to provide something of which Atlanta will be proud,
were planted in Disston Park, Tacony, a suburb, in honor
of the men from that community who lost their lives.
Between the rows of trees a flower bed in the shape of a
keystone has been placed and in the center of this a
marble cross is to be erected.
"We cut the trees down ruthlessly, but the time will
come when we will wish that we had more trees," de-
clared J. L. Dumas, in addressing the Western Washing-
ton Horticultural Association at Everett, Washington, re-
cently. He then went on to say that he knew of no
1(M8
AMERICAN FORESTRY
better movement than that of planting memorial trees to
soldiers and sailors ; and he added :
"I think that we should join in the great movement
for planting trees along the roadsides." In Missouri one
community has named a newly-constructed highway after
its first son who gave his life in the service. Improvement
of highways and tree planting go hand in hand and trees
are being planted along highways in many parts of the
country. Different species of trees are to be planted
along the various roads in Michigan for which $50,000,-
000 has been voted, according to W. S. Linton, of the
state tax commission and a member of the state good
roads association. Along the highway from Chicago to
suitable seeds, scions or trees for planting under the pro-
visions of this act, and to establish proper rules and
regulations for distributing the same at nominal cost, or
otherwise, to counties, townships, cities, villages, and
citizens of the State for the aforesaid purposes, and also
for State parks or other public places.
"It shall be unlawful to cut, destroy, injure, deface or
break any ornamental, nut bearing, food producing or
shade tree upon any public highway or place, except
where such trees shall interfere with the proper con-
struction or maintenance of such highways. It shall be
unlawful to affix to any such tree any picture, announce-
ment, play-bill, notice or advertisement, or to paint or
)
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ANOTHER PLAN FOR MEMORIAL PLANTING
Here is an example of how cities are planning beauty spots to include both memorial and the planting of memorial trees. This suggestion by
E. Burton Cooke is for "Pershing Park" in Atlanta, Georgia.
Saginaw walnut trees are to be planted and this will be
called the Victory Highway. The people along the route
have promised, he reports, to improve and beautify their
property. This is a good illustration of the way in which
tree planting leads to other civic improvements.
A tree planting bill introduced by Senator Harvey A.
Penney has passed the state legislature and been signed by
Governor Sleeper which makes a special point of food pro-
ducing trees. It provides among other things as follows :
"The Michigan Agricultural College and Public Domain
Commission are hereby authorized to grow and acquire
mark such tree, except for the purpose of protecting it,
or to negligently permit any animal to break down, in-
jure or destroy any such tree within the limits of any
public highway. Any person violating any of the pro-
visions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and
on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not
less than one dollar or more than twenty-five dollars,
and in default of payment of any such fine may be im-
prisoned in the county jail for a period not exceeding
thirty days. Such person shall be liable to the owner of
the trees for treble the amount of damages sustained."
A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY— WHY AND HOW
1049
A resolution favoring the memorial tree plan of the
American Forestry Association and urging the people
"to plant nut-bearing trees wherever possible," has been
adopted by the Paper Shell Pecan Growers' Association,
of Illinois, J. M. Patterson, president, and Robert S.
Carson, secretary.
In Fort Wayne, Indiana, a new park has been started
in the east end of the city to be known as Memorial Park.
It will be forty acres in size and will have a memorial
grove of four and a half acres planted with oak trees,
each tree in memory of a fallen soldier.
Rotary clubs throughout the United States have been
leaders in many cities in adopting the memorial tree meth-
od of honoring their members. In Jacksonville, Florida,
the club has given its approval to a plan for the purchase
of a large city block which would be converted into a
memorial park with an arch in the center and with
groups of trees. S. H. Squire, president of the Elyria
(Ohio) Rotary Club, reports the planting there of thirty-
eight Norway maples in the grounds of the hospital in
honor of the men from that town who gave their lives.
Other civic organizations participated in the ceremony.
Don E. Mowry, general secretary of the Madison
(Wisconsin) Association of Commerce, reports that the
Girls' Civic League of the Association has planned to
plant memorial trees in that city.
There are many places and much land not suited
for agricultural or other purposes but which would
make excellent land on which to start trees. The Michi-
gan Agricultural College through its forestry department
is planning more than 75,000 trees among the sand dunes
in some of the Western Michigan districts in an effort
to check the shifting of these big sand piles. It is esti-
mated that the trees which the town of New Bedford,-
Massachusetts, has set out in the past few years will be
worth at least $1,000,000 in twenty-five years. This
commercial phase of the matter is worth any town's con-
sideration. New Bedford claims to hold the record in
New England for the number of trees in proportion to
its street mileage.
In France they are going to convert historic Vimy
Ridge which saw some of the bloodiest and fiercest
fighting of the war into a vast memorial park to the
Canadian soldiers. Pitted as it is with shell holes and
craters made by mines it can never be turned again into
agricultural land; and so the Canadian government will
plant on it the maples of Canada. It has been suggested
that in the same way the Argonne be made an American
park, a shrine hallowed by the blood of American soldiers.
No meaningless memorials are those which are being
erected today in city, town and hamlet to the sons of
America who fought to preserve liberty and freedom.
These memorials are taking on the form of community
center groups of buildings, parks, playgrounds and rec-
reation places. Thus combining utility with beauty, they
will keep ever fresh the memory of the sacrifices made
by the nation's heroes and serve both the present and the
coming generations. In this united service tree planting
takes a prominent part.
A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY-WHY AND HOW
THE solution of the forest problem in the United
States depends largely on what is done with the
private forests. Even with the most liberal sort
of a policy looking to the protection of our public forests,
including the acquisition of additional areas, it is upon
the private forests that the future largely rests.
This is emphasized by a few striking facts which
have recently been pointed out by Henry S. Graves, For-
ester, United States Forest Service. Colonel Graves has
called attention to the fact that 97 per cent of the timber
and other wood products used in the United States is
obtained from privately-owned forests and that less than
two per cent of the saw mills of the country are operating
on public forests. Private owners hold four-fifths of the
nation's standing; furthermore this is the best and most
accessible timber. Almost the entire supply of certain
important commercial species, such as white pine and
spruce, southern pine, cypress, redwood and most of the
hardwoods, is in the hands of private owners.
It is certain that few people realize the seriousness of
the situation. There is need of an awakened public con-
sciousness in order that remedies may be applied before
it is too late for them to be of any avail. As Colonel
Graves points out "we have hardly begun to stem the
tide of forest destruction ;" and there is need not only of
a large program as far as the public forest lands are
concerned but even more a radical change in regard to
destructive cutting on private forest lands.
So rapidly is the available supply of timber being ex-
hausted in some parts of the country, the South and the
East particularly, that if the war had come fifteen years
later "we would have had very great embarrassment in
obtaining even the lumber needed for general construc-
tion," as Colonel Graves points out, "except at great
sacrifice of time, cost and crowding of the railroads."
Most of the lumber would have come from the Pacific
Coast. Here are a few further facts in this connection
which it is well to consider. Most of the original supplies
of yellow pine in the South will be exhausted ten years
from now, according to the manufacturers, and within the
next five to seven years more than 3,000 manufacturing
plants in that section will go out of existence. This means
a moving of the lumber production center to the Pacific
Coast.
What such a shift means, with the loss of competitive
influence, can readily be surmised when it comes to prices
and its effect upon the lumber industry and related trades
and occupations. It is estimated that the Lake States
whose supplies of timber only a few decades ago seemed
almost inexhaustible, according to the narrow views which
then prevailed and which still hold in some quarters,
already are paying a freight bill of $6,000,000 a year to
1050
AMERICAN FORESTRY
bring in lumber and like products from outside sources.
New England is cutting every year for lumber and other
uses twice as much timber as is being grown there ; and
this affects a region which employs nearly 100,000 wage
earners and has about $300,000,000 invested in the wood
and forest industries.
What is true of New England is true of nearly every
other part of the country. Wood is being cut without
provision for proper replacement of the old stock. In
cutting on private lands there is little regard for future
supply, although some owners and groups are endeavor-
ing to handle their lands constructively, but on the whole
destructive processes are permitted which retard or
actually prevent the succession of a good forest growth.
The welfare of the country, its future economic progress
and prosperity, demand that strict laws governing pro-
tection against fire and compelling proper cutting which
will conserve a future supply, be made to apply to the
private as well as to the public forest lands of the
United States.
"There are certain things that the public should do,
and in a liberal spirit," declared Colonel Graves, at Bos-
ton, "to make forestry by private timberland owners
possible and effective. At the same time the public
should insist by adequate legislation that the destruc-
tive processes be stopped, and that methods be adopted
which will leave the forests in a productive condition.
To secure these ends there is necessary a broad program
that is practicable and equitable, based on consideration
of existing economic conditions." In his Chicago speech
the Chief Forester expressed the belief that along cer-
tain lines "the lumbermen are going as far as they can
to improve the internal situation."
But there are certain big phases of the situation, he
went on to argue, which call for co-operation between all
interests concerned, between the national and the state
governments, the lumbermen and the public and existing
agencies, in order that the welfare of all may be con-
served. For the question of forest renewal which is the
backbone of the whole situation "is not only of interest
to the public," he says, "but it is of vital concern to the
owners of timberlands."
There is need for prompt action, Col. Graves makes
clear. He declares that there is growing "public un-
easiness" and that "public demand for action is increas-
ingly insistent." Efforts of a local character, or which
do not deal with the problem in a big national way, will
not answer, he says. "Now is the time, therefore, to
bring about action in accordance with broad construc-
tive plans, rather than by piecemeal legislation by the
different States, uncorrelated with each other, and with
action of the Federal Government."
As to the action which he has taken looking toward
the adoption of a national forest policy, the head of the
Forest Service announces that he has initiated "a series
of conferences with forest agencies of the states and
with representatives of interested institutions and or-
ganizations." These conferences, he hopes, will form
the basis in "laying the groundwork for a national
policy."
Among some of the facts to which Col. Graves calls
attention in connection with his discussion of the prob-
lem are the following:
1. The original supplies of yellow pine in the South
will be exhausted in ten years; and within the next five
or seven years more than 3,000 manufacturing plants
will go out of existence.
2. Within the last 10 years new mill development
for news-print manufacture in this country has almost
wholly ceased, while in Canada during that time no less
that 28 mills have been built, largely with American
capital.
3. The Lake States, which a few years ago were the
greatest producers of timber, are today paying a freight
bill of about $6,000,000 a year to bring in lumber and
other products from outside sources.
4. It is estimated that fully 30 per cent of all the
lumber now used in New England comes from outside
the region ; and this is in addition to the importations
of large quantities of pulp wood.
5. Many important wood-using industries are al-
ready embarrassed for supplies.
"The policies of the Government and the States dur-
ing the next few years in matters relating to forests and
lumber will be of far-reaching importance," says Col.
Graves. "Conditions created by the war present certain
problems of urgent interest to the lumber industry that
will require definite action by the Federal Government."
There are conditions, he asserts, "which both from the
standpoint of the lumber industry and of the general
public welfare demand constructive action."
In pointing to the urgent need of a national forest
policy, the Chief Forester makes this statement : "The
dissipation of our forests goes on with no let up, and
still for the most part without any provision for the
continuance of the forests after lumbering. Exhaustion
of local forest supplies, the closing of industries depend-
ent on them, the embarrassment for supplies of the pulp
mills and other consumers using special classes of forest
products, the generally mounting prices to consumers,
are other factors which are calling sharp attention to the
effect of forest destruction, and are causing increasing
public uneasiness." He declares that lumbermen are
giving thoughtful attention to the needs of the industry
and they recognize that many things of a helpful and
constructive character can be done within the industry
in the way of cost accounting, economies in manufacture,
scientific merchandising and so on.
"But neither the lumber industry nor the public can
ignore the fact," he goes on, "that the great fundamen-
tal problems, which not only involve the permanence and
stability of the interests dependent on our forests, but
also gravely affect the national welfare, are not being
solved."
These problems he divides into four general groups :
1. Those relating to the causes of over-production.
2. Those that concern the supply, character, well-
being and stability of labor.
3. The problem of the continuance of private forests
and of stumpage supply ; and
A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY— WHY AND HOW
1051
4. Certain questions relating to the public forests.
As to the first of these — over-production— he says that
"the elements which caused the unstable condition of
the lumber industry prior to the war still remain, and
constitute a danger for the future." Speculative charac-
ter of timberland ownership, pressure to liquidate, diffi-
culties of financing stumpage, excess mill capacity, the
unorganized character of the industry, these were
among the factors, he declares, that led to premature
cutting and over-production, with its depression, losses,
failures, interrupted operation, intermittent employment
and other ills. "I do not see," says Col. Graves, "how
there can be a permanent basis of conservatism, stability
and individual strength so long as this condition exists."
"The public is concerned because of the injury and
loss that accompanies demoralized industrial conditions,
and because under such conditions there is increased
waste in lumbering, protection from fire is less efficient,
and the difficulties in the way of forest replacement are
intensified. Failures that occur at such times often re-
sult in a transfer of lands, thereby increasing the ten-
dency to centralization that may operate disadvantage-
ous^ to the public in the long run."
Taking up then the labor problem, this is the sum-
mary of the opinion: "Temporary adjustments will
doubtless be found, but a final solution will come, I be-
lieve, only with the placing of the lumber industry on a
basis of stability and permanence."
Concerning waning timber supplies, the Chief For-
ester asserts : "We have been lulled into a feeling of se-
curity in recent years because we have an estimated to-
tal quantity of standing timber in excess of twenty-five
hundred billion feet. The very situation to which I
have referred of industrial instability due to the pressure
of large quantities of stumpage for production adds to
the impression that we have so much timber in reserve
that we do not need to concern ourselves about supplies
of forest materials."
"Not only the public, but many economists, have
been misled by statistics showing the aggregate of tim-
ber still standing in the country. Forest depletion is
injurious long before the last tree is cut and long before
all but the last center of production is exhausted.
When local resources are so depleted that industries
close, the question of vanishing supplies takes on a new
significance. And this is exactly what is happening
in hundreds of communities. The forest supplies are
used up ; the chief industry, a sawmill, a box factory, or
a wood-working establishment closes. Subsidiary in-
dustries dependent on the primary undertaking have
to close also. And what is more, the land formerly pro-
ducing the timber, if non-agricultural, is left in an un-
productive condition and a burden for many years on
the community."
Col. Graves referred to "many important wood-using
industries." As "already embarrassed for supplies,"
especially acute being the situation faced by the man-
ufacturers of news print paper in the northeast, in
the Lake States and elsewhere, who had enormous
investments in mills, water power and equipment.
But it is not so much the amount and character of
timber now standing which concerns him as the produc-
tion of new crops. "I would have little concern about the
amount of timber used if we were growing new stands
in place of the old. We have enough non-agricultural
land to produce for all time timber in abundance for
ourselves and for export. But this would require keep-
ing our forests in a productive state after lumbering.
"We are not doing that," he continues. "Our forests
are steadily deteriorating under cutting and fire. No ef-
fort is made for replacement after cutting. We are still
drawing for the most part on original sources of supply.
Failing to replace these, we are steadily losing ground.
"The question of forest renewal and growth is one
that can no longer be ignored. It is not only of in-
terest to the public but it is of vital concern to the own-
ers of timberlands."
After expressing the opinion that "the transfer of
great bodies of timber from public to private hands
was a grave mistake of public policy," although "the
action was taken and we can not undo it," Col. Graves
asserts that the problems resulting from this policy can-
not be ignored "and whether they like it or not the
private owers have the problem of the right handling
of a large part of our forests actually on their hands."
"On the other hand the public has a very essential
interest in the question of keeping the lands in a produc-
ing condition so as to render a maximum of service, in
supporting industries and local communities, and in
serving to support through tax levies public enterprises
of various kinds. Even though the public has sur-
rendered its direct ownership of the timberlands, it can-
not afford to permit them to be handled in a way injur-
ious to the welfare of the community."
The existing public forests are not extensive enough
or widely enough distributed to meet more than a part
of the public needs, the Chief Forester points out ; and
so "we must continue to rely in considerable part on
private lands, both for present supplies and for growing
timber for the future."
This private ownership combined with a public re-
sponsibility which "has never been fully sensed or ac-
cepted," results in a "perplexing dilemma." "It appears
to me that the situation is an impossible one that cannot
long continue.
"As I see it," he declares, "either private owners must
assume the full responsibility of properly caring for
their timberlands, including protection and forest re-
newal ; or the public must take over the responsibility
that it once had and surrendered; or the public must
share with the owners both the responsibility and the
burden of securing the objectives that are essential to
safeguard the public welfare. My own view is that the
last is the only fair and practical method from the stand-
point concerned."
In speaking of the public forests and their needs, the
head of the Forest Service says that although they are be-
ing protected from fire, the timber being used as called
1052
AMERICAN FORESTRY
for by economic conditions and the cutting conducted so
as to leave the land in favorable condition for the next
timber crop, nevertheless there is need even from the
standpoint of the handling of the public forests of a corre-
lated public or national policy. This is true because "the
manner in which the public timber is handled may vital-
ly affect the lumber industry" and because "the problems
of the lumber industry may affect the interest of the Gov-
ernment in the administration of its own forests." The
question of cut-over non-agricultural lands and to what
extent they should be taken over by the public, especially
those on critical watersheds and on steep slopes, these
and various other problems must be considered in connec-
tion with the forest situation as a whole.
"The problems which I have set forth," says Col.
Graves, "touch many interests, both public and private.
Their solution involves Federal and State legislation ; and
also involves co-operation between public agencies and
the lumber industry. The different problems are closely
interrelated with one another. Moreover, action in one
section of the country concerns the interests of other
regions. These circumstances make it clear that for
a final solution there must be a far-reaching program
that will enable the Federal Government, the States,
communities and the industrial forces to unite in a
common effort. Many efforts have been made to find
a solution for some industrial features or some public
features of the forest and lumber problems, and have
failed because they have left out of account some out-
standing question that must be solved at the same time."
Remedies hitherto proposed have had serious defects
and have proved inadequate, in the opinion of Col.
Graves; and he cites as an instance, the proposal made
when the Clayton Act was under discussion that agree-
ments be permitted which would allow curtailment of
production when justified by industrial conditions.
This and a similar proposal put forth in a referendum
by the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, had
two serious defects : "The vital object of the public
to secure a continuance of the forests is wholly left out
of account, and it would not, in my opinion, be really
effective in bringing about a condition of permanent
stability."
A second suggestion which he mentions, namely, that
the public co-operate in the conservative financing of
timber holdings through long-term loans at low rates of
interest, is "only a half-way measure," in Col. Graves
opinion, and "does not make any provision for the per-
manence of the forest." As to "tax reform" he declares
that this would not accomplish the desired results. The
various forms proposed "have made little headway, be-
cause for the most part they have not provided for meet-
ing certain economic difficulties."
"In approaching the question of a national lumber and
forest policy," says Col. Graves, "involving perhaps
some radical departures from the present principles of
relations between the public and industry, we shall find,
I believe, that the most important and fundamental ques-
tions relate to the speculative character of forest owner-
ship. Such ownership means cutting as fast as possi-
ble and without reference to how the land is left after
lumbering. What is needed is some strengthening influ-
ence that would make possible the husbanding ot the re-
source and its conservative use, as the public would use it
if it had retained control over it and at the same time
provide for the continued productiveness of the land.
"I am ready to advocate a policy more far-reaching
in all respects than has generally been offered. I would
afford whatever public assistance is needed to make pos-
sible the conservative handling of our forests, and I
would then make fire protection, conservative produc-
tion of lumber, and right methods of removal a matter
of requirement, with such public direction and control as
is necessary to realize the aims desired by the public."
The action required "may vary in different regions,"
according to Col. Graves. It may be a combination of
several methods of public co-operation; in some local-
ities the tariff or local taxation may play a large part
in the situation; again the adjustment of international
relations, the reform of taxes and other public measures
must be considered; or where public and private lands
are intermingled a plan that would co-ordinate all forest
lands within economic groups — these are some of the fac-
tors which, it was said, would have to be considered.
"In all regions there is needed a broad policy of forest
development, a policy which makes for permanent mills
and all that means to the employment question, which
places timber on the market only as it is needed, which
protects the present resource — a difficult matter now even
under the most earnest efforts to co-operate — and which
classifies the land, encourages agriculture, puts to its
best use every acre, and secures tree growth on non-agri-
cultural lands."
The Chief Forester declared that he is in favor of "a
greatly enlarged program of acquisition" of cut-over
non-agricultural land, second-growth forest and pro-
tective forest which should be well distributed through
all the forest regions and as they are acquired should be
organized as municipal, state or national forests.
1V/TINNESOTA will have a forestry appropriation of
-1-"-*- $85,000 this year, due to a change of heart toward
the state forestry department in the closing hours of the
State Legislature, which resulted in saving that depart-
ment and the aforesaid appropriation of $85,000 a year.
This is $35,000 a year more than was allowed two years
ago. It is specified that not more than $10,000 be spent
for reforestation, and not more than $12,000 for admin-
istration. The balance, $63,000 a year, is to be spent
for forest fire prevention and protection.
'T'HE tallest trees of the United States, says the Canad-
■*■ ian Forestry Journal, are the California redwoods or
the Douglas fir. Both claim the distinction of being the
tallest, and it is an even match between them. A maxi-
mum of about 350 feet is the greatest, though a little
more than that has been claimed. There is no question
that in trunk diameter the redwood, that species known
as sequoia, is the champion.
EXCLUDING ENEMY ALIENS WITH APPETITES DE LUXE
BY CHARLES LATHROP PACK
PRESIDENT, AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
A $500,000,000 banquet to alien enemies has been
given annually by the American public. These
aliens were not invited here, have performed no
service, and yet have been fed on the fat of the land,
adding to the high cost of living. They have tremendous
appetites, consuming trees or entire forests, garden crops
and fields of grain and cotton. These undesirable citi-
zens that have made America their adopted home are
insects and plant diseases which have been introduced
from foreign countries. The recent quarantine issued by
the Secretary of Agriculture, restricting the importation
of nursery stock, assures us that the treasonable
activities of these enemy aliens will be curbed in the
future.
There's a pest for every plant. Adam must have
been an aged man before he got married if he first took
time to name all of the insects and fungi. It would re-
quire the life-time of an ordinary man even to pronounce
the names which scientists have given to the known
species and every day sees new discoveries added to these
lists. The gardener and the fruit grower, the farmer and
the forester spend a great deal of time and money in com-
bating pests. Some plants have more than a thousand
insects and fungus diseases which attack some portion
of them, causing death or injury. However, most of the
pests which attack our plants are native to America and
have natural enemies which keep them in check. 'And
all those fleas have little fleas, upon their backs to bite 'em ;
and those again have lesser fleas, and so ad infinitum."
Thus native insects have a host of voracious enemies,
including birds, animals, and other insects, which pre-
serve the "balance of Nature." The ravages of native
pests seldom become devastating except occasionally in
small areas and for a short time when conditions be-
come exceedingly favorable for their rapid propagation.
Hitherto, America has maintained an open door to plant
immigrants and, year after year, destructive insects and
plant diseases have come to this country on these plants
from abroad. Some of these pests have found the Land
of Freedom entirely to their liking. Sometimes the
climate here has been exceptionally favorable for their
rapid development, at other times they have found new
THE LANDING OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS
1053
1054
AMERICAN FORESTRY
food plants. In such cases they have propagated rapidly
because the balance of Nature was no longer maintained.
They escaped from the enemies which held them in check-
in their own country, with the result in many cases that
they increased so amazingly and wrought such tremendous
damage that even the easy-going "pacifist" American
public has been forced to fight them. In most cases, how-
ever, the fight against imported plant pests has been
begun too late. We have waited until they became so
thoroughly established over a wide area that it has been
too expensive to apply eradication measures that would
have been effective in the beginning.
Comparatively recent experience with imported pests
has made it apparent that the bug is blightier than the
sword. The uncontrolled ravages of the late blight and
rot of potatoes in 1916 was responsible for the shortage
in the potato crop which sent prices soaring and brought
the humble spud into prominence hitherto unknown.
Powdery scale and scurf are two other potato diseases
which have been brought in from abroad. More recently,
the potato wart disease, established in Pennsylvania from
European importations, has given cause for alarm. The
Hessian fly, introduced from Europe in Revolutionary
times, causes an average annual loss to the wheat crop
of fifty million dollars, and in some years the loss from
this one insect has exceeded 100 million dollars. The
loss of fruit due to the codling moth, together with the
money spent in controlling this insect, costs the United
States about 16 million dollars a year. Another imported
fruit insect, the San Jose scale, entails a loss of at least
10 million dollars annually.
The tale of the gypsy moth, in ribald rhyme, illustrates
THE RAVAGES OF CHESTNUT BLIGHT
A forest of American chestnut trees destroyed by the chestnut bark disease, a pest introduced from
China. This disease passes directly from one chestnut tree to another and no remedy has been
found for it. The disease was first found in the vicinity of New York City, in 1904, since which
time it has spread to Massachusetts, and, southern New Hampshire, western New York, Ohio, West
Virginia and North Carolina.
WHERE, OH WHERE IS MY LITTLE TREE GONE?
what happens when an insect reaches the United States
from another country. To paraphrase:
There was a man who freed two moths,
And those two moths were mothers,
That year there were a million more,
The next a million others.
They had tremendous appetites,
And wrought great devastation,
Until the State with wrath arose,
And fought like Carrie Nation.
In this case an investigator
was experimenting in Massachu-
setts with two gypsy moths
imported in connection with an
experiment in silk culture. Un-
fortunately the door of the cage
was accidentally opened and the
insects escaped. The investiga-
tor immediately notified the au-
thorities of the danger but no
attention was paid to the warn-
ing. A few years later the trees
on a small area were defoliated
but still no concern was mani-
fested. However, the next year
the insects became so numerous
that a large territory was in-
vaded by them and the authori-
ties at last woke up. A fight
was begun which has lasted for
years and today it has cost more
than 15 million dollars in cash
for applying control measures,
beside many times this amount of
property damage.
"What next?" is constantly
asked by the nurserymen, fruit
EXCLUDING ENEMY ALIENS WITH APPETITES DE LUXE
1055
growers and farmers, when told of a newly imported and
dangerous plant pest. It would seem as though the
time had arrived when in order to grow a tree it is
necessary for the one who wishes to harvest its fruits
to stand guard over it day and night, armed with a spray
can. Many a man has planted a tree and dreamed of the
enjoyment he would derive from it as he rested under
its benign shade, only to awaken some morning and cry
"Where, Oh, where is my little tree- gone?" Observe
the classic example of the chestnut blight. This is a bark
disease which was brought to this country from the
Orient on Japanese chestnut nursery stock. It was first
found on western Long Island in 1904 and two years
later it had reached southward to Philadelphia. In ten
years it spread over half of the chestnut area of the
AT THE END OF THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE
Tins once magnificent chestnut has now almost succumbed to the chestnut
blight. It is difficult to estimate the enormous financial loss caused by
this disease, but a hundred million dollars would seem to be a conserva-
tive figure.
United States and at the present time it has practically
exterminated the chestnut trees within a 100-mile radius
of New York and is rapidly accomplishing the complete
ruin of our magnificent chestnut forests of the South.
The loss caused by this single imported pest is many
million dollars and its ultimate end will be the extinc-
tion of one of the most useful and most profitable Amer-
ican forest trees. Only recently it was found that a
similar disease attacking the poplars had been imported
from the nurseries of France and had spread over a
wide area of the United States.
Other dangerous pests introduced from abroad are the
Oriental peach moth, the Japanese beetle, the European
earwig, the Leopard moth, the alfalfa weevil, the Euro-
pean eel worm, and the European corn borer. The latter
is a pest which apparently was brought to the United
States in a cargo of hemp unloaded at a rope factory
near Boston, Massachusetts. It is exceedingly destruc-
tive to corn, feeding by boring in the stalk. In its
ition it works upward, eating out a chamber from the
Photograph by courtesy Massachusetts Department of Agriculture
BEWARE OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER!
The European Corn Borer has made its appearance in Massachusetts,
Connecticut and New York. The corn borer was probably brought into this
country several years ago, possibly on hemp, and from its present
distribution it would seem as though it was first established in or near
Charleston, Massachusetts. It has spread rapidly and is now known to be
present in not less than thirty towns in Massachusetts, mostly north
and northwest of Boston.
This insect winters over as a caterpillar in corn stalks and some of
the larger weeds. About the middle of May it pupates and emerges as a
moth which lays a large number of eggs, sometimes as many as 700.
The caterpillars from these eggs feed upon early corn and weeds and do
considerable damage. About the last of July these caterpillars pupate and
early in August another generation of moths appear. These lay their
eggs (this time about 900) on corn and weeds (principally corn) and do a
vast amount of damage, feeding on the stalks and ears of corn. It is
this caterpillar or borer, that passes the winter in the corn stalks and
large garden weeds, such as pigweed, ragweed, and barn-yard grass.
The caterpillar which was present in the old corn stalks early in the spring
has been responsible for 315,006 borers up to the first of October. As this
insect passes the winter in corn stalks and weeds, very effective destruc-
tive measures are offered. Pull up and burn all corn stalks together with
all old vines and all large weeds throughout and around the garden.
1056
AMERICAN FORESTRY
pith. The developing ears are also sometimes hollowed
out. As high as 90 per cent of the stalks in a corn
field may be infested. Over 200 borers have been found
in the stalks growing in one hill of corn. Control is made
more difficult by the fact that the borer feeds on a num-
ber of other plants, including the stalks of weeds and
flowers, and may live over winter in grass roots.
Many people believe that we have been bringing in
plants from abroad for so many years that now we have
all of the pests
to which plants
are heir. This
is a mistake, in
the opinion of
plant physi-
cians who are
best qualified to
know. The Bu-
reau of Ento-
mology, United
States Depart-
ment of Agri-
culture, has
published de-
s c r i ptions of
over 3,000 dis-
tinct insect
pests which are
likely to be in-
troduced into
this country
and cause ser-
ious loss. About
half of these
are European
insects which
feed upon for-
est and shade
trees and the
balance infest
v a r ious culti-
vated crops.
Among the im-
portant insects
which it is
hoped to ex-
clude from the
American con-
tinent are the
Mediterranean
fruit fly, con-
sidered by en-
tomologists to
tike first prize
as a destructive fruit pest, and the pink boll worm of
cotton, from Mexico, which is capable of making the
best efforts of the cotton boll weevil appear puny in
comparison. The life stories of some of these pests, as
unfolded by years of study pn the Part °f patient scien-
Photograph by W.
tists, are so amazing as to be classed with fairy stories
by those who are little acquainted with the wonders of
Nature. White pine blister rust is an instance. This
parasitic fungus is native to the Old World, attacking the
stone pine and other native five-leaved pines of Europe.
When extensive interest in planting forest trees first
began to develop about a score of years ago, white pines
imported from Germany, France and Holland, brought
this disease to the United States, principally in 1908 and
1909. Curious-
ly, the safety of
our white pines
depends entire-
ly on whether
we can control
the spread of
the disease on
currant and
gooseberry
bushes. The
fungus cannot
go directly
from one pine
tree to another
but first must
spend part of
its life on cur-
rant or goose-
berry leaves
and in this
stage it has the
power of
spreading
rapidly and
widely to other
currant and
gooseber ry
bushes. The
fungus then
develops anoth-
er stage by
which it is en-
abled to pass
from the cur-
rant or goose-
berry bushes
back to the
pines. If we
destroy the cur-
rant and goose-
berry bushes
we prevent the
disease from
Hence, improbable as it ap-
5. Carpenter, New York Conservation Commission
STRANGLED TO DEATH
A native ten year old white pine tree which has been girdled by the white pine blister ml, a fungus
of foreign origin first found in America in 1906. The cankered area above the ax is due to t ne kii ling
of the bark by the growth of the fungus. The disease has progressed to such an extent that the sap '<s°c-
ing cut off from the top and the tree is in the last stages of destruction. This disease cannot be transmitted
directly from pine to pine but must pass through an intermediate stage on currants or gooseberry ousnes.
To prevent white pines from becoming diseased, remove all currant and gooseberry bushes from the vicinity
of the trees.
infecting our white pines
pears to the uninitiated, the salvation of these magnifi-
cent trees depends to a large degree on whether people
are willing to forego the luxury of currant jelly and
gooseberry jam. Congress has passed a literacy test
EXCLUDING ENEMY ALIENS WITH APPETITES DE LUXE
1057
which will bar undesirable human immigrants, but there
is no test which we can apply to exclude the army of
injurious insects and plant diseases from abroad which
enter as stowaways on nursery stock and other plant
material.
The system of inspecting the importations of foreign
nursery stock has proved ineffectual because the eyesight
of the most competent inspector is not capable of dis-
covering every insect or plant disease on every plant.
Many of them, especially fungi, are hidden under the
bark and are entirely invisible. It must be remembered
that of many of these pests we have no conception, based
on experience in its native land, as to its destructive
powers under American conditions. Fumigation has been
tried but it is manifestly impossible for any gas or liquid
to penetrate to the interior tissues of a plant where
fungus or borer may be hiding. The question "what shall
we do about it?" has been answered correctly by the
Federal embargo, which prohibits further importation
of plants from abroad except such as are specifically sanc-
tioned by the United States Department of Agriculture.
The United States is the last great nation to adopt
measures to adequately guard against the dangers inci-
dent to the introduction of foreign nursery stock. We
have thus wasted millions of dollars annually, and there
remains the possibility of complete extermination of cer-
tain valuable economic plants. It is fitting that this action
by the United States Department of Agriculture is taken
now when we must conserve all of our National resources
to help pay the huge expense of war.
There is always the possibility of bringing in pests
in cargoes of merchandise, but the action taken by the
Federal Horticultural Board, backed up as it undoubtedly
will be by adequate supervision, is certain to prevent
great losses in the future. An additional factor of
safety is the recently organized American Plant Pest
Committee, composed of State agricultural and forestry
officials, entomologists, pathologists, and others inter-
ested in safeguarding the crops of farm and forest. The
purpose of this Committee is to secure quick action for
the suppression or control of dangerous pests as soon as
they are discovered.
CANADA TO HELP FRANCE
BY ELLWOOD WILSON
f~* C. PICHE, Chief Forester of Quebec, has just
y-y* returned from some months' stay in France and
says that the continent will require a great quantity of
lumber, especially France and Belgium. Before the war,
France was importing three million cubic meters, and
Russia was supplying one third of this. The war has
so depleted the French forests that they will require at
least twenty years rest to be in position to furnish their
normal yield. The demand will be much heavier than
in the past owing to reconstruction needs and new indus-
tries, and will amount to about eight million cubic meters
per annum. Canada and the United States will be able
to supply a large part of this.
It would be advisable to help the French in their re-
forestation work. The Norwegian Society of Foresters
is going to reforest at their own expense 250 hectares.
It is suggested that Canadians should plant a tract on
say, Vimy Ridge, with Canadian trees, maples perhaps.
The French Forest Service has suffered heavily during
the war both by the loss of men and the lack of new
men entering the schools. They are short one-third of
their personnel which with the addition of the forests
of Alsace-Lorraine, will accentuate their difficulties. They
are considering a modification of their organization by
giving more authority to inspectors.
The School of Forestry was reopened in December,
1917, in the building of the Institut Agronomique, in
Paris, rue Claude Bernard. It has also suffered greatly
by the war. Now that conditions are better the school
is returning to Nancy. The French foresters are eager
to return to the beloved forests of Alsace-Lorraine. The
Serbs have an important group of young men at the
school and it is expected that many more will come from
Jougo-Slavia, Czecho-Slavia and Roumania.
A letter received from a prominent Norwegian forester
says that there was no crop of Picea Excelsa last fall
and that no seed is to be had. He also says that condi-
tions in Russia are bad and that labor in Norway is some-
what infected by the virus of Bolshevism.
A letter from a Spanish forester says that conditions
of unrest are disquieting and an anti-Bolshevist league
has been formed.
LET TREES TELL THEIR GLORY, NOT
OUR SORROW
TV70ULD not memorial groves — living, growing em-
* ' blems of our sorrow and our pride — be more fitting
monuments to our dead in the great war than anything
made with hands? Would they not better carry their
memorial message to this generation that mourns, and
to unborn generations yet to be instructed and inspired?
This is the sentiment expressed in Country Life in call-
ing attention to the plans of the American Forestry
Association both for memorial tree planting and regis-
tering such plantings in a national honor roll, as well as
its work of helping reforest the devastated battle areas
of our Allies abroad.
"What is it that clamors to be told — told now, and told
for all time?" Miss Grace Tabor asks in writing on the
subject in the magazine. "Not grief at loss, nor personal
sorrow, nor even yet a national mourning. These things
need comforting, not telling. Thus it is apparent that a
very definite and possible thing is proposed in memorial
trees — a thing quite as definite as any hitherto known form
of monument or memorial even though it is not consum-
mated by the blue print or the stone mason route. That
it ties up with the great reforestation work of our own
American Forestry Association in France makes it of
deeper significance still. For these forests — millions of
acres of them — will likewise inevitably be memorial
groves to the American dead even though they were not
planted to this end. France will make them so for
France never forgets."
TREES AS WIRELESS TOWERS
THE tree is a piece of electrical apparatus. During
the war trees in this country received wireless
messages from the principal European stations for
the information of the General Staff of the American
Army. This most interesting and important fact is
revealed by Major General George O. Squier, chief
signal officer of the United States Army.
From ships at sea radio messages were communicated
by way of trees to the various receiving stations in dif-
ferent parts of the United States.
Radio telephonic messages from airplanes were readily
received by the tree-antennae arrangement. These mes-
sages were then transferred to the wires of Washington,
D. C., and relayed to any desired point. Thus the link-
ing up of the wire and the wireless methods of com-
munication was found to be convenient and efficient.
General Squier pointed to the significance of the facts
which he presented as an
evidence of the value of
"the physical method of
studying all sciences," and
he expressed the hope that
the data in regard to trees
as potential wireless plants
would furnish "points of
departure for further re-
search."
"The physicist and engi-
neer, accustomed to deal
with inanimate matter," he
said, "is here confronted
THE TREE— SERVANT OF MAN.
"All through the ages there is shown in litera-
ture a feeling of reverence, sympathy and human
intimacy with trees. It is significant that this
practical thing possessing utility and natural
strength, architectural beauty of design, and en-
durance far superior to artificial structures pre-
pared by man, should be able yet further to
minister to his needs." — Maj. Gen. George O.
Squier, Chief Signal Officer, United States Army.
with the employment of
living vegetable organisms of growing trees. From the
moment an acorn is planted in fertile soil it becomes a
'detector' and a 'receiver' of electromagnetic waves ; and
the marvelous properties of this receiver, through agen-
cies at present entirely hidden from us, are such as to
vitalize the acorn and to produce in time the giant oak.
In the power of multiplying plant cells it may, indeed, be
called an incomparable 'amplifier.'
"For our present purpose, we may consider a grow-
ing tree, therefore, as a highly organized piece of living
earth to be used in the same manner as we now use the
earth as a universal conductor for telephony and teleg-
raphy and other electrical purposes."
The Chief Signal Officer called attention to the fact
that experiments which had been conducted before the
war had shown the possibilities in this direction but that
"with the sensitive amplifiers now in use it was possible
to receive signals from the principal European stations
by simply laying a small wire netting oh the ground
beneath the tree and connecting an insulated wire to a
nail driven in the tree well within the outline of the
tree top."
"It was soon found," said General Squier, "that a tree-
antennae could be used efficiently as a multiple receiving
set over widely different wave lengths, receiving either
from separate terminals at the same or different heights
of the tree or in series from the same terminal. This
same type of circuit was employed in an inverse manner
for telephonic transmitting purposes although the ex-
periments thus far have been limited to short distances.
Furthermore tele phonic
transmission through the
tree-antennae was received
by another tree-antennae
and automatically returned
to the sender on a wire
system, thus making the
complete circuit."
The value of trees in the
study of many of the earth's
physical problems was em-
phasized by General Squier,
who quoted from an earlier
report he had made on the
subject, as follows :
"Our great forest areas may exercise an influence in
maintaining a general equilibrium between the electrical
charges of the upper atmosphere and the earth, which
has not been fully realized. On this point comparisons
between observations from the interior of great desert
areas devoid of any vegetation, with those from other
portions of the earth's surface well covered with forests,
would be instructive.
"From this viewpoint the general surface of the earth
may be considered as supplied by nature with innumer-
able meteorological observation towers, which possibly
may be employed by means of apparatus involving prin-
ciples already well known to science."
'"PHE Massachusetts Forestry Association announces
-1 a most attractive itinerary for the 1919 trip of its
members to the National Parks and National Forests.
While the purpose of the tour is primarily educational,
in making known to our people their great, public play-
grounds, it also affords an essentially restful, invigorat- chusetts.
ing and delightful way to spend an ideal vacation. The
Association hospitably invites its members to make up
parties and bring their friends and full information
regarding the trip may be had by addressing Mr. Harris
A. Reynolds, Secretary, at 4 Joy Street, Boston, Massa-
WANTED—BACK ISSUES
We Need Copies of American Forestry for April, July and August 1918
10.18
HIGHWAY FORESTRY AND HORTICULTURE
BY HENR¥ W. HULBERT
SPEAKING of useful careers for returned enlisted
men, handicapped it may be in one way or another
for ordinary occupation, let me refer to one line
which has been in my mind for a dozen years, and which
seems to me altogether practicable. In every rural
township in America the roadways take up a very con-
siderable acreage, which, for the most part, is kept in a
very unsightly condition and is left to be the breeding
place of every bug and weed that can do damage to
field and forest. Just so long as a highway is fairly
passable during nine-tenths of the year the American
public seems content. The advent of the automobile and
truck is beginning to awaken general public interest in
the road question and doubtless we shall see from now
on a steady improvement in roadbeds, bridges and all
adjacent land owners. While a considerable portion of
this land is so conditioned and suited that it cannot be
made valuable for purposes of cultivation, it all can be
a menace to the public in one way or another. Every
square inch of it is susceptible of being esthetically im-
proved if not of being made strikingly beautiful.
I can see the smile mantling the faces of perhaps the
majority when they hear me say the roadsides of every
township in America are capable, by proper care, of
being made, in the end, rivals of any arboretum now in
the country. What they might lack in variety would be
made up in beauty and fruitfulness and practical interest ;
all placed directly before the eye of the passerby. Private
ownership and constant economic need and opportunity
are sure to lay low sooner or later every forest in the
WALNUTS AS STREET TREES
A highly desirable tree for street planting, under proper conditions of care and control. The walnut is a hardy and beautiful tree, reaching
stately dimensions, and it bears a generous crop of valuable nuts.
other similar practical elements that concern transporta-
tion. The oversight of the engineering work involved
in these improvements should open out to the returned
men an increasingly large opportunity, especially as they
have become more or less familiar with the wonderful
road-systems of Europe.
But the line of activity I have in mind concerns not
the roadbeds and the scientific drainage therewith con-
nected, but with the strips of land on either side of these
which ought to average on each hand at least twice the
width of the roadbed. Here are many thousands of acres
owned by the public and which are most often indiffer-
ently cared for, or not cared for, by the officials or the
land thus privately controlled. On the highways and
in the public parks, especially set aside, alone, may future
generations have sure possession of mature specimens of
most of our native trees, not to speak of foreign trees
that may well be grown for their beauty or other interest.
Having taxed the patience of my readers thus far with
an academic presentation, let me hasten to explain how
all this can be financed and made practicable. Of course
this cannot be done in a day. It will inevitably be the
slow growth of years. But it is altogether feasible to
begin at once. That beginning is, to put a man on the job.
To do this will at once call for one of two conditions :
(i) Either there must be a public-spirited township that
1059
1060
AMERICAN FORESTRY
is ready to assume this added financial burden in good
faith that in the end it will be a paying investment ; or,
(2) one or two or more public-spirited persons must
underwrite a three or five years' cost of trying out this
experiment. That in the end the permanent establish-
ment of a township highway cultivation plan will be an
asset that will pay for itself over and over again is the
belief of the writer. Indeed, an efficient handling of the
! A*
THE SYMMETRICAL NORWAY SPRUCE
This ornamental species is particularly appropriate for park .and road
planting.
proposition will go largely toward paying regularly for
the annual local layout on its roads.
In case there is an efficient County Improvement
Society or a County Farm Bureau in operation, any town-
ship development along this line of roadside cultivation
would naturally link itself up with the larger body. The
man on the job locally would be working in harmony with
a county-wide scheme of improvement. Indeed, it is pos-
sible in some instances that at first a county specialist
would be put in charge of this work and, later, have
township assistants taken on as the work would develop.
But from the standpoint of the writer it would be better
to have the man on the job a regular township official,
working in harmony with any county scheme at hand.
This man on the job must be well prepared for his
task. He should know his soil, his trees (botany in
general), his entomology and his landscape gardening.
He must be a timber, nut and fruit specialist, who can
give satisfactory advice to the farmers. He should pre-
ferably be a good teaeher of his specialty in all the schools
of the township, utilizing thus some of the winter months.
He might be the general director of school gardens also.
A part of his salary might well find its place in the
educational budget. Each year he might bring to the
town distinguished specialists along several lines and
hold, for a week, a convocation for general educational
purposes. The school children would be present, take
notes as a part of their regular school work, write
essays, pass examinations on the addresses given, inspired
by liberal prizes for excellence.
Under the supervision of the Highway Agricultural
Superintendent, and in connection with the Superintend-
ent of Roads, a careful study of the whole system of
roads in the town would be made, keeping in mind the
relations of the same to County and State roads. Some
rarely used highways might wisely be closed, some new
ones suggested and others straightened or otherwise im-
proved, so that the generations to come would find that
the science and art of our times were faithfully applied.
It may be that a broad-minded scheme might be adopted
by the township for a generous widening of the roadside
areas, especially where ancient plans seem to be too
cramped. Cordial co-operation on the part of the land-
owners would help immensely to accomplish the end
sought.
But long before all this could be accomplished, and
even if none of it could be undertaken at once, the High-
WALNUTS FOR SHADE
These comfort-giving trees are planted along a roadside in Michigan.
way Superintendent could get at work. Undesirable trees
and shrubs along all the township highways should be
cut down and sold for lumber or firewood, or be burned,
especially where destructive insects are at work. All
good trees should be properly trimmed and doctored, so
as to give good chance for growth. Three kinds of
HIGHWAY FORESTRY AND HORTICULTURE
1061
trees should be set out, wherever
available places can be found.
(i) Purely ornamental trees
would be the first thought of as
in harmony with all former
ideals. Already much has been
done at this by our forefathers
as they obeyed the injunction,
"Woodman ! spare that tree !"
or have set out stately rows of
elms, ashes, maples, locusts,
poplars, horsechestnuts or ever-
greens of various species. Local
encouragement might easily in-
crease this sort of planting and
wise suggestions might improve
roadways from an artistic stand-
point. But the planting of orna-
mental trees would be fostered
continuously by the Highway
Superintendent, with variety as
well as quality always kept in
mind. Sometime trees will be
planted for their form and ele-
gance, like the American elm as distinguished from the
"swamp elm" or even the English variety. Again mass
of foliage and density will call for the horsechestnut and
the maple. Some will be set out for their flowers. The
famous cherry tree of Japan is cultivated not for its
fruit, but the season of its blossoming is made a public
holiday.
(2) A second most important type of tree to be cul-
tivated on the roadside is the nut variety. Here much
will depend on climate and soil. No inferior nut tree
should be allowed to grow along the roadside, except for
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A BEAUTIFUL AVENUE OF TREES LINING A ROADWAY
These magnificent trees are California black walnuts, and the planting is at Rancho Chico, California.
ornamental purposes or for value of timber. High grade
hickory trees would prosper in certain districts and could
be planted along the roadsides by the tens of thousands.
High grade hazel nuts, black walnuts, butternuts, chest-
nuts (where the blight has passed entirely by) as well as
hardy exotics like the English walnut and the pecan. I
put in a plea for the much neglected beechnut, provided
the quality can be of the best. The tree itself is highly
ornamental and should be set out by the thousands in
localities adapted to it. In Europe long lanes of beech
trees are famous. The Highway Superintendent would
be on the watch for new and
highly flavored and hardy nuts,
and be quick to secure all im-
proved and adaptable species.
He should not be afraid of ex-
perimenting with unknown quan-
tities, on occasion. Nut gath-
ering week should be a public
holiday season. Up to that time
the school children have been the
special guardians of the nut
trees and on the week designated
should help gather the public
crop on shares. Nut trees that
turn out inferior fruit should be
grown and cut for timber.
(3) But the main attention
of the specialist might well be
turned toward fruit culture,
which would be the principal
subject of his teaching in the
schools. At once, on coming to
his job, he will trim up and graft
all strong apple trees along the
A HANDSOME CHESTNUT, FULL OF FRUIT
The chestnut bears a heavy crop of nuts each year and is, as well, a tree of beautiful contour. Unfortu-
nately, its general planting cannot be advocated, because of the blight which is slowly but surely
destroying the species. It is only safe to plant it in certain localities and then it must be watched most
carefully.
1062
AMERICAN FORESTRY
roadsides, putting in the finest quality of graft. He
will dig up the soil at the roots and put on roadscrapings
or any other available fertilizer. Then would come the
setting out of marketable kinds of apples of high grade
wherever the soil and situation warrant it. Many a
township could absorb ten thousand Baldwin apple trees
with a good grade of peach in between, to be thinned
out as the apples grow. Other varieties of apple, as well
as pear, cherry, plum, quince, and, to a limited extent,
grapes could be added, especially those for canning pur-
poses. Fruit trees can be raised along the highways to
the limit of the powers of cultivation and spraying and
marketing. When once fanners can see the advantage
to them they would be ready to cultivate on shares the
trees along their farms in the roadside. By a plan of
careful selection, marketing only apples of superb quali-
ty a town might get a national reputation for its fruit
and command a superior price. All but the best of its
fruit could be used at home in a dozen ways almost as
valuable from the monetary standpoint. The question
of small fruits, such as high grade raspberries and black-
berries and blueberries might be taken up and many other-
wise barren spots be made beautiful and fruitful as well.
The writer is assured in his own mind that here is a
practicable way of adding to a perceptible degree to the
wealth of the world, saving waste at least, and furnish-
ing a valuable life work for thousands of intelligent men
and women. Indeed women might assume the direction
of many phases of this work as well as men. Com-
munity leaders along this line would have an enviable
opportunity. The educational side of the undertaking ir,
most important and would help bring forward a genera-
tion full of big ideas. The plan adapts itself to many new
phases of activity, such as the Boy and Girl Scouts, the
County Y. M. C. A. development. Let one township do
the thing effectively and others are bound to follow so
healthful and fruitful an example. The specialization
involved in the plan would bring a unity to the rural life
of the community and develop many unexpected values
to the town.
By the method described, one can destroy three or
four webs in the time it takes to burn one besides the
trouble to renew rags is obviated.
A SIMPLE WAY TO DESTROY
CATERPILLARS
BY EDWARD P. SPERRY
/"'ATCH the web at its highest point. Turn your
stick slowly allowing it to rest gently against ffle
branch.
Keep turning your stick down to the crotch, then
ascend the other branch to the limit of the web.
The entire web with every caterpillar imprisoned in
the web, is on the end of your stick to be plunged into
any liquid that will kill them.
Burning out nests frequently harms the bark.
Car,}
THIS IS THE DEVICE
A rake handle, with carpet tacks driven in to protrude about a quarter of
an inch, or, a natural stick notched by a pocket knife, as shown in the cuts.
PROTECTING BIRDS AS AN ACT OF PATRIOTISM
BY MOODY B. GATES
"The birds — that make sweet music for us all
In our dark hours — as David did for Saul."
IN THE general endeavor to win the war attention has
not been centered so much on particular ways and
means as on general results. Nevertheless many
things have been done which will loom up large in the
perspective and which it will take the restored normality
of peace times to value at their full worth.
Prominent among these is the remarkable stride made
within the past year in the direction of establishing bird
sanctuaries throughout the nation. This development
demands recognition, marking as it does a very forward
step in a much needed direction and showing results
which indicate that a firm foundation has been laid on
which to build along similar lines.
Above other things, it indicates that under suf-
ficient impetus our people are always ready to take
up and push forward any humanitarian or conservation
project of which the benefit is clearly pointed out by
those having no selfish aims or ambitions to serve and
who take up reforms simply for the general good.
This work in no way conflicts with the splendid
achievements of the Audubon
and other societies inter
ested in bird preserva
tion. On the con-
trary it supplements
and makes ef-
f e c t i v e the
e d u c ational
\v o r k which
the other or-
crops, and, second, to put this knowledge to practical
war work account by appealing to patriotic impulse. The
necessity was pointed out of saving the birds from wanton
attacks and encouraging their increase by affording them
protection from hunters and guarding them as much as
possible from their natural enemies as well as from ex-
tremes of weather. Volunteers were called for, to pledge
their land holdings as safe nesting places and to furnish a
supply of food for winter birds which perish in multi-
tudes in time of. severe sleet and ice storms.
To make the effort systematic and effective, the estab-
lishment in every district of a great number of bird
sanctuaries was urged. Owners of farms and wooded
tracts were asked to sign pledges that they would forbid
hunting on their property and would conspicuously dis-
play the sanctuary notices furnished to every signer of
the pledge. This campaign has resulted, up to October i
of last year (1918) in 3,379 sepa
land having been voluntar
posted as sanctu
the land thus
Photograph by Brown Brothers
THREE VARIETIES OK THRUSHES
None but thoughtless youngsters would shoot beautiful warblers like these or desecrate their homes
thousands of nests are robbed every year.
g a n 1 z ations
have done and
arc doing. In the case of the remarkable record herein
described it is apparent that wonderful results are to be
obtained by simple, direct, educative appeal. This show-
ing of one million acres of land voluntarily pledged for
bird sanctuaries and distributed throughout the entire
country and over the boundary line in Canada is a tribute
to the power of editorial influence, not only in bringing
about tangible results, but in paving the way to giving
legislation its maximum effect. In the space of only a
few months, more concrete results in establishing private
bird sanctuaries have been attained, than ever before in
a like period of time. One can readily imagine the results
if all national publications were to join hands in this or in
a similar constructive work for Wild Life Conservation,
Forestry, or anything else of public benefit.
When the United States entered the war and the ques-
tion of food for our soldiers and those of our Allies be-
came of paramount importance, The People's Home
Journal began a campaign of education among its readers ;
first, to teach the value of birds as protectors of growing
yet
rate tracts of
ily set aside
aries for birds,
dedicated
comprising a
total of 933,-
975 acres
scattered
through forty-
two states and
Canada. The
signing of
pledges still
continues and
the total
acreage is steadily growing. The appeal to adults was
further supplemented, through "The Green Meadow
Club," a department edited by Thornton Burgess to in-
terest younger readers in nature study and the protection
of wild birds and animals. A special appeal was made
to the members of the club, through this department, to
devote their energies through the summer to obtaining
pledges for bird sanctuaries. Juvenile readers were
shown that in furthering this important work they were
performing a war service no less than were their older
brothers in France.
That the youngsters took up the work in this spirit was
shown by hundreds of enthusiastic letters. A Wisconsin
boy wrote that he had taken the place in the field of an
older brother who was in khaki, and in addition was
devoting all his leisure hours to urging neighboring farm-
ers to sign sanctuary pledges. A school girl from the
same State who lived in a thinly settled district, walked
and rode many miles daily, visiting distant farms, till she
had secured pledges for an even hundred tracts and
1003
1064
AMERICAN FORESTRY
tacked up the sanctuary signs. This record was even
exceeded by another girl on a Montana homestead who,
after covering her own district on horseback, persuaded
her father to take her in the motor to far distant sec-
tions. Her efforts resulted in more than fifty
thousand acres being pledged as sanctuaries.
In urging the establishment of sanctu-
aries, the aesthetic value of birds was not
ignored nor the pleasure to
be derived from the beauty
of their plumage and the
charm of their song; but the
big emphasis was placed on
the practical and patriotic
argument that the protection
of birds was part of the uni-
versal effort to win the war,
and that the protection of
birds meant bigger and bet-
ter crops and more food.
It was shown that but for
efforts of birds, insects and weeds
would in time make the profitable ' '^5^"^
growing of garden crops an impossi- One of the most useful of birds, it
bility. Figures compiled by govern- 2SETST Je'r..".™^ ^.ty'Sf
ment investigators were quoted to %JgFw£k%9i£ 2Z with
show the enormous numbers of weed a 8Un
seeds and insects eaten by the quail, robin, bluebird,
flicker, nighthawk, meadowlark, and all the more com-
mon birds of the American fields and woods. The fact
was emphasized that such birds as owls, hawks and
crows, which ordinarily have an evil
reputation, largely because they are
songless and plain of plumage, are in-
dispensible as destroyers of field mice
and other pests that destroy and dam-
age millions of dollars worth of food annual-
ly, the total destruction of farm products in
a single year having been, estimated at nearly
a billion dollars.
The results achieved from the start and the
enthusiastic response were so notable that
attention of Mr. Herbert Hoover was attracted. In
a letter to The Journal, commending its work, he
said : "I hope the people of the United States will
be made to realize how closely related to this whole
question of food-saving is the protection and en-
couragement of insectivorous and migratory birds."
Dr. William T. Hornaday, head of
the New York Zoological Park and
managing director of the Permanent
Wild Life Protection Fund, an organi-
zation for the protection of the na-
Photograph by Brown Brothers
THE MEADOWLARK
It devours vast quantities of the white grubs
which attack the roots of growing crops
;ven cotton ball we
stomach of one lark
that the Permanent Wild Life Protection Fund award
four gold medals instead of one, thus signalizing the im-
portance of the results achieved. The encouraging aspect
of the situation in its broader outlook is that the sanctu-
ary plan, while it won the enthusiastic sup-
porl of the youngsters from the start, receiv-
ed its most effective support from
-^ thoughtful men and women who
recognized it as an opportunity to
establish bird conservation
as a permanent popular
movement of which future
generations could feel proud.
Among the thousands of
sanctuaries obtained, there were
many of one acre, and they ran
all the way from that up to one of
thousand acres in New Mexico.
Many ministers preached sermons on the
subject and delivered speeches at State
and gatherings of farmers. One minister
actually spent $147 of his own money to secure
pledges and succeeded in signing up 65,268 acres
in seven counties in West Virginia. Another
minister in Pennsylvania signed up 72,932 acres
as a result of his personal enthusiasm. Each of
these clergymen was awarded a gold medal by
the Permanent Wild Life Protection Fund. In the heart
of a big game country, Saskatchawan, Canada, a game
guardian was inspired to take up the sanctuary work
and succeeded in securing 37,745 acres posted for bird
protection under no small difficulties.
The whole campaign has shown that the work was
made far reaching and effective as a result of appealing
strongly to the popular mind through the columns
of a magazine. Many schools in the various
States took up the work and in this way the
movement was given an impetus which will
not be allowed to die through neglect,
now that it has had such a favor-
able start.
The sanctuary workers often
found their task far from
easy. First there was to be |
overcome the well estab-
lished belief among farm-
ers that birds destroy crops I
and should be exterminated. This
prejudice, while not at present so
common as a few years ago, thanks to I
the educational work carried on byj
the friends of birds, is still strongly!
enough entrenched to cause much re-j
sistance. An even greater handicap [
was the objection of hunters to giv-
ing up their sport. Many propertyl
!£' . l« C
tion's wild life, thought SO highly Fortv-seven cotton ball weevil's were found
of this sanctuary movement that he
caused the fund to offer its exceptional gold medal as an owners were ready enough to bar other hunters from
added incentive for the workers. At the end of the their property but wanted to reserve the right to hunt
1918 campaign, Dr. Hornaday was so greatly impressed on their own preserves. Any property owner who in-
by the marvelous results achieved that he recommended sisted on this right was not accepted as a sanctuary signer
PROTECTING BIRDS AS AN ACT OF PATRIOTISM
1065
In view of the world shortage of food, this bird
sanctuary campaign will be urged more strongly than
ever the coming summer. Already the subject of bird
sanctuaries is no longer new in millions of homes and
the way has been well paved for further propaganda
along this or other educative lines for the conservation
of wild life in its various forms. The bird sanctuary
movement will be kept up and carried on with zeal
and enthusiasm until the whole country is thoroughly
converted to the necessity of bird protection.
The whole campaign has been conducted along broad
lines. The right of the sportsman to enjoy his favorite
recreation wherever game is sufficiently plentiful to
allow of pursuit, governed by the ethics of true sports-
manship, is fully recognized. There has been no desire
to antagonize the true sportsmen, but rather an effort
has been made to enlist their co-operation. Thus when
a land owner has refused to make his property a sanctu-
ary unless shooting thereon was to be permitted during
the open season, that land owner's attitude has been
respected and effort has been concentrated on others in
that vicinity who have no such objections.
The whole theory underlying the campaign is the
need of individual farms or areas of land adapted to
bird life, scattered through every district, made into
sanctuaries as breeding grounds for game as well as for
the strictly insectivorous birds. It has been pointed out
r^^i jt^^i
il
f' IN
J Jfil
/
Photograph by Brown Brothtrs
THE CUCKOO
Much given to eating the large hairy caterpillars which live in colonies
and are most destructive to leaves of trees and plants.
Photograph by Brown Brothers
THE CATBIRD
Ants, bettles, caterpillars and grasshoppers constitute three-fourths of
its food. Its vegetable diet is obtained from the berries of wild vines.
Poison ivy and sumach are a part of its diet.
to sportsmen that such sanctuaries will, in years to come,
mean more and better sport. The overflow from these
sanctuaries is bound to stock the remainder of the
country.
While there have been some very large sanctuaries
established, notably one of 50,000 acres, stress has been
laid on the value of the small sanctuary of only a few
acres and the advantage of securing as many of these as
possible. A large number of small sanctuaries is of
greater value than one or two very large sanctuaries be-
cause of the greater number of people immediately in-
terested. Ten sanctuaries of five acres each means the
immediate personal interest in the movement of ten
families, against the interest of only one family in the
case of a single sanctuary of fifty acres; thus an effort
has been and is being made not only to secure as large
an acreage as possible but to interest in the work as
great a number of people as possible.
Taking it altogether the lesson to be learned from this
preliminary crusade for nation-wide bird sanctuaries is
that the people of our country can be depended on to
respond liberally and enthusiastically to any practical
conservation movement or constructive reform affecting
the general good when the object is made sufficiently
clear to them. Continued educational work such as has
been done in this instance should be taken up by our
national magazines and extended so that other national
interests, which need only intelligent direction, may be
crystallized into permanent constructive action.
"VI AJOR D. T. MASON, recently returned from military service familiar with forest industries, as many of operations involved
abroad, is doing special work in the Treasury Department, at include mining, gas, oil and those dependent upon the forests for
Washington. The Bureau of Internal Revenue, finding difficulty their raw material, and Major Mason, with the title of "Forest
in administering the Income and Excess Profits Tax law with Valuation Expert," has been placed in charge of the organization
regard to the so-called "Wasting Industries," has turned to men of this work.
WALKS IN THE WOODS
(III) WITH WASHINGTON IRVING ALONG THE CROTON AQUEDUCT
BY J. OTIS SWIFT, AUTHOR OF "WOODLAND MAGIC"
(PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR)
THE warming sun entices us forth this spring morn-
ing for a walk along the top jjfe the Old Croton
Aqueduct from Hastings-on-Hudson to Tarrytown.
The Aqueduct was built many years ago to supply New
York City with drinking water. It has long since be-
come an integral part of the landscape. It skirts the
of the path one may look, these spring evenings, straight
down the river past the Palisades, and see the myriad
twinkling lights of Manhattan, it is for the most part a
secluded country lane, fenced, and dashed here and there
with weirdly fantastic and lovely scenery.
We go down through the garden here at the Manor in
Hastings, past the big white oak guarding the upper
end of the little ravine where the Americans lay in
ambush to surprise the Hessians at the Battle of
Edgar's Lane, in the Revolution. We come out on
the Aqueduct at "Locustwood," the old Minturn es-
tate, now the home of Major Frederick G. Zinsser,
where tradition says that Louis Napcleon was once
a guest and where Admiral Farragut, who lived on
the other side of the village at a later date, was often
a visitor.
The fine colonial mansion, back from Broadway, is
bowered among mammoth horsechestnuts that are
glorious in blossom ; white pines that may have
soughed above the heads of Colonial troopers ; two
beautiful old English lindens brought over and
planted here by the early Minturns ; one of the most
LOOKING UP THE AQUEDUCT
NEAR THE GOULD ESTATE
eastern bank of the Hudson
for many miles, paralleling
Broadway, the ancient post
road that stretches from the
Battery in the city to the
Capital at Albany.
It meanders through the
most historic region near the
metropolis, and for eight
miles through what are per-
haps the richest private es-
tates in America. It is a level
stretch of grassy banks bor-
dered most of the way with
giant old forest trees. It is
WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS. AT DOBBS FERRY, WHERE HE PLANNED THE YORK-
TOWN CAMPAIGN
the easy path of communi-
cation between sleepy villages of the Hudson Valley ;
the Lovers' Lane where Darby and Joan saunter hand
in hand on summer evenings, with none to see save the
sympathetic moon. It winds through a country made
famous by Henry Hudson, Washington Irving, George
Washington, Rochambeau, and incidentally by Major
Andre, the British spy. Though from picturesque turns
imposing copper beeches in all the Washington Irving
country ; locusts from which the old place gets its name,
and many other interesting trees.
A sanctuary of trees, shrubs, and wild birds, are the
private estates along the Hudson. The patient hands
that planted these whispering giants are dust, but the
blessings bestowed by them go on from generation to
IMS
WALKS IN THE WOODS
1067
TULIPS AND SYCAMORES BESIDE THE AQUEDUCT
generation. Just before we reach Dobbs Ferry where
Richard Harding Davis' hero "Captain Macklin" lived,
and where is the tree-em-
bowered home of the late
Robert Ingersoll, we come
upon one of the many
"Washington's Headquar-
ters" in this locality. This
beautiful old manse here in
the edge of Dobbs Ferry
attracts us at once because
of the fine spreading Eng-
lish walnuts, monarch
horsechestnuts and big elms
shading the lawn and flow-
er garden. Comfortably
dozing away the years it
sits beside Broadway
brooding over the Tappan
Zee glistening in the spring
sunshine to the west. Mr.
Messmore Kendall in recent years purchased this one-
time home of Peter Van Brugh Livingstone, of a famous
colonial family, and restored it as a patriotic duty and
as a home for himself. Here Washington planned the
Yorktown campaign. Some of the walnut trees were
planted, it is said, by Washington while he used this
house as headquarters. One of the walnuts is directly
in front of the house, shading Broadway ; one at the
south entrance to the grounds, and two back of the house
near the Aqueduct and the little buildings that were the
slave quarters. There are Norway spruces, black cherry,
oak, — and an ancient wisteria clambers over the porches
about the doors and windows, with their beautifully hand-
forged iron hinges and fixtures. One wonders at the
craftsmanship of the blacksmiths and locksmiths who
forged the doorlatches and locks of these old homes.
What has become of the craft? Rest assured that the
character hammered out on their anvils has come down
the centuries making safe the government they helped to
establish. Just beyond Dobbs Ferry where stood the
"LOCUSTWOOD," AT HASTINGS-ON-HUDSON
Indian village of Weckquaskeck at the mouth of the
rivulet called Wyaquaqua, the Aqueduct embankment,
winding regardless of village topography, crosses a deep
ravine wherein is a happy little brook laughing down from
the ridge of hills to the east, tinkling its way through the
park of the country home of Edwin Gould. The big
house sits on the bank above the river to the west of the
Aqueduct, and its winding drive from Broadway fol-
lows the north edge of the dell. The ravine itself is a
bit of natural woodland in the heart of extensive park-
age. It is locally historic, for from the point where the
brook slips into the shining Hudson not far from where
the shell heaps of the aboriginal village of Weckquas-
keck, up through the heavily forested gully, used to
wind the trail of the Mohican Indians who passed this
way from their canoe landing on their return from the
summer hunting grounds up-State to their winter vil-
lage in the Nepperhan Valley.
As we look down into the ravine through the tops of
giant old tulips and white, ivory sycamores, we can pic-
ture the dusky tribesmen
pausing beside a great
bowlder dropped from the
bottom of some grinding
glacier. We see the shad-
owy warriors lounging
about, smoking their long
pipes while the black-eyed,
red-bronze cheeked squaws
made a fire with sticks and
expose to the heat such
trout and salmon as these
enthralled brooks have not
known for nearly three
centuries.
There is a picturesque
mystery about these bits of
forest hidden among mil-
lionaire estates on the Hud-
son, that reminds us of the legends of Sleepy Hollow, and
those older and more intimate tales told by imaginative
A BOULDER DROPPED FROM THE BOTTOM OF SOME GLACIER,
IN RAVINE ON EDWIN GOULD'S ESTATE
1068
AMERICAN FORESTRY
nurse maids, of queer Little People, — fays, naiads, wood-
gnomes, who come out of their fern-hidden grottoes on
moonlighted nights to play pranks with the sleepy gar-
deners and ride the backs of flying squirrels among the
shadow-haunted, limb-crossed sky spaces in the tree
tops. It is hard to believe that all this lovely wilderness
of brake, azalea, wild roses, ferns, mossy banks and
hidden dells isn't inhabited by some tribe of Little People
who stole their passage over in the cargo of the Half
.Moon, and now keep the rotting stumps decorated with
bright-hued fungi and the gray stones painted with
lichens.
Sit down on the sloping bank of the Aqueduct by the
brook any moonlit summer night and up from the tangle
of blackberries, Benjaminbush, and black cap raspberries
in the ravine will come the music of orchestras of cicadas
and crickets, playing wild unearthly little tunes for the
nymphs of the brookside to dance to. And if you look
close enough, down by the flat rock where the smooth
black water pours over like melted glass, you will see —
but perhaps the smoke and dust of houses has dulled
your eyes, and you will not see anything! So what's
the use?
As we go up the Aqueduct white-bibbed Peabody birds
entice us to inspect the hedgerows and trees, and a yellow-
hammer calls off somewhere down by the river. The
next place in
this neighbor-
hood where
Washington i s
said to have
made a more or
less protracted
stay is the old
Schuyler estate,
now the Inter-
national Garden
Club's country
house. If you
ride up Broad-
way from New
York you'll be
attracted about
here by a won-
derful row of great old sycamores lining one side of the
roadway, some of them nearly three feet thick at the
base, reaching up their gnarled, mottled brown, green,
gray and white trunks to massive ivory arms leaning
over the sidewalk. The estate was one of the properties
of the family of General Philip John Schuyler, the father-
in-law of Alexander Hamilton. The imposing great
house down beyond the Aqueduct is surrounded by lawns
dotted with weeping-willows, English walnuts, white
pines, sycamores, locusts, horsechestnuts and a few
magnolias. On a lawn just beyond Irvington-on-Hudson
we come upon a Maidenhair tree, Salisburia adiantifolia,
the Ginko tree of Japan and China, which is to be seen
on many of the streets of Washington.
The tree folk that most impress us on our walk,
though, are the sycamores, everywhere standing out in
THE AQUEDUCT,
CROSSING
LANE
SUNNYSIDE
the landscape because of the snowy whiteness of the
massive arms, these early spring days, that they stretch
up to the skies as if to welcome their lover, the South
wind. These Occidental plane trees are the cousins of
the Oriental plane trees of Turkey and Greece, under
which the ancient philosophers used to gather their stu-
dents about them. There are beautiful specimens of the
Oriental plane tree on the Thames Embankment in Lon-
don and on Riverside Drive in New York, though the
latter are young.
On the bank of the Aqueduct just before we come tc
Sunnyside Lane, above Irvington, a shaded and shrub-
bordered roadway running down from Broadway tc
the rambling old home of Washington Irving at the river
we detect a faint fragrance beside the path. Stooping
we find the grass roots closely interwoven with wile'
thyme — and our hearts sing with Shakespeare :
"I know a bank
where the wild
thyme blows,
Where oxlip:
and the knod-
ding v i o 1 e i
grows,
Quite overcan-
opied with lus-
cious wood
bine,
With s w e e
musk roses anc
with eglantine
There sleep
Titania some
times of th<
night,
Lulled in thes
flowers wit'
dances a n <
delight."
The big yellow poplars, shagbark hickories, Mac',
birches, and cherries of Sunnyside Lane are dotted her
and there with bird houses — the spirit of Irving, wti
received Louis Napoleon as an exile at his cottage on th
Hudson, and who loved wild birds and speculated abov
their habits, we may believe, fully as much as he di
about the spring the old Dutch woman brought over froi
Holland in a churn, seeming still to linger about tl
place. There is a cheerful little brook that babbles dow
through the Irving estate from Broadway past a sprin
near the Aqueduct, and, there being no taste of butte
milk, we stop to drink. Then we keep on up the pat
and come, just below Tarrytown, to where the Aquedtt
cuts straight across the lawns of "Lyndhurst," the maj
nificent and beautiful estate of Mrs. Helen Gould Shepai
— soft velvety lawns these spring days, and a little lafc
we are entering the picturesque village of Tarrytov
where, on the hills above, is the home of John D. Rock
feller, and, to the north, Sleepy Hollow, the little vail'
made famous by Washington Irving.
tm
LOOKING DOWN SUNNYSIDE LANE
TOWARD IRVING'S OLD HOME
PHYTOPHOTOGRAPHY--OR THE SCIENCE OF
PHOTOGRAPHING FLOWERS
BY R. W. SHUFELDT, M. D., C. M. Z. S., ETC.
(PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR)
IN SECURING photographs of flowers, to obtain the
very best results one should be expert at photog-
raphy in that special line ; and, what is equally
important, one should em-
ploy in the work the very
best materials available, in-
cluding the various modern
appliances for taking color
into consideration. It is
most essential that one
should have a thorough un-
derstanding of ordinary
photography, supplemented
by a familar knowledge of
flowers and their habits of
growth, in order to make a
success of phytophotogra-
phy.
There is no line of flow-
er study — and there are
many of them — in which
the photographic camera
cannot be used to the
greatest advantage. This
is especially true when we
embrace the entire subject
of general botany in the
statement ; for the photog-
raphy of a tiny flower requires a very different kind of
experience as compared with what is demanded in making
photographs of
trees, be the
latter for artis-
tic or for scien-
tific purposes.
In such pur-
suits, we have
in one field all
that pertains to
the science of
micro - photog-
raphy of flow-
ers, in which
we aim to pic-
torially illus-
trate the inti-
mate structure
of all the parts
of trees and
plants of every
eivable de- FIG ^pjyg bloodroot plants taken in sit*, growing at the base of an oak tree
FIG. 1— BLUE VIOLETS, NATURAL SIZE, TAKEN AS THEY GREW
scription. With this department I shall have nothing to do
in the present article, nor will the question of the photog-
raphy of trees be entered upon here; that is a subject which
will be taken up later on as
one having especial interest
for the readers of Ameri-
can Forestry. Studied in
the gross, where the sub-
jects admit of it, the cam-
era may be used to depict
the special parts of a very
large number of species of
plants, and the aim is to
exhibit the comparative
form of the seeds, the
roots, stems, leaves, blos-
soms, and much besides ;
but this most important
field will likewise be pass-
ed in the present connec-
tion.
Then we have the artis-
tic photography of plants
and flowers, including all
departments of botany. A
volume might easily be de-
voted to this branch of
phytophotography, as the
subject is as far-reaching as the range of plant-life
itself. Floral designs, as we know, are used throughout
the entire realm
of art, in all of
i t s branches,
and the use
of the camera
here is of the
g r e a t est aid
and import-
ance.
Some half a
dozen other
well defined
lines of pho-
to g r aphy, in
their r e 1 ation
to botany ,
might be point-
ed out ; but the
one to be
touched upon
here is quite
1069
1070
AMERICAN FORESTRY
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SEVERAL PLANTS OF THE TINY WHITE VIOLETS
Fig. S— Taken in the studio with indirect sunlight from one window and
with reflected light from a white surface. Made-up surroundings, with a
smooth surface of pine for background.
different from any of the ones named above, and it appeals
particularly to those who spend much of their time in
the field and forests of the coun-
try, to those who frequently have
the inclination to photograph
our wild flowers.
This work may be undertaken
either indoors or in the open,
and in the latter instance the
flowers or plants to be photo-
graphed may be taken in situ or
otherwise. When photographed
in the studio, there are many
points to be considered, any one
of which, when disregarded, may
lead to failure. For example, in
the first place we are confronted
with the problem of proper light-
ing; and in addition to this are
matters of suitable backgrounds
for different specimens, of correct
posing, of maintaining the origi-
nal freshness of the specimens.
and the securing of detail and related values. Almost >.
every specimen demands different handling, and we can
well imagine that the number of specimens is practically
limitless. This likewise applies to the conditions under
which one works with respect to surroundings — indoors
or out, to equipment, to climate, to the part of the world
one may be in, and so on. Seasons also play their part,
as well as the time of day. Further, it is a very different
matter to photograph flowers out-of-doors in a swamp
in the torrid tropics, than it is to attempt the same thing
in the case of plants growing in the barren grounds of j
some subpolar region, or within the entrance of some
cave or cavern in any part of the world. What will be
dealt with in this particular are some of the ordinary
problems of phytophotography, such as we may be con-
fronted with during the spring and summer months in
the north temperate parts of the United States.
First we may consider one or two examples of out-of-
door photography of flowers and the lessons they have
for us. There are at least three things to be borne in
mind, and one of these consists in the choice of subject;
then the matters of background and lighting are to be
taken into consideration. Turning to Figure 2, we have
five average Bloodroot plants in a group ; they were
photographed precisely as they had grown, and without
the slightest disturbance of their surroundings. These
flowers are not as perfect as they are sometimes found
to be, while their leaves — in the first stages of growth-
are both interesting and instructive ; so much for our
choice of subject in this instance. Now, as bloodroots
are, in a very large number of cases, found growing at
the base of some big tree, the picture in this particular
is practically perfect, as no finer background could be
chosen than the rough, gray bark of the oak here shown.
Had this photograph been made on a moderately gray
day, the result would have been perfect in so far as the
lighting is concerned ; but it was obtained on a very
bright spring morning, in the full glare of the sun, and
as a consequence nearly all detail of the delicate struc-
WILD GERANIUM OR CRANE'S-BILL PLANTS, BUDDING AND IN FULL FLOWER
Fig. i— Taken in situ. Left
Small
side in semi-sunlight, right moderately shaded. Background of woods beyond
stop and several seconds exposure. Reduced one-third.
PHYTOPHOTOGRAPHY— OR PHOTOGRAPHING FLOWERS
1071
ture making up the central portion of each flower is
entirely lost. This defect could have been easily over-
come by someone holding a large, open umbrella at the
right distance above the plants, so as to produce the
proper amount of shadow for them ; this may be done
either by the operator or his assistant. If the former
does it, he should have a least eight or ten feet of tubing
to his shutter, in that he may stand in a place where the
requisite shadow can be thrown, not only to include the
plants but for a considerable distance about them.
On "gray days" no such procedure is necessary ; but
when photographing wild flowers in the open on such
occasions, especial attention must be paid to the selec-
leaves of the plant almost entirely form the background,
cutting out what is always a most objectionable feature
in pictures of this class, namely all the vegetation in
the background, which is conspicuously out of focus,
notwithstanding your having used the smallest stop in
your diaphragm. In this picture, where the leaves do not
cut out this defect, the wonderfully deep shadows do,
and this was anticipated through the precautionary study
of the subject on the ground-glass. This result was
obtained on a 5x8 rapid plate, with the plant natural
size. A gray sky at noon tempered the light much better
than an open umbrella could do, for the reason that the
produced shadow or shading was general ; whereas,
Fig. 5-This
AN UNUSUALLY FINE WILD GERANIUM PLANT OR CRANE'S-BILL
was photographed natural size indoors with proper sunlighting. Background of smooth pine surface— buffy yellow. Flowers pale purple
Detail of minute structure perfect. With ordinary lens pollen grains may be seen on anthers.
tion of subject and background. A few years ago, when
collecting examples to illustrate the present article, a big
bed of the common, blue violet was selected for the
purpose. After some ten or more studies on the ground-
glass of my 5x8 camera, one was finally chosen, and
a reproduction of a photograph made from the negative
obtained is here shown in Figure 1. These flowers are
of a rich violet color; but the thing to notice is that every
delicate part of the structure of any of the three of them
is reproduced in the minutest detail. In addition, the
in the case of an umbrella-shadow, it is deepest at the
center and grows weaker toward the periphery.
Sometimes you will come across the very subject you've
been looking for all day after a hard tramp, with three
or four miles ahead of you before you can reach home,
and just as the sun is barely above the horizon ; but
there is no use of thinking about photographing the
tid-bit. Only one alternative is left you, and that is to
take them along with you. Suppose, for example, that
the specimen or specimens be a group of the most ex-
1072
AMERICAN FORESTRY
quisite little white violets ; the way to do is to take them
Up, roots and all, in the most careful manner, and trans-
port them to the house in some carrier in which they
will not be disturbed in the slightest degree. When
proper precautions are taken, this is by no means a diffi-
cult feat ; and when carefully planted over night in some
suitable receptacle, they will be in excellent condition for
photographing the following forenoon. Now comes the
task which calls for all your skill; but knowledge of
lighting, natural posing, the background, and the acces-
sories are all so well exemplified in Figure 3, that to
write the matter out in detail would only needlessly con-
sume valuable space. This result was also made the size
of nature on the plate ; and it is interesting to note how
suitable specimen close to your home, however, and by
photographing it under the proper conditions of light
and background in your studio, such a result as is shown
in Figure 6 may be secured. This was made with an
instantaneous six and a half by eight and a half dry
plate, the subject being natural size. With a good hand-
lens the most minute structures of the buds and blossoms
can readily be made out — in fact, they are quite visible
to the naked eye.
There is another way, however, in which such a pic-
ture as this may be made by one skilled in such pro-
cedures. It requires a perfectly clear day, absolutely no
wind, and a cloudless sky. By getting up on some de-
sired elevation — such as a hill or a house-top — where
HIGH-VINE BLACKBERRY IN FULL BUD AND FLOWER
Fig. 6— Natural size; indoors. Room highly lit by sunlight as in Figure 7. Background, smooth pine board (buffy yellow). Great detail secured
throughout entire photograph. Graceful arrangement. In Figure 7 and in this one, the sun does not shine directly on the plants.
distinctly one may discern the fine, white pubescence on
the leaf and. flower stems. The structure-detail of the
flowers is likewise most perfect, and bears examination,
in the photograph, with a powerful hand-lens.
Quite frequently we will meet with some plant bearing
delicate flowers, from which the petals are easily shaken,
and of which we desire a natural size picture, showing all
the characters of the leaves, stems, and the structure of
the blossoms. Such a plant is seen in the "high-vine
blackberry ;" and to photograph it in situ without intro-
ducing an objectionable, distracting background all out of
focus, is practically out of the question. By obtaining a
there are no objects between your lens and the sky, the
blackberry branch may be secured in some fashion so
that the sky forms the necessary background, and you
can focus on the desired portion of the specimen, natural
size. The subject should be properly shadowed by the
use of an open umbrella held above it. Considerable
skill and judgment is demanded on the part of the
operator in order to obtain perfect photographs in this
fashion ; still, it can be done, and the results, if perfect,
will repay one for all the trouble they occasioned.
One of the most difficult plants to handle or to get
good, natural size photographs of is the well-known wild
PHYTOPHOTOGRAPHY— OR PHOTOGRAPHING FLOWERS
1073
GIANT CHICKWEED PLANTS
Fig. 7— Taken in situ, natural size, during a sunny forenoon. No shading
employed. Detail of most of the flowers lost. Background not attractive.
Time, a few seconds with small stop. While it shows how the plants
grow in nature, the general effect only is somewhat pleasing.
geranium or crane's-bill (Figs. 4 and 5). In the first
place they wilt almost instantly upon being plucked. If
taken up by the roots they last a little longer, though
generally not long enough to have you reach home. Even
under the most favorable conditions the plant commences
to droop in the most aggravating way in about ten min-
utes, and this casts out the plan set forth in the last
paragraph with respect to the blackberry branch. This
wild geranium rarely or never grows where nature"s
background can be obliterated. Some say, why not use
a white sheet or a similar white surface back of it, just
where it grows in the woods? For the reason that its
purple flowers take white, and would not show in the
result (Fig. 4). A color-screen would help some, but
not to the fullest required extent. Observe, too, in the
case of this plant, what extremely flexible and delicate
stems it possesses, and these likewise form a real menace
to your success, should you attempt the photography of
this species in the open, when the air is in motion even
in the very slightest degree.
Now, having made up my mind not to be defeated in
the matter of obtaining a perfect photograph of any small
plant in existence, the same was secured of this trouble-
some geranium by selecting the most perfect specimen I
could find in a piece of woods only a few hundred feet
from my house. It was most expeditiously taken up, with
a great quantity of earth about its tender roots. Placing
the whole affair in a deep bucket having a little water
in the bottom, and shading the plant with a newspaper,
it landed in my studio in less than six minutes after it
was taken up. A background was already arranged for
it, and the camera was in complete readiness to make an
instant exposure on a six and a half by eight and a half
rapid, dry plate. This was promptly done, and in Fig-
ure 5 we have the satisfactory result ; with a lens we
may observe even the fine pollen upon the minute
anthers ! With the exception of its roots, every struc-
ture of this plant, at this stage of its growth, is in evi-
dence and capable of being studied.
Occasionally, the Giant Chickweed gives one trouble, as
may be seen by studying the result shown in Figure 7.
These plants were wonderfully beautiful as they appeared
when f ocussed on the ground-glass ; and failure seemed
a thing not to be dreamed of. Yet, what do we have?
Why, one of the very kind of pictures that the student
of phytophotography should ever aim to escape pro-
ducing. Note that the central portions of nearly all
the flowers are lacking in detail, and that there are no
relieving shadows for the brilliantly white petals. This
defect must be overcome, either by selecting a gray day
for the trial, or by the use of the open umbrella, as
described above. But then, the background is too dark
and unattractive, making the contrast with the flowers
altogether too strong. But ah ! that's another matter.
Giant Chickweed is by no means an uncommon plant in
the districts where it is found; and the thing to have
done here was to have selected a more promising subject
% i
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1^ W\
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lKf^^m'
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V ' »
TWO SPECIMENS OF JACK-iN-THE-PULPIT
Fig.
»— Spathes,
light.
leaves and other parts; natural size; indoors, in full sun-
White cardboard background. Result perfect.
1074
AMERICAN FORESTRY
in a more favorable locality. Experience will help a
great deal in work of this class, but it must ever be sec-
onded by the most indomitable patience on the part of the
photographer, in order to attain anything like success.
Mind, Figure 7 is not altogether lacking in value from
the viewpoint of instruction, as it not only shows the
form of the flowers and the number of the petals, but
also the characters of the buds, the shape of the leaves,
that these are placed opposite each other on black, branch-
ing stems ; finally, as a plant, it generally grows in masses
and probably in shady places, — which, by the way, is
really the case.
In the phytophotographic field we often have to deal
with a class of pictures — or produce them rather-«-that
are of a severe scientific type. These need only have a
background of the most immaculate white — an effect
easily produced by the use of a large sheet of white card-
board, placed behind the subject at the time of photo-
graphing it, or what is still more effective, a big sheet
of soft, white blotting paper. Two things should receive
our careful attention in making pictures of this class :
the choice of subject and the lighting during the time the
exposure is being made. As such pictures are intended
for the instruction of botanical students, the subject-
plant chosen should exhibit as many of its characters as
possible, and the specimens should be as nearly perfect
as we can find them. In posing, these structures should
all come squarely into view and be seen to the best pos-
sible advantage. A very perfect example of this class
of phytophotography is reproduced in Figure 8. It is of
a fine specimen of our common "Jack-in-the-pulpit,"
collected shortly after its appearance in the early spring.
Needless to say, this result was secured indoors, and
with strict observance of all directions set forth in the
foregoing paragraphs. The stem-sheath is beautifully
shown, as are the young leaves just emerging from it.
Two fully developed "spathes" are in the picture, and
their common characters are well shown in the left-hand
one, which is perfect in all its parts. On the right side
the emergence of flowers and leaf-stems from the sheath
is well shown; some of the larger leaves are also in
evidence, and the form they take on is shown quite
distinctly.
If such a picture as this were used in any work of
descriptive botany, it should be supplemented by one or
two others, or maybe three. In a previous issue, Ameri-
can Forestry has already published the ones referred
to, and they are sections of the spathe to show the inter-
nal structure; one to show examples of the extraordinary
root this plant possesses and how it varies in different
specimens of the plant, and, finally, the fully developed
leaves, with a picture of the ripe fruit. Our common
Skunk Cabbage was dealt with in a similar fashion in
American Forestry, as have quite a number of other
representatives of our flora of the Middle Atlantic States.
Most of our handsomest and more or less exhaustive
works upon botanical science — whether general in nature
or devoted to restricted areas — employ the last class of
illustrations here described, and for very obvious rea-
sons. No good student of flowers is benefited by having
the pictorial side of the works he is studying obscured
by hazy, dark backgrounds ; faulty posing and selection
of subjects; obscurity due to the matters of lighting and
backgrounds, or to any other class of defects.
This contribution will not have been written in vain
should it induce those making photographic pictures of
flowers with the view of publishing them to take heed
of some of the pitfalls that occur along the highway to
ultimate success in such pursuits, upon which it has been
the aim of this article to throw a little helpful light.
A T a recent meeting of the Board of Regents of the
-^*- University of Washington, the name of the College
of Forestry was changed to College of Forestry and
Lumbering. While the term forestry, when viewed in
its broadest sense embraces lumbering, the work at the
University of Washington has broadened out so as to
cover practically every phase of the lumbering industry,
and in this respect differs from practically all other
forest schools.
In addition to the work ordinarily covered in the for-
estry curriculum, Washington offers opportunities for
specialization in general forest products, logging engi-
neering, and the business of lumbering, the latter includ-
ing new courses in milling and marketing. Expansion
along these lines was necessary to meet the needs of the
industry in the Pacific Northwest. The courses in logging
engineering and forest products have now become thor-
oughly established and won recognition in the industry
to the extent that the demand for the graduates, par-
ticularly in logging engineering, has far exceeded the
supply. It is expected that the same will be true in the
course covering the business of lumbering as soon as this
becomes well established.
\ PROCLAMATION creating the Alabama National
■^ Forest has been signed by the President. About
10,500 acres of public lands, in Lawrence and Winston
counties, in the northern part of the State, which had
been withdrawn from entry, are included in the new
National Forest. In addition the Government has pur-
chased approximately 12,000 acres and has options on an
additional 13,000 acres in the same locality. It is ex-
pected that, by further purchases, the Forest will eventu-
ally be enlarged to include about 150,000 acres.
r\ N APRIL 3 and 4, at the New National Museum at
^-^ Washington, District of Columbia, was organized
the American Society of Mammalogists. The policy of
the society will be to devote its attention to the study of
mammals in a broad way, including life histories, habits,
evolution, palaeontology, relation to plants and animals,
anatomy and various other phases. The society will
publish the Journal of Mammalogy, in which popular
as well as technical matter, will be presented.
PLANT A MEMORIAL TREE
FORESTRY AS A VOCATION
BY H. H. CHAPMAN
WITH the return of nearly two million young men
from the trenches and the varied activities of
military life in France, comes a heightened inter-
est in forms of outdoor employment. The appeal of
forestry as a vocation has always drawn a class of young
Americans whose love of the woods and of the hardships
of the trail is combined with a desire for public service
for scientific achievement, and for clean, practical effort.
Probably no profession holds a greater lure for those
who rebel against the confinement of indoor occupations
and have a genuine love for the woods and mountains,
yet no calling is so little understood in America today as
this modern vocation of forestry.
Forestry is the art of maintaining forests for the
benefit of mankind. ' It is, first and foremost, a land
question, for forests are the product of forest soils.
Since forests as such must occupy land to the exclusion
of agricultural crops or of fruit trees, forestry is based
on the proper segregation of lands into the two funda-
mental classes, agricultural lands and forest lands. The
forester's vocation usually excludes agriculture, but he
is frequently called on, in co-operation with agricultural
and soil experts, to conduct these land classifications.
For this reason, a knowledge of farming is of great value
to the forester.
The status of the land once determined, the forester's
object is so to manage these forest areas that the greatest
ihle sum or combination of benefits may accrue to
the communities dependent on them. These benefits are
threefold, hirst, may be mentioned the use of the forest
for recreation. This use has the widest appeal to senti-
ment, and is invaluable for maintaining health of body
and mind for our increasing population of city dwellers.
Areas set aside exclusively for this use are known not
as "forests" but as parks, and while the forester as such
can perform invaluable services in protecting the forest
from fire, insects, diseases, and other enemies, he cannot
here bring into play the full exercise of his abilities, for
this includes the cutting and utilization of timber which
is usually prohibited on such areas. The care and pres-
ervation of game, a specialty in which the forester is
profoundly interested, will find its fullest development
on large park areas.
The second great benefit from forest areas is the pro-
tection they afford to our soils and water supplies. Per-
haps this is the best-known and best-understood function
of a forest cover. In maintaining the flow of springs, in
preventing the erosion of surface and the silting up of
rivers, in reducing floods and prolonging the flow of
streams in dry periods, the maintenance of forest cover
is essential. I fere, again, the forester's function is the
protection of existing forests. But both in parks and
protection forests there is the frequent necessity of re-
ilishing by artificial means the forest cover on slopes
denuded by fire or by destructive lumbering. In this
latter role the forester must be a tree planter and must
get his results, not as the ornamental nurseryman does,
by pampering the individual plant, but on a large scale,
with small stock, at minimum expense, and in competi-
tion with such destructive forces of nature as drought,
wind, insect pests, rodents, frost, snow, and grazing
animals.
But the real art of the forester lies in the management
of the forest for the continuous production of wood in
all its forms. Wood must serve us in many capacities,
such as for fuel, buildings, furniture, paper, vehicles,
and so on in an ever-widening circle. It cannot do so
unless trees are cut, logged, transported, manufactured,
and laid in a finished form at the door of the consumer.
The cutting down of mature forests is necessary to the
comfort and well-being of the very individual who de-
claims against this destruction because of his sentimental
regard for the forest in its natural state. The lumber-
man has built up an enormous business whose exclusive
concern is to supply the economic demand for wood
products by taking from the forest the raw prod-
uct of nature, the mature tree, and converting it into
lumber from which by other processes finished products
are made. It is not the business of the lumberman, as
such, to do more than this. And as long as the supply of
virgin timber holds out in America, the lumberman will
continue to draw upon it as if it were inexhaustible. His
business begins with the felling of the tree ; the forester's
business, as such, sees its completion in the same process.
Forestry precedes and underlies the lumbering of the
future. The true business of the forester is to grow
the timber which ultimately finds its way into the eco-
nomic life of the nation. Just as one agricultural crop
must be harvested before another is grown, so a mature
crop of trees must be cut before a young, vigorous second
growth can appear. The forester's art is so to cut this
timber that the forest will reproduce the most valuable
species. Only by accident does this result occur naturally,
following the operations of modern logging, and it never
happens more than once on the same site. The worthless
brush and forest weeds which spring up so frequently on
old cuttings have about as much resemblance to com-
mercial forests as thistles have to wheat. They are
both green in season ! Not that the lumberman can not
manage his lands as forests should be managed if he sets
out to do so, but that he too often has no interest in the
land itself except to get rid of it as soon as the mature
timber is cut. -He owns it in order to assure to his
business an early supply of raw material, wood.
The forester, then, is one who manages forest land for
the purpose of growing trees and maintaining the pro-
ductivity of the soil and of the forest. Do lumbermen
employ foresters? They have need of timber cruisers to
estimate the volume of their merchantable timber, of
logging engineers to lay out their railroads and logging
1073
1076
AMERICAN FORESTRY
operations, of woods foremen to superintend the logging,
and of inspectors to secure close utilization of the tree.
There are many openings along these lines, as well as in
the milling, manufacturing, and selling end of the busi-
ness, but none of these is forestry, however essential to
forestry these operations are. When the lumberman, as
a land owner, adopts the policy of reproduction and
growth of trees, and sets out to retain indefinitely the
ownership of cutover land for the possible future reve-
nue obtainable from such management, then the for-
ester will find an opportunity to practice his true voca-
tion as manager of such tracts. His education as a
forester may fit him meanwhile for useful employment
along these kindred lines. In other words, the character
of land ownership and the purpose of the owners deter-
mine whether the work of the forester constitutes the
practice of his vocation or of some other line associated
with lumbering or manufacturing. The men who worked
in the French forests with the forestry regiments can
bear witness to the truth of this statement. For over
there, about half of the forested areas are publicly
owned, and on the rest, the private owners have prac-
ticed forestry for decades, even for centuries ; otherwise
there would be no French forests ! Every acre of these
forests, no matter how owned, has been produced direct-
ly by the art of the forester; and the French forests
saved France as truly as did the American army.
In America, due directly to our superabundance of
virgin timber, private owners, as a class, could not afford
and did not care to undertake the expense of producing
timber ; the competition with virgin forests prevented it.
So it has come about that forestry, and employment for
foresters as such, has developed principally on the
National forests under the United States Forest Service,
which controls 155 million acres of public lands set
aside for timber production. The Forest Service employs
over 2,500 forest rangers and officials of higher grade.
At present, the larger number of men is taken into the
Service as rangers after their passing an examination
to secure Civil Service rating. This examination is given
annually, in the fall, and is based upon familiarity with
certain essentials of the work of a ranger, such as com-
pass surveying, handling small timber sales, the adminis-
tration of grazing for forest users, fire fighting, trail or
road building, packing supplies, and making out reports.
Western experience counts for much, and before taking
the examination it is customary for an applicant to seek
a position as forest guard, fire lookout, or "temporary"
ranger during the season preceding the examination.
Applications for such employment may be made to the
District Foresters at San Francisco, California; Port-
land, Oregon ; Missoula, Montana ; Ogden, Utah ; Denver,
Colorado, or Albuquerque, New Mexico. These positions
pay a salary of $1,100, increasing by promotion to a
maximum of $1,500. Many rangers have only a common-
school education, but the opportunity for advancement
beyond this grade is largely determined, first, by the
amount of additional education possessed by the rangers,
ranked in order as graduates of high school, college, or
technical school of forestry; second, by their character
and ability to master the work, take responsibility, exer-
cise initiative, and become good executives. The second
method of entrance into the Forest Service is by passing
a highly technical examination for the Civil Service grade
of Forest Assistant. This requires a complete course of
training at a technical school of forestry, equivalent to a
4-year college course with one year of post-graduate
work. The Forest Assistant is frequently assigned to
ranger work on entering the Service. The benefits of
entering the Service as Forest Assistant lie largely in the
educational training obtained previous to employment.
Forest Assistants are also given work in research at
Forest Experiment Stations, in timber-sale administra-
tion, timber estimating, grazing inspection, and general
administrative work. If they show adaptability and char-
acter, they, as well as rangers, may become Forest Super-
visors at salaries from $1,800 to $2,400, or eventually may
obtain higher executive positions paying up to $3,600 in
the District Offices or at Washington.
Certain States, as New York and Pennsylvania, which
own large areas of land set aside as State forests, employ
foresters. Pennsylvania educates her own State foresters
at the Forest Academy of Mont Alto. New York secures
hers by Civil Service examination in technical forestry.
The employment of foresters by owners of private
lands will steadily increase from now on as land owners
begin to realize that non-agricultural land can be made
to yield an income in no other way. Paper companies,
with millions invested in plants, are apt to desire a perma-
nent output from their spruce lands, and they employ
foresters to secure this end. Mining companies in regions
where the supply of virgin timber is nearing exhaustion
are taking an interest in forestry and foresters. Rail-
road corporations, driven to produce tie timber locally,
are employing foresters to attain this object. Owners
of large estates composed of woodland, and institutions
with forest lands are realizing the need of employing
foresters properly to care for their properties.
A host of small land owners exists such as farmers or
owners of small estates, who can and should practice
forestry on woodlots and waste places. These tracts are
not large enough to justify employing a trained for-
ester. To supply the wants of these owners, States have
established forestry departments for public education in
forestry, as well as to secure fire protection on forest
lands. This educational work gives employment to a
few foresters who have special gifts for public work, or
who are needed for forest "extension" work among land
owners. In addition, forest rangers are employed to
specialize on fire patrol and prevention.
Finally, come the forest schools, whose business is to
train and educate the foresters. Schools exist for the
training of forest rangers and foremen of forest estates,
which usually give a one-year course, mostly in the prac-
tical work of a ranger, such as that of fire suppression,
tree planting, marking timber for cutting, surveying, and
of other lines. A still larger number of college schools
of forestry have been established. The recognized stand-
FOREIGN NURSERY STOCK INSPECTION
1077
ard for adequate professional training is a 5-year college
course based on the sciences of botany, physics, mathe-
matics, and political economy.
The work of a forester may begin in the solitude of
the wilderness, with the survey, topographic map, and
estimate of timber, but it comes back to contact with
men. The purpose of forest management is to serve
mankind, and in working out these problems of service
not merely for next year but for decades to come, the
forester acquires a breadth of vision and an insight into
economic laws which make for the building of character.
His profession demands of him a rugged physique and
ability to endure hardship, yet lifts him out of the monot-
onous drudgery of manual labor. No calling makes
such varied demands on the individual, or so stimulates
all-around development. The forester, in order to rise
to the top of his profession, must be able by close- obser-
vation to analyze the living forces of nature as expressed
in the growth of trees and the survival of seedlings, and
must control these forces to secure the ends desired.
This requires scientific bent of mind and training. He
must have an intelligent appreciation of engineering prob-
lems which are often the key to the use of forest re-
sources, and must be alive to the economic needs of
communities, that he may shape the forest management
to supply them. But he must also be a public leader,
to secure co-operation in fire protection, create sentiment
favorable to the establishment and continuance of forest
policies, and secure beneficial legislation.
The foresters of America face a task which is only
just begun. They have, however, shown themselves to be
equal to their responsibilities, and to possess a knowledge
of their common aims and ideals. Each member of this
new profession strives to wrest from nature the control
of her life-giving processes, and from man the recogni-
tion that foresight, conservation, and .thrift must take
the place of unrestrained exploitation of natural wealth
in timber if our national prosperity is to continue.
FOREIGN NURSERY STOCK INSPECTION
n^HE main arguments of objectors to plant quarantine
■*■ No. 37 are that either no pests are brought in on
such imported stock or that thorough inspection abroad
would eliminate any undesirable insects. There is no
question but that the chief exporting foreign governments
have given to their nursery stock the best inspection
which human skill and science can afford. Failures are
due to the human equation and to conditions not subject
to change, which make inspection and certification insuf-
ficient safeguards.
The inadequacy of such inspection since 191 2, when
it became operative, is shown by the findings resulting
from reinspection of imported material at destination in
this country. Data gathered by the United States De-
partment of Agriculture show that there have been re-
ceived from Holland and Germany 3,161 infested ship-
ments, involving 486 kinds of insect pests. Many of
these intercepted insects are not known to be established
anywhere in this country and numbers of them, if estab-
lished, would undoubtedly become important farm, gar-
den, or forest pests.
Under the system of inspection which has been estab-
lished in the principal exporting countries there is little
excuse for the passing and certification of stock infested
with the egg masses of the gipsy moth or with the large
nnd rather conspicuous leafy winter nests of the larva;
of the brown-tail moth. In point of fact, however, dur-
ing the period in which the highest possible grade of
inspection has been enforced, no less than 52 different
shipments of plants from foreign countries have been
found to be infested with egg masses of the gipsy moth
or larval nests of the brown-tail moth. Three of these
were from Japan and the others were from France,
Holland, or Belgium.
Unfortunately, these records do not necessarily com-
prise the total entry of these two pests. They represent
merely the instances of infestation discovered by rein-
spection on this side. There is, therefore, the possibility
that one or both of these pests have already gained foot-
hold at one point or another in the United States and
have not yet been discovered and reported. In this
connection, it should be remembered that the gipsy moth
was 20 years in Massachusetts before it was known, and
this in the face of the fact that the infestation started in
a thickly populated suburb of Boston.
That foreign inspection gives no real security is suf-
ficiently shown in this record relating to two insects for
which there is little, if any, excuse for overlooking.
The establishment of these two insects in different
parts of the United States would soon lead to their gen-
eral spread throughout the country. What this would
mean in cost and damage and also in human suffering
can hardly be estimated. Only a portion of the New
England States is now invaded by these insects, and yet
the expenditure in clean-up and control work alone
amounts to more than a million dollars a year by the
States concerned, in addition to aiding Federal appro-
priation of upward of $300,000 annually.
An important consideration in relation to the brown-
tail moth is that in addition to the actual damage to
deciduous forests, orchards and ornamental plantings,
the larval hairs which are shed and fill the air at the
time of the transformation of the insect to the chrysalis
stage have an intensely irritating or nettling character,
which causes a great deal of inflammation to the exposed
parts of the human skin, such as the neck, face, and
hands, and this irritation, in one or two known instances,
and perhaps in others, has been the cause of death by
affecting the lungs and leading to fatal cases of tubercu-
losis. Should the brown-tail moth reach the South and
Southwest this irritation to human beings would doubt-
less be increased by reason of greater warmth and by
the moisture of the skin and consequent greater likeli-
hood of adherence of the larval hairs.
107S
AMERICAN FORESTRY
CANADIAN DEPARTMENT
BY ELLWOOD WILSON
PRESIDENT CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS
HPHE idea of reforestation to provide for
the future wood supplies of large pulp
and paper industries is spreading rapidly.
The Laurentide Company, Ltd., and the
Riordon Pulp and Paper Company, Ltd.,
will plant 750,000 and 900,000 spruce, re-
spectively, besides some pine. Price Broth-
ers, Ltd., are starting a nursery and will
make a small plantation. The Canada
Paper Company will plant on a small
scale. The Belgo-Canadian Pulp and
Paper Company, Ltd., and the Abitibi
meeting and this bids fair to be one of the
most interesting and important meetings
ever held to discuss lumbering and fores-
try. Logging methods, slash disposal, re-
forestation, the diameter limit regulation,
fire protection and other subjects will be
thoroughly discussed. The Laurentide
Company has issued a cordial invitation to
the members of the Section and their
guests to visit its nurseries and plantations
near Grad' Mere after the Berthier meet-
ing. American lumbermen and foresters
His Majesty, King George, congratulates a Canadian lumberjack on his uncommon skill in felling a tree.
Pulp and Paper Company are preparing
their plans for an extensive planting pro-
gram. No word has been received from the
Pejepscot Company, which was one of the
pioneers in reforestation and which has
been planting at intervals for some years.
If the plantations of these important com-
panies are successful the movement will
spread rapidly and will be a great benefit
to the industry placing it on a more perma-
nent basis than ever before.
The Council of the Woodlands Section
of the Pulp and Paper Association have
decided to accept the invitation of Mr. G.
C. Piche, Chief Forester of Quebec, to
hold a conference the end of June at the
Quebec Government Nursery at Berthier-
ville, about 40 miles from Montreal. He
has kindly consented to let the Section have
the use of the commodious building for the
are heartily invited to attend and take part
in the discussions.
The Berthier Nurseries have been in
operation for a number of years and have
supplied a large amount of planting stock
and also ornamental and windbreak trees
to farmers. The Government now proposes
to increase the output as soon as possible
to five million trees per annum. This will
make this one of the largest nurseries in
the country and will enable the Govern-
ment to supply limit holders with trees and
also to undertake planting on its own
account.
Dr. J. S. Bates, since its inception the
chief of the Dominion Government Forest
Products Laboratories, at McGill Univer-
sity, Montreal, has resigned his position to
direct a research department for Price
T I THEN planting
Memorial trees,
why not plant a tree
which will beautify the
landscape and in a few
years furnish a lucra-
tive income? Hardy
Pomeroy English Wal-
nut Trees will do this.
Booklet Free.
D. N. POMEROY & SON
English Walnut Orchards
LCCKPORT.N. Y.
£hrp»imcr<m
etsltsklttnjtttti
HILL'S
Seedlings and Transplants
ALSO TREE SEEDS
FOR REFORESTING
"DEST for over half a century. All
leading hardy sorts, grown in im-
mense quantities. Prices lowest. Quali-
ty highest. Forest Planter's Guide, also
price lists are free. Write today and
mention this magazine.
THE D. HILL NURSERY CO.
Evergreen Specialists
Largest Growers in America
BOX 601 DUNDEE, ILL.
Orchids
We are specialists in
Orchids; we collect, im-
port, grow, sell and export this class of plants
exclusively.
Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of
Orchids may be had on application. Also spe-
cial list of freshly imported unestablished
Orchids.
LAGER & HURRELL
Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J.
Nursery Stock for Forest Planting
TREE SEEDS
SEEDLINGS write for price, on TRANSPLANTS
large quantities
THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO.
CHESHIRE, CONN.
FORESTRY SEEDS
Send for my catalogue containing
full list of varieties and prices
Thomas J. Lane, Seedsman
Drcsher Pennsylvania
Brothers Company, Ltd. This will be a
great loss to the Laboratories, which have
done excellent work under Dr. Bates. He
also represented the Imperial Munitions
Board at Shawenegan Falls where much
excellent work was done during the war
in the manufacture of acetone and many
other important chemicals. The new field
which he is entering, that of the profitable
use of the by-products in the manufacture
of sulphite pulp, is one which is rich in
AMERICAN FORESTRY
ii.,:;"';' ' . : ^^^^ : ..■';■■■ ■'■
1079
i H
Ask Your Boy
niiiiiiiiimiiimiiiuiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii iiiimiiiiiiiniiiii iinmiiiii
When the fighting was thickest —
When the suffering was greatest —
Where was the S. A. Lassie?
He9 11 say: "She was right on
the job."
And now, back home — in the byways
and hidden places — where misery always
lives, where men, women and children are on
the downgrade, she's still ''right on the job."
HELP HER TO
CARRY ON!
THE SALVATION ARMY HOME SERVICE FUND
MAY 19 TO 26
THIS SPACE CONTRIBUTED BY
THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
■■■■■■■HliiiiiiiiH^
Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
m
1080
AMERICAN FORESTRY
DRIVE SCREWS AUTOMATICALLY
IIHUI i ;. .:i,.;,i,i,i„i,!i.:,i,i,i,::i,i,i,i::
;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[iinii
11 Each Reynolds as a rule replaces
from three to six operators.
fl Power-Driven, Automatic, Maga-
zine Feed, for either wood or
machine screws.
fi Made in many sizes and types for
almost all work requiring screws.
1| Write for catalogue and testimo-
nial letters from manufacturers
who operate from two to twenty
machines.
THE REYNOLDS MACHINE COMPANY
Simply dump a gross of screws
(either wood or machine) into the
hopper. The Machine does the rest.
MASSILLON
OHIO
Dept. F
possibilities for new products and for
profits. There is also the question of the
utilization of hardwood in the manufacture
of paper which it is hoped will be taken up.
Don Ricardo Codorniu, who has been for
many years in charge of reforestation,
drifting sand work and prevention of flood
damage by mountain torrents in Spain, has
been elected an honorary member of the
Canadian Society of Forest Engineers. He
has been for a long time one of the mov-
ing spirits in Los Amigos del Arbol, the
Spanish Forestry Association and is the
editor of Espana Forestal, a very interest-
ing and well gotten-up forestry journal.
The illustrations in this paper are excep-
tionally good and the articles well worth
reading. The order of Isabella the Catho-
lic was bestowed on Senor Codorniu a few
years ago by popular petition. Senor Co-
dorniu is an enthusiastic Esperantist.
The British Columbia Forest Service will
again use a hydroplane for forest patrol.
The first attempt failed owing to an acci-
dent in which the pilot landed on the roof
of a house and went through into 'the bed-
room of one of the occupants.
Sometime during the coming summer the
Dominion Forestry Branch will test out
an aeroplane in the Province of Alberta.
The machine will be specially altered to
meet the requirements of fire protection
work.
Prof. R. B. Miller, who has been in charge
of the Forestry Department at the Uni-
versity of New Brunswick, is at Yale where
he has been acting as lecturer in the For-
est School on Forest Management. He is
also taking special post-graduate work.
The Co-operative Fire Protective Asso-
ciations in Quebec have purchased moving
picture machines and will carry on a cam-
paign in the rural districts and those remote
from the railways to educate the people in
the need for fire protection and forest con-
servation. The educational program car-
ried on by these associations has in the
past done more than anything else to re-
duce the number of fires and the people are
learning that they are partners and co-
owners with the limit holders and have a
large stake in the forests. In many parts
of Quebec the farmers could not live if
they were not able to work in the forests
in winter.
Major A. R. Lawrence has come forward
with a proposal to put forest ranging and
game protection under a semi-military or-
ganization in Ontario, something along the
lines of the famous Northwest Mounted
Police. This might possibly be a success if
it were as well handled as that celebrated
organization, but something would have to
be done to find work for the men in the
winter and the cost might make the tax-
payers think twice before adopting it.
The exports from Canada's forests, as
shown by the bulletin of the Department of
Trade and Commerce for the year ending
November, 1918, were $64,281,861, or an
increase of 22 per cent over the previous
year. This was double the amount of
fishery exports and 85 per cent of that of
minerals. In addition to these primary
forest products wood-pulp amounting to
$32,580,619 was exported. The pulp and
paper industry is the most important by far
for the Province of Quebec.
The Abitibi Pulp and Paper Company
has become one of the co-operators with
the Commission of Conservation in the
study of cut-over pulp wood lands. This
research bids fair to be of the utmost im-
portance for the determination of proper
silvicultural methods in the handling of
these lands and is throwing much light on
the subjects of reproduction and growth.
The necessity for an inventory of the
forest resources of Canada is becoming
more and more pressing. The results of
the Commission of Conservation's work in
British Columbia will be published shortly.
Nova Scotia has been covered, an inten-
sive survey of New Brunswick is under
way, but Ontario and Quebec, next to
British Columbia the most important for-
est provinces, still have very little knowl-
edge of the extent or amount of their re-
sources. A little work has been done by
private owners, some of whom have made
intensive surveys of sections 2,500 to 3,000
square miles in area. The only bases for
estimating over large sections are the re-
sults of such surveys and some of a few
hundred square miles made by the Pro-
vincial Forestry Services. The aeroplane
offers such a rapid and easy method of re-
connaisance for these huge areas, inac-
cessible in any other way, that work of
this character must be undertaken very
soon. The permanence of the lumber and
paper industries is of vital importance for
eastern Canada and the industries them-
selves are doing more than their share of
the work to insure it.
The Laurentide Company, Ltd., which
made a successful experiment in grinding
hardwood for pulp last year is preparing
to conduct experiments in barking both
with knife and drum barkers. It has been
said that hard wood barks in drum barkers
easier than spruce. Experiments are also
under way in regard to driving this wood
by water. Should the experiments prove
successful a means will have been found
to lessen materially the drain on our wan-
ing soft wood supplies.
NEW BRUNSWICK FOREST SER-
VICE STAFF CONFERENCE
BY ELLWOOD WILSON
jy/JANY of the Forest Rangers, Scalers,
Game Wardens, and Fire Wardens of
the outside staff of the Crown Land De-
partment met in Fredericton on Wed-
nesday and Thursday April 2 and 3. The
Conference has been called by the Fores-
try Advisory Commission with a view to
considering improvements in the methods
of scaling, fire protection and game pro-
tection in the interests of efficiency.
The main part of the program called for
a practical discussion by the Rangers them-
selves of many of the questions under con-
sideration, although a number of outside
speakers also addressed the Rangers.
GEORGIA TRAINING FORESTERS
FOR THE WAR DEPARTMENT
T\ URING the war the forester, as
much as the chemist and engineer
has demonstrated his worth. In connec-
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1081
tion with the first Engineering Corps
there was recruited a "Forestry Con-
tingent," and, even before this, various
New England states had sent over a num-
ber of forestry units to assist England in
logging and manufacturing her forests.
During the past year the War Department
has been busy recruiting a Forestry
Corps for duty in France. The fact is that
this war was largely an engineering
problem; hence the unparalleled demand
for that greatest of all construction ma-
terials— wood. Transportation lines must
have wood for ships, for cross-ties, for
bridges, and for cars. Of what value would
food and soldiers have been if we had not
the means of transporting them to where
they are needed?
The crowning achievement of the great
war is the wonderful way in which the
United States organized her resources
towards the successful culmination of that
project. With the approval of her people
the Government took over the direction
of railways, ships, munition factories, mines
and whatever was needed in pushing the
war. The State universities and colleges
became great training camps in preparing
men for technical projects under the War
Department. In the Students' Army Train-
ing Corps men with the proper prepara-
tion were given an opportunity to secure
military instruction while fitting them-
selves along some specialized line of en-
deavor. Courses of study were modified
so as to eliminate all but the essentially
practical ; the emergency demanded inten-
sive but thorough training. Instead of re-
quiring four years to graduate an engi-
neer, forester or chemist, the same result
must be achieved in a half or a quarter
of the time. No thought could be given
to college credits; the object was to give
the Government the efficient men it de-
manded and in the shortest time possible.
It was with this thought in view that the
two-year course in Forest Engineering was
organized at the University of Georgia.
The subject matter of the course was ar-
ranged with the approval of the Committee
on Education and Special Training, War
Department.
The specialized course in Forest Engi-
neering covers a period of two years, al-
though each year is largely independent of
the other and each term of the other.
This means that a man may enter at the
beginning of any term and successfully
pursue the work. The year is divided into
four terms of twelve weeks each. The
fourth term of each year is conducted in
the woods on a logging or milling opera-
tion, where the men have an opportunity
to become proficient in the handling of
machines, instruments and tools.
The course covers a period of two years,
the year consisting of four terms of twelve
weeks each. Three terms of each year will
be spent at the University; the fourth on
some woods or milling operation. The un-
derstanding is that these students will be
Styrax Japonica
A Shrub of Distinct
Beauty in Growth and
Bloom
JAPAN has given us many
useful shrubs, but none
more desirable and beauti-
ful than Styrax Japonica.
The dainty, waxy white
flowers, which cover the bush in June, call to mind the lovely sprays of orange
blossoms. Styrax is perfectly hardy, and in group plantings singularly effective.
Styrax makes a splendid hedge, dense enough to afford protection, remains in
good foliage all summer. Plant 2 to 3 feet apart according to size of plant. Here
is an opportunity to have something unique and surprise your friends.
2 ft. high $ .50 each
4 ft. high 1.00 each
6 ft. high 2.00 each
$4.00 for 10
9.00 for 10
17.50 for 10
$35.00 for 100
75.00 for 100
150.00 for 100
Styrax and a hundred other beautiful species are described in "Flowering
Trees and Shrubs." This is one of six new booklets we have prepared, and known
as Hicks MONOGRAPHS. You do yourself an injustice not to make it a point
to secure them all. Quickly get on our mailing list.
HICKS NURSERIES Box F, WESTBURY, L. I., N. Y.
permitted to complete the period of train-
ing. For this reason the subject of for-
estry has been placed in the same category
as the subjects of medicine, engineering
and agriculture.
For futher information address the
Chancellor, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia.
ARMY
AIRCRAFT TO
FOREST FIRES
FIGHT
It is believed that bombs charged with
suitable chemicals can be used with good
results. Another plan to be tested is trans-
porting fire-fighters by dirigibles from
which ladders can be lowered to the ground.
The chief use of the aircraft this sum-
mer, however, will be for fire detection. At
present the Forest Service relies for this
partly on patrol, usually by men on horses,
motorcycles, or railroad speeders, and
partly on watchers stationed at lookout
A, ,, .„ points. Aircraft have many points of
RMY airplanes and captive balloons will . .
„,. { tU_ xt.,*:™., i !?«...<.♦., obvious superiority for both classes of de-
tection work.
cover portions of the National Forests
of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and
other States this summer, to aid in
detecting and supressing forest fires. In
compliance with an order from Secretary
Baker directing the Air Service to co-
operate with the Forest Service of the
United States Department of Agriculture
in this work, conferences are under way to
determine where, and to what extent the
air scouts will supplement the forest
rangers.
That there is a distinct and important
place for aircraft in fire protection of tim-
berlands is regarded by the forestry officials
as beyond doubt, but experimental trial of
methods and possibilities will have to be
the first step. This is now being planned
for the coming fire season. Army air-
dromes and bases will be utilized for the
experiments. Some of the bases near
enough to National Forests to be used
advantageously are the flying fields at San
Diego, Riverside, and Arcadia in southern
California. Other points in the West and
in the East are under consideration, in-
cluding one near the White Mountains
in New Hampshire.
One of the interesting possibilities to
be tested is bombing fires to put them out.
Lookouts in a very broken country, cut
up by deep canyons or where mountain
ridges obstruct the view, or in a flat coun-
try that affords no good points of vantage,
are often unable to pick up all fires quick-
ly by the rising smoke, or to locate them
accurately. For precise location the sys-
tem in use depends on triangulation through
reports telephoned from separate observa-
tion points. Airplanes would use wireless
in reporting fires, as they have done in
communicating with the artillery, and would
locate fires by co-ordinates in the same way
that gun fire in war is directed to a par-
ticular spot or object.
From the Army standpoint, the use of
aircraft in protecting the National Forests
affords a valuable opportunity for train-
ing flyers and developing further the possi-
bilities of aircraft and the art of flying.
PLANT MEMORIAL TREES
FOR OUR
SOLDIERS AND SAILORS
Please mention American Forestry Magagine when writing advertisers
1082
AMERICAN FORESTRY
WHEN YOU BUY
PHOTO -ENGRAVINGS
buy the right kind— That is, the
particular style and finish that will
best illustrate your thought and
print best where they are to be
used. Such engravings are the real
quality engravings for you, whether
they cost much or little.
We have a reputation for intelligent-
ly co-operating with the buyer to
give him the engravings that will
best suit his purpose--
Our little house organ "Etchings" is
full of valuable hints— Send for it.
H. A. GATCHEL, Prts. C A. SHNSON, Vkt-Prw.
GATCHEL & MANNING
PHOTO-ENGRA VERS
In one or more colors
Sixth and Chestnut Streets
PHILADELPHIA
PATRONIZE
OUR ADVERTISERS
CURRENT LITERATURE
MONTHLY LIST FOR APRIL, 1919
(Books and periodicals indexed in the library of the United States Forest Service.)
FORESTRY AS A WHOLE
Proceedings and reports of associations, forest
officers, etc.
British Columbia— Dept. of lands— Forest
branch. Report for the year ending
Dec. 31, 1918. 27 p. Victoria, 1919.
California — State forester. Seventh bien-
nial report. 1916-18. 103 p. pi., tables.
Sacramento, Cal., 1919.
Montana — State forester. Fifth biennial re-
port, 1917-18. 99 p. il., map. Helena,
1918.
New South Wales — Forestry commission.
Report for the year ended 30 June,
1918. 32 p. Sydney, 1918.
Washington — State board of forest com-
missioners. Annual reports, Washing-
ton state forester, for the years end-
ing Nov. 30, 1917, and Nov. 30, 1918.
31 p. pi. Olympia, 1919.
Western Australia — Woods and forests
dept. Annual report for the year end-
ed 31st Dec, 1917. 24 p. Perth, 1919.
FOREST EDUCATION
Forest schools
Tndia — Imperial forest college, Dehra Dun.
Progress report for the year 1917-18.
28 p. Calcutta, 1918.
New York state college of forestry. The
New York state ranger school on the
college forest at Wanakena, N. Y. 27
p. il. Syracuse, 1918. (Circular 24.)
FOREST DESCRIPTION
Black, Robson. Canada's forests as an im-
perial asset. 16 p. Ottawa, Canadian
forestry association, 1919.
FOREST BOTANY
Brown, W. H. and Fischer, A. F. Philip-
pine bamboos. 32 p. pi. Manila, 1918.
(P. I. — Bureau of forestry. Bulletin
15.)
SILVICULTURE
Planting
Devil's Lake nursery. Trees for the prai-
rie; their value and why. 16 p. Devil's
Lake, N. D., 1914.
U. S. — Dept. of agriculture — Office of dry
land agriculture. Care of co-operative
shelter belts on the northern Great
Plains. 7 p. Wash., D. C, 1919. (Pub-
lication No. 4.)
U. S. — Dept. of agriculture — Office of dry-
land agriculture. Conifer additions to
shelter belts on the northern Great
Plains. 7 p. Wash., D. C, 1919.
(Publication No. 5.)
FOREST PROTECTION
Insects
Blackman, M. W. and Stage, H. H. Notes
on insects bred from the bark and
wood of the American larch. 115 p.
tables Syracuse, N. Y., 1918. (N. Y.
state college of forestry, Syracuse uni-
versity. Technical publication No. 10.)
Swaine, J. M. Canadian bark beetles, pt.
2: Preliminary classification, with an
account of the habits and means of
control. 143 p. il., pi. Ottawa, 1918.
(Canada — Dept. of agriculture — Ento-
mological branch. Bulletin 14.)
Diseases
Cook, M. T. Common diseases of shade
and ornamental trees. 27 p. il. New
ADVISORY BOARD
Representing Organizations Affiliated with the
American Forestry Association
National Wholesale Lumber Dealers' Association Lumbermen'! Exchange Empire State Forest Products Association
TOHN M. WOODS. Boston. Mais. J. RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. FERRIS J. MEIGS, New York City
W. CLYDE SYKES, Conifer, N. Y FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa. RUFUS L. SISSON, Potsdam, N. Y.
R. G. BROWNELL, Williamsport, Pa. R. B. RAYNER, Philadelphia, Pa. W. L. SYKES, Utica, N. Y.
Northern Pine Manufacturers' Association
C. A. SMITH, Coos Bay, Ore.
WILLIAM IRVINE. Chippewa Falls, Wis.
F. E. WEYERHAEUSER, St. Paul, Minn.
National Association of Box Manufacturers
B. W. PORTER, Greenfield, Mass.
S. B. ANDERSON, Memphis, Tenn.
ROBT. A. JOHNSON, Minneapolis, Minn.
Carriage Builders' National Association
II C McLKAR, Mount Vernon, N. Y.
I). T. WILSON. New York
P. S. EBRENZ, St. Louis, Missouri
New Hampshire Tlmberland Owners' Association
W. H. BUNDY, Boston, Mass.
EVERETT E. AMEY, Portland, Me.
F. H. BILLARD, Berlin, N. H.
Massachusetts Forestry Association
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Milton, Mass.
FREDERIC J. CAULKINS, Boston, Mass.
HARRIS A. REYNOLDS, Cambridge, Mass.
Camp Fire Club of America
Philadelphia Wholesale Lumber Dealers' Ass'n WILLIAM B. GREELEY, Washington, D. C.
J. RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa O. H. VAN NORDEN, New York
FRED'K S. UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa. FREDERICK K. VREELAND, New York
California Forest Protective Association
MILES STANDISH. San Francisco, Cal.
GEO. X. WENDL1NG, San Francisco, Cal.
GEO. H. RHODES, San Francisco, Cal.
Minnesota Forestry Association
W. T. COX, St. Paul, Minn.
PROF. D. LANGE, St. Paul, Minn.
MRS. CARRIE BACKUS, St. Paul, Minn.
American Wood Preservers' Association
MR. CARD, ill W. Washington St., Chicago, III
MR. JOYCE, 332 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111
F. J. ANGIER, Baltimore, Md.
Southern Pine Association
J. B. WHITE, Kansas City, Mo.
T. E. RHODES. New Orleans, La.
HENRY E. HARDTNER, Urania, La.
CURRENT LITERATURE
1083
Brunswick, N. J., 1918. (N. J.— Agri-
cultural experiment station. Circular
98)
Rhoads, A. S. The biology of Polyporus
paragamenus Fries. 197 p. il., pi.
Syracuse, 1918. (N. Y. state college of
forestry, Syracuse university. Techni-
cal publication No. 11.)
FOREST MANAGEMENT
Graves. H. S. Private forestry. II p.
Wash., D. C, 1919. (U. S.— Dept. of
agriculture — Office of the secretary.
Circular 129.)
FOREST UTILIZATION
Wood-using industries
Barton, J. E. The regenerative forests of
eastern Kentucky and their relation to
the coal mining industry. 4 p. Frank-
fort, 1919. Ky. — State forester. Cir-
cular No. 8.)
Brown, W. H. and Fischer, A. F. Philip-
pine forest products as sources of pa-
per pulp. 13 p. il. Manila, 1918.
(Philippine Islands — Bureau of for-
estry. Bulletin 16.)
Paper makers' directory of all nations, 27th
edition. 720 p. London, Dean & Son.
ltd., 1918.
Post's paper mill directory, 1919. 644 p.
maps. N. Y., L. D. Post, 1919.
Lumber industry
Smith, F. H. and Pierson, A. H. Produc-
tion of lumber, lath and shingles in
1917. 44 p. Wash., D. C, 1919. (U.
S. — Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 768.)
WOOD TECHNOLOGY
Alvarez, A. C. Some tests of Douglas fir
after long use. 118 p. pi., tables.
Berkeley, Cal., 1918. (University of
California publications in engineering,
v. 2, No. 2.)
Brush, W. D. Size and quality of southern
pine timber. 30 p. il., maps, tables,
diagrs. New Orleans, La., Southern
pine association, 1919.
AUXILIARY SUBJECTS
Conservation of natural resources
Maryland — Conservation commission. Of-
ficial bulletin No. 7. 32 p. Baltimore,
Md., 1919.
Maryland — Conservation commission. Third
annual report, 1918. 86 p. pi. Bal-
timore, Md., 1919.
Parks
Connecticut — State park commission. Re-
port for the two fiscal years ended
Sept. 30, 1918. 36 p. pi. Hartford,
Conn., 1918.
PERIODICAL ARTICLES
Miscellaneous periodicals
American city, Feb., 1919. — Tree planting
an important part of city reconstruc-
tion programs, by P. S. Ridsdale, p.
189-91.
American sheep breeder, Jan., 1919.— Utah
and the Forest service, by H. E. Fenn,
P- 34-5-
American sheep breeder, Apr., 1919. — Graz-
ing allowances, by W. C. Barnes, p.
218-19.
Bulletin of the Pan-American Union, Feb.,
<—Rocky Mt. national park, p.
161-71.
THE
1337-1339 F STREET.N.W.
WflSHINGTON.P.Q.
flNP
ILLUSTRATORS
3 ^olor Pro^ss Work
^lotrotyp^s
Superior Qoality
& Ssri/iq^
Phone Main 5Z74
Colorado highways bulletin, Apr., 1919. —
Million-and-quarter for Colorado-
Wyoming national forest roads ap-
propriated this year, p. 8.
Country life, N. Y., Apr., 1919. — Maple
sugar making, by E. I. Farrington, p.
98.
Country life, London, Jan. 4, 1919. — The
value of fallen tree leaves, by E. Beck-
ett, p. 14-15.
Cut-over lands, Mar., 1919. — Industrial uses
of cut over timber, by J. E. G., p. 1-2.
Gardeners' chronicle, Mar. 1, 1919. — Tree
planting by the state, by A. D. Web-
ster, p. 94.
Illustrated world, Jan., 1919. — Turning
spruce forests into airplanes, by W. F.
French, p. 696-701.
Journal of home economics, Oct., 1918. —
Paper textiles, by L. B. Storms, p.
45 1-6.
Journal of the New York botanical garden,
Jan., 1919. — The planting of trees as
war memorials, p. 1-2; Insects attacking
shade trees, by W. A. Merrill, p. 5-6.
Nation's business, Apr., 1919. — The task of
the trees, by A. H. Ulm, p. 16-18.
Outers' book-Recreation, Apr., 1919. — Har-
vesting spruce gum, by V. C. Isola, p.
201, 250; Building the modern split-
bamboo rod, by W. A. Stolley, p. 224-5,
256-7.
138,500,000 FEET
NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER
FOR SALE
Location and Amount. — All
the merchantable dead
timber standing or down
and all the live timber
marked or designated for
cutting on an area em-
bracing about 17,300
acres in Townships 32
and 33 North, Ranges
114, 115 and 116 West,
Sixth Principal Meridian,
North and South Forks
of Cottonwood Creek
Watershed, W y o m ing
National Forest, Wyom-
ing, estimated to be 138,-
500,000 feet B. M., more
or less of lodgepole pine,
Douglas fir and Engle-
mann spruce saw, tie, and
prop timber.
Stumpage Prices. — Lowest
rates considered, $2.00
per M feet B. M. for saw
timber, 8 cents per tie
and % cent per linear
foot for mine props.
Rates to be reappraised
after 3 years.
Deposit.— With bid $5,000,
to apply on purchase
price if bid is accepted,
or refunded if rejected.
Final Date for Bids.— Seal-
ed bids will be received
by the District Forester,
Ogden, Utah, up to and
including June 16, 1919.
The right to reject any
and all bids is reserved.
Before bids are submitted
full information concerning
the character of the timber,
conditions of sale, deposits
and the submission of bids
should be obtained from the
District Forester, Ogden,
Utah, or the Forest Super-
visor, Afton, Wyoming.
Pltaie mention American Forettry Magazine when writing advertisers
1084
AMERICAN FORESTRY
BOOKS ON FORESTRY
AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry,
a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry
Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid.
FOREST V ALU ATION— Flllbert Roth
FOREST REGULATION— Filibert Roth
PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR— By Elbert Peets
THE LUMBER INDUSTRY— By R. S. Kellogg
LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS— By Arthur F. Jones
FOREST VALUATION— By H. H. Chapman
CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY— By Norman Shaw
TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS— By John Kirkegaard
TREES AND SHRUBS— By Charles Sprague Sargent— Vols. I and II, 4 Parts to a Volume—
Per Part
THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER— Glfford Pinchot
LUMBER AND ITS USES— R. S. Kellogg
THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK— B. E. Fernow
NORTH AMERICAN TREES— N. L. Britton
KEY TO THE TREES— Collins and Preston
THE FARM WOODLOT— E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling
IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Samuel J.
Record
PLANE SURVEYING— John C. Tracy
FOREST MENSURATION— Henry Solon Graves
THE ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY— B. E. Fernow
FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY— Filibert Roth:
PRACTICAL FORESTRY— A. S. Fuller
PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY— Samuel B. Green
TREES IN WINTER— A. S. Blakeslee and C. D. Jarvis
MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico)— Chas. Sprague
Sargent
AMERICAN WOODS— Romeyn B. Hough, 14 Volumes, per Volume
HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, EAST OF THE
ROCKY MOUNTAINS— Romeyn B. Hough
GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES— J. Horace McFarland
PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD; THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— Chas. H. Snow
HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION— Samuel M. Rowe
TREES OF NEW ENGLAND— L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES— H. E. Park-
hurst
TREES— H. Marshall Ward
OUR NATIONAL PARKS— John Mulr
LOGGING— Ralph C. Bryant :
THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE UNITED STATES— S. B. Elliott
FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND— Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawes
THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS— Henry Solon Graves
SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES— William Solotaroff
THE TREE GUIDE— By Julia Ellen Rogers
MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN— Austin Cary
FARM FORESTRY— Alfred Akerman
THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (In forest organization)— A. B. Reck-
nagel
ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY— F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD— Samuel J. Record
STUDIES OF TREES— J. J. Levison
TREE PRUNING— A. Des Cars
THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER— Howard F. Weiss
SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY— By James W. Tourney...
FUTURE OF FOREST TREES— By Dr. Harold Unwin
FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS— F. Schuyler Mathews, $2.00 (in full
leather)
FARM FORESTRY— By John. Arden Ferguson
THE BOOK OF FORESTRY— By Frederick F. Moon
OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES— By Maud Going
HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN— By Jay L. B. Taylor
THE LAND WE LIVE IN— By Overton Price
WOOD AND FOREST— By William Noyes
THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW— By J. P. Kinney
HANDBOOK OF CLEARING AND GRUBBING, METHODS AND COST— By Halbert P.
Gillette •
FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY— By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr
MANUAL OF POISONOUS PLANTS— By L. H. Pammel
WOOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— Chas. H. Snow
EXERCISES IN FOREST MENSURATION— Winkenwerder and Clark
OUR NATIONAL FORESTS— H. D. Boerker
MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES— Howard Rankin.....
FRANCE, THE FRANCE I LOVE— By Dr. Du Bois Loux, Pauline L. Diver, New York City
$1.54
2.00
2.N
1.10
2.11
2.00
2.50
1.50
5.00
1.35
1.15
2.17
7.30
1.50
1.75
1.25
3.00
4.00
1.61
1.10
1.50
1.50
2.00
6.00
7.50
5.00
1.75
3.50
5.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
LSI
3.50
2.50
3.50
1.50
3.00
1.00
2.12
.57
2.10
2.20
1.75
1.75
.05
2.00
2.50
2.25
3.00
1.30
2.10
1.50
2.50
1.70
3.00
3.00
2.50
2.50
5.35
5.00
1.50
2.50
2.50
1.50
* This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry
or related subjects upon request. — EDITOR.
OPPORTUNITY
THE PROMOTER OF A RAILWAY SYSTEM WITHIN MINNESOTA
AND DAKOTA IS COMPILING A LIST OF
PROSPECTIVE RAILROAD SYNDICATE MEMBERS
For the purpose of establishing a Railway Syndicate whose object will be of
floating a Railway Company and further developing said projected Railway
System. The DATA offered free will be forwarded to applicants when the
financial and supplies markets are re-established favorable to such construction
propositions. If you find yourself in a position to join such SYNDICATE, we
predict that the offered DATA will show satisfactory advantages.
Address: P. O. Box 271 - - Ottawa, Canada
Overland monthly, Feb., 1919. — Spruce and
its future, by L. K. Hodges, p. 95-103; ^
Reclaiming the fire swept areas of the
west, by L. Roller, p. 171-6.
Reclamation record, Apr., 1919. — The Ever-
glades, p. I7I-3-
Scientific American, Jan. 18, 1919. — Forest 1
fires of spontaneous origin, by G. Ray-
mond, p. 47; What machinery is doing
for the walnut industry, by H. C. Keg-
ley, p. 51, 62.
Scientific American supplement, Feb. 22,
1919. — Manufacture of charcoal as an
economic measure, by H. Sylven, p.
124-6.
Scientific American supplement, Mar. I,
1919. — The grass tree resins of Aus-
tralia, p. 137.
Scientific American supplement, Mar. 22,
1919. — Trees for the desert, by A. L.
Dahl, p. 188-9.
Scribner's magazine, Apr., 1919. — Glacier
revealed, by R. S. Yard, p. 385-403-
U. S. — Dept. of agriculture. Journal of
agricultural research, Feb. 10, 1919. —
Injury to Casuarina trees in southern
Florida by the mangrove borer, by T.
E. Snyder, p. 155-64.
U. S. — Dept. of agriculture. Weekly news
letter, Mar. 26, 1919. — Careful nursing
and protection needed by trees being
grown for shelter belt, p. 3.
U. S. — Dept. of agriculture. Weekly news
letter, Apr. 2, 1919. — Would honor war
heroes on arbor day this year, p. 1-2.
U. S. — Dept. of agriculture. Weekly news
letter, Apr. 16, 1919. — Army's aircraft
will help to combat fires in forests, p.
1-2.
Washington historical quarterly, Oct., 1918.
— Western spruce and the war, by E.
S. Meany, p. 255-8.
Trade journals and consular reports
American lumberman, Mar. 22, 1919. —
Status and future of the crosstie sup-
ply, P- 33, 58.
American lumberman, Mar. 29, 1919. — How
to build a poultry house, by R. S.
Whiting, p. 38K-L.
American lumberman, Apr. 5, 1919. — Lum-
ber prospects in Russia, by R. E. Sim-
mons, p. 42-3; Logging the "Black for-
est" of France, by J. B. Woods, p. 50,
69; Where the logging truck is coming
into its own, p. 60-1.
American lumberman, Apr. 12, 1919. — The
organization of lumber export agencies,
by J. R. Walker, p. 66-7.
Canada lumberman, Apr. 1, 1919. — More
efficient protection of our timber, by
J. B. Harkin, p. 32.
Disston crucible, Mar., 1919. — Kauri tim-
ber, by C. N. Spiller, p. 23-5.
Electric railway journal, Feb. 15, 1919. — Tie
renewal cost reduction deserves serious
study, by R. C. Cram, p. 308-15.
Engineering news-record, Mar. 27, 1919.—
Zinc as an alternative for creosote ir
treating railway ties, p. 609 ; Decay oi
timber in Mexican low coastal plains
by J. D. Mathews, p. 631-2.
CURRENT LITERATURE
1085
Engineering news-record, Apr. 10, 1919. —
Wood construction feature of Charles-
ton port terminal, by H. Abbott, p. 702-6.
Gas age, Jan. 15, 1919. — Carbonization
of wood in the Stockholm gas works,
p. 74-6.
Hardwood record, Mar. 25, 1919. — Inven-
tion of rotary veneer, p. 24.
Hardwood record, Apr. 10, 1919. — Estimat-
ed lumber cut in 1918, p. 30a.
Lumber, March. 24, 1919. — U. S. faces tie
famine, p. 15; Primitive mill in south-
ern forest, p. 43.
Lumber, Apr. 7, 1919. — Lumber trade op-
portunity in England, by J. Y. Dunlop,
P- 43-4-
Lumber, Apr. 14, 1919.— Timber tests made
by Uncle Sam, by A. L. Dahl, p. 15-17.
Lumber world review, Mar. 25, 1919.—
Logging and lumbering in France, by
F. R. Barns, p. 21-5.
Lumber world review, Apr. 10, 1919. — A
permanent timberland policy for the
U. S., by A. B. Recknagel, p. 26-8.
Mississippi Valley lumberman, Apr. 4, 1919.
— Hints on storing timber to prevent
decay, p. 23.
Municipal journal, Feb. 22, 1919. — Wood
block pavements at Lakewood, by E.
A. Fisher, p. 162-3.
New York lumber trade journal, Apr. 1,
1919. — Report of Committee on for-
estry of the National wholesale lumber
dealers' association, p. 42-3.
Paper, Mar. 19, 1919— Australian paper-
making woods and fibers, p. 11-12, 40.
Paper, Apr. 9, 1919.— Sawdust paper, by
R. W. Sindall and Bacon, p. 14.
Paper mill, Mar. 22, 1919.— Conditions of
labor and wages in the French paper
industry, p. 48.
Paper mill, Apr. 5, 1919.— Bark for tanning
purposes, p. 27.
Paper trade journal, Mar. 20, 1919. — Manu-
facture of pulp and paper from gar-
bage, p. 40; Labor and wages in French
paper industry, p. 42.
Paper trade journal, Mar. 27, 1919. — Pro-
posed classifications for forest com-
modities, p. 10, 12, 14.
Paper trade journal, Apr. 10, 1919.— Im-
ports and exports of Japanese paper
and pulp, p. 46, 56.
Pioneer western lumberman, Mar. 15, 1919.
—Forests of Japan, p. 11; Results of
mill scale study of fire-killed timber,
by D. C. Birch, p. 15-17.
Pioneer western lumberman, Apr. 1, 1919.
— Will improve national forest ranges
in Oregon and Washington, p. 11;
Caterpillars destroy oak foliage, p. 19.
Pulp and paper magazine, Mar. 6, 1919. —
distribution of electrical power in
pulp and paper mills, by E. B. Wardle,
P- 237 9
Railway age, Mar. 28, 1919.— Waterproof-
ing railway ties to preserve them, by
H. K. Wiscteed, p. 849-50.
Railway mechanical engineer, Feb., 1919.—
Lumber for car construction, by H. von
Schrenk, p. 85-8.
School of Forestry
I UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO
Four Year Course, with op-
portunity to specialize in
General Forestry, Log-
ging Engineering, and
Forest Grazing.
Forest Ranger Course of
high school grade, cover-
ing three years of five
months each.
Special Short Course cover-
ing twelve weeks design-
ed for those who cannot
take the time for the
fuller courses.
Correspondence Course in
Lumber and Its Uses. No
tuition, and otherwise ex-
penses are the lowest.
For Further Particulars Address
Dean, School of Forestry
University of Idaho
Moscow, Idaho
L
Forest Engineering
Summer School
University of Georgia
ATHENS, GEORGIA
Eight-weeks Summer Camp on
large lumbering and milling oper-
ation in North Georgia. Field
training in Surveying, Timber
Estimating, Logging Engineer-
ing, Lumber Grading, Milling.
Special vocational courses
for rehabilitated soldiers.
Exceptional opportunity to pre-
pare for healthful, pleasant, lucra-
tive employment in the open.
(Special announcement sent upon
request.)
PLANT MEMORIAL
TREES FOR OUR
HEROIC DEAD
The ~~!
New York State
College of
Forestry
at
Syracuse University,
Syracuse, N. Y.
UNDER-GRADUATE courses in
Technical Forestry, Paper and
Pulp Making, Logging and Lum-
bering, City Forestry, and Forest
Engineering, all leading to degree of
Bachelor of Science. Special oppor-
tunities offered for post-graduate
work leading to degrees of Master of
Forestry, Master of City Forestry,
and Doctor of Economics.
A one-year course of practical
training at the State Ranger School
on the College Forest of 1,800 acres
at Wanakena in the Adirondacks.
State Forest Camp of three months
open to any man over 16, held each
summer on Cranberry Lake. Men
may attend this Camp for from two
weeks to the entire summer.
The State Forest Experiment Sta-
tion of 90 acres at Syracuse and an
excellent forest library offer unusual
I opportunities for research work.
UNIVERSITY OF MAINE
ORONO, MAINE
Maintained by State and Nation
T^HE FORESTRY DEPART-
A MENT offers a four years'
undergraduate curriculum, lead-
ing to the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Forestry.
******
Opportunities for full techni-
cal training, and for specializing
in problems of the Northeastern
States and Canada.
******
John M. Briscoe,
Professor of Forestry
******
For catalog and further infor-
mation, address
ROBERT J. ALEY, Pres't,
Orono, Maine
Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
1086
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Forestry at
University of
Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
A FOUR - YEAR, undergraduate
course that prepares for the
practice of Forestry in all its
branches and leads to the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN FORESTRY
Opportunity is offered for grad-
uate work leading to the degree of
Master of Science in Forestry.
The course is designed to give a
broad, well-balanced training in the
fundamental sciences as well as in
technical Forestry, and has, conse-
quently, proven useful to men en-
gaged in a variety of occupations.
This school of Forestry was estab-
lished in 1903 and has a large body
of alumni engaged in Forestry work.
For announcement giving
Complete information and list
of alumni, address
FILIBERT ROTH
Yale School of '
Forestry
Established in 1900
A Graduate Department of Yale
University
The two years technical course pre-
pares for the general practice of for-
estry and leads to the degree of
Master of Forestry. '
Special opportunities in all branches
of forestry for
Advanced and Research Work.
For students planning to engage
in forestry or lumbering in the
Tropics, particularly tropical Amer-
ica, a course is offered in
Tropical Forestry.
Lumbermen and others desiring in-
struction in special subjects may be
enrolled as
Special Students.
A field course of eight weeks in the
summer is available for those not
prepared for, or who do not wish
to take the technical courses.
For further information and cata-
logue, address: The Director of the
School of Forestry, New Haven, Con-
necticut, U. S. A.
Railway review, Apr. 12, 1919. — Fire con-
trol in forests, by J. A. Kitts, p. 550-1,
555-6.
Southern lumberman, Mar. 22, 1919 —
Louisiana lumbermen hold conference
on prevention of forest fires, p. 30;
Great days ahead for American lum-
bermen, by N. C. Brown, p. 33 ; France
and her lumber stocks, by J. B. Woods,
p. 36.
Southern lumberman, Apr. 5, 1919.— Santo
Domingo is not a lumberman's Para-
dise, p. 30.
Timber trades journal, Mar. 22, 1919 —
Australia timber, p. 482.
Timber trades journal, Mar. 29, 1919 —
Afforestation by the government, by A.
D. Webster, p. 487.
Timberman, Mar., 1919. — Tie mills protest
centralized buying methods, p. 38-9;
Fight to keep blister rust out of the
west, p. 40-1 ; Manufacture of con-
tinuous wood stove pipe, p. 45 ; Euro-
pean import duties on lumber, p. 67-8.
U. S. commerce report Mar. 24, 1919. —
White-pine timber resources of New
Zealand, p. 1460-1.
U. S. commerce report, Mar. 31, 1919. —
Swedish forests an important resource,
p. 1614.
U. S. commerce report, Apr. 8, 1919. — The
paper industry in Japan, p. 164-77;
Samples of Ecuadorian woods, p. 187.
U. S. commerce report, Apr. 9, 1919. —
Review of Swedish wood-pulp market
during 1918, p. 216-18.
Veneers, Apr., 1919. — Red gum as a cabinet
wood, by I. B. Handy, p. 14-15.
West Coast lumberman, Mar. 15, 1919. —
How to dry western red cedar to avoid
collapse, by H. D. Tieman, p. 22, 31.
West Coast lumberman, Apr. 1, 1919. — For-
est resources of New South Wales, by
B. Millin, p. 35 ; Average price since
1897 on nine leading fir items, p. 37;
Crimps, their cause and cure, by A.
Smith and N. Jones, p. 42-3; Manual
of the western lumber industry, p. 49-
64; Pacific Coast water shipments for
past quarter century, p. 66-9; Methods
of measuring and terms used by Swed-
ish lumber exports in the European
market, by H. Sylven, p. 70-1 ; Webb
law and its relation to the export lum-
ber trade, by W. Compton, p. 72; Rig-
ging cableway logging systems, by J.
T. Worsley, p. 74-5, 78-9, 136, 140; Mill
owners throw money away by neglect-
ing dry kilns, by V. G. Gilbreath, p.
85 ; Recommendations for the inspec-
tion of logging camps, by A. B. Was-
tell, p. 92-4; Japan's shipyards closing,
by G. H. Scidmore. p. 96; Sawyers'
and setters' signs, p. 97 ; War period
trying time for British Columbia lum-
bermen, by T. J. McElveen, p. 103-4;
How to easily distinguish Douglas fir
from Sitka spruce lumber, p. 108; The
human equation in the lumber indus-
try, by R. W. Vinnedge, p. 1 14-15, 123;
Cost keeping, by J. P. Robertson, p.
116, 187; Trade commission expert dis-
cusses cost accounting, by L. H. Haney,
p. 118, 122; Story of how the govern-
ment makes woods more useful, p. 121,
144, 198; Overhead skidders in fir tim-
ber, p. 154; How to choose a rope for
any given purpose, p. 159-60; Will use
much native timber, p. 185.
Wood-Workers, Mar., 1919. — English meth-
ods of lumber driving, by J. Young,
P- 34-
Forest journals
American forestry, Apr., 1919. — French
forests for our army, by P. S. Rids-
dale, p. 963-72; Cascara stumpage ad-
vertised on Suislaw, p. 972; Wooden
boats and their manufacture, by H.
Maxwell, p. 973-82; Forest opportuni-
ty on pine lands in the south, by F. W.
Besley, p. 983-4; Washington's first
memorial tree, p. 984; Forward with
tree planting, by C. L. Pack, p. 985-90;
Why wood is best, by A. Gaskill, p.
991-4; Mandrakes, wild lupine, and
notes on the American snapping turtle,
by R. W. Shufeldt, p. 995-1000; Rails,
gallinules and coots, by A. A. Allen,
p. 1001-5; Southwestern forest super-
visors hold important conference, p.
1005; The pine woods folks, by E. G.
Cheyney, p. 1006-7; Digest of opin-
ions on forestry, p. 1008; Walks in
the woods, by J. O. Swift, p. 1009-11;
Sell fuel wood by weight, p. 1012;
Canadian department, by E. Wilson, p.
1015-16; Training courses in wood in-
spection, p. 1016; Forestry in Louisiana,
p. 1018; Planting trees in a new way,
p. 1918.
Allegemeine forst — und jagdzeitung, July,
1918. — Darstellung des verhaltens der
holzarten zum wasser, by Anderlind, p.
125-8; Beobachtungen uber blitzschlage,
by Joseph, p. 141-2.
Allgemeine forst — und jagdzetiung, Aug.,
1918. — Zur harznutzung im jahre 1917,
by Biehler, p. 149-65.
Allgemeine forst — und jagdzeitung, Sept-
Oct., 1918. — Ueber einsparungen biem
pflanzbetriege, by Tiemann, p. 173-81.
Australian forestry journal, Feb. 10, 1919. —
Putting first-class woods to third-class
purposes, p. 43-4; Axe and other
handles, p. 44-5 ; The excessive cost of
logging, by F. Nixon, p. 47-8; White
ants in cypress pine, by G. Burrow, p.
48-9; Forestry in central Africa, by
A. S. Le Souef, p. 49-50; Forestry and
land settlement ; a New Zealand view,
p. 57-8; Some common fallacies; Aus-
tralian timber resources, by H. R.
Mackay, p. 59-62; The eternal fire ques-
tion, by R. D. H, p. 64, 66.
Canadian forestry journal, Mar., 1919. A
civic plan for street trees, by B. R.
Morton, p. 106-8; Photographing for-
ests from the air, by Lewis, p. IIO-I2;
Lumbermen and the tree supply, by
W. G. Power, p. 1 15-17; Does the
west need forests, p. 118-20; The
waste of Christmas tree export, by
CURRENT LITERATURE
1087
J. A. Bothwell, p. 121 ; Victoria
launches into state forestry, by H. R.
MacMillan, p. 124-5 ; The probable cost
of aeroplane patrol, p. 126-7; Guard-
ing 21 million acres by co-operation, p.
130.
Forest leaves, Apr., 1919— Memorial trees,
by J. T. Rothrock, p. 17-18; Spring
arbor day proclamation, p. 19; Pocono
protective fire association, p. 19; The
white pine blister rust situation, p.
25-6.
Journal of forestry, Mar., 1919.— The work
ahead, by F. E. Olmsted, p. 227-35;
The organization of finance in forest
industry, by B. P. Kirkland, p. 236-44;
Review of lumber industry affairs, by
P. S. Lovejoy, p. 245-59; Forest re-
search and the war, by E. H. Clapp, p.
26072; Some aspects of silvical re-
search as an after-the-war activity, by
C. Leavitt, p. 273-80; Need for a uni-
fied forest research program, by J. W.
Toumey, p. 281-9; Some reflections
upon Canadian forestry problems, by
C. D. Howe, p. 290-96; Preliminary re-
port of some forest experiments in
Pennsylvania, by J. S. Illick, p. 297-
311; Measuring cordwood in short
lengths, by R. C. Hawley, p. 312-17-
Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fur forts
— und landwirtschaft, Jan.-Feb., 1918.
— Stand und aussichten der harznut-
zung, by C. von Tubeuf and others, p.
1-99.
Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fur forst
—und landwirtschaft, Mar.-Aug, 1918.
— Zur kiefernharznutzung 1918, by
Schepss, p. 105-18; Ueber die kiefern-
dreher Melampsora pinitorqua, by N.
Sylven, p. 118-27; Die nordschwedischc
kiefer, b> N. Sylven, p. 128-38; Ueber
die verbreitung der mistel in der
Schweiz, by J. W. F. Coaz, p. 138-95;
Die insekten der mistel und verwandter
Loranthaceen, by F. Schumacher, p.
•95-238; Buchelernte in sicht, by
Gareis, p. 246-60; Buchenund fichten-
samenernte im jahre 1918, by C. von
Tubeuf, p. 260-4; Unsere alleen und
allecbaume, by C. von Tubeuf, p. 264-
80; Die ubergang des rindenblasenrost-
pilzes Peridermium pini, von kiefer zu
kiefer, by C. von Tubeuf, p. 280-82.
North woods, Feb., 1919. — Prevention of
forest fires in Minnesota, by A. P. Sil
liman, p. 3-9; Forestry legislation, p.
26-32.
Ohio forester, Jan., 1919. — An undeveloped
profession, by J. S. Houser, p. 4-6;
Tamarack for fence posts, by J. J.
Crumley, p. 6-7; The outlook for for-
estry, by E. Secrest, p. 8-12; Once
upon a time, by E. T. Owen, p. 12-17.
Revue des eaux et forets, Mar. 1, 1919. —
L'administration des eaux et forets
pendent la guerre, p. 45-52; La conver-
sion en futaie et l'oidium, by F. Doe,
P- 53-
Schweizerische zeitschrift fur forstwesen,
Jan.-Feb., 1919. — Ueber einige im bo-
tanischen garten in Gern kulitvierte
schlangenfichten, by E. Fischer, p.. 10-
12; 1st der holzwert eines waldes als
gemeindevermogen den fondsgeldern
gleichzustellen, by C. Helbling, p. 13-15;
Favolus europaeus Fr., ein schadling
des nussbaumes, by E. Paravicini, p.
15-17; Die brennholzversorgung im
Kanton Zurich, by H. Fleisch, p. 27-30.
Skogsvardsforenningens tidskrift, Jan.,
1919. — Naturforskningen och de skogs-
biologiska problemen (Nature studies
and the problem of forest biology),
by H. Hesselman, p. 3-1 1; De Oeland-
ska skogsmarkernas produktionsfor-
maga (The productivity of the forest
soil of Oeland), by U. Danielson, p.
12-18; Om uppskattning av hojdtil-
lvaxten a staende trad (Estimating the
height growth of standing trees), by S.
Petrini, p. 19-24.
Yale forest school news, Apr. 1, 1919. — A
look ahead, by S. T. Dana, p. 22-4.
Zeitschrift fur forst- und jagdwesen, Aug.,
1918. — Massenschatzung und bestan
desbeschreibung im urwalde, by A.
Schwappach, p. 350-5 ; Die wirtschaft-
liche entwisklung eines litauischen re-
viers, by H. Musser, p. 355-68.
Zeitschrift fur forst- und jagdwesen, Sept.,
1918. — Wald und feld, by Merten, p.
385-400; Untersuchungen uber den
festgehalt und das gewicht des eichen-
holzes, by C. Trost, p. 401-16; Die
larche, by Eberts, p. 416-18; Zum
larchen-ratsel, by H. Muller, p. 418-21 ;
Ueber die bedeutung und vermeidung
des eintreibens von eisennageln in
lebende baume, p. 421-3; Zueintreibens
von eisennageln in lebende baume, p.
421-3; Zufallige gedanken von dem
bequemsten raume zum anbau des
holzes, ohne nachtheil und beeugung
des saat-, weide- und weissenlandes,
by C. Kruger, p. 424-30.
Zeitschrift fur forst- und jagdwesen, Oct.,
1919. — Waldreinertrag und bodenrente
nach erfahrungen der kriegszeit, by
Kordvahr, p. 433-41 ; Zwei Dues-
berg'sche kiefern im forstlichen mu-
seum, p. 468-74.
Zeitschrift fur forst- und jagdwesen, Nov.,
1918. — Vorlaufiger bericht uber die
ergebnisse von kieferndungungsver-su-
chen in der Warener stadtfort, by Geist,
p. 481-6; Mitteilungen aus der wald-
samenprufungsanstalt Eberswalde, by
A. Schwappach, p. 487-90; Ueber den
frass der raupe von Aglia tau L. an
roteiche, by A. Krausse, p. 4003; Jahr-
ring und licht, by Oelkers, p. 493-511;
Bemerkung im forsthaushalt, by C.
Kruger, p. 511-19.
DEPARTMENT OF
FORESTRY
The Pennsylvania
State College
fV Forestry, covering four years
of college work, leading to the
degree of Bachelor of Science in
Forestry.
Thorough and practical training for
Government, State, Municipal and
private forestry.
Four months are spent in camp in
the woods in forest work.
Graduates who wish to specialize
along particular lines are admitted
to the "graduate forest schools" as
candidates for the degree of Master
of Forestry on the successful com-
pletion of one year's work.
For further information address
Department of Forestry
Pennsylvania State College
State College, Pa.
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
DEPT. OF FORESTRY
BUSSEY INSTITUTION
/~\FFERS specialized graduate
training leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry in the
following fields : — Silviculture
and Management, Wood Tech-
nology, Forest Entomology
Dendrology, and (in co-opera-
tion with the Graduate School
of Business Administration) the
Lumber Business.
For further particulars
address
RICHARD T. FISHER
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
Please mention American Forettry Magazine when writing advertisers
loss
AMERICAN FORESTRY
THE
SOUTHERN PINE ASSOCIATION
Is an organization composed of 230 Southern Pine mills located in 9 Southern States,
producing 6 billion feet of lumber annually. The foundation of the Association is
"S-E-R-V-I-C-E"
Service to the consumer by educating him to
the proper uses of Southern Pine and its qualities ;
and protecting him in his purchases by the main-
tenance of uniform grades.
Service to the dealer by bringing to his atten-
tion the most improved methods of merchandizing
and by creating markets for his goods through
advertisements in national and local publications.
Service to its subscribers through its Executive, Advertising, Inspection, Traffic,
Cut-Over Land, Safety First, Engineering, Accounting and Statistical Departments.
Southern Pine Association
NEW ORLEANS, LA.
PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR OUR HEROIC DEAD
PLANT TREES
PROTECT FORESTS
USE FORESTS
7~'
■Affim©iHL<s®ifii
This is the only Popular
National Magazine de-
voted to trees and forests
and the use of wood.
American Forestry Association
1410 H STREET N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C.
/ hereby accept membership in The American
Forestry Association and enclose check for $
NOTE— American Forestry Magazine, a handsomely printed and illustrated monthly, is sent to
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PLANT MEMORIAL TREES
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The estate of Mr. J. Ogden Armour. The
treatment of the trees on this beautiful
estate was entrusted to the demonstrative
skill of Davcy Tree Surgeons
Among prominent persons and places
served by Davey Tree Surgeons are :
THOMAS A. EDISON
FREDERICK W. VANDERBILT
E. T. STOTESBURY
ISAAC N SELIGMAN
MRS JOHN HAYS HAMMOND
MRS J. \V. PEPPER
HARRY PAYNE WHITNEY
THE WHITE HOUSE
JOHN DAVEY
father of Tree Surgery
\\7 HAT is the money value of your fine big trees? No ordinary
* * amount would tempt you to part with them. Were it necessary,
you would gladly pay any reasonable sum to replace them — if this
could be done. They are highly valuable of themselves. Locating
your house among them and building your estate around them automatically
multiplies their value. Of course, you cannot afford to lose them. There-
fore, of course, you cannot afford to neglect them.
Pray, then, do not wait until disease and decay have made the saving of
some priceless tree or trees impossible. Disease causes decay, and disease,
once it starts, can be checked only by the skill of the real Tree Surgeon. It
works incessantly — progressively — while the leaves are still green and the
outward appearance of health does not yet tell the story of premature
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For the treatment of your priceless trees, you will want Tree Surgeons of demonstrated
skill and established responsibility, whose very record warrants your full faith.
Davey Tree Surgeons have back of them many years of public service, methods of
proved value, thorough training, and an organization of recognized stability. These
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fulfiU your highest expectations of both finished skill and honest service. A careful
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2106 Elm St., Kent, Ohio
Branch Offices with telephone connections: New York City. 225 Fifth Ave.; Chicago 8H-81S
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Permanent representatives available in districts surrounding Boston, Springfield,
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address: 252 Laugauchitere West, Montreal
DAVEY TREE SURGEONS
Every real Davey Tree Surgeon is in the employ of The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., and the public is cautioned against those falsely representing
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1090
AMERICAN FORESTRY
TIMBER AND PROSPERITY
THE best welcome to the men of the Twentieth Engineers
(Forestry) — and the other units of the A. E. F. — is the
assurance of national prosperity, in which they will share.
In the first flush of home-coming, they are just "our boys,"
whether from your home or office or from ours. But we soon
find that the Khaki and the tan are merely transient symbols of
a broadened vision and clarified ideals, which will be permanent
and potent influences in the new political, civic and industrial
era now at hand.
They have made good, with an enthusiasm and optimism
which is needed in the readjustment period — and beyond. With
their aid, America will make good, in keeping with the best
traditions. It was a good country to live in before the war ; IT
CAN BE MADE BETTER IN THE FUTURE. Our energies
and resources must now be devoted to the establishment of perma-
nent prosperity.
Our part in this program concerns the indispensable basic
raw material — standing timber. From forty years' successful
experience, we can speak emphatically of its place as a pros-
perity-producer and of its importance in all industrial fields.
Timber is our specialty and we are able, as Timber Land Factors,
to help others realize the most from the purchase, ownership
and use of timber.
Wood in some form is used in every industry and in every
home. The war emphasized its vital importance ; peace will
bring renewed demands. Timber is available for the immediate
needs of the prosperity era, but to assure an adequate supply for
the more distant future requires closer utilization and more con-
servative measures in cutting. These will come as values rise,
and will give new avenues of profit.
We have foretold and proved for many years the soundness
of WISE timber investments. Opportunities still exist, but with
the few remaining gilt edge tracts out of the market, the day of
low priced stumpage will be past. This means "buy now."
Already the spirit of co-operation has welded the units of the
lumber industry into more stable form, and the gospel of service
to consumers and the public has a dominant place. NO CRKA-
TIVE INDUSTRY HAS A GREATER BUSINESS FUTURE.
In no field can the men of the Forestry Regiment find a
better outlet for their energies and experience than in forest
work at home. We welcome them and will work with them in
the development of our forest resources. In this, as in other
lines, co-operation will bring prosperity for all.
Chicago
New York
Seattle
JAMES D. LACEY & CO.
£««l!l!SIIII!li!ll!!«!llllllllllllli!illllli
| AMERICAN FORESTRY |
THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor
June 1919 Vol. 25
CONTENTS
l!illlllllllllll!!»lllllllllllllll!!«Nlli!!!!llll!llllll!!!ll!tt^
No. 306
llllll!llllliil!;iil!inillll!lllllll!ll!lllllllllllllllllllil
An Appreciation — By Col. James A. Woodruff 1092
The American Lumberjack in France — By Lieut.-Col. W. B. Greeley 1093
The Forest Engineers — By Lieut.-Col. Henry S. Graves 1109
Organization of 20th Engineers (Forestry) 1110
20th Engineers (Forestry) Record of Development and Production 1111
French Forests in the War — By Major Barrington Moore 1113
How the American Army Got Its Wood — By Percival Sheldon Ridsdale 1137
A Lesson From France — By Capt. Ralph H. Faulkner, 20th Engineers 1155
War Service of the American Forestry Association 1158
"The Great Tree Maker" 1158
Jobs for Returning Lumbermen and Foresters 1159
The Welfare Fund 1163
Donations to the Welfare Fund for Lumbermen and Foresters in War Service 1168
Entered as second-class matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Washington, under the Act of
March 3, 1897. Copyright, 1919, by the American Forestry Association. Acceptance for mailing at special
rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 11, 1918.
VIEW OF BOURICOS 20 -M AMERICAN SAWMILL NEAR PONTENX, LANDES, SHOWING LOGS ON SKIDS READY TO BE TAKEN INTO
THE SAWMILL
General Order
No. 3
An Appreciation
Hq. 20th Engineers (For.)
U. S. M. P. O. 717
December, 191 8
To the Officers and Soldiers of the Twentieth Engineers and Attached Service Troops:
ON November 25, 1917, the first board was cut in
France by American Forestry Troops at a little
French mill in the Jura Mountains. At the same
time, another detachment was getting out 50-foot piling in
the Landes on escort wagons drawn by hand. The total
cut during December, 1917, was 321,000 board feet of
lumber and 12,000 railroad ties.
When the armistice was signed on November 11,
1918, the 20th Engineers
were operating 81 Ameri-
can Sawmills and produc-
ing 2,000,000 feet of lum-
ber and round products
every working day. Up to
December 1, we have cut a
total of 272,500,000 feet
of lumber, including 2,728,-
000 railroad ties, together
with 38,000 pieces of piling,
2,739,000 poles of all sizes
and 892,000 steres of fuel-
wood.
Recent reports from the
various depots and con-
struction projects of the
A. E. F. show that the
Army was at the time
of concluding the armistice
well supplied with lumber.
When ties were called for
in large quantities to sup-
port the advances of our
troops at St. Mihiel and
the Argonne, they were
ready. At practically every
dock project, deliveries of
piling and lumber were well
ahead of the construction.
In other words, the Fores-
try Troops have made
good on the work for
which they were brought to France. Notwithstanding
the difficulties in obtaining equipment and transporta-
tion, notwithstanding the enormous increase in the size of
the A. E. F., and the work which it undertook
over the original estimates, the Army has been given the
lumber which it needed, and the suspension of hostilities
finds us with a substantial surplus which will be used for
the restoration of France. This is an achievement in
COL. JAMES
Commanding 20th
which every man in the Forestry Troops may well take
pride, for every one of you have had a share in it. Your
part in winning the war has been as important as that of
any other troops in the A. E. F. Your loyalty and
enthusiasm have been put to a hard test. You wanted
to get to the front, but could not. You have had to put
in long hours of the hardest kind of work, month after
month, without glory or excitement, and without the
special forms of recogni-
tion given to combat troops.
The Medical Officers have
told us that the Forestry
Troops were being worked
too hard, but the only an-
swer has been a steadily
increasing cut of lumber
from month to month. You
have failed in no task that
has been assigned to you.
You have gotten more out
of sawmills than had ever
been dreamed of by mill
operators at home. Time
and again, in spite of dif-
ficulties such as lumbermen
never contended with be-
fore, you have exceeded
our expectations. Your
record as members of the
A. E. F. will be a
source of pride and satis-
faction to you as you re-
turn to civil life. It will
be your recompense for the
sacrifices which many of
you have made to come to
France.
As Commanding officer
of the 20th Engineers, I
thank you for the untiring
and uncomplaining way in
which you have done your work. I am glad to have
been identified with such a body of American soldiers.
A copy of this order will be sent to every company
and detachment of the 20th Engineers, and attached' ser-
vice troops ; read to the troops, and posted on the Com-
pany or Detachment bulletin board.
J. A. Woodruff,
Colonel, Engineers.
A. WOODRUFF
Engineers (Forestry)
iiiiiiiiiiiiuniiiiiiiiiiiiiini
iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil
AMERICAN FORESTRY
VOL. XXV
HUllffllllllllllllllUlllillll
JUNE, 1919
NO. 306
llllllll!!!Ulllilllllllllllll!!!!!!UIIUIl!illlllllllllllll!!i(IIIIII!ll!lll!lllliy
THE AMERICAN LUMBERJACK IN FRANCE
BY LIEUT.-COL. W. B. GREELEY, 20th ENGINEERS
NOTHING illustrates the far-reaching economic de-
mands of the Great War more sharply than the
enormous use of timber in almost every phase of
military operations. From the plank roads at the front,
the bomb proofs, the wire
entanglements, and the ties
needed for the rapid repair
or construction of railroads
upon which military strate-
gy largely depended, to the
h o s p i t al s , warehouses,
camps, and docks at the
base ports, timber was in
constant demand as a mu-
nition of war. One of the
earliest requests for help
from the United States by
both our French and Brit-
ish allies was for regiments
of trained lumbermen. Gen-
eral Pershing had been in
France less than two
months when he cabled the
War Department for a
force of lumberjack sol-
diers large enough to cut
upwards of 25,000,000
board feet per month for
the American Expedition-
ary Force. A year later,
the requirements of the
enormous army then plan-
ned for and being sent to
France with all possible
d were put at over 73,-
000,000 board feet per
month.
Such was the task mark-
ed out for the lumberjack
regiments of the American
Army, for the lack of ocean
transport made it necessary
to obtain practically all of
this material from French
forests. The organization
of these lumberjack units, all of which were combined later
in the 20th Engineers (Forestry), began in May, I9i7,and
continued until March, 1918. By May, 1918, forty-eight
LIEUT COL. W. B. GREELEY
companies of forest and road engineers, each 250 men
strong, had been sent to France. The core of a 49th
Company was obtained subsequently from the New Eng-
land sawmill units which were sent to old England in
the early summer of 1917
to cut lumber for the Brit-
ish Government. These
troops represented every
State in the Union. Prac-
tically every forestry
agency in the country, to-
gether with many lumber
companies and associations,
took off their coats to help
in obtaining the right type
of men. The road engi-
neers of the United States
took hold of the organiza-
tion of the twelve com-
panies of troops designed
for road construction in a
similar spirit. The lumber
units were officered largely
by picked men of experi-
ence in forest industries of
America; and the road
units by road and construc-
tion engineers of excep-
tional technical ability.
The earlier units were
made up entirely from vol-
unteer enlistments. The
later units contained a large
proportion of men from the
draft, selected for forestry
work mainly on the basis
of their former occupa-
tions, together with many
volunteers beyond the draft
age from among the ex-
perienced loggers and saw-
mill mechanics of the coun-
try. But there was no dis-
tinction between volunteer
or drafted soldiers in the way the American lumberjacks
hit their job in France. These men represented the best
of their hardy and resourceful profession in the United
10£4
AMERICAN FORES fRY
States. They came straight from her forests and saw-
nils, trained in her woodcraft, with all of the physical
vigor, the adaptability to life in the open, and the rough
and ready mechanical skill of the American woodsman.
They knew their work and were ready to put all that
they had into it.
Furthermore, these lumberjack soldiers felt in a pecu-
liar way that their country was behind them. This was
not only in the focusing of national forces from every
crews made off with the laurels of certain pure lumber-
jack units, in the records of the operations for produc-
tion.
To meet the growing requirements of the American
Army. Engineer Service battalions were rapidly added
to the forestry and road troops during the summer and
fall of 1918. At the end of hostilities, thirty-six Sc
companies were working with the 20th Engineers. The
first four of them were white troops, organized as the
"The lumbermen and foresters of the United States may well take pride in the men who have repre-
sented them on the American Expeditionary Force. Now they are returning, better men for the sacrifices
they have made, for the sense of organization and responsibility which they have learned, for the diffi-
which they have mastered, and for the understanding which they have gained of forest culture
forest thrift in France. Such a body of trained men represent an asset of tie utmost value to the forest
; of America Let us recognize their worth and their capacity by an intelligent direction of the
return of these soldiers to civil life in positions where their experience in national service can be effectively
utilized."— Lt CoL W. B. Greeley, 20th Engineers (Forestry).
point upon winning the war, but in the special efforts of
the forest industries to man and equip the lumber regi-
ments. Many lumber companies had sacrificed their own
inlrfrsls in urging valued employees to join the ranks
of the forest regiments. In many cases differences in pay
were made good by old employers or provision made
for the families left behind. And the lumberjack soldiers
felt, too, the backing of friendliness and forethought
which followed them to France, in the organized steps
taken by the lumber and
forestry associations for
their comfort and wel-
fare.
Special credit is due to
the officers and men of the
three battalions, the 41st,
42nd, and 43rd Engineers,
winch were organized and
equipped for road and con-
struction work in connec-
tion with forestry opera-
tions. They came to France
keen to take up this task,
for which they too had
been especially fitted by
training and experience.
But the necessities of war dictated otherwise. They
landed in France to find the undermanned Forestry Sec-
tion struggling to keep up with the timber needs of an
army already twice the size of that originally intended.
It was necessary for these road builders to turn lumber-
jacks themselves, cutting fuefwood. piling, or entangle-
ment stakes as occasion demanded and manning the new
sawmills which were installed as fast as they arrived
from the United States. The road companies took hold
of this work, to which most of them were unaccustomed,
with splendid spirit, and in the end some of their mill
Lt. CoL W. B. Greeley is A«aict»»t Forester of
the United States. He has had general charge
of all forestry operations of the regiment and
his administrative ability, bis knowledge of for-
estry and lumbering bad much to do with the
successful work of the regiment. The French
have honored him by presenting him with the
Legion of Honor. Shortly before this honor
was conferred upon him he induced the French
government to reduce its bill against the A. E. F.
for forest acquisition about 2,000,000 francs.
Editor, American Forestry Magazine.
503d Engineers. They contained a large proportion of
railroad men and other skilled workers, and were
in the mills and woods and on railroad jobs, on all f c
with the forestry troops. Upon the other Service
panies, composed of colored troops, fell the brunt of cut-
ting the fuefwood which the Quartermaster was calling
for by the hundreds of thousands of cords. But several
sawmill crews composed largely or entirely of black sol-
diers made exceedingly creditable records.
The first board wa-
by the American troops in
France, at a little French
null in the Jura Mountains,
on November 26, 1917.
The first American mill be-
gan sawing near Gien. on
the Loire River, Novem-
ber 29, 191 7. Still earlier,
another company of the old
ioth Engineers began cut-
ting fifty-foot piling in the.
pine forests of the
hauling them out of
woods on the running 1
of army supply
by man power. On
date when the armistice was signed, the 20th Engineers
were operating eighty -one American sawmills in Fn
and cutting 2,000.000 feet of lumber, ties, poles and piling
every working day. One year after the first American
saw bit into its first log in France and shrilled def. ..
at the Kaiser, the forestry troops of the American Expe-
ditionary Forces had cut 300.000.000 board feet of !
ber and ties, 38,000 piles, 2378,000 poles of all sizes.
317.000 cords of fuelwood. It is impossible, in a few
words, to tell of the labor, the Yankee ingenuity, and the
resolution to back up our fighting doughboys which were
THE AMERICAN LUMBERJACK IN FRANCE
1095
A LOG CABIN BUILT NEAR POXTEXX. LAXDES, FRANCE. BY A SQUAD OF AMERICAN" RIVER DRIVERS IX THE 20th REGIMENT
THE FRENCH NEVER USE WOOD SO LAVISHLY IX BUILDING
OFFICE BUILDING AT CAMP OF THE tub ENGINEERS IX FRAXCE
1096
AMERICAN FORESTRY
MILL OF 20* ENGINEERS IN MOUNTAINS OF HAg^^^C^I^E^MBE^ BEING LOADED ON TRACERS READV FOR
called for to win these results. Nor is it possible to
describe the pressure upon all of us during the summer
and fall of 1918 when every lumberjack in the regiment
felt the tenseness of the
final grapple and put every-
thing he had into it. I will
never forget the big mill at
Eclaron as I saw it one
October night — sparks
streaming from its stacks,
its two carriages flashing
back and forth, loads of
oak logs creaking up to the
mill deck, cars being shunt-
ed about, ties loaded into
them hot from the saws,
and the sober, earnest faces
of the men as they worked
under the electric lights.
They were shipping 5,000
ties daily to the Argonne
offensive. That scene was
typical of the eighty or
more forestry operations in
France during the great
drive. It is doubtful if
American resourcefulness
was ever put to a harder
test than during the first
months of the forestry work
in France. One company of the 4th Battalion began skid-
ding ties with harness made out of ropes and old sacks,
and bridles fashioned from twenty-penny nails and
wire. This "hay-wire" camp
speedily made off with the
monthly records of the sec-
tion for tie production.
During the long, anxious
wait for the arrival of the
American sawmills, French
mills of various antique de-
signs were utilized at many
points. " On his introduc-
tion to one of these, a mill-
wright from the northwest
offered to eat its daily cut.
The French mills were ag-
gravations of the flesh and
promoters of profanity.
They all had to be bolstered
up, more or less rebuilt,
have carriages devised out
of any odd lots of machin-
ery at hand, and new saws
added. Poor as they were,
they served to tide the
army over its first few
months in France, and
their production under
the "ancient regime" was
AN AMFRICA\T FORF.STRY ENGINEER AT THE WATER BAG
WHICH CONTAINS THE CAMP'S SUPPLY OF DRINKING WATER
THE ROOF OVERHEAD KEEPS THE SUN OFF THE BAG, AND A
DITCH CARRIES AWAY THE LEAKAGE
THE AMERICAN LUMBERJACK IN FRANCE
1097
BARBED WIRE STAKES, TO BE USED LATER AT THE FRONT, CUT AND STACKED ALONG BROAD GAUGE RAILWAY IN A
HARDWOOD FOREST IN CENTRAL FRANCE
m
LOADING MARITIME PINE PILING IN SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE, NEAR PONTENX, LANDES
1098
AMERICAN FORESTRY
ANOTHER TYPE OF THE 20-M AMERICAN SAWMILLS USED BY THE AMERICAN FORESTRY AND LUMBERING TROOPS IN FRANCE
doubled or trebled by the lumberjack soldiers.
As the American mills were installed and production
jumped month by month, fierce joy of rivalry seized the
souls of the forest engineers. Time would fail to tell of
the early contest between A and B Companies .of the
10th Engineers, when records stood but a day or two
and our "ten-thousand"
mills showed up as twenty-
five and thirty thousand a
day producers. The larg-
est day's cut at any fores-
try operation was turned
out by the 27th Company
at Mouthe, which in 23
hours and 35 minutes cut
177,486 board feet of fir
lumber and timbers on a
"twenty-thousand" mill.
The largest twenty-hour
cut, 163,376 feet, was made
by the 37th Company (Old
F Company of the 10th
Engineers) at Levier with
the same type of mill and
product. The 26th Com-
pany at La Cluse holds the
record for a twenty-hour
run with a "ten-thousand"
mill, 78,881 feet; close be-
hind came the 24th Com-
20th ENGINEERS FELLING LARGE BEECH TREE IN CENTRAL
FRANCE
pany with a record cut of 68,650 feet, the 30th with a
cut of 63,849 feet, and the 49th Company at Murat,
organized to build roads, with 63,000 feet. The 23d
Company, at Marchenoir, holds the record for a twenty-
hour cut with a "ten" mill in hardwoods, knocking off
55,539 feet. The 22d Company, at La Gavre, pushed its
rival hard, however, with
a twenty-hour cut of 49,-
416 feet of oak lumber and
timbers. One of the best
hardwood records is that
of the 2nd Company, at
Grande Mirebeau, which
was determined to reach the
million a month mark with
a "ten" mill, and finally did
so, in October, with a cut
of 1,000,620 feet. One
of the most remarkable
achievements was that of
the 19th Company, which
in ten and one-half hours
cut 64,047 feet of straight
oak ties with a bolter mill
rated at five thousand feet
per day.
Small wonder that the
American Lumberman has
indicted the forest engineers
of the American Expedi-
THE AMERICAN LUMBERJACK IN FRANCE
1099
LOG DF.CKS ALONG A FLUME LEADING TO A MILL OF ONE OF THE COMPANIES OF THE 20th REGIMENT IN SOUTHWESTERN
FRANCE
AMERICAN CAMP WITH TENTS "MUSHROOMED" IN THE SHADE OF A MARITIME PINE FOREST NEAR THE ATLANTIC COAST
IN SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE
1100
AMERICAN FORESTRY
VIEW OF AUREILHAN LAKE, FRANCE, FROM AMERICAN 20-M SAWMILL. LOGS WERE TOWED ACROSS THE LAKE FROM THE
MOUTH OF THE COURANT RIVER, BROUGHT TO THE BOOMS AT THE EDGE OF THE LAKE, THEN POLED ALONG THE CANAL TO
THE POINT IN THE FOREGROUND WHERE THEY WERE LOADED UPON A SMALL CAR WHICH WAS PULLED BY -CABLE UP THE
INCLINE INTO THE SAWMILL. THE LARGE HEAP OF SAWDUST AT THE RIGHT WAS PRODUCED BY THE MILL AS THE RESULT
OF SEVERAL MONTHS' OPERATION
A TRAIN LOAD OF TIES BEING TRANSPORTED BY NARROW GAUGE RAILWAY TO THE MAIN LINE IN THE MARITIME PINE
FORESTS OF SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE
THE AMERICAN LUMBERJACK IN FRANCE
1101
tionary Forces for "cruelty to machinery." But the Hun
wanted war — and, by the shades of the forest primeval,
he should have it. It is difficult to stop in recording
these instances of how the American lumberjack "tied
into" their work in France. The 6th Battalion, working
for the British Army at Castets, cut 124,242 feet in nine-
teen hours with a twenty-thousand Canadian sawmill,
and 72,697 feet in twenty hours with a French band mill
whose makers would have been aghast at such perform-
gineers contain records of twenty thousand foot mills
set up and running fourteen days after the first ma-
chinery arrived ; of a ten-thousand mill dismantled,
moved fifty miles, re-set, and sawing on the eighth day ;
and of another "ten" mill moved about half that distance"
and sawing its first log forty-seven hours after the last
log left its carriage at the old set. These were not holi-
day contests, staged after weeks of preparation. They
are cited to illustrate the spirit of the 20th Engineers ;
A LOG LANDING OF A 20th REGIMENT DETACHMENT IN ONE OF THE FORESTS OF FRANCE
ances. The 13th Company, at Brinon, cut 1,361 pine
logs on a "ten" mill in twenty hours, with a yield 53,895
feet of lumber. Many of the American "twenty" mills
cut steadily upwards of 1,200,000 board feet per month,
and several of them exceeded 2,000,000 feet monthly on
their best runs. The spirit of "hitting her hard" per-
vaded every camp. The 19th Service Company, at
Collonges, not to be outdone by the chesty mill crews,
organized a fuelwood contest in which 100 black soldiers
averaged 6.31 cubic meters of cut wood daily for a week.
It is even rumored that a red-headed captain of the old
Tenth, learning from his own spies that his monthly
record was in jeopardy, connived with his men to put
on a Sunday night shift, something strictly tabooed by
the Forestry Regulations. The annals of the 20th En-
but the great service of the regiment lay in its sustained
effort, month after month, on exacting physical labor,
much of it under the incessant rains and in the indescrib-
able mud of France.
In the spring of 1918 came orders to furnish 15,000
piling in lengths up to 100 feet, with all possible haste.
These timbers could not be brought from the United
States and were essential to complete the docking facili-
ties required by the rapid increase in the American Ex-
peditionary Force. Again the resourcefulness of the
forest engineers was put to the test, for every nook of
France had to be scoured for long timbers and prac-
tically every tree that was large enough had to be cut
— no matter where it stood. The 2d Battalion — up in
the Vosges Mountains — covered itself with glory, get-
1102
AMERICAN FORESTRY
AN AMERICAN .CM SAWMILL » THE SANn^n^COUNTK^OK SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE, NEAR THE COAST. M.RXTXME
AMERICAN FORESTRY
ENGINEERS IN FRONT OF TENTS IN THEIR CAMP AT ST. DIZIER, HAUTE MARNE
THE AMERICAN LUMBERJACK IN FRANCE
1103
H.U'I.IXG PILING 60 TO 80 FEET LONG BY MEANS OF MACK TRUCK AND TRAILER FROM THE FOREST TO THE SHIPPING POINT
IN EASTERN FRANCE
CAR LOAD OF MARITIME PINE LOGS BEING DUMPED INTO AUREILHAN LAKE TO BE TOWED TO THE AUREILHAN AMERICAN
SAWMILL NEAR PONTENX, LANDES. NARROW GAUGE RAILWAY SHOWN. THE MULES BRING THE LOGS FROM THE PINE
FORESTS OF THE SAM) DUNES.
1104
AMERICAN FORESTRY
LOADING MARITIME PINE LOGS ON NARROW GAUGE RAILWAY CARS FOR TRANSPORTATION .TO AMERICAN 20-M MILLS IN-
SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE. THE PINE FOREST IS HERE CUT CLEAN. BIG WHEELS USED TO SKID LOGS TO THE RAILWAY
SHOWN AT THE RIGHT
ting out 9,399 "long and straight'* ones faster than the
docks could use them. Nor was it a simple trick to get
90 and 100-foot sticks out
of the little gullies and
down the long, winding
roads of the Vosges. The
5th Battalion, meanwhile,
was running an express
train service with tractors
and steel-tired trailers —
taking out 80-foot spruce
piles over ten miles of
French highways. This
Battalion furnished over
5,000 piles for the Ameri-
can docks.
New demands upon the
forestry troops followed
the formation of the Amer-
ican First Army. A flying
squadron of lumberjacks
was organized by the 2nd
Battalion, to work in small
units with portable mills
at the advance Engineer
dumps and cut from day to
day bridge timbers, mine
sets, bomb proofing — the
material most urgently re-
quired and which could not
be forwarded quickly
enough from the rear. All
told, the 20th Engineers
operated thirteen of these
advance camps. Their lum-
berjack soldiers had a real
taste of work close to the
front, with frequent occa-
AN OFFICER OF THE 20th ENGINEERS AT A BATTALION HEAD
QUARTERS IN FRANCfc.
sion to take shelter from bombardments and night bomb-
ing raids. And it was while scouting for a new camp in
the Argonne that Capt.
Harry H. McPherson and
Lieut. Wilford A. Fair, of
the 20th Engineers, were
shot down by German ma-
chine-gunners.
Last December Colonel
James A. Woodruff, com-
manding the 20th Engi-
neers, summed up the work
of the twelve thousand odd
lumberjacks comprising the
regiment in a general order
which was a cordial com-
mendation. (See page
1092.)
Not all of us were per-
mitted to share in this
achievement. With sor-
row but with pride the 20th
Engineers recall the ninety-
one men of the 6th Bat-
talion who won their golden
stars on the transport Tus-
cania. The story is best
recorded in the words of
an officer of that battalion :
"On the morning of the
eighth day out from Hali-
fax, the convoy was met
by seven British destroy-
ers, which romped along
like porpoises in the heavy
seas. With this protec-
tion everybody on board
felt pretty safe, especially
THE AMERICAN LUMBERJACK IN FRANCE
1105
^iiSlSsssBSE*is^
HARDWOOD LOGS DECKED NEAR MILL
LOAD ^or^^Iac^gr^u^ MILL on motor truck-
THINNED HARDWOOD
1106
AMERICAN FORESTRY
GENERAL VIEW OF AN AMEX MILL OF THE 20th ENGINEERS IN FRANCE
A ninvaam DONKEV ^O^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ™°« THE CUTTING ON A
THE AMERICAN LUMBERJACK IN FRANCE
1107
tsM a& %s& » as-w^^^&^ff s,^.™ ^TMraW^ra
LOADING HARDWOOD LOGS ON LOG TRUCK IN FOREST OF CENTRAL FRANCE
1108
AMERICAN FORESTRY
when, on the afternoon of February 5, the shores
of Ireland and Scotland hove in sight. But at 5.45
that evening came a bing! bang! With the crash
all lights went out, due to the electric plant being put
out of commission, and the ship was left in absolute
darkness. The men came pouring up onto deck from
their quarters, two or three decks below ; flares were
lighted and everybody set to work lowering the life
boats. In many cases, the members of the crew assigned
to do but wait and see what would happen next. No
more destroyers seemed inclined to come to the rescue
of the ill-fated 700. The Tuscania listed more and more
to starboard ; the flares burned out, leaving the ship in
darkness. The chances of those left on board grew
slimmer and slimmer as the icy water crept up closer
and closer to the starboard rail. Then, slowly and
cmietly, out of the black night a long, black destroyer
slipped alongside and, by pumping overboard forty tons
SMALL TOPS BROUGHT FROM THE FRENCH FOREST TO BE PILED UP NEAR THE MAIN RAILWAY LINE FOR USE AS FUEL.
THIS SCENE IS IN THE SAND DUNE COUNTRY NEAR THE COAST IN SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE
to the boats failed to put in an appearance, and the sol-
diers, unaccustomed to this work, had to get the boats
away as best they could. Some boats were unsuccess-
fully launched, causing their occupants to be thrown into
the icy water. After all available boats and rafts had
been launched and two loads of men had been taken off
in two British destroyers, which came alongside, 700 men
were still left on board with nowhere to go and nothing
of oil, was able to accommodate all those left on the
sinking ship."
During the long wait, one of the companies of the
20th, after seeing comrades drowned in front of them,
and not knowing what was in store for themselves, stood
in line in perfect order and sang "Where do we go from
here, boys? Where do we go from here?"
LAGUNA MOUNTAIN RECREATION AREA
A N important new development of recreation in the
-^*- open is taking place in San Diego county on the
Cleveland National Forest, in California. This is the
Laguna Mountain recreation area, very careful plans for
which were worked out in advance by the United States
Forest Service. The plans are being carried out under
expert supervision, and the Forest Service has already
spent about $60,000 in the development of the area. It
is situated only fourteen and one-half miles from the
San Diego-Imperial Valley State highway, with which
it is connected by an excellent automobile road. It can
be reached in a few hours by the people of the hot interior
valleys. It has both public camping-grounds and private
lots, which are leased to individuals for a term of years,
thus making it worth while for the lessees to build sub-
stantial cabins. Many people are already taking advan-
tage of the opportunity, and Laguna Mountain bids fair
to become one of the best outing areas in Southern Cali-
fornia.
THE FOREST ENGINEERS
By LT.-COL. HENRY S. GRAVES
THE Forest Engineers performed a very important
service in the war. For the first time in history, it
was necessary to organize military forces specially
trained and equipped for work in the forest, and when
the call came the foresters and lumbermen responded
eagerly. There was developed an organization of splen-
did efficiency — a fine body of experienced men, well
officered. They adapted themselves quickly to the con-
ditions under which they had to work, and met the bur-
dens placed- upon them with a fine spirit of self-sacrifice.
They had many difficult conditions to meet and many
obstacles to overcome, and they succeeded in their task.
They richly deserve the praise which has consistently
been bestowed upon them.
The first call for foresters and lumbermen came
through a request made by General Bridges, of the
British Mission, soon after we entered the war, for a
thousand men to work in the woods behind the British
lines. To meet this request, the War Department decided
to organize an engineer regiment, and asked for assist-
ance from foresters and lumbermen in the recruiting of
the force. Col. J. A. Woodruff, of the Corps of En-
gineers, was given the command, and his work in orga-
nizing the 10th Engineers, and later in directing all the
forestry forces in France, was of exceptional merit. He
has already received well earned honor? in France; and
American foresters and lumbermen are unanimous in
their praise of his work and his leadership.
The French government also made a request through
Marshal Joffre for a thousand men to help in the forests
behind the French lines. It became apparent, however,
very soon after the arrival of General Pershing and his
staff in France, that the requirements of our own army
would necessitate the use of the first forestry troops for
the American armies. It was necessary, therefore, to
defer giving direct assistance to the British and French.
Fortunately, it proved possible to fulfill our obligations
to our allies in this matter before the end of the war.
The first division of the army reached France early
in the summer of 1917. There was immediate need for
lumber, not only for barracks but for a great variety of
miscellaneous purposes. The assistance given us by the
French and British before the Forest Engineers with
their equipment could arrive and begin the manufacture
of lumber was very substantial, and was given at a time
when both the British and French armies needed for
their own uses, while battles were going on, every bit of
wood and timber they could possibly secure. It was,
however, at best a lean time for the American armies
until the Forest Engineers could begin sawing opera-
tions.
The first battalions of the Forest Engineers arrived in
France early in October, 1917. They had some of their
woods equipment with them, but it was some months
before their sawmill material and all of their logging
and transport equipment arrived. Pending the arrival
of this equipment, they found themselves in a difficult
position. There was a great need for lumber for the
armies, and though the forestry troops were at first inade.
quately equipped, were expected to produce it. It
was an inspiration to see the way the troops adapted
themselves to the conditions, put in their time efficiently,
produced timber which could be used for various en-
gineering purposes, and prepared the way for the quick
manufacture of lumber when the mills should arrive.
When the equipment did arrive, all of the preliminary
work in the careful selection of officers and men and in
the preparatory work in France began immediately to
count. Every man swung into line and gave his utmost
strength to the task at hand, with the result that the
small portable sawmills were made to produce quantities
unknown before. What seemed insuperable obstacles in
the matter of transportation were overcome, and the
lumber was actually gotten to the armies in time to ren-
der service at critical periods.
An important part of undertaking was the acquisi-
tion of timber and the location of operations. The French
and British representatives co-operated admirably in this
matter, so that any possible competition between the
Allies in the procuring of material and in prices was
eliminated. The corps of men engaged in this work
deserve a great deal of credit. Those in charge of the
negotiations had a delicate task to perform in their rela-
tions with the Allied governments. The men in the field
were carefully selected from among the foresters and
'ogging engineers, and were successful in finding bodies
of timber suitable for the armies' needs.
The high quality of the personnel of the Forest En-
gineers has been commented upon by every one familiar
with the organization. To this fact and to the able lead-
ership of the officers in charge is due the unqualified suc-
cess of the work. To set apart the names of those to
whom credit is due would be to take many a leaf from
the regimental muster roll, from Colonel Woodruff and
Lieutenant-Colonel Greeley, the two men who carried the
chief burden of the enterprise; Colonel Mitchell, who
organized the 20th ; Lieutenant-Colonel Kelley and
Johnson, at headquarters, and Lieutenant-Colonel Wool-
sey and Major Moore, who negotiated the purchases with
the French, through a long list of officers and men.
Those who participated in the forestry work in France
may well be content with their record. The forestry and
lumber fraternity is very proud of what they accom-
plished.
1109
ORGANIZATION OF 20th ENGINEERS
(FORESTRY)
BRIG. GENERAL EDGAR JADWIN
DIRECTOR OF CONSTRUCTION & FORESTRY
COL. J. A. WOODRUFF
C. O., 20TH ENGINEERS & DEP. DIR. C. & F
CENTRAL HEADQUARTERS, ENGINEERS (FORESTRY)
LIEUT.-COL. W..B. GREELEY
Chief, Forestry Section
Acquisition of Timber
LIEUT.-COL. GREELEY
MAJ. WOOLSEY
CAPT. HALL
Technical Equipment and Operation Supplies
LIEUT.-COL. KELLY
MAJ. KIEFER
CAPT. WORK
LIEUT. TAYLOR
Product and Shipment
LIEUT.-COL. JOHNSON
MAJ. GRANGER
CAPT. LAMMERS
Fuelwood Project, Advance Section
LIEUT.-COL. PECK
MAJ. STUART
CAPT. BRUCE
CAPT. KITTREDGE
Military Administration Personnel
CAPT. G. P. GRAHAM
Adjutant
Welfare
CHAPLAIN WILLIAMS
SECTION FORESTRY OFFICER
Base Section No. 2
LIEUT.-COL. BENEDICT
MAJ. W. L. LaLONDE
DISTRICTS
Pontenx Mimizan
Dax Lapit
SECTION FORESTRY OFFICER
Advance Section
LIEUT.-COL. CHAPMAN
DISTRICTS
Epinal Eclaron
Dijon Besancon
BATTALION AND DISTRICT COMMANDERS
DAX— 1st Battalion,
MAJOR BROOKINGS
EPINAL— 2nd Battalion,
MAJ. JOHNSON, s. 0.
DIJON— yd Battalion,
MAJOR SANBORN
MIMIZAN— 4th Battalion,
CAPTAIN PHIPPS
1110
GIEN— 5th Battalion,
CAPT. LYNCH
LAPIT— 6th Battalion,
MAJOR KELLOGG
CHATEAUROUX—
7th Battalion,
CAPTAIN MAAS
BAUGE— 8th Battalion,
CAPTAIN VAIL
DOURG— 9th Battalion,
MAJOR BARNES
BOURGES—
10th Battalion,
MAJOR HINKLEY
PONTENX—
nth Battalion,
MAJOR LAFON
BESANCON—
1 2th Battalion,
MAJOR KELLY
ECLARON—
13th Battalion,
MAJOR SPENCER
LEPUY—
14th Battalion,
MAJOR BARTELME
20th ENGINEERS (FORESTRY) RECORD OF
DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION
1. The 10th Engineers arrived at Nevers October 9, 1917.
2. All units of 10th Engineers arrived at their assignments by November 1, 1917.
3. The first mill to operate was a French mill which commenced sawing on November 25, 1917 at Levier (Doubs).
4. First American mill commenced on November 27, 1917, at Mortumier operation, near Gien (Loiret).
5. On December 1, 1917, 3 mills were in operation — 2 French and 1 American.
6. Production in December, 1917: Lumber, 321 M.B.M.; Piling, 205 pieces; Ties, 12,031 pieces; Poles, 20,025 pieces; Logs,
33,864 pieces; Cordwood, 4,164 steres; Faggots, 1,500 steres. During December, 1917, 2 American and 4 French mills were operating.
7. 1st Battalion of 20th Engineers arrived November 28, 1917.
8. First mill of 20th Engineers commenced operation on or about January 15, 1918, at Mur-de-Sologne (Loir-et-Cher).
9. The following entries show the production by months and number of mills in operation at end of each month:
JANUARY— 10 mills operating. Production: Lumber, 1,369 M.B.M.; Piling, 740 pieces; S. G. Ties, 815 pieces; small
Ties, 7,100 pieces; Misc. R. P., 29,740 pieces; Cordwood, 3,303 steres.
FEBRUARY— 21 mills operating. Production: Lumber, 2,892 M.B.M.; Piling, 720 pieces; S. G. Ties, 22,345 pieces;
Small Ties, 14,856 pieces; Misc. R. P., 460,662 pieces; Cordwood, 12,433 steres; Faggots, 200 bdls.; Road Plank, 1,700 pieces;
Bridge Ties, 200 pieces.
MARCH— 34 mills operating. Production: Lumber, 6,965 M.B.M.; Piling, 857 pieces; S. G. Ties, 80,099 pieces; Small
Ties, 60,100 pieces; Misc. R. P., 270,496 pieces; Cordwood, 15,932 steres.
APRIL — 41 mills operating. Production: Lumber, 14,578 M.B.M.; Piling, 1,513 pieces; S. G. Ties, 152,654 pieces; Small
Ties, 104,685 pieces; Misc. R. P., 334,556 pieces; Cordwood, 23,899 steres.
MAY — 48 mills operating. Production: Lumber, 18,253 M.B.M.; Piling, 11,760 pieces; S. G. Ties, 178,988 pieces; Small
Ties, 122,797 pieces; Misc. R. P., 221,555 pieces; Cordwood, 47,794 steres.
JUNE— 59 mills operating. Production: Lumber, 26,727 M.B.M.; Piling, 7,576 pieces; S. G. Ties, 265,151 pieces; Small
Ties, 150,359 pieces; Misc. R. P., 190,742 pieces; Cordwood, 67,500 steres.
JULY— 59 mills operating. Production: Lumber, 24,102 M.B.M.; Piling, 3,296 pieces; S. G. Ties, 298,163 pieces; Small
Ties, 172,619 pieces; Misc. R. P., 227,865 pieces; Cordwood, 90,487 steres.
AUGUST — 66 mills operating. Production: Lumber, 30,601 M.B.M.; Piling, 1,934 pieces; S. G. Ties, 384,960 pieces;
Small Ties, 136,143 pieces; Misc. R. P., 446,069 pieces; Cordwood, 166,339 steres.
SEPTEMBER— 80 mills operating. Production: Lumber, 30,307 M.B.M.; Piling, 3,653 pieces; S. G. Ties, 517,178
pieces; Small Ties, 133,896 pieces; Misc. R. P., 574,205 pieces; Cordwood, 144,178 steres.
OCTOBER— 81 mills operating. Production: Lumber, 29,134 M.B.M.; Piling, 6,905 pieces; S. G. Ties, 692,208 pieces;
Small Ties, 106,588 pieces; Misc. R. P., 248,826 pieces; Cordwood, 151,464 steres.
10. On October 31, 1918, there were 81 mills in operation Total strength of forestry troops in France that date (20th
Engineers plus Service Companies), 360 officers and 18,183 enlisted men; aggregate of 18,543 on forestry work. No record is
available as to actual status on November 11, 1918.
11. On October 31, 1918, there were actually 84 going operations.
12. On November 11, 1918, 14 district headquarters were administering the work of the. forestry troops.
13. On November 1, 1917, 2 district headquarters were established, one at Ponteux-les-Forges (Landes) and the other at
Levier (Doubs), Besancon taking its place.
14. On September 9, 1918, Major Benedict was named as Section Forestry Officer at Bordeaux and took over duties on Octo-
ber 1, 1918. On September 9, 1918, Major Chapman was named as Section Forestry Officer at Nogent-en-Bassigny (Haute Marne)
and took over his duties on September 16, 1918. The headquarters of the latter were moved to Neufchateau (Vosges) on October
21, 1918.
15. All forestry units combined October 18, 1918, per G. O. 47, S. O. S., of that date.
16. Lt. Col. Greeley arrived in France August 21, 1917, accompanied by 2 officers and 9 civilians. The officers were First
Lieut. Stanley L. Wolfe and First Lieut. Clarence E. Dunston; the civilians (all later commissioned) were Theodore S. Woolsev,
Donald Bruce, Swift Berry, R. Clifford Hall, Ralph C. Staebner, Fred B. Agee, William H. Gibbons, Joseph Kittredge and W. H.
Galleher.
17. Lt. Col. Graves and Major Moore arrived June 20, 1917.
18. Forestry Section established as a part of the Engineer Supply Office September 25, 1917.
19. Prior to September 25, 1917, Forestry Section was a part of Office of Chief Engineer, A. E. F. (Gen. Taylor).
nil
1112
AMERICAN FORESTRY
PORTIONS OF TRESTLE BUILT BY THE 20th ENGINEERS IN THE MARITIME PINE FOREST IN THE LANDES, IN SOUTHWESTERN
FRANCE TO TRANSPORT FOREST PRODUCTS FROM THE WOODS TO THE MAIN LINE
MARITIME PINE RAILWAY TIES PILED READY FOR SHIPMENT; ALSO LUMBER PRODUCED AT AMERICAN SAWMILL IN MARI-
TIME PINE FOREST IN SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE
FRENCH FORESTS IN THE WAR
By MAJOR BARRINGTON MOORE
AFTER the first two years of the war, the tonnage
shortage made it impossible to ship wood to
France, except aeroplane stock and the like, for
wood is very bulky and the necessary shipping would
have been enormous, more than could possibly have been
spared with safety. Yet wood is a military necessity.
The ports of France were not built with a view to
the landing of large armies, and were wholly inadequate ;
yet the speedy debarkation of the troops, with their
munitions and supplies, had to be assured at all costs.
J he submarines forced the ships to come in convoys
of ten or fifteen at once, requiring several times the dock-
ing space the same number of ships would have needed
singly. Wharves, miles of wharves, were of immediate
necessity. For this we must have piling and wharf
timbers.
But, once the troops and supplies were landed, our
difficulties did not end. It was necessary to find shelter
for them. Sacks of flour cannot be left out in the rain.
Warehouses became necessary, warehouses of gigantic
size and capacity. Railroads had to be laid in the ware-
houses, one depot alone requiring eighty-five miles.
Lumber for these warehouses had to be furnished imme-
diately.
Wherever possible, we billeted our troops in houses to
save barracks. But the crowded condition of the
country, owing to the refugees from Belgium and the
invaded parts of France made this inadequate. Our men
were dying of pneumonia. We simply had to have bar-
racks. Every suitable building that could be found
anywhere in France was turned into a hospital, but yet
there were not enough. We required large quantities of
lumber for hospitals.
After the army was landed, its supplies cared for,
and the men were in billets or barracks — in all of which
wood plays the leading role — the army must be moved
forward. As a matter of fact, it had to be moved for-
ward even before the preparations for landing were com-
pleted. Everything was done under the utmost tension,
and still not rapidly enough.
The transportation of men and guns, with munitions
and supplies, required the construction of new railroad
lines and the double-tracking of others. Ties became
more important than guns, because without the railroads
the guns could not be brought to the front. When the
Germans broke through in March and got within close
range of Amiens, they paralyzed the main artery between
the French and British armies. Another railroad had to
be built, and built quickly. Fortunately, the Canadians
had ties ready cut for an emergency.
In order to permit one organization to communicate
quickly with another, it was necessary to construct tele-
phone and telegraph lines. This called for thousands
and thousands of poles.
Cooking the food and keeping the men warm meant
tons and tons of fuelwood.
A FRENCH FOREST DEVASTATED BY WAR. MILITARY WORKS VISIBLE, RIGHT CENTER
1113
1114
AMERICAN FORESTRY
At the front, trenches and other defensive works called
for large numbers of props, barbed wire pickets, and
other round material.
To bring up the artillery quickly over the shell-torn
ground, it was necessary to build hasty roads with five-
inch plank. The amount of lumber consumed as road
plank was enormous.
Add to the foregoing an insistent demand for lumber
to make packing cases and for countless smaller uses,
and you will have some slight conception of wood as a
military necessity.
chief of the French transportation system, told us with
vivid emphasis that failure to send forestry troops
promptly would spell disaster. General Pershing was so
anxious about the situation that he personally dictated
an urgent cable asking the War Department to stop send-
ing fighting men until they had first sent forestry troops.
But, what will be the use of sending forestry troops
and sawmills unless there is enough standing timber?
The vital question then was, did France possess enough
standing timber to fill the indispensable requirements not
only of their own army and civil population, but of the
A PORTION OF THE FIRST AMERICAN FORESTRY CAMP, WITH OFFICE TENT AND Y. M. C. A. HUT IN CENTER, LOCATED AT
BELLEVUE, LANDES, FRANCE
We had not been in France long before this necessity
for lumber faced us in terrible earnestness. Our Army
engineers had always found at hand whatever materials
they needed, and they drew up elaborate plans accord-
ingly. The Chief of Engineers of the A. E. F. called
in Colonel Graves and made him responsible for furnish-
ing the lumber to carry out these plans. Accordingly
Colonel Graves and I went to work to procure it. We
knew that the tonnage shortage prevented our importing
it, but we understood that the French would fill our first
requirements. ,•
What was our dismay to learn that by furnishing us
lumber the French had simply meant they would furnish
us the trees standing in the forests. They had no piles,
and they had not enough lumber or ties for themselves.
Even worse, they had no labor. What were we to do?
The situation was critical. Our troops were on their
way over, and we had nothing built to receive them, nor
any materials with which to build. We must have for-
estry troops and sawmills at once. Mr. Claveille, the
British army and the American army as well? The con-
struction program of the American engineers called for
lumber in quantities which staggered the French.
Fortunately, France did have the forests. The situa-
tion was saved, the war shortened by many long months.
And why did she have them? Because she had prac-
ticed forestry for generations.
We must not imagine that she always practiced for-
estry. Like other countries, she began by destroying
her forests. Eventually, however, she saw the disas-
trous effects of her recklessness, and gradually turned
from destroying to restoring, and then to building up.
For example, 100 years ago the southwestern corner of
France, extending from Bordeaux to the Pyrenees
Mountains, was almost as treeless as the prairie, and
was fringed by sand dunes which were constantly in
movement, burying fields and houses and even whole
villages. Napoleon called in engineers and foresters.
These men succeeded in holding the dunes in place by
planting with maritime pine ; and then they planted up
FRENCH FORESTS IN THE WAR
1115
the whole interior of the region with the same tree.
During the war this region was the largest source of
lumber, not only for the French army, but for the British
and American armies as well.
The French forests were, therefore, not simply nature's
gift, but the fruit of conscious effort, applied with pains-
taking care and industry through long years.
Forestry to a Frenchman is the accepted way of hand-
ling forests. He cannot conceive of handling woodlands
timber that was ready to be cut, and even to sacrifice
that which they would not normally have cut for ten
or fifteen years. But they were firm against annihilating
any forest, or cutting it in such a way that it could not
recover with reasonable care. They, therefore, main-
tained absolute control over the methods of cutting. On
the government owned forests, they were particularly
strict, marking every tree to be cut and prescribing in
detail the methods of brush disposal, etc. On private
THE OFFICERS' ROW AT BELLEVUE CAMP, LANDES, FRANCE, THE FIRST CAMP OF THE AMERICAN FORESTERS AND
LUMBERJACKS
in any other way. In France everybody, even those
who are not foresters or lumbermen, understands what
forestry means. When you say you are a forester you
don't have to stop and explain as you do in America.
It is just as clear as if you said you were a lawyer or a
doctor. This universal understanding of the aims of
forestry is the most potent factor in the upbuilding of
the forest resources of any country. It is to the interest
of the lumberman to have a perpetual supply of timber
to cut ; it is to the interest of the wood using industries to
have a permanent source of raw material ; and it is to
the interest of the country as a whole to be independent
of outside sources of supply.
No wonder, then, that the French valued their forests,
and were unwilling to have them needlessly destroyed.
They did not forget the years of toil they had spent in
creating them. They were willing to give up all the
lands the owner marked or designated in the contract
those trees which he would sell. He also laid down the
manner of brush disposal and other operations. Ultimate
control was vested in a committee composed of represen-
tatives selected by the Minister of Agriculture, the Min-
ister of Munitions as well as all other interested members
of the cabinet, and representatives of the lumber in-
dustry. Under these conditions we had little choice as
to methods of cuttings.
The operations were uniformly well carried out. The
stumps were cut so low you could hardly see them ; the
tops were chopped into cordwood, and the slash thor-
oughly cleaned up. The cutting areas of the Canadians
and Americans were generally better than those of the
French wood merchants themselves. This goes to show
that the lumberman can cut under forestry methods when
he has to. He can do it even when subjected to the
1116
AMERICAN FORESTRY
LOAD OF HARDWOOD LOGS ON A WHITE TRUCK ON THE WAY TO ONE OF THE SAWMILLS OF THE 20th ENGINEERS
A 20 M AMERICAN SAWMILL OF THE 20th ENGINEERS. SOME OF THESE MILLS WORKED NIGHT AND DAY TO SUPPLY THE
DEMANDS OF THE A. E. F. FOR LUMBER
FRENCH FORESTS IN THE WAR
1117
LOAD OF LOGS WHICH HAS JUST BEEN LOWERED DOWN A STEEP INCLINE. THE CABLE BY WHICH THE CAR OF LOGS HAS
BEEN LOWERED IS SEEN BETWEEN THE RAILS AT THE RIGHT.
INTERIOR OF 20th ENGINEERS SAWMILL IN FRANCE
1118
AMERICAN FORESTRY
CAMP OF A DETACHMENT OF THE 20th ENGINEERS IN SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE, SHOWING OLD STYLE FRENCH FARMHOUSE
IN THE BACKGROUND
greatest imaginable pressure for quick production ; and
what is more, he does it well.
The organization of the American forestry section was
patterned largely after that of the Canadian Forestry
Corps. When Colonel Graves and I landed in France
in June, 1917, we went first of all to the British Forestry
Directorate at LaTouquet. Gen. Lord Lovat received us
with the greatest friendliness, and gave us complete data
which he had prepared in advance, covering his entire
organization and equipment. Then, after a trip to the
Canadian operations under Colonel Johnson on the gov-
ernment forest of Lajoux, in Eastern France, and after
working over the information collected, we drew up a
cable outlining the organization of the forestry troops
required by the A. E. F. We based our requirements on
an army of two million men, and asked for 18,000 for-
estry troops, of which 7,500 were to be skilled lumber-
men, about 4,500 engineer troops for road and camp
construction, and about 6,000 unskilled labor. At the
same time we requested twelve officers to come over at
once for overhead organization. These officers we asked
for by name. They arrived in about two months, in
time to be of great service in acquiring standing timber
and other preparatory work. The unit of the Canadian
Forestry Corps is the company. We made ours the bat-
talion on account of our army regulations ; it was hard
at first to make our superiors see the need for elasticity.
Forestry troops were an entirely new venture. The num-
ber of men in the actual operations depended entirely
upon the needs of the case. Sometimes only 50 men
would work together, and then again, we would have
a thousand or more.
The standing timber was all bought through an inter-
allied committee composed of French, British and Ameri-
cans ; later the Belgians were represented. We ourselves
selected each forest, in company with a French officer,
and then laid it before the committee. The negotiations
with the owner, and purchaser, were done by the French.
The French possessed the right of requisition, and used
it effectively, saving millions of dollars and defeating
the swarms of speculators which buzzed around us like
flies around the honey pot. By persistent efforts we
managed to acquire timber enough to keep ahead of the
operations. But toward the end it was becoming more
and more difficult to find reasonably accessible tracts.
Accessibility was of prime importance in selecting tim-
ber, because of the need for rapid production. If the
war had lasted, we would have been in a difficult position.
When it ended, we were planning to do railroad logging
in the mountains.
Logging conditions varied greatly. The southwestern
pineries are as level as a table, except for the dunes along
the edge. Central France is level or rolling, the chief
obstacle being the heavy, sticky clay. Here the forests
were mostly oak, which we cut into ties and road plank.
The silver fir forests of Eastern France were in the
mountains. Our chief trouble there was the narrow
gauge railroads, which never had enough cars or engines.
The same kind of narrow gauge railroads bothered us in
other regions as well.
Last autumn, before the armistice was signed, our War
Department planned to have four and a half million men
in France by July, 1919. This meant an enormous in-
crease in the lumber requirement. To meet it, we planned
FRENCH FORESTS IN THE WAR
1119
UNLOADING LOGS FROM RAILWAY CAR AT AN AMERICAN SAWMILL
REMOVING LUMBER FROM TAIL END OF AMERICAN SAWMILL
1120
AMERICAN FORESTRY
to bring over 24,000 additional forestry troops, or a total
of 42,000 men, 2,000 of which were to cut for the French
and British. The men were already being recruited
when hostilities ceased. Whether or not France could
have furnished the timber for this force, as well as for
the British and French armies, is difficult to say. Cer-
tainly we would have been hard put to it, and been com-
pelled to operate some very difficult tracts.
We had to get ready cut lumber, ties, and piles for im-
mediate needs pending the arrival of the forestry troops.
We had to continue getting this class of material even
after the arrival of the forestry troops, because the War
Department increased the numbers of fighting men be-
yond what we had anticipated when we drew up the
organization of the Forestry Section. The British and
French helped us in this with wonderful generosity, giv-
ing us material from stocks sorely needed for their own
armies. We developed to their utmost all European
sources, Switzerland, Portugal, and even Spain. This
was so great that England cut down her importations
of food to get tonnage to bring men over. The people
went without sugar, they went without butter and other
fats, they had almost no meat and a miserly slice of
bread each day. They reduced themselves to the verge
of starvation just to get a few more ships to bring sol-
diers to France. Had it not been for the forests of
France, these ships, yes and even more ships, would have
had to bring lumber instead of men.
We have seen, then, that wood is a military necessity,
and that, owing to the shortage of ships, we could not
have sent the necessary men and guns to France if there
had not been the French forests to supply the wood. We
have also seen that these forests are due to the efforts
and industry of skilled foresters backed by the people.
In concluding, I wish to take this opportunity of ex-
pressing my profound admiration of the Canadian For-
estry Corps, and deep appreciation of their generous and
unfailing assistance. A finer lot of men I never hope
GENERAL VIEW OF ONE OF THE 20th REGIMENT SAWMILLS
last was the work with which I personally was most
concerned ifter the arrival of the forestry troops.
When we consider that the modern army is help-
less without wood, I think it is safe to say that the
French forests were one of the big factors in winning
the war. .
Had not the standing timber been in France to cut,
it would have been useless to send forestry troops, and
we would have been compelled to use precious tonnage
in bringing the wood to our armies. We all know how
critical the situation was during the German drives from
March to July. Every man and every gun was needed.
The drive in March was checked by a handful of men
who had never fought before, laborers, camp cooks, any
one who could hold a rifle. The need of men and guns
to meet. When Colonel Graves and I landed in Bor-
deaux in June, 1917, wholly ignorant of what lay before
us, Colonel Miller, in charge of the Canadians in the
region, called upon us and not only extended to us every
courtesy but gave us much valuable information. I have
already spoken of the assistance we received in drawing
up our organization. Colonel White was particularly
helpful with friendly counsel. When our forestry troops
had arrived but were unable to commence sawing be-
cause our mills had not yet come, General MacDougsil
lent us five Canadian sawmills, three of 20,000-foot and
two of 10,000-foot capacity, with full equipment. I feel
that I speak for all the American lumbermen and forest-
ers in France when I say that we can never adequately
repay our debt of gratitude to the Canadians.
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1121
A GROUP OF OFFICERS OF THE 20th ENGINEERS (FORESTRY) IN FRANCE
CAMP OF A DETACHMENT OF THE 20th ENGINEERS (FORESTRY) IN CENTRAL FRANCE
1122
AMERICAN FORESTRY
CAMP OF DETACHMENT OF 20th ENGINEERS IN FRANCE. CREW STARTING TO WORK
20th ENGINEERS IN FRANCE HAULING A SPRUCE TREE FULL LENGTH BY MEANS OF BIG WHEELS FROM WOODS TO MILL. OAK
COPPICE AT THE SIDES OF THE ROAD.
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1123
OFFICERS OF THE 20th REGIMENT POSING FOR THEIR PHOTOGRAPHS AT A LUMBER CAMP IN FRANCE
F. AUSZILBAN 20 M AMERICAN SAWMILL NEAR PONTENX, LANDES, FRANCE, SHOWING THE SYSTEM OF TRACKS UPON WHICH
THE TIMBER AND LUMBER ARE REMOVED FROM THE MILL TO BE LOADED DIRECT TO THE BROAD GAUGE RAILWAY CARS
1124
AMERICAN FORESTRY
AMERICAN FORESTRY TROOPS CUTTING SPRUCE TREES IN A PARK IN FRANCE
A LOADED AMERICAN LOG WAGON ON ITS WAY FROM THE FOREST IN FRANCE TO A 20th REGIMENT SAWMILL
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1125
. HAULING LOGS BY HORSE POWER FROM THE WOODS TO ONE OF THE 20th REGIMENT SAWMILLS IN FRANCE
LUMBER YARD AT THE BOURICOS AMERICAN 20-M SAWMILL NEAR PONTENX, LANDES.
CAMP IN THE BACKGROUND AT THE LEFT
MARITIME PINE FOREST SHADES THE
1126
AMERICAN FORESTRY
•JOth ENGINEERS SAWING FELLED TREES INTO LOGS IN A PINE FOREST. SOUTHERN FRANCE
20th ENGINEERS LOADING FIR LOGS ON NARROW GAUGE RAILWAY CAR IN THE MOUNTAINS OF EASTERN FRANCE
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1127
I
V.A
AMERICAN LUMBERJACKS AND FORESTERS LOADING LOGS ON TO AMERICAN LOG WAGON IN CENTRAL FRANCE
20th ENGINEERS LOADING LONG PILING FOR SHIPMENT FROM EASTERN FRANCE TO BASE PORTS ON ATLANTIC COAST TO BF
USED IN DOCK CONSTRUCTION
1128
AMERICAN FORESTRY
20th ENGINEERS SKIDDING AND PEELING POLES IN A FRENCH PINE FOREST IN SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE
LOADING FOREST PRODUCTS ON TO FRENCH RAILWAY CARS IN THE HARDWOOD FORESTS OF CENTRAL FRANCE
-
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1129
A 20th REGIMENT SAWMILL UNIT CAMPED IN A HARDWOOD FOREST IN CENTRAL FRANCE
LOG BOOM IN AUREILHAN LAKE IN THE LANDES, FRANCE. THE AMERICAN SAWMILL LOCATED AT THIS POINT MADE AN
UNUSUALLY GOOD RECORD IN PRODUCTION AND SHIPMENT
1130
AMERICAN FORESTRY
BRINGING SPRUCE AND PINE LOGS INTO AMERICAN MILL IN FRANCE. LARGE HEAP OF SAWDUST RIGHT CENTER. SAWDUST
SEEN COMING FROM THE BLOWER PIPE
A LARGE LOAD OF MARITIME PINE LOGS ON A MOTOR TRUCK OF THE 20th ENGINEERS (FORESTRY) IN FRANCE
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1131
20th ENGINEERS LOADING LUMBER AND TIES ON FRENCH CARS. THE CAR AT THE LEFT IS LOADED WITH BARBED WIRE
STAKES. THE BUILDING AT THE END OF THE RIGHT-HAND CAR CORRESPONDS TO AN AMERICAN CABOOSE
TYPE OF WAGON USED BY THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ENGINEERS IN FRANCE. NOTE THE SIZE OF THE LOAD
1132
AMERICAN FORESTRY
TWO PAIR OF BIG WHEELS USED TO BRING A LONG HARDWOOD LOG TO A MILL IN CENTRAL FRANCE
A LARGE SAWMILL OF THE 20th ENGINEERS CUTTING HARDWOOD LOGS IN FRANCE
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1133
LOADING SOME OF THE MANY THOUSANDS OF TIES MADE BY THE 20th REGIMENT MILLS FOR THE A. E. F. OPERATIONS IN
FRANCE
g
■'•r
£
■
C'-'
■■::••
?.>
*f
vifci,.
v
-
^3re
A LARGE AMERICAN SAWMILL IN A FRENCH HARDWOOD FOREST
1134
AMERICAN FORESTRY
LOADING PEELED POLES ON TO RAILWAY CARS AT ONE OF THE OPERATIONS OF THE 20th ENGINEERS
THESE YOUNG LUMBERJACKS ARE THE TYPE OF SKILLED, ENERGETIC WORKERS WHO MADE RECORD PRODUCTION POSSIBLE
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1135
20th ENGINEERS LOADING FIR LOGS IN THE MOUNTAINS OF EASTERN FRANCE
UNLOADING SMALL LOGS AT AN AMEX MILL IN CENTRAL FRANCE. NOTE THE SPOUT THROUGH WHICH THE SAWDUST IS
BLOWN TO LARGE SAWDUST PILE AT THE LEFT
1136
AMERICAN FORESTRY
MEMBERS OF THE 20th ENGINEERS LOADING PILING ON TRUCKS AT LANDING No. 2 IN FRANCE. THESE PILINGS ARE APPROXI-
MATELY SEVENTY FEET LONG
THIS WAS ERECTED BY THE 20th ENBINEERS NEAR ST. DIZIER AND SURPRISED THE FRENCH WITH ITS LARGE DAILY PRO-
DUCTION, AS IN FACT DID ALL THE OTHER MILLS
HOW THE AMERICAN ARMY GOT ITS WOOD
BY PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE
EDITOR OF AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE
<r<!
Y
OUR part in winning the war has been as impor-
tant as that of any other troops in the American
Expeditionary Forces."
This was the high commendation given right after the
signing of the armistice to the foresters and lumbermen
who had gone to France to get out the lumber needed
by the American Army. It was contained in a general
order issued by Col. J. A. Woodruff, "To the Officers
and Soldiers of the 20th Engineers and Attached Service
Troops." Colonel Woodruff was placed in command of
the 10th Engineers (Forestry) when that regiment was
organized shortly after the
United States entered the
war ; and later of the com-
bined Tenth and Twentieth,
Foresters and Lumbermen,
when they were united into
what constituted the larg-
est regiment the world
has ever seen. Its total
strength just before hos-
tilities ceased was 360 of-
ficers and 18,183 enlisted
men, an aggregate of 18,-
543 men engaged in the
production of lumber for
the American Army.
General Pershing had
scarcely landed in France
before he realized that
great quantities of lumber
were necessary for the
army which was preparing
to follow. The short-
age of shipping at that
time due to the submarine
campaign made it impossi-
ble to ship the lumber from
this country. Fortunately,
France had the timber, al-
though she did not have the men who could cut it for
any forces other than her own. Accordingly, General
Pershing sent an urgent cable to the War Department
calling for lumberjacks and foresters to constitute a
force of trained men who could get out an immense
monthly supply. He said in effect that it would be use-
less to send fighting men unless they could be supplied
with lumber and that forestry troops should be sent first.
Docks, warehouses and railroads had to be built, and
wood was needed for a hundred other purposes.
The War Department, therefore requested the Forest
Service to assist in the formation of a forest regiment.
This was the beginning of the 10th Engineers, composed
LIEUT. COL. GRAVES IN FRANCE
The Chief Forester of the United States went abroad shortly after this
country entered the war to organize the work the American foresters
were to do in helping to get out the timber needed for war purposes.
of two battalions of three companies each, which it was
thought at first would be sufficient for the purpose.
Plans for the organization of this regiment began in the
early summer of 1917, shortly after the United States
entered the war. Trained foresters and lumbermen were
gathered from all parts of the country. Through its dis-
trict representatives, the Forest Service was able to reach
the operators and the lumber companies, the sawmill
owners and the loggers, who had men skilled in all
branches of the profession. Graduates and students of
the forestry schools enlisted. These men came to the
American University Camp
which was established at
Washington, District of
Columbia, in the midsum-
mer of 1917 ; and in the be-
ginning of September were
on their way to the other
side. They arrived in
France in the early days of
October, and were all at
their "assignments by the
first of November.
In the meantime plans
for sending over a much
larger army than had been
anticipated and for ship-
ping the troops with the
greatest possible speed,
necessitated the formation
of another forest regiment.
This was the 20th Engi-
neers, the first two battal-
ions of which were ready to
proceed to France early in
November, whilejhe others
kept following as fast as
they were organized until
March, 191 8. Another
regiment was being formed
at the time Germany quit. The 20th Engineers was com-
manded by Col. W. A. Mitchell, like Colonel Woodruff,
a regular army officer and a West Point graduate, whose
previous services fitted him admirably for this work.
Colonel Mitchell later was transferred to the 2d Engi-
neers, known at the front as the "Fighting Engineers,"
and was cited for bravery. When the 10th Engineers
and the 20th Engineers were combined into one regiment,
Colonel Woodruff took command of the united force.
The American foresters and lumbermen knew that
they had their work cut out for them when they arrived
in France, but trrey were impacient to get on the job.
Originally it was figured that they would have to get
1137
1138
AMERICAN FORESTRY
out about 25,000,000 feet of material a month ; but these
figures kept mounting until in September, 1918, they
turned out 42,000,000 board feet, while for the six
months ending with March,
1919, in preparation for the
big spring drive which
would have started then if
the war had not ended
when it did, the schedule
called for a stupendous
total of 450,000,000 feet of
lumber for the American
Army.
When the 10th Engi-
neers was formed it was
the first time a United
States army had organized
and equipped troops for
systematic forest engineer-
ing. Immediately after the
need became known, Henry
S. Graves, Chief Forester
of the United States, with
the rank of major in the
Reserve Engineer Corps,
went to France to prepare
for the forestry work there
and to make arrangements
for the acquisition of cut-
ting rights in the French
f o r e s ts . Later Major
Graves was commissioned a
lieutenant colonel. With
him went Capt. (later
Major) Barrington Moore.
June, 1917; and before Colonel Graves left France in
January, 1918, the 10th Regiment and a considerable
COL. W. A. MITCHELL, U. S. A.
First Commander of the 20th Enuineers, who, upon his arrival in France,
was transferred to the 2nd Engineers.
They landed in France in
portion of the 20th Regiment also had arrived and were
producing wood and lumber for the American Army.
Two months after Colonel Graves reached France he
was followed by Wm. B.
Greeley, Assistant Forester,
United States Forest Ser-
vice, who had been com-
missioned a major on the
regimental staff of the 10th
Engineers in this country,
but who was needed to
take charge of organization
work in France. Later he
was promoted to the rank
of lieutenant colonel and
made chief of the entire
forestry section under Col-
onel Woodruff, and in
April, 1919, was decorated
by the French with the
Legion of Honor. Colonel
Greeley was accompanied
by two officers, First Lieu-
tenants Stanley L. Wolfe
and Clarence E. Dunston,
and nine civilians, all of
whom later were commis-
sioned. These men were
Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr..
Donald Bruce, Swift Berry,
R. Clifford Hall, Ralph C.
Staebner, Fred B. Agee,
William H. Gibbons,
Joseph Kittredge and W. H. Gallagher.
Major Woolsey, who was in April, 1919, made a lieu-
tenant colonel, became a member of the executive coni-
MAJOR S. O. JOHNSON
20th Engineers
MAJOR JAMES E. LONG
20th Engineers
THE LATE MAJOR E. E. HARTWICK
20th Engineers
HOW THE AMERICAN ARMY GOT ITS WOOD
1139
— : "
12
■MflM
Photograph by Harris and Ewing
AMERICAN FORESTRY'S PORTRAIT GALLERY OF OFFICERS OF THE TWENTIETH ENGINEERS (FORESTRY)
I lit Lt Paul D Mackie. 2. 1st Lt. Lester W. Jacobs. 3. Major Collin E. Clark. 4. Capt. F. R. Barnes. 5. Capt. Ralph H. Faulkner.
« (apt. George G. Steel. 7. 1st Lt. Milton Pittman. 8. 2nd Lt. Harry G. Miller. 9. 1st Lt. Frederick B. Judge. 10. 1st. Lt. Gilbert C. Eastman.
11. 2nd Lt. Fred A. Roemer. 12. 2nd Lt. Julius A. Herbott.
1140
AMERICAN FORESTRY
mittee of the Comite Interallie de Bois de Guerre, which
was organized before Colonel Graves returned from
France to avoid competition among the British, French
and American armies in the purchase of timberland.
Captain Bruce and Captain Kittredge served under Lieu-
tenant Colonel Peck in the fuelwood project in the ad-
vance section. Capt. R. Clifford Hall served under
Major Wool-
sey, and the
other men
named also
held important
posts.
It was not
n e c e ssary to
give the men
of the ioth and
F. R. Barnes, of Missouri, the 9th ; and Major P. E.
Hinckley, of Maine, the 10th.
"We are here, and mighty darned glad that we are ; we
are busy as beavers, and are going to do our bit and then
some in this war." This is what Capt. John D. Guthrie,
of the 20th Regiment, Engineers, wrote home shortly
after his arrival in France.
That was the spirit which pervaded the entire regiment
of foresters and lumbermen. Their only complaint was
that they could not get into the actual fighting. Every
one of the more than 18,000 who were in the regiment
at the time the armistice was signed had been anxious to
get to the front. Any one of them would have jumped
at the chance any time it had been offered. Some of
them came very near getting there shortly after the big
spring drive of the Germans began in 1918. Plans were
on foot to mobilize every available man in the Service
of Supply for service at the front,
but the crisis passed without mak-
ing this action necessary.
The fact, however, that they did
not get into the active military end
of the game does not detract in the
least from the invaluable service
they rendered. In the highest sense
it was of the greatest military im-
portance, for the army could not
have moved forward or maintained
MAJOR F. M
Commanding 14th Batt
MAJOR P. E. HINKLEY
Commanding 10th Battalion, 20th Engineers
20th Regiments any special training
in forestry or lumbering methods be-
fore they left the United States, for
they were picked men, chosen because
of their proficiency in their special
work, while the clerical force was
selected because of their actual knowl-
edge of keeping lumber accounts and
similar information. So during their
stay at American University Camp the
men were given what military, drill was required for ad-
ministrative and disciplinary purposes. Colonel Graves
reports one of the men to have remarked after they got to
the other side : "We're not much on drill, but we're hell
on cutting down trees." After they landed in France a
large part of their actual military equipment was left be-
hind at the various supply stations. As a rule they took
with them to their camps about one-tenth of their guns.
The 1st and 2d Battalions of the 20th Engineers, under
command of Major Hartwick, of Detroit, and Major
S. O. Johnson, of California, sailed in December, 1917 ;
the 3d and 4th, under command of Major R. A. Johnson,
California, and Major George H. Kelly, Oregon, sailed
the first week in January, 1918 ; and the other battalions
followed at approximately three-week intervals, with
Major Frederick Kellogg, New York, in command of
the 5th ; Major Benjamin F. Wade, of New Jersey, the
6th; Major C. E. Clark, of North Carolina, the 7th;
Major George W. Weisel, of Montana, the 8th; Major
BARTELME
alion, 20th Engineers
itself without
the endless
streams of lum-
ber which were
turned out. It is
almost impossi-
ble to exaggerate
the value of
wood supplies as
a factor in mili-
tary operations.
In the general order which he issued after the signing of
the armistice, Col. Woodruff, after declaring that the
army at that time was "well supplied with lumber,"
added :
"When ties were called for in large quantities to sup-
port the advances of our troops at St. Mihiel and in the
Argonne, they were ready. At practically every dock
project, deliveries of piling and lumber were well ahead
COL. H. L. BOWLBY
Former Regimental Adjutant, 20th Engineers
HOW THE AMERICAN ARMY GOT ITS WOOD
1141
of the construction. In other words, the Forestry
Troops have made good on the work for which they were
brought to France."
When these men left for France their friends knew
they would make good. With what a vengeance they
would fulfill these expectations and what remarkable
records they would make in spite of countless and con-
stant handicaps, could hardly have been dreamed of in
advance. But these stalwart sons of America, hardy
woodsmen and sturdy sawmill operators, went into the
fight with the same grim determination that inspired
their fellows at Belleau Wood and Chateau Thierry, at
St. Mihiel and in the Argonne. They wanted to go to the
front but could not. But they failed in no task that was
assigned to them ; in fact, they did more than was asked
of them and smashed record after record in their keen
rivalry to help crush armed autocracy. They put up a
winning fight which will stand among the brilliant
achievements of the war on the pages of history.
Both with the French mills, old-fashioned and man-
driven, which they were compelled to operate when they
first arrived, and to some extent even up to the end, and
with the modern American mills which arrived later, the
lumbermen began from the day of their first cutting to
hang up one record after another with patriotic regu-
larity. Mills which were rated at 10,000-foot capacity in
a ten-hour day were sent I
throbbing ahead full speed
and made to turn out 25,000
and 30,000 feet a day, with
shifts working night and
day in most instances. One
20,000-foot mill made the
MAJOR E. II MARKS
location was sawing logs in the new section of woodland.
Five days had been allowed as a reasonable time for
moving this mill. Such feats were not rare occurrences,
and similar ingenuity and ability to meet emergencies •
were shown by the forest regiment many times during its
stay in France.
These men had gone over to France for a purpose
and they were not to be stopped by difficulties and
obstacles. If they did not
find the facilities which
they needed at hand,
they turned in and manu-
factured them from what-
ever material was avail-
able. In the early days
particularly they had to
MAJOR B. F. WADE
MAJOR A. W. CORKINS
high-water mark of the
war when the 27th Com-
pany in 23 hours and 35
minutes cut 177,486 feet of
lumber.
It was not only in produc-
tion but in many other ways
that the men of the 20th showed their prowess, their
ability to surmount almost insuperable difficulties and
to work under conditions which were entirely new to
them.
The incident — if such it should be called — might be
related of how on one occasion a 10,000-foot mill was
moved a distance of twenty-five miles and in forty-seven
hours from the time it stopped buzzing in its original
LT. COL. C. S. CHAPMAN
resort to all sorts of ingen-
ious expedients. There was
urgent neftl of supplies for
the American army, which
was beginning to pour over
rapidly. The men of the
forest regiment knew this,
and they were not going to allow their "buddies" in the
infantry and artillery to suffer for lack of barracks and
warehouses and hospitals, if there was any way under
God's heaven to prevent it. And so American ingenuity
was put to the test, and it came out on top. If horses
had not yet arrived, the men formed themselves into
teams and dragged out the logs by man-power. If the
horses arrived before their harness, pieces of burlap and
bagging, rope and nails were "composed" into some of
the most picturesque harness the world had ever seen.
It is probable that the horses themselves had many a
chuckle over some of the ludicrous outfits to which they
were fitted. Of course, they were too polite to do this
before the men, but when they were in their stalls for the
night they must have laughed heartily, and probably
have carried on a conversation which would have given
Kipling fine material for a new animal story.
The officers and men of the forest troops had to im-
provise in many ways, even to language. Here is what
Sergeant Oliver M. Porter, Yale Forest School '15, who
was out buying cordwood supplies for the A. E. F., wrote
back to the States on that subject. He says : "I hardly
know my mother tongue. Speech with me has become
an unrecognizable mixture of English, French and Span-
1142
AMERICAN FORESTRY
ish, since I have to deal with American soldiers, French
civilians and Spanish contract labor. Also I am learning
how to talk with my hands, arms, shoulders and feet.
Actions speak louder than words, especially where you
don't know the words."
Another handicap which the Americans had to
overcome was that, being the last on the ground, they
had the longest hauls to
make. The English forest
regiments operated in a
comparatively small semi-
circle up in the northern
part of France ; the French
in a somewhat wider arc
back of this, with Paris as
the center; but the Ameri-
cans had to swing around
on a much longer circum-
ference, reaching from the
ports of Brest, St. Nazaire
and Bordeaux on over
through the central south-
ern part of France and up
into the Vosges and Ar-
gonne section. This called
for the building of many
miles of railroad, at the
Eclaron plant alone, for in-
stance, eight miles of stand-
ard gauge and twenty-five
miles of two-foot gauge
railroad being constructed.
The wood cutting did not
cease with the signing of
the armistice ; and up to
February i, 1919, the for-
est regiment had to its
credit 205,000,000 feet of
sawed lumber ; 2,998,000
standard gauge and 941,000 narrow gauge
ties; 1,746,378 pieces of round products;
39,595 pieces of piling and 319,057 cords
of fuelwood.
Some of the mills were close to the
front, others hundreds of miles away.
The mill at Ancemont, to mention one of
a number, was operating at the time that
town was bombarded ; and this mill, which
was four or five miles back from the line,
was moved to Ippecourt, in the Argonne
section. Among other mills close to the
front were those at Menil and at La Tour.
One month after the first forestry troops
had reached their assignments in France
they had three mills in operation, two
of them French and one American. This
was on December 1, 191 7. The first
American mill had begun operations
on November 27 at Mortumier, near
Gien. By the first of January the Americans had ten
mills in operation ; a month later, twenty-one ; by March
1, thirty-four; and so on in increasing numbers until
at the time of the signing of the armistice there were
eighty-one mills buzzing away in various parts of
France, with a dozen more in process of completion. If
the war had continued, it would have been necessary for
the American foresters and
lumbermen to have gone
into some of the rougher
mountain territory, where
more difficult lumbering
operations would have met
them, including construc-
tion of railroads over steep
grades and rocky passes.
The engineers were prepar-
ing to meet these problems.
France was divided into
districts to facilitate the
handling of the forestry
work, the number of dis-
tricts being increased from
time to time until there
were eventually fourteen,
one for each battalion, with
headquarters at the follow-
ing places : Dax, Major
Brookings c o m m anding ;
Epinal, Major S. O. John-
son ; Dijon, Major San-
born ; Mimizan, Captain
Phipps ; Gien, Captain
Lynch ; Lapit, Major Kel-
logg ; Chateouroux, Cap-
tain Maas ; Bauge, Captain
Vail ; B o u r g , Major
Barnes ; Bourges, Major
Hinkley ; Pontenx, Major
Lafon; Besancon, Major Kelley; Eclaron,
Major Spencer, and Le Puy (the birth-
place of Lafayette), Major Bartelme.
No finer body of men ever went from
America than the foresters and lumber-
men of the 20th Engineers. The highest
tribute that can be paid to them is this :
They did all that was expected of them —
and more. The work which they did, the
toil and the struggle in rain and mud,
through long hours of the day and night,
to get the timber out of the forests and
through the mill ; with no opportunity for
decoration or military reward for ser-
vice gallantly performed ; fighting against
obstacles which tried men's souls and made
them "turn gray" — all this makes the
members of America's great forest and
lumber regiment worthy of a glowing
page in the history of the world war for
CAPTAIN HOWARD Y. WILLIAMS
Chaplain of the 20th Engineers (Forestry) and doing yeoman work for God
and country in France.
CAPT. H. R. CONDON
Headquarters, 11th Battalion, 20th
Engineers
HOW THE AMERICAN ARMY GOT ITS WOOD
1143
Photograph by Harris and Ewing
AMERICAN FORESTRY'S PORTRAIT GALLERY OF OFFICERS OF THE TWENTIETH ENGINEERS (FORESTRY)
1 to Lt W G Conklin. 2. Capt. Frederick C. Moore. 3. 1st Lt. Frank Mizell. 4. 1st Lt. R. H. Rowdybush. 5 2nd Lt. Luther B McDaniel.
« Capt F R. Weisel. 7. Capt. J. H. Price. 8. 1st Lt. Alfred D. Kettenbach. 9. 2nd Lt. Charles J. Davis. 10. Major George H. Kelly. 11. 1st
Lt. Cornelius W. Smith, former Chaplain, 20th Regt. 12. Major William C. Moore.
1144
AMERICAN FORESTRY
CAPT. JOHN B. WOODS
FIRST LT. RISDEN T. ALLEN
FIRST LT. ROBERT L. DEERING
civilization. All but a few of the men who enlisted in the
various forest battalions reached France. Among those
who were destined never to arrive were 91 who went
down on the ill-fated Tuscania when she was torpedoed
off the Irish coast by a German submarine. Aboard this
vessel was the 6th Battalion. Excellent discipline pre-
vailed, however; prompt assistance came and most of
the men were saved.
In describing this disaster, Thomas P. Reid, Yale
Forest School, '13, wrote: "I had just finished supper
and was back on deck, life belt on and all prepared,
when the crash came. A tearing and a heavy thud, fol-
lowed by a tremendous fall of water, left no doubt as to
what had happened. An instant of silence, darkness and
a great shouting as the fellows ran to their boat sta-
tions. Boats were lowered, some in good order, others
in bad shape, and as one end fell faster than the other
or went down with a crash, capsized and spilled all the
men who were in it." After telling how eleven men got
into a broken boat by jumping from the deck above, a
good thirty feet, he adds:
"One of our fellows became chilled. We were all
pretty wet, but not too cold to whistle, or chew tobacco,
and even smoke cigarettes. We rubbed the chilled one,
pounded, stood him on his feet, and 'cussed' him to make
him 'hot,' and succeeded, for when a trawler finally picked
us up about midnight, he was in pretty fair shape.
"Six hours later we were landed, 500 of us, somewhere
in Ireland, where nothing was too good for us. Seemed
like the whole town just spread themselves ; tobacco,
clothes, food, candy, money was almost forced upon us
all. There were entertainments by the Naval Base Red
Cross, and so forth. There will always be the warmest
of spots in our hearts for the people there. Withal it
was really wonderful how so many were taken from the
ship in almost perfect order."
Major Wade, in command of the 6th Battalion, was the
last soldier to leave the sinking Tuscania.
While none of the other members of the forest regi-
ment were compelled to go through an experience as
gruelling as that which befell those aboard the Tuscania,
nevertheless there was excitement and adventure aplenty
almost from the moment the various battalions entrained
at American University Camp, ready for the long jour-
ney, right through to the end. There were new experi-
ences to satisfy the most venturesome. The story of the
trip across of the two battalions composing the 10th
Regiment, the first to sail, may be taken as typical of
similar experiences by those who followed. Here is the
interesting account of that journey as related by Major
David T. Mason, professor of forestry in the University
of California, who hepled to organize this first forest
regiment and went with it to France. They sailed from
New York on the Cunard liner, Carpathia, leaving there
September 10. Major Mason continues :
"There were the usual scenes at the port of embarka-
tion; a ferry boat carried the regiment from the Penn-
sylvania terminal to the pier where the Carpathia lay.
For many of the men this was the first glimpse of New
SECOND LT. JOHN W. SELTZKR
CAPTAIN DORR SKEELS
2nd LT. STANLEY H. HODGMAN
HOW THE AMERICAN ARMY GOT ITS WOOD
1145
Photograph by Harris and Ewing
AMERICAN FORESTRY'S PORTRAIT GALLERY OF OFFICERS OF THE TWENTIETH ENGINEERS (FORESTRY)
I It Lt. William A. Foster. 2.
8. 1st Lt. Leroy A. Serial], 7
U. 1st Lt. Charles P. Hatriclt.
ls't Lt' CFreTni Ci,Abbo"i 3; '« Lt. E. B. Hamilton. 4.
12 1,; f, a£' P?neiu^, lst.Lt- Robert B- Hill. 9.
II. 1st Lt. Albert L. Shellworth.
rll\- ^'C « Dudley' 5Jst Lt' Fayette L- Thompson.
Capt. John Summerset. 10. 1st Lt. R. N. Benjamin.
1146
AMERICAN FORESTRY
York, and it was a brief one, for sentries at the head of
the pier prevented any visiting ashore. Less than a half
dozen friends of members of the regiment were on hand
to wave "goodbye." The decks had been alive with men
all day, but as the ship backed out into the stream, every-
one was ordered out of sight, and she steamed down the
harbor apparently an ordinary freighter. Farewells
were waved to the Statue of Liberty outlined against the
last glow of the sunset sky.
"A two-day run brought
the Carpathia into the beau-
tiful land-locked harbor of
Halifax, where there was
a nine-day wait for the as-
sembling of the convoy.
These were impatient days,
for all wanted to be on the
way. Although the men
were not allowed shore
leave, it was permitted to
lower the ship's boats and
to row around the inner
harbor; the principal inter-
est of these days was in
the boat races organized be-
tween the companies of the
ioth and with the boats
from other ships. Finally
the convoy was ready, and
on September 21, thirteen
merchant ships, some of
them transporting Ameri-
can, Australian and Canad-
ian troops, wound slowly
through the narrows and
down the outer harbor past
ships of the British Navy.
There was no hiding be-
low this time; all were on
deck to send back cheers
in return for the fine
music and cheers from the
navy. At dusk the convoy
passed in single file through
the submarine net guarding the harbor. As night came
on the regular convoy formation in three columns was
taken. We found ourselves under the escort of a cruiser
so fantastically camouflaged that she was promptly nick-
named the 'scrambled egg.'
"There was a certain grimness in the arrangements on
the Carpathia which gave a not wholly unpleasant indi-
cation of the possibility of adventures ahead. Small
boats were swung out over the side ready to be hastily
launched. Piles of life rafts encumbered the decks. Life
preservers were much in evidence, especially after the
danger zone was reached. The ship followed a zigzag
of courses, changed every few minutes. Everything was
dark at night; even smoking on deck was prohibited.
There were the frequent station drills, when at the warn-
MAJ. DA\
ing from the siren, every one in his life preserver moved
quietly but rapidly to his station for abandoning ship ;
at first it took twelve to fifteen minutes from the time the
alarm was given for all to reach their stations, but later
careful training reduced this time to about five minutes.
There was a thrill one thick, stormy night when the
alarm sounded; in the fog, the 'scrambled egg' had
nearly rammed the Carpathia. A small storm which
lasted for two days sent a
good many to their bunks ;
later in censoring letters,
those of us who had the
censoring to do were
amazed to find some such
remarks as this in almost
every letter : 'It was a great
storm ; everybody was sick
but me. Ha ! ha !' The
decks were filled nearly all
day with the different com-
panies up in turn for their
physical drill. One after-
noon everyone was delight-
ed when the group of ten
specks that climbed 'over
the hill* to the southeast
drew nearer and turned
out to be our destroyer
escort to take us through
the 'danger zone.' The
destroyers spread out in a
ring around the convoy
and darted back and forth
in a very businesslike man-
ner. We realized then that
there had been a little ten-
sion and that it was good
to have the destroyers for
company.
"After two days in the
danger zone the convoy
divided. Part went into
Liverpool ; the Carpathia,
with several other ships,
headed for Glasgow. In the early morning of October
2 the hills of Scotland were first sighted. The
destroyers turned back as the mine fields at the mouth of
the Firth of Clyde were entered. A little later the con-
voy passed through the gate in the submarine nets at
Greenock, and there waited for the tide before going on
up the river. The sail up the Clyde is a vivid memory.
There were glimpses of "tank"-manufacturing plants, of
famous German submarines captured and brought to
port. The river, lined for miles on both sides with ship-
building plants, is so narrow that the new ships have
to be launched at an angle to prevent their striking the
opposite bank. Steaming slowly up the river, we were
heartily cheered by the thousands of shipworkers along
the shores. They were near enough to see the expres-
50N
HOW THE AMERICAN ARMY GOT ITS WOOD
1147
sions on their faces ; they
were evidently delighted to
see the first American
troops to arrive in Scotland,
and we were at least equal-
ly glad to see the Scotch.
It was especially interesting
to note the great number of
buxom Scotch girls in
smocks, breeches and put-
tees working on ship con-
struction.
"After a few hours of
well-ordered hustle in get-
ting off the troops and bag-
gage, the regiment entrain-
ed for a destination to us
unknown. Fifteen hours
on the train brought us to
Southampton, England,
where a few days were
spent in a so-called "rest
camp" awaiting transporta-
tion across the channel.
No one seemed to know
just why the word "rest"
was used in connection with
such a camp, for it was any-
thing but restful. The line
of march from the city
out to this camp was
along a splendid ave-
nue beneath an arch of magnificent elms. The avenue,
strange to say, had been constructed in other days by
other soldiers waiting to take ship from Southampton —
British soldiers waiting to embark for the Atlantic voy-
age in the days of the American Revolution. Few of us
had ever been in Europe before, so that there was
keen interest in investigating the old parts of the city —
the remains of the old walls, the old inns like pages from
Thackeray, the monument on the waterfront to com-
memorate the sailing of the Mayflower in 1620. A brief
glance at beautiful England, and we crowded aboard a
shallow draught side-wheel boat to be whisked across the
English Channel to La Havre during the night."
While the various battalions and even some of the
companies were broken up when they reached France
and scattered in widely different parts of the country,
from the rich maritime pine section of the southwest up
through the central part and on to the Vosges and Ar-
gonne regions, their experiences in many respects were
similar. Some of the incidents which befell the 10th
Regiment along the way are picturesquely described by
Major Mason, who says:
"France was reached on October 7, but there were still
days of travel and waiting ahead before timber opera-
tions could begin. Fortunately, only a day was spent
in the rest camp at La Havre, sheltered from the pelting
rain in sheds paved with cobbles. Once more the regi-
CAPT. JOHN D GUTHRIE
ment entrained with the
destination unknown to
us. The French troop
train, now so well known to-
millions of Americans, was
a curiosity to us. There
were the usual "eight-
forty" cars — little box cars
plainly marked "eight
horses lengthwise or forty
men." It was hard to see
how forty husky Ameri-
cans, each carrying his full
equipment, could crowd
into one of the little cars,
but it was done. There
were rough benches in the
cars, but no toilet facilities
whatever. Thirty-six hours
of slow running, which car-
ried us around the out-
skirts of Paris and gave a
glimpse of the palace at
Versailles, finally brought
us to Nevers, a small city in
almost the exact center of
France.
A tent camp was pitched
in a well turfed field in
the outskirts of Nevers.
A few days of rain and
the tramping of twelve
hundred odd pairs of feet soon stirred up a large
mud pie bearing little resemblance to the original
field. Here the regiment waited for two weeks for the
arrival of motor and other equipment brought on the
Carpathia. Looking back it now seems remarkable that
so much of the equipment succeeded in crossing England,
the Channel and half of France so quickly. In Nevers,
we had our first experience in the French lumber busi-
ness ; about two thousand feet of lumber was needed for
crating material, so a motor truck and a detail of men
went out to find it ; after the biggest local stock of lum-
ber had been found, there was a long parley through an
interpreter with the woman who managed the place ;
finally some green, rough white fir, grading about num-
ber two common, was found in three-fourths inch and
one inch thicknesses ; we paid at the rate of one hundred
dollars per thousand feet board measure for the thinner
stock and one hundred twenty dollars for the thicker.
"To meet the most pressing timber needs of the Ameri-
can Army, the regiment was split into five parts for
work in different parts of France. Two and one-half
companies were ordered to the pine forests along the
coast in the southwest; two companies were to go into
the fir forests of the Vosges Mountains in Eastern
France; and a half company was to cut pine in Brittany
near the coast in the northwest; and two other com-
panies were to work in different parts of Central France.
1148
AMERICAN FORESTRY
\li&| ! Ill ,fc /
\\1a»t/
K Anil/
HEADQUARTERS OF THE AMERICAN OPERATIONS IN THE
VICINITY OF PONTENX, IN ONE OF THE GROUP OF SCHOOL
BUILDINGS ON THE PONTENX VILLAGE GREEN, LANDES,
FRANCE
As fast as equipment arrived it was divided between the
different units ; as soon as there was sufficient equip-
ment on hand to permit work to begin, the units pro-
ceeded to their stations, which were reached just before
November 1. Only a comparatively small part of the
logging equipment and no complete sawmill units had
accompanied the regiment on the Carpathia, so the first
work was necessarily to be limited to that preparatory to
sawmill operation and to that of producing timber in
the round.
"The writer was assigned to the work of taking the
motor train of the First Battalion across country from
Nevers to Pontenx, a small village about sixty miles
southwest of Bordeaux. The three days allowed gave
just time enough to make the three hundred sixty mile
run, .for the heavy trucks could do only about twelve
miles per hour, and lack of lights limited the running
time from six in the morning to five at night. It was
a beautiful trip over finer roads than any of us had ever
traveled before. The first two days of the trip led
through a decidedly hilly country, with fine hardwood
forests scattered about here and there. Most of the route
followed the French national highways, which usually
have a hard surface of water bound macadam about
eighteen feet wide, on each side of which is smooth turf
about ten feet wide for columns of marching men when
need arises. The roads are almost everywhere lined by
splendid trees which are made to swell the incomes of the
communes which own them; chestnut, cherry and other
rravn£3&S!! TS2SPS AT THE BELLEVUE CAMP IN FRANCE
L*?,EJi,HT£f^ESjytF,UgE TO FEED H0GS- RAISED THE HOGS AND
AUGMENTED THEIR COMPANY FUNDS BY SELLING THEM
THESE LOADING CRANES WERE USED FOR TRANSFERRING THE
LUMBER FROM NARROW GAUGE TO BROAD GAUGE CARS IN
MANY OF THE SHIPPING YARDS OF THE 20th REGIMENT
fruit trees yield their annual crops, and finally their tim-
ber ; in Southern France, cork oak trees furnish crops of
bark every eight or ten years ; Lombardy poplars, locust,
sycamores and others are valuable mainly for their tim-
ber; all add greatly to the beauty of the highways.
Along much of the route the French had seen no Ameri-
cans before, and our welcome was the more hearty for
that reason. The motor train reached Pontenx just
before the arrival of the train loaded with troops, sup-
plies and equipment."
A picture of the men in their camps, of the way in
which preparations were made for their living and for
the lumber operations which they were anxious to start
as promptly as possible, is given by Major Mason, who
says:
"The first day in the 'Landes,' as the pine forested
region of Southwestern France is known, was an espe-
cially busy one. The railway cars had to be unloaded
and released immediately and camp established in the
pine forest four miles away. Fortunately, a bright,
HOW THE AMERICAN ARMY GOT ITS WOOD
1149
A LOAD OF PILING APPROXIMATELY 70 FEET LONG ON MOTOR
TRUCK AND TRAILER GOING AROUND SHARP TURN IN THE
ROAD IN A FRENCH SPRUCE FOREST. OPERATIONS OF 20th
ENGINEERS
sunny day among a long series of rainy ones made it
possible to get under cover without wetting men and
supplies. The underbrush was cleared from the camp
site, and trees felled to make room for the pyramidal
tents. Kitchens were soon ready to serve hot meals to
the long lines of hungry men. Bed sacks were filled with
straw and for the first few nights were placed direct on
the wet sand ; water oozed up through that sand for days.
As soon as possible lumber was obtained from nearby
French mills to be used in flooring the tents and in build-
ing bunks. Sjbley stoves installed in the tents improved
conditions and men no longer had to go to bed right
after supper to keep warm. Although there was plenty
of wood handy on the camp site, it was all sappy and
wet, and dried out very slowly during the winter. For
fully two months it was necessary to buy dry wood for
the kitchens. At this time dry pine wood was selling
in Bordeaux at twenty-two dollars per cord; it was less
expensive, of course, in the forest near Pontenx. Wells
were dug through two or more layers of hard pan to get
away from the surface water, and even the water so
obtained was chlorinated before it was put in the lister
bags, or 'Carrie Nation cows' as they were familiarly
known, for the men to drink. Kitchen refuse was partly
burned in incinerators and partly fed to hogs. The hogs
turned out to be an important source of profit to the
company funds ; young pigs weighing twenty to twenty-
five pounds were bought from the natives for about
twenty dollars per head, and after a few months' feeding*
until they had reached a weight of about two hundred
pounds they were sold in the French markets at about
seventy dollars per head.
"This camp at which American forestry operations
began in the Landes was in a section of the country quite
typical of the two and three-tenths million acres of pine
forest which border the Atlantic and at places extend
sixty miles or more inland in Southwestern France.
Originally a worthless, sandy, marshy waste, it has been
reclaimed by drainage and the planting of forests of
maritime pine until now it is one of the richest portions
of France. The region is now about eighty per cent
forested with even-aged stands of trees of different ages
up to sixty years in the different stands. The unforested
area consists of small lakes and highly cultivated little
farms scattered through the forest; the farmers work
both on their farms and in the adjoining forests, thus
furnishing a stable supply of labor for the forest work.
"Timber operations were started immediately by small
crews, while other crews continued the work of settling
camp. The first work was that of getting out piling,
greatly needed for the construction of American docks
THE LUMBERJACKS AND FORESTERS HELPED TO BUILD TELE-
PHONE SYSTEM PLATFORMS IN FRANCE WHICH WERE LIKE
FIRE LOOKOUT STATIONS IN OUR OWN FORESTS.
1150
AMERICAN FORESTRY
at the port of Bassens, near Bordeaux. There were suf-
ficient tools to fell the trees, but only makeshift logging
equipment to get the piling to the edge of the hard road.
No horses had yet arrived. It was quite amusing to see
a forty-foot piling, suspended beneath the axle connect-
ing a pair of dump cart wheels, dragged through the
woods by ten men on a rope ahead while ten more men
with cant hooks helped along the sides. A drenching
it was a beginning. The production of fuel wood from
limbs and tops and of barbed wire stakes from small
trees was under way. At this stage of the operations,
especially, it was difficult to secure railway cars in which
to make shipments. Throughout the war, France was
struggling with a car shortage partly caused by pre-war
planning by the Germans, as immediately before August,
1914, Germans bought great quantities of raw materials
of all sorts in France; the material was shipped to Ger-
many in French cars, and the cars were held.
"The timber cut by the American troops was not
bought by the American Army direct from the French
timber owners. Timber acquisition procedure was some-
what as follows : An American officer assigned to forest
acquisition work in a given region would look around for
forest tracts suitable in character and accessibility for
American operations. He would report the suitable
tracts to the French officer having charge of forest work
in the region. The French officer, after making sure that
THE SPEED WITH WHICH THE 20th ENGINEERS LOADED LUMBER TRAINS AMAZED THE FRENCH, AS DID MOST OF THE OPERA-
TIONS OF THE REGIMENT
rain was falling, but the men paid little attention, for at
last they were getting out timber. To move the piling
to the railroad escort wagon, running gears were rigged
up to carry the small ends while the butt ends were car-
ried on F. W. D. motor trucks ; three pieces were taken
in each load. It was almost impossible to run the trucks
slowly enough to be safe for the escort wagons, so when
the horses arrived a few days later, a four-horse team
and another escort wagon were substituted for the truck.
"Foundations were constructed so that the sawmills
might be set up as quickly as possible when they arrived
from America. Large quantities of logs were cut and
decked ready for the mills. Telephone lines were built.
Work was started on the installation of railway switches
and spurs. This preliminary work was all very neces-
sary, but the men were impatient to smell new pine
boards and sawdust. So to get some lumber production
started, even though small in amount, the night shift
of a French sawmill was leased ; this mill could produce
only about three thousand feet of lumber each night, but
there was no sufficient reason why the Americans should
not have the timber in question, would estimate the
amount, appraise the value and mark the timber for
cutting. If the owner was satisfied to sell the timber
at a reasonable price, his figure would be accepted, but
if the owner asked an exorbitant price, the French officer
would fix a reasonable price at which the timber would
be requisitioned. The French government purchased the
timber and resold it to the American Army at cost.
Rights of way were obtained in much the same fashion.
This system undoubtedly protected the United States
from the serious overcharges which would have been
possible through our lack of knowledge of French tim-
ber values. The value of timber was astonishing to
Americans, used to prices of from two to eight dollars
per thousand feet on the stump for pine timber in most
parts of America ; it was found that the pine timber of
the Landes was costing from twenty to forty dollars per
thousand feet, depending upon quality and location ;
hardwood of similar quality in central France was even
HOW THE AMERICAN ARMY GOT ITS WOOD
1151
more costly. With these values in view, it is easier to
understand the very close utilization of all classes of
material in the French forests.
"The question of amusement and of keeping the men
in first-class physical condition, properly disciplined and
in good spirits, was an important one and was well
looked after. The Y. M. C. A. and the chaplains who
were assigned to the regiment performed worthy service
in this respect.
"With all hands working ten hours per day, five and
one-half days a week, doing clean up work and standing
inspection Saturday afternoon, and frequently busy with
emergency work on Sunday, the problem of maintaining
satisfactory morale was an important one. An intercamp
baseball league kept things lively on Sunday afternoons.
A battalion band of thirty-seven pieces played on all
sorts of occasions ; it was especially enjoyed by the
tuted ; this resulted in a marked improvement in morale.
In the spring, especially with the news of the successful
German drives, many of the men became restless and
there were many applications for transfer to combatant
organizations; if these applications had been acted upon
favorably, few would have t>een left to run the sawmills.
"The men were cordially received by nearly all of the
French people. Most of the Americans made at least
LARGE CREW OF AMERICAN ENGINEERS MAKING QUICK WORK OF LOADING LUMBER AND TIES ON FRENCH RAILWAY CARS
French civilians, who had been without music since the
beginning of the war. The Y. M. C. A. installed a hut
in each camp where such features as reading matter,
writing materials, phonographs, billiard tables, pianos,
moving pictures, et cetera, were much enjoyed ; one of
the most appreciated features was the 'Y. M. C. A. lady.'
When the fine weather came, men were sent by motor
truck each week from some camps to nearby places lor
a two-day week end holiday. On Sundays some men
toured the nearby country on bicycles, and from Pontenx
for instance men hiked over the dunes to the ocean for
a few hours on the beach. The seashore was especially
popular after a torpedoed Portuguese ship was beached,
for it had in its cargo three thousand barrels of wine —
'pas de vin ordinaire, mais de l'ambroisie.' Military drill
had been abandoned during the short days and pressing
work of the winter ; there was evident a falling off in
spirit and discipline ; in the springs short periods of drill
on Saturday afternoon and Sunday morning were insti-
a few goods friends among the French. Their efforts to
learn the language were earnest and, no doubt, often
amusing to the French. The medical officers with the
forestry and lumber troops did a great deal for the
French civilians. The abbe of the church at Pontenx
arranged a special Easter service in English for our
men. There were many such exchanges of courtesy,
which made for hearty friendship between the French
and Americans.
"Unfortunately, the attitude of a few of the peasants
in the pine forest districts was not so friendly at first.
They said among themselves, 'Look at those strapping
big American soldiers. Why do they come here? They
are bigger and stronger than our men ever were. While
our men, who have been away for over three years, and
are still at the front fighting, these Americans come to
hide in the forest and to do the work our men should
be here doing; they cut the trees that we want to save
for our turpentine industry. Why don't they go to the
1152
AMERICAN FORESTRY
VIEW OF THE MILL YARD OF THE BOURICOS 20-M AMERICAN MILL NEAR PONTENX, LANDES. A LOG TRAIN HAS JUST BROUGHT
THE LOGS OVER THE NARROW GAUGE RAILWAY SYSTEM FROM THE FOREST TO THE POINT WHERE THE LOGS WILL BE
UNLOADED ON TO THE SKIDS IN THE FOREGROUND, OVER WHICH THE LOGS WILL BE ROLLED TO THE CARTS AT THE LEFT,
UPON WHICH THEY WILL BE PULLED UP THE INCLINE INTO THE SAWMILL. THE GREAT HEAP OF SLABS AND EDGINGS AT
THE RIGHT OF THE LOG TRAIN ARE DESTINED TO BE MADE INTO CHARCOAL FOR USE IN A NEARBY MUNITIONS PLANT
A 20-M AMERICAN SAWMILL IN THE SAND DUNES NEAR THE ATLANTIC COAST OF FRANCE. MARITIME PINE FOREST IN THE
BACKGROUND
HOW THE AMERICAN ARMY GOT ITS WOOD
1153
Photographs by Harris & Ewing
AMERICAN FORESTRY'S PORTRAIT GALLERY OF OFFICERS OF THE TWENTIETH REGIMENT (FORESTRY)
Vt£X. ^*"iSL>M«iSn vJ'ilhl.M7X^'itH^mti'eDi,J- '« Lt. Charles M. Jenkins. 4. 1st Lt. Hen, y E. Power. 5. Capt Edwin C.
1154
AMERICAN FORESTRY
front and fight and let our men come home?' The men
even heard the opinion was current among some of the
peasants that, if the Allies won the war England would
take Northern France and the United States would seize
Southern France. Evidently German propaganda was
at work. However, the ignorant peasant was not to be
blamed too much for his feeling, for he could not see
clearly why it was essential that American engineers
precede the main American Army in France to get out
timber and to use the timber in building docks, ware-
houses, railroads, hospitals, barracks, et cetera, for the
fighting forces coming later on. The intelligent French
arranged a series of discussions and took other steps
which stilled the complaints of the peasants until the
fighting troops appeared at the front in force in the late
spring of 1918, when the attitude of all of the French
became extremely cordial, where before in some quarters
it had been merely polite.
"The impression which the forestry and lumber troops
made on the French is perhaps best indicated in a series
of compositions written by the school children of a small
town. The children were asked by their teacher to write
their observations on the Americans; the children had
no idea that Americans would ever see what they wrote.
[The compositions, published in 'The Independent,'
indicate that the children found the Americans cleanly
about their persons, polite, good natured, generous, quite
free in spending their money and in some cases strongly
inclined to the use of liquor. (It may be said here that,
although the American lumberjack in his native habitat
is well known as a user of strong drink, there was a re-
markably little trouble from this source in France.)]
One of the compositions, written by Renee Dourthe,
daughter of the schoolmaster, is quoted herewith : 'The
work of the Americans is certainly a curious one. I saw
them raise huge logs with large pliers, as easily as they
would have moved a straw. Their furnaces for their
kitchens are half in the ground, in order not to waste
any heat. What struck me especially about the Ameri-
can soldiers is their cleanliness. All of them are tall,
healthy and strong, owing to their hygiene. Their teeth
are very white ; and not to soil their hands, they put on
gloves, even at work.
" 'Another thing I admired also is their politeness.
France had the fame of being the most polite nation
in the world. We have often heard and read about the
French courtesy. Is France going to lose her rank
among the well-bred nations?
" T like the American soldiers who came to help
France. I like the Americans who came here to defend
justice and right. I admire the Americans who remem-
bered France, and who came to her in spite of the many
dangers. Long live the United States of America !' "
[Owing to the fact that the rosters of several companies failed
to arrive from France as this issue goes to press, it is impossible
to be certain that the titles of some of the officers mentioned in
the article are correct.— Editor.]
WE WANT TO RECORD YOUR MEMORIAL TREE PLANTING. PLEASE ADVISE
THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C.
LONG MARTIME PILING LOADED ON AMERICAN NARROW GAUGE CARS READY FOR TRANSPORTATION FROM THE FOREST TO
THE MAIN LINE RAILWAY SHIPPING POINT NEAR PONTENX, LANDES, FRANCE
A LESSON FROM FRANCE
By CAPT. RALPH H. FAULKNER, 20th ENGINEERS
AT THIS day when the subject of reforestation is
receiving some attention but getting only a very
small part of the support, both public and govern-
mental, that it should, we have returning to us 20,000
men who have spent from six to eighteen months in
France. These men, whether consciously or not, have
had borne in upon them the vast importance of a definite
and vigorously applied forest policy.
When the 10th and 20th Engineers left this country it
is doubtful whether many of them had any idea of
the forest wealth of France. I know it was the opinion
of the writer that the duty of the regiments would be
to cut the timber from public parks and roadways. In
fact, I really visualized the entrance of American lumber-
jacks into the very backyards of the French inhabitants
for the purpose of securing timber. My experience was
limited mostly to the southwestern part of France, and
as our train passed southward from Bordeaux I felt
that whoever had given me the idea that France was
denuded of timber had most evidently not referred to
that part of the country.
More than one hundred years ago that territory on
the Bay of Biscay bounded by the Rivers Gironde at
Bordeaux and the Adour at Biarritz, was one vast desert
of sand, unceasingly driven inland by the western winds
and mounting into dune after dune. This moving mass
of sands, which had gone on for more than a century,
submerged the crops and villages. The sand dunes thus
irresistibly mounted up at a rate said to be about forty
meters per year on a length of over 300 kilometers, and
an average breadth of six or seven kilometers. More
than 250,000 fertile acres were already covered with
sand by 1790, and the inhabitants, quite powerless, wit-
nessed the frightful progress of this devastating plague.
The first people to conceive the idea of combating the
advance of the sands were two brothers, Desbiey, who
lived at St. Julien-en-born in the Department of Landes.
These two men, upon their private initiatives, set about
opposing obstacles in the way of wattle-work and the
planting of Gorse and Scotch-broom. At this time no
one had conceived the idea of planting maritime pine,
so that these two brothers stood out as pioneers in a
fundamental plan of forestry. All of their efforts, how-
ever, proved unavailing for the sands mounted more
rapidly than the growth of the Gorse.
About this time public opinion brought such pressure
to bear upon the government of Louis XVI that an
engineer was appointed to find some means of stopping
SCENE IN A MARITIME PINE FOREST, SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE. BROAD GAUGE SPUR .PARALLELED BY ^LOADING DOCKS ON
WHICH ARE NARROW GAUGE TRACKS TO TRANSPORT TIES AND OTHER PRODUCTS FROM THE MILL TO THE FRENCH RAILWAY
CARS IN THE CENTER
1155
1156
AMERICAN FORESTRY
AMERICAN OPERATIONS IN PROGRESS IN A FRENCH HARDWOOD FOREST. IN THE CENTER A LOAD OF LOGS ON A CAR ON
THE WAY UP THE INCLINE INTO THE MILL
the progress of the dunes. In 1779 Baron de Charlevoix-
Villers, a Naval officer, was ordered to study the creation
of a naval port at Arcachon. He submitted several papers
showing that moving sands could be fixed by vegetation,
really adopting the process used at that time at Dunkirk.
However, he was unable to put his plans into execution,
through tranfer to other duties, and for five years the
crying need for permanent fixation of the dunes in the
Landes and Gironde was permitted to drag on.
In 1784 Nicolas Bremontier, an engineer, born near
Rouen, was appointed chief surveyor at Bordeaux. To
this man is due probably the existence of the present
maritime pine forests in France for he put into execution
the researches of Despiey and Charlevoix-Villers. He
secured permission from the government to give two
years of study to the problem of the sand dunes, and be-
fore this time was up, by the pure lights of his views
and the persuasive strength of his faith he at last interest-
ed the government in the great work of creating forest
land out of a vast desert.
At the beginning of 1787 a sum of 50,000 livres was
placed at his disposal for the commencement of the
work of forestation in his district. It was not until the
middle of that year that the first experiments of Bremon-
tier were made. Having profited by the failure of Despiey
in the mere planting of gorse he conceived the idea of
planting maritime pine and he followed this course suc-
cessfully until 1793, at which time his government fail-
ing to provide funds, he was forced to discontinue his
efforts. However, this valiant Frenchman, who had ever
the courage of his convictions, was not daunted and ap-
plied to the learned societies of France for assistance,
having proven to himself and to the inhabitants of this
country that the fixation of the dunes was a possibility.
He fought with persistent effort and with an admirable
earnestness for both the attention and the resources of
his government. It was not an easy thing at this time, if
one will refer to French history, to convince a government
that a plan of forestation deserved important considera-
tion, for it was about this time that France was in the
throes of her revolution.
Bremontier saw the changing of a mighty tract of
land from a desert of sand, whose yearly encroachment
inland was threatening and wiping out entire villages, to
a huge forest which would give competence to the popu-
lace which it had steadily driven back, and for his un-
wearied persistence he is entitled to the gratitude of
posterity.
A LESSON FROM FRANCE
1157
It was not until July 2, 1801, that Bremontier was suc-
cessful in creating a committee, appointed by the Min-
ister for the Home Department (I should judge this to
be the same as our Department of the Interior), with
instructions to "continue to fix, plant and care for the
growth of trees on the sand dunes on the Bay of Biscay."
Bremontier, very properly, was made President of this
Committee and the work was resumed in the Department
of Lands, in 1803 at Lit and Mimizan (where the fourth
battalion of the 20th Engineers was located). After this
the planting of trees went on uninterruptedly and with in-
creasing activity until 1865 when the primary project was
announced by the French Government as completed. The
total cost over this entire time was less than 14,000,000
francs ($2,800,000) and now today, with a very perfect
forest plan carried out, those sand dunes which in 179x1
threatened all of Southwestern France, have been trans-
formed into an immense forest and exhaustless source of
income for the inhabitants. The vast majority of the
inhabitants of the Gironde and the Landes, most espe-
cially the Landes, find employment with good remunera-
tion in the exploitation of the present-day forest.
It was an admirable victory of human intelligence over
brutal nature and indisputably this one man, Bremontier,
who died in Paris in 1809, deserves the gratitude of not
only the people of France, but of all those interested in
forestry throughout the world.
From this district there is shipped to Great Britain
alone over 800,000 tons of pit props per year to say-
nothing of the shipment of resin and turpentine, and
until 1914 an average of approximately 600 shiploads per
year of forest products left the ports of Bordeaux and
Arcachon. Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Holland and
Russia, were all purchasers of this product, which was
4made possible by the indomitable will of this real hero
of France to whom two monuments have been built in
the heart of the land which he veritably made.
We have, in America, a district on our South Atlantic
seaboard quite similar in soil property to that of the
Department of Landes in France, and while we rest on
our oars, with a firm conviction that our timber supply
is inexhaustible, we must be brought to the realization
that this supply is ever moving westward. There are
those who scoff at a policy of reforestation, but the
work of the man and the eminent success of the man who
is the subject of this article, stands out forever as a
refutation of any argument against a sane forest policy.
Whether or not we have in the United States a Bremon-
tier I do not know, but if we have, it is high time that he
come forth and perpetuate our forest East of the Rockies.
WINTER SCENE AT ONE OF THE SAWMILLS IN FRANCE
WAR SERVICE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY
ASSOCIATION
THE American Forestry Association determined
when the United States entered the war to do all
it possibly could to aid in the nationwide move-
ment for victory and, as it felt particularly interested in
the organization of the forestry and lumberjack regi-
ment, it is perhaps not inappropriate to mention to the
men for whom this issue of the American Forestry mag-
azine is made a souvenir edition, some of its activities.
It aided, through its Conservation Department, the
National War Garden Commission organized in March,
1917, and conducted until June 1, 1919. This commis-
sion, conceived, directed and financed by Charles Lath-
rop Pack, president of the American Forestry Associa-
tion, inspired the planting of war gardens on vacant lots
and slacker land throughout the United States. It fur-
nished instruction to individuals, it organized communi-
ties, it distributed literature, it — in a word — did every-
thing worth doing to help raise food where none was
raised before in order to help, as General Pershing ex-
pressed it, "to keep the food coming." Its work resulted
in food of a value of over a billion dollars being raised
by the war gardeners. It furnished equipment for a war
garden at Camp Dix, New Jersey, and this garden inspir-
ed the planting of gardens at other camps of soldiers. Its
plan of work was closely studied by the French, British
and Canadian governments and some of its methods were
successfully adopted by these governments. Its work
was conducted from the offices of the American Forestry
Association, in Washington.
The Association started a fund for the welfare and
comfort of the forestry and lumberjack soldiers, as told
in detail on another page.
In December, 1919, members of the Association raised
a special fund and sent Secretary Percival S. Ridsdale to
France, Belgium and Great Britain to study the forest
losses of these countries. The result of the trip was an
offer by the Association to provide American forest tree
seed to help in reforesting the war-stricken forests of
these countries. This offer was gratefully accepted, and
an effort is now being made to secure the seed needed,
partly by donations from states and partly by a fund
which is now being raised.
The Association's magazine, American Forestry, de-
voted a great deal of its space to articles and photo-
graphs about the effect of the war upon the forests of the
United States, Canada, France, Belgium and Great Brit-
ain, and many more such articles are now in hand ready
for publication.
Copies of American Forestry Magazine were sent to
the 20th Regiment in France and to the camps in the
United States each month.
The Association is now aiding the Welfare Fund Com-
mittee to secure positions for lumbermen and foresters
in War Service.
It has since the fall of 1918 earnestly urged the plant-
ing of Memorial Trees in tribute to those who gave their
lives for their country or offered their lives in the Great
War. Thousands of Memorial Trees have been planted
and many thousands more will be planted next fall. The
movement is spreading rapidly, and in addition to its
fitness from the standpoint of memorial tributes it is
also most serviceable in the cause of forestry by interest-
ing thousands of people in trees.
"THE GREAT TREE MAKER"
From every section of the United States the American For-
estry Association is getting reports of Memorial Tree planting
and is registering these trees on its national honor roll. George-
town University has dedicated fifty-four memorial trees at its
120th Commencement and marked them with the bronze marker
designed by the Association. At San Francisco a Hero Grove
was dedicated on Memorial Day and Cleveland on the same
day dedicated an avenue of Liberty Oaks. Twenty schools in
Cincinnati have planted Memorial Trees. The Daughters of
the Confederacy are planting Memorial Trees, the Cordele,
Georgia, Chapter being the first to register with the Association.
The Daughters of the American Revolution are planting, too, the
"Our Flag" Chapter, of Washington, D. C, being the first to
report to the Association.
Rev. Francis E. Clark has sent a call to the Christian En-
deavor Societies of the world to plant Memorial Trees. "Thus
1158
come closer to the Great Tree Maker," says Dr. Clark in his
call, which will have far reaching effect. The American For-
estry Association will gladly send free instructions to any person
or organization planting trees, and it has prepared a planting
day program which is being widely used. These are but exam-
ples of how wide spread the call of the Association to plant
Memorial Trees has become.
Next fall more extensive planting is being planned. In the
next issue American Forestry will begin printing the honor roll
of those for whom trees have been planted. Every member of
the Association can help in this great work by taking the lead
in tree planting in his community. Start plans for fall planting
in your town now. Work for a Memorial Avenue of trees or
for Memorial Trees as the setting for any form of memorial
your town may be adopting. Inform the Association of progress
made.
JOBS FOR RETURNING LUMBERMEN AND
FORESTERS
THE Welfare Fund for Lumbermen and Foresters
in War Service has undertaken the task of aiding
lumbermen and foresters released from war service
to secure positions. The lumber organizations, the lum-
ber trade papers, lumber companies and the American
Forestry Association are aiding in this work.
Applications on sheets similar to the one on the next
page are now being received by the American Forestry
Association and forwarded by the Welfare Fund Com-
mittee to lumber organizations and lumbermen through-
out the United States who will communicate directly
with the men desiring the jobs.
Any men who wish aid in getting jobs and have not
yet filed applications may do so now on the application
blank printed on the next page.
Lieut.-Col. W. B. Greeley, of the 20th, in writing from
France under date of April 26, 1919, to Percival S.
Ridsdale, treasurer of the Welfare Fund, says :
"The officers of the 20th Engineers have been con-
sidering the question of assisting our returning soldiers
to obtain employment in the United States. The policy
of the American Expeditionary Forces to evacuate the
troops in France rapidly during May and June has made
it necessary to act promptly in this matter; and we have
accordingly put the following plan into effect. Each
company commander of the 20th Engineers and attached
Service Troops will be sent a supply of printed forms.
The company commanders have been requested to have
such forms filled out by any men in their command who
desire assistance, to append their own estimate of the
soldiers qualifications and character, and to mail the
applications direct to the American Forestry Association,
Washington, D. C. The time limits have made it neces-
sary to put this scheme into effect without waiting for
prior consultation with yourself or with the lumber
organizations who are interested; but I feel that any
plan to aid returning soldiers in this manner must begin
with specific data on individual cases.
"All of the units of technical white troops, including
the road battalions, which have been employed on for-
estry work in France and have not previously returned
to the United States are to be released during the month
of May; and may be expected to arrive in the United
States roughly between May 20 and July 1. These units
comprise approximately 9,700 men. Eight hundred negro
Engineer Service Troops which have been employed upon
forestry operations will also probably arrive in the United
States between May 20 and July I. The remaining negro
Engineer Service Troops in France, aggregating about
5,600 men, will probably arrive in the United States
between June 20 and August 1. Several of the bat-
talion commanders estimate that approximately 50 per
cent of their men will desire assistance in obtaining
employment.
"I fully appreciate that the plan which I have taken the
liberty to initiate and the suggestion contained in this
letter represent a large volume of work for the friends
of the forestry troops in the United States. It is my
strong conviction, however, that no greater service can
be rendered to these men in recognition of the sacrifices
which many of them have made in coming to France
than to assist them in finding suitable employment under
some such scheme as that indicated. I also feel that the
large sums subscribed for welfare work for the forestry
troops could not be expended to any better advantage.
Furthermore, the forest industries at home have an in-
terest of their own in getting in touch with a large pro-
portion of these men. Our troops have been employed
continuously upon industrial operations in France, under
conditions which have tended to develop their technical
skill and their resourcefulness to a high degree. Many
of them have developed mechanical ability as mill saw-
yers, saw filers, motor truck drivers and mechanics, engi-
neers and loggers which they did not have when they
entered the army. Others have become capable teamsters,
capable men on logging railroads, and the like. Many
of them have profited greatly by the discipline and sense
of organization developed in military service. These
men represent, in the aggregate, an enormous economic
asset to the United States and especially to the forest
industries. It will be, in my judgment, of the utmost
mutual advantage to men securing employment and to
employers to do everything possible to get these return-
ing soldiers placed so that their individual abilities can
be put to the most productive use.
"I have also requested the company commanders to
send to you direct statements concerning such cases
as they may have where they feel that financial assistance
should be extended to returning forestry soldiers on ac-
count of family distress, physical disability, or other
good reasons, with their own recommendations as to what
should be done. I do not anticipate that there will be
many cases of this character. The majority of our men
are in better condition physically than when they entered
the army; and they have been spared the disabilities in-
curred by combat units. There will undoubtedly be many
cases of physical disability among lumbermen who en-
listed in combat units, but I know of no way to get in
touch with these cases except through the receiving hos-
pitals of the army in the United States."
1199
1160 AMERICAN FORESTRY
EMPLOYMENT SHEET
FOR SOLDIERS WHO WISH LUMBERING OR FORESTRY JOBS
Name: _ _ Rank: Unit:
Married or Single : _ _ Age : -
Address in France: _ _ _
Address in United States _ „ _
Kind of work desired :
Section of U. S. preferred :
Past experience and qualifications :
Name and address of last employer :
Other references :
Recommendation of Company C. O.
NOTE: THIS SHEET SHOULD BE SENT TO THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON,
D. C, THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE WELFARE FUND FOR LUMBERMEN AND FORESTERS IN WAR
SERVICE. THE APPLICANTS WILL BE INFORMED OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR EMPLOYMENT OR OF THE
NAMES OF MEN IN THEIR HOME REGION WHO WILL BE PREPARED TO ASSIST THEM IN GETTING
WORK.
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1161
A battery of Moore Moist Air Dry Kilns at Snoqualraie Falls Lumber Company's mill, near Seattle, Washington, on
the Pacific Coast. This is the latest of the Weyerhaeuser group of mills, and is said to be the most modern lumber
manufacturing plant in the world.
FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE PACIFIC
you will find many of the
Largest and Most Progressive Lumber Mills
are using
MOORE'S MOIST AIR DRY KILN
for drying their product.
HERE ARE A FEW OF OUR MANY CUSTOMERS:
Central Coal & Coke Co., Kansas City, Mo.
Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., Everett, Wash.
Eastman, Gardiner & Co., Laurel, Miss.
National Steel Car Co., Hamilton, Ont., Can.
Westside Lumber Co., Tuolumne, Calif.
Freeman, Smith Lbr. Co., Millville, Ark.
Savannah River Lumber Co., Savannah, Ga.
Bagdad Land & Lumber Co., Bagdad, Fla., and Chicago, 111.
Lucher & Moore Lumber Co., Orange, Texas.
Roland Lumber Co., Norfolk, Va.
E E. Jackson Lumber Co., Riderwood, Ala., and Baltimore, Md.
Ragley Lumber Co., Ragley, La.
Buehner Lumber Co., Portland, Oregon.
We build kilns to suit the exacting requirements of each Individual mill. We began building kilns in 1879. Forty years of
continuous and successful kiln building enables us to render you real service. Why experiment? Write for catalog explaining
our system.
Kirby Lumber Co., Houston, Texas.
Trexler Lumber Co., AUentown, Pa., and Allen, S. C.
Pickering Lumber Co., Kansas City, Mo.
Goodear Lumber Co., Picayune, Miss.
Burton-Swartz Cypress Co., Perry, Fla.
Fosburgh Lumber Co., Norfolk, Va.
S. H. Bollinger & Co., Shreveport, La.
Vredenburgh Sawmill Co., Vredenburgh, Ala.
Standard Lumber Co., Live Oak, Fla.
North Portland Box Co. (Swift & Co.), Portland, Ore.
W. P. Brown & Sons Lumber Co., Louisville, Ky.
Dunlevie Lumber Co., Allenhurst, Ga.
Long-Bell Lumber Co., Kansas City, Mo.
MOORE DRY KILN CO.,
Box 1177,
Jacksonville, Fla.
Showing 14 Moore Moist Air Kilns (they are operating a total of 34 Moore Kilns) at plant of Atlantic Coast Lumber Corp., Georgetown, S. C,
on the Atlantic Coast. This is the largest board mill in the worl-, having a daily capacity of three-quarters of a million feet in boards.
Please Mention American Foreitry Magazine when writing advertisers
1162
AMERICAN FORESTRY
THEY CALLED IT AM EX TIE MILL
WE CALL IT
AMERICAN EMPIRE BOLTER
OF THEM HELPED THE BOYS OF THE FORESTRY
DIVISION MAKE HISTORY IN FRANCE
24476 The Aroex tie Mill, 20th Engrs*
France »
Lieut. Glenn H. Holloway, of the 20th Engineers, writing in the December 21st issue of The
Southern Lumberman, says:
"The American Saw Mill Machinery Company furnished the bolter or tie mill, which is answering
its purpose admirably. We only have to face these ties on two sides, so if you get the right sized poles
and don't stop to cut any side plank it is possible to cut 30,000 feet in ten hours, once in a while, but
the average is nearer 15,000 feet for a ten-hour shift."
SAW MILL MACHINERY OF EVERY DESCRIPTION CATALOG ON REQUEST
OUR WAR BOOK, A Souvenir Record of the Work of 1200 American Machines, Free on Request
American Saw Mill Machinery Company
1398 HUDSON TERMINAL BLDG. NEW YORK
THE WELFARE FUND
WHEN the forestry and lumberjack regiment was
organized the American Forestry Association
started the collection of a Welfare Fund for the
purpose of supplying the men with comforts needed and
with means for recreation to aid in keeping up their
morale. This fund was later developed into the Welfare
Fund for Lumbermen and Foresters in War Service,
with the following officers : Honorary chairman, R. H.
Downman, Council of National Defense, Washington,
D. C.;acting chairman, W. R. Brown, Berlin, N. H. ;
secretary, E. A. Sterling, New York City ; treasurer, Per-
cival S. Ridsdale, secretary American Forestry Associa-
tion, Washington, D. C. The members of the commit-
tee are: R. H. Downman, W. R. Brown, E. T. Allen,
E. A. Diebold, M. E. Preisch, for the Lumber Industry ;
W. A. Priddie, E. D. Tennant, for the Order of Hoo-
Hoo ; A. F. Potter, W. L. Hall, for the U. S. Forest Serv-
ice ; Charles Lathrop Pack, for the American Forestry
Association ; James Boyd, John W. Long, for the Lum-
ber Trade Press.
The Welfare Fund was devoted to purchasing wool to
be knitted into sweaters, scarfs, socks, helmets, etc., to
furnishing phonographs, athletic supplies and various
articles needed by the men, and in providing funds for the
use of the men when their pay failed to arrive. It was also
used in caring for sick and needy persons in the families1
of soldiers and after they had been ordered home it was
used in the endeavor to secure work for those who de-
sired jobs. It is still being used for this particular pur-
pose. The method of finding jobs for jobless men is
described on pages 1159 and 1160.
Senior Chaplain Howard Y. Williams of the 20th
Regiment, in writing on February 25 from France about
the use of the fund, said:
"The welfare fund raised for the men of the 20th En-
gineers is unique in the A. E. F. No other organization
that I know of has had such splendid backing as the
forestry troops in France. The $4,000 sent seemed a
fortune when it stood to our credit in a French bank
for 22,400 francs. Almost 3,800 francs was assigned to
work among the pioneer forestry engineers, the 10th
Regiment. Athletic supplies, indoor games, phonograph
records, needles, books, sheet music, refreshments for
evening parties and other like necessities have been pur-
chased with this fund. One of the large uses to which
it has been put has been that of loans. The fund has
been put out on loans several times over and has proved
a friend indeed to men in need. It has made it possible
for men to go out on leave ; it has brought to men dis-
charged from hospitals, who had not seen a pay day for
IJSTER BAGS ("CARRIE NATION COWS") CONTAINING CHLORINATED WATER FOR DRINKING PURPOSES.
PONTENX, LANDES, FRANCE
BELLEVUE CAMP,
1163
1164
AMERICAN FORESTRY
some time, pocket money to start them on the trip home.
This fund has always meant that men and worthy objects
could find financial assistance.
"The balance of the fund used distinctively for the
20th Engineers, after initial expenses for entertainment
equipment had been provided, was divided among the
different battalions on a per capita basis and used by the
company commanders as they deemed best in supplying
the various needs of their companies. These battalion
funds have always been at the disposal of the battalion
chaplain and have proven a great blessing.
"The thirty-eight phonographs bought from this fund
and forwarded from the States to each one of the orig-
inal engineer companies have found continual use, send-
ing forth their melodious sounds from tents, barracks,
old barns, dugouts, and often used in the open air. These
phonographs have proven the opportunity for many a
friend in the States to express his interest in us by
forwarding phonograph records. I shall never forget
standing in front of a dugout in Puvenelle Wood, in the
midst of devastation, when suddenly there came upon
my ear the voice of John McCormack as played on one
of these machines. The contrast between this evidence
of civilization and the absolute lack of it around me was
tremendously striking.
"Warm clothing is always a necessity in the ever-
present humidity of France. The sweaters made from
the wool purchased by this fund are a daily comfort
to these men, who often have labored all day long
in torrents of rain, returning to their tents to find a good
warm sweater waiting.
"During these days of waiting to come home, we are
bending all our efforts to provide entertainment, parties,
educational classes that will occupy the minds of the
men and that shall prepare them for larger services in
the future. We shall use this fund in every way to pro-
vide these events.
"Twenty thousand soldiers united with me in express-
ing gratitude to those who have made all these things
a reality and a daily reminder of your interest."
The list of donations received by the Welfare Fund is
published on pages 1168, 11 73, 11 75, 11 77 and 11 78.
HOW THE FOREST SERVICE HELPED
From the day that the 10th Engineers was organized
the members of the Forest Service took a deep inter-
est in the regiment and were anxious to find ways
in which they might forward the comfort and hap-
piness of the men. The Service had co-operated with the
War Department in recruiting the regiment, and a great
many of its men were on the regimental rolls. A sug-
gestion that an ambulance would be of great value was
seized upon with eagerness, and during the summer of
1917 contributions poured in from the members of the
Forest Service in all parts of the country. A fund of
$4,274.68 was raised, more than enough to purchase two
motor ambulances and two kitchen trailers. One of these
ambulances and its trailer was paid for entirely by the
Northwestern District. The remainder of the fund was
used to buy a photographic developing outfit for the 10th
Engineers and wool to be made into knitted garments.
In September, 1917, when the 10th was ready to leave
MARITIME PINE LOGS ON THE WAY INTO 20M AMERICAN SAWMILL IN FOREST OF THE DUNE COUNTRY IN SOUTHWESTERN
FRANCE
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1165
r| ^ HE Naval Bureau of Ordnance designed, constructed
1
in the United States, shipped and re-erected abroad,
and placed in action on the fighting front, a battery of the
finest guns used by any belligerent in the war. One of
these is illustrated above.
Simonds Saw Steel was selected exclusively for the
armor plate on this equipment and was supplied in record-
breaking time, for the gun and the cars making up each
complete gun unit.
This steel was selected because at that time, early in
• 1918, it was a well-established fact that the Simonds
Manufacturing Company had the best reputation for quali-
ty and the most up-to-date facilities for speed of any
concern in the United States manufacturing this class
of steel.
We also supplied enormous quantities of Simonds Cross-
cut Saws, Hand Saws, and Circular Saws, Solid and
Inserted Tooth. When you want saws, write us. Catalog
sent on request.
SIMONDS MANUFACTURING COMPANY
"THE SAW MAKERS"
CHICAGO, ILL. FITCHBURG, MASS. MONTREAL, QUE.
.NEW YORK CITY NEW ORLEANS, LA. MEMPHIS, TENN.
PORTLAND, ORE. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. SEATTLE, WASH
LOCKPORT, N. Y. VANCOUVER, B. C. ST. JOHN, N. B.
LONDON, ENGLAND
aS^nonds
f&£\
Please Mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
1166
AMERICAN FORESTRY
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lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliDIIIUlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllUIIIIIIIIIIIIII!
MB
R
Welcome Home
20th Engineers
Your noble work in The Great War is completed.
The great efforts you put forth — the great assistance
rendered the A. E. F. — was largely instrumental in
turning the tide of conflict and in speedily ending
the war.
Your untiring efforts must now be devoted to recon-
struction work in the good old U. S. A.
The lumber industry welcomes you home — there is a
great need for your valuable services and assistance.
The future of the lumber business is indeed bright.
Building operations have been greatly curtailed during
your absence but with settled business conditions here
great strides will be made in an effort to partially
catch up.
You will be interested to learn that every man from
this organization now in service will be furnished em-
ployment immediately upon receiving his discharge.
Crookston Lumber Company
SALES DEPARTMENT
903 First National-Soo Line Bldg.
Minneapolis, Minn.
riiiiiuiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiHiiii
!iiii:l
tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinguiiiiiininiiii'Fnii;
THE WELFARE FUND
1167
SNAKING BIG LOGS, THREE AT A TIME, IN A BIG SAWMILL OPERATED BY THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ENGINEERS AT ST.
DOZIER ON THE MARNE
for France, money was appropriated by the Department
of Agriculture ambulance fund committee for the pur-
chase of six phonographs and records to accompany
them. The day the ioth left Washington these were
bought and sent to the camp at American University in
time to go across with the regiment.
In the fall of 191 7 when knitting for soldiers began
to be pushed vigorously by the Red Cross, the women of
the Forest Service saw their opportunity and took up
enthusiastically the making of knitted garments for the
men of the Forest Regiments. Wool was bought with
money left over from the ambulance fund, new funds
were raised, and the work grew to such proportions that
regular means had to be provided for handling the wool
and distributing the garments. Early in November a
women's committee was formed, with Mrs. Henry S.
Graves as chairman and Mrs. Lilian T. Conway in charge
of organization. This committee took over the purchas-
ing of wool and other supplies, and the making of knitted
garments and sending them to the men.
The supplying of comfortable woolen things was the
main work of the women's committee. Of course, every-
body knew that the lumberjack has plenty of experience in
making the best of hardship and discomfort, and that
the men of the Forest Engineers had gone to France ready
and willing to endure many a visit from these old
acquaintances. But frost-bitten toes and a chilly spinal
column never made anyone's work improve, and so, as
the Chaplain of the ioth put it, "the sound of sweaters
in the making was received with great joy" over there.
The sweaters and other knitted garments, however,
were not all. The purpose was also to promote cheer-
fulness in the camps, and one way of doing this was to
send Christmas things. The first work of this kind that
the committee did was to get together, pack, and ship a
large box of Christmas things donated by the members
of the Washington office of the Forest Service. This
box contained 126 knitted garments, 164 bags, 75 cans,
and 18 packages of tobacco, 2,500 cigarettes, and a quan-
tity of candy, chewing gum, and pocket flash lights.
Special arrangements were made to have this box go
forward with Red Cross shipments to France, and it was
with considerable satisfaction that those who had packed
it saw it start on its way on November 15. It did not
arrive in time for Christmas. In fact, with this ship-
ment began the difficulties with which the women's com-
mittee had to contend all through the war in getting its
material into the hands of those for whom it was intended.
The boys knew that the box was coming, but they had
such a long wait before it arrived that fears began to be
entertained that it had gone to the bottom with some
torpedoed ship. At last came the word, in a letter dated
June 26, 1917: "We received here yesterday a large
Christmas box containing a splendid and most welcome
assortment of things for the men. ... I can not but
remark with what accuracy of planning and dispatch the
box reached us an even and exact six months after the
date on which you proposed it should reach us. But
not one regret is there, and not one man but is most
delighted that the shipping authorities so cleverly divided
our 'from home' Christmas pleasures half way between
Christmases."
As the 20th Engineers was being organized, the bat-
talions were encamped successively at American Univer-
sity, Washington, D. C. Practically every man in these
battalions was supplied with a sweater, and many were
1168
AMERICAN FORESTRY
I
given socks, wristlets, scarfs, and helmets, through the
efforts of the Forest Service in co-operation with the
Potomac Division of the Red Cross. By March i8,
1 918, the committee was able to announce that, with the
assistance of the Red Cross, the 10th and 20th Engineers
had been supplied with sweaters so that practically every
man had one.
The success of the plan to outfit the Forest Engineers
with knitted garments was due to the constant and en-
thusiastic support of the women of the Forest Service in
Washington and throughout the western Districts. They
kept at the knitting all the time, and continually asked
for wool and then more wool. The only difficulty was
keeping them supplied. The workers knitted enthusiasti-
cally all through the summer of 1918, and the sudden
coming of the armistice in the fall found the storage
space of the committee filled to overflowing. There was
no way of getting these garments across to the Forest
Engineers in France. In the fall and winter, with the
approval of the committee in charge of the "Welfare
Fund for Lumbermen and Foresters in War Service,"
the garments on hand were distributed to sailors, soldiers
at St. Elizabeth's Hospital, hospital orderlies at Camps
Meade and Humphreys during the Spanish influenza epi-
demic, and the Serbian Relief Committee.
The War Department announced in the fall of 1918
that each soldier in the American E. F. would be allow-
ed to receive one Christmas box, and that he would be
given a label which would have to be put on the pack-
age before it could be shipped. This order suggested the
possibility that there might be some men in the Forest
Engineers without any one to whom they cared to send
the label. A cablegram was sent by the treasurer of the
►Welfare Fund to the commander of the 20th Engineers
offering to send Christmas boxes' to any of the men in
the regiment. Labels were received from 283 men. The
purchasing of the articles to go into the boxes and the
packing was done by ladies of the Forest Service. Special
care was taken to provide, so far as the small size of the
box permitted, a variety of articles which would be use-
ful to the men and at the same time embody the spirit of
Christmas cheer. A number of labels arrived after the
Christmas ship had sailed for France. This was a source
of great regret, but, as the next best thing to a box, each
man whose label came too late was sent a money order
and a Christmas card.
DONATIONS TO THE
WELFARE FUND FOR LUMBERMEN AND FORESTERS
IN WAR SERVICE
TOTAL, $19,424.44
Achenbach, Naomi, Everett, Wash $3.00
Acorn Club, Seaford, Del 5.00
The Acorn Lumber Co., Pittsburgh, Penna 25.00
Aberdeen Lumber Co., Pittsburgh, Penna 25.00
Albert Hanson Lumber Co., Garden City, La 100.00
Alexander Bros., Belzoni, Miss 5.00
Alexandria Lumber Co., Alexandria, La 50.00
Allen Mfg. Co., Shreveport, La 50.00
The Edmond A. Allen Lumber Co., Chicago, 111 5.00
Allen, E. T., Portland, Ore 5.01
Amsler, Col. C W., Clarion, Penna 10.00
Anderson-Tully Co., Vicksburg, Miss 15.00
Angelina County Lumber Co., Keltys, Tex 10.00
Arkansas Land & Lumber Co., Malvern, Ark 25.00
Arkansas Short Leaf Lumber Co., Pine Bluff, Ark 10.00
Ascension Red Cypress Co., Ltd., New Orleans, La 25.00
Asheville, N. C, Members of Hoo-Hoo (received through Mr. Tennant) 10.55
E. C. Atkins & Co., Memphis, Tenn 10.00
Atwater, Henry, Bridgeport, Conn 10.00
Bach, J. N., Fairbury, 111 5.00
Badger Lumber Co., Kansas City, Mo 10.00
Baldwin Lumber Co., Baldwin, La 25.00
Bannister, F. J. O., Kansas City, Mo 5.M
Barage Lumber Co., Barage, Mich 10.00
Bard, Anna C, Hueneme, Calif 2.00
Barnes, Miss Anne Hampton, Devon, Penna 20.00
Barr-Hollday Lumber Co., Louise, Miss 25.00
E. P. Barton Lumber Co., Charleston, S. C 50 00
Basilan Lumber Co., Isabela, Basilan, P. 1 50.00
Batcheller, Robert, Washington, D. C 25.00
Batson-McGehee Co., Inc 10.00
Baxter Lumber Co., Wildsville, La 10.00
Bayou Land & Lumber Co., Yaroo City, Miss 10.00
Beal, Mrs. James H., Boston, Mass 2.00
Beckwith, Mrs. Daniel, Providence, R. 1 25.00
Beckwith, Isbon T., New York City IMt
Beebe, W. M., Kansas City, Mo 5.H
Beigham, L. F., Chestnut Hill, Mass 12.00
J. A. Bell Lumber Co., Lake Charles, La 40.00
Bellgrade Lumber Co., Louise, Miss 10.N
Bemis, H. C, Bradford, Penna 25 00
Bemis, J. M., Boston, Mass l.H
Berwick, Seth E., Chicago, 111 5.H
Berwind, John E., New York City 100.C3
The Biltmorean (by Mr. H. D. House, Albany, N. Y.) 5.00
Birkle, John A., Williamsport, Penna 3.00
Bluell, John H., Detroit, Mich 10.00
Blackman, W. R., Los Angeles, Calif J.M
Blake, George B., Lenox, Mass 2S.N
Blanchard Lumber Co., Boston, Mass 25.00
Blanchard, A. F., West Acton, Mass 10.00
Blodgett Company, Grand Rapids, Mich 25.00
The Blytheville Lumber Co., Blytheville, Ark 10 00
Bodwell, Don R., Kansas City, Mo 1.00
In Memory of S. G. B 10.00
Bogert, Miss Anna, New York City 2 CO
S. H. Bolinger & Co., Shreveport, La E0.00
Bomer Blanks Lumber Co., Blanks, La 5. CO
Borreson, Jules T., Pine Bluff, Ark 10 00
Boswell, T. S., Asheville, N. C 5.00
Bosworth & Son, F. S., Elgin, 111 10 00
Bounds, J 25.00
Bowie Lumber Co., Bowie, La 100.00
Boyd, James (received through Mr. Tennant) 5.00
Bradley, E. J., Pottsville, Penna 5 00
Brady, J. E. (through E. D. Tennant) 1.00
Brendon, Robert, Woodcllff-on-Hudson, N. J 2.00
The Bright-Books Lumber Co., Savannah, Ga 10 00
Brooks-Scanlon Co., Kentwood, La 25.00
Brooks, Bertha G., New York City 2 00
Brown Lumber Co., Shamrock, La 25.00
Brown & Co., George »., Memphis, Tenn 50.00
Brown, Mrs. Harry G., Columbia, Mo 100
W. P. Brown & Sons Lumber Co., Louisville, Ky 25.00
Brown, W. R., Berlin, N. H 500 00
BrownellDrews Lumber Co., Morgan City, La 25.00
Brownell, R. G., Williamsport, Pa 25 00
Bruner, E. Murray, Rio Piedras, Porto Rico 5 00
Bullard, F. F. (through E. D. Tennant) 5.00
Burton-Schwartz Cypress Co., Burton, La 100 00
J. H. Burton & Co., Washington, D. C 50 CO
Buschow Lumber Co., Kansas City, Mo 10.00
Butler, Miss Virginia, Stockbridge, Mass 9 00
Cabot, Mrs. William R., Boston, Mass 4 00
Caddo River Lumber Co., Kansas City, Mo 10 00
W. M. Cady Lumber Co., McNarry, La 100 CO
Calcasieu Long Leaf Lumber Co., Lake Charles, La 75.00
The Caldwell Lumber Co., Oil City, Penna 2.00
Cale, D. H., Wichita, Kansas 5.00
Carey, Arthur E., Boston, Mass 5.00
Carpenter, Mrs. Charles J., New Brunswick, N. J 4 00
Carrier Lumber & Mfg. Co., Sardis, Miss 25 00
Carter, E. T., New York City 1.00
Carey, Miss G. S., Boston, Mass 2.00
Case Fowler Lumber Co., Macon, Ga 20 00
Central Lumber Co., Shreveport, La 5.00
Central Penna. Lumber Co., Williamsport, Pa 250.00
Chace, Fenner A., Fall River, Mass 5.00
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1169
W
LOGGING DONKEYS
TO MEET particularly the severe conditions of large timber and
rough country, Willamette Logging Engines have been developed. The
complete Willamette Line embraces Ground Yarding Engines, Long-
Haul Road Engines, Overhead Skidders, High-Lead Yarders and
Two-Speed Engines. Their adoption by big operators speaks for
their continuous, efficient performance.
WILLAMETTE IRON & STEEL WORKS
Manufacturers of Logging Machinery
Portland, Oregon - - - - - U. S. A.
f
'Z&\
u
M
»•
- /
1170
AMERICAN FORESTRY
" it
I
Buy Yellow Pine Lumber Because It Is Good
NOT BECAUSE CHEAP
You wouldn't buy clothes or food on price alone? Then why
do you let material go into your home, only because it is the cheapest?
There is a great deal of difference between well manufactured
Yellow Pine lumber from high class forests, cut by responsible expe-
rienced producers, (who will continue in business many years) and
the "other kind."
ASK YOUR DEALER
"Does the Yellow Pine Structural and Finish lumber going into
my construction come from mills like these"
Louisiana Long Leaf Lumber Co.
Fisher, La. 2 Plants.
K. C. Southern R. R.
Victoria, La. 1 Plant.
T. & P. R. R.
Forest Lumber Co.
Oakdale, La. 1 Plant.
Mo. Pac. R. R. and Gulf Colorado &
Santa Fe R. R.
NOW BUILDING
White-Grandin Lumber Co.
Slagle, Louisiana
K. C. S. R. R.
Louisiana Central Lumber Co.
Clarks, La. 2 Plants.
Mo. Pac. R. R. and T. & G. R. R.
Standard La. 1 Plant.
Mo. Pac. R. R.
Louisiana Sawmill Co., Inc.
Glenmora, La.
Mo. Pac. R. R. and Red River & Gulf
conn, with T. & P., R. I. and S. P.
Combined Capacity, 1,000,000 Feet Daily
Missouri Lumber & Land Exchange Co.
J. B. WHITE, Pres. and Genl. Mgr.
Long and Short Leaf Yellow Pine
QUALITY-SERVICE-CAPACITY
R. A. Long Building KANSAS CITY, MO.
=
■ ... .
'SE Victory Bread — save • wheat. That's an im-j
portant obligation with you now.
When you have it toasted — just right, and buttered
hot, you'll find that this "substitute" bread has a lot
more flavor. ■
Toasting brings out flavor— every time. It makes tobacco delicious.
Try Lucky Strike Cigarette — • it's toasted. ■
uc
CIGA
Guaranteed by
< M C O m f OR AT Z. t>
1172
AMERICAN FORESTRY
"The New Souths Young City of Destiny."
Site of the world's largest saw -mill, 1,000.000 feet
daily cut. (And still time left to be interested in YOU.)
t ^^ o 'W u » i » ^ a "** t ^ kw NA '
'.'The _New South*! Young City Of Destiny."
Some" lumber plant! — occupies 260 acres and re*
quiresa mill-pond of 27 acres. Cuts 1.000,000 feet aday.
"The New Smith's Young City of Destiny."
Where 250,000 logs of "extra dense." really superior
long leaf pine logs are sawed uo every month.
o-s
■>"5§
> -2S
A Salute to the Heroes
of the 20th Engineers:
You have contributed a big part of the
biggest job ever done by men in the
history of creation.
You have distinguished yourselves,
loved your families, honored your
country and given lustre to the great
industry from which you went — with
courage, patriotism, fidelity and brains
and skill the best ever.
The greatest lumber operation in the
world welcomes back home the greatest
group of actual and potential heroes in
the world.
Bogalusa is wide open to you. And the
terms of employment are intended to
express the above sentiments. Bogalusa
led all Southern industrial cities in all
war work — our boys won their honors
"over there." Nobody "has anything
on us." Write us in the spirit of this
statement. We will reply in a parallel
spirit. Try us. JVrite the Mayor.
Bogalusa is the best bet in America.'
Ask us about
tt
^"he New South 's Young City of Destiny."
Tourists. in NewOrleans. phone Cre.t Southern Lum~
ber Co., Bogalusa, for guides and Southern welcome.
conditions here.
You will get a
truthful reply.
"Zs
"The New South 's Young City of Destiny."
Never heard of it? Well, the payroll of Bogalusa's
Industries is $250,000 monthly. Write the Mayor.
GREAT SOUTHERN
LUMBER
COMPANY
1628 4th Ave., Bogalusa, La.
=LI
"'The New South's Young City of Destiny."'
Where 700.000 railway cross-ties are made yearly.
End the poor little box-shooks run 50 cars a month.
"The New South's Young City of Destiny." " "The New South's Young City of Destiny."
If inNewOrleansdon'tmissthisrevelationof Amer- "That PINE TREE INN equals anything I ve seen
iran Mi.mv >n/t tnr.ci.hi T.t. w hap. m t>.. Who'H rxnect such a hotel inacit v vounever hcardof.
DONATIONS TO THE WELFARE FUND
1173
THE
SOUTHERN PINE ASSOCIATION
Is an organization composed of 230 Southern Pine mills located in 9 Southern States,
producing 6 billion feet of lumber annually. The foundation of the Association is
"S-E-R-V-I-C-E"
Service to the consumer by educating him to
the proper uses of Southern Pine and. its qualities ;
and protecting him in his purchases by the main-
tenance of uniform grades.
Service to the dealer by bringing to his atten-
tion the most improved methods of merchandizing
and by creating markets for his goods through
advertisements in national and local publications.
Service to its subscribers through its Executive, Advertising, Inspection, Traffic,
Cut-Over Land, Safety First, Engineering, Accounting and Statistical Departments.
Southern Pine Association
NEW ORLEANS, LA.
Chaffee, R. R., Endeavor, Penna 5.00
Chapman, H. H., Albuquerque, N. Mex. 1.00
Chapman, S. F., Asheville, N. C 25.00
Cherry River Boom & Lumber Co., Scranton, Penna 100.00
Churchill-Milton Lumber Co., Glendora, Miss 10.00
Clark, Edgar J., Kansas City, Mo 5.00
J. S. H. Clark Lumber Co., Wadesboro, N. C 10.00
Cleveland Oconee Lumber Co., Atlanta, Ga 10.00
Colby, Forrest H., Augusta, Maine 2.00
The P. N. Coleman Lumber Co., Savannah, Ga 5.00
Colfax Lumber Co., Colfax, La 5.00
Comfort Lumber Co., The George N., Cleveland, Ohio 10.00
Commercial Box Co., New Kensington, Penna 5.00
Comstock, Walter J., Washington, D. C 10.00
The Conewango Lumber Co., Warren, Penna 5.00
The Conklin-Reuling Co., Pekin, 111 5.00
Cooney, Eckstein & Co., Inc., Savannah, Ga 5.00
S. P. Coppock & Sons Lumber Co., Fort Wayne, Ind 10.00
Cornell Foresters, Ithaca, N. Y 15.00
Cornu, Theodore J., New York City 10.00
Cotton Bros. Cypress Co., Morgan City, La 10.00
Crosby, J. B., Chicago, 111 5.00
The B. W. Cross Lumber Co., Pittsburgh, Penna 5.00
Crowell & Spencer Lumber Co., Long Leaf, La 50.00
Cruikshank, Douglas M., Brooklyn, N. Y 1.00
Culver, H. C, Spokane, Wash 50.00
The Cummings-Moberly Cypress Co., Moberly, La 50.00
Curris, Miss C. G., Intervale, N. H 2.00
Dailey & Allen Lumber Co., Pittsburgh, Penna 5.00
Daloz, L. H., Boston, Mas3 12.00
Daniels, C. D., Hoquiam, Wash 2.00
L. N. Dantzler Lumber Co., Moss Point, Miss 100.00
J. W. Darling Lumber Co., Wilhelm, La 50.00
Darnell-Lovex Lumber Co., Leland, Miss 10. N
Darnell Lumber Co., Batesville, Miss 10.00
Delafield, Jr., Marturin L., Paris, France 5.00
Delph Lumber Co., Savannah, Ga 5.00
Devereux, Miss M. S., Atascadero, Calif 5.00
Dibert, Stark & Brown Cypress Co., Donner, La 100.00
Dickson, J. W. (through E. D. Tennant) 2.60
Dock, Miss Mira L., Fayetteville, Penna 5.00
Dollar Bay Lumber Co., Dollar bay, Mich 10.00
P. T. Dooley Lumber Co., Walls, Miss 5.00
Dorman, F. S., (through E. D. Tennant) 1.35
Douglas Fir Club, San Francisco, Calif 520.00
Douglas Fir Exploitation & Export Company, San Francisco, Calif... 50.00
Dover, Del., Century Club, Dover, Del 5.00
Downman, Robert H., Washington, D. C 500.00
Dugan Lumber Co., Roundaway, Miss 10.00
Duncan Shingle & Lumber Co., Kansas City, Mo 10.00
Dunham, Miss M. V., Chicago, 111 105.00
Eastman, Gardiner & Co., Laurel, Miss 100 00
Eckert, Harry K., Niagara Falls, N. Y 15.00
Elias Bro„ Inc., G., Buffalo, N. Y 50.00
Ellington & Guy, Inc., Richmond, Va 10.00
Egypt Hardwood Lumber Co., Vernon, Miss 15.00
Faust Bros. Lumber Co., Jackson, Miss 15.00
Fearing, Harriet, Baltimore, Md 4.00
Ferd, Brenner Lumber Co., Alexandria, La 25.00
Ferguson-Palmer Co., Houlka, Miss 10.00
J. A. Ferguson, State College, Penna 2.50
Fernow, Dr. B. E., Toronto, Canada 10.00
Fernwood Lumber Co., Fernwood, Miss 100.00
Finch, Pruyn & Company, Glens Falls, N. Y 125.00
Fisher, Archie (through E. D. Tennant) 5.00
Tommy and Betty Fleming, Pittsburgh, Penna 25.00
Fleming, Jr., Mrs. Thomas, Pittsburgh, Penna 1.00
Flecher, Elmer D., Gorham, Mass 5.00
Foley, William F., Philadelphia, Penna 20.00
Forest Lumber Co., Oakdale, La 100.00
Forest Products Chemical Co., Erwin, Miss 5.00
Forest Service, Denver, Colo 350.00
Fosburgh Lumber Co., Norfolk, Va 15.00
Foster Lumber Co., Kansas City, Mo 10.00
Freund, John C, New York City 10.00
From One of the Amexforce 2.00
Frost- Johnson Lumber Co., Shreveport, La 75.00
Fuellhart, W. O., Endeavor, Penna 10.00
Gaylord, Miss Bertha R., Branford, Conn 5.00
Gayoso Lumber Co., Memphis, Tenn 5.00
Geisler, Max, Des Moines, Iowa 5.00
Gelpcke, Miss A. C, Brooklyn, N. Y 5.00
Georgia-Florida Yellow Pine Emergency Bureau, Jacksonville, Fla.. .5,000.00
Germain & Boyd Lumber Co., Atlanta, Ga 25.00
Gerrans, R. D., New Berne, N. C 4.00
Good Pine Lumber Co., Good Pine, La 25.00
Grant Tbr. Mfg. Co., Selma, La 25.00
C. L. Gray Lumber Co., Meridian, Miss 10.00
Great Southern Lumber Co., Bogalusa, La 100.00
Green, Thornton A., Ontonagon, Mich 5.00
Grenshaw-Gary Lumber Co., Richey, Miss 10.00
Griffiths & Co., Dallas, Texas 5.00
Grogan Lumber Co., Boston, Mass 25.00
Guild, Katharine, Miss E., Brookline, Mass 2.00
Gulf Lumber Co., Fullerton, La 175.00
Gunnison National Forest, Gunnison, Colo 25.50
Hagenbach, G. F., Spirit Lake, Idaho 25.00
Haight, Mrs. C. S., Lewis, Mass 5.00
D. H. Hall Lumber Co., New Albany, Miss 10.00
Hammond Lumber Co., Ltd., Hammond, La 15.00
Haskell, Rev. Joseph N., Nashville, Tenn 2.00
Hatcher, John H., Kansas City, Mo 2.50
Hatcher, J. S., Curtis, Nebr 2.50
Hatcher, W. A., Venango, Nebr 5.00
Hay, Clarence, New York City 7.00
Hay, Miss Lucy Lewis, Philadelphia, Penna 1.00
Hayes, Mrs. R. P., Asheville, N. C 10.00
Hayes, Rutherford P., Asheville, N. C 10.00
Hebard Cypress Co., Scranton, Penna 100.00
Hebard, D. L., Philadelphia, Penna 20.00
Heme, W. A., Iron Mountain, Mich 5.00
The Herman H. Hettler Lumber Co., Chicago, 111 25.00
B. F. Hiestand & Sons, Marietta, Penna 50.00
Higgins Lumber Co., Pittsburgh, Penna 25.00
Please Mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
1174
AMERICAN FORESTRY
ililllllllllllllllllllllllll!lll!!llllllll[lllllllllllllllilll
American Black
Walnut
The most beautiful of all Cabinet woods
€J In furniture or interior trim no wood is
more pleasantly attractive —
•J Walnut did its part in winning the war,
every American soldier who carried a rifle
being promptly supplied. The gunstocks
were of walnut and the walnut producers
saw that the government rifle factories were
furnished the material.
5,000,000 feet of Walnut now on hand— all grades
and dimensions
FRANK PURCELL
12th and Belt Line
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
illlllllilllllllllllllllllHUIIIIHIIIIlllWlJIlillUlllllllllllllllllllllilUIIIIIIIIIUIlUffl Illlillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Mil Illlllllllllll
DONATIONS TO THE WELFARE FUND
1175
M E R S H O N
BAND RESAWS
NEW STANDARD 54-INCH BAND RESAW
26 Models for Sawmills, Planing Mills,
Box Factories and Cabinet Plants
Wm. B. Mershon & Company
SAGINAW, - - - MICH.
Hirsch Lumber Co., Savannah, Ga 5.00
Hirst, Mary S., Concord, N. H 100.00
Hlxon, J. M\, Pasadena, Calif 25.00
Hoar, D. Blakely, Brookline, Mass 5.00
Holmes, J. S., Chapel Hill, N. C 5.00
Holly Ridge Lumber Co., Holly Ridge, La 10.00
Home Bldg. & Material Co., Asheboro, N. C 25.00
Hopson, Raymond E., Old Forge, N. Y 25.00
Hosmer, Mrs. George Herbert, Ithaca, N. Y 2.00
Hosmer, Ralph S., Ithaca, N. Y 10.00
Houma Cypress Co., Houma, La 50.00
Howard, W. G., Albany, N. Y 5.00
Hudson River Lumber Co., De Ridder, La 72.30
Huei Hodge Lumber Co., Hodge, La 25.00
Hungerford, H. (through E. D. Tennant) 1.00
Huston, H. B. (through E. D. Tennant) 5.00
Hyde Lumber Co., Lake Providence, La 10.00
111. Lumber & Bldg. Supply Dealers' Association 25.00
Indiana Quartered Oak Co., New York City 25.00
Industrial Lumber Co., Oakdale, La 25.00
S. W. Iowa Retail Dealers (through E. D. Tennant) 38.53
Ives, Mrs. T. M., New York City 7.00
Jeanerette Lumber & Shingle Co., Jeanerette, La 100.00
Johnson, Eliz. W., Pasadena, Calif 5.00
Johnson, J. W., Panther Burn, Miss 20.00
W. F. Johnson Lumber Co., Natchitoches, La 25.00
Jordan River Lumber Co., Kiln, Miss 100.00
Kaighn, Robert, Philadelphia, Penna 10.00
Kellogg, R. S., New York City 10.00
J. S. Kent Co., Philadelphia, Penna 10.00
Kent, W. H. B., Cazonovia, N. Y 10.00
G. F. Kerns Lumber Co., Chicago, 111 5.00
Keystone Lumber Co., Pittsburgh, Penna 50.00
A. S. Kibbee & Son, Albany, N. Y 25.00
Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton, Mass 100.00
King Lumber & Mfg. Co., Nocatee, Fla 5.00
King Ryder Lumber Co., Bon Ami, La S7.00
Kingsford, Mrs. E. G., Iron Mountain, Mich 1.00
Klumle, C. E., Wiggins, Miss 10.00
Koehler, The A. A. Co., Geneva, Nebr 2.50
Kraetzer-Cured Lumber Co., Moorhead, Miss 10.00
Krause & Managan Lumber Co., Westlake, La 20.00
Krauss Bros. Lumber Co., New Orleans, La 50.00
Kreamer Lumber Co., Philadelphia, Penna 5.00
Krotter Co. F, C, Palisado, Nebr 2.50
Kyle Lumber Co., Ltd., Franklin, La 25.00
The H. Lambert Co., Beaverville, III 5.00
Lamb-Fish Lumber Co., Charlestown, Miss 25.00
Lacey, J. D., New Orleans, La 50.00
Leidigh & Havens Lumber Co., Kansas City, Mo 5.00
Lesh, Mr. and Mrs. John H., Newton Centre, Mass 1.00
Lewis, M. H., New York City 20.00
Lightner, Clarence A., Detroit, Mich 5.00
Lloyd Co., William M., Philadelphia, Penna 25.00
Lock Moore Lumber Co., Westlake, La 50.00
Lodwick Lumber Co., Shreveport, La 20.00
Long Bell Lumber Co., Kansas City, Mo 10.00
Long Pine Lumber Co., Alexandria, La 25.00
Longville Lumber Co., Longville, La 100.00
The Lothmen Cypress Co., St. Louis, Mo 50.00
Lothman, William, St. Louis, Mo 50.00
Louisiana Cypress Lurhber Co., Harvey, La 50.00
Louisiana Long Leaf Lumber Co., Fisher, La 100.00
Lovejoy, P. S., Ann Arbor, Mich 5.00
Lowell, Mary E., Chestnut Hill, Mass 7.00
Ludington Lumber Co., Ludington, La 85.00
Lufkin Land & Lumber Co., Lufkin, Tex 10.00
Lutcher Moore Cypress Co., Lutcher, La 75.00
Lyon Lumber Co., Garyville, La 100.00
McCarroll Lumber Co., Ltd., Holden, La 12.00
McCormlck, Mrs. D. C, Pittsburgh, Penna 1.00
McCoy & Son, Inc., George A., Pleasant Lake, N. Y 10.00
McElwee, W. H., Raleigh, N. C 10.00
McGraw & Curran Lumber Co., Yazoo City, Miss 10.00
McKenna, H. E. (through E. D. Tennant) 1.00
McNair, C. I., Cloquet, Minn 7.00
Martin, Miss Annie D., Flat Rock, N. C 5.00
Maurice, C. S., Athens, Penna 25.00
Maddox, R. S., Nashville, Tenn 5.00
The S. W. Means Lumber Co., Pittsburgh, Penna 5.00
Memphis Bank Mill Co., Memphis, Tenn 5.00
C. C. Mengel & Bros. Co., Louisville, Ky 25.00
Menominee White Cedar Co., Marinette, Wise 10.00
Merkel, Hermann W„ New York City 5.00
Merritt Bros., Inc., Reading, Penna 25.00
The John D. Mershon Lumber Co., Saginaw, Mich 25.00
Mershon, W. B., Saginaw, Mich 10.00
M ilne, Hall and Johns Co., Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 25.00
Minden Lumber Co., Minden, La .. 25.00
A Friend 5.00
Mississippi Hardwood Co., Jackson, Miss 5.00
Moore, Mrs. Barrington, New York City 10.00
Morgan Lumber & Cedar Co., Foster City, Mich 25.00
Morgan, Mrs. J. P., New York City 100.00
Morgan, J. P., New York City 100.00
Morris, John B., Saugatuck, Conn 10.00
Morrow, Dr. William G., West Hickory, Penna 1.00
Morse, Miss Frances R., Medfleld, Mass 2.00
Mossberger Lumber Co., Tallulah, La 5.00
Mullins Lumber Co., Mullins, S. C 25.00
Munger, C. M. (through E. D. Tennant) l.N
Murphy, C. E. (through E. D. Tennant) , 34.17
Napoleon Cypress Co., Napoleonville, La , 25.00
Natalbany Lumber Co., Ltd., Hammond, La 50.00
National Lumber & Creosoting Co., Texarkana, Ark 10.00
Nelson, Jr., John M., Endeavor, Penna 40.00
The New Century Club of Newark, Newark, Del 5.00
The Newell Lumber Co., Ltd., Eunice, La 20.00
Newhall, Jr., Henry B., New York City 10.00
J. J. Newman Lumber Co., Hattlesburg, Miss 100.00
Please Mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
1176
AMERICAN FORESTRY
10th
ENGINEERS
FOREST
Honor Roll
Byron Anderson
Harry Beam
Arthur Black
George Black
Stephen Black
Howard Duchaine
Wm Fitzgerald
cTVIerle Fox
O. B. Gipple
Roland Huddleson
Walter Irwin
Clarence flyers
Jerome Paul
George Ralston
H. E. Richards
Wm. Rudolph
JJ/E desire to pay special
tribute to our boys who
were willing to do the work
behind the lines for the boys
at the front They bring
back no wound stripes or
medals of valor, but they went
" over the top" in production.
All honor to their services.
CLEO BARGERSTOCK
10th Engineers
LOST ON TUSCANIA
GLEN TAFT
10th Engineers Forest
DIED CAMP AMERICAN UNIV.
Lieut. G. E. WARDEN
20th Engineers
DIED CAMP TRAVIS, TEX.
20th
ENGINEERS
FOREST
Honor Roll
c^VIarvin Alcock
Delmar Beatty
Howard Hillard
Grant Johnston
Chester Jones
Heber Jones
Everall Kiffer
Ford Osgood
Victor Osgood
Wesley Slocum
Lee Thompson
Delbert White
ESTABLISHED 1834
WHEELER C& DUSENBURY
MANUFACTURERS OF
WHITE PINE, HEMLOCK C& HARDWOOD
ENDEAVOR, PA.
DONATIONS TO THE WELFARE FUND
1177
QUALITY- - EFFICIENCY- - RELIABILITY
Upon this foundation was built this,
the Largest Saw Works in the World
Keystone Saw, Tool, Steel and File Works
HENRY DISSTON & SONS, PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A.
Noah Adams Lumber Co., Oakland, Calif 10.00
10.00
Norton, E. E., Tidioute, Penna
Norwich Lumber Co., Buffalo, N. Y 100
Oliver Lumber Co., Hastings, Nebr 5.
Opdenweyer-Alcus Cypress Co., Sorrento, La 50
Ozone Lumber Co., The, Faliskeek, La It
Paepeke- Leight Lumber Co., Greenville, Hiss 10
Pawnee Land & Timber Co., Pawnee, La 10
Peavey Byrnes Lumber Co., Shreveport, La 42.
Peavey-Byrnes Lumber Co., Shreveport, La 25.00
Parminter, L. R., Kansas City, Mo 5.00
D. S. Pate Lumber Co., Columbus, Hiss 5.00
The George S. Patterson Lumber Co., Savannah, Ga 5.00
Patterson, John L., Roanoke Rapids, N. C 10.00
Percy Stone Co., Rockford, 111 5.00
Perot, William S., Conshohocken, Penna 1.00
Peters, J. G., Washington, D. C 5.00
Pettis, C. R., Albany, N. Y 10.00
Pickett, Hyde and Langgans Co., Johnstown, Penna 10.00
Pine Plume Lumber Co., The, Savannah, Ga 35.00
Pioneer Lumber Co., West Jackson, Miss 10.00
Poitevant & Favre Lumber Co., Mandeville, La 45.00
Prince Leuten Co., New York City 20.00
Ramos Lumber Co., Ramos, La 50.00
Randolph, Mrs. E., Philadelphia, Penna 20.00
Red Rose City 5.00
Reeve, General C. McC, Coronado, Calif 10.00
Reeve, C. McC, Minnetonka Beach, Minn 10.00
J. S. & R. M. Rice Lumber Co., Houston, Tex 10.00
Rich Lumber Co., Manchester Center, Vt 25 00
Richey, Mrs. Martha, Portland, Ore 20.00
Rlchton Lumber Co., Richton, Miss 50.00
Riechman- Crosby Co., Memphis, Tenn 10.00
Riggs Cypress Co., Patterson, La 15.00
Riner Lumber Co., Kansas City, Mo 10.00
Roberts Lumber & Grain Co., Shreveport, La 10.00
Roper Lumber Co., N. C, John L., Employes 44.55
Rosa Lumber Co., Picayune, Miss 50.00
Roselle Mill & Lumber Co., Roselle, 111 25.00
Rosemary Pine Lumber Mills, South Mansfield, La 50.00
Roth, Filbert, Ann Arbor, Mich 25.00
Rothery, Julian E., New York City 5.00
Rothrock, Dr. J. T., West Chester, Penna 5.00
Ruddock-Orleans Cypress Co., New Orleans, La 50.00
Russe & Burgess, Isola, Miss 10.00
Sabine Lumber Co., Beaumont, Tex 25.00
Sabine River Lumber & Logging Co., Oakdale, La 22.70
St. Bernard Cypress Co., Arabi P. O., La 25.00
St. Tammany Lumber Mfg. Co., Ramsay, La 20.00
Salmen Brick & Lumber Co., Ltd., Slidell, La 20.00
Sanford, F. L., Franklintbn, La 10.00
Sash & Door Mfgrs. of Phila., Philadelphia, Penna 25.00
Schofield Bros., Philadelphia, Penna 25.00
Schofield-Lance Co., Reading, Penna 25.00
Schreiter, Henry, New York City 5.00
Schwing Lumber & Shingle Co., Plaquemine, La 25.00
Scull, H. E. (through E. D. Tennant) 4.00
Seawell Lumber Co., W. P., Kansas City, Mo 2.50
Seidel, Julius (through E. D. Tennant) 10.00
Sherman, Jr., John Abner, Calumet, Mich 1.00
Sherman, J. A., Calumet, Mich 5.00
Siller, E. J., Cleveland, 0 25.00
Simms, Frederick R., Chislehurst, Kent, England 6.50
Slicer, Miss Henrietta W., Baltimore, Md 2.00
Smith Lumber Co., Fred A., Rockford, 111 10.00
Smith Carothers Lumber Co., Memphis, Tenn 10.00
Soble, John J., Rochester, N. Y 2.00
E. C. Sondheimer, Col., Sondheimer, La 15.00
Southern Lumber Co., Myrtis, La 25.00
Southern Lumberman (through E. D. Tennant) 25.00
Southern Lumberman, Nashville, Tenn 25.00
Stadtmiller, L. R., Hankow, China 15.00
Stahl, C. J., Denver, Colo 10.00
Stanton Forestry Association, Stanton, Mich 3.00
Sterling Lumber Co., Bastrop, La 5.00
Sternberg, F. A., Buffalo, N. Y 1.00
Stevens, Henry G., Detroit, Mich 25.00
Stewart, Mrs. Cecil, Boston, Mass 10.00
Stockton Members (through E. D. Tennant) 50.00
George W. Stoker & Son, Philadelphia, Penna 5.00
Sunflower Lumber Co., Clarksdale, Miss 5.00
Tall Timber Lumber Co., Good Pine, La 25.00
Tallahatchie Lumber Co., Philip, Miss 25.00
Teal, Joseph N., Portland, Ore 10.00
Texas Lumber Co., Shreveport, La 10.00
Thorn, Miss Mary, Philadelphia, Penna 25.00
Them, M., Philadelphia, Pa 25.00
Thorns, F. R., New York City 7.00
The Tionesta Lumber Co., Pittsburgh, Penna 10.00
Trask, Mrs. Jane, Utica, Mont 1.00
Tremont Lumber Co., Winnfleld, La 50.00
Please Mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
1178
AMERICAN FORESTRY
Triangle Lumber Co., Percy, Hiss 10.00
Trout Creek Lumber Co., Trout Creek, La 25.00
Tyler, W. D., Dante, Va 5.00
Ultch, George W., Kansas City, Ho »■••
Urania Lumber Co., Urania, La 10.00
Valley Log Loading Co., Memphis, Tenn 5.00
Vickers, Hrs. J. V., Los Angeles, Calif 1*0
Victoria Lumber Co., Shreveport, La 25.00
Vosburgb, W. W., Pittsburgh, Penna 5.00
Waddel- Williams Lumber Co., Rhoda, La 25.00
Wadesboro Lumber Co., Wadesboro, N. C 10.00
Waldeck, D. D., Kansas City, Ho 2.50
Walterboro Lumber Co., Walterboro, S. C 50.00
Ward, Kenneth O., Candor, N. Y 10.00
Ward Lumber Co., Sunflower, Hiss 10.00
Warde, G. H., Endeavor, Penna 1.00
Warner, John, Philadelphia, Penna. 5.00
Washington Heights Century Club, Wilmington, Del 10.50
Weaver Bros., Shreveport, La 25.00
Weller, Mime E., Nashua, Iowa 5.00
Wells Lumber Co., J. J., Henominee, Hich 25.00
Weston, Gertrude S., Skowhegan, He 5.00
The H. Weston Lumber Co., Logtown, Hiss 100.00
W. H. Weston Co., Boston, Hass 25.00
Wetmore, George Peabody, Newport, R. 1 150.00
The Weyerhauser Timber Co., Tacoma, Wash 500.00
Wharton, William P., Groton, Mass 100.00
Wheeler & Dusenbury, Endeavor, Penna 250.00
J. W. Wheeler & Co., Oakgrove, Miss 10.00
Wheeler, N. P., Jr., Endeavor, Penna 25.00
The J. R. Wheler Co., Pittsburgh, Penna 5.00
White Oak Lumber Co., Coal Grove, Ohio 25.00
White, Capt. J. B., Kansas City, Ho 100.00
Whitecasfle Lumber & Shingle Co., Whitecastle, La 25.00
Wholesale Sash & Door Assn., Chicago, 111 250.00
Wiggin, Hrs. H. C, Cloquet, Minn 3.00
A. Wllbert's Sons Lumber & Shingle Co., Plaquemine, La 25.00
Wilde, Albert, Brooklyn, N. Y 2.00
Williams Bros. Lumber Co., St. Louis, Mo 100.00
F. B .Williams Cypress Co., Patterson, La 100.00
The G. M. Williams Lumber Co., Savannah, Ga 5.00
Williamsport Hardwood Lumber Co., Williamsport, Penna 10.00
Wilson & Cochran, Lottie, La 15.00
Wilson & Cochran, Inc., Lottie, La 10.00
A. G. Wineman & Sons, Greenville, Hiss 5.00
Wisconsin Land & Lumber Co., Hermansville, Hich 25.00
Wistar, Underhill and Nixon, Philadelphia, Penna 50.00
Wister-Heberton Co., Germantown, Phila., Penna 5.00
Wittenmyer Lumber Co., Harrlsburg, Penna 10.00
Wolfe, H. E. (through E. D. Tennant) 1.00
Wollweber, Otto, Reardon, Wash 2.00
John H. Woods & Co., East Cambridge, Mass 25.00
Woolman, Edward, Haverford, Penna 5.00
Wright Lumber Co., Burt J., Kansas City, Mo 2.50
Wyatt, Hrs. W. S., Chestnut Hill, Phila, Penna 25.00
Fischer, Arthur F., Manila, P. 1 803.25
— for the following members of the Bureau of Forestry:
Agudo, Luis; Aguilar, Simplicio; Alpay, Fidel; Alvarez,
Ramon J.; Alviar, Enrique; Aniano, David; Arizabal, Gregorio;
Asperilla, Cirilo; Baldemore, Julio; Baltazar, Alajandro; Baba-
ran, Santiago; Bana, Enrique; Barto, Roy; Bawan, Felix;
Borja, Alfonso; Buenaflor, Florencio; Burns, William P.; Cad-
wallader-Gibson Lumber Co.; Cailipan, Catalino; Calauag Wood
Co.; Callahan, Arthur; Canario, Modesto; Causing, Ptolomeo;
Cortez, Petronilo; William Crosby; Dacanay, Vicente; Dacli-
son, Juliano D.; Defensor, Vicente J.; Franco, Felix; Gacad,
Pedro; Gapus, Silverio; Garcia, Cipriano; Fontanilla, Esteban;
Eugenio de la Cruz; Dollivar, Delos; Enriques, Melchor; Fer-
nandez, Hiss Pelagia; Fischer, Arthur F.; Flippin, James A.;
Gillespie, J. B.; Gotaucoy Compania; Grooms, E. H.; Hannas,
Alex.; Insular Lumber Co.; Johnson, Peter; Jingo, Ramon;
Laraya, Sixto; Leano, Eladio C.| Logan, James; Lopez, Juan;
HcCurdy, Fred; Macusi, Nicolas; Madrid, Ediberto; Hangabat,
Hanaloto, Ruflno; Hangaliman, Simeon; Mariano, Clemente;
Hadina, Jose; Hadina, Rafael; Hendoza, Antonio; Mendoza,
Santiago; Mindanao Lumber Company; Miranda, Donato P.;
Mueller, H. H.; Nava, Arcadlo; Oliveror, Severo; Oteyza,
Hauricio J.; Palileo, Antonio; Esplritu, Paraiso; Pfleider, Edw.
J.; Porter, James; Pray, Fred L.; Racelis. Antonio P.; Ramo-
nolos, Zacarlas; Ramos, Vicente C. ; Reyes, Silvino; Rice,
W. H.; Rickard, Geo. L.; Hillorta, Benito; Rodriguez, Antonio;
Rola, Francisco L.; Roque, Benito L.; Rosario, Hauro; Sajor,
Valentia; Samaniego, Cornelio; Santillan, Eugenio; Santos,
Eduards S.; Santos, Nicanor E.; Schneider, E. E.; Simeon,
Hacarlo; Walter A. Smith Company; Soriano, Doroteo; Tadle,
Eugenio; Tamesis, Florencio; Tecson, Teodore; Tenorio, Floren-
tine; Udasco, Antonio; Unga, Horo; Vicencio, Gregorio; White,
J. H.; Williams, Chas. F.; C. de la Cruz; Aube, E. H.; Loudon,
Thomas F.; Wallace, Thomas A.; Weber, C. H.j Tahbenah,
W. S.; Jose, C. N.; Bernardo, Andres; Gangan, Pedro; Edmilao,
E.; Hariano, C; Danas, F.; Fernandez, H.; Bonomeo, H.;
Mabagos, L.; Ilusouo, Plo.
g|
ESTABLISHED 1853
Puget Mill Co.
208 WALKER BLDG.
Seattle, Washington
FIR AND HEMLOCK LUMBER
AND LATH
MILLS AT PORT GAMBLE AND PORT LUDLOW,
WASHINGTON
MINNEAPOLIS OFFICE:
1029 LUMBER EXCHANGE
AGENTS AT SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA:
POPE & TALBOTT
859 TO 869 THIRD STREET
IlllllllUlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllUIIIIUIIIllilllUlllllllllllllllUIUUIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIilllUIUI,
AMERICAN FORESTRY
1179
»9* r0* *0* rOv rih r9t tfl*
•^
tbe bops of tbe Xumber=jacfe IRegiment, tbis Companv.
is glab to senb its message of greeting; anb tbis it ooes
witb tbe greater warmtb ano feeling because so mans
of its own rank anb file went from mill anb lumber*
camp to join tbe earls volunteers for overseas service. fa fa fa
WLitb tbe rigbt use of timber, civilisation begins; anb in tbe buge
tasfc of saving tbat civilisation tbe Hmerican bovs wbo fenew bow
to swing an are renbereb a service as vital as anv. tbat tbis
countrv. contrtbuteb to victor?. fa fa fa TLo tbese boss, anb all
tbeir mates, tbis Company — in common witb all tbe inbustries
of Hmerica— anb in common witb all tbe life of Hmerica— feels a
gratitube for wbicb no formal expression can be final, fa fa fa
teunoco 1852
portlanb, iTDaine
WELCOME HOME FORESTERS AND LUMBERMEN
ADVISORY BOARD
Representing Organizations Affiliated with the
American Forestry Association
m
National Wholesale Lumber Dealers' Association Lumbermen's Exchange Empire State Forest Products Association
JOHN M. WOODS, Boston. Mass. J. RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. FERRIS J. MEIGS, New York City
W. CLYDE SYKES, Conifer, N. Y. FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa.RUFUS L. SISSON, Potsdam, N. Y.
R. G. BROWNELL, Williamsport, Pa. R. B. RAYNER, Philadelphia, Pa. W. L. SYKES, Utica, N. Y.
California Forest Protective Association
MILES STANDISH, San Francisco, Cal.
GEO. X. WENDLING, San Francisco, Cal.
GEO. H. RHODES, San Francisco, Cal.
Northern Plae Manufacturers' Association
C. A. SMITH. Coos Bay, Ore.
WILLIAM IRVINE, Chippewa Falls, Wis.
F. E. WEYERHAEUSER, St. Paul, Minn.
national Association of Box Manufacturers
B. W. PORTER, Greenfield, Mass.
S. B. ANDERSON, Memphis, Tenn.
ROBT. A. JOHNSON, Minneapolis, Minn.
Carriage Builders' National Association
H. C. McLEAR, Mount Vernon, N. Y.
D. T. WILSON, New York
P. S. EBRENZ, St. Louis, Missouri
New Hampshire Tlmberland Owners' Association
W. H. BUNDY, Boston. Mass.
EVERETT E. AMEY, Portland, Me.
F. H. BILLARD, Berlin, N. H.
Massachusetts Forestry Association
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Milton, Mass.
FREDERIC J. CAULKINS, Boston, Mass.
HARRIS A. REYNOLDS, Cambridge, Mass.
Camp Fire Club of America
Minnesota Forestry Association
W. T. COX. St. Paul, Minn.
PROF. D. LANGE, St. Paul, Minn.
MRS. CARRIE BACKUS, St. Paul, Minn.
American Wood Preservers' Association
MR. CARD, 111 W. Washington St., Chicago, 111.
MR. JOYCE, 332 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111.
F. J. ANGIER, Baltimore, Md.
Southern Pine Association
""'iSs*'! I5?f!*.i*!?,,.J**?!''. A,,l" WILLIAM _B._ GREELEY, Washington, D. C. J. B. W
J. RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR.. Philadelphia, Pa. O. H. VAN NORDEN, New York
FRED'K S. UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa. FREDERICK K. VREELAND, New York
RHODES, New Orleans, La.
HENRY E. HARDTNER, Urania, La.
Please Mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers
1180 AMERICAN FORESTRY
miiwiBnBiwiiiitiiitmaaBiiBBiiBHDtiiinmiwiiTH; [iHiiiiiHaiiMlltUIHnUBUniHllinnilHfflHUIIIllUlUaUltUimBflimillllMIHIll 1 II 1 1 1 i 1 1 in H I il illii ilillll[llllillllililil!iiii;i:iiHMH.iTJ:i[lil][iliillllilHil!lllllM
Naturalizing Trees and Shrubs |
Perhaps Nature has endowed you with an attractive landscape — Cedar
fields, Bayberry domes, areas of Oak and Laurel, fields of Goldenrod, Asters,
and thickets of Birch and Wild Roses. You can increase the natural beauty
a hundredfold. You can take every one of Nature's mere suggestions and
make a feature of them. If a Bittersweet clambers over an old stump, why
can't a hundred Bittersweet set a hundred spots aflame? If a Dogivood has
strayed in among the Cedars, why can't a hundred Dogwoods make the field
abound with their beauty? If a Birch sounds a happy note somewhere else,
why can't a hundred Birches make it a hundred times more resplendent?
When you have thus intensified the natural beauty, you have only begun
to develop the boundless and fascinating possibilities. It is still within your
province to supplement Nature harmoniously. There are the purple mist of
the Judas in early spring, the dense white banks of Silver Bell in May, the
myriads of dainty yclloiv display of Koelreuteria in midsummer. These can
all be naturalized in the edges of woodland and in Cedar fields or hedge-roivs.
They are all worth planting by the hundred. Very fortunately, too, we can
supply them in quantity at astonishingly low rates.
Let us send with our compliments our new monograph, "Flowering Trees
and Shrubs."
HICK'S NURSERIES BOX F WESTBURY, L. I., N. Y.
|fl!!l!!lii!lll|lllilllilll!ll!l!ffi
WANTED.
Position as City Forester, Park Forestry
Expert, or Superintendent of large estate, by
specialist in forestry, entomology, plant pathol-
ogy, horticulture and tree repair work, just
released from Army (6-8). Write
A. W. D., care of American Forestry.
FORESTRY SEEDS
Send for my catalogue containing
full list of varieties and prices
Thomas J. Lane, Seedsman
Dresher Pennsylvania
f~\ L T J
PLANT MEMORIAL
TREES FOR OUR
HEROIC DEAD
[ jTCtllflS We are specialists in
VyfLMlUO Orchids; we collect, im-
port, grow, sell and export this class of plants
exclusively.
Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of
Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- ■
cial list of freshly imported unestablished
Orchids.
LAGER & HURRELL
Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J.
DRIVE SCREWS AUTOMATICALLY
iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilliiillillllllliiiiiiiiilllllUliMiiiffliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii :
fl Each Reynolds as a rule replaces
from three to six operators.
fl Power-Driven, Automatic, Maga-
zine Feed, for either wood or
machine screws.
ff Made in many sizes and types for
almost all work requiring screws.
j| Write for catalogue and testimo-
nial letters from manufacturers
who operate from two to twenty
machines.
iiiiiiin mi mi mil iiiiuiiuuiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiinui
THE REYNOLDS MACHINE COMPANY
Simply dump a gross of screws
(either wood or machine) into the
hopper. The Machine does the rest.
MASSILLON
OHIO
Dept. F
138,500,000 FEET
NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER
FOR SALE
Location and Amount. — All
the merchantable dead
timber standing or down
and all the live timber
marked or designated for
cutting on an area em-
bracing about 17,300
acres in Townships 32
and 33 North, Ranges
114, 115 and 116 West,
Sixth Principal Meridian,
North and South Forks
of Cottonwood Creek
Watershed, W y o m ing
National Forest, Wyom-
ing, estimated to be 138,-
500,000 feet B. Mv more
or less of lodgepole pine,
Douglas fir and Engle-
mann spruce saw, tie, and
prop timber.
Stumpage Prices. — Lowest
rates considered, $2.00
per M feet B. M. for saw
timber, 8 cents per tie
and 34 cent per linear
foot for mine props.
Rates to be reappraised
after 3 years.
Deposit— With bid $5,000,
to apply on purchase
price if bid is accepted,
or refunded if rejected.
Final Date for Bids. — Seal-
ed bids will be received
by the District Forester,
Ogden, Utah, up to and
including June 16, 1919.
The right to reject any
and all bids is reserved.
Before bids are submitted
full information concerning
the character of the timber,
conditions of sale, deposits
and the submission of bids
should be obtained from the
District Forester, Ogden,
Utah, or the Forest Super-
visor, Afton, Wyoming.
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET
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