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AMERICAN    FORESTRY 

THE:    MAGAZINE   OF 
THE  AMERICAN   FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION.  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


H>5^.V\*^ 


/, 

• 


VOLUME   XXIII.    NOS.    1    TO    12,    INCLUSIVE — JANUARY   TO    DE     EMBER.   1917.    INCLUSIVE 


AUTHOR'S  INDEX 


Page 

Adams,  Bristow,  articles  by 32;  94;  166;  290;  364;  428;  458;  494; 

552  ;  583  ;  678 
Allen,   Arthur  A.,   articles  by ......15;  98;  154;  221;  2T2 ;  290;  364; 

419  ;  484 ;  529  ;  625 ;  663 ;  736 

Baker,  Ida  Agnes,  art'cle  by _ 459 

Ball,  Woodruff,  article  by - - — - 212 

Buttrick,   P.   L.,   article  by - 710 

Caldwell,  Guy,  article  by — 80 

Chamberlain,  Leon  T.,  poem  by -._ 458 

Chapman,  Arthur,  poem  by 289 

Chapman.  Herman  H.,  articles  by- 
Cornell.  Herbert  W.,  article  by — 

Cox,  W.  T.,  article  by 

Coyne,  Frank,  articles  by- 

Daniels,  Mark,  articles  by_ 

Detwiler,  S.  B.,  articles  by 

Douglass,  A.  E.,  article  by- 


Marlatt,  C.  L.,  article  by 

Mattoon,   Wilbur   R.,  article  by... 
McFarland,  J.  Horace,  article  by... 


McLoud,  Norman  C,  articles  by 389;  465;  521;  593 

Mendenhall,  Eugene  M.,  article  by 

Mitchell,  Guy  E.,  article  by „ 

Morison,  W.  G.,  article  by _ _ _ _ 

Moulton,  Robert  H.,  article  by 

Nelson,  E.  W.,  article  by... 


Doug'.ass,  C.  W.  H.,  articles  by... 
Edwards,  Russell  T.,  article  by_ 

Fairchild,  David,  article  by 

Field,  Alice  Gertrude,  poem  by.j 
Foote,  John,  article  by... 


_3;  69;  88;  380 

_.- _ 733 

_.. 346;  434 

116 

_ _ _ 213 

_....     269 

488 

...- - _- 709 

165  ;  340 

_ _..... 30 

__ 299 

Graves,   Henry   S..   article   by : 133 

Haddon,  Rawson  Woodman,  articles  by_-.181 ;  244;  307;  630;  693; 

751 
Haman,  Miles,  article  by. 


Norton,  Gayne  T,   K.,  articles  by... 

235;  370;  293;  399      Olzendam,  Roderic  M.,  article  by... 

Pack,  Charles  Lathrop,  articles  by-. 

Pettis,  C.  R.,  article  by 

Powers,  Mabel,  article  by 

Putnam,  Bessie  L.,  article  by 

Reed,  C.  A.,  article  by 

Riley,  Smith,  articles  by.. 


93 

-.. 107 

.361;  423 
.29;  657 


Paae 

75 

158 

531 

598 
14 

„ 758 

_ 435 

, 549 

„.-     139 

-.292;  351;  555;  668 
- 49 


-.81;  519;  559;  590;  676 

-..- 70 

- 656 

I -..-     343 

-..-     619 

.358;  680;  727 


Fraser,  Donald  A.,  poem  by 

Glaenzer,  Richard  Butler,  poems  by.. 

Gohier,  Urbain,  article  by — 

Granger,  C.  M.,  article  by.. 


Hawes,  Austin  F.,  article  by 

Houston,  D.  E.,  article  by 

Hunzicker,  Lena  B.,  article  by- 
Johnson,  H.  L.,  poem  by 

Judd,  C.  S.,  article  by.- 


Killick,   V.   W.,   article   by 

Kyle,  Jennie  Lynne,  article  by 

Levison,  J.  J.,  articles  by > 

MacCaughey,  Vaughan,  article  by- 


331 

332 

- - 205 

667 

464 

,- 239 

731 

— 349 

_34;  100;  173;  236 
1 276 


Sanders,  J.  G.,  article  by 147 

Sarett,  Lew  R.,  poem  by 726 

Shattuck,  C.  H.,  article  by _ 536 

Shufeldt,   R.    W.,    articles- by ......21 ;  83;  103;  161;  169;  217;  285; 

340;  403;  431;  474;  543;  565;  611;  669;  743 

Smith,  J.  Russell,  article  by 228 

Spaulding,  Perley,  article  by - 67 

Spencer,  Alice,  article  by __ _ 593 

Stahl,  C.  J.,  article  by : _ 234 

Sterling,  E.  A.,  article  by _ 689 

Sudworth,  George  B.,  article  by _ _ 683 

Thayer,  Stephen  Henry,  poem  by : 93 

Theiss,  Lewis  E.,  articles  by 

Tomlinson,  Bertha  M.,  article  by 

Whittle,  Charles  A.,  article  by 

Williams,  Mrs.  Lydia  Adams,  article  by- 
Wilson,  Ellwood,  articles  by- 


.160;  395 

14 

492 

96 


Wilson,  Stanley  F.,  article  by- 
Woods,  John  B.,  article  by 

Wright,  Allen  H.,  article  by- 


.-^,_ 


..53;  115;  180;  248;  314 

-fi+-'-'- 427 


.J.V... 


^t^ 


481 
675 


Zimmerman,  H.  E.,  articles  by— ...> 398;  591;  624 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Page 

Address  By   President  Charles   Lathrop   Pack ! 81 

Aeolian  Erosion  in  Hawaii — C.  S.  Judd - 239 

Aerial  Forest  Patrol— W.  T.  Cox , 107 

Airplane  Construction,  Wood  in — Bristow  Adams 583 

Airplanes,  Spruce  for 554 

Altoona's  Watershed  Forested 366 

Aquatic  Plants,  Marsh  Land  and  Other— R.  W.  Shufeldt 611 

Atlantic    and    Gulf    States.    Plants    and    Animals    of    the — 

R.  W.  Shufeldt  743 

American   Forestry   Association,   Call   for  the   38th   Annual 

Meeting  _ 757 

American    Forestry  Association,   37th   Annual   Meeting   and 

Forestry  Conference  _ 108 

American  Foresters  in  Military  Service  (Roster) 652;  754 

American  Forestry  Magazine   Praised _ 438 

American  Milkweeds,  The— R.  W.  Shufeldt - - 21 

American  Nurseries,  The  Independence  of — David  Fairchild-  213 
Annual    Meeting    of    the    American    Forestry    Association, 

Call  for  the- , — 757 

Ants  in  Gardens 558 

Annual    Meeting    of    the    American    Forestry    Association, 

Thirty-Seventh _ _ _ 108 

Apache  Land,  The  Lure  of— Russell  T.  Edwards -. 116 

Appalachians,  A  Forest  Ranger  Course  for  the  Southern 275 

Apple  Tree  of  the  Northwest,  First — H.  E.  Zimmerman 591 

April,  Planting  Suggestions  for — J.  J.  Levison 173 

Autumn   Leaves,   Conservation   in. 674 

Ballad  of  the  Timber  Cruiser, A— Lew  R.  Sarett 726 

Bates  College,  Forestry  at „ 655 

Bear's  Breast  Peak,  Rugged— Guy  E.  Mitchell 758 

Beaver,  The  Lure  of  the — D.   Lange —  600 

Birds  and  the  Camera — A.  A.  Allen - 154 

Bird  Dtpartment— A.  A.  Allen 15;  98;  154;  221;  372;  419;  484; 

539;  625;  663;  736 

Birds,  Efforts  to  Save  the- R.  W.  Shufeldt 103 

Birds,  Making  Friends  with  the— A.  A.  Allen... 484 

Black  Forest  Gone?    Has  the— John  B.  Woods 481 

Black  Locust  Needed  for  Ships 743 

Blasting,   Nurseryman   Recommends 695 

Blasting  Tree  Holes - 183 

Bli.ster  Disease.     An  Effective  Quarantine  Law,  $300,000  for 

Pine 168 


Blister  Disease,   Fighting  the  F'ihe 

Blister  Disease  Quarantines,  Pine ., : -. — . 

Blister  Disease,  The  Fight  against  the  Pifie.....(_.i..\l.->-. 

Blister  Disease  M'ork  Progresses,  Pine........'-...'....'..;.} 

Blister  Quarantine  Hearing,  Pine- 


.562 


Blue  Mesa  Forest  Fire,  The — Henry  L.  Spencer.. 
Book  Reviews : 


Page 
;  688 
.  302 
.  38 
.  433 
.  341 
.  561 

115 


The  Story  of  the  Forest, — Gordon  Dorrance -. 

Tree  Wounds  and  Diseases, — A,  D.  Webster 115 

Southern  Forestry  Congress  Proceedings - 115 

The  Weil-Considered  Garden — Mrs.  Frances  King 115 

The  Book  of  Forestry — F.  F.  Moon 115 

Handbook    for    Rangers   and    WcxDdsmen — Jay    L.    B. 

Taylor -..  115 

Commercial  Woods  of  the  Philippines _ 178 

Lumberjack  Bob — Lewis  H.  Theiss _ 178 

An  Uncensored  Diary, — -Ernesta  Drinker  Bullitt 315 

Scott  Burton,  Forester — Edward  G.  Cheyney —  315 

The  Bird  Study  Book— T.  Gilbert  Pearson , 315 

Forest  Working  Plans — A.  B.  Recknagel -. ;  315 

Essentials  of  .\merican  Timber  Law — J.   P.  Kinney 315 

The  Way  to  Study  Birds — John  Drydcn  Kuser 374 

The    Organization    of    the    Lumber    Industry — -Wilson 

Compton 374 

The  Book  of  the  Peony — Mrs.  Edward  Harding 374 

Forest  Fancies — Lucy  C.  Kellerhouse- _ — 374 

The  Forestry  Annual — 374 

Empire  Forester  - - 374 

French  Forests  and  Forestry — T.  S.  Woolsey,  Jr 504 

100  Hints  on  Flowers  and  Birds — Mae  Savell  Croy .504 

The  Bird  Study  Book— T.  Gilbert  Pearson 504 

An    Introduction   to   Forestry  for  Young   People — Sir 

Andrew  N.  Agnew  : -  504 

The  Development  of   Forest  Law  in   America — J.   P. 

Kinney - -.  632 

A   Nursery   Blight   of   Cedars — Glenn   G.   Hahn,   Carl 

Hartley  and  Roy  G.  Pierce 633 

How  to  Make  Farm  Tirnbers  Rot  Proof 633 

The  Sport  Alluring  - — — .-. _.  633 

Wood    and     Other    Organic    Structural     Materials — 

Charles  H.  Snow : ''95 

Botany  of  Crop  Plants— Wilfrid  W.  Robbins 695 


Page 

Clearing  and  (Rubbing— Halbert  P.  Gillette     695 

Successful  Canning  and  Preserving— Ala  Powell 696 

Chemistry  of  Food  and  Nutrition — Henry  C.  Sherman-.  696 

Feeding  the  Family — Mary  S.  Rose 696 

Human     Foods    and     their     Nutritive    Value— Harry 

Snyder  696 

Stories     the     Iriquois     Tell     their     Children— Mabel 

Powers — 760 

Foods  and  Household  Management— Helen  Kinne 760 

The  Forests  of  Maryland— F.  W.  Besley... 


Birds  of   America — The   University   Society- 
Borers  on  Forest  Trees,  Flatheaded 

Boy  Scouts  Battle  Moths. 


761 
761 
153 
165 
15 

630 
363 

693 
244 

427 

361 

Camera,  Birds  and  The— A.  A.  Allen 154- 

Camping,  "Private  Property"— No — Smith  Riley - 358 

Can    and    Cannon:      Drier    and    Dreadnaught — Norman    C. 

McLoud  - - - - - - 389 

Canadian   Deartment    (Department  of   Magazine) — EUwood 

Wilson_53;  115;  180;  248;  314;  377;  438;  505;  567;  633; 

697;  759 
398 
279 
171 
100 
492 


Bringing  Back  the  Game— A.  A.  Allen 

Building  an  Atmosphere  of  Stability  into  the  Home —  Raw- 
son  W.  Haddon  

Building,  The  New  York  State  College  of  Forestry 

Built,  How  a  Successful  Suburban  House  is — Rawson  W. 
Haddon  . — — ■- ■■■- 

Bungalows,  Building — Rawson  Woodman  Haddon .'. 

Cactus,  A  Giant — Stanley  F.  Wilson, 

Cactus  Lakes — Frank  Coyne 


Cantonment,  Lumber  for  an  Army 

Cascade  Pass,  Washington — An  Illustration- 
Caterpillar,  The  Tent  Tree... 


Cavity  Filling,  How  Far  to  Go  in — T.  J.  Levison 

Chasms  of  Erosion  and  Forest  Defense — Chas.  A.  Whittle. 

Cherokee,  Scrappin'  Fire  on  th', — Poem — H.  L.  Johnson 464 

Cherries,  "Witch's  Broom"  on  Japanese — C.  W.  H.  Douglass...  346 

Chicadee,  The  Nuthatches  and  the— A.  A.  Allen 633 

Children's  Playgrounds  in  Parks  and  Forests — Smith  Riley 680 

China,  Forestry  Progressing  in 407 

Cicuta,  The  Poisonous 554 

"Claims"  in  the  Grand  Canyon,  Mining — H.  H.  Chapman 225 

Climatic  Records  in  the  Trunks  of  Trees— A.  E.  Douglass 732 

Coal  Shortage,  Wood  Cutting  to  Overcome — (Editorial) 749 

Cocoons,  The  Valiant  Hunters  Specimens— R.  W.  Shufeldt 169 

Colorado  Redeems  Herself    (Editorial) — 434 

Colorado,    The   Extension    of    National    Forests    in — H.    H. 

Chapman  - ...., 

Colonial  Houses,  Four — Rawson  Woodman  Haddon.. 

Combinations,  The  Peril  of  (Editorial) __ -... 

Comfort  Fund,  A  Relief  and 

Commercial  Uses  of  Wood :    Willow 


Sugar  Pine 


399 

181 

47 

581 

8 

283 

Commission,  The  National  Emergency  Foo3  Garden —  197 

Community  Spirit  Saved  the  Trees— Gayne  T.  K.  Norton 292 

Conference  and  Annual  Meeting  of  the  American  Forestry 

Association,  International  Forestry _ - 46 

Conference,  An  Epoch-Making — Herman  H.  Chapman -...  293 

Conservation    in    Autumn    Leaves -  675 

Conservation  of  Game  in  the  National  Forests  and  National 

Parks,  E.  W.  Nelson 

Cornell,  Forestry  Prize  Award  at 

Country    Houses,    A    Group    of    Low-cost — Rawson   Wood- 
man Haddon  _ — 

Cross,  The  Friar,  His  Dog  and  the  Iron — Alice  Spencer 

Cruiser,  A  Ballad  of  the  Timber — Lew  R.  Sarett 

Cruising    in    the    Pacific    Northwest,    Timber — Herman 
Chapman 


H. 


Curacao,  Lignum  Vitse  in— Miles  Haman.. 


139 
726 

307 
592 
726 

270 
331 
Current  Literature  (Department  of  the  Magazine) — 54;  121;  185; 
248;  317;  378;  440;  506;  570;  633;  699  ;762 

Cut-Over  Lands  a  National  Problem  (Editorial).- 304 

Daisies,  Corn  Cockle,  Bugtoss,  and  other  Summer  Flowers — 

R.  W.  Shufeldt  -..- 285 

Deadly  Manzanillo,  The — Frank  Coyne.. 423 

Defense,  Foresters  for  National. 268 

Desert  into  Fertile  Soil,  Turning  a — Robert  H.  Moulton 549 

Destruction,  French  Forest — Urbain  Gohier-....t 30 

Diplomatic  Forest  Ranger,  The — W.  G.  Morison 435 

"Doctor    Mountain" — Mark    Daniels -  657 

Does  State  Forestry  Need  "Reorganization"?    (Editorial)....  113 

Dog  in  the  Manger,  A  Feathered _  168 

Dogwood,  The— R.   D.   Shufeldt— 217 

Donations   to   Lumber   and   Forest  Regiments   Relief   Com- 
mittee ( List )  _ _ 735 

Drier  and  Dreadnaught.    Can  and  Cannon : — Norman  C.  Mc- 
Loud .- 389 

Dynamite  for  Planting  Pecans 695 

Early  Saxifrage,  Bloodroot,  and  Jack-in-the-Pulpit — R.  W. 

Shufeldt 83 

Early  Spring  and  Summer  Flowers — R.  W.  Shufeldt 161 

Eastern  Forest  Lands  Bought 233 

Economic  Necessity  for  Public  Ownership,  The  (Editorial).-  110 

Edible  Fruits  of  Forests  Trees  _ 686 

Editorial    (Department    of    the    Magazine)  .._47 ;  110;  176;  242; 

304;  367;  434;  500;  629;  691;  748 
Education  in  Forestry,  Primary  (Editorial) 242 


Efficiency  and  Economy  in  Oregon  (Editorial). 

EfTorts  to  Save  the  Birds— R.  W.  Shufeldt 

Elm,  Natural  Graft  on  Cork— Guy  Caldwell 

England's  Need,  Sawmill  units 

Enlisting  Soldiers  of  the  Soil.. 


Epigrams  on  Home  Gardening  and  Food  Thrift.-.- _. 

Epoch-Making  Conference,  An — Herman  H.  Chapman.. 
Erosion,  A  Problem  of — R.  S.  Maddox_ 


Page 
.  176 

-  103 
.  80 
.  327 
.  334 

-  593 
.  2»3 
.  724 

Erosion  and  Forest  Defense,  Chasms  of — Charles  A.  Whittle..  482 

Erosion  in  Hawaii,  Aeolian — C.  S.  Judd 239 

Esthetics,  Harmonizing  Lumbering  and — C.  M.  Granger- 299 

Extension   of    National    Forests    in    Colorado,   The — H.    H. 

Chapman  ....- 399 

Feathers  and  Fins,  Flowers — R.  W.  Shufeldt -  669 

Federal    Forest    Reserves,    Recreation    in    the — Ida    Agnes 

Baker  -_ _  459 

Fertile  Soil,  Turning  a  Desert  into — Robert  H.  Moulton 549 

Fight  Against  the   Pine  Blister  Disease,  The 

Fighting  The  Pine  Blister  Disease.. 


Fig  Tree  of  Miami,  Saving  the  Old  Wild 

Fighting  Front,  A  Forester  at  the — P.  L.  Buttrick.. 

Fighting  the  Pine  Blister  Disease .- 

Fire  Fork,  A  Forest 

Fire  Loss,  Lowest  Forest  . 


Fire  Season,  Bad  Forest ., 

Fire,  The  Blue  Mesa  Forest — Henry  L.  Spencer 

Fireplaces,  A  Page  of  Remarkable 

Fires  Burn  Much  Timber,  Forest. 

Fire  Season,  The  Forest... 


First  Forest  Regiment  Goes  Across,  The.. 
Flathead  Borers  on  Forest  Trees.. 


38 
562 

43 
710 
688 

43 
172 
692 
560 
750 
520 
735 
517 
153 
349 


Florida  Magnolia  Tree,  The — Jennie  Lynne  Kyle - 

Flowers,  Daisies,  Corn  Cockle,  Bugloss,  and  Other  Summer- 

R.  W.  Shufeldt 285 

Flowers,  Early  Spring  and  Summer — R,  W.  Shufeldt 161 

Flowers,  Feathers  and  Fins — R.  W.  Shufeldt... 669 

Flowers,  Forest — Bessie  L.  Putnam _ _..  343 

Flowers,  Midsummer — R.  W.  Shufeldt - - 403 

Flower  Specimens,  Collecting  Tree  and — R.  W.  Shufeldt 169 

Flowers  That  Bloom  in  June— R.  W.  Shufeldt 340 

Flowers   that  Boys  and  Girls   Should  Know,  Wild — R.  W. 

Shufeldt _ 474 

Flying  Wedge  of  Bankers  and  Farmers — Address  by  Charles 

Lathrop  Pack 590 

Food  Crisis,  The — Charles  Lathrop  Pack 199 

Food  Gardens,  A  Million  and  More... .. 263 

Food  Garden  as  a  Character  Builder,  The  (Editorial) 367 

Food  Gardens,  Planting  One  Million 197 

Food  Problem,  War  and  the — Norman  C.  McLoud 521 

Food    Production — It's    Past   and    It's    Future.     Urban    and 

Suburban, — Charles  Lathrop  Pack _ - 676 

Food-Producing  Trees — J.  Russell  Smith-; __  228 

Food,  Some  Achievements  in— Norman  C.  McLoud 593 

Food,  The  New  Freedom — of — Norman  C.  McLoud 465 

Food  Thrift,  Widespread  Activity  in  Home — Charles  Lathrop 

Pack 


Forest  Resources  and  the  War,  Our- 

Forest  Fire  Season,   Bad 

Forest  Fire  Season,   The.. 


-E.  A.  Sterling-. 


Forest  Fires,  Women  Help  to  Fight 

Forests,  How  Warfare  Taxes  the..- — — 

Forester  at  the  Fighting  Front,  A — P.'L.   Buttrick.- 

Foresters  and  Woodsmen  in  War  Work 

Foresters  in  Demand 


519 
689 
692 
735 
674 
716 
710 
719 
542 
328 
30 
560 
520 
499 
342 
170 
Forests,  Recreational  Uses  of  the  National — Henry  S.  Graves.-  133 

Forest  Regiment  Goes  Across,  The  First 517 

Forest  Regiment  oflf  for  France.. - 396 

Forest  Resources,   South   American — 295 

Forest  Service  Reveals  Lumber  Industry  Conditions,  The —  105 
Forest  Week,  New  York's 548 

„  348 

..._  644 

453 

268 


Forests  and  Lumber,  War 

Forest  Destruction,  French  Forest — Urbain  Gohier.. 

Forest  Fire,  The  Blue  Mesa — Henry  L.  Spencer 

Forest  Fires  Burn  Much  Timber _ 

Forests,  Insuring  Standing 

Forest  Flowers — Bessie  L.   Putnam.. 
Forests  Given  Permanence,  National. 


Foresters  in  Military  Service,  Roster  of 

Foresters  in  War  Work 

Foresters  in  World's  Largest  Regiment... 

Foresters  to  the  Front — Bristow  Adams.. 
Foresters  for  National  Defense.. 


Forestration  Commission,  Nebraska's — Woodruff  Ball 212 

Forestry  and  the  Paper  Industry — D.  F.  Houston — 205 

Forestry  and  the  War — Charles  Lathrop  Pack.. ._ 559 

Forestry   as   a   Profession   for   Young   Men   in   the  United 

States— (Editorial)   _ 691 

Forestry  at  Bates  College.... _ — -  655 

Forestry   for  Boys  and  Girls    (Department  of   Magazine)  — 

Bristow  Adams.-32  ;  94 ;  166 ;  290 ;  364 ;  428 ;  494 ;  552 ;  678. 

Forestry  Guy,  The— Poem — Arthur  Chapman — 289 

Forestry  in  Vermont — Roderic  M.  Olzendam _ 49 

Forestry,  Landscaping  and — Smith  Riley. _ 727 

Forestry  Meeting  at  Pittsburgh 284 

Forestry  Progressing  in  China 407 

Forestry  Regiment  in  Action,  A 325 


Forestry  Regiments,  Relief  Fund  for  the_ 

Fork,  A   Forest  Fire 

Forms  of  Leaves 


Fountain.  Oak  Tree — H.  E.  Zimmerman... 

France,  Forester  Graves  in 

France,  Forest  Regiment  Off  for 

Free  Trees  for  Pennsylvania 


Freedom — of  Food,  The  New — Norman  C.  McLoud... 

French  Forest  Destruction — Urbain  Gohier 

French  Forests,  In  the.. 


Page 

643 

, 43 

412 

398 

397 

..- 396 

726 

465 

30 

- 114 

Friar,  His  Dog  and  the  Iron  Cross,  The — Alice  Spencer..._ 593 

Front,  A  Forester  at  the  Fighting — P.  L.  Buttrick 710 

Front,   Foresters  to  the — Bristow  Adams 453 

Fruit  Trees  of  Picardy,  The  (Poem)  Alice  Gertrude  Field 269 

Fruits  of  Forest  Trees.  Edible - 686 

Fuel,  Wood  to  the  Front  as  Wartime _ 741 

Fundamentals  of  a  Good  Hedge,  The — J.  J.  Levison 34 

Garden  Attractions,  Window — C.  W.  H.  Douglass 424 

Gardens,  A  Million  and  More  Food — 263 

<}ardens.  Planting  One  Million 197 

Game,  Bringing  Back  the — A.  A.  Allen.— _ .:_ _ 15 

Game  in  the  National  Forests  and  National  Parks,  Conserva- 
tion of,— E.  W.  Nelson  139 

Georgia  State  Forest  School,  Changes  at  the. _ _ 655 

Giant  Cactus,  A — Stanley  F.  Wilson — _..  427 

Gould,  Glacier  National  Park  (An  illustration)  Mount.- 473 

Gourds — An  Illustration  — _ 582 

Gouseberryes,  Ye  _ _ - 303 

Grand  Canyon,  Mining  Claims  in  the — H.  H.  Chapman 225 

Graft  on   Cork   Elm,   Natural — Guy  Caldwell 80 

Graves  in   France,  Forester _ 397 

Grazing,  Waste  of  Forage  through  Lack  of — Editorial 748 

Growth,  Some  Interesting  Trees  of  Singular 430 

Grazing  Fees  on  National  Forests,  Increasing  (Editorial) 177 

Grazing  Management  on  the  Caribou  National  Forest,  The 

Value  of,— C.  H.  Shattuck ..._ _._ 536 

Guy,  The  Forestry — Poem,  Arthur  Chapman... _ 289 

Harmonizing  Lumbering  and  Esthetics — C.  M.  Granger 299 

Has  The  Black  Forest  Gone?— John  B.  Woods 481 

Hawaii,  Aeolian  Erosion  in — C.  S.  Judd 239 

Hawaiian    Forests    (Editorial)    500 

Hawaii's  Effective  Forest  Laws __ _ 366 

Hearing,  Pine  Blister  Quarantine _  241 

Hedge,  The  Fundamentals  of  a  Good — J.  J.  Levison 34 

Historically  Interesting  Trees,  Some _ 352 

Holly  Greene,  Ye — Poem,  Donald  A.  Fraser 709 

Homestead  Law,  The  640-Acre  Stock-Raising 45 

House  is   Built,   How  a  Successful   Suburban — Rawson  W. 


Haddon 

How  Far  to  Go  in  Cavity  Filling — J.  J.  Levison 

How  Warfare  Taxes  the  Forest 

How  We  Stand  for  Efficient  State  Forestry  (Editorial) 

Hunters  of  the  Moth  Egg  Cocoons,  The  Valiant 

Hybrid  Oaks — George  B.  Sudworth.- 


693 
100 
716 
629 
498 
683 
Independence  of  American  Nurseries,  The — David  Fairchild...  213 

Identity,  A  Tree  of  Lost— John   Foote 488 

Imported  Tree  and   Plant   Pests,   Losses   Caused  by — C.  L. 

Marlatt _ 75 

Increasing  the  Grazing  Fees  on  National  Forests 177 

Indiana,  Procastination  in  (Editorial) - 367 

Indiana's  Forestry  Work 548 

India's  Forest  Management _ 172 

Industry,  Forestry  and  the  Paper — D.  F.  Houston 205 

Insect  World,  Paper-Making  in  the— R.  W.   Shufeldt 431 

Insuring  Standing  Forests _ 499 

Interesting  Trees  of  Singular  Growth,  Some L 430 

International   Forestry  Conference  and   Annual  Meeting  of 

the  American  Forestry  Association _ 46 

"In  the  Place  Where  the  Tree  Falleth"— Bristow  Adams 94 

Japanese  Cherries,  "Witch's  Broom"  on — C.  W.  H.  Douglass...  346 

June,  Flowers  that  Bloom  in— R.  W.  Shufeldt 340 

Kelsey,— A  Pioneer  Pine  Planter,  S.  T _ 96 

Knot  Over  Washington's  Tomb,  The — Gayne  T.  K.  Norton 351 

Lacey's  Organization,  Extension  of... 

Lake  Sunapee — Poem,  Richard  Butler  Glaenzer 

Lands  a  National   Problem,  Cut-over   (Editorial)...- 

Lands  Bought,  Eastern  Forest 

Landscaping  and   Forestry — Smith   Riley 

Latimer  Elm  Destroyed,  Famous- 


Law,  The  Public  Domain  and  the  Stock-Raising  Homestead 

(Editorial)     _._ 

Law,  The  640-Acre  Stock  Raising  Homestead 

Leaves,  Conservation  in  Autumn -..'. 

Leaves,  Forms  of  — 

Leaves  Valuable,  Dead 

Le  Contc  Oaks,  The... 


Legislation,  National  Park  (Editorial)   

Lignum  Vitse  in  Curacao — Miles  Haman 

Lincoln     Memorial     University    Organizes     Forest    Ranger 

Course  .- _ 

Lficusts,     (Identification    and    Characteristics)     The— S.    B. 

Detwiler  - - 

Ix>cust  Needed  for  Ships,  Black - 

Ix)ndon's  Oak,  Jack  _ 

Losses   Caused  by    Imported  Tree   and   Plant   Pests — C.   L. 

Marlatt  _ _ - ._ 


569 
240 
304 
233 

727 
20 

243 
45 
674 
412 
731 
551 
242 
331 

275 

88 
742 
436 

75 


Low-cost  Country  Houses,  A  Group  of— Rawson  Woodman 

Haddon  

Lowest  Forest  Fire  Loss 
Lumber  and  Ships,  War.., 


Lumber  for  an  Army  Cantonment 

Lumber  for  the  Expeditionary  Force 
Lumber  for  War-Time  Uses 


Lumber  Industry  Conditions,  The  Forest  Service  Reveals 
Lumbermg  and  Esthetics,  Harmonizing— C.  M.  Granger 
Lumber,  War,  Forests  and... 


Lure  of  Apache  Land,  The— Russell  T.  Edwards.- 

Lure  of  the  Beaver,  The— D.  Lange 

Magnolia  Tree,  The  Florida— Jennie  Lynne  Kyle 
Makmg  Friends  with  the  Birds— A.  A.  Allen 
Manzanillo,  The  Deadly— Frank  Coyne.- 


Maples— Poem,— Richard  Butler  Glaenzer 

Marsh   Land  and  Other  Aquatic   Plants— R.  W.   Shufeldt 
Massachusetts  Forestry  Association's  Tour  of  the  National 

Parks  and  Forests  - _„ 

Matches,  War  Styles  in ZLZIZ 

Meat  Supply  Threatened,  Our  National   (EdTtoriai)'.! 

Miami,  Saving  the  Old  Wild  Fig  Tree  of 

Michigan  to  Plant  4500  Acres  Annually _ 

Midsummer  Flowers— R.  W.  Shufeldt _..  _      1" 

Milkweeds,  The  American— R.  W.  Shufeldt _Z..Z 

Million  and  More  Food  Gardens,  A.. 


Mining  "Claims"  In  the  Grand  Canyon— H.  H.  Chapman-. 

Minnesota,  A  Great  Forward  Step  by  (Editorial) _. 

Mockingbird  Family,  The— A.  A.  Allen... 


Monarch  Pine,  The— Poem,  Leon  T.  Chamberlain 

Moro  Rock,  Famous — Mark  Daniels 

Mountain"  "Doctor — Mark  Daniels 


Mount  Gould,  Glacier  National  Park  (An  Illustration) 

Mount   Vernon   on   the    Potomac,    Planting   Memorial    Oak 

at — Mrs.  Lydia  Adams — Williams __ 

National  Defense,  Foresters   for 

National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission 

National  Forests  and  Parks,  Tour  of  the _ 

National    Forests   Given    Permanence 

National    Forests    in   Colorado,   The   Extension    of— H.    H. 

Chapman  

National  Forests,  Recreational  Uses  of  the — Henry  S.  Graves.- 

National  Forests,  Waterpower  on - __ _. 

National   Park  Legislation    (Editorial) _ 

National  Park  Service  Organized.. 


National  Parks  Versus  National  Forests  (Editorial) 

National  Graft  on  Cork  Elm — Guy  Caldwell 

Nebraska's  Forestration  Commission — Woodruff  Ball... 

New  Hampshire  Conference 

New  Spirit  of  Public  Service,  The — C.  J.  Stahl 

New  York's  Forest  Week.- 


New  York  State  College  of  Forestry  Building.- 

Nurseries,  The  Independence  of  American — David  Fairchild. 

Nut  Trees  for  Planting,  Selecting — C.  A.  Reed _ _- 

Nuthatches  and  the  Chickadees,  The — A.  A.  Allen 

Oahu  Rain  Forest,  The — Vaughan  MacCaughey 

Oaks,  Hybrid — George  B.  Sudworth 

OflKS   Trie  Le  Conte 

One-Tree  Public  Park7  A— Alien  h7 WrigS^^^ 


Only  a  Volunteer — Poem  by  a  member  of  the  20th  Engineers 

(Forest)   _ - _ :_ 

Oregon,  Efficiency  and  Economy  in  (Editorial) 

Ornamental  Shade  Trees  and  Their  Care — Homer  D.  House.. 

Our  Members  Like  the  Magazine - 

Our   Snakes  a  National   Asset — Gayne  T.   K.  Norton 

Pacific    Northwest,    Timber    Cruising    in    the — Herman    H. 

Chapman  - 

Pack,  Address  by  President  Charles  Lathrop 

Paper  Industry,  Forestry  and  the — D.  F.  Houston.. 


Paper-Making  in  the  Insect  World — R.  W.  Shufeldt 

Park  Service  Organized,  National _ 

Parks  and  Forests,  Children's  Playgrounds  in — Smith  Riley. 

Parks  Versus  National  Forests,  National 

Patrol,  Aerial  Forest — W.  T.  Cox - 

Pecans,  Planting .__ 

Pedigree  of  a  Splendid  Tree,  The J.-.. 

Pennsylvania,  Free  Trees  for... 


Pennsylvania's  State  Forests,  Valuation  of-. 
Peril  of  Combinations,  The   (Editorial)- 


Pests,  Losses   Caused  by  Imported  Tree  and  Plant — C.  L. 

Marlatt -. 

Pests,  Save  us  from  Invading — J.  G.  Sanders 

Picardy,  The  Fruit  Trees  of — Poem  by  Alice  Gertrude  Field.- 

Pine,    The — Mabel    Powers    

Pine  Blister  Disease,  An  Effective  Quarantine  Law,  $300,000 

for ...- - 

Pine  Blister  Disease,  Fighting  the 562, 

Pine  Blister  Disease,  The  Fight  Against  the 

Pine  Blister  Disease  Work  Progresses 

Pine  Blister  Quarantine  Hearing 

Pine?  Shall  We  Plant  White— C.  R.  Pettis 

Pine,  The  Monarch — Poem  by  Leon  T.  Chamberlain 

Pine,  The  Slash— Wilbur  R.  Mattoon 

Pine,  The  Sugar— S.  B.  Detwiler 

Pittsburg,  Forestry  Meeting  at_ 

Plant  A  Garden  Now— Charles  L.  Pack — -... 


Pagt 

307 
172 
261 
398 
542 
397 
105 
299 
328 
116 
600 
349 
484 
423 
165 
611 

240 

10 
501 

43 
146 
403 

21 
263 
225 
368 
539 
458 

29 
657 
473 

96 
268 
197 
240 
170 

399 
133 

42 
242 
437 

48 

80 
212 
565 
234 
548 
363 
213 
619 
663 
277 
683 
551 

99 

718 
176 
414 
51 
555 

270 

81 
205 
431 
437 
680 

48 
106 
568 

44 
726 
160 

47 

75 
147 
269 
656 

168 
688 

38 
433 
241 

70 
458 
158 
280 
284 
265 


Page 

Planting  Memorial  Oak  at  Mount  Vernon  on  the  Potomac — 

Mrs.    Lydia    Adams-\\'i:liams 96 

Planting  One  Million  Food  (jardcns . . 197 

Planting  Suggestions  for  April — J.  J.  Levison 173 

Planting,  Selecting  Nut  Trees   for — C.  A.  Reed_. 619 

Plants   and    Animals    of    the    Atlantic    and    Gulf    States — 

R.  W.  Shufeldt 743 

Playgrounds     in     Parks     and     Forests,     Children's — Smith 

Riley 680 

Porcupine  Quills   Needed   _. ; — . 10 

Primary  Education  in  Forestry  (Editorial) 242 

"Private  Property — No  Camping" — Smith  Riley 358 

Prize  Award  at  Cornell,  Forestry. 726 

Problem  of  Erosion,  A — R.  S.  Maddox 724 

Profession   for  Young  Men  in  the  United  States,   Forestry 

as  a  (Editorial)  —.. 691 

Problem,  War  and  The  Food — Norman  C.  McLoud 521 

Public    Domain    and    the    Stock-Raising    Homestead    Law, 

The  ( Editorial) _ _ 242 

Public  Service,  The  New  Spirit  of— C.  J.  StahL _....  234 

Public  Service,  The  New  Standard  of  (Editorial) 500 

Quails  Being  Exterminated,  Western — R.  W.  Shufeldt 565 

Quaint  Bit  of  Sentiment,  A — Gayne  T.  K.  Norton 668 

Quarantine  Hearing,  Pine  Blister 241 

Quarantine    Law.     $300,000    for    Pine    Blister    Disease,    An 

Effective   - -.- _  168 

Quarantines,  Pine  Blister  Disease . 302 

Queen  Anne's  Lace :     The  Papaw  Tree,  and  Self-Heal — R. 

W.  Shufeldt 543 

Rain  Forest,  The  Oahu — Vaughan  MacCaughey 276 

Ranger  Course  for  the  Southern  Appalachians,  A  Forest 275 

Ranger,  The  Diplomatic  Forest — W.  G.  Morison 435 

Records  in  the  Trunks  of  Trees,  Climatic — A.  E.  Douglass 732 

Recreation  in  the  Federal  Forest  Reserves — Ida  Agnes  Baker...  459 
Recreational  Uses  of  the  National  Forests— Henry  S.  Graves...  133 

Red  Spiders  Infest  Trees, — Eugene  M.  MendenhalL. „     14 

Reflection  Lake — An  Illustration _ 497 

Regiment  Goes  Across,  The  First  Forest 517 

Regiment  in  Action,  A  Forestry _ _. 325 

Regriment  off  for  France,  Forest _._  296 

Regiments,  Relief  Fund  for  the _ ;._ _ 643 

Relief  and  Comfort  Fund,  A 581 

Relief  Fund  for  Forestry  Regiments 643 

Roads  and  Trails,  Money  for _ 114 

Road  under  Federal  Aid  Act,  Forest.. _ _  165 

Rodent,  \.  Watchfully  Waiting — Lewis  Edwin  Theiss 395 

Roster  of  Foresters  in  Military  Service _ 652 

Rugged  Bear's  Breast  Peak — Guy  E.  Mitchell 758 

Russia's  Lumber  Industry  __ _ 353 

Sassafras,  A  Giant  ._ 472 

Sassafras  Tree,  A  Large — Bertha  M.  Tomlinson 14 

Saved  the  Trees,  Community  Spirit — Gayne  T.  K.  Norton 292 

Save  us  from  Invadin.g  Pests _. 147 

Saved  by  a  Governor,  Tree — .'\llen  H.  Wright 675 

Sawmill  Units  for  England's  Need ..„ 327 

Scenic  Marvels  of  Sevier  Forest _ 11 

Scrappin'  Fire  on  The'  Cherokee — Poem  by  H.  L.  Johnson 464 

Selecting  Nut  Trees  for  Planting— C.  A.  Reed 619 

Sevier  Forest,  Scenic  Marvels  of 11 

Shade  Trees  and  Their  Care,  Ornamental — Homer  D.  House...  414 
Shall  the  National  Forests  be  made  Self-Supporting   (Edi- 
torial)   305 

Shall  We  Cheapen  our  National  Parks?  (Editorial).. 112 

Shall  We  Plant  White  Pine?- C.  R.  Pettis 70 

Shall  We  Succeed  in  Saving  our  White  Pine?  (Editorial). Ill 

Ships,  Black  Locust  Needed  for 742 

Ships,  War,  Lumber  and „ 261 

"Shoes  and  Ships  and  Sealing  Wax" — Bristow  Adams... 678 

Slackers,  The — Poem  by  Norman  C.  McLoud , 598 

Slash  Pine,  The— Wilbur  R.  Mattoon 158 

Smith-Lever    Extension    Work    in    Forestry,    The   Need    of 

(Editorial) _ 368 

Snakes  a  National   Asset,  Our — Gayne  T.  K.   Norton 555 

Soap,  A  Tree  that  Produces _ 686 

Soil.  Enlisting  Soldiers  of  the , ~.  334 

Soldiers  of  the  Soil,  Enlisting. _ ^ 334 

Some  Achievements  in  Food — Norman  C.  McLoud 593 

South  American  Forest  Resources '. 295 

Specimens,  Collecting  Tree  and  Flower — R.  W.  Shufeldt 169 

Spraying  Work  of  the  Season — J.  J.  Levison 236 

Spring  and  Summer  Flowers,  Early — R.  W.  Shufeldt 161 

Spruce  for  Airplanes  554 


Pant 

Timber  Cruiser,  A  Ballad  of  the— Lew  R.  Sarett 726 

Timber    Cruising    in    the    Pacific    Northwest— Herman    H. 

Chapman 270 

Tomb,  The  Knot  Over  Washington's— Gayne  f.  K.  Norton.  351 

Totem  Tree,  The — H.  E.  Zimmerman 624 

Tour  of  the  National  Forests  and  Parks 240 

Trail  Marker,  A— Lena  B.  Hunzicker 667 

Tree  Saved  By  a  Governor — Allen  H.  Wright .         675 

Trees — Poem  by  Stephen  Henry  Thayer ~    g.^ 

Trees  and  Their  Care,  Ornamental  Shade — Homer  D.  House..  414 
Trees  and  the  War  (Children's  Department)  Bristow  Adams_  364 

Tree  Bows  its  Head  at  Night 

Tree's  Long  Journey  on  Truck 

Tree  of  Lost  Identity,  A— John  Foote- 
Tree  that  Produces  Soap,  A... 


Stability  into  the  Home,  Building  an  Atmosphere  of — Rawson 
W.  Haddon... „ 


State  Forestry,  How  We  Stand  for  Efficient  (Editorial) 

State  Reforestation 


630 

639 

45 

370 

45 


Trees,  Food-Producing— J.  Russell  ^mith  . 
Trees  in  the  War  Zone.. 
Trees  in  Winter- 


Stock  losses  Affect  Food  Supply  (Editorial) 

Stock  Raising  Homestead  Law.  The  fi40-Acre 

Sugar  Pine,  The   (Characteristics  and   Identification)    S.   B. 

Detwiler  ..._. 280 

Summer   Campaign    Against   the   White    Pine    Blister,   The 

( Editorial) 240 

Sunapee,  Lake — Poem  by  Richard  Butler  Glaenzer _ 240 

Suppression  of  the  Pine  Blister  Disease  of  North  America, 

The  Committee   for  the  41 

Surgery?  What  about  Tree— J.   Horace  McFarland. 531 

Swallows,  The — A.  A.  Allen  18 

Tliat  Tent  in  the  Tree 171 


-Bristow  Adams.- 


Trees,  Some  Historically  Interesting.. 


493 
655 

488 
686 
228 
109 
32 

362 

Tree  Surgery?  What  about— J.   Horace   McFarland 531 

Turning  a  Desert  into  Fertile  Soil— Robert  H.  Moulton- 549 

Twentieth  Engineers,  Foresters  in  World's  Largest  Regiment, 

The ._ _ _ _.  644 

Undreamt-of  Things,  One  of^the — Lewis  E.  Theiss.. _.  160 

Units  for  England's  Need,  Sawmill 327 

Urban  and  Suburban  Food  Production, — Past  and  Future — 

Charles  L.  Pack  

Uses    of    the     National    Forests,     Recreational— Henry     S. 

Graves  _. 

Using  Wood   in   Fireplaces  to   Conserve  Coal— Rawson  W. 

Haddon 

Value   of    Grazing    Management   on   the    Caribou    National 

Forest — C.  H.  Shattuck 

Vermont,  A  Backward  Step  in   (Editorial) 

Vermont,  Forestry  in — Roderic  M.  Oizendam.. 


Victory  for  Efficiency  and  Economy,  A  (Editorial).. 
Vireos,  The— A.  A.  Allen.. 


676 
133 

751 

536 
369 
49 
306 
272 

718 
731 
521 
689 
221 

Warfare  Taxes  the  Forests,  How 716 

War,  Forestry  and  the — Address  by  Charles  Lathrop  Pack 559 

War,  Forests  and  Lumber _ 328 

741 

261 

10 

332 

397 

718 

348 

109 

748 

42 

98 


Volunteer,  Only  A — Poem  by  a  member  of  the  20th  Engineers 

(Forest) 

Walnut  Tree,  A  Wonderful— V.  W.  Killick 

War  and  the  Food  Poblem — Norman  C.  McLoud 

War,  Our   Forest   Resources   and   the — E.   A.   Sterling 

Warblers,  The— A.  A.  Allen. 


Wartime  Fuel,  Wood  to  the  Front  as.. 

War,  Lumber  and  Ships 

War  Styles  in  Matches.. 


Wartime  Uses  of  the  Woodlot — Austin  F.  Hawcs 

Wartime   Uses,    Lumber    for 

War  Work,  Foresters  and  Woodsmen  in... 

War  Work,  Foresters  in „ 

War  Zone.  Trees  in  the _ 

Waste  of  Forage  through  Lack  of  Grazing  (Editorial). 

Water-Power  on  National  Forests 

Waxwings  Family,  The — A.  A.  Allen 


Washington's  Tomb,  The  Knot  Over — Gayne  T.  K.  Norton 351 

Western  Quails  Being  Exterminated — R.  W.  Shufeldt 565 

What  About  Tree  Surgery? — J.  Horace  McFarland 531 

What  Shall  We  Do  About  the  Pine  Blister  Disease?— S.  B. 

Detwiler 69 

White  Ash,  A  Remarkable— Herbert  W.  Cornell 93 

White  Pine  Blister  Disease 735 

White  Pine  Blister  Disease,  The — Perley  Spaulding 67 

White    Pine   Blister   Disease?     What   Shall   We   Do  About 

the— S.  B.  Detwiler  69 

White    Pine    Blister.    The    Summer    Campaign    Against   the 

(  Editorial )   _ 242 

White  Pine?    Shall  We  Plant— C.  R.  Pettis _ 70 

Widespread  Activity  in  Home  Food  Thrift — Charles  Lathrop 

Pack  519 

Wild      Flower      Department— R.      W.      ShufeWt 2l':  83:  161; 

217;  285;   340;   403;  474;  543;  611;  669;  743 
Wild   Flowers   that   Boys   and   Girls   Should   Know — R.   W. 

Shufeldt _ 474 

Willows,    The    (Identification    and    Characteristics) — S.    B. 

Detwiler j- 3 

Wind  and  the  Trees,  The — Bristow  Adams ~ 166 

Window  Garden  Attractions — C.  W.  H.  Douglass 424 

Wing.  Wood  on  the — Bristow  Adams . 583 

Wisconsin's  Forest  Playgrounds .~ 353 

"Witch's  Broom"  on  Japanese  Cherries — C.  W.  H.  Douglass..  346 

Women  Help  to  Fight  Forest  Fires _ 674 

Wood  Cutting  to  Overcome  Coal   Shortage   (Editorial) 749 

Wood  for  Fuel  (Children's  department)  Bristow  .Vdams 494 

Wood  in  Fireplaces  to  Conserve  Coal,  Using — Rawson   \\ 

Haddon - 

Woodlot,  War-Time  Uses  of  thr— Austin  F.  Hawes 

Wood  on  the  Wing — Bristow  Adams 

Woodpeckers,  The — A.  A.  Allen. 


Woodside    Foods.    Some    of    the    (Children's    Department) 

Bristow    Adams — 

Woodsmen  in  War  Work.  Foresters  and _ — 

'Wood  to  the  Front  as  Wartime  Fuel 

World's  Largest  Regiment,  Foresters  in _. 

Wrens,  The— A.  A.  Allen. 


Ye  Hollye  Greene— Poem  by  Donald  A.  Fraser.. 


751 
332 
583 
736 

438 
718 
741 
644 
419 
709 


VOLUME  23 


JULY    1917 


NUMBER  283 


American 


An  Illustrated  Magazine  about  Forestry  and 
Kindred  Subjects  Published  Each  Month 
by  the  American  Forestry  Association 

n  Of  fu;.iui...      Washington.  D.C. 


Stmpi'  -', 1'..,         „  .' ,      _. _: _  UCO'|/f 

V  wuU  and  it  tout,  totulnelai  tnlinly  <^  wood  iini  linrd 
mik  t'i^tatoMed  tkeet  inn,  toldered  at  all  joiitU.  Ufa!  for 
ireahuiU  qftimiMn  and  boardifor  roof  over  machinc-nom 
tif  faftr-mill. 


"Fungous  Growths  Destroy 
Many  Wooden  Roofs 

"New  England  Structures  Suffer 
Heavy   Damage    from    Dry-Rot'' 

The  above  quotation  is  the  caption  of  an  article  which 
appeared  in  the  American  Lumberman,  issue  of  January  6, 
1917,  describing  in  detail  the  large  loss,  due  to  decay  of 
roof-boards  and  timbers  in  cotton-  and  paper-mills. 

Creosoting  such  material  properly  will  prevent  this  loss  and 

probably  more  than  double  the  life  of  roofs  so  exposed. 

This  may  be  done  by  the  Open-Tank  system  of  treatment, 

Jl     which  is  economical  and  adaptable  to  nearly  all  conditions. 

deep. 


8xH  inch  timbi-r  dcttroyed  by  deeay^  after  nine'yeart*  ternce 
in  a  paper-mill.* 


Creosoted  wood  does  not  increase  the  fire-hazard.  When  thor- 
oughly seasoned  after  treatment  it  will  not  ignite  more 
readily  than  untreated  wood,  and  in  fact  treatment  with 
creosote  tends  to  retard  combustion. 

Lumber  creosoted  by  the  Open-Tank  system  with  a  proper 
grade  of  refined  coal-tar  creosote  oil  will  not  bleed  or  exude  oil 
when  exposed  to  the  high  temperatures  prevalent  in  machine- 
rooms  of  paper-mills  and  weave-sheds  of  cotton-mills. 

"  *  *  *  a  heavy  plank  roof  is  the  ideal  covering  for  a 
cotton-weave  shed,  provided  that  it  won't  rot."  (Quoted 
from  article  mentioned.) 

It  Won't  Rot  if  Properly  Creosoted 

CARBOSOTA— Grade-One  Liquid  Creosote  Oil  is  derived 
from  pure  coal-tar  and  refined  especially  for  use  by  the  Brush 
method  and  in  the  Open-Tanlc  system  of  treatment.  It  is 
universally  recognized  as  the  "standard"  and  specified  by 
the  largest  consumers. 

(Note:  It  is  necessary  that  all  wood  to  be  treated  by  the  Brush 
or  Open-Tank  methods  should  be  seasoned  until  air-dry.) 

Booklet  regarding  the  CARBOSOTA  treatment  free  on  request. 


Open-Tanlc  CrtoKitijii-Planl.  Note  the  tleam  eupply^^pa 
in  lie  fnrerround  and  the  iteam-pipri  in  bollim  of  tank 
amnfed  in  two  coili  of  three  lengtkt  eiich;  alto  the  onrhead 
two-ttm  chain-block  trafeling-hoitt. 


New  York  Chicago  Philadelphia 

Detroit  Birmingham        Kansas  City 

THE  PATERSON  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY, 

St.  John,  N.  B. 


The 


^giS»  Company 


Boston 

St.  Louis 

Cleveland 

Cincinnati 

PitUburgh 

Minneapolis 

Nashville 

Salt  Lake  City 

Seatde 

Peoria 

Limited: 

Montreal 
Halifax.  N.S. 

Toronto 
Sydney,  N.  S. 

Winnipeg 

Vancouver 

film Ill iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii Ill iiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii iiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii II iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mill imiiimiiimiii miimiimiiiimii 

I  AMERICAN  forestry] 

I      THE   MAGAZINE    OF   THE  AMERICAN    FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION      | 

I  PERCIVAL  SHELDON   RIDSDALE,  Editor  I 


Herman  H.  Chapman 
Ernest  A.  Sterlino 


1       July  1917    Vol.  23 


,Tll1 


I IMt tlMllllt IIIIIIIIII 


EDITORIAL  ADVISORY   BOARD 
S.  T.  Dana 
Frederick  S.  Underbill 

CONTENTS 


John  E.  Rhodes 
S.  N.  Spring 


No.  283       1 


Can    and   Cannon;  Drier  and  Dreadnaught — By   Norman  C. 

McLoud 389 

With  fourteen  illustrations. 

Forest  Regiment  Off  for  France 396 

Lumber  for  War-Time  Uses 397 

Lumber  for  an  Army  Cantonment 398 

The  Extension  of  National  Forests  in  Colorado — By  Herman 

H.  Chapman 399 

With  si.x  illustrations. 

Midsummer  Flowers— By  Dr.  R.  W.  Shufeldt 403 

With  five  illustrations. 

Forestry  Progressing  in  China 407 

With  twenty-one  illustrations. 

Forms  of  Leaves 412 

With  one  illustration. 

Ornamental  Shade  Trees  and  Their  Care — By  Homer  D.  House  414 
With  seven  illustrations. 

The  Wrens— By  A.  A.  Allen 419 

With  nine  illustrations. 

The  Deadly  Manzanillo — By  Frank  Coyne 423 

With  one  illustration. 

Window  Garden  Attractions- 

With  seven  illustrations. 


-By  C.  W.  H.  Douglass 424 


A  Giant  Cactus— By  Stanley  F.  Wilson 427 

With  one  illustration. 

Forestry  for  Boys  and  Girls— By  Bristow  Adams 428 

Some  Interesting  Trees  of  Singular  Growth 430 

With  four  illustrations. 

Paper  Making  in  the  Insect  World— By  Dr.  R.  W.  Shufeldt ...  431 
With  three  illustrations. 

Pine  Blister  Disease  Work  Progresses 433 

Editorial : 434 

Arkansas  Supports  the  National  Forests. 
A  Visitation  and  a  Moral. 
Colorado  Redeems  Herself. 

The  Diplomatic  Forest  Ranger. — By  W.  G.  Morison 435 

Jack  London's  Oak 435 

With  one  illustration. 

National  Park  Service  Organized 437 

With  one  illustration. 

American  Forestry  Magazine  Praised 433 

Canadian  Department — By  EUwood  Wilson 438 

Ciurent  Literature 440 


^imiiiiHiiniiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiniiiiiiiiiiMiiriiiiiuniuiiiimiiniiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 

I  SPECIAL  OFFER  TO  MEMBERS  ONLY  I 

I  One  of  the  following  described  books  will  be  presented  free  of  charge  to  any  member  of  the  | 

I  American  Forestry  Association  who  secures  ONE  NEW  subscribing  member :  i 

I  No.  1 — Field  Book  of  American  Trees  and  Shrubs,  465  pages,  275  illustrations  of  trees,  leaves,  j 

I  blossoms,  fruits,  seeds,  area  of  growth,  etc.  | 

I  No.  2 — Field  Book  of  Wild  Birds  and  Their  Music,  262  pages,  38  colored  and  15  other  full-page  | 

I  illustrations.  | 

I  No.  3 — Field  Book  of  American  Wild  Flowers,  587  pages,  24  colored  plates  and  215  full-page  j 

j  illustrations.                                                                               •  i 

I  FILL  OUT  THIS  BLANK  | 

I  I  present  for  Subscribing  Membership  in  the   Hmerican    JfOteStrp   HsSOCiattOtl,  1 

I  including  American  Forestry  Magazine,  and  enclose  $3.00  for  the  1917  fee —  | 

I  Name | 

Address City I 


Send  Book  No. 


to  Name 

Address City. 


$2.00  of  above  fee  is  for  Bmerican  fforcstrg  for  One  Year. 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  is  published  monthly  by  the  American  Forestry  Association. 

Subscription  price  without  membership,  three  dollars  per  year;  single  copies,  twenty-five  cents. 

Entered  as  second-class  mail  matter  December  24.  1909,  at  the  Post-office  at  Washington,  under  the  Act  of  March  3,  1879 
Copyright,  1917,  by  the  American  Forestry  Association 


?l Illllirilllllllllllllll IIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIII llullllltlllllllllll llllllllllllllll Illllllllll I Illllllllll Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllll It I Illllllllllllll Illlllll Mill Illlllll II Ill II Ill S 


ARE  you  neglecting  your  trees  ? 
Do  you  know   po^ifitJely  that 
they  are  strong  and  healthy— are 
you  *sure  they  are  free   from  decay 
and  disease? 

The  owner  of  the  tree  shown  above  assumed 
that  its  condition  was  perfect,  but  he  intended 
to  find  out  some  day  for  a  certainty. 
His  neglect  was  fatal.  The  tree,  sound  in 
appearance  to  the  untrained  eye,  inside  was 
seriously  decayed.  One  day  a  severe  storm 
blew  and  the  weakened  tree  gave  way — ruined 
beyond  saving!  It  was  a  case  of  "the  last 
straw  which  broke  the  cancel's  back." 
Take  no  chances  with  your  trees — have  them 
examined  now. 

But  be  sure  to  select  Tree  Surgeons  of  proved 
ability — experts  who  can  save  youf  trees  with- 
out guessing  or  experiment. 

Davey  Tree  Surgery  is  S'afe 

Your  trees,  many  of  them  the  product  of  sev- 
eral generations,  are  priceless.  Once  lost,  they 
cannot  he  restored  in  your  lifetime,  or  that  of 
your  children. 

To  whom  shall  you  entnist  them?  There  can 
be  only  one  answer,  for  there  is  only  one  safe 
place  to  go — to  Davey  Tree  Surgeons 
Safe — because  Davey  Tree  Surgery  is  time- 
proved;  its  record  of  successful  performance 
for  thousands  of  estate  owners  spans  a  genera- 
tion. 

Safe — because  the  Davey  Company  is  a  suc- 
cessful institution  of  financial  stability  and 
amply  able  to  make  good  in  every  detail. 
Safe — because  no  Davey  Tree  Surgeon  is  al- 
lowed any  responsibility  until  he  has  conclu- 
sively demonstrated  his  fitness.  He  must  havt? 
served  his  full  course  of  thorough,  practical 
training  and  scientific  study  in  the  Davey 
Institute  of  Tree  Surgery— a  school,  the  only 
one  of  its  kind  in  the  world,  which  we  conduct 
for  the  specific  purpose  of  dritHng  our  men  in 
Davey  methods  and  Davey  ideals. 


Safe — because  Davey  Tree  Surgery  has  been 
endorsed  as  best  by  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment, after  exhaustive  official  investigation. 
Safe — because  Davey  Tree  Surgery  is  recom- 
mended by  thousands  of  prominent  men  and 
women  whose  endorsement  you  can  accept 
with  complete  confidence.  (Several  such  en- 
dorsements appear  on  the  right) 
Tree  "patching"  cannot saveyour  trees.  Only 
scientific,  mechanically  perfect  treatment  by 
men  trained  through  years  to  the  point  of  fin- 
ished skill  can  be  permanently  successful.  And 
for  such  treatment  by  such  men  there  is  only 
one  safe  place  to  go — to  Davey  Tree  Surgeons 

Write  to-day  for  Free  Examination  of 
your  Trees 

— and  booklet.  "When  Your  Trees  Need  the 
Tree  Surgeon."  What  is  the  real  condition  of 
your  trees?  Are  insidious  diseases  and  hidden 
decay  slowly  undermining  their  strength?  Will 
the  next  severe  storm  claim  one  or  more  as  its 
victims?  Only  the  experienced  Tree  Surgeon 
can  tell  you  fully  and  definitely.  Without  cost 
or  obligation  to  you.  a  Davey  Tree  Surgeon 
will  visit  your  place,  and  render  an  honest 
verdict  regarding  their  condition  and  needs. 
Write  today. 

The    Davey  Tree  Expert    Co.,  Inc. 

1605  Elm  St.  Kent,  Ohio 

{Operating  the  Davey  Institute  of  Tree  Surgery, 
Kent,  Ohio.) 

Branch  Oi&ceB,  with  Telephone  Oonnections: 

225  Fifth  Ave  ,  New  York;  2017  Land  Title  Bldg., 

Philadelphia:  400  McOormlck  Bldg.,  Chicago 

Permanent  representatives  located  at  Huston,  Newi>ort. 
Lenox,  Hartford.  Albany.  I'otiKhkeepsie.  White  Plains. 
Stamford.  Jamaica,  L..  I..  Morrisiown.  N.  I..  Philadelphia. 
Harrisbursr.  Haltinmre,  Washington,  Unffalo.  KittsburKh. 
Cleveland.  Detroit.  Cincinnati,  l.ouisviUe.  Chicago.  Mil- 
waukee. Minneaiwlis.  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City.  Canadian 
Address:  81  St.  Peter  Street.  Quebec. 


Five  Typical  Letters  from  hundreds, 
by  satisfied  Davey  clients 

Mr.  William  Almy,  William  Almy  & 
Co.,  Boston: 

"The  skill  of  your  workmen  is  remark- 
able. I  am  sorry  I  did  not  have  this 
work  done  sooner,  as  I  apparently  lost 
a  tree  by  not  having  an  expert  examine 
my  trees  before." 

Mr.  Joseph  Pulitzer,  Jr.,  owner  of  the 
New  York  World  and  the  St.  Louis 
Post-Despatch: 

"Your  work  on  the  trees  on  my  place 
was  done  in  a  most  thorough  and  pains- 
taking rnunner." 

D.  S.  Chamberlain,  President,  Chamber- 
lain Medicine  Co.,  Des  Moines,  Iowa: 
"I  congratulate  you  on  the  excellent 
work  you  .ire  doing.  I  have  seen  much 
of  this  character  of  work  done  in  some 
foreign  countries,  as  well  as  in  the 
United  States,  but  none  as  perfect, 
scientific  and  satisfactory  as  yours." 
Dr.  G.  L.  Doenges,  Superintendent,  The 
Johns  Hopkins  Hosp.,  Baltimore,  Md.: 
"We  have  been  very  much  impressed 
by  the  work  done  here  by  the  Davey 
Tree  Company." 

Mr.  Robert  E.  Friend,  Secorid  Ward 
Savings  Bank,  Milwaukee,  Wis.: 
"I  cannot  commend  too  highly  the 
work  you  have  done,  both  this  year 
and  last,  on  our  place  at  Pine  Lake. 
Your  work  on  the  University  Club 
trees  here  in  the  city,  under  my  super- 
vision, was  iilso  very  good  indeed." 


DAVEY  TREE  SURGEONS 

FOR    SAFE   TREE  SURGERY 

Ettry  real  Davey  Tree  Surgeon  is  in  the  employ  of  the  Davey  Tree  Expert  Company  and  the  public  is  cautioned 
anainst  those  falsely  representing  themselves. 


750,000,000  Feet 
National  Forest  Timber 
To  Be  Offered  For  Sale 

The  Forest  Service  is  now 
examining  and  will  offer  for 
sale  as  a  pulpwood  propo- 
sition the  merchantable  live 
and  dead  timber  marked  or 
designated  for  cutting  on  an 
area  located  in  approxi- 
mately Township  30  N., 
Ranges  8  and  9  E.,  W.  M., 
on  the  watershed  of  the 
Stillaguamish  River,  Sno- 
qualmie  National  Forest, 
Washington,  estimated  to  be 
750,000,OOOfeetB.M.,more 
or  less,  of  western  hemlock, 
silver  fir,  mountain  hemlock, 
Sitka  spruce,  Douglas  fir,  and 
western  red  cedar  timber, 
approximately  70  per  cent 
western  hemlock,  silver  fir, 
mountain  hemlock  and  Sitka 
spruce  suitable  for  pulp- 
wood.  Formal  advertise- 
ment of  this  timber  will 
begin  eind  sample  contract 
will  be  prepared  not  later 
than  September  1,  1917. 
Those  interested  may  obtain 
further  information  from  the 

FOREST  SUPERVISOR 
SEATTLE,  WASHINGTON 

or  the 

DISTRICT  FORESTER 

PORTLAND,  OREGON 


llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 


REAL  ESTATE 


IN  THE  HEART  OF  CRAWFORD 

NOTCH,   WHITE   MOUNTAINS, 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 

500  acres  of  Woodland  in  the  centre  of 
Federal  and  State  owned  land.  Forest 
Rangers  protect  from  fire  loss.  Govern- 
ment Conservation  guarantees  scenic  value 
of  the  surrounding  timberiand. 
Game  and  FISH  greatly  increasing.  Ideal 
for  a  GENTLEMAN'S  ESTATE  for  it 
offers  the  rare  COMBINATION  of  un- 
equalled opportunity  for  SCIENTIFIC 
FORESTRY  DEVELOPMENT  and  AC- 
CESSIBILITY to  the  best  SUMMER 
RESORTS.  Bretton  Woods  only  10  miles 
away. 

The  fine  scenery  includes  views  of  the  en- 
tire Presidential  Range  ; —  many  trout 
streams — pure  springs — area  well  woOded 
—  many  old  growth  trees. 

For  full  particulars  apply 

CHAS.  H.  MOREY 

BOX  27  BEMIS,  N.  H. 


CORN     CATTLE     HOGS 

Three-crop  Corn  Land 
Virgin  Soil 

No  Crop  Failures 

JOHN  L.  ROPER  LUMBER  CO. 
Norfolk.  Va. 


CANADIAN  TIMBER 

Timber  is  one  of  the  resources  of  Canada  which 
will  produce  great  wealth.  We  have  large  and 
small  propositions  for  sale,  which  will  interest 
practical  Timber  men. 

For  information,  write: 

LOUGHEED  &  TAYLOR,  LTD. 

CALGARY  CANADA 


PHILIP  T.  COOLIDGE 
FORESTER 

Stetaon  Bldg.,  31  Central  Street,  Bangor,  Me. 

Management  and  Protection  of  Woodlands 
Improvement  Cuttings,  Planting,  Timber 
Estimates  and  Maps.     Surveying 


MOUNTAIN  CABIN  FOR  RENT 

Located  10  miles  from  Asheville,  N.  C.  Adjoin- 
ing the  Mt.  Mitchell  National  Forest.  Roads 
good,  scenery  unsurpassed,  climate  salubrious, 
spring  water  refreshing.  3500  feet  altitude.  25- 
mile  view. 

HOWARD  R.  KRINBILL 

FOREST  ENGINEER  NEWBERN,  N.  C. 


IF  YOU  WANT  TO  BUY 

Timberlands,  Preserves, 
Estates,  Farms,  Camps, 
etc.,  then  we  can  assist 
in  getting  exactly  what 
you  want,  provided  such 
properties  exist. 

REAL    ESTATE    DEPARTMENT 
2  West  45th  St.         New  York  City 


m 

SALE  OF  TIMBER  RED  LAKE  INDIAN 
RESERVATION. 

SEALED  BIDS,  MARKED  OUTSIDE  "BID. 
Red  Lake  Timber,"  and  addressed  to  Superinten- 
dent of  thi;  Red  Lake  Indian  School,  Red  Lake,  Minn., 
will  be  received  until  12  o'clock  noon,  Central  Time, 
September  26,  1917,  for  the  purchase  of  timber  upon 
about  51,300  acres  within  Township  150  N.,  Ranges  32, 
33,34,and35  west;  Township  151  N.,Ranne832,33,and 
34  West.  The  sale  enbraces  approximately  72,000,000 
feet, of  which  about  65%  is  white  pine,  about  27% 
Norway  Pine  and  the  remainder  Jack  Pine,  Spruce, 
Balsam,  Cedar  and  Tamarack.  Each  bid  must  state 
for  each  species  the  amount  per  thou.sand  feet  Scribner 
decimal  C  log  scale  that  will  be  paid.  The  minimum, 
prices  per  M  feet,  B.  M.,  which  will  be  accepted  are  as 
follows:  White  Pine  $10,  Norway  Pine  $8,  Spruce  $5, 
Tamarack  $3,  Jack  *  iut-  $3,  Cedar  $3,  Balsam  $2.50, 
Cedar  and  Tamarack  ties  $0.08,  Spruce  and  Balsam 
pulp  $1  per  cord.  Cedar  posts,  7  feet  long,  3  and  4 
inch  tops,  $0.01;  7  feet  long,  5  to  7  inch  tops,  $0,015; 

8  feet  long,  4  tc  7  inch  tops,  $0.02;  8  feet  long.  8  and 

9  inch  tops,  $0.05;  iO  feet  long,  4  to  7  inch  tops, 
$0.025 ;  10  feet  long,  8  to  10  inch  tops,  $0.08 ; 
12  feet  long,  4  to  7  inch  tops,  $0.03;  14  feet  long,  4 
to  7  inch  tops,  $0,035;  i^  feet  long,  4  to  7  inch 
tops,  $0.04;  18  feet  long,  4  to  7  inch  tops,  $0.06. 
Cedar  pr.l^  s,  20  feet  long,  4  to  8  inch  tops,  $0.08;  25 
feet  long,  5  to  8  inch  tops,  $0.12;  30  feet  long,  6  to  8 
in^b  top.'  $0.30;  35  feet  long,  6  to  8  inch  tops,  $0.60; 
40  feet  long,  7  to  9  inch  tops,  $1.25;  45  feel  long,  7  to 
9  inch  tops,  $1.50;  50  feet  long,  7  to  10  inch  tops, 
$2.25;  55  feet  long,  7  to  10  inch  tops,  $3;  60  feet  long, 
7  to  10  inch  tops,  $4.50.  Each  bid  must  be  submitted 
in  triplicate  and  be  accompanied  by  a  certified  check 
on  a  solvent  National  Bank  in  favor  of  the  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Red  Lske  Indian  School  in  the  amount 
of  $2,500.  The  deposit  will  be  returned  if  the  bid  is 
rejected,  but  retained  if  the  bid  is  accepted,  and  the 
required  contract  and  bond  are  not  executed  and  pre- 
sented for  approval  within  thirty  days  from  such 
acceptance.  The  right  to  reject  any  and  all  bids  is 
reserved.  For  copies  of  the  bid  and  contract  forms 
and  for  other  information,  application  should  be  made 
to  the  Indian  Superintendent,  Red  Lake,  Minnesota. 
Washington.  D.  C.  July  13.  1917.  CATO  SELLS, 
Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs. 

SALE  OF  TIMBER  FLATHEAD   INDIAN 
RESERVATION 

SEALED  BIDS  MARKED  OUTSIDE  "BID 
Flathead  Timber,  Ronan  Unit"  and  addressed  to 
Superintendent  of  the  Flathead  Indian  School,  Dixon, 
Montana,  will  be  received  until  twelve  o'clock  noon. 
Mountain  time,  Tuesday,  September  11,  1917,  for 
the  purchase  of  the  merchantable  timber  upon  tribal 
and  allotted  lands  situated  within  Sections  4  and  5  T. 

19  N.,  R.  19  W.;  Sections  5,  6,  7,  8,  9.  10.  15.  16,  17, 
18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  27,  28,  29.  32.  33,  and  34  T.  20  N., 
R.  19  W.;  Section  21,  22,  27,  32,  33,  and  34,  T.  21 
N..  R.  19  W.;  Section  1  and  Section  12  T.  20  N.,  R. 

20  W.  M.  P.  M.  containing  approximately  57.000.000 
feet  of  timber,  over  80  per  cent  Western  Yellow  Pine. 
Each  bid  shall  state  the  amount  oer  thousand  feet  B. 
M.  offered  for  Yellow  PineUncluaing  "bull  pine")  and 
the  amount  per  thousand  feet  offered  for  Fir,  Larch 
and  other  species.  Each  bid  must  be  submitted  in 
triplicat3  and  be  accompanied  by  a  certified  check  on 
a  solvent  national  bank,  drawn  in  favor  of  the  Super- 
intendent of  the  Flathead  Indian  School,  in  the 
amount  of  $2500.  The  deposit  will  be  returned  if 
the  bid  is  rejected,  and  retained  as  a  forfeit  if  the  bid 
is  accepted  and  the  bond  and  agreements  reouired  by 
the  regulations  are  not  furnished  within  60  days  from 
the  d:ite  when  the  bid  is  accepted.  No  bid  of  less 
than  $3  per  thousand  feet  for  Yellow  Pine  and  $1.25 
per,  thousand  feet  for  Douglas  Fir,  Larch  and  other 
specie^will  beaccepted.^  The  right  to  reject  any  and 
all  bids  is  reserved.  Copies  of  regulations  and  othpr 
information  regarding  the  proposed  sale  including 
specific  descripaon  of  the  sale  area  may  be  obtained 
from  the  Superintendent  of  the  Flathead  Indian 
School,  Dixon,  Montana. 

Washington,  D.  C.  May  4.  1917.    CATO  SELLS, 
Commissione*"  of  Indian  Affairs. 


TIMBER   CRUISING 

of  all  kinds,  in  all  sections,  brings  me  constantly  in 
touch  with  owners  of  timber  lands  whose  proper- 
ties are  adaptable  to  commercial  or  sporting  pur- 
poses. 

DONALD  E.  LAUDERBURN 

154  Fifth  Avenue  New  York 


READY  JULY   Ist— NEW  BOOKLET 

TIMBER  ESTIMATING  METHODS 

Original  and  Practical  Information  for  the  Tim- 
ber Cruiser,  Ti  mber  Owner,  and  Lumberman, 
giving  details  of  method  and  cost  of  Timber 
Estimating  based  on  actual  experience  on  over 
100  timber  tracts. 

Postpaid,  50  cents  each. 

HOWARD  R.  KRINBILL 

FOREST  ENGINEER  NEWBERN,  N.  C. 


»♦ , 


EXPERIENCE  :  RESOURCES  :  PRECISION 


JVhatls  a  Lacey  Report F 

It  is  science  applied  to  the  measurement 

of  timber  values  to  produce  a  statistical  photography 

so  to  speak^  of  a  tract  of  timber.  When  desirable,  it  includes  a 
detailed  contour  map  accurate  enough  to  plan  logging  operations 
upon,  and  always  includes  a  mass  of  intelligent  commentary  oij.  all 
conditions  of  interest  to  an  investing  or  logging  purchaser. 

The  LACEY  REPORT^  which  is  the  recognized 

gospel  of  timber  values,  is  but  an  index  to  the  great  facilities  and 
resources  of  this  organisation  in  whatever  pertains  to  transactions  in 
standing  timbe? — '-  the  king  of  investments  today. 

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AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


■      VOL.  XXIII 


JULY  1917 


NO.  283       1 


CAN  AND  CANNON;  DRIER  AND  DREADNAUGHT 


BY  NORMAN  C.  McLOUD 


INSPIRED  by  the  success  of  the  Home  Gardening  campaign  the  Conservation  Department  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association  is  now  cooperating  with  the  National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission  in  giving 
attention  to  the  proper  handling  of  the  national  abimdance  produced  by  2,000,000  or  more  food  gardens. 
In  this  work  Ues  Conservation  in  its  highest  form.  Production  is  but  the  first  step  in  the  fight  against  possible 
war-time  scarcity  of  food.  The  next  step  is  to  insure  the  wisest  and  best  use  of  nature's  abundance.  Waste 
must  be  eliminated.  Every  poimd  of  foodstuffs  must  be  utilized  for  food.  In  no  other  way  can  the  nation 
reap  full  reward  for  the  labors  of  its  Home  and  Community  Gardeners.  To  do  this  calls  for  Home  and  Com- 
munity Caiming  and  Drying  on  a  national  scale.  To  bring  this  about  is  the  present  aim.  In  this  movement 
there  is  need  for  help  from  the  individual  membership  of  the  American  Forestry  Association.  By  spreading 
the  gospel  of  Food  Thrift,  by  encouraging  the  people  of  their  commimities  to  can  or  dry  all  vegetables  and 
fruits  that  can  be  canned  or  dried,  and  by  helping  to  give  the  widest  possible  circulation  to  the  Canning  and 
Drying  Manuals  issued  by  the  Commission  the  members  of  the  Association  will  be  making  constructive 
contribution  to  the  cause  of  Food  Conservation. 


FOOD  Conservation  by  Canning  and  Drying  in  the 
homes  of  America  is  the  object  of  a  nation-wide 
campaign  now  being  conducted  by  the  National 
Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission  of  Washington, 
D.  C.  In  cooperation  with  the  Conservation  Department 
of  the  American  Forestry.  Association  the  Commission 
has  been  instrumental  in  causing  the  most  remarkable 
Home  Gardening  movement  the  world  has  ever  known. 
Comprehensive  survey  of  the  country  has  enabled  the 
Commission  to  announce  that  more  than  two  million  food 
gardens  have  been  planted  and  cultivated  this  year.  Most 
of  these  were  on  ground  on  which  no  planting  had  been 
done  in  the  past.  The  estimated  value  of  the  crop  is 
over  $250,000,000.  The  present  aim  is  to  insure  the 
wisest  and  most  effective  use  of  the  vast  surplus  of  garden 
stufJ  created  on  this  newly 
discovered  planting  area. 

Even  a  small  garden 
plot  will  produce  more 
vegetables  than  the  aver- 
age household  can  consume 
during  the  growing  season. 
This  is  Nature's  way  of 
providing  for  the  future. 
It  is  no  part  of  Nature's 
scheme  of  things  that  the 
surplus  should  go  to  waste. 
The  obvious  intent  of  sum- 
mer's over-abundance  is 
that  it  should  be  converted 


CARROTS  FOR  THE  WINTER 
When  sliced  lengthwise  and  properly  dried,  carrots  appear  as  here    pictured. 
Their  appetizing  appearance  is  enough  to  convert  any  household   to  the  move- 
ment for  food  conservation  by  Drying  and  Canning  in  the  home. 


into  an  unfailing  source  of  supply  for  the  needs  of  the 
winter.  To  do  this  calls  for  an  ariny  of  Home  Canners 
and  Home  Driers.  These  are  as  important  as  the  army 
of  Home  Gardeners.  In  some  respects  they  are  even 
more  important.  For  this  reason  an  urgent  summons 
has  gone  forth  drafting  the  Soldiers  of  the  Soil  to  the 
battle  against  waste.  The  can  is  as  much  needed  as  the 
cannon  ;  the  drier  is  as  imj)ortant  as  the  dreadnaught  dr 
the  submarine.  "  I 

The  battle  cry  of  the  home  gardening  movement  was 
for  food  "F.  O.  B.  the  Kitchen  Door."  The  new  call 
is  for  food  "F.  O.  B.  the  Pantry  Shelf."  Unless  garden 
products  are  saved  for  winter  use  much  of  the  labor  of 
the  Home  Gardeners  will  have  been  for  naught.  They 
will  have  had  the  benefit  of  summer  enjoyment  of  their 

food  products,  but  they  will 
miss  the  greater  benefit  that 
comes  from  providing  for 
the  winter.  With  appetites  . 
adjusted  to  the  unprece- 
dented abundance  of  this 
year's  growing  season, 
American  families  can  ill 
afford  to  go  into  the  winter 
months  without  provision 
for  a  liberal  supply  of  the 
vegetable  products  that 
have  contributed  so  much 
to  their  summer  enjoyment 
and  physical  health.  Pal- 
389 


390 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


ates  trained  to  home-grown  vegetables,  and  pocket- 
books  trained  to  the  money  saving  made  possible  by 
Home  Gardening,  will  find  the  sting  of  winter  sharp- 
ened if  they  fail  to  save  everything  that  can  be  saved. 
To  effect  this  saving  means  that  we  must  Can  all  food 
that  can  be  Canned  or  Dry  all  food  that  can  be  Dried. 

As  a  result  of  modern  methods,  vegetables  ani  fruits 
canned  at  home  closely  resemble  the  products  in  their 
natural  state.  With  most  of  them  no  cooking  is  re- 
quired in  preparing  them  for  winter  storage.  The  single 
period,  cold-pack  method,  as  developed  by  latter-day 
science,  reduces  home  canning  to  its  simplest  terms.  The 
name  of  the  method  indicates  its  simplicity.    The  vege- 


kitchen  oven  or  just  above  the  top  of  the  stove.  In  this 
way  even  so  small  a  quantity  as  a  handful  of  peas,  a  few 
sweet  potatoes,  or  even  a  single  turnip  may  be  prepared 
for  the  winter.  This  affords  an  effective  means  of  food 
thrift  in  that  it  makes  possible  the  saving  of  left-overs. 
If  small  quantities  are  thus  treated  from  day  to  day  the 
household  will  be  surprised  at  the  ease  with  which  a 
considerable  quantity  may  be  accumulated. 

Drying  operations  on  an  even  larger  scale  may  be 
conducted  with  outfits  made  at  home.  A  tray,  consisting 
of  strips  of  wood  with  galvanized  wire  bottom,  may  be 
used  over  the  stove  or  in  the  sun.  In  a  still  simpler  form 
this  tray  may  be  made  of  a  piece  of  galvanized  wire 


CANNING  ENTHUSIASM  KNOWS  NO  AGE  LIMITS 

This  is  a  picture  taken  at  a  canning  demonstration  in  a  school  house.  The  demonstration  was  conducted  by  official  leaders  in  cooperation  with  the  school  author- 
ities. By  no  means  all  the  enthusiasts  here  pictured  are  school  children.  In  the  group  may  be  seen  many  of  an  older  generation.  All  of  those  in  the  audience 
are  eagerly  seeking  expert  counsel  and  direction  as  to  home  canning. 


tables  or  fruits  are  packed  cold  and  uncooked.  Vege- 
tables are  covered  with  boiling  salted  water  and  fruits 
with  hot  sugar  syrup.  The  jars  are  then  sterilized  in  boil- 
ing water  or  steam,  to  kill  bacteria  and  prevent  spoiling, 
and  the  finished  product  is  ready  for  sealing  and  storage. 
The  simplicity  of  the  process  commenda'it  to  every  house- 
hold. 

Drying  is  even  simpler  than  canning.  It  may  be  ac- 
complished with  little  or  no  expense  for  outfits  or  con- 
tainers. The  simplest  form  is  sun  drying.  On  hot,  dry 
days  sliced  vegetables  and  fruits  are  exposed  to  the  sun, 
on  sheets  of  unprinted  paper  or  lengths  of  muslin.  This 
will  give  a  perfect  product,  if  care  is  taken  to  prevent 
exposure  to  insects  and  to  rain  or  dew.  Insects  can  be 
kept  away  by  a  covering  of  cheesecloth.  Another  simple 
form  of  drying  is  to  place  vegetables  or  fruits  in  the 


netting  with  the  edges  turned  up  for  an  inch  or  two  on 
sides  and  ends.  More  complete  driers  for  cookstoye  use 
may  be  made  at  home  with  slight  outlay,  or  they  may 
be  bought  for  as  little  as  $3.50.  Driers  of  larger  size  and 
more  conveniences  may  be  had  at  prices  ranging  from 
$16.00  to  several  hundred  dollars. 

In  canning  and  drying  the  work  may  be  done  in  the 
individual  home  or  by  groups  of  families.  By  forming 
a  club  and  carrying  on  the  work  at  a  schoolhouse  or  other 
central  place  any  number  of  households  may  purchase  the 
most  improved  equipment  at  slight  individual  cost  and 
have  the  advantage  that  arises  from  the  use  of  the  best 
facilities  as  well  as  having  the  benefit  of  neighborly  ri- 
valry. Community  canning  and  drying  are  especially 
recommended  as  producing  the  best  possible  results. 

The  imperative  need  for  Food  Thrift  was  recognized 


CAN  AND  CANNON;  DRIER  AND  DREADNAUGHT 


391 


by  the  National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission 
months  ago.  Anticipating  the  vast  production  that  would 
result  from  its  campaign  for  the  planting  of  Home  Gar- 
dens, the  Commission  began  its  propaganda  for  canning 
and  drying  before 
the  first  garden 
crops  were  har- 
vested. The  cam- 
paign has  been  con- 
ducted with  the 
same  nation-wide 
organization  that 
made  the  garden- 
ing campaign  so 
successful.  It  is 
now  in  full  swing 
and  will  be  con- 
tinued throughout 
the  season  with  a 
persistence  and 
thoroughness  that 
will  cause  it  to 
reach  practically 
every  household  in 
the  United  States. 
As  a  part  of  the 
campaign  of  Home 
Education  in  sav- 
ing food  products 
for  Winter  use,  the 
Commission  has  is- 
sued two  booklets 
for  general  distribution. 
Canning    Manual,    giving 


COMFORT  AND  UTILITY 

By  the  use  of  the  electric  fan  it  is  possible  to  achieve  excellent  results  in  drying  vegetables  and  fruits. 
The  picture  shows  trays  stacked  in  front  of  the  fan,  with  the  air  current  directed  lengthwise  in  relation  to 
the  trays.    The  method  is  extremely  simple. 


One  of  these  is  the  Home 
detailed  instructions  for  the 
conservation  of  vegetables  and  fruits  by  the  single 
period,  cold-pack  process.  In  this  pamphlet  are  em- 
bodied the  results  of  research  work  by  recognized 
experts,  and  every  effort  has  been  made  to  have  the 
manual  a  complete  guide  to  canning  operations  in  the 
home  and  in  community  clubs.  The  companion  booklet 
is  the  Home  Drying  Manual,  intended  to  serve  the  same 
purpose  in  connection  with  the  drying  process.  In  this 
pamphlet  explicit  directions  are  given  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  a  large  variety  of  vegetables  and  fruits  by  sun 
drying,  by  the  use  of  artificial  heat,  and  by  the  use  of 
the  electric  fan.  Directions  for  pickling  and  for  storage 
are  also  included. 

These  manuals  are  similar  to  the  Home  Gardening 
Primer  issued  by  the  Commission  during  the  planting 
season,  several  hundred  thousand  copies  of  which  have 
been  distributed  throughout  the  United  States.  Copies 
of  the  Home  Canning  Manual  and  the  Home  Drying 
Manual  may  be  had  upon  request  from  the  offices  of 
the  National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission  at 
210-220  Maryland  Building,  Washington,  D.  C.  Two 
cents  for  postage  should  be  enclosed  with  each  request 
for  one  of  these  booklets.  There  is  no  charge  for  the 
manuals  themselves. 

The  publication  of  these  manuals  is  only  a  part  of 
the  campaign   of   education.     As   was   the   case    in    the 


gardening  campaign,  the  Commission  is  conducting  a  na- 
tional school  in  cooperation  with  newspapers  all  over  the 
country.  Daily  lessons  in  canning  and  drying  are  fur- 
nished these  newspapers  and  are  being  printed  in  nearly 

two  thousand  pub- 
lications. 

As  a  result  of 
this  splendidly  or- 
ganized educational 
work,  no  house- 
hold will  have  an 
excuse  for  failure  to 
do  its  share  in  the 
conservation  of  the 
nation's  food  sup- 
ply. All  informa- 
tion needed  to 
make  expert  can- 
ners  and  driers  of 
the  people  of 
America  is  avail- 
able through  the 
medium  of  the 
manuals  and  the 
daily  lessons  pub- 
1  i  s  h  e  d  in  the 
newspapers.  The 
intention  of  the 
Commission  is  that 
no  household  shall 
be  overlooked. 
Everybody  is 
needed  in  the  army  of  canners  and  driers.  Every  re- 
quest for  a  booklet  will  be  cordially  welcomed  and 
every  possible  encouragement  afforded  those  who  are 
ready  to  do  their  share  in  the  great  fight  against  the  waste 
of  food. 

From  every  part  of  the  country  and  through  count- 
less channels  comes  proof  that  America  is  already  deeply 
stirred  over  the  food  question.  Prices  for  everything 
that  enters  into  the  daily  diet  of  a  hundred  million  people 
are  abnormally  high.  With  this  condition  prevailing 
during  the  season  of  production,  it  is  evident  that  the 
winter  months  will  bring  widespread  hardship  unless  due 
heed  is  given  the  imperative  demand  for  thrift  in  the 
use  and  saving  of  Food. 

The  battle  cry  of  Food  Thrift  is  directed  to  every 
household  in  America.  Its  urgency  should  be  impressed 
on  every  good  citizen,  regardless  of  age,  sex,  or  condi- 
tion. Those  who  have  done  canning  and  drying  in  the 
past  should  this  year  engage  in  these  activities  on  a 
larger  scale  than  ever  before.  For  those  who  have  not 
done  these  things  in  the  past,  wartime  is  the  time  to 
begin.  Never  again  will  the  American  Home  have  the 
same  opportunity  to  serve  the  American  Nation. 

To  become  a  canner  or  drier  of  vegetables  and  fruits 
it  is  not  necessary  that  one  should  be  a  home  gardener. 
For  those  who  have  their  own  gardens,  of  course,  the 


392 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


matter  of  summer  preparation  for  winter  food  supply 
is  already  partly  solved.  Witli  an  abundant  supply  of 
green  stuffs  of  their  own  raising,  they  are  independent 
from  the  very  outset.  To  non-jiroducers,  however,  the 
call  for  canning  and  drying  is  in  no  measure  less  ur- 
gent. Even  though  they  must  buy  their  vegetables 
and  fruits  for  canning,  they  will  find  that  the  money 
saving  will  be  very  large,  for  the  reason  that  the  buying 

will  be  done  during  the 
season  of  lowest  prices. 
Any  housewife  can  con- 
vince herself  with  five 
minutes  of  figuring  that 
she  can  reduce  the  cost 
of  winter  living  by  avail- 
ing herself  of  summer 
buying.  If  she  waits 
until  the  growing  season 
is  over  and  buys  cold- 
storage  vegetables  or 
canned  goods,  she  will 
find  her  household  ex- 
penses greatly  increased 
over  the  cost  of  the  same 
vegetables  bought  during 
the  summer  and  pre- 
pared in  her  own  home. 


AT  HOME  WITH  A  ROTARY  SLICER 

The  housewife  in  this  picture  is  preparing  sweet  potatoes  for  the  drier,  with  the 
She  has  already  cut  the  potatoes  into  slices  and  is  now  cutting  these  slices  into 
machine. 

\'arious  causes  contribute  to  this  increased  cost.  Not 
the  least  of  these  is  that  the  winter  supply  of  storage 
goods  and  canned  products  lacks  competition  with  the 
tresh  products.  With  all  merchandise  the  markets  are 
ruled  by  the  laws  of  supply  and  dernand.  In  the  grow- 
ing season  the  supply  is  so  great  as  to  keep  prices  at  the 
lowest  level.  During  the  winter,  when  production  is 
stopped,  the  canned  goods  and  the  storage  goods  have 
the  market  to  themselves.  That  prices  should  then  be 
much  higher  is  one  of  the  plainest  truths  of  economics. 
For  this  reason  the  individual  household  must  provide  its 


POTATOES  THAT  APPEAL 

Note  these  potato  strings  and  imagine  how  you  would  like  them  stored  away 
for  immediate  use  at  any  time  during  the  winter.  They  have  been  cooked,  passed 
through  a  grinder  and  then  dried.  By  elimination  of  the  moisture  they  are 
reduced  to  size  that  takes  little  storage  room. 

own  means  of  furnishing  competition.  The  one  way  in 
which  this  can  be  done  is  by  canning  and  drying  while 
the  supply  is  plentiful.  To  do  this  is  helpful  in  two 
directions.  It  utilizes  the  vast  surplus  that  would  other- 
wise go  to  waste,  and  it  makes  the  household  independent 
of  the  high  prices  of  the  winter  season. 

Another  factor  making  for  higher  prices  during  the 
winter  is  that  divers  intermediate  charges  and  profits  are 
added  to  the  price  before  they  reach  the  consumer.  The 
cost  includes  the  charges  for  cold  storage,  for  warehous- 
ing, for  transportation,  for  distribution,  and  for  many 
other  phases  of  commercial  necessity, 
to  say  nothing  of  the  interest  and  div- 
idends which  must  be  earned  on  the 
invested  capital  of  every  agency  con- 
cerned in  preparation,  distributing  and 
selling.  With  vegetables  and  fruits 
canned  at  home  even  the  non-producers 
are  freed  from  the  tax  properly  placed 
on  winter  purchases.  They  pay  for  no 
handling  except  that  connected  with  the 
market  operations  of  the  fresh  supply. 
From  the  various  charges  and  profits  con- 
nected with  goods  bought  during  the  win- 
ter they  are  entirely  immune.  In  this 
they  are  on  even  terms  with  the  home 
gardeners  after  the  first  cost  of  the 
green  stufifs. 

Of  similar  importance  is  the  national 
need  for  reducing  the  strain  on  the  trans- 
portation facilities  of  the  country.  With 
the  vast  shipments  of  munitions  and 
countless  other  forms  of  war  merchan- 
dise now  taking  place,  the  railroads  are  already  strained 
beyond  their  powers.  With  the  approach  of  winter  this 
strain  will  be  tremendously  increased.  Authorities  agree 
that  next  winter  will  see  freight  congestion  throughout 
America  on  a  more  appalling  scale  than  has  ever  been 
experienced.  The  importance  of  this  in  its  relation  to 
food  supply  can  not  be  overemphasized.  If  the  homes 
of  America  permit  themselves  to  face  the  winter  with 
their  usual  dependence  on  the  comer  grocery  and  the 
storage  warehouse  for  their  foodstuffs  they  will  be 
inviting    tragedy    in     the     form     of    high    prices    and 


aid  of  a  rotary  slicer. 
strips,  with  the  same 


CAN  AND  CANNON;  DRIER  AND  DREADNAUGHT 


393 


is  responsible  for  the  food  supply  of  her  European  Allies. 
The  American  family  can  do  nothing  more  helpful  in  this 
emergency  than  to  Can  All  Food  that  Can  be  Canned. 
In  this  way  the  Abundance  of  the  Summer  may  be  made 
to  supply  the  Needs  of  the  Winter. 

"  To  do  this  means  the  practical  application  of  the 
principles  of  Food  Thrift.  It  means  the  elimination 
of  Waste.  The  situation  demands  that  every  American 
should     do    his     share     toward     increasing     the     Food 

It    is    time   to   begin    starving 


Supply  of  the  World, 
the  American  Garbage 
Pail.  It  is  time  for 
every  woman  to  enlist 
in  the  Army  of  Can- 
ners.  It  is  time  for  the 
conservation  of  food." 

In  its  introduction 
to  the  Manual  on  Dry- 
ing, the  Commission 
says : 

"  Drying  vegetables 
and   fruits   for  winter 


^ 


^ 


AN  ARGUMENT  IN  FAVOR  OF  DRYING 
Nothing  could  be  more  inviting  than  this  plate  of  foodstuffs  prepared  for  dryine 
illis  shows  the  results  to  be  achieved,  as  to  uniformity  and  appearance  by  usiiS 
a  mechanical  device  for  preparing  shreds  or  strips  o£  vegetables. 

shortage.      If    they    engage    in    a    drying    and    canning 
campaign   of   preparedness   they   will   be    inviting   inde- 
pendence, and  at  the  same  time  they  will  be  relieving  the 
traffic  situation.     If  twenty  million  families,  or  even  ten 
million,  are  able  to  draw  on  their  own  storerooms  for 
canned  goods  and  dried  products  the  relief  to  the  traffic 
situation  will  be  tremendous.     So  vital  is  the  need  for 
this  relief  that  even  if  there  were  no  question  of  pre- 
venting waste  the  urgent  need  for  can- 
ning  and   drying    would    be   enough    to 
justify  the  stress  now  being  placed  upon 
them.     With  the  double  reason  the  re- 
quirement is  such  as  to  be  the  patriotic 
duty  of  every  household.    No  family  can 
afford  to  ignore  this  duty.    No  family  can 
afford  to  be  a  food-slacker  in  this  time 
of  war. 

Recognizing  the  tremendous  need  for 
canning  and  drying,  the  National  Emer- 
gency Food  Garden  Commission,  in  its 
manuals  on  Home  Canning  and  Home 
Drying,  has  laid  great  emphasis  on  the 
importance  of  these  activities.  This 
advice  is  fundamentally  sound  and  is 
based  on  the  knowledge  and  counsel  of 
the  nation's  leading  students  of  food  conservation  and      use  is  one  of  the  vital  national  needs  of  wartime.    As 

a  national  need  it  becomes  a  patriotic  duty.    As  a  pa- 
triotic duty  it  should  be  done  in  every  family. 

"  Failure  to  prepare  vegetables  and  fruits  for  winter 
use  by  drying  is  one  of  the  worst  examples  of  American 

extravagance.  During  the 
summer  nature  provides  an 
over-abundance.  This  year, 
with  the  planting  of  2,000,- 
000  home  food  gardens, 
stimulated  by  the  National 
Emergency  Food  Garden 
Commission,  this  abun- 
dance will  be  especially 
large.  The  excess  supply 
is  not  meant  to  go  to  waste. 
The  over-abundance  of  the 
summer  should  be  made  the 
normal  supply  of  the  win- 
lllllll      ter.    The  individual  family 


EVAPORATOR  FOR  USE  ON  COOKSTOVE 

The  fair  Conservationist  in  this  picture  is  placing  a  tempting  array  of  apple  rings  on  an  evaporator 
which  she  bought  for  $6.00.  This  drying  outfit  rests  on  the  kitchen  stove  and  is  supported  at  one  end 
by  a  metal  leg  reaching  the  floor. 


illlllllllllllllllllllll 


the  serious  problems  involved  in  the  present  situation. 
In  its  treatment  of  the  subject  the  Commission  has  under- 
taken to  drive  home  to  every  household  and  every  good 
citizen  the  duty  of  the  individual  in  connection  with  the 
food  supply  of  the  nation 
and  its  European  allies.  So 
tersely  expressed  are  these 
arguments,  and  so  irrefu- 
table, that  they  are  repro- 
duced herewith. 

"  To  save  vegetables 
and  fruits  by  Canning  this 
year  is  a  patriotic  duty," 
says  the  Commission  in  its 
Manual  on  Canning.  "  The 
war  makes  the  need  for 
Food  Conservation  more 
imperative  than  at  any 
time   in   history.     America 


THE  BATTLE  AGAINST  WASTE 


i  TY7"AR-TIME  Food  Gardens  have  already  given  § 
1  \^  us  an  abundance  of  vegetables  "  F.  O.  B.  the  | 
1  Kitchen   Door."     None   of   these   must  be  1 

i  wasted.  Every  household  must  enlist  in  the  useful  | 
1  army  of  Food  Canners  and  Food  Driers.  The  Can  1 
I  is  as  much  needed  as  the  Cannon;  the  Drier  is  as  i 
1  important  as  the  Dreadnaught  or  the  Submarine,  i 
§  Their  importance  must  not  be  overlooked.  If  we  g 
I  use  them  as  we  should  our  immediate  food  abund-  g 
I  ance  "  F.  O.  B.  the  Kitchen  Door  "  will  be  trans-  | 
■  formed  into  a  winter  food  supply  "  F.  O.  B.  the  m 
1  Pantry  Shelf." — Charles  Lathrop  Pack.  ■ 


394 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


should  conduct  drying  on  a  liberal  scale.  In  no  other 
way  can  there  be  assurance  that  America's  food  supply 
will  meet  our  own  needs.  In  no  other  way,  surely,  can 
we    answer    the    enormous    demands    made    upon    us 

for  furnishing  food  for 
our  European  Allies. 

"  The  reckless  ex- 
travagance of  living 
from  hand  to  mouth  has 
become  a  national  trait. 
Too  frequently  to-day's 
order  from  the  grocer  is 
for  to-day's  needs.  The 
WHAT  EVERY  HOME  HAS  nccds  of  to-morrow  and 

This    is    an    everyday    family  wash-boiler.  .  i    r^    ^ 

By  inserting  a  rack  of  light  wooden  strips,  Uext  wmtCr    are    Icit    tO 

an  inch  from  the  bottom,  its  owner  has  made  ,  r    .  i               i 

it  into  a  perfect  hot-water  bath   for  home  take  CarC   Ot    thcmselvCS. 

canning    by    the    cold-pack    method.      The  rj^.  .  i._     -      i                i 

jars  are  subjected  to  heat  in  this  boiler  and  1  hlS  reSUltS  IH  heavy  lOSS 

the  contents  require  no  cooking.  r    r  j             j       ^       j       ■ 

of  food  products  during 
the  growing  season,  when  they  are  plentiful,  and  high 
prices  during  the  winter  when  production  is  stopped. 
Winter  buying  of  vegetables  and  fruits  is  costly.  It 
means  that  you  pay  transportation,  cold- 
storage  and  commission  merchants' 
charges  and  profits.  Summer  is  the 
time  of  lowest  prices.  Summer,  there- 
fore, is  the  time  to  buy  for  winter  use. 
"  Every  pound  of  food  products 
grown  this  year  will  be  needed  to  com- 
bat Food  Famine.  The  loss  that  can 
be  prevented,  the  money  saving  that  can 
be  effected  and  the  transportation  relief 
that  can  be  brought  about  make  it  essen- 
tial that  every  American  household 
should  make  vegetable  and  fruit  drying 
a  part  of  its  program  of  Food  Thrift. 
The  results  can  be  gained  in  no  other 
way.  Vegetable  and  fruit  drying  has 
been  little  practiced  for  a  generation 
or  more.  Its  revival  on  a  general  scale  is  the  purpose  of 
this  manual.  There  is  no  desire  to  detract  from  the  im- 
portance of  canning  operations.  Drying  must  not  be 
regarded  as  taking  the  place  of  the 
preservation  of  vegetables  and  fruits 
in  tins  and  glass  jars.  It  must  be 
viewed  as  an  important  adjunct 
thereto.  Drying  is  important  and 
economical  in  every  home,  whether 
on  the  farm,  in  the  village,  in  the 
town,  or  in  the  city.  For  city 
dwellers  it  has  the  special  advantage 
that  little  storage  space  is  required 
for  the  dried  food.  One  hundred 
pounds  of  some  fresh  vegetables  will 
reduce  to  10  pounds  in  drying  with- 
out loss  of  flavor  or  food  value. 
"  This  year's  need  for  vegetable 
and  fruit  drying  is  given  added  emphasis  by  the  shortage 
of  tin  for  the  manufacture  of  cans.  This  condition  has 
created  an  unusual  demand  for  glass  jars.  For  this  year, 
therefore,  drying  is  of  more  than  normal  importance. 


CANNING  MADE  EASY 
A  simple  type  of  canner  for  use  in  the  cold- 
pack  method.  This  is  known  as  a  water- 
seal  outfit  and  consists  of  cover,  with  ther- 
mometer, a  holder  for  jars  or  cans  and  a 
basket-crate  for  ease  in  handling  the  contain- 
ers.   It  is  used  on  the  top  of  a  kitchen  stove. 


A  CANNER  FROM  THE  STORE 
The  canner  here  pictured  is  for  use  in 
the  cold-pack  method  of  canning.  It  has 
its  own  furnace,  a  vat  for  holding  jars,  a 
smoke  pipe  and  a  cover.  There  are  several 
makes  of  this  type  of  canner  and  they  are 
efficient  and  not  expensive. 


Dried  products  can  be  stored  in  receptacles  that  could  not 
be  used  for  canning." 

The  storage  of  vegetables  in  their  natural  condition 
is  treated  by  the  Commission  as  an  important  adjunct  to 
canning  and  drying. 
Potatoes,  beets,  car- 
rots, parsnips,  sal- 
sify, turnips,  cab- 
bage, celery,  onions, 
sweet  potatoes,  dry 
beans,  and  dry  lima 
beans  may  be 
so  stored. 

In  a  house  heated 
by  a  cellar  furnace, 
partition  off  a  small 
room.  It  is  best  to  have  in  it  at  least  one  outside 
window  for  temperature  regulation.  An  earth  floor  is 
desirable.  In  this  room  may  be  stored  potatoes,  beets, 
carrots,  parsnips,  turnips,  and  salsify.  Put  them  in  bins 
or  in  boxes,  baskets  or  barrels.  The  vegetables  should 
be  harvested  when  the  ground  is  dry 
and  should  lie  out-doors  until  any  mois- 
ture on  them  has  evaporated.  Remove 
the  tops  from  beets,  turnips,  carrots,  and 
salsify. 

For  out-door  storage  make  a  pit  6  or 
8  inches  deep  and  as  large  as  needed,  in 
a  well-drained  place.  Line  this  with 
straw,  leaves,  or  similar  material,  and 
place  the  vegetables  on  this  lining  in  a 
conical  pile.  Cover  the  vegetables  with 
straw,  leaves  or  something  similar  and 
cover  this  with  enough  earth  to  prevent 
freezirg.  It  is  well  to  make  several 
small  pits  rather  than  one  large  one, 
for  the  reason  that  when  a  pit  has  been 
once  opened  the  entire  contents  should 
This    form 


FOR  HOME  DRYING 
This  is  a  type  of  drier 
manufactured  for  home 
use.  It  may  be  bought 
either  with  or  without 
its  furnace,  and  used  on 
top  of  the  ordinary 
kitchen  stove. 


be   removed 

of  storage  is  used  for  pota- 
toes, beets,  carrots,  tur- 
nips, parsnips,  cabbage, 
and  salsify.  It  is  well  to 
store  several  varieties  of 
vegetable  in  one  pit,  for 
convenience  in  winter  use. 

For  cabbage  the  pit 
should  be  long  and  nar- 
row. The  cabbages  are 
placed  in  rows  with  heads 
down  and  covered  with 
dirt.  The  removal  of  a 
portion  of  this  supply  does 
not  disturb  the  remainder. 
Cabbages  may  be  stored 
in  the  cellar  in  boxes  or 
barrels  of  earth  or  sand. 

Briefly  summarized,  America  is  now  in  the  midst  of 
its  year  of  greatest  plenty  in  the  production  of  garden 
truck.    Emergency  food  gardens  have  changed  the  entire 


USEFUL  COOKSTOVE  DRIER 

The  type  here  pictured  is  made  at 
home  or  may  be  bought  already 
made.  It  has  galvanized  iron  sides, 
a  series  of  trays  and  a  swinging  door. 
It  is  used  on  top  of  the  kitchen  stove 
and  is  highly  efficient  in  drying  vege- 
tables and  fruits. 


CAN  AND  CANNON;  DRIER  AND  DREADNAUGHT 


395 


face  of  the  national  landscape.     Complete  transforma- 
tion has  been  wrought  in  the  American  backyard  and 

vacant  lot.  In  the 
past  these  areas 
were  waste  places 
whereon  the  chief 
fruitfulness  was  di- 
lapidated tinware. 
Discarded  tins 
from  the  corner 
grocery  were  a 
standard  crop,  per- 
ennial, unfailing, 
?.a  n  d  in  perpetual 
bloom.  To-day  the 
waste  places  flour- 
ish with  the  abun- 
dance of  nature. 
Instead  of  tomato 
cans  the  backyard 
has  its  crop  of  tomatoes.  For  unnumbered  tins  we 
have  substituted  foodstuffs  in  unmeasured  tons.  With 
the  advent  of  the  season  for  canning  and  drying  we 
must  carry  the  transformation  one  step  further.  For 
the  discarded  tins  we  must  now  substitute  cans  and 
jars  filled  with  an  abundance  of  our  own  making.  Now 
that  we  have  taken  the  cans  from  the  backyards  we 


HOMEMADE  SUX  DRIER 

A  simple  form  of  construction  is  used  in  this 
drier  and  the  ease  with  which  it  may  be 
made  is  out  of  all  proportion  to  its  great 
value.  The  sloping  glass  top  .^xposes  the  con- 
tents to  the  sun.  The  tray  for  holding  vege- 
tables or  fruits  is  made  of  strips  of  wood  with 
galvanized  wire  mesh  bottom. 


must  place  their  brethren  on  the  pantry  shelf  as  com- 
ponent parts  of  a  company  of  holders  carrying  our  food 
supply  for  the  win- 
ter. The  food  gar- 
d  e  n  has  already 
given  us  food  "F. 
O.  B.  the  Kitchen 
Door."  Our  can- 
ning and  drying 
operations  must 
give  us  winter 
abundance  "F.  O.  B. 
the  Pantry  Shelf." 
In  this  campaign 
F.  O.  B.  has  a 
double  meaning. 
To  the  student  of 
economics  it  means 
delivered  free  of 
charge.  To  those 
w  h  o    realize    the      one  form  of  drier  made  at 

,     .  HOME 

need     tor     an     abun-  This   drier   makes   possible   highly   effective 

j„„,.       r„_j  1  vegetable  and  fruit  drying  and  its  simplicity 

aant       lOOa       supply  is  such  that  it  may  be  made  at  home  with 

r        ii.         1 1  ■     J  ■  little  trouble.    It  consists  of  a  series  of  trays 

tor  the  allied  armies  supported   by   light   framework.      The  bot- 
toms of  the     trays  are  of  galvanized  wire 

Its      meaning      is  mesh,     it  is  to  be  used  over  a  stove. 

"Feed  Our  Boys."    That  this  meaning  will  be  met  with 
indifference  and  neglect  is  not  to  be  believed. 


A  WATCHFULLY  WAITING  RODENT 
By  Lewis  Edwin  Theiss 

WE  were  trout  fishing.  Noon  came  and  with  it  the 
call  of  Nature.  We  looked  about  for  a  suitable 
place  to  eat.  Near  the  stream  was  an  opening  in 
the  forest.  A  giant  tree  had  fallen,  making  a  great  hole 
in  the  leafy  canopy.  Through  this  hole  in  the  forest  roof, 
the  sun  streamed  down  warm  and  grateful,  for  it  was  a 
chilly  day  in  early  spring.  The  tree  lay  prone  in  the  center 
of  the  patch  of  sunlight.  We  put  our  limch  on  its  trunk 
and  seated  ourselves  astride  the  tree,  facing  each  other, 
the  lunch  between  us. 

Twenty-five  feet  distant  rose  a  tuft  of  tall  grass,  near 
some  underbrush.  The  grass  was  a  vivid,  fresh  green. 
All  about  it  were  the  sere,  brown  leaves.  This  splash  of 
bright  color  caught  and  held  the  eye.  And  as  we  looked 
at  it,  one  of  the  graceful  stalks  of  grass  trembled,  waved 
fitfully,  and  disappeared.  The  remainder  of  the  grass 
stalks  were  as  motionless  as  the  painted  ship  of  poetic 
fame.  We  watched.  Presently  a  second  stalk  quivered, 
shook,  and  fell.  In  due  season  another  vanished.  Yet 
not  another  thing  stirred. 

Intently  we  watched.  One  after  one  the  grass  stalks 
disappeared ;  and  when  the  clump  was  sufficiently  thinned, 
we  saw  the  cause  of  it  all.     A  sleek,  Httle  woodmouse 


was  cutting  these  grass  blades  one  by  one  and  dragging 
them  into  her  nest  to  line  it. 

The  entrance  to  the  nest  was  the  familiar  Httle  open- 
ing under  the  brown  leaves.  So  unsubstantial  was  this 
leaf  roof  that  we  could  even  trace  the  mouse's  movements 
underground,  by  the  slight  motion  of  the  leaf-mold. 

For  perhaps  fifteen  minutes  we  watched  this  little 
creature  in  silence.    Blade  after  blade  of  grass  disappeared. 
Then  no  more  fell  for  a  time.     Then  the  harvesting  was  . 
resumed,  only  to  be  interrupted  again.     What  was  the 
mouse  doing  in  these  hiatuses  ?    We  watched  intently. 

Suddenly,  near  at  hand,  two  button-bright  eyes  and 
a  brown  nose  popped  out  from  under  the  leaves,  regarded 
us  a  moment,  and  disappeared.  The  grass  cutting  was 
resumed.  Presently  it  stopped.  We  watched  closely. 
Many  feet  away  the  same  brown  head  suddenly  appeared 
above  the  forest  floor.  It  watched  us  for  a  moment,  then 
withdrew.  And  again  the  haying  continued.  So  it  went 
on  throughout  our  entire  lunch  period — which  we  piu^- 
posely  prolonged.  A  dozen  tunnels  led  to  the  grass-lined 
nest,  and  at  every  one  the  little  mouse  took  a  squint  at 
us,  then  went  on  with  her  work.  Presently  we  withdrew 
quietly.  We  had  learned  how  the  mouse  kept  watch  of  us. 
We  went  away  wondering  how  the  trout  managed  it — 
for  our  creels  were  empty. 


1V"EVER  backfire  against  a  forest  fire  from  the  bottom     TF  you  are  burning  resinous  wood,  such  as  pine,  and  yoiir 
-1-  '  of  a  mountain.    You  may  bum  up  some  of  your  own     -l  chimney  becomes  clogged ' 
party  if  you  do.    Go  to  the  top  and  work  down  the  hill.  of  sheet  zinc  on  the  fire. 


with  soot,  throw  a  few  pieces 


:Ml<ftf*^^  ti  M' 


FOREST  REGIMENT  OFF  FOR  FRANCE 


/        ^TTIHE  roster  of  commissioned  officers  in  the  "forest 
'  X.    regiment,"  or,  as  the  War  Department  designates  it, 

the  Tenth  Reserve  Engineers  (Forest),  has  just  been 
announced  and  includes  two  regxilar  army  officers,  15 
foresters  from  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service  and  two  from  the 
Forest  Branch  of  British  Columbia,  one  lumberman  from 
the  Indian  Forest  Service,  and  13  foresters  and  lumber- 
men taken  from  private  or  institutional  work. 

The    War   Department   has    designated   Lieutenant 
.        Colonel  James  A.  Woodruff  of  the  Engineer  Corps  to 
/ '      organize  and  command  the  regiment,  and  Beverly  C.  Dunn, 
Captain  of  Engineers,  As  Adjutant.    W.  B.  Greeley,  now 
Assistant  Forester  in  charge  of  the  branches  of  silviculture 
and  research,  U.  S.  Forest  Service,  and  formerly  district 
forester  in  charge  of  the  National  Forests  of  Montana 
and  Northern  Idaho,  has  been  selected  to  serve  lis  Major 
on  the  regimental  staff  and^io  aid  in  the  organization  and 
equipment  of  the  regiment.    The  remaining  officers  will 
be  as  follows : 
Cvi      Majors  in  command  of  battalions:  R.  E.  Benedict, 
assistant  forester  in  the  Forest  Branch  of  British  Columbia, 
and  C.  S.  Chapman,  manager  of  the  private  timber  pro- 
tective associations  of  Western  Oregon. 

Captains:  Edward  S.  Bryant,  forest  inspector,  U.  S. 
Forest  Service,  stationed  at  Washington,  D.  C;  Inman  F. 
Eldredge,  forest  supervisor  of  the  Florida  National  Forest, 
-stationed  at  Pensacola,  Florida;  J.  D.  Guthrie,  forest 
supervisor  of  the  Coconino  National  Forest,  stationed  at 
Flagstaff,  Arizona ;  Evan  W.  Kelly,  forest  examiner,  U.  S. 
Forest  Service,  stationed  at  San  Francisco;  John  Lafon, 
assistant  forester  in  charge  of  timber  operations.  Forest 
Branch  of  British  Columbia;  David  T.  Mason,  professor  of 
forestry  at  the  University  of  California;  W.  N.  Millar, 
professor  of  forestry  at  the  University  of  Toronto ;  Barring- 
ton  Moore,  a  private  forester  from  New  York  City;  Arthur 
C.  Ringland,  forest  inspector,  U.  S.  Forest  Service,  sta- 
tioned at  Washington,  D.  C;  Dorr  Skeels,  logging  engi- 
neer and  professor  of  forestry  at  the  University  of 
Montana.  The  three  captains  taken  from  university 
professorships  are,  it  is  stated,  chosen  because  of  their 
extensive  past  experience  in  practical  lumbering  and 
other  woods  work. 

First  Lieutenants :  Risden  T.  Allen  of  the  Allen-Med- 
ley Lumber  Company,  Devereux,  Georgia;  M.  S.  Bene- 
dict, forest  supervisor  of  the  Sawtooth  National  Forest, 
stationed  at  Hailey,  Idaho;  Robert  L.  Deering,  forest 
examiner,  U.  S.  Forest  Service,  stationed  at  Albuquerque, 
N.  M. ;  Clarence  R.  Dunston,  lumberman,  U.  S.  Indian 
Service,  stationed  at  Dixon,  Montana;  D.  P.  Godwin, 
forest  examiner,  U.  S.  Forest  Service,  stationed  at  San 
Francisco;  J.  G.  Kelly,  lumberman,  of  Portland,  Oregon; 
Eugene  L.  Lindsay,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  Forest  Service, 
stationed  at  Washington,  D.  C;  E.  C.  Sanford,  forest 
supervisor  of  the  Idaho  National  Forest,  stationed  at  Mc- 
Cale,  Idaho;  H.  C.  Williams,  who  recentiy  resigned  from 
the  supervisorship  of  the  same  forest;  Stanley  L.  Wolfe, 
forest  examinier,  U.  S.  Forest  Service,  stationed  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. ;  J.  B.  Woods  of  the  Arkansas  Land  and  Lum- 
ber Company,  Malvern,  Arkansas;  Herman  Work,  deputy 
forest  supervisor  of  the  Caribou  National  Forest,  stationed 
at  Montpelier,  Idaho. 

Second  Lieutenants:  H.  R.  Condon,  forester  with  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad,  Philadelphia;  S.  H.  Hodgman, 
logging  camp  foreman  with  the  Potiatch  Timber  Company, 
Potlatch,  Idaho;  W.  H.  Gallaher,  forest  examiner,  U.  S. 
Forest  Service,  stationed  at  San  Francisco;  J.  W.  Seltzer, 
396 


forester  with  the  New  Jersey  Zinc  Company,  Franklin, 
New  Jersey;  H.  B.  Shepard,  forester  with  the  Lincoln 
Pulp  Company,  Bangor,  Maine;  E.  F.  Wohlenberg,  forest 
examiner,  U.  S.  Forest  Service,  stationed  at  Flagstaff, 
Arizona. 

Recruiting  for  the  rank  and  file  of  the  regiment  is 
actively  under  way.  The  enlisted  men^-wlfl  be  picked 
woodsmen.  With  only  two  thousand  men  needed  out  of--^, 
the  vast  niunber  of  woods  workers  which  the  lumber  i 
industry  of  the  United  States  employs,  and  with  rapid 
recruiting  necessary,  a  special  machinery  has  been  devel- 
oped to  handle  the  preliminary  stages  of  enlistment.  Local 
representatives  of  the  Forest  Service  in  various  parts  of  the 
country  and  a  number  of  State  forestry  officials  have  been 
designated  as  "listing  officers"  to  secure  appUcations  from 
men  in  their  neighborhood  who  are  known  to  be  of  the 
right  type.  By  this  "still  hunt"  method  it  is  beUeved  that 
an  efficient  force  can  be  gathered  much  more  successfully 
than  by  encouraging  a  large  number  of  miscellaneous 
applications  which  could  not  be  thoroughly  sifted  without 
a  great  deal  of  effort.  Great  care  will  be  used  to  secure 
men  proficient  in  woods  work. 

The  regiment  will  convert  available  timber  behind  the 
battle  lines  in  France  into  railroad  ties,  trench  timbers, 
mine  props,  bridge  timbers,  lumber,  and  cordwood  needed 
in  the  military  operations  of  the  British  Army.  The  work 
may,  it  is  stated,  fall  within  the  danger  zone  and  will  be 
done  largely  in  sprout  forests  of  oak,  beech,  hornbeam, 
and  other  hardwoods,  with  some  stands  of  pine.  The  tim- 
ber is  small  in  comparison  with  most  American  forests, 
much  of  it  from  8  to  12  inches  in  diameter.  These  forests 
resemble  the  woodlots  of  southern  New  England,  and  the 
operations  will  be  similar  to  portable  sawmill  logging  and 
tie  cutting  in  Massachusetts,  Coimecticut,  Maryland,  and 
Virginia.  The  larger  logs  will  be  sawn  into  boards  and 
dimension  material,  while  the  smaller  trees  will  be  cut 
into  hewn  ties,  poles,  props,  etc.  ^he  closest  possible  use 
of  timber  will  be  required. 

The  French  forests  have  for  many  years  been  managed 
with  great  care  and  skill.  It  is  the  view  of  the  Govern- 
ment's forestry  officials  that  if  the  American  forest  regi- 
ment is  to  do  creditable  work,  it  must  be  able  not  only  -to 
cut  and  manxifacture  the  timber  with  high  efficiency,  but 
also  to  avoid  waste  and  leav^  the  forests  in  good  shape  for 
future  production.  This  is'me  reason  for  selecting  mainly 
trained  foresters  as  officersi^  +'  '-*  '  '-  '^"  ^^'-  ->  "    ■'  ^    ^ 

The  regiment  wiH  be  made  up  of  six  companies  of  164  ~~j 
men  each,  aside  from  battaUon  and  regimental  staffs,  I 
drivers,  and  commissioned  officers.  It  will  be  sent  over- 
seas as  soon  as  organized,  trained  and  equipped.  It  will 
first  be  assembled  at  two  training  camps,  the  regimental 
headquarters,  and  one  battalion  at  the  American  Univer- 
sity, Washington,  D.  C.,and  one  battalion  at  Fort  Leaven- 
worth, Kansas.  ^ 

Enlistment  is  for  the  period  of  the  war.  Recruits  must 
be  between  the  ages  of  18  and  40  and  must  be  citizens  of 
the  United  States  or  have  declared  their  intention  to 
become  such.  They  are  subject  to  the  same  physical 
examination  as  that  required  for  other  military  service. 

While  designed  to  serve  primarily  as  a  mobile  logging 
and  milling  crew,  the  regiment  will  be  organized  on  miU- 
tary  lines  and  its  members  will  be  uniformed  and  armed 
like  other  units  in  the  United  States  Army.  The  first  duty 
of  its  officers  and  men  will  be  to  learn  military  discipline 
and  teamwork  through  thorough-going  drill  at  training 
camps. 


LUMBER  FOR  WAR-TIME  USES 


397 


For  the  logging  crews  skilled  axemen,  sawyers,  tie 
hewers,  skidders,  teamsters,  and  blacksmiths  are  being 
enlisted.  Millwrights,  sawyers,  and  engineers  are  to  man 
portable  sawmills  which  will  form  part  of  the  equipment, 
while  suitable  helpers  for  the  various  activities  connected 


with  woods  operations  and  the  maintenance  of  large  camps 
will  be  picked  up. 

The  prompt  recruiting  of  this  regiment  will,  it  is  ex- 
pected, enable  it  to  be  among  the  first  to  carry  the  flag  of 
the  United  States  abroad. 


FORESTER  GRAVES  IN  FRANCE 


ANNOUNCEMENT  of  the  arrival  of  Henry  S. 
Graves,  Chief  of  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service  in  Paris, 
has  led  the  Department  of  Agriculture  to  explain 
that  Mr.  Graves  has  gone  abroad  to  make  arrangements 
for  the  forest  work  which  the  American  army  engineers 
will  undertake  in  France  in  connection  with  the  military 
operations  of  the  Allied  forces. 

Because  of  the  opportunity  for  service  by  this  country 
in  woods  work  incidental  to  the  war  which  the  request 
of  the  British  Government  for  the  sending  of  a  forest 
regiment  was  believed  to  present,  Mr.  Graves  has  been 
granted  leave  of  absence  from  his  position  as  head  of 
the  Forest  Service  and  has  received  a  commission  as 
Major  in  the  Reserve  Engineer  Corps.  He  has  not  been 
assigned  to  any  command,  but  is  acting  under  instruc- 


tions, it  is  stated,  to  proceed  to  France  in  order  to  learn 
on  the  ground  in  advance  just  what  conditions  will  need 
to  be  met,  what  equipment  will  be  called  for,  and  how 
extensively  the  services  of  American  lumbermen  can  be 
utilized  to  advantage.  Meanwhile  the  recruiting  of  the 
regiment  which  has  already  been  asked  for  is  being  pushed 
by  the  Forest  Service  and  is  said  to  be  advancing  rapidly. 
One  of  the  staff  officers  of  the  regiment,  Captain 
Barrington  Moore,  is  with  Mr.  Graves  for  the  purpose 
of  arranging  for  its  prompt  assumption  of  the  specific 
duties  to  which  it  will  be  assigned  when  it  is  landed  in 
France.  While  organized  on  military  lines,  the  work  of 
the  regiment  will  be  industrial,  not  combatant.  It  will 
operate  in  the  woods  behind  the  armies,  getting  out 
timbers,  ties,  and  lumber  required  for  military  purposes. 


LUMBER  FOR  WAR-TIME  USES 


THE  lumber  committee  of  the  advisory  commission, 
Council    of    National    Defense,    estimates    that 
2,000,000,000  feet  of  lumber  may  be  used  for 
purposes  directly  connected  with   the  war   in   the  next 
twelve  months. 

The  committee  now  is  given  to  understand  that  pro- 
vision will  be  made  at  each  camp  for  anywhere  up  to 
40,000  men,  instead  of  the  25,000  originally  planned. 
This  may  be  due  to  the  decision  to  call  for  125,000  men 
to  serve  as  a  reserve  for  the  first  500,000  men  drafted 
for  the  new  national  army. 

Second  in  quantity  of  lumber  required  comes  the 
wooden  shipbuilding  program,  which  the  committee  esti- 
mates will  require  about  400,000,000  feet  of  lumber. 

In  a  statement  the  committee  says : 

"  The  best  estimate  that  can  be  made  of  the  total 
amount  of  lumber  required  for  purposes  of  national  de- 
fense within  the  next  twelve  months  is  2,000,000,000  feet. 
This  sounds  like  a  colossal  figure,  and  it  is  a  big  figure, 
but  should  give  no  apprehension  that  it  will  disturb  the 
markets  or  cause  a  shortage  of  lumber.  Actually  this 
will  not  exceed  5  per  cent  of  one  year's  lumber  produc- 
tion of  this  country." 

Here  are  some  more  lumber  requirements  seen  by  the 
committee :  Structures  for  training  camp  purposes  for  the 
navy,  200,000,000  feet;  aviation  school  cantonments, 
120,000,000  feet;  erection  of  200  buildings  at  army  and 
navy  training  camps  by   the  war  work   council   of   the 


Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  6,400,000  feet ;  pack- 
ing boxes  and  crates  for  the  army  and  navy,  at  least 
200,000,000  feet;  army  wagons,  25,000,000  feet;  gun- 
stocks,  10,000,000  feet;  material  for  3,500  aeroplanes, 
3,500,000  feet. 

Army  cots,  tent  poles,  automobiles,  artillery,  cooper- 
age, furniture,  docks  and  piers,  trench  lining,  saddles, 
mine  timbers,  tools,  railroad  construction,  and  the  lumber 
necessary  in  building  factories  will  go  to  largely  swell 
the  total. 

The  special  committee  representing  the  Southern  Pine 
Association  here  has  issued  this  formal  statement: 

"  The  committee  representing  the  Southern  Pine  As- 
sociation, acting  for  the  Southern  Pine  Emergency  Bu- 
reau, announced  to-day  that  an  order  for  100  ships  to 
be  sawed  by  the  southern  mills  has  been  placed  by  Gen. 
George  W.  Goethals,  general  manager  of  the  United 
States  Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation, 
at  an  average  price  of  $35  a  thousand  feet  at  the  mills. 
The  Southern  Pine  Association  has  asked  those  mills 
which  can  do  so  to  manufacture  the  timbers  required 
for  wooden  ships,  and  a  large  number  of  them  have 
bound  themselves  to  furnish  complete  schedules  at  the 
price  named  for  delivery  at  such  shipyards  as  may  be 
designated  by  the  Government. 

"  General  Goethals  has  accepted  this  proposition,  to 
the  extent  of  100  units  (ships),  comprising  approximately 
140,000,000  feet  of  lumber." 


INSTEAD  of  planting  a  horse-chestnut,  why  not  plant  a  IVTAPLE  sugar  season  is  over.    It  ended  when  the  first 

real  nut  tree?    Pecans,  hickories,  or  English  wahiuts  -L»-l-     leaves  unfurled,  the  sap  then  becoming  less  sweet, 

cost  very  Uttle  more  than  horse-chestnuts,  make  less  litter  Seventy  drops  of  sap  per  minute  flow  from  good  trees,  and 

and  produce  a  valuable  crop.  twenty-five  gallons  of  sap  make  about  five  pounds  of  sugar. 


398 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


LUMBER  FOR  AN  ARMY 
CANTONMENT 

THIS  is  the  story  of  the  use  of  lumber  in  an  army 
cantonment,  and  of  the  manner  in  which  the 
American  Logging  Camp  has  been  copied  for 
regular  army  uses,  in  the  building  of  quarters  for  the 
Reserve  Officers'  Training  Camps.  When  the  letters 
R.O.T.C.  are  seen,  this  is  the  interpretation.  There  are 
two  camps  at  Fort  Sheridan,  each  of  2500  men,  roughly, 
one  camp  for  Illinois  and  one  for  Wisconsin  and  Michi- 
gan combined.  Each  camp  is  organized  in  fifteen  com- 
panies of  about  160  men.  Wisconsin  and  Michigan 
are  in  permanent  barracks  except  for  four  companies 
which,  with  the  Illinois  regiment,  are  quartered  in  canton- 
ments on  the  south  side  of  the  reservation.  There  are 
quarters  for  two  emergency  companies  with  the  four 
Wisconsin-Michigan  companies,  making  a  total  of  twenty- 
one  companies  quartered  in  the  newly-erected  wooden 
cantonments. 

The  quarters  for  each  company  are  four  buildings, 
placed  end  to  end  with  a  twenty-foot  space  between  each. 
On  the  south  is  the  mess  hall,  with  a  kitchen  and  two  tables 
the  length  of  the  building,  a  la  lumber  camp,  bench 
seats  on  each  side  of  each  table.  The  next  two  build- 
ings are  the  quarters,  with  cots  in  each,  for  eighty  men. 
North  of  these  two  is  a  bathhouse. 

The  speed  of  construction  of  the  camp  was  notable, 
and  a  most  striking  evidence  of  the  ability  of  the  typical 
American  business  man  to  meet  emergencies.  The  con- 
tract for  the  construction  of  the  buildings  was  awarded 
to  the  Sumner  Sollitt  Company,  Chicago,  on  Saturday 
evening,  April  28.  About  noon  on  Sunday,  April  29,  the 
Edward  Hines  Lumber  Company,  of  Chicago,  received 
the  order  for  the  material,  amounting  to  a  total  of  some 
1,400,000  feet.  During  the  afternoon  5  auto-truck  loads 
of  lumber  were  dispatched  to  Fort  Sheridan  to  provide 
quarters  for  the  working  force  engaged  on  the  job.  At 
5  o'clock  in  the  evening  a  train  of  50  empty  cars  was  on 
track  in  the  yards  of  the  lumber  company.  The  entire 
train  was  loaded  with  the  1,400,000  feet  on  April  30  out 
of  the  stock  of  Northern,  Southern  and  Western  lumber 
carried  on  hand.  The  contract  called  for  all  dressed 
lumber.  The  most  remarkable  part  of  the  operation, 
therefore,  was  that  some  400,000  feet  of  the  shipment 
was  run  through  the  planing  mills  of  the  lumber  com- 
pany, as  well  as  being  loaded  on  the  cars  in  the  same  day. 

The  Chicago  and  North  Westerti  Railroad  delivered 
the  trainload  of  lumber  at  Fort  Sheridan  on  Tuesday 
morning,  May  1.  The  Sumner  Sollitt  Company  had  its 
construction  force  on  the  ground  equipped  with  gasoline 
saws  and  all  other  devices  for  quick  work.  Ohio  National 
Guard  Engineers  staked  out  the  company  streets  and 
buildings.  The  job  was  finished  on  May  10,  in  just  ten 
working  days,  using  only  one  shift  of  men  per  day.  The 
largest  number  of  men  employed  on  the  job  at  one  time 
was  785.  Here  is  what  they  built  complete,  ready  for 
occupancy : 


42  barracks,  20  x  126  feet  each. 

21  mess  buildings,  20x110  feet  each,  equipped  with 
tables  and  benches  built  in  regular  logging  camp  style. 

21  lavatory  buildings,  16  x  63  feet,  equipped  with 
toilets,  shower  baths,  etc. 

1  postal  exchange  building,  20  x  30  feet. 

1  telephone  exchange  building,  20  x  33  feet. 

This  is  the  story  of  one  of  the  camps  where  officers 
will  be  trained  for  the  new  army  and  is  duplicated  in 
many  other  camps  throughout  the  country,  as  there  are 
fifteen  reserve  officer  training  camps  in  the  country, 
requiring  quarters  for  35,000  prospective  officers.  The 
regular  permanent  barracks  do  not  begin  to  provide  room 
for  all  these  men.  This  story  of  the  Fort  Sheridan  camp 
is  that  of  all  other  camps  where  cantonments  are  being 
built,  and  will  be  duplicated  on  a  larger  scale  to  provide 
quarters  for  the  new  army  of  500,000  men  called  out 
September  1. 


F 


OAK  TREE  FOUNTAIN 
By  H.   E.  Zimmerman 

iROM  the  picture  one  would  judge  that  this  drink- 
ing fountain  at  Mount  Lowe,  California,  has 
i  t  s  source  of 
supply  in  the  heart 
of  an  oak  tree. 
Some  years  ago 
there  was  a  cavity  in 
the  heart  of  the  tree. 
A  hole  was  bored 
through  to  the  cavity 
and  a  water  pipe 
from  the  mountain 
stream  connected, 
as  shown  in  the  il- 
lustration. Later, 
modern  tree  doctors 
filled  the  cavity,  and 
now  the  bark  has 
grown  over,  com- 
pletely hiding  all 
traces  of  the  opera- 
tion. Moving  -  pic- 
ture companies  have 
used  the  fountain  in 
films,  depicting  the 
quack  doctor  and  his  wonderful  health  restorer,  "The 
elixir  of  life,  or  the  blood  of  the  oak." 


"D  EPORTS  compiled  by  the  paving  block  bureau  of  the 
•'•^^  Southern  Pine  Association  show  that  the  wooden 
block,  properly  creosoted,  is  rapidly  becoming  the  vogue 
all  over  the  country,  and  popular  wherever  it  has  been 
tried. 

The  statistics  of  production  by  the  redwood  manu- 
facturers of  California  show  a  material  increase  for  1916, 
as  compared  with  1915,  but  considerably  smaller  than 
several  recent  years. 


THE  EXTENSION  OF  NATIONAL  FORESTS  IN  COLORADO 


By  HERMAN   H.  CHAPMAN 


TEN  years  ago  opposition  to  the  National  Forest 
policy  in  Colorado  reached  such  proportions  that 
the  State  demanded  and  secured  from  Congress 
a  law  which  took  from  the  President  of  the  United 
States  the  power,  given  him  in  1891,  to  proclaim  new 
National  Forests  within  the  State.  Five  other  States 
were  also  included  in  this  measure,  namely,  Wyoming, 
Idaho,  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Montana. 

To-day  the  people  of  northern  Colorado  have  peti- 
tioned and  secured  from  Congress  a  law  permitting  the 
President  to  increase  these  same  National  Forest  areas 
by  the  addition  of  over  half  a  million  acres  of  land.  No 
incident  in  the  entire  history  of  the  struggle  between 
nationalism  and  States  rights  as  applied  to  our  western 
public  lands  so  emphasizes  the  growing  understanding 
and  approval  with  which  the  National  Forest  adminis- 


tration is  regarded  as  this  complete  reversal  of  attitude 
on  the  part  of  a  State  which  has  been  conspicuous  in 
the  past  for  the  violence  of  its  opposition  and  the  broad 
and  sweeping  character  of  its  attacks  on  the  Forest  Serv- 
ice policies.  In  fact,  the  insistence  of  the  actual  residents 
of  the  greaf  agricultural  district  bordering  the  foothills 
of  the  Aledicine  Bow  Mountains  for  an  extension  of  the 
National  Forests  placed  certain  Colorado  politicians  in 
an  embarrassing  position,  leaving  them,  so  to  speak,  high 
and  dry,  and  nullifying  much  fiery  oratory  and  indignant 
declamation. 

The  opposition  to  National  Forests  in  Colorado  cen- 
tered about  the  development  of  the  publicly  owned  water- 
powers,  and  these  interests  are  by  no  means  converted 
to  the  idea  of  retention  of  government  ownership  and 
regulation   to-day.     From   this   group   it   spread   to   the 


A  BEAUTIFUL  VIEW  OF  THE  CANYON 
Along  the  Estes  Park  road — a  beautiful  stretch  typical  of  the  scenery  of  the  section  which  it  is  desired  to  include  within  the  Colorado  National  Forest. 

399 


400 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


mining  interests, 
who  were  per- 
suaded to  believe 
that  the  National 
Forests  would  in 
some  way  or  other 
act  as  a  drawback 
to  the  development 
of  this  industry. 
Since  the  location 
and  working  of  the 
mines  themselves 
is  unobstructed, 
and  has  been  per- 
mitted within  the 
Forests  since  1896, 
the  miners  were 
forced  to  concen- 
trate their  opposi- 
tion on  the  timber 
policy  of  the  Na- 
tional Forests.  But 
here  again  they 
disagreed  as  to 
what  constituted 
the  real  objections. 
Under  the  existing 
regulations,  timber 
could  be  purchased 
from  the  Forests 
for  the  develop- 
ment of  mines  to 
any  required 
amount.  So  one 
group  of  objectors 
claimed  that  tim- 
ber lands  included 
within  National 
Forests  were  at 
once  opened  to 
wholesale  and  un- 
restricted exploita- 
tion by  lumber- 
men  and  pole 
hunters,  to  the  in- 
jury- of  mining  and 
other  local  indus- 
tries; while  a  sec- 
ond group  still 
blindly  insisted  that 
the  National  For- 
ests locked  up  all 
resources,  includ- 
ing the  timber, 
from  any  kind  of 
development. 

Meanwhile,  the 
agricultural  inter- 
ests, dependent 
upon     watershed 


On 


CANYON  OF  BIG  THOMPSON  RIVER  AND  LOVELAND 
the  Estes  Park  auto  road — a  midwinter  scene  showing  the  Canyon  and  bridge. 


GOOD  UTILIZ.\TIU.\  OF  NATIONAL  FOREST  RESOURCES 

These  lambs  from  New  Mexico,  on  the  Henry  Feit  Ranch,  are  fattening  on  alfalfa  raised  locally  by  the 
use  of  irrigation  water  from  the  Colorado  National  Forest,  and  corn  from  Nebraska. 


protection  for  the 
maintenance  of 
irrigation  on  many 
thousands  of  acres 
of  the  richest  lands 
of  Colorado,  dis- 
covered that  the 
ruthless  denudation 
of  the  foothills  of 
the  Medicine  Bow 
range  was  dimin- 
ishing the  flow  of 
water  and  causing 
great  damage  to 
irrigation.  These 
foothills  had  not 
been  included  in 
the  original  with- 
drawals for  Na- 
tional Forests — be- 
cause at  the  time 
areas  containing  15 
per  cent  or  more  of 
patented  or  pri- 
vate land  were  not 
considered  suitable 
for  National  For- 
est use,  and  this 
stretch  of  territory 
was  honeycombed 
with  mining  and 
timber  locations. 
In  the  very  year 
1907,  in  which  the 
opposition  s  u  c  - 
ceeded  in  prohibit- 
ing the  creation  of 
any  further  Na- 
tional Forests  by 
the  President,  pe- 
titions went  to 
Congress  from 
this  region  asking 
for  this  extension 
of  the  Forest  area. 
During  the  last 
decade  this  de- 
mand has  grown 
constantly  strong- 
er and  better  or- 
ganized, until  it 
embraced  not  only 
the  c  o  m  m  e  rcial 
bodies  of  the  foot- 
hills towns,  the 
local  livestock  as- 
sociations, and  the 
representative  agri- 
cultural organiza- 
tions, but  included 


EXTENSION  OF  NATIONAL  FORESTS  IN  COLORADO 


401 


such  bodies  as  the  Boulder  County  Metal  Mining  Asso- 
ciation, thus  bringing  the  mining  interests  back  into  line 
for  a  measure  formerly  bitterly  opposed. 

And  no  wonder  that  pressure  was  brought  to  bear 
for  this  legislation.     The  region  affected,  which  consti- 


NEAR  THE  COLORADO  NATIONAL  FOREST 

This  is  taken  on  the  Estes  Park  auto  road,  and  shows  part  of  the  proposed  addi- 
tion to  the  Colorado  National  Forest.  The  forest  and  cliffs  may  be  seen  in  the 
distance. 


tutes  the  level  plains  bordering  the  foothills,  is  one  of 
the  richest  orchard  and  fanning  communities  in  the 
State.  Sugar  beets,  alfalfa,  apples,  and  many  grains  are 
produced  in  abundance,  provided  only  that  the  land  re- 
ceives water  for  irrigation.  Boulder  Creek,  Left  Hand, 
the  St.  Vrain,  the  Big  and  Little  Thompson,  and  the 
Cache  La  Poudre  are  all  utilized  to  the  last  bucketful  in 
fostering  the  great  agricultural  wealth  of  the  region. 
Many  thriving  towns  are  located  on  the  plains  close  to 
the  foothills,  among  which  are  Boulder,  Ward,  Estes 
Park,  Longmont,  Berthoud,  Loveland,  Lyons,  Fort  Col- 
lins, and  Greeley,  all  of  which  get  their  domestic  water 
supply  from  the  streams  flowing  east  from  the  Conti- 
nental Divide  across  this  foothills  region.  The  sugar 
factories  alone  produced  in  1916  an  output  of  319  million 
pounds  of  sugar  from  86,000  acres  of  sugar  beets,  and 
the  by-products,  or  refuse,  from  these  factories  fattened 
25,000  cattle  and  over  1,000,000  sheep.     More  than  half 


a  million  acres  are  irrigated  from  the  streams  heading  in 
the  Medicine  Bow  Mountains,  and  the  crops  produced 
are  worth  over  $10,000,000.  Municipal  water  plants  al- 
ready represent  over  $3,000,000  invested,  with  20,000" 
horsepower  developed  and  several  additional  plants  under 
construction. 

These  are  the  communities  whose  insistent  demand 
finally  overcame  the  bitter  opposition  of  States  rights  ad- 
vocates and  champions  of  unrestrained  private  exploita- 
tion. In  1916  a  bill  was  introduced,  which  became  a  law 
in  September  of  that  year,  by  which  the  President  was 


OLD  MAN  RANGER  STATION 

This  is  one  of  the  most  picturesque  stations  in  District  2.    It  is  near  Estes  Park 
and  on  the  proposed  addition  to  the  Colorado  National  Forest. 

authorized  by  Congress  to  proclaim  as  National  Forest 
land  any  portion  of  an  area  of  524,478  acres  adjoining 
the  Colorado  and  Pike  National  Forests. 

This  was  promptly  followed  by  the  withdrawal  of 
these  lands  from  all  forms  of  private  entry,  through  an 
order  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  The  lands  have 
been  since  examined  and  classified,  and  the  addition  of 
this  area  to  the  adjoining  National  Forests  now  awaits 
the  President's  action. 

Although  on  the  entire  area  252,840  acres  are  alien- 
ated lands  belonging  or  claimed  by  private  parties,  or 
nearly  50  per  cent  of  the  total,  yet  these  claims  repre- 
sent an  almost  negligible  area  of  cultivated  or  cultivatable 


402 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


lands.  On  the  Colorado 
extension  but  162  acres  are 
listed  by  the  assessors  as 
agricultural,  while  but  6402 
acres  are  meadow  land. 
The  remainder  is  assessed 
as  pasture  land  and  valued 
at  $2  to  $3.50  per  acre. 
Roughly  speaking,  25,000 
acres  of  this  is  owned  by 
the  State,  50,000  acres  by 
railroads,  125,000  acres  by 
individuals,  and  the  re- 
mainder represents  claims 
pending.  So  thoroughly 
have  private  interests 
searched  this  area  for  pos- 
sible values  that,  although 
a  period  of  over  eight 
months  elapsed  from  the 
date  of  introduction  of  the 
bill— January  27,  1916— to 
the  date  of  its  passage — 
October  2,  1916 — during 
which  time  petitions  to  se- 
cure the  withdrawal  of  the 
lands  from  entry  were  un- 
availing, yet  in  that  whole 
period  but  14,260  acres  of 
additional  claims  were  filed, 
leaving  a  quarter  of  a  mil- 
lion acres  of  Government 
land  which  no  one  could  be 
tempted  to  claim. 

The  sharp  contrast  between  the  fertile  plains,  of 
which  practically  every  acre  capable  of  irrigation  is  in 
cultivation,  and  the  foothills  immediately  adjoining,  cov- 
ered by  this  withdrawal,  where  the  only  land  capable 
of  being  cultivated  lies  in  a  few  narrow  ribbons  along 
portions  of  the  larger  streams,  is, an  excellent  illustration 
of  the  natural  classification  of  land  into  agricultural  and 
non-agricultural  areas.  Many  false  statements  have  been 
made  in  the  past  about  the  inclusion  of  lands  valuable 
for  agriculture  within  National  Forests  in  Colorado.  The 
history  of  this  foothills  region  shows  conclusively  that 
at  least  in  this  locality  the  National  Forests  failed  to  in- 
clude an  immense  area  of  land  so  poor  that  no  one  would 
have  it  after  many  years  of  opportunity. 


ALONG  LITTLE 
A  beautiful  bit  of  road  in  the  proposed 


These  lands  either  have 
been  or  will  be  placed  under 
the  permanent  care  and 
management  of  the  Forest 
Service  following  the  Presi- 
dential proclamation.  In 
spite  of  their  poverty  for 
agriculture,  they  will  pro- 
duce timber  crops  of  great 
value,  and  their  protection 
from  fire  and  retorestra- 
tion  will  have  an  imme- 
diate effect  in  regulating 
the  stream  flow  and  sup- 
plying additional  water 
during  the  dry  months 
when  it  is  most  needed. 

The  accompanying  pho- 
tographs show  the  character 
of  lands  to  be  added  to  the 
National  Forests,  and  re- 
veal both  their  possibilities 
for  the  production  of  tim- 
ber and  their  absolute  unfit- 
ness for  agriculture. 

The  National  Forest 
policy  has  come  to  stay.  It 
has  won  on  its  own  merits 
in  Colorado,  in  the  face  of 
bitter  and  prejudiced  oppo- 
sition. The  solid  citizens 
of  the  West,  whose  inter- 
ests lie  in  creating  and 
maintaining  conditions  mak- 
ing for  stability  and  permanent  prosperity,  are  behind 
the  broad  constructive  policies  of  the  Forest  Service, 
and  their  influence  is  becoming  increasingly  important 
in  overcoming  the  harmful  activities  of  the  elements 
whose  principal  aims  are  exploitation  and  specula- 
tion. The  difference  between  mushroom  prosperity  inci- 
dent to  the  rapid  exhaustion  of  natural  resources,  and 
the  slow  but  far  more  lasting  and  beneficial  development 
resulting  from  the  protection  and  renewal  of  the  timber 
and  forage  by  regulated  use,  is  beginning  to  be  recognized 
throughout  the  entire  West,  and,  with  this  changing  view- 
point, hostility  to  the  National  Forest  policies  has  given 
way  to  a  cordial  and  intelligent  support  and  cooperation. 


THOMPSON'   RIVER 

addition  to  the  Colorado  National  Forest . 


DURING  the  present  summer  the  Extension  work  of  the 
New  York  State  College  of  Forestry  will  be  developed 
along  the  line  of  woodlot  improvement  demonstrations. 
Calls  for  advice  along  this  line  have  become  so  frequent 
that  trips  will  probably  be  arranged  in  the  fall  to  take  in  a 
number  of  woodlots  in  given  localities.  A  trained  Forester 
from  the  College  will  demonstrate  methods  of  improving 
the  stand  by  taking  out  unprofitable  trees  and  planting 
rapidly  growing  species  in  large  openings,  and  in  simple 
methods  of  estimating  the  volume  and  value  of  woodlot 
stands. 


A  TREE  census  has  recently  been  taken  by  the  school 
children  of  Binghamton,  New  York.  The  work  was 
done  in  cooperation  with  The  New  York  State  College  of 
Forestry  at  Syracuse  University,  and  the  information 
resulting  will  give  the  number  of  trees  by  streets,  the 
species,  condition,  and  other  points  valuable  in  working 
out  a  definite  Shade  Tree  Program  for  the  City.  This 
work  is  done  in  accordance  vnth  the  agreement  of  The 
State  College  of  Forestry  to  cooperate  in  village  improve- 
ment work  along  Landscape  Engineering  lines.  Professor 
Henry  R.  Francis  represented  the  College  at  Binghamton. 


MIDSUMMER  FLOWERS 

BY  DR.  R.  W.  SHUFELDT,  C.M.Z.S. 


AS  common  a  plant  as  the  Dandelion  is,  with  its 
great  golden  flowers  (Fig.  1),  how  rarely  do  we 
see  reproductions  of  artistic  photographs  of  it, 
presenting  it  in  all  its  splendor  as  we  find  it  in  nature ! 
There  is  a  very  good  reason  for  this.  As  a  rule  we  find 
it  growing 
close  to  the 
ground,  and  it 
generally  re- 
quires a  high 
order  of  pa- 
tience to  so 
place  the  cam- 
era that  what 
we  see  of  it  is 
reproduced  on 
the  camera's 
ground  -  glass. 
Then,  its  bril- 
1  i  a  n  t  yellow 
flowers  require 
the  use  of  a 
special  plate, 
in  that  they 
may  not  photo- 
graph nearly 
black;  and 
finally,  if  one 
attempts  to  dig 
up  a  plant  in 
order  to  photo- 
graph it  in- 
doors, its  big 
and  long  root 
acts  as  a  deterrent  to  its  proper  transplanting.  If  the 
root  be  cut  in  two  an  inch  or  more  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  the  leaves  and  flowers  wilt  in  a  few  moments, 
rendering  them  unfit  subjects  to  pose  before  the  camera 
in  the  botanist's  studio.  Neltje  Blanchan  refers  especially 
to  this  latter  character  when  she  described  that  part  of 
the  Dandelion  plant ;  she  says :  "  Deep,  very  deep,  the 
stocky,  bitter  root  penetrates,  where  heat  and  drought 
aff'ect  it  not,  nor  nibbling  rabbits,  moles,  grubs  or  insects, 
and  other  burrowers  break  through  and  steal." 

Where  the  climate  is  mild,  or  where  mild  winters 
occur  from  time  to  time,  one  may  expect  to  see  Dande- 
lions from  day  to  day  throughout  the  entire  year;  this 
is  often  the  case  in  Washington,  D.  C,  where  it  is  no 
uncommon  thing  to  observe  a  flower  of  this  species  peep- 
ing above  the  snow  in  January;  a  layer  of  snow  on  the 
ground  there  may  by  no  means  be  long  lasting.  Then, 
in  this  city,  when  spring  comes  around,  these  very  Dande- 
lions may  appear  in  magnificent  abundance.  There  was 
at  least  one  marvelous  outcropping  of  them  on  the  broad 


lawns  of  "Oak  Lawn"  of  the  Dean  estate  on  Connecticut 
Avenue,  in  the  very  heart  of  the  city.  The  million  or 
more  of  flowers  formed  a  close  carpet  of  gorgeous,  golden 
yellow  that  spread  over  several  acres  of  ground,  forming 
a  wild-flower  exhibit  not  easily  forgotten. 

There  are 
several  species 
of  Dandelions 
in  this  country, 
belonging  to 
different  gen- 
era,  as  the 
Dwarf  Dande- 
lion and  the 
Tall  Dande- 
lion, which  will 
be  figured  and 
described  later 
on,  should 
good  examples 
come  to  hand. 
In  midsum- 
mer, through- 
out the  eastern 
parts  of  our 
country  and 
elsewhere, 
there  is  such 
a  bewildering 
blossoming-out 
of  flowers,  of 
so  many  de- 
scriptions and 
in  every  con- 
ceivable sort  of  place  in  nature,  that  it  is  no  easy  matter  to 
make  a  choice  at  this  season,  in  that  the  flora  may  be  fully, 
or  even  fairly,  represented.  However,  there  are  some 
flowers  that  must  not  upon  any  account  be  overlooked ; 
and,  abundant  as  the  chosen  flower  may  be,  one  can  gen- 
erally manage  to  find  out  something  about  it  which  is  not 
very  generally  known.  This  holds  true,  for  example,  in 
the  case  of  such  a  plant  as  the  Pink  Knotweed,  of  which 
a  spray  or  two  is  here  shown  in  Figure  2.  Masses  of  its 
gorgeous  pink  flowers  are  to  be  seen  along  the  road- 
sides, in  the  corners  of  pastures  and  fields  and  in  many 
so-called  waste  places.  Not  one  in  a  hundred  who  daily 
passes  them  even  knows  the  common  name  of  the  plant,  to 
say  not  a  word  as  to  its  scientific  name.  Its  rosy  flowers 
are  bundled  together  on  erect  spikes  an  inch  or  more  in 
length,  and  they  open  in  the  most  unmethodical  manner 
here  and  there  along  the  spike.  Many  insects  are  attracted 
to  them,  especially  the  smaller  bees  of  the  genus  Andrena, 
fertilization  taking  place  much  as  we  find  it  in  the  common 
Buckwheat,  to  which  group  the  Pink  Jointweed  belongs. 

403 


FEW  WILD  FLOWERS  POSSESS  GREATER    BEAUTY  THAN  THE  COMMON  DANDELION 

Fig.  1. — One  of  ^e  most  abundant  of  all  the  Cnmposila  is  this  golden  beauty  of  the  pastures,  lawns,  and  waysides. 
Scientifically,  it  has  been  named  Taraxacum  officinale  for  the  reason  that  its  root  has  been  employed  for  medicinal 
purposes:  there  are  several  other  species  of  dandelions  more  or  less  nearly  related  to  it.  Oripinally,  it  was  intro- 
duced from  Europe;  but  at  the  present  time  it  has  spread  over  a  large  part  of  the  world.  The  Dandelion  has  every- 
thing in  its  favor  to  spread  its  kind  to  all  quarters  of  the  globe;  and  it  would  seem  that,  in  certain  sections  or  even 
regions,  it  is  becoming  more  and  more  abundant  each  year  that  goes  by. 


404 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


A  little  while  after  fertilization  the  seeds  begin  to  form 
inside  the  calyx,  which  is  likewise  pink  and  persistent. 
They  are  almost  black  when  ripe — flat,  small,  and  sub- 
circular  or  cordate  in  outline.    So  deliberate  is  the  blos- 


PI.NK  KNOTWEED  IS  A  CONSPICUOUS  JULY  FLOWER 

Pig.  2. — This  plant  has  several  common  names  besides  the  one  given  above,  it 
being  known  in  some  sections  as  Common  Persicaria,  while  to  others  it  is  familiar 
as  Jointweed  or  Smartweed.  Botanically,  it  has  been  relegated  to  the  Buckwheat 
family  (.Polygonacea),  where,  according  to  Gray,  it  belongs  in  the  genus  Persicaria, 
it  being  P.  pennsylvanicum;  other  botanists,  while  giving  it  the  same  specific  name, 
retain  it  in  the  genus  Polygonum,  Its  flowers,  which  are  of  a  rose-pink  color, 
sometimes  tinwd  with  greenish,  are  well  shown  in  the  cut,  as  are  also  its  lanceo- 
late leaves.  The  plant  flourishes  best  in  moist  soil,  though  it  is  abundant  every- 
where on  its  range  from  J  uly  until  late  autumn,  adding  masses  of  color  along 
the  roadsides  and  in  waste  places  in  the  rural  districts.  Single  plants  are  some- 
times very  extensive  or  spreading,  and  may  grow  to  be  at  least  a  yard  in  height. 
One  of  its  chief  characters  is  the  stipitate  glands  found  on  the  upper  branches 
and  on  the  peduncles.  Jointweed  flourishes  from  northern  Maine  to  the  Gulf, 
and  westward  to  Texas  and  Minnesota.  The  butterfly  in  the  picture  is  the  Black 
Swallow-tail  (Papilio  Iroilus), 

Soming  of  this  Jointweed  that  we  can  always  find  more 
buds  and  seeds  than  we  can  find  flowers  on  any  spike. 
Polygonum,  which  is  the  generic  name  for  this  plant  and 
its  allies,  is  composed  of  two  Greek  words,  meaning  many 
knees,  which  refers  to  the  numerous  joints  seen  to  com- 
pose the  stems  of  the  plant. 

In  our  country  no  plant  has  been  more  generally  rele- 
gated to  the  order  of  "weeds"  by  farmers  and  other  till- 
ers of  the  soil  than  has  this  much-despised  one.    As  to 


their  seeing  "beauty"  in  the  pink  flowers  of  a  "Smart- 
weed,"  it  is  quite  safe  to  say  that,  as  a  rule,  they  most 
emphatically  do  not;  should  they,  perchance,  see  it  and 
appreciate  it.  it  is  much  to  be  doubted  that  it  would  even 
be  admitted  by  any  one  of  them.  This  should  not  cause 
us  any  surprise,  for  "weeds  are  weeds"  to  all  cultivators 
of  the  soil,  and  in  thousands  of  cases  they  are  the  chief 
menace  to  the  annual  success  of  their  labors. 

These  Smartweeds,  Jointweeds,  Pink  Knotweeds, 
or  whatever  we  may  choose  to  call  them,  of  the  Buck- 
wheat family  (Polygotiacece)  are  a  most  puzzling  group 


THESE  LITTLE  WHITE  BEAUTIES  DECEIVED  THE  OLD  BOTANISTS 

Fig.  3. — Flowering  Spurge  (Euphorbia  coroUata);  natural  size.  This  is  a  speci- 
men from  southern  Maryland;  and,  while  the  i>lant  is  found  in  rich  and  sandy 
soil  from  New  York  southward  and  westward,  it  has,  of  recent  years  only,  been 
naturalized  in  New  England.  We  generally  meet  with  it  in  open  fields  from 
midsummer  to  October;  and,  when  abundant,  it  is  quite  conspicuous,  especially 
when  it  attains  a  height  of  thirty-six  inches  or  more,  as  it  often  does.  It  can 
easily  be  seen  at  quite  a  distance.  The  true  flowers,  both  staminate  and 
pistillate,  are  surrounded,  as  we  see  in  the  picture,  by  a  five-lobed  corolla- 
like  involucre.  The  early  botanists  mistook  this  latter  for  the  petals  of  the 
true  flower;  but  we  know  better  now.  Note  that  the  branches  are  forked,  and 
that  the  flowerheads  are  borne  upon  five-forked  umbels.  The  leaves  are  not 
very  large;  they  may  be  either  lanceolate  or  ovate  in  outline,  and  always 
smooth.  The  Spurge  family  (Euphorbiacea)  contains  many  species,  some 
of  which  are  very  beautiful  plants. 

to  Study;  there  are  dry  land  species,  climbing  species, 
amphibious  species,  and  so  on.  Several  of  them  present 
varieties,  and  this  still  further  complicates  their  study. 
For  example,  Neltje  Blanchan  says :  "When  the  amphibi- 
ous  Persicaria    {P.  amphibium)    lifts  its   short,  dense. 


MIDSUMMER  FLOWERS 


405 


rose-colored  ovoid  or  ob- 
long club  of  bloom  above 
{Kinds  and  lakes,  it  is  suf- 
ficiently protected  from 
crawling  pilferers,  of 
course,  by  the  water  in 
which  it  grows.  But  sup- 
pose the  pond  dries  up  and 
the  plant  is  left  on  dry 
ground,  what  then?  Now, 
a  remarkable  thing  hap- 
pens ;  protective  glandular, 
sticky  hairs  appear  on  the 
epidermis  of  the  leaves  and 
stems,  which  were  perfectly 
smooth  when  the  flowers 
grew  in  the  water.  Such 
small  wingless  insects  as 
might  pilfer  nectar,  without 
bringing  to  their  hostess 
any  pollen  from  other  blos- 
soms, are  held  as  fast  as  on 
bird-lime.  The  stem,  which 
sometimes  floats,  sometimes 
is  immersed,  may  attain  a 
length  of  twenty  feet ;  the 
rounded,  elliptic,  petioled 
leaves  may  be  four  inches 
long  or  only  half  that  size." 

There  appear  to  be 
Several  subspecies — or  va- 
rieties, as  the  botanists 
designate  them — of  this 
species,  as  P.  a.  terrestre 
and  P.  a.  hartwrightii. 

When  we  come  to  study 
the  Spurge  family  (£«- 
phorbiaceoe) ,  we  run  into 
all  sorts  of  curious  plants, 
with  still  more  curious 
flowers.  Not  a  few  of  these 
are  represented  in  the  flora 
of  our  Atlantic  States,  from 
Massachusetts  to  Florida, 
inclusive,  while  in  warmer 
parts  of  the  world  the  array 
of  the  members  of  this  fam- 
ily is  simply  enormous.  If 
we  chance  to  be  crossing 
some  barren  and  sandy  field 
along  in  July  and  August, 
anywhere    throughout    the 

middle  of  its  range,  we  are  very  likely  to  run  into  some 
of  the  Spurges  of  the  genus  Euphorbia,  and  most  likely 
the  Flowering  Spurge  (£.  corollata),  of  which  there  is 
a  fine  specimen  shown  in  Figure  3,  collected  in  southern 
Maryland.  Formerly  this  plant  was  found  no  farther 
north  than  New  York,  but  of  recent  years  it  has  become 
naturalized  in  New  England,  as  far  north  as  southern 
Massachusetts.     East  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  there  are 


THE  GREEN  TREE  FROG  (Hy/a  cinerea) 

Fig.  4. — Should  one  be  hunting  for  the  flowers  of  some  of  the  broad-leaved 
aquatic  plants  that  flourish  on  the  margins  of  ponds  in  any  one  of  the  southern 
states,  the  searcher  is  more  than  apt  to  meet  with  a  big,  green  tree  frog,  which 
the  herpetolcgists  will  tell  you  is  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  and  interesting 
of  its  genus.  This  is  Hyla  cinerea.  It  has  a  near  relative  in  Hyla  evilala,  which 
has  thus  far  only  been  found  near  Washington,  D.  C;  we  have  but  meagre 
knowledge  of  its  habits.  The  Green  Tree  Frog,  as  its  name  would  suggrat, 
is  of  a  brilliant  pea  green,  verging  upon  a  bright  pale  yellow.  Upon  either 
side  it  has  an  elegant  stripe  of  white  or  pale  golden  yellow,  the  legs  bemg 
similarly  striped,  the  former  being  emarginated  with  black.  It  is  one  of  our 
largest  tree  n-ogs,  and  certainly  one  of  the  most  handsome.  It  thrives  well  in 
captivity,  living  upon  flies  and  other  insects;  it  is  a  noisy  but  not  an  especially 
active  species.  The  specimens  shown  in  the  cut  were  taken  near  New  Orleans,  and 
were  in  the  possession  of  the  writer  several  days  for  the  purpose  of  photography. 


upwards  of  thirty  species 
of  Euphorbia,  as  the  Sea- 
side Spurge,  Milk  Purslane, 
Snow  -  on  -  the  -  mountain. 
Painted  Leaf,  Wartweed, 
and  the  rest,  while  in  this 
same  family  with  our  pretty 
little  Flowering  Spurge  we 
find  the  famous  Castor  Oil 
plant  (Ricinus  communis ) , 
and  several  species  of  Mer- 
cury of  the  genera  Mer- 
curialis  and  Acalypha. 

The  flowers  of  the 
Flowering  Spurge  are  both 
staminate  and  pistillate 
kinds,  and,  strange  to  say, 
the  plant  is  rather  closely 
related  to  the  elegant  Poin- 
settia,  with  its  gorgeous 
scarlet  or  vermilion  flowers 
— a  plant  we  not  rarely 
have  the  opportunity  to  ad- 
mire in  the  show  windows 
of  the  establishments  of 
first-class  florists.  Flies  of 
various  species  are  the  in- 
sects most  often  responsible 
for  the  fertilization  of  the 
Flowering  Spurge,  and 
they  carry  the  pollen  from 
its  staminate  flowers  to 
the  pistillate  ones — minute 
and  delicate  little  struc- 
tures situated  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  showy,  though 
small,  white  involucre. 
Some  of  the  Euphorbiae  are 
poisonous  plants,  and,  ac- 
cording to  Alice  Louns- 
berry,  "  the  medicinal  prop- 
erties of  spurges  are  said 
to  have  been  discovered 
long  ago  by  King  Juba  of 
Mauritania,  in  Africa,  and 
to  be  equally  well  known  to 
our  own  Indians ;  they  have 
not  altogether  the  sanction 
of  many  for  such  use.  It 
is  certainly  true  that,  aside 
from  its  powers  of  purging, 
the  plant  possesses  little 
virtue."  However  this  may  be,  it  is  very  important  that 
we  know  these  interesting  plants  in  our  fields  when  we 
meet  with  them. 

In  Figure  5  we  have  a  very  pretty  specimen  of  Bounc- 
ing Bet  (Saponaria  officinalis),  a  flower  that  has  been 
saddled  with  many  names,  most  of  them  as  inappropriate 
as  the  vernacular  one  just  given,  as  Soapwort,  Hedge 
Pink,  Bruisewort,  Old  Maid's  Pink,  and  Fuller's  Herb. 


406 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Originally  the  plant  came  from  Europe,  introduced  into 
our  gardens,  from  whence  it  has  escaped  to  establish  it- 
self along  the  highways  in  the  country  districts  through- 
out a  very  wide  range  of  our  country.  In  many  localities 
it  is  very  abundant  and  flourishes  luxuriantly.  In  old 
days  it  was  supposed  to  possess  medicinal  properties,  the 
idea  having  gained  ground 
from  the  fact  that  its 
leaves,  when  bruised,  will 
form  a  soap-like  lather 
when  agitated  in  water. 
Many  moths  and  other 
insects  help  to  fertilize  its 
flowers,  and  the  plant  also 
propagates  through  its  un- 
derground runners.  This 
latter  means  often  accounts 
for  our  finding  the  plant 
growing  in  colonies  in  some 
waste  fence  corner  along 
the  roadside.  A  popular 
writer  at  hand  says :  "  It 
was  always  a  mystery  to 
Dickens  that  a  door  nail 
should  have  been  consid- 
ered so  much  more  dead 
than  any  other  inanimate 
object,  and  it  seems  also 
strange  that  this  plant 
should  have  suggested  the 
idea  of'bouncing  more  than 
other  plants.  Dear  Bettie 
does  not  bounce,  nor  could 
she  if  she  would.  She  sits 
most  firmly  on  her  stem, 
and  her  characteristics  seem 
to  be  home-loving  and  sim- 
ple. We  are  sure  to  find 
her  peeping  through  the 
garden  fences,  or  on  the 
roadside,  where  the  chil- 
dren nod  to  her  as  they  pass 
by.  She  is  one  of  the  best 
loved  of  our  waste-ground 
flora." 

It  would  appear  that  the 
common  double  variety  of 
this  plant  is  the  original  cul- 
tivated species,  and  the  sin- 
gle variety  is  its  more  sim- 
ple and  wild  form  derived  from  it — the  plant  that  usually 
occurs  along  roadside,  far  from  any  country  garden  patch. 
The  flowers  of  Bouncing  Bet  are  sometimes  of  a  bright 
pink  color,  and  as  a  rule  they  possess  a  certain  spicy 
fragrance,  which  some  writers  speak  of  as  "  an  old-fash- 
ioned odor,"  whatever  may  be  meant  by  that  term.  In 
typical  flowers,  the  distal  ends  of  the  petals  are  scalloped, 
a  fact  that  lends  to  them  a  still  nearer  resemblance  to  a 
Pink,  though,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  this  resemblance  is 
never  very  close. 


T 


BOUNCING  BET,  THE  FLOWER  OF  THE  DUSTY  ROADSIDES 

Fig.  5. — This  well-known  flower  is  also  called  "Soapwort,"  hence  its  scientific 
name  Saponaria  (sapo,  soap),  it  being  Saponaria  officinalis  of  the  pink  family 
i,CaryophyUacea);  the  "Cowherb"  is  the  only  other  representative  of  the  same 
genus  (S.  vaceria).  Both  plants  came  originally  from  Europe,  and,  as  Gray 
remarks,  they  are  "coarse  annuals  or  perennials,  withlarge  flowers,"  having  in 
their  stems  a  "mucilaginous  juice  forming  a  lather  with  water."  In  the  Pink 
family,  in  this  country,  also  occur  several  species  of  Carnation  plants  {Dtanthus); 
.he  Campions  and  Chickweeds.  of  which  there  aie  many  kinds;  the  Snurrey, 
Pearlworts,  and  a  number  of  species  of  Sandworts;  finally  the  Corn  Cockle, 
which  has  already  been  described  and  figured  in  American  Forestry.  (May, 
1917).  The  insect  shown  on  the  flower  below  the  crowning  bunch  is  one  of  the 
Damsel-flies  of  the  Dragon-fly  group  (genus  Calopleryx) ;  it  is  the  black  species 
of  feeble  flight,  so  frequently  seen  about  the  small  streams  that  find  their 
way  througb  the  shady  forests  of  Eastern  United  States.  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard 
says  that  tfteir  "large  pop-eyes  which  seem  almost  stalked  like  those  of  a  crab" 
are  distinctive  of  them. 


The  leaves  of  Bouncing  Bet  are  smooth  and  from 
three  to  five-ribbed,  and  have  an  ovate  or  even  oval- 
lanceolate  outline.  The  most  interesting  relatives  of  the 
Saponaria  are  the  Campion  or  Catchflies — curious  plants 
with  very  interesting  histories.  Their  generic  name  is 
from  a  Greek  word  meaning  saliva,  which  refers  to  the 

viscid  juice  found  in  the 
calyx  and  stems  of  some  of 
the  species ;  in  this  small  in- 
sects are  frequently  en- 
tangled. 

Some  of  the  wild  carna- 
tions also  belong  to  this 
Pink  family,  and  some  of 
these  have  been  domesti- 
cated for  ornamental  pur- 
poses. 

EASTERN  FOREST 
RESERVES  BOUGHT 

HE  National  Forest 
Reservation  Com- 
mission has  ap- 
proved the  purchase  of 
51,916  acres  of  land  in  the 
White  Mountains  and 
Southern  Appalachians 
for  inclusion  in  the  Na- 
tional Forests  of  those  re- 
gions. The  two  largest 
and  most  important  tracts 
whose  purchase  was  au- 
thorized are  one  of  11,000 
acres  on  the  White  Top 
National  Forest  in  Smyth 
County,  Va.,  and  another 
of  10,000  acres  on  the  Sa- 
vannah National  Forest 
on  the  Tallulah  River  in 
Rabun  and  Habersham 
Counties,  Ga.  The  pur- 
chase of  three  additional 
tracts,  with  a  total  of 
1203  acres,  was  authorized 
on  the  Savannah  National 
Forest. 

On  the  White  Moun- 
tain National  Forest 
11,270  acres,  chiefly  in 
Carroll  and  Grafton  Coun- 
ties, N.  H.,  were  approved  for  purchase.  By  the  ac- 
quisition of  this  land  the  purchases  which  have  here- 
tofore been  made  in  the  White  Mountains  are  con- 
nected and  rounded  out. 

The  purchase  of  40  different  tracts  comprising  ap- 
proximately 7750  acres  on  the  Alabama  National  Forest 
in  Lawrence  County,  Ala.,  was  ordered.  This  will  raise 
the  total  Government  holdings  on  this  forest  to  about 
30,000  acres.  In  Rockbridge,  Amherst,  and  Botetourt 
Counties,  Va.,  7454  acres  were  approved  for  purchase. 


TREE  PLANTED  BY  PRESIDENT  LI  YUAN-HUNG  OF  CHINA 

A  group  of  high  Chinese  officials  taken  just  after  the  ceremonial  observance  of  Arbor  Day  at  Peking,  China,  on  April  5th.  President  Li  Yuan-hung  is  seen 
in  the  centre  of  the  picture,  behind  and  slightly  to  the  right  of  the  tree  he  has  just  planted.  The  stone  tablet  bears  the  inscription  in  Chinese  "Planted  by 
the  hands  of  President  Li."  The  Premier,  General  Juan  Chi-rui,  is  seen  in  uniform  at  the  extreme  right.  Between  him  and  the  President  are  Mr.  Jao  Chang- 
shang.  Chief  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  F'orestry  (on  the  left),  and  Mr.  Ngan  Han,  well-known  to  American  foresters  and  to  whose  influence  the 
adoption  of  a  national  Arbor  Day  in  China  was  largely  due.     Behind  the  tree  at  the  left  is  Dr.  Chen  Chin-tao,  Minister  of  Finance. 


FORESTRY  PROGRESSING  IN  CHINA 


FORESTRY  propaganda  in  China  is  making  steady 
progress  and  producing  results  increasingly  im- 
portant. Indications  of  the  growth  of  interest  in 
reforestration  are  manifested  throughout  the  nation  and 
from  various  sources  American  Forestry  is  in  receipt  of 
information,  proving  that  this  long  neglected  subject  is 
now  receiving  the  attention  it  deserves.  In  official  circles 
and  elsewhere  the  republic  is  awakening  to  the  necessity 
of  making  up  for  the  laxity  that  has  caused  China  to  be 
looked  upon  as  the  horrible  example  of  indifiference  to 
the  importance  of  forest  development  and  conservation. 

Not  the  least  significant  incident  along  this  line  was 
the  personal  participation  of  President  Li  Yuan-hung  in 
the  Arbor  Day  exercises  in  the  Temple  of  Heaven  at 
Peking,  April  5.  Information  concerning  this  celebra- 
tion comes  in  a  letter  from  Mr.  W.  F.  Sherfesee,  an 
American,  who  is  now  Adviser  in  Forestry  to  the  Chi- 
nese Government.  Mr.  Sherfesee  writes  that  this  was 
the  first  time  a  ruler  of  China  had  taken  part  in  exercises 
of  this  nature  and  adds  that  it  was  unquestionably  the 
President's  intention  thus  to  invite  national  attention 
to  the  importance  of  forestry  in  the  republic.  The  day 
was  observed  as  a  national  holiday,  and  similar  exer- 
cises took  place  in  all  of  the  provincial  capitals  and  in 
most  of  the  cities  of  lesser  importance. 

"  President  Li  is  an  ardent  friend  of  forestry,"  adds 
Mr.  Sherfesee,  "  as  indeed  he  is  of  whatever  promises  to 
promote  the  economic  and  social  welfare  of  the  people, 
and  never  misses  an  opportunity  to  express  his  interest 


in,  and  to  exert  his  influence  in  favor  of,  the  work.  Espe- 
cially at  this  time  of  crisis  in  international  affairs,  when 
the  president  is  overwhelmed  with  pressingly  important 
matters  of  all  kinds,  it  was  no  slight  sacrifice  on  his  part 
to  devote  the  time  and  efifort  to  making  the  occasion  one 
of  national  prominence ;  and  to  him  is  due  the  gratitude  of 
all  friends  of  Chinese  forest  conservation." 

Clippings  from  Chinese  papers,  enclosed  with  Mr. 
Sherfesee's  letter,  describe  the  Arbor  Day  ceremonies  in 
detail  and  make  it  clear  that  the  event  was  regarded  as 
of  great  national  importance.  The  Peking  Gazette  speaks 
of  the  celebration  as  one  that  should  go  down  in  history 
as  marking  another  milestone  in  the  progress  of  the  first 
republic  in  the  Far  East.  "  Until  yesterday,"  says  this 
paper,  "  the  prayers  offered  by  the  rulers  of  China,  im- 
perial and  republican,  had  been  in  the  form  of  words 
and  burnt  offerings.  Yesterday  it  took  the  form  of  a 
practical  demonstration.  The  occasion  records  in  actual 
deed  the  fact  that  China  no  longer  dreams  of  prosperity 
pouring  down  from  heaven  without  the  people  lifting  a 
finger,  but  believes  that  prosperity  must  come  with  work — 
actual  work  of  the  hand.  The  most  remarkable  fact  is 
that  it  was  the  President,  the  chief  executive  and  repre- 
sentative of  the  country,  who  made  this  demonstration. 
Nor  was  it  a  perfunctory  act  that  was  gone  through  to 
show  the  people  that  their  ruler  was  not  idle.  The  example 
set  by  the  president  was  immediately  followed,  eagerly 
and  sincerely  followed,  by  hundreds  of  others  who  were 
privileged  to  take  part  in  the  ceremony.     The  rush  for 

407 


408 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


THE  CENTRE  OF  LAI-AN 

The  KuH  hsing  ting  gate  marks  the  centre  of  the  town  where  Dr.  Bailie's 
colony  is  estabhshed. 


NORTH  GATE  OF  LAI-AN 

Showing  character  of  the  houses  and  the  streets  in  the  village  whose 
people  have  started  a  forest  nursery.     - 


LU  TI  MIAO  SHRINE  ■^~-l  '-  „.  PU  SHU  SHRINE 

An  old  shrine  near  the  village  which  is  but  little  shaded  ^  A  small  shrine  along  the  roadside  a  short"distance  out- 

by  a  feeble  tree  which  cannot  live  much  longer.  These  people  are  entering  the  village  side  the  gates  of  the  village  of  Lai-an. 

from  the  famine  stricken  country. 
The  family  property  is  all  on  the 
wheelbarrow. 


SOUTH  GATE  OF  LAI-AN 

Showing  the  old  town  walls  and  the  moat  which  constitute  the  town's 
chief  defences  against  an  enemy. 


MAIN  STREET  OF  LAI-AN 

Dr.  Bailie  speaks  feelingly  of  the  filth  and  destitution  of  this  walled 
village  which  is  called  a  city. 


VIEWS  OF  LAI-AN  COLONY,  CHINA,  WHERE  A  FOREST  NURSERY  HAS  BEEN  ESTABLISHED 


FORESTRY  PROGRESSING  IN  CHINA 


409 


STOCK  FOR  THE  LAI-AN  NURSERY 


THE  LAI-AN  FOREST  NURSERY 


This  stock  sent  from  the  University  of  Nanking,  the  magistrate  paying      Magistrate  Wan,  in  black  and  white,  directing  the  work  of  establishing 
half  and  the  colony  half  the  cost.  the  nursery  near  the  village. 


'^"""^H^BI 

f^^j 

^H 

^s^ 

>4| 

r 

\ 

"  ^^i 

k^  1 

1 

jmP^^mx  M 

R^'N^ 

V 

.'^il:^ 

'  -if^ 

i 

REFUGEES  IN  A  HUT 

These  people  fleeing  from  the  country  took 
refuge  in  a  hut  under  a  ginkgo  tree  on  the  nursery 
plantation  near  Lai-an. 


THE   MEN  RESPONSIBLE 

Magistrate  Wan  of  Lai-an,  Dr.  Bailie  and 
Mr.  Best,  the  men  whose  efforts  resulted 
in  the  forest  nursery  being  established. 


CHURCH  AND  PAGODA 


These  places  are  some  fifteen  miles  from  Lai-an, 
but  on  the  road  to  it,  and  are  very  well  attended 
by  the  villagers  and  others. 


THE   NURSERY  GROUND 

After  a  conference  the  plot  of  ground  here  shown  was  selected  for  the 
location  of  the  forest  nursery. 


A  LAI-AN  BACK  YARD 

The  donkeys  so  much  used  in  China  are  kept  so  close  to  the  kitchen 
door  that  they  are  the  chief  back  yard  ornaments. 


THE  STOCK,  THE  WORKERS,  THE  PRINCIPALS  AND  THE  CEREMONIES  AT  THE  FOREST  NXTRSERY  AT  LAI-AN,  CHINA 


410 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


seedling  plants  was  so  great  that  many  went  away  disap- 
pointed because  they  were  unable  to  plant  trees  with 
their  own  hands." 

Small  cypresses  were  planted  by  the  President  and 
by  all  the  members  of  his  cabinet  with  the  exception  of 
Minister  Wu  Ting-fang.  Other  high  officials  of  the 
government  followed  his  example.  After  the  ceremonies 
citizens  and  school  children 
planted  all  the  trees  that 
had  been  provided  for 
the  occasion. 

Since  Mr.  Sherfesee's 
letter  was  written  internal 
troubles  have  arisen  in 
China.  Imperialists  have 
overthrown  the  govern- 
ment and  have  been  in 
turn  assailed  by  the  Re- 
publicans. 

One  of  the  most  im- 
portant examples  of  the 
Chinese  interest  in  forestry 
matters  is  afforded  by  the 
success  of  the  Colonization 
Association  in  its  work  on 
Purple  Mountain.  This 
association  was  the  out- 
growth of  relief  work 
undertaken  in  1911  by  Dr. 
Joseph  Bailie,  Instructor 
in  Forestry  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Nanking.  The 
organization  owns  1000 
acres  of  land  on  the  north- 
west slope  of  the  moun- 
tain, and  this  property  en- 
ables it  to  carry  out  its 
plan  of  providing  work  for 

the  poor  and  at  the  same  time  give  the  workers  the 
benefit  of  the  fruits  of  their  industry.  The  men  have  been 
employed  in  digging  canals,  removing  stones,  making 
roads,  levelling  uneven  places  and  converting  a  waste 
area  into  an  orchard  and  plantation  of  mulberries. 
Much  opposition  was  experienced  during  the  early 
stages  of  the  work,  but  this  has  been  replaced  by  com- 
plete confidence  and  cooperation.  Undertaken  as  a 
means  of  giving  succor  to  sufferers  from  famine,  the 
association  has  proved  the  soundness  of  its  plans  and 
has  put  to  profitable  use  large  areas  hitherto  idle.  It 
has  given  temporary  employment  to  thousands,  and 
many  families  now  gain  a  permanent  and  comfortable 
livelihood  on  land  which  otherwise  would  have  re- 
mained indefinitely  unproductive.  It  has  resulted  in 
the  establishment  of  a  comprehensive  course  in  forestry 
at  the  University  of  Nanking  and  has  served  to  arouse 
interest  in  other  and  possibly  larger  projects  of  refor- 
estration  throughout  the  republic.  Under  date  of  May 
20,  Dr.  Bailie  writes  from  the  University : 

"  I  made  a  trip  to  Lai-an  Colony,  where  we  have  over 
80  families,  numbering  over  400  people,  now  independent. 
The  object  of  my  visit  was  to  establish  a  nursery  for  our 


ARBOR  DAY  IN  CHINA 

President  Li  Yuan-hung  (indicated  by  a  cross  at  the  foot  of  the  steps  towards 
the  right)  and  his  party  leaving  the  Chai  Kung  on  his  way  to  perform  the  tree- 
planting  ceremony  on  Arbor  Day  in  China.  This  temple  is  situated  within  the 
enclosure  of  the  Temple  of  Heaven,  Peking,  and  it  was  here  that  the  Chinese 
Emperors  used  to  fast  before  proceeding  to  the  Altar  of  Heaven  to  offer  sacrifice. 


Colony  to  enable  the  colonists  to  plant  trees  on  those 
lands  that  are  too  steep  or  too  stony  for  cultivation.  I 
had  also  hopes  to  be  able  to  extend  the  Colony.  In  this 
latter  object  I  was  foiled.  When  we  took  the  80  families 
— refugees — from  the  farmers  for  whom  they  were  work- 
ing in  1914  and  put  them  on  the  mountain,  wages  for  the 
next    harvest    doubled,    and    have    never    gone    down 

below  a  living  wage.  The 
farmers  contended  that  if 
we  open  another  mountain 
wages  will  go  up  again.  We 
have  proved  that  if  the 
lands  are  thrown  open  the 
poor  can  maintain  them- 
selves even  if  the  lands  are 
second  or  third  rate. 

"  We  were  successful 
in  opening  our  nursery. 
The  official  had  heard  that 
I  was  going  up  to  start  it, 
and  he  requested  me  to 
bring  some  trees  and  seeds 
along  for  him  as  he  also 
wanted  to  open  a  nursery. 
In  two  of  the  pictures  which 
I  send  along  the  bundles  of 
nursery  stock  are  seen  out- 
side of  Mr.  Best's  gate. 
We  sent  up  from  our  Uni- 
versity nursery  robinias, 
melia  azederach,  maple, 
pines,  thunbergii,  sophora 
japonica,  pistachio  chinen- 
sis,  gleditsia  and  ginkgo 
biloba,  besides  a  few  of  the 
other  species. 

"  The  official  after  some 
conferences  arranged  to 
have  a  meeting  at  Lo-an  temple,  which  is  the  adminis- 
trative centre  for  our  Colony  and  is  distant  from  Lai-an 
about  eight  miles.  Though  the  temple  belongs  to  the 
association,  he  invited  us  all  as  his  guests,  and  provided 
a  horse  for  Mr.  Best  and  a  chair  for  me.  He  himself 
went  ahead  in  a  chair.  After  some  deliberation  on  the 
spot  it  was  decided  that  the  official  cooperate  with  our 
association  and  that  he  give  half  of  the  expense  and  the 
association  give  half.  Mr.  Yu,  who  is  the  caretaker  at 
Lo-an  temple,  and  the  manager  among  the  colonists 
under  Mr.  Best,  has  done  such  good  work  that  he  is 
made  the  head  of  the  nursery,  and  the  official  has  been 
much  pleased  by  his  management  for  over  two  years. 

"  A  photographer  took  a  number  of  pictures  on  this 
trip  and  I  send  you  several  of  them.  You  will  see  how 
squalid  a  place  Lai-an  is  and  the  self-denial  involved  for 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Best  in  making  it  their  home  instead  of 
remaining  in  civilization.  It  is  simply  like  going  into 
heaven  to  get  into  Mr.  Best's  mission  compound  after 
being  out  in  the  filth  and  destitution  of  this  walled  village 
called  a  city." 

Acknowledging  a  copy  of  the  constitution  and  by-laws 


FORESTRY  PROGRESSING  IN  CHINA 


411 


TEMPLE  GIVEN  TO  LAI-AN  COLONY 


If  the  presentation  had  been  delayed  a  few  days  all  the  trees  surround- 
ing this  Ta  an  Temple  would  have  been  cut  down. 


SHRINE  OF  THE  GOD  OF  FARMING 


Note  how  religiously  the  trees  surrounding  this  temple  have  been 
preserv>^d  despite  great  need  of  firewood. 


INTERIOR 


riCMPLE 


The  tree  banked  up  with  stones  is  a  knei  hua  and  over  500  years  old 
in  bloom  its  fragrance  is  perceived  three  miles  away. 


When 


:3 

1^ 


BRIDGE  NEAR  CHU  CHI 


Owing  to  deforestration  the  floods  in  this  region  are  so  great  that  in 
flood  times  this  bridge  is  impassable. 


EN  ROUTE  TO  TA  AN  TEMPLE 

Dr.  Bailie  in  a  chair  and  Mr.  Best  on  horseback  on  the  way  to  the 
Temple  presented  to  the  Lai-an  Colony. 


SCENES  IN  THE  COUNTRY  NEAR  LAI-AN,  CHINA,  WHERE  A  FOREST  NURSERY  HAS  BEEN  STARTED 


412 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


of  the  American  Forestry  Association,  Mr.  D.  Y.  Lin, 
Executive  Secretary  of  the  Conservation  Division  of 
the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  of  China, 
writes  from  Shanghai : 

"  I  am  sure  this  booklet  will  be  of  great  help  to  me 
in  my  attempt  to  get  a  Chinese  forestry  association 
firmly  established.  I  shall  be  very  glad  to  tell  you 
later,  in  detail,  how  I  have  been  working  to  interest 
prominent  men  in  this  country  in  such  a  movement. 

"  After  my  lecture  campaign  in  Nanchang,  I  went  to 
Wuchang,  where  altogether  nine  lectures  were  given. 
The  total  attendance  was  3580.  Military  Governor  Wang 
Jen-Yoen,  who  is  also  civil  governor  for  Hupeh,  presided 
at  the  first  meeting,  and  his  interest  certainly  gave  a  good 
start  to  the  campaign  in  Wuchang.  Results  of  the  Wu- 
chang campaign  may  be  briefly  stated  as  follows: 

"  1.  The  governor  issued  circulars  to  different  dis- 
tricts urging  local  magistrates  to  do  a  certain  amount  of 
planting  every  year  and  asking  the  different  taoyin  to 
supervise  the  work. 

"  2.  An  appropriation  for  extension  work  to  be  done 
by  some  government  agricultural  students  during  the 
summer  time  has  been  granted. 

"  3.  A  bureau  for  the  promotion  of  forestry  in  Hupeh 
will  be  inaugurated  in  the  Agricultural  Society. 

"  Leaving  Wuchang  I  went  direct  to  Changsha,  Hunan. 
It  was  in  this  province  that  preparations  for  a  forestry 
lecture  campaign  were  most  complete.  The  governor 
gave  $150  to  defray  expenses  for  running  a  local  cam- 
paign in  Changsha.  The  Hsien  officials  were  notified. 
Arrangements  for  a  trip  through  the  province  were  made. 
Altogether  15  lectures  were  given  in  Changsha  and  as 
many  as  5912  people  attended  these  lectures.    The  gover- 


nor was  so  pleased  with  the  results  in  Changsha  that  he 
appointed  one  of  his  secretaries  to  escort  me  through  the 
province  and  urged  me  to  lecture  in  as  many  of  the  interior 
cities  as  possible.  Four  cities  were  visited  and  I  lectured 
in  three  of  them.  Coming  back  to  Changsha  I  was  asked 
to  inspect  Yaloshan,  where  the  famous  generals,  Huang 
Hsing  and  Tsia  Oa,  are  buried,  to  see  what  could  be  done 
to  reforest,  or,  rather  to  beautify,  the  mountain. 

"  Perhaps  the  most  important  lecture  in  Changsha 
was  the  one  before  the  provincial  assembly.  The  lecture 
was  arranged  by  the  governor  and  the  Commissioner  of 
Industries,  who  wished  to  see  that  the  assemblymen 
would  take  a  greater  interest  in  agriculture  and  forestry 
and  would  appropriate  more  money  for  the  work  for  the 
entire  province.  The  lecture  was  a  success  and  it  was 
followed  by  some  most  interesting  discussions  as  to  what 
ought  to  be  done  at  once  on  Yaloshan  and  throughout  the 
Hsien  cities.  There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  fores- 
try work  in  Hunan  will  have  a  good  start  this  year.  The 
results  of  the  Hunan  forestry  campaign  may  be  sum- 
marized as  follows: 

"  1.  Five  cities  were  visited,  19  lectures  given,  and 
7912  people  reached. 

"  2.  A  forestry  association  for  Hunan  was  started. 

"  3.  A  forestry  essay  contest  will  be  conducted  to 
encourage  the  study  of  forestry  among  Hunan  students. 

"  4.  Two  men  have  volunteered  to  carry  on  lecture 
work  in  the  country  towns,  and  three  sets  of  my  lecture 
outfit  have  been  ordered. 

"  The  results  of  such  forestry  lecture  campaigns  in 
Kiangsi,  Hupeh  and  Hunan  during  the  last  two  months 
are  indeed  encouraging." 


FORMS  OF  LEAVES 


A  PERFECT  and  typical  leaf  (Figure  53)  consists  of 
its  expanded  part  called  the  blade,  which  frequently 
has  a  foot  or  leaf -stalk  termed  the  petiole  (p) ,  and  a 
pair  of  stipules  (st);  sometimes  the  blade  is  called  the 
lamina.  In  Figure  53  the  midrib,  veins,  and  veinlets  are 
well  shown.  There  are  two  principal  types  of  this  veining : 
the  netted-veined  and  the  parallel-veined  (Figure  66). 
The  significance  of  this  is  extremely  important;  more- 
over, it  has  much  to  do  with  the  form  assumed  by  leaves 
in  general. 

Leaf-forms  are  well-nigh  infinite^  but  they  may  be  so 
classified  as  to  be  referred  to  specific  kinds,  for  which  a 
terminology  is  highly  necessary.  This  terminology  is  also 
applied  to  other  parts,  as  the  petals  of  flowers,  and  so  on. 
Most  all  leaves  have  a  base  and  an  apex  with  respect  to 
the  stem,  and  these  vary  in  general  contour  as  well  as  in 
their  margins.  As  to  the  apex, it  may  be  truncate  or  square 
across  (Figure  54),  retuse  or  indented  (Figure  55),  notched 
or  emarginate  (Figure  56),  obcordate  or  deeply  notched  at 
the  apex,  causing  it  to  be  inversely  heart-shaped  (Figure 
57).    Then  they  may  be  cuspidate,  where  the  apex  is  rigidly 


spined  (Figure  58),  or  macronate,  where  this  spine  is  small, 
perhaps  a  mere  extension  of  the  midrib  (Figure  59). 

As  to  the  general  form  of  the  leaf,  it  may  be  linear,  that 
is  long  and  narrow  (Figure  67),  lanceolate  or  lance-shaped 
(Figure  68),  ohlong  (Figure  69)  and  elliptical  (Figure  70), 
as  well  as  ovate  or  egg-shaped  (Figure  71),  and  cordate  or 
heart-shaped  (Figure  72).  When  the  leaf  tapers  to  an 
acute  angle  at  the  base,  being  broad  above  (Figure  73),  it 
is  said  to  be  cuneate  or  cuneiform,  and  when  it  is  inversely 
ovate,  it  is  said  to  be  obovate,  as  in  Figure  76.  Then  the 
outline  may  be  spatulate  (Figure  75),  also  oblanceolate  (Fig- 
ure 74),  which  is  lance-shaped,  with  the  small  end  at  the 
base — the  reverse  of  Figure  60. 

Passing  to  the  form  of  the  base,  it  may  be  reniform  or 
kidney-shaped  (Figure  85),  or  peltate,  shield-shaped  (Fig- 
ure 86),  as  in  the  white  Water  Lily.  If  the  margins  at  the 
base  of  this  leaf  are  brought  together,  we  have  another 
shield-form  (Figure  80),  which  is  the  Marsh  Penn>-wort. 
A  leaf  may  be  arrow-shaped  or  sagittate  (Figure  87),  auricu- 
late  or  eared  (Figure  88),  as  well  as  hastate  or  halberd- 
shaped  (Figvu-e89). 


FORMS  OF  LEAVES 


413 


s^  ^t 


Then  we  may  have  simple  or  compotmd  leaves,  all  in 
one  piece  in  the  first  instance,  or  divided  up  into  two  or 
ftiore  pieces  springing  from  a  single  stalk,  when  they  are 
termed  compound  leaves ;  an  enormous  nvunber  of  patterns 
represent  these  two  divisions.  With  respect  to  other  out- 
lines, the  leaf  may  be  entire,  that  is  with  unbroken  margin ; 
but  when  this  margin  is  saw-toothed,  it  is  said  to  be  serrate 
(Figure  90).  When  the  teeth  point  outwards,  it  is  dentate 
(Figure  91) ;  if  the  margin  be  scalloped  it  is  said  to  be  cre- 
nate  (Figure  92),  and  if  wavy  it  is  undulate  (Figure  93).  If 
markedly  wavy  it  is  sinuate  (Figure  94) .  Finally,  the  mar- 
gin may  be  incised  or  jagged  (Figure  95). 

Sometimes  leaves  are  more  deeply  cut  than  this,  when 
they  are  said  to  be  lobed — the  projections  being  called  lobes 
— and  they  may  thus  be  2-lobed,  3-lobed,  many-lobed,  etc 
Simple  lobed  leaves  are  shown  in  Figures  63  and  79; 
when  sharply  lobed  it  is  cleft  (Figures  64  and  77),  and 
such  leaves  may  be  bifid,  trifid,  quadrifid,  etc.,  even 
mullifid,  giving  rise  to  segments  to  correspond.  If  not 
cleft,  the  leaf  may  be  parted  by  deeper  incisions  extend- 
ing almost  to  the  midrib  (Figures  65  and  78);  so  we 
have  them  2-parted,  3-parted,  mvdtiparted,  etc.  Should 
the  incisions  reach  the  midrib,  the  leaf  is  said  to  be 
divided,  that  is  bisected,  trisected,  and  so  on  (Figures  81 
and  83).  Figure  97  shows  a  palmate  leaf,  or  five  leaflets 
(Sweet  Buckeye). 

To  describe  the  degree  as  well  as  the  mode  of  division, 
other  terms  are  employed,  as  feather-veined,  that  is  pin- 
nately-veined  and  radiate-veined  or  palmately-veined  leaves. 
Figures  63,  64,  65  and  83  are  examples  of  the  first,  and 
77,  78,  79  and  81  examples  of  the  second.  Such  terms  as 
palmately  lobed  (Figure  79),  palmately  cleft   (Figure  77), 


palmately  parted  (Figure  78),  and  palmately  divided  (Fig- 
ure 81)  are  self-evident. 

Compound  leaves  exhibit  leaflets  as  in  Figure  96  which 
are  said  to  be  pinnate;  there  are  also  palmate  compound 
leaves,  sometimes  called  digitate  (Figure  97).  Compound 
leaves  like  in  Figure  96  may  have  one  or  two  leaves  at 
the  distal  end  of  the  stem,  or  terminate  in  a  tendril  as  in 
the  common  garden  pea.  A  variety  of  other  terms  are 
employed  to  describe  the  compounding  of  leaves;  for 
example,  the  foliage  of  the  Meadow  Rue  is  said  to  be  ter- 
nately-decompounded.  But  space  will  not  admit  of  giving 
more  of  them  here. 

Perfoliate  leaves  is  where  the  stem  seems  to  run  through 
or  perforate  the  leaf  near  its  base  (Fig.  84,  Bellwort) ;  this 
is  definitely  so  in  the  lower  leaves,  and  less  so  as  we  ascend 
toward  the  end  of  the  stem,  where  the  last  leaf  is  sessile. 
Sometimes  the  perfoliation  is  due  to  two  leaves  amalgamat- 
ing (connate-perfoliate),  as  in  true  honeysuckle  vines  (Fig- 
ure 82),  and  here  the  perforations  disappear  as  the  main 
stem  is  approached. 


A  SIGNIFICANT  indication  of  the  interest  taken  in 
forestry  in  California  is  the  popularity  of  a  course  in 
Elementary  Forestry  at  the  University  of  California.  This 
course  is  designed,  not  for  the  professional  forestry 
student,  but  to  supply  information  on  forestry  matters 
and  methods  for  its  general  educational  value.  Seven 
colleges  of  the  University  are  represented  in  the  enrol- 
ment— Letters  and  Science,  Agriculture,  Commerce, 
Chemistry,  Civil  Engineering,  Mechanical  Engineering, 
Mining.  Statistics  recently  compiled  show  that  during 
the  past  year  382  different  students  have  been  under 
instruction  by  the  Forestry  Division,  including  both  those 
in  professional  and  in  non-professional  courses. 


ORNAMENTAL  SHADE  TREES  AND  THEIR  CARE 


BY  HOMER  D.  HOUSE 

STATE  BOTANIST,  NEW  YORK 


IT  cannot  be  said  with  any  degree  of  propriety  that 
trees  are  really  at  home  along  city  streets.  They 
belong  in  the  forest,  and  when  planted  for  shade 
or  ornamental  purposes  are  confronted  with  a  new  set 
of  conditions,. which  make  life  anything  but  a  simple 
proposition  for  them.  It  is  not  unlike  the  problems  which 
confront  the  citizen  of  a  forested,  rural  community  who 
for  the  first  time  finds  himself  obliged  to  cope  with  the 
confused  life  of  a  big  city. 

In  this  brief  discussion  of  trees  I  must  confine  my- 
self largely  to  the  subject 
of  the  proper  selection  and 
care  of  trees  best  fitted  for 
shade  and  ornament  along 
the  streets  of  cities  and 
towns.  The  particular 
species  of  trees  most  suit- 
able for  this  purpose  va- 
ries considerably  with  the 
climate  of  the  various  por- 
tions of  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  but  certain 
general  principles  regard- 
ing their  selection  and 
care  apply  everywhere.  In 
the  use  of  trees  for  street 
shade  there  are  certain  re- 
quirements and  conditions 
which  do  not  permit  of 
very  great  diversity  of 
kinds,  as  compared  with 
the  number  of  trees  which 
can  be  used  for  shade  and 
ornament  in  parks  and  pri- 
vate estates.  Allowing  for 
certain  minor  differences 
in  soil,  exposure,  and 
drainage,  conditions  to 
which  trees  along  streets 
are  subjected  are  apt  to  be 
generally  uniform  in  any 
one  section  of  the  country, 
and  experience  has  dem- 
onstrated the  supreme  fit- 
ness of  certain  trees  and 
undesirability  of  others. 

The  proper  use  of  a  few  hardy  and  desirable  shade 
trees  is  preferable  from  every  point  of  view  to  the  indis- 
criminate and  improper  use  of  a  great  variety  of  trees, 
some  or  many  of  which  are  entirely  out  of  place  as  street 
trees.  So  much  has  been  written  about  the  good  points 
of  our  native  and  introduced  trees  that  it  seems  like 
needless  repetition  to  point  out  the  characters  which 
make  them  most  desirable  for  street  trees. 

It  is  useless  to  plant  trees  which  are  not  hardy  or 
not  adapted  to  the  soil  or  able  to  withstand  wind,  snow, 
and  ice,  and  these  latter  conditions  may  vary  consider- 
414 


THE  BEAUTY  OF  THE  MAGNOLIA 

This  tree,  most  artistically  placed  near  one  of  the  entrances  to  Franklin  Park. 
Washington,  D.  C,  illustrates  the  perfect  adaptability  of  the  magnolia  for 
such  use. 


ably  in  different  portions  of  the  East  and  North.  The 
most  desirable  are  those  trees  which  suffer  least  under 
city  conditions  from  insect  and  fungous  attacks.  Some 
trees,  like  the  basswood  and  maple,  suffer  from  leaf-burn 
when  over  a  light-colored  pavement.  Some  trees  do 
better  in  clay  than  in  sandy  soil.  These  factors  must  be 
taken  into  careful  consideration  in  the  selection  of  trees 
for  any  particular  street. 

Trees  which  do  not  harmonize  with  the  width  of  the 
street  and  the  character  of  the  buildings  do  not  accomplish 

the  purpose  of  beautifying 
the  street,  which  is  about 
as  important  as  the  shade 
which  they  may  give. 
Tall,  overtopping  elms  are 
not  beautiful  on  a  narrow 
street  where  houses  are 
close  to  the  street.  For 
such  situations  trees  of 
moderate  height,  growth 
and  with  slender  crowns 
are  appropriate  and  beau- 
tifying to  an  otherwise 
unsightly  street. 

Our  city  streets  are 
often  too  full  of  trees  like 
the  Carolina  Poplar,  Box 
Elder,  Silver  Maple,  and 
Aspens,  planted  by  well- 
meaning  but  thoughtless 
people  to  secure  quick 
shade  in  places  where 
with  a  little  care  a  Nor- 
way Maple,  Sycamore, 
Red  Oak,  or  Elm  would 
have  attained  almost  as 
quickly  a  shade  -  giving 
size  and  a  permanency  of 
many  years.  The  fast- 
growing  trees  are  apt  to 
be  short-lived.  They  are 
also  usually  the  cheapest, 
and  many  people  plant 
them  for  that  reason.  This 
emphasizes  the  impor- 
tance of  having  all  street 
tree  planting  under  the  charge  of  a  city  forester,  who 
will  set  out  the  proper  kinds  of  trees  as  soon  as  the 
street  is  laid  out  and  paved. 

If  the  houses  are  close  to  the  street  and  close  to- 
gether, dense  shade  is  not  desirable.  Lawns,  walks,  and 
buildings  need  sunshine.  Under  such  conditions,  trees 
like  the  Norway  Maple  if  planted  close  together  give 
too  much  shade  and  prevents  grass  from  growing.  A 
tree  with  thin  foliage,  like  the  Ash,  White  Birch,  or 
Locust,  is  most  desirable  for  such  streets,  although  local 
conditions  may  permit  Norway  Maple  planted  at  greater 


ORNAMENTAL  SHADp  TREES  AND  THEIR  CARE 


415 


distances  and  occasionally  pruned,  or  the  use  of  Syca- 
more, which  will  stand  a  lot  of  pruning. 

Several  trees,  otherwise  very  attractive,  are  often  a 
nuisance  along  streets  because  they  litter  the  walks  and 
pavements  with  bloom  or  fruit,  send  up  suckers,  or  at- 
tract insects.  The  Silver  Maple  has  a  bad  and  well-de- 
served reputation  for  breaking  up  pavements  and  walks. 
The  Honey  Locust  litters  the  pavement  with  slippery 
pods,  and  the  fruit  of  the  Mulberry  and  Shadtree  are 
objectionable  for  the 
same  reason.  The 
fruit  and  foliage  of  the 
Horsechestnut  cause 
quite  a  litter,  and 
often  the  foliage  is 
diseased  in  summer, 
causing  it  to  turn 
brown  and  fall  prema- 
turely. With  proper 
care,  such  a  condition 
may  be  obviated  and 
the  litter  of  the  fruit 
tolerated  for  the  sake 
of  the  beauty  of  the 
flowers,  foliage,  and 
shape  of  the  crown, 
since  few  trees  sur- 
pass the  Horsechest- 
nut in  these  respects. 

To  obtain  beauty 
'in  street  planting 
there  must  be  har- 
m  o  n  y  between  the 
trees  and  their  sur- 
roundings. This  is 
best  obtained  b  y 
using,  as  far  as  possi- 
ble, trees  of  one  kind 
upon  a  single  street  or 
block,  and  trees  of  a 
character  that  are  best 
adapted  to  the  width 
of  the  street  and  other 
conditions.  Since  the 
city  street  is  not  the 
native  home  of  the 
trees,  we  cannot  ex- 
pect absolute  perfec- 
tion, but,  excluding 
evergreens,  it  is  possible  to  select  and  plant  those  trees 
most  suitable  for  the  conditions  presented. 

For  wide  avenues  or  boulevards,  there  is  probably 
no  one  tree  that  is  so  satisfactory  both  as  to  size  and 
beauty  as  the  American  Elm.  On  wide  avenues  or  boule- 
vards with  a  central  parkway,  two  rows  of  elms  may  often 
be  used,  and  flanking  them  on  either  side  and  planted  on 
the  curbing  a  very  good  effect  can  be  obtained  by  rows 
of  Sycamore,  Norway  Maple,  Pin  Oak,  Green  Ash,  or 
Basswood,  if  the  houses  are  comparatively  close  to  the 
street.     If  the  houses  are  well  back   from   the   street. 


Courtesy  of  N .  Y .  State  Conservation  Commission. 

LOMBARDY  POPLAR,   ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 
Entirely  too  stiff  and  formal,  and  not  at  all  suitable   for  street  tree  planting,  save  per- 
haps under  most  unusual  conditions. 


larger  growing  trees  may  be  used,  such  as  Red  Oak, 
Scarlet  Oak,  Sugar  Maple,  Tulip  Poplar,  in  addition  to 
the  row  or  rows  of  elms  in  the  central  parkway. 

For  avenues  without  parkways,  but  with  broad  curb- 
ing and  at  least  100  feet  between  the  building  lines,  there 
is  a  wide  range  of  appropriate  trees,  leading  off,  of  course, 
with  the  Elm,  Sugar  Maple,  White  Oak,  Red  Oak,  Tulip 
Poplar,  Scarlet  Oak,  Red  Gum,  American  Basswood,  Cu- 
cumber-tree, and  others. 

For  the  ordinary 
street,  which  is  70  to 
90  feet  wide  between 
the  building  lines, 
trees  which  do  not  at- 
tain the  largest  and 
most  majestic  growth 
of  crown  are  most 
beautiful.  For  such 
streets  there  is  no 
more  appropriate  tree 
than  the  Norway  Ma- 
ple, although  circum- 
stances and  taste  may 
with  equal  propriety 
dictate  one  of  the  fol- 
lowing:  Sycamore, 
Sycamore  Maple, 
Basswood,  White 
Ash,  Ginkgo,  Horse- 
chestnut,  Red  Gum, 
Pin  Oak,  Red  Maple, 
Honey  Locust,  or 
Hackberry. 

For  narrow  streets, 
70  feet  or  less  between 
the  building  lines,  the 
nimiber  of  suitable 
trees  is  very  limited, 
and  even  some  of 
them  will  require 
skilful  pruning  as 
they  attain  their 
growth  to  keep  them 
in  harmony  with  their 
surroundings.  The 
best  trees  for  this 
class  of  street  are  the 
European  Linden, 
Red  Maple,  Green 
Ash,  Hackberry,  Japanese  Maple,  Ginkgo,  Red  Bud, 
and  Shadtree.  The  use  of  Norway  Maple  and  Syca- 
more on  narrow  streets  is  very  often  productive  of 
good  results  where  they  are  kept  trimmed. 

The  above  paragraphs  contain  scarcely  any  mention, 
of  several  trees  common  on  city  streets.  For  one  reason 
or  another  they  should  not  be  used  where  it  is  possible 
to  use  one  of  the  trees  which  experience  has  shown  to 
be  the  best.  Beech  is  not  desirable  because  of  its  dense 
shade  and  slow  growth.  The  Chestnut  is  susceptible  to 
the  chestnut  blight  disease,  for  which  no  control  has 


416 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


been  found,  and  along  with  all  large  nut-bearing  trees, 
like  the  Walnut,  Butternut  and  Hickory,  are  not  desir- 
able along  streets.  The  Black  Locust  (Robinia  pseudo- 
acacia)  suffers  so  severely  from  the  attacks  of  the  Locust 
borer  and  con- 
sequent decay 
that  it  is  poor 
policy  to  make 
any  but  a  very 
limited  use  of 
it.  The  Willow 
is  not  adapted 
either  by  its 
form  or  dura- 
bility as  a  street 
tree. 

I  can  well 
imagine  that 
there  are  condi- 
tions which  de- 
mand the  use  of 
trees  of  rapid 
growth,  trees 
which  ordina- 
rily should  not 
be  used  along 
streets.  I  have, 
seen  many  fac- 
t  o  r  y  streets, 
railroad  grades 
through  cities, 
and   other  con- 


ditions where  I  would  not  hesitate  to  use  the  most 
rapid-growing  tree  available,  to  act  both  as  a  screen 
and  to  give  shade.  There  are  conditions  where  the 
necessity  for  a  screen  of  foliage  and  for  shade  takes 


Courtesy  of  the  N.    Y.  Conservation  Commission. 

A  TREELESS  STREET 
This  is  difficult  to  treat,  but  sycamore  or  Norway  maple,  if  planted  and  kept  carefully  trimmed,  would  do  much  to  destroy  the  ugly  vista, 

precedence  over 
beauty  and 
length  of  life. 
The  Ailanthus, 
Carolina  P  o  p- 
lar.  Black  Pop- 
lar, Lombardy 
Poplar,  Horse- 
chestnut,  Box 
Elder,  and  sev- 
eral other  rap- 
i  d  1  y  growing 
but  compara- 
tively short- 
lived species 
are  eminently 
fitted  for  such 
purposes. 
Sometimes  it  is 
possible  to  al- 
ternate these 
trees  with 
slower-growang 
but  longer-lived 
trees  which 
when  they  at- 
t  a  i  n  sufficient 
size  may  be  left. 


Courtesy  of  the  N.   Y.  Conservation  Commission, 

A  STREET  PLANTED  WITH  WHITE  BIRCH 
Could  anything  be  more  inviting,  restful,  or  pleasing  to  the  artistic  sense  than  this  tree  planting? 


Contrast  this  cut  with  the  one  above. 


ORNAMENTAL  SHADE  TREES  AND  THEIR  CARE 


417 


complications  which  frequently  make 
them  very  easy  victims  to  a  wide  range 
of  injuries.  Many,  if  not  most,  of  the 
injuries  which  lead  to  the  death  of  street 
trees  can  be  prevented.  They  can  only 
be  prevented,  however,  by  proper  mu- 
nicipal control  of  the  causes  or  agencies 
w^hich  produce  the  injury  and  a  more  ex- 
tensive public-spirited  effort  to  aid  such 
protection. 

It  would  be  almost  impossible  in   a 
short  space  to  enumerate  the  kinds  of 
mechanical  injuries  to  which  street  trees 
are  subjected.     Trees  close  to  the  curb- 
ing are  subject  to  abrasion  by  passing 
vehicles,  or  abrasion  may  be  caused  by 
the  piling  of  flagstones  or  paving  blocks 
against  the  trees.     I  have  seen  this  sort 
of   injury   in   cities   with   most   efficient 
city  foresters  and  park  superintendents. 
If  they   are  powerless  to  prevent  such 
injur}-,  or  overlook  the  matter,  such  cities  still  have 
some    progress   to   make    in   the   care    of   their   trees. 
Horses  when  hitched  to  a  tree  close  to  the   curbing 
will     almost    invariably     gnaw     the     bark.       All     of 
these   injuries,  while  more  or  less   preventable,  indi- 
cate that  absolute  prevention  may  only  be  secured  per- 
haps by  the  use  of  iron  palings  around  all  trees  upon 
the  curbing. 


T*^ 


.kjJttJte.. 


%^ 


Courtesy  of  N.    Y.  State  Conservation  Commission. 

AN  ATTRACTIVE  ROW  OF  NORWAY  MAPLES 
This  exemplifies  the  practical  value  of  the  Norway  Maple,  than  which  it  would  be  hard  to  find  a 


Careless  telephone  men,  in  spite  of  the  definite  orders 


Coucz-'iy  r,j  N.   Y.  Stale  Conservation  Commission. 

A  MAGNIFICENT  SPECIMEN  OF  THE  AMERICAN  ELM 

Most    beautiful    of  all   shade   trees,  in  the   opinion   of   many,    and 

undoubtedly    ideal  for  planting  of  broad  streets  and  avenues. 


better  tree  for  roadway  or  street  planting. 

of  all  telephone  companies  to  the  contrary,  frequently 
use  their  climbing  spurs  in  ascending  trees.  Important 
roots  are  often  cut  off  and  destroyed  by  the  laying  of 
curbs,  gas  and  water  pipes. 

All  injuries  of  these  kinds,  as  well  as  a  wide 
variety  of  other  mechanical  injuries  to  either  trunks 
or  roots,  result  in  the  formation  of  decayed  spots, 
which  if  neglected  will  sooner  or  later  shorten  the  life 
of  the  tree. 

Escaping  gas  causes  the  death  of  many  city  trees,  espe- 
cially where  the  gas  mains  are  laid  under  or  close  to  the 
sidewalks  as  they  are  in  some  cities.  Even  when  the  main 
is  under  the  pavement,  the  connecting  extensions  to  the 
dwellings  on  either  side  often  become  defective  and  the 
gas  escaping  into  the  soil  frequently  causes  the  death 
of  surrounding  trees  before  the  leak  is  discovered  and 
repaired.  Greater  care  in  the  use  of  better  pipes  and 
better  joints  seems  to  be  the  only  solution  of  this 
sort  of  damage,  which  probably  kills  more  city  trees  than 
any  other  one  agency. 

In  wet  weather  or  during  storms,  lighting  wires,  carrying 
an  alternating  current,  will  cause  serious  damage  to  trees, 
when  the  loss  or  abrasion  of  insulation  makes  direct  contact 
possible.  This  trouble  is  easily  detected  and  easily  remedied, 
and  in  cities  where  any  degree  of  care  is  taken  of  the 
lighting  installation  serious  injury  to  trees  from  this 
cause  is  rare.  High-tension,  direct-current-bearing  wires, 
if  brought  into  contact  with  trees,  will  kill  them  the  same 
as  by  a  lightning  bolt  striking  the  tree.  Hence  such  wires 
should  be  most  carefully  insulated  when  near  trees,  and, 
what  is  safer  for  both  trees  and  human  beings,  placed 
under  ground. 

It  seems  absurd  to  class  pruning  among  the  injuri- 
ous agencies  of  trees,  but  a  casual  inspection  of  the 
trees  in  almost  any  city  appears  to  indicate  that  care- 
less and  improper  pruning  has  accomplished  great  dam- 
age. There  is  a  right  and  a  wrong  way  to  prune 
trees,  and  a  saw,  an  ax  and  a  .little  muscle  are  not  all 
the  requirements  for  correct  pruning  of  trees.     When  cut 


418 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


close  to  the  trunk  and  not 
supported,  a  heavy  hmb 
will  split  down  the  side 
of  the  trunk  before  it  is 
completely  severed  from 
the  tree.  This  split  of  ex- 
posed wood  is  difficult  to 
prevent  from  starting  to 
decay.  If  the  branch  is 
cut  too  far  out,  a  stub  is 
left  which  will  decay  and 
extend  its  decay  into  the 
heart  of  the  tree.  Proper 
pruning  demands  that  the 
limb  be  supported  by 
ropes  until  severed  from 
the  trunk,  "by  a  cut  made 
some  distance  out  from 
the  base  of  the  limb,  and 
that  the  stub  thus  left  be 
cut  oflf  close  to  the  trunk 
and  painted  or  treated 
with  some  preparation 
which  will  prevent  the 
start  of  decay  before  it 
heals  over. 

The  use  of  cement  fill- 
ings for  decayed  spots  in 
street  trees  is  doubtless 
too  expensive,  if  well 
done,  to  be  practicable  on 
a  large  scale,  however  de- 
sirable it  may  be  as  a 
treatment  for  privately  owned  trees.  For  certain  city- 
owned  trees  of  exceptional  size  and  beauty,  it  is  worth  all 
that  it  costs.  For  the  ordinary  street  tree,  it  is  probably 
best,  in  the  long  run,  to  merely  remove  the  decay,  giving 
the  interior  sufficient  ventilation  to  check  to  some  degree 
the  progress  of  decay.  In  many  cases,  where  the  tree  is 
badly  decayed,  it  is  best  to  remove  the  tree  and  plant 
a  good-sized  healthy  young  tree  to  take  its  place.  That 
such  trees  need  care  is  obvious.  What  care  they  will 
receive  depends  much  upon  the  funds  available  and  the 
tastes  and  desires  of  those  in- charge. 

Space  need  not  be  taken  here  to  diagnose  the  numer- 
ous insect  and  fungous  attacks  upon  trees.     The  more 


THE  CATALPA  IN  BLOOM 
Largely  used    for  ornamental  purposes  on  lawns  and  in  parks  because  of 
fragrance,  showy  flowers  and  heavy  foliage. 


phase  of  tree  protection.  I 
refer  to  the  frequent  lack  of 
municipal  regulation  in 
the  planting  and  care  of 
street  trees,  the  careless 
attitude  of  the  public, 
which  is  really  most  di- 
rectly concerned,  and  the 
insufficient  authority  and 
working  funds  delegated 
to  city  foresters. 

It  would  be  a  great  in- 
justice to  say  that  all  cities 
are  negligent  in  their  care 
and  appreciation  of  shade 
trees,  because  many  cities 
are  keenly  alive  to  the  im- 
portance of  the  subject.  A 
large  number  of  cities  now 
have  trained  men  to  look 
after  the  planting  and  care 
of  their  trees.  Too  often 
these  men  are  underpaid 
and  as  a  result  poorly 
trained  for  the  work  and 
not  active  personally  in 
local  aflfairs  pertaining  to 
civic  improvements.  Too 
often  they  are  limited  in 
funds  to  such  an  extent 
that  important  work  can- 
not be  done  at  the  right 
time.  Civic  organizations 
of  every  city  should  interest  themselves  more  in  the 
matter  of  shade  tree  improvements  to  be  obtained  by 
trained  and  well-paid  men.  It  is  an  investment  for  the 
future  which  no  city  will  ever  regret,  and  its  results  are 
almost  immediately  evident  in  the  improved  appearance 
of  the  trees  and  the  systematic  planting  of  the  right  kinds 
of  trees  along  new  streets. 

I  believe  that  we  should  be  optimistic  enough  to  ex- 
pect that  results  will  speak  for  themselves,  and  that  every 
city  will  rapidly  come  to  realize  the  importance  of  placing 
its  planting  plans  and  care  of  trees  in  the  hands  of  a 
competent  and  well-trained  forester,  giving  him  funds 
and  authority,  not  merely  to  give  advice,  but  to  accom- 


serious  of  them  have  received  careful  study  in  many  quar-  .  .      u       ..         -n  t,o„»  o 

-ru     f    .  .u  .     vu    11     f  r         1  ^      r.(  2.A^       pl  sh  resu  ts,  which,  measured  by  beauty,  will  have  a 

The  fact  that  with  all  of  our  knowledge  of  shade-      t^  -^  .  . 


ters. 


tree  insects  and  fungi,  the  trees  continue  to  languish  and 
die  in  many  towns  and  cities,  points  to  a  more  important 


value  in  the  future  unrivalled  by  any  other  form  of 
civic  improvement. 


THE  California  lumber  manufacturers  have  taken  up  the 
campaign  for  food  production  on  their  available  land 
and  Secretary  E.  A.  Blocklinger,  of  the  White  and  Sugar 
Pine  Manufacturers,  has  sent  out  a  detailed  letter  urging 
the  production  of  food  as  a  patriotic  duty  and  opportunity. 


A  TREE  forester  and  landscape  engineer  are  desired  by 
the  city  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  and  applications  blank 
for  the  places  should  be  in  not  later  than  August  3.  All 
information  regarding  the  requirements  may  be  had 
from  the  Civil  Service  Commission,  Trenton,  N.  J. 


THE  WRENS 

(Family  Troglodytidae) 

BY  A.  A.  ALLEN,  PH.  D. 
ASSISTANT  PROFESSOR  OF  ORNITHOLOGY,  CORNELL  UNIVERSITY 


AGES  ago  there  dwelt  in  northern  Africa  and  along 
"  the  Red  Sea  certain  tribes  of  men  known  as  the 
Troglodytes.  They  were  herdsmen,  living  entirely 
upon  flesh,  and  they  made  their  homes  in  caverns  which 
the  ancien't  sea'  had  gnawed  into  the  rocks.  They  were 
hole-dwellers.  This  alone  could  have  prompted  the  name 
of  Troglodytidae  for  the  great  family  of  wrens,  for  surely 
there  is  no  other  comparison  between  these  prehistoric, 
carnivorous  shepherds  and  the  little  energetic  brown  birds 
which  compose  the  wren  family.  But  Troglodytidae  they 
were  christened,  ^because  of  their  hole-nestirg  habits,  and 
by  that  name  shall  they  always  be  known. 

There  are  about  260  different  kinds  of  wrens,  the 
majority  being  found  in  the  tropics  of  South  and  Central 
America.  Between  thirty  and  forty  are  found  in  the  Old 
World  and  only  fourteen  in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 


■  PETULANT,  INQUISITIVE,    MISCHIEVOUS— BUT   A   GOOD   FRIEND 

JUST  THE  SAME 

The  house  wren — the  commonest  and  most  widespread  of  all  the  wrens — is  fond 

■  of  human  habitations  and  quick  to  avail  himself  of  nesting  boxes  or  crannies 
about  the  porch. 

In  spite  of  their  numbers,  they  are  remarkably  uni- 
form in  plumage,  wearing  browns  and  grays  in  very  in- 
conspicuous patterns.  They  are,  with  few  exceptions, 
'  very  small  birds,  seldom  exceeding  five  or  six  inches  in 
length,  with  rounded  wings  and  short  tails,  which  they 
characteristically  hold  erect  or  even  tilt  forward  over  the 
back.  Their  small,  plump,  brown  bodies  and  their  habit 
of  haunting  brush   piles  or  sneaking  along  the  ground 


give  them  an  exceedingly  mouse-like  appearance.  In 
fact,  were  it  not  for  their  inquisitive  ways  and  their  petu- 
lant voices,  wrens  would  seldom  be  seen;  but  as  it  is, 
one  cannot   pass  their   retreats   without  being  surveyed 


GUARDING  THE  MARSHES 

Short-billed  marsh  wrens  would  seldom  be  seen  if  they  were  content  to  creep 
around  the  tangled  sedges,  as  is  their  usual  habit — but  at  anyone's  approach 
they -climb  the  tallest  reed  in  the  vicinity  and  rebuke  him  for  venturing  into  the 
marsh. 

•  from  every  side  and  without  being  the  target  for  their 
loud,  fretful  calls. 

When  not  alarmed,  the  male  seeks  some  exposed 
perch,  where,  with  drooi^ing  tail,  he  gives  vent  to  his 
exuberance  in  a  voice  of  surprising  volume  and  sweet- 
ness, for,  with  the  exception  of  the  cactus  wrens,  the 
whole  wren  family  is  famous  for  the  brilliancy  of  its 
songs.  Even  the  familiar  loud,  bubbling,  gurgling  song 
of  the  house  wren  sinks  into  insignificance  when  compared 
with  the  bold,  ringing  songs  of  the  Carolina  and  canyon 
wrens  or  the  roundelay  of  the  winter  wren.  As  with 
most  birds,  the  song  is  usually  confined  to  the  male,  but 
certain  tropical  species  have  the  delightful  habit  of  sing- 
ing in  duet.  L.  A.  Fuertes,  the  well-known  bird  artist, 
in  some  pleasing  essays  entitled  "Impressions  of  the 
Voices  of  Tropical  Birds,"  gives  us  a  vivid  picture  of 
these  birds  in  action : 

"  This  counter-singing  by  the  female,  so  far  as  I  am 
aware,  is  not  generally  known  among  birds,  but  it  is  cer- 

419 


420 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


tainly  practised  by  tliis 
species  {Hclcodytcs  bi- 
color),  as  well  as  by  all 
forms  I  know  of,  Phoi^^u- 
pcdius,  Hcnicorhina,  and 
Donacobius.  In  all  these 
cases  the  birds  sit  close  to- 
gether, the  male  a  little 
above  the  female,  and  his 
song  is  usually  louder  and 
more  brilliant  than  hers. 
Heleodytes  bicolor  gurgles 
a  loud,  clear,  oriole-like 
■  Keep  your  feet  wet.'  The 
female,  three  inches  below 
and  a  little  to  one  side, 
parallels  this  advice  with 
an  evenly  timed  '  What 
d'you  care?'  in  ])erfect  uni- 
son usually  with  the  re- 
iterated phrases  of  her 
mate.  Donacobius  does  it 
somewhat  differently,  as 
the  female  only  says  'wank, 
wank,  wank,"  while  the 
male  sits  just  above  and 
sings  almost  exactly  like  a 
cardinal,  or  a  boy  whistling 
loudly  to  his  dog,  'hui,  hui, 
hui.'  If  the  male  gives 
only  three  phrases,  so  with 
male  repeats  his  whistle  a 
gins  and  ends  in  exact  tim 
As  suggested  in  the  first 
wrens  are  placed  in  holes,  ei 


A  HOME  DESPOILED 

A  bumble  bee  has  here  utilized  the  nest  of  a  marsh  wren  instead  of  that  of  a 
meadow  mouse,  as  is  his  custom.  A  broken  eggshell  tells  of  the  former  occupant 
— a  cell  of  honey  possibilities  for  the  future.  Ihe  bee  constructed  an  inner  roof 
over  the  chamber  containing  the  honey  cell. 


the  female ;  if,  however,  the 
dozen  times,  the  female  be- 
e  with  him." 

paragraph,  the  nests  of  most 
ther  in  hollow  limbs,  in  crev- 


CL 

1 

■^8^ „a^ 
^^^^1 

1 

'  ^kikifiife'jy^w 

'^y^\ 

my^.  ^--^  -^ 

^^y  ,\ 

•-^ 

m.:^J^          VdTIBi 

^  vji^amE^n   i 

ices  in  the  rocks,  in  cran- 
nies about  buildings,  or  in 
nesting  boxes  erected  for 
them.  Some  species,  how- 
ever, like  the  marsh  wrens, 
build  globular  structures 
suspended  in  the  reeds  of 
the  marshes,  while  the  cac- 
tus wren  makes  an  enor- 
mous structure  of  thorny 
twigs,  placing  it  well  within 
the  heart  of  a  Spanish 
bayonet  or. branching 
cactus. 

The  energy  and  indus- 
try of  wrens  find  expres- 
sion for  itself  in  the  build- 
ing of  duplicate  nests.  Not 
content  with  having  com- 
pleted one  nest,  many  spe- 
cies, if  not  all,  continue  to 
carry  material  until  half  a 
dozen  nests  may  be  con- 
structed. If  they  are  hole- 
nesting  species,  every 
cranny  in  the  vicinity  will 
be  stuflfed  full  of  sticks.  If 
they  are  marsh  wrens,  they 
will  place  their  globular 
structures  usually  within  a 
short  radius,  although  in  late  summer  and  early  fall,  with 
their  energy  not  yet  failing  even  after  rearing  two  broods 
of  young,  they  may  scatter  their  nests  wherever  the  spirit 
seems  to  move  them.  The  reason  for  building  these  dupli- 
cate nests,  as  suggested  in  American  Forestry  for  De- 
cember, 1916,  probably  had  its  origin  in  the  eflfort  of  the 
male  to  secure  more  than  one  mate,  and  indicates  that  the 


A  MARSH  WREN  AT  ITS  .NEST 

A  long-billed  marah  wren  at  its  globular  nest  hung  in  the  cat-tails  of  the  marsh. 
The  opening  is  in  one  side. 


THE  BEAUTIFUL  LITTLE  SHORT-BILLED   MARSH  WREN 

The  bird  at  its  nest  in  the  sedges.    This  species  does  not  frequent  the  deep-water 
marshes,  but  prefers  the  sedgy  borders  or  even  wet  meadows. 


THE  WRENS 


421 


wren  progenitors  were  normally  polygamous.  That  house 
wrens,  and  possibly  others,  still  are  polygamous  when  op- 
portunity affords  we  now  have  considerable  proof  (Ibid.). 

The  irrepressible  energy  of  the  wrens  likewise  shows 
itself  in  the  size  of  their  families,  for  the  eggs  usually 
number  six  to  eight  instead  of  the  three  or  four  of  most 
birds.  They  vary  in  color,  with  the  different  species, 
from  the  pure  white  ones  of  the  short-billed  marsh  wren 
to  those  of  the  long-billed  species  which  are  so  thickly 
speckled  as  to  appear  almost  brown. 

Wrens  are  almost  entirely  insectivorous  birds,  show- 
ing but  little  selection  in  the  "bugs"  they  eat  so  long  as 
they  are  sufficiently  abundant  to  satisfy  their  insatiable 
appetites  and  those  of  their  numerous  young.    How  plen- 


CHIPS  FROM  THE  OLD  BLOCK 

Impatient  and  fretful — young  wrens  insist  on  being  fed  over  500  times  a  day, 
and  one  case  is  on  record  of  a  family  which  was  fed  1217  times  in  one  day. 

tiful  insects  must  be  in  order  to  maintain  a  wren  family 
and  how  many  pests  are  destroyed  by  these  birds,  one  is 
better  able  to  judge  after  watching  the  parent  birds  feed 
their  young.  It  is  by  no  means  exceptional  for  them  to 
feed  their  young  from  500  to  700  times  a  day,  while  one 
instance  is  on  record  (see  The  Auk,  January,  1917)  of 
a  single  male  wren  (the  female  having  been  killed)  which 
fed  its  young  1217  times  during  the  fifteen  hours  and 
forty-five  minutes  of  daylight. 

There  is  but  one  blot  on  the  name  of  the  wren  family : 
they  are  exceedingly  mischievous.  This  sometimes  results 
in  disaster  to  their  neighbors.  I  have  seen  a  long-billed 
marsh  wren,   for  example,  perch  on  the  edge  of  a  red- 


winged  blackbird's  nest  and  deliberately  peck  holes  in 
the  eggs.  I  have  found  the  eggs  of  Virginia  and  Sora 
rails  with  similar  holes  punched  in  them,  and  Dr.  Chapr 
man,  in  his  charming  book,  "Bird  Studies  with  a  Cam- 
era," tells  of  watching  a  marsh  wren,  in  a  similar  way, 
destroying  the  eggs  of  a  least  bittern.    The  familiar  little 


HI 

• 

GETTING  READY  FOR  SUMMER 

Much  skill  and  ingenuity  are  often  required  to  get  some  of  the  larger  sticks  into 
the  box,  yet  the  house  wrens  persist  in  using  just  such  materials. 

house  wren,  likewise,  sometimes  indulges  this  egg-de- 
stroying habit.  I  once  watched  a  male  house  wren  go 
from  the  box  where  he  was  nesting  to  one  occupied  by 
a  house  sparrow,  disappear  for  a  moment,  and  then 
come  out  with  a  sparrow's  egg  in  his  bill.  This  he  dropped 
and  watched  it  fall  until  it  broke  on  a  porch  roof  below. 
He  then  dodged  back  into  the  nest  and  repeated  the 
performance  until  all  five' eggs  lay  in  fragments,  when 
he  flew  to  the  nearest  branch  and  burst  into  a  triumphant 
song. 

If  the  wrens  practised  this  habit  on  house  sparrows 
alone,  we  could  only  praise  them,  but,  unfortunately, 
almost  any  other  birds,  particularly  hole-nesting  species, 
nesting  in  the  near  vicinity  are  likely  to  be  treated  in 
the  same  way.  It  is  almost  useless  to  try  to  attract  other 
birds  or  to  i)Ut  up  bird  houses  within  fifty  feet  of  a  box 
occupied  by  wrens.  Wrens  and  bluebirds  seem  bitterest 
enemies,  and  where  they  do  nest  fairly  close  together  the 
bluebird  is  ever  on  the  alert  to  chase  the  wren. 

The  house  wren  is  the  commonest  and  most  widely 
distributed  of  all  the  wrens,  some  form  of  it  being  found 
throughout  North  and  South  yVmerlca  from  Quebec  to 
Argentina.      It    is   uniform    dark   brown   above,    faintly 


422 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


barred  with  black,  and  brow  iiish  gray  below.  It  is  smaller 
than  the  Carolina  wren,  which  is  more  rufous  and  has 
a  light  line  over  its  eye;  it  is  larger  than  the  win- 
ter wren,  which  is  more  heavily  barred  and  has  much 
darker  underparts,  but  it  is  very  similar  to  the  Bewick's 
wren.  This  bird,  however,  has  a  light  line  over  its  eye, 
as  has  the  Carolina  wren,  and  light  spots  on  the  corners 


THE  DUMMY  NEST— A  PECULIARITY  OF  THE  WREN 

A  dummy  nest  of  a  long-billed  marsh  wren.     All  of  the  wrens  build  duplicate 
nests — possibly  an  indication  of  a  former  polygamous  habit. 

of  its  tail.  So  similar  are  all  wrens  to  one  another  in 
size  and  color  that  it  is  much  easier  to  identify  them  by 
their  songs,  which  are  distinctly  different. 

Both  the  house  wren  and  the  Bewick  wren  are  fond 
of  the  habitations  of  mankind  and  are  quick  to  avail  them- 
selves of  nesting  boxes  put  up  for  them,  the  house  wren 
from  Quebec  to  Virginia,  the  Bewick's  wren  from  cen- 
tral Pennsylvania  to  South  Carolina.  They  can  be  at- 
tracted even  to  the  heart  of  large  cities  more  success- 
fully than  any  other  birds  because  theopening  in  the  nest- 
ing box  need  not  be  larger  than  an  inch  in  diameter,  and 
this  will  not  admit  sparrows  or  starlings,  which,  by 
usurping  all  available  nesting  sites,  have  done  so  much 
toward  driving  the  hole-nesting  species  away  from  the 
cities.  It  is  best  to  place  the  boxes  on  poles  in  the  sun 
or  light  shade,  although  the  wrens  are  not  so  particular 
in  this  respect  as  the  other  "nesting-box  birds,"  and 
will  take  with  equal  readiness  a  box  on  the  porch  or 
in  the  centre  of  a  tree. 

The  iinnter  wren  and  the  Carolina  wren  are  both 
woodland  species,  but  their  breeding  ranges  do  not  over- 


lap except  in  the  Alleghenies,  for  the  winter  wren  is  a 
Canadian  species,  while  the  Carolina  wren  is  a  southern 
bird  occurring  only  occasionally  as  far  north  as  New 
York  and  New  England.  In  the  fall,  however,  the  winter 
wren  migrates  southward,  some  as  far  as  Texas  and 
northern  Florida,  and  at  this  season  all  four  kinds,  as  well 
as  the  two  species  of  marsh  wrens,  may  be  found  in  the 
Southern  States. 

Tlie  long-billed  marsh  wren  is  the  commoner  of  the 
two  latter,  frequenting  the  cat-tails  and  sedges  of  marshes 
bordering  lakes,  creeks,  or  sloughs,  where  its  incessant 
song  is  always  heard.  Even  during  the  hours  of- 
darkness,  when  most  birds  are  quiet,  the  marshes  will 
often  resound  with  a  chorus  of  marsh  wrens.  At  such 
times  it  sounds  as  if  Dame  Nature  were  keeping  late 
hours  and  had  brought  out  innumerable  tiny,  ill-working , 


EGGS  OF  THE  LONG-BILLED  MARSH  WREN 

A  section  of  a  long-billed  marsh  wren's  nest,  showing  the  heavily  spotted  eggs.  ; 
Those  of  the  short-billed  species  are  pure  white  and  other  species  show  all  grada-  . 
tions  in  between. 

sewing  machines.  Often  the  wrens  seem  to  be  carried 
away  by  the  exuberance  of  their  song,  and,  springing 
from  the  Hags,  they  seem  actually  to  explode  upward. 
With  their  feathers  shaken  out,  their  short  wings  vibrat- 
ing, their  cocky  tails  tilted  far  forward  over  their  plump 
little  bodies,  they  look  like  animated  cotton  bolls. 

The  short-billed  marsh  wren  is  much  yellower  in  gen- 
eral appearance  than  his  dark,  long-billed  brother,  and 
is  seldom  found  in  the  deep-water  marshes,  for  it  pre- 
fers the  sedgy  borders  of  such  or  even  wet  meadows.  It 
is  ordinarily  very  mouse-like  in  its  habits,  running  about 
among  the  tangled  sedges,  and  would  seldom  be  seen  were 
it  not  for  the  fact  that  whenever  any  one  approaches  it 
climbs  at  once  the  highest  reed  in  the  vicinity  to  scold  him 
for  venturing  so  far  from  sidewalks  and  pavements.  Its 
song  is  little  more  than  a  repetition  of  its  call,  like  the 


THE  DEADLY  MANZANILLO 


423 


sound  produced  by  striking  two  pebbles  rapidly  together, 
ending  with  more  of  a  grating  sound. 

In  the  arid  regions  of  the  West  dwells  the  largest 
and  most  unwren-like  of  all  the  wrens,  the  cactus  wren. 
It  is  a  gray  bird  with  a  white  spotted  breast  whose 
large,  retort-shaped  nests  are  one  of  the  most  character- 
istic sights  of  the  cactus  covmtry.  Its  song  is  the  least 
musical  of  any  member  of  the  family,  although  it  is 
given  in  characteristic  wren  fashion,  with  the  tail 
drooping  and  the  head  thrown  back. 

In  the  dry,  rock-bound  regions  of  the  West,  where 
most  bird  life  is  scarce,  lives  the  rock  Xi'ren,  whose  curi- 
ous   tinkling    song    is    one    of    the    few    redeeming 


features  of  the  desolate  rock  slides  of  the  mountains. 

In  the  canyons  it  is  the  song  of  the  canyon  wren 
that  so  frequently  causes  the  rocks  to  reverberate  with 
wild  ringing  notes.  The  bugler,  it  is  sometimes  called, 
but  a  tiny  bugler  indeed,  less  than  six  inches  in  length  and 
so  inconspicuous  that  were  it  not  for  its  white  throat  it 
would  escape  unseen. 

The  Parkman  wren  and  the  Vigors  wren  of  the  Pa- 
cific coast  region  are  the  western  representatives  of  the 
eastern  house  wren  and  the  Bewick's  wren.  The  com- 
mon wren  of  Europe  and  the  British  Islands,  or  Jenny 
wren,  as  it  is  often  called,  is  a  species  very  similar  to  our 
winter  wren  in  color,  song,  and  habits. 


THE  DEADLY  MANZANILLO 

BY  FRANK  COYNE 


LITERATURE  on  the  tropics  abounds  with  stories 
of  poisonous  plants  and  trees,  and  to  this  beautiful 
tree,   arching  many   a   roadway   with   its   glossy 
green  leaves  and  rose-tinted  flowers,  has  been  ascribed 


MANZANILLO  GROVE,  CURACAO,  DUTCH  WEST  INDIES 

This  beautiful  little  grove  belies  the  deadly  reputation  which  tradition  has  at- 
tached to  the  manzanillo — that  he  who  partakes  of  the  fruit,  or  sleeps  under  the 
trees,  is  likely  to  sleep  forever. 

the  deadly  poisonous  properties  of  the  far-famed  Upas 
tree  of  the  East. 

To  the  fruit  of  this  tree,  more  than  to  the  efifect  of 
its  foliage,  is  due  its  evil  name.  Manzanillo  in  Spanish 
means  "  little  apple,"  and  in  the  Papiamento  tongue  of 
the  blacks  of  Curasao,  Dutch  West  Indies,  living  in 
their  little  thatched  huts,  the  name  Manzanillo  is  pro- 
nounced but  slightly  differently  from  the  Spanish. 

It  has  been  stated  by  Spanish  writers  that  if  one 
remains  under  its  shade  for  a  few  hours  or  sleeps  there 
death  is  likely  to  follow,  or  that  even  if  the  unfortunate 
escapes  death  the  body  will  become  a  mass  of  running 
sores.     The  deleterious  properties  of  the  shade  of  this 


tree  have,  however,  been  greatly  exaggerated,  and  as  for 
the  actual  poisonous  effect  of  the  leaves  and  shade  con- 
siderable diversity  of  opinion  still  exists,  as  is  the  case  with 
the  poison  ivy  of  the  States. 

The  small,  apple-shaped  fruits  have  tempted  many  a 
stranger  to  a  much-regretted  meal.  As  recently  as  the 
summer  of  1916  an  officer  of  a  Dutch  steamer  had  a 
narrow  escape  from  serious  poisoning,  emetics  and 
stomach  pumps  alone  saving  his  life.  Some  32  years  ago 
54  members  of  the  crew  of  a  German  ship  were  taken 
to  the  local  hospital,  all  very  sick  from  having  eaten  the 
fruit  of  the  Manzanillo.  Five  of  this  number  died  and 
the  rest  after  serious  illness  for  several  weeks  recovered. 

As  is  the  ca^e  with  the  question  of  the  leaves  and 
shade,  there  arernany  accounts  of  the  effect  of  the  fruit. 
To  quote  from  one  writer,  "A  fish  which  eats  the  fruit 
becomes  infected,  the  gills  becorhing  yejjow  and  black, 
and  one  who  eats  the  fish  in  this  state  is  said  to  fall  into 
a  profound  lethargy,  with  a  general  relaxation  of  all  the 
limbs,  according  to  the  amount  eaten." 

The  tree  when  cut  exudes  a  quantity  of  white,  milky 
juice,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  common  rubber-tree,  and 
to  most  persons  this  juice  has  the  same  effect  as  our 
poison-ivy.  However,  if  this  'acrid  milky  juice  reaches 
the  delicate  membranes  of  the  eye  temporary  and  often 
permanent  blindness  is  sure  'to  follow. 

The  Manzanillo  is  a  native  of  the  West  Indian  Islands 
and  is  usually  found  in  moist  situations.  The  accom- 
panying picture  shows  a  pure  stand  of  the  Manzanillo, 
fringing  the  banks  of  a  smill'  stream  on  the  Island  of 
Curasao.  '^ 


I 


N  response  to  an  inquiry  from  the  National  Wool  Grow- 
Association,  the  Forest  Service  announced    that 


ers 


stock  growers  having  National  Forest  grazing  preferences 
will  be  permitted,  if  they  enlist  in  the  army  or  navy,  to 
retain  their  preferences  without  use  of  the  range  during 
the  period  of  enlistment.  Those  wishing  to  avail  them- 
selves of  this  privilege  will  file  a  statement  similar  to  that 
now  required  of  State  and  Federal  employees  who  wish  to 
discontinue  use  of  the  range  during  their  term  of  service 
without  losing  their  preferences. 


WINDOW  GARDEN 
ATTRACTIONS 

By  C.  W.  H.  DOUGLASS 

THE  window  box,  as  a  means  of  re- 
lieving and  beautifying  the  stern 
face  of  the  modern  oflfice  building, 
is  becoming  more  and  more  popular  as 
people  realize  that  hot  only  is  it  an  inspira- 
tion and  pleasure,  but  also  has  a  practical 
value.  Numerous  observations  have  shown 
that  the  use  of  plants  in  this  way  makes  an 
excellent  advertisement,  and  the  eflfect  upon 
employees  within  whose  range  of  vision 
the  plants  are  placed  is  wholesome  and 
conducive  to  better  work. 

Developing  a  system  of  parks,  beautify- 


Courtesy  of  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden. 

A   MORE  FORMAL  ARRANGEMENT,  IN  A  BOX  WITH 
SEVERER  LINES 

This  box  is  arranged  to  give  a  slightly  more  formal  effect  than 
that  above.  The  plants  are  pandanus  veitchii,  caladium,  canna, 
English  ivy  and  vinca  major. 

ing  the  grounds  in  close  proximity  to  public 
buildings,  encouraging  the  decoration  of 
the  home  grounds,  and  adding  a  touch  of 
softening  decoration  to  the  buildings  in 
the  business  section  are  all  factors  in  the 
problem  of  beautifying  a  city.  The  last 
one  is  the  least  developed,  due  no  doubt  to 
a  lack  of  proper  appreciation  of  the  results 
that  can  be  attained  as  well  as  to  the  in- 
herent difficulties  presented  by  this  type  of 
building.  There  is  no  possibility,  except 
in  rare  cases,  of  planting  trees  to  grace 
the  view  because  of  lack  of  space.  Like- 
wise, the  use  of  shrubbery  is  impossible, 
and  climbing  vines,  which  have  such  a 
softening  effect,  have  no  place  to  take  root. 
The  only  means  remaining  for  decorating 
the  office  building  are  the  tubbed  ornamen- 
424 


Courtesy  o;  ihe  .Ut^souri  Botanical  Garden. 

AN  INFORMAL  ARRANGEMENT  OF  FLOWERS  IN  A  BARK-COVERED  BOX 

This  window  box,  covered  with  bark  and   filled  with  Boston  fern,  anthericum,  boxwood,  rubber 
plant,  vinca  major.Kentia  palm,  geranium  and  hibiscus,  makes  a  very  attractive  .window  garden. 

tal  trees  or  shrubs  at  the  entrances  and 
the  window  boxes. 

Because  the  windows  far  outnumber  the 
entrances,  the  window  box  is  the  more  im- 
portant of  the  two.  At  the  same  time  it 
offers  a  much  greater  opportunity  for  vari- 
ety in  decoration.  It  may  be  a  riot  of  color 
or  a  dignified  and  unobtrusive  bit  of  decora- 
tion. And  with  the  changes  of  season  an 
endless  variety  of  plants  may  be  used  in 
their  most  beautiful  stages  of  development 
and  bloom. 

Good  taste  must  of  course  be  exercised 
in  selecting  the  type  and  size  of  box  to 
be  used.  Boxes  made  of  wood  are  most 
popular  because  of  their  light  weight  and 
relative  cheapness  as  compared  with  those 
made  of  concrete,  terra  cotta,  or  vitrified 
clay.     Cypress,  redwood,  cedar,  chestnut. 


*      AN  ARTISTIC  GROUPING  IN  A  BOX  COVERED  WITH  BIRCH  BARK 

Vinca  major,  asparagus  sprengeri,  petunia,  vinca  rosea,  coleus  and_  Boston  fern  in  a  window 
box  made  of  wood  and  covered  with  birch  bark.  This  gives  a  good  idea  of  the  effect  obtained 
by  placing  the  plants  close  together  in  the  box. 


WINDOW  GARDEN  ATTRACTIONS 


425 


^^^ 

|i  i 

M 

m 

Courtesy  of  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden. 

A  BEAUTIFUL  PLANTING  IN  A  METAL  WINDOW  BOX 

A  metal  box  containing  hibiscus,  crotons,  vinca  major,  dracsena  terminalis  and  pandanus 
veitchii.  The  traiUng  vines  help  to  soften  the  hard,  abruptly-angled  lines  of  the  building,  yet 
not  so  profuse  as  to  give  a  ' '  weepy  ' '  effect. 

and  several  other  woods  are  durable  in  con- 
tact with  air  or  soil,  and  a  box  made  of 
any  one  of  them,  thoroughly  painted  both 
inside  and  outside,  will  last  a  long  time. 
Bark  of  the  birch,  hemlock,  or  cedar  may  be 
used  with  very  good  effect  to  cover  the  box. 
The  depth  of  the  receptacle  should  be  at 
least  six  inches,  and  better  results  will  be 
obtained  if  it  is  eight  to  ten  inches  deep. 
The  width  of  the  window  ledge  determines 
the  width  of  the  box,  although  from  six  to 
nine  inches  is  considered  best.  Length  is 
entirely  dependent  on  convenience  of  hand- 
ling. If  the  ledges  are  long,  it  is  easier 
to  handle  the  boxes  if  they  are  made  up 
in  short  sections.  Most  ledges  are  built 
with  an  outward  and  downward  slope, 
which  makes  it  necessary  to  put  strips 
under  the  outside  edges  of  the  box  to  keep 


it  level.  It  should  also  be  anchored  to  the 
building  by  wires  running  to  the  window 
sills,  or  some  other  means,  which  will  pre- 
vent it  from  slipping  gradually  or  being 
l^lown  off  in  a  storm.  Boxes  in  upper- 
story  windows  should  be  equipped  with 
drip-pans  to  prevent  leakage  of  water 
and  consequent  staining  of  the  building 
by  the  minerals  dissolved  in  the  water 
during  its  passage  through  the  earth  in 
the  box. 

For  the  best  growth  of  the  plants  a 
fibrous  loam  soil  is  best.  Too  much  clay  or 
too  much  sand  will  be  detrimental. 

The  soil  will  need  enriching,  and  for 
this  purpose  thoroughly  rotted  stable  ma- 
nure is  best.  It  should  be  dried  and  crum- 
bled into  powder  and  then  mixed  with  the 
soil  in  the  proportion  of  one  part  of  manure 


(    ,■/>-'.    V  of  the  Missouri  l'>',tinn<  'd  C''ir'lfrt. 

ANOTHER  PLAN  FOR  A  WINDOW  GARDEN 

The  architecture  of  this  building  prevents  the  use  of  a  long  window  box.  Hydrangeas  and  Eng- 
lish ivy  here  combine  splendidly  in  an  attractive  bit  of  decoration,  using  the  short  but  com- 
paratively deep  space  available  to  the  best  advantage. 


Courtesy  of  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden. 

A  MOST  EFFECTIVE  WINDOW  GARDEN 

This  beautiful  window  garden  makes  a  very  attractive  decoration  for  the  high-class  apartment 
hotel.  The  English  ivy,  completely  covering  the  box,  makes  a  background  against  which  the 
flowers  of  the  geranium  show  to  best  advantage.  The  date  palms  add  a  desirable  touch  of  for- 
mality. 

to  from  two  to  six  parts  of  soil.  This  fining 
of  the  manure  by  drying  and  powdering, 
and  thoroughly  mixing  with  the  soil,  is 
considered  very  important  in  securing  the 
most  luxurious  plant  growth. 

The  drainage  of  the  box  is  very  impor- 
tant, although  it  will  be  more  likely  to  suf- 
fer because  of  too  little  moisture  rather  than 
too  much ;  nevertheless,  if  no  means  is  pro- 
vided for  getting  rid  of  surplus  water,  ex- 
cept evaporation,  the  plants  will  suffer. 
The  bottom  of  the  box  should  be  perforated 
with  a  number  of  half-inch  holes  about  six 
inches  apart,  and  these  partly  covered  with 
pieces  of  crock  placed  curved  side  up.  Some 
jjeople  get  best  results  by  filling  the  box 
an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  deep  with 
pieces  of  broken  crock,  then  throwing 
the  soil  in  on  top,  taking  care  not  to 
pack  it. 

']"he  success  or  failure  of  the  box  very 
often  depends  on  the  watering  or  lack  of  it. 


42(5 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


The  frequency  of  watering  can  only  be  determined 
by  actual  practice,  being  dependent  on  atmospheric 
conditions,  soil,  sunlight,  wind,  etc.  During  average 
summer  weather  the  plants  should  be  watered  once 
a  day,  and  this  should  be  done  after  sunset  if  possible 
to  prevent  scald- 
ing of  the  plants. 
The  foliage  should 
be  washed  in  the 
process  of  water- 
ing to  keep  the 
leaves  clear  of 
dust,  which  clogs 
the  air  pores,  to 
the  detriment  of 
the  plants. 

The  red  spider 
and  the  green 
aphis  are  the  chief 
insect  enemies 
that  are  liable  to 
attack  plants.  A 
thorough  syring- 
ing of  the  foliage 
on  both  sides  will 
eliminate  the  red 
spider,  and  spray- 
ing with  a  tobacco 
solution  e  r  a  d  i  - 
cates  the  aphis. 

In  selecting  the 
plants  to  be  used 
in  the  window 
boxes,  special  at- 
tention must  be 
given  to  the 
amount  of  s  u  n  - 
shine  they  receive. 
All  plants  require 
plenty  of  light, 
but  some  make 
lesser  demands  for 
it  than  others. 
Plants  which  do 
not  demand  the 
maximum  amount 
can  be  used  on 
the   north   side   of 

buildings  or  in  shaded  situations.  J<  is  easy  to  overdo 
the  use  of  certain  conspicuous  plants  of  trailing  habit, 
which  give  an  undesirable  "weepy"  effect,  due  to  the 
great  profusion  of  hanging  vines.  Color  combinations 
are  important,  of  course,  and  the  colors  of  blossoms 
must  be  considered  in  selecting  the  plants.  Against 
light  stone  or  stucco,  red,  purple,  or  scarlet  will  look 
well,  and  blues,  yellows,  and  whites  with  as  much  green 
as  possible  as  a  background  make  a  pretty  contrast  with 
the  red  brick  building.  Flowering  plants  should  pos- 
sess the  qualities  of  rapid  development  and  profuse- 


Courtesy  of  the  Misscurt  Botanical  Cardti:. 

EFFECTIVE  ARRANGEMENT  FOR  AN  ENTRANCE 

The  fresh,  rich  green  of  the  English  ivy  and  geraniums  in  the  boxes,  and  the  bay  tree  in  the  tub,  makes 
an  attractive  contrast  with  hot  pavements  and  the  severe  architectural  design  ofr  the  modern  office  build- 
ing. The  tired  business  man  has  a  springier  step  and  a  keener  light  in  his  eye  when  working  in  such 
an  atmosphere — such  is  the  subtle,  scarcely  to  be  observed  effect  of  nature's  living  plants. 


ness  and  continuity  of  bloom.  The  succession  of  bloom 
may  be  carried  out  by  filling  the  boxes  in  the  spring  with 
pansies  and  English  daisies,  and  following  these  with 
foliage  and  flowering  plants  lasting  throughout  the  summer. 
The    following  varieties  of   annual   flowering  plants 

are  specially  suit- 
able for  window 
gardens :  Agera- 
tum,  a  compact- 
growing,  hardy 
])lant,  about  one 
foot  in  height  and 
producing  a  con- 
stant succession 
of  white,  light 
blue,  or  purple 
flowers ;  Asters, 
although  more 
easily  grown  in 
the  open  ground 
than  in  boxes,  and 
having  a  short  sea- 
son of  bloom,  will 
thrive  in  the  win- 
dow garden ;  Ca- 
calia,  a  slender, 
graceful  plant, 
blooming  persist- 
ently, growing 
about  sixteen 
inches  high  and 
bearing  tassel- 
shaped,  bright 
orange -c  o  1  o  r  ed 
flowers ;  Calendula 
or  M  ar  i  g  o  1  d,  a 
rather  coarse 
plant  from  ten  to 
fourteen  inches 
tall  and  producing 
large  yellow  flow- 
ers ;  Candytuft,  a 
hardy,  easily 
grown  plant  six  to 
sixteen  inches 
high  and  bearing 
abundant  clusters 
of  white  or  purple 
flowers ;  California  poppy,  an  open  trailer  and  a  per- 
sistent though  not  abundant  bloomer;  Chinese  pink, 
a  persistent  bloomer  with  flowers  of  brilliant  color ;  Dian- 
thus,  a  brilliant-hued  garden  pink  which  is  not  easily 
grown,  but  is  so  attractive  as  to  warrant  the  eflfort; 
Cobelia,  a  slender-stemmed,  delicately  graceful  plant 
bearing  small,  beautiful  blue  flowers,  and  very  desir- 
able for  the  window  box  because  of  its  graceful  habit 
of  growth  and  constant  bloom;  Mignonette,  one  of 
the  most  fragrant  of  our  common  flowers,  and  one 
that  does  well  in  the  window  box ;  Nasturtium,  an  excel- 


WINDOW  GARPEN  ATTRACTIONS 


427 


lent  plant  for  the  window  box,  as  its  graceful  habit  of 
growth  and  brilliant  flowers  are  very  effective ;  no  manure 
should  be  added  to  the  soil  for  nasturtiums;  Petunia,  a 
plant  which  produces  a  succession  of  bright-colored, 
broad,  trumpet-shaped  flowers  which  give  brilliancy  to 
any  collection ;  Snapdragon,  a  rather  slow  plant  to  bloom, 
but  one  that  is  attractive  while  growing  and  makes  a  good 
background  for  the  other  plants  of  the  collection  and  is 
very  brilliant  and  showy  when  it  does  bloom ;  Sweet  Allys- 
sum,  a  low-growing,  spreading  plant,  with  small,  white, 
sweet-scented  flowers,  produced  in  abundance;  Verbena, 
a  trailer  which  covers  two  to  six  square  feet  and  is  an 
abundant  and  persistent  bloomer ;  Zinnia,  a  strong,  rather 
coarse-growing  plant,  but  very  hardy  and  a  persistent 
bloomer. 

There  are  many  other  plants  which  are  suitable  for 
window-box  use.  With  any  combination,  certain  foliage 
plants  should  be  used  to  furnish  a  sufficient  filler  or 
background  for  the  flowers.  Among  these  asparagus, 
red  and  green  dracena,  English  ivy,  sword  fern,  Whitmani 
fern,  pandanus,  vinca,  and  wandering  Jew  are  most 
adaptable. 

The  great  range  of  available  plants  makes  it  impossible 
to  indicate  exactly  what  the  arrangement  and  combina- 
tions should  be,  but  the  following  examples  are  sug- 
gested : 


Sunny  Location 

1.  Vinca  major — front. 
Petunia — filler. 
Ageratum — filler. 
Vinca  Rosea — points. 

2.  English  ivy — front. 
Asparagus    Sprengeri — front. 
Geranium — filler. 

Lantana — filler. 
Hibiscus — points. 

3.  Wandering  Jew — front. 
Asparagus   Sprengeri — front. 
Verbena — filler. 

Petunia — filler. 
Marigold — filler. 
Croton — filler. 


Shady  Location 

1.  Asparagus    Sprengeri — 
front. 

Dracena  terminalis — points. 
Boston  fern — filler. 

2.  English  ivy — front. 
Coleus — filler. 
Boston  fern — filler. 
Pandanus  Veitchii — points. 

3.  German   ivy — front. 
Asparagus   Sprengeri — front. 
Hibiscus — points. 
Whitmani  fern — filler. 
Croton — filler. 


A  FORESTRY  CONFERENCE 

A  FORESTRY  conference  held  at  Pittsburgh,  June  21, 
■^^  22  and  23,  was  well  attended  by  members  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association,  Pennsylvania  State  For- 
estry Association,  Canadian  Forestry  Association  and 
other  organizations  interested  in  forest  conservation. 
Three  full  and  profitable  days  were  spent  in  hearing 
addresses,  in  viewing  municipal  plantings,  nurseries  and 
examining  forested  lands  in  various  sections  of  the  state 
near  Pittsburgh.  Dr.  Henry  S.  Drinker,  president  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Forestry  Association  and  a  director  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association,  presided  at  the  sessions. 
Owing  to  illness  Mr.  Charles  Lathrop  Pack,  president 
of  the  American  Forestry  Association  and  also  president 
of  the  National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission, 
was  unable  to  be  present,  but  sent  an  address  on  food 
conservation  to  be  read. 


A  GIANT  CACTUS 
By  Stanley  F.  Wilson 

THIS  giant  cactus  (Cereus  giganteus)  was  found  at  an- 
elevation  of  3600  feet  twenty-five  miles  northeast  of 
Tucson  at  the  border  of  the  Santa  Catalina  Divi- 
sion of  the  Coronado  National  Forest. 

Its  height  is  forty-five  feet;  its  diameter  breast-high, 
twentv-six  inches.     There  are  more  than  fifty  branches. 


ARIZON.^'S  GIANT  CACTUS 
This  great  plant,  weighing  five  tons,  is  forty-five  feet  high  and  has  a  diameter 
of  twenty-six  inches. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  weight  of  the  plant  is  more  than 
five  tons.  Its  age  is  unknown,  but  must  be  very  great. 
The  dots  are  woodpecker  holes.  These  birds  delight  in 
the  giant  cactus.  It  furnishes  a  fortified  residence  for 
birds  of  many  species. 

Most  people  see  only  the  desert  country  in  travelling 
through  Arizona.  This  is  because  the  railroads  follow  the 
lower  levels.  How  many  people  would  believe  that  on  the 
summit  of  the  Catalina  Mountains,  only  nine  miles  from 
this  cactus,  are  to  be  found  giant  firs  and  pines,  Alpine 
wild  flowers,  a  well-stocked  trout  stream,  an  ideal  summer 
climate,  and  a  rapidly  growing  summer  colony  where 
people  take  refuge  from  the  heat  of  the  desert  ? 


SOME  OF  THE  WOODSIDE  FOODS 


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yi 


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E  are  all  trjring 
to  do  our  bit 
in  one  way 
or  another. 
Our  best  way 
seems  to  be  in 
the  food  cam- 
paign. Mother 
tries  wheat- 
less  meals  on 


us  and  we  are  even  going  a  step  further 
and  eating  dinners  that  are  both  meat- 
less and  wheatless.  It  is  something  of 
a  game  with  us  and  we  make  jokes 
about  it;  but  we  have  the  grimmest 
sort  of  humor  in  the  thought  that  war  is 
not  only  making  wheatless  and  meatless 
dinners  but  also  in  many  parts  of  Europe 
is  making  "  eatless  "  meals.  Mother  was 
much  cast  down  over  the  first  trial  at  a 
meal  without  wheat  or  meat  when  she 
served  us  macaroni  and  cheese  and  com 
muflBns.  It  was  a  special  "company" 
dinner,  with  green  peas,  fruit  salad,  ice- 
cream and  macaroons.  Good  enough  for 
Mr.  Hoover  or  anybody !  But  when  our 
Lady  of  the  Home  reaUzed  that  macaroni 
is  made  of  wheat  it  'most  broke  her  heart. 
However,  it  was  a  start,  and  from  that 
start  we  have  had  many  another  such 
meal,  equally  as  good  and  without  the 
wheat  that  the  Allies  need. 

FEW  of  us  know  how  much  food  the 
woods  hold  for  us:  Wild  strawberries, 
blackberries,  dewberries,  raspberries, 
huckleberries.  The  so-called  weeds  are 
good;  and  there  must  have  been  a  time 
when  man  first  tried  to  eat  rhubarb  and 
asparagus.  Lettuce  is  undoubtedly  de- 
veloped from  a  plant  pretty  close  to  the 
dandeUon.  We  have  eaten  with  relish 
the  young  shoots  of  the  poke-berry,  or 
"poke-root."  Burdock,  wild  mustard, 
purslane  and  a  lot  of  others  are  worth 
trying,  though  it  is  unwise  to  eat  strange 
roots  or  plants  with  which  one  is  not 
familiar.    The  deadly  water-hemlock,  or 


cicuta,  is  not  imcommon  and  it  looks 
just  as  good  to  eat  as  many  another  herb. 
For  myself,  I  cannot  raise  any  very 
great  stir  of  enthusiasm  for  most  of  these 
"wild  greens."  One  "mess"  of  dande- 
lions will  do  me  for  a  long  time,  and  two 
are  about  all  I  can  stand  for  each  season. 
At  least,  that  is  the  way  I  feel  now ;  they 
say  hunger  may  make  a  man  do  an3rtliing. 

THERE  is  a  lot  of  fun,  as  well  as  thrift, 
in  going  to  the  woods  for  berries,  or 
rather  to  the  pastures  at  the  edge  of  the 
woods.  A  day  in  the  blackberries  is  one 
of  adventiu-e.  We  are  supposed  to  bring 
in  our  cups  of  berries  as  the  cups  are 
filled,  mother  being  in  charge  of  the 
central  station,  and  of  the  lunch.  Always 
there  is  a  clamor  for  that  lunch  long 
before  lunch  time. 

Toto  comes  in  with  a  cup  that  is  not 
very  full  and  a  wail  that  he  is  on  the  edge 
of  starvation.  Yet  he  is  smeared  from 
ear  to  ear  with  the  rich  juice  of  black- 
berries. 

"  I  only  ate  one,"  be  declares  in  reply 
to  an  accusing  finger. 

"That  soimds  like  bad  grammar," 
says  father,  butting  in  from  the  heights 
of  great  wisdom;  "but  it  may  be  all  right. 
He  '  only  ate  one '  and  the  rest  were  used 
for  a  facial  massage." 

Toto  rolls  his  big  eyes,  as  he  always 
does,  when  puzzled. 

"  Maybe  I  did  eat  more  than  one,"  he 
admits,  "but  a  fellow's  got  to  do  some- 
thing when  he's  hungry  and  they  won't 
give  him  anything  to  eat." 

This  appeal  is  too  much.  So  the 
baskets  are  opened  and  the  feast  is 
spread;  then  a  munching  in  silent  con- 
tentment, and  afterwards  a  rest  in  the 
shade  with  every  one  of  us  too  full  to 
move  with  comfort;  afterwards  more 
berry-picking;  the  finding  of  a  song- 
sparrow's  nest  with  young  in  it.  When 
the  little  birds  stretch  their  necks  and 
open  their  mouths  that  look  almost  as  big 


K- 


r. 


^^^, 


'hv 


i 


AaSi 


as  the  nest  itself,  Toto  wants  to  feed  them 
each  a  ripe  blackberry.  We  tell  him  that 
they  much  prefer  the  insects  which  the 
mother  bird  brings.  We  see  her  hovering 
near,  and  stand  back  to  watch  how  she 
does  it.  Just  as  soon  as  they  hear  her 
come,  up  pop  the  heads  and  wide-open 
fly  the  mouths;  in  goes  the  bug  and  away 
flies  the  parent  bird  in  the  task  that  does 
not  stop  while  dayUght  lasts.  Everywhere 
the  search  for  food,  life's  great  need! 

Trudging  home  toward  supper-time 
as  the  day  begins  to  grow  cooler,  we  are 
tired  but  happy.  Fresh  berries  and  cream 
with  bread  and  butter  for  the  evening 
meal ;  early  good-nights,  and  then  comes 
wholesome  rest.  Next  day  appetizing 
odors  of  the  cooking  fruit,  for  jellies, 
for  preserves,  or  for  canned  berries  to 
go  in  next  winter's  pies.  Mother  takes 
us  in  to  show  her  proud  rows  of  neatly 
labeled  jars. 

OUT  in  the  yard  are  trays  of  fruit  and 
vegetables  drying.  This  drying  is 
worth  more  than  most  folks  realize.  It  is 
so  easy  to  do !  An  electric  fan  and  some 
shallow  trays  make  as  good  a  drier  as  one 
could  wish.  Yet  the  fan  is  not  necessary. 
The  heat  of  the  sun  is  enough,  and  is 
better  than  artificied  heat,  which  makes 
the  food  lose  color  and  flavor  and  even 
some  of  its  food  value. 

Here  are  some  of  the  things  that  our 
Home-maker  has  found  out : 

Strawberries  and  asparagus  are  no 
good  dried ;  the  strawberries  make  a  pasty 
mush,  and  the  asparagus  goes  into  tough 
strings  that  furnish  a  good  fiber  but 
mighty  little  food. 

All  the  small  fruits,  including  rhubarb, 
can  be  dried  with  success.  Raspberries, 
blackberries,  loganberries,  huckleberries 
seem  to  go  away  to  a  dry  mass  of  seeds 
and  skins,  but  they  cook  back  to  their 
original  color,  and  flavor,  and  volume. 
Drying  is  a  good  method  this  year 
because  it  does  not  have  to  depend  on  a 
supply  of  cans. 

Vegetables  should  be  sliced  before 
drying,  and  this  is  true,  of  course,  of  the 
larger  fruits,  such  as  apples  or  peaches. 
If  there  is  no  root-cellar  or  root-pit,  pota- 
toes, carrots,  and  turnips  may  be  sliced 
and  dried.      Onions,  string  beans,  lima 


beans,  peas,  spinach,  cauliflower,  cabbage, 
Brussels  sprouts  and  okra  dry  perfectly. 

Sweet  com,  white  potatoes  and  sweet 
potatoes  need  to  be  cooked  before  drying, 
though  the  cooking  does  not  have  to  be 
thorough.  A  short  plunging  into  boiling 
water  seems  to  be  enough.  If  they  are 
not  cooked  they  lose  their  color  and  may 
not  keep. 

DRYING  is  not  without  its  fun,  even 
for  the  children.  They  like  to  see 
the  orderly  trays  under  their  mosquito- 
nettings  out  in  the  sun.  There  is  excite- 
ment in  the  scurry  to  get  the  trays  under 
cover  when  a  sudden  summer  shower 
comes.  In  spite  of  the  mosquito-net,  many 
insects  that  like  sweets  come  to  the  dry- 
ing trays,  and  Everett  has  added  some 
rare  kinds  to  his  sets  of  butterflies. 

Once  he  had  a  trying  result  when  his 
joking  uncle  told  him  that  he  could  catch 
them  easily  if  he  could  put  salt  on  their 
tails.  Everett  has  a  most  serious  mind 
and  an  earnest  nature.  He  got  the  big 
salt  box  out  of  the  kitchen;  then,  when 
the  butterflies  were  rather  thickly  gath- 
ered over  the  netting,  he  let  fly  with  a 
broadcast  deluge  of  salt  that  ought  to 
have  caught  them  all.  Mother  was  riled 
for  a  time;  but  it  was  her  own  brother 
who  was  to  blame,  so  we  told  them  to 
fight  it  out  in  their  own  family,  and  they 
soon  saw  the  joke,  even  though  it  was 
on  them. 

AS  I  said  in  the  beginning,  we  have  fun 
-  over  the  food  situation.  It  is  best 
that  we  should  while  we  can;  but  in  the 
meantime  we  must  see  its  serious  side. 
It  is  very  serious  for  our  friends  across 
the  water  now ;  it  is  going  to  be  serious 
for  us.  The  best  of  it  all  is  that  each  one 
can  do  his  part — man,  woman  and  child. 
In  our  own  house  we  are  eating  less,  and 
we  are  just  as  well  as  we  were  before,  or 
even  have  better  health.  The  plates  that 
go  to  the  kitchen  go  there  empty.  No 
more  crusts  and  bits  of  food  for  the  gar- 
bage can ;  no  half -inch  of  milk  left  in  the 
bottom  of  the  glass. 

"That  would  feed  a  Belgian  kiddie!" 
cry  all  the  other  children  if  one  of  ours 
leaves  a  scrap  of  good  food;  and  the 
morsel  is  eaten — or  saved,  by  and  for  the 
same  child — out  of  very  shame. 


isi 


SOME  INTERESTING  TREES  OF  SINGULAR  GROWTH 


NATURAL  GRAFT  OF  BEECH 


-SIAMESE    TWIN"    SYCAMORE 


XATURAL  AFFINITIES 


GRAFT  OP  A  BEAUTIFUL  BEECH 


THE  first  picture,  of  natural  graft  of  beech,  was  sent 
to  American  Forestry  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Brown,  and 
was  taken  by  him  during  the  summer  of  1916 
about  a  mile  southeast  of  Palisade  Park,  a  summer  re- 
sort near  South  Haven,  Michigan,  in  a  grove  of  soft 
maples  bordering  an  old  oxbow  of  Brandywine  Creek, 
while  he  was  studying  the  physiographic  ecology  of  the 
region  in  a  class  of  the  University  of  Chicago. 

Near  West  Milford,  in  West  Virginia,  on  the  banks 
of  the  West  Fork  River,  is  found  growing  the  remarkable 
specimen  of  sycamore  which  we  have  dubbed  the  "Sia- 
mese Twin."  A  close  examination  of  the  photograph 
will  show  that  the  trunks  are  joined  at  three  different 


points.  The  gentleman  is  standing  on  the  middle  con- 
necting limb,  or  what  might  be  called  the  "second  floor." 

There  seems  to  be  no  reason  for  the  white  oaks  in 
the  next  picture  to  have  grown  together — they  just  did. 

The  last  photograph  is  another  instance  of  natural 
graft  of  beech,  and  quite  a  striking  example  of  peculiar 
growth.  The  tree  started  out  to  be  a  twin,  and  then 
changed  its  mind  and  grew  together  again,  its  health 
and  beaut}'  unimpaired  by  its  freaky  growth. 

This  photograph,  and  the  ones  of  the  sycamore  and 
the  white  oaks,  were  all  taken  within  a  mile  of  each 
other,  and  were  sent  to  American  Forestry  by  Mr.  J> 
Franklin  McConkey. 


T^HE  largest  number  of  sheep  grazed  on  any  single 
-*-  National  Forest  is  315,740,  finding  pasturage  on  the 
Humboldt  in  Nevada,  while  the  largest  number  of  cattle — 
75,818  head— is  found  on  the  Tonto  in  Arizona.  The 
value  of  the  average  annual  meat  product  of  these  two 
National  Forests  is  estimated  at  $2,000,000. 

rVF  the  22,000,000  trees  planted  on  the  Pennsylvania 
^  State  Forests  to  January  1,  1917,  over  15,000,000,  or 
about  seventy-two  per  cent.,  are  now  living,  according  to  a 
430 


statement  made  by  the  Commissioner  of  Forestry.  Fig- 
ures are  not  available  on  the  present  status  of  the  private 
plantations,  but  up  to  the  end  of  1916  about  3,000,000 
seedlings  were  planted  by  corporations  and  individuals, 
and  at  least  2,000,000  should  be  in  good  condition  now. 

THE  work  of  classifying  and  opening  to  homestead 
entry  such  lands  in  the  National  Forests  as  are 
chiefly  valuable  for  agriculture  is  progressing  rapidly. 
More  than  seventy  million  acres  have  been  covered  by 
field  examinations  and  the  final  reports  acted  upon. 


PAPER-MAKING  IN  THE  INSECT  WORLD 


BY  DR.  R.  W.  SHUFELDT,  C.M.Z.S. 


A  MOST  interesting  volume  might  be  written  de- 
voted exclusively  to  the  achievements  of  many 
insects  in  the  arts  and  trades,  and  the  treatise 
would,  in  the  matter  of  size,  by  no  means  be  a  booklet. 
When  I  .say  this,  I  do  not  refer  to  such  structures  as  the 
cocoons  spun  by  many  caterpillars  and  the  like ;  for  the 
material  used  in  their  construction — that  is  the  silk — is 
secreted  by  a  special  organ  forming  a  part  of  the  economv 


THE  NEST  MOST  OFTEN  SEEN 

Fig.  I. — Here  we  have  several  wasps  of  the  common  species  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  United  States,  resting  upon  a  small  paper  nest  they  have  completed,  in  the 
cells  of  which  the  eggs  of  the  insect  have  been  deposited.  The  back  of  this  nest, 
that  is. the  opposite  side  of  the  view  given  in  the  cut.  is  made  fast  to  the  twig  of 
the  bush  selected  by  the  builders  by  means  of  a  strong  little  pedicle,  made  of 
the  same  material  as  the  nest,  only  denser  and  darker.  '  This  is  the  only  paper 
now  being  made  in  this  country  not  costing  more  for  prcduction,  claimed  by  the 
manufacturers,  and  not  affected  by  the  war  in  Europe. 

of  the  animal.  But,  upon  the  other  hand,  the  instances 
in  the  book  could  be  confined  to  the  work  of  such  a  re- 
markable insect  mechanic  as  the  carpenter  bee — a  species 
that  cuts  a  tunnel  for  its  home  in  solid  wood,  the  entrance 
to  which  is  almost  a  true  circle  half  an  inch  in  diameter, 
and  the  rest  a  tube  several  inches  in  length,  of  about  the 
same  diameter  and  quite  cylindrical.  With  a  brace  and 
bit  one  can  make  a  similar  excavation  ;  but  should  the  tun- 
nel made  by  the  bee  alter  its  direction,  even  for  the 
eighth  of  an  inch  or  less — as  happens  in  some  species — 
there  is  no  tool  that  can  accomplish  what  this  insect  does 
in  its  particular  piece  of  carpentry.  Then  there  are  the 
remarkable  cells  of  the  mud-wasps,  which  one  would  have 
considerable  difficulty  in  imitating  with  accuracy,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  wax-combs  of  the  honey  bee,  and  an  almost 
endless  number  of  other  structures  made  by  representa- 
tives of  various  orders  of  the  insect  world. 


\\  onderful  as  many  of  these  are,  none  are  more  so 
or  more  interesting  than  the  various  forms  of  paper  nests 
constructed  by  certain  species  of  hornets  and  wasps. 
Some  of  them  are  familiar  to  us  as  occurring  in  the  in- 
sect fauna  of  the  .Atlantic  seaboard  states,  and  to  these 
the  present  article  will  be  confined,  though  there  is  a  great 
temptation  to  refer  to  other  examples  found  in  various 
parts  of  the  world,  which  are  most  extraordinary  with 
respect  to  their  nesting-habits. 

We  are  all  familiar  with  the  common  brown  wasp, 
for  there  is  hardly  one  who  has  not,  at  one  time  or  another, 
been  stung  by  one  of  them.  It  is  the  female  of  this  species 
that  constructs  the  paper  nest,  which  contains  the  young 
wasps  until  the  time  has  arrived  for  them  to  fly.  When 
they  are  ready  to  build,  they  resort  to  places  where  they 
can  find  fibres  of  old. wood  ;  this  they  gnaw  and  knead  until 
a  grayish  mass  is  manufactured  which  closely  resembles 
papier-mache  in  color,  consistency,  and  other  properties. 
While  this  mass  is  being  prepared,  its  adhesive  quality  is 


THE   NEST  OF  THE  BLACK  HORNET 

Fig.  2. — The  nest  shown  in  this  illustration  is  made  by  the  common  black  hornet 
of  the  Atlantic  States;  it  is  more  or  less  fully  described  in  the  text  of  this  article. 
These  nests,  or  nests  of  this  form,  are  often  of  great  size^n  fact,  big  enough  to 
fill  a  bushel  basket,  or  even  larger.  They  contain  a  series,  or  tier  of  nests,  quite 
similar  to  the  ones  shown  in  Fig.  1,  only  of  greater  size  with  respect  to  the  diam- 
eter. Eventually,  this  series  of  nests,  fastened  together  by  a  central  pedicle  in 
horizontal  planes,  is  completely  surrounded  or  housed  in  by  a  top-shaped  struc- 
ture, similar  to  the  one  shown  in  the  illustration.  These  insects,  upon  being 
disturbed,  fiercely  resent  it,  and  frequently  their  combined  attacks  are  quite 
serious. 

431 


432 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


ensured  by  there 
being  incorporated 
into  it  the  secretion 
of  the  salivary 
glands  of  the  insect. 

It  is  with  this 
material  that  the 
common  brown 
wasp  builds  such  a 
nest  as  shown  in 
Figure  1.  I  photo- 
graphed this  speci- 
men in  the  woods 
near  Cabin  John 
Bridge  in  Mary- 
land, a  few  miles 
from  Washington. 
Only  three  or  four 
wasps  were  the 
proprietors  here, 
and  this  structure 
was  selected  be- 
cause it  was  small 
and  showed  so 
well  the  hexagonal 
paper  cells  for  the 
young.  Moreover, 
the  nest  was  in  a 
vertical  position, 
which  is  by  no 
means  usual;  as  a 
rule  they  lie  in  the 
horizontal  plane 
when  fi  n  i  s  h  e  d  . 
Along  the  old 
Georgetown  Canal 
I  saw  recently,  far 
up  in  a  dogwood 
tree,    one    of    the 

largest — indeed  the  very  largest^-specimen  of  the  paper 
wasps'  nest  that  I  had  ever  seen.  It  certainly  was  a  foot 
and  a  half  in  diameter,  and  covered  with  a  very  large 
colony  of  the  insects.  At  this  time  they  were  busy  deposit- 
ing the  single  egg  the  female  lays  at  the  bottom  of  each  cell. 
Then  the  aperture  of  each  is  sealed  over  with  a  paper, 
which  I  have  always  noticed  is  some  four  or  five  shades 
paler  than  that  of  which  the  nest  is  made.  Several 
attempts  to  collect  this  fine  specimen  were  failures,  as  the 
wasps  were  then  in  a  very  combativsr  frame  of  mind.  It 
is  firmly  attached  to  the  twigs  by  its  usual  single,  strong 
pedicle,  far  up  in  the  top  of  the  tree.  Unlike  the  nest 
shown  in  Figure  1,  it  is  tipped  at  an  angle  of  forty-five 
degrees.  In  New  England  these  brown  wasps  often  build 
in  the  stone  walls  surrounding  farm  fields,  or  under  fence- 
rails,  and  elsewhere. 

The  form  of  the  nest  is  more  or  less  circular  in  out- 
line, though  I  have  collected  those  which  were  oval, or  even 
a  bit  triangular  or  oblong  in  shape.  I  have  never  met 
with  one  in  which  the  openings  of  the  cells  faced  upwards  ; 
if  they  were  so  built,  the  rain  might  get  into  the  cells,  and 


A  TYPICAL  WASPS'  NEST 

Fig.  3. — Another  species  of  these  brown  wasps  build  a  large  nest,  of  a  form  shown  in  this  cut;  they  are 
abundant  in  many  sections  of  the  Middle  Atlantic  States,  but  are  not  usually  seen  until  the  leaves  are 
all  off  the  trees  in  early  winter,  at  which  time  both  young  and  old  have  all  departed.  In  form,  they 
are  roughly  circular  or  subcircular  in  ou  line;  unhoused,  and  made  up  of  a  large  number  of  cylindrical 
paper  tubes,  closely  packed  together  and  united  in  such  a  manner  as  to  successfully  resist  tearing  apart. 
This  nest  in  its  posterior  aspect,  which  is  concave,  is  united  to  a  twig  or  shrub  by  a  single,  tough,  paper 
pedicle,  usually  situated  above  the  middle  of  the  nest.  Ihis  cut  is  a  reduced  reproduction  of  one  of 
these  structures  which  I  photographed  natural  size,  having  collected  it  on  the  5th  of  December,  1916, 
in  southern  Maryland.  It  was  in  a  tree  about  thirty  feet  above  the  ground;  it  measured  about  6X6 
inches,  and  was  made  of  over  two  hundred  cells.  Sometimes  these  nests  are  built  in  the  tallest  trees 
in  the  forest,  and  sometimes  in  a  vine  or  shrub  not  five  feet  above  the  ground.  Occasionally  we  find 
two  or  more  in  the  same  tree. 


destroy  the  young 
as  well  as  the  nest. 
A  far  more 
elaborate  nest  than 
the  one  just  de- 
scribed is  con- 
structed by  the 
paper  hornet,  an 
insect  also  very 
abundant  in  the 
eastern  United 
States ;  these  are 
frequently  large 
enough  to  fill  a 
bushel  basket. 
Such  a  nest  is 
shown  in  Figure  2, 
and  I  have  cut  out 
with  a  knife  the 
near  side  of  it,  in 
order  to  expose  the 
three  tiers  of  nests 
inside,  each  of 
which  is  built  pre- 
cisely as  the  brown 
wasps  build  theirs. 
They  are  arranged 
one  above  the 
other,  the  whole 
having  a  paper 
structure  built 
around  it,  usually 
top-shaped  in  out- 
line, with  a  hole 
below  and  to  one 
side,  for  the  insects 
to  go  in  and  out 
of  as  occasion  re- 
quires. This  spe- 
under  the  eaves  of 
well  within  the 
or 


or 


cies   often    construct   their    nests 

various    buildings,    in    the    country 

city    limits.     In    the    forests    they    build    in    trees 

shrubs,  sometimes   so   close  to  the  ground  as  to  be   in 

contact  with  it,  while  at  other  times  as  high  up  as  fifty 

feet  or  more.     The  smallest  nest  of  this  hornet  that  I 

ever  met  with  was  no  bigger  than  a  boy's  peg-top. 

All  of  these  paper  nests,  of  both  hornets  and  wasps, 
are  composed  of  the  same  material,  and  constructed  in  the 
same  manner.  The  paper,  being  manufactured  from  wood 
pulp,  is  quite  durable,  tough,  and  strong.  If  a  nest  be 
kept  in  a  dry  place  indoors,  it  will  last  for  ages  and  exhibit 
no  sign  of  breaking  down ;  one  that  1  collected  many  years 
ago  is  still  on  the  shelf  of  one  of  my  bookcases.  Brown 
wasps  built  that  one ;  and  the  most  interesting  feature  it 
presents  is  that  it  is  a  half  circle  in  form,  the  cells  on  the 
long  diameter  being  the  deepest  and  largest,  while  those 
around  the  periphery  are  so  very  small  and  shallow  as  to 
be  entirely  useless,  beyond  finishing  oflf  the  marginal  cur- 
vature of  the  structure.  Quite  a  few  other  insects  also 
construct  interesting  forms  of  paper  nests. 


PINE  BLISTER  DISEASE  WORK  PROGRESSES 


THE  organization  of  the  campaign  against  the  white 
pine  bhster  disease  has  gone  forward  steadily. 
Many  of  the  state  appropriations  were  delayed 
six  weeks  or  two  months  beyond  their  ordinary  course  on 
account  of  the  pressure  of  National  Defence  measures. 
Fortunately  the  season  was  much  later  than  normally 
is  the  case.  A  few  fruiting  pine  specimens  were  found 
early  in  May,  but  it  was  the  middle  of  May  before  the 
pines  in  the  heavily  infected  localities  of  New  England 
showed  an  abundance  of  blisters.  The  first  stage  of  the 
disease  on  currants  and  gooseberries  was  discovered  on 
June  5,  the  same  date  on  which  it  appeared  last  season. 
The  second  stage  of  the  currant  rust  was  found  on  June 
13,  ten  days  earlier  than  last  year. 

The  results  of  scouting  to  date  have  shown  conditions 
to  be  just  what  was  feared  last  year  as  a  result  of  the 
wide  distribution  of  the  blister  disease  on  currants  and 
gooseberries  throughout  New  England.  At  all  of  the 
points  where  diseased  native  pines  existed  last  year  the 
disease  was  found  to  make  steady  progress.  For  instance, 
one  tree  in  the  Kittery  Point  infection  area,  38  feet 
high,  was  being  girdled  on  the  main  stem  at  a  point  20 
feet  above  ground  where  the  circumference  of  the  trunk 
was  23  inches.  All  of  the  side  branches  on  this  tree — 
more  than  100 — were  infected  with  the  blister  rust,  as 
the  bright  colored  blisters  plainly  proved.  In  addition  to 
the  increased  size  of  the  infection  areas  at  Kittery  Point, 
Swansea,  Massachusetts  ;  Stratham,  New  Hampshire  ; 
Lyndonville  and  Woodstock,  Vermont ;  Essex  County, 
New  York,  and  Norfolk,  Connecticut,  many  new  areas 
of  infected  pines,  both  planted  and  native,  were  found 
in  these  states.  One  of  the  most  serious  is  at  Intervale, 
New  Hampshire,  near  the  Cathedral  Pines.  On  a  pine 
hedge  near  the  Cathedral  Pines,  1021  infected  branches 
were  removed  and  about  90  infections  taken  from  a  single 
tree.  On  another  property  where  there  were  a  dozen 
heavily  infected  black  currant  bushes  in  a  garden  there 
were  a  number  of  infected  pine  trees  about  40  feet  distant. 
One  of  these  trees,  6  feet  high,  had  26  separate  blister 
rust  infections  and  showed  indications  that  many  more 
infected  branches  were  developing.  Infected  pines  were 
found  on  other  nearby  properties  and  the  pines  of  the 
whole  region  are  apparently  in  the  greatest  immediate 
danger  if  not  already  hopelessly  diseased. 

Currants  and  gooseberries,  both  wild  and  cultivated, 
at  this  early  date,  are  already  heavily  infected  in  regions 
where  pine  infection  is  plentiful.  Currants  and  goose- 
berries in  Maine  are  about  as  heavily  infected  now  as 
they  were  last  year  in  August  and  September.  P.etween 
Brunswick  and  Bath,  Maine,  they  are  generally  in- 
fected ;  that  is,  careful  observation  shows  that  it  is  safe 
to  estimate  that  90  per  cent  of  all  these  plants  are  in- 
fected now.  Many  plants  already  have  infection  on  prac- 
tically every  leaf.  This  condition  existing  so  early  in 
the  season  (the  latter  part  of  June)  indicates  that  these 
plants  must  have  been  directly  exposed  to  spores  from 
pines.   Infection  is  especially  heavy  on  skunk  currants. 


Pine  infection  is  well  scattered  between  Brunswick  and 
Bath.  At  Bath  there  exists  a  comparatively  large  area 
which  contains  at  least  90  per  cent  of  infected  white  pine 
trees.  Many  of  these  have  fruited  during  the  past  season. 
On  one  young  tree  35  infected  branches  were  noted.  The 
oldest  infection  found  in  the  Bath  area  appears  to  have 
taken  place  about  eight  years  ago,  probably  less. 

The  wild  currant  and  gooseberry  bushes  along  one 
side  of  the  highway  between  the  villages  of  Warren  and 
Wentworth,  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  were 
examined ;  91  per  cent  of  the  plants  proved  to  be  infected. 
In  New  York  State  pine  infections  were  found  scattered 
over  a  number  of  square  miles  of  fine  native  pine  growth 
in  Essex  County  and  infected  currants  have  been  found 
in  Clinton  and  Niagara  Counties.  Only  one  new  infec- 
tion has  been  found  in  Pennsylvania,  and  Michigan  has 
also  been  added  to  the  list  of  infected  states  through  dis- 
eased pine  stock  found  in  a  nursery.  In  Minnesota  five 
new  points  of  infection  have  been  found  at  Afton,  Marine 
Mills,  Pine  Hollow  (opposite  Osceola,  Wisconsin),  at 
Franconia,  and  on  the  water  supply  reservation  at 
Lake  Vadnis. 

Until  recently  considerable  efi^ort  was  expended  in 
scouting  localities  where  infection  was  known  to  exist 
last  year  and  diseased  pines  were  destroyed.  The  efforts 
during  the  balance  of  the  summer  will  be  confined  princi- 
pally to  controlling  the  disease  by  destroying  currants  and 
gooseberries.  The  work  of  eradication  is  being  pushed  as 
rapidly  as  possible.  In  each  of  the  New  England  States 
one  or  more  areas  of  heavy  pine  growth  have  been 
selected  for  the  destruction  of  all  currants  and  goose- 
berries. These  areas  will  serve  to  demonstrate  the  feasi- 
bility of  controlling  the  disease  and  the  boundaries  of 
the  areas  will  be  extended  as  rapidly  as  possible.  In  New 
York  the  heavily  infected  pine  area  in  Essex  County  is 
being  isolated  by  pulling  currants  and  gooseberries  from 
a  strip  two  miles  wide  which,  when  finished,  will  extend 
through  the  Ausable  Valley,  from  the  Canadian  border  to 
Lake  George.  Last  year  a  strip  of  this  character  was 
made  through  Columbia  County,  New  York,  to  stay  the 
advance  of  the  disease  froip  Massachusetts.  Later  in  the 
season  this  line  probably  will  be  extended  northward 
through  Rensselaer  and  Washington  Counties  to  Lake 
George.  A  similar  strip  a  mile  wide  is  being  cleared  of 
currants  and  gooseberries  from  Lake  Ontario  to  Niagara 
Falls  and  the  southern  extremity  of  Grant  Island.  This 
strip  was  cleared  on  the  suggestion  of  the  Canadian 
authorities,  who  are  now  completing  the  eradication  of 
currants  and  gooseberries  from  a  mile-wide  strip  along 
the  Niagara  River  from  Niagara-on-the-Lake  to  Fort 
Erie.  A  large  force  of  scouts  is  engaged  searching  for 
the  disease  in  all  of  the  eastern  states  where  the  disease 
was  not  found  last  year,  including  the  Southern,  Rocky 
Mountain  and  Pacific  Coast  States  where  five-leaved 
pines  are  native,  but  special  attention  is  being  given 
outside  of  New  England  and  New  York  to  the  Lake 
States. 

433 


EDITORIAL 


ARKANSAS  SUPPORTS  THE  NATIONAL  FORESTS 


THE  recent  Legislature  of  Arkansas  passed  an  Act 
authorizing  the  Federal  Government  to  acquire 
by  purchase  lands  within  the  State  for  National 
Forest  purposes.  This  is  simply  another  indication  of  the 
changing  attitude  towards  National  Forests  in  the  West. 
Two  National  Forests  were  established  in  Arkansas  sev- 
eral years  ago,  and  ever  since  have  been  the  butt  of  fierce 
attacks  on  the  part  of  various  congressmen  from  that 
State  who  sought  to  have  them  abolished  and  thrown  open 


to  settlement  and  timber  exploitation.  Congress  did  not 
yield  to  this  pressure,  and  examinations  showed  that  the 
lands  were  not  fitted  for  agriculture.  Where  any  doubt 
existed  as  to  this  classification,  the  areas  were  eliminated. 
By  this  recent  action  the  people  of  Arkansas  have  at  last 
placed  the  stamp  of  approval  on  the  Forest  administration. 
The  law  will  enable  the  government  to  acquire  much- 
needed  areas  within  the  forest  boundaries  and  consolidate 
them  for  fire  protection  and  the  production  of  timber. 


A  VISITATION  AND  A  MORAL 


THE  memory  of  the  terrors  of  the  Hinckley  and 
Bandetti  fires  did  more  to  prevent  the  passage  of 
the  Public  Domain  bill  in  the  Minnesota  Legisla- 
ture, with  its  proposed  disruption  of  the  State  Forest  Ser- 
vice, than  all  other  factors  combined.  As  this  is  written, 
the  State  is  again  in  the  grip  of  the  fire  fiend.  The  dan- 
gers of  these  violent  conflagrations,  driven  by  the  wind 
through  the  tops  of  trees,  is  extreme,  wherever  the  coun- 
try is  comparatively  flat  and  densely  covered  with  timber 
or  slash.  They  resemble  the  disastrous  fires  which  at 
intervals  destroy  large  districts  in  our  big  cities,  in  spite 
of  the  most  thorough  preparation  and  the  high  efficiency 
of  the  fire  departments  in  those  communities. 

Perhaps  this  series  of  conflagrations  will  serve  to 
impress  still  more  firmly  upon  the  public  mind  that  the 
State  Forester's  Department  must  be  kept  as  it  is,  abso- 
lutely free  from  politics,  and  furnished  with  the  necessary 
funds  and  support  to  maintain  at  least  the  skeleton  of  an 
organization  for  controlling  fire  in  the  vast  timber  areas 
of  northern  Minnesota.    Where  short-sighted  policy  per- 


mits this  department  to  become  the  prey  of  spoilsmen,  in 
that  day  the  efficiency  of  the  service  ceases,  and  citizens 
of  the  north  country  are  left  to  their  own  devices  to  cope, 
without  direction  or  plan,  with  this  monstrous  enemy. 

The  State  Legislature,  through  the  action  of  the 
Senate,  refused  to  sanction  the  restoration  of  the  appro- 
priations of  the  Forestry  Department  to  the  sum  of 
$75,000  from  which  they  were  reduced  two  years  ago  to 
half  that  amount.  The  overburdened  state  rangers,  each 
one  with  over  a  million  acres  of  territory  to  supervise, 
cannot  possibly  cope  with  the  extreme  danger  of  a  dry 
season  without  more  help.  Yet  recently  the  work  and 
responsibilities  of  these  men  were  greatly  increased  by 
imposing  upon  them  duties  formerly  exercised  by  the 
surveyor  generals  of  logs  and  lumber  in  order  to  save 
the  State  money. 

If  the  State  of  Minnesota  ever  expects  to  be  freed 
from  the  recurring  blight  of  forest  fires,  it  must  be  through 
the  strengthening  and  upbuilding  of  her  State  Forestry 
Department,  as  at  present  constituted. 


COLORADO  REDEEMS  HERSELF 


A  POLICY  so  utterly  opposed  to  the  pioneer  spirit 
of  individualism  as  that  set  forth  in  the  reserva- 
tion and  development  of  the  National  Forests  was 
certain  to  arouse  bitter  opposition  in  the  West.  New 
ideas  are  not  received  cordially  when  they  threaten  to 
interfere  with  cherished  personal  privileges  and  business 
opportunities.  Here  was  a  plan  apparently  worthy  to  be 
classed  as  a  product  of  the  brain  of  some  utterly  imprac- 
tical theorist.  The  Government  actually  proposed,  in  all 
seriousness,  to  set  aside  immense  areas  of  public  land 
as  "  Forest  Reserves,"  for  purposes  but  dimly  compre- 
hended, except  that  it  was  evident  that  no  more  timber 
claims  could  be  located,  nor  "  homesteads  "  filed  on  for 
the  purpose  of  acquiring  title  to  timber.  For  a  while,  even 
mining  claims  were  prohibited,  and  grazing  was  prevented 
as  being  injurious  to  the  forest. 
434 


Western  people,  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  liberty  and 
optimism,  and  impatient  of  restraint,  accustomed  to  regard 
public  lands  as  the  great  field  for  exploitation  and 
development  upon  which  the  further  progress  of  the 
states  depended,  instinctively  protested  against  this 
policy,  and  this  opposition  was  especially  strong  and 
bitter  in  Colorado. 

But  the  founders  of  the  National  Forest  policy  were 
more  far-seeing  than  the  representatives  of  the  pioneer 
area — which  was  already  passing.  They  realized  the  evils 
of  unrestricted  private  ownership,  especially  its  efifect 
upon  the  forests.  They  considered  the  effect  of  the  forest 
cover  upon  the  flow  of  water  for  irrigation,  and  the  neces- 
sity for  regulating  the  grazing  upon  these  lands.  Theirs 
was  a  new  vision,  of  a  future  era  when  cooperation  and 
the  recognition  of  the  rights  of  all  classes  of  citizens  would 


THE  DIPLOMATIC  FOREST  RANGER 


435 


supersede  the  somewhat  brutal  and  bHnd  policy  of  laissez 
fairc — the  old  idea  that  by  permitting  the  strongest,  most 
able,  and  also  the  most  unscrupulous  and  cunning  to  have 
their  own  wa)^  the  best  results  would  be  obtained. 

Since  this  new  doctrine  did  not  contemplate  depriving 
the  public  of  the  resources  of  these  forest  reservations, 
but  rather  strove  to  make  them  available,  the  public  soon 
learned  that  under  the  rules  and  regulations  worked  out 
by  the  government,  they  could  secure  timber,  graze  their 
stock,  prospect  for  and  develop  mines,  and  harness  the 
national  water  powers,  while  at  the  same  time  the  great 
farming  interests  observed  that  fire  protection  and  the 
restoration  of  the  forest  cover  on  the  watersheds  control- 
ling their  supply  of  water  for  irrigation,  was  for  the  first 
time  becoming  efficient. 

The  crest  of  the  opposition  was  reached  in  1907,  but 
two  years  after  the  transfer  of  the  National  Forests  to  the 
Department  of  Agriculture — and  was  due  largely  to  the 
fear  and  wrath  occasioned  amongst  the  advocates  of  the 
old  school  by  the  rapid  extension  of  National  Forest  areas 
in  the  two  years  preceding.  In  this  year  six  states,  Colo- 
rado leading,  secured  congressional  action  which  put  an 
end  to  the  creation  of  further  National  Forests,  except  by 
specific  authority  of  congress  in  the  future. 

For  several  years  thereafter,  the  area  of  National 
Forests  in  these  six  states  either  remained  stationary  or 
diminished  by  elimination  of  areas  unsuited  to  the  pur- 
poses of  the  forests.  Meanwhile,  the  real  purposes  be- 
hind the  forest  policies  became  more  and  more  clearly 
comprehended  by  western  people,  and  the  great  benefits 


of  intelligent  and  efficient  administration  spoke  more  for- 
cibly than  arguments. 

In  1916  bills  began  to  appear  in  congress  authorizing 
the  President  to  make  additions  to  existing  National  For- 
ests. For  the  most  part  these  dealt  with  small  areas,  and 
were  significant  only  as  indicating  the  tremendous 
revolution  in  public  attitude  which  has  taken  place 
in  this  decade  toward  the  ideas  embodied  in  the 
National    Poorest    policy. 

But  it  remained  for  Colorado  to  give  expression  to 
this  current  of  opinion  in  a  way  that  no  one  can  mistake. 
In  spite  of  opposition  of  a  particularly  virulent  and  vin- 
dictive character,  the  people  of  the  agricultural  districts, 
dependent  upon  the  watersheds  for  their  very  existence, 
demanded  and  secured  authority  from  congress  for  the 
addition  of  over  half  a  million  acres  of  public  land 
to  the  Colorado  and  Pike  National  Forests.  And  in 
this  they  had  the  support  of  mining  associations, 
county  commissioners  and  every  commercial  interest  in 
the  district  affected. 

This  country  will  never  tolerate  the  substitution  of  an 
autocratic  bureaucracy  for  the  liberty  of  thought  and 
action  to  which  we  are  accustomed — but  we  are  fast  learn- 
ing that  our  rights  and  our  prosperity  are  best  secured 
through  an  efficient  public  administration  by  trained  ex- 
perts, whose  duty  it  is  to  carry  out  policies  formulated  to 
secure  the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest  number.  This 
new  Service  is  responsive  to  popular  demand,  but  is  able 
to  distinguish  between  the  selfish  desires  of  the  few  and 
the  permanent  benefits  for  the  many.  Its  true  spirit  is 
cooperation — and  cooperation  will  win. 


THE  DIPLOMATIC 

BY  W.  G. 

THE  work  of  a  Forest  Ranger  or  Guard  during  the 
fire  season  is,  of  course,  taken  up  very  largely 
in  preventing  fires.  Since  the  greatest  danger 
is  from  campers,  hunters,  and  fishermen,  who  through 
carelessness  or  ignorance  throw  down  lighted  matches, 
cigarettes,  etc.,  or  build  camp  fires  where  they  should 
not  or  go  away  leaving  them  burning,  it  is  essential  that 
they  be  warned,  and  it  is  equally  important  that  they  be 
warned  in  such  a  way  that  they  will  not  take  offence. 
I  have  known  campers  who  have  been  left  in  a  very 
antagonistic  frame  of  mind  by  being  told  in  a  tactless 
way  to  be  sure  and  not  start  a  fire,  and  how  not  to  start 
one,  the  law  for  such  offence,  etc.,  and  consequently  did 
not  care  much  if  one  did  start,  and  certainly  would  not 
have  helped  fight  one  unless  forced  into  service  by  recit- 
ing the  law  to  them,  which  is  worse  than  not  having  them 
at  all. 

It  is  very  easy  to  get  the  cooperation  of  most  of  the 
people  who  come  into  the  woods  for  recreation  (the 
natives  of  the  woods  usually  are  as  anxious  as  the  Forest 
officers  to  prevent  fires)  by  several  little  ways  without 
even  letting  them  know  that  you  are  trying  to  do  so,  for 
instance:  a  Ranger  or  Guard  sees  a  fisherman ;  he  goes 
down  towards  him,  and  when  he  sees  that  he  is  seen,  he 


FOREST  RANGER 

MORISON 

incidentally  tells  the  fisherman  thereby  who  he  is,  and 
probably  has  him  thinking  unconsciously  of  fire  al- 
ready. Having  done  this,  he  goes  up  and  says,  "Hello, 
had  much  luck?"  and  then  engages  in  a  conversation  as 
to  the  pros  and  cons  of  fishing  (no  better  way  to  please 
a  man  than  by  talking  about  the  thing  he  is  interested 
in  at  that  particular  moment).  During  the  conversation 
he  glances  around  as  if  looking  for  smoke  (remember 
the  idea  is  to  get  the  fisherman's  mind  centred  on 
smoke,  and  smoke  means  fire).  After  a  while  he  says, 
"Well,  I  guess  I  will  have  to  be  getting  on,  pretty  bad 
time  for  fire."  The  fisherman  then  probably  says  some- 
thing such  as  "Had  many  this  year?"  or  "Has  there  been 
much  damage  done  around  here  ?"  This  gives  the  For- 
est officer  the  opening  he  is  looking  for,  and  he  says, 
■"No,  not  so  far.  Have  been  mighty  lucky  in  having 
'old  timers'  around  who  realize  the  damage  done  by 
fires  and  are  careful.  You  can  spot  them  every  time. 
Now,  I  can  see  you  are  far  from  a  green  one  in  the 
woods  from  the  way  you  handle  your  rod  and  line,"  or 
anything  like  that  to  flatter  him.  If  he  is  an  "old 
timer"  he  will  admire  your  powers  of  observation;  if 
he  is  not,  he  will  be  tickled  to  death  to  think  that  a 
Ranger,  who  is  supposed  to  be  the  best  of  woodsmen, 


436 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


could  not  spot  him,  and  his  chest  will  bulge  out  con- 
siderably. In  either  case  the  Ranger  has  pleased  him, 
and  the  chances  are  one  hundred  to  one  he  will  have 
no  trouble  with  that  man  starting  a  fire.  On  the  other 
hand,  suppose  the  fisherman  does  not  give  hiiti  an  open- 
ing: in  that  case,  the  Ranger  stops  and  says,  "By  the 
way,  did  you  see  any  camp  fires  coming  down  the 
river?"  The  fisherman  says  "No."  Then  the  Ranger, 
"  I  certainly  would  appreciate  it  if  you  would  put  out 
any  you  see  burning.  We  have  some  people  who  come 
up  here  who  are  not  used  to  the  woods,  and  naturally 
do  not  realize  the  importance  of  putting  out  their  fires 
or  that  a  little  spark  from  a  cigarette  or  match  is  very 
dangerous."  The  Ranger  has  now  warned  the  fisher- 
man by  pretending  to  be  worried  about  others,  and 
at  the  same  time  pleased  him  by  pretending  to  think 
the  chances  of  his  being  so  careless  are  so  remote  that 
it  is  unnecessary  to  warn  him.  The  same  mode  of 
procedure  applies  to  hunters  and  campers.  The 
Ranger  can  always  bring  the  conversation  around  to  his 
work,  and,  by  a  little  tact  and  politeness,  go  away  rest- 
ing assured  of  -the  fisherman's,  hunter's,  or  camper's 
cooperation. 

Suppose  he  has  come  onto  some  campers :  he  walks 
in,  not  forgetting  to  be  looking  for  smoke,  and  after  the 
usual  day's  salutation  sits  down.  After  talking  about 
things  in  general,  he  gradually  brings  the  conversation 
around  to  cooking  in  the  open.  Most  of  them  will  have 
some  opinion  as  to  the  best  way.  Of  course,  he  will  be 
supposed  to  give  his  ideas  on  the  subject.  He  might  say 
something  like  this:  "Personally,  I  think  a  stone  fire- 
place is  the  best.  It  makes  a  cracking  place  to  cook  on 
(all  the  time  he  is  showing  them  how  to  make  one), 
and  if  you  bring  along  a  piece  of  sheet  iron  to  lay  on  the 
stones  you  will  have  a  regular  stove,  or  should  you  forget 
the  sheet  iron  (the  chances  are  they  have  none  with 
them  this  time),  you  can  easily  make  the  fireplace  narrow 
enough  to  rest  your  frying  pans  on  the  stones,  and  then, 
too,  a  fire  of  this  kind  is  not  so  apt  to  start  a  forest  fire." 
Then  he  has  the  conversation  started  on  forest  fires, 
having  told  them  of  the  fireplaces,  which  is  important. 
He  now  has  them  in  a  good  state  of  mind,  and  their 
attention  his,  and  he  can  tell  them  lots  which  ordi- 
narily would  go  in  one  ear  and  out  the  other.  I  per- 
sonally have  tried  these  ways  of  inciting  the  interest 
of  the  users  of  the  National  Forests,  and  found  they  never 
failed  to  bring  good  results. 

JACK  LONDON'S  OAK 

JACK  LONDON'S  memory  is  kept  fresh  in  the  minds  of 
the  people  of  his  native  city,  Oakland,  California,  in 
a  fitting  manner.  A  sturdy  oak  tree,  personifying  the 
character  of  the  famous  author,  has  been  planted  on  the 
plaza  before  the  city  hall.  Here,  surrotmded  by  a  fine 
lawn  and  with  a  beautiful  building  for  a  background,  it 
occupies  alone  the  most  conspicuous  place  in  the  city. 
The  dedicatory  resolution  of  the  City  Council  of  Oakland 
expresses  in  words  the  esteem  for  the  author,  which  the 
planting  of  the  oak  exemplifies. 

"A  resolution  of  the  Oakland  city  council,  calling. 


memory  of  Oakland's  author  and  dedicating  the  city's 
standard-bearing  oak  to  his  name — Jack  London. 

Proud  his  city  that  there  came  a  lad  who  lived  and 
grew  to  world's  renown  by  striking  chords  that  vmtil 
his  time  had  been  unsung. 

Sad  our  city  that  life  for  him,  a  narrow  vale  wherein 
he  spoke  and  gave  a  radiance  for  all  mankind;  and 
that  his  life  was  short,  a  sacrifice  for  experiences  that 
remain  aglow  for  you  and  me. 


HOW  OAKLAND'S  OAK  WAS  TRANSPORTED 

Having  been  excavated  with  the  large  ball  of  earth  about  its  roots,  this  seventeen- 
year-old  tree  was  carted  from  one  section  of  Oakland  to  another  and  was  success- 
fully replanted. 

Glad  that  we  can  confer  this  mite  of  honor  by  dedicat- 
ing Oakland's  standard-bearing  oak  to  him  who  grew  with 
this  city,  that  this  sturdy  sentinel  may  stand  in  memory 
and  to  honor  Jack  London." 
The  moving  of  this  seventeen-year-old  tree  from  its 
birthplace  in  Mosswood  Park  to  its  new  location  was  one 
of  those  feats  of  engineering  which  were  considered  impos- 
sible a  few  years  ago.  The  transplanting  of  a  tree  is  always 
difficult  because  the  root  system  must  be  protected  from 
dr}dng-out  and  excessive  cutting-back,  if  the  tree  is  to  live. 
One  drying  gust  of  wind  on  the  small  living  root  hairs  may 
kill  the  tree.  When  a  tree  reaches  a  height  of  twenty-four 
feet  and  is  thirteen  inches  through  at  the  base,  the  magni- 
tude of  the  task  is  easily  imagined.  A  circular  trench  six 
feet  deep  and  fifteen  feet  in  diameter  was  dug  around  the 
base  of  the  tree  and  the  ball  of  earth  about  the  roots  was 
carefully  boxed  to  prevent  breaking  and  exposure  of  the 
roots.  A  big  truck  transported  the  tree  to  its  new  home, 
where  it  was  successfully  transplanted.  The  fact  that  the 
young  tree  withstood  one  of  the  heaviest  windstorms  the 
city  has  experienced  in  years,  after  being  in  its  new  home 
only  two  months,  shows  how  well-chosen  it  is  to  typify 
the  sturdy,  rugged  man,  Jack  London. 


NATIONAL  PARK  SERVICE  ORGANIZED 


437 


NATIONAL  PARK  SERVICE  ORGANIZED 

THE  National  Park  Service,  which  was  created  by  act 
of  Congress  in  August,  1916,  to  administer  the  Na- 
tional Parks  under  one  correlated  system,  has  been 
organized  under  appropriations  made  in  April.     Secretary 
Lane  has  appointed  as  Director   Mr.  Stephen  T.  Mather, 


STEPHEN  T.  MATHER 

Director  of  the  National  Park  Service  who  has  done  remarkable  work  in  develop- 
ing the  parks. 

who,  to  accept  the  place,  resigned  the  office  of  Assistant 
to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  Horace  M.  Albright 
becomes  Assistant  Director,  and  Frank  W.  Griffith,  Chief 
Clerk  of  the  new  bureau. 

Secretary  Lane  began  the  work  of  National  Parks 
development,  the  success  of  which  is  insured  by  the  or- 
ganization of  this  new  bureau,  two  and  a  half  years  ago. 
During  this  preliminary  period  much  has  been  accom- 
plished of  importance  to  the  cause.  All  National  Parks 
have  been  opened  to  automobiles.  New  roads  have  been 
projected,  of  which  many  have  been  built  and  many  im- 
proved. Cooperation  in  the  public  interest  has  been  pro- 
moted between  railroads  and  the  Government,  between 
concessioners  and  park  managements,  and  between  parks. 
Large  private  capital  has  been  induced  to  enter  several 


National  Parks  for  the  enlargement  and  improvement  of 
hotel  and  transportation  service.  Prices  to  the  public 
have  been  decreased  wherever  possible. 

New  concessions  have  been  made  on  a  basis  destined 
to  make  National  Parks  self-supporting  under  conditions 
of  increased  patronage,  and  several  parks  already  have 
become  self-supporting.  Larger  appropriations  have 
been  secured  from  Congress  for  road  building  and  the 
perfecting  of  sanitary  and  other  conditions.  An  exten- 
sive educational  campaign  has  been  inaugurated  for  the 
information  of  the  people  concerning  the  hitherto  un- 
known quality  and  extent  of  their  scenic  and  recreational 
possessions,  under  which  public  interest  in  our  National 
Parks  is  growing  with  unanticipated  speed;  and  public 
realization,  interest  and  practical  use  is  the  condition  as 
well  as  the  object  of  National  Parks  development.  Public 
patronage  of  the  parks  has  increased  rapidly  and  steadily. 

These  and  many  other  beginnings  point  the  way 
toward  the  system  which  it  will  be  the  object  of  the  new 
Service  to  build  and  perfect. 

Stephen  T.  Mather,  the  head  of  the  Service,  was 
formerly  assistant  to  the  secretary,  in  which  office  he 
had  supervision  of  the  National  Parks,  and,  in  addition, 
other  Departmental  work.  He  resigned  that  position  to 
become  Director  of  the  National  Park  Service,  in  order 
that  he  might  devote  his  entire  time  to  the  park  work. 
He  was  born  in  California  in  1867,  and  educated  at  the 
University  of  California.  He  then  removed  to  New 
York  and  engaged  in  newspaper  work.  Later  he  entered 
the  business  of  manufacturing  borax  and  boracic  acid  as 
a  member  of  the  Thorkildsen-Mather  Company,  with 
offices  in  Chicago.  He  has  devoted  time,  energy  and  his 
own  money  to  National  Park  work  and  has  been  a 
remarkably  successful  official. 


E.  A.  STERLING'S  NEW  WORK 

Mr.  E.  A.  Sterling,  a  well-known  forest  engineer, 
who  for  the  past  two  years  has  been  manager  of  the 
Trade  Extension  Department  of  the  National  Lumber 
Manufacturers'  Association,  at  Chicago,  has  resigned 
to  become  manager  of  the  new  eastern  office  of  James 
B.  Lacey  &  Co.  This  office,  which  will  be  in  the 
Forty-second  Street  Building,  New  York  City,  will  be 
opened  about  August  1.  In  connection  with  his  new 
work  Mr.  Sterling  will  also  take  up  some  of  his  former 
consulting  practice  as  part  of  the  activities  of  the  office 
of  the  Lacey  Company.  Mr.  Sterling  was  for  several 
years  in  the  United  States  Forest  Service,  and  later 
was  a  partner  in  the  forest  engineering  firm  of  Clark, 
Lyford  &  Sterling,  which  has  headquarters  at  Van- 
couver, B.  C.  Mr.  Sterling  had  charge  of  the  eastern 
section  of  the  United  States,  with  offices  in  Philadel- 
phia. For  several  years  Mr.  Sterling  has  been  a  direc- 
tor and  member  of  the  executive  committee  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association. 


438 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 

MAGAZINE  PRAISED 

"  I  am  thoroughly  in  sympathy  with  all 
your  aims  and  1  find  your  magazine  not 
only  very  interesting  but  essential  to  the 
arboriculturist  who  is  trying  to  keep  in 
touch  with  the  imported  insects  and  fungi." 
John  Francis  Morris, 
Philadelphia.  I'l-iiiisykaiiia. 

"  I   am  very  much  interested  in  the  ar- 
ticles   in    American    Forestry,    especially 
in  regard  to  birds,  their  habits,  etc." 
R.  D.  Douglass, 
A'ew   i'ork  City. 


"  The  steady  improvement  in  the  maga- 
zine which  you  edit  so  admirably  will 
undoubtedly  add  a  large  number  to  the 
roll  of  the  American  Forestry  Associa- 
tion." Dr.  VV.  R.  Fisher, 
SwiftTvater,  Fennsylvania. 


"  I  have  received  nine  numbers  of  your 
paper,    American    Forestry.      Have    read 
them  with  much  interest.     It  is  the  most 
human    paper   on    forestry    that    I    know 
of,  and  very  instructive  and  well  got  up." 
G.  L.  DE  LA  C.  Fuller, 
Kashimir  Woods  and  Forests, 
Srinagar,  Kashimir  State,  India. 


"  The  magazine  as  now  published  is 
one  of  the  most  interesting  we  get  in 
our  office,  so  much  so  that  we  figure  on 
having  them  bound  for  future  use,  and 
trust  that  the  good  work  shown  so  far 
will  be  continued  in  the  future." 

Mason,  Gordon   &  Co., 
Vancouver,  B.  C.  Canada. 


"  I  want  to  voice  my  appreciation  of 
your  American  Forestry.  It  is  always  of 
great  interest  to  us." 

Junius  E.   Beal. 
Public  Domain   Commission, 

Ann  Arbor,  Michigan. 


"  It  would  be  hard  to  tell  you  how 
much  we  enjoy  and  profit  by  your  publi- 
cation. Yesterday  a  girl  who  is  now  in 
the  Normal  School  said  she  read  it  each 
month.  With  the  boys  it  is  as  popular  as 
a  magazine  on  Electricity,  Autos  or  Me- 
chanics, and  one  girl  gave  her  report  in 
an  English  Class  on  White  Pine  Blister 
Rust. 

"  The  articles  by  Mark  Daniels  are  a 
joy  to  any  one  who  has  visited  the  Na- 
tional Parks  and  a  lure  to  any  one  who 
has  not. 

"  I  wish  I  could  send  the  magazine  to 
more  of  my  friends  as  a  Christmas  gift, 
but  in  the  meantime  it  is  giving  to  many 
boys  and  girls  a  taste  for  the  best  and 
most  worth  while  things.  We  take  it  in 
our  school  library." 

Naomi  Achenbach, 
Everett.  Washington. 


"  I  am  greatly  pleased  with   the  work 
of  your  Association  the  past  few  years. 
It  has  been  sound  and  wholesome  and  no 
one  has  used  it  as  a  political  football." 
G.   D.   Jones. 
Wausau,  Wisconsin. 


"  The   magazine   in   its  new  form   cer- 
tainly deserves  great  praise." 

Robert  S.  Stockton, 
Strathimore,  Alberta,  Canada. 


"  November  number  is  superb — espe- 
cially 'Trees  in  Medicine.'  Don't  see  how 
you  do  it,  fellow  worker." 

Charles  H.  Shinn. 
Northfork,  California. 


"  After  carefully  going  through  your 
February  number  of  American  Forestry, 
I  cannot  refrain  from  expressini?  my  ap- 
preciation of  its  excellence.  You  have 
succeeded  in  building  up  an  exceptional 
magazine  and  I  trust  that  its  success  may 
continue." 

Thomas  B.  Wyman,  Director. 
Wyman's  School  of  the  Woods. 
Munising.  Michigan. 


"  I     read     American     Forestry     each 
month.     It  is  doing  such  great  good  for 
our  trees  and  forests  and  is  always  full 
of  wonderful  and   beautiful  scenes." 
Jennie  Lynne  Kyle, 
Jacksonville,  Florida. 


"  I  am  noting  with  greatest  interest  the 
Flower  Department  in  .American  For- 
estry. It  is  the  most  attractive  and  care- 
fully written  of  all  the  articles  appearing 
in  that  great  magazine." 

D.  J.  Beasley, 
University  Society. 
New   York  Citv- 


"  You   are   doing   such   splendid   work, 
we  hope  everybody  will  come  in." 
Louisiana  Red  Cypress  Company, 

New  Orleans,  Louisiana. 


"  My  botany  classes  are  subscribing  and 
I  think  they  should  have  the  use  of  all 
the  magazines  for  this  school  year.  I 
have  been  transferred  from  another 
school  in  which  we  had  the  magazine, 
and  I  feel  that  botany  classes  cannot  get 
along  without  it." 

L.  F.  Allbach. 
Peabody  High  School, 
Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania. 


"  I  am  greatly  pleased  with  your  maga- 
zine and  with  the  work  you  are  doing, 
am  recommending  it  to  my  friends  and 
a  number  of  them  have  subscribed  and 
are  in  turn   furthering  the  cause." 

George  W.  Fiss, 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 


"  I  wish  to  compliment  you  on  the  at- 
tractiveness   of    the    magazine,    and    the 
manner  in  which  it  is  being  imnroved." 
Charles  A.  Hoag, 

Lockport,  New   fork. 


"  Your  magazine  has  been  coming 
regularly  to  this  office  for  more  than 
six  months,  and  I  look  on  it  as  one  of 
the  most  informative  and  valuable  maga- 
zines of  the  day." 

M.  G.  Champion, 
Public  Parks  Board. 
Winnipeg,  Canada. 


"  I  have  received  my  certificate  and 
magazine  and  am  more  than  pleased 
and  delighted  to  know  of  the  great  good 
you  are  doing." 

F.  J.  Dixon. 
Hackensack,  New  Jersey. 


"  May  I  thank  you  for  the  pleasure  de- 
rived from  reading  the  splendid  articles 
in  American  Forestry  about  Wild  Flow- 
ers?" 

Julia  A.  Thorns, 
Ashboro.  North  Carolina. 


"  How  well  you  do  things  in  America! 
Your  Forestry  Magazine  is  a  fine  one, 
and  your  work  most  interesting  and  valu- 
able." 

Dr.  J.  A.  Leach,  Editor, 

The  Emu. 
Omeo,  Australia. 


"  A  friend  sent  me  a  subscription  to 
your  magazine  and  I  haven't  had  a  pres- 
ent in  years  that  has  already  given  me  as 
much  pleasure,  and  just  think  of  all  the 
numbers  still  to  come." 

Mrs.  Charles  G.  Carothers, 
Memphis,  Tennessee. 


"  Permit  me   to   make   use  of  this   op- 
portunity  to   commend   very   highly   the 
official  publication  of  the  .American  Forestry 
Association.     It  is  worthy  of  all  praise." 
Robert  S.  Woodward, 
Washington,  D.  C. 


"I  am  deeply  interested  in  the  conser- 
vation of  our  forests  and  it  gives  me  a 
great  deal  of  pleasure  to  be  identified 
with  an  Association  which  is  accomplish- 
ing such  excellent  results  in  this  direc- 
tion." 

John  W.  Weeks, 
Washington,  D.  C. 


"  I  have  recently  become  a  member  of 
the  American  Forestry  Association  and  I 
am  reading  your  magazine  with  keen  in- 
terest. It  is  very  well  gotten  up  and 
most  excellently  printed." 

Lewis  Edwin  Theiss, 
Lewisburg,  Pennsylvania. 

CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 

ELLWOOD  WILSON,  SECRETARY, 

CANADIAN  SOCIETY  OF 

FOREST    ENGINEERS 

The  Report  of  the  Forest  Branch  of 
British  Columbia  for  1916  is  just  out  and 
is  very  interesting  and  shows  what  such 
work,  properly  conducted,  can  do  for  a 
country.  Trade  extension  in  wood  prod- 
ucts has  been  carefully  studied  and  eflforts 
made  to  increase  the  markets  for  and  the 
consumption  of  timber.  Heretofore 
southern  pine  has  held  the  eastern  Can- 
adian market,  but  Douglas  fir  has  been 
brought  to  the  attention  of  architects, 
city  building  departments  and  other  wood 
users  and  much  very  creditable  adver- 
tising has  been  done.  Exhibitions  have 
also  been  held  in  many  eastern  cities. 
Mills  are  also  put  into  touch  with  en- 
quirers and  possible  customers.  The 
Prairie  Provinces  have  also  been  care- 
fully canvassed  and  the  same  methods 
used  to  induce  their  people  to  use  British 
Columbia  timber  as  in  the  East.  For- 
eign trade  has  also  been  carefully  studied, 
but  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  ships  has 
greatly  hampered  the  export  trade.  The 
British  War  Office  has  done  considerable 
buying  of  boxes  in  British  Columbia. 
The  estimated  value  of  the  total  lumber 
production  for  1916  is  $35,528,000  and 
the  total  timber  scaled  amounted  to 
1,280,000,000  feet.  B.  M.  logging  opera- 
tions increased  and  were  carefully  in- 
spected; 1648  inspections  were  reported. 
Land  classification  work  was  carried  on, 
144  examinations  being  made.  Manu- 
facturing and  export  statistics  were  also 
collected  and  these  showed  that  the  pulp 
and  paper  industry  has  obtained  a  foot- 
hold, 65,229  tons  of  paper  and  14,389 
tons  of  sulfite  wood-pulp  being  manufac- 
tured.    Reconnaissance  work  had  to   be 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


439 


A  UNIQUE  METHOD  OF  BIRD  STUDY! 

Do  You  Want  to  KNOW  Our  Birds  ? 


I    THE  WAY  TO  STUDY  BIRDS  By  John  Dryden  Kuser 


16mo.        9  Illustrations  in  Color. 


$1.25 


A  memual  of  information  regarding  some  fifty  of  the  more  common 
birds — their  haunts,  description,  field  marks,  size  and  shape,  song 
and  seasonal  abundance.  To  facilitate  the  identification  of  species 
and  also  by  way  of  throwing  light  on  the  duration  of  their  visitations, 
the  birds  are  classified  under  those  of  spring,  summer,  fall  and  winter. 
Illustrations  by  the  well-known  bird  artist,  Louis  Agassiz  Fuertes. 


1    New  York 


G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 

2  West  45th  Street 


I 


London    i 


abandoned  altogether  as  so  many  of  the 
field  force  are  absent  at  the  front.  For- 
est protection  was  carried  on  as  in  the 
past,  but  owing  to  shortage  of  men  a  less 
number  were  employed.  The  total  damage 
estimated  amounted  to  $49,913.00,  as  against 
$108,873.00  for  1915  and  $72,057.00  for  1914. 
The  people  are  beginning  to  realize  from 
the  Forest  Branch's  campaign  of  education 
the  necessity  of  care  and  are  beginning  to 
cooperate  heartily.  The  report  shows  that 
the  work  is  being  kept  up  to  the  same  high 
standard  which  was  set  when  the  work  was 
started  and  with  a  strong  personnel  and 
good  esprit  de  corps  this  will  be  continued. 
The  Manager  of  Eastern  Lands  of  the 
Canadian  Northern  Railway  has  just 
returned  from  a  trip  through  Northern 
Ontario  and  says  that  he  believes  that 
there  are  tributary  to  the  present  railways 
and  waterways  leading  to  them,  250,- 
000,000  cords  of  spruce  pulpwood  in 
Ontario  and  350,000,000  cords  in  Quebec. 
He  says  that  it  is  useless  to  consider 
timber  north  of  the  Transcontinental 
Railway,  as  the  rivers  run  north,  and  only 
a  small  portion  could  be  brought  up- 
stream by  building  dams  which  would 
enable  the  wood  to  be  towed  back. 

The  campaign  against  the  white  pine 
blister  rust  is  progressing  under  the 
Dominion  and  Provincial  Governments. 
Subject  to  the  general  supervision  of 
Dr.  J.  H.  Grisdale,  Acting  Dominion 
Botanist,  the  field  work  is  in  charge  of 


W.  A.  McCubbin,  of  the  Field  Labora- 
tory of  Plant  Pathology  at  St.  Catherines, 
Ontario.  A  senior  and  two  junior  assistants 
are  provided  who  will  specialize  in  re- 
search work  calculated  to  determine  the 
best  bethods  of  control  of  the  disease. 
The  actual  work  of  scouting  for  the 
disease  and  eradicating  it  will  be  done 
by  men  provided  by  the  Forest  Services 
of  Ontario  and  Quebec,  respectively. 
The  salaries  of  these  men  will  be  paid 
by  the  Provinces  and  their  traveling  ex- 
penses by  the  Dominion.  There  will  be 
twenty  in  Ontario  and  the  same  number 
in  Quebec.  Until  June  10  the  work  of 
location  and  eradication  will  be  confined 
to  white  pine;  after  that  date  similar  work 
will  be  done  on  currants  and  gooseberries, 
the  alternate  hosts  of  the  blister  rust. 
Work  is  now  under  way  of  clearing  both 
wild  and  cultivated  currants  and  goose- 
berries from  a  strip  a  mile  wide  along  the 
bank  of  the  Niagara  River,  from  Niagara- 
on-the-Lake  to  Fort  Erie,  to  form  a 
safety  belt  which  will  prevent  the  disease 
from  passing  over  the  river  into  New 
York  State.  On  the  New  York  side  of 
the  river,  similar  work  will  be  done  by 
the  state  for  the  protection  of  Ontario. 
Pine  in  this  territory  on  both  sides  of  the 
river  will  be  dealt  with  later,  if  necessary. 
In  connection  with  the  location  of  the 
disease  on  currants  and  gooseberries,  it 
is  proposed  to  utilize  the  services  of 
school   children.     The  stage  of  the  dis- 


ease on  these  plants  is  easily  recognized 
and  the  pupils  will  be  able  to  render  a 
valuable  public  service  by  reporting  any 
outbreaks  found.  Literature  and  colored 
illustrations  will  be  furnished  and  instruc- 
tions  given   through   the   teachers. 

The  necessity  for  uniform  statistics  of 
forest  fires  and  the  damage  caused  by 
them  is  a  subject  of  great  importance 
and  likewise  of  considerable  difficulty. 
It  would  seem  to  be  necessary  to  have, 
whenever  a  fire  occurs,  the  date,  location, 
cause,  area  burned  over,  stand  before  the 
fire  occurred,  timber  which  can  be  sal- 
vaged, and  timbed  burned.  Value  of 
timber  or  other  resource  destroyed  is 
also  important.  The  last  three  items  are 
very  difficult  to  ascertain.  Protective 
agencies  cannot  be  expected  in  the  nature 
of  the  case  to  cruise  and  accurately  de- 
termine the  amount  of  timber  on  areas 
under  their  care.  The  ordinary  fire 
ranger  is  certainly  not  qualified  nor  has 
he  the  time  to  make  a  careful  estimate 
of  the  amount  of  timber  which  can  be 
salvaged,  nor  the  value  of  the  trees  de- 
stroyed. At  best  the  most  he  can  say 
is:  green  timber  destroyed,  or  old  burn, 
or  logging  slash  or  some  such  general 
description,  and  he  can  say  timber 
scorched  but  fit  to  cut,  timber  all  burnt, 
etc.,  and  none  of  these  designations  are 
of  any  real  value  for  statistical  purposes. 
In  fact,  the  determination  of  areas  is 
really  often  beyond  the  capacity  of  the 
ranger,  and  again  the  difficulty  of  leaving 


440 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


his  patrol  to  measure  burnt  areas  crops 
up.  Then  when  the  question  of  valuing 
such  damaged  areas  is  encountered,  fur- 
ther difficulties  enter.  Only  an  expert  in 
local  values  is  competent  to  say  what 
timber  is  worth.  The  question  of  the 
value  of  young  growth,  of  scorched  tim- 
ber and  of  areas  which  have  just  started 
to  reproduce  is  a  trying  one  and  no  two 
owners  will  agree  as  to  the  value  placed 
on  such  areas.  Much  preliminary  work 
is  necessary,  especially  in  country  which 
has  not  even  been  carefully  mapped,  such 
as  all  of  the  Canadian  Cooperative  Asso- 
ciations are  operating  in.  It  might  be 
possible  for  these  Associations  to  under- 
take such  mapping  and  estimating  work. 
This  would  give  winter  work  for  rangers 
and  inspectors,  a  very  important  matter 
.indeed. 

Forest  fires  are  said  to  be  raging  in  the 
organized  and  unorganized  districts 
around  Fort  William  and  Port  Arthur  in 
Ontario,  destroying  large  areas  of  timber 
and  uncut  pulpwood.  Bush  fires  have 
been  raging  in  fully  a  hundred  sections 
west  of  Fort  William  since  last  week  and 
much  territory  near  Commee  and  beyond 
has  been  burnt. 

Professor  W.  N.  Millar,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Toronto,  has  gone  to  the  United 
States  to  help  organize  a  Forestry  Corps 
for  work  in  England.  This  leaves  only 
Drs.  Fernow  and  Howe  on  the  teaching 
staff  of  the   Forestry   School. 

Dr.  Howe,  who  is  making  studies  of 
cut-over  lands  and  the  reproduction  of 
pulpwood  on  them  for  the  Commission 
of  Conservation,  has  returned  from  a 
two  weeks'  reconnaisance  trip  north  of 
Grand  Mere,  which  he  took  in  order  to 
plan  out  his  summer's  work. 

The  Minister  of  Lands  and  Forests 
has  sent  out  a  circular  letter  to  all 
licensees  of  timber  lands  in  the  Prov- 
ince of  Quebec  urging  them  to  join  the 
coooperative  fire  protective  associations 
and  warning  them  that  if  they  do  not  he 
will  enforce  to  the  limit  the  requirements 
and  penalties  of  the  forest-fire  laws.  Prac- 
tically all  of  the  limit  holders  have  joined. 
The  notable  exceptions  are  owners  who 
from  their  standing  and  prominence 
should  be  more  public  spirited  and  should 
know  better  where  their  interest  lies. 

The  summer  meeting  of  the  Technical 
Section  of  the  Pulp  and  Paper  Associa- 
tion will  consist  of  a  trip  to  the  industrial 
centres  of  the  St.  Maurice  Valley,  where 
the  large  paper  mills,  water  power  in- 
stallations, carbide  and  aluminum  works 
will  be  visited.  The  members  will  leave 
Montreal  on  a  special  train  of  two 
sleepers  and  a  diner  and  will  be  the 
guests  of  the  Laurentide,  Belgo-Canadian 
and  St.  Maurice  Paper  Companies. 

The  inquiry  being  held  by  the  Cana- 
dian Government  into  the  cost  of  pro- 
ducing newsprint  paper  is  progressing 
slowly,  and  meanwhile  the  price  fixed  by 
the  Government  is  still  being  charged  by 
the  producers.  The  prices  of  wood, 
wages  and  supplies  are  still  rising. 


CURRENT 


LITERATURE 

MONTHLY  LIST  FOR  JUNE,  1917 

(Books  and  periodicals  indexed  in  the 
library  of  the  United  States  Forest 
Service.) 

Forestry  as  a  Whole 

Proceedings  and  reports  of  associations 
forest  officers,  etc. 

Association  of  official  seed  analysis  of 
North  America.  Proceedings,  1915. 
48  p.     New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  1916. 

British  Columbia — Dept.  of  lands — For- 
est branch.  Report  for  the  year 
ending  December  31,  1916.  35  p. 
Victoria,  B.  C,  1917. 

India — Board  of  forestry.  Proceedings 
at  meetings  held  at  Dehra  Dun  be- 
tween the  23d  and  30th  March,  1916, 
with  appendices.     80  p.     Simla,  1916. 

India — Ajmer — Merwara — Forest  dept. 
Annual  report  on  forest  administra- 
tion for  the  year  1915-16.  29  p. 
Mount  Abu,  1916. 

India — Assam — Forest  dept.  Progress 
report  of  forest  administration  for 
the  year  1915-16.  82  p.  maps.  Shil- 
long,  1916. 

India — Bihar  and  Orissa — Forest  dept. 
Annual  progress  report  on  forest  ad- 
ministration for  the  year  1915-16.  56 
p.     Patna,  1916. 

India — Madras  presidency — Forest  dept. 
Administration  report  for  the  12 
months  ending  30th  June  1916.  148 
p.     Madras,  1917. 

India — Punjab — Forest  dept.  Progress 
report  of  forest  administration  for 
the  year  1915-16.  81  p.  maps.  La- 
hore, 1917. 

Maryland — Conservation  commission. 
First  annual  report.  84  p.  map.  Balti- 
more, Md.,  1916. 

Michigan  agricultural  college — -Forestry 
club.  Forestry  club  annual,  vol  2. 
72  p.     il.     East  Lansing,  Mich.,  1917. 

Montana — State  forester.  Fourth  bien- 
nial report,  1915-16.  55  p.  il.,  map. 
Helena,  Mont.,  1917. 

Rhode  Island — Commissioner  of  fores- 
try. Eleventh  annual  report,  1916. 
10  p.    Pawtucket,  1917. 

Switzerland — Dept.  del'interieur — Inspec- 
tion des  forets,  chasse  et  peche.  Rap- 
port sur  sa  gestion  en  1916.  18  p.  tables. 
Berne,  1917. 

Washington — University  of — Forest  club. 
Forest  club  annual,  vol.  5.  96  p.  il. 
Seattle,  Wash.,  1917. 

Forest  .ffisthetics 

Dixon,  Royal,  &  Fitch,  Franklyn  Everett. 
The  human  side  of  trees;  wonders  of 
the  tree  world.  199  p.  pi.  N.  Y., 
F.  A.  Stokes  co.,   1917. 

Hartogh  Heys  van  Zouteveen,  H.  F. 
Boomen  en  heesters  in  parken  en  tui- 
nen.  1%  p.  pi.  Zutphen,  P.  van 
Belkum,   1908. 

Forest  Education 
Pinchot,  Giflford.     The  training  of  a  for- 
ester,   rev.  3d  ed.    157  p.    pi.    Phila, 
J.  B.   Lippincott  co.,   1917. 

Forest  Schools 

Washington,  University  of — College  of 
forestry.  Catalogue,  1917-18.  35  p. 
Seattle,  Wash.,  1917. 

Forest  Description 

Algeria — Direction  des  forets.  Notes  sur 
les  forets  de  I'Algerie.  331  p.  diagr., 
map.    Alger,  1916. 

Hart,  G.  S.  Note  on  a  tour  of  inspection 
in  some  of  the  forests  of  the  eastern 
circle.     United     Provinces.       13     p. 


6n?iJSJv' 


I 


■^       Cooka  By  Steam  Preaanre       #■ 

Grandest  invention  for  canning.  Frnits 
and  vegetables  keep  whole.  Retain  natural 
delicious  flavors.  No  attention.  Simplicity  it- 
self. Saves  fuel.  Saves  time  and  labor.  Also 
cookB  meals.  Pays  for  itself  in  one  season. 
Lasts  for  years.  No.  20— popular  size— holds 
14  one-quart  jars.  Copper  bottom,  $8:  solid 
copper  $18.00.  Prepaid  east  of  Miss.  80  pace 
COOK  book  free  tf  ynu  order  today.  Honey 
back  II  not  satlsflod.  Descriptive  circular, 
showing  other  sizes.    FREE-      Write  today. 

THE  TOLEDO  COOKER  CO.    Pent.   52.   roledo.  Ohio. 


FREE 

Best  Expert 
Instruction  on 

CANNING  AND 
DRYING  OF 
VEGETABLES 
AND  FRUITS 

ALSO  ON 

FOOD  GARDEN 
PLANTING 


WRITE  TO 


Conservation  Department 
American  Forestry  Association 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


441 


Simla,  India,  Govt,  central  press, 
1916. 

Forest   Botany 

Trees,  classification  and  description 

Georgia  state  forest  school — Forest  club. 
Georgia  forest  trees.  69  p.  il.  Athens, 
Ga.,  1917.  (Forest  club  annual,  vol. 
2.) 

Massachusetts — State  forester.  The  com- 
mercial forest  trees  of  Massachu- 
setts, how  you  may  know  them;  a 
pocket  manual,  by  D.  A.  Clarke.  66 
p.     il.     Boston,  Mass.,  1916. 

Sudworth,  George  B.  The  pine  trees  of 
the  Rocky  mountain  region.  47  p. 
pi.,  maps.  Wash.,  D.  C,  1917.  (U. 
S. — Dept.  of  agriculture.  Bulletin 
no.  460.) 

Wollaston,  Tullie  C.  Our  wattles.  76  p. 
col.  pi.  Melbourne  and  Sydney, 
Lothian  book  pub.  co. 

Forest  Influences 

Whitson,  A.  R.  &  Dunnewald,  T.  J.  Keep 
our  hillsides  from  washing.  18  p.  il. 
Madison,  Wis.,  1916.  (Wisconsin — 
Agricultural  experiment  station. 
Bulletin  272.) 

Silviculture 

Planting  and  nursery  practice 

Thornber,  J.  J.,  Tamarisks  for  south- 
western planting.  8  p.  Tucson, 
Ariz.,  1916.  (Arizona — Agricultural 
experiment  station.  Timely  hints  for 
farmers,  no.   121.) 

Tillotson,  C.  R.  Nursery  practice  on  the 
national  forests.  86  p.  il.,  pi.  Wash., 
D.  C.,  1917.  (U.  S— Dept.  of  agri- 
culture.    Bulletin  479.) 

Tillotson,  C.  R.  Reforestration  on  the 
national  forests.  63  p.  Wash.,  D. 
C.,  1917.  (U.  S.— Dept.  of  agricul- 
ture.    Bulletin  475.) 

Forest  Protection 

Insects 

Clemens,  Wilbert  A.  The  prne  bark 
beetle.      12    p.      pi.      Ithaca,    N.    Y., 

1916.  (Cornell  university — Agricul- 
tural experiment  station.  Bulletin 
383.) 

United  States — Dept.  of  agriculture — Bu- 
reau of  entomology.  Some  timely 
suggestions  for  the  owners  of  wood- 
lots  in  New  England,  by  F.  H.  Mosh- 
er,  and  G.  E.  Clement.  8  p.  Wash., 
D.  C,  1917. 

Diseases 

Gussow,  H.  T.  Canada's  white  pine  pos- 
sessions threatened  with  extermina- 
tion; an  authoritative  discussion  of 
white  pine  blister  rust.  7  p.  il.  Ot- 
tawa, Canada,  Canadian  forestry  as- 
sociation, 1917. 

Humphrey,  C.  J.  Timber  storage  condi- 
tions in  the  eastern  and  southern 
states  with  reference  to  decay  prob- 
lems.    43  p.     il.,  pi.     Wash.,   D.   C, 

1917.  (U.  S.— Dept  of  agriculture. 
Bulletin  no.  510.) 

Rhoads,  Arthur  S.  The  black  zones 
formed  by  wood-destroying  fungi. 
61  p.  il.  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  1917. 
(New  York  state  college  of  forestry, 
Syracuse  university.  Technical  pub- 
lication no.  8.) 

Zeller,  S.  M.  Studies  in  the  physiology 
of  the  fungi:  3.  Physical  properties 
of  wood  in  relation  to  decay  induced 
by  Lenzites  saepiaria  Fries.  72  p. 
pi.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  botanical  garden, 
1917. 

Fire . 

Canadian  forestry  association.  Fire.  14 
p.    il.     pttawa,  Canada,  1917. 

Pend  d'Oreille  timber  protective  associa- 
tion. Annual  reports,  1915-1916. 
Standpoint,  Idaho,   1915-16. 


"The  Watch  of  Railroad  Accuracy" 


Is  Your  Watch  a  Gay  Deceiver  ? 

If  you  really  want  a  watch  that  keeps  accurate  time,  tell  your  jeweler  so.  When 
you  begin  to  talk  accuracy  to  him,  he  begins  to  talk  Hamilton  Watch  to  you. 
The  Hamilton  combines  the  supreme  qualities— accuracy,  beauty  and  durability. 
Its  phenomenal  timekeeping  qualities  have  made  it  the  favorite  watch  of  the 
majority  of  railroad  men  in  this  country. 

If,  before  you  see  your  jeweler,  you  want  a 
broaderfamiliarity  with  what  makes  a  fine  watch 

Write  for  the  Hamilton  Watch  Book  — 
"The  Timekeeper" 

It  has  condensed  into  32  readable  pages  the 
story  of  what  makes  a  watch  worth  carrying. 
It  shows  all  Hamilton  models  for  men  and  wo- 
men—  from  the  $13.00  movement  alone  ($14.00 
in  Canada),  or  a  movement  to  fit  your  present 
watch  case,  and  cased  watches  at  $26.50,  $30.00, 
$40.00,  $50.00,  $80.00  and  so  on,  up  to  $150.00 
for  the  Hamilton  Masterpiece  in  18k  extra- 
heavy  gold  case.    Book  sent  free  on  request. 

HAMILTON  WATCH  COMPANY 
Dept.  39     -      -     Lancaster,  Pennsylvania 


Potlatch  timber  protective  association. 
Annual  reports,  1915-16.  Potlatch, 
Idaho,  1915-16. 

Forest  Organization  and  Regulation 

Recknagel,  A.  B.  The  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  working  plans;  forest  organi- 
zation. 2d  ed.  265  p.  pi.,  tables.  N. 
Y.,  J.  Wiley  and  sons,  1917. 

Forest  Legislation 

United  States — Dept.  of  agriculture — 
Forest  service.  State  forestry  laws; 
New  Hampshire.  13  p.  Wash.,  D. 
C,  1917. 

Forest  Administration 

United  States — Dept.  of  agriculture- 
Forest  service.  Vacation  days  in 
the  Routt  national  forest.  13  p.  il., 
map.     Wash.,  D.  C,  1917. 

Forest  Utilization 

California  redwood  association.  Cali- 
fornia redwood,  nature's  lumber 
masterpiece.  67  p.  il.  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  1916. 

California  Redwood  association.  Cali- 
fornia redwood  on  the  farm.  38  p. 
il.    San  Francisco,  Cal.,  1917. 

California  redwood  association.  Stand- 
ard specifications  for  grades  of  Cali- 
fornia redwood.  7  p.  San  Francis- 
co, Cal.,  1917. 

Lewis,  R.  G.,  comp.  Forest  products  of 
Canada,  1914.  82  p.  il.,  pi.,  map. 
Ottawa,  1916.  (Canada— Dept.  of 
the  interior — Forestry  branch.  Bul- 
letin no.  57.) 

Lewis,  R.  G.,  comp.  Forest  products  of 
Canada,  1915.  72  p.  map.  Ottawa, 
1916.  (Canada— Department  of  the 
interior — Forestry  branch.  Bulletin 
no.  58.) 


442 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


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Many  nurseries  on  alkaline 
soils  do  not  specialize  on 
oaks  and  pines. 

Trees  20  years  old  can  be 
selected  now.  They  are 
guaranteed  to  grow  satis- 
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ISAAC  HICKS  &  SON  | 

Westbury,  Nassau  Co.,  N.  Y.  | 


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TREE  HEALTH 

We  not  only  c«r^  trees,  but  v,c  keep  (hem 
healthy.  Experts  in  fertilizing,  mulching, 
spraying  and  pruning,  as  well  as  cavity 
treating,  bracing,  bolting,  etc. 

"THE  BARTLETT  WAV'is safe  and 
sure.  Representatives  everywhere.  Send 
(j>r  "Tree  Talk,"  the  tree  lovers'  manual 

THE  F.  A.  BARTLETT  COMPANY 
O44  Main  Street  Stamford  Conn. 


PARK  and  ESTATE 

FORESTRY 

Log^ng  Reports         Utilization  Studies 
Timber  Estimates      Forest  Planting 
Etc. 

Method)  and  Coat  of  Mosquito 
Eradication 

P.  L.   BUTTRICK 

Forester  and  Mosquito  Expert 
P.  O.  Box  607  New  Haven.  Conn. 


YOUNG  MAN,  20  years  old,  studying  surveying 
and  mappinK,  would  like  to  learn  forest  work  aa 
ranger  or  warden.  Willing  worker.  No  objection  to 
long  hours.  Address  Box  46,  care  of  American 
FoREBTBT  Maoaxine,  Washington,  D,  C.  (7-10) 


FOREST  NURSERIES 


PINE  SPRUCE 

Evergreen  trees  for  forest 
planting  in  any  quantity, 
from  100  trees  to  carload  lots. 

WE  GROW  OUR  OWN  TREES 

Write  us  for  catalogue 

KEENE  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION 

KEENE,  N.  H. 


NUT   CULTURE    North  south,  East. 
West.    All  phases 


discussed  by  experts.    THE  OFFICIAL  JOURNAL. 
f  1.25  per  year.    Sample  15c. 

American  Nut  Journal  ^°^^^^^'- 


Purcell,  \Vm.  Gray.  Forward  looking 
salesmanship  in  forest  products.  16 
p.  il.  Chicago,  111.,  1917.  (National 
lumber  manufacturers'  association — 
Trade  extension  dept.  Better  build- 
ings no.  3.) 

Wood  Technology. 

Julius,  G.  A.  The  physical  characterist- 
ics of  the  hardwoods  of  western  Aus- 
tralia. 3d  ed.,  abridged.  53  p. 
diagrs.,  tables.     Perth.  W.  A.,  1917. 

Wood  Preservation 

Campbell,  A.  B.  Butt  treatment  of  wood- 
en poles.  19  p.  il.  Ames,  la.,  1917. 
(Iowa  state  college  of  agriculture 
and  mechanic  arts — Engineering  ex- 
tension dept.  Technical  service  bul- 
letin 28.) 

Auxiliary  Subjects 

Botany 

Pennington,  L.  H.  Suggested  experi- 
ments in  elementary  plant  physiolo- 
gy. 46  p.  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  1917. 
(New  York  state  college  of  forestry, 
Syracuse  university.  Circular  no. 
23.) 

Parks 

Canada — Dept.  of  the  interior — Dominion 
parks  branch.  Report  of  the  com- 
missioner of  dominion  parks  for  the 
year  ending  March  31,  1916.  95  p. 
il.     Ottawa,   1917. 

Periodical  Articles 

Miscellaneous  periodicals 

American  botanist,  Feb.,  1917. — The 
Monterey  cypress,  by  Walter  Albion 
Squires,  p.  8-10;  Germination  of 
acorns,  p.  26;  Sweet  gum,  p.  27. 

American  journal  of  botany,  March,  1917. 

Duration  of  leaves  in  evergreens, 

by  Vinnie  A.  Pease,  p.  145-60;  The 
relation  between  evaporation  and 
plant  succession  in  a  given  area,  by 
Frank  G.  Gates,  p.  161-78. 

American  review  of  reviews,  June,  1917  — 
New  national  parks,  by  Guy  Elliott 
Mitchell,  p.  635-40. 

Botanical  gazette,  March,  1917. — Tem- 
perature and  life  duration  of  seeds, 
by  James  Frederick  Groves,  p.  169- 
89. 

Botanical  gazette.  May,  1917.-;-A  study  in 
physiographic  ecology  in  northern 
Florida,  by   Lauro   Gano,  p.   337-72. 

Country  life  in  America,  June,  1917. — The 
princess  tree,  by  Robert  S.  Walker, 
p.  126-8. 

Harper's  magazine,  June,  1917. — The 
park  of  the  many  glaciers,  by  Walter 
Prichard  Eaton,  p.  1-12. 

House  and  garden.  May,  1917. — And  the 
moral  is — ribs  for  trees,  by  Davej' 
tree  expert  CO.,  p.  38. 

Journal  of  American  leather  chemists  as- 
sociation, May,  1917. — Comparative 
tests  with  mangrove  and  wattle 
barks,  by  F.  A.  Coombs,  and  others, 
p.  158-69. 

Journal  of  the  New  York  botanical  gar- 
den, March,  1917. — Hardy  woody 
plant  in  the  New  York  botanical 
garden,  by  George  V.  Nash,  p.  65-8. 

Journal  of  the  Western  society  of  engi- 
neers, Feb.,  1917. — Timber  decay  and 
its  growing  importance  to  the  engi- 
neer and  architect,  by  C.  J.  Hum- 
phrey, p.  61-86. 

Munsey's  magazine,  June,  1917. — The 
boom  in  American  ship-building,  by 
Robert  G.  Sherrett,  p.  9-14;  Nature 
and  Tim  Betine:  a  story  for  all  lov- 
ers of  the  woods,  by  Raymond  S. 
Spears,  p.  30-40. 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


443 


American-Grown  Trees 
and  Evergreens 

Our  ability  to  supply  plants 
of  the  highest  quality  is  not 
curtailed  by  the  stoppage  of 
foreign  shipments.  Buy 
nursery  stock  grown  at 
Andorra. 


Andorra 

Nurseries 

Wm.  Warner  Harper,  Prop. 
"  Suggestions  for  Effective 
Planting"  on  request 


Box  200, 
Chestnut  Hill 
Phila.,  Penna. 


W.  &  T.  SMITH  CO. 

Geneva  Nursery 

NURSERY  STOCK 
AT    WHOLESALE 

SEND   FOR  CATALOG 
AND  PRICE  LIST 


GENEVA,  N.Y. 


FORESTRY   SEEDS 


Picea  Englemanni 
Picea  Pungens 
Thuya  Occidentalis 
Pinus  taeda 


I  OFFER  AT  SPECIAL  PRICES 

Pinus  strobus 

Pseudo-tsuga  Doug- 
lass! 

Pinus  ponderosa 
and  many  other  varieties,  all  of  this  season's 
crop  and  of  good  quality.  Samples  upon  re- 
quest. Send  for  my  catalogue  containing  full 
list  )f  varieties. 

THOMA.S  J.  LANC 

TKKE     SKKI>»MAN 

Dresher  Pennsylvania 


HILL'S 

Seedlings  and  Transplants 

Also  Tree  Seeds 

FOR     REFORESTING 

BEST  for  over  a  half  century.  All  leading 
hardy  sorts,  grown  in  immense  quantities. 
Prices  lowest.  Quality  highest.  Forest 
Planter's  Guide,  also  price  lists  are  free. 
Write  to-day  and  mention  this  magazine. 

THE  D.  HILL  NURSERY  CO. 

Evergreen  Specialists 

Largest  Growers  in  America 

BOX  501  DUNDEE,  ILL. 


Orchids 


We  are  specialistB  in  Orchids: 
we  collect,  import,  grow,  sell 
and  export  this  class  of  plants  exclusively. 

Our  illustrated  and  descriptive  catalogue  of 
Orchids  may  be  had  on  application.  Also  special 
list  of  freshly  imported  unestablished  Orchids. 

LAGER  &  HURRELL 


Orchid  Growtrt  and  ImportefM 


SUMMIT,  N.  J. 


National  wood  grower,  May,  1917. — As- 
sisting to  handle  the  forests,  by  Al- 
bert F.  Potter,  p.  26,  2i. 
!  Northwestern  motorist,  May,  1917. — Yel- 
lowstone and  Glacier,  two  national 
parks  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  which  differ 
widely  in  character,  by  Robert  Ster- 
ling Yard,  p.  13,  21. 
Outdoor  life,  June,  1917. — A  glimpse  of 
Rocky  mountain  national  park,  by 
C.  E.  Turner,  p.  631-4.  I 

Plant  world,  April,  1917. — Plant  Associa- 
tion   of    western    Pennsylvania    with 
special    reference    to    physiographic 
relationship,  by  J.   E.   Cribbs,  p.  97- 
120. 
Plant     world.     May,     1917.— The     physical 
control   of   vegetation   in    rain-forest 
and    desert    mountains,    by    Forrest 
Shreve,  p.  135-41. 
Recreation,  June,  1917. — The  hub  of  our 
national     park     system,     by     Arthur 
Chapman,  p.  268-70. 
Science,  May  18,  1917.— Where  do  pitch- 
er-leafed ash  trees  grow?  by  George 
H.  Shull,  p.  479-80. 
Scientific    American    supplement,    March 
3,    1917. — The   mahogany   tree;   most 
valuable  member  of  tropical  Ameri- 
can  forests,   by    C.   D.    Mell,   p.    129, 
136-8. 
Scientific    American    supplement,    March 
31,   1917. — The  cohune  palm;  a  Cen- 
tral American  tree,  the  nuts  of  which 
produce  a  valuable  oil,  by  C.  D.  Mell, 
p.  196. 
Scientific    American    supplement,    April 
28,   1917. — Carving  in  wood;  the  old- 
est  art   of   the    human    race,    p.    257, 
264. 
Scribner's    magazine,    April,     1917. — The 
national   park   on   Mount   Desert   Is- 
land, by  Beatrix  Ferrand,  p.  484-94. 
Torreya,  Feb.  1917. — Self-pruning  in  the 
.American   elm,   by  Jean   Broadhurst, 
p.  21-4. 
I  World's  work,  June,   1917.— Russia's  un- 
developed  riches,   by   A.   J.   Sack,  p. 
223-8. 


Trade  journals  and  consular  reports 

American  lumberman.  May  12,  1917. — 
Lumbermen  to  build  wooden  vessels 
as  a  patriotic  duty,  p.  24;  Adapting 
a  new  wood  to  an  old  but  patriotic 
use,  p.  24;  Ship  building  program 
rapidly  taking  shape,  p.  22-2. 

American  lumberman.  May  19,  1917. — In- 
creasing grazing  fees  on  national  for- 
ests equitably  regulated,  p.  27;  En- 
gineering corps  instructed  in  use  of 
timber,  p.  ii;  Building  codes  and  roof 
coverings,  p.  43;  With  a  forestry  bat- 
talion in  England,  p.  57. 

American  lumberman.  May  26,  1917. — 
New  wooden  pipe  line  tested  out  at 
Seattle,  Wash.,  p.  30;  Forest  fires  in 
north  cause  great  damage,  p.  35; 
Lumbermen  provide  sawmill  forces 
for  allies,  p.  44;  Use  of  wooden  shoes 
attracts  attention,  p.  52. 

American  lumberman,  June  2,  1917.— 
What  is  needed  in  government  ship 
building;  specifications  issued  for 
Douglas  fir  given  in  detail,  p.  40-1. 

American  lumberman,  June  9,  1917. — 
Wood  preservers  face  a  serious  prob- 
lem, p.  29;  The  use  of  motors  in  for- 
est fire  fighting,  p.  51. 

Barrel  and  box,  May,  1917.— Data  on  de- 
preciation, p.  19;  Cost  of  ammunition 
boxes,  p.  38. 

Canada  lumberman,  May  IS,  1917.— Lum- 
ber slides  and  chain  conveyors,  by 
C.  R.  Lee,  p.  31;  Present  and  future 
wood  products,  p.  35. 

Engineering  news-record.  May  24,  1917. 
i  — Dry    rot    sometimes    a    menace    in 

dry,  warm  timber  buildings,  by  J. 
Norman  Jensen,   p.   409-10. 


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TREE 
SEEDS 

IF  the  seed  is 

*  notwhat  itshould 
be,  the  most  favor- 
a  b  le  soil  and 
climate  cannot 
produce  a  strong, 
perfect  tree. 

Thorburn's  Tree  Seeds 
are  selected  with  the 
greatest  care,  so  that 
as  the' years  go[  by  the 
Httle  sapHng  will  grow 
into  a  sturdy,  big  and 
handsome  tree,  which 
will  be  a  joy  to  all  who 
see  it,  and]  who  pass 
under  its  spreading 
branches. 

You  can  rely  on  Thor- 
burn's seeds;  they  have 
been  renowned  for  qual- 
ity for  over  a  century. 


444 


Write  for  These  Books  on 

Game  Birds  and  Game 

Farming 

They  tell  all  about  game  farm- 
ing— the  profit  and  pleasure  to 
be  obtained  from  it.  "Game 
Farming  for  Profit  and  Pleasure" 
is  sent  free  on  request.  It  treats 
of  the  subject  as  a  whole,  de- 
scribes the  many  game  birds, 
tells  of  their  food  and  habits, 
etc.  "American  Pheasant  Breed- 
ing and  Shooting"  is  sent  on 
receipt    of   10c.    in  stamps.      It 

is  a  complete   manual  on 

the  subject. 

HEI{CULBS  POWI>BI{,  CO, 

1047    Market  Sirtet 
Wilming.o.i  Delaware 


PROVINCE  OF  QUEBEC 

Department  of  Lands  and  Forests 

Quebec,  2nd  June,  1917. 

Public  notice  is  hereby  given  that,  in 
conformity  with  the  law,  on  the  2 1  st  August 
next,  at  11  o'clock  a.  m.,  at  the  office  of 
the  Minister  of  Lands  and  Forests  Dept., 
Quebec,  there  will  be  offered  permits  to  cut 
timber  on  lands  belonging  to  the  C^own 
in  the  Upper-Ottawa,  Lower-Ottawa,  St. 
Maurice,  Lake  St.  John,  East  and  West, 
Saguenay,  Rimouski  West  and  Bonaven- 
ture  West  agencies,  comprising  several 
large  blocks  in  the  Abitibi,  Upper-Ottawa 
and  headwaters  of  the  St.  Maurice  and 
Gatineau  and  on  River  Chamouchouan. 

Permits  will  be  adjudged  to  the  highest 
bidder. 

The  price  of  adjudication  is  payable  in 
three  equal  instalments. 

The  permit  to  cut  will  be  subject  to  the. 
ordinary  conditions  of  the  Law  and  Regii- 
lation  and  the  grantees  of  any  of  the 
aforesaid  territory  must,  within  a  delay  of 
three  years,  manufacture,  in  the  Province 
of  Quebec,  with  the  timber  cut  in  said 
territory,  either  pulp  or  paper  in  the  pro- 
portion of  ten  tons  per  day,  or  sawn  lumber 
m  the  proportion  of  ten  thousand  feet 
board  measure  per  day,  per  hundred 
square  miles. 

Further  information  may  be  had  by 
applying  to  the  Department  of  Lands  and 
Forests. 

ELZ.-MIVILLE  DECHENE, 

Deputy-Minister, 

Department  of  Lands  and  Forests. 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 

Engineering  news-record,  June  7,  1917. — 
Timber  structures  in  Hawaii  men- 
aced by  marine  borer,  p.  489;  Build 
wood  training  camp  city  for  5,000 
officers  in  three  weeks,  p.  506-8. 

Gulf  Coast  lumberman.  May  15,  1917. — 
The  modern  retail  lumber  dealer  as 
the  most  important  factor  in  commu- 
nity development,  by  J.  George  Fred- 
erick, p.  27-8;  Texas  forestry  work 
commendable,  p.  45. 

Hardwood  record.  May  10,  1917. — Syca- 
more in  door  work,  by  T.  C.  J.,  p.  23. 

Hardwood  record.  May  25,  1917.— Honey 
locust  for  wagon  felloes,  p.  17 ;  Fig- 
ure due  to  twisted  grain,  by  Hu  Max- 
well, p.  18-19;  West  Virginia  logging 
costs,  p.  21a. 

Hardwood  record,  June  10,  1917.— Fig- 
ures due  to  pigments,  by  Hu  Max- 
well, p.  14-16;  Something  about  fish 
poles,  p.  19. 

Journal  of  industrial  and  engineering 
chemistry,  June  1,  1917. — Chemical 
industry  in  Canada,  by  H.  E.  Howe, 
p.  548-51;  Factors  causing  variation 
in  the  yield  of  camphor  in  the  Florida 
camphor  tree,  by  Samuel  C.  Hood, 
p.  552-5;  The  chemistry  of  wood,  by 
A.  W.  Schorger,  p.  556-66;  On  the 
toxicity  to  a  wood-destroying  fungus 
of  maplewood  cresote  and  of  some 
of  its  constituents  and  derivatives, 
together  with  a  comparison  with 
beechwood  creosote,  by  Ernest  J. 
Pieper,  and  others,  p.  566-9. 

Lumber  trade  journal.  May  15,  1917. — 
Hardwood  interests  making  progress 
in  agricultural  development  of  cut- 
over  lands,  by  V.  H.  Schoffelmayer, 
p.  27;  Shipping  board  announces 
lumber  and  timber  specifications  for 
wooden  ships,  p.  28-9. 

Lumber  world  review.  May  25,  1917. — 
Second  growth  pine  as  a  solution  of 
the  cut-over  lands  problem  in  the 
south,  by  H.  H.  Chapman,  p.  21-5; 
The  proper  use  of  yellow  pine  in  tex- 
tile mills,  by  Hermann  von  Schrenk, 
p.  25-6;  Louisiana  forestry  associa- 
tion meets,  p.  31-5. 

Lumber  world  review,  June  10,  1917.— 
Wood  preservation;  its  importance 
to  the  lumber  industry,  by  Kurt  C. 
Barth,  p.  27-8;  Soils  of  the  Louisiana 
timber  belts,  by  F.  V.  Emerson,  p.  34. 

Paper,  May  23,  1917. — Colloidal  chemis- 
try in  paper-making,  by  Judson  A. 
De  Cew,  p.  13-15. 

Paper,  June  6,  1917. — Studies  in  sulphite 
cooking;    effect   of   varying   cooking 
conditions  in  the  production  of  sul- 
phite   pulp    from    spruce,    by    S.    E. 
Lunak,  p.  13-14. 
Paper  mill,  March  3,  1917.— Forced  circu- 
lation   in   cooking   sulphite    pulp,   by 
Sidney  E.  Lunak,  p.  17,  32. 
Paper  trade  journal.  May  10,   1917. — Pa- 
per and  pulp  in  1916  in  Norway  and 
Sweden,  p.  28,  30,  38. 
Pulp  and  paper  magazine,  April  12,  1917. 
— The  Bache-Wiig  barking  drum,  by 
S.  A.  Moulton,  p.  357-61;  An  analysis 
of   the    pulp   and   paper   business    in 
America,  p.  370-4. 
Pulp  and  paper  magazine,  April  26,  1917. 
— Flax  straw  as  basis  for  paper  mak- 
ing, by  E.  B.  Biggar,  p.  411-12;  Bird's- 
eye  view  of  the  world's  paper  indus- 
try, p.  413-17. 
Pulp  and  paper  magazine.  May  3,  1917. — 
New  uses  of  pulp  and  paper,  p.  438-9. 
St.   Louis   Lumberman,   May    15,   1917. — 
Resisting     the     submarine;     endless 
chain  of  wooden  ships  for  foiling  the 
subsea  craft,  p.  19,  37-8;  Government 
wood  ship  building  limited  by  labor 
supply,  p.  44. 
St  Louis  lumberman,  June  1,  1917. — The 
problem   of   reforestation,  by   M.   L. 


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Alexander,  p.  18;  Proposals  on  lum- 
ber for  government  camps,  p.  43-5; 
Building  an  army  cantonment,  p.  51. 

Timber  trade  journal,  April  14,  1917. — 
The  timber  industry  of  French  West 
Africa,  p.  788;  Dry-rot,  or  the  worm 
in  the  wood,  by  W.  S.,  p.  828. 

Timber  trade  journal,  April  28,  1917. — 
The  woods  of  Central  and  South 
America,  p.  846;  Sawdust  for  fuel 
purposes,  p.  XXI. 

Timber  trade  journal,  May  19,  1917. — 
The  timber  resources  of  Canada,  p. 
958. 

Timberman,  May,  1917. — Lumberjack 
battalions  of  Canada,  by  L.  C.  Hoop- 
er, p.  41;  Lookout  etificiencv  and  for- 
est street  numbers,  by  A.  O.  Modlin, 
p.  42-3;  Observations  on  growth  of 
Douglas  fir,  by  T.  T.  Munger,  p.  43; 
What  British  think  of  wooden  ships, 
p.  54-5. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  May 
17,  1917. — Swedish  exports  of  paper 
and  pulp,  by  H.  W.  Harris,  p.  629. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  May 

21,  1917. — Chicle  industry  of  Guate- 
mala, by  Samuel  C.  Reat,  p.  682-3. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  May 

22,  1917. — Building  wooden  ships  in 
Denmark,  by  E.  D.  Winslow,  p.  693; 
American  woodworking  machinery 
abroad,  by  Frederick  M.  Ryder  and 
others,  p.  698-701. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  May 

24,  1917. — Power  resources  of  Italy, 
by  F.  T.  F.  Dumont,  p.  726-7. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  May 

25,  1917. — Crisis  in  the  Spanish  cork 
industry,  by  Carl  Bailey  Hurst,  p. 
741. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  May 
31,'  1917. — Nicaraguan  exports  of 
lumber,  p.  812. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  June 
4,  1917. — Protection  of  New  Bruns- 
wick forests,  by  E.  Verne  Richard- 
son, p.  857;  Box  shooks  and  fiber 
cases  in  Argentina,  by  L.  J.  Keena, 
p.  859-61. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  June 
6,  1917. — Camphor  trade  of  South 
China  stagnant,  by  George  E.  An- 
derson, p.  886;  Record  trade  in  gum 
camphor,  p.  886-7. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  June 

11,  1917. — Shortage  of  American 
pine  in  the  Netherlands,  by  Paul  D. 
Edwards,  p.  946-7. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  June 

12,  1917.— Salonika  market  for  build- 
inR  lumber,  by  John  E.  Kehl,  p.  963; 
Afiforestration  in  Italian  North 
Africa,  p.  968. 

Veneers,  June,  1917. — Mahogany  and  Cir- 
cassian walnut,  by  W.  K.  Clement,  p. 
15-16;  A  wood  rarely  seen,  p.  21. 

West  Coast  lumberman.  May  15,  1917. — 
Five  hundred  manufacturers  asked 
for  view  on  lumber  branding,  p.  22. 

West  Coast  lumberman,  June  1,  1917. — 
Every  timber  owner  must  contribute 
toward  forest  fire  prevention,  p.  26c. 

Wood  preserving,  April-June,  1917. — 
Louisville  and  Nashville  timber- 
treating  plant,  p.  25-7;  Treated  ties 
for  electric  roads,  by  C.  H.  Teesdale, 
p.  33. 

Wood  turning,  June,  1917. — Wood  turn- 
ing in  Great  Britain,  p.  17;  Origin  of 
matches,  p.  19. 

Wood-worker,  May,  1917. — The  band 
saw  in  shipbuilding,  p.  25;  Testing 
lumber  for  humidity,  by  Charles 
Cloukey,  p.  26-7. 

Forest  journals 

American  forestry,  June,  1917. — A  for- 
estry   regiment    in    action,    p.    325-6; 


A  Saving  in  Lumber  of 
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sible by  Kiln  Drying  Instead 
of   Preliminary   Air  Drying 

THE 

KILN  DRYING 

OF  LUMBER 

Is  a  new  and  authoritative 

work  covering  the  entire 

subject 

By  Harry  Donald  Tiemann,  M.E.,  M.F. 

In  charge,  Section  of  Timber  Physics  and  Kiln 
Drying  Experiments  of  the  U.  S.  Forest  Ser- 
vice. Special  Lecturer  in  Wood  Technology 
and  Forestry,  University  of  Wisconsin.  Forest 
Products  Laboratory,  Madison,  Wisconsin. 

i6Tables.  55  Illustrations.  Octavo.  Nett4.oo 

The  value  of  technical  knowledge  of  KILN 
DRYING  is  self  evident, — this  book,  as  does 
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the  adoption  of  the  KILN  DRYING  method 
and  this  volume  will  increase  our  lead.  It  is  a 
practical  as  well  as  a  theoretical  treatise.  The 
text  and  illustrations  guide  the  way  to  the 
most  efficient  methods  of  work. 

KILN  DRYING  improves  the  condition  of 
the  wood  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  used; 
it  reduces  losses  from  warping,  checking,  case- 
hardening  and  honey-combing  that  occur  in 
Air  Drying;  it  reduces  the  interest  charge,  ihe 
fire  risk,  the  weather  attacks  by  reducing  the 
period  necessary  to  carry  wood  from  the  time 
it  is  cut  to  that  when  it  is  fit  for  use;  it  reduces 
the  weight  and  thus  facilitates  handling  and 
shipping. 

The  present  losses  in  preliminary  Air  Drying 
can  be  reduced  by  KILN  DRYING  from  12% 
for  Hard  Woods  and  5%  for  Soft  Woods  to 
2%.  There  is  a  possible  annual  saving  of 
f!7, 178,000. 

J.  B.  Lippincott  Company 

Philadelphia 


Publishers 


MANlAl  OF  POISONOUS  PLANTS 

By  L.  H.  PAMHELL 

Offered  for  a  limited  time  for  15.35 — regular  price, 
17.50 

Contains  977  pages — freely  illustrated 

Valuable  to  Foresters  and  Advanced  School  Students 


FO 

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THE   FOREST 

IS    THREE-FOURTHS    OF 

FORESTRY 

Your  opportunities  are  as  unlimited  as 
our  forests  if  you  study  at 

WYMAN'S  SCHOOL  OF  THE  WOODS 

Incorporaled  Munlslng.  Mlctaigan 

Sawmill  units  for  England's  need,  p. 
327-8;  War,  forests,  and  lumber,  p. 
328-30;  Lignum  vitae  in  Curagao,  by 
M.  Haman,  p.  331 ;  War-time  uses  of  the 
woodlot,  by  A.  F.  Hawes,  p.  332-3; 
Enlisting  soldiers  of  the  soil,  p.  334- 
9;  Flowers  that  bloom  in  June,  by  R. 
W.  Shufeldt,  p.  340-3;  Forest  flowers, 


446 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


BOOKS   ON   FORESTRY 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  publish  each  month,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  wish  books 
on  forestry,  a  list  of  titles,  authors,  and  prices  of  such  books.  These  may  be  ordered  through 
the  American  Forestry  Association,  Washington,  D.  C.  Prices  are  by  mail  or  express  prepaid.* 

FOREST  VALUATION— Filibert  Roth $1 .50 

FOREST  REGULATION— Filibert  Roth 2.00 

PRACTICAL  TREE  REPAIR— By  Elbert  Peets 2.00 

THE  LUMBER  INDUSTRY— By  R.  S.  Kellogg 1.10 

LUMBER  MANUFACTURING  ACCOUNTS— By  Arthur  F.  Jones 2.10 

FOREST  VALUATION— By  H.  H.  Chapman 2.00 

CHINESE  FOREST  TREES  AND  TIMBER  SUPPLY— By  Norman  Shaw 2.50 

TREES,    SHRUBS,    VINES    AND    HERBACEOUS    PERENNIALS  — By    John 

Kirkegaard 1 .  50 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS— By  Charles  Sprague  Sargent— Vols.  I  and  II,  4  Parts  to  a 

Volume— per  Part 5 .  00 

THE  TRAINING  OF  A  FORESTER— Gifford  Pinchot 1.35 

LUMBER  AND  ITS  USES— R.  S.  Kellogg 1 .  15 

THE  CARE  OF  TREES  IN  LAWN,  STREET  AND  PARK— B.  E.  Femow 2. 17 

NORTH  AMERICAN  TREES— N.  L.  Britton 7.30 

KEY  TO  THE  TREES— Collins  and  Preston 1 .50 

THE  FARM  WOODLOT— E.  G.  Cheyney  and  J.  P.  Wentling 1 .  70 

IDENTIFICATION  OF  THE  ECONOMIC  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— 

Samuel  J.  Record 1 .25 

PLANE  SURVEYING— John  C.  Tracy 3.00 

FOREST  MENSURATION— Henry  Solon  Graves 4.00 

THE  ECONOMICS  OF  FORESTRY— B.  E.  Femow 1 .61 

FIRST  BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— Filibert  Roth 1 .  10 

PRACTICAL  FORESTRY— A.  S.  Fuller 1 .50 

PRINCIPLES  OF  AMERICAN  FORESTRY— Samuel  B.  Green 1 .50 

MANUAL  OF  THE  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA  (exclusive  of  Mexico)— Charles 

Sprague  Sargent 6 .  00 

AMERICAN  WOODS— Romeyn  B.  Hough,  13  Volumes,  per  Volume 5 .00 

HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TREES  OF  THE  NORTHERN  U.  S.  AND  CANADA,  EAST 

OF  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS— Romeyn  B.  Hough 6.00 

GETTING  ACQUAINTED  WITH  THE  TREES— J.  Horace  McFarland 1. 75 

PRINCIPAL  SPECIES  OF  WOOD:  THEIR  CHARACTERISTIC  PROPERTIES— 

Charles  Henry  Snow 3 .  50 

HANDBOOK  OF  TIMBER  PRESERVATION— Samuel  M.  Rowe 4.00 

TREES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND— L.  L.  Dame  and  Henry  Brooks 1 .50 

TREES,  SHRUBS  AND  VINES  OF  THE  NORTHEASTERN  UNITED  STATES— 

H.  E.  Parkhurst 1 .50 

TREES— H.  Marshall  Ward 1 .  SO 

OUR  NATIONAL  PARKS— John  Muir 1 .91 

LOGGING— Ralph  C.  Bryant 3.50 

THE  IMPORTANT  TIMBER  TREES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— S.  B.  Elliott  2.50 

FORESTRY  IN  NEW  ENGLAND— Ralph  C.  Hawley  and  Austin  F.  Hawes 3.50 

THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  HANDLING  WOODLANDS— Henry  Solon  Graves 1.50 

SHADE  TREES  IN  TOWNS  AND  CITIES— WiUiam  Solotaroff 3.00 

THE  TREE  GUIDE— By  Julia  Ellen  Rogers 1 .00 

MANUAL  FOR  NORTHERN  WOODSMEN— Austin  Gary 2.12 

FARM  FORESTRY— Alfred  Akerman 57 

THE  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  WORKING  PLANS  (in  forest  organization)— 

A.  B.  Recknagel 2 .  10 

ELEMENTS  OF  FORESTRY— F.  F.  Moon  and  N.  C.  Brown 2 .  20 

MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  WOOD— Samuel  J.  Record 1.75 

STUDIES  OF  TREES— J.  J.  Levison 1.  75 

TREE  PRUNING— A.  Des  Cars 65 

THE  PRESERVATION  OF  STRUCTURAL  TIMBER— Howard  F.  Weiss 3 .  00 

THE  PRACTICAL  LUMBERMAN— By  Bernard  Brereton  (third  edition) 1 .50 

SEEDING  AND  PLANTING  IN  THE  PRACTICE  OF  FORESTRY— By  James  W. 

Toumey,  M.S.,  M.A 3 .  50 

FUTURE  FOREST  TREES— By  Dr.  Harold  Unwin 2.25 

FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TREES  AND  SHRUBS— F.  Schuyler  Mathews. .  2.00 

(In  full  leather) 3 .  00 

FARM  FORESTRY— By  John  Arden  Ferguson  1 .30 

LUTHER   BURBANK— HIS   METHODS    AND  DISCOVERIES    AND    THEIR 

PRACTICAL  APPLICATION   48.00 

(In  twelve  volumes,  beautifully  illustrated  in  color) 

THE  BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— By  Frederick  F.  Moon 2. 10 

OUR  FIELD  AND  FOREST  TREES— By  Maud  Going 1.50 

HANDBOOK  FOR  RANGERS  AND  WOODSMEN— By  Jay  L.  B.  Taylor 2.50 

THE  STORY  OF  THE  FOREST— By  J.  Gordon  Dorrance 65 

THE  LAND  WE  LIVE  IN— By  Overton  Price 1.70 

WOOD  AND  FOREST— By  William  Noyes    3.00 

THE  ESSENTIALS  OF  AMERICAN  TIMBER  LAW— By  J.  P.  Kinney 3.00 

MANUAL  OF  POISONOUS  PLANTS— By  L.  H.  Pammcl 5 .35 

*  This,  of  course,  is  not  a  complete  list,  but  we  shall  be  glad  to  add  to  it  any  books  on 
forestry  or  related  subjects  upon  request. — Editor. 


by  B.  L.  Putnam,  p.  343-5;  Witch's 
broom  on  Japanese  cherries,  by  C. 
W.  H.  Douglass,  p.  346-8;  Foresters 
in  war  work,  p.  348;  The  Florida 
magnolia  tree,  by  J.  L.  Kyle,  p.  349- 
50;  The  knot  over  Washington's 
tomb,  by  G.  T.  K.  Norton,  p.  351-2; 
Some  historically  interesting  trees, 
p.  352-3;  Russia's  lumber  industry,  p. 
353;  Wisconsin's  forest  playgrounds, 
p.  353;  Redwood  trees,  p.  354-7;  Pri- 
vate property — no  camping,  by 
Smith  Riley,  p.  358-60 ;  Cactus  lakes, 
by  F.  Coyne,  p.  361-2;  Pine  blister  in 
Michigan,  p.  362;  School  forests  es- 
tablished, p.  362;  New  York  state 
college  of  forestry  building,  363;  The 
trees  and  war,  by  B.  Adams,  p.  364- 
5;  Altoona's  watershed  forested,  p. 
366;  Hawaii's  effective  laws,  p.  366; 
The  food  garden  as  a  character  build- 
er, p.  367;  Procrastination  in  Indiana, 
p.  367-8;  Need  of  Smith-Lever  exten- 
sion work  in  forestry,  p.  368;  Great 
forward  step  by  Minn.»  p.  368-9; 
Backward  step  in  Vt.,  p.  369-70; 
Stock  losses,  p.  370. 
California  forestry.  May,  1917. — The 
spirit  of  the  Forest  service,  by  Gif- 
ford Pinchot,  p.  1;  Wooden  ships 
and  the  lumbermen,  by  C.  L.  Trab- 
ert,  p.  1-2;  Wood  for  paper  pulp  in 
California,  by  Swift  Berry,  p.  3;  The 
unit  of  service,  by  Coert   Dubois,  p. 

4,  7;  The  national  forest  and  wild  life, 
by  Harold  C.  Bryant,  p.  5,  7;  First 
commercial  use  of  redwood  bark,  by 
U.  S.  McMillan,  p.  6-7. 

Canadian  forestry  journal.  May,  1917. — 
Scientific  investigation  and  the  for- 
est, p.  1089-92;  Protection  of  birds  a 
farm  asset,  by  C.  C.  Clute,  p.  1093-4; 
New  Brunswick  probes  its  forest 
contents,  p.  1095-6;  Forests  give  B. 
C.  treasury  over  2  millions,  p.  1097; 
Value  of  Russian  stumpage,  p.  1098; 
Four  fire  associations  now  blanket 
Quebec,  p.  1098-9;  Strange  ways  of 
using  wood  pulp,  p.  1103-5;  Impres- 
sions from  India,  by  H.  R.  MacMil- 
lan,  p.  1107;  Developing  the  forests  of 
Alaska,  by  Henry  E.  Surface,  p.  1109- 
10;  Building  a  camp  fire,  p.  1111-12; 
How  timber  is  "  cruised,"  p.  1122. 

Forest  leaves,  June,  1917. — Pennsyl- 
vania's potential  forest  area  and  land 
policy,  by  E.  A.  2iegler,  p.  34-7;  The 
forest  fire  problem  in  its  relation  to 
West  Virginia  forestry,  by  J.  A.  Vi- 
quesney,  p.  37-9;  A  pioneer  bird  re- 
serve, by  C.  E.  Ehinger,  p.  40-2;  Mile- 
stones in  entomological  history,  by 
V.  A.  E.  Daecke,  p.  43-8. 

Journal  of  forestry,  April,  1917. — The 
present  conditions  in  the  lumber  in- 
dustry, by  Wilson  Compton,  p.  387- 
93;  Forest  tree  planting  camps,  by  J. 

5.  Illick,  p.  394-409;  The  biology  of 
lodgepole  pine  as  revealed  by  the  be- 
havior of  its  seed,  by  Carlos  G. 
Bates,  p.  410-16;  The  pack  rat  as  an 
enemy  of  natural  reproduction  on  the 
Angeles  nation  forest,  by  Edward  N. 
Munns,  p.  417-23;  A  forest  policy  for 
California,  by  D.  T.  Mason,  p,  424-30; 
Computing  volumes  in  period  allot- 
ment, by  T.  S.  Woolsey,  Jr.,  p.  431- 
4;  By-product  mills  in  the  hardwood 
industry,  by  P.  L.  Buttrick,  p.  435- 
7;  Determining  the  quality  of  stand- 
ing timber,  by  Swift  Berry,  p.  438- 
41;  The  spread  of  timbered  areas  in 
central  Texas,  by  J.  H.  Foster,  p. 
442-45;  Reproduction  of  black  spruce, 
by  W.  H.  Kenety,  p.  446-8;  A  decimal 
classification  for  forestry  literature, 
by  Clarence  F.  Korstian,  p.  449-62; 
A  second-growth  pine  mill  in  Cali- 
fornia, by  Swift  Berry,  p.  463;  Injury 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


447 


to  yellow  pine  timber  by  steam  log- 
ging, by  O.  F.  Ericson,  p.  507-8; 
Changes  proposed  in  Louisiana  taxa- 
tion, p.  508-9;  The  work  of  the  United 
States  Forest  products  laboratory,  p. 
509-12. 

Quarterly  journal  of  forestry,  April,  1917. 
— Entomological  notes  on  the  Sur- 
rey pine  district,  by  B.  W.  Adkin,  p. 
81-8;  Toxic  atrophy,  by  E.  Adrian 
WoodruiTe-Peacock,  p.  88-93;  Creo- 
soting  for  estate  purposes,  by  W.  P. 
Greenfield,  p.  94-111;  Forestry  stat- 
istics, by  P.  Trentham  Maw,  p.  112- 
16;  New  Zealand  forestry,  p.  125-8; 
Estate  duty,  by  J.  Whitton  Aris.  p. 
129-31;  Taxation  of  woodlands,  by  P. 
Trentham  Maw,  p.  131-2;  The  mistle- 
toe in  England,  by  Aubyn  Trevor- 
Battye,  p.  133-S;  Weight  of  timber, 
green  and  seasoned  in  air,  p.  140-2; 
Early  planting  in  County  Durham,  p. 
142-4;  Ancient  oak  from  peat  bogs 
and  river  beds,  by  A.  Henry,  p.  146-7. 

Revue  de  eaux  et  forets,  February,  1917. 
— Recherche  de  la  limite  optima  d'  in- 
tensite  dans  les  eclaircies,  by  Emile 
Mer,  p.  33-43;  Souvenir  de  Prosper 
Demontzey,  by  V.  de  Larminat,  p. 
47-51. 

Revue  des  eaux  et  forets,  April  1,  1917. — 
L'idee  forestiere  a  I'etranger:  les 
types  de  peuplement,  leur  classifica- 
tion, by  A.  Arnould,  p.  97-106;  Les 
dommages  de  guerre  aux  forets;  leur 
reparation  et  la  loi,  by  J.  Demorlaine, 
p.  107-12. 

Schweizerische  zeitschrift  fiir  forstwesen, 
April,  1917. — Zur  frage  der  waldsa- 
men-priifung,  by  A.  Engler,  p.  109- 
2i. 

£kogen,  April,  1917. — Hyggessvedning 
(Burning  of  cut-over  areas),  by  Ferd 
Lindberg,  p.  109-15;  Till  fragan  om 
de  Norrlandska  skogsarbetarnas 
levnadsforhallanden  (Living  condi- 
tions of  forest  workers  in  Norrland), 
by  Adolf  Hassler,  p.  115-18;  En 
metod  for  lopfotsberiikning  (A  meth- 
od for  calculating  running  feet),  by 
Paul  Tornblom,  p.  119-20;  Skogsodl- 
ing  (Forest  culture),  by  Hjalmar 
Sylven,  p.  121-8;  Minnestista  for 
skogsman  (Almanac  for  foresters), 
by  J.  O.  af  Zellen,  p.  129-30. 

Skogen,  May,  1917.— Karl  Fredenberg  60 
Sr  (Karl  Fredenberg  at  60  years  old), 
by  Gunnar  Anderson,  p.  137-9;  VSra 
skogar  i  Kristider  (On  forests  in 
times  of  crisis),  by  Henrik  Carbon- 
nier  p.  139-43;  "  Skogsg?,rd;"  en 
modern  deminstrationsskog  (A  mod- 
ern demonstration  forest),  by  Uno 
Danielsson,  p.  144-9;  Nagra  fall  av 
skadegorelse  a  vjixande  skog  (Some 
instances  of  damage  in  growing  for- 
ests), by  Erik  Geete,  p.  lSO-5;  Jiit- 
teekarna  p?i  Giillstaon  (The  giant 
oaks  of  Gallstaon),  by  Carl  G.  Aim, 
p.  156-61. 

Tidsskrift  for  skogbruk,  April-May,  1917. 
— Skogkultur  (Forest  culture),  p.  85- 
8;  Enkelte  track  fra  snauhugstperi- 
oden  i  Akershus  amt  (Some  features 
of  the  clearing  period  in  Akershus 
Amt).  by  Kildal  and  Rolsted,  p.  88- 
104;  Er  Troms  amt  granens  fremtids- 
land  (Is  Troms  Amt  the  land  of  the 
future  for  Norway  spruce),  by  Han- 
na  Resvoll-Holmsen,  p.  104-9;  Forsk- 
svis  sammenligning  mellem  tmmerpri- 
sene  i  Skiens — .  Glommens — ,  og  Dram- 
mensvasdrag  (Experimental  compari- 
sion  between  timber  prices  in  Skien, 
Glommen  and  Drammen  watersheds), 
by  Waldemar  Opsahl,  p.  109-15;  Lift 
om  de  skogstatistiske  underskelser  (A 
little  concerning  the  forest  statistical 
investigations),  by  J.  K.  Sandmo,  p. 
115-20. 


"QUALITY" 


LONG  AND  SHORT  LEAF 
YELLOW  PINE 

QUALITY  SERVICE 

MISSOURI 

LUMBER  &  LAND 

EXCHANGE  COMPANY 

CAPACITY 

R.  A.  Long  Building  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

THE  SAME 
"TODAY  AND  TOMORROW" 


A   little  "inside 
about  the   reasons 


story"  (clipped  from  a  leading  lumber  trade  journal) 
for  —  and  some  deductions  as   to   the   results   of — 


THE   WOOD  ETERHAL" 


The  followingr  editorial  item  is  from  the  May  10th,  1917,  issue  of  the  LUMBER  WORLD 
Review.  (It  is  worth  reading  because  it  is  true — and  worth  reproducing;  here  because 
you  probably  don't  read  lumber  trade  papers.)  We  submit  it  without  further  comment. 


Note  the  Emphasis  it  puts  on  the 


Relative  Value  of  Genuir.e 


Please  do  not  be  diverted  h  the  small  t\pe — 
it's  A  STORY  IVORTH  READING. 


(From  the  "Lumber  World 
Review,"  May  10th,  1917.) 


"CYPRESS  TRADE-MARK  WINNING  BIG,— THEIR  SLOGAN, 
'SAFE  BUYING  MEANS  EASY  SELLING  * 
PROVES    GREAT  MARKET  AID   TO  RETAILERS. 


"Cypress,  'The  Wood  Eternal.'  was  the  first  lumber  to  be 
exploited  through  a  really  large  general  advertising  campaign, 
and  now  cypress  has  'gone  and  done  it  again'— and  is  wm- 
ning  big  by  helping  its  retailers  to  an  'automatic'  market  by 
sponsoring  to  the  ultimate  user  every  piece  of  cypress  made 
by  an  Association  mill. 

"When  the  Southern  Cypress  Manufacturers'  Association 
began  a  campaign  of  advertising  a  few  years  ago,  which  was 
to  exploit  the  virtues  of  cypress,  little  was  known  of  this  ven- 
erable wood  by  present  day  lumber  users. 

"But  as  the  stories  of  its  remarkable  rot-resisting  proper- 
ties were  told  time  after  time,  the  interest  of  the  lumber 
buying  public  in  this  new-old  lumber  was  aroused. 

"It  was  not  long  thereafter  until  the  mills  of  the  Southern 
Cypress  Manufacturers'  Association  were  workingto  capacity 
to  fill  the  orders  for  cypress  which  after  more  or  less  neglect 
had  again  come  into  its  own. 

"And  then  followed  what  usually  follows  any  marked  suc- 
cess in  merchandising  in  these  days  of  intensive  buying  and 
selling.  Inferior,  or  upland,  cypress  (and  some  carelessly 
manufactured  cypress)  began  to  share  unduly  m  the  results 
of  public  faith,  and  it  became  necessary  to  protect  the  lay 
consumer  and  at  the  same  time  protect  the  conscientious 
manufacturer  and  the  honorable  and  up-to-datepreponderance 
of  retailers. 

"The  general  public  was  not  aware  that  there  was  a  con- 
siderable difference  between  .'tide- water'  cypress  and  the 
cypress  that  grew  too  far  itriand— but  experience  began  to 
teach  them  that  while  one  was  'eternal'  the  other  was  more 
or  less  temporal  and  'fleeting.'    One  was  truly  rot-resisting 


while  the  other  failed  to  justify  the  confidence  of  the  user  in 
its  rot-defying  character. 

"So  the  already  famous  cypress  arrow  trade-mark  was  de- 
vised as  an  insurance  policy  for  both  seller  and  user.  The 
value  of  a  trademark  need  not  be  dwelt  upon.  The  manu- 
facturer who  won't  sign  his  product  will  never  get  very  far 
with  it,  in  these  days.  The  quality  must  be  maintained  if  the 
product  is  to  survive  the  fierce  battle  of  business. 

"And  so  now  genuine  'tidewater'  cypress  (the  most  eter- 
nal of  the  Wood  Eternal)  is  no  longer  bought  by  name  alone 
or  on  faith — but  by  a  brand  back  of  which  is  a  group  of  man- 
ufacturers including  most  of  the  larger  and  more  responsible 
producers  of  cypress.  As  a  further  testimony  of  pride  in 
their  product,'  the  output  of  each  mill  is  being  identified  by 
the  serial  number  of  that  mill  incorporated  in  the  trade-mark 
as  applied  to  each  mill.  The  move  is  one  in  the  right  direc- 
tion, the  most  important  one  ever  taken  by  any  lumber  manu- 
facturers, and  is  more  than  justifying,  even  this  early,  the 
well-known  cypress  slogan  which  recites  that  'the  only  per- 
manent safety  for  the  seller  is  perpetual  safety  for  the  buyer.' 
This  is  the  keynote. 

"RETAILERS  ARE  ALREADY  EXTENSIVELY  REFUS- 
ING TO  BUY  ANONYMOUSCYPRESS.'  AND  ARE  SHOW- 
ING THEIR  UP-TO-THE-MINUTE  ACUMEN  BY  SPECI- 
FYING THE  TRADE  MARK  ON  ALL  THEIR  CYPRESS 
ORDERS.  THIS  IS  THE  MARK  WHICH  IS  NOW  STAMPED 
ON  THE  TIDEWATER  CYPRESS— (THE  'WOOD  ETER- 
NAL')-MANUFACTURED  BY  THE  ^^  c  J^  c  • 
ASS(X;iATION  MILLS.  «^M^^    ■■«. 

"IT  MARKS  A  NEW  EPOCH  IN  ^.  M  N^iTTV 
aUMBER  MERCHANDISING."  tv^k-rIJusi"*-. 


Let    our    ALL-ROUND    HELPS    DEPARTMENT    help    YOU    MORE.  Our  entire  resources  are  at  your  service  with  Reliable  Counsel. 

SOUTHERN  CYPRESS  MANUFACTURERS'  ASSOCIATION 

1258  HIBERNIA  BANK  BLDG.,  NEW  ORLEANS,  LA.,  or  1258  HEARD  NAT'L  BANK  BLDG.,  JACKSONVILLE,  FLA. 


INSIST  ON  TRADE-MARKED  CYPRESS  AT  YOUR  LOCAL  Ll^HBER  DEALER'S. 


IF    HE    HASN'T    IT,    LET    US   KNOW. 


VOLUME  23 


AUGUST  1917 


NUMBER  284 


American 
Forestry 


1161         ci3S 


An  Illustrated  Magazine  about  Forestry  and 
Kindred  Subjects  Published  Each  Month 
by  the  American  Forestry  Association 

Washington,  D.C. 


Ptrmantnt  plant  •rteUi  by  a->pp«r  ■mining  eomoani/:  a^ri- 
BtrucUd  cif  wooi  cntuiating  of  tw>  tinkn,  nn9/Qr*'hot  hath" 
and  othtrfor  'coW  batK-'^  I7a*d  for  ortQB-ittnff  |iin6#r  end 
lUtmbtr  v»0d  in  «ur/a««-ctruclurM  and  millt. 


Orade-On<?  Li<tuid 


tmporary  treating-planl  eonstrveted  oftvoodand  lined  vnth 
i,atvanit«{i  th9»t  iron,  U»ed  for  creoeottng  over  t&QjOOO  feet 
B.  id.  of  iintbtr /or /toor-^aming  (nf  indM»trial  plant. 


»-' 


P«nM«en(  plant  for  cnototina  cif  refrieeraUiT-caT  »>. 


Permanent  ^i.,  .<.....  ^.,...v  v.™..^  -^  ,-.,in.~  j — ,..,     .,.    .^..     .^..«.-..,,  .  - ...     .. .. 

miacManti>M  Umber.    iA)    Tank  for  kot  traalmenU     t£>  TanU/itr  ciM  treaimcnl. 
(O  Tank/or  catching  drippingn. 


A  Group  of  Open-Tank  System  Creosoting-Plants 


SIMPLICITY,  economy  and  efficiency  are  the 
principal  features  of  the  Open-Tank  system, 
properly  used. 

The  wide  variety  of  equipment  shown  in  the 
illustrations  herewith  indicates  the  ease  with  which 
creosoting  by  this  method  may  be  arranged  to 
meet  practically  any  condition  where  pressure- 
treated  lumber  is  not  required  or  available  at 
economical  cost 

The  Open-Tank  system  consists  of  hot  and  cold 
treatment  in  refined  coal-tar  creosote  oil,  and  is 
recommended  for  all  structural  wood  exposed  to 


decay  which  will  not   be   subjected   to   severe 
mechanical  abrasion  when  in  service. 
CARBOSOTA  CREOSOTE  OIL  is  the  s/arK/arJ 
for  non-pressure  treatments.  Sf>ecify  it  and  insure 
satisfactory  results. 

(NOTE:  It  is  necessary  that  all  wood  to  be  treated  by  a 
non-pressure  process  shall  be  seasoned  until  air-dry.) 

Booklet  regarding  the  CARBOSOTA  trealn\*r\l  fret  on  request. 

The  ^^gtiS^  Company 

New  York         CKicago  PhiUdelphU         Boston         St.  Louis         Cleveland 

Cincinnati  Pittsburgh  Detroit  Birmingham 

Kansas  CitT  Minneapolis  Salt  Lake  City  Seattle  .     P"^"" 

THE  PATERSON  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY.  Limited:         Montreal 
Toronto    Winnipeg    Vancouver    St.  John,  N.  B.    Halifax.  N.  S.    Sydney.  N.  5. 


I  ptari  «raiMii  (v  {onw  trm  w<nii0  ajicinsHtf  JWwom*-!/ )-">i-  i^n""^"-^"-  v  «-»-*  .....™  »  -;- 1^ -~     Mfijr^  QiwwTbBt  <    -  .     -     . 

eoiuifstlnfl  0/  (Ko  sf«I  frM((»iii-'on«ai  on<f  one    ll\.(m-  «)im1  iron.  »Ti<i>w<i  101  in  ifcom-jjipM  lor  htahnu  creosott.      Linielty  BrtM.  Co. ,  M'nneapaiit.t 

gallon  nUyraut-tank.     Used  for  crtoioiino  miic*llaneou*  thed  for  creasoUng  roof-l^mbtr  and  -hoaruM  for  roof  ovtr 

timber  and  Ivmler.  maehxne-rQom  of  paper-mill  ^^ 


Whola.  eowrUtv 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiikiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


m 


■  *«f 


THE     MAGAZINE     OF     THE     AMERICAN     FORESTRY     ASSOCIATION 

PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE,  Editor 


I      August  1917    Vol.  23 

liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiii 


CONTENTS 


No.  284       I 

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


Foresters  to  the  Front — By  Bristow  Adams 453 

With  thirteen  illustrations. 


The  Monarch  Pine — Poem  by  Leon  T.  Chamberlain. 
Drawing  by  Agnes  Scott. 


458 


Recreation    in    the    Federal    Forest    Reserves — By    Ida 

Agnes   Baker   .• 459 

With  six  illustrations. 

Scrappin'  Fire  on  th'  Cherokee — Poem  by  H.  L.  Johnson  464 

The  New  Freedom — of  Food — By  Norman  C.  McLoud..   465 
With  eleven  illustrations. 

The  Largest  Sassafras  Tree  on  Record 473 

With  one  illustration. 

Mount  Gould,  Glacier  National  Park — An   Illustration..   473 

Wild  Flowers  That  Boys  and  Girls  Should  Know— By 

R.    Vy.    Shufeldt 474 

With  twenty  illustrations. 

Has  the  Black  Forest  Gone?— By  John   B.  Woods 481 

With  six  illustrations. 

Making  Friends  With  the  Birds— By  A.  A.  Allen 484 

With  twelve  illustrations. 


A  Tree  of  Lost  Identity— By  John   Footc,  M.D 

With  two  illustrations. 

A  Duel  to  the  Death 

With  one  illustration. 

Chasms  of  Erosion  and  Forest  Defense — By  Charles  A. 

White    

With  three  illustrations. 

Forestry  for  Boys  and  Girls — Wood  for  Fuel — By  Bris- 
tow  Adams    

National  Forest  Receipts  Increase 

Reflection  Lake,  Rainier  National  Park — An   Illustration 

The  Valiant  Hunters  of  the  Moth  Egg  Cocoons 

With  one  illustration. 


Insuring   Standing   Forests. 
Editorial    


Hawaiian  Forests. 

The  New  Standard  of  Public  Service. 

Our  National  Meat  Supply  Threatened. 

Book   Reviews    

Canadian  Department — By  F.llwood  Wilson 

Current   Literature    


488 
491 

492 

494 
496 

497 
498 

499 
500 


504 
505 
506 


SPECIAL  OFFER  TO  MEMBERS  ONLY 

One  of  the  following  described  books  will  be  presented  free  of  charge  to  any  member  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association  who  secures  ONE  NEW  subscribing  member: 

No.  1 — Field  Book  of  American  Trees  and  Shrubs,  465  pages,  275  illustrations  of  trees,  leaves, 
blossoms,  fruits,  seeds,  area  of  growth,  etc. 

No.  2 — Field  Book  of  Wild  Birds  and  Their  Music,  262  pages,  38  colored  and  15  other  full- 
page  illustrations. 

No.  3 — Field  Book  of  American  Wild  Flowers,  587  pages,  24  colored  plates  and  215  full-page 
illustrations. 


FILL  OUT  THIS  BLANK 


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including  American  Forestry  Magazine,  and  enclose  $3.00  for  the  1917  fee — 


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AMERICAN   FORESTRY  is  published  monthly  by  the  American  Forestry  Association. 

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Entered  an  second-class  mall  matter  December  24,  19(»    at  the   Post-office  nt  Washington,  under  the  Act  of  March  3.  1879 

Copyright.    1»17,    hy    the   American    Forestry   Association 

WtMHIIIHIMiHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIilllllllllllllUlum^^^^^ 


■j»»i3***'!aMK,  ■ 


Improper  trimming 
ruined  this  tree 

Trimming,  correctly  done^  is  good  for  trees,  good  for 
their  appearance  and  good  for  their  health — in  fact,  neces- 
sary for  most  trees. 

But — incorrectly  done,  it  is  positively  dangerous,  yes 
ruinous. 

The  fine  old  tree  in  the  picture  above  was  "trimmed"  by 
somebody  who  had  little  or  no  conception  of  the  scientific 
requirements  of  the  work. 

Fungus  spores  entered  the  unprotected  wounds  left  on 
the  tree  and  decay  set  in,  rapidly  disintegrating  the  inter- 
nal cell  structure  of  several  of  the  largest  branches  until 
nothing  but  weak  shells  remained. 

Then  the  inevitable  happened ! — a  severe  storm  blew  up,  the 
weakened   branches   gave   way,   and   the   tree   was    ruined. 

No  matter  what  the  condition  of  your  trees  may  be— whether  they 
need  merely  a  little  scientific  trimming  or  whether  they  require  thor- 
ough treatment  for  decay  and  disease — it  is  dangerous  to  entrust 
them  to  anything  less  than  tree  surgery  of  proved  worth.  Remem- 
ber, also,  that  little  troubles  with  trees  soon  grow  into  big  ones. 

The  proved  Tree  Surgery 

Davey  Tree  Surgery  is  proved  Tree  Surgery;  it  saves  trees  with- 
out guessing  or  experiment. 

Proved  by  time — by  a  record  of  successful  performances  spanning 
a  generation. 

Proved  by  the  U.  S.  Government,  which  after  official  investigation, 
endorsed  Davey  Tree  Surgery  as  the  only  Tree  Surgery  good  enough 
for  the  trees  on  the  Capitol  grounds  and  elsewhere. 

Proved  by  the  success  of  the  Davey  concern  as  an  institution, 
which  is  today  doing  a  volume  of  business  thirty  times  greater 
than  the  volume  of  a  decade  ago. 

Proved — and  proved  best — by  Davey  clients.  Hundreds  of  estate 
owners  between  Kansas  City  and  Boston — prominent  men  and  women 
whose  recommendation  you  can  accept  with  complete  confidence — 
enthusiastically  endorse  Davey  Tree   Surgery. 

Write  today  for  FREE  examination  of  your    trees 

— and  booklet  "When  Your  Trees  Need  the  Tree  Surgeon."  What 
is  the  real  condition  of  your  trees?  Without  cost  or  obligation  to  you, 
a  Davey  Tree  Surgeon  will  visit  your  place,. and  render  an  honest 
verdict  regarding  their  condition   and   needs.      Write   today. 


THREE   TYPICAL  LETTERS   FROM   HUNDREDS    WRITTEN    BY 
SATISFIED  DAVEY  CLIENTS 

Prom  J.  B.  Pierce, 
American  Radiator  Co. ,  Boston,  Mass. 

"I  wish  to  express  m,v  entire  satisfaction  with  the  work  performed 
by    your   man." 

From  A.  C.  Reeves, 
The  Reeve  Bros.  Co.,  Alliance,  Ohio. 

"I  am  very  mttch  pleased  with  the  expert  manner  in  which  your 
men  have  handled  the  trees  on  viy  farm.  Should  they  require  any 
further  attention,  you  can  rest  assured  you  will  be  called  upon." 

From  Mr.  R.  Alaer, 
Vice-President  Winnesheik  County  State  Bank,  Decorah,  Iowa. 

"The  men  who  handled  my  work  were  very  courteous  and  good 
workers.  It  is  certainly  gratifying  to  see  people  who  understand 
their  btisiness  and  are  imlling  to  work,  operate  on  a  job  of  this 
kind." 


THE  DAVEY  TREE  EXPERT  CO.,  Inc.,  1808  Elm  St.,  Kent,  Ohio 

(Operating  the  Davey  Institute  of  Tree  Surgery) 


Branch    Offices   with   telephone  connections; 
2017    Land   Title    Bldg.,    Philadelphia 


225   Fifth   Avenue, 


New   York 

450    McCormick    Bldg., 


Chicago 


Permanent  representatives  located  at  Boston,  Newport,  Lenox,  Hartford,  Stamford,  Albany,  Poughkeepsie,  White  Plains 
Jamaica,  L.  L,  Newark,  N.  J.,  Philadelphia,  Harrisburg,  Baltimore,  Washington,  Buffalo,  Pittsburgh,   Cleveland,   Detroit, 
Cincinnati,  Louisville,  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  Minneapolis,   St.   Louis,   Kansas   City. 
Canadian  Address:     22  Victoria  Square,  Montreal. 

Davey  Tree  Surgeons 

FOR    SAFE    TREE   SURGERY 

Every  real  Davey  tree  Surgeon  is  in   the  employ  of    the    Davey    Tree    Expert    Company,    and    the    public    is    cautioned 

against    those    falsely    representing    themselves. 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiyiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy 

REAL  ESTATE  AND  TIMBER    "I 


lillllllll 

SALE   OF   TIMBER  RED   LAKE    INDIAN 
RESERVATION. 

SEALED  BIDS,  MARKED  OUTSIDE  "BID.  Red 
I>iik»'  TiinbtT."  and  addressed  to  Superintendent  of 
tlie  Red  Lake  Indian  SchcHil,  Red  Lake,  Minn.,  will 
be  received  until  12  o*el(r<-k  inmii.  Central  Time, 
September  2ii,  1017,  fur  tlie  piircUase  of  tiudier  upon 
about  51,300  acres  within  Townsliip  150  N.,  Ranges 
32,  33.  34.  and  35  west:  Township  131  \..  Ranges 
32,  33,  and  34  west.  The  sjile  embraces  approximately 
72.000,000  feet,  of  which  abtmt  05  per  cent,  is  white 
pine,  about  27  per  cent.  Norway  Pine  and  the  re- 
mainder Jack  I'ine.  Spruce,  Balsam,  Cedar  and  Tam- 
arack. Eacli  bid  must  state  for  each  species  the 
amount  per  thousand  feet  Scribner  decimal  C  log 
scale  that  will  be  paid.  The  minimum  prices  per  M 
feet.  B.  M..  which  will  be  acceptetl  are  as  follows: 
Wliite  I'ine  $10,  Norway  Pine  $8.  Spruce  $5.  Tama- 
rack $3.  Jack  Pine  $3.  Cedar  $3.  Balsam  $2.50.  Cedar 
and  Tamarack  ties  $0.08.  Spruce  and  Balsam  pulp 
$1  i)er  «'onI.  Cedar  pt>sts,  7  feet  long,  3  and  4  inch 
tops.  $0.01;  7  feet  long.  5  to  7  inch  tops.  $0,015; 
8  feet  long.  4  to  7  inch  tops.  $0.02;  8  feet  long.  8 
and  9  inch  tops.  $0.U5;  10  feet  long,  4  to  7  inch  tops. 
$i>.023;  10  feet  long.  8  to  10  inch  tops.  $0.08;  12  feet 
long.  4  to  7  inch  tops.  $0.03;  14  feet  long.  4  to  7 
inch  tops,  $)J.035:  16  feet  Icmg.  4  to  7  inch  tops. 
$0.W;  18  feet  long.  4  to  7  inch  tops,  $0.00.  Cedar 
poles.  20  feet  long.  4  to  8  inch  tops.  $0.08;  25  feet 
long.  5  to  8  inch  tops,  $0.12:  30  feet  long.  G  to  8 
inch  tops.  $0.30;  35  feet  long,  6  to  8  inch  tops.  $0.00; 
40  feet  long,  7  to  9  inch  tops,  $1.25;  45  feet  long,  7 
to  9  inch  tops.  $1.50;  50  feet  long.  7  to  10  inch  tops. 
$2.25;  55  feet  long.  7  to  10  inch  tops.  $3;  fJO  feet 
long,  7  to  10  inch  tops,  $4.50.  Each  bid  must  be 
submitted  in  triplicate  and  be  accompanied  by  a  eer- 
tifiwl  check  on  a  solvent  National  Bank  in  favor  of 
the  Superintendent  of  the  Red  Lake  Indian  Scliool  in 
the  amount  of  $2.5<X).  The  deposit  will  be  returned 
if  the  bid  is  rejected,  but  retained  if  the  bid  is 
accepted,  and  the  re^iuired  contract  and  bond  are  not 
executed  and  presented  for  approval  within  thirty 
days  from  such  acceptance.  The  right  to  reject  any 
and  all  bids  is  ref»erved.  For  copies  of  the  bid  and 
contract  forms  and  for  other  information,  application 
should  be  made  to  the  Imlian  Superintendent.  Red 
Lake.  Minnesota. 

Washington.  D.  C.  July  13,  1917.  CATO  SELLS, 
Commissioner  of   Indian   Affairs. 


SALE    OF    TIMBER    FLATHEAD    INDIAN 
RESERVATION. 

SEALED  BIDS  MARKED  OUTSIDE  "BID,  Flat- 
head Timber.  Rr^nan  I'nit"  ami  addressed  to  Super- 
intendent of  the  Flathead  Indian  School,  Dixon. 
Montana,  will  be  received  until  twelve  o'clock  noon. 
Mountain  time,  Tuesday,  September  11.  1917.  for  the 
purchase  of  the  merchantable  timber  upon  tribal  and 
allotted   lands  situated  within   Sections  4   and   5  T. 

19  N..  R.  19  W.:  Sections  5.  0.  7.  8.  9.  10.  15,  Ifi. 
17,   IS,    19.   20.   21.   22.   27.   28,   29.   32.   33,   and  34  T. 

20  N.,  R.  19  W.:  Section  21.  22.  27.  32.  33.  and  34.  T. 

21  N..  R.  19  W.:  Section  1  and  Section  12  T.  20  N., 
R.  20  W.  M.  P.  M.  containing  approximately  57,000.- 
000  feet  of  timber,  over  Hi)  per  cent.  Western  Yellow 
Pine.  Each  bid  shall  state  the  amount  per  thousand 
feet  B.  M.  offered  for  Yellow  Pine  (including  "bull 
pine")  and  the  amount  per  thousand  feet  offered  for 
Fir.  Larch  and  other  species.  Each  bid  must  be 
submitted  in  triplicate,  and  be  accompanied  by  a  cer- 
tified check  on  a  solvent  National  bank,  drawn  In 
favor  of  the  Superintendent  of  the  Flathead  Indian 
School,  in  the  amount  of  $2,500.  Tlie  deposit  will  be 
returned  if  the  bid  is  rejected,  and  retained  as  a 
forff-lt  if  the  bid  is  accepted  and  the  bon<l  agree- 
ments required  by  the  regulations  are  not  furnishe<I 
within  00  days  from  the  date  when  the  bid  Is  ac- 
cepter!. No  bid  of  less  than  $3  per  thousand  feet  for 
Yellow  Pine  and  $1.25  per  thousand  feet  for  Douglas 
Fir.  I^rch.  and  other  species  will  be  accepted.  The 
right  to  reject  any  and  all  bids  Is  reserved.  Copies 
of  regulations  and  other  information  regarding  the 
proprwed  sale  inclurling  specific  description  of  the 
sale  area  may  be  obtained  from  the  Superintendent 
of  the  Flathead   Indian  School.    Dixon.    Montana. 

Washington.   D.   C.    May  4.   1917.     CATO   SELLS, 
Commissioner    of    Indian    AfTairs. 


TIMBER  CRUISING 

of  all  kinds,  in  all  sections,  brings  me  constantly 
in  touch  with  owners  of  timber  lands  whose 
properties  are  adaptable  to  commercial  or  sport- 
ing   purposes. 

DONALD  E.  LAUDERBURN 

154  Fifth  Avenue  New  York 


IlKAIiV    .IILV    1st— NKW    P.O(IKI-KT 

TIMBER  ESTIMATING  METHODS 

Oripiiifil  Jirul  I'rartlcal  Infoniuitioii  fipr  tlif 
Timbf-r  f.'niis^T.  TlmtMT  Owner,  and  Ltnnbfrinnn. 
Kivlng  il<>tail«  nf  nicthwl  anil  cost  of  Tlinhpr 
Gatimatintr  basfd  on  actual  exiwrienrp  on  over 
ino  timlKT  trnot.i. 

Postjpflid.  50  c'pntK  cacli. 

HOWARD  R.  KRINBILL 

FOREST  KN(;rXKKU  NKWliKRX,  N.  C. 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^ 

A  GAME  PRESERVE 

need  nut  be  a  luxury.  Ratlier  it  is  iin  economic 
pleasure  and  safe  investment  ir'  sucli  tract  has  com- 
mercial value. 

My  business  consists  i-^f  appraising  timber  values 
iind  locating  suitable  tracts  for  individuals  or  groups. 
If  properly  selected  these  properties  are  readily  con- 
verted  into  cash. 

DONALD  E.  LAUDERBURN 

ir,4    Fifth    Avcnui'  New    York. 


PROVINCE  OF  QUEBEC 

Department  of  Lands  and  Forests 

Quebec,  2nd  June,  1917. 

Public  notice  is  hereby  given  that,  in 
conformity  with  the  law,  on  the  21st  Au- 
gust next,  at  11  o'clock  a.  m.,  at  the  office 
of  the  Minister  of  Lands  and  Forests 
Dept.,  Quebec,  there  will  be  offered  per- 
mits to  cut  timber  on  lands  belonging  to 
the  Crown  in  the  Upper-Ottawa,  Lower- 
Ottawa,  St.  Maurice,  Lake  St.  John,  East 
and  West,  Saguenay,  Rimouski  West  and 
Bonaventure  West  agencies,  comprising 
several  large  blocks  in  the  Abitibi,  Up- 
per-Ottawa and  headquarters  of  the  St. 
Maurice  and  Gatineau  and  on  River 
Chamouchouan. 

Permits  will  be  adjudged  to  the  highest 
bidder. 

The  price  of  adjudication  is  payable  in 
three  equal  instalments. 

The  permit  to  cut  will  be  subject  to  the 
ordinary  conditions  of  the  Law  and  Reg- 
ulation and  the  grantees  of  any  of  the 
aforesaid  territory  must,  within  a  delay 
of  three  years,  manufacture,  in  the  Prov- 
ince of  Quebec,  with  the  timber  cut  in 
said  territory,  either  pulp  or  paper  in  the 
proportion  of  ten  tons  per  day,  or  sawn 
lumber  in  the  proportion  of  ten  thousand 
feet  board  measure  per  day,  per  hundred 
square  miles. 

Further  information  may  be  had  by 
applying^  to  the  Department  of  Lands  and 
Forests. 

ELZ.-MIVILLE  DECHENE, 

Deputy-Minister, 
Dcpartinent  of  Lands  and  Forests. 


CORN      CATTLE      HOGS 

Three-crop  Corn  Land 
Virgin  Soil 

No  Crop  Failures 

JOHN   L.    ROPER  LUMBER   CO. 
Norfolk,  Va. 


CANADIAN  TIMBER 

Timber  is  one  of  tlie  res^iurces  of  Canada  whicli 
will  produce  great  wealth.  We  have  large  and 
tniall  propcwitions  for  sale,  which  will  interest 
practical    Timber    men. 

For  Infornuition.   write: 

LOUGHEED  &  TAYLOR,  LTD. 

(•Ar,i;ARV  TANADA 


MOUNTAIN  CABIN  FOR  RENT 

Located  10  miles  from  Aslieville.  X  C.  Adjoin- 
ing the  .\It.  Mitchell  National  Forest.  Roads 
go«I.  scenery  unsurpassed,  climate  salubrious, 
spring  water  refreshing.  3,5W  feet  altitude. 
2r)-mile    view. 

HOWARD  R.  KRINBILL 

FOIIKST    KNCINEKK  NKWHERN,  N.    C, 


PHILIP  T.  COOLIDGE 

FORESTER 

SteUon  Bldlt.,  31  Central  Street,  Bangor,  Me. 

Management  and  Protection   of  Woodlands 

ImpToiement  Cuttings,  Planting,   Timber 

Estimates  and  Map^.       Surveying 


UEAUY    .ULY    1st— MOW    ISDOKI.KT 

TIMBER  ESTIMATING  METHODS 

Original  and  Pnictical  Inloruiatimi  for  the  Tim- 
ber Cruiser.  Timl:er  Owner,  and  liumlierman. 
giving  details  of  method  and  ccwt  of  Timber 
Estimating  based  <ui  actual  experience  on  over 
100    timber   tracts. 

l*<»stpaid.  50  cents  eacli. 

HOWARD  R.  KRINBILL 

I'OUFST  EN(;iNEEK  NEWHKKN.    N.   C 


IF  YOU  WANT  TO  BUY 

Timberlands,  Preserves, 
Estates,  Farms,  Camps, 
etc.,  then  we  can  assist 
in  getting  exactly  what 
you  want,  provided  such 
properties  exist. 

REAL  ESTATE  DEPARTMENT 
2  West  45th  St.     New  York  City 


FREE 

Best   Expert 
Instruction  on 

CANNING  AND 
DRYING  OF 
VEGETABLES 
AND  FRUITS 

ALSO  ON 

FOOD  GARDEN 
PLANTING 


WRITE  TO 


Conservation  Department 
American    Forestry   Association 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


The  ''Human  Element"  Risk 
at  Its  Lowest  in  Lacey  Reports 

Out  in  the  woods  for  six  weeks  or  more  at  a  stretchy 

liow  can  any  amount  oj  scientific  met/iod  overcome  in  h,ACE,Y 
REPORTS  the  always  incalculable  element  of  human  weakness  or  turpitude? 

Everyone  knows  that  Lacey  ^  Company  have  over- 
come it — but  iiowf 

Firsts  by  treating  each  man  on  his  merits  as  a  human 

being,  not  expecting  the  physically  less  strong  to  cover  as  much  ground 
per  day  as  the  strongest;  allowiftg  every  man  to  return  to  camp  at  will  whenever 
fatigue  impairs  his  accuracy  {of  course  weeding  out  instanter  all  who  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  privilege) ,  in  short,  by  putting  i?t  each  man's  mind  accuracy  first. 

Second^  by  continual '  '^random ' '  checking  of  each  man  V 

work  by  our  most  experienced  and  reliable  %voodsmen.  A  cruiser 
never  knows  when  his  results  are  to  be  checked  and  the  checker  often  does  not 
know  whether  he  is  checking  or  doing  origifial  work. 

This  is  one  factor  in  the  near  approach  to  perfection  of  a  LACEY 

Report. 

Send  for  J)iir  interesting  booklet. 


CHICAGO 
1750  McCormkk  BUg. 


NEW  YORK 

30  East  4-2nd  Street 


SEATTLE 
626  Henry  BUg. 


iiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


iiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


1  a.6'3 


VOL.  XXIII 


AUGUST  1917 


NO.  284 


FORESTERS  TO  THE  FRONT 

BY  BRISTOW  ADAMS 


Far  from  Floridian  sands  and  pines, 

From  Maine's  dark-mantled,  spruce-clad  hills 

From  Klamath  firs  in  serried  lines. 
From  Coconino's  lumber  mills, 

CAPTAIN  INMAN  F.  ELDREDGE,  of  the  Tenth 
Reserve  Engineers  (Forest)  was  peering  through 
the  eyepiece  of  a  transit  and  directing  the  civihan 
contractor  as  to  where  the  corner  stakes  should  be 
driven  for  the  barracks  for  housing  the  regiment  to 
which  he  had  been  assigned.    The  time  was  late  after- 
noon,  and  the  place  was 
the  engineers'  camp  on  the 
grounds  of  the  American 
University,  somewhere  in 
the  northwest  quarter  of 
the  District  of  Columbia. 
If  he  had  not  been  to  the 
west  of  the  structure,  he 
could   have  been  literally 
within     the     shadow     of 
a  white   marble   building, 
upon    the    face    of   which 
were  deep-chiseled  words 
"College  of  History." 

Eldredge's  deeds  of  the 
day  were  helping  to  make 
the  history  of  tomorrow, 
but  he  did  not  feel  like  a 
historical  personage — far 
from  it.  In  getting  the 
ground  cleared  of  sassa- 
fras brush  and  blackberry 
bushes,  he  had  become 
the  host  of  a  small  army 
of  chiggers,  and  although 
chiggers  can  get  under 
them  readily,  one  cannot 
scratch  chigger-bites 
through  leather  puttee 
leggings.  Moreover,  his 
mess  had  partaken  of 
some  tinned  food  a  day  or 
so  before  and  there  had 


LIEUTENANT    COLONEL 

A  regular  -who  has  been  designated  by 

comman<l  the  first  of 


We  see  them  come  with  saw  and  ax, 
With  wedge  and  peavy,  hook  and  chain, 

With  hardened  hands  and  sturdy  backs 
To  hack  and  hew  for  trench  and  train. 

been  something  wrong  with  that  food.  The  field  hos- 
pital was  taking  no  chances,  so  it  used  up  all  of  a 
barrel-and-a-quarter  of  perfectly  good  castor  oil  in 
dosing  the  Captain  and  his  mess-mates.  It  was  the 
first  castor  oil  he  had  ever  taken  in  his  life  without 
a  preliminary  licking  and  it  was  a  man's-size  dose.  Mil- 
itary discipline  counted 
for  something  after  all! 

Not  that  he  had  any 
objection  to  military  disci- 
pline; he  took  to  it  like  a 
hound  to  a  rabbit  track. 
As  Supervisor  of  the  Flor- 
ida National  Forest  he 
had  required  uniforms 
and  insignia  of  rank  for 
all  his  Forest  officers.  He 
knew  the  value  of  inspec- 
tions and  of  strjct  lines  of 
accountability.  He  had 
wanted  to  get  into  the  war 
from  the  day  it  was  seen 
to  be  inevitable,  and  on 
another  day  shortly  after 
had  passed  the  examina- 
tion for  a  captaincy  in  the 
Engineer  Corps.  Small 
wonder  that  he  was  as- 
signed to  the  popularly 
so-called  Forest  Regiment 
in  May,  as  soon  as  its  for- 
mation was  assured. 

It  must  not  be  thought 
that  Eldredge  had  no  ideas 
about  history.  Even  the 
chiggers  could  not  get  his 
mind  off  the  fact  that  he 
was  demolishing  a  Yankee 
fort  which  was  one  of  the 
defenses    of    Washington 

453 


JAMES    A.    WOODRUFF 

the  War  Department  to  organize  and 

the   Forest   Regiments. 


454 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


during  the  Civil  War.  He  was  from  South  Carolina; 
his  father  had  tried  to  do,  in  a  different  way,  what  he 
was  accomplishing  with  ease  and  a  plow  and  scraper 


MAJOR    IIKNKV    S.   (iRAVES 

Chit'f  of  the  L'nitftl  States  Korest  Service,  who  has  received  a  commission 
as  Major  in  tfie  Reserve  Kngineer  Corps  hut  has  not  l)eeli  assigned  to  any 
command.  For  the  past  two  months  he  has  l)een  in  France  preparing  for 
the  work  which  the  Forest  Regiments  are  to  do  when  they  arrive.  Major 
Graves  is  a  vice  president  of  the  American   Forestry  Association. 

in  the  hands  of  two  sweating  negroes.  This  ground, 
tortured  into  earth-works  and  riflepits  for  Fort  Gaines 
in  1861,  was  here  being  leveled  off  for  the  barracks 
of  a  new  army  made  up  of  the  sons  of  those  who  had 
fought  against  one  another.  The  easy  careless  ca- 
dences of  southern  speech  here  met  the  tight  twang  of 
the  northerner,  and  also  the  words  of  the  westerner, 
which  were  of  neither  variety.  Only  a  short  distance 
away  the  earth  was  torn  up  anew,  however,  where 
engineer  forces  were  putting  into  effect  the  lessons 
learned  in  the  present  war. 

So  here  he  was  getting  the  barracks  ready. 

Here,  too,  was  Captain  E.  S.  Bryant,  helping  to  lay 
out  the  company  streets.  Captain  Arthur  Ringland, 
who  had  formerly  watched  over  the  destinies  of  the 
National  Forests  of  the  Southwest,  known  to  the 
Service  as  District  3,  was  quartered  in  Number  4  bar- 
racks nearby.  Others  were  gathering  from  all  over 
the  continent ;  Benedict  from  British  Columbia,  Chap- 
man from  Oregon,  Guthrie  from  Arizona,  Mason  from 


California,  Skeels  from  Montana.  Some  from  the  For- 
est service,  some  from  forest  schools,  some  from  lum- 
ber companies.  The  head  of  the  Forest  Service,  now 
Major  Henry  S.  Graves,  was  on  this  day  already  in 
France,  with  Captain  Barrington  Moore,  looking  over 
the  ground  to  make  plans  for  the  actual  work  at  the 
front.  Major  Greeley,  with  some  fourteen  others,  went 
over  early  in  August. 

Why  a  forest  regiment?  Any  three  of  a  number  of 
reasons  will  suffice.  In  the  first  place,  the  War  Depart- 
ment asked  for  such  a  regiment,  being  prompted  to 
make  the  request  by  a  suggestion  from  the  British 
Commission,  which  visited  this  country  soon  after 
hostilities  between  Germany  and  the  United  States 
were  officially  recognized.  In  the  second  place  it 
could  be  readily  seen  that  the  work  would  be  of  great 
use,  not  only  to  the  United  States  and  its  Allies  gen- 
erally, but  mainly  to  the  French,  whose  forests  were 
being  terribly  devastated.  This  devastation  was  bad 
enough  in  the  zones  of  actual  warfare,  but  it  might 


MAJOR  \V.   B.  GRKKLKY 

Assistant  Forester  in  charge  of  the  hranches  of  silviculture  and  research, 
I '.  S.  Forest  .Service,  who  has  heen  active  in  the  organization  of  the  Forest 
Regiment  and  who  led  the  party  of  fourteen  officers  which  sailed  for 
Europe  early  in  August.  Major  Greeley  is  a  director  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association, 

be  lessened  if  the  forests  back  of  the  line,  which  were 
furnishing  timber  imperatively  needed  for  war  pur- 
poses, could  be  cut  with  the  least  of  permanent  dam- 


FORESTERS  TO  THE  FRONT 


455 


MEMBERS    OF    THE    FOREST    REGIMENT 

These  men,  many  of  whom  are  newly  arrived,  lined  up  for  inspection  at  the   camp   on    the   grounds    of   the    American    University,    Washington,    D.    C. 
They   come   from   all   parts  of  the    United   States  and   are   keen,   efficient  and  skilled  in  forestry  and  lumbering. 


age.     In  the  third  place,  the  field  force  of  the  Forest 
Service  wanted  to  go. 

The  last-named  reason  furnished  a  considerable 
problem.  At  first  it  was  understood  that  Mr.  Graves 
didn't  care  to  have  members  of  the  Service  leave  their 
work  on  the  National  Forests.  They  represented  a 
fundamental  need  at  home.  The  organization  so  ably 
started  by  Gifford  Pinchot,  upon  whose  broad  founda- 
tions Henry  S.  Graves  had  continued  to  build,  had 
become  a  permanent  structure  which  had  withstood  a 
good  many  storms.  It  was  strong  and  no  one  who 
had  anxiously  watched  its  growth  wanted  to  see  it 


weakened.     To  put  its  best  men  overseas  threatened 
just  this  weakness. 

It  may  be  said,  therefore,  that  Mr.  Graves  desired 
to  hold  it  intact.  He  had  had  a  chance,  during  the 
very  earliest  stages  of  the  trouble  with  Mexico  three 
years  before,  to  see  what  would  happen.  Then  the 
Forest  field  force,  almost  to  a  man,  wanted  to  organize 
itself  into  cavalry  to  sweep  across  the  border.  A 
roster  of  available  men  with  the  records  of  the  special 
service  for  which  each  was  fitted  was  in  the  hands  of 
the  authorities  at  Washington.  Only  a  word  was 
needed  to  put  into  the  field  a  well-mounted,   hard- 


Majo«    C.    S.    Chapman  Captain    Donn   Skeels                          Fiust    Lt.  John    B.    Woods                  First  Lt.  Robert  L.  Deering 

Manager     of     the     Private     Lumber  I-ogging  Engineer  and    Professor   of  Of  the  Arkansas  Land  and   Lumber  Forest      Examiner,      United      States 

Protective    Associations    of    Western  Forestry  at  the   University   of   Mon-  Company   of   Malvern,   Arkansas.  Forest    Service,    stationed    at    Albu- 

Oregon.  tana.  querque,    New    Mexico. 


456 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


riding,  straight-shooting  lot  of  men,  not  only  familiar 
with  hardship  and  the  life  of  the  open,  but  particularly 
capable  of  looking  out  for  themselves,  by  themselves. 


CAPTAIN   KLDRKDGE  AT  WORK 

Laying    out    the    camp    of    the    Tenth    Reserve    Engineers    (Forest)    on    the 
grounds  of  the  American  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 

a  long  way  from  civilization.  It  was  difficult  to  dis- 
suade them  from  jumping  into  the  fracas  anyhow. 
The  Mexican  crisis  passed,  but  then  a  bigger  thing 
came  along.  District  foresters  wanted  to  get  into  it 
and  said  so;  forest  supervisors  likewise,  deputy  super- 
visors the  same,  forest  examiners  and  inspectors,  ditto. 
Some  did  get  into  it,  via  the  Officers  Reserve, — witness 
Eldredge. 

Foresters,  from  the  very  needs  of  their  work,  are 
red-blooded;  they  are  used  to  doing  things;  they  are 
accustomed  to  be  where  there  are  hard  tasks  to  per- 
form; naturally  they  are  patriotic  because  their  job 
is  to  look  out  for  the  "rocks  and  rills,  the  woods  and 
templed  hills."  But  counting  only  what  may  be  called 
the  least  of  their  impulses,  they  have  usually  been 
where  a  good  deal  is  going  on;  they  didn't  want  to 
be  out  of  the  crowd  where  the  most  stupendous  up- 
heaval of  the  world  was  taking  place.  This  may  be  no 
nobler  spring  of  action  than  the  one  which  prompts  a 
man  to  go  across  the  street  to  see  a  dog-fight,  but  to 


those  who  have  felt  the  urge,  it  was  enough.  Philos- 
ophers say  fighting  is  a  primal  impulse. 

With  all  these  motives,  plus  the  call  for  the  defense 
of  Democracy,  the  best  way  to  hold  the  men  of  the 
Forest  Service  together,  even  though  it  be  in  France, 
was  to  organize  a  military  unit  of  foresters.  Mr. 
Graves  became  a  willing  convert  to  the  call  from  the 
War  Department ;  the  organization  of  the  Forest  Regi- 
ment was  undertaken  forthwith,  and  Graves  himself 
was  prevailed  upon  to  accept  service  with  it. 

One  may  ask,  what  are  the  foresters  to  do? 

This  can  best  be  answered  by  a  simple  enumeration 
of  some  of  the  uses  for  timber,  down  to  the  smallest 
sticks,  demanded  by  present-day  warfare.  Out  in 
front  of  the  very  front  line  trenches  are  the  barb  wire 
entanglements  stretched  on  wooden  stakes  driven  into 
the  ground.  Three  to  five-inch  round  stuff  with  the 
bark  on  will  do  for  these  supports.  Immediately  in 
front  of  the  trenches  themselves,  within  arms'  reach 
from  the  firing  step,  there  are  other  stakes,  projecting 
only  a  few  inches  above  the  ground.  In  the  wall  of 
the  trench  below  them,  footholds  are  cut  and  the  short 
stakes  provide  a  hand-hold  to  give  ease  and  speea  m 
climbing  out  when  the  order  comes  to  "cross  the  top" 
and  go  forward  on  a  charge. 

A  trench  is  not  a  simple,  deep  ditch.  It  has  bas- 
tions and  embrasures.  It  has  advanced  areas  and  re- 
cesses, all  needing  supporting  timbers.  What  is  ap- 
parently a  slight  mound  in  advance  and  to  one  side, 
is  in  reality  a  machine-gun  dugout,  with  the  gun  so 
placed  as  to  fire  down  a  line  directly  in  front  of  the 
trench  itself,  and  all  along  the  barbed  wire.  There  is 
a  cunningly  built  porthole,  not  high  from  top  to  bot- 
tom, but  wide,  at  least  at  the  outer  opening,  and  nar- 
row at  the  back  or  inner  opening.  Here  a  machine- 
gun  spurts  death  fan-wise  into  the  ranks  of  an  attack. 
The  frame  work  of  this  opening  is  made  of  logs. 

Poles  are  in  great  demand,  for  field  telephone  ser- 
vice and  for  derricks  and  cranes  in  handling  heavy 
loads.  Bridge  timbers  are  especially  necessary,  rail- 
road ties  are  wanted,  wood  material  for  roads,  repair 
lumber  for  transports,  for  field  buildings  and  other 
construction  work,  all  to  be  got  out  with  the  least 
possible  waste  and  with  the  minimum  damage  to  the 
forests.  It  will  all  represent  a  closer  utilization  of 
timber  than  most  Americans  have  ever  seen,  even  the 
smallest  stuff  going  into  fuel,  and  the  tops  into  leafy 
screens  for  batteries.  Eldredge  and  Bryant  and  the 
rest  of  them  are  getting  pretty  good  practice  in  the 
camp  construction  itself.  They  have  placed  the  bar- 
rack buildings  at  the  American  University  grounds 
Gomewhat  following  the  contours  down  the  two  sides 
of  a  slope  or  slight  spur,  upon  the  crest  of  which  the 
main  street  lies,  with  the  buildings  running  back  on 
either  side.  On  one  watershed,  divided  by  the  spur, 
are  the  latrines;  on  the  other  watershed  are  the  cook 
camps  and  mess  buildings. 

Most  of  the  supervisors  have  directed  similar  con- 


FORESTERS  TO  THE  FRONT 


457 


First    Lt.   Risden    T.   Allen  Second  Lt.   H,   R.   Condon 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Allen-Medley  Who    was   employed    in    the    forestry 

Lumber     Company,     of     Devereaux,  department      of      the      Pennsylvania 

Georgia.  Railroad. 

struction  on  their  own  forests,  with  bridges,  lookout 
towers,  ranger  stations,  and  telephone  lines.  The 
materials  of  construction  for  these  were  taken  right 
out  of  the  woods  on  the  ground. 

The  French  timber  will  be  taken  out  of  forests  of 
oak,  beech,  hornbeam,  with  some  stands  of  pine ;  most 
of  it  is  small — not  over  a  foot  in  diameter.  Since  the 
forests  are  more  nearly  equivalent  to  the  woodlot  type 
of  the  Eastern  states,  it  has  been  the  aim  of  the  re- 
cruiting officer  to  get  the  forces  from  the  East  rather 
than  from  the  West,  where  woods  workers  are  ac- 
customed to  handling  larger  stuff. 

The  men  who  will  work  this  timber  will  be  woods- 
men. The  officers  are  trained  in  forestry  and  lumber- 
ing and  their  task  will  be  to  see  that  the  timber  is 
efficiently  manufactured  and  utilized.  At  the  same 
time  they  are  to  make  sure  that  there  shall  be  no  un- 
necessary destruction  so  that  the  forests  will  be  left 
in  the  best  possible  shape  for  the  future.  The  French 
forests  have  been  painstakingly  cared  for,  over  many 
years,  and  French  forestry  has  been  an  example  to 
American  foresters.  Gifford  Pinchot  himself  got  part 
of  his  forestry  training  at  Nancy,  where  the  forest 
school  has  actually  been  under  fire. 

The  men  for  the  ranks  are  coming  fast.  Everard, 
back  from  New  Orleans,  his  old  home,  reports  plenty 
of  applicants  for  positions  as  interpreters  from  the 
French  population  of  that  city.  John  Cobbs  has  been 
in  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina ;  Kiefer  in  the  big 
,  lumber  camps  of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin ;  Reynolds 
is  up  in  the  Adirondacks,  where  he  studied  the  fires  of 
1903,  getting  the  plans  explained  to  the  lumberjacks 
there.  Clifford  Pettis,  New  York's  state  forester  and 
one  of  the  listing  officers  for  the  regiment,  has  been 
surprised  and  delighted  with  the  type  of  men  who 


Second  Lt.  Stanley  H.  IIodgman 
Logging  camp  foreman  of  the  Pot- 
latch  Lumber  Company  of  Potlatch, 
Idaho. 


Second   Lt.   John    W.    Seltzer 
Forester    of    the    New    Jersey    Zinc 
Company   of   Franklin,    New  Jersey. 


have  applied  for  the  rank  and  file — successful  small 
mill  operators  and  woods  foremen, — men  of  ability  in 
their  fields  of  work  and  of  standing  in  their  com- 
munities. 

Thus  the  enlisted  men  are  picked  woodsmen,  and 
especial  care  has  been  exercised  to  get  those  needed 
for  specific  tasks.  Ax-men,  sawyers,  tie-backs,  skid- 
ders,  teamsters,  and  blacksmiths  have  come  in;  mill- 
wrights, sawmill  operators,  engineers,  filers,  farriers, 
cooks  and  carpenters. 

Reports  now  are  that  there  will  be  six  additional 
forestry  regiments.  This  will  give  men  like  Coert 
DuBois  and  Redington,  who  have  all  along  wanted  to 
come  in,  the  chance  they  have  been  looking  for.  All 
of  the  regiments,  including  this  first  one,  will  be  under 
the  direction  of  regular  engineer  officers,  the  "tie- 
hacking  tenth,"  or  the  "fighting  foresters,"  being  or- 
ganized and  commanded  by  Colonel  James  A.  Wood- 
ruff, Engineer  Corps,  U.  S.  A. 

The  foregoing,  then,  is  a  discursive  sketch  of  the 
beginnings  of  the  forest  regiment.  It  does  not  give 
much  in  detail,  and  it  leaves  out  many  things  that 
might  go  in.  It  mainly  explains  why  Captain  El- 
dredge,  chigger-infested  but  cheerful,  spent  hot  July 
days  getting  ready  for  a  big  undertaking  and  a  most 
serious  and  necessary  job,  which  will  be  attended  with 
real  risks,  and  will  have  its  share  of  fire.  The  regi- 
ment is  organized  on  military  lines  for  military  service, 
to  be  much  in  the  thick  of  things,  for  that  is  where 
it  is  needed.  Some  of  the  fellows  known  to  that  great 
fellowship  of  foresters  will  not  come  back ;  but  that  is 
a  hazard  of  war.  At  least,  says  Captain  Eldredge, 
who  claims  to  have  read  up  on  the  subject,  there  are 
no  chiggers  in  France, — which  is  his  cheerful  way  of 
looking  at  the  future. 


We  see  them'^go  where  barricades 
Are  builded  of  the  trees  they  fell ; 

Leaf-screens  against  the  air-craft  raids 
And  log  redoubts  'gainst  screaming  shell. 


Where  France's  forests  bleed  for  France 
They  toil  with  hand  and  heart  and  brain 

To  help  the  Starry  Flag  advance, — 
God  send  them  safely  back  again ! 


458 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


THE  MONARCH  PINE 

By  LEON  T.  CHAMBERLAIN 


Straight,   and   gaunt,   and   grim. 

He   stands  on  tne  canyon  s  rim. 

And  lifts  Kis  knotted  arms 

To  tlie  winter  s  mighty  storms. 

And  roars  as  they  rail  at  him. 


When  the  summer  sun  smiles  down 
On  his  royal,  pinioned  crow^n 
His  myriad  needles  sing 
The  love  songs  or  a  king. 
And  he  smooths  his  hattle  frown. 


As  he  mounted  to  the  stars 
Through  a  century  of  wars 

^^Vith  the  w^inds — those  bitter  foes 

Left  the  story  of  their  blows 
In  a  thousand  ragged  scars. 

Thus  the  Titan  reigns  alone 
O  er  a  monarchy  of  stone. 

And  his  paeans  never  cease; 

Martial  airs  or  notes  of  peace 
Pour  eternal  round  his  throne. 


In  the  \varm,  impassioned  night. 
With  a  thrill  of  keen  delight. 
His  softest  tassels  sigh 
To  the  nightbirds  flitting  by. 
And  the  breezes   aimless  flight. 


RECREATION  IN  THE  FEDERAL  FOREST  RESERVES 

BY  IDA  AGNES  BAKER 


OUR  vacation  was  a  ten  days'  tramp  among  the 
foot  hills  of  Mt.  Baker,  in  the  Washington  Na- 
tional Forest  Reserve ;  and  "we"  means  two 
women  who  enjoy  the  woods  and  the  out-doors  and 
wished  to  begin  a  nearer  acquaintance  with  old  Koma 
Kulshan.  We  had  no  ambitions  for  dashing  straight 
to  his  summit,  as  so  many  try  to  do.  We  wished  to 
climb  to  a  few  of  the  outer  courts,  greet  him  afresh 
on  each  rise,  see  him  in  many  moods  and  reckon  with 
our  own  moods  as  well.  We  didn't  care  to  join  a  big 
mountain  climbing  i)arty.  We  hojjed  to  be  able  to  go 
alone.  A  crowd  overwhelms  sylvan  life  with  its 
human  chatter,  but  two  people  can  quietly  blend  into 
the  shadows  and  stillness  of  the  forest  life.  This  was 
as  near  as  we  came  to  having  a  plan  when  we  started. 
Of  course  the  fact  that  there  is  no  recreation  in  tramp- 
ing with  a  heavy  pack  on  your  back  was  a  deciding 
condition  in  planning  our  trip. 

On  the  twenty-fourth  of  July  we  went  to  Glacier 
with  a  party  of  thirteen  students  from  the  Normal 
Summer  School,  ready  to  climb  Heliotrope  Ridge. 
Glacier  is  a  village  at  one  of  the  gates  of  entrance 
to  this  Reserve.  It  is  forty  miles,  by  train  or  auto, 
from  Bellingham  and  Puget  Sound  and  nine  hundred 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.     It  exists  just  because 


of  the  mountain.  From  it  trails  radiate  to  coal  mines, 
gold  mines,  Forestry  Lookout  stations  and  mountain 
climbing  stations.  It  lodges  miners  and  mountaineers 
and  summer  guests,  and  it  furnishes  packhorses, 
packers  and  mountain  guides.  It  sells  food  and  post 
cards.  Has  a  tennis  court  with  a  hotel,  one  street,  a 
side  walk  that  you  risk  your  life  walking  upon,  several 
pretty  little  homes  and  is  a  Forest  Ranger's  Station. 
It  is  surrounded  by  boiling  grey-green  glacial  rivers, 
virgin  forests  and  mountains  and  enveloped  in  air  that 
is  exhilarating. 

From  here  the  party  had  planned  to  climb  Helio- 
trope Ridge  on  Saturday  and  return  on  Sunday.  We 
were  going  with  them,  but  we  had  as  yet  no  definite 
plans  as  to  when  we  would  return  to  either  Glacier 
or  Bellingham.  Heliotrope  Ridge  is  one  of  the  sta- 
tions for  the  Marathon  runners  who  raced  from  Bel- 
lingham to  Mt.  Baker's  summit  and  back.  It  is  ten 
and  one-half  miles  from  (jlacier  and  fifty-three  hun- 
dred feet  elevation  and  four  miles  from  the  summit. 

The  first  nine  miles  of  the  trail  is  easy  tramping, 
in  the  deep  forest  by  beautiful  waterfalls,  over  old 
burns  and  one  treacherous  slide.  It  was  so  sur])ris- 
ingly  easy  that  my  friends  protested  "there  will  surely 
be  a  day  of  reckoning."     There  was.     The  last  mile 


THE    SNOW    FIKI.I)    ON    THE    APPROACH    TO    MT.    BAKER 
The  author  and  a  friend  spent  ten  days  tramping  in   the   foot  hills  around   this  fine   mountain   which    is  in  the  Washington   National  Forest  Reserve. 

469 


460 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


NOOKSACK   FALLS   NEAR   MT.    BAKER 

A  big  water  power  plant  utilizes  the  water  of  these  falls  to  furnish  trans- 
portation  and   light   for   Bellingham,   fifty    miles   away. 

and  a  half  made  us  gasp,  perspire  and  ache,  and  every 
few  rods  drop  upon  the  ground — to  enjoy  the  land- 
scape. In  the  first  mile  the  crowd  broke  up  into  twos 
and  threes  according  to  the  pace  they  wished  to  take. 
Some  of  them  made  the  trip  in  four  hours,  but  we 
didn't.     We  took  eight. 

As  we  all  started  at  T)  :15  a.  m.  we  slow  ones  had 
the  last  mile  and  a  half  in  the  heat  of  the  day.  Most 
of  the  women  were  dressed  in  the  usual  mountain 
suit.  While  I  expected  to  be  at  the  tail  of  the  pro- 
cession, I  looked  the  crowd  over  at  the  start  and  de- 
cided that  I,  even  I,  would  pass  two  of  those  girls  laid 
out  by  the  trail,  for  they  had  on  long  heavy  woolen 
dresses.  When,  tired  and  hot,  the  last  of  the  crowd, 
we  reached  the  camp,  there  by  the  fire,  as  fresh  as  a 
daisy,  sat  the  young  lady  of  the  heaviest  skirt,  tatting. 
On  the  threshold  of  old  Koma  Kulshan,  to  sit  and  tat ! 
I  was  shocked.  But  I  couldn't  afford  to  be  for  she 
had  already  been  in  camp  four  hours.  Time  enough 
to  meet  the  mountain,  the  glaciers,  the  flowers  and 
get  around  to  her  tatting ! 

Heliotrope  Ridge  is  probably  a  medial  moraine  in 
the  great  Roosevelt  glacier.  It  is  too  close  to  the 
summit  to  give  the  most  beautiful  view  of  Mt.  Baker, 


but  is  an  intimate  view.  From  here  the  long  pre- 
cipitous snow  wall,  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high 
can  be  seen  very  clearly.  Our  camp,  under  alpine  firs 
and  mountain  hemlock,  was  on  a  bluff  about  fifty  feet 
high  that  drops  steeply  down  into  glacial  crevasses. 
We  could  see  the  blue  ice  of  their  depths,  but  the  sur- 
face of  the  glacier  here  was  brown  with  the  boulders 
and  soil  that  had  fallen  on  it  from  the  bluff.  When 
night  came  we  wrapped  our  blankets  about  us  and  lay 
down  beneath  the  hemlock  trees  to  rest  and  slumber. 
Those  of  us  slumbered  who  had  remembered  hoods 
and  extra  hose,  but  the  breeze  from  those  vast  snow 
fields  drove  the  "foolish  virgins"  to  the  camp  fire. 
'J"he  young  people  left  the  next  morning.  A  packer 
had  brought  up  the  blankets  and  food  for  the  party 
on  two  pack  horses.  As  he  was  willing  to  carry  our 
blankets  back  when  he  brought  up  another  party  we 
too  decided  to  stay  another  day.  On  the  ridge  there 
were  masses  of  blue  lupines,  white  heliotrope,  pink 
evening  primroses  and  pink  minulus  and  about  twenty 
varieties  of  other  flowers. 

We  slept  another  night  upon  the  ridge,  as  com- 
fortable and  safe  as  the  trees  and  blossoms  among 
their  snow  fields.  Nine  o'clock  in  the  morning,  with 
a  tin  bucket  of  flowers  to  analyse  and  our  lunch  in 
our  packs,  we  started  back  to  Glacier.  We  dawdled 
on  the  trail,  enjoyed  every  place  of  beauty  to  our  fill, 
falls,  outlooks  upon  the  mountain,  trees  and  flowers 
and  reached  the  Glacier  hotel  in  time  for  a  hot  bath 
and  six  o'clock  dinner.  The  next  day  we  analysed  our 
flowers  and  made  further  plans.  We  decided  to  go 
to  Twin  Lakes,  twenty-one  miles  distant,  and  five 
thousand  and  two  hundred  feet  elevation,  and  after 
our  return  to  climb  Sky-line  ridge.     We  didn't  realize 


LOWRV'S   CABIN  AT   HERMAN 

The    comfortable    home    of    a    miner   at    which    the    trampers    stopped    for   a 
night  on  their  way  to  Mt.   Baker. 


RECREATIO>J  IN  THE  FEDERAL  FOREST  RESERVES 


461 


then  that  we  were  planning  anything  unique,  but  they 
told  us  afterward  that  we  are  the  first  women  who 
ever  tramped  in  this  region  alone.  I  know  that  in  the 
southern  foot-hills  of  Mt.  Baker  another  friend  and  I 
have  tramped  to  homesteads  alone  for  thirteen  years. 
There  may  have  been  early  women  homesteaders  in 
this  region,  but  we  are  the  first  women  to  start  out 
from  Glacier  into  the  Reserve  alone  and  just  for  the 
pleasure  of  it. 

At  5 :15  p.  m.,  with  packs  containing  face  cream 
and  powder,  soap,  towels,  comb,  tooth-brushes,  one 
five-cent  can  of  milk,  one  glass  of  dried  beef,  one  loaf 
bread,  some  malted  milk  tablets,  nut-meats,  raisins, 
sweet  chocolate,  five  sticks  candy  and  three  oranges 
we  started  on  a  three  days'  tramp ;  the  first  station 
to  be  at  Excelsior,  seven  miles  up  the  Nooksack  river. 
I  wore  my  khaki  mountain  suit  and  my  friend  a  blue 
flannel  blouse  and  bloomers.  We  both  wore  winter 
underclothes,  woolen  stockings,  mountain  shoes  and 
carried  our  sweaters.  My  sweater  was  my  only  mis- 
take— it  was  too  heavy.  At  six  we  stopped  by  the 
river,  a  roaring  mountain  river,  and  ate  our  supper  in 
the  rosy  afterglow  of  the  sun  sinking  behind  the  black 
mountain  ridges.  We  had  phoned  ahead  and  made 
arrangements  to  stay  the  night  with  the  Dickson  fam- 
ily at  Excelsior.  Mr.  Dickson  is  manager  of  an  elec- 
tric power  plant  located  at  Nooksack  falls.  They  and 
three  other  families  that  work  for  them  are  the  only 
people  living  in  this  romantic  place.  The  Nooksack 
river  boils  past  their  back  porch  and  at  high  water 
rises  up  to  the  porch.  A  huge  hill,  a  mountain,  rises 
across  the  road  from  their  front  door.  Everywhere 
there  were  great  clumps  of  the  red  berried  elderberry 
loaded  with  scarlet  fruit. 

It  is  an  ideal  place  to  live  for  with  all  this  wildness 
and  grandeur  they  had  the  comforts  of  civilization ; 


Wtm^-:. 

1 

ALO.no  IIU.  iii.KKV    liOKUEKED  TRAIL 

Miss  Baker  and  her  friend   in  their  mounuineering  costume  on  one  of  the 
trails  on  the  approach  to  Mt.   Baker. 


FROM  GLACIER  TO  EXCELSIOR 

The  road  winds  through  magnificent  forests  from  the  gate  of  the  Reserve 
at  Glacier,  many  miles  along  a  plateau  nine  hundred  feet  above  sea  level. 

lights  in  abundance,  electric  cookers,  hot  and  cold 
water,  bath,  piano,  graphophone,  books,  magazines 
and  lovely  rooms.  I  can't  remember  when  I  have  had 
such  refreshing  sleep  as  I  enjoyed  this  night.  After 
breakfast  Mr.  Dickson  took  us  over  the  plant  where 
they  make  the  force  that  furnishes  transportation  and 
light  for  Bellingham  fifty  miles  away.  The  plant  in 
no  way  destroys  the  picturesqueness  of  this  spot. 
The  walls  of  the  valley  are  really  mountains  and  the 
vast  dimensions  dwarf  the  buildings  of  the  plant  until 
they  give  just  the  evidence  of  human  interest  the  val- 
ley needs.  There  are  innumerable  cascades  and  water- 
falls in  the  Washington  forests,  but  the  Nooksack 
falls  are  not  ordinary  falls.  The  plant  only  uses  one- 
third  of  their  power.  By  a  bend  in  the  rock  bed  and 
wall  the  falls  are  half  encircled  and  the  sound  of  the 
falling  waters  in  this  huge  bowl  reverberates  like  the 
tones  of  a  pipe  organ.  Far  out  on  the  rocky  walls,  in 
the  mist,  is  a  bunch  of  blue  hare-bells  and  they  will 
never  be  disturbed  by  men  for  until  the  water  stops 
flowing  no  human  hand  can  reach  them. 

It  was  nine  when  we  started  for  our  next  stopping 
place,  Herman,  seven  miles  farther  into  the  mountain. 
There  are  several  shacks  here,  but  only  one  is  oc- 
cupied. This  is  owned  by  a  bachelor,  a  miner,  who 
keeps  a  road  house  when  he  isn't  ofif  to  his  mine.    The 


462 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


forest  ranger  also  uses  it  as  a  station,  and  since  the  of  carnation  cream.  They  were  fairly  good,  but  ex- 
owner  was  off  to  the  mines,  the  ranger  told  us  where  travagant  for  the  woods.  We  cooked  our  last  eggs, 
to  find  the  key  and  to  help  ourselves  to  anything  we  that  is  what  was  left  in  the  shells,  for  1  had  dropped 
needed  in  food  and  pay  when  we  came  back.  the  bucket  once.  When  Mr.  Lowry  is  gone  his  cats 
We  were  in  by  three.    We  had  loitered  by  the  way,  keej)  house.     There  is  a  cat  hole  in  the  door.     I  love 


''Z^kir^ 

k>. 

'^r 

> 

^^i^^3 

i^^ 

•-^    ^--,>^i 

feaf'^f  'I 

^ 

J 

^:f.^^S^^H 

^^n|^B^^  ???:^ 

\ 

* 

*>> 

P 

lounged  by  the 
river,  cooked  our 
dinner,  picked 
berries,  measured 
.trees  and  esti- 
mated their  board 
feet  in  our  heads. 
We  had  neither 
paper,  pencil  nor 
tape  measure  with 
us  and  we  wanted 
to  estimate  the 
lurnber  in  one  of 
the  large  trees 
among  the  cedars. 
I  have  tested  and 
know  that  I  can 
depend  upon  my 
nose  to  measure  a 
yard.  So,  by  re- 
laying our  two 
shawl  straps,  on 
which  we  carried 
the  field  glasses 
and  marking  sta- 
tions we  succeed- 
ed in  measuring 
the  circumference 
breast  high.  I 
have  been  estimat- 
ing the  height  of  the  lowest  branches  of  our  firs  and 
cedars  for  ten  years  so  felt  safe  in  saying  it  was  one 
hundred  feet  to  the  lowest  branches.  While  we 
stretched  ourselves  on  the  moss  by  the  river,  with 
these  two  dimensions,  our  arithmetic  and  forestry 
formulae,  we  mentally  did  our  reckoning,  proving  our 
mental  computations  by  comparing  results.  We  found 
the  tree  to  be  a  little  over  ten  feet  in  diameter  breast 
high  and  to  contain  over  65,000  board  feet  of  lumber. 
A  real  school-ma'am-y  amusement.  It  occurred  to  us 
to  reckon  how  many  homes  could  be  built  out  of  the 
tree,  but  we  lacked  data  and  it  began  to  seem  like 
work.  However,  I  know  that  from  such  trees  often 
only  half  of  one  cutting  of  shakes  at  the  butt  is  needed 
to  build  a  woodman's  cabin. 

The  cabin  at  Herman  is  decidedly  superior  to  the 
ordinary  bachelor's  cabin  in  the  woods,  and  only  a 
woods  tramper  knows  how  to  appreciate  these  little 
homes  in  the  woods.  From  the  front  porch  we  looked 
over  the  Nooksack  river  to  the  mountains.  Ruth 
mountain,  jagged,  precipitous  and  yet  snow  covered, 
flushed  in  the  light  of  the  setting  sun,  was  the  center 
of  the  picture.  I  made  hot  biscuits  for  supper  and 
since  I  could  find  neither  lard  nor  bacon  I  made  them 


The 


a  cat  and  was  de- 
lighted to  see 
them  at  first,  but 
between  the  heat 
of  the  little  room 
—  we  c  o  u  1  d  n't 
leave  the  door 
()]jen  because  of 
the  mosquitoes  — 
and  the  racket  of 
the  cats,  we  slept 
so  little  that  we 
made  a  late  start 
in  the  morning. 
When  we  came 
hack  I  closed  the 
cat  hole  and  the 
cats  slept  in  the 
open  for  once  in 
their  lives. 

I  have  lived  for 
weeks  in  the 
woods  fourteen 
miles  from  a  road, 
and  the  freedom 
from  noises  of 
civilization,  —  the 
silence  of  the  for- 
est broken  only 
by  the  musical 
sound  of  rippling  water  or  falling  twigs,  is  very  fa- 
miliar and  fascinating.  Into  this  the  ring  of  a  tele- 
])hone  bell  was  as  startling  as  a  team  of  horses.  But 
it  was  a  very  friendly  sound  when  we  heard  the  voice 
of  Forest  Ranger  McGuire  at  Glacier  asking  how  we 
had  made  the  trip.  The  installation  of  the  telephone 
is  a  long  step  in  forestry  towards  closer  protection  of 
the  forest.  Trails,  telephones  and  lookout  stations  are 
an  absolute  necessity  in  the  control  of  fires. 

After  breakfast  we  started  for  Twin  Lakes,  six 
and  one-half  miles  farther  on  and  3,000  feet  farther  u]). 
It  is  the  way  to  many  gold  mines  and  the  forestry  trail 
building  crew  of  seven  men  were  just  completing  a 
trail  to  the  Lakes.  They  are- far  up  among  the  jieaks, 
two  mountain  lakes  of  exquisite  blue  shading  from 
indigo  to  emerald,  floating  tiny  ice-bergs,  in  places 
bordered  by  banks  of  icy  snow,  surrounded  by  slopes 
of  snow  and  clumps  of  alpine  flowers  and  trees  and  by 
huge  buttes  that  framed  the  distant  peaks  of  Red 
mountain  and  a  magnificient  view  of  Koma  Kulshan. 
The  water  from  one  lake  empties  into  the  other  by 
little  resounding  falls  and  from  this  lake  the  water 
cascades  down  the  mountain  sides  as  Swamp  creek. 
Fven  creeks  have  an  individuality.     This  one  is  inter- 


MT.    BAKER    FROM    HELIOTROPE    RIDGE 

snow   wall    that   appears   to   be   about   three    feet   high    is   more    than    one   hundred   and    fifty 
feet  high.     A  wonderful  view  of  the  mountain  is  to  be  had  from  the  Heliotrope  trail. 


RECREATION  IN  THE  FEDERAL  FOREST  RESERVES 


463 


laced  with  moss  covered  logs  and  stumps  in  place  of 
boulders  until  it  seems  to  be  trickling  through  a  swamp 
of  greenery.  It  is  a  fine  trail  and  the  climb  on  easy 
grade  until  you  reach  the  last  two  miles.  Nothing 
could  make  that  easy — owing  to  our  late  start  we 
made  it  between  eleven  and  one,  and  the  day  was  hot. 
Only  climbers  know  all  that  means.  Then  is  when 
you  grieve  over  every  ounce  of  avoirdupois  you  have 
permitted  yourself  to   acquire   in   the  last   ten   years. 

Fortunately  we  had  left  our  packs  and  sweaters 
and  had  only  our  field  glasses,  pail  and  lunch  to  carry. 
W'e  were  thoroughly  weary  when  we  reached  the  sum- 
mit, but  the  view  was  worth  our  pains  over  and  over 
again.     All   my   life   it   will 

"Flash  upon  that  inward  eye, 
Which  is  the  bliss  of  solitude." 

Our  only  grief  was  that  we  had  no  blankets  and 
could  not  stay  all  night  and  then  climb  the  buttes. 
I  think  we  could  have  seen  the  world  from  their  sum- 
mit. We  rested  and  explored  for  two  hours  and  then 
started  back.  The  trail  building  crew  were  within  ten 
rods  of  the  end  when  we  met  them.  As  they  eagerlv 
asked  how  near  they  were  to  the  top  it  was  a  delight 
to  cry,  "The  next  turn  will  show  you  the  lakes."  It 
is  sort  of  dramatic  to  be  in  at  the  finish  of  any  thing, 
especially  when  that  thing  is  a  trail  to  cloud-land. 
When  we  returned  to  the  camp  for  our  packs  the 
cook  gave  us  some  bread  just  from  the  oven  to  take 
with  us  and  a  slice  of  hot  bread  and  butter,  the  best 
I  ever  ate. 

Picture  a  bit  of  meadow  land,  a  white  tent  and  a 
fly ;  under  the  fly  a  table,  stove,  little  cook  stand  and 
cupboard,  benches,  a  rollicking  baby  of  eight  month.s 
on  a  blanket  on  the  ground,  and  a  .bright  faced  young 
lady  in  overalls,  and  you  have  our  cook  and  camp. 
Her  husband  is  foreman.  The  Ranger  sent  out  horses 
the  next  day  to  move  their  camp  to  the  Hannigan 
Trail.  On  one  of  them  she  took  her  baby  and  rode  to 
the  next  station  thoroughly  enjoying  the  primitive  life. 
These  people  understand  trail  building.  There  is  all 
the  difference  in  the  world  between  trails.  After  you 
have  felt  of  eighty  miles  of  trail  with  your  feet  and 
packed  and  panted  over  them  you  know  that  you  are 
capable  of  having  opinions  concerning  trails.  His 
trails  make  the  most  elevation  with  the  lowest  grade 
of  any  I  have  ever  trod. 

On  Heliotrope  Ridge  trail,  which  was  not  built 
by  the  Forest  -Service,  you  do  so  much  going  down 
when  you  are  going  up  the  mountain  and  so  much 
going  up  when  you  are  going  down  to  Glacier  that 
my  friend  suggested  that  perchance  we  had  lost  the 
mountain  and  were  going  back.  Unless  he  reaches 
some  special  point  of  beauty  by  the  down  grade,  the 
provident  climber  groans  over  every  loss  in  elevation 
We  reached  Herman  at  seven  p.  m.  and  spent  another 
night  in  the  cabin.  Rising  at  half  past  four  we  had 
breakfasted,  put  the  cabin  to  rights  and  were  on  the 
trail  by  half  past  five,  too  early  for  the  flies. 


I  never  saw  so  much  wild  fruit  as  there  is  on  this 
trail.  We  counted  thirteen  kinds  of  edible  berries, 
quantities  of  blue  and  red  huckleberries,  salmon  ber- 
ries, thimble  berries,  red,  yellow  and  black  raspberries, 
blackberries,  red  elderberries,  Oregon  grape,  silal  and 
two  kinds  of  wild  currants.  For  miles  it  is  one  vast 
berry  patch.  We  picked  and  ate.  I  thought  for  once 
J  would  have  all  the  thimble  berries  I  wanted  and  one 
can  hardly  resist  the  red  huckleberries  because  they 
arc  so  pretty.  We  reached  the  Dickson's  by  eleven, 
had  dinner  and  visited  until  three,  then  started  to 
Glacier.  It  was  a  warm  day  and  we  had  enough  left 
in  our  packs  for  su])per  so  we  planned  to  reach  the 
hotel  about  eight.  It  is  the  easiest  thing  to  loiter  in 
the  Washington  woods  by  a  mountain  stream.  While 
it  was  still  warm  we  took  a  nap  on  a  blufif  that  was 
deeply  cushioned  with  moss  and  embroidered  with 
twin  flower  vine  and  bunch  berries.  It  was  more  com- 
fortable than  most  beds.  We  were  screened  from 
the  road  by  red  huckleberry  bushes  loaded  with  their 
coral  colored  fruit.  A  hundred  feet  above  us  the  firs, 
hemlocks  and  cedars  held  a  canopy  of  green  over  us, 
their  trunks  like  great  pillars.  At  one  side  the  grey- 
green  river  boiled  below  us  and  on  the  other  the 
mountain  rose  steeply  out  of  sight.  The  haze  from 
forest  fires  had  filled  the  air,  the  sun  was  red  in  the 
sky  and  the  yellow  light  gave  the  effect  of  seeing  the 
world  through  colored  glass.  While  we  rested  and 
lounged  we  saw  two  men  go  down  the  road  with 
packs  on  their  backs,  prospectors  probably,  coming 
out  of  one  of  the  mines. 

On  a  tramp  like  this  you  meet  few  people  and 
every  one  has  a  personal  interest.  On  the  Twin  Lakes 
trail,  besides  the  trail  makers,  we  met  a  jolly  old  as- 
sayer  going  to  one  of  the  mines.  He  had  a  charming 
German  inflection,  and  his  stories  as  we  rested  and 
chatted  were  delightful.  One  story  told  was  how  one 
winter  they  worked  a  mine  all  winter  and  there  was  so 
much  snow  that  every  morning  they  had  to  climb  on 
the  roof  and  put  on  another  joint  of  pipe.  In  the  spring 
their  ])ipe  was  "u])  in  the  air,"  and  somehow  his 
chuckle  gave  you  the  impression  that  the  pipe  wasn't 
all  that  was  up  in  the  air. 

The  first  day  on  the  Shukson  trail  we  met  the 
Ranger  and  received  kindly  directions.  These,  with 
the  packer  I  mentioned  before,  and  the  Excelsior 
folks  were  all  the  people  we  saw  on  that  three  days' 
tramp.  The  loneliness  is  what  we  enjoy.  Some- 
times we  walk  long  distances  in  Indian  file  and  Indian 
silence  through  those  still  forests  thoroughly  happy. 
Every  forest  incident  is  an  event  on  the  trail,  a  familiar 
or  a  new  bird  song,  a  change  in  the  trees  or  the  flowers, 
a  dip  in  the  trail,  a  break  in  the  woods  that  frames  a 
mountain  peak  or  a  ridge,  a  miner's  shack,  a  sign 
board  and  trails,  those  composite  imprints  of  living 
feet,  turning  ofif  among  the  tree  shadows,  a  bit  of 
meadow,  a  burn,  a  slide,  the  deep  breath  of  exhilarat- 


464 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


ing  air,  the  joy  of  a  weary  climb  accomplished,  a  seat 
on  a  log  and  renewed  study  of  the  map,  lunch  by  the 
brook. 

There  is  no  use  in  describing  it  to  those  who  en- 
joy it  for  they  know  already  and  there  is  no  use  for 
those  who  are  puzzled  over  it  for  they  never  can  know. 
We  reached  the  hotel  by  half  past  eight,  dusty  and 
footsore  and  luxuriated  in  the  hiker's  delight,  a  hot 
bath  and  clean  cotton  sheets  and  night  clothes.  If 
summer  outings  do  nothing  more  they  make  one 
realize  the  luxury  of  ordinary  comforts  of  civilization. 
We  rested  and  analysed  flowers  a  whole  day,  then 
climbed  Sky-line  Ridge,  one  of  the  forestry  lookout 
stations.  The  forestry  crew  built  this  trail  the  spring 
of  1914,  and  whenever  there  is  a  lightning  storm  the 
Ranger  sends  a  man  up  to  look  for  lightning  fires. 
The  outlook  is  vast  and  wonderful,  but  the  thickening 
haze  hid  most  of  it  from  us.  There  is  hardly  a  foot 
of  lost  elevation  on  this  trail  and  yet  it  is  a  stifif  climb. 
It  rises  5,500  feet  in  five  miles. 

We  started  too  early  for  hotel  meals  and  prepared 
our  three  meals  ourselves.  We  had  breakfast  down  by 
the  brook  on  hot  cofTee,  boiled  eggs  and  hot  toast  and 
were  on  the  trail  by  half  past  five.  Nevertheless,  noon 
found  us  on  the  snow  meadows,  whence  all  the  snow 
was  gone,  and  the  only  signs  of  the  trail  far  apart 
blazings.  By  having  one  of  us  stay  near  a  blazing 
until  the  other  had  found  the  next  one  we  plodded  up 
over  the  slippery,  grassy,  flower-bedecked,  hot  mead- 
ows until  we  reached  the  lookout's  tent.  The  springs 
on  the  trail  are  not  perennial  and  there  was  only  one 
place  where  we  found  water.  When  we  reached  the 
ridge  above  the  tent  the  world  was  veiled  in  a  smoky 
haze.  Only  the  bare  outlines  of  ridges  and  mountain 
peaks  hinted  at  what  we  would  see  on  a  more  auspi- 
cious day.  The  ridge  is  a  succession  of  meadows  out- 
lined by  alpine  firs  and  hemlocks,  brilliant  with  blue 
lupine,  white  heliotrope  and  buttercups,  but  so  much 
alike  that  we  soon  realized  that,  surrounded  by.  this 
haze  like  a  fog,  it  would  be  very  easy  to  lose  the 
tent  and  so  the  trail.  This  checked  our  exploration 
of  the  ridge.  We  missed  what  we  came  for,  but  never- 
theless it  was  worth  while,  the  trail  itself,  the  meadows 
and  flowers,  the  lookout  station,  the  geography  of  the 
ridge  were  all  interesting  enough  to  balance  the  fact 
that  it  was  a  hot,  weary,  dry  and  resultless  climb. 

We  had  lunch  without  wai:er  on  the  meadows. 
These  lunches  are  always  simple  on  the  summit  for 
obvious  reasons.  We  had  dinner  down  by  the  river 
again  about  a  mile  out  of  our  way.  We  started  to 
Heliotrope  Ridge,  taking  a  plate,  knife,  spoon,  cup  and 
bucket,  the  simplest  of  culinary  outfits.  We  had  this 
last  meal  with  hot  cofTee,  the  one  utensil,  a  cup 
apiece.  We  left  our  plates  and  knives  with  our  bed- 
ding at  Heliotrope  Ridge.  We  had  lost  the  penknife 
on  the  trail  so  we  broke  our  bread.  As  there  were  no 
new  flowers  on  the  summit  I  left  the  bucket  at  the 
Outlook  tent,  forgetting  about  supper.     We  built  a 


tiny  fire  and  made  coffee  in  our  tin  cups.  We  spread 
butter  on  our  broken  bread  with  flat  pebbles,  stirred 
the  sugar  in  our  coffee  with  dry  twigs,  divided  the 
orange,  and  nutmeats,  raisins  and  candy  and  with  our 
hot  coffee  and  toast,  by  the  boiling  river  under  the 
fir  trees  in  the  afterglow  of  a  dusky  twilight,  ate  our 
last  luxurious  meal.  Thus  you  can  simplify  the  sim- 
plified. 

We  reached  the  hotel  long  after  dark,  after  our 
longest  one-day  trip,  seventeen  miles,  and  in  the 
morning,  after  eight  miles  of  tramping  we  took  the 
auto  stage  for  a  forty-mile  ride  out  of  the  foothills  to 
Bellingham. 


SCRAPPIN'  FIRE  ON  TH'  CHEROKEE 

By  H.  L.  Johnson 

I    RECKON  she's  swiped  th'  whole  durned  thing, 
From    Oswald's    Dome    dowm    to    Clemmer's 
Spring." 
"Naw,  'tain't  that  bad,"  says  a  little  feller, 
"Our  gang  stuck  to  'er  an'  never  showed  yeller. 

We  cut  her  off  twixt  the'  prongs  er  th'  crick, 

An'  saved  th'  south  end, — Lord  but  I'm  sick. 

Let's  stop  here  an'  drink,  who's  got  a  chaw? 

An'  who's  ever  heerd  of  th'  eight-hour  law? 

Here,  take  yer  blamed  ol'  busted  hoe, 

I've  toted  hit  round  'till  I  dunno 

Ef  I'm  able  ter  git  back  home  'fore  day. 

Wonder  when  we'll  git  our  pay? 

No  grub  sense  momin',  sucked  water  like  a  bee 

Now  fire's  jes  played  H on  th'  Cherokee. 

"Jeff,  you  take  the  lead  an'  the  rest'll  foller, 
COURSE  I  KNOW  THESE  WOODS,  ev'ry  lead 

an'  holler ; 
But  I'm  fair  to  admit,  I'm  a  leetle  mixed, 
LORD  a'  mighty,  now  I'm  fixed. 

Huh?    Oh  nothin'   tall,  keep  peggin'  ahead, 
Stumped  my  toe,  an'  was  dreamin'  uv  bed. 
This  looks  a  heap  like  makin'  a  crop, 
Us  scrappin'  fire,  an'  it  ain't  rained  a  drop 
Sense  week  'fore  last  when  they  cut  th'  still, 
Back  cr  Fate's  house  and  busted  his  mill. 
A  fool  that'll  grind  malt  in  a  coffee  machine, 
Is  sure  ter  git  ketched  ez  soon  ez  it's  seen. 
Huh?    Naw,  thet  FOREST  FELLER  can't  hear, 

or  SEE, 
All  he  knows  is  scrappin'  fire  on  th'  Cherokee. 

"Whoa,  hoi'  on,  ain't  that  a  light, 
A  man  gits  blind  in  a  fire  fight? 
Yep,  thank  the'  Lord  it's  Greasy  Crick, 
Git  up  ol'  woman,  my  skull's  too  thick 
Ter  figger  how  we  made  it  back, 
SURE  it's  me,  git  up  an'  cook  a  snack 
Er  grub,  (come  in  men),  for  these  fellers 
Ter  eat  as  they  go,  that  boy  bellers, 
Jes'  as  soon  as  he  hears  his  Pap, 
Here  SON,  set  up  here,  on  yer  ol'  Dad's  lap. 
An'  keep  out  fum  under  yer  Maw's  feet, 
Till  she  gits  suthin'  fixed  fer  the  men  ter  eat. 
Now  men,  set  right  up  an'  EAT,  it  ain't  no  spree, 
This  scrappin'  fire  on  th'  01'  Cherokee." 


THE  NEW  FREEDOM-OF  FOOD 

BY  NORMAN  C.  McLOUD 

ACO^IPOSITE  photograph  of  the  homes  of  Amei- 
ica  at  the  present  moment  would  show  the  national 
family  busy  with  Food  Conservation  in  its  most 
])ractical  and  most  profitable  form.  The  work  of  pro- 
viding a  food  supply  for  winter  is  under  way  in  every 
part  of  the  land.  The  Canner  and  the  Drier  have  taken 
a  place  of  new  importance  in  the  household.  They  have 
become  the  symbols  of  the  new  domestic  freedom — the 
.\merican  citizen's  Declaration  of  Independence  against 
the  high  prices  and  food  shortage  of  winter  which  must 
inevitably  result  from  food  waste  in  summer. 

More  than  three  million  home  gardens  are  reported 
by  the  National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission. 
This  is  triple  the  number  the  Commission  undertook  to 
inspire  through  the  campaign  of  education  and  stimulation 
conducted  throughout  the  early  sjjring  in  conjunction 
with  the  Conservation  Department  of  the  .American  For- 
estry Association.  If  but  one  million  gardens  had  been 
planted  the  Commission 
would  have  felt  that  its 
work  had  been  well  done 
and  its  reward  complete. 
With  three  million  and 
more  of  these  gardens 
flourishing  within  the  bor- 
ders of  the  United  State? 
the  Commission  feels  pro- 
foundly gratified  and  at 
the  same  time  recognizes 
new  responsibility.  In  dis- 
charge of  this  obligation  it 
is  devoting  ns  energies  anrl 
machinery  to  a  campaign  of 
Home  Canning  and  Home 
Drying.  All  reports  indi- 
cate that  this  movement  is 
meeting  with  the  same 
overwhelming  success  that 
attended  the  campaign  for 
home  gardening. 

Food  Thrift  is  the 
watchword  of  the  under- 
taking. Through  every 
agency  at  its  command  the 
Commission  is  urging  upon 
the  people  of  America  that 
the  utilization  of  100  per 
cent,  of  the  nation's  food 
supply  is  the  patriotic  duty 
of  the  individual  citizen- 
ship. As  the  basis  of  this 
gospel  of  thrift  Home  Can- 
ning   and     Home     Drying 


I  WILL  THIS  JAR  CAN  MASON  | 

1  Tj^ROM  our  constant  daily  reading  we  can  see  1 

i   -*-     the  thing  we're  needing  is  the  stuff  for  fully  ■ 

1  feeding  folks  at  home  and  folks  afar.    For  the  1 

i  daily  papers  tell  us  facts  and  figures  that  compel  1 

1  us  to  be  wide-awake  and  jealous  of  the  waste  we  § 

1  should  debar.     Bread  and  butter,  beans  and  ber-  J 

1  ries,  kraut  and  cabbage,  cheese  and  cherries  and  1 

i  the   eggs  of  Tom  and  Jerries  should  be  saved  "J 

I   throughout   the   land   so   that   ours,   the   fruitful  1 

i  nation,  may  prevent  the  quick  starvation  of  the  1 

i  balance   of    creation    in   the   troublous   times   at  J 

1  hand.      Though    it    seems    inconsequential    each  J 

1  small  Siice  ot  bread's  essential  to  keep  famine  1 

1  pestilential  from  ourselves  and  our  Allies;  waste  g 

1  of  food  is  unpropitious,  un-American,  pernicious,  i 

1  and  has  consequence  as  vicious  as  a  swarm  of  J 

I   German    spies.      All    our   logic   and    our    reason  f 

1  prove  it's  nothing  short  of  treason  if  we  let  the  i- 

i   growing  season  find  us  idly  looking  on,  not  con-  1 

1  sidering  nor  caring  for  the  famine  which  is  star-  1 

i  ing  in  our  faces,  nor  preparing  for  the  days  when  J 

1  summer's  gone.     Let  us  then  do  what  we  ought  3 

I  to,  by  devoting  all  our  thought  to  saving  food-  j 

i  stuffs  as  we're  taught  to  by  the  manuals  complete  J 

i  which  the  National  Commission  has  prepared  in  1 

1  large  edition  for  improving  the  condition  of  our  $ 

1  stock  of  things  to  eat.     This  is  something  worth  | 

1  your  trying,  for  by  canning  and  by  drying  all  the  9 

1  things  that  you've  been  buying  you'll  not  merely  J 

i   feed  yourselves,  but  you'll  find,  from  the  begin-  f 

1  ning,  that  you've  helped  our  troops  in  winning  £ 

1  by  the  drying  and  the  tinning  which  have  stocked  ^j 

1  your  pantry  shelves.  _^ 


THE  END  OF  A  CANNER'S  DAY 

If  you  should  ask  this  girl's  mother 
you  would  probably  find  that  it  was 
the  end  of  a  perfect  day  as  well,  for 
sunset  found  the  young  lady  sur- 
rounded by  the  cans  which  she  had 
filled  since  morning,  without  help. 
Why  not  take  this  home  and  try 
it   on   your   canner? 


Manuals  are  being  distri- 
buted by  hundreds  of 
thousands.  These  booklets 
embody  the  wisdom  and 
counsel  of  the  foremost  re- 
search workers  of  tht- 
United  States.  Men  and 
women  who  have  devoted 
years  to  the  improvement 
of  methods  for  home  can 
ning  and  drying  have  con- 
tributed to  their  compila- 
tion. In  simple  terms  anci 
plain  language,  devoid  of 
technical  complications,  the 
manuals  make  it  possible 
for  everybody  to  can  and 
dry  vegetables  and  fruits  at 
the  lowest  possible  expense 
and  with  the  greatest  pos- 
sible measure  of  .satisfac- 
tion. 

In  addition  to  these 
publications  the  Commis- 
sion has  the  co-operation  of 
nearly  two  thousand  news- 
papers from  coast  to  coast. 
These  papers  are  publishing 
daily  lessons  in  canning  and 


465 


466 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


cirjiug  prepared  by  the  Commission's  experts.  In  this 
way  the  instructions  given  in  the  booklets  are  supple- 
mented by  continuous  suggestions  and  helpful  hints  which 
keep  the  homes  of  America  constantly  reminded  of  the 
importance  of  food  saving  and  iiUiiiiately  informed  as 
to  every  possible  detail  of  the  canning  and  drying  pro- 


RADISH  HARVESTERS  AT  WORK 

Suppose  you  were  one  of  these  hoys  and  had  found  more  fun  in  planting 
and  weeding  your  radish  patch  than  in  stealing  away  to  go  fishing;  and 
suppose  when  harvest  time  arrived  you  found  that  you  had  bushel  after 
bushel  of  radishes  five  inches  in  length;  and  suppose  the  market  was  eager 
to  buy  such  vegetable  treasures.     Wouldn't  you  feel  proud  of  your  summer? 

cesses.  Co-operation  of  similar  forCe  is  being  given  by 
magazines  and  other  periodicals  of  national  influence 
which  are  making  liberal  contributions  of  their  space 
and  the  talents  of  their  stafifs  in  spreading  the  propa- 
ganda of  food  thrift. 

That  such  thoroughly  organized  work  should  be  re- 
flected in  the  nation's  food  situation  is  inevitable.  The 
jieople  of  America  are  aroused  as  never  before  to  the 
importance  of  Food  Thrift  and  Food  Conservation.  In- 
teresting measure  of  this  interest  is  afforded  by  the  yast 
deinand  for  the  canning  and  drying  manuals  issued  by 
the  Commission.  Since  early  in  June  this  demand  has 
been  growing  in  volume.  Beginning  with  a  few  thou- 
sand a  day  the  requests  for  the  booklets  increased  at 
such  rate  that  July  brought  the  average  up  to  25,000  or 
30,000  daily.  These  requests  have  come  from  every  state 
in  the  nation  and  from  every  part  of  every  state.  They 
have  come  through  every  ])0ssible' channel — from  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  individuals  ranging  from  the  day 
worker  to  the  wife  of  the  railroad  president ;  from  local 
canning  and  drying  clubs,  from  organizations  of  all  kinds, 
from  schools,  colleges  and  universities,  from  libraries, 
from  state  educational  departments  and  from  city,  county, 
state  and  federal  official  sources.  Members  of  Congress 
and  United  States  Senators  have  been  procuring  the  book- 
lets in  large  quantities  to  distribute  to  their  constituents. 
The  employees  of  the  Treasury  Department  have  received 
official  notice  on  the  department  bulletin  board,  advising 
them  to  avail  themselves  of  the  Commission's  offer  to 


supply  the  booklets  upon  request.  Some  branches  of  the 
I'ederal  Government  have  placed  the  seal  of  approval 
on  the  work  of  the  Commission  by  adopting  the  manuals 
as  .standard.  In  the  department  of  the  Interior  Indian 
Commissioner  Cato  Sells  requested  and  received  enough 
manuals  to  supply  the  Indian  schools  throughout  the 
country.  The  Public  Health  Service  provided  the  booklets 
for  all  of  its  marine  hospitals  which  have  gardens  and  the 
Department  of  Commerce  supplied  them  to  its  lighthouse 
service.  In  short,  the  manuals  have  been  given  recog- 
nition by  the  most  important  private,  social  and  official 
agencies  and  have  gained  currency  that  has  afforded  pro- 
found satisfaction  to  the  public-spirited  men  who  have 
made  this  a  part  of  their  contribution  to  the  national 
emergency. 

As  was  the  case  in  the  home  gardening  campaign  of 
the  .spring  and  early  summer,  the  headquarters  of  the 
Commission  have  come  to  be  looked  upon  as  a  national 
center  for  activities  along  the  line  of  Food  Thrift.  The 
daily  mail  at  the  offices  in  Washington  requires  the  main- 
tenance of  a  large  staff  in  addition  to  the  employees  whose 
time  is  devoted  to  the  work  of  complying  with  requests 
for  manuals.  Thousands  of  questions  are  submitted  for 
expert  attention.  These  are  met  with  the  same  ready  re-. 
s]ionse  given  the  applications  for  the  booklets.  The  Com- 
mission has  made  itself  a  clearing  house  for  information 
on  various  lines  of  food  saving  and  food  utilization 
ihrough  these  activities  the  nation  has  received  construc- 
tive and  practical  counsel  on  every  phase  of  food  pro- 
duction, food  canning  and  drying,  the  storage  of  vegeta- 
bles and  fruits  in  their  natural  state,  the  economical  use 
of  all  food  products  and  the  urgent  need  for  preventing 
the  waste  that  has  played  such  an  important  and  grievous 
])art  in  American  practices. 

The  new  importance  attached  to  canning  and  drying 
this  year  has  two  fundamentals.  Primarily  it  was  never 
so  essential  as  now  that  no  foodstuffs  should  be  allowed 
to  go  to  wa.ste.  The  world  needs  everything  that  can  be 
jiroduced.  Closely  related  to  this  underlying  truth  is  the 
tremendous  harvest  of  the  home  garden  area.  Even  when 
the  production  is  no  more  than  normal  the  growing  sea- 
son creates  a  supply  far  greater  than  the  immediate  de- 
mand. F"or  proof  of  this  one  need  consult  no  statistics. 
.\11  of  us  are  familiar  with  the  waste  that  takes  place  hi 
garden  and  orchard.  It  does  not  require  a  large  garden 
to  ])roduce  more  foodstuffs  than  the  family  of  average 
size  can  possibly  consume.  As  a  result  much  of  the  crop 
is  wasted.  It  is  all  too  common  to  see  tomatoes  going  to 
decay  on  the  vines  because  the  supply  is  beyond  the 
household  appetite.  This  is  similarly  true  of  various  veg- 
etables grown  at  home.  At  least  20  per  cent,  of  the  sweet 
])otato  croji  of  the  Southern  States  goes  to  waste  for  lack 
of  demand.  Millions  of  bushels  of  apples  are  allowed  to 
spoil  in  the  orchards  because  a  glutted  market  will  not 
take  them  at  prices  that  will  pay  for  harvesting  and  trans- 
])ortation. 

This  overplus  of  the  growing  season  must  be  viewed 
in  one  of  two  ways.  It  is  obvious  that  we  must  look  on 
it  either  as  a  mistake  of  nature  or  as  the  manifestation  of 


THE  NEW  FREEDOM-OF  FOOD 


467 


a  deliberate  purpose  on  the  part  of  an  all-wise  Provi- 
dence. No  alternative  is  possible.  There  is  no  middle 
ground.  If  we  choose  to  regard  it  as  nature's  miscalcula- 
tion it  is  logical  that  we  should  be  willing  to  sit  by  com- 
placently  and    make   no   effort   to   correct   the  apparent 


home   drying   furnish   the   inevitable  answer.      Through 
these  activities  only  can  we  obviate  the  prodigious  waste 
with  which  an  abnormal  garden  crop  threatens  us.     In 
no  other  way  can  the  abundance  of   summer  be  made 
to  supply  the  needs  of  winter.     In  no  other  way  can  we 
insure  ourselves  the  full   worth  of  our 
food  supply.    If  we  fail  we  cannot  com- 
fort ourselves  with  the  thought  that  na- 
ture was  in  error  and  that  no  responsi- 
bility attaches  to  ourselves.    The  burden 
is  on  us.    We  can  but  feel  that  the  mis- 
take was  our  own  and  that  we  have  only 
ourselves  to  blame  for  the  food  shortage, 
and  high  prices  of  the  winter. 

Food  thrift,  therefore,  has  a  double 
meaning.  In  its  larger  sense  it  is  a  duty 
of  patriotism.  To  the  individual  it  is  a 
means  of  providing  a  winter  food  sup- 
ply at  a  minimum  cost.  As  a  patriotic 
measure  it  is  a  vital  factor  in  enabling 
the  United  States  to  fulfil  its  obliga- 
tion in  the  matter  of  overcoming  the 
food  shortage  of  its  allies  in  the  great 
European  conflict.  Every  pound  of 
vegetables  and  fruits  stored  away  on 
the  pantry  shelf  will  be  a  tactor  in  solv- 
ing this  problem.  By  decreasing  the 
need  for  wmter  purchases  these  home 
stores  will  augment  the  amount  available 
for  the  feeding  of  our  own  soldiers  in 
error.    On  the  other  hand  if  we  use  our  reason  we  know  the  trenches  and  for  supplying  the  needs  of  the  donies- 


UlU    VOU    F.VKR   SEE   SUCH   A   XL  K.Ml'   PATCH- 

What  better  argument  could  be  oflFered  in  favor  of  Home  Gardening  than  this  picture  of  a 
prosperous  turnip  patch  at  the  time  of  harvest?  These  boys  Icnew  what  they  were  about  when 
they  undertook  the  job  of  making  a  garden  and  the>  stuck  to  it  like  a  shoemaker  to  his  last. 
The  result  speaks  for  itself,  but  in   this  case   virtue  has  a  reward  in  money  as  well  as  in  itself. 


that  nature  makes  no  mistakes. 
we  are  brought  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  the  forces  of  creation 
wrought  wisely  and  well  in  giv- 
ing mankind  of  their  abundance. 
We  are  brought  to  the  realiza- 
tion that  it  was  no  part  of  na- 
ture's plan  that  any  of  these 
products  should  go  to  waste. 
Nature  is  the  true  Conserva- 
tionist. The  most  elemental 
observer  knows  that  she  never 
miscalculates  and  never  wastes, 
as  witness  the  transformation  of 
prehistoric  forests  into  today's 
coal  supply.  The  materials  she 
cannot  use  in  one  form  go 
thror.gh  her  laboratory  to  be 
transmuted  into  another.  With 
this  example  of  thrift  constant 
ly  before  us  we  cannot  fail  to 
recognize  our  own  responsibility 
as  to  the  food  wealth  of  the 
summer.  Our  duty  is  clear. 
This  wealth  was  given  us  for  a 

distinct  purpose.    To  achieve  this  purpose  we  must  prac- 
tice food  thrift  on  a  national  scale.     Home  canning  and 


With  this  as  our  basis  tic  and  military  ]:)opulation  of  the  countries  which  are 


SUFFRAGE  NOTE:  BOYS  EARNING  THE  VOTE 

The  man  is  teaching  the  boys  how  to  utilize  fruit  products  by  home  canning.  That  they  were  apt  pupils  is 
shown  by  the  statement  that  on  the  day  the  picture  was  taken  these  lads  put  up  an  even  thousand  cans  of 
fruit  by  the  cold-pack  process.     Motliers  and  sisters  please  give  credit. 

hel])iiig  us  in  our  fight  for  world-wide   Democracy.     In 
this  way  canning  and  drying  are  vital  to  victory.     By 


468 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


thus  providing  for  our  own  food  needs  we  are  making 
|)ossible  an  adequate  provision  for  preventing  starvation 
in  Euroj)e.    In  no  other  way  can  we  be  so  helpful  in  the 
great    war.      Our   armed    forces 
will  do  valiant  service,  and  our 
money  and  munitions  will  be  of 
tremendous    worth    in    crushing 
the  foes  of  freedom ;  but  in  the 
final  analysis  it  is  in  the  matter 
of  food  that  we  can  be  of  great- 
est use. 

As  an  individual  benefit  the 
saving  of  food  by  canning  and 
drying  has  direct  appeal  for  every 
household  in  America.  Experi- 
ence has  shown  us  what  it  means 
to  go  into  the  winter  with  riotli- 
ing  laid  by  for  the  table.  Ar. 
empty  pantry  o  r  storeroom 
means  that  the  household  must 
look  to  the  grocer  for  its  su]j- 
plies.  Each  day's  eating  he- 
comes  a  problem  in  finance.  The 
can  of  tomatoes  ]nirchased  in 
February  involves  the  payment 
of  tribute  to  the  various  agen- 
cies concerned  in  its  production 
and    handling.      The    consumer 

pays  cost  and  profit  on  every  stage  of  the  process,  from 
the  time  the  vegetable  leaves  thfe  vine  until  it  has  passed 
tlirough  the  hands  of  th.e  dealer,  the  canning  factory,  the 
transportation  com|)anics.  the  warehouse,  the  wholesaler. 


grower.  In  view  of  this  common  prudence  demands  that 
the  individual  do  away  with  the  chain  of  middlemen  and 
absorb  the  various  costs  and  profits  for  himself.     If  you 


tile  jobber  and  the  retailer.  .A.11  of  these  agencies  must 
exact  their  share  of  the  .selling  price  and  l)y  the  time  the 
can  reaches  your  kitchen  it  rejiresents  an  investment  that 
bears  no  relation  to  the  sum  originally  realized  by  the 


WHAT  A  COMMUNITV   CAN  ACCOMPLISH 

Thert'  is  no  better  way  to  engage  in  canning  and  drying  operations  than  by  forming  community  clubs,  to 
conduct  tbe  work  at  a  common  center,  such  as  a  school  house.  This  picture  shows  a  gathering  at  a  rural 
schoiii,  making  a  business  of  providing  vegetables  and  fruits  for  the  winter.  Every  family  within  three 
miles    is    rei>resented. 

have  raised  your  own  garden  truck  your  problem  is  all 
the  more  simple.  By  Canning  or  Drying  all  the  vegeta- 
bles and  fruits  that  can  be  spared  you  reap  the  benefits 
which  otheru  ise  would  accrue  to  everybody  from  grower 

to  retailer.  You  pay  tribute  to 
none  of  the  agencies  concerned 
in  winter  preparedness,  but  go 
into  the  months  of  non-produc- 
tion with  a  sense  of  profit  and 
independence  obtainaljle  in  no 
other  way.  If  you  have  no 
home  garden  your  duty  to 
yourself  is  no  less  imperative. 
By  Canning  and  Drying  you 
avail  yourself  of  ])urcha.ses  at 
the  time  of  greatest  plenty  and 
with  prices  at  their  lowest  ebb. 
By  failing  to  take  advantage  of 
this  opportunity  you  will  be 
forced  to  buy  when  there  is 
nf)!ie  of  the  competition  ot  the 
growing  season  and  w  h  e  n 
])rices  are  at  their  highest  level. 
The  conclusion  is  so  apparent 
as  to  require  no  argument. 

The  need   for  Food  Thrift 

neither   begins    nor    ends   with 

It   must   be   made   the  every-day 

The  essence  of  it  is  that  nothing 

The  food  that  is  left 


TEACllIXG   THE   CANNING  .\ND   DRYING   TE.\c:iIERS 
Stimulation  of  canning  and  drying  activities  always  follows  the   formation  of  clubs.     These  people  are  club 
leaders  who  have  gathered  at  the  county  seat  to  receive  instructions  from  experts.     From  this  meeting  the 
leaders   return    to   their   own    localities   and    instruct   their   neighbors   at   club    gatherings    where   the    actual 
canninr    and  drying  is  done. 


canning   and   drying. 

of  household  routine. 

.should  be  allowed  to  go  to  waste. 

over   from   one  meal  should  be  prepared   for  the  next 


THE  NEW  FREEDOM-OF  FOOD 


469 


MODKL   FOOD   GARDENS   AT   SOUTH   BEND,   INDIANA 

These  gardens  are  planted  and  cultivated  by  the  employees  of  the  Oliver  Chilled  Plow  Co.,  which  provides  the  land  for  them  and  aids  them  to  make 
the  garden  successful.  Similar  co-operation  between  employer  and  employees  in  many  sections  of  the  country  has  resulted  in  thousands  of  acres 
being  planted  and  many  thousands  of  dollars  worth  of  vegetables  being  raised. 


In  this  way  we  should  follow  the  example  set  for  us 
by  nature  in  her  unwillingness  to  allow  waste  to  enter 
into  her  scheme  of  o])eration.  Every  American  home 
should  become  a  laboratory  for  the  transmutation  of 
food  surplus  into  food  values.  In  this  undertaking;  we 
have  a  distinct  advantage  over  nature,  in  that  no  loss 
of  time  is  involved.  To  change  forests  into  coal  takes 
generations.  ^  Even  the  conversion  of  vegetable  matter 
into  enriched  soil  is  a  slow  ])rocess.  Food  saving,  how- 
ever, is  a  matter  of  the  moment  and  involves  no  loss  of 
time  in  waiting  for  results.  It  can  be  accomplished  so 
fjuickly  and  so  easily  and  its  benefits  are  so  definite  that 
one  wonders  why  a  world  war  was  needed  to  bring  us 
to  realization  of  its  advantages. 

This  country  has  been  notoriously  extravagant  in  the 
use  of  its  food  sup])ly.  The  British  army  in  I<"rance  and 
a  large  portion  of  the  French  army  as  well  could  live 
comfortably  on  the  food 
which  has  been  allowed  to 
go  to  waste  in  America 
from  year  to  year.  This 
annual  waste  is  estimated 
at  $700,000,000  and  this 
figure  is  believed  to  be  too 
low.  Be  the  amount  what 
it  may  it  is  appalling  and 
inexcusable.  Translated 
from  dollars  into  concrete 
and  definite  possibilities  it 
means  that  .sheer  reckless- 
ness in  the  matter  of  food 
destruction    might    easily 


LETTING   THE   SUNSHINE   DO   YOUR   WORK 

'lb.-  simplest  form  r,f  vegetable  and  fruit  drying  is  to  spread  the  slices  in 
the  sunshine.  The  trays  here  pictured  are  made  of  light  wooden  framework 
with  galvanized  wire  netting.  By  having  the  trays  raised  two  or  three 
inches  above  the  ground  air  circulation   is  provided. 


wipe  out  all  hope  of  success  for  .Vmerica  and  her  allies 
in  the  European  war.  To  win  the  great  conflict  we  must 
defeat  the  domestic  enemy — the  wanton  waste  of  our 
foodstufl^s. 

Much  of  this  waste  may  be  prevented  in  the  home. 
The  natural  thrift  of  the  housewife  must  be  given  en- 
thusiastic support  by  the  entire  family.  We  must  over- 
come the  idle  prejudice  against  warmed-over  dishes. 
If  the  ruler  of  the  kitchen  takes  the  trouble  to  prepare 
in  tasty  form  something  left  from  a  previous  meal  we 
should  marvel  at  her  skill  and  show  our  ajjpreciation 
of  her  resourcefulness.  Sarcastic  continents  on  the  re- 
ajjpearance  of  yesterday's  dinner  should  be  punishable 
by  fine  and  imprisonment  for  grown-U])  offenders,  and 
by  adequate  aj^plication  of  the,  corrective  slipjjer  to  those 
ot  more  tender  years  and  anatomies.  In  short,  we  must 
all  do  our  share  to  encourage  the  housewife  in  the  prac- 
tice of  thrift  in  the  use  of 
her  food  sup])ly.  Each  of 
us  has  a  responsibility 
along  the  line  of  making 
certain  that  nothing  edible 
is  thrown  away.  With  mili- 
tary authorities  agreed  that 
the  outcome  of  the  war  is 
a  matter  of  food  supply, 
every  food  saving,  trivial 
and  unimportant  as  it  may 
seem  of  itself,  adds  to  the 
aggregate  o  f  t  h  e  su]5ply 
which  must  be  availal)le  if 
victory  is  to  be  made  cer- 


470 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


YOUTHFUL   CANNERS    SEE   IT   THROUGH 

The  woman  at  the  right  is  an  instructor  in   home  canning  operations.      She    is    teaching    a    group    of    future    housewives    the    cold-pack    method.  The 

various  steps  are   pictured.     With   vegetables   or   fruits   in  a  piece  of   cheesecloth    the    instructor    dips   them   into   hot    water,    for   bleaching.      The  first 

girl  removes   the   skins  and   cores.      The   second   girl   puts  the   vegetables   or    fruits    in    jars.      The   third   adds   syrup   or   water,   as    required,   and  puts 
rubbers  and  tops  in  place.     The   fourth   places  the  jars  in  sterilizer  and  watches  the  time. 


tain.  As  an  example  of  the  appalling  figures  reached 
by  seemingly  slight  waste  a  single  slice  of  bread  aflfords 
a  startling  total  when  multiplied  by  the  aggregate  of 
American  homes.  Considered  individually  a  slice  of 
bread  does  not  amount  to  much. 
In  many  households  it  is  no  un- 
common occurrence  for  a  quarter 
or  even  a  half  a  loaf  of  stale  bread 
to  be  thrown  away  as  having  out- 
lived its  usefulness.  Let  this  take 
place  in  every  home  in  America 
and  the  loss  is  prodigious.  A  fair- 
sized  slice  of  bread  weighs  an 
ounce.  To  produce  it  has  required 
the  use  of  three-quarters  of  an 
ounce  of  flour.  If  each  of  the 
20,000,000  homes  in  America 
should  waste  an  average  of  a  sin- 
gle slice  a  day  it  means  that  in  the 
aggregate  the  country  is  throwing 
away  daily  over  14,000,000  ounces 
of  flour  — more  than  875,000 
pounds.  This  is  enough  flour  to 
produce  over  a  million  one-pound 
loaves.  In  a  year  it  means  the 
throwing  away  of  over  a  million 
and  a  half  barrels  of  flour.  Figur- 
ing flour  even  at  $15.00  a  barrel 
this  involves  an  annual  loss  of  $22,- 
500,000,  all  of  which  arises  from 
the  waste  of  one  slice  of  bread  a 
day  in  every  household  in  the  land. 


SOME    LUSCIOUS    TOMATOES 


The 


ese  are  now  grown  by  experts  who  advocate  six 
foot  poles  for  the-vine  so  that  the  fruit  will  be  exposed 
as   much  as  possible  to  the  sun. 


The  worst  of  it  is  that  no  one  can  deny  that  these  figures 
are  an  underestimate  rather  than  an  exaggeration  of  the 
bread  wasted  in  American  homes.  Can  anyone  claim 
that  the  loss  is  justifiable?  The  cure  is  simple  and  is 
in  the  hands  of  every  household. 
The  number  of  ways  in  which  stale 
bread  may  \x  worked  over  into 
appetizing  dishes  is  so  great  as  to 
inake  it  possible  to  prevent  this 
loss  without  sacrifice  of  the  fam- 
ily's enjoyment  of  its  daily  bill  of 
fare.  Fhe  same  reasoning  applies 
to  a  thousand  and  one  varieties  of 
leftovers.  Cereals  uneaten  at  the 
morning  meal  may  be  combined 
with  meats,  fruits  or  vegetables  to 
make  appetizing  side  dishes  for 
luncheon  or  dinner.  Even  so  small 
a  quantity  as  a  spoonful  of  cooked 
cereal  is  worth  saving  as  a  thick- 
ener for  soup  or  gravy.  Even  the 
water  used  for  cooking  rice  and 
many  vegetables  may  be  used  to 
advantage  in  the  preparation  of 
appetizing  and  nourishing  dishes. 
Skim  milk  contains  all  the  nourish- 
ing qualities  of  milk  except  fat ; 
sour  milk  may  be  used  to  advantage 
in  baking  and  in  other  forms  of 
cooking;  meat  and  fish  scraps  add 
flavor  and  nourishment  to  made- 
over  dishes  and  fat  can  be  tried  out 


THE  NEW  FREEDOM-OF  FOOD 


471 


m 

^. 

(# 

^mk 

risi 

>^ 

^^^fcfij"  *        \1l  ■       ^^^B 

HP 

i^Jt^ 

%1 

^^ 

K-i'Mjj 

l^-^?^   ■•! 

^ff 

ms^'^i 

BOVS  CAN  MAKE  THEMSELVES 
JUST  AS  USEFUL  AS  GIRLS 

Just  because  a  boy  is  a  good  base- 
ball player  or  a  mighty  fisherman 
there  is  no  reason  why  he  should  let 
his  sister  have  the  advantage  of 
him  in  this  time  of  Food  Thrift. 
These  boys  have  developed  them- 
selves into  expert  canners  of  veg- 
etables and  fruits.  Their  interest 
arose  from  the  success  of  their 
home  gardening  work.  After  raising 
a  thrifty  crop  they  saw  that  in  or- 
der to  get  the  most  good  out  of  it 
they  must  prepare  a  large  part  for 
winter  uses.  Manly  pride  made 
them  unwilling  to  call  for  feminine 
help  so  they  did  the  canning  them- 
selves. This  gives  them  the  satis- 
faction of  knowing  that  the  food- 
stuffs are  of  their  own  creation 
from   seed   to  jar. 

and  used  as  a  substitute 
for  butler  and  lard  in  cook- 
ing. 

Nor  is  the  use  of  left- 
overs the  only  duty  of  the 
household.  There  is  prob- 
ably as  much  waste  through 
spoilage  as  through  throw- 
ing away.  To  prevent  this 
food  supplies  should  be 
carefully  guarded  against 
exposure  to  heat,  germs, 
dirt  and  flies.  Mice  and 
insects  should  be  treated  as 
alien  enemies  and  kept 
away  from  the  restricted 
zones  in  which  the  house- 
hold larder  is  located.  Veg- 
etables threatened  with  de- 
cay should  be  put  to  use 
immediately.  It  the  use  is 
not  apparent  it  should  be 
found.  Fruits  on  the  verge 
of  spoiling  should  be  stew- 


lllllll!llll!IIIIIIIIHIIIIIIilllllllll{lllllilllll!{liilllllllllllllllll!linillllinillllJIIIIIIII!IH^ 

I        THE  HOME  GUARD  IS  WORKING        | 

THERE'S  something  doing  in  the  land.    You'll  | 

g  find  the  signs  on  every  hand.    There's  some-  g 

I  thing  in  the  air.     The  folks  have  formed  a  1 

1  kitchen    guard   and    everybody's    working    hard ;  = 

a  they're  busy  everywhere.     And  what  I  like  about  ( 

g  the  bunch  is  that  they've  got  the  proper  hunch  § 

■  about  the  things  we'll  eat.    They're  canning  corn  1 

=  and    peas    and    beans,    they're    drying    pumpkin,  1 

1  squash  and   greens,   they've   got  the  food   game  1 

1  beat.     They're  canning  everything  they  can,  to  g 

1  please  and  feed  the  inner  man  and  keep  the  wolf  S 

1  away.      They're   drying    stuff   in    wholesale   lots  p 

g  and  taking  steps  to  knock  the  spots  from  winter's  1 

B  rainy  day.    They've  viewed  the  mammoth  garden  1 

1  crop  and  vowed  that  they  will  put  a  stop  to  all  = 

1  the  waste  of  food  that's  taken  place  from  year  1 

I  to  year  and  made  the  winter  living  dear  for  every  | 

1  household  brood.     No  more  we'll  see  tomatoes  1 

1  fine  decaying  on  the  fruitful  vine,  nor  apples  on  | 

a  the  trees ;    no  more  we'll  see  things  lie  and  rot  § 

1  within  a  fertile  garden  spot  while  mother's  out  f 

1  at  teas.  For  every  woman  in  the  town  has  dressed  p 

g  herself  in  kitchen  gown  and  works  with  all  her  [ 

1  might  to  can  and  dry  the  things  she'll  need  her  p 

1  hungry  family  to  feed,  with  winter  days  in  sight,  p 

I  The  girls  have  taken  Mother's  cue,  and  Dad  and  1 

1  all  the  brothers  too  have  set  themselves  to  work,  p 

1  because  they  know  that  war-time  thrift  must  be  p 

1  the  patriotic   gift  which  none  of  us  may  shirk.  § 

1  They   know   the   nation   must   provide   the   food  § 

i  that's  either  canned  or  dried  to  fill  the  household  | 

i  stores  in  order  that  the  stuff  we've  raised  may  | 

1  make  our  country's  name  be  praised  on  European  p 

1  shores ;   they  know  that  we  must  feed  the  troops  p 

S  in  many  million  numbered  groups  that  they  may  g 

I  win  the  fight;    that  they  may  win  their  battle  p 

1  brave,    the    Democratic   flag    to    save,    and    thus  p 

1  maintain  the  Right.  i 


ed  and  held  for  future  use. 
Of  similar  importance  is 
the  necessity  for  cooking 
appetizingly  Even  patri- 
otic duty  is  subjected  to  a 
strain  when  oatmeal  is 
scorched,  potatoes  improp- 
erly seasoned  or  soggy, 
vegetables  jioorly  flavored 
or  meats  and  fish  over- 
cooked. The  cook  who 
uses  care  to  make  dishes 
])alatable  is  rendering  a  na- 
tional service  this  year,  just 
as  truly  as  the  soldier  in 
the  trenches. 

One  of  the  most  grati- 
fying phases  of  the  war- 
spirit  is  the  enthusiasm 
with  which  the  people  of 
America  are  responding  to 
the  need  for  food  thrift. 
Tills  response  is  general, 
genuine  and  unstinted.  Its 
influence  on  the  food  prob- 
lem of  the  nation  will  be 
tremendous.  By  canning 
or  drying  everything  that 
can  be  canned  or  dried  and 
1)y  practicing  food  thrift  in 
every-day  living  the  indi- 
vidual household  will  be 
making  available  a  vast 
food  supply  that  will  pre- 
vent starvation  in  Europe. 
Every   pound   kept    from 


472 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


going  to  waste  augments  the  amount  of  food  that  can  be 
spared  for  export.  By  providing  its  own  winter  stores 
through  canning  or  drying  the  household  reduces  the  de- 
mands which  it  must  make  on  the  open  market.  Every- 
thing stored  on  the  pantry  slielf  or  saved  from  waste  is 
a  factor  in  releasing  other  edibles  for  transmission  to 
war-ridden  Europe.  Conservation  thus  becomes  a  dis- 
tinct service  to  the  nation  and  to  those  who  are  engaged 
with  us  in  the  fight  for  Democracy.  Its  practice  is  a 
patriotic  duty  and  in  this  time  of  war  no  true  American 
can  afford  to  do  less  than  his  full  share  in  bringing  about 
100  per  cent  efficiency  in  the  use  of  the  foodstuffs  with 
which  nature  has  rewarded  the  labors  of  the  Soldiers 
of  the  Soil. 

To  encourage,  stimulate  and  render  easy  the  practice 
of  food  thrift  through  Home  Canning  and  Home  Drying 
the  National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission  is 
bending  its  every  energy  and  resource.  In  the  various 
ramifications  of  the  undertaking  the  Commission  has 
had  in  mind  the  one  vital  fact  that  a  nation  at  war  is 
a  nation  with  a  food  problem.  This  problem  is  funda- 
mental. Its  solution  is  essential  to  success  at  arms.  With 
all  Europe  aflame,  her  fields  devastated  and  fruitless  and 
her  population  engaged  in  the  pursuits  of  war,  America 
is  confronted  not  merely  with  the  obligation  to  feed 
itself,  but  to  feed  its  allies  as  well.  The  world  supply 
of  food  is  abnormally  short.  If  victory  is  to  be  achieved 
in  the  battle  for  democracy  America's  food  wealth  must 
be  thriftily  and  intelligently  utilized.  Armies  cannot  fight 
unless  well  fed.  Countries  at  war  cannot  give  their 
armies  adequate  su])port  if  the  home  po])uIation  is  weak- 
ened by  hunger  and  want.  America  is  the  one  country 
among  the  allied  nations  which  this  year  will  product- 
foodstuffs  in  excess  of  her  own  needs.  The  measure  of 
this  excess  will  be  the  extent  to  which  Food  Thrift  is  prac- 
ticed by  every  American  citizen.  If  we  permit  waste  to 
go  on  as  in  the  past  the  surplus  will  be  reduced  to  zero. 
If  we  engage  in  Food  Conservation  on  a  national  scale 
it  will  become  an  abundance  with  which  we  may  jirevent 
starvation  in  Europe.  Food  Thrift,  therefore,  is  the  one 
true  secret  of  success  in  the  great  war.  With  it  we  can 
win  the  conflict.  Without  it  the  most  brilliant  achieve- 
ments of  our  armed  forces  will  be  of  no  avail  and  Amer- 
ica must  face  her  first  defeat.  The  choice  must  be  of 
our  own  making. 


THE  lumber  industry  is  doing  its  share  in  provid- 
ing material  for  national  defense,"  said  John  W. 
Blodgett,  Chairman  of  the  Trade  Extension  Commit- 
tee of  the  National  Lumber  Manufacturers  Associa- 
tion today.  "Reports  to  the  National  Association  of- 
fice by  691  mills  just  tabulated,  show  that  during  the 
month  of  June  these  mills  cut  1,499,000,000  feet  of 
lumber  and  shipped  1,581,000,000  feet,  the  largest  vol- 
ume of  shipments  ever  reported  to  this  office  during 
any  one  month.  Moreover,  telegraphic  reports  from 
300  representative  Southern  and  Western  mills  show 
that  during  the  last  four  weeks  these  mills  have  cut 
655,000,000  feet  of  lumber  and  shipped  784,000,000  feet, 
of  20  per  cent,  more  than  they  produced. 


A  GIANT  SASSAFRAS  TREE 

FOLLOWING  the  publication  in  American  Forestrv 
for  January  of  the  photograph  of  a  veteran  sassafras 
of  unusual  size  at  Horsham,  Pennsylvania,  Mr. 
Beirne  Lay,  of  Keswick,  Virginia,  sends  the  following  in- 
teresting account  of  a  sassafras  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Frank 
M.  Randolph,  near  Keswick :  "I  enclose  the  photogra])h 
of  the  big  sassafras.  The  measurements — 20  feet  6 
inches,  at  six  inches  above  the  ground,  and  18  feet  4 
inches,  at  five  feet  above  the  ground. — show  this  to  be  a 
good  deal  bigger  than  the  Pennsylvania  tree,  and  prob- 
ably the  largest  in  this  country.  Some  years  back  this 
tree  was  a  hollow  trunk,  broken  off  at  the  top  and 
lanjjuishing.     Someone  built  a  fire  in  the  interior  which 


SASSAFR.AS   TREE   OK    VIRGINIA    FARM 

The  rival  ut  the  Hurshain  Sassafras,  which  only  measured  13  feet  in  cir- 
cumference 16  inches  from  the  ground,  while  this  rejuvenated — as  the  story 
proves — specimen  measures  20  feet  only  6  inches  from  the  ground. 

was  quenched  with  difficulty.  It  was  thought  that  the 
fire  would  finish  the  tree.  Instead,  it  killed  the  bugs 
and  hardened  the  interior  surface  and  the  old  tree  stuni]) 
branched  out,  like  a  dressy  old  woman,  in  a  new  Easter 
bonnet,  with  the  crown  of  strong,  healthy  boughs  that 
\ou  see  in  the  photograph." 


OAID  the  late  Simon  B.  Elliott,  one  of  the  pioneer 
*^  foresters  of  America:  "I  can  come  to  no  other 
conclusion  than  that  of  the  10,000,000  acres  of  non- 
agricultural  land  in  Pennsylvania  at  least  sixty  per 
cent,  is  now,  or  soon  will  be  so  devoid  of  uninjured 
trees  of  valuable  species  that  it  must  be  planted  to 
justify  the  payment  of  taxes." 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


473 


A  WONDERFUL  SPOT  IN  GLACIER  NATIONAL  PARK 

This  shows  the  cliffs  of  Mount  Gould,  in  that  Alpine  Paradise  known  as  Glacier  National  Park,  and  typically 
illustrates  one  of  the  greatest  charms  of  the  region — the  sharp  contrast  between  the  magnitude  and  grandeur 
of  its  mountain  masses,  and  the  quiet  stillness  of  the  waters  of  its  beautiful  lakes. 


WILD  FLOWERS  THAT  BOYS  AND  GIRLS  SHOULD  KNOW 

BY  R.  W.  SHUFELDT,  C.M.Z.S. 

MANY  a  girl  and  many  a  boy  in  this  country  delight  botanists;  they  can  often  correctly  name  a  comparatively 

in   spending  a   good    share   of   their   time   in   the  long  list  of  the  local  species,  and  ])ossess  a  fair  smatter- 

woods  and  fields  at  nearly  all  times  of  the  year,  ing  of   the  elements  of   the  science.     These  require  no 

If  the  country  they  get  into  jrassesses  a  certain  degree  pressing  to  be  induced  to  take  to  the  open  with  the  view 

of   wildness,   with   lakes,  and  ponds,  and  marshes  here  of  gathering  specimens  new  to  them,  and  adding  to  their 

store  of  knowledge  in  other 
ways ;  they  are  the  very  ones 
to  help  the  others  along,  and 
are,  under  proper  guidance, 
more  than  eager  to  do  so. 

Now  it  should  be  the  pride 
of  every  American  girl  and 
every  American  boy  to  be 
able  to  name  all  of  the  flow- 
ers which  are  met  with  while 
out  on  trips  through  the  coun- 
try ;  such  an  accomplishment 
has  no  end  of  advantages, 
and  in  more  ways  than  one 
thinks. 

What  we  have  before  us 
this  fine  August  day  is  to  all 
get  together,  and  start  out 
for  a  long  ramble  over  the 
fields,  through  the  woods, 
along  the  edges  of  streams 
and  marshes,  and  .see  just 
how  many  wild  flowers  we 
can  find  out  something  about 
— where  they  grow,  what  they 
look  like,  and   what  their 


THE   RED   CARDINAL   FLOWERS 

Fig,  L — When  these  are  in  bloom  in  the 
midsummer  time,  or  in  the  early  autumn 
farther  north,  you  will  find  them  growing 
along  streams,  or  in  marshy  places.  Often 
you   can   notice  them   quite   a  long   ways   oflf, 


and  there,  and  with  their  natural 
outlets  of  streams,  so  much  the  bet- 
ter. Among  these  young  ramblers 
there  are  generally  a  fair  number 
who  take  a  certain  amount  of  in- 
terest in  the  wild  flowers  they 
come  across,  and  who  probably 
know  the  names  of  a  good  many 
of  the  dandelion,  clover,  or  butter- 
cup class ;  but,  unless  something 
arouses  a  deeper  interest,  they 
never  get  along  any  further  than 
this.  A  fewer  number  have  mas- 
tered the  English  names  of  a  longer 
list  of  species,  and  are  fond  of  tak- 
ing flowers  home  to  be  kept  a  few 
days  in  receptacles  containing  water. 
Finally,  the  exceptional  few,  both 
girls  and  boys,  are  essentially  young 

474 


THESE  ARE  F.ASY  TO  IDENTIFY 

Fig.  3. — Surely  you  all  remember  the  bright  yellow 
flowers,  like  these,  which  you  found  in  big  patched 
in  the  marshy  places  and  by  the  creeks,  when  you 
first  visited  the  woods  very,  very  early  last  spring. 
They  are  called  Dog-tooth  Violets  or  Yellow  Adder** 
Tongue. 


WHAT    IS    THIS    BUSH? 

Fig.  2. — It  is  not  often  that  we  meet  with  a 
girl  or  a  boy  that  cannot  give  the  name  of 
the  bush  that  bears  the  flowers  shown  in  this 
picture.  It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  flowers 
in  our  country,  and  it  has  been  named  the 
Mountain  Laurel. 

names  are.  This  is  lots  of  fun, 
and  you  may  be  sure  it  is  not  the 
last  time  you  will  want  to  try  it. 
On  this  first  scout  we  will  get  after 
only  the  most  abundant  and  easy 
ones  to  examine  and  name.  .\s  you 
know,  in  the  right  kind  of  coun- 
try, wild  flowers  grow  nearly 
everywhere,  and  there  are  hundreds 
of  different  species  or  kinds  of 
them.  This  must  not  discourage 
you,  however ;  for  you  will  soon 
find  out  that,  after  you  have  stud- 
ied one  big,  showy  flower  and 
named  it,  what  you  have  learned 
about  it  will  make  it  much  easier  to 
studv  the  next  one  you  bring  home 
for  the  purpose. 

The   chief   help   you    will   have 


WILD  FLOWERS  THAT  BOYS  AND  GIRLS  SHOULD  KNOW 


475 


I 


when  you  first  coinnience  will  be  good  pictures  of  flowers, 
to  compare  with  those  you  gather  in  the  woods.  So 
you  see  we  have  given  you  a  whole  lot  oi  pictures  here 
"to  go  by,"  as  they  say ;  surely  you  will  find  out  the 
names  of  some  of  the  flowers  in  the  woods  and  fields 
where   you   have   been   by   comparing  them   with   these. 

Always  remember 
that  you  have  not  the 
color  in  the  picture  to 
help  you ;  but  this 
does  not  apply  to 
w  kite  flowers,  or 
those  that  photograph 
white,  as  many  do. 
All  the  flowers  here 
shown  were  collected 
within  a  few  miles  of 
Washington ;  but  then 


A   FUNNY-LOOKING  PLANT 

Fig.  4. — These  have  prickly,  very  thick,  paddle- 
shaped  joints,  with  sharp,  needle-like  points  scattereQ 
over  them.  It  is  a  true  cactus,  and  the  only  one 
found  in  the  Eastern  States.  The  joints  correspond 
to  the  stems  of  other  plants,  and  the  spines  to  the 
leaves.  In  the  summer  it  has  handsome  yellow 
liowers   on   it. 


TWO   ONIONS?     NO 

Fig.  5. — Some  boys  might  think  that  we 
have  two  onions  here;  but  they  will  have 
to  guess  again.  Really,  it  is  a  couple  of 
Grape  Hyacinths,  and  some  people  call  it 
Baby's  Breath,  because  it  smells  so  sweet! 
It*  flowers  look  like  a  little  bunch  of  pur- 
ple  grapes. 

that  does  not  matter,  for  they 
are  to  be  found  over  nearly  all 
the  eastern  parts  of  the  United 
States,  and  some  of  them  far 
to  the  westward. 

If  you  have  been  scouting 
lately,  that  is,  during  this  month, 
down  through  the  wet  places  in 
the  meadows,  where  it  is  a  little 
shady,  or  along  some  of  the 
streams,  you  may  have  noticed 
flowers  having  the  form  of  the 
one    here    shown    in    Figure    1. 

They  are  usually  of  a  very  red  color,  and  you  can  see  them  at  cjuite 
a  distance,  for  the  straight  stems  that  bear  them  may  be  nearly  five 
feet  high,  and  the  flowers  well  above  the  tall  grass  where  they  grow. 
.Sometimes  you  will  find  this  bright  red  Cardinal  flower,  or  Red  Lo- 
belia, as  it  is  sometimes  called,  growing  all  by  itself  in  some  shady  place 
in  the  middle  of  a  swamp  or  marsh.  You  must  not  pick  any  more  of 
these  than  you  can  help,  as  there  are  not  many  of  them  left ;  for,  for 
many  years,  their  lovely  red  color  has  attracted  all  beholders,  and  they 
have  been  gathered  so  mercilessly  that  now,  in  our  time,  they  are  hard     spriiig,  but  may  .      ,.  ^ 

'^  -'  ...  hundreds    of    them    grow    in    the    meadow,    and    not 

to  find,  as  nearly  all  are  gone.     Indeed,  this  should  guide  you  with  re-     very  far  apart,  so  you  cannot  mistake  them. 


THIS    HAS   A   PECULIAR   NAME 

Fig.  6. — Sometimes,  down  in  the  moist 
places,  but  more  often  in  the  woods  or  in 
sandy  soil,  you  will  find  this  curious-look- 
ing plant,  with  its  yellow  flowers.  It  is 
the  Four-leaved  Loosestrife;  but  where  the 
leaves  start  there  may  be  as  many  as  six 
leaves,  as  in  the  picture,  just  below  the 
Dragon-fly. 


THE    CORN    MUSTARD   PLANT 

Fig.  7. — Here  is  a  plant  that  has  very  showy  bright 
yellow  flowers.  They  come  out  very  early  in  the 
last   well    into   the    fall.      Sometimes 


476 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


spect  to  all  flowers.  Leave  all  you  can  in  the 
woods,  so  other  girls  and  ])ovs  can  see  them 
when  they  come  out  next  year!  This  particu- 
larly api)lies  to  the  beautiful  flowers  of  the 
Laurel  (Fig.  2)  ;  you  have  often  seen  careless 


THE. CARRION    FLOWER 

Fig.  8. — As  you  go  along  the  edge  of  the  woods,  ytju  cannot 
possibly  mistake  this  plant  if  you  come  across  one.  It 
grows  up  much  higher  than  your  head,  and  has  many  flower- 
hunches  on  it  like  the  one  seen  here.  The  top  is  also 
shown.  In  the  fall  the  big  berries  are  purple,  and  it  has 
a  very  bad  smell.     That  is  how  it  got  its  name. 


m 

S 

M^ 

▼  ff 

NEARLY   AU,   KNOW   THIS 

Fig.  9. — There  is  hardly  any  use  in  telling  you  boys  and  girls 
what  this  beautiful  flower  is.  It  is  of  a  lovely  pink  color,  and 
some  may  be  almost  white,  it  is  the  Pink  Azalea  of  the  hill- 
sides ID  the  woods.     See  what  dark  leaves  it  has. 


boys,  some  of  whom  did  not  even  know  the  name  of  this  very 
beautiful  flower,  break  off  whole  branches  of  its  stems  with  the 
blossoms  on,  to  throw  them  away  long  before  they  got  home 
to  make  any  use  of  them.  When  you  first  went  out  to  the 
marshes  in  the  spring,  you  may  have  seen  the  flower  that  looks 
like  a  sn-.all  yellow  lily  (Fig.  3).  Sometimes  it  grows  all  over 
the  damp  or  even  muddy  places  to  a  height  of  six  or  seven 
inches,  or  even  less.  The  pale  green  leaves  are  often  beau- 
tifully mottled  with  brown  ;  and  when  the  seed-pods  come,  they 
are  shaped  like  the  one  you  see  to  the  left  in  the  picture.  Maybe 
you  will  find  one  of  these  plants  growing  all  by  itself  up  on  a  bank 
by  the  stream ;  it  is  the  Dogtooth  Violet,  and  some  people  call  it 
the  Yellow  .Adder's  Tongue.  It  has  a  number  of  other  names. 
.\nyway,  you  will  know  it  by  taking  a  good  look  at  it  here,  remem- 
bering i  t  s  curiously 
marked  leaves,  and  its 
pretty  yellow  petals  or 
leaves  of  the  flower  it- 
self. It  IS  not  in  any 
way  a  violet,  and  most 
of  you  will  know  bet- 
ter than  that,  surely. 

In  sandy  fields,  on 
dry  rocks,  and  in  the 
l)ine  woods,  you  will 
meet  with  fine  speci- 
mens of  the  Common 
Cactus  in  some  ])laces. 
The  one  here  shown 
(Fig.  4)  was  growing 
on  the  rocks  in  the  ])ine 

timber  on  top  of  the 

bifjh     cliffs     on     the 

Maryland  side  of  the 

Potomac  River,  at 

Great    Falls.      There 

is    plenty    of    it    at 

Piney     Point     below. 

Nearly    everybody 

knows  what  it  is,  and 

to  this  boys  and  girls 

are  no  exception. 
Some    plants    yon 

will  have  to  hunt 

pretty    hard    for    be- 
fore you  come  across 

one.     This  is  the  case 

with  the  Grape  Hya- 
cinth   (Fig.    5).     The  ])icture   shows  the   whole   plant,    for   the 

roots  look  like  onions;  and,  by  the  way,  whenever  you  can.  it 

is  a  good   plan  to   study  the  different  kinds  of   roots  of   most 

plants.    You  will  be  surprised  when  you  pull  some  of  them  up. 
There  is  another  wild  flower  that  you  certainly  ought  to  know, 

for  it  is  very  pretty  and  very  abundant,  especially  so  this  year. 

Loosestrife  it  is  called,  and  some  people  call  it  Crosswort  (Fig.  6). 

Some  of  you  boys  may  know  how  this  name  of  loosestrife  came 

to  be  applied  to  this  interesting  little  plant? 

We  next  have  a  flower  that  blooms  early  in  the  spring,  and 


WHAT   LILY    IS   THIS? 

Hi(i.  10. — Sometimes  this  beautiful  lily  grows  down 
by  the  streams,  but  more  often  you  will  see  it  in 
big  bunches  along  the  country  road-sides;  it  is  a 
deep,  yellowish  red.  Nearly  everybody  calls  it  the 
Day  Lily,  because  it  blooms  for  one  day  only.  See 
what  a  lot  of  buds  it  has  of  more   flowers  coming. 


WILD  FLOWERS  THAT  BOYS  AND  GIRLS  SHOULD  KNOW 


477 


Iteeps  on  blooming  all  suinnier  into  the  early  autumn ;  this  is  the 
Field  or  Corn  Mustard  (Fig.  7),  and  its  yellow  flowers  are  so  strik- 
ing that,  with  the  aid  of  the  picture  here  given,  you  can  hardly  make 
a  mistake  about  it.  Near  the  city  it  may  be  seen  growing  on  tlie 
waste  heaps  or  in  unoccupied  lots.  Birds  are  very  fond  of  its  ])ale, 
peppery  seeds  as  winter  comes  on :  this  is  especially  true  of  tame 
pigeons,  and  they  will  eat  quantities  of  them  if  they  get  the  chance. 
Sometime,  when  you  get  along  a  little  further  in  your  studies,  you 
must  read  up  about  the  Carrion  l-'lower  shown  in  Figure  8.  It  smells 
just  like  a  piece  of  meat  that  has  been  kept  too  long  in  a  warm  place. 
This  is  for  a  very  im])ortant  puqiose  to  the  flower,  and  it  is  quite  as 
important  that  in  the  fall  its  leaves  should  turn  a  brilliant  red  and 
green,  for  these  colors  attract  many  small  birds  on  their  way  south- 
ward ;  as  the  seeds  in  the  berries  are  then  ripe,  the  birds  come  after 
them,  and  help  scatter  them,  in  one  way  or  another,  far  and  wide.  The 
Carrion  Flower  is  but  another  species  of  the  Smilax  or  Catbrier,  and 
every  boy  who  goes  into  the  woods  knows  what  the  Catbrier  or  (jreen- 

brier  is,  with  its 
smooth,  glos.sy,  and 
i)right  green  leaves. 
Our  wild  Pink 
.\zalea  (Fig  9), 
which  we  all  know 
so  well,  and  love 
as  one  of  the  most 
Ijeautiful  of  Amer- 
ica's flowers,  is  the 
shrub  from  which 
the  fine  azaleas  we 
see  in  the  flower- 
stores  came.  About 
two  himdred  years 
ago,  tlie  Belgian 
florists  received  the 
wild  one  from  the 
colonists  here,  and 
by  cross  -  breeding 
proauced  the  su- 
])erb  plant  that  you 
now  see  ornament- 
ing our  homes  al- 
most everywhere, 
I'nhappy  Belgium! 
.She  is  not  thinking 
nnich  about  azaleas 
now,  with  her  love- 
ly lands  all  devas- 
tated and  ruined. 
You  must  re- 
member that  many 
flowers  have,  as  the  years  liavn  gone  by,  escaped  from  gardens,  and  arc- 
now  found  growing  wild  in  all  sorts  of  places.  This  is  the  case  with  a 
very  large  number  of  our  eastern  wild  flowers,  and  it  is  true  of  the 
Day  Lily  shown  in  Figure  10.  Through  one  way  or  another,  a  whole 
lot  of  our  wild  flowers  have  spread  from  Europe,  and  not  a  few  from 
Asia  and  Africa.  Naturally,  as  you  will  know  from  your  geography, 
we  find  the.se  first  in  eastern  United  States,  but  then,  too,  many  of  them 
have  already  spread  far  toward  our  Western  States.  Ages  ago,  whe!i 
people  were  so  superstitious — and  only  too  many  are  so  yet — it  was 


rOLORED    LIKE    LEMONS 

Fig,  12.  —That  i.s  a  Black  Swallr;w-tail  Butterfly  which  has  just 
lit  on  the  side  of  the  bunch  of  huds  of  the  Evening  I'rimrose. 
Note  the  one  in  full  flower  down  to  the  right.  Those  flowers 
are  bright  lemon  yellow  and  very  handsome. 


THIS    HAS    MANY    NAMES 

Fig.  11. — Some  plants  have  very  beautiful  leaves, 
and  this  is  .one  of  them.  Like  most  of  its  kind,  it 
has  a  whole  lot  of  names,  as  the  Rattlesnake-weed, 
Early  or  Vein-leaf  Hawkweed,  Snake  Plantain,  and 
so  on. 


*l 

r 

^1 

wm 

Fig. 


HERE   IS   A   QUESTION 

13. — Why     they     call     these     Common     Burdock 


burrs  "Beggar's  Buttons"  it  is  hard  to  tell;  but  that 
is  one  of  their  names — surely  they  would  make  very 
sticky  old  buttons. 


478 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


KVIDENCE  OF  A  TRAGEDY 

Fig.  14.— That  strange-looking  little  thing  up 
on  the  leaf  there  is  a  poor  little  Saddle-back 
caterpillar,  killed  by  a  parasite — a  story  you 
will  hear  some  day.  There  is  no  missing  this 
Bitter-sweet  Bush,  for  you  can  see  its  beauti- 
ful deep  coral  red  berries  at  some  distance 
away. 

generally  believed  that  all  plants 
and  flowers  had  some  mark  upon 
them  to  show  what  they  were  good 
for,  and  what  they  would  do  for 
sick  or  injured  people.  The  rattle- 
snake-weed (Fig.  11)  was  one  of 
these,  and  the  "herbists"  or  old  herlj 
doctors,  believed  that  since  its  cu- 
riously marked  leaves  looked  like  a 
snake's  back,  it  was  surely  created 
to  cure  snake-bite  —  particularly 
rattlesnake  bite.  Did  you  ever 
hear  of  anything  so  stupid? 

Evening  Primrose  (Fig.  12) 
you  will  find  all  the  way  from 
June  to  October  in  the  dry  fields 
and  thickets  —  especially  in  the 
fence-corners  and  along  the  dusty 
roadsides,  where  so  many  other  in- 
teresting flowers  aiid  plants  are  to 
be  found. 

The  moth  you  see  on  these 
Burdock-burrs  is  the  I-O,  so  called 
for  the  reason  that  either  of  its 
hinder  wings,  which  are  buffish- 
yellow  like  the  fore  pair,  have  a 
round,  black  O  on  them,  with  a 
purple  bar  to  the  inner  side  of  it, 


the  whole  bearing  a  fancied 
resemblance  to  the  capital 
letters  I  O  (Fig.  13).  The 
leaves  of  the  Burdock  are 
among  the  largest  you  will 
find — scout  where  you  may. 
No  hor.se  or  cow  will  eat 
these  because  they  are  so 
very  bitter  and  rank,  and  you 
know  how  common  they  are 
in  many  of  our  fields.  Their 
burrs  contain  the  seeds,  and 
it  is  easy  to  see  how  people 
and  cattle  often  carry  them 
long  distances  by  these  very 
burrs,  sticking  fast  to  cloth- 
ing or  to  the  hair  of  the  farm 
animals.  There  are  all  kinds 
of  ways  in  which  seeds  of 
l)lants  are  spread  over  the 
world,  so  that  the  plants 
from  which  they  come  spring 
up  in  the  most  unexpected 
j)laces. 

The  Bittersweet  (Fig. 
14)  is  not  an  easy  plant  to 
get  a  photograph  of,  for  the 


OLD    MAN'S    BEARD 

Fig,  15. — In  a  little  while  after  this  month  has 
passed  you  will  see  the  Virginia  Clematis  gone  to 
seed,  and  looking  like  it  does  here.  Boys  and  girls 
call  it  "Old  Man's  Beard."  At  the  same  time  the 
Horse  Nettle  is  sporting  its  big,  round,  yellow  balls, 
as  you  see  them  below. 


THESE  NOT  HARD  TO  FIND 

Fig.  16. — These  elegant  flowers,  of  a  brilliant 
purple  color,  are  Starworts  or  New  England 
Asters,  The  plant  begins  flowering  in  August, 
and  you  cannot  very  well  miss  it,  for  it  not 
only  grows  in  swamps  and  fields,  but  all  along 
the  r(»adside  where  you  start  out  for  your  walk. 


beautiful,  deep  reddish  orange 
berry-like  fruit  easily  tumble  out 
on  the  way  home ;  then  the  empty 
cajjsules  all  look  like  the  lower- 
most one  in  the  picture.  The 
leaves  are  very  dark,  but  you  will 
also  find  variegated  ones,  and  others 
almost  white.  When  this  is  the  case 
take  pains  to  study  the  stems  close- 
ly ;  you  will  find  mo.st  curious  little 
"tree-hoppers"  there  in  crowds,  with 
their  heads  all  pointing  one  way. 
They  weaken  the  plant  terribly,  so 
that  sometimes  it  has  no  seeds  even. 
Virginia  Clematis  or  Virgin's 
bower  (Fig.  15)  is  usually  found 
growing  in  very  rich  earth  near 
something  upon  which  it  may  read- 
ily climb,  as  an  old  fence  or  wall, 
or  over  other  vines,  and  on  way- 
side thickets.  It  is  a  most  interest- 
ing plant  for  you  to  study ;  and 
Darwin,  the  great  British  naturalist 
and  philosopher,  frequently  used  it 
in  his  experiments,  when  working 
out  the  wonderful  climbing  power 
of  some  vines.    The  Clematis  hooks 


WILD  FLOWERS  THAT  BOYS  AND  GIRLS  SHOULD  KNOW 


479 


on  to  everything  in  its  reach  as  it  grows, 
and  sometimes  almost  seems  to  be  guided 
by  a  certain  kind  of  intelligence. 

In  Figure  16  we  have  a  grand  bunch 
of  New  England  Asters;  but  why  thev 
are  called  so  it  is  hard  to  tell,  for  they 
are  to  be  found  growing  from  Canada 
over  the  entire  eastern  United  States,  down 
as  far  as  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  There  are 
a  great  many  different  kinds  of  asters ;  but 
you  should  have  no  trouble  in  naming  this 
one,  for  its  large,  purple  tlowers  are  very 
striking,  and  then  the  stem  is  hairy  and 
the  leaves  lance-shaped.  After  the  first 
week  in  August,  clear  up  to  the  middle  of 


r 


October, 
you  will  find 
them,  and  oi 
course,  in 
the  South, 
much  later. 
(General  ly 
they  grow 
where  it  is 
wet  or  moist, 
a  1 1  h  o  u  g"h 
somet  1  m  e  s 
we  may  find 
them  doing 
1)  e  a  utifully 
right  alone 
the  road 
somewhere. 
Later  on 
you  will  find 
the  Late 
Purple  As- 
ter ;  but  tlie 
purple  is  of 
a  lighter 

shade,  the  flower-centers  are  smaller,  and  there  are  other 
differences  which  you  may  study  up  some  day. 

Many  kinds  of  Buttercups  ( Fig.  17)  grow  in  oui- 
country,  and  we  meet  with  them  at  all  times  of  the  year. 
Tn  some  cases  they  are  pretty  hard  to  tell  apart;  but  this 
hairy  one,  which  is  one  of  the  earliest,  .should  give  you 
no  trouble.  If  you  want  to  find  out  whether  that  little 
girl  standing  over  there  loves  butter,  just  pick  a  big  butter- 
cup and  hold  it  under  her  chin — about  an  inch  away — 
and  if  her  chin  turns  bright  yellow,  you  may  be  sure  that 


DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF  BUTTERCUPS 

Vtc  17,  -When  you  come  to  study  our  Butter- 
cups or  Crowfoot.s.  you  will  find  that  there  are 
a  whole  lot  of  diflferent  kinds  of  them.  The 
one  here  shown  is  the  Early  Buttercup  or 
Crowfoot;  note  the  hairy  stems.  The  droop- 
ing flower  is  the  Bellwort;  it  is  pale  green, 
and  you  can  tell  itj  by  the  long  stem  passing 
through    the    leaves. 


she    is   very    fond   of   butter. 
Most  boys  are  fond  of  but 
ter,   too,   as   this  flower  will 
surely   tell  you. 

When  next  spring,  or  early 
summer,  comes  round,  you 
will  meet  with  the  bellworts 
thickly  growing  in  the  thickets 
and  wet  places,  in  the  rich, 
shady  woods.  There  are  sev- 
eral species  or  kinds  of  them, 
but  in  all  of  them  the  beauti- 
ful light  green  flowers  bend 
over  or  droop  as  you  see  them 
in  the  picture  (Fig.  17).   Some 

A    CURIOUS    FLOWER,   THIS 

Fig.  18,— Around  the  thickets  in  the 
open  woods,  or  sometimes  up  on  the 
sides  of  dry,  rocky  hills,  this  strange- 
looking  flower  is  met  with.  Its  curious 
tops  may  run  all  the  way  from  white  to 
a  deep  magenta.  You  will  not  easily 
forget  the  only  name  it  has,  for  from 
Maine  to  Mexico  it  is  known  as  Wild 
Bergamot. 


THIS    GROWS    IN    WET    PLACES 

Fh;.  ly, — Here  is  one  of  the  handsomest  flowers  we  have,  and  you  may 
find  it  in  wettish  places  along  streams  and  ditches,  all  the  way  from  July 
to  October.  It  is  known  as  the  Great  Lobelia  or  Blue  Cardinal  flower, 
as  its  flowers  really  are  of  a  bright  blue  color. 


480 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


day  it  will  interest  you  to 
know  how  all  these  plants 
get  their  hard  scientific 
names,  which  frighten  so 
many  people  away  from  a 
more  serious  study  of 
them;  tnis  bellwort  will 
give  you  some  idea  of  it. 
A\l  ttie  diilerent  Kmds  of 
bellwort  have  drooping 
Mowers  like  the  one  you 
see  here,  so  we  must  have 
a  group-name  (genusj  for 
them.  It  has  been  called 
Uvular  ia.  Now  if  you 
will  look  down  your  throat 
in  a  glass  you  will  note 
a  soft  little  thing,  hang- 
ing loosely  from  the  roof 
at  the  back  and  directly 
in  the  middle  of  it;  this 
is  called  the  uvula;  and, 
as  a  bellwort  flower  droops 
like  a  uvula,  the  group 
has  been  called  Uvularia. 
That  is  not  hard?  Now 
we  call  this  particular 
!)ellwort  Uvularia  p  e  r  - 
foliata, — that  is,  it  comes 
from  the  words  meaning 
a  leaf  that  is  pierced;  and, 
if  you  will  take  a  good 
look  at  how  the  leaves  (as 
they  are  shown  in  Figure 
\7 )  appear  to  be  pierced  by 
the  stem  (they  really  clasp 
the  stem),  you  will  un 
derstand  why  we  so  name 
this  flower,  and  thus  dis 
tinguish  the  species  from  all  the  other  bellworts.  You 
will  come  across  Wild  Bergamot  in  August,  and  there  is 
a  splendid  specimen  of  it  here  given  in  Figure  18.  The 
flowers  run  through  a  series  of  shades,  all  the  way  from 
white  to  a  deep  magenta.  Scarlet  Oswego  Tea,  with  its 
deep  red  flowers,  has  a  general  look  like  this  Bergamot. 
but  you  cannot  very  well  confuse  them. 

Strange  to  say,  the  Great  Lobelia  or  Blue  Cardinal 
flower,  is  not  .so  distantly  related  to  the  Red  Cardinal 
flower  seen  in  Figure  1  ;  but  why  this  is  so  is  a  long 
story,  and  too  long  a  one  to  tell  here.  Sometimes  its 
heads  have  a  very  different  form  as  shown  in  Figure  19 ; 
but  departures  of  this  kind  are  seen  in  many  flowers  in 
nature,  and  you  should  always  give  them  your  attention. 
There  is  nothing  present  on  the  part  of  any  flower  which 
is  not  worthy  of  your  most  careful  study.  This  big,  blue 
Lobelia,  with  its  wealth  of  bright  blue  flowers,  some- 
times grows  to  be  fully  a  vard  high;  so  you  will  have 


no  trouble  in  finding  plenty 
of  it  growing  down  by  the 
marshes,  and  along  the  soft, 
swampy  shores  of  sluggish 
streams.  After  you  once 
know  the  plant,  you  will 
never  forget  it  or  its  name. 
So,  when  you  come  to 
places  where  it  grows,  and 
meet  with  a  dozen  or  more 
specimens  standing  up 
amidst  the  rank  sedges 
and  undergrowth,  where 
you  have  been  trying  to 
force  yourself  through,  it 
is  a  great  satisfaction  to 
s  a  y  to  yourselt :  "Oh,  I 
know  that  thing ;  that's 
the  Blue  or  Great  Lo- 
belia." Ten  to  one,  you 
will  meet  with  the  red  one 
or  Cardinal  flower  as  you 
go  a  bit  further. 

When  the  stream 
broadens  and  becomes  still 
more  sluggish,  and  reaches 
the  pond  in  the  woods 
(Fig.  20),. you  will  surely 
have  your  hands  full  to 
gather  all  the  lovely 
flowers  you  will  find  there. 
But  then.  Pickerel  Weed. 
Skunk  Cabbage,  Jack-in- 
the-Pulpit,  Water  Arum. 
Cow  Lily,  Burr  Reed,  Ar- 
row Head,  and  the  rest  of 
them,  are  all  big  and  con- 
spicuous flowers,  and  it  is 
easy  to  find  out  the  names 
of  them.  Be  sure  not  tn 
forget  to  take  your  flower  collecting-case,  when  you  go 
out  on  a  good,  long  tramp ;  you  can  buy  a  nice  one  at 
the  store  where  they  sell  supplies  for  naturalists,  and 
two  dollars  and  a  half  is  plenty  to  pay  for  it.  You  may 
find  one  for  something  less  than  that,  say  about  one  dol- 
lar and  a  half.  Then  you  should  take  along  some  news- 
papers ;  some  .string ;  a  few  dozen  common  pins,  and  a 
small,  strong  trowel,  or,  what  is  better,  a  big  table-knife 
to  dig  plants  uj)  with  entire,  when  you  want  to  study 
them  at  home.  A  good  butterfly-net  is  another  thing 
that  comes  in  very  bandy ;  for  the  time  will  surely  come 
when  you  will  want  to  study  insects  as  well  as  the  flowers 
you  find. 

r~iNE  of  the  very  few  towns  where  no  taxes  are  as- 
sessed is  Freudenstadt,  Germany.  This  town  of 
7,000  has  an  annual  governmental  expense  of  $25,000, 
and  pays  it  all  from  the  revenue  of  6,000  acres  of  town 
forest. 


MANY    DISCOVERIES    AWAIT    HERE 

Fig.  20. — A  good  place  to  look  for  water  plants.  The  surface  is  covered 
with  bright  green  scum,  but  this  does  not  prevent  your  seeing  the  big 
plants  above  it,  as  the  Cat-tails,  the  purplish  Pickerel-weed  and  other  things. 
Hear  that  big  bull-frog  croaking? 


HAS  THE  BLACK  FOREST  GONE? 

BY  JOHN  B.  WOODS 

FIRST  LIEUTENANT  FOREST  REGIMENT  (lOTH  RESERVE  ENGINEERS) 


HAS    Germany's   famous    Black    Forest   been    de- 
stroyed?    Have  the  wartime  demands  for  tim- 
ber been   so  great   that,   with   her  imports   cut 
off.  Ciermany  has  been  compelled  to  cut  down  most  of 
the   Black   Forest?     Various   reports   received   in   the 
United    States 


^^^^^^H 

^^^I^^^^^^K^'^^   '■j:.-!             •  ^^^                                          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 

^^^^^^1 

^HK^     '"^~^mX  ^- .^^^^H 

^^H 

^^BP^^^^v"  W^l^fm^S^^^^^^^^^M 

R^^l 

BK|£'tN|^,^^^H 

^^■^Bi^B^P^ 

E^ 

jifiiilltiff-                                 '^^^^^^^^^^^^1 

Photograph  by  C.   IV.  Armstrong 


One  of  the  many  sanatoria  and  hotels  which  are  in  close  proximity  to  heavy  timber  and   the    roads   to   which 

wind   through   dense   forests. 


say  a  great 
amount  of  the 
timber  has 
been  cut,  but 
these  reports 
can  not  now 
be   verified. 

A  million 
acres  of  wood- 
land, divided 
about  equally 
between  the 
states  of  Ba- 
den and  Wurt- 
temberg,  with 
relatively  poor 
soil  and  fifty 
inches  of  rain- 
fall yearly,  the 
Black  Forest 
is  a  splendid 
example  of  natural  woodland  which  could  never  be 
anything  else  half  so  successfully.  The  hills  are  bold 
and  their  summits  windswept,  while  tiny  settlements 
nestle  down  in  sheltered  ravines  beside  foaming 
creeks.  Hardwood  species  are  few  in  number,  although 
the  beech  abounds  to  the  extent  of  forming  nearly  a 
third  of  the  timber  wealth.  But  chiefly  there  are  con- 
ifers, fir,  pine,  spruce  and  larch,  of  which  the  first 
named  is  by  far  most  plentiful,  the  intertwining  tops 
spreading  a  cover  through  which  daylight  scarcely 
can  penetrate  to  the  neatly  carpeted  earth.  Even  in 
modern  times  these  black  aisles  have  been  peopled 
with  all  sorts  of  fearsome  beings  by  superstitious  peo- 
ple, tourists  as  well  as  peasants. 

In  the  early  days  there  were  no  sightseers  wander- 
ing through  the  woods.  In  the  first  place  there  were 
no  roads  over  which  they  might  wander  and  then  the 
region  was  infested  with  robbers,  some  operating  upon 
their  own  accounts  and  others  employed  by  the  nu- 
merous petty  barons  who  owned  the  land.  Lumber- 
ing was  an  occupation  beset  with  murder  and  thieving 
so  that  it  is  no  wonder  that  the  workmen  were  rough 
in  every  sense  of  the  word.  Before  the  time  of  using 
wood  for  building  purposes  to  the  extent  that  it  pos- 
sessed a  commercial  value  the  Black  Forest  was  given 


BLACK    FOREST    KURHAUS 


over  to  pasture  and  only  fuel  wood  taken  therefrom, 
but  as  time  went  on  the  petty  lords  took  steps  to 
increase  the  timber  production.  Throughout  the  Sev- 
enteenth Century  they  squabbled  over  plans  of  opera- 
tion and  agreed  finally  that  cutting  for  market  should 

be  permitted. 
So  during 
the  first  half 
of  the  Eigh- 
teenth Cen- 
tury they 
worked  upon 
the  river 
Murg,  improv- 
ing it  to  the 
end  that  logs 
might  be  driv- 
en down  to  the 
broad  expanse 
of  the  Rhine 
and  thence  to 
cities  of  the 
lowlands.  And 
then  for  fifty 
years  a  timber 
firm  was  given 
free  rein  to 
e.\ploit  the  tree  wealth,  paying  the  owner  the  vast  sum 
of  six  cents,  or  rather  its  equivalent,  for  each  log  taken 
away.  Even  then  no  roads  had  been  constructed,  for 
the  streams  furnished  motive  power  for  commerce, 
and  land  traveling  was  accomplished  upon  foot  along 
narrow  paths.  As  late  as  1858  a  stone  splash  dam  was 
constructed  at  great  expense  to  serve  as  reservoir  for 
flood  waters,  and  the  builders  stated  plainly  in  their 
plans  that  it  was  to  be  for  "Eternal  Use." 

All  this  activity  meant  the  development  of  a  fixed 
population  within  the  limits  of  the  forest,  so  logging 
villages  grew  up  in  sheltered  and  convenient  locations 
where  the  loggers  might  find  home  comforts  after  the 
day's  work.  And  in  the  winter  months  when  woods 
work  was  at  a  standstill  the  menfolk  toiled  at  home 
industries,  weaving  baskets,  tarving  knick-knacks  of 
one  kind  and  another,  and  busying  themselves  gen- 
erally, while  the  children  hung  about  listening  to  the 
fearsome  stories  of  creatures  who  leaped  from  their 
Daddies'  imaginations  to  people  the  woods. 

And  then  came  the  awakening  of  the  German 
commercial  giant.  The  states  which  had  been  evolved 
from  scores  of  woodland  principalities  came  to  realize 
that  they  were  vitally  concerned  in  the  progress  of  the 
I'ederation,    so    Baden    and    Wurttemberg    set    about 

481 


482 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Photograph   by   C.    IV.    Armstrong 

BLACK  FOREST  SHADOWS 

A   typical    bit  of  the    famous    Schwartzwald   showing   a   group    of 
German   foresters  and  a  number   of   visiting  American   foresters. 

realizing  upon  their  natural  and  human  re- 
sources. The  Black  Forest  became  a  living 
business  enterprise,  representing  several  hun- 
dred million  dollars  of  invested 
capital  from  which  a  life-giving 
revenue  was  required.  Plans 
of  cutting  and  regeneration 
were  introduced  and  followed 
to  the  letter,  and  an  era  of  con- 
structive forestry  was  brought 
into  co-ordination  with  the  long 
practiced  lumbering  operations. 
But  great  as  the  timber 
wealth  was,  another  asset  was 
soon  to  be  developed  in  the 
warm  medicinal  springs  which 
flowed  from  the  northern  mar- 
gins of  the  hill  areas.  In  fact 
the  name  of  Baden  suggests  the 
kingdom's  chief  attraction 
from  a  commercial  standpoint. 
Baden-Baden,  Baden-Oos,  Ba- 
den-This  and  That,  all  have 
become  famous  watering  places 


for  the  wealthy  and  afflicted  of  every  nation.  And  in  order  that 
these  visitors  should  not  tire  of  the  confinements  of  health  re- 
sorts the  wise  authorities  opened  ways  for  them  back  into  the 
hills  by  con- 
structing 
highways  of 
rock  into 
every  beauti- 
ful ravine 
and  over 
each  wind- 
swept sum- 
mit. This 
made  the 
timber  read- 
ily accessible 
and  did  away 
with  the  need 
for  drivable 
streams  with 
their  burden 
of  upkeep,  so 
that  it  be- 
c  a  m  e  quite 
the  thing  for 
nimble  pleas- 
ure automo- 
biles to  dash 
along  the 
roads,  honk- 
ing in  deri- 
sion as  they 
passed  the 
more  digni- 
fied log-laden      „,  ,  ,    ,.  ,.,    . 

rhotograph  by  C.   M'.  Armstrong 

"^^S'^    ^^'^    ^"  WATERFALLS  IN   BLACK  FOREST 

One   of   the   numerous   waterfalls   which    were   such   an   attraction 
foresters        *"  ■*^^    thousands    of    tourists    who    before    the    war    were    yearly 
visitors  to  the   Schwartzwald. 


Photograph  by  C.    IV.   Armstrong 

OLDEN    TIME    METHOD    OF    LOGGING 
This   photograph    illustrates   the   method   of  logging  during  the   first   half   of   the   eighteenth    century    in   the 

Black    Forest   of   Germany. 


HAS  THE  BLACK  FOREST  GONE  ? 


483 


Photograph  by  C.    W.  Armstrong 


Note  the  orderly  ranks  of  spruce  and  fir  thriving  under  intensive  forest  management  directed  by  Germany's 

best  foresters. 


handle  their  operations  on  the  basis  of  yield  and  cost 
per  acre,  or  rather  per  hectare,  which  is  not  the  same 
except  in  principle,  thereby  distributing  the  outgo  and 
income  of  a  given  area  over  the  thousands  of  unit 
areas  of  which 
it  consists. 
Thus  we  find 
that  during  a 
certain  year 
they  cut  an 
average  of  fif- 
ty-four cubic 
feet  per  hec- 
tare, yielding 
in  net  revenue 
about  five  dol- 
lars. Consid- 
ering the  com- 
bined land  and 
stumpage  val- 
ue this  spells 
a  profit  of  one 
per  cent  per 
annum,  which 
is  not  stagger- 
ing when  com- 
pared with  our  own  industrial  stocks.  But  there  is 
the  great  value  which  these  forests  lend  to  the  coun- 
try's tourist  business,  an  asset  beyond  calculation  in 
terms  of  money,  for  the  hills  are  dotted  with  Kur- 
hauser  where  visitors  before  the  war  spent  their  wealth 
for  the  privi- 
lege of  roam- 
ing among  the 
fir  trees.  More- 
over, out  of 
the  gross  rev- 
enue the  for- 
esters spend  a 
dollar  per 
hectare  upon 
the  highways, 
which  takes  a 
heavy  burden 
from  the  state. 
All  in  all  it  is 
a  fine  system, 
this  co-opera- 
tion of  lum- 
b  e  r  i  n  g  and 
health  resort 
interests  prob- 
ably impossi- 
ble where  a  weaker  form  of  government  would  hesi- 
tate to  dictate,  but  they  are  partly  owned  and  wholly 
controlled  by  the  powers  of  State. 

And  now  we  are  told  that  the  great  catastrophe 


THE   BAUENER   SCHWARTZWALD 


?        •■^' 


"Vt, 


Photograph  by  C.    IV.  Armstrong 

SECOND   GROWTH    IN    THE   BLACK    FOREST 

The   development  of  a   spruce  plantation   on   rock   soil.      Here   the    steep   hillsides   arc   su   well   covered    that 
erosion  is  reduced  to  the  minimum  by  a  thriving  forest. 


has  strained  Germany's  timber  resources  beyond  the 
breaking  point,  in  fact  she  could  not  sujjply  her  own 
needs  in  peace  time,  depending  largely  upon  im- 
ports.   And  the  Black  Forest  has  perha])s  gone  down 

before  the  ax 
and  saw!  Just 
what  this  real- 
ly means  we 
do  not  know, 
l)robably  the 
chief  attrac- 
tion for  future 
visitors  has 
been  removed, 
and  the  Ger- 
mans are  no 
better  off  than 
we  in  man- 
m  a  d  e  wood- 
lands and  far 
worse  so  far 
a  s  primeval 
growth  is  con- 
cerned, having 
little  if  any. 
Of  course  they 
will  grow  another  Schwartzwald,  but  the  task  will  re- 
quire half  a  century  or  more.  Maybe  the  flood  of  day- 
light will  kill  those  mythical  creatures  of  story,  and 
the  logging  villages  will  rot  down  because  their  for- 
mer  occupants   are   dead   in   foreign   fields   or   out   of 

work  in  their 
old  home 
places.  But  for 
all  this  there 
are  many  les- 
sons contain- 
ed in  the  story 
of  this  area, 
some  of  them 
applicable  to 
ourown  Amcr- 
i  c  a  n  condi- 
tions, and  they 
are  responsi- 
ble for  this 
brief  and  inad- 
equate sketch. 
We  also  have 
watering 
places,  and 
cities  of  sum- 
m  e  r  tourists, 
not  to  mention  those  year-around  hives  of  industry 
and  commerce.  Woodlands  are  nature's  finest  gift 
for  man's  recreation  and  the  noblest  setting  for  hi.e 
every  day  toil. 


MAKING   FRIENDS   WITH  THE   BIRDS 

BY  A.  A.  ALLEN,  PH.D. 

ASSISTANT  PROFESSOR  OF  ORNITHOLOGY,  CORNELL  UNIVERSITY 


THERE  is  a  common  belief,  nurtured  by  the  time- 
honored  fables  of  Aesop  and  La  Fontaine,  that, 
somewhere,  there  lies  hidden  the  key  to  the  animal 
world ;  that  there  is  a  secret  or  mysterious  language 
which,  when  discovered, 
will  permit  one  to  pene- 
trate the  woods  and  have 


MAKING  FRIENDS  WITH   A 
PHEASANT 

But  the  friendship  is  all  on  one 
side,  for  the  bird  is  held  only  by 
its  unusually  developed  instinct 
to    keep    its   eggs    warm. 


the  birds  and  beasts  come  from  their  retreats  to  greet 
one.  The  disappointment  felt  by  the  child  when  the 
birds  flit  from  sight  or  when  the  squirrels  scamper  into 
their  holes  is  shared  by  all  of  us,  and  whether  we  be- 
lieve in  the  mysterious  language  or  not,  we  all  wish  that 
there   were  some   way  by   which   we  could   individually 


make    friends    with    the    birds    and    the    wild    animals. 

A  small  boy,  when  told  by  his  teacher  to  study  the 
habits  of  birds  instead  of  stoning  them,  replied,  "But 
birds  don't  have  habits  when  I  watch  them."  This 
thought  occurs  to  most  of  us  and  so  when  we  read  some 
of  the  modern  animal  stories  with  their  strong  apf)eal 
we  are  led  to  believe,  either  that  the  authors  have  used 
their  imaginations,  or  that  they  have  some  secret  power 
or  control  over  the  animals  they  watch  that  permits  them 
to  penetrate  so  intimately  into  their  lives.  Some  of  the 
stories  are  avowedly  fiction,  but  others  are  based  on  ac- 
tual experiences  with  animals  that  have  permitted  the 
closest  acciuaintance. 

This  intimate  knowledge,  naturalists  tell  us,  we  may 
gain  for  ourselves,  and,  if  we  will  but  devote  the  time 
and  patience  to  it,  we  can  make  friends  with  any  bird  or 
l)east  without  having  discovered  a  secret  language.     Pos- 


BEFORE  FEAR   DEVELOPS. 

Young  Redwinged  blackbirds  responding  at  the  approach  of  an  intruder  as 
eagerly  as  at  the  approach  of  their  parents.  The  altricial  young  of  most  birds 
do  not  know  fear  until  their  wing  feathers  grow  out  and  they  are  able  to 
answer   to   the   calls   of   their    parents. 

484 


ANOTHER  FEARLESS  (?)  WARBLER 
A  chestnut-sided  warbler,  whose  desire  to  feed  its  young  has  destroyed  fear. 

sibly  this  is  so,  if  we  do  not  expect  too  much.  In  my 
experience  the  number  of  wild  birds  or  wild  animals  that 
have  entirely  lost  their  fear  of  man  and  become  real 
friends  has  been  very  small.  If  one  will  remain  absolutely 
quiet  or  if  one  will  conceal  himself  or  disguise  himself  so 
that  he  no  longer  appears  like  a  human  being,  many  ani- 
mals may  come  close  to  him  and  appear  fearless.  But 
when  the  disguise  is  thrown  off,  fear  immediately  gains 
the  upper  hand.  There  are  some  birds  which  no  amount 
of  time  or  patience  could  bring  to  friendly  terms,  and 
there  are  others,  even  of  the  same  species,  which  are  more 
approachable  than  a  self-conscious  human  being.  Animal 
fear  is  the  great  stumbling  block  to  one's  becoming  better 
acquainted  with  his  wild  neighbors.     Birds  are  creatures 


MAKING  FRIENDS  WITH  THE  BIRDS 


485 


of  instinct  and  fear  is  the  predominant  one.  Without 
it  "natural  selection"  would  be  of  no  avail  and  there 
would  be  no  evolution. 

Fear  of  man  is  as  strong  in  birds  as  is  fear  of  hawks 
or  fear  of  predacious  animals,  developed  not  alone 
through  the  experience  of  the  individual,  but  through  that 
of  the  species  and  that  of  all  birds.  It  is  less  strongly 
developed  in  those  birds  which  have  never  seen  man,  but 
it  is  always  present.  Added  to  it,  is  the  fear  of  every- 
thing that  is  unusual.  Birds  hatched  in  the  far  north 
and  seeing  man  for  the  first  time  on  their  migrations 
southward,  are  less  timid  than  their  more  experienced 
fellows,  but  their  innate  fear  of  anything  unusual  makes 
them  somewhat  wary  and  thus  preserves  them.  Imma- 
ture shore-birds,  for  example,  and  the  yoimg  of  many 
warblers,  when  they  first  arrive  in  the  fall  are  surpris- 
ingly tame  but,  as  soon  as  they  have  absorbed  the  timidity 
of  their  associates,  there  is  no  way  of  making  friends 
with  them.  Once  in  a  great  while  there  comes  a  bird 
which  is  very  slow  in  learning  from  its  associates  and 


A   I-KAKLESS    CHICKADEE 
But  it  is  the  lure  of  ft>nt[  arui  an   insatiable  appetite   that   have   tamed   him. 

whose  fear  instinct  seems  undeveloped  .so  that  it  hop  ■ 
about  apparently  unconscious  of  the  ])roximity  of  man. 
Unfortunately  for  our  pleasure,  these  birds  are  usually 
deficient  in  other  ways,  as  well,  and  do  not  survive  long. 
If  these  birds  could  be  preserved  or  if  the  immature 
shore-birds  and  warblers  could  be  segregated  from  the 
rest  of  the  bird  world,  we  might  develop  a  strain  of 
birds  actually  fearless  of  man  but,  until  that  happens,  we 
must  be  content  with  birds  as  they  are,  and  take  solace 
in  the  knowledge  that  their  fear  of  man  helps  them  to 
escape  their  other  enemies  as  well. 

The  fear  instinct  appears  in  young  birds  with  the  de- 
velopment of  the  feathers  and  the  power  to  escape  or  to 


A  COURAGEOUS  LEAST  BITTERN  DEFENDING  ITS   NEST 

No  love  is  wasted  upon  intruding  human  beings,  but  its  abnormally   devel- 
oped instinct  to  incubate  gives  it  courage. 

respond  to  the  calls  of  their  parents.  The  precocial  young 
of  such  birds  as  grouse,  ducks,  grebes,  rails,  plovers  and 
sand])ipers,  which  are  covered  with  down  when  hatched 
and  able  to  run  .nliont.  instinctively  crouch  and  hide  from 


CLOSE  OBSERVATION  OF  A  BLUE-HEADED  VIREO 

The    incubation    instinct    in    birds    is    often    more    powerful    than    the    fear 
instinct,  and  they  lose  their  timidity   nf   man. 


486 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


the  beginning,  while  the  akricial  young  of  other  birds 
stretch  their  necks  and  open  their  mouths  at  the  approach 
of  an  enemy  as  eagerly  as  at  the  approach  of  their  par- 
ents. It  is  not  until  their  wing  feathers  grow  out  or  until 
they  are  able  to  respond  to  the  calls  of  the  old  birds,  that 


thouj;h  long  continued  kindness  will  help  to  dispel  it. 

The  tenacity  of  the  instinct  varies  with  dilYerent  spe- 
cies and  with  individuals  of  the  same  species.     During 
the  past  winter,  for  example,  we  trapped  for  experimental 
purposes,  a  number  of  wild  ducks  of  several  species,  can- 
vasbacks,  scaup  ducks,  black  ducks, 
and  mallards.     Within  a  few  days 
some   of   the  canvasbacks  became 
accustomed    to    our    presence    and 
dove  and  fed  in  the  artificial  pond 
with  biit  little  show  of  fear.     The 
scaup  ducks  were  slower  to  adapt 
themselves,  and  the  mallards  and 
black  ducks  remain   sullen   to  this 


BKTTV    FKKDINC;   THK.   C.KKSK 

they  crouch  and  hide  or  flutter  from 

the  nest  upon  one's  intrusion.     The 

fear  is  apparently  instilled  into  them 

or    acquired     by     absorption     from 

their  parents,  for  if  they  are  taken 

from  the  nest  before  it  appears  and 

raised   by    hand,    it   never   develops. 

Thus,   the   wary   crow,    when   taken 

from  the  nest  before  it  acquires  the 

fear  instinct,  becomes  so  tame  as  to 

be  almost  obnoxious.     On  the  other  hand,  if  young  birds 

are  taken  after  it  appears,  they  may  never  lose  it,  al- 


WIIK^'    HUNGER   DOMINATES   FEAR 

Part  of  a  flock  of  wild  geese  owned  by  J.  D.  Showell,  at  Ocean  City,  Maryland.  They  are 
valuable  as  decoys  during  the  hunting  season,  and  are  very  tame,  coming  to  his  call  and  even 
permitting   discriminate    petting. 

day.     Even  among  the  canvasbacks,  however,  there  is  a 
difl^erence  and  some  are  much  tamer  than  others.     An- 


IJ 

\>i,mSL 

v^ 

^^^^^■V^m^S^   -     J/Bm^^^^^ 

'f  .j-T  w\  /Til  ^^^^P 

^^Jm 

S^ 

J 

^  SMmM 

dJf, 

^%P 

'     ,^' 

CAN   YOU   SEE  THEM? 

Young  Killdeers,  just  hatched,  crouching  in  the  nest.  In  precocial  birds 
such  as  the  plovers,  sandpipers,  ducks,  and  grouse,  fear  develops  imme- 
diately upon  hatching  and  they  hide  upon  the  approach   of  an   enemy. 


THE    SHELTERING    HAND    OF    AN    ORNITHOLOGIST 

The  little  Blackburnian  warblet  does  not  appreciate  the  protection  and 
submits  to  it  only  because  of  the  precious  eggs  beneath  her  and  her  abnor- 
mally developed  instinct  to  protect  them. 


MAKING  FRIENDS  WITH  THE  BIRDS 


487 


other  matter  of  interest,  as  showing  how  fear  is  trans- 
mitted, was  that  the  few  domestic  ducks  which  were 
placed  with  the  wild  ones  and  which  previously  fed  from 
our  hands,  immediately  became  wild,  and  even  the  pet 
Indian  runners  skulked  in  the  corners  like  the  freshly 
caught  black  ducks.  Thus,  in  nature,  individuals  that 
might  otherwise  be  tame,  absorb  fear  from  their  more 
timid  brothers. 

It  has  been  said  previously  that  it  is  only  abnormal 
birds  in  which  fear  is  lacking  and  that  their  number  is 
exceedingly  small.  In  an  experience  with  thousands 
of  birds,  I  have  found  a  few  chickadees,  one  wood 
])ewee   and  one  Rlackburnian  warbler  which  without  the 


\0   FRIENDSHIP   HERE 

Apparently  this  black-throated  blue  warbler  has  no  fear  of  man  but  in 
reality  its  timidity  is  merely  overwhelmed  by  its  instinct  to  feed  its  young. 
It  was  necessary  to  remain  absolutely  quiet  or  fear  remained  uppermost — 
note   the   mosquitoes   on   the   hand. 

lure  of  food  or  anything  else  would  allow  one  to  touch 
them  or  would  alight  on  one's  person  with  absolutely 
no  show  of  fear.  One  could  walk  up  to  the  pewee,  for 
example,  as  it  sat  on  a  low  branch  and  touch  its  tail 
while  it  watched  w  i  t  h  a 
merely  inquisitive  look.  1 
have  found  quite  a  number, 
however,  in  which  the  in- 
stinct to  incubate  or  to  de- 
fend the  nest  was  greater 
than  the  instinct  of  fear. 
These  birds  would  allow 
themselves  to  be  handled 
on  the  nest  but,  away  from 
it,  they  were  quite  timid. 
I  have  met  with  a  number 
of  others  which,  through 
the  stress  of  cold  or  hun- 
ger, would  allow  them- 
selves   to    be    touched    or 


I  PROTECT  THE  BIRDS  AS  A  WAR  MEASURE  | 
J    'J^HE  food  destroyed  in  America  by  insects  and  1 

■  small  rodents  would  feed  the  people  of  Bel-  | 
1  gium !  Birds  are  the  great  natural  enemies  of  1 
§  these  pests.  The  laws  protect  insect-eating  birds,  1 
§  but  many  are  being  shot  wantonly  and  for  food.  | 
1  Every  American  has  a  direct,  personal  interest  g 
j  in  seeing  that  these  laws  are  properly  enforced.  1 
1  Protection  to  birds  means  protection  to  the  Na-  § 
1  tional  Food  Supply.    Report  to  the  nearest  game  | 

■  warden  all  violations  of  the  laws  protecting  the  | 
1  birds.  1 


FEEDING  "JIMMIE" 
Young  birds,  even   of  the   wary   crow,   if   taken    from   the   nest   before    fear 
develops,  become  so  tame  as  to  be  almost  obnoxious.      If  taken  later,  they 
often  remain  wild. 

would  take  food  from  the  hand,  but  in  all  cases  fear 
still  persisted  although  dominated  by  other  instincts.  Thus 
in  the  accompanying  photographs,  the  Blackburnian 
warbler,  the  blue-headed  viieo  and  the  ring-necked  pheas- 
ant are  held  by  the  powerful  instinct  to  incubate,  although 
all  three  have  the  fear  ol  man.  The  least  bittern  is 
actively  defending  its  nest.  The  fear  of  the  chestnut- 
sided  and  black-throated  blue  warblers  is  overcome  by 
the  instinct  to  feed  their  young,  while  the  chickadee  is 
lured  by  food  and  the  wild  ducks  by  actual  starvation. 
None  of  them,  however,  with  the  possible  exception  of 
the  chickadee,  could  be  said  to  be  without  fear.  We  have 
not,  then,  made  friends  with  them,  but  merely  have  taken 
advantage  of  a  temporary  abnormal  condition  and,  as 
soon  a?  the  instinct  to  incubate  or  to  feed  the  young 
passes  or  the  hunger  is  appeased,  the  birds  once  more 

assume  a  more  normal  at- 
titude toward  man. 

Bradford  Torrey,  in  his 
charming  essays,  relates 
his  delight  at  the  discovery 
of  an  incubating  vireo  that 
would  take  food  from  his 
hand  and  permit  itself  to 
be  stroked  on  the  nest  and 
tells  of  his  disappointment 
when  he  learned  that  this 
w  a  s  n  o  special  privilege 
permitted  him,  but  that  all 
people  were  treated  alike. 
It  was  not  a  case  of  mak- 
ing friends  with  a  bird,  but 


488 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


again  of  taking  advantage  of  an  abnormal  condition.  T 
have  said  that  it  is  the  unusual  things  which  alarm  birds. 
Birds  may  nest  under  bridges  and  l)econie  accu.stomed  to 
the  passage  of  teams  six  inches  above  their  heads  or  on 
railroad  trestles  and  not  mind  the  roar  of  the  trains  above 
them,  and  yet  the  same  birds  may  not  allow  a  person  to 
approach  within  ten  feet.  Birds  have  been  known  to  nest 
on  trolley  cars  and  traveling  cranes  and  to  become  accus- 
tomed to  the  transportation  of  their  nests  from  place  to 
place,  when  the  same  birds  might  have  deserted  their  eggs 
for  good  if  one  approached  the  nest  too  suddenly  or  made 
a  quick  jump  at  the  bird.  Such  things  are  possible  only 
when  they  occur  by  degrees  and  so  often  that  they  become 
a  part  of  the  routine  of  a  bird's  life.  Any  bird  will  ordi- 
narily allow  one  to  approach  within  a  certain  distance  of 
itself  or  its  nest,  varying;  with  the  individual,  before  tak- 
ing alarm.  If  one  moves  slowly  and  uniformly,  he  can 
approach  nuich  closer,  but  if  he  makes  sudden  or  jerky 
motions,  pauses  and  starts,  (ir  .ittempts  to  sneak  upon 
a  bird,  he  usually  alarms  it  at  a  much  greater  distance. 
Similarly  the  volume  of  a  sound  makes  little  difference  to 
birds.  The  roar  of  a  passing  train  does  not  usually 
alarm  them  when  a  little  squeak  will  cause  them  to  jump, 
because  the  sound  of  the  train  begins  low  and  far  away 
and  gradually  increases  in  violence,  but  at  no  time  is  the 


added  increase  in  sound  sufficient  to  disturb  the  bird, 
though  the  whole  volume  of  sound  is  hundreds  of  times 
more  violent  than  that  which  would  ordinarily  alarm  it. 
If  the  train  should  suddenly  increase  its  speed  or  sud- 
denly stop,  the  bird  would  become  greatly  alarmed,  but 
as  the  sound  dies  gradually  away  it  goes  unnoticed. 

If  then  we  would  make  friends  with  birds  or  merely 
observe  them  without  attempting  to  make  friends,  we 
must  bear  these  things  in  mind.  In  the  first  place,  fear 
is  the  predominant  instinct  and  except  in  unusual  in- 
stances or  with  abnormal  birds  dominates  the  bird's  life. 
If  one  wishes  to  come  on  intimate  terms  with  birds  he 
must  either  seek  out  the  unusual  birds,  take  advantage 
of  times  of  stress,  or  be  content  to  conceal  his  identity, 
and  like  the  branches  of  the  trees  become  but  a  part  of 
the  liird's  environment.  If  one  will  enter  a  woods  quietly 
and  then  remain  quiet  and  inconspicuous  for  an  hour 
or  more,  the  birds  will  resume  their  normal  actions  and 
he  will  see  the  woodland  as  it  really  is.  If,  on  the  other 
hand,  he  goes  thrashing  through  the  woods,  he  will  cover 
more  groimd  and  scare  uj)  more  birds,  but  they  will 
"have  no  habits"  except  those  of  alarm.  Select  a  spot 
near  a  bathing  pool,  a  favorite  feeding  spot,  or  near 
the  nest  of  some  bird  and  there  will  be  spread  before 
him  a  panorama  unknown  to  the  rest  of  mankind. 


A  TREE  OF  LOST  IDENTITY 

BY  JOHN  FOOTE,  M.  D. 


THE  wood  of  this  tree  of  lost  identity  was  so  valu- 
able that  cups  made  from  it  were  presented  as  gifts 
to  kings  and  pontiffs ;  its  physical  properties  were 
so  remarkable  that  famous  scientific  men  studied  it  and 
embodied  their  observations  in  classical  works  that  arc 
still  authoritative ;  its  medical  properties  were  believed 
to  be  so  marvelous  that  they  exceeded  in  the  cure  of 
diseases  of  the  kidneys  what  cinchona  had  accomplished 
in  banishing  swamp  fever — it  was  a  veritable  king  atnong 
trees  in  the  seventeenth  century — yet  its  very  name  had 
disappeared  from  modern  works  on  botany  and  phar- 
macognosy and  its  botanical  origin  was  worse  than  un- 
known. Such  is  the  tale  of  the  lignum  nephriticum — the 
botanical  source  of  which  was  discovered  very  recently 
by  a  brilliant  economic  botanist  who  foimd  that  the  tree 
producing  the  "kidney  wood"  was  really  a  twin  or  rather 
that  it  had  two  l)Otanical  sources. 

This  wood  was  celebrated  throughout  Europe  in 
the  seventeenth  century.  It  came  from  the  Old  World, 
the  land  of  mystery,  out  of  which  had  come  tol^acco, 
cinchona  and  other  remarkable  products.  Marvellous  as 
were  the  reports  circulated  concerning  cures  it  had  ac- 
complished, even  greater  things  were  expected  of  it. 
Kor  chronic  kidney  di.sease  had  claimed  many  victims 
long  before  1827.  when  Dr.  Richard  Bright  published 
his  de.scription  of  the  disease  which  bears  his  name,  and 
it  seems  to  have  been  unusually  prevalent  in  the  period 
of  the  renaissance. 


The  lignum  nephriticum,  or  "kidney  wood,"  when 
pulverized  and  steeped  in  water  produced  remark- 
able color  effects  of  an  opalescent  type,  which 
changed  in  sunlight  and  shadow  in  the  most  amazing 
manner.  There  is  nothing  to  indicate  that  its  medicinal 
reputation  was  well  founded.  In  fact,  it  has  absolutely 
no  value  as  a  remedy  in  kidney  disease.  It  has  been 
well  said  that  "the  therapeutics  of  every  generation 
seems  ridiculous  to  the  succeeding  one,"  so  we  cannot 
afford  to  be  scornful  of  the  Spanish  physician  Monardes. 
who  was  first  to  call  attention  to  the  wood.  In  1565 
he  wrote  the  following  account  of  it : 

"They  also  bring  from  New  Spain  a  wood  resembling 
that  of  a  pear  tree,  dense  and  without  knots,  which  they 
have  been  using  for  many  years  in  these  parts  for  dis- 
eases of  the  kidneys  and  of  the  liver.  The  first  person 
I  saw  use  it  was  a  pilot,  25  years  ago,  who  was  afflicted 
with  urinary  and  kidney  trouble,  and  who  after  using 
it  recovered  his  health  and  was  very  well.  Since  then 
1  have  seen  much  of  it  brought  from  New  Sjwin  and 
used  for  these  and  kindred  maladies.  *  *  *  It  is  used  in 
the  following  manner:  They  take  the  wood  and  make 
of  it  chips  as  thin  as  possible  and  not  very  large  and  put 
them  into  clear  spring  water,  which  must  be  very  good 
and  pure,  and  they  leave  them  in  the  water  all  the  time 
that  it  lasts  for  drinking.  A  half  hour  after  the  wood 
is  put  in,  the  water  begins  to  assume  a  very  pale  blue 
color,  and  the  longer  it  stays  the  bluer  it  turns,  though 


A  TREE  OF  LOST  IDENTITY 


489 


the  wood  is  of  a  white  color.  Of  this  water  they  drink 
repeatedly  and  with  it  they  dilute  their  wine,  and  it 
causes  very  wonderful  and  manifest  effects  without  any 
alteration  nor  any  other  requisite  than  good  order  and 
regimen.  The  water  has  no  more  taste  than  if  nothing 
had  been  put  into  it,  for  the  wood  does  not  change  it  at 
all.    Its  complexion  is  hot  and  dry  in  the  first  degree." 

Francisco  Hernandez,  protomedico  of  Philip  II,  who 
returned  to  Spain  in  1577  after  having  spent  seven  years 
in  Mexico  studying  the  resources  and  useful  products 
of  that  country,  added  nothing  to  Monardes'  description 
of  the  wood,  but  gave  testimony  as  to  its  medicinal 
.  irtues,  and  for  the  first  time  described  the  plant  pro- 
ducing the  Lignum  nephritic um  of  Mexico. 

Interest  in  the  question  of  the  botanical  source  of 
this  wood  was  revived  by  W.  E.  Safford,  economic 
botanist,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  an  arti- 
cle appeared  in  the  Smithsonian  Report  for  1915  imder 
the  title  "Lignum  Nephriticutn — Its  History  and  an  Ac- 
count of  the  Remarkable  Fluorescence  of  Its  Infusion." 
Mr.  SafTord  traced  the  printed  records  of  the  wood 
through  many  years  and  various  languages,  the  whole 
constituting  a  remarkable  piece  of  botanical  detective 
work.     Here  are  some  of  his  conclusions : 

"In  1646  Athanasius  Kircher,  a  German  Jesuit  living 
in  Rome,  celebrated  for  his  great  learning  and  his  con- 
tributions to  science,  published  an  account  of  Lignum 
nephriticum  in  his  Ars  Magna  Lucis  et  Umbrae,  under 
the  heading  'On  a  certain  wonderful  wood,  coloring 
water  all  kinds  of  colors.'  (C)p.  cit.,  p.  77.)  He  calls 
attention  to  the  fact  that  other  writers  before  him  had 
described  the  wood  as  coloring  water  only  a  blue  color ; 
yet  in  his  experiments  he  had  found  that  it  transformed 
water  into  all  kinds  of  colors.  His  description  of  the 
plant  yielding  the  wood  was  not  made  from  observation, 
but  was  undoubtedly  taken  froni  Ximenez's  translation 
of  Hernandez's  work,  published  31  years  jireviously. 
He  then  goes  on  to  say : 

"  'The  wood  of  the  tree  thus  described,  when  made 
into  a  cup,  tinges  water  when  poured  into  it  at  first  a 
deep  blue,  the  color  of  a  Bugloss  flower ;  and  the  longer 
the  water  stands  in  it  the  deeper  the  color  it  assumes. 
If  then  the  water  is  poured  into  a  glass  globe  and  held 
against  the  light,  no  vestige  of  the  blue  color  will  be 
seen,  but  it  will  appear  to  observers  like  ])ure  clean 
spring  water,  lim])id  and  clear.  Rut  if  you  move  this 
glass  phial  toward  a  more  shady  place  the  lic|uid  will 
assume  a  most  delightful  greenness,  and  if  to  a  still  more 
shady  place,  a  reddish  color ;  and  thus  it  will  change 
color  in  a  marvelous  way  according  to  the  nature  of  its 
background.  In  the  dark,  however,  or  in  an  oi)ac|ue 
vase,  it  will  once  more  assume  its  blue  color.' 

"Kircher  announces  that  he  was  the  first  to  observe 
this  chameleon-like  color,  as  far  as  he  knew,  in  a  cu|) 
given  to  him  as  a  present  by  the  procurator  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Jesus  in  Mexico.  This  cup  he  afterwards  sent 
as  a  gift  to  his  Sacred  Majesty  the  Emperor,  as  some- 
thing rare  and  little  known.  'But,'  he  adds,  'as  to  the 
cause  of  the  strange  phenomenon  which  I  observed,  I 


failed  at  first  to  understand  it;  for  I  saw  that  the  color 
could  be  counted  neither  among  the  apparent  nor  the 
true  colors;  not  among  the  former,  because  the  true  or 
real  color  comes  from  the  nature  of  the  wood  and  not 
from  the  light  variously  modified,  as  is  usual  with  ap- 
parent colors ;  nor  can  it  be  considered  a  real  color,  since 
no  color  is  seen  in  it  when  it  is  held  up  against  the  light ; 
and  it  assumes  different  kinds  of  colors  only  when  held 
against  different  objects.'  The  learned  philosopher,  true 
to  his  boast  that  there  was  no  problem  in  nature  that 
he  could  not  solve,  concludes  with  the  statement :  'Taught, 
however,  by  various  experiments,  I  have  at  last  found 
the  cause,  which  I  shall  publish  hereafter.'  This,  how- 
ever, he  never  did. 

"Four  years  after  the  publication  of  Kircher's  work 
Johan  Bauhin,  in  his  Historia  Plantarum  -(1650),  de- 
scribes a  second  cup  made  of  Lignum  nephriticum,  which 
he  had  received  under  the  name  of  Palum  indianum  from 
a   colleague.   Dr.    Schopffius,   physician   to   the   Duke  of 


CUP    MADE   FROM   THE    WOOD    OF    LOST    IDENTITY 

Tliis  cup  is  of  Lignum  nephriticum  and  with  it  is  a  flask  containing  water 
ill  which  chips  of  the  wood  have  been  soaked.  The  water  is  thereby  colored 
and  the  wood  gives  it  a  property  which  was  supposed  long  years  ago  to 
maite  it  medicinally  valuable. 


490 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Wiirteniberg.  This  ingeniously  made  cup,  almost  a  span 
in  diameter  and  of  no  common  beauty,  resulting  from  the 
variegated  lines  adorning  it,  was  accompanied  by  sawdust 
or  shavings.  When  water  was  poured  in  the  cup  'a  won- 
derful blue  and  yellow  color'  was  produced  'resembling 
the  opal'  and  'wonderful  to  behold.' 

"The  color  phenomena  displayed  by  the  extract  of 
Lignum  nephriticiim  were  first  investigated  in  a  truly 
scientific  manner  by  the  Hon.  Robert  Boyle  in  1663.  The 
results  of  his  studies  were  embodied  in  his  Experiments 
and  Considerations  Touching  Colors,  page  203,  1664, 
a  Latin  translation  of  which  (1667),  and  also  a  sum- 
mar)'  of  the  results  of  Boyle's  .studies  in  Richard  Boul- 
ton's  edition  of  Boyle's  works  (1700).  are  in  the  library 
of  the  Surgeon  General  of  the  Army  at  Wa.shing- 
ton." 

Mr.  Safford  traces  the  cause  of  confusion  regarding 
the  identity  of  this  wood  which  arose  among  botanical 


writers  from  the  beginning,  and  cites  numerous  author- 
ities who  had  incorrectly  placed  its  source.  His  solution, 
and  a  succinct  summary  of  the  facts  he  has  ascertained 
are  given: 

"Lignum  nephriticum,  celebrated  throughout  Europe 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  for  its  diuretic 
properties,  but  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  fluorescent 
properties  of  its  infusion,  comes  from  two  distinct 
sources:  (1)  From  a  Mexican  shrub  or  small  tree, 
Eysenhardtia  polystachya,  the  wood  of  which  was  used 
by  the  Hon.  Robert  Boyle  (1663)  in  his  well-known  ex- 
periments on  the  fluorescence  of  light;  (2)  from  a  large 
tree  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  Pterocarpus  indica  (Ptero- 
carpHs  pallida  Blanco),  the  wood  of  which,  described 
by  Kircher  (1646)  and  Johan  Bauhin  (1650),  was  at 
one  time  commonly  made  into  cups  by  the  natives  of 
southern  Luzon.  It  is  possible  that  cups  were  also  made 
from  allied  species  of  Pterocarpus  growing  in  Mexico, 
but  there  is  no  record  of  cups  of  known  Mexican  origin. 
That  which  Kircher  received  from  the  procurator  of 
the  Jesuits  in  Mexico  had  in  all  probability  been  brought 
as  a  curiosity  to  Mexico  from  the  Philippines,  for  at 
that  time  the  only  trade  route  from  the  Philippines  to 
Spain  was  by  way  of  Mexico.  It  is  also  quite  probable 
that  Monardes's  wood  and  the  wood  mentioned  by  Her- 
nandez as  being  carried  on  shipboard  in  the  form  of 
large  logs  was  Philippine  lignum  nephriticum. 

"The  source  of  lignum  nephriticum  has  remained  un- 
certain for  so  long  a  time  owing  to  the  following  causes : 
( 1 )  Neither  the  Mexican  nor  the  Philippine  wood  is 
known  in  its  native  country  by  the  name  lignum  nephriti- 
cum ;  (2)  from  the  beginning  of  its  history  the  two 
woods  bearing  this  name  among  pharmacologists  were 
confused;  (3)  pharmaceutical  material  and  cups  were 
unaccompanied  by  botanical  material ;  (4)  botanical  ma- 
terial in  herbaria  was  lacking  in  wood  and  was  usually 
unaccompanied  by  economic  notes;  (5)  the  original 
botanical  descriptions  of  the  species  yielding  lignum 
nephriticum  were  unaccompanied  by  references  to  the 
])henomenon  of  fluorescence ;  (6)  the  source  of  the  wood 
described  by  Monardes  was  sought  in  Mexico,  but  was 
in  all  probability  of  Philippine  origin;  (7)  attempts  were 
made  to  identify  the  Mexican  plant  described  by  Her- 
nandez with  the  wood  described  by  Monardes  and  the 
cups  described  by  Kircher  and  Bauhin,  which  only  led 
to  confusion." 


LIGNUM  NEPHRITICUM  LEAVES  AND  TRUNK 

The   specimen    from   which    thia   photograph   was   made    was   grown    on 
island  of  Luzon  in  the   Philippines. 


the 


THE  hickory  bark  beetle  kills  many  thousands  of 
trees  every  summer.  Trees  killed  by  it  may  be 
recognized  by  the  very  striking  burrows  made  by  the 
insects  under  the  bark.  These  consist  of  a  single  gal- 
lery extending  with  the  grain  of  the  bark  from  which 
on  each  side  extend  numerous  straight  or  slightly 
curved  galleries  two-thirds  inches  long.  This  is  a  very 
serious  pest  and  a  tree  once  attacked  can  seldom,  if 
ever,  be  saved. 


Courtesy  of  the  New   York  Botanical  Garden. 

A    STRUGGLK   FOR   SUPREMACY— WITH   TIIK   HONORS   TO   THE   FIG 

In  a  hammock  <»n  Rohtrts  Isiand  in  the   KverRlades  west  of  Little  River,  Florida.     A  strangling- fig,  pale-barked  tree,  grappling  a  cocoa-plum,  horizontal 
trfe-tnink    in    front,    and    a    swamp-bay.    erect    trunk    behind.      Note   strongly   buttressed    trunk   of   strangling-fig. 


A  DUEL  TO  THE  DEATH 


OF  a  very  woiiderfiil  tri])  into  Soutliern  Florida,  on 
a  botanical  exploration  in  1916,  Dr.  John  K.  Small 
writes  most  interestingly  in  the  Journal  of  the  New 
York  Botanical  Garden.  What  he  says  regarding  thi- 
immediate  region  surrounding  Roberts'  Island,  where  the 
unusual  and  striking  photograph  shown  above  was  taken, 
is  quoted : 

"We  went  by  automobile  through  the  pinewoods  to 
the  edge  of  the  Everglades.  There  afoot  we  took  to 
the  water  and  mud,  and  waded  for  a  distance  of  three 
miles  in  a  westerly  direction  in  water  mostly  knee-deep 
and  mud  at  the  same  time  half  as  deep  or  of  equal  depth, 
until  we  reached  the  hammock  The  trip  requires  stren- 
uous wading,  which  must  of  necessity  be  made  at  a  pace 
com])ared  with  which  a  fimeral  march  would  seem  quite 
rapid ;  but  the  objective  is  worth  the  effort.  This  island 
is  several  miles  long,  standing  north  and  south  in  the 
Everglades,  and  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  wide.  It  is 
densely  forested  throughout.  Much  of  its  surface  is 
so  low  that  it  is  submerged  during  the  rainy  season. 
The  soil  of  the  low  parts  is  mud  and  humus.  This  sup- 
ports an  almost  impenetrable  jungle  made  u])  mainly 
of  pond-apple  trees,  cocoa-plum  trees,  and  red-bay  trees, 
and  ferns.  There  are  ferns  by  the  square  rod  and  ferns 
by  the  acre.  The  Bo.ston  fern  and  the  sword- fern  con- 
stitute the  largest  and  most  beautiful  beds.  Several 
kinds  of  epiphytic  ferns  and  a  few  species  of  air-plants 
often  cover  the  limbs  of  the  trees.  The  higher  ground 
of  the  island  is  sandy.  There  the  live-oak  is  the  domi- 
nating tree   of   the   forest,   and   each   tree  constitutes  a 


hanging  garden.  Orchids,  air-plants,  and  ferns  com- 
jjletely  clothe  the  limbs  of  the  larger  trees.  However, 
jjlants  do  not  have  a  monopoly  of  the  trees.  There  are 
also  epiphytic  lizards  and  epiphytic  snakes !  There  is 
everywhere  present  a  beautiful  green  snake.  It  inhabits 
the  hammocks  and  it  is  especially  abundant  in  those  ol 
the  Everglades.  It  lies  outstretched  on  the  branches  of 
shrubs  and  trees  and  glides  along  the  branches  from  one 
tree  to  another  with  surprising  ease.  One  has  usually  to 
be  careful  to  look  before  laying  hold  of  the  liml)  of  a  tree 
for  support,  or  he  may  grasp  something  of  quite  different 
consistency  from  that  of  wood ! 

"The  shrubs  and  herbs  here  represent  more  northern 
kinds  than  are  met  with  in  the  hummocks  of  the  nearby 
Everglade  Keys.  Among  the  more  interesting  di.scoveries 
on  this  island  was  a  gigantic  plant  of  the  comptie,  Zamia 
piimila.  which  had  not  previously  been  found  south  of 
Fort  Lauderdale.  The  specimen  mentioned  had  a  very 
large  branched  underground  stem,  and  an  unusually  fine 
cluster  of  leaves,  each  one  over  four  feet  tall.  So  striking 
was  the  plant  that  we  dug  it  up,  photographed  it,  and  re- 
])lanted  it. 

"After  a  profitable  day  on  this  island,  we  retraced  our 
steps  through  the  Everglades  and  found  our  automobile 
without  special  incident,  except  that  one  member  of  the 
party  got  his  legs  tangled  in  the  coils  of  a  large  water  moc- 
casin, and  in  the  excitement  and  confusion  of  trying  to  get 
away  in  a  hurry  he  fell  prone  in  the  mixture  of  mud  and 
water.  Roth  snake  and  man  were  equally  surprised  at 
the  sudden  meeting  and  neither  had  time  to  harm  the 
other." 

491 


CHASMS  OF  EROSION  AND  FOREST  DEFENSE 


BY  CHARLES  A.  WHITTLE 


NO  more  striking  exhibition  of  the  results  of  erosion 
within  the  historic  age  is  to  be  found  than  in  parts 
of  Georgia  near  the  river  basins  along  the  dividing 
line  of  the  Piedmont  and  coastal  plain  regions.  Chasms 
two  hundred  feet  deep,  with  tall  trees  growing  from 
their  bottoms,  but  with  sides  bare  and  gullied,  have  been 
resolutely  gnawed  deep  into  the  plateaus  by  the  forces 
of  erosion.  Farms  have  been  riven,  barns  and  houses 
have  been  engulfed  and  generations  of  men  have  looked 
with  awe  and  helplessness  upon  the  phenomena. 

During  geological  ages  of  the  long  past,  the  now 
gashed  and  barren  earth  came  down  with  the  floods  and 
found  its  present  resting  place.  But  now  the  police 
forces  of  nature  are  commanding  it  to  "move  on"  and 
sturdy  liquid  minions  are  set  to  hustling  it. 

Only  one  staying  hand  has  been  lifted — the  dark  pine 
forests  that  grip  the  earth  with  strong  fingers  and 
resolutely  confront  the  dragons  of  the  caverns.  Where 
the  forest  is  weak  the  chasms  have  pulled  it  down.  Where 
the  forest  is  strong  the  caverns  give  up  the  struggle. 

Man  has  taken  cognizance  of  the  combat  and  given 
his  only  aid  to  the  struggle  against  erosion  ;  he  has  learned 
to  let  the  forest  alone  where  the  gorges  encroach.  To 
])lant  a  forest  athwart  the  line  of  approach  has  seemed 
futile  to  the  fanner  land  owner.  He  realizes  How  lon;j 
it  takes  to  grow  a  forest  and  how  formidable  it  has  to 
be  to  withstand  the  under-cutting  of  the  persistent  force. 
So  that  once  the  gorge,  has  invaded,  the  farmer  abandons 
hope  of  ever  again  bringing  the  land  under  agricultural 
subjection,  so  forbidding  are  the  rough  stee])  slopes  and 


NOT  THE  GRAND  CANYON 

This  shows  erosion  of  land  in  Stewart  County,  Georgia.  Note  the  depth  of  the  gully  in  which 
large  trees  are  growing  and  how  wooded  land  (left  upper  corner  of  picture)  is,  threatened  by 
the   progress  of  the   erosion. 

492 


INVADING  GOOD   FARM   LAND 

Each   day   erosion   nibbles   more  and    more   of   the    farm    land   and    wuod   lot 
seen  in  the  upper  section  of  the  picture  and  a  great  wedge  is  being  driven 
into  a  valuable  property. 


SO  narrow  and  tortuous  the  bottoms  of 
the   gorges. 

The  sculpturing  elements  have  left 
grotesque  and  often  picturesque  monu- 
ments along  the  courses  of  these  chasms, 
as  if  to  redeem  their  merciless  work 
from  utter  sordidness.  Behold  the 
towers,  the  minarets,  the  miniature  repre- 
sentations of  the  Alps,  the  Grand  Can- 
yon, the  "Bad  Lands" ;  see  the  carved 
animals  and  strange  forms  of  no  name — 
the  grand  and  grotesque  in  these  valleys 
of  destruction ! 

If  we  pry  into  the  secrets  of  this 
strange  gallery  there  is  an  apparent 
reason  for  all  of  the  sculpturing.  Cap- 
ping each  upstanding  figure  is  a  protect- 
ing stone,  often  scarcely  larger  than  a 
hand.  From  this  stone  slopes  the  earth 
forming  a  very  pretentious  peak.     One 


CHASMS  OF  EROSION  AND  FOREST  DEFENSE 


493 


FANTASTIC  SHAPES  DUE  TO  EROSION 

A   scene   in    Stewart   County,   Georgia,   where    in    a   deep   gully   are    strange 
shapes  left  as  the  water  and  weather  eat  away  the  soil. 

Stroke  of  a  walking  cane  can  dislodge  this  sentinel  and 
last  defender  and  leave  the  mass  beneath  a  prey  to  the 
eroding  elements. 

The  tree  growth  at  the  bottom  of  some  of  these  gorges 
affords  interesting  data.  Without  doubt  the  trees  have 
sprung  from  seed.  The  transfer  of  a  tree  or  even  a 
young  sprout  to  this  site  is  against  all  probabilities.  A 
determination  of  the  age  of  the  trees  would  in  a  measure, 
afford  data  for  determining  the  probable  length  of  time 
the  gorge  has  existed  at  its  present  depth,  or  the  depth 
at  which  the  tree  found  its  footing. 

Many  trees  of  commercial  size  are  found  in  these 
gorges,  but  so  inaccessible  are  they  as  to  be  considered 
of  little  commercial  value.  The  problem  is  one  of  lifting 
the  cut  timber  out  of  the  gorge  to  the  level.  To  make 
a  road  out  would  be  too  expensive. 

Some  of  the  most  striking  exhibitions  of  this  phase 
of  erosion  can  be  seen  in  Stewart  county,  Georgia,  from 
which  the  accompanying  illustrations  were  taken.  In  this 
region  are  the  terrace  lands  characteristic  of  the  deposits 
of  soil  brought  down  from  the  Piedmont  to  the  coastal 
plain  region.  Along  the  river  basins  especially,  the  ter- 
races almost  attain  the  dignity  of  plateaus.  In  these 
redeposits  of  earth,  and  in  a  region  of  heavy  rainfall, 
of  course,  erosion  is  to  be  felt  with  greatest  severity  and 
unusual  problems  for  the  conservationist  arc  afforded. 


'J'HE  caterpillar  of  the  Tussock  moth  is  of  a  general 
gray  color  vfith  its  back  ornamented  with  a  series 
of  four  tufts  of  white  hair.  The  head  is  bright  red  in 
color  and  has  two  pencils  of  black  hair  extending  for- 
ward while  a  single  similar  pencil  extends  back  from 
the  end  of  the  body.  The  very  best  way  of  fighting 
this  voracious  leaf  eater  is  by  collecting  and  destroy- 
ing the  egg  masses  during  the  winter  or  spring. 


DESTROYING  TREE  PESTS 

COMPETING  for  prizes  offered  by  the  Clinton 
County  Agricultural  Society,  school  children  of 
Clinton  County,  New  York,  have  prevented  the 
ravages  of  more  than  two  hundred  and  seventy  million 
ajjple  tree  worms  during  the  past  three  years,  by  de- 
stroying the  egg  masses  before  they  hatched.  In  1914. 
when  the  contest  started,  175,96.5,250  worms  were  ac- 
counted for,  the  hatching  of  95,000,000  was  prevented 
in  1915;  and  10.000,000  perished  in  the  vigorous  cam- 
paign of  1916. 

The  Society  has  made  public  comprehensive  plans  for 
continuing  the  work,  with  the  object  of  completely  ex- 
terminating the  ])est  in  the  county.  This  year  the  dif- 
ferent schools  in  a  town  will  compete  against  each  other, 
rather  than  one  town  trying  to  wrest  the  prize  from  an- 
other, and  tlie  increased  number  of  prizes  will  mean  added 
interest  on  the  part  of  the  children. 

The  figures  above  give  a  definite  idea  of  the  rapidity 
with  which  the  number  of  worms  is  decreasing,  as  a  result 
of  the  campaign,  and  leads  to  the  belief  that  Clinton 
County  will  soon  be  entirely  freed  from  the  destructive 
activity  of  these  pests. 


TREE  BOWS  ITS  HEAD  AT  NIGHT 

I'Vom  Simla,  India,  comes  this  story : 

"The  educated  public  in  Bengal  is  excited  over  the 
discovery  of  a  palm  tree  which  is  exhibiting  certain  re- 
markable phenomena. 

"This  tree  is  on  a  plot  of  land  owned  by  an  inhab- 
itant of  Faridjnu-.  In  the  morning  it  stands  erect,  with 
its  leaves  outspread ;  but  after  sunset  it  bows  its  head, 
the  leaves  touching  the  ground,  as  if  prostrating.  This 
is  witnessed  every  day. 

"Ignorant  people  have  come  to  regard  it  as  an  abode 
of  some  god.  Hundreds  of  men,  women  and  children 
visit  it  daily  and  offer  pujahs  near  it.  It  is  even  stated 
that  many  persons  have  been  cured  by  oifering  pujali. 

"Sir  Jagadish  Nunder  Bose,  the  renowned  botanist, 
sent  some  of  his  assistants,  with  a  self-recording  appa- 
ratus specially  constructed  for  the  purpose  to  discover 
the  cause  of  the  phenomenon.  It  has  been  found  by 
dynamometric  measurements  that  'the  internal  forces, 
whose  periodic  fluctuation  causes  this  remarkable  move- 
ment, are  very  great,  the  pull  necessary  to  bring  the  tree 
down  to  its  position  of  prostration  exceeding  several  hun- 
dred weights.' 

"Notwithstanding  the  thoroughly  scientific  explanation 
that  this  phenomenon  is  entirely  natural,  the  owner  of  the 
tree  is  still  making  a  good  income  from  the  pujah  oflFer- 
ings  of  pilgrims." 

'pHE  heavier  the  fire  wood,  the  more  heat  to  the 
cord.  Hickory,  oak,  beech,  hard  maple,  locust, 
ash,  and  elm  have  high  heat  value,  and  one  cord  of 
seasoned  wood  has  a  value  as  fuel  equal  to  one  ton  of 
coal. 


WOOD   FOR    FUEL 


■OW  THAT  the 
kiddies  are  enjoy- 
ing the  coolness 
of  the  swimming 
pool  under  the 
waterfall,  it  may 
not  seem  to  be  a 
good  time  to  talk 
about  wood  for 
burning.  Yet  Mr. 
Hoover  and  Mr.  Pack  are  doing  their 
best  to  make  us  look  into  the  needs  of 
the  days  to  come ;  and  some  good  per- 
sons we  know  are  sitting  in  the  draft 
of  an  electric  fan  this  very  minute  mak- 
ing  Christmas  presents. 

I  am  reminded  that  Everett  took  a 
dollar  away  from  his  father  on  the 
strength  of  having  the  courage  and 
skill  to  swim  all  the  way  across  the 
pool;  and  Toto  is  thinking  up  some 
way  that  he,  also,  can  drag  a  dollar 
from  the  old  man's  jeans.  All  the  rest 
have  earned  a  whole  dollar  at  once 
within  the  past  six  months,  and  they 
think  that  they  are  "putting  it  all  over" 
their  father.  Eleanor  got  him  to  offer 
a  dollar  as  a  prize  for  making  a  good 
loaf  of  bread.  She  earned  it  fairly,  but 
it  must  be  confessed  that  she  hasn't 
made  another  loaf  since;  and  a  dollar 
a  loaf  is  a  rather  high  price,  even  in 
war  times.  Gertrude  arranged  for  a 
dollar  reward  when  she  was  able  to 
recite  Lincoln's  Gettysburg  Address 
without  an  error.  She  made  a  great 
many  attempts,  but  each  time  she  left 
out  a  word  or  got  some  of  them 
twisted,  until  at  last  she  said: 

"Father,  I  have  just  got  to  learn  that 
speech  and  earn  that  dollar,  because  I 
have  borrowed  against  it  from  Mother 
and  the  rest  until  there's  only  ten  cents 
coming  to  me." 

That  night  she  was  letter-perfect  on 
the  Address,  and  paid  up  all  her  debts. 
She  could  not  help  feeling  that  she  had 
done  a  lot  of  work  and  had  got  only 
ten  cents  from  it,  after  all.  She  wanted 
to  eat  her  cake  and  have  it  too. 

T  HAT  is  what  is  the  matter  with  the 
*     American  people.    We  have  eaten 


our  cake,  in  the  form  of  forests,  and 
gas  wells,  and  oil  wells,  and  the  rich- 
ness of  our  soils,  until  now  we  are  be- 
ginning to  find  out  that  we  can  not  use 
them  and  waste  them,  and  still  have 
them.  Bismarck,  the  great  man  of  the 
great  nation  which  we  are  fighting, 
said  in  1868,  or  a  half-century  ago,  that 
the  real  test  of  the  American  form  of 
government  would  come  when  we  be- 
gan to  feel  the  pinch;  that  any  nation 
could  go  forward  and  do  big  things  as 
long  as  it  was  rich  and  there  was  plen- 
ty for  all,  but  that  it  would  fail  when 
a  good  living  no  longer  "came  easy." 
Some  folks  say  that  we  are  beginning 
to  feel  the  pinch  already,  and  many 
there  are  who  hope  that  the  awful  war 
will  bring  in  its  train  at  least  the  good 
idea  that  all  must  think  and  act  to 
make  it  a  kind  and  safe  place  where 
men  may  live,  instead  of  a  bitter  place 
where  men  must  die.  It  is  already 
teaching  us  wise  thoughts  and  good 
deeds  that  we  had  not  thought  worth 
the  thinking  or  doing. 

i^NE  of  these  thoughts  and  deeds  is 
^"^  to  save  the  waste.  Looking  for- 
ward to  next  winter,  one  of  the  wastes 
we  can  save  is  the  waste  of  fuel,  and 
particularly  the  waste  of  coal.  And  a 
way  to  save  coal  is  to  burn  wood. 
Wood  grows  again  and  again;  coal 
once  gone  is  gone  forever.  More  than 
that,  wood  is  a  good  fuel,  is  a  cheap 
fuel,  and  can  be  found  almost  any- 
where. 

/^NLY  a  few  days  ago  the  whole 
^^  family  went  fishing.  Before  we 
caught  any  fish  we  made  a  fire-place  of 
stones  and  laid  over  that  an  old  grill 
which  we  keep  for  just  such  uses.  But 
no  one  was  asked  to  gather  any  wood. 

"I  know,"  said  one,  "Father  doesn't 
want  to  put  any  hoodoo  on  the  fishing 
by  getting  so  much  ready  beforehand 
that  the  fish  won't  bite.  It's  like  carry- 
ing an  umbrella  to  keep  away  the  rain, 
or  not  cleaning  up  the  house  when  you 
want  company  to  come." 

However,  each  one  caught  some  fish, 
clear  down  to  little  Toto.     After  the 


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yy 


fish  were  cleaned  and  ready  to  be 
broiled,  the  children  found  a  wonder- 
ful fire  already  made,  with  no  smoke 
or  flame,  but  with  even,  strong  heat. 
It  was  made  from  charcoal,  which  had 
been  bought  from  Caesar,  our  Italian 
neighbor  down  in  the  valley.  He  had 
learned  to  use  it  in  Italy,  and  always 
made  and  kept  a  good  supply  on  hand. 
Some  of  it  he  sold  at  a  fair  price,  for 
it  is  a  clean,  cheap  fuel.  All  we  had 
needed  for  our  fish  had  cost  only  a  few 
cents — though  Caesar  had  wanted  to 
give  it  to  us, — "you  soocha  gooda 
peop',"  he  said.  (The  truth  is,  that 
Caesar  and  his  folks  are  the  such  good 
people!)  We  had  carried  it  to  the  fish- 
ing place  in  a  light  paper  bag,  and  it 
served  our  purpose  exactly. 

R^OST  of  us  have  forgotten  the  use 
*'*  of  charcoal,  and  have  begun  to 
overlook  the  use  of  wood  for  making 
heat.  Time  was  when  all  our  best 
meat  was  smoked  over  smouldering 
hickory,  which  cured  it  through  and 
through  and  gave  it  a  delightful  flavor. 
Nowadays,  we  look  for  short-cuts  and 
paint  our  meat  with  creosote  under  the 
fancy  name  of  Liquid  Smoke,  or  some 
other  fine-sounding  phrase,  invented 
by  a  city  advertising  man  who  never 
may  have  known  what  real  smoked 
meat  is. 

In  some  places  they  still  use  quan- 
tities of  chestnut  wood  in  brass  foun- 
dries because  it  makes  just  the  right 
heat  for  melting  the  metal  to  make  the 
castings.  Many  small  bakeries  still 
use  wood,  and  claim  that  no  other  fuel 
is  as  good  for  baking  bread;  vessels 
put  in  Key  West  regularly  to  get  the 
button-wood  which  grows  on  the  Flor- 
ida Keys  and  burns  in  the  cooks'  gal- 
leys with  no  smoke  and  little  ash. 
One  whole  section  of  the  Louisville  and 
Nashville  Railroad,  in  west  Florida, 
is  run  by  wood-burning  locomotives, 
or  was  so  run  only  a  year  or  so  ago. 
These  locomotives  used  the  resinous 
lightwood  of  longleaf  pine,  mainly  from 


the  old  roots,  and  the  train  stopped 
often  at  track-side  wood-racks  to  refill 
the  tender,  stacking  it  high  with  the 
twisted  and  knotted  stump  wood. 
From  the  point  of  view  of  the  traveler 
one  can  not  wholly  favor  it.  In  the 
hot  summer  the  car  windows  could 
not  be  kept  closed,  and  the  flakes  of 
tarry  soot  came  floating  in  to  stick  to 
everything  they  touched,  like  thick, 
greasy,  black  cobwebs.  But  every  cord 
of  wood  saved  a  ton  of  coal. 

THAT  is  what  we  must  all  think  of 
now.  There  are  thousands  of 
cords  of  good  wood  going  to  waste. 
The  skeletons  of  blight-killed  chestnut 
trees  point  accusing  fingers  to  heaven, 
in  all  our  north  Atlantic  states.  They 
show  so  plainly  that  they  seem  almost 
to  say,  "Come  take  us  away  from  here 
where  we  are  so  naked  and  ashamed. 
Let  us  burn  for  you,  instead  of  stand- 
ing here  as  records  of  man's  careless- 
ness." It  is  so  easy  to  persuade  our- 
selves that  the  work  will  not  pay  for 
itself!  When  we  try,  we  are  likely  to 
find  that  it  does  pay,  and  we  are  likely 
to  learn  more  and  more  that  it  always 
pays  to  practice  thrift. 

IWOW  is  the  time  to  spot  the  dead- 
*  '  topped,  and  crooked,  and  diseased 
trees,  and  the  time  to  mark  the  wild 
cherries  that  are  not  likely  to  furnish 
good  timber,  but  are  harbors  for  the 
tent  caterpillars  that  do  so  much  harm 
to  orchard  and  woodlot.  The  removal 
of  all  these  types  of  trees  will  make  the 
woodlot  better,  and  cordwood  cut  this 
summer  will  be  well-seasoned  for  next 
winter's  use,  if  it  is  split  and  piled.  The 
work  may  be  done  on  most  farms,  with 
the  extra  summer  help,  during  the  per- 
iod between  haying  time  and  the  early 
grains  at  the  beginning  of  the  season, 
and  the  final  fall  harvests.  The  poor 
trees  make  good  enough  wood  for  burn- 
ing, and  when  they  are  gone  the  other 
trees  have  a  chance  to  grow  straight. 

(Continued  on  next  page) 


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496 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


P  VEN  if  one  cannot  use  the  wood  all  on  the  farm,  it 
is  not  hard  to  find  a  market.  In  nearby  towns  there 
are  many  persons  w'ho  have  open  fire-places  in  their 
homes,  and  who  would  like  to  keep  them  burning  on 
winter  evenings,  as  household  altars,  but  they  have  a 
real  difficulty  in  getting  the  wood,  even  though  it  is 
only  a  few  miles  distant,  at  most,  and  going  to  waste 
from  being  allowed  to  decay.  The  money  from  the 
cordwood  is  not  the  only  return;  the  trees  that  are 
left  will  take  on  increased  girth  because  they  are  given 
more  room  and  light. 

•yHEN,  too,  coming  back  to  the  war, — as  we  all  do 
no  matter  what  we  start  to  talk  about  these  days — 
the  government  is  likely  at  any  time  to  need  all  the 
coal  it  can  get  its  hands  on,  for  big  manufacturing  or 
for  the  navy.  The  use  of  wood  will  release  coal  for 
these  purposes,  and  the  trees  will,  in  this  respect, 
perform  still  another  service  in  helping  us  to  win. 

To  use  our  forests  for  firewood,  provided  they  are 
used  in  the  right  way,  is  to  save,  and  not  to  waste 
them.  By  being  careful  and  thrifty  we  can  "eat  our 
cake  and  have  it  too,"  with  the  trees,  because,  with 
wise  use,  they  will  return  more  and  more.  They  are 
not  used  up  as  the  coal  will  be,  if  we  do  not  save  it. 
Only  when  the  trees  again  furnish  a  great  deal  of  fuel, 
as  they  did  in  the  days  when  men  thought  of  coal  only 
as  a  "black  stone,"  will  we  be  practicing  the  thrift 
which  must  prove  the  words  of  Bismarck  to  be  false. 


NATIONAL   FORESTS    RECEIPTS   INCREASE 

RECEIPTS  from  the  National  Forests  in  the  fiscal 
year  just  closed  exceeded  those  for  1916,  the  ban- 
ner previous  year,  by  more  than  $600,000  and 
totaled  over  $3,450,000.  The  cost  of  operating  the  For- 
ests, about  $4,000,000,  was  virtually  the  same  as  in  1916. 

The  increase,  according  to  the  forestry  officials,  came 
chiefly  from  a  more  active  timber  business  and  from 
the  higher  fees  charged  for  grazing,  although  practically 
every  form  of  use  of  the  Forests  was  greater  than  ever 
before  and  nearly  every  revenue-producing  activity  con- 
tributed to  the  gain.  The  only  exception  was  that  of 
sales  of  turpentining  jjrivileges,  which  fell  oflf  nearly 
one-half.  Since  these  sales  are  made  only  on  the  Florida 
Forest  the  receipts  from  this  source  are  relatively  small. 

The  timber  business  realized  fpr  the  Government 
over  $1,600,000  and  live  stock  grazing  over  $1,500,000. 
Permits  for  water-power  development  brought  in  over 
$100,000  and  other  forms  of  land  occupancy,  including 
leases  of  land  for  summer  homes,  as  much  more.  In 
this  item  the  gain  was  28  per  cent. 

It  is  pointed  out  by  the  Forest  Service  tliat  many 
forms  of  use  of  the  Forests  bring  in  no  revenue.  Settlers 
in  and  near  the  Forests  are  allowed  much  free  timber 
for  domestic  and  farm  use  and  are  also  allowed  free 
grazing  up  to  ten  head  of  milch  or  work  animals.  As 
public  recreation  grounds  the  Forests  are  open  to  all 
without  charge,  while  their  almost  inestimable  value  for 


water  conservation  is  maintained  solely  at  the  cost  of 
the  Government.  Although  their  administration  and  pro- 
tection as  public  utilities  necessitate  large  expenditures 
which  yield  no  money  returns,  the  narrowing  gap  be- 
tween expenditures  and  receipts  holds  out  the  prospect, 
those  in  charge  of  the  work  feel,  that  the  revenues  will 
in  no  great  time  exceed  the  operating  cost. 

With  the  demand  for  timber  markedly  stimulated 
by  war  conditions,  the  Government  foresters  anticipate 
a  further  increase  in  the  National  Forest  cut  and  the 
receipts  for  timber  during  the  current  year.  On  the 
other  hand,  they  point  out  that  an  increase  hi  business 
will  necessarily  call  for  more  work  and  increased  costs. 
Congress  provided  for  this  by  increasing  the  funds  avail- 
able this  year  for  National  Forest  administration  and 
protection  by  about  $80,000. 

Of  the  grazing  receipts  cattle  furnished  approxi- 
mately $900,000  and  sheep  $570,000.  On  account  of 
the  feed  shortage  faced  by  the  live  stock  industry 
throughout  a  great  part  of  the  West  last  spring,  and 
because  of  the  needs  of  the  nation  for  meat,  wool  and 
hide  production,  the  stock  were  admitted  early  and  up 
to  the  full  limit  of  the  carrying  capacity  of  the  ranges. 
As  a  result  of  regulated  grazing  the  capacity  of  the 
ranges  has  been  growing  greater  for  some  years,  the 
Forest  Service  officials  state,  and  the  increase  in  graz- 
ing receipts  is  in  part  due  to  the  fact  that  the  herds  on 
the  Forests  this  summer  are  larger  than  in  any  previous 
season. 

A  PPROVED  grazing  allowances  for  the  National 
Forests  during  the  present  season  provide  for  the 
pasturing  of  8,400,155  sheep,  2,120,145  cattle  and 
horses,  and  54,680  swine.  These  figures,  compared 
with  those  of  last  year,  represent  an  approximate  in- 
crease of  111,000  cattle  and  horses  and  a  decrease  of 
about  200,000  sheep. 


"TJO  you  know  that  many  birds  often  eat  their  weight 
in  insects  each  day?  Do  you  know  that  but  for 
these  birds,  insects  would  make  the  earth  uninhabita- 
ble in  seven  years?  Do  you  know  that  the  game  hog, 
the  small  boy  with  a  22  rifle  and  the  domestic  cat  de- 
stroy untold  millions  of  beneficial  birds  each  year? 


T^O  you  know  that  there  are  over  100,000  kinds  of  in- 
sects in  the  United  States,  the  majority  of  which 
are  injurious?  Do  you  know  that  these  insects  cause 
over  a  billion  dollars  worth  of  damage  to  our  crops 
each  year,  and  destroy  forest  trees  sufficient  to  furnish 
lumber  for  thousands  of  homes? 


A  N  interesting  deposit  of  carbonized  wood,  principal- 
ly Sitka  spruce,  was  recently  uncovered  by  a  party 
of  timber  cruisers  near  Talolah,   Washington.     The 
coal  was  successfully  burned  for  several  days  on  the 
camp  fires  of  the  party. 

QF  the  30,000,000  trees  planted  in  the  United  States 
last  year,  Pennsylvania  planted  almost  one-fourth. 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


497 


REFLECTION  LAKE,  IN  INDIAN  HENRY'S  HUNTING  GROUND,  RAINIER  NATIONAL  PARK 
No  better  name  could  have  been  found  for  this  clear,  glass-like  body  of  water— in  this  view  mirroring  "Rain- 
ier, the  Beautiful"— rising  in  glistening  splendor  14,408  feet  above  the  sea,  its  white  majesty  vigilantly 
guarded  by  the  dark  forest  of  fir  and  cedar  below. 


A   GROUP   OF   THE  HUNTERS  AND   SOME  OF  THEIR  SPOILS 

Some  of  the  school  children  of   DubuQUe,   Iowa,  whose  good  work,  inspired  by  the  Rotary  Club  of  that  city,  resulted  in  the  collection  of  sixty  pounds 
of  cocoons  of  the  tussock  moth.     It  was  a  competitive  campaign,  and  the  little  girl  whose  collar  is  marked  with  a  cross  was  the  winner. 

THE  VALIANT  HUNTERS  OF  THE  MOTH  EGG  COCOONS 


THE  following  from  the  Newark  Evening  News  is 
reproduced    with    congratulations    to    the    Rotary 
Club  of   Dubuque   for  inspiring  the   work  in  that 
city  and  to  the  school  children  of  Dubuque  for  the  fine 
showing  they  made  in  collecting  the  cocoons: 

"At  first  glance  one  might  easily  suppose  the  cut  is 
illustrative  of  some  phase  of  the  food  campaign  which 
is  now  sweeping  this  country.  In  truth  it  is  but  several 
stages  removed,  for  these  school  children  are  among 
those  in  Dubuque,  Iowa,  whose  efforts  were  enlisted  in 
fighting  the  tussock  moth. 

"When  the  Rotary  Club  of  that  city  realized  the 
danger  that  was  threatening  their  trees  because  of  the 
ravages  of  the  tussock  moth,  a  campaign  was  started  to 
collect  the  egg  cocoons  before  thev  had  the  opportunity 
to  hatch  out  this  spring.  Members  of  the  club  visited 
the  various  schools  and  succeeded  in  interesting  the  teach- 
ers and  pupils  in  the  undertaking.  The  club  offered 
prizes  for  the  school  children  who  would  turn  in  the 
largest  number  of  egg  cocoons.  Captains  were  appointed 
in    each    school    and    the    work    was    soon    organized. 

498 


The    individual    and    school    prizes    approximated    $50. 

"One  hundred  children  brought  in  about  five  bushels 
of  cocoons,  weighing  over  sixty  pounds,  and  the  picture 
shows  some  of  the  boys  and  girls  who  were  prize-winners. 
Little  Barbara  Alesch,  aged  twelve  (whose  picture  bears 
a  cross),  was  the  winner,  not  only  of  the  girls'  first  prize, 
but  of  the  second  general  prize  in  competition  with  the 
boys.  When  asked  how  she  did  it,  she  replied,  T  just 
took  all  the  boys  overlooked.' 

"The  Rotary  Club  has  decided,  if  next  year  another 
similar  campaign  is  necessary,  to  give  each  pupil  twenty- 
five  cents  for  each  pound  of  cocoons  gathered,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  special  prizes.  In  this  way  every  pupil  par- 
ticipating will  receive  something  for  his  or  her  work. 
By  adopting  this  method  the  expenditure  of  $75  or  $100 
will  accomplish  wonders.  This  year  publicity  through 
the  newspapers  stimulated  interest,  and,  aside  from  the 
egg  cocoons  gathered,  scores  of  -people  cleared  up  their 
own  trees  and  banded  them.  The  ten  days  of  energetic 
work  certainly  has  proved  a  saving  of  countless  trees  to 
this  wide-awake  city." 


INSURING   STANDING  FORESTS 


MUTUAL  insurance  of  standing  timber  has  re- 
cently been  introduced  in  the  United  States  with 
striking  success.  As  with  many  other  forms  of 
forest  development  New  Hampshire  is  the  first  state  in 
which  the  practice  has  been  applied.  The  results  there 
have  been  such  as  to  attract  widespread  attention  among 
the  owners  of  timberlands  in  other  parts  of  the  country 
and  to  warrant  the  belief  that  forest  insurance  on  a 
mutual  basis  will  soon  become  as  popular  here  as  abroad. 
The  Timberlands  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company 
was  formed  by  leading  lumbermen  and  men  experienced 
in  the  handling  of  fire  protection  in  the  woodlands.  Its 
operations  are  based  on  careful  consideration  of  all  avail- 
able data  as  to  the  average  loss  over  protected  areas. 
This  data  came  from  widely  scattered  sources  and  rep- 
resents the  experience  of  successful  insurance  operations 
in  foreign  lands  by  both  stock  and  mutual  companies 
and  by  the  stock  companies  of  America.  With  this  in- 
formation as  a  foundation  the  company  has  been  enabled 
to  arrive  at  conclusions  that  eliminate  much  of  the  ex- 
perimental work  in  a  new  enterprise  of  this  nature  and 
to  give  service  at  a  minimum  of  cost  and  risk. 

Besides  giving  policyholders  their  insurance  at  cost 
the  mutual  company  is  regarded  as  affording  a  valuable 
stimulus  to  planting  and  long  time  management  of  wood- 
lands, for  which  adequate  and  continuous  protection  will 
be  demanded.  Of  similar  importance  is  that  the  insur- 
ance makes  timberlands  more  satisfactory  security  for 
loans.  Through  these  factors  it  is  believed  the  new  form 
of  insurance  will  help  establish  a  broader  and  more  defi- 
nite market  for  cut-over  lands  and  plantations  and  thus 
create  new  values  and  a  new  source  of  wealth. 

The  New  Hampshire  company  is  now  accepting  ap- 
plications and  issuing  policies  covering  loss  or  damage 
by  fire  on  merchantable  standing  timber,  young  standing 
timber  and  plantations.  Insurance  is  written  on  no  tracts 
which  are  not  adequately  protected  from  fire  by  forest 
protective  associations,  the  state  or  the  owner.  As  an- 
other measure  to  minimize  the  hazard  the  company  will 
not  accept  tracts  which  contain  or  adjoin  recent  slashings 
or  which  are  exposed  to  undue  danger  from  fire.  The 
amount  of  insurance  on  any  tract  is  governed  by  location 
and  value  and  no  line  is  given  on  any  ri.sk  in  excess  of 
that  warranted  by  the  assets  of  the  company.  With  this 
limitation  timber  may  be  insured  for  part  or  full  value, 
as  desired  by  the  owner.  Merchantable  timber  is  insured 
on  the  basis  of  its  stumpage  value  per  thousand  feet  or 
per  cord,  while  young  growth  and  plantations  are  cov- 
ered on  an  agreed  value  per  acre. 

As  a  mutual  company  the  organization  has  for  its  aim 
the  granting  of  insurance  at  actual  cost,  eliminating  the 
agents'  commissions  and  other  items  that  must  be  added 
to  the  charges  of  companies  operating  for  profit.  For  the 
current  year  the  company  has  established  a  base  rate  of 
two  per  cent,  premium  deposit,  with  the  announcement 
that  this  is  several  times  the  average  annual  percentage 


of  loss  experienced  over  a  number  of  years  in  standing 
timber  under  organized  protection.  Each  premium  paid 
is  treated  as  a  cash  deposit.  Such  portion  of  this  deposit 
as  may  not  be  absorbed  by  losses,  expenses  and  necessary 
reserves  will  be  returned  to  policyholders  in  the  form  of 
dividends.  In  this  way  it  is  claimed  that  the  company 
places  at  the  service  of  timber  owners  facilities  for  in- 
suring standing  timber  at  the  lowest  possible  cost,  hith- 
erto unobtainable  in  this  country. 

Among  the  arguments  set  forth  in  behalf  of  this  form 
of  insurance  are  the  following: 

It  guarantees  owners  the  money  value  of  their  young 
growing  timber  which  otherwise,  if  fire-killed  before 
reaching  merchantable  size,  becomes  a  total  loss. 

It  makes  standing  timber  a  more  acceptable  security 
for  money  loans  and  thereby  increases  the  owner's  bor- 
rowing capacity  on  timber  pledged  as  collateral. 

It  is  a  guarantee  for  money  spent  in  making  planta- 
tions and  gives  protection  which  warrants  planting  on  a 
more  extensive  scale  than  has  heretofore  been  practiced. 

It  is  a  stimulus  to  continued  and  adequate  forest  pro- 
vection,  as  reduction  of  hazard  will  result  in  reduction  of 
insurance  cost. 

The  majority  of  the  organizers  and  directors  of  the 
company  are  owners  and  operators  of  standing  timber, 
who  have  been  active  for  years  in  promoting  forest  pro- 
tection. They  believe  that  mutual  insurance  is  now  both 
safe  and  economical  and  that  indemnity  for  fire  losses 
by  means  of  insurance  is  of  importance  next  to  fire  pro- 
tection itself.  In  the  formation  of  the  company  there 
have  been  no  exj>enses  for  promotion  and  organization. 
The  only  charges  incurred  were  those  for  the  charter 
and  license  fees. 

Evidence  of  the  high  character  of  the  organization 
is  afforded  by  its  personnel.  As  its  president  the  com- 
I)any  has  W.  R.  Brown,  president  of  the  Berlin  Mills 
Company,  of  Berlin,  N.  H.,  a  director  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association  and  president  of  the  New  Hampshire 
Timberland  Owners'  Association,  who  conceived  the 
idea  and  is  chiefly  responsible  for  its  successful  devel- 
opment. Other  ofikers  ajre:  Vice  president,  E.  E, 
Amey,  of  the  American  Realty  Company,  Portland,  Me. : 
treasurer  and  manager,  S.  L.  de  Carteret,  Portsmouth, 
N.  H. ;  secretary,  T.  E.  Sears,  of  Gilmour,  Rothery  & 
Company,  Portsmouth,  N.  H.  In  addition  to  President 
Brown  and  Vice  President  Amey  the  directors  are : 

Martin  A.  Brown,  Woodstock  Lumber  Company,  Bos- 
ton, Mass. ;  George  B.  Leighton,  N.  H.  Forestry  Commis- 
sion, Dublin,  N.  H. ;  George  Hewitt  Myers,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. ;  H.  G.  Philbrook,  Connecticut  Valley  Lilm- 
Ijcr  Company,  Boston,  Mass. ;  E.  Bertram  Pike,  Pike 
Manufacturing  Company,  Pike,  N.  H. ;  Weld  A.  Rollins, 
Lawyer,  Boston,  Mass. ;  L.  S.  Tainter,  Publishers'  Paper 
Conii)any.  Boston.  Mass. ;  C.  C.  Wilson,  Odell  Manufac- 
turing Company,  Groveton,  N.  H. ;  F.  J.  Suloway,  Law- 
yer, Concord,  N.  H. 

499 


EDITORIAL 

HAWAIIAN  FORESTS 


HAWAII  has  a  general  system  of  publicly  owned 
forest  reservations,  numbering  39,  and  covering 
798,344  acres,  of  which  .ilyz  per  cent,  is  still  pri- 
vate holdings.  These  forests  are  indispensable  to  the 
prosperity  of  the  islands  in  protecting  the  slopes  for  the 
conservation  of  water  for  irrigation  on  the  dryer  lower 
slopes  and  flats.  The  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agri- 
culture and  Forestry  in  1915  appointed  Charles  S. 
Judd,  a  technical  forester  with  eight  years'  experience 
in  the  National  Forest  Service,  as  superintendent  of 
forestry  to  succeed  Ralph  Hnsmer,  also  a  trained  for- 
ester, under  whom  the  work  had  been  organized,  and 
who  is  now  director  of  the  College  of  Forestry  at  Cor- 
nell. Rules  have  been  adopted  protecting  the  reserves 
from  illegal  cutting  or  injury  to  timber,  requiring  per- 
mits for  stock  grazing  and  for  hunting  wild  animals, 
prohibiting  the  pollution  of  streams  and  preventing  the 
squatting  upon  government  lands.  The  water  supply  of 
the  city  of  Honolulu  is  given  special  protection,  no  one 
without  a  permit  being  allowed  on  this  area.  Extensive 
fencing  projects  have  been  undertaken  against  stock.  A 
volunteer  fire-warden  system  is  well  established  and  ren- 
dering efficient  service,  as  the  damage  done  by  fire  is  very 
serious  and  universally  recognized. 


It  is  estimated  that  the  algaroba,  our  native  mesquite, 
now  covers  80,000  acres  of  the  dryer  lands.  Forest  ex- 
tension is  being  pushed  by  the  introduction  of  other  valua- 
ble trees,  the  maintenance  of  nurseries  for  tree  seedlings, 
by  planting  on  government  lands  and  by  giving  advice  on 
methods  of  tree  cultivation.  Eucalyptus  species  give  great 
promise.  Many  Philippine  species  are  being  tested  and 
others  from  India,  New  Zealand  and  Jamaica.  An  arbor 
day  has  been  established  since  1905.  Within  two  years 
1,803,728  trees  have  been  planted  on  private  lands,  half 
(if  which  were  eucalyptus  robusta,  or  swamp  mahogany, 
which  grows  anywhere,  withstands  wind,  produces  good 
timber  and  fuel  and  is  easily  propagated  from  seed.  In 
other  words,  this  great  undertaking  is  being  conducted 
on  a  thoroughly  efficient  and  progressive  basis,  free  from 
politics,  and  if  continued  under  its  present  form  of  or- 
ganization by  which  a  trained  technical  and  business 
expert  is  given  full  charge  of  the  activities  of  the  de- 
partment, with  a  board  of  directors  to  review  his  work 
and  advise  him,  it  is  inevitable  that  the  public  will  reap 
increasing  benefits  and  that  the  economic  objects  of  the 
administration  will  be   fully  attained. 


THE  NEW  STANDARD  OF  PUBLIC  SERVICE 


THIS  generation  is  witnessing  not  alone  a  gigantic 
struggle  between  the  ancient  superstition  of  autoc- 
racy and  the  young  and  vital  principle  of  democ- 
racy and  equality,  but  coupled  with  this  in  a  manner 
most  confusing  to  clear  thinking  is  the  question  of  har- 
monizing the  apparently  opposing  tendencies  of  freedom 
and  efficiency. 

In  a  war  which  demands  the  concentration  of  every 
ounce  of  the  nation's  strength,  and  the  rapid  and  com- 
plete organization  of  her  entire  economic  structure,  we 
have  recognized,  as  have  our  allies,  the  need  of  sur- 
rendering our  individual  liberty  of  action  to  the  directing 
genius  of  experts  in  every  line.  For  perhaps  the  first 
time  in  our  history  the  popular  doctrine  that  the  versatile 
American  can  turn  his  hand  to  anything  at  a  moment's 
notice  has,  at  least  in  military  affairs,  given  way  to  the 
principle  of  thorough  preparation  by  training  for  the 
duties  ahead. 

The  Prussian  State  has  for  two  hundred  years  rec- 
ognized that  national  efficiency  is  based  on  thorough 
preparation,  both  in  economic  and  military  matters,  but 
has  held  that  such  preparation  could  only  be  secured  by 
an  autocracy,  in  which  the  rulers  and  the  ruling  classes 
possessed  the  expert  knowledge,  combined  with  the.  su- 

500 


perior  wisdom  which  enabled  them  to  guide  the  obedient 
masses  to  the  attainment  of  world  domination.  The 
grim  and  blighting  success  which  has  attended  their  aims 
has  taught  the  world  not  merely  the  necessity  for  crush- 
ing once  and  for  all  a  system  of  government  which  gives 
the  soul  and  willpower  of  a  great  nation  into  the  keeping 
of  fiends  devoid  of  human  compassion,  but  it  has  brought 
out  the  fact  that  efficiency,  serving  the  common  good  and 
directed  by  the  combined  will  and  intellect  of  democracy, 
is  the  only  protection  against  brutal  aggression. 

How  does  this  lesson  strike  home  to  us?  National 
efficiency  in  private  business  has  been  maintained  on  a 
fairly  high  plane, — but,  in  pubHc  affairs  we  have  frankly 
failed  in  a  large  measure.  In  the  place  of  economy  and 
skilled  direction  of  vast  public  enterprises,  we  have  en- 
dured conditions  of  unspeakable  incompetency,  waste  and 
vicious  graft.  Why  is  there  such  a  contrast  ?  How  long 
can  we  tolerate  conditions  which  we  now  know  to  be  not 
only  unscientific,  but  suicidal? 

The  cause  is  not  far  to  seek.  We  have  applied  the 
idea  of  freedom  and  equality  to  our  management  of  public 
affairs  in  such  a  manner  that  the  only  qualifications  for 
responsible  positions  were  popularity  and  the  ability  to 
swing  votes.     Offices  went  as  rewards  to  political  ad- 


EDITORIAL 


501 


herents,  or  as  bribes  for  future  favors,  and  the  fitness 
of  the  appointee  for  the  work  was  a  secondary  considera- 
tion. Even  in  the  National  Government,  certain  depart- 
ments and  bureaus  were  notoriously  dominated  by  these 
standards,  and  the  term  "government  ofificial"  was  a 
synonym,  in  the  popular  mind,  for  laziness,  incomiietency, 
and  even  graft. 

Very  slowly,  but  with  increasing  momentum,  our  great 
and  unwieldy  democracy  is  coming  to  the  realization  and 
acceptance  of  a  new  and  better  standard  of  public  service. 
This  found  its  first  feeble  beginning  in  what  was  termed 
"Civil  Service  Reform",  which  spught  to  establish  stand- 
ards of  efficiency,  and  to  substitute  merit  and  continuous 
tenure  of  ofifice  for  subordinates,  in  place  of  the  spoils  sys- 
tem. 

Soon  there  grew  up  in  certain  departments  of  the  Na- 
tional Government  standards  of  scientific  attainment, 
requiring  educational  training  of  a  high  order,  and  at- 
tracting men  to  public  work,  not  through  the  avenue  oi 
political  preferment,  but  on  the  solid  basis  of  a  profes- 
sional and  business  career.  Engineers,  both  within  and 
without  the  United  States  Army,  geologists  and  topog- 
raphers, agricultural  experts  and  foresters — a  great 
army  of  trained  men  has  grown  up  almost  over  night 
in  our  National  Service — and  now,  when  we  suddenly 
awake  to  our  needs,  it  is  these  public  servants  of  the 
new  type  who  have  taken  the  leadership  in  organizing 
not  merely  the  army,  but  the  food  campaign  and  many 
other  vital  activities.  Joined  with  them  are  the  special- 
ists drafted  from  private  business. 

The  lesson  which  the  National  Government  has  so 
nearly  learned,  in  the  substitution  and  protection  of  a 
force  of  skilled  men  in  place  of  the  outgrown  system  of 
political  appointees,  is  beginning  to  make  headway  also 
in  state  and  municipal  affairs.  But  here  the  powers  of 
politics — the  old,  inefficient  system  of  partisan  govern- 
ment— is  still  strongly  intrenched,  and  it  will  take  much 
study  and  effort  to  establish  practical  systems  under 
which  the  grip  of  the  spoilsman  can  be  shaken  from  the 
throat  of  the  public,  and  at  the  same  time  the  govern- 
ment of  city  or  state  be  kept  responsive  to  popular  will. 

It  is  significant  that  in  cities,  the  form  of  govern- 
ment most  successful  to  date  is  the  commission  plan, 
under  which  a  body  of  several  citizens  is  chosen  by  bal- 
lot, to  serve  as  a  governing  board,  with  ]50wer  to  ap- 
point all  subordinates.     A  still  greater  improvement   is 


the  authorization  of  employment  by  them  of  a  city  man- 
ager. This  plan  is  identical  with  that  followed  by  prac- 
tically all  large  private  business  corporations  —  univer- 
sally adopted  by  them  because  it  has  been  found  to  secure 
the  best  results.  Under  its  operation,  experts  are  re- 
tained to  manage  each  special  department  of  work,  and 
are  paid  adequate  salaries. 

Rut,  when  we  come  to  state  organization,  we  find  no 
consistent  policies  developed  as  yet.  The  machinery  is 
too  complicated  for  the  public  to  grasp  and  solve  at  once. 
The  usual  form  of  organization  is  the  outgrowth  of  hap- 
hazard development,  and  combines  appointment  by  the 
governor,  for  some  positions,  with  the  creation  of  boards 
of  directors  for  other  lines  of  work.  The  executives,  in 
seeking  light  on  this  question,  naturally  gravitate  towards 
enlargements  of  their  own  powers,  the  abolition  of  nu- 
merous boards,  and  the  building  up  of  centralized  forms 
of  government  largely  autocratic  in  character,  and  thor- 
oughly dominated  by  the  principle  of  political  control. 
Can  the  various  states  find  ways  of  solving  this  problem, 
which  shall  secure  in  state  affairs  the  same  •  efficiency 
and  high  standards  of  service  that  are  now  rapidly  be- 
coming established  in  National  and  Municipal  Govern- 
ment? 

If  state  forestry  is  taken  as  an  example,  the  experi- 
ence of  numerous  states  is  wholly  in  favor  of  the  plan 
of  retaining  boards  of  directors  over  distinct  depart- 
ments of  state  work.  But  these  boards  must  recognize 
that  the  executive  work  of  the  department  must  be 
placed  by  them  on  the  shoulders  of  a  trained  official. 
It  is  the  failure  of  boards  to  do  this  that  has  discredited 
them  in  many  instances.  P'ortunately,  forestry  boards, 
with  few  exceptions,  have  followed  correct  principles, 
and  the  work  of  the  trained  men  so  selected  speaks  for 
itself  in  every  state  so  managed.  So  conspicuous  is  the 
success  of  state  foresters  selected  under  this  plan  of 
organization,  and  so  great  is  the  contrast  in  states  in 
which  other  plans  have  been  followed,  that  in  this  time 
of  self-examination  and  sincere  effort  the  states  cannot 
afford  to  overlook  or  neglect  the  lesson  taught.  Much 
remains  to  be  learned,  but  the  principle  of  a  board  of 
directors,  i^roperly  chosen,  must  not  be  cast  upon  the 
scrap  heap  in  favor  of  centralized  control.  Who  knows 
but  that  in  the  board  idea  properly  developed  we  may  not 
have  after  all  the  solution  of  ihe  ])roblem  of  harmonizing 
..popular  liberty  with  highest  efficiency  in  a  democracy? 


OUR  NATIONAL  MEAT 

IN  a  recent  issue,  American  Forestrv  called  attention 
to  the  probable  effect  of  the  new  640-acre  stock  graz- 
ing homestead  law  upon  the  grazing  industry  of  the 
West.  This  law  was  based  upon  a  fundamental  eco- 
nomic error,  in  as.suming  that  640  acres  of  non-irrigable 
land  was  sufficient  to  support  a  family  by  its  use  for 
grazing.  It  is  universally  known  in  the  West,  and  as 
freely  admitted,  that  this  cannot  be  done.  The  carrying 
capacity  of  the  arid  range  to  which  this  law  applies  i^ 
but  one  cow  to  from  20  to  40  acres.    One  hundred  beef- 


SUPPLY  THREATENED 

cattle  yield  only  a  fair  living,  yet  this  minimum  requires 
at  least  2,000  acres  and  more  often  twice  that  area. 

The  public  officials  charged  with  the  administration 
of  this  law  are  as  fully  aware  of  this  situation  as  are  the 
local  residents,  but  true  to  the  ancient  doctrine  of  laissez- 
faire,  they  shrug  their  shoulders  and  express  the  opinion 
that  the  success  or  failure  of  the  homesteader  is  none  of 
their  concern,  provided  they  live  up  to  legal  requirements 
in  proving  up. 

In  a  recent  article  published  in  the  Albuquerque,  N.  M. 


502 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Morning  Journal  the  following  summary  appeared: 

"The  entrymen  who  will  file  on  these  lands  consist  of 
three  classes:  a  small  portion  of  them  are  looking  for 
tillable  soil  on  which  to  make  a  home;  about  one-third  of 
them  want  to  take  up  640  acres  as  a  nucleus  for  a  small 
stock  ranch,  while  the  greater  number  are  persons  who 
hope  to  prove  up  on  640  acres  and  then  sell  at  a  good 
price."  Continuing,  this  paper  says :  "The  assassination 
of  the  late  Thomas  Lyons  of  Grant  County  is  said  to  have 
been  due  to  a  feud  he  had  with  several  640-acre  entry- 
men  who  had  sent  him  word  that  he  must  buy  them  out  if 
he  wanted  to  keep  his  range  intact." 

The  situation  revealed  by  this  frank  statement  brings 
out  in  clear  relief  the  evils  which  will  follow  the  applica- 
tion of  this  law.  Not  ten  per  cent  of  the  applicants  can 
actually  support  themselves  from  the  grazing  on  640 
acres,  hence  the  sole  object  of  the  filing  will  be  to  obtain 
private  title  to  government  land,  in  order  to  hold  up 
some  one  who  can  make  use  of  it,  by  "selling  out  at  a 
high  price." 

The  grazing  business  requires  large  units,  and  is  the 
only  possible  use  for  most  of  this  land.     Once  the  land 
is    fenced  ofT  by  numerous  640-acre   land   speculators, 
whose  sole  hope  of  return  lies  in  selling  to  these  stock- 
men, the  grazing  business  is  immediately  disrupted  on  an 
enormous  scale,  and  cannot  be  resumed  until  after  the 
three-year  period  required  for  the  applicants  to  prove  up, 
and  the  completion  of  negotiations  for  the  purchase  of 
the  lands.     But  if  these  lands  are  held  at  speculative 
prices,  either  the  overhead  charges  for  capital  and  in- 
terest on  the  grazing  business  will  be  enormously  in- 
creased, or  the  stockmen  will  be  driven  out  at  least  tem- 
porarily.    Ultimately,  by  the  ruthless  operation  of  eco- 
nomic laws,  grazing  units  will  be  reassembled  of  suf- 
ficient size  to  permit  the  industry  to  resume  its  functions. 
The  worst  effects  of  this  speculative  raid  upon  the 
arid  public  lands  was  postponed  by  the  requirements  that 
the  ofificials  of  the  Interior  Department  must  first  exam- 
ine and  classify  the  land  as  non-irrigable,  non-timbered, 
and  chiefly  valuable  for  grazing,  and  the  raising  of  forage 
crops.     But  the  delays  caused  by  this  safeguarding  of 
public  interests  are  proving  too  irksome  for  the  .specu- 
'ators,  and  by  a  recent  amendment  offered  by  a  south- 
western senator,   all  barriers  are  swept  away  and   the 
applicant  can  file  on  any  unreserved  public  land  regard- 
less  of    its   character,    whether   timbered    or   otherwise. 
Should  this  amendment  pass,  the  flood-gates  are  open  and 


the  public  lands  will  disappear  over  night  in  the  worst 
scramble  the  West  has  ever  seen. 

We  hold  no  brief  for  the  cattle  baron  or  sheep  man, 
who  in  the  past  has  monopolized  the  free  range,  fenced 
up  the  waterholes  and  driven  out  the  homesteader  by 
intimidation  and  violence.  He  should  long  ago  have 
been  made  to  pay  into  the  public  treasury  the  value  of 
the  grazing  privileges  on  public  lands,  just  as  today  he 
is  paying  for  his  grazing  rights  on  both  National  Forests 
and  Indian  Reservations.  But  the  stockmen  fought  this 
measure — and  now  find  themselves  facing  ruin  on  the 
other  horn  of  the  dilemma. 

In  this  contest  for  private  gain,  where  does  the  public 
profit,  and  what  thought  is  being  devoted  to  the  stimula- 
tion of  the  meat  production  on  the  western  range? 
Whatever  other  effects  the  Fall  amendment  to  the  stock 
gazing  bill  will  have,  it  will  at  once  and  seriously  decrease 
the  production  of  meat,  at  the  very  moment  when  our 
national  existence  is  threatened,  and  the  triumph  of  hu- 
man liberty  and  democracy  depends  directly  upon  in- 
creasing the  food  supply.  And  to  add  a  touch  of  satire 
to  this  vicious  legislation,  the  amendment  recently  passed 
the  Senate  as  a  rider  to  the  food  bill. 

How  long  will  the  nation  continue  to  close  its  eyes 
to  the  fact  that  public  welfare  cannot  always  be  best 
served  by  permitting  the  unrestricted  operation  of  private 
greed  ?  The  new  doctrine  of  public  supervision  and  regu- 
lation for  the  good  of  the  whole  is  winning  its  way 
slowly.  The  National  Forests  are  the  bulwarks  of  these 
principles.  The  history  of  the  public  range  outside  of 
the  Forests  may  well  be  studied  as  an  object  lesson  in 
the  effects  of  unrestrained  individual  initiative. 

This  enormous  and  costly  economic  readjustment  of 
the  business  of  meat  production  on  the  Western  ranges 
would  probably  have  had  to  come  some  time,  for  the  rea- 
son that  the  political  pressure  by  states  and  localities 
seeking  development  and  increased  state  revenue  from 
taxation  find  no  balancing  or  opposing  force  in  the  De- 
partment of  the  Interior,  whose  traditional  policy  is  to 
dispose  as  rapidly  as  possible  of  public  lands  within  its 
jurisdiction. 

But  that  this  movement  should  have  been  permitted 
to  come  to  a  head  just  when  its  disturbing  effects  upon 
meat  production  are  most  serious  and  keenly  felt — and 
that  the  very  bill  passed  to  conserve  the  nation's  food 
supply  should  be  selected  as  the  vehicle  for  its  passage, 
betrays  the  utter  disregard  for  public  welfare  and  short- 
sighted selfishness  inherent  in  the  doctrine  of  individual- 
ism.   Such  measures  will  not  aid  us  to  win  the  war. 


T'HE  College  of  Forestry  of  the  University  of  Wash- 
ington, one  of  the  earliest  of  the  forestry  schools 
in  the  West,  has  been  forced  by  the  war  emergency  to 
entirely  change  its  scholastic  plan.  The  calendar  for 
the  coming  year  just  issued,  announces  that  all  regis- 
trations have  been  postponed  in  this  college  until  Oc- 
tober 1,  and  that  the  university  has  elected  for  the 
period  of  the  war  to  substitute  the  four  quarter  plan 
for  the  college  year  instead  of  the  usual  semester  plan. 


AS  an  interesting  development  in  the  wartime  use 
for  wood,  it  is  stated  by  the  authorities  that  the 
mobilization  camp  at  the  State  Fair  grounds,  Syracuse, 
where  25,000  men  are  quartered,  consumes  more  than 
33  cords  of  wood  a  day  for  cooking  purposes,  or  a  total 
of  1,000  cords  a  month.  This  would  represent  the  ma- 
terial obtained  from  necessary  thinning  and  improve- 
ment cuttings  in  half  a  dozen  good-sized  New  York 
farm  woodlots. 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY'S  ADVERTISERS 


503 


Lures  Insects  to  Their  Doom 

Some  say  the  liquid  within  these  pitchers  is 
intoxicating.  Some  say  it  is  anaesthetic.  At 
any  rate  it  accompHshes  the  full  purpose  in 
luring  venturesome  insects,  drenching  them 
with  its  fascinating  sweetness  and  leaving 
them  helpless  for  the  Pitcher  Plant  to  devour. 


What  a  Lot  of  Stories  Nature  Has  to  Tell  You! 

This  year  you  can  shake  off  all  vague  uncertainty  about  the  messages  which  Nature  is  con- 
stantly striving  to  give  you.  With  the  awakening  of  the  myriad  life  about  you,  you  can  be 
part  of  it.     For  the 

NEW  NATURE  LIBRARY 

opens  yoiu-  eyes  to  all  the  mysteries,  all  the  charm  of  the  little  worlds  within  worlds  about 
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a  land  of  unexhausted  treasure." 


NEW  LIMP  LEATHER  EDITION 


This  is  the  gamest  fish  that  Dr.  David  Stan- 
Jordan  ever  caught.  In  his  Fish  Book,  he 
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This  new  edition  has  \>een  five  months  in 
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thrust  into  a  tramping  suit  pocket,  we  have  boimd  this  edition  in  black  flexible 
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AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


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discussed  by  experts.    THE  OFFICIAL  JOURNAL. 
$1.2.5  per  year.     Sample  15c. 

American  Nut  Journal  Ro^he^te^. 


BOOK  REVIEWS 

French  Forests  and  Forestry,  by  Theodore 
S.  Woolsey,  Jr.  John  Wiley  &  Sons, 
Inc.,  New  York  City.     Price,  $2.50. 

This  work  embodies  the  results  of  a 
study  of  the  more  important  phases  of 
forest  practice  in  Corsica,  Algeria  and 
Tunisia.  The  author  has  not  attempted  to 
present  a  complete  investigation  of  forestry 
in  all  its  ramifications,  but  has  rather  aimed 
to  set  forth  the  essentials  of  French 
methods  which  might  be  applied  directly  in 
the  United  States,  or  would  otherwise  prove 
of  value  to  English  speaking  toresters.  His 
wide  experience  and  studies  abroad  in- 
clude not  only  Continental  Europe  and  the 
French  Dependencies  described  in  the  book, 
but  also  forest  management  in  British  India 
as  well.  Mr.  Woolsey  makes,  in  French 
Forests  and  Forestry,  a  most  valuable  con- 
tribution to  the  forest  literature  of  the  day. 

1000  Hints  on  Flowers  and  Birds,  by  Mae 
Savell  Croy.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  New 
York  City.     Price,  $1.50. 

A  very  serviceable  book,  written  for  those 
who  are  interested  in  flower  culture  and  in 
the  establishment  of  wild  life  about  the 
home,  and  so  handled  that  it  is  of  equal 
value  to  those  who  must  live  in  cities  and 
are  limited  in  their  efforts  to  a  small  back 
yard  or  a  porch  garden,  and  those  more 
fortunate  ones  living  in  the  country  or 
I  he  suburbs,  who  may  spread  themselves  in 
planning  and  beautifying  their  gardens  and 
grounds.  The  instructions  for  flower  cul- 
ture in  Mrs.  Croy's  book  are  briefly  and 
clearly  given,  and  the  information,  classified 
under  appropriate  headings  and  exhaustive- 
ly indexed,  will  prove  invaluable  to  the 
i^ower  lover  and  gardener. 

The  Bird  Study  Book,  by  T.  Gilbert  Pear- 
son. Doubleday,  Page  &  Company,  Gar- 
den City,  N.  Y.     Price,  $1.25. 

To  those  who  are  interested  in  bird  life 
and  who  desire  to  acquire  a  greater  fa- 
miliarity with  the  habits  and  activities  of 
wild  birds,  this  little  book,  charmingly  illus- 
trated, will  prove  a  mine  of  pleasure  and 
information.  It  is  not  intended  so  much 
''or  the  advanced  student  of  ornithology  as 
for  the  beginner,  taking  up  briefly  the 
classification  of  birds,  their  form,  color, 
distribution,  migration,  songs  and  foods, 
and  it  answers  many  questions  which  natu- 
rally occur  to  the  student  of  bird  lore. 
To  know  birds  is  to  love  them,  and  to  be 
introduced  to  them  through  the  medium 
of  Mr.  Pearson's  book  is  to  insure  that 
love  born  of  intimate  knowledge. 

An  Introduction  to  Forestry  for  Young 
People,  by  Sir  Andrew  N.  .Agnew,  Bart, 
Douglas  &  Foulis,  Edinburgh. 

This  little  book  has  been  issued  by  the 
Royal  Scottish  Arboricultural  Society,  writ- 
ten   by    its    president,    with    the    object    of 


CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 


505 


arousing  an  interest  among  children  in  the 
important  subject  of  forestry.  The  lim- 
ited edition  is  being  sent  to  masters  of 
rural  schools  in  Scotland  as  a  means  of 
broadening  interest  in  this  phase  of  educa- 
tion, and  determining  just  how  great  a  de- 
mand there  may  be  for  it.  The  Scotch 
Kducation  Department  has  asked  its  inspec- 


tors to  bring  the  book  to  the  notice  of 
teachers  or  managers,  and  if  this  is  done 
its  purpose  will  have  been  accomplished, 
for  it  will  surely  inspire  the  intelligent  in- 
terest hoped  for  by  its  eminent  author. 
(Books  and  periodicals  indexed  in  the  li- 
brary of  the  United  States  Forest  Ser- 
vice.) 


CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 

ELLWOOD  WILSON,  SECRETARY,  CANADIAN  SOCIETY   OF   FOREST   ENGINEERS 


The  resignation  of  Mr.  P.  Z.  Caverhill 
as  Forester  in  charge  of  timber  surveys  in 
New  Brunswick,  and  his  return  to  the  Brit- 
ish Columbia  Forest  Service  are  announced. 
!"Jew  Brunswick  is  very  unfortunate  to  lose 
so  good  a  man  and  one  who  had  made 
such  good  progress  in  his  work.  Mr.  Caver- 
hill's  mapping  and  estimation  of  the  forest 
resources  of  New  Brunswick  and  the  classi- 
fication of  its  lands  was  making  rapid  prog- 
ress and  is  of  great  value  and  the  cost  of 
the  work  was  exceptionally  low.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  a  successor  will  soon  be 
chosen  and  that  the  work  will  be  brought 
to  completion. 

The  Government  of  Newfoundland  is  ex- 
pected to  pass  a  bill  permitting  the  export 
of  pulpwood  to  the  United  States.  Large 
quantities  of  wood  were  cut  to  be  sent  to 
England  and  France,  but  the  difficulty  in 
getting  ships  makes  its  transport  impossible. 

The  Canadian  Government  some  time  ago 
took  up  the  question  of  cheap  wooden 
houses  to  replace  temporarily  the  homes 
destroyed  by  the  Germans.'  Some  samples 
were  made  up  and  sent  to  Paris,  where 
they  were  set  up  and  attracted  a  good 
deal  of  attention.  The  French  Government 
suggested  several  changes  which  will  make 
the  houses  more  expensive  and  Canada  is 
ready  to  supply  them.  The  long  duration 
of  the  war  has,  however,  side-tracked  the 
matter  for  a  time. 

The  British  Columbia  Forest  Branch  re- 
cently sent  a  carload  of  British  Columbia 
timber  as  a  present  to  the  Toronto  Techni- 
cal School.  This  will  serve  to  familiarize 
the  young  men  being  trained  with  that  class 
of  timber  and  when  they  later  need  to 
specify  lumber  in  their  work  they  will  use 
western  stock. 

Prof.  J.  M.  Swaine,  Entomologist  to  the 
Dominion  Entomological  Department,  has 
started  on  a  trip  through  part  of  Quebec  to 
study  the  cause  of  the  dying  of  a  great 
number  of  balsams.  The  trees  turn  brown 
and  die.  The  same  thing  was  noticed  in 
France  some  12  years  ago  and  was  de- 
scribed as  a  fungus  disease  and  named 
Phoma  Abietina.  Mr.  Lee,  of  the  Forest 
Products  Laboratory,  will  accompany  Prof. 
Swaine,  and  they  will  commence  their  work 
in  collaboration  with  the  Forest  Service  of 
Quebec  on  the  lands  of  the  River  Quelle 
Lumber  Company. 

Dr.  C.  D.  Howe,  of  the  Commission  of 


Conservation,  has  finished  his  reconnaisance 
survey  of  the  cut-over  lands  on  which  he 
is  making  an  estimation  of  present  stand, 
reproduction  and  probable  rate  of  growth 
and  yield.  This  is  a  very  important  matter, 
as  the  ideas  of  owners  of  timberlands  are 
very  vague  if  not  altogether  erroneous  as 
to  the  future  cut  on  their  lumbered  lands. 

In  this  connection  it  is  very  interesting  to 
note  the  increases  in  amounts  of  pulpwood 
being  exported  to  the  United  States  and 
the  rapid  increase  in  purchase  of  Canadian 
timber  lands  by  American  mills.  The 
statement  has  been  made  that  New  York 
is  practically  at  the  end  of  her  pulpwood 
supply  and  must  look  to  Canada  for  the 
future.  As  the  export  of  unmanufactured 
wood  is  prohibited  and  the  amount  of  tim- 
ber land  held  in  fee  simple  is  not  very 
great  proportionately,  the  New  York  mills 
had  better  begin  to  look  out  for  the  future. 
The  consumption  of  pulpwood  in  Canada 
is  rapidly  increasing  and  owners  who  un- 
derstand conditions  are  increasing  their 
holdings  and  commencing  to  reforest.  It 
is  just  as  well  to  shut  the  stable  door  be- 
fore the  horse  escapes. 

The  number  of  foresters  in  Canada  going 
to  the  front  continues  to  grow  and  the  vari- 
ous services  are  getting  short  handed.  The 
men  who  have  gone  are  doing  good  work 
on  the  other  side  and  the  American  units 
going  over  now  will  be  very  welcome. 

Considerable  work  is  being  done  this 
summer  in  the  Alberta  Inspection  District 
of  the  Dominion  Forest  Service.  Super- 
visor MacFayden  has  left  to  take  charge 
of  the  Fort  George  District  in  British  Co- 
lumbia. A  telephone  line  forty-two  and 
one-half  miles  long  has  been  commenced 
from  the  Headquarters  at  Entrace  north- 
ward along  the  lower  trail,  the  first  twenty- 
one  miles  will  be  pole  line  and  the  balance 
will  be  a  tree  line.  The  poles  are  being 
treated  with  Carbosota.  The  line  will  con- 
nect several  points  where  there  are  stations 
and  also  with  two  lookout  stations.  In- 
spector Manning,  of  the  Brazeau  Forest, 
met  with  an  accident  when  his  gasoline 
"speeder"  telescoped  a  backing  engine.  The 
section  foreman  who  was  with  him  is  laid 
up  for  repairs  and  only  part  of  the 
"speeder"  has  so  far  been  collected.  In 
the  Clearwater  Forest  a  five-roomed  house 
with  barn  and  out  buildings  is  being  con- 
structed at  Nordegg  Ranger  Station.  The 
bunkhouse  has  been  nicknamed  "The  Ram 


TREE 
SEEDS 

IF  the  seed  is 
not  what  it  should 
be,  the  most  favor- 
able  soil  and 
climate  cannot 
produce  a  strong, 
perfect  tree. 

Thorburn's  Tree  Seeds 
are  selected  with  the 
greatest  'care,  so  that 
as  the  years  go  by  the 
Httle  sapling  will  grow 
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506 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Just  Published 


FRENCH  FORESTS 
AND  FORESTRY 

TUNISIA,  ALGERIA,  CORSICA 

With    a    Translation    of   the     Algerian    Code    of   1903 


T 


fip  Theodore  S.  IVoolsey^,  Jr.,  M.  F.,  Assistant  District  Forester, 
U.  S.  Forest  Service,  1908-1915.  Lecturer,  1912,  1916, 
1917,    Yale    Forest    School.  Preface    by;  Gifford  Pinchot 

HIS  work   embodies  the   results  of  a  study  of  the  more   important 
phases  of  forest  practice  in  Corsica,  Algeria,  and  Tunisia. 

The  author  has  unusual  qualifications  for  writing  on  this  subject. 
His  knowledge  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  forestry  in  the  United 
States  is  such  as  could  result  only  from  thorough  training  followed  by 
wide  experience  in  the  field.  Through  his  work  in  the  Forest  Service 
he  has  seen  the  worst  and  the  best  of  American  methods  of  forestry,  and 
how  these  work  out  under  the  stress  of  practical,  silvicultural,  financial 
and  administrative  conditions.  His  experience  abroad  includes  not  only 
Continental  Europe  and  the  French  Dependencies,  which  latter  are  de- 
scribed in  this  book,  but  also  forest  management  in  British  India  as  well. 

THIS  BOOK  WILL  BE  OF  INTEREST  TO: 

The  Student  of  Forestry  The  Forest  Adminstrator 

The  Professor  The  Lawyer  The  General  Reader 


The  chapter  on  Corsica, 
reviewed  before  publication  b\f  a 
French  Conservator,  is  of  value 
to  those  who  are  enlisting  for 
work  in  French  Forests  in  the 
FOREST  REGIMENT. 

Have  a  copy  of  this  book 
sent  to  you  for  free  examina- 
tion no  cash  in  advance. 
Sign  and  mail  the  coupon  attached. 


253  pages,  6x9,  illustrated. 
Cloth,  $2.50  net 


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Gentlemen:     Kindly  send  me  for  10  days  free  exami- 
nation a  copy  of  WOOLSEY-FRENCH  FORESTS  & 
FORESTRY. 

It  iB  understood  that  I  am  to  remit  Ithe  price  of  this 
book  or  return  it.  postpaid,  within  10  days  after  its 
receipt. 

Name 

Address  

Member  of 

(Indicate  here  if  you  are  a  member  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association.  If  not,  kindly  state  the  forestry 
society  with  which  you  are  connected). 

Position  or  reference 

(Indicate  which  you  are  givin(f).;;(Not  required  of 
society  members).  A  F  8-17 


Pasture."  A  new  trunk  road  is  bciiis  built 
and  this  work  will  be  done  in  the  best 
tnaiiner  possible  so  as  to  serve  as  a  model 
both  as  to  work  and  costs.  In  the  Bow 
River  Forest  forty-five  miles  of  telephone 
line  have  been  built.  A  very  successful 
ranger  meeting  was  held  at  Morley  when 
all  sorts  of  problems  were  discussed  and 
the  men  had  an  opportunity  to  get  together. 
The  I.essi'r  Slave  Forest  is  the  only  one 
which  has  been  troubled  by  fire  this  sum- 
mer. Assistant  Director  of  Forestry  T.  W. 
Dwight  has  been  making  a  tour  of  inspec- 
tion. 

Prof.  W.  B.  Millar,  of  the  University  of 
Toronto,  who  resigned  recently  is  in  train- 
ing at  Fort  Niagara,  N.  Y. 

Messrs    Benedict  and  Lafon,  of  the  Brit- 


isli  Columliia   Forest   Service,   have  left  to 
go  oversea.s   with   U.   S.   Forestry   Units. 

Dr.  Fernovv  and  Clyde  Leavitt,  of  the 
Commission  of  Conservation,  are  on  a  visit 
to  Dr.  C.  D.  Howe,  at  bis  camp  on  Lac 
Edward,  Quebec,  and  will  inspect  the  nur- 
series, plantations  and  experimental  work 
of  the  Laurentide  Company,  near  Grand 
Mere.  In  1908  this  company  planted  some 
Scotch  Pine  transplants,  about  three  or  four 
years  old,  received  from  Mr.  E.  J.  Zavitz, 
Provincial  F^orester  of  Ontario.  These  trees 
have  done  well  and  average  thirteen  to 
fourteen  feet  in  height.  Last  year  so—' 
of  them  had  cones,  and  the  seed  from  one 
of  these  was  planted  this  spring  and  has 
germinated  nicely.  Nearly  all  the  trees  in 
the  plantation  will  have  seed  this  year. 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 

MONTHLY  LIST  FOR  JULY,  1917 

Forestry  as  a  Whole 

Cordorniu,  Ricardo.  Bagatelas  forestales, 
1914  y  1915.  148  p.  Madrid,  Imprenta 
Alemana-Fuencarral,  1916. 

I'roceedings    and    reports    of    associations, 
forest  officers,  etc. 

India — Central  provinces — Forest  dept  Re- 
port on  forest  administration  for  the 
year  1915-16.     174  p.     Nagpur,  1916. 

.Massachusetts  forestry  associat  on.  Nine- 
teenth annual  report.  48  p.  il.  Bel- 
mont, 1916. 

Montana,  University  of — Forestry  club. 
The  forestry  kaimin,  vol.  3,  no.  1.  64  p. 
Missoula,   Mont.,   1917. 

New  Jersey — Dept  of  conservation  and  de- 
velopment. Annual  report  for  the  year 
ending  Oct.  31,  1916.  884  p.  pi.,  map. 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  1917. 

North  Carolina  forestry  association.  Re- 
port of  the  7th  annual  convention.  32  p. 
Chapel  Hill,  N.  C,  1917. 

Norway — Skogdirektren.  Indberetning  om 
det  Norska  skogvaesen  for  kalender- 
aaret  1915.    240  p.  pi.    Kristiania,  1917. 

Oregon — State  board  of  forestry.  Sixth 
annual  report  of  the  state  forester. 
20  p.     Salem,  Ore.,  1916. 

West  Virginia — Forest,  game  and  fish  war- 
den. Fourth  biennial  report,  1915-1916. 
160  p.     pi.     Belington.  W.  Va..  1916. 

Forest  Education 
Arbor  Day 

California  —  Commission  of  elementary 
schools.  Conservation,  bird  and  arbor 
day,  30  p.  il.  Sacramento,  California, 
1917.  (California — State  board  of  edu- 
cation.    Bulletin  no.  19.) 

Forest  schools 

Georgia  state  forest  school.  Announce- 
ment, 1917-18.  8  p.  il.  Athens,  Ga , 
1917. 

Forest   Description 

Foster,  J.  H.,  and  others.  Forest  resources 
of  eastern  Texas.  57  p.  il.,  maps.  Col- 
lege Station,  Tex.,  1917.  (Texas — 
Agricultural  and  mechanical  college, 
Dept.  of  forestry.     Bulletin  5.) 

Foster,  J.  H.  General  survey  of  Texas 
woodlands,  including  a  study  of  the 
commercial  possibilities  of  mesquite. 
47  p.  il.,  maps.  College  Station,  Tex., 
1917.  (Texas  —  Agricultural  and  me- 
chanical college  —  Dept.  of  forestry. 
Bulletin   3.) 

Mil  ward,  R.  C.  Note  on  the  forests  of 
Java  and  Madoera  of  the  Dutch  East 
Indies.  8  p.  pi.  Calcutta,  Supt.  of 
govt,  printing,  1915. 

Rothkugel,  Max.  Los  bosqucs  Patagonicos. 
207  p.  il  ,  maps,  tables.  Buenos  Aires. 
Minieterio   de   agricultura,    1916. 

Forest  Botany 

Deut.sche  dendrologische  gesellschaft      Mit- 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


507 


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Rogers,  Julia  Ellen.  Trees  worth  knowing. 
291  p.  pi.  Garden  City,  N.  Y.,  Double- 
day,  Page  and  Co.,  1917. 

Standley,  Paul  C.  The  Mexican  and  Cen- 
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Wash.,  D.  C,  1917.  (Smithsonian  inst. 
— U.  S.  national  museum.  Contribu- 
tions from  U.  S.  national  herbarium, 
vol.  20,  pt.  1.) 

Forest  Mensuration 

California — State  board  of  forestry.  Table 
showing  board  feet  contained  in  lumber 
of  various  dimensions.  4  p.  Sacra- 
mento, Cal.,   1917. 

Silviculture 

Planting  and  nursery  practice 

Nebraska  forestation  commission.  Second 
biennial  report,  1915-16.  19  p.  Lin- 
coln, Nebr.,   1916. 

Forest  Protection 

Insects 

Minnesota — State  entomologist.  Entomolo- 
gist's report  on  inspection  of  Minnesota 
nurseries  and  imported  nursery  stock 
for  the  year  1916;  further  report  on 
white  pine  blister  work  in  Minnesota, 
1916-17.  16  p.  map.  St.  Anthony 
Park,  Minn.,   1917.     (Circular  no.  41.) 

Sanborn,  C.  E.  &  Painter,  H.  R.  The  locust 
borer.  8  p.  il.  Stillwater,  Okla.,  1917. 
(Oklahoma  —  Agricultural  experiment 
station.     Bulletin  No.  113.) 

Worthley,  L.  H.  Solid-stream  spraying 
against  the  gipsy  moth  and  the  brown- 
tail  moth  in  New  England.  IS  p.  pi. 
Wash.,  D.  C,  1917.  (U.  S.— Dept  of 
agriculture.  Bulletin  480.) 

Fire 

Clearwater  timber  protection  association. 
Ninth-tenth  annual  reports,  1915-1916. 
Orofino,  Idaho,  1915-16. 

i^othkugel.  Max.  Los  incendios  en  los 
Andes  Patagonicos.  32  p.  Buenos 
Aires  n.  d. 

Forest  Management 

S.-ott,  Charles  .A.  The  woodlot.  37  p.  il. 
Manhattan,  Kans  ,  1917.  (Kansas  — 
.'\gricultural  experiment  station.  Cir- 
cular no.  58.) 

Forest   Legislation 

Arsrentine  Republic — Ministerio  de  agri- 
cultura.  Ley  de  bosques  y  yerbales. 
90  p,     maps.     Buenos  Aires,  1915. 

Forest   Administration 
United  States — Dept.  of  agriculture — Forest 
service.     Instructions   for  making  tim- 
ber   surveys    in    the    national    forests. 
53  p.     Wash.,   D.   C,    1917. 

Forest    Utilization 

Sterrett,  W.  D.  Utilization  of  ash.  52  p. 
il.,  pi.  Wash,  D.  C,  1917.  (U.  S.— 
Dept.  of  agriculture.     Bulletin  523). 

IVood-using  industries 

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A  saving  in  Lumber  of 
$17,178,000  Annually  is 
Possible  by  Kiln  Drying 
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THE 

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In  charge.  Section  of  Timber  Physics  and 
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Service.  Special  Lecturer  iu  Wood  Technol- 
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Forest  Prmlncts  Laboratory,  Madison,  Wis- 
consin. 

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Wash.,  D.  C,  1917. 

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Periodical  Articles 

Miscellaneous  periodicals 

American  review  of  reviews,  July,  1917.— 
American  shipbuilding,  a  real  renais- 
sance, by  Winthrop  L.  Marvin,  p.  63-72 ; 
Mountain  trails  in  New  England,  by 
Philip  W.  Ayres,  p.  79-82. 

Biltmorean,  June,  1917.— Timber  estimating 
methods  used  in  eastern  North  Caro- 
lina, by  Howard  R.  Krinbill,  p.  13-21. 

Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  botanical  club,  June, 
1917. — The  relationship  between  the 
osmotic  concentration  of  leaf  sap  and 
height  of  leaf  insertion  in  trees,  by  J. 
Arthur  Harris,  and  others,  p.  267-86. 

Journal  of  the  American  chemical  society, 
May,  1917.— The  oleoresin  of  Douglas 
fir,  by  A.  W.  Schorger,  p.  1040-44. 

Journal  of  the  American  institute  of  archi- 
tects. May,  1917.— Structural  service  de- 
partment, wood  issue;  timber,  lumber, 
(Knickerbocker)   Boyd,  p.  246-62. 

Journal  of  the  Franklin  institute,  July,  1917. 
wood  construction  and  finish,  by  D. 
Reclaiming  the  Everglades  of  Florida, 
by  Isham  Randolph,  p.  49-72. 

Missouri  botanical  garden  bulletin,  June, 
1917. — Tree  surgery,  p.  91-7. 

National  wool  grower,  June,  1917.— Pas- 
tures and  corrals  in  range  lambing,  by 
L.  H.  Douglas,  p.  26-8. 

New  Zealand  journal  of  agriculture,  May 
21,  1917. — Tree  planting  for  farmers, 
by  W.  H.  Taylor,  p.  378-88. 

Science,  June  15,  1917.— The  measurement 
of  light  in  some  of  its  more  important 
physiological  aspects,  by  D.  T.  Mac- 
Dougal,  and  others,  p.  616-18. 

Scientific  American,  June  16,  1917.— Wooden 
ships  and  ship  worms,  by  Howard  F. 
Weiss,  p.  592,  601 ;  New  woods  for 
paper  pulp ;  research  in  forest  products 
by  the  Forest  service,  by  Otto  Kress, 
p.  593. 

Scientific  American  supplement.  May  5,  1917. 
Sand  devastation;  how  the  dunes  ad- 
vance and  how  their  movement  is 
checked,  by  Percy  Collins,  p.  280-2. 

United  States— Dept  of  agriculture.  Month- 
ly weather  review,  March,  1917.— Light- 
ning and  forest  fires  in  California,  by 
Andrew  H.  Palmer,  p.  99-103. 

United  States— Dept.  of  agriculture.    Week- 


1 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


509 


ly  news  letter,  June  20,  1917.— Black 
walnut ;  forethought  in  marketing  neces- 
sary to  obtain  best  prices,  p.  6. 
United  States — Dept.  of  agriculture  Weekly 
news  letter,  June  27,  1917. — Save  white 
pines ;  co-operate  to  stop  spread  of 
white  pine  blister  rust,  p.  3-4. 

Trade  Journals  and  Consular  reports 

American  lumberman,  June  30,  1917. — Af- 
forestation is  necessary;  Great  Britain 
faces  timber  famine,  by  E.  P.  Stebbing, 
p.  46;  How  the  lumber  industry  can 
help  in  the  war,  by  D.  T.  Mason,  p  47. 

Canada  lumberman,  June  IS,  1917. — Canada 
to  build  wooden  cargo  vessels,  p.  26-7 ; 
The  utilization  of  lumber  mill  waste,  by 
R.  L.  Watts,  p.  30-1  ;  Australia's  im- 
ports of  dressed  lumber,  by  H.  R.  Mac- 
Millan,  p.  42,  44. 

Engineering  news-record,  June  21,  1917. — 
Three-hinged  arch  highway  bridge  built 
of  timber,  by  F.  W.  Haselwood,  p. 
577-9. 

Hardwood  record,  July  10,  1917. — Figures 
due  to  pigments,  by  Hu  Maxwell,  p. 
18-20;  Cordwood  as  fuel,  p.  34. 

Journal  of  electricity,  June  1,  1917. — The 
use  of  wood  stave  pipe  in  hydro-electric 
power  development,  by  O.  P.  M.  Goss, 
p.  460-1. 

Lumber  trade  journal,  July  1,  1917. — Neces- 
sity of  wooden  ships,  by  F.  Huntington 
Clark,  p.  yj. 

Lumber  world  review,  July  10,  1917.— Wood 
preservation  ;  the  most  practical  manner 
in  which  this  may  be  done,  by  Kurt  C. 
Earth,  p.  23-4;  Slash  pine,  a  valuable 
second  growth  tree,  by  Wilbur  R.  Mat- 
toon,  p.  25-8. 

Municipal  journal,  June  21,  1917.— Treat- 
ment of  pole  butts,  p.  827. 

New  York  lumber  trade  journal,  July  1, 
1917.— Oak  and  its  uses,  by  W.  L.  Glaf- 
fey,  p.  24. 

Paper,  June  20,  1917.— Mechanical  wood- 
pulp  by  Friedsam  process,  p.   14. 

Paper,  July  4,  1917— E.xperiments  in  the 
beating  of  sulphite  pulp,  by  Otto  Kress 
and  G.  C.  McNaughton,  p.  13-17. 

Paper,  July  11,  1917.— Industrial  processes 
for  utilizing  wood,  by  John  S.  Bates, 
p.  11-16. 

Paper  mill,  June  9,  1917.— Press  machine 
for  wood  pulp,  by  Knud  Dahl,  p.  34,  46. 

Pulp  and  paper  magazine,  June  7,  1917  — 
Present  and  possible  products  from 
Canadian  woods,  by  John  S.  Bates,  p. 
553-9. 

Pulp  and  paper  magazine,  June  14,  1917.— 
Injurious  rosin  in  sulphite  pulp,  by 
Bjarne  Johnsen,  p.  577;  Birds  are  worth 
twelve  million  dollars  to  forestry,  by 
W.  C.  J.  Hall,  p.  579-80. 

St.  Louis  lumberman,  June  IS,  1917. — Tree 
falling  by  persuasion,  by  J.  B.  Woods, 
p.  39;  The  drainage  of  cut-over  lands, 
by  S.  H,  McCroary,  p.  43. 

St.  Louis  lumberman,  July  1,  1917. — Pur- 
poses and  plans  of  the  lumber  trade 
commission  by  Nelson  C.  Brown,  p.  48 ; 


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New  cypress  inspection  rules,  by  Na- 
tional hardwood  lumber  association,  p. 
50. 

Savannah  naval  stores  review,  June  23,  1917. 
Germany  could  make  enough  rosin  for 
its  uses,  by  E.  R.  Besemfelder,  ]).  11,  18. 

Southern  lumber  journal,  June  16,  1917. — 
Lumber  and  the  national  defense,  by 
R.  S.  Kellogg,  p.  36. 

Timber  trades  journal,  June  2,  1917.^Beech 
for  bending,  p.  996 ;  Native  timber  trade 
of  Ireland,  p.  997-8. 

Timber  trades  journal,  June  9,  1917. — Our 
dependence  on  forests,  p.  1062. 

Timberman,  June,  1917.  —  Coast  logging 
methods  in  the  Philippines,  p.  38;  Plans 
and  specifications  for  the  standard 
Douglas  fir  steamship,  p.  40-46;  The 
use  of  wood  for  treenails,  by  M.  B. 
Pratt,  p.  46-7. 

United   States   daily  consular   report,   June 

19,  1917. — Imports  of  lumber  into  South 
Africa,  by  John  P.  Bray,  p.  1059. 

United   States   daily  consular   report,   June 

20,  1917. — The  paper  and  pulp  industry 
of  Grenoble  district  by  Thomas  D. 
Davis,  p.   1082-85. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  June 
26,  1917. — Review  of  Russia's  export 
trade  in  wood,  p.  1161-3;  Canadian 
wood  and  wood  products,  by  Fred  C. 
Slater,  p.  1172-3 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  June 
30,  1917. — Tree  culture  in  Uruguay,  by 
William    Dawson,    p.    1230. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  July 
3,  1917. — Washing  machines  and  wood- 
enware  in  Australia,  p.  26-7. 

Veneers,  July  1917.— Veneered  cabinets  in 
music  field,  by  G  D.  Grain,  Jr.,  p.  13-14; 
Veneered   cigar   boxes,   p    22-3. 

West  Coast  lumberman,  June  15,  1917. — 
Character  and  distribution  of  the  1916 
lumber  and  shingle  cut  of  Washington 
and  Oregon  by  producing  and  consum- 
ing regions,  by  Howard  B.  Oakleaf,  and 
Clark  W.  Gould,  p.  22-7. 

Wood-worker,  June,  1917. — Utilizing  waste; 
baling  shavings,  by  Waldo  Clement,  p. 
25-6. 

Forest  journals 

American  forestry,  July,  1917. — Can  and 
cannon ;  drier  and  dreadnaught,  by 
Norman  C.  McLoud,  p.  389;  Forest 
regiment  oflf  for  France,  p.  386;  Lum- 
ber for  war-time  uses,  p.  397 ;  Lumber 
for  an  army  cantonment,  p.  398;  The 
extension  of  national  forests  in  Colo- 
rado, by  Herman  H.  Chapman,  p.  403; 
Midsummer  flowers,  by  R.  W.  Shufcldt, 
p.  403 ;  Forestry  progressing  in  China, 
p.  407;  Forms  of  leaves,  p.  412;  Orna- 
mental shade  trees  and  their  care,  by 
Homer  D.  House,  p.  44;  The  wrens,  by 
A.  A.  Allen,  p.  419;  The  deadly  inanza- 
nillo,  by  Frank  Coyne,  p.  423 ;  Window 
garden  attraction,  by  C.  W.  H.  Doug- 
lass, p.  424 ;  A  giant  cactus,  by  Stanley 
F.  Wilson,  p.  427;  Some  of  the  wood- 
side  foods,  by  Bristow  Adams,  p.  428-9 ; 
Some     interesting     trees     of     singular 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


511 


growth,   p.  430;    Paper   making   in   the 
insect  world,  by  R.  W.  Shufcldt,  p  431 ; 
Pine  blister  disease  work  progresses,  p. 
433 ;    Arkansas    supports    the    national 
forests,  p.  434 ;  Colorado  redeems  her- 
self,   p.   434-5;    The    diplomatic    forest 
ranger,  by  W.  G.  Morison,  p.  435 ;  Jack 
London's    oak,   p.   436;    National    park 
service    organized,    p.    437;    American 
forestry  magazine  praised,  p.  438. 
California  forestry,  June,  1917. — Scenic  re- 
sources in  the  United  States,  by  Mark 
Daniels,  p.  9,   12;   Distillation  of  Cali- 
fornia black  oak,  by  Swift  Berry,  p.  11  ; 
Yosemite   as   a  playground,   by   W.    B. 
Lewis,  p.  12-13. 
Canadian  forestry  journal,  June,  1917. — On 
sea-swept  Sable  Island,  p.  1137-9;  For- 
estry work  for  women,  by  May  Suther- 
land, p.  1139-40;  Can  Canada  sell  John 
Bull  his  wood  supply?     p.  1141-2;  On- 
tario's forest  protection  work,  p.  1143-5; 
Nature's  warfare  in  field  and  forest,  by 
Ellen  R.  C.  Webber,  p.  1151-56;  Turn- 
ing the  tree  to  new  account,  by  John 
S.   Bates,  p.   1160-2;  A  new  log  boom 
for  rough  waters,  p.  1164;  Peat  logs  as 
sources  of  fuel,   by  J.  M.   Macoun,  p. 
1 165-6;    State    forestry    in    Ireland,    by 
H.  R.  MacMillan,  p.  1168-72;  How  U. 
S.  deals  with  settlers'  fires,  p.   1174-5; 
New    devices    in    protective    work,    by 
Coert  Dubois,  p.  1178-9. 
Conservation,   July,    1917.— Combating   for- 
est fires;  protect  young  forests,  by  R. 
D.   C,   p.  26,  28. 
Hawaiian  forester  and  agriculturist,  April, 
1917.— Street  trees   for  Hawaii,   by  C. 
S.  Judd,  p.  89-93 ;  The  relation  of  scout- 
ing  to    forestry   in   Hawaii,   by   C.    S. 
Judd,  p.  94-6. 
Indian    forester,    April,    1917.— Possibilities 
of  development  in  the  Himalayan  con- 
iferous forests,  by  E.  A.  Smythies,  p. 
165-72 ;  Forest  reservation  in  Burma,  by 
H.  C.  Walker,  p.  172-83;  Standardiza- 
tion of  tree  measurements,  by  A.  E.  Os- 
maston,  p.   183-5;   Correlation  between 
the   light   and   soil   requirements    of   a 
species  for  its  natural  regeneration,  by 
B.  O.  Coventry,  p.  186-94 ;  Jodhpur  prod- 
ucts, by  S.  N.  Chatterji,  p.  194-6;  Re- 
generation of  teak  in  the  Mundgod  pole 
forests  of  North  Kanara,  by  J.  D.  Rego, 
p.  197-9;  Concentrated  regeneration  of 
teak,    by    M.    R.    Aliyar,    p.    199-201  ; 
Cleanings,  thinnings  and  improvements 
fellings,  by  C.  B.  Patterson,  p.  202-3. 
Indian   forester.   May,    1917— Organization 
and  activities  of  the  Chinese  forest  ser- 
vice,   by    W.    Forsythe    Sherfesee,    p. 
205-21 ;    A    start    in    the    departmental 
supply  of  rubber  boxes  in  Mergui,  by 
A.  B.  Nixon,  p.  222-4;   Sal  at  its  ex- 
treme eastern  limit,  by  B.  C.  Sen  Gupta, 
p.  225-30;   Coppice  with  standards,  by 
A.  Wimbush,  p.  230-3;  Balsa  wood,  p. 
241-3. 
Revue  des  eaux  et  forets,  May  1,   1917.— 
De   la   responsabilite    morale   des    for- 
estiers,  by  A.  S.,  p.  129-31. 


BOOKS   ON   FORESTRY 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  publish  each  month,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  wish  books 
on  forestry,  a  list  of  titles,  authors,  and  prices  of  such  books.  These  may  be  ordered  through 
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FOREST  VALUATION-Filibert  Roth iTsO 

FOREST  REGULATION-Filibert  Roth '. 200 

PRACTICAL  TREE  REPAIR— By  Elbert  Peets 200 

THE  LUMBER  INDUSTRY— By  R.  S.  Kellogg 110 

LUMBER  MANUFACTURING  ACCOUNTS-By  Arthur  F.  Jones 2.'l0 

FOREST  VALUATION-By  H.  H.  Chapman. 200 

CHINESE  FOREST  TREES  AND  TIMBER  SUPPLY-By  Norman  Shaw 2.50 

TREES,    SHRUBS,    VINES    AND    HERBACEOUS    PERENNIALS— By   John 

Kirkegaard 1  50 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS— By  Charles  Sprague  Sargent— Vols.' I  and' H,'  4  ' Parts 

to  a  Volume — per  Part 5  00 

THE  TRAINING  OF  A  FORESTER— Giflford  Pinchot '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'."'."".".'".  135 

LUMBER  AND  ITS  USES— R.  S.  Kellogg 1  15 

THE  CARE  OF  TREES  IN  LAWN,  STREET  AND  PARK— B.  E.  Fernow 2.17 

NORTH  AMERICAN  TREES— N.  L.  Britton 7  30 

KEY  TO  THE  TREES-Collins  and  Preston 1  50 

THE  FARM  WOODLOT— E   G.  Cheyney  and  J.  P.  Wentling 1  70 

IDENTIFICATION    OF    THE    ECONOMIC    WOODS    OF    THE    UNITED 

STATES— Samuel  J.   Record 125 

PLANE  SURVEYING— John   C.  Tracy 3'oO 

FOREST   MENSURATION— Henry  Solon  Graves 4  00 

THE  ECONOMICS  OF  FORESTRY— B.  E.  Fernow 161 

FIRST  BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— Filibert  Roth 1  10 

PRACTICAL  FORESTRY— A.  S.  Fuller 1  SO 

PRINCIPLES  OF  AMERICAN  FORESTRY— Samuel  B.  Green '.'.  L50 

MANUAL  OF  THE  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA   (exclusive  of  Mexico)  — 

Charles   Sprague  Sargent 600 

AMERICAN  WOODS— Romeyn  B.  Hough,  13  Volumes,  per  Volume 5.00 

HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TREES  OF  THE  NORTHERN  U.  S.  AND  CANADA, 

EAST  OF  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS— Romeyn  B.  Hough 6  00 

GETTING  ACQUAINTED  WITH  THE  TREES-J.  Horace  McFarland 1  75 

PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    WOOD:    THEIR    CHARACTERISTIC    PROP- 
ERTIES— Charles  Henry  Snow 3  50 

HANDBOOK  OF  TIMBER  PRESERVATION— Samuel  M.  Rowe 400 

1  REES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND— L.  L.  Dame  and  Henry  Brooks 1  50 

TREES,    SHRUBS    AND    VINES     OF    THE    NORTHEASTERN    UNITED 

STATES— H.   E.    Parkhurst ISO 

TREES— H    Marshall  Ward 1  50 

OUR  NATIONAL  PARKS-John  Muir • 1  91 

LOGGING— Ralph  C.  Bryant 3  50 

THE  IMPORTANT  TIMBER  TREES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— S.  B  Elliott  2  50 

FORESTRY  IN  NEW  ENGLAND— Ralph  C.  Hawley  and  Austin  F.  Hawes 3.50 

THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  HANDLING  WOODLANDS— Henry  Solon  Graves....  ISO 

SHADE  TREES  IN  TOWNS  AND  CITIES— William  Solotaroflf 3  00 

THE  TREE  GUIDE— By  Julia  Ellen  Rogers 1  00 

MANUAL  FOR  NORTHERN   WOODSMEN— Austin  Gary 2  12 

FARM   FORESTRY— Alfred  Akerman 57 

THE  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  WORKING  PLANS  (in  forest  organiza- 
tion)— A.  B.  Recknagel 2  10 

ELEMENTS  OF  FORESTRY— F.  F.  Moon  and  N.  C.  Brown 2  20 

.MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  WOOD— Samuel  J.  Record 1  75 

STUDIES   OF  TREES— J.  J.   Levison L75 

TREE  PRUNING— A.  Des  Cars 65 

THE  PRESERVATION  OF  STRUCTURAL  TIMBER— Howard  F.  Weiss 3  00 

THE  PRACTICAL  LUMBERMAN— By  Bernard  Brereton  (third  edition) 1  50 

SEEDING  AND  PLANTING  IN  THE  PRACTICE  OF  FORESTRY— By  James 

W.  Toumey,  M.S.,  M.A 3.50 

FUTURE  FOREST  TREES— By  Dr.  Harold  Unwin 2.25 

FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TREES  AND  SHRUBS— F.  Schuyler  Mathews  200 

(In    full    leather)     3.00 

FARM  FORESTRY— By  John  Arden  Ferguson 1.30 

LUTHER   BURBANK— HIS  METHODS  AND  DISCOVERIES  AND  THEIR 

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(In  twelve  volumes,  beautifully  illustrated   in   color) 

THE  BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— Bv  Frederick  F.  Moon 2  10 

OUR  FIELD  AND  FOREST  TREES— By  Maud  Going 1  50 

HANDBOOK  FOR  RANGERS  AND  WOODSMEN— By  Jay  L.  B.  Taylor. .  2.50 

THE  STORY  OF  THE  FOREST— Bv  J.  Gordon  Dorrance 65 

THE  LAND  WE  LIVE  IN— By  Overton  Price 1  70 

WOOD  AND  FOREST— By  William  Noyes 3  QO 

THE  ESSENTIALS  OF  AMERICAN  TIMBER  LAW— By  J.  P.  Kinney 3  00 

HANDBOOK  OF  CLEARING  AND  GRUBBING,  METHODS  AND  COST 

—By  Halbert  P.  Gillette   2.S0 

FRENCH  FORESTS  AND  FORESTRY— By  Theodore  S.  Woolsey,  Jr 2  50 

MANUAL  OF  POISONOUS  PLANTS— By  L.   H.   Pammel 5.35 

♦This,  of  course,  is  not  a  complete  list,  but  we  shall  be  glad  to  add  to  it  any  books  on 
forestry  or  related  subjects  unon  request. — Editor. 


IVHJT  IT  IS. 


WHY  Yoir 
WANT  IT 


*'A  WORD  TO  THE  'BUYS*  IS  SUFFICIENT." 


HOW  TO  GET  IT. 


Owing  to  the  nation-wide  insistence  upon  Cypress,  "The  Wood 
Eternal,"  for  all  uses  that  invite  decay,  (as  well  as  for  artistic 
uses  in  interiors),  it  became  necessary  to  devise  safeguards  for 
lumber-consumers  who  have  had  no  reason  to  become  skilled  in 
identifying  different  woods  or  in  judging  their  gradations  or 
adaptabilities. 

The  one  way  for  you  to  be  sure  that  the  Cypress  you  get  was  grown  in  the  region 
near  enough  to  the  coast  to  possess  the  MAXIMUM  of  decay-resisting  quality 
is  to  refuse  all  but  genuine  "TIDE- WATER  CYPRESS" -and  the  only  way 
to  know  that  you're  getting  Tide-water  Cypress  is  to  insist  and  [keep  on  insist- 
ing) upon  SEEING  WITH  YOUR  OWN  EYES  the  REGISTERED  TRADE-MARK  of 
the  Southern  Cypress  Mfrs.  Assn.,  stamped  ineradicably  in  one  or  both  ends  of  every  cypress 
BOARD  OR  TIMBER,  and  on  EVERY  BUNDLE  of  "small  sticks,"  such  as  flooring,  siding,  moulding  and 
shingles.     This  is  the  mark  to  BUY  BY— now  that  every  piece  of  thoroughly  reliable 

"TIDE-WATER"  CYPRESS 


MANUFACTURED 

B  Y 

ASSOCIATION 

MI 

e:d 

LLS 

IS    IDENTIFIl 

BY 

THIS    TRADE- 

MARK 

Trade  Mark  Reg.  U.S.  PKT.Qmct 


Only  mills  which  are  qualified  by  the  superior  physical  character  of  their  product  AND  the  ethical  character  of  their 
business  practice  can  belong  to  the  Southern  Cypress  Mfrs.  Assn.  —and  only  member-mills  can  ever  apply  this  legally 
registered  trade-mark  to  ANY  Cypress. 

Let  our  ALL-ROUND  HELPS  DEPARTMENT  help  YOU  MORE.  Our  entire  resources  are  at  your  service  with  Reliable  Counsel. 

SOUTHERN  CYPRESS  MANUFACTURERS'  ASSOCIATION 

1258  HIBERNIA  BANK  BUILDING,  NEW  ORLEANS,  LA.,  or  1258  HEARD  NATIONAL  BANK  BUILDING,  JACKSONVILLE,  FLA 


INSIST  ON  TRADE  MARKED  CYPRESS  AT  YOUR  LOCAL  LUMBER  DEALERS. 


IP  HE  HASN'T  IT.  LET  US  KNOW. 


TELL  HIM  TO 
REMEMBER 


"BUY     BY    THE 
CYPRESS  ARROW" 


;R  ^^^       CYPRl 


VOLUME  23 


SEPTEMBER  1917 


NUMBER  285 


imcarni 


IFcDir 


iK^W 


.TY  Of   FOK 


SEP 


fiiiLiy  Of  i.oiwfli'o 


An  Illustrated  Magazine  about  Forestry  and 
Kindred  Subjects  Published  Each  Month 
by  the  American  Forestry  Association 

Washington,  D.C. 


Permanent  plant  ereeUd  by  ropper  mininij  companj/:  eon^ 
atructed  of  wood  eonstgling  of  two  tankB,  on«  /or  "hot  bath 
and  other  for  "cold  balk.'*    Used  for  ereos^ting  timber  ona 
Itunber  used  in  attrfaee'Structurea  and  fnilla. 


Grade-One  Liquid 


Temporary  treating-plant  constructed  ofxcood  and  linrd  with 
palvanizea  sheet  iron.  Ufcd  for  erroeoting  over  250 fiOO  feet 
B.  AI.  of  timber  for  Jioor-framivg  of  industrial  plant. 


Permanent  plant  for  creoaoting  tifnfrigf 


Permanent  portable  plant  built  by  large  paper -mtU  for  creoaoting  roof-boarda  and 
miscellaneoxu  lumber.  (A)  Tank  for  hot  treatment.  IB)  Tank  for  cold  treatment. 
(C)  Tank  for  eatehing  drippinga. 


A  Group  of  Open-Tank  System  Creosoting-Plants 


SIMPLICITY,  economy  and  efficiency  are  the 
principal  features  of  the  Open-Tank  system, 
properly  used. 

The  wide  veuriety  of  equipment  shown  in  the 
illustrations  herewith  indicates  the  ease  with  which 
creosoting  by  this  method  may  be  eurranged  to 
meet  practically  any  condition  where  pressure- 
treated  lumber  is  not  required  or  available  at 
economicfJ  cost 

The  Open-Tank'system  consists  of  hot  and  cold 
treatment  in  refined  coal-tar  creosote  oil,  and  is 
recommended  for  all  structural  wood  exposed  to 


decay  which  will  not  be  subjected  to^^severe 
mechanical  abrasion  when  in  service.  >*^" ' 
CARBOSOTA  CREOSOTE  OIL  is  the  stonJarJ 
for  non-pressure  treatments.  Specify  it  and  insure 
satisfactory  results. 

(NOTE:  It  is  necessary  that  all  wood  to  be  treated  by  a 
non-pressure  process  shall  be  seasoned  until  air-dry.) 

Booklet  regarding  the  CARBOSOTA  treatment  free  on  request. 


The 


Company 


Nfw  YoiW  Chicago  Philadelphia  Boston  Si.  Louw 

Cleveland  Cincinnari  Pitubunih  Detroit  Birmingham 

Kansas  City         Minneapolis        Salt  Lake  City         Seattle  r™""..  i 

THE  PATERSON  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY    Limited:         Mon^^l 
Toronto    Winnipeg    Vancouver    St.  John.  N.  B.    HalifaiON.  S.  .Sydney,  N.  5. 


^^■fi^T'  1  I 

I^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hp^- 'f.v  ^^ML 

1^^^ '     V 

eonsmi.    . 

patlnn  8UiriL'.;i.-tt.,n:c.     Csud/u 

timfier  and  lumher. 


npanu     Temporary  plant  ronstrueted  of  wood 
I     lO.fiorh     sheet  iron,  equipped  with  ateam-pipn^ 
cllaneous     Used  for  crcasnting  roof- timber  and  -' 
-  mackine'room  of  paper-mill 


rd      Modem   Open-Tank  Pole-Treattng  Plant.     {Photo.  eourUry 
v,       Lindsley  Bros.  Co..  Minneapolis.) 
over 


^'(3 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


THE     MAGAZINE     OF     THE     AMERICAN     FORESTRY     ASSOCIATION 

PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE,  Editor 


September  1917    Vol.  23 


CONTENTS 


No.  285 


■llilllllililiii 


The   First   Forest   Regiment   Goes   Across — By   Bristow 
Adams    517 

Widespread  Activity  in  Home  Food  Thrift — By  Charles 
Lathrop    Pack     519 

Forest  Fires  Burn  Much  Timber 520 

War  and  the  Food  Problem — By  Norman  C.  McLoud..   521 
With  nineteen  iMustrations. 

What  About  Tree  Surgery — By  J.  Horace  McFarland..   531 
With  thirteen  illustrations. 

Value  of  Grazing  Management  on  the  Caribou  National 

Forest— By   C.    H.    Shattuck 536 

With  four  illustrations. 


The  Mockingbird  Family^By  A.   A.  Allen . 
With  seven  illustrations. 


539 


Queen  Anne's  Lace;  the  Papaw  Tree,  and  Self  Heal — By 

R.    W.    Shufeldt 543 

With  eight  illustrations. 


Turning  a  Desert  Into  Fertile  Soil — By  Robert  H.  Moul- 

ton     549 

Willi  four  illustrations. 

The  Le   Conte    Oaks 551 

With  one  illustration. 

Forestry  for  Boys  and  Girls — By  Bristow  Adams 552 

Our  Snakes  a  National  Asset — By  Gayne  T.  Norton ....   555 
With  seven  illustrations. 


Forestry  and  the  War — By  Charles  Lathrop  Pack.. 

The  Blue  Mesa  Forest  Fire — By  Henry  L.  Spencer. 
With  seven  illustrations. 

Fighting  the  Pine  Blister  Rust 


Western  Quails  Being  Exterminated — By  R.  W.  Shufeldt 
With  five  illustrations. 


Canadian   Department    

Extension  of  Lacey's  Orgemization. 
Current   Literature    


559 
560 

562 

565 

567 
569 

570 


wmi 


IIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIilllllllllllllllllllllillllllllll^^ 

SPECIAL  OFFER  TO  MEMBERS  ONLY  | 

One  of  the  following  described  books  will  be  presented  free  of  charge  to  any  member  of  the  | 

American  Forestry  Association  who  secures  ONE  NEW  subscribing  member:  | 

No.  1 — Field  Book  of  American  Trees  and  Shrubs,  465  pages,  275  illustrations  of  trees,  leaves,  | 

blossoms,  fruits,  seeds,  area  of  growth,  etc.  | 

No.  2 — Field  Book  of  Wild  Birds  and  Their  Music,  262  pages,  38  colored  and  15  other  full-  | 

page  illustrations.  | 

No  3 — Field  Book  of  American  Wild  Flowers,  587  pages,  24  colored  plates  and  215  full-page  | 

illustrations.  ■ 


FILL  OUT  THIS   BLANK 


I  present  for  Subscribing  Membership  in  the  AMERICAN     FORESTRY     ASSOCIATION, 
including  American  Forestry  Magazine,  and  enclose  $3.00  for  the  1917  fee — 


Name. 


Send  Book  No. 


Address City. 

to  Name ". 


Address City 

$2.00  of  above  fee  is   for  AMERICAN   FORESTRY  for  One  Year. 

AMERICAN   FORESTRY  is  published  monthly  by  the  American  Forestry  Association. 

Subscription  price  without  membership,  three  dollars  per  year;  single  copies,  twenty-five  cents. 

Kntered  as  second-cl.i.ss  mail  matter  December  24.  1909    at  the   Post-offlce  at  Washington,  under  the  Ait  of  Mnrcli  3.  1S79 

CopyrlKlit,    1917,    by    the  American    Forestry  Association 

iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiHiH 


How  mechanical  bracing 
restores  strength  to  decayed  trees 


THE  internal  woody  tissue  of  the  tree 
has  the  same  function  as  the  bones  in 
the  human  body— structural  support. 

When  this  has  been  destroyed  by  decay, 
Nature  is  helpless  to  restore  it  and  the 
tree,  if  neglected,  will  soon  succumb  to  the 
force  of  the  winds.  And  no  treatment  can 
permanently  save  it  unless  that  treatment 
supplies  scientifically  the  strength  that 
has  been  lost. 

Merely  to  fill  the  cavity  with  cement 
will  not  answer.  The  violent  swaying  of 
trees  by  the  winds  makes  correct  mechan- 
ical bracing  of  decay-weakened  cavities 
absolutely  imperative. 

Correct  mechanical  bracing  involves 
something  more  than  just  fixing  bars  and 
bolts  in  the  cavity. 

Every  tree  is  different,  and  therefore  the 
bracing  of  each  tree  must  differ  from  the 
bracing  used  in  all  other  trees,  at  least  to 
some  extent. 

The  tree  in  photograph  No.  1,  for  ex- 
ample, required  a  combination  of  bolts  and 
lock-nuts,  reinforcing  rods,  and  cross-bolts 
with  lock-nuts  above  the  crotch. 

The  tree  in  photograph  No.  2  needed  a 


backbone  and  rib  arrangement  of  iron 
straps,  plus  torsion  rods  and  anchors. 

The  tree  in  photograph  No.  3  required 
a  combination  of  bolts  and  criss-cross  bolts 
with  lock-nuts,  torsion    rods  and  chains. 

The  tree  in  photograph  No.  4  was  so 
weak  that  it  required  a  complicated  and 
complete  system  of  internal  bracing,  in- 
cluding cross-bolts,  criss-cross  bolts,  iron 
straps,  anchors,  torsion  rods,  iron  backbone 
and  ribs,  lock-nuts,  bolts  above  the  crotch, 
plus  chains  and  lag-hooks  higher  up. 

Davey  Tree  Surgeons   are  the  only 

men  in  the  ■world  who  are  really 

trained  for  this  work 

Every  Davey  Tree  Surgeon  is  trained 
to  the  point  of  finished  skill.  He  is  al- 
lowed no  responsibility  until  he  has  con- 
clusively demonstrated  his  fitness. 

Davey  Tree  Surgeons  are  the  only  Tree 
Surgeons  officially  endorsed  by  the  United 
States  Government,  which  engaged  them 
to  save  the  priceless  trees  on  the  Capitol 
grounds  and  elsewhere. 
,  They  are  the  only  Tree  Surgeons  en- 
dorsed by  thousands  of  estate  owners — 


prominent  men  and  women  whose  recom- 
mendations you  can  accept  with  complete 
confidence. 

And  they  are  the  only  Tree  Surgeons 
who  are  backedby  asuccessf  ul  and  respon- 
sible house,  amply  able  to  make  good  ir 
every  instance,  and  not  needing  for  the 
sake  of  temporary  existence,  to  sacrifice 
in  the  slightest  degree  its  high  standards. 
Write  today  for  FREE  examination 

of  your  trees 
■ — and  booklet,  "When  Your  Trees  Need  the 
Tree  .Surgeon."  What  is  the  real  condition  ol 
your  trees?  Only  the  experienced  Tree  Surgeon 
can  tell  you  fully  and  definitely.  Without  cost 
or  obligation  to  you.  a  Davey  Tree  Surgeon  will 
visit  your  place,  and  render  an  honest  verdict 
regarding  their  conditionand  needs.  Write  today. 

The  Davey  Tree  Expert  Co.,  Inc. 

2109  Elm  Street  Kent,  Ohio 

(Oper-iting  the  Davey  Institute  of  Tree  Surgery) 


Branch  offices,  with  telephone  connection:  225  Fifth  Ave., 
Mow  York;  2017  Land  Title  Buildil 

450  McCormick  BuitdinK,  thicago 


lET.  F^hiladeiphia, 
(  hicago 


Permaaent  rcprcaentativcn   locate.)  at  Itos'i.n    Newport.  Lenox. 

Hartford,  Stamfori).  Albany, Pouxhlteepij.r.Wl.itcl'lains.Jaj — ' — 

L.I.:  Newark,  N.  J,;  I'hilatlel- 

phia,    Harriaburi;.   Baltimore, 

Waahington.     BufTalo,     Pitta-  ^  ■w*^         -,i^\ 

burah,  Cleveland, Detroit.  Cin-  /TVv- ^r**>' 

cinnati,     I»uiavil!e.    ChicaKO,  /*y^y^ \^  £. 

Milwaukee,     Minneapolis,   St, 
Louis,   Kansas  City. 
Cana'fian  Address:  22  Victoria 
Square.  Montreal. 


Davey  Tree  Surgeons 


and  the  public  is  cautinnftl  against  those  falsely  representing  themselves 


REAL  ESTATE  AND  TIMBER 


^'i 


7,000,000  FEET 

NATIONAL  FOREST  TIMBER 

FOR  SALE 

Location  and  Amount. — All  the  mer- 
chantable dead  timber,  standing  or 
down,  and  all  the  live  timber  marked 
or  designated  for  cutting  on  an  area 
embracing  about  3400  acres  in  Town- 
ships 1  and  2,  R.  4  E.,  of  the  Basis 
Line,  Smith  Creek  and  Hopper  Camp 
Branch  watersheds,  Cherokee-Geor- 
gia National  Forest,  Tennessee,  es- 
timated to  be  4,800,000  feet  B.  M., 
more  or  less,  of  saw  timber  of  pop- 
lar, white  pine,  shortleaf  pine,  white 
oak,  red  oak,  black  oak,  scarlet  oak, 
chestnut  oak,  hickory,  basswood, 
ash,  beech,  and  other  species,  2,500 
cords  of  chestnut  acidwood.  600 
chestnut  oak  ties,  460  cords  of  hem- 
lock, poplar  and  basswood  pulp, 
12,000  locust  posts,  340  chestnut 
poles,  and  560  tons  of  hemlock  and 
chestnut  oak  bark. 

Stumpage  Prices. — Lowest  rates  consid- 
ered: Shortleaf  "ine,  and  chestnut 
oak  saw  timber,  $2  per  M;  poplar  saw 
timber,  $8  per  M;  white  pine  saw 
timber,  $7  per  M;  basswood  and  ash 
saw  timber,  $6  per  M;  red  oak  and 
white  oak  saw  timber,  $5  per  M; 
black  oak,  scarlet  oak,  beech,  hick- 
ory, birch,  gum,  and  other  species, 
$1  per  M;  hemlock,  basswood,  and 
poplar  pulpwood,  $1.25  per  cord; 
hemlock  and  chestnut  oak  bark,  $3 
per  ton  of  2240  lbs.;  chestnut  acid- 
wood,  $1.50  per  cord:  chestnut  oak 
hewn  ties,  15  cents  each;  locust 
posts,  5  cents  each;  chestnut  poles, 
30  ft.  long,  30  cents  each;  35  ft.  long, 
50  cents  each;  40  ft.  long,  75  cents 
each;  45  ft.  lonr^  $1  each;  50  ft. 
long,  $1.25  each;  55  ft.  long,  $1.50 
each;  60  ft.  long,  $1.75  each. 

Deposit.— With  bid  $500  to  apply  on 
purchase  price  if  bid  is  accepted,  or 
refunded  if  rejected.  Ten  per  cent 
may  be  retained  as  forfeit  if  the  con- 
tract and  bond  are  not  executed 
within    the   required   time. 

Final  Date  for  Bids.— Sealed  bids  will 
be  received  by  the  District  Forester, 
Washington,  D.  C,  up  to  and  includ- 
ing September  10,  1917.  The  right 
to  reject  any  and  all  bids  is  reserved. 
Before  bids  are  submitted  full  in- 
formation concerning  the  character 
of  the  timber,  conditions  of  sale,  de- 
posits, and  the  submission  of  bids 
should  be  obtained  from  the  District 
Forester,  Washington,  D.  C,  or  the 
Forest  Examiner  in  Charge,  Blue 
Kidge,  Ga. 


TIMBER  CRUISING 

of  all  kinds,  in  all  sections,  brings  me  constantly 
in  touch  with  owners  of  timber  lands  whose 
properties  are  adaptable  to  commercial  or  sport- 
iiiii;    pvirposes. 

DONALD  E.  LAUDERBURN 

154  Fifth  Avenue  New  York 


READY    JULY    1st— NEW    BOOKLET 

TIMBER  ESTIMATING  METHODS 

Original  and  Practical  Information  for  the 
Timber  Cruiser,  Timber  Owner,  and  Lumberman, 
giving  details  of  method  and  cost  of  Timber 
Estimating  based  on  actual  experience  on  over 
100  timber  tracts. 

Postpaid,  50  cents  each. 

HOWARD  R.  KRINBILL 

FOREST  ENGINEER  NEWBERN,   N.  C. 


CORN      CATTLE      HOGS 

Three-crop  Corn  Land 
Virgin  Soil 

No  Crop  Failures 

JOHN   L.   ROPER  LUMBER   CO. 
Norfolk,  Va. 


PHILIP  T.  COOLIDGE 

FORESTER 

Stetson  Bldg.,  31  Central  Street,  Bangor,  Me. 

Management  and  Protection  of  Woodlands 

ImproLcment  Cuttings,  Planting,   Timber 

Estimates  and  Maps.       Surveying 


IF  YOU  WANT  TO  BUY 

Timberlands,  Preserves, 
Estates,  Farms,  Camps, 
etc.,  then  we  can  assist 
in  getting  exactly  what 
you  want,  provided  such 
properties  exist. 

REAL  ESTATE  DEPARTMENT 
2  West  45th  St.     New  York  City 


SALE   OF  TIMBER.    WHITE    MOUNTAIN    APACHE 
INDIAN   KBSKKVATION. 

8  BALED  BIDS,  MARKED  OUTSIDE  'BID, 
White  Mountain  Apaclie  Inciian  Reservation  Tini- 
her"  and  addreasecl  to  "The  Commi.sfiioner  of  Indian 
Affairs,  Wasliington,  D.  C."  will  be  received  until 
12:00  o  clock  noon.  Eastern  Time,  Wednesday.  Octobei 
24,  1917.  for  the  purchase  of  timber  upon  abont  68.000 
arre-s  within  Townshitis  8  and  8'^  North.  Ranges  13.  24. 
25  and  26,  and  Townsliiiir,  9  North,  Rangea  24  i.nd  25 
East.  O.  &  8.  B.  P.  M..  Arizona.  The  sale  embraces 
api)roxiniately  400.000.000  feet  of  timber  (about  y5% 
Western  Yellow  Pine  and  3  to  5%  Douglas  F:r  vnd 
other  speciefl).  Each  bid  must  state  the  amount  per 
thousand  feet.  Seribner  decimal  C,  leg  scale,  that  will 
l)e  paid  for  timber  of  all  species  cut  prior  to  October  1. 
Pj24.  IMces  Hubfieqiient  to  that  date  are  to  be  llxed  by 
the  Commiasioner  of  Intiian  Affairs  by  three  year  xjeriods. 
in  accordance  with  operating  and  market  conditions.  No 
bid  of  less  than  Three  Dollars  p?r  thousand  feet  for  all 
spccieji  within  the  sale  area  for  the  first  period  will  be 
(ronsidere<I.  Each  bid  must  be  submitted  in  triplicate 
and  Ije  accompanied  by  a  certified  check  on  a  solvent 
.National  Bank,  in  favor  of  the  Superintendent  of  the 
Fort  Apache  Indian  School,  iu  the  amount  of  Fift.een 
Thousand  Dollars.  The  deposit  will  be  returned  it  the 
bid  is  rejected,  but  ten  l>er  cent,  of  it  will  l)e  retained 
if  the  bid  i.s  accepted  and  the  required  contract  and 
bond  are  not  executed  and  presented  for  approval  within 
thirty  days  from  such  acceptance.  If  the  bid  is  ac- 
cepted and  the  contract  and  bond  executed,  the  deposit 
will  ue  applied  as  an  advance  payment  on  the  purchase 
pnce.  The  right  to  reject  anv  and  all  bids  U  ;«s^rvod. 
For  copies  of  bid  and  contract  forms  and  for  other  in- 
fritmation  regarding  the  offering,  application  should  be 
made  to  the  Commissionrr  of  Indian  Affairs 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  has  advei-tised  a  tract 
adjacent  to  the  Indian  Reservation  containing  apiwoxi- 
iiiatilj-  235.000.t00  feet  of  timlxr.  'llie  Indian  timber  and 
the  .National  Forest  Timlwr  are  being  advertised  at  the 
same  time  with  the  undersliiuding  that  the  purchaser 
i>r  these  tracts  may  log  them  together.  Infoiniation  as 
lo  the  National  Foreat  Timb .r  may  bo  obtained  from  the 
"iSK'?,   Polyester,    Albuqiieniue.    Now    Mexico 

Washington,  D.  C,  August  27,  1017.  CATO  SELLS. 
Comimssioner  of  Indian  Affairs. 


235,000,000  FEET 

NATIONAL  FOREST  TIMBER 

FOR  SALE 


LOCATION  AND  AMOUNT.  — All  thf 
merchantable  dead  tiinbcr  .standing  or 
down,  and  all  the  live  timber  marked 
or  Otherwise  designated  for  cutting  on 
an  area  embracing  about  55,200  acres  in 
T.  10  N.,  Ks,  23  and  24  E. ;  T.  9  N  , 
Rs.  23,  24,  and  25  E. ;  T.  8  N.,  R.  23 
E  ;  and  the  unsurveyed  land  in  ap- 
proximately T.  8  N.,  R.  24  E.,  G.  & 
S.  R.  P,  M.,  within  the  Sitgreaves  Na- 
tional Forest,  Arizona,  estimated  to  be 
235,000,000  feet  B.M.,  more  or  less,  of 
western  yellow  pine,  Douglas  fir,  Mexi- 
can white  pine,  cork  bark  fir,  and  Engel- 
mann  and  Colorado  blue  spruce.  Ap- 
proximately 95%   western  yellow  pine. 

STUMPAGE  PRICES.— Lowest  rate  con- 
sidered $2.25  per  M  feet  for  all  species, 
rate  to  be  readjusted  October  1,  1924, 
and  every  three  years  thereafter  until 
end  of  sale. 

DEPOSIT.— With  bid,  $10,000,  to  apply  on 
purchase  price  if  bid  is  accepted,  or 
refunded  if  rejected.  Ten  per  cent, 
may  be  retained  as  forfeit  if  the  con- 
tract and  bond  are  not  executed  within 
the  required  time. 

FINAL  DATE  FOR  BIDS.— Sealed  bids 
will  be  received  by  the  District  For- 
ester, Albuquerque,  New  Mexico,  up  to 
and  including  October  24,  1917. 

The  right  to  reject  any  and  all  bids  is 
reserved. 

Before  bids  are  submitted  full  in- 
formation concerning  the  character  of 
the  timber,  conditions  of  sale,  deposits, 
and  the  submission  of  bids  should  be 
obtained  from  the  District  Forester, 
Albuquerque,  New  Mexico,  or  the  For- 
est Supervisor,  Snowflake,  Arizona, 

The  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs 
is  advertising  a  body  of  timber  on  the 
White  Mountain  Indian  Reservation  es- 
timated at  400,000  feet  more  or  less 
adjoining  the  above  advertised  area  on 
the  Sitgreaves  National  Forest,  The 
conditions  of  contract  and  conditions 
on  the  ground  permit  the  logging  of 
both  areas  as  one  operation  aggregating 
over  600,000  feet.  Full  information 
concerning  the  character  of  timber  on 
the  Indian  Reservation,  conditions  of 
sale,  deposits,  and  the  submission  of 
bids  can  be  obtained  from  the  Com- 
missioner of  Indian  Affairs,  Depart- 
ment of  the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 


^ 


EXPERIENCE  :  RESOURCES  :  PRECISION 


Timber y  the  Greatest 
Investment  of  the  Day 


H^hile  the  ghost  of    timber  famine'' 

has   been  pretty   thoroughly  laid^   the  records  of  the 

past  and  the  certain  trend  oj  the  present  shows  beyond  question 
that  the  rising  of  the  sun  is  no  more  certain  than  the  steady 
ad'vance   in    value    of  all  good  timberlands    bought  right. 

A  LACEY  REPORT  on  a  tract  will  guarantee 

the  goodness   (if  it   be    there)    and   our  37  years'  experience  oj 
sound   dealing  will  assure    the    buying   right  factor. 

Ji^e  have  or  know   where  to  get    what  you   desire. 

Send  for  our  inte?rsti/ig  booklet. 


/NTS/ANAr/OA/AL    T/MB^LANDjf  FA  CTORS 


CHICAGO 

1750  McComiick  Bldg. 


sy 


IN 


'&  s  o. 


NEff  YORK 
JO  East  42nd  Street 


SEATTLE 
626  Henry  Bldg. 


illllllUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 


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lllllllllllllllllll 


lllllllllllllillll 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


VOL.  XXIII 


SEPTEMBER  1917 


niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii. 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiy^ 


NO.  285        I 

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinw^^^^^ 


THE  FIRST  FOREST  REGIMENT  GOES  ACROSS 


C 


They've  changed  the  Hun's  ships  names  around ; 

Send  us  along,  boys,  send  us  along! 
They  didn't  like  Teutonic  sound. 

Send  us  along! 
We're   overdue   beyond   the    seas, 
To  hold   us  here   is  just  a  tease, 
So  send  us  over,  if  you  please, — 

Send  us  along,  along! 

Chorus : 

As  "Leviathan"  the  "Vaterland" 

Will   gather   no   more   moss ; 
From  "Hamburg"  to  the   "Powhatan" 

Our  gain   is   Prussia's  loss. 
But  we  don't  give  a  rip 
For  the  name  of  the  ship, 

So  long  as  we  get  across ! 

HESE  were  the  sentiments  expressed  by  mem- 
bers of  the  Tenth  Engineers  (Forest)  in  the 
early  days  of  September,  when  each  one  of  those 
days  that  passed  in  the  camp  at  American  Uni- 
versity grounds  seemed  very  late,  rather  than  early. 
They  lengthened  out  instead  of  growing  shorter  as  all 
September  days  should  do,  and  all  because  the  regi- 
ment had  not  yet  departed  from  a  seaport  on  the  At- 
lantic coast  for  somewhere  in  France. 

In  the  latter  days  of  August  the  regiment  had 
passed  in  review  before  the  Secretary  of  War  and  As- 
sistant Secretary  Vrooman  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture.  While  the  Tenth  Regiment  is  a  regu- 
larly organized  military  unit,  and  a  part  of  the  war 
forces,  it  remains  true  that  in  great  measure  the  work 
of  getting  the  regiment  together  had  been  done  by  the 
Forest  Service,  one  of  the  bureaus  of  the  Agricultural 
Department,  so  Mars  and  Ceres,  figuratively  speaking, 
together  watched  the  regiment  swing  past. 

And  it  did  swing  past,  with  the  stride  of  a  veteran 
organization;  yet  it  had  been  given  only  a  few  weeks 
of  drill.  The  men  had  real  quality  to  begin  with. 
Bystanders  remarked  how  tall  and  broad  they  were, 
how  bronzed  and  fit  they  looked.  Why  should 
they  not  appear  to  be  what  they  were — men  used  to 
working  outdoors,  at  jobs  that  required  strength  and 
alertness.  Among  the  lot,  also,  was  a  very  considera- 
ble sprinkling  of  college  men,  including  not  a  few 
recent  graduates  and  undergraduates  from  the  for- 
estry colleges,  from  California  on  the  West  to  Yale 
in  the  East.  "Eddie"  Frey  of  Cornell  was  one  of 
the  intercollegiate  champions  in  the  two-mile  run 
when  he  helped  his  Alma  Mater  clean  up  all  four 
places  in  the  event  against  the  picked  men  of  all  the 
leading    universities    of    the    country.      Another    Cor- 


We  itch  to  get  there  on  the  ground ; 

So  send  us  along  boys,  send  us  along! 
Right  in  the  scrap  we  would  be  found ; 

Send  us  along! 
We  do  not  look  for  any  ease, 
We'll  work  at  first  among  the  trees. 
Then  we'll  fight  in  the  final  squeeze. 

So  send  us  along,  along! 

Chorus : 

"Susquehanna"  exchanged  for  "Rhein" 

In   river  names   is   fair ; 
Our    "Pocahontas"    with    "Irene" 

As  a  Princess  doth  compare ; 
And  the  "Antigone" 
Is   as   "Neckar"   to   me, 

If  she'll  put  us  "over  there!"  — New  Song. 

nellian,  and  one  of  the  smaller  men,  was  George  Kep- 
hart,  coxwain  of  the  Varsity  eight-oar  champions  who 
had  swept  the  Hudson  at  Poughkeepsie ;  and  after 
that  he  was  a  member  of  Cornell's  intercollegiate 
championship  wrestling  team.  These  men  were  typi- 
cal of  those  who  marched  along  with  others  who  had 
achieved  championships  in  "burling,"  cordwood-cut- 
ting,  and  the  like. 

After  the  final  review,  in  which  their  fitness  was 
everywhere  apparent,  they  began  to  get  impatient. 
They  had  men  enough,  and  more  than  enough,  for  the 
unit  which  was  to  go  across.  Their  equipment  was 
complete,  their  personnel  ready,  chaplain  and  all. 

The  equipment  included,  besides  sawmills  and  log- 
ging machinery  and  implements,  a  Red  Cross  ambu- 
lance and  kitchen  trailer,  marked  with  the  pine-tree 
badge  of  the  Forest  Service.  These  additional  parts 
of  the  equipment  were  given  by  the  members  of  the 
Forest  Service,  the  funds  being  gathered  in  small  con- 
tributions from  office  and  field  forces  in  Washington 
and  on  the  National  Forests,  and  in  the  various  Dis- 
trict headquarters  in  the  West.  Women  clerks  in  the 
office  and  fire  guards  in  the  woods  each  gave  her  or 
his  bit  to  these  useful  gifts,  which  were  gladly  ac- 
cepted by  the  War  Department  and  that  department 
provided  transportation  for  them  along  with  the  rest 
of  the  goods.  Funds  for  an  additional  ambulance  and 
trailer  have  been  raised  by  District  Six,  which  in- 
cludes the  administration  of  the  National  Forests  in 
the  States  of  Washington  and  Oregon.  These  will 
accompany  additional  forest  engineer  units  now  being 
recruited  to  follow  the  first  one. 

The  welfare  of  the  men  is  being  looked  after  in 
other  ways,  and  while  no  Y.  M.  C.  A.  unit  accompa- 
nied it  abroad,  the  work  of  such  an  organization  is 

517 


518 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


being  done  by  the  regiment  itself  through  men  at- 
tached to  headquarters.  The  Chaplain,  assisted  by 
Private  Knowles  Ryerson,  who  had  specialized  in  ru- 
ral social  organization  in  California,  will  help  to  pro- 
vide recreation,  reading  matter,  and  other  comforts 
and  conveniences.  He  took  along  a  phonograph  for 
each  company,  and  was  busily  looking  before  he  left 
for  an  angel  to  donate  a  motion  picture  projector.  Six 
dozen  talking  machine  records  will  help  to  introduce 
American  ragtime  to  sylvan  communities  in  France, 
and  after  they  have  been  played  out  others  will  fol- 
low over.  The  Forest  Service  will  help  to  supply  the 
regiment  with  reading  matter,  and  with  various  other 
necessary  luxuries,  under  a  systematic  plan;  and  the 
American  Forestry  Association  will  see  that  they  are 
supplied  with  tobacco  and  other  comforts.  If  some 
of  the  fellows  wear  all  the  olive-drab  knitted  sweaters 
and  mufflers  that  have  been  promised  them  they  will 
be  so  swaddled  up  that  they  cannot  move  to  do  any 
work! 

The  last  days  at  the  camp  were  full  of  seeming 
confusion,  but  every  activity  was  bent  toward  hasten- 
ing the  final  get-away.  Some  of  the  last-minute  hustle 
was  due  to  the  effort  on  the  part  of  many  of  the  newer 
arrivals  in  camp  to  make  sure  that  they  would  be  in- 
cluded in  the  first  contingent,  in  case  somebody,  for 
any  reason,  might  be  unable  to  go  at  the  last  minute. 
No  one  wanted  to  remain  as  part  of  the  nucleus  of  the 
following  battalions.  But  everyone  was  cheerful  and 
everyone  was  busy.  Here  was  a  group  checking  up 
the  service  records  of  the  men  who  were  going;  there 
was  another  squad  stencilling  labels  on  boxes  that 
were  standing  on  every  hand,  while  others  with  black 
paint  and  brushes  were  marking  some  of  the  boxes 
for  use  on  the  boat  going  over  and  some  to  go  into  the 
holds  of  the  ship. 

Major  Dubois  was  omnipresent,  gathering  up  the 
loose  ends,  and,  as  he  expressed  it,  "busy  like  a  bee." 
Major  Chapman,  with  a  most  unpractised  hand,  was 
endeavoring  to  sew  indelible  name  labels  on  his  blan- 
kets and  articles  of  apparel,  while  Major  Benedict  in- 
terrupted his  own  work  of  making  a  will  to  cast  as- 
persions on  Chapman's  sewing,  telling  the  latter  to 
use  white  thread  instead  of  black,  to  take  shorter 
stitches  and  more  of  them,  and  finally  to  stop  sewing 
said  Chapman's  name  on  his,  Benedict's,  blankets. 
There  is  no  telling  how  much  seriousness  was  cloaked 
under  the  raillery;  possibly  there  was  nothing  but  a 
boyish  gladness  at  the  prospect  of  their  early  depar- 
ture. Captain  Mason,  at  an  Atlantic  seaport — to  use 
the  phraseology  of  the  "Official  Bulletin" — was  look- 
ing after  the  procurement  and  stowage  of  supplies; 
Eldredge  was  busy  with  equipment;  Colonel  Wood- 
ruff, in  his  office  in  the  headquarters  building,  was  the 
guiding  center  of  all,  to  and  from  whom  a  succession  of 
officers  came  and  went  on  many  errands.  Every  one 
was  busy,  clear  down  to  the  last  private  doing  a  fare- 
well clothes-washing  before  he  had  to  learn  the  meth- 
ods of  French  laundering. 

And  now  they  have  gone,  sooner  than  most  per- 
sons thought  they  would  get  away;  sooner  than 
seemed  possible  when  the  very  barracks  were  begun 
only  in  late  July ;  sooner,  indeed,  than  they  themselves 
had  dared  to  hope. 

A  second  regiment  is  already  forming,  with  a  good 
start  in  the  later  arrivals  who  came  in  for  the  first 
regiment,  which  was  overmanned  from  an  abundance 
of  volunteers  before  the  time  came  to  go.  The  next 
regiment  is  to  have  ten  battalions  of  lumbermen  and 


woods  workers,  the  first  two  battalions  to  be  raised 
at  once,  with  the  help  of  the  Forest  Service ;  the  other 
eight  are  to  follow  in  a  short  time.  In  addition,  nine 
labor  battalions  to  be  used  in  connection  with  the 
forest  regiments  are  to  be  recruited,  two  of  these  to 
be  made  ready  just  as  soon  as  possible. 

Both  the  officers  and  the  rank-and-file  have  been 
rapidly  gathered  for  the  following  contingents,  and 
the  activities  at  the  engineers'  camp  at  American 
University  have  not  been  greatly  slackened  by  the 
departure  of  the  first  twelve-hundred.  It  is  hoped 
that  the  next  unit  will  be  ready  in  as  short  a  time  as 
that  taken  by  the  first  regiment,  and  that  they  can 
quickly  be  put  to  work  for  the  triumph  of  democracy 
in  overseas  service.  More  men  are  wanted,  between 
the  ages  of  18  and  40,  and  preferably  with  skill  in 
woods  work.  Lumberjacks,  portable-mill  operators, 
tie-cutters,  logging  teamsters,  camp  cooks,  millwrights 
and  charcoal  burners  are  among  the  types  of  men  de- 
sired. 

Majors  Graves  and  Greeley,  already  on  the  other 
side  before  the  first  contingent  started,  saw  the  great 
possibilities  of  usefulness  for  many  more  men  than 
went  at  first.  The  British  authorities  first  called  at- 
tention to  the  need  of  the  foresters:  now  General 
Pershing's  army  needs  the  aid  of  forest  engineers  quite 
as  much  as  do  the  English  and  French. 

The  regiments  which  follow  promise  to  be  equal 
to  the  earlier  one  in  everything  except  possibly  in 
youthfulness  and  "pep."  They  already  show  a  prob- 
ability of  being  ahead  of  it  in  maturity  of  personnel 
and  seriousness  of  purpose.  A  spirit  of  adventure  un- 
doubtedly allured  many  of  those  who  went  over  with 
the  Tenth;  sober  judgment  and  a  deep  realization  of 
duty  are  calling  the  others.  Even  at  that,  it  seems 
that  many  a  forestry  college  will  give  of  its  under- 
graduates for  the  forces  now  gathering,  provided  they 
can  get  in  by  passing  the  required  tests  of  physique 
and  experience.  Last  year  the  professors  were  urging 
their  students  to  stay  in  school  and  complete  their 
courses;  this  year  all  are  more  strongly  imbued  with 
the  idea  that  every  one  who  can  go  over  should  do  so, 
and  in  the  capacity  for  which  he  is  best  fitted.  Young 
men  in  the  forestry  schools  ought  to  make  good  in  the 
forestry  regiments,  and  they  will  undoubtedly  gain 
invaluable  experience.  The  facts  that  some  forestry 
students  were  among  the  first  to  go,  and  that  the  call 
for  all  able-bodied  men  to  get  into  action  is  so  clear 
and  insistent,  are  incentives  for  an  increased  number 
of  applicants  from  this  type — a  type  which  can  be  very 
useful,  especially  among  the  lower  grades  of  non- 
commissioned officers.  Preference  is  being  given, 
however,  to  men  who  have  had  actual  woods  experi- 
ence. 

The  first  of  the  "goodlie  companie"  of  foresters 
has  gone.  Others  will  follow  soon.  It  is  a  good  thing 
for  the  profession  of  forestry,  and  it  is  a  good  thing 
for  the  business  of  lumbering  that  both  classes  are 
working  shoulder  to  shoulder  in  the  forests  of  France. 
It  was  ,in  these  same  forests  of  France,  some  four 
hundred  odd  years  ago,  that  two  classes — knights  and 
yeomen — fought  side  by  side  and  learned  the  begin- 
nings of  democracy,  and  the  dependence  of  one  upon 
the  other.  American  foresters  and  lumbermen  have 
been  learning  this  interdependence  to  some  extent 
already;  there  will  be  a  hastening  of  the  process  in 
the  solidarity  which  is  bound  to  spring  up  from  a  com- 
mon experience  on  the  same  ground  in  a  far  greater 
struggle. 


WIDESPREAD  ACTIVITY  IN  HOME  FOOD  THRIFT 

By  CHARLES  LATHROP  PACK 

President  of  the  American  Forestry  Association  and  President  of  the  National  Emergency  Food  Gardens  Commission. 

An  inspection  trip  of  community  canneries  was  recently  made  by  Charles  Lathrop  Pack,  president  of  the  National 
Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission  which  is  affiliated  with  the  American  Forestry  Association.  In  these  canneries, 
where  neighboring  families  work  together  on  a  co-operative  basis,  Mr.  Pack  sees  a  splendid  example  of  productive  thrift. 
He  makes  plain  in  the  following  statement  that  the  work  of  food  gardening,  of  canning  and  of  drying  from  Maine  to  California 
and  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Gulf  has  justified  all  expectations. 


n 


ET  us  consider  what  our  home  gardening  signi- 
fies. It  means  that  1,100,000  acres  of  city  and 
town  land  are  under  cultivation  this  year — much 
of  it  heretofore  non-productive.  The  country- 
wide survey  made  by  the  National  Emergency  Food 
Garden  Commission  located  nearly  3,000,000  food  gar- 
dens, but  this  is  not  the  best  of  the  story.  The  canning 
and  drying  movement  has  brought  back  to  thousands 
of  American  households  an  art  almost  forgotten  since 
the  days  of  our  grandmothers.  This  is  particularly  true 
of  the  drying  of  vegetables  and  fruits  which  this  year 
is  being  done  by  good  housewives  on  a  vast  scale. 

There  is  much  evidence  that  our  food  gardens  are 
helping  our  people  to  feed  themselves  more  reasonably 
and  will  continue  this  helpfulness  throughout  the 
winter.  The  editor  of  the  North  American  Review 
says  in  the  September  number:  "Last  spring,  at 
garden  planting  time,  we  urged  the  increase  of  produc- 
tion partly  through  intensified  culture  to  increase  the 
yield  per  acre  and  partly  through  the  increase  of  acre- 
age by  the  cultivation  of  neglected  fields  and  even 
small  plots  in  suburban  and  urban  areas.  How  well 
this  policy  was  executed  is  seen  in  the  reports  of  the 
National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission  that 
the  gardens  of  the  country  were  this  year  more  than 
trebled  in  area.  Beyond  question  this  achievement 
has  much  to  do  with  the  fact  that  the  increase  in  price 
of  garden  products  in  the  year  was  only  22  per  cent, 
or  less  than  one-fifth  of  that  of  bread  stuff." 

The  results  will  this  winter  mean  much  for  food 
F.  O.  B.  the  homes  of  America,  and  help  us,  by  feed- 
ing ourselves,  to  feed  our  boys  and  our  allies.  We 
already  have  a  million  men  under  arms  in  our  army 
and  navy.  There  will  be  two  million  by  spring.  They 
must  all  be  fed  and  the  soldiers  and  people  of  France 
and  England  must  be  fed,  and  to  a  large  extent  fed  by 
us — and  we  are  going  to  see  that  this  is  done.  In  the 
canning  and  drying  of  vegetables  and  fruits  the  homes 
of  America  are  contributing  an  important  share. 

The  glass  jar  manufacturers  of  this  country  have 
delivered,  to  September  first,  about  119,000,000  quart 
glass  jars.  A  survey  of  the  household  supply  of  jars 
in  some  twenty  typical  towns  throughout  the  country 
shows  that  the  housewives  of  America  this  year  will 
use  but  one  new  jar  to  over  three  and  one-quarter  old 
glass  jars  on  hand,  and  all  of  them,  old  and  new,  have 
been  filled  or  will  be  filled.  This  makes  possible  the 
conservative  statement  that  the  home  women  of  the 
country  will  conserve  more  than  460,000,000  quart 
glass   jars    of   vegetables   and    fruits — certainly   three 


times  what  has  been  accomplished  before.  The  drying 
has  also  added  several  million  dollars  worth  to  the 
food  supply  by  preserving  vegetables  and  fruits. 

All  of  us  can  contribute  our  share  in  fighting  the 
battles  of  the  great  war  by  doing  our  part  in  food  con- 
servation. This  war  is  as  much  our  war  as  it  is  the 
war  of  Europe.  Unless  we  can  keep  the  soldiers  of 
the  allied  armies  properly  fed  and  can  prevent  hunger 
among  the  women  and  children  of  France,  Russia  and 
England,  the  western  line  of  defense  may  be  thrown 
back  toward  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  and  it  is  well 
within  possibilities  that  in  that  event  we  would  see 
the  army  of  the  enemy  on  our  own  shores. 

Much  has  been  said  about  food  thrift  and  food 
economy,  but  I  want  to  come  to  the  defense  of  the 
good  women  of  this  country  because  it  is  the  women 
who  really  understand  what  thrift  means.  It  is  my 
experience  that  the  patriotic  women  of  America  have 
been  practicing  thrift  all  along  and  that  they  know 
how  to  practice  economy  without  parsimony.  This 
year  they  have  added  to  their  duties  the  patriotic  work 
of  food  production  and  food  conservation.  A  thrifty 
woman  is  a  blessing  to  mankind  and  the  women  know 
very  much  more  about  real  thrift  than  the  men. 

We  are  going  to  win  this  war,  and  we  are  going 
to  win  it  by  fighting  with  food.  You  cannot  starve 
Germany.  Ambassador  Gerard  has  told  us  so.  But 
we  will  starve  our  allies  if  we  are  so  short  sighted  and 
small  and  mean  and  unpatriotic  as  not  to  deserve  the 
name  of  Americans.  This  must  not  be  and  I  feel  safe 
in  saying  that  it  will  not  be.  We  face  a  race  of  people 
under  a  government  intent  upon  the  mastery  of  the 
world.  The  war  seems  far  away  to  most  of  us  but 
we  are  in  reality  fighting  for  our  national  existence 
and  our  national  fate.  We  will  realize  this  more  fully 
when  the  great  stream  of  wounded  and  maimed  of  our 
soldiers  are  sent  back  to  us  from  France.  But  none 
the  less,  we  are  going  to  win  this  war.  Our  soldiers 
are  going  to  do  their  part.  We  are  sending  our  sons 
to  the  front  and  we  who  are  at  home,  men  and  wo- 
men, can  carry  on  the  good  fight  and  do  our  part 
quite  as  well  as  the  man  with  the  gun.  I  feel  sure 
that  the  men  and  women  of  America  are  doing  their 
duty.  I  feel  sure  of  victory,  and  when  that  victory 
comes  there  may  be  erected  a  monument  commemor- 
ating the  greatest  event  in  modern  history,  bearing 
these  words:  "FOR  DEMOCRACY  AND  CIVILI- 
ZATION—A WAR  WON  BY  FREE  MEN  AND 
FREE  WOMEN  FOR  HUMANITY." 

619 


FOREST   FIRES   BURN   MUCH   TIMBER 


aBSENCE  of  rain  in  soiiie  of  the  western  states 
during  the  current  season  has  created  an  unusual 
menace  in  the  matter  of  forest  tires.  Until  re- 
cently the  danger  has  been  kept  down  by  the 
increased  efficiency  of  the  fire-fighting  forces  of  the 
United  States  Forest  Service  and  other  agencies  con- 
cerned with  protecting  the  forests.  Their  work  has  been 
so  effective  that  during  the  earlier  part  of  the  season 
the  losses  were  slight  and  confined  to  small  areas.  Late 
in  .August,  however,  the  outbreak  of  fires  became  so  gen- 
oral  as  to  cause  serious  alarm. 

Reports  received  by  the  Forest  Service  indicated  that 
the  situation  had  then  become  more  dangerous  than  at 
any  time  this  year.  Millions  of  feet  of  timber  were 
threatened  and  it  became  necessary  for  the  service  to 
suspend  some  of  its  other  activities  in  order  to  concen- 
trate all  available  man-power  and  resources  in  fighting 
the  flames.  In  Montana  and  northern  Idaho  two  thou- 
sand men  had  to  be  engaged-  in  the  work  under  the  direc- 
tion of  forest  rangers.  The  expenditures  in  these  two 
states  during  the  earlier  part  of  the  season  had  aggre- 
gated about  $170,000.  With  the  increased  danger  the 
expenditure  rose  to  $15,0C0  a  day.  The  entire  organi- 
zation of  the  Forest  Service  in  the  afi'ected  districts  has 
been  devoting  itself  exclusively  to  fire  fighting.  Men  from 
regions  in  which  there  are  no  fires  have  been  relieving 
the  rangers  who  have  Ijecome  worn  out  by  their  long 
exertions. 

A  grave  phase  of  the  fire  menace  is  the  threatened  de- 
struction of  valuable  timber  intended  for  furnishing  air- 
plane stock  for  the  fighting  forces  of  the  United  States 
and  its  European  allies.  In  Oregon  and  Washington  this 
danger  has  been  particularly  emphasized.  Several  large 
mills  supplying  the  government  with  material  of  this  na- 
ture are  in  danger  of  having  to  make  complete  suspen- 
sion of  operations.  The  gravity  of  this  situation  is  recog- 
nized by  the  Forest  Service  and  every  effort  is  being 
made  to  reduce  the  hazard  to  a  minimum. 

Prolonged  dry  weather  has  been  responsible  for  the 
fire  damage.  The  forests  have  become  so  dry  that  any 
fire  which  makes  a  start  is  likely  to  become  a  serious  con- 
flagration. High  winds  have  prevailed  also,  and  this  has 
made  control  of  even  the  smaller  blazes  extremely  diffi- 
cult. The  seriousness  of  the  situation  is  shown  by  the 
action  of  the  governor  of  Oregon  in  postponmg  the  open- 
ing of  the  hunting  season  in  that  state.  This  was  made 
necessary  by  the  need  for  keeping  peo])]e  out  of  the 
woods  as  far  as  might  be  possible. 

Among  the  cau.ses  lightning  has  played  an  important 
])art.  Severe  thunder  storms  have  been  ])revalent 
throughout  the  mountain  districts  and  these  have  re- 
sulted in  many  serious  blazes.  As  a  factor  in  causing 
forest  fires  lightning  is  one  of  the  most  difficult  things 
with  which  the  forest  protectors  have  to  contend.  In 
a  single  limited  area  a  short  time  ago  19  fires  were 
started   in  one  night  as  a  result  of  lightning  strokes. 


These  fires  usually  start  at  the  foot  of  trees  which  have 
been  struck  and  they  smoulder  for  some  time  before  mak- 
ing headway.  Frequently  they  cannot  be  detected  until 
a  wind  fans  them  into  a  blaze  and  it  is  no  uncommon 
occurrence  for  a  number  of  such  fires  to  betray  them- 
-selves  simultaneously  to  observers  through  the  columns 
of  smoke  that  arise  some  time  after  the  storm.  One  of 
the  most  serious  phases  of  fires  started  by  lightning  is 
that  they  are  apt  to  be  in  places  that  are  inaccessible  to 
the  fire  fighters.  Trees  at  great  elevations  are  more  ex- 
posed to  the  bolts  than  those  lower  down  and  this  in- 
creases the  hazard. 

The  efficiency  of  the  fire-fighting  forces  in  the  west 
is  declared  to  be  better  this  year  than  ever  before.  This 
is  largely  due  to  the  lessons  taught  by  the  experience  of 
the  last  year.  The  loss  in  the  National  Forests  until  late 
in  .August  was  comparatively  small  as  a  direct  result  of 
this  increased  efficiency. 

At  the  offices  of  the  Forest  Service  in  Washington 
it  is  said  that  some  of  the  fires  of  the  summer  and  fall 
are  reported  to  have  been  due  to  incendiarism,  but  that 
carelessness  has  shared  with  lightning  the  chief  responsi- 
bility. Fires  started  by  campers,  settlers  and  locomo- 
tives have  been  frequent.  Little  or  no  rain  has  fallen 
for  weeks,  and,  while  it  may  be  possible  to  keep  the  fires 
in  check  by  organized  jirotective  work,  officials  say  that 
the  danger  will  not  he  eliminated  until  the  fall  rains  set  in, 
and  nature  asserts  her  protecting  influence. 


WAR  TIME  USES  FOR  WOOD 

HE  manufacture  of  gunpowder  requires  large 
qantities  of  charcoal,  which  can  be  secured  only 
from  hardwoods,  and  even  smokeless  powder  re- 
quires the  u,se  of  wood  alcohol  in  its  manufacture. 
This  product  is  particularly  necessary  in  the  making  of 
gun  cotton.  Wood  alcohol  is  also  used  as  a  solvent  in 
medicine  and  the  wood  distillation  industry  will  con- 
tribute largely  to  the  extra  amount  of  hospital  supplies 
needed  during  the  present  war.  Acetic  acid  or  wood 
vinegar,  which  is  another  important  product,  is  used  in 
the  nianufacture  of  cordite  and  liddite,  two  high  explo- 
sives. Necessary  increases  in  the  production  of  steel  for 
war-time  uses  will  require  a  large  amount  of  charcoal 
for  use  in  blast  furnaces.  Besides  these  direct  uses,  the 
development  of  the  American  dye  industry  takes  over 
a  great  deal  of  the  wood  alcohol  obtained  from  the  dis- 
tillation of  hardwood. 


T'WO  pieces  of  maple  received  from  the  National 
Hardwood  Lumber  Association,  one  of  which  was 
badly  discolored,  were  tested  at  the  Forest  Products 
Laboratory  at  Madison,  Wisconsin.  In  mechanical 
tests,  where  slowly  applied  loads  were  used,  the  two 
samples  were  about  equal  in  strength,  but  in  resistance 
to  shock  the  discolored  piece  was  decidedly  inferior. 
A  microscopic  examination  showed  the  cell  walls  of 
the  inferior  piece  to  be  partially  destroyed  by  fungi. 


WAR  AND   THE   FOOD   PROBLEM 

BY  NORMAN  C.  McLOUD 


If  the  individual  members  of  the  American  Forestry  Association  could  see  the  results  achieved  by  the  Association's 
Conservation  Department  in  its  efforts  to  help  solve  the  national  food  problem  they  would  realize  that  the  work  has  not 
been  in  vain.  In  affiliation  with  the  National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission  this  department  has  played  an  im- 
portant part  in  the  creation  and  conservation  of  a  vast  food  supply.  Through  home  gardening,  home  canning,  home 
drying  and  home  storage  America  has  achieved  a  wealth  of  food  products  for  both  summer  and  winter.  The  growing 
season  of  1917  has  produced  results  hitherto  unapproached  in  the  annals  of  American  gardening.  In  reckoning  the 
worth  of  this  garden  crop  general  opinion  accords  generous  credit  to  the  efforts  of  the  Commission  and  the  Associa- 
tion's participation  therem.  The  conservation  of  this  yield  is  now  under  way,  with  results  as  important  as  those 
already  achieved  in  the  line  of  production.  Every  member  of  the  Association  is  in  position  to  help  the  cause  by 
doing  what  he  may  to  stimulate  interest  in  canning,  drying  and  storage  for  winter  uses.  Co-operation  in  this  respect 
will  be  cordially  appreciated  by  the  officers  and  will  constitute  a  patriotic  service. 


1W111   DC  coraiauy  appreciatea   oy  tne  omcers  anu  wiu  ^;oIl^^l.l^ulc  a  pairiuiic  service. 


■lis 


C 


HE  more  closely  one  looks  at  the  food  situation 
these  days  the  less  certain  he  becomes  as  to  the 
real  center  of  interest.  National  attention  is  being 
given  so  many  phases  of  the  question  that  it  is 
hard  to  tell  which  seems  most  imf)ortant.  Food  produc- 
tion, food  prices  and  food  conservation  are  all  occupying 
the  center  of  the  stage.  The  effect  is  that  of  a  three- 
ring  circus,  and  in  the  face  of  this  circumstance  the  in- 
dividual citizen  has  responsibility  to  all  three.  That  he 
is  fully  conscious  of  this  responsibility  is  shown  by  the 
success  of  the  home  garden  movement,  the  popular  en- 
thusiasm on  the  subject  of  price  regulation  and  the  per- 
sistence with  which  the  people  of  America  are  engaged 
in  the  home  canning,  home  drying  and  home  storage  of 
vegetables  and  fruits  for  winter  uses. 

All  America  has  been  amazed  at  the  success  of  the 
home  garden  movement.  The  new  planting  area  created 
through  the  efforts  of  the  National  Emergency  Food 
Garden  Commission  and  the  Conservation  Department 
of  the  American  Forestry  Association  embraces  back 
yards  and  vacant  land  in 
and  around  every  city, 
town  and  village  in  the 
United  States.  With  more 
than  three  million  of  these 
gardens  flourishing  where 
none  had  grown  before 
there  has  come  an  addition 
of  three  hundred  and  fifty 
million  dollars  in  crop 
value.  This  tremendous 
contribution  to  the  re- 
sources of  the  nation  is  of 
vast  importance  in  its  rela- 
tion to  food  prices  and 
food  conservation.  Its  ef- 
fect on  prices  is  immedi- 
ate. New  competition  to 
the  extent  of  three  hun- 
dred and  fifty  million  dol- 


r^'^ 

"-♦. 


THE  OLD  B.ACK  YARD. 
A   scene    which    was   all   too   typical   before   home   gardening   was   stimulated 
larS      has      been      no      mean     ^y  ''■*  National  Commission.     Note  the  crop  carefully  and  then  look  at  the 

picture  of  the  new  back  yard  on  another  page. 


factor  in  the  cost  of  living  during  the  summer  of 
1917.  The  thoughtful  student  of  economics  cannot 
fail  to  realize  that  without  this  competition  the  cost 
of  living  would  have  been  greatly  increased.  House- 
hold expenses  have  been  bad  enough  as  it  is.  With- 
out the  food  gardens  they  would  have  been  far 
worse. 

Herein  lies  the  importance  of  food  conservation  in 
its  relation  to  the  generous  crop  of  the  home  gardens  of 
the  nation.  It  is  not  alone  for  the  growing  season  that 
the  increased  planting  area  must  be  made  to  exert  its 
beneficent  influence.  Nature's  contribution  has  as  much 
meaning  for  the  winter  months  as  for  those  of  summer. 
Wise  utilization  of  the  heavy  crop  demands  conserva- 
tion for  the  future.  Conservation  for  the  future  de- 
mands home  canning,  home  drying  and  home  storage. 
These  things  must  be  done  on  a  national  scale.  This 
means  that  they  must  be  done  in  every  household,  or,  in 
larger  terms,  by  every  community  of  households  working 
together    as    a    unit.      In    no   other    way    may    America 

reap  the  full  benefit  of  her 
heavy  home  garden  crop. 
In  no  other  way  may  the 
individual  do  such  effective 
work  in  the  regulation  of 
food  prices.  In  no  other 
way  may  he  accomplish 
such  effective  food  conser- 
vation. 

In  its  efforts  to  bring 
about  the  most  effectivi- 
thrift  in  handling  the  gar- 
den crops  the  National 
Emergency  Food  Garden 
Commission  is  conducting 
a  nation  wide  campaign  of 
education.  This  campaign 
is  fashioned  along  lines  to 
stimulate  canning,  drying, 
storing  and  other  forms  of 
preparing  foodstuffs  for 
521 


522 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


the   winter  season.     The   Commission's   Home   Canning 
Manual   was   its   first  contribution  to  the  literature  of 
practical  conservation.     This  was  a  companion  book  to 
the  Home  Gardening  Primer,  which  was  circulated  to 
the  extent  of  a  million  or  more  copies  during  the  spring 
planting  season.     In  the  canning  manual  explicit  direc- 
tions are  given  for  preparing  vegetables  and  fruits  by 
the  single  period,  cold  pack  method  of  canning  in  tins 
and  glass.  As  an  indication  of  the  care  taken  in  its  compi- 
lation it  may  be  men- 
tioned that  the  orig- 
inal manuscript  was 
prepared  by  the 
Commission's     e  x  - 
])erts  on  a  basis  of 
their  own  experience 
and   on   information 
obtained   from  the 
United    States    De- 
partment   of    Agri- 
culture and   various 
other    agencies. 
When  the  manu- 
script  was    in    com- 
pleted   form    copies 
of  it  were  sent  to  a 

.  K  f   tl  READY   FOR   EITHER  CANNING  OR  DRYING. 

large  numuer  OI    inc  YVho  wouldn't  envy  the  home  gardener  who  produced  this  assortment  of  vegetables?     The  table 

^-i*-vof  i^^t-i-iT-vof^tif    .in  is  loaded  with  the  products  of  a  war-garden,  worthy  of  the  best  professional  growers.     The  pro-     r»i^cti/'   T-^rArior^^nAcc 

most  competent    aU-  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^  collected  for  canner  or  dryer  and  give  rich  promise  for  the  winter.  mesiic   prepdreoneSS. 

thorities  on  the  sub 


for  issuance  to  government  institutions.  Through  the 
Marine  Hospital  Service  and  the  Bureau  of  Education 
the  booklet  has  been  given  wide  circulation.  As  a  re- 
sult of  suggestion  in  official  bulletins  government  de- 
partment employes  have  procured  the  manual  for  use 
in  their  own  homes.  In  addition  to  general  recognition 
from  these  official  sources  the  manual  has  been  the  sub- 
ject of  a  large  demand  from  senators  and  congressmen 
for  distribution  to   their  constituents.     Throughout  the 

country  the  recogni- 
tion has  been  in 
keeping  with  that 
accorded  in  official 
circles  at  the  nation- 
al capital.  Its  dis- 
tribution has  been 
undertaken  and  its 
use  urged  on  the 
public  by  state  and 
local  departments  of 
education,  by  state 
and  local  war  com- 
m  i  1 1  e  e  s  and  by 
countless  clubs  and 
organizations  inter- 
ested in  food)  con- 
servation   and    do- 


ject  throughout  the 
United  States.  In 
each  case  explicit 
criticism  and  con- 
structive suggestion 
were  requested,  and 
in  every  instance  the 
request  was  met 
with  prompt  compli- 
ance. In  this  way 
the  manual  was 
made  to  embvidy  tlie 
best  information 
from  the  best  possi 
ble  sources,  a  n  d  it 
was  ])ublished  in  full 
confidence  t  h  a  t  it 
carried   to   the   peo 


That  this  general  ac- 
ceptance was  based 
on  merit  is  not  to  be 
(luestioned.  Without 
such  merit  the  ac- 
ceptance would  not 
have  been  possible. 
With  such  wide- 
spread endorsement 
the  Commission  can- 
not fail  to  feel  that 
its  manual  has  taken 
a  foremost  place  in 
the  literature  of  eco- 
nomics and  that  its 
influence  for 
constructive  conser- 
vation is  fully  dem- 
onstrated.     In    the 


SHOWING  HOW  SCHOOL  CHILDREN  GET  AHEAD. 
This  picture  suggests  interesting  possibilities  in  the  way  of   pumpkin  pies  for  the  coming  winter. 

r\)n    r%(     A  tiiof  ,V-.     tViu    ""■  PUHipkins   were   raised   in   war-gardens,   planted   and  cultivated   by  school   children   and   it   is  rvrpinraf  inn     nf     f  Vi  f> 

pit.    OI     /MilcriCd    irie    ^afp  ,„  gm.ss  that  none  of  the  young  gardeners  will  go  hungry  for  pie  during  the  school  season,  f '  ^1^"""^'""    "'     i-  "  <= 


latest  and  most  corn- 


Home  Drying  Man- 


plete  knowledge  of  the  art  of  canning  as  developed  by  ual   similar  care  was  exercised.     Every  precaution  was 

modern  science.  taken    to    insure    authenticity    in    the    in.structions    for 

That   this   confidence   was   well   warranted   has  been  reviving  the   lost  art   of   vegetable  and   fruit  drying  in 

shown  by  the  acceptance  of  the  Home  Canning  Manual  the   homes   of    America.      No   available   authority   was 

as  a  standard  and  authoritative  addition  to  the  national  overlooked  and  the  Commission  felt  that  the  booklet  was 


literature  on  domestic  science.  This  acceptance  has  been 
widespread  and  cordial.  In  various  branches  and  bu- 
reaus of  the  United  States  Government  the  manual  has 
been  given  the  stani])  of  official  approval  by  its  adoption 


a  worthy  companion  to  its  manual  on  canning.  In  this 
instance  also  was  the  confidence  given  warrant  by  the 
reception  accorded  the  work.  The  official  recognition 
given  the  canning  manual  was  invariably  shared  by  its 


Copyright  1917  by  International  Film  Service. 

DRIED  FOOD  TAKES  ITS  PLACE  IN  SOCIETY. 
Recognition  of  the  value  of  dried  vegetables,  fruits  and  meats  was  given  in  a  luncheon  at  the  National  Capital  at  which  the  hostess  was  Mrs.  Robert 
Lansing,  wife  of  the  Secretary  of  State.  This  picture  shows  the  guests,  all  of  them  prominent  in  vhe  official  set  of  Washington  society.  They  agreed 
that  the  luncheon  was  one  of  the  most  delicious  they  had  ever  eaten.  At  the  table,  from  left  to  right,  are:  Mrs.  Redfield,  wife  of  the  Secretary  of 
Commerce;  Mrs.  Hugh  L,  Scott,  wife  of  the  Chief  of  Staff  of  the  United  States  Army;  Mrs.  Champ  Clark,  wife  of  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives; Mrs.  Lansing,  the  hostess;  Mrs.  Atlee  Pomerene,  wife  of  the  Senator  from  Ohio  and  Mrs.  Josephus  Daniels,  wife  of  the  Secretary  of 
Ilie  Navy. 


Copyright  1917  by  International  Film  Sen-ice. 

TOOTHSOME  VIANDS  AT  MRS.  LANSING'S  DRIED  FOOD  LUNCHEON, 
When  Mrs.  Robert  Lansing,  wife  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  entertained  prominent  Washington  matrons  at  luncheon  the  entire  bill  of  fare  was  made 
up  of  Dried  Foods.  This  picture  gives  an  idea  of  the  appetizing  spread.  The  six  course  meal  included  dried  vegetable  bouillon,  dried  chicken,  dried 
vegetables  of  many  kinds,  dried  fruit  and  dried  mint.  The  Neapolitan  salad  was  typical  of  the  luncheon.  It  was  made  of  dried  peas,  dried  lima 
beans  and  dried  tomatoes,  with  cream  cheese  filling.  All  the  vegetables  were  "brought  back"  before  using,  by  steaming  and  soaking.  The  roast 
chicken,  shown  in  the  center  of  the  picture,  had  been  first  cooked,  the  dried  in  the  oven  and  then  steamed  and  soaked,  to  restore  its  original  volume. 
With  the   chicken   were  served  caramel  sweet  potatoes,  corn  balls  and  creamed  dried  cucumbers  on  toast. 

523 


524 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


r 

w 

i^aikdii^M^M^. 

^m 

^p^S 

^^?^ 

mm 

SUCH   A  POTATO   PATCH! 

With  war  gardens  of  this  nature  thriving  throughout  the  land  America 
faces  the  winter  with  cheerful  coniidence.  The  boys  did  all  the  work  and 
deserve  all  the  credit. 

sister  booklet.  Wherever  the  government  or  other  agen- 
cies undertook  the  distribution  of  the  one  it  did  the  same 
thing  with  the  other.  As  a  result  of  these  various  forces 
and  of  the  distribution  of  30,000  or  40,000  a'  day  from 
the  offices  of  the  Commission  each  of  the  manuals  has 
attained  a  circulation  of  several  million  copies.  The  aim 
of  the  Commission  to  place  the  booklets  in  practically 
every  home  in  the  land  has  approached  realization  and 
those  who  are  familiar  with  the  enterprise  are  of  one 
vroice  in  expressing  appreciation  of  this  patriotic  gift  to 
.'America  at  war. 

As  an  indication  of  the  national  importance  attached 
to  the  preparation  of  foodstuffs  for  winter  uses  wide- 
spread interest  was  taken  in  a  luncheon  recently  given 
in  Washington  by  Mrs.  Robert  Lansing,  wife  of  the  sec- 
retary of  state.  At  this  luncheon  the  entire  bill  of  fare 
was  made  up  of  dried  food  products.  Women  prominent 
in  the  social  life  of  official  circles  at  the  national  capital 
were  included  in  the  list  of  guests  and  all  of  them  mani- 
fested genuine  enthusiasm  over  the  excellence  of  the 
luncheon. 

Not  content  to  rest  on  its  laurels  with  a  realization  of 
work  well  done  the  Commission  late  in  August  made  con- 
tribution of  another  booklet  in  its  series  of  publications  on 
food  conservation.  In  the  fourth  manual  explicit  instruc- 
tions are  given  on  a  variety  of  subjects  involved  in  pre- 
paredness for  the  winter  season.  The  topics  includf 
storage,  pickling,  fermentation  and  salting  and  to  these 
are  added  directions  for  making  potato  starch,  fruit  but- 
ters and  kindred  products.  Prepared  with  the  same  care 
given  the  other  manuals  the  new  booklet  met  with  imme- 
diate welcome,  and  the  demand  for  it  has  been  such  as 
to  place  a  severe  strain  on  already  overtaxed  printing  fa- 
cilities. With  a  determination  to  meet  the  demand 
promptly  the  Commission  has  had  some  of  the  largest 
printing  establishments  in  Washington,  Baltimore  and , 
Philadelphia  running  day  and  night.     As  a  result  there 


has  been  no  delay  in  meeting  requests  for  the  various 
publications  and  this  promptness  has  played  its  part  in 
giving  the  manuals  the  widespread  distribution  with 
which  they  have  met. 

The  storage  of  vegetables  for  future  uses  is  as  im- 
portant as  canning  and  drying.  To  keep  vegetables 
in  their  natural  state  is  regarded  as  the  simplest  form 
of  preparation  for  winter  needs  and  therefore  one  of 
the  most  useful.  As  a  premise  the  manual  declares  that 
by  taking  proper  precautions  against  decay  and  freezing 
an  abundant  supply  of  many  kinds  of  fresh  vegetables 
may  be  kept  for  winter  uses  at  a  minimum  expenditure 
of  money  and  effort.  From  the  introduction  to  the  man- 
ual I  quote  some  of  the  arguments  in  favor  of  home 
storage  as  follows: 

"The  importance  of  making  provision  for  winter  food 
needs  was  never  so  great  as  this  year.  Every  pound 
of  foodstuffs  than  can  be  spared  for  export  will  be  needed 
in  Europe  for  feeding  American  troops  and  to  prevent 
the  starvation  of  the  domestic  and  military  population 
of  the  Allied  Nations.  Every  pound  of  vegetables  stored 
away  for  home  uses  will  release  food  for  export.  A 
nation  at  war  is  a  nation  with  a  food  problem.  A  na- 
tion with  a  food  shortage  is  a  nation  in  peril.  For  this 
reason  it  is  of  vital  importance  that  no  vegetables  of 
high  food  value  be  allowed  to  go  to  waste. 

"The  home  gardening  campaign  conducted  by  the  Na- 
tional Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission  this  year 
resulted  in  the  creation  of  a  vast  new  planting  area.  More 
than  three  million  gardens  have  been  planted  where  none 
grew  before.  The  output  of  these  gardens  is  greatly  in 
excess  of  immediate  needs.  Unless  proper  steps  are 
taken  to  safeguard  the  surplus  the  waste  will  be  pro- 
digious. This  Commission  has  already  stimulated  nation- 
wide activity  in  canning  and  drying.  The  purpose  of  this 
booklet  is  to  arouse   similar  interest   in   the   storage  of 


THE  NEW  BACK  YARD. 

Instead  of  trash  and  tin  cans  the  backyards  and  vacant  lots  of  America 
now  show  crops  of  this  nature.  Note  the  contrast  with  the  earlier  picture 
of  the  old  back  yard — and  take  your  choice. 


WAR  AND  THE  FOOD  PROBLEM 


525 


DOESNT  SHE  LOOK  LIKE  A  PRIZE  WINNER? 
This  young  woman  has  put  up  56  varieties  of  vegetables  and  other  food  products.     She  is  typical  of  those  who  are  eligible  to  the   winning  of  prizes 
in  the  Commission's  national  contest   for  the  best  canned   goods  displayed  at    a    fair.     She   is    an    earnest    believer    in    the    cold-paclc   process,    for    she 
knows   what   it  can   do. 


vegetables  and  in  other  forms  of  winter  preparedness. 

"Storage  is  an  essential  factor  in  Food  Conservation. 
Households  which  fail  to  store  their  own  supplies  will 
find  themselves  forced  to  pay  winter  tribute  to  the  wide- 
awake business  concerns  which  have  practiced  storage 
on  a  commercial  scale.  By  storing  vegetables  during  the 
season  of  lowest  prices  even  the  household  which  has  no 
home  garden  can  save  much  of  the  cost  that  would  be 
involved  in  winter  pur- 
chases  and  incidentally 
make  important  contribu- 
tion to  the  national  food 
supply." 

In  its  list  of  vegetables 
which  may  be  placed  in 
home  storage  to  good  ad- 
vantage the  Commission  in- 
cludes late  potatoes,  beets, 
carrots,  parsnips,  turnips, 
sweet  potatoes,  onions,  cel- 
ery, cabbage,  salsify,  dry 
beans,  dry  lima  beans,  cau- 
liflower, brussels  sprouts, 
squashes,  parsley  and  ever, 
tomatoes.  Various  meth- 
ods are  explained  for  keep- 
ing these  vegetables,  rang- 
ing from  the  pantry  shelf, 
the  attic  and  the  cellar  to 
outdoor  pits,  cellars  and 
cold-frames.     One  form  or 


I-AIR   CANNERS  AT   A   STATE   FAIR. 
An    exhibit  of   canned   goods  prepared  by  a  club   of  girls  and   displayed  as 
an    object    lesson    for    their    neighbors.     This    is    food    thrift    in    its    most 
practical  form   and  is  the  sort  of  thing  that   will  enable  Uncle  Sam  to  feed 
the  world. 


another  of  storage  is  available  to  every  household.  Even 
the  apartment  dweller  can  find  the  room  and  meet  the 
requirements  for  storing  some  of  the  products  mentioned. 
The  results  will  well  repay  the  slight  effort  in- 
volved. 

Potato  starch  is  given  special  attention  in  the  manual. 
As  an  article  of  diet  this  home-made  product  has  quali- 
ties that  commend  it  to  the  consideration  of  every  house- 
hold. As  a  measure  of  con- 
servation it  utilizes  culls, 
bruised,  poorly  developed 
and  otherwise  useless  po- 
tatoes, of  which  it  is  esti- 
mated that  probably  75,- 
000,000  bushels  go  to  waste 
in  the  United  States  each 
year.  Another  advantage 
is  that  it  provides  a  health- 
ful and  appetizing  food 
product  which  can  be  used 
in  many  ways  where  flour 
is  now  used.  Added  to 
these  are  the  ease  and  sim- 
plicity with  which  it  may 
be  prepared.  No  equip- 
ment is  needed  other  than 
a  cylindrical  grater  or  saus- 
age grinder,  a  pan  or  gal- 
vanizing vessel  for  holding 
the  potatoes,  another  ves- 
sel into  which  the  grating 


526 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


A  MAYOR  AND  A  WAR  GARDEN  CHAIRMAN  WHO  ARE  JUSTLY  PROUD. 
This  picture  shows  Mayor  Davis  of  Cleveland  and  George  A.  Schneider,  chairman  of  the  Mayor's  War  Garden  Cottimitlee, 
inspecting  the  crops  in  a  garden  planted  and  cultivated  by  a  troop  of  Boy  Scouts.  This  garden  is  in  the  heart  of  the  city  and 
fronts  on  Euclid  Avenue,  a  street  as  famous  as  the  Champs  Elysee  or  Piccadilly.  This  garden  is  one  of  the  many  which  are 
to  be  found  on  the  Lawns  of  Euclid  Avenue.  It  is  surounded  by  homes  of  wealth  and  fashion,  and  this  environment  doubt- 
less had  its  influence  in  prompting  the  young  gardeners  to  make  their  garden  as  attractive  as  possible.  Mayor  Davis  is  the 
man  with  his  hands  behind  his  back.  Mr.  Schneider  stands  next  to  him,  towards  the  center  of  the  picture.  Scoutmaster 
McMasters  is  shown   with   his   hat   off,   near  the   sign. 


WAR  GARDEN  ON  THE  LAWN  OF  ONE  OF  CLEVELAND'S  HANDSOME  HOMES. 
In  Ohio  the  home  garden  found  ready  response.  Cleveland  is  noted  for  its  beautiful  homes  and  broad  sweeps  of  lawn.  In 
this  picture  is  shown  the  home  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edmund  Stevenson  Burke  in  the  Wade  Park  district,  one  of  the  most  ex- 
clusive residential  portions  of  the  city.  Mr.  Burke  is  a  man  of  great  wealth  to  whom  home  gardening  appealed  as  a  patriotic 
movement.  Converting  his  well  kept  lawn  into  a  garden  patch  he  raised  the  crop  here  pictured,  consisting  of  corn,  cabbage, 
carrots,  beets,  tomatoes,  beans,  parsnips,  pepper  and  parsley.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Burke  arc  spending  no  time  waiting  to  see  what 
the   nighbors    will   send   in    for   their   evening   meal. 


WAR  AND  THE  FOOD  PROBLEM 


527 


WHAT  ONE  CLEVELAND  FACTORY  ACHIEVED  IN  ITS  WAR  GARDEN. 
This  is  not  a  Kansas  Ranch,  as  might  be  suspected  from  the  broad  acreage  devoted  to  the  raising  of  farm  produce.  It  is  the 
war  garden  of  the  Otis  Steel  Company's  employes,  on  vacant  land  near  the  company's  big  manufacturing  plant,  in  Cleveland. 
This  is  one  of  the  gardens  in  which  Mayor  Davis  and  Chairman  Schneider  take  much  pride.  It  is  typical  of  the  factory 
gardens  in  one  of  America's  greatest  industrial  centers.  Such  gardens  have  been  made  throughout  the  manufacturing  district 
of  Cleveland  and  other  cities  and  their  contribution  to  the  nation's  food  supply  is  of  tremendous  volume.  This  garden  in- 
cludes thrifty  crops  of  such  vegetables  as  cabbage,  corn,  beans,  potatoes,  tomatoes,  cauliflower,  egg-plant,  celery,  beets,  cucum- 
bers and   kohlrabi. 


ANOTHER  WAR  GARDEN  WHICH  HAS  THRIVED  ON  A  CLEVELAND  LAWN. 
Louis  F.  Krieg  is  also  a  Cleveland  home  gardener  who  does  not  have  to  sit  around  waiting  for  contributions  from  the  neigh- 
bors. From  the  looks  of  the  garden  here  pictured  the  Krieg  family  has  enough  for  the  entire  neighborhood.  As  a  result  of 
converting  his  vacant  land  into  a  new  planting  area  Mr.  Krieg  has  a  crop  which  ranges  througli  the  alphabet  from  beets  to 
turnips,  and  embraces  cauliflower,  onions,  tomatoes,  carrots,  cabbage,  Swiss  chard,  corn  and  cucumbers.  According  to  a  report 
received  from  George  A.  Schneider,  chairman  of  the  Mayor's  War  Garden  Committee,  this  garden  is  one  of  the  thousands 
which  have  made  Cleveland  one  of  the  most  important  centers  of  city   farming  during  the   war   emergecy. 


528 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


o  r  grinding  i  s 
done  and  anoth- 
er into  which  to 
empty  the  grat- 
ings ;  water  i  n 
abundance  and 
cloths  for  wip- 
ing. The  starch 
resembles  wheat 
flour  in  white- 
n  e  s  s  and 
smoothness.  Its 
u  s  e  i  n  making 
such  dishes  as 
boiled  custard, 
lenwn  pudding, 
fruit  b  1  a  n  c  - 
mange,  lady  fin- 
gers, angel  cake, 
lemon  pie  and 
sponge  cake  is  described  in  detail  in  the  manual.  For 
these  and  some  other  purposes  many  expert  cooks  de- 
clare the  starch  to  be  superior  to  wheat  flour. 

Fermentation  and  salting  are  also  given  detailed  at- 
tention in  the  new  manual.  Complete  instructions  are 
given  for  the  making  of  sauerkraut  by  both  methods 
and  directions  are  also  included  for  the  preservation  of 
cucumbers,  green  tomatoes,  beets,  string  beans  and  peas 
by  fermentation.  During  the  winter  these  vegetables 
may  be  served  as  they  are  or  they  may  be  freshened  by 
soaking  in  clear  water  and  cooked  as  fresh  vegetables. 
Because  of  this  feature  they  make  an  important  addi- 
tion to  the  winter  diet  and  furnish  useful  variety  for 
the  daily  bill  of  fare. 

The  manual  also  gives  instructions  for  making  peanut 


CANNER  INSTEAD  OF  CANNON. 
The  group  here  pictured  forms  an  important  part  of  the   National  Army.       It  is  made  up  of  members  of  a 
canning   club    in    a    Middle    Western    community.    These   food   savers   are   playing   a    big   part   in    the   war- 
time   emergency. 


butter,  apple 
butter,  gingered 
pears,  grape 
jam  and  various 
vegetable  and 
fruit  pastes  for 
use  as  desserts 
or  as  garnishes. 
The  variety  of 
subjects  includ- 
ed make  an  im- 
portant addition 
to  the  household 
c  o  1 1  e  c  tion  of 
hooks  on  food 
conservation.  As 
with  the  book- 
lets on  canning 
and  drying  it  is 
intended  for 
free  distribution.  To  procure  a  copy  of  any  of  these 
booklets  an  application  enclosing  two  cents  for  postage 
should  be  sent  to  the  Commission  at  210-220  Maryland 
Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 

In  addition  to  its  publication  and  its  daily  canning, 
drying  and  storing  lessons  published  in  2000  newspapers 
throughout  the  country,  the  Commission  has  made  an- 
other contribution  of  national  importance  to  the  cam- 
paign for  food  conservation.  This  contribution  takes 
the  form  of  $5000  in  prizes  and  National  Certificates  of 
Merit  to  be  given  home  canners  in  every  state  of  the 
Union  and  in  various  parts  of  each  state.  One  thousand 
])rizes  of  $5  each  will  be  awarded  for  home  canned  veget- 
ables displayed  at  fairs,  food  shows  or  other  pubHc  ex- 
hibits held  anywhere  in  the  United  States.     With  each 


FROM  GARDEN  TO  PANTRY  SHELF. 


Some  of  the  steps  in  cold-pack  canning  are  here  illustrated.  The  vegetables  make  the  journey  from  left  to  right,  passing  through  the  various  processes 
from  piclting-over  and  washing  to  sterilizing  in  a  wash  boiler  hot-water  bath,  placing  in  jars  and  sealing.  The  girls  are  all  eagerness  and  enthusiasm 
as  may  be  seen  from  their  expressive  faces.     Suppose  you  try  this  on  your  own  household. 


WAK  AND  THE  FOOD  PROBLEM 


529 


HAVE  SOME  CARROTS? 

Who  could  refuse  such  fresh  and  palatable  looking  vegetables  as  are  here 
shown?  These  carrots  were  raised  in  a  home  garden  and  canned  by  the 
cold  pack  process, 

prize  will  be  awarded  a  certificate  to  serve  as  a  perma- 
nent record  for  the  holder.  The  only  stipulations  are 
that  the  canned  goods  entered  in  the  contests  shall  be 
home  canned  and  the  product  of  a  home  garden  in  a  city, 
town  or  village.  Keen  interest  has  been  shown  in  the 
prizes  and  so  general  has  been  the  response  from  fair 
officials  as  to  indicate  that  the  competition  will  be  one 
of  the  most  popular  ever  conducted  on  a  national  scale. 

While  popular  interest  is  now  concentrated  on  can- 
ning, drying  and  storage,  the  echoes  of  food  gardening 
pour  into  the  Washington  offices  of  the  conxmission  in 
never  ending  stream.  Typical  photographs  taken  from 
the  day's  mail  are  those  from  Cleveland,  Ohio,  repro- 
duced in  this  issue  of  American  Forestry.  In  Cleveland 
the  home  gardening  movement  made  a  remarkable  show- 
ing. Through  the  activities  of  a  war  garden  committee 
appointed  by  Mayor  Harry  L.  Davis,  and  with  the  co- 
operation of  the  National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Com- 
mission, the  Ohio  metropolis  blossomed  with  food  gar- 
dens from  center  to  circumference.  Chairman  George 
A.  Schneider  was  the  active  head  of  the  mayor's  com- 
mittee and  he  carried  on  his  work  with  an  enthusiasm  and 
effectiveness  that  have  won  recognition  for  him  as  one 
of  the  most  successful  of  the  year's  leaders  in  enterprises 
of  this  nature. 

In  the  work  of  individual  gardeners  an  example  of 


what  may  be  accomplished  in  small  space  is  given  by  the 
results  of  the  home  garden  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  L.  Betty 
at  West  Point,  Mississippi.  On  a  piece  of  land  less  than 
70  feet  square  the  Betty  family  has  produced  and  is  still 
producing  all  the  vegetables  used  on  the  table  of  a  fam- 
ily of  three  for  seven  months,  giving  a  supply  that  will 
continue  until  Christmas.  In  addition  to  this  yield  the 
garden  provided  the  material  for  640  cans  of  fruits  and 
vegetables,  prepared  by  Mrs.  Betty  on  a  small  home  can- 
ner.  As  an  added  measure  of  crop  value  may  be  men- 
tioned the  realization  of  $30.00  in  cash  from  the  sale 
of  products  not  suitable  for  canning.  Other  results  are 
one  peck  of  dried  corn,  one  peck  of  dried  butter  beans, 
one  peck  of  California  white  peas,  sufficient  good  seeds 
for  next  spring's  planting,  a  good  crop  of  potatoes  and 
sweet  potatoes,  10  pumpkins,  150  collards  for  winter 
and  a  70  foot  row  of  peanuts.  The  total  expense  for  the 
garden  was  less  than  $5.00  and  the  expense  for  cans, 
canner  and  fuel  less  than  $30.00. 

This  garden  may  be  taken  as  typical  of  the  results 
achieved  by  home  gardeners  throughout  the  land.  Their 
contribution  to  the  resources  of  the  nation  is  tremendous. 
Their  yield  in  individual  comfort  and  satisfaction  to 
their  owners  is  of  similar  worth.  Of  no  less  value  is 
the  object  lesson  in  thrift  which  these  gardens  have  fur- 
nished. In  the  case  of  the  Betty  garden  this  thrift  pre- 
vailed from  seed  time  to  harvest.  Even  the  grass  and 
weeds  on  the  planting  site  were  not  wasted.  All  vegeta- 
ble matter  of  this  nature  removed  from  the  garden  plot 
was  saved  to  use  in  enriching  the  soil.  This  utilization 
extended   throughout  the   season   with   the   maturity   of 


COMMUNITY  CANNING  WORK. 

The  Commission  recommends  cooperative  canning  and  drying.  If  several 
families  join  forces  and  buy  equipment  the  cost  is  slight  to  each  household. 
By    working    together    at    some    central    place    the    work    is    easier    for    all. 


530 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


the  various  crops.  Tomato  vines,  for  instance,  were 
employed  to  enliven  the  soil  for  the  asparagus  bed.  Corn 
stalks  were  placed  in  a  ditch  under  the  late  potatoes  to 
hold  the  moisture.  Waste  tomatoes  from  canning  oper- 
ations were  thrown  on  a  fertile  spot,  where  the  seeds 
germinated  and  produced  plants  which  were  sold  to  eager 
buyers  for  late  planting.  As  a  lesson  in  thrift  such  gar- 
dens as  this  fur- 
nish inspiration  to 
all  home  garden- 
ers. They  are  a 
manifestation  o  f 
the  true  patriot- 
ism. Their  owners 
are  the  true  con- 
servationists. Their 
carefully  guarded 
food  supply  is  the 
true  secret  of  na- 
t  i  o  n  a  1  prepared- 
ness. Without  them 
America  would 
face  the  chill  of 
winter  with  dread 
and  apprehension. 
Without  them  we 
would  have  dififi- 
c u  1 1 y  in  feeding 
even  ourselves,  to 


WHAT  COULD  BE  SIMPLER  THAN  THIS? 
Here    you    see    one    of   the    easiest    forms   of    vegetable    and    fruit    drying.     The   three    trays    are 
made  of  strips  of  wood  witli  galvanized  wire  mesh.     They  are  placed  on  a  table  and  facing  the 
end  of  the  trays  is  an  electric   fan.     Excellent   results  are   obtained  in  this  way. 


say  nothing  of  supplying  food  for  our  troops  in  foreign 
fields  and  the  people  of  our  European  allies.  With  the 
rich  harvest  of  these  gardens  and  the  careful  conserva- 
tion of  their  output  we  can  go  into  the  coming  winter 
with  the  calm  assurance  and  quiet  confidence  which  are 
essential  to  a  nation  at  war.  We  can  know  that  America 
is  in  position  to  do  its  duty  toward  civilization — a  duty 
which  involves  food  supply  as  much  as  it  involves  men 
and  munitions. 

Among  the  nations  engaged  in  the  fight  for  freedom 
America  is  the  one  country  with  a  surplus  of  foodstuffs. 
All  Europe  is  in  a  state  of  chaos.  Her  fruitful  farms 
are  devastated  and  her  producing  peasants  have  become 
embattled  warriors.  Lacking  the  land  for  cultivation 
and  the  men  for  doing  the  work  she  must  look  to  the 
United  States  for  the  means  of  sustaining  life.  Without 
our  help  she  must  face  famine,  and  famine  means  defeat. 
Her  soldiers  cannot  fight  unless  they  are  fed.  Under  the 
pinch  of  hunger  her  domestic  population  cannot  give  her 
armies  adequate  support.  America's  duty,  therefore,  is 
manifest.    We  must  share  our  abundant  stores  with  the 


people  of  Europe.  That  this  may  be  possible  we  must 
practice  food  thrift  without  cessation.  Nothing  must  be 
wasted.  Nothing  must  be  unwisely  used.  The  surplus 
of  summer  must  be  made  the  abundance  of  winter.  By 
canning,  drying  and  storing  for  our  own  uses  we  will 
release  foodstuffs  for  European  export.  Nothing  less 
should  be  considered.     If  the  world  war  is  to  result  in 

victory  for  demo- 
cratic arms  and 
democratic  institu- 
tions nothing  less 
is  possible.  Every 
American  citizen 
must  become  a  sol- 
dier in  the  army  of 
food  conservation. 
Food  waste  is  the 
foe  and  food  ex- 
travagance the  en- 
emy plotter.  Food 
economy  must  be 
the  watchword  and 
food  thrift  the  bat- 
tle cry.  To  keep 
these  things  in 
mind  and  act  ac- 
c  o  r  d  i  n  g  1  y  will 
mean  victory.  To 
ignore  them  will 
Faith  in  the  people  of 


mean  that  the  fight  is  hopeless. 

America  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  the  American  food 


DO  YOUR  APPLES  LOOK  LIKE  THIS? 

A  dish  of  dried  apples,  neatly  and  efficiently  curled  by  modern  methods  of 
drying.  Think  of  the  apple  pies  made  possible  by  having  a  store  of  such 
apples  on  your  pantry  shelf. 

supply  will  be  so  wisely  utilized  as  to  bring  about  com- 
plete  triumph    for   the   allied    forces   of   democracy. 


DROFESSOR  R.  R.  FENSKA  who  has  been  pro- 
*  fessor  of  engineering  at  Wyman's  School  of  the 
Woods  at  Munising,  Michigan,  has  resigned  to 
accept  a  position  as  assistant  professor  of  forestry  at 
the  University  of  Montana,  Missoula,  Montana. 


A  DEPARTMENT  of  Forest  Chemistry  has  been 
■'^  established  at  The  New  York  State  College  of 
Forestry  with  Dr.  S.  F.  Acree,  formerly  of  the  United 
States  Forest  Service  Laboratory  at  Madison,  Wiscon- 
sin, in  charge. 


WHAT  ABOUT  TREE  SURGERY? 


BY  J.  HORACE  McFARLAND 


•y^^  REES  are  marvels  of  natural  engineering.  When 
^^  I  see  a  tall  tulip  or  a  great  elm  sustaining  a  gale 
of  wind ;  when  the  small  boy  comes  into  view 
hitching  himself  out  to  the  perilous  end  of  a  cherry 
branch ;  when  a  saucy  robin  scolds  me  from  the  very  tip 
of  a  twig  on  which  he  has  just  alighted,  I  think  again  of 
the  wonder  of  the  woody  structure  that  can  carry  so 
much  of  an  overload,  do  and  be  so  many  things  in  flower, 
fruit  and  timber  production,  and  yet  be  a  most  beautiful 
object   in   its  adornment  of  the   surrounding  landscape. 


I  have  several  times  tried  out  the  breaking  strain  of 
little  tree  twigs,  brought  to  the  ground  by  progressive 
ice-storms.  From  twelve  to  sixteen  times  its  own  weight 
of  ice  encased  the  twig  before  it  broke  away,  and  then 
the  break  occurred  by  reason  of  wind  pressure,  not  of 
overweight.  Few  engineers  provide  such  a  factor  of 
safety  as  is  found  when  a  certain  twelve-foot  cedar  at 
my  garden  gate  bows  its  tips  in  a  graceful  semi-circle 
until  the  topmost  twig  touches  the  snow  under  the  in- 
fluence of  the  weight  of   slush  with  which  it  is  laden. 


READY  FOR  THE  FILLING 
Tree  on  the   State   Capitol   grounds  at  Albany,  N.   Y., 
with  flecaycci  portions  removed  and  ready  to  be  filled 
by  an  expert  tree  surgeon  working  for  the  New  York 
State    Conservation    commission. 


When  I  see  a  scene  of 
this  nature  and  realize  that 
the  tree  is  going  to  straight- 
en up  and  become  upright 
again  after  its  winter  trials 
are  over,  again  the  wonder 
assails  me ;  wonder  whether 
any  human  engineer  would 
even  think  of  designing  a 
structure  to  stand  such  a 
strain  !  And,  if  he  did  ven- 
ture, how  would  the  engi- 
neer's tree  look,  in  com- 
parison with  God's  cedar. 

Even  disease  is  sus- 
tained by  trees  with  resist- 
ance and  fortitude  not  pos- 
sible to  man-made  construc- 
tion. When,  after  what 
must  have  been  at  least 
two  generations  of  progres- 
sive decay,  the  great  oak 
succumbs  and  is  broken,  it 
is  seen  that  for  many  years 
the  tree  has  existed,  made 
leaves  and  acorns,  and  has 
done  its  beneficent  work  on 
a  mere  shell  and  remainder 
of  its  once  sturdy  trunk. 
The  man-made  column  of 
Bessemer  steel,  once  it  has 
l)egun  to  rust,  simply  dis- 
appears in  a   few  years. 

Once  a  certain  horse- 
chestnut  at  my  home 
showed  a  "split"  at  the 
fork  of  its  two  main 
branches.  When  investi- 
gated, the  split  developed 
into  a  mass  of  rotten  wood. 


THE   WORK    PARTLY    COMPLETED 

The  filling  of  the  lower  cav'itics  of  the  tree  with 
concrete  has  been  completed  and  the  method  by 
which  the  operator  is  filling  the  upper  cavities  is 
indicated    by    the    photograph. 

681 


532 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Courtesy  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden 

TREE  IN  NEED  OF  REPAIR 

in  which  was  growing  a 
young  horse-chestnut  tree 
with  a  bundle  of  roots 
fully  two  feet  long  and 
six  inches  through.  In  the 
crotch,  opened  by  wind 
and  snow,  a  mature  root 
had  lodged  and  findins^ 
germinating  conditions, 
had  begun  literally  to  eat 
the  heart  of  its  own 
father-and-mother  tree. 

When  fully  explored, 
and  the  decayed  wood  re- 
moved, the  cavity  in  this 
tree  was  found  to  embrace 
all  of  its  main  bole  but  a 
bare  inch  inside  the  bark 
and  cambium,  and  to  ex- 
tend more  than  ten  feet 
up  the  main  branch.  The  tree  was  nothing  but  a 
shell,  and  the  first  gang  of  "tree  surgeons"  which 
had  opened  its  wounds  and  diagnosed  its  injuries 
was  aghast  at  the  situation,  being  afraid  to  undertake 
final  treatment.  As  the  horse-chestnut  occupied  a 
strategic  position  on  my  lawn,  and  I  was  not  of  an 
age  to  calmly  contemplate  waiting  twenty  years  or 
more  for  the  gradual  replacement  of  its  effective 
beauty,  I  was  willing  to  call  in  a  consultant. 

His  conclusion  was  that  the  tree  might  be  saved ; 
and  he  prescribed  an  interior  arrangement  equivalent 
to  the  artificial  leg  my  father  tried  to  wear  after  his 
heroic  experience  at  Gettysburg  in  1863.  Two  lengths 
of  flat  iron,  2i/$  inches  by  yg,  inch,  each  eleven  feet 
long,  were  inserted  and  cross-braced.  The  clean 
cavity  was  made  aseptic ;  a  curious  drainage  lip  was 
carefully  cut  around  its  edges,  and  then  the  whole 
of  it  was  concrete-filled. 

No,  not  the  whole  of  it ;  for  the  concreting  stopped 
short  or  inside  of  the  bark  surface  at  the  drainage 


Courtesy   the  Missouri  Botanical   Caidcu 

BOLTED   AND    BRACED 


lip,  or  "water-shed,"  as  I  was  informed  it  was  called 
in  the  terminology  of  the  trade.  There  must  be  no 
obstacle  in  the  way  of  the  rolling  over  of  the  cambium 
layer,  if  the  operation  was  successful  and  the  patient 
also  lived. 

All  this  trouble  had  arisen  because  of  the  original 
split  in  the  crotch  of  the  tree.  To  avoid  a  recurrence 
of  this  split  when  the  winds  should  again  blow,  the 
surgeon  braced  the  big  limbs  above,  not  by  rigid, 
unyielding  iron,  but  by  easy  chain  links,  connecting 
the  parts  of  the  tree,  but  permitting  wind  movement. 
These  chains  were  anchored  by  bolts  run  clear 
through  the  solid  wood  above  the  cavity,  the  heads 
being  recessed  into  the  central  structure  inside  the 
cambium  layer. 

To  provide  an  outlet  for  any  moisture  that  might 
leak  through,  a  drainage  tube  was  inserted  at  the 
lowest  level  of  the  excavation. 

There  were  five  of  these  horse-chestnut  trees,  all 
of  them  important  to  my 
home,  and  all  having  been 
growing  about  it  some 
thirty-five  years  before  I 
came  into  possession.  All 
were  in  trouble  from 
crotch  splits,  though  not 
to  the  extent  described 
above.  All  were  treated 
as  seemed  necessary,  be- 
ing cleaned  out  to  sound 
wood,  braced  above  and 
below,  and  duly  filled  with 
concrete.  The  work  was 
expensive,  as  well  as  ex- 
tensive ;  but  when  I  con- 
templated the  bill  on  the 
basis  of  putting  the  trees 
into  prosperous  health,  as 
compared  with  their  im- 


—  ^■..  :^-iCS5E3 


Courtesy  the  Missouri  Uotanicat  Garden 

FILLED  WITH  CONCRETE  AND  PAINTED 


WHAT  ABOUT  TREE  SURGERY? 


583 


pending  death  by  disease  or  mutilation  by  wind-storms, 
it  did  not  seem  so  large.  If  I  had  had  the  amount  of 
it  piled  up  in  copper  cents,  the  bulk  of  them  would  not 


narrower  cavities  are  almost  closed ;  the  trees  have  grown 
vigorously  and  bloomed  exuberantly. 

But  there  has  been  some  later  treatment  by  the  tree- 
surgeons.  Just  as  with  man-surgeons,  they  are  learning. 
When  I  think  of  the  suffering  endured  by  my  father 
in  the  thirty  years  he  lived  after  the  surgeons  had  done 
their  Civil  War  best — and  worst ! — with  his  two  legs,  and 


CUTTING    OUT    A    CHESTNUT    BLIGHT    CANKER 

A    member   of   the    Pennsylvania    State    Forestry    Department    being   a    tree 

surgeon,  cut  out  this  canker,  filled  the  cavity  and  the  tree  was  saved. 

have  gone  far  toward  providing  me  with  the  shade  and 
eye-satisfaction  furnished  by  the  living  trees. 

All  this  was  eight  years  ago.  What  has  happened? 
Has  the  tree-surgery  been  worth  while?  Did  the  patients 
live? 

Indeed  they  have  lived!  And  they  have  prospered 
amazingly,  as  shown  by  the  way  in  which  the  cambium 
layer  has  "rolled"  over  the  openings  in  the  limbs  and 
trunks.     Some  bolt-heads  are  covered  in ;  several  of  the 


C.AMDIUM 

Pith 


-liEARTWOOp 


CROSS  SECTION  OF  TREE  TRUNK 


Copyright    1917    by   International   Film   Service 

TREE  SURGEONS  OPERATE  ON  PHILADELPHIA'S  VETERAN  ELM 

The  giant  old  elm,  that  has  stood  for  nearly  two  centuries  at  the  Dauphin 
Street  entrance  to  Fairmount  Park,  Philadelphia,  has  undergone  a  wonder- 
ful and  what  promises  to  be  a  most  successful  operation  at  the  hands  of 
the  Park  Commission's  tree  experts,  diseased  portions  of  the  trunk  having 
been  completely  cut  away  and  the  huge  cavity  filled  in  with  cement  and 
the  limbs   braced  with   bolt*  and  ban. 


534 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


compare  the  conditions  with  the  surgery  of  today,  I  have 
patience  with  and  admiration  for  the  advances  in  tree 
surgery  within  the  past  decade. 

The  soHd  concrete  filling  has  proved  to  be  too  re- 
sistant to  wind  pressure,  and  it  has  been  replaced  by  sec- 
tional filling,  which  yields  enough  to  prevent  strain  on 
the  remaining  tree  structure.  The  sides  of  the  long  cavi- 
ties are  now  held  together  by  ingeniously  simple  threaded 
bolts.  The  former  coverings  of  zinc  or  tin  have  been 
discarded.     More  care  is  taken  to  make  cavities  aseptic. 


There  are  other  refinements  and  some  foolishnesses — ai 
least  some  of  the  refinements  look  expensively  foolish 
to  me. 

It  is,  after  all,  a  question  of  good  judgment,  of  tree 
values.  That  real  tree-surgery  is  both  successful  and 
desirable,  I  am  sure.  That  it  is  practiced  by  some  who 
are  ignorant  and  some  who  are  venal — and  by  some  who 
are  neither,  but  are  injudicious — is  probably  true.  Thai 
its  common-sense  application,  by  men  who  have  actual 
knowledge,  will  prolong  the  life  of  many  fine  old  trees, 


Photographs  by  courtesy  of  the  Davey   Tree  Expert  Company 


TYPICAL  EXAMPLE  OF  "TREE  PATCHING" 
ALONG   IMPROPER   LINES 

If  men  were  subject  to  such  monstrous  incom- 
petence as  that  which  has  been  applied  to  so 
many  thousands  of  our  fine  old  trees  by  untrained 
and  irresponsible  pretenders,  men  would  suffer 
blood-poisoning,  lock-jaw  and  death.  But  for- 
tunately trees  are  sturdier  than  men  and  they 
come  to  their  death  more  slowly,  liut  none  the 
less  surely.  This  case  of  tree  patching,  like  most 
of  its  kind,  has  violated  all  the  principles  of  tree 
surgery  and  ignored  the  laws  of  tree  life.  The 
decay  was  only  partly  removed.  The  disease 
continued  with  increased  intensity.  .  No  means 
had  been  provided  to  exclude  the  moisture.  No 
mechanical  bracing  had  been  provided,  in  spite  of 
the   fact   that  decay  had  left  the  tree   very  weak. 


MECHANICALLY  BRACED  TREE  READY 
FOR  THE  FINAL  WORK 

Real  tree  surgery  does  three  special  things  and 
insures  a  fourth.  First,  it  removes  all  decay — 
all,  not  nearly  all — and  prevents  further  decay  by 
proper  disinfection,  water-proofing  and  skillful 
preparation  of  the  cavity.  Second,  it  excludes 
all  foreign  substance,  especially  water,  by  the  use 
of  a  novel  and  highly  important  device  called  the 
watershed,  and  also  by  a  skillful  method  of  filling. 
Third,  it  restores  the  physical  strength  of  the 
tree  by  the  use  of  wonderful  types  and  combina- 
tions of  mechanical  bracing,  most  of  which  is 
completely  encased  in  the  filling  on  the  inside 
of  the  tree.  All  three  of  these  things  are  of*  vital 
importance  and  value. 


OPERATION  PROPERLY  COMPLETED  ON  A 
VETERAN  TREE 

The  fourth  thing  which  real  tree  surgery  insures 
is  the  restoration  of  the  health  of  the  tree  and  its 
preservation.  An  injury  usually  permits  the  en- 
trance of  a  fungus  disease.  Once  disease  starts 
by  attacking  the  interior  cell  structure,  it  pro- 
ceeds with  increasing  sevei'ity.  The  tree  responds 
gloriously  to  proper  treatment  and  starts  almost 
immediately  to  heal  over  the  filling.  In  filling  a 
cavity  in  a  tree,  it  is  highly  important  to  insure 
it  against  cracking  and  breaking  to  pieces  in  the 
swaying  and  bending  of  the  tree,  which  is  often 
violent  in  the  heavy  winds.  This  is  accomplished 
by  correct  mechanical  bracing,  plus  the  all-import- 
ant sectional  filling  method,  which  is  cleariy  il- 
lustrated in   this  photograph. 


WHAT  ABOUT  TREE  SURGERY? 


535 


cannot  be  doubted  by  any  man  of  practical  experience. 

In  a  southern  city  I  found  sad  evidence  of  work  of 
the  tree-charlatan.  Certain  splendid  trees  of  Magnolia 
grandiflora  had  been  "repaired"  by  the  fakers  permitted 
to  represent  a  lartdscape-gardening  firm  carrying  an  hon- 
ored name.  These  chumps  had  climbed  the  magnolia 
with  pole-lineman's  spurs,  in  order  to  brutally  maltreat 
the  head  of  the  tree.     The  result  was  dreadful ! 

Other  frauds,  knowing  nothing  of  tree  life,  and  being 
essentially  "butchers"  rather  than  surgeons,  saw  off  great 
limbs,  calling  it  "trimming."  One  of  this  type  filled  with 
concrete  a  great  cavity  in  an  important  family  tree,  mak- 
ing no  provision  for  the  rolling  of  the  cambium.  Water 
got  in  easily,  rot  was  accelerated,  and  the  tree  had  to  be 
removed. 

In  another  case,  capable  workers  spent  an  unconscion- 
ably long  time  on  two  decrepit  silver  maples,  at  a  fright- 
ful cost  to  the  owner.  Honest  advice  to  him  would  have 
been  that  the  trees  were  not  worth  the  cost  of  repair, 
and  that  they  would  live  awhile  as  they  were,  better 
trees  being  meanwhile  encouraged  to  take  their  places. 

The  rapid  expansion  of  tree  surgery  has  led  to  the 
employment  of  men  not  at  all  acquainted  with  trees,  or 
sympathetic  with  them.  One  such,  probably  knew  the 
surgery  part  well  enough,  but  did  not  know  apart  a  pear 
and  a  persimmon !  Tree-surgeons  ought  to  be  tree  lovers 
and  tree  know- 
ers,  if  I  may 
force  a  word. 

If  tree-sur- 
geons should 
know  trees, 
then  they  could 
do  more  for 
trees  than  re- 
pair the  me- 
chanical injur- 
ies to  which 
they  are  sub- 
ject. The  real 
tree-  doctor 
ought  to  know 
about  insects, 
and  fungous 
diseases,  and 
spraying  and 
f  e  r  t  i  lization. 
He  ought  to  be 
welcomed, 
whether  he 
ever  laid  hand 
on  a  tree  or 
not,  from  the 
assurance  h  e 
could  give  to 
the  tree  owner  four  years  later 

as    to    actual     ^'^^^   *^^   result   of  scientific  tree   surgery.      The   bark 
has  completely  overgrown  the  concrete  filling  and  the 
rnnrlitirknc  bolts   and    the    tree's   appearance    indicates    its    healtlly 

v-uuuuiuiis.  condition  and  sturdy  development. 


What  about  tree-surgery?  It  is,  I  believe,  a  proper 
and  wholesome  practice,  if  sensibly  pursued  and  seij- 
sibly  used.  As  I  have  hinted,  there  are  frauds  and 
fakers  practicing  it,  just  as  frauds  and  fakers  operate 
on  men  and  women.  They  are  in  the  minority,  in 
both  cases.  The  facts  of  tree  repair  are  accessible  to 
any  one,  as,  for  instance,  in  Dr.  Bailey's  great  "Stand- 
ard Cyclopedia  of  Horticulture."  The  practice  of  the 
work  needs  skill  and  experience.  A  tree-owner  can  de- 
cide for  himself  as  to  the  essential  importance  to  him 
of  any  certain  tree;  and  he  can  get  the  opinion  of  an 
honest  tree-doctor;  or  rather  his  diagnosis.  Much  good 
work  has  been  done  in  tree  repair,  and  more  ought  to 
be  done.  Many  old  trees  exist  in  locations  where  they 
mean  much  to  the  nearby  home  or  to  the  landscape.  No 
newly  planted  tree  can  replace  them,  at  least  for  dec- 
ades of  time.  Such  trees  may  often  be  given  a  new 
lease  of  life  by  thoughtful  tree  surgery.  To  me,  there  is 
a  certain  definite  gratification  in  the  realization  that  I 
have  done  my  best  for  an  old  friend,  that  I  have  stopped 
the  decay  of  his  structure,  and  given  his  life  processes 
free  sway.  A  tree  is  a  living  organism  to  me,  and  I 
dislike  the  very  thought  of  seeing  such  a  marvel  of  God's 
creation  in  distress. 

Tree-surgery  is  with  us  to  stay,  just  as  is  the  treat- 
ment of  feeble- 
minded or  crip- 
pled children. 
It  is  a  work  of 
mercy,  and  it 
e  V  i  dences  re- 
spect for  age 
or  dignity.  It 
should  be  ap- 
plied with  good 
sense  and  good 
judgment.  As 
I  have  said, 
tree-  surgery 
ought  to  be 
joined  to  tree 
diagnosis  a  n  d 
to  tree  doctor- 
ing, so  that 
whatever  was 
necessary  for 
the  prosperity 
of  trees  under 
con  sideration 
could  be  sup- 
plied, whether 
it  be  spraying, 
o  r  protection 
against  insects. 
THE  OPERATION  co.MPLETED  or  the  repair  of 

Note    how    this    maple    on    the    grounds    of    the    Dan  ;„;,,_„ J     __     j. 

River    Cotton     Mills,    Danville,    Va.,'  was    treated    in  "Ijureu    Or    Oe- 

1913.    The  concrete  filling  and  the  bolts  can  be  plainly  r^-upA   r\r\t-t\r^r,s 

seen  in  the  picture.  >-<iycu   portions. 


^^'-Sl^^r'lP^^ 

VALUE   OF   GRAZING  MANAGEMENT   ON   THE   CARIBOU 

NATIONAL   FOREST 


BY  C.  H.  SHATTUCK 

Professor  of  Forestry,  University  of  Caiifomia 


CATTLE  GRAZING  ON  THE  CARIBOU  NATIONAL  FOREST 

Forage  of  this  region  lias  greatly  improved   during  the  past  six  years  owing  to   proper  handling 

of   the   stock   and   the    range. 


GlARIBOU    National    Forest    has    developed    the 
I  management  of  its  grazing  lands  probably  to  a 

^^gS  higher  degree  than  any  other  forest  in  Idaho. 
It  has  been  the  writer's  privilege  to  spend  parts 
of  two  summers  in  an  intensive  study  of  the  range  and 
the  methods  em- 
ployed by  the  offi- 
cers in  charge  of 
this  work,  and  to 
note  carefully  the 
present  conditions 
as  well  as  to  make 
many  comparisons 
of  the  present 
methods,  and  the 
results  obtained  by 
these  management 
operations  with 
former  conditions 
and  methods. 

Ten  years  ago 
many  parts  of  the 
range  in  Idaho 
were  badly  overgrazed.  This  resulted  in  the  increase 
of  the  non-palatable  plants,  the  decrease  of  the  val- 
uable forage  plants,  especially  the  better  grasses,  the 
destruction  of  the  young  trees,  and  often  in  severe 
erosion.  All  of  these  results  were  bad  for  the  range 
and  therefore  for  the  men  devoting  themselves  to  the 
highly  important  industries  of  stock  raising  and  wool 
growing.  The  general  attitude  of  these  men  toward 
the  future  of  these  industries  was  extremely  pessimis- 
tic. They  were 
discouraged.  They 
felt  that  there  was 
far  too  much  stock 
on  the  range  for 
the  good  of  either, 
and  that  the  en- 
croachments of  the 
settler  and  new 
stockmen  would 
soon  ruin  what 
had  been  a  great 
and  profitable  in- 
dustry. Many  of 
the  older  men 
would  talk  of  the 
good  o  1  d  days 
when     the     range 

636 


CATTLE   AND   HORSES   TOGETHER. 


These  are   to  be    found   on   the   higher  alpine    meadows   of   the   grazing    range,   Caribou    National 

Forest. 


was  good  and  there  was  no  strife  and  contention 
among  them  over  the  grass  and  water.  But  a  large 
number  of  them  had  come  to  regard  grazing  as  a  badly 
overdone  business  which  had  seen  its  best  days  and 
was  rapidly  on  the  decline.  The  Department  of  Graz- 
ing of  the  United 
States  Forest  Ser- 
vice began  some 
nine  years  ago  to 
work  out  a  system 
of  grazing  man- 
agement with  the 
general  object  of 
improving  the 
conditions  of  the 
range  and  the 
range  business. 
How  was  this  to 
be  accomplished? 
The  problem  was 
of  vast  magnitude, 
and  was  involved 
and  complex.  To 
begin  with,  the  stockmen  themselves  had  few  sugges- 
tions as  to  how  the  range  could  be  improved.  In  fact, 
most  of  them  said  it  could  never  be  done.  A  careful 
analysis  of  the  situation  revealed  the  fact  that  very 
little  definite  information  was  at  hand  with  which  to 
undertake  the  solution  of  such  a  tremendous  but 
highly  important  problem. 

Five   general   objects   were   deemed   highly   desir- 
able   and    therefore    most    valuable    to    be    secured. 

Greater  p  r  o  - 
duction  in  the 
amount  of  forage 
plants. 

Imp  rovement 
in  the  class  of  for- 
age  plants. 

Closer  utiliza- 
tion of  much  of 
the  range  lands 
both  as  to  forage 
and  water. 

Improvements 
in  the  methods  of 
handling  stock. 

A  better  sys- 
tem of  protection 
of     young     forest 


^■^r»^-'**--"^liN^^«a««w«^ 


VALUE  OF  GRAZING  MANAGEMENT  ON  THE  CARIBOU  NATIONAL  FOREST         537 


growth  against  fire;  and  against  excessive  browsing; 
protection  of  range  animals  against  poisonous  plants 
and  predatory  animals ;  protection  of  the  soil  by  avoid- 
ing excessive  or  very  early  grazing,  and  of  the  forage 
plants  by  proper  rotation  and  deferred  grazing. 


RANGE  CATTLE  ON  GRAZING  LANDS 

The  types  of  range  cattle  showing  dfferent  breeds  and   condition  of  each   as  seen   on 
the    Caribou    National    Forest    grazing    lands. 


In  order  to  decide  on  the  best  methods  to  be 
employed  for  securing  each  of  the  foregoing  improve- 
ments it  was  necessary  to  spend  much  time  and 
money  and  employ  considerable  scientific  and  techni- 
cal assistance.  Also  the  experience  and  knowledge 
of  the  practical  stockmen  had  to  be  drawn  upon  in  no 
small  degree. 

In  attempting  to  solve  the  problem  of  greater  for- 
age production  certain  studies  were  undertaken.     One 


ber  of  species  of  the  more  palatable  and  highly  nutri- 
tious forage  plants;  that  grazing  in  the  early  spring 
when  the  ground  is  soft  is  very  injurious  to  the  range, 
especially  on  hillsides  and  in  marshy  meadows  where 
many  plants  and  seeds  are  thrust  down  into  the  mud 
to  perish,  while  others  are  stunted  or  de- 
stroyed because  such  ground  dries  out  much 
worse  later  in  the  year  than  ground  not  so 
"cut  up"  by  the  feet  of  the  grazing  animals. 
It  has  thus  been  found  that  the  amount  of 
forage  can  be  considerably  increased  by  a 
close  study  of  the  actual  conditions  and  the 
causes  producing  them. 

It  has  been  found  that  the  class  of  forage 
plants  gradually  becomes  poorer  if  the  plants 
are  not  given  an  opportunity  to  mature  and 
drop  seeds  at  least  every  third  year.  There- 
fore it  is  now  planned  to  defer  grazing  on 
each  area  as  often  as  practicable  until  after 
the  seeds  have  fallen.  As  a  result  of  this 
practice  the  class  of  range  plants  has  been 
steadily  improving  as  anyone  who  has  been 
at  all  familiar  with  former  conditions  may 
at  once  observe. 

A  closer  utilization  of  the  range  both  as 
jj  to  forage  and  water  has  in  many  places  been 
brought  about  by  studying  the  palatability  of  various 
plants  for  the  different  kinds  of  stock  and  for  each 
kind  of  stock  at  various  periods  of  the  grazing  season. 
For  instance,  the  so-called  green  dock  {Weyethia  am- 
plexcaulis)  is  greedily  eaten  by  sheep  if  grazed  about 
the  time  of  flowering,  but  only  sparingly  later  in  the 
season;  it  and  many  other  plants  can  be  utilized  much 
closer  by  being  grazed  at  the  proper  time.  Again, 
many  parts  of  the  range  have  been  much  more  closely 
utilized  by  developing  watering  places  in  such  a  man- 


great  fact  was  admitted  by  all,  namely  :   that  the  range 

was   gradually   deteriorating  both    in   the   number   of     "'•■  *^'  '?'  ^^°^^  '^  "°'  compelled  to  travel  as  great 

varieties  of  range  plants  and  in  the  number  of  indi-     ^''^^ances  for  water  as  formerly.    A  single  spring  dug 


vidual  plants  of  the  better  varieties.  First  a  careful 
grazing  reconnaissance  was  made.  This  gave  the 
topography,  the  types  of  plants,  the  per  cent  of  ground- 
cover,  the  number  of  forage  acres,  etc.  Then  certain 
plots  known  as  quadrats  were  carefully  selected  on 
which  intensive  studies  of  the  plants  were  made.  All 
the  plants  were  named  and  carefully  located  on  charts 
before    the    area    was    grazed ;     some    of    these    were 


out  and  piped  into  a  series  of  watering  troughs  may 
be  the  means  of  utilizing  from  3,000  to  5,000  acres  of 
good  range  which  has  heretofore  been  useless  for 
want  of  this  water-development  work.  It  is  gratifying 
to  see  that  many  acres  formerly  of  no  worth  have  be- 
come highly  productive  by  this  means. 

Much    improvement    has    also    been    made    in    the 
methods   of  handling   stock   on   the   range,   the   close 


fenced  and  not  grazed  at  all;    others  were  grazed  as     method   of   herding   sheep   has   now   been   practically 


the  rest  of  the  range ;  and  others  were  grazed  after 
the  seed  had  fallen.  These  plots  were  carefully  charted 
each  year  both  as  to  the  number  of  plants  and  the 
number  of  species.  Also  large  numbers  of  range  ani- 
mals have  been  weighed  repeatedly  and  careful  records 
kept  relative  to  their  condition  and  that  of  the  range. 


abandoned,  and  where  considerable  areas  were  former- 
ly rendered  useless  for  one  or  more  years  as  a  result 
of  continuous  bedding  in  one  place,  the  range  now 
remains  uninjured  by  the  new  method  practiced  of 
shifting  the  bedding  grounds  after  one  or  two  nights 
spent   at   once   place.     Shifting   the   salting  places   is 


As  a  result  certain  fundamental  facts  have  been  very  another  method  for  saving  the  forage  from  excessive 

definitely  determined,  of  which  the  following  are  the  tramping  and   cropping,   thus   greatly   protecting  the 

most  important :    that  continuous   and   close  grazing  more  palatable  and  highly  nutritious  species.     Also  it 

before  the  seeds  fall  causes  a  diminution  not  only  in  has  been  found  that  closer  utilization  of  the  range  can 

the  number  of  individual  plants,  but  also  in  the  num-  be  secured  by  ranging  both  sheep  and  cattle  on  some 


538 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


kinds  of  range  at  different  periods  of  the  grazing  sea- 
son. Sheep,  for  instance,  following  cattle,  may  find 
much  good  forage  which  the  cattle  have  not  injured, 
and  vice  versa. 

Finally,  the  great  subject  of  protection  has  been 
studied  from  every  angle,  and  every  phase  of  it  has 
been  improved.  Formerly  the  range  was  annually 
burned  off,  the  young  tree  growth  largely  destroyed, 
and  each  year  large  areas  of  standing  timber  were 
killed  by  these  fires  which  were  oftentimes  set  by  the 
stockmen  themselves  to,  as  they  thought,  improve  the 
range.  This  practice  has  been  discouraged  and  pro- 
hibited as  has  the  practice  of  excessive  browsing  which 
also  did  much  injury  to  the  young  tree  growth.  As  a 
result  of  these  wise  measures  the  forests  on  the  Cari- 
bou are  everywhere  advancing  and  improving. 

The  range  animals  are  now  protected  in  a  large 
measure  against  danger  from  poisonous  plants,  areas 
containing  large  numbers  of  such  plants  being  marked 
and  stockmen  informed.  Predatory  animals  and  those 
injurious  to  the  range  are  trapped,  poisoned,  and  shot 
in  large  numbers.  The  soil  is  protected  from  erosion 
by  wind  and  water  because  it  is  now  much  more  evenly 
covered  with  plants  than  formerly,  due  to  the  im- 
proved methods  of  rotation,  deferred  grazing,  and  the 
avoidance  of  early  or  excessive  use  of  any  portion  of 
the  allotments. 

On  the  whole,  when  one  who  knew  the  range  ten 
years  ago  studies  the  same  areas  today  and  notes  the 
great  improvement  in  the  forage,  in  the  stock,  and  in 
the  contentment  and  general  satisfaction  of  those  now 
engaged  in  the  grazing  business,  he  is  amazed.  Any- 
one who  comes  to  see  and  understand  all  that  has  been 
planned  and  accomplished  for  the  good  of  the  range 
can  have  only  words  of  praise  for  our  wise  Govern- 
ment in  inaugurating  a  system  which  has  produced 
such  remarkable  changes  for  the  better  over  such  vast 
areas.    No  one  now  wants  to  go  back  to  the  days  of 


the  over-crowded  and  unprotected  range.  The  range 
business  today  is  on  a  firm  and  thorough-going  basis, 
and  the  stockmen  and  settlers  should  be  thankful  to 
the  Forest  Service  for  the  methods  so  carefully  plan- 
ned and  ably  worked  out  by  its  officers  and  technical 


OPEN  METHOD  OF  SHEEP  HERDING 

This  is  the  method  now  generally  practiced  on  the  Caribou  National  Forest. 
The    scene    here    photographed    is    on    the    Morgan    Meadows. 


men.  These  methods  are  also  a  great  aid  to  the 
farmers  both  directly  and  indirectly.  The  farmer 
who  desires  an  allotment  is  directly  benefited  because 
he  now  gets  better  range  and  absolute  protection ;  he 
may  also  be  helped  indirectly  because  the  range  busi- 
ness is  now  on  such  a  stable  plan  of  operation  that  he 
may  count  on  a  sure  and  excellent  market  for  his  grain 
and  hay  each  year.  This  is  because  the  stockmen  are 
sure  of  their  range  both  in  the  quality  and  quantity 
of  their  allotments  and  are  therefore  willing  to  pay 
good  prices  for  the  feed  necessary  to  bring  their  stock 
through  the  winter  and  back  to  the  range  in  the  best 
possible  condition.  Thus  the  entire  western  region 
has  been  immensely  benefited  by  the  improved  meth- 
ods of  grazing  management  as  now  practiced  on  the 
Caribou  and  many  other  National  Forests. 


TAKE  ADVANTAGE  OF  LARGE 
TREE  SEED  CROP 


y^l  III.S  year  promises  an  unusually  good  crop  of  forest 
V-/  tree  seed.  Farmers  owning  woodlots  should  bear 
§ggg  this  in  mind  and  make  thinnings  and  cuttings 
wherever  possible.  Now  is  the  time  they  say  to 
get  into  the  woodlot  and  inspect  the  trees  before  cutting. 
The  trees  can  best  be  examined  while  they  are  in  full  leaf. 
All  old,  over-mature,  decaying  or  otherwise  unhealthy 
trees  should  be  taken  out  at  the  earliest  opportunity. 
Trees  which  are  taking  more  than  their  share  of  light 
and  space  as  well  as  those  trees  which  are  badly  over- 
topped by  their  neighbors  should  go.  Avoid  making 
large  openings  in  the  woodlots,  but  plan  on  having  any 
closed  up  within  three  to  five  years.  A  good  crop  of 
tree  seed  will  do  much  to  keep  the  land  from  going  wild, 
but  the  woodlot  owners  must  be  careful  not  to  cut  too 
heavily. 


POPULAR  INSTRUCTION  ON  THE  USES 

OF  LUMBER 

jTylORRESPONDENCE  has  been  started  by  the  Na- 
|va|  tional  Lumber  Manufacturers'  Association  with 
W^B  some  30  colleges  and  universities  with  regard  to 
the  giving  of  popular  instruction  upon  the  uses  of 
lumber.  The  University  of  Wisconsin  offered  such  a 
course  two  years  ago,  and  similar  courses  were  later 
offered  by  10  or  12  of  the  leading  schools.  Since  the 
war  began  there  have  been  such  great  advances  in  the 
prices  of  all  other  materials,  and  such  actual  scarcity 
of  some  of  them,  that  now  is  the  best  time  we  have  ever 
seen  to  talk  the  right  use  of  wood  as  a  building  material. 
The  attention  of  the  schools  is  being  called  to  these  facts, 
and  it  is  expected  that  considerable  interest  will  be 
aroused  in  instruction  along  these  lines.  It  is  proposed 
later  to  outline  also  a  course  of  instruction  upon  struc- 
tural timber  for  engineering  students. 


THE  MOCKINGBIRD  FAMILY 


(Mimidae) 

BY  A.  A.  ALLEN 

Assistant  Professor  of  Ornithology,  Cornell  University 


HAT  the  nightingale  is  to  Europe,  the  mocking- 
bird is  to  our  southern  states.  There  is  this 
difference,  however,  that  the  nightingale  has  but 
one  beautiful  song,  while  the  mockingbird  en- 
riches his  repertoire  with  the  notes  of  many  other  birds. 
In  fact,  there  is  a  record  of  one  mockingbird  which  imi- 
tated 32  different  species  during  the  course  of  ten  min- 
utes' continuous  singing.  All  individuals  are  not  good 
mockers,  however,  and  perhaps  the  majority  confine 
themselves  to  their  own  brilliant  notes.  And  brilliant 
their  songs  are,  for  the  mockingbirds  have  marvelous 
technique  and,  while  some  people  complain  of  their  lack 
of  feeling,  others  declare  that  they  excel  even  tiie  night- 
ingale and  the  American  thrushes  in  their  emotional  out- 
bursts. They  do  not  seek  the  deep  forest  and  perhaps 
for  this  reason  their  music  is  less  appreciated.  "But," 
says  Dr.  Frank  M.  Chapman,  "listen  to  him  when  the 
world  is  hushed,  when  the  air  is  heavy  with  the  rich 
fragrance  of  orange  blossoms  and  the  dewy  leaves 
glisten  in  the  moonlight,  and  if  his  song  does  not  thrill 
you  then,  confess  yourself  deaf  to  Nature's  voices." 

Often  it  is  the  fence  post  in  the  garden,  the  ridgepole 
of  the  house  or  the  top  of  the  chimney  that  the  bird  selects 
for  his  songs  and  often  he  seems  not  to  leave  these  spots 


,-.  'i 

f 

^S 

for  days  at  a  time,  pouring  forth  one  continuous  burst 
of  music  from  dawn  vmtil  dark  and  from  dark  again 
until  dawn.  At  times  he  seems  carried  away  by  his 
song  and  springs  into  the  air  with  quivering  wings  and 
trembling  throat  only  to  alight  again  with  renewed  en- 
thusiasm. In  fact,  his  wings  seem  at  all  times  to  feel 
the  harmony  and  try  to  find  some  way  of  expressing  it. 

This  is  at  the  height  of  the  courting  season  when  no 
other  mockingbird  dare  trespass  vipon  his  aomam  or 
venture  to  glance  at  the  mate  that  he  is  defending,  with- 
out inviting  a  combat.  For  his  inspiration  for  singing  is 
equalled  by  his  ardor  for  fighting  whenever  another  bird 
appears.  Nor  does  he  confine  his  pugnacity  to  others  of 
the  same  species.  Any  enemy,  real  or  supposed,  cat, 
dog,  hawk,  owl,  or  man,  has  to  suffer  equally,  receive 
his  scolds,  his  buffeting  and  even  the  sharp  pecks  from 
his  bill,  if  it  venture  too  close  to  the  nest.  Mockingbirds 
are  the  wardens  of  the  bird  community  and  the  presence 
of  an  enemy  is  announced  from  one  bird  to  another  more 
rapidly  than  the  enemy  can  travel  until  the  whole  neigh- 
borhood is  alarmed. 

There  is  but  one  species  of  mockingbird  found  in  the 
United  States,  but  the  bird  of  the  West  is  sufficiently 


Photograph  by  C.  A.  Bailey 

READY   FOR  A   FIGHT 

With  such  weapons  as  it  has.  the  brown  thrasher  is  always  ready  to  defend 

its  nest  against  man  or  any  other  enemy. 


A  HOME  AMONG  THE  GRAPE  VINES 

Where  there  are  thickets  or  tangles  of  vines,  the  catbird   is  always   found. 

Where    these    disappear,    the    catbird    goes    with    them. 

539 


540 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


MUCH   LIKE   THE  THRASHER 

The  wood  thrush  is  often  confused  with  the  brown  thrasher,  but  its  breast 
is   spotted   rather  than   streaked,   and   its   bill   and   tail   are   shorter. 

distinct  to  be  recognized  as  a  sub-species.  The  species 
ranges  throughout  the  country  in  suitable  places  as  far 
north  as  the  38th  parallel  and  occasionally  further,  occur- 
ring sparingly  in  New  York  and  New  England.  South- 
ward it  ranges  through  Mexico  and  Central  America  to 
South  America  and  most  of  the  West  Indies,  being  a 
permanent  resident  in  all  but  the  northern  part  of  its 
range.     From  Mexico  to  South  America  there  are  other 


species,  some  ranging  as  far  south  as  Patagonia,  the  total 
number  being  about  twenty. 

Our  mockingbird  is  a  slender,  ashy-gray  bird  about 
the  size  of  a  robin,  with  white  marks  in  the  darker  wings 
and  tail.  It  is  found  about  bushy  pastures  and  the 
scrubby  borders  of  woods,  as  well  as  about  gardens,  or 
indeed,  wherever  there  is  a  thicket  in  which  to  hide 
and  an  exposed  perch  from  which  to  sing.  In  some 
places  along  the  Gulf  it  is  the  most  abundant  bird  and 
its  rich  songs  on  every  side  drown  out  all  the  lesser  bird 
voices  of  the  vicinity. 

The  nest,  which  is  a  rather  bulky  structure  of  sticks 
and  straws,  rags  and  paper,  is  lined  with  rootlets  and 
])laced  in  a  thick  bush,  an  orange  tree,  a  yucca,  or  even 
on  the  vines  on  the  porch.  The  eggs  are  greenish-blue 
rather  than  heavily  marked  with  dark  brown. 

In  former  years  it  was  customary  to  keep  mocking- 
birds in  cages  as  pets  because  of  their  wonderful  songs. 


THE  UNSPOTTED,  GREENISH  BLUE  EGGS  OF  THE  CATBIRD 

The  other  members  of  the  family  lay  spotted  eggs,  but  all  build  nests  of 
sticks   and   rootlets. 


A   BEWILDERED   CATBIRD 

A  rag  was  placed  across  the  eggs  on  the  nest  and  the  bird  is  here 
wondering  what  to  do.  It  made  no  attempt  to  remove  the  rag  but  started 
to   incubate   beside   it,   illustrating  the   non-adaptability   of  the   species. 

and  many  birds  seemed  content  to  sing  as  beautifully 
from  behind  their  bars  as  out  in  the  open,  even  though 
their  plumage  usually  became  quite  disheveled.  These 
were  birds  taken  from  the  nest  when  young  and  reared 
by  hand,  for  adult  birds,  no  matter  how  tame  when  free, 
would  never  submit  to  being  caged.  Instead  they  would 
beat  their  wings  and  peck  the  bars  until  they  became 
covered  with  blood.  Today  it  is  a  serious  oflfense,  pun- 
ishable by  heavy  fines,  to  kill  or  to  cage  the  mocking- 
bird, for  in  most  states  there  are  laws  forbidding  the 
caging  of  native  song  birds.  Likewise  a  Federal  statute 
prohibits  the  shipping  from  one  state  to  another  or  the 
importation  of  song  birds  native  to  this  country,  and 
more  recently  the  Migratory  Bird  Treaty  gives  absolute 
protection  in  every  state  and  in  Canada  to  all  insectivor- 
ous birds,  the  mockingbird  among  them. 


THE  MOCKINGBIRD  FAMILY 


541 


Today,  however,  we  care  less  for  caging  song  birds 
for  we  have  learned  to  attract  them  and  hold  them  about 
our  gardens  by  means  of  food  and  nesting  places  and 
protection  from  their  enemies,  so  that  cages  are  no  ionger 
necessary.  Almost  anywhere  in  the  South,  even  in  the 
heart  of  cities,  if  one  has  an  extensive  garden  one  can 
hope  to  have  a  pair  of  mockingbirds.  He  need  only 
plant  a  suitable  thicket  for  the  nest,  keep  the  cats  away 
and  put  out  plenty  of  food.  In  winter  and  early  spring 
they  are  fond  of  suet,  doughnut  crumbs,  pieces  of  bread 
and  a  few  seeds,  and  later  on  of  mulberries  and  other 
small  fruits  such  as  are  borne  on  the  dogwood,  wild 
cherry,  etc.  Surely  no  garden  in  the  South  should  be 
without  its  mockingbird. 

There  are  over  sixty  species  in  the  mockingbird  fam- 
ily, only  eleven  of  which  are  found  north  of  Mexico. 
One  of  these  is  the  true  mockingbird,  one  is  the  cat- 
bird and  the  rest  are  called  thrashers.  The  catbird  re- 
sembles the  mockingbird  in  being  a  long,  slender,  gray 
bird,  but  it  differs  in  being  darker  and  in  not  having  the 
white  bars  in  the  wings  and  tail.  Its  only  marks  are 
a  black  cap,  black  tail  and  reddish-brown  under-tail 
coverts.  It  gets  the  name  "caf'bird  from  the  harsh, 
catlike  notes  with  which  it  scolds  every  intruder  and 
with  which  it  ruins  an  otherwise  melodious  song.  Some 
catbirds  are  much  better  singers  than  others,  many  learn- 
ing to  imitate  the  notes  of  other  birds  with  almost  mock- 
ingbird skill,  but  all  of  them,  sooner  or  later,  interrupt 
their  musical  refrain  with  harsh  mewing  notes. 

Catbirds  are  either  very  sympathetic  to  the  troubles 


A  HUNGRY  CATBIRD 

When  the  catbird  returns  in  the  spring  it  can  usually  find  plenty  of  insects 
to  maintain  its  irrepressible  energy.  At  times,  however,  a  little  suet  is 
appreciated  and  it  will  come  quite  frequently  to  a  feeding  station. 


A  WELL  PROTECTED  HOME 

The  nest  of  a  mocking  bird  in  a  yucca.  All  members  of  the  mocking  bird 
family  nest  in  dense  bushes  or  thickets — where  they  are  safe  from  most 
enemies. 

of  all  the  bird  world  or  very  inquisitive,  for  whenever 
a  bird  is  in  distress  and  gives  an  alarm  cry  all  of  the 
catbirds  of  the  neighborhood  assemble  to  stare  and  to 
scold  at  the  disturber.  In  the  defense  of  their  own  nests 
they  are  seldom  excelled  for  bravery,  for  be  it  cat, 
squirrel,  snake  or  man,  the  intrepid  birds  bristle  out 
their  feathers  and  fly  at  the  enemy  with  loud  cries,  peck- 
ing with  their  bills  and  buffeting  with  their  wings  in 
the  attempt  to  divert  attention  from  their  treasures. 
Often  they  fall  prey  to  sly  cats  which  by  stealthy  leaps 
are  able  to  reach  them,  but  usually  they  slip  out  of  reach 
into  the  thick  vegetation,  for  the  catbird  always  nests 
in  the  densest  thicket,  thorny  bush  or  tangle  of  vines 
that  the  neighborhood  supports.  The  nest  resembles 
that  of  the  mockingbird,  but  the  eggs  are  deep  greenish- 
blue  without  spots. 

In  parks  and  gardens  where  thickets  do  not  exist 
the  catbird  is  not  to  be  found,  for  unlike  some  birds 
such  as  the  phoebe,  robin,  barn  swallow  and  swift  that 
have  come  to  associate  with  man,  the  catbird  is  always 
unable  to  adapt  itself  to  changed  conditions.  A  few 
years  ago  the  author  pointed  out  the  difference  between 
the  catbird  and  the  phoebe  in  this  respect. 

The  phoebe  formerly  nested  only  on  the  face  of  cliffs, 
but  with  the  advent  of  man  and  his  bridges  and  build- 
ings, it  has  modified  its  nesting  habits  to  avail  itself  of 
these  conditions  and  now  builds  wherever  there  is  a  ledge 
to  support  and  another  to  shelter  the  nest.  The  catbird, 
on  the  other  hand,  has  never  changed  and  probably  never 
will.    That  the  two  birds  have  a  fundamentally  different 


542 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


make-up  was  shown  by  the  simple  experiment  of  laying 
a  rag  across  the  nest  of  each  bird,  thus  concealing  the 
eggs.  With  one  look  the  phoebe  grasped  the  situation, 
flew  to  tlie  nest  and  pulled  the  rag  away.  The  catbird, 
on  the  other  hand,  was  unable  to  comprehend,  examined 
the  rag  from  all  sides  and  finally  began  to  incubate  be- 
side it  with  no  attempt  at  removing  it.  It  showed  itself, 
thereby,  a  non-adaptable  species,  and  thus  we  find  it 
throughout  its  range. 

In  some  places  in  the  south  the  catbird  is  regarded 
with  suspicion  and  is  believed  to  rob  the  nests  of  other 
birds,  but  in  the  north  it  is  a  favorite  and  no  stigma  is 
attached  to  its  name.  It  is  very  largely  insectivorous  and 
therefore  beneficial,  although,  together  with  the  robin 
and  the  waxwing  and  many  other  birds,  it  shows  a  par- 
tiality for  cherries  and  other  small  fruits  in  their  season. 
Where  mulberries  and  wild  fruits  are  available,  the  cul- 
tivated varieties  seldom  suffer. 

The  thrashers,  numbering  about  twenty  species,  are 
the  largest  of  the  mockingbird  family.  Their  center  of 
distribution  is  in  Southwestern  United  States  and  they 
extend  southward  through  Mexico  and  westward  through 
Southern  California  and  Lower  California.  Only  one 
species,  the  brown  thrasher  or  "brown  thrush,"  as  it  is 
sometimes  called,  is  found  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region.  It  occurs  throughout  the  East  as  far  north  as 
Quebec  and  occasionally  somewhat  further. 

Thrashers  or  "thrushers,"  as  the  word  is  sometimes 
written,  are  dark  brown  birds,  more  or  less  thrushlike 
in  appearance,  but  larger  and  more  slender  and  have 
longer  tails  and  somewhat  curved  bills.  In  fact,  the 
word  "thrusher"  is  thought  by  some  to  represent  a  "com- 
parative" of  the  word  "thrush,"  applicable  because  of 
the  larger  size  of  the  thrashers.  However  this  may  be, 
the  brown  thrasher  is  often  confused  with  the  wood 
thrush,  although  it  differs  in  its  much  longer  bill  and 
tail  and  its  streaked  rather  than  spotted  underparts.  It 
is  a  shy  bird,  much  more  often  seen  than  heard,  for  it 
keeps  to  the  undergrowth,  where  it  scratches  among  the 
leaves  or  digs  holes  with  its  bill,  in  its  search  of  larvae. 
The  sound  produced  as  it  apparently  blows  the  soil 
from  its  nostrils  is  an  almost  animal-like  sneeze.  When 
singing  the  male  mounts  to  the  topmost  branches  of  a  tree 
from  which  its  loud  ringing  notes  can  be  heard  for  long 
distances.  The  song  is  a  rich  medley  and  though  lim- 
ited in  its  range  and  confined  to  one  aiv,  rivals  the  mock- 
ingbird's in  its  exuberance  and  perfection. 

Occasionally  the  thrashers  live  about  gardens,  es- 
pecially if  some  effort  is  made  to  develop  a  tangle  of 
shrubbery  in  which  they  can  always  find  seclusion  and 
safety  from  stray  cats.  Like  the  mockingbirds  and  cat- 
birds, they  will  come  to  a  food  shelf  for  suet  and  crumbs 
and  sometimes  become  quite  friendly.  They  are  equally 
ferocious  in  the  defense  of  their  nests,  which  are  built 
in  the  heart  of  a  thicket  or  on  the  ground  beneath  c; 
tangle  of  vines,  and  they  do  not  hesitate  to  peck  and 
scratch  one  venturing  too  close.  Their  nests  resemble 
those  of  the  catbirds  and  mockingbirds,  having  an  outer 


layer  of  sticks  and  a  lining  of  rootlets,  but  the  eggs  are 
different  from  both,  being  rather  slender,  grayish  in 
color,  finely  and  evenly  speckled  with  brown. 

The  curve-billed  thrasher  of  Texas  and  New  Mexico, 
the  Palmer  thrasher  of  the  cactus  deserts  of  Arizona, 
the  California  thrasher  of  the  Pacific  Coast  region  and 
the  Crissal  thrasher  of  the  whole  Southwest  are  all 
about  the  size  of  the  brown  thrasher,  but  are  less  strik- 
ingly marked,  being  uniform  shades  of  brown  or  gray 
with  few  streaks.  The  sage  thrasher  is  a  somewhat 
smaller  bird,  appearing  like  a  small  mockingbird  with  a 
streaked  breast.  It  is  one  of  the  commonest  birds  of 
the  sage  brush  country  and  has  much  the  same  habits  as 
the  other  members  of  the  family. 


LUMBER  FOR  THE  EXPEDITIONARY  FORCE 

^^1 WENTY-FIVE  million  feet  of  lumber  and  timber 
vl^  are  wanted  in  France  at  an  early  date,  it  is  re- 
^^  ported,  for  the  use  of  the  American  expeditionary 
forces.  This  will  supply  some  of  the  needs  of  the 
troops  for  forest  products  until  the  American  forest  en- 
gineer regiments  reach  France  and  begin  cutting. 

It  is  reported  that  10,000,000  feet  of  lumber  and  tim- 
ber should  be  delivered  in  France  by  September  1,  8,000,- 
000  feet  by  October  1  and  5,000,000  feet  additional  by 
November  1.  All  this  is  said  to  be  in  addition  to  the 
4,000,000  feet  of  dock  timber  and  lumber  for  which  the 
engineer  corps  of  the  army  opened  bids  July  21. 

The  material  wanted  for  use  in  France  is  described 
by  lumbermen  as  square  and  sound.  It  is  needed  for 
wharves  and  docks,  railroads,  bridgework  and  terminal 
construction.  It  is  said  that  it  may  all  be  bought  within 
a  hundred  miles  of  the  seacoast  in  order  to  insure  prompt 
delivery. 

Samuel  M.  Felton,  president  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton 
Railroad,  who  is  in  charge  of  arrangements  for  the  ten 
or  twelve  regiments  of  railroad  engineers  for  service  in 
France,  is  much  interested  in  the  plans  for  buying  Ameri- 
can timber  and  lumber  for  use  in  France. 


© 


FORESTERS  IN  DEMAND 

Y  reason  of  the  enlistment  of  numerous  foresters 
throughout  the  country  for  service  abroad  the  war 
is  making  a  heavy  demand  upon  the  forestry  pro- 
fession. Further,  the  war-time  demand  for  forest 
products  for  a  thousand  uses  from  wood  alcohol  to  bridge 
timbers  means  increased  activity  in  the  lumber  business, 
which  employs  many  men  having  forestry  training.  Th( 
national  and  state  forests  of  the  country  must  not  b( 
neglected  in  the  face  of  so  great  need  for  their  products, 
which  points  to  the  increased  opportunities  for  men  in 
this  young  but  important  profession. 


f? 


TTORESTS  do  not  improve  by  disuse  any  more  than 
a  man's  muscles  grow  stronger  in  idleness."    The 
farm  woodlot  is  a  small  forest  and  will  repay  the  owner 
who  takes  care  of  it. 


QUEEN   ANNE'S   LACE;  THE   PAPAW   TREE,  AND   SELF-HEAL 


BY  R.  W.  SHUFELDT,  C.M.Z.S. 


a  EXT  to  a  big  field  of  ox-eye  daisies  in  June  or 
July,  we  have  no  wild  flower  display  in  the  east- 
ern half  of  our  country  that  can  in  any  way  com- 
pare with  an  old  pasture  field,  overgrown  with 
Queen  Anne's  Lace,  or  one  which  in  reality  is  more 
thoroughly  picturesque  (Fig.  1).  Of  course,  our  farm- 
ers have  long  ago  ranked  the  plant  among  the  most 
vicious  of  weeds  and  an  arrant  pest,  and  he  finds  no 
trouble  or  lack  of  facts  to  support  the  execrations  he  is 
ever  ready  to  heap  upon  its  name.  In  so  far  as  his  ma- 
terial interests  are  concerned,  he  is  doubtless  quite  cor- 
rect. To  the  lover  of  wild  flowers,  however,  the  plant 
has  everything  that  is  beautiful  of  its  kind  to  oflfer — 
everything  that  appeals  to  the  lover  of  life  out-of-doors. 
Ages  ago,  it  was  a  common  plant  of  many  parts  of 
Europe  as  well  as  of  Asia ;  and,  as  Neltje  Blanchan  truly 
remarks:  "From  Europe  it  has  come  to  spread  its  deli- 
cate wheels  over  our  summer  landscape,  until  whole 
fields  are  whitened  by  them  east  of  the  Mississippi. 
Having  proved  fittest  in  the  struggle  for  survival  in  the 
fiercer  competition  of  plants  in  the  over-cultivated  Old 
World,  it  takes  its  course  of  empire  westward  year  by 
year,  finding  most  favorable  conditions  for  colonizing 
in  our  vast,  uncultivated  area ;  and  the  less  aggressive 
native  occu- 
pants o  f  o  u  r 
soil  are  only 
too  readily 
crowded  out. 
Would  that  the 
advocates  o  f 
unrestj-icted 
immigration  of 
foreign  peas- 
ants studied 
the  parallel  ex- 
ample among 
floral  invad- 
ers.'' 

The  entire 
structure  of 
the  plant  makes 
for  this  mar- 
velous exten- 
sion over  vast 
areas ;  not  only 
is  it  hardy  by 
nature,  exempt  as  food  for  cattle  of  any  kind,  but  nearly 
a  hundred  different  species  of  very  industrious  insects 
take  part  in  its  thorough  fertilization.  Indeed,  bloom- 
ing as  it  does  all  the  way  from  June  to  bepteniljer,  it 
thrives  during  that  part  of  the  year  when  insect  life  is 


AN    ARMY    OF    QUEEN    ANNE'S    LACE 

Fig.   1. — View  of  a  meadow  in  August  monopolized  by  Queen  Anne's  Lace 

Parsley   family    {Daucus   carota). 


most  abundant  and  varied.  Thousands  of  the  wasps 
that  construct  the  paper  nests  are  among  the  forms  that 
may  be  seen  in  any  field  of  Wild  Carrots — as  some  peo- 
ple are  pleased  to  call  them — though  wild  carrots  they 
surely  are  not,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  big, 
fleshy  root  looks  like  a  carrot.  Armies  of  beetles,  bees 
and  many  kinds  of  flies  also  do  their  part  in  fertilizing 
the  flowers  of  this  plant ;  in  fact,  it  well  repays  one  to 
visit  a  field  overgrown  with  Queen  Anne's  Lace,  and, 
magnifying  glass  in  hand,  study  the  remarkable  struc- 
ture of  the  tiny,  individual  flowers  as  well  as  the  hosts 
of  insect  forms  that  visit  them  in  August.  Even  the 
flower  shown  here  in  Figure  2  may  be  studied  with  profit 
by  the  aid  of  a  good  lens — which  the  reader  can  easily 
demonstrate  by  trying  it. 

So  well  known  and  distinctive  is  this  plant  that  it 
quite  obviates  the  necessity  for  giving  a  detailed  botani- 
cal description  of  it  here.  One  may  readily  turn  to  this 
in  any  reliable  work  on  American  wild  flowers.  It  may 
be  as  well  to  note,  however,  that  the  flowers  of  this  con- 
spicuous biennial  are  arranged  in  umbels ;  that  its  stem 
is  bristly,  and  that  its  leaves  are  pinnately  decompounded. 
Many  people  call  it  "bird's  nest"  because  late  in  the  sea- 
son the  flower-stalks  erect  themselves  to  form  a  con- 
cave mass,  not 
altogether  un- 
like in  form 
the  nests  built 
by  some  birds, 
(^n  one  point 
authors  differ 
with  respect  to 
these  flowers. 
Neltje  R  1  a  n  - 
chan  says  that 
they  possess 
a  "suffocating 
odor,"  while 
Alice  Louns- 
berry  remarks 
that  they  are 
"  scentless." 
Truly  it  may 
be  said  that, 
through  their 
rather  strong 
odor,  a  field  of 
them  may  be  perceived  at  quite  a  distance,  provided  the 
wind  favors  its  conveyance  to  the  point  where  you  are 
standing.  It  possesses  a  sort  of  wild,  out-of-doors, 
waste-field  pungency  that  is  by  no  means  altogether  dis- 
agreeable. 

543 


widely  known   plant   of  the 


544 


QUEEN   ANNE'S   LACE   IN    FULL   FLOWER 

Fig.  2. — Note  the  one  in  the  middle  which  ha^  been  generally  fertilized, 
and  is  now  closing  up.  These  hollow  "nests,"  late  in  summer,  are  familiar 
to  all  who  know  the  plant.  Note  the  central  dark  purple  flower  in  each 
umbel  of  the  other  two,  a  feature  that  may  be  absent  in  some.  The 
beautiful   green  beetles  on  the  plant  are  well   known   to  collectors. 

Not  a  few  of  our  native  trees  possess  very  beauti- 
ful blossoms ;  and,  as  they  stand  among  our  wild  flowers, 
they  legitimately  come  in  here  for  occasional  description. 
The  blossoms  of  our  Papaw  tree  are  among  the  most 
interesting  of  these,  and  line  specimens  of  them  are  here 
shown  ill  Figure  4,  while  the  semi-ripe,  fruit  is  shown 
in  Figure  5.  Charles  S.  Newhall,  in  his  work  on  "The 
Shrubs  of  Northeastern  America,"  states  that  the  flowers 
of  the  Papaw  are  "dull  purple,  in  drooping  clusters,  ap- 
pearing with  the  leaves."  That  they  are  in  drooping 
clusters  is  far  from  correct,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  ac- 
companying illustration.  The  blossoms  are  of  a  very 
deep  liver  red,  bordering  on  dark  purple ;  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  they  come  out  at  the  time  when  the  thin,  obovate- 
lanceolate,  pointed  leaves  appear.  Our  North  American 
Papaw  (Asimina  triloba)  is  the  sole  representative  of  the 
Custard  Apple  family  (Anonacem)  in  this  country,  while 
it  has  many  trees  and  shrubs  related  to  it  in  the  tropics ; 
these  belong  in  the  same  family.    Note  that  the  flowers 


)RES 

TRY 

] 

A 

"■'rnT^fF^r^'' 

■K'^-^'^m 

^ 

r^^R^^^^^ 

^ 

^r    — 

^fc» 

1^ 

> 

^ 

""•^•^'  ^  " 

J 

m 

9b 

w 

T 

1 

THE  SLIMY  SALAMANDER 

Fig.  3.— While  collecting  flowers  in  the  damp  woods  in  August,  one  may 
meet  with  the  Slimy  Salamander  (Plethodon  glutinosus).  This  beautiful 
little  batrachian  ranges  from  Canada  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Texas. 
It  is  generally  black  in  color,  finely  speckled  with  pale  gray.  The  repro- 
duction here  given  is  from  a  photograph  from  life,  and  gives  the  specimen 
natural   size. 


FLOWERS    AND    YOUNG    LEAVES    OF    THE    NORTH    AMERICAN 

PAPAW 

Fig.    4. — The    fruit   is   edible   in    the   autumn,   and    in    its    half-ripe   stage    is 
shown  in  Figure  5. 


QUEEN  ANNE'S  LACE;  THE  PAPAW  TREE,  AND  SELF-HEAL 


545 


have  six  rather  thick  petals,  arranged  in  two  rows,  the 
outer  set  being  the  larger.  A  globular  mass  in  the  cen- 
ter is  made  up  of  numerous  stamens.  The  pistils  are 
few  in  number,  and  when  they  mature  and  ripen  they 
come  to  be  a  large,  pulpy  fruit,  having  the  form  of  the 
one  we  see  in  Figure  5.  These  range  from  six  to  four- 
teen centimeters  in  length :  and  while  a  palish  green  at 
first,  and  slightly  speckled,  they  gradually  turn  a  deep 
brown  or  almost  black.  At  this  stage  they  are  ripe  and 
possess  a  soft,  sweet,  custard-like  pulp,  which  many  peo- 
ple appear  to  relish  in  the  early  fall.  Papaws  are  found 
growing  only  along  the  banks  of  streams  and  rivers, 
often  surrounded  by  the  aquatic  plants  and  shrubs  found 
in  such  places.  Some  of  the  trees  may  attain  a  height 
of  from  twelve  to  fourteen  feet,  while  others  are  stunted 
and  shrub-like.  One  of  its  peculiarities  is  to  give  off 
rather  a  disagreeable  odor  when  the  smooth,  pale  grey 
bark  is  bruised  in  any  manner.  The  flat  seeds  of  the 
fruit  are  not  numerous  and  are  arranged  horizontally. 

Papaws  are  found  growing  in  many  localities  through- 
out the  eastern  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  of  recent 
years  they  have  received  no  little  attention  on  account 
of  the  demand   for  the  ripe  fruit  in  the  autumn.     The 


FRUIT   OF    THE    PAPAW 

Fic.  5. — Papaw  trees  grow  luxuriantly  along  the  Potomac  River,  on  the 
Maryland  and  District  sides,  ahovc  Washington.  The  insect  shown  resting 
on  the  fruit  is  a  common  cicada,  popularly  known  as  the  "locust,"  which 
19  erroneous,  as  the  American  locust  is  a  very  large  grasshopper. 


A  MUCH  DESPISED  WEED 

Fig.  6. — The  plant  and  its  flowers  here  shown  is  a  specimen  of  Prunella 
vulgaris,  popularly  known  as  Self-heal,  Heal-all,  or  Carpenter-weed,  with 
some  dozen  or  more  other  names  in  the  vernacular.  It  is  a  plant  with  a 
history,  and  occurs  over  large  areas  of  country  in  Nortli  America,  Europe, 
and  Asia.  The  example  here  shown  was  collected  in  the  District  of 
Columbia,  and  Gray  states  that  a  variety  of  it,  P.  laciniata,  is  "said  to  lie 
introduced  near  Washington,  D.  C,"  where,  it  may  now  be  added,  it  is  very 
al)undant. 

leaves  become  very  large  and  long  by  August,  while  the 
flowers  may  appear  as  early  as  the  last  days  of  March. 
It  receives  its  generic  name  from  Asiminier  of  the  French 
colonists,  and  this  from  the  Indian  name  assimin;  its 
specific  name,  triloba,  from  the  flower  structure  described 
above. 

We  have  a  large  family  of  wild  flowers  in  this  coun- 
try known  as  the  Labiatae  or  Mint  Family,  so  called  on 
.iccount  of  the  labiate  form  of  the  corolla.  Small  gland? 
arc  scattered  over  the  leaves  containing  a  volatile  oil  of 
a  warm,  aromatic  pungency,  for  which  mints  and  their 
allies  are  well  known.  Many  familiar  plants  are  con- 
tained in  the  group,  such  as  Bugle-weed,  Germander, 
Pennyroyal.  Rliie  Curls,  Skull-cap,  Cat  Mint,  Horehound, 


546 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Giant  Hyssop  and  the  Horse  Mint  and  Sages,  Nettles, 
and  so  on.  Among  this  very  interesting  assemblage  we 
find  a  modest  little  plant  widely  known  as  Self -Heal 
(Prunella  vulgaris).  This  flower  is  not  only  found  in 
the  woods  and  open  fields,  but  it  grows  abundantly  along 
the  roadsides  in  the  country  districts.  Here  it  is  often 
thickly  powdered  with  dust,  and  appears  to  be  but  a 
shabby,  good-for-nothing  weed;  but  a  summer  shower 
soon  washes  off  the  dust  of  the  roadway,  and  a  most 
beautiful  little  plant  is  at  hand  for  study  and  admira- 
tion. Upon  referring  to  Figure  6  we  can  appreciate 
what  Gray  says  of  Prunella:  "Low  perennials,  with 
nearly  simple  stems,  and  three-flowered  clusters  of  flow 
ers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  round  and  bract-like  membra- 
naceous floral  leaves,  imbricated  in  a  close  spike  or  head." 
As  will  be  noticed,  the  leaves  are  ovate  oblong  in  out- 
line, and  their  margins  may  be  either  entire  or  toothed, 
petioled,  pubescent  or  somewhat  smooth.  The  two- 
lipped  flowers  are  very  rarely  white,  but  most  often 
violent  or  creamish  flesh  color,  being  almost  twice  the 


length  of  the  calyx,  which  latter  is  of  a  purplish  color. 
The  flowers  are  well  shown  in  the  accompanving  cut, 
and  by  its  aid  the  plant  can  be  easily  identified  when 
taken  in  connection  with  the  above  description. 

Prunella  was  formerly  written  Brunella,  from  the  old 
German  word  braiine,  which  means  quinsy,  and  all  the 
old  herbalists  believed  that  Self-Heal  would  unfailingly 
cure  that  disease,  or  indeed  any  other  malady  affecting 
the  throat.  Tt  was  also  employed  for  niany  other  ills, 
and  may  still  be  so  employed  in  the  country  districts. 
Originally  the  plant  came  from  England,  and  after  its 
introduction  here  the  flowers  gradually  became  a  much 
paler  shade  of  purple.  In  England  it  is  also  known  as 
"carpenters'  herb"  for  the  reason  that,  when  carpenters 
bruised  themselves  in  any  way  while  at  work,  they  re- 
lied entirely  upon  a  decoction  of  Prunella  to  cure  the 
resulting  inflammation.  It  was  also  used  by  the  French, 
and  the  country  people  of  that  nation  still  have  the  say- 
ing that  "No  one  wants  a  surgeon  who  keeps  Prunelle." 


Fig.  98,  the  parts  of  an  average  Hower, 
showing  the  five  petals  in  its  corolla ;  the 
five  sepals  composing  its  calyx ;  the  pistil 
rising  from  the  center,  the  enlarged  base 
being  the  ovary,  followed  by  the  slender 
style  and  surmounted  by  the  stigma.  There 
are  also  four  stamens  shown,  each  spring- 
ing from  the  base  of  the  pistil,  and  each 
bearing  at  its  upper  free  end  an  anther. 
Fig.  99  shows  a  stamen  detached,  with  its 
double  anther  on  top,  from  which  the  dust- 
like pollen  is  falling.  Fig.  100  is  the  pistil 
cut  in  two  transversely,  showing  the  seeds 
within,  while  Fig.  101  gives  the  same  sliced 
longitudinally,   exhibiting  the   arrangement 


THE  FLOWER  AND  ITS  PARTS 

of  the  seeds.  Fig  102  is  an  average  flower 
sliced  vertically  through  its  center,  and  it 
shows  three  petals  of  its  corolla;  the  sec- 
tion of  the  sepals  of  the  calyx ;  the  ovary 
containing  two  seeds,  with  the  multiple 
styles  of  the  pistil,  and  the  stamens.  Fig. 
103 :  Some  flowers  are  incomplete  in  that 
they  have  no  petals  (apctalous),  and  the 
one  here  shown  is  the ,  flower  of  the 
Anemone  pennsylvanka.  Fig.  104 :  A 
flower  may  also  be  naked  and  yet  perfect, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  Lizard's-tail,  here 
shown.  Fig.  105 :  Here  is  the  flower  of 
the  Common  Flax;  it  is  not  only  sym- 
metrical, but  likewise  perfect,  regular,  and 


complete,  having  all  of  its  parts  in  fives ; 
it  is  shown  bisected  in  Fig.  102.  Fig.  106, 
anterior  view  of  a  common  Violet  and 
Fig.  107,  \*'  five  petals  and  five  sepals  dis- 
sociated. Fig.  108 :  An  ovule  or  seed,  when 
it  is  said  to  be  suspended  in  the  ovary, — 
that  is,  hanging  perpendicularly  from  the 
summit  of  the  ovarian  cell.  When  situated 
as  in  Fig.  109,  it  is  said  to  be  erect,  and 
in  Fig.  110,  ascending.  Taken  in  the  ordet 
given,  these  are  the  ovaries  of  the  Anemone, 
the  Buckwheat,  and  the  Buttercup.  Fig,  111 
gives  a  cruciform  flower  (Mustard),  and 
Fig.  112  its  pistil  and  stamens  removed  and 
much  magnified. 


QUEEN  ANNE'S  LACE;  THE  PAPAW  TREE,  AND  SELF-HEAL 


547 


LEAF  TERMS 


Plants,  such  as  the  Iris  (Fig.  113),  present  no  distinction  of 
petiole  and  blade,  and  on  section  their  narrow  leaves  are  ar- 
ranged as  in  Fig.  114.  In  the  Pitch  Pine  (Fig.  118)  the  three 
needle-shaped  leaves  form  a  fascicle  or  bundle ;  a  short  sheath 
surrounds  this  at  its  base,  furnished  by  the  thin  scales  of  the 
axillary  bud.  In  the  Larch  (Fig.  124)  the  arrangement  is  much 
the  same,  as  it  is,  too,  in  the  Spruce.  Such  leaves  are  called 
awl-shaped.  Another  kind  are  the  scale-shaped,  such  as  in  the 
Arbor-vitae  (Fig.  115),  Juniper,  and  the  Cedars.  Here  the 
scales  which  represent  the  leaves  are  in  great  numbers,  and  they 
gain  the  required  spread  of  surface  in  this  way.  Petioles  that 
expand  and  flatten,  thus  taking  the  place  of  the  blade,  are 
termed  phylladia,  such  as  in  some  Acacias   (New  Holland). 

The  stipules  present  as  many  variations  as  the  petioles,  and 
their  extremes  are  to  be  seen  in  the  Pea,  the  Magnolia,  Tulip 
Tree.  In  the  first  they  make  a  conspicuous  part  of  the  leaf, 
while  in  the  beans  they  are  more  or  less  minute.  In  the  Cloves 
they  are  united  with  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalk  (Fig.  117),  while 

It  is  not  at  all  likely,  however,  that  it  has  been  used  in 
the  present  horribly  destructive  war  in  France. 

When  we  come  to  study  the  leaves  of  the  plants  here 
figtired  in  the  cuts,  as  well  as  in  those  in  previous  arti- 
cles, or,  indeed,  in  trees  and  plants  in  general,  it  will 
have  to  be  observed  that  never  more  than  one  leaf  springs 
from  the  same  point  on  the  stem ;  but,  should  two  arise 
from  the  same  joint,  they  are  always  situated  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  the  stem,  the  distance  of  half  the  circum- 
ference separating  them.  If  there  should  be  more  than 
two,  as  in  whorls,  they  are  placed  equidistant  around  the 
joint  of  the  stem,  being  separated  by  one-fifth,  one- 
fourth  or  one-third  of  the  circumference  of  the  stem 
from  each  other,  depending  upon  the  number  of  leaves. 
This  assures  their  being  at  the  greatest  possible  distance 
apart,  and  we  never  see  two  or  more  leaves  standing  side 
by  side  at  the  same  joint,  nor  are  they  ever  clustered 
or  one  above  the  other.  Clustered  or  fuscicled  leaves  are 
shown  in  Figtire  124  of  the  Leaf  Terms  to  the  present 
article ;  they  represent  leaves  of  an  entire  branch  crowded 


in  the  Prince's  Feather  (Polygonum  oricntalc),  Fig.  116,  the 
stipules  unite  to  form  a  sheath  for  the  stem.  The  liijulc  corre- 
sponds to  the  stipule  in  some  of  the  grasses,  where  the  sheaths 
support  the  blade  on  their  summit,  and  it  occurs  on  its  apex. 
There  are  two  principal  arrangements  of  leaves  on  the  stem, 
alternate  (Fig.  122)  or  opposite.  When  alternate,  the  single 
leaves  spring,  one  after  the  other,  from  each  joint  (node)  of 
the  stem,  and  when  opposite,  there  is  a  pair  of  leaves  at  each 
joint  of  the  stem — one  leaf  of  any  of  the  pairs  being  exactly 
opposite  its  companion  on  the  other  side  of  the  stem.  When  a 
circle  is  formed  of  three  or  more  leaves  about  the  joint  as  in 
the  Bedstraw  (Gallium),  the  arrangement  is  said  to  be  of  the 
whorled  or  verticillate  variety.  The  rule  is  unerring  which 
determines  the  place  of  a  leaf  upon  the  stem  in  the  case  of  any 
plant ;  it  appears  at  its  pre-destined  point  with  mathematical 
accuracy,  and  the  special  formula  in  any  case  holds  true  for 
all  species  in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Figures  119-123  throw 
some  light  on  these  formula. 

into  a  fascicle.  Trees  of  the  Pine  family  should  be 
closely  studied  to  work  out  such  problems  as  these. 

Leaves  do  not  make  their  appearance  on  trees  and 
plants  in  a  haphazard  manner,  but  spring  normally  from 
points  which  appear  ort  the  stem  with  absolute  mathe- 
matical precision.  Their  arrangement  is  uniform  for 
the  species,  but  not  the  same  for  other  plants. 

From  this  it  is  clear  that  the  greatest  possible  diver- 
gence is  where  the  second  leaf  is  found  on  exactly  the  op- 
]K)site  side  of  the  stem  from  the  first  one,  with  the  third  on 
the  side  opjiosite  the  second,  and  so  on,  and  consequently 
over  the  first  one,  with  the  fourth  over  the  second.  Two 
ranks  are  thus  formed,  one  on  one  side  of  the  stem  and 
one  on  the  other.  This,  then,  is  the  two-ranked  arrange- 
ment. By  varying  the  intervals  or  distances  on  the  spiral 
line,  it  is  easy  to  see  how  we  also  get  a  three-ranked 
arrangement,  as  well  as  the  most  common  one  of  all,  the 
five-ranked.  It  is  very  instructive  to  study  these  several 
arrangements  on  the  stems  and  branches  of  the  plants 
end  trees  we  can  collect. 

In  Figures  119  and   120  of  the  Leaf  Terms  on  this 


548 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


page,  we  have  the  three-ranked  arrangement  in  the  Sedge. 
The  avrious  arrangements  are  expressed  by  fractions;  for 
example,  if  we  find  the  formula  to  be  ^  ,  which  expresses 
the  divergence  of  the  successive  leaves,  the  number  of 
turns  made  by  the  spiral  line  around  the  stem  is  indi- 
cated by  the  numerator,  while  the  denominator  gives  the 
number  of  leaves  in  each  cycle,  that  is  the  number  of 
per]:)endicular  ranks.  Passing  through  the  series,  we  may 
even  find  a  thirteen-ranked  arrangement,  as  in  the  house 
leek,  and  its  formula  would  be  i  .  Ordinarily  there  are 
no  arrangements  known  above  J|  .  The  rule  and  sym- 
metry of  it  is  truly  marvelous  and  known  only  to  the 
comparatively  few.  Parts  of  it  are  too  technical  to  be 
touched  upon  here ;  but  it  is  well  to  remember  one  thing : 
leaves  do  not  spring  out  on  plants  and  trees  everywhere 
and  anywhere.  Each  leaf  arises  at  a  predestined  point, 
and  the  entire  foliage  appears  according  to  a  rule,  which 


has  been  shown  to  be  based  upon  principles  involving  the 
greatest  possible  mathematical  accuracy. 

The  spiral  arrangement  is  shown  in  the  Leaf  Terms  in 
Figures  121-123,  where  a  line  is  drawn  through  the  inser- 
tion of  the  ascending  spire  of  leaves,  and  so  winds  spirally 
around  the  stem ;  in  the  same  species  of  plant  there  will 
always  be  the  same  number  of  leaves  for  each  turn  around 
the  stem.  "That  is,"  says  an  authority  at  hand,  "any  two 
successive  leaves  will  always  be  separated  from  each 
other  by  just  an  equal  portion  of  the  circumference  of 
the  stem.  The  distance  in  height  between  any  two  leaves 
may  vary  greatly,  even  on  the  same  shoot,  for  that  de- 
pends on  the  length  of  the  internodes  or  spaces  between 
each  leaf ;  but  the  distance,  as  measured  around  the  cir- 
cumference (in  other  words,  the  angular  divergence,  or 
angle  formed  by  any  two  successive  leaves)  is  uniformly 
the  same." 


NEW  YORK'S  FOREST  WEEK 


rpylOREST  week  was  celebrated  at  the  Lake  Placid 
|j\|  Club  September  4-8  by  the  New  York  State 
l^^il  Forestry  Association.  The  program  included 
a  series  of  indoor  and  outdoor  conservation 
gatherings,  for  which  a  picturesque  prelude  was  af- 
forded by  an  Indian  Council  Fire,  held  under  the 
auspices  of  the  association  in  co-operation  with  the 
Conservation  Commission,  the  State  College  of  For- 
estry, the  forestry  department  at  Cornell  University 
and  the  Lake  Placid  Club. 

Among  the  features  of  the  week  were  a  five  minute 
pagan  sermon  in  the  language  of  the  Senecas,  by  Chief 
Sosondoa,  (Edward  Cornplanter)  and  Indian  legends 
and  fairy  tales  by  the  official  story  teller  of  the  Iro- 
quois, Yehsenowehs,  (Miss  Mabel  Powers),  in  cos- 
tume. An  address  was  made  by  Charles  Lathrop 
Pack,  president  of  the  American  Forestry  Association. 
Other  addresses  scheduled  were : 

"The  New  York  State  Forestry  Association,"  Pres- 
ident Herbert  S.  Carpenter;  "Forest  School  Educa- 
tion for  Boys,"  Professor  L.  H.  Somers;  "Forestry 
Work  of  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Railroad,"  H.  R. 
Bristol;  "Wild  Flowers  of  Forest  and  Field,"  H.  D. 
House,  State  Botanist;  "The  Palisades  Interstate 
Park,"  Dr.  Edward  L.  Partridge;  "Forests  and  Birds," 
Professor  A.  A.  Allen ;  "Food  Producing  Possibilities 
of  Our  Inland  Lakes  and  Forests,"  Professor  F.  F. 
Moon ;  "The  Profession  of  Forestry,"  Professor  R.  S. 
Hosmer;  "Conservation  in  the  Adirondacks,"  Com- 
missioner George  D.  Pratt ;  "The  Timberland  Owner 
and  the  Great  War,"  Professor  A.  B.  Recknagel;  "A 
National  Capital  Forest,"  W.  M.  Ellicott;  "Forestry 
and  the  Newspapers,"  Royal  J.  Davis,  of  the  New 
York  Evening  Post ;  "The  Forest  Parks  of  New  York 
State — The  Motorists'  Mecca,"  Eugene  M.  Travis, 
State  Comptroller;  "Water  Storage  in  the  Adiron- 
dacks," a  paper  by  John   G.   Agar,   President   of  the 


Association  for  the  Protection  of  the  Adirondacks, 
presented  by  Edward  Hagaman  Hall,  secretary ;  "For- 
estry and  Education,"  United  States  Commissioner  of 
Education  P.  P.  Claxton. 


I 


INDIANA'S  FORESTRY  WORK 

N  advocating  greater  attention  to  reforestation 
the  Indiana  State  Board  of  Forestry  calls  atten- 
tion to  the  United  States  Geological  Survey's 
estimate  that  at  the  present  rate  of  consumption 
the  coal  supply  will  be  exhausted  within  50  years. 
It  is  pointed  out  that  thousands  of  acres  have  been 
cleared  that  should  not  have  been  cleared  and  that  no 
warring  foe  ever  threatened  more  certain  destruction 
than  does  neglect  to  conserve  natural  resources.  The 
people  are  urged  to  sow  now  that  they  may  reap  in 
the  future. 

For  this  year's  Indiana  state  fair  particular  atten- 
tion has  been  paid  to  the  forestry  exhibit.  Under  the 
management  of  President  W.  A.  Guthrie  and  Secre- 
tary Richard  Lieber,  of  the  state  forestry  board,  the 
exhibit  was  made  possible  by  generous  aid  from  the 
state  and  the  United  States  Forest  Service,  with  the 
willing  assistance  of  lumbermen  and  manufacturers 
of  wood  products.  One  of  the  features  is  a  working 
model  showing  the  erosion  of  land.  This  illustrates 
how  the  forests  on  steep  hillsides  conserve  water  sup- 
ply and  feed  springs,  wells  and  rivers.  It  also  shows 
how  the  same  hill,  when  cleared,  becomes  washed  and 
does  not  produce  enough  to  pay  taxes.  In  the  exhibit 
of  native  woods  is  included  a  sample  orevery  variety 
of  tree  indigenous  to  the  state.  Other  exhibits  include 
colored  photographs  of  birds,  with  a  chart  to  show 
the  percentage  of  insects  and  weed  seeds  entering  into 
the  diet  of  the  birds.  Forest  fire  effects  are  shown  in 
specimens  of  trees  damaged  by  fire. 


TURNING   A   DESERT   INTO   FERTILE    SOIL 


BY  ROBERT  H.  MOULTON 


O 


NE   of   the    most    remarkable    examples    of    soil 

transformation    to   be    found    anywhere    in    the 

United  States  is  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  A.  N.  Abbott 

near  Morrison,  Whiteside  County,  Illinois.     In 

six  years  Mr.  Abbott  has  accomplished  the  seemingly 


dollars  an  acre.  Mr.  Abbott's  farm  lies  on  the  edge  of 
the  so-called  River  Bottoms,  three  or  four  miles  east 
of  the  Mississippi  River.  When  in  geological  ages 
the  channel  of  the  Mississipi  was  changed,  the  sand 
in  the  old  river  bed  was  blown  up  on  the  east  side  of 


SHOWING    HOW    A    TRA.N'SFORMATION    IS    POSSIBLE 

In  the  background   may  be  seen  a  tract  of  barren   sand;     in  the  foreground    is   a   tract   formerly    without    a    trace    of   vegetation    on    which   grass   is    now 
growing  because   of   the   protection   of   the   line   of  trees   in   the   middle  distance.     To  the   right  is  part   of  the   fo-est   plantation. 


impossible  task  of 
formerly  as  barre 
flourishing  forest. 
Nor  is  that  all ;  for 
this  forest,  acting 
as  a  sandbinder, 
has  been  the 
means  of  saving 
other  fertile  acres 
irom  the  inroads 
of  the  drifting 
sand,  the  total  re- 
sult being  that 
Mr.  Abbott's  farm 
has  increased  sev- 
eral times  over  in 
value.  The  sandy 
tracts,  which  be- 
fore being  planted 
to  trees  were  prac- 
tically worthless, 
are  now  worth 
anywhere  from  fif- 
ty to  one  hundred 


turning  some  seventy  acres  of  sand,     the  river,  forming  many  sandy  tracts.     In  time  these 
n   as   the   Desert  of   Sahara,   into  a     tracts  became  covered  with  a  sparce  growth  of  grass. 

Then  in  a  dry  sea- 
son the  grass  was 
killed,  and  the 
sand  began  to 
blow  about,  cover- 
ing everything  in 
its  course.  Such 
was  the  situation 
when  Mr.  Abbott 
came  into  posses- 
sion of  his  farm. 

Being  some- 
thing of  an  enthu- 
siast in  afiforesta- 
lion,  Mr.  Abbott 
determined  to  at- 
tempt the  reclama- 
tion of  the  sand 
tracts  on  his  farm. 
He  was  encour- 
aged in  the  belief 
that  trees  could  be 

549 


THE    0.\K    KI-.AIAI.M.NG    BLOW    HOLE 

The  trees  in  the  background  protect  the  corn  field  beyond.     Note  how  the  wind  has  scooped  oui 
the  sand.     This  is  part  of  the  original  seventy-acre  tract  of  sand  on  the  Abbott  farm. 


550 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


SIX   YEARS  AGO  THIS  WAS  A   BARRKN    BLOW   HOLE 
Since   then   the   planting  of  black   walnuts,   locusts  and   cottonwood,  together  with  a  luxuriant  growth  of  grass,  has  quite  transformed  its  appearance. 

made  to  grow  there  by  the  presence  of  one  huge  cot-  ing  of  sand  in  their  immediate  vicinity,  thereby  pro- 

tonwood   tree   standing  almost   in   the   middle   of  the  tecting  growing  crops  on  other  land  nearby.     He  then 

tract.      This    tree    also    suggested    the    species    which  went   into   the   business   of   tree   planting   on   a   huge 

would  most  likely  thrive  in  the  sand.     He  also  decided  scale,  planting  about  70,()()0  trees  altogether  on  some 


■ 

^^K 

TREES  PLANTED  IN   SAND  AT   END  OK  A  BLOW   HOLE 
These    trees,    cottonwoods,    are    now    seven    years    old    and    act    as    perfect 
sand   binders.     The   grass   is  beginning  to  creep   into  the   sand   in   front   of 
the   trees. 

to  try  the  black  locust,  since,  like  the  cottonwood,  it 
has  the  faculty  of  storing  nitrogen  in  the  soil  through 
the  ministration  of  the  bacteria  on  its  roots. 

The  first  year  Mr.  Abbott  planted  5,000  yearling 
trees,  and  in  a  little  over  a  year  they  were  three  or  four 
feet  high,  and  grass  began  to  creep  in  between.  In 
another  year  they  had  successfully  checked  the  blow- 


THIS  TREE  GAVE  THE  PLANTER  HIS  IDEA 
This  large  cottonwood   was  the  only  tree   on   a  seventy-acre   tract  of  sandy 
soil  when  it  came  into  possession  of  A.  N.  Abbott,  and  it  gave  the  idea  of 
planting  other  trees  in  the  effort  to  reclaim  the  sandy  wantes. 

TO  acres  of  land,  or  at  the  rate  of  1,000  trees  per  acre, 
the  spacing  being  about  6  by  7  feet.  The  yearling 
plants  were  bought  at  an  average  price  of  $3  per 
thou.sand,  and  the  cost  of  planting  them  was  relatively 


TURNING  A  DESERT  INTO  FERTILE  SOIL 


551 


small,  since  two  men  could  easily  plant  3,000  trees  a 
day. 

The  rapidity  with  which  the  sand  drifted  in  many 
places  is  well  illustrated  by  some  of  the  accompanying 
photographs  which  show  the  original  fence  posts,  set 
before  the  tree  planting  began,  almost  entirely  covered. 

Mr.  Abbott  has  allowed  one  blow  hole  to  remain 
unplanted,  merely  for  the  purpose  of  showing  other 
farmers  what  can  be  accomplished  in  the  way  of  re- 
claiming sandy  tracts  of  land.  This  blow  hole  also 
shows  in  a  manner  most  unmistakable  how  the  trees 


serve  to  lower  the  temperature.  On  the  day  these 
photographs  were  taken^  in  mid  July,  a  test  of  the 
temperature  in  the  blow  hole  indicated  115  degrees 
Fahrenheit  (it  has  been  known  to  go  as  high  as  150 
degrees)  while  over  among  the  trees  it  was  only  95 
degrees.  This  difference  was  due,  of  course,  to  the 
fact  trees  drink  in  and  transpire  an  enormous  quantity 
of  water,  and  this  giving-off  tempers  the  dryness  of 
the  nearby  atmosphere.  It  is  also  a  known  fact  that 
moisture-bearing  currents  of  air  are  caught  by  torest 
areas  as  they  are  not  by  the  heated  plains. 


THE   LECONTE   OAKS 


y^  HE  noble  old  liveoaks  which  flourish  on  the  cam- 
Vl/  pus  at  Berkeley  are  one  of  the  chief  prides  of  the 
gg^  University  of  California.  Wishing  to  pay  tribute 
of  love  and  honor  to  Joseph  and  John  LeConte 
distinguished  as  scientists  and  beloved  as  teachers,  a 
class  dedicated  to  their  memory  one  of  the  finest  of  the 
old  oaks  on  the  campus.  These  two  brothers  were  born 
in  Georgia,  of  old  Huguenot  stock,  were  professors  in 
South  Carolina  College,  and  at  the  close  of  the  Civil 
War  went  to  California,  where  John  LeConte  became 
Professor  of  Physics,  and  later  President  of  the  Univer- 
sity, while  Joseph  LeConte  became  Professor  of  Geology 
and  Natural  History.  Although  in  the  forties  a  pupil  of 
Louis  Agassiz  at  Harvard,  Joseph  LeConte  v/as  one  of  the 
first  scientific  men  in  America  to  maintain  the  truth  of 
evolution.  He  served  as  President  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  .A.dvancen:ent  of  Science  and  as  President 
of  the  Geological  Society  of  America  and  when  he  died,  in 
1901,  he  left  behind  him  many  volumes  of  writings  on 
geolog}',  evolution,  and  many  scientific  papers. 


Recentl}-  the  University  of  California  has  had  all  the 
oak  trees  on  its  campus  thoroughly  cared  tor  by  the 
methods  of  modern  tree-surgery,  under  the  direction  of 
J.  W.  Gregg,  Professor  of  Landscape  Gardening  and 
Floriculture  in  the  University. 

The  520-acre  campus  of  the  University  of  California 
possesses  a  wealth  of  native  California  trees,  shrubs  and 
flowers.  During  the  past  five  years  the  hill  lands  of  the 
University,  including  the  watershed  of  Strawberry 
canon,  have  been  planted  by  the  University  with  approx- 
imately a  himdred  thousand  trees  of  many  hundreds  of 
species,  the  work  being  done  with  careful  consideration 
of  the  purposes  of  the  landscape  gardener,  the  botanist 
and  the  student  of  Dendrology  and  Sylviculture.  The 
University  of  California  within  the  last  three  years  has 
developed  a  notable  Forestry  School,  headed  by  Walter 
Mulford,  formerly  Professor  of  Forestry  at  Cornell,  the 
department  including  also  David  T.  Mason,  Professor 
of  Forestry,  and  Woodbridge  Metcalf,  Merritt  B.  Pratt 
and  Donald  Bruce,  Assistant  Professors  of  Forestry. 


THE    LE    CONTE    OAKS,    UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA 


ONE  TELLS  OF  THE  ADIRONDACKS 


\1 


■/ 


w 


I OYS  and  girls, 
(big  and  little  and 
young  and  old, 
have  written  to  me 
'  about  the  stories 
I  h  e  r  e  set  down. 
I  One  says  she  likes 
i  them,  another 
wants  to  know  where  I  get  my  twisted 
history,  and  another  tells  me  about  my 
foolish  notions  on  some  other  point. 
Mainly  the  letters  have  told  that  the 
readers  like  to  know  of  the  children 
about  whom  I  write,  or  that  other 
children  have  learned  to  look  for  in- 
teresting facts  in  forestry. 

/^NE  boy,  sixteen  years  old,  has  put 
down  what  he  learned  at  first  hand 
about  forestry  in  the  Adirondacks,  the 
wooded  mountains  in  northern  New 
York.  He  went  up  there  last  year  as 
a  boy  scout,  to  help  protect  those  for- 
ests from  fire,  and  to  do  his  part  in 
building  trails  into  the  wilder  parts  of 
the  mountains.  What  he  saw  and 
heard  he  has  written;  and  because  it 
seems  good  to  me  I  am  passing  it  on 
to  you. 

This  year,  boys  of  his  age  have 
worked  in  garden  and  grain  field ;  their 
camps  have  been  headquarters  for 
farm  labor  rather  than  for  the  more 
pleasant  and  more  exciting  work  in 
the  woods.  All  of  us  have  had  to  do 
what  we  could  to  help  the  food  sup- 
ply; next  year  we  shall  have  to  do 
even  more.  I  am"  hoping  that  there 
will  be  built  up  a  habit  of  work,  and 
that  many  Americans  will  get  away 
from  the  present  plan  by  which  they 
"let  George  do  it." 

This  boy  who  wrote  about  the  Adir- 
ondacks is  Beverly  Galloway,  and  his 
father  knows  about  all  there  is  to  know 


about  plants.  The  first  thing  that 
strikes  Beverly  about  the  Adirondacks 
mountains  is  that  they  form  one  of  the 
largest  pieces  of  wild  woods  in  the 
country,  and  that  they  are  in  the  same 
state  that  contains  the  largest  city  in 
the  world.  He  tells  how  they  first  be- 
came known,  through  the  discovery  of 
deposits  of  magnetic  iron.  "A  number 
of  these  mines,"  he  says,  "were  worked 
in  the  hope  of  getting  good  rich  ore, 
but  they  never  amounted  to  much. 
Many  people  went  there  to  help  de- 
velop the  mines,  so  when  the  mines 
failed,  the  workmen  had  to  find  other 
ways  to  make  a  living. 

«pARMING  was  out  of  the  question ; 
the  region  was  too  rocky,  even 
if  the  forest  were  removed.  The  for- 
est was  there;  why  remove  it?  Pos- 
sibly it  could  furnish  a  means  of  live- 
lihood. Indeed  it  cou!d,  as  they  soon 
found  out.  Within  its  borders  were 
many  creatures  which  could  be  trap- 
ped during  the  winter  for  their  furs,  or 
shot  all-the-year-'round  for  their  meat. 
And  there  was  the  forest  itself.  So  the 
two  industries  cf  trapping  and  lumber- 
ing were  started.  Since  new  traps  and 
other  supplies  had  to  be  obtained  from 
the  outside,  a  means  of  traffic  was 
started.  As  the  output  of  the  region 
grew,  so  did  the  traffic  grow.  But  the 
lines  did  not  go  into  every  nook  and 
corner  of  the  mountains,  but  were  main 
roads  going  north  and  south.  So  we 
have  the  Adirondacks  of  today, — easy 
to  get  at  in  a  general  way,  yet  with 
large  portions  out  of  the  usual  lines  of 
travel.  There  are  only  a  few  railroads 
open  to  the  general  public,  but  a  great 
number  of  private  logging  roads  and 
railroads. 

"Recently  with  the  coming  of  the  au- 


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if 


fev-^ 


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^^. 


m 


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Vi^ 


tomobile  there  have  come  some  good 
roads.  But  here  again,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  railroads,  the  heart  of  the  Adir- 
ondacks  cannot  easily  be  reached. 

«  A  T  FIRST  only  a  few  persons 
came  in  for  vacations.  These 
usually  came  during  the  hunting  sea- 
son. The  next  year  they  would  re- 
turn with  friends.  In  this  way  the  fame 
of  the  Adirondacks  spread  abroad. 
Hunting  led  to  fishing,  so  the  sports- 
men not  only  came  in  the  fall  but  also 
in  the  spring.  Some  of  those  who  came 
in  the  spring  stayed  later  and  found 
that  the  summer  climate  was  better 
than  the  'lumber-jack'  painted  it.  Then 
came  summer  hotels. 

"These  summer  hotels  are  now  to  be 
found  in  nearly  every  place  that  is  easy 
to  get  at.  And  since  this  mountain  re- 
gion is  also  a  lake  region,  the  ways  of 
getting  about  were  simplified.  Now, 
in  nearly  every  place  where  there  are 
boats  there  are  also  guides,  whose 
rates  are  from  four  to  seven  dollars  a 
day.  At  first  these  rates  seem  high, 
but  they  are  truly  not  so.  Where  in 
any  city  could  one  get  a  man  who 
would  paddle  a  canoe — provided  there 
were  places  for  a  canoe  to  go — and 
paddle  it  for  thirty  miles,  carrying  it 
and  all  the  baggage  too  over  portages, 
make  the  camp  and  cook  the  meals,  find 
fish  and  game,  and  keep  one  from  being 
drowned  or  shot  for  a  deer,  all  for 
seven  dollars  a  day? 

^THE  lumber  industry  is  still  a  big 
one.  The  old  method  of  lumber- 
ing had  to  have  the  winter's  snow. 
Roads  were  made  to  tap  the  heart  of 
the  best  timbered  country,  and  followed 
the    lower    and    more    level    ground. 


These  roads  were  as  free  from  bumps 
as  city  asphalt  streets.  When  the  first 
freeze  came  they  were  sprinkled  with 
water;  after  several  sprinklings  and 
freezes  they  were  covered  with  a  layer 
of  ice  some  inches  thick.  Heavy  loads 
could  now  be  hauled  on  sledges  over 
these  ice-ways  with  very  little  trouble. 
Even  now  the  traces  of  these  old  roads 
may  still  be  seen,  leading  from  the 
heart  of  a  pine  section  to  some  water 
course. 

«lirHEN  the  sawlogs  had  been  cut 
and  hauled  to  the  banks  of  a 
stream  they  were  piled  at  the  edge  of 
the  water,  or  on  the  ice,  with  the  log 
ends  easy  to  get  at.  The  marking  was 
simple.  On  the  end  of  a  sledge  hammer 
were  raised  letters,  these  letters  being 
the  'trade  mark'  of  the  company  doing 
the  lumbering.  When  a  log  was  to  be 
marked  its  end  was  hit  with  the  ham- 
mer and  the  dents  left  were  the  re- 
verse of  the  letters  on  the  hammer.  By 
this  it  will  be  seen  that  the  letters  had 
to  be  made  wrong-way-'round,  or  mir- 
ror-wise. After  the  logs  had  been 
driven  down  stream  on  the  spring 
freshet  to  the  mills  below,  every  owner 
was  able  to  claim  his  own  logs. 

"Now  there  are  very  few  of  these 
spring  drives.  The  logging  railroad 
has  taken  the  place  of  the  river,  al- 
though horses  are  still  used  in  skidding 
the  logs  to  the  rollways.  At  the  pres- 
ent rate,  unless  some  measures  are 
taken  to  start  new  trees  the  supply  in 
the  Adirondacks  will  run  short  in 
something  like  twenty  years.  It  takes 
time  for  trees  to  grow.  They  are  not 
good  for  paper  until  they  are  twenty  or 

{Continued  on  next  page) 


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554 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


FORESTRY  FOR  BOYS  AND  GIRLS 

Continued  Jrmn  Preceding  Poo* 

thirty  years  old,  and  must  be  over  fifty  years  old  before 
they  make  good  lumber.  A  beech  and  birch  will  take 
twice  as  long,  and  are  not  made  into  paper  at  any  stage. 

"On  State  land  the  lumber  must  not  be  cut.  Fish 
and  game  are  j)rotected  by  state  and  federal  laws  well 
enforced  by  wardens. 

"The  forests  are  protected  from  fire  by  lookouts, 
wardens  and  guards.  At  present  there  are  not  enough 
guards  to  stop  large  fires  that  may  get  started,  so  the 
people  have  to  turn  out  and  become  fire-fighters  to  save 
their  property.  Outside  of  the  State  lands  little  has  been 
done  to  renew  the  forest ;  but  any  who  wish  to  take  the 
time  and  trouble  to  plant  may  get  young  trees  from  the 
State,  and  a  few  have  undertaken  to  replant.  When  all 
do  this  the  future  of  the  Adirondack  forests  will  be  sure." 

Thus  ends  Master  Galloway's  story  of  the  Adiron- 
dack region.  Some  day,  as  a  forester,  he  may  look  back 
on  what  is,  as  far  as  I  know,  his  first  printed  work  on 
the  subject.  Looking  back  at  it  as  a  grown-up,  will  he 
think,  as  I  do,  that  he  found  out  a  great  deal,  or  will  he 
then  decide  that  he  knew  very  little  in  the  light  of  all  the 
things  he  has  learned  since? 


CD 


THE  POISONOUS  CICUTA 

\NY  deaths,  both  of  human  beings  and  domestic 
animals,  are  caused  every  year  by  cicuta,  or  water 
hemlock,  a  poisonous  plant.  It  is  the  most  vio- 
lently poisonous  of  temperate  region  plants,  yet 
it  is  not  generally  recognized.  Cicuta  is  widely  distrib- 
uted. Unfortunately,  it  resembles  a  number  of  harm- 
less plants  and  is  not  easily  recognizable.  It  belongs  to 
the  same  family  as  carrots  and  parsnips.  It  has  a  num- 
ber of  popular  names,  of  which  the  most  common  is 
"covvbane,"  or  "water  hemlock."  In  the  mountain  re- 
gions of  the  West  it  is  frequently  called  "parsnip,"  or 
"wild  parsnip."  Other  names,  less  common,  are  "snake- 
root,"  "snakeweed,"  "beaver  poison,"  "muskrat  weed," 
"spotted  hemlock"  and  ".spotted  parsley." 

The  plant  grows  in  wet  places  and  is  especially  com- 
mon in  some  parts  of  the  West  along  irrigating  ditches. 
It  has  a  thickened  rootstock  with  roots  which  some- 
times takes  the  form  of  a  group  of  tufiers.  The  cicuta  is 
most  readily  distinguished  from  plants  of  similar  ap- 
pearance growing  under  the  same  conditions  by  the  trans- 
verse chambers  in  the  rootstock.  Further  description, 
except  by  botanical  terms,  is  difficult. 

Only  the  root  of  cicuta  is  poisonous.  Cases  of  poison- 
ing are  more  frequent  in  the  spring,  partly  because  the 
roots  are  more  likely  to  be  noticed  at  that  time  and 
partly  because  they  appear  to  be  more  poisonous  then 
than  later  in  the  season.  Occasionally  stock  find  the  roots 
when  they  are  washed  out  by  high  water  in  small  streams. 
Farmers  in  their  plowing  sometimes  bring  to  the  surface 
a  considerable  number  of  roots  and  these  are  eaten  by 
cattle,  with  resulting  sickness  and  death. 


SPRUCE  FOR  AEROPLANES 

GiAPT.  DE  LA  GRANGE  of  the  French  aviatiou 
I  corps,  says  that  Uncle  Sam's  greatest  aid  to  the 
allies  can  be  accomplished  by  aeroplanes,  built  of 
American  spruce,  of  which  large  quantities  are 
being  shipped  from  the  forests  of  the  Pacific  Coast  both 
to  American  and  English  manufacturers.     He  says: 

"If  the  Government  wishes  to,  before  the  first  of 
April,  1918,  it  can  have  a  tremendous  aero  fleet.  Sup- 
pose it  decided  to  have  only  5,000  planes  and  10,000 
motors.  In  order  to  keep  that  number  of  aeroplanes 
always  at  the  front  it  will  be  necessary  to  build  2,000 
planes  and  4,000  motors  per  month,  viz,  18,000  planes 
and  36,000  motors  during  the  next  nine  months.  There- 
fore, between  January  1,  1918,  and  December  31,  1918, 
the  United  States  must  build  22,000  planes  and  46,000 
motors.  This  means  a  great  eilort  on  the  part  of  tht 
American  factories.  They  can  make  this  effort,  as  they 
have  already  the  buildings,  the  workmen  and  part  of  the 
machinery  needed.  They  have  also  a  large  number  of 
the  best  scientists  and  technicians.  The  size  of  the  orders 
given  them  will  insure  obtaining  the  money  necessary 
to  organize  the  plants  for  their  construction." 


Photngraph  by  G.  T.  K.  Norton 

A»FAMILIAR  SIGHT  TO  WASHINGTONIANS 

'pHIS  "house"  stands  on  the  lawn  or  mall  of  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.  It  is 
made  of  a  hollowed  section  of  a  red  cedar  and  was 
first  exhibited  at  the  World's  Fair;  in  pieces  it  was 
brought  to  Washington  and  set  up,  when  the  roof  was 
added.  It  is  sixteen  feet  in  diameter;  the  lower  por- 
tion is  used  for  the  storage  of  gardener's  tools,  while 
birds  by  the  hundreds  live  in  the  upper  story.  The 
whole  is  a  rich,  dark  red  and  is  ivy-grown,  and  forms 
one  of  the  most  attractive  bits  of  wildness  in  the  city. 
The  dome  of  the  New  National  Museum  building  is 
seen  on  the  horizon  at  the  left. 


OUR   SNAKES   A  NATIONAL  ASSET 

BY  GAYNE  T.  K.  NORTON 

HE  fear  of  snakes,  or  to  speak  more  exactly,  the  the  number  of  snakes  that  will  be  killed  by  the  well- 
very  general  tendency  to  kill  snakes  on  sight,  is  as  meaning  but  misinformed  gardeners  will  be  very  large, 
universal  as  war.  Some  people  associate  the  fear  Our  snakes,  .and  we  are  rich  in  reptile  life,  are  a  national 
with  mythology ;  others  blame  the 
misinformation  that  has  been  spread  for 
generations.  This  state  of  aflfairs  has 
existed — with  disastrous  effects  to  the 
snakes  and  injurious  reactions  u])on  our- 
selves —  principally,  I  believe,  because 
editors  have  not  seen  fit  to  change  it. 
I  hey  have  reasoned,  and  correctly,  that 
the  public,  with  few  exceptions,  would 
rather  not  be  educated  in  herpetology. 

With  this  summer,  however,  the  mil- 
lions of  war  gardens  have  given  the 
snakes  popular  interest — a  "news  angle" 
editors  must  consider.  The  gardens  are 
bringing  outdoors  many  people  who  ordi- 
narily would  not  tread  from  the  paving 
blocks.  Tremendously  increased  tillage 
is  bringing  people  and  snakes  together.  ^hey  know  and  do  not  fear  snakes 

Unless  much  educational  work  is  done         ^   K™"''    °^   hunters    with    some    pet    snakes    from    private    collections       Allen    Samuel    Williams. 

founder    of    the    Reptile    Study    Society,    is    seated    in    the    foreground. 


asset  worth  many  millions  of  dollars.  Snake  killing 
will  never  become  a  national  issue — conserved  as  an  eco- 
nomic factor,  destroyed  as  a  menace — yet  the  snake,  par- 
ticularly at  this  time,  should  be  conserved.     The  relation 


A    CHARMER    CHARMED 

A  khaki  clad,  soft  shifted  hunter  who  had  never  touched  a  snake  until  five 
minutes   before    the    jihotograph    was    taken. 


WITH   THEIR  PET  SNAKES 

Allen  Samuvl  Williams  (left)  with  a  large  pet  pine  snake.  Mr.  Williams 
is  an  eminent  herpetologist  and  naturalist,  an  authority  on  the  American 
Indian,  and  a  well-known  author  and  lecturer.  His  knowledge  of  the  ways 
of  the  wild  things  verges  on  the  uncanny.  He  is  perfectly  fitted  to  iead 
the  boys  in  the  work  of  snake  conservation.  The  writer  is  holding  a  large 
bull   snake,  another  pet  caught  by  Mr.  Williams  in  the   South. 

666 


556 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


I'holograph  by  G.  T.  K.  Norton, 

by  courtesy  of  New  York  Zoological  Society. 

A  REAL  "SNAKE  CHARMER." 
Gladys  Ditmars  is  a  born  zoologist;  she  is  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Raymond 
I..  Ditmars,  reptile  curator  of  the  New  York  Zoological  Society.  Gladys 
has  traveled  much  with  her  father  and  absorbed  much  of  his  wisdom.  She 
goes  out  of  her  way  to  save  a  snake's  life.  The  king  snake  photographed 
is  a  pet  she  caught   in   southern    New  Jersey. 

it  bears  to  successful  crops  is  important — more  important 
than  even  the  average  farmer  realizes. 

Reptiles  may  not  manifest  friendship  toward  us,  few 
would  welcome  such  a  condition,  yet  they  are  not  ene- 
mies. They  never  attack  unless  in  self-defense.  Of  our 
111  si)ecies  but  17  are  poisonous — two  species  of  Elaps, 
coral  snakes,  and  15  species  of  Crotaline  snakes,  the 
copperhead  and  moccasin,  the  dwarf  and  typical  rattle- 
snakes. On  the  other  hand  the  help  they  render  is  valu- 
able. The  i)ests  destroyed  each  year,  especially  the  ro- 
dents that  injure  crops  and  carry  communicable  dis- 
eases, roll  up  a  large  balance  of  good  service  in  their 
favor. 

Rodents  are  destroyers  of  farm  products,  cause  loss 
by  fire  through  gnawing  matches  and  insulation  from 
electric  wires  and  of  human  life,  through  germ  carrying, 
particularly  the  bubonic  plague.  Before  the  war  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  placed  the  bill 


at  $500,000,000,  one-fifth  of  which  equals  the  loss  of 
grain.    With  advanced  prices  this  is  increased. 

They  also  destroy  eggs,  young  poultry,  squabs  and 
pigeons,  birds  and  young  rabbits,  pigs  and  lambs.  A 
loss  to  husbandry  not  estimated  in  figures  but  realized 
as. extensive  is  due  to  the  killing  of  fruit  trees  by  girdling 
or  other  injuries  to  the  bark  by  species  of  wild  rodents. 
Eminent  medical  authorities  agree  that  many  plagues 
can  be  accounted  for  by  rodents.  As  a  destructive  agency 
the  rodents  have  no  rival. 

The  explanation  of  the  big  figures  representing  dam- 
age from  the  rodent  is  due  to  the  vast  numbers  of  those 
small  animals  owing  to  the  characteristic  fecundity  of 
the  species.  One  investigator  paired  two  common  house 
rats  late  in  December.  By  the  middle  of  the  next  Sep- 
tember he  had  880  rats. 

Reptiles  are  a  very  important  factor  in  the  natural 
work  of  restraining  the  too  rapid  increase  of  rodents. 
Practically  all  our  snakes  feed  largely  upon  rodents.  One 
in  particular  which  has  a  wide  range  is  the  Lampropeltis 


AN  OLD  TIMER  AND  A  RECIU  IT  .\  1'  SNAKi;  lirxlIXG 
George  Von  Buehren  (left),  an  ardent  hcrpetologist  of  many  years'  expe- 
rience and  owner  of  a  very  unusual  collection  of  serpents,  is  really  not 
the  sort  of  chap  the  photo  makes  him  out  to  be,  and  Fredericlc  Beebe,  a  new 
and  enthusiastic  recruit.  George  trusts  the  pine  he  holds,  but  Fred  wants 
to  see  what  the  large  gopher,  or  indigo,  snake  he  has  is  up  to.  The 
gopher  and  king  are  the  snakes  which  domesticate  the  best.  They  are  both 
of  great  economic  value. 


OUR  SNAKES  A  NATIONAL  ASSET 


557 


doliatus  triangulus  (milk  snake,  house 
snake,  spotted  adder,  checkered  adder), 
which  finds  90  per  cent  of  its  diet  in 
small  mammals.  This  reptile,  togethei 
with  dozens  of  others,  is  absolutely 
harmless,  defenseless  and  in  no  way  de- 
structive, though  many  ridiculous  tales 
are  told  about  it. 

The  gross  ignorance  regarding  our 
snakes  causes  slaughter  of  all  things  that 
wear  scales  and  crawl.  Farmers  should 
protect  and  breed  the  harmless  snakes 
rather  than  kill  them.  Many  European 
countries  have  protective  legislation. 
Another  fact :  all  the  king  snakes,  and 
the  family  is  large,  are  natural  enemies 
of  other  snakes  and  eat  many  of  them. 
In  numbers  they  probably  overbalance 
the  poisonous  species  and  by  general  dis- 
tribution usually  occupy  the  same  habi- 
tat as  the  dangerous  snakes.  In  this 
way  they  materially  help  to  lessen  dan- 


Photograph  by   courtesy  New   York   Zoological  Society. 

AFTER  A  GOOD  MEAL 
This  shows  a  young  king  snake  that  has  just  eaten  two  sparrows,  shown 
against  the  paper,  and  illustrates  the  economic  value  of  snakes.  During 
the  hunts  snakes  captured  would  ilisgorge  recently  eaten  food.  Disgorged 
mice  showed  plainly  their  value  right  in  the  field.  Such  an  instance  was 
shown  to  a  farmer  who  had  told  a  group  of  hunters  to  take  every  blamed 
snake  off  the  place.      His  views  changed  suddenly. 


SOME    HIGHLY    PLEASED    HUNTERS 

These  snakes  were  caught  on  the  hrst  hunt  of  the  season  and  among  them  were  DeKay's  garter, 

swamp  snake  and   many  others.     The  hunters  were  very  proud  of  their  "bag." 

ger  of  poisonous  snake  bite.  Until  a  person  is  able  to 
immediately  distinguish  and  name  a  snake,  and  know 
whether  it  is  dangerous  or  not,  that  person  has  no  right 
to  kill  any  snake.  Every  time  a  snake  is  killed  more 
damage  is  being  done  than  good.  I  will  not  go  into 
detail  regarding  the  very  interesting  life  histories  of 
snakes,  facts  it  will  repay  anyone  to  investigate,  but  will 
briefly  mention  the  Reptile  Study  Society  and  the  work 
it  is  trying  to  perform. 

Founded  a  number  of  years  ago  by  Allen  Samuel 
Williams,  scientist,  author  and  lecturer,  and  now  organ- 
ized in  many  states,  the  Reptile  Study  Society  is  actively 
pushing  an  educational  campaign  to  save  the  snakes. 
Practically  all  the  leading  zoologists  are  members,  and 
the  roster  includes  the  names  of  many  women.  Juveniles 
form  the  class  to  which  the  most  urgent  appeal  is  being 
made.  Hundreds  of  youngsters  are  being  reitched 
through  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  Scout  organizations  and 
the  like.  Energies  are  directed  to  correcting  false  popu- 
lar beliefs. 

Field  meetings  and  hunts  have  been  found  the  best 
medium.  The  boys,  expertly  guided  and  carefully 
watched,  catch  their  own  specimens.  Fear  is  overcome 
by  handling  and  explanation ;  proper  catching  methods 
are  illustrated.  Dangerous  snakes  are  exhibited  and 
studied;  the  treatment  for  poison  bites  is  demonstrated. 
The  boys  are  not  allowed  to  handle  these  snakes  and  are 
warned  regarding  them. 

The  catching  and  handling  brings  a  psychological 
condition,  heroics,  into  the  scheme  and  helps  to  make 
every  boy  a  protector  of  snakes.  The  captured  speci- 
mens are  exhibited  and  many  people  are  reached  through 
them.  This  may  not  appear  as  a  large  field  for  service, 
but  the  good  being  done  is  surprising. 

The  Ditmars  Club — boys  of  the  Newark,  N.  J.,  Y. 
M.  C.  A. — has  been  very  active.     Two  hunts,  both  well 


558 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


attended  and  successful,  held  before  May  15,  netted 
many  specimens,  and  the  exhibit  is  attracting  much  at- 
tention. 

A  snake  hunt,  to  phrase  it  mildly,  is  exhilarating. 
Quite  naturally  the  sighted  snakes  resent  capture  and 
provide  thrills  a  plenty.  Hands  and  forked  sticks  do 
most  of  the  catching.  Often,  indeed,  are  the  hunters 
bitten — just  scratches  that  hardly  break  the  skin,  clean 
and  painless — but  these  seem  to  have  a  paradoxical  ef- 
fect; they  diminish  rather  than  increase  fear. 

The  boys  have  taken  to  snake  hunting  like  ducks  to 
water;  but  they  do  not  hunt — they  ransack.  A  swamp 
is  approached  and  half  surrounded'  with  cold-blooded 
efficiency,  then  it  is  combed  from  end  to  end;  in  squads 
with  a  leader  they  spread  out  and  nothing  alive  escapes. 
No  regiment  could  attack  trenches  with  more  vim  and 
determination  than  the  youngsters  bestow  upon  old  stumps 
and  rotting  logs.  Literally  no  stone  is  left  unturned. 
And  a  glance  backward  at  the  country  hunted  gives  evi- 
dence of  the  battle  waged. 

Up  to  their  knees  in  mud  and  ooze  they  will  collar 
a  banded  swamp  snake.  Matrix  fasciata  sipedon,  as  long 
as  themselves  and  bring  it  in ;  swimming  avails  the  rep- 
tile nothing;  on  a  sunny  upland  they  will  race  a  blue 
racer,  blacksnake ;  it  will  have  no  chance  to  find  a  hole — 
a  tail  in  sight  means  a  snake  in  bag  every  shot.  Even 
the  evil-looking  and  bad-acting  hognose,  the  stubby,  slow- 
moving  snake  that  hisses  loudly  and  flattens  out  when 
disturbed,  the  much-feared  but  altogether  harmless  "ad- 
der," the  bluffer  of  the  snake  kingdom,  is  shown  no 
consideration  —  merely  and  unceremoniously  bagged, 
hisses  and  all.  It  is  characteristic  of  boys  to  do  any- 
thing as  hard  as  it  can  be  done. 

Milk  snakes,  several  varieties  of  garter  snakes,  ribbon 
and  De  Kay's  snakes  have  all  been  captured  by  New 
York  and  New  Jersey  members.  The  value  of  these 
snakes  is  very  distinctly,  though  a  little  tmhappily,  dem- 
onstrated. Our  hunts  took  place  in  early  spring,  but  a 
short  time  after  the  end  of  the  winter  hibernation.  The 
.snakes  were  hungry ;  nearly  all  that  we  caught  had  re  - 
cently  eaten.  As  is  always  the  case,  capturing  or  handling 
a  snake  shortly  after  it  has  eaten  will  cause  it  to  dis- 
gorge any  food  it  may  have  taken.  Numbers  of  our 
specimens,  even  while  talks  were  being  given  on  the 
.subject,  disgorged  the  i)artly  digested  bodies  of  small 
rodents. 

Indirectly  in  this  way  several  farmers  were  "shown." 
They  would  ask  ns  what  we  were  looking  fot  on  iheir 
land.  Our  reply  would  give  us  "the  run  of  the  i)lace. 
Take  every  bloomin'  critter  y'  see."  We  took  the  trouble 
to  talk  and  illustrate  the  value  of  the  snake  to  these  men 
and  in  every  case  their  ideas  immediately  changed.  In 
one  instance  the  man  finally  replied,  smiling:  "Well,  if 
that's  the  case,  guess  I  want  all  my  snakes  and  I'll  have 
to  ask  you  gentlemen  to  move  on."  And  another  in 
our  presence  called  his  five  sons  from  the  house  and  told 
them  to  give  the  snakes  a  chance. 

The  older  and  more  experienced  herpetologists  have 
brought    in    copperheads,    Ancistrodon    contortrix,    and 


timber  rattlers,  Crotalus  horridus.  About  every  specie 
of  snake  in  this  section  is  represented  in  one  or  more 
of  the  society's  collections.  Turtles,  frogs,  toads  and 
a  rather  complete  collection  of  local  salamanders,  includ- 
ing a  round  dozen  species,  are  also  in  the  exhibits.  Many 
snakes  not  found  nearby  are  also  in  the  collections,  pine 
and  king  snakes,  green  snaiies  and  boas. 

All  of  these  private  collections  are  interesting;  one 
contains  the  ugliest  snake,  another  a  sort  of  misfit,  a 
swamp  snake  with  rusty  skin  instead  of  the  usual  dark, 
faintly  marked  back ;  a  five-foot  snake  caught  by  a  four- 
foot  boy,  and  so  on.  The  value  of  these  collections  is 
great;  they  not  only  give  their  owners  certain  responsi- 
bility, but  are  talked  about  and  widely  viewed. 

To  visitors  the  boys  enjoy  "showing  off,"  so,  indirectly, 
taking  the  fear  from  other  people;  they  "dare"  visitors 
to  handle  a  snake  and,  when  once  acquainted,  the  dislike 
and  repugnance  disappear.  To  the  writer  it  is  always 
a  source  of  wonder  to  see  how  quickly  the  snake  wins 
friends.  My  own  fear  vanished  in  five  minutes.  It  would 
seem  that  unjustified  prejudice  accounts  for  the  snake's 
un])opularity. 

The  most  interesting  of  these  private  collections  is 
owned  by  George  Von  Buehren,  who  lives  at  an  apart- 
nient  on  Southern  Boulevard,  New  York  City.  All  the 
serpents  found  in  this  section  of  the  United  States  are 
represented.  He  lives  alone  with  them  and  no  mother's 
proud  young  hopeful  could  be  in  better  condition  or  have 
more  painstaking  care.  Many  of  the  .specimens  he  has 
had  for  years ;  many  he  has  reared  from  eggs  or  seen 
born.  All  are  very  tame  and  a  few  seem  to  show  slight 
intelligence.  At  present  he  has  30  odd  specimens,  includ- 
ing a  young,  perfect  boa. 


ANTS  IN  GARDENS 

l/^l  ARDENERS  who  are  worried  about  ants  in  their 
[kJ^.  gardens  may  be  interested  in  the  statement  that 
T^\1fj  ants  in  gardens  do  not  as  a  rule  cause  as  much 
injury  as  their  numbers  would  indicate.  They 
feed  only  to  a  very  limited  extent  on  growing  vegetables. 
Many  of  them  feed  on  the  honeydew  secreted  by  plant 
lice  and  their  presence  is  often  an  indication  that  the 
plants  are  infested  with  these  insects. 

In  case  it  is  found  that  the  ants  are  actually  injuring 
the  plants  many  of  them  may  be  killed  by  injecting  into 
their  nests  kerosene,  gasoline  or  carbon  bisulphide.  In 
the  ca.se  of  small  nests  the  liquid  may  be  applied  with  a 
small  oilcan.  About  an  ounce  should  be  injected  into  each 
opening.  In  larger  nests  the  opening  may  be  enlarged 
with  a  sharp  stick  and  a  greater  quantity  of  the  liquid 
used,  .\lter  the  liquid  has  been  placed  in  the  ants'  bur- 
row the  opening  should  be  closed  with  earth  and  packed 
down  with  the  foot.  In  case  of  large  ant  hills  it  will  add 
to  the  effectiveness  of  the  treatment  if  an  old  rug  or 
wet  gunny  sacks  are  placed  over  the  hill  to  hold  in  the 
fumes.  Some  of  the  ants  may  e-scape  and  start  new  col- 
onies. It  is  therefore  usually  necessary  to  go  over  the 
garden  several  times  and  treat  new  nests  when  they  be- 
come noticeable. 


FORESTRY  AND  THE  WAR 


From  An  Address  By  President  Charles  Lathrop  Pack,  of  The  American  Forestry  Association, 

At  the  Lake  Placid  Forestry  Meeting,  September  6,  1917 


T  is  an  unusual  pleasure  to  be  the  guest  of  the 
New  York  Forestry  Association  and  other  rep- 
resentative institutions  here  today  in  beautiful 
Lake  Placid.  I  bring  you  all  the  greetings  of 
the  directors  of  the  American  Forestry  Association — 
an  Association  of  constructive  interest  in  fundamental 
and  progressive  forestry  with  members  in  every  state 
and  territory  of  the  Union,  an  Association  whose  mem- 
bership has  doubled  even  in  wartime. 

We  stand  for  all  that  is  best  in  forestry.  We  wish 
the  New  York  State  Forestry  Association  and  the 
others  here  represented  God-speed  in  the  splendid 
work  you  have  in  hand.  We  foresters  and  lumbermen 
have  an  important  work  to  do  in  war  time.  The  for- 
ests of  America  are  increasing  in  direct  and  potential 
economic  value  and  importance  on  account  of  war. 
Now  that  we  are  building  hundreds  of  wooden  ships, 
everyone  thinks  of  the  larger  part  lumber  is  to  play 
in  winning  the  war.  There  are  many  other  war  uses 
for  wood.  Take  the  matter  of  so-called  "naval  stores" 
— tar,  pitch,  resin  and  turpentine.  These  products  are 
essential  to  every  navy  and  are  particularly  needful 
to  a  wooden  merchant  fleet.  More  than  two-thirds  of 
the  world's  supply  of  these  things  come  from  our 
southern  pine  forests.  We  have  been  wont  to  refer 
to  turpentine  and  resin  as  "naval  stores,"  but  now 
resin  is  employed  in  great  quantities  in  filling  the 
space  between  the  bullets  in  shrapnel  shells,  so  that 
when  shells  explode  the  missiles  will  be  evenly  dis- 
tributed in  every  direction. 

We  have  sent  many  portable  sawmills  and  their 
equipment  and  crews  of  trained  men  to  our  Allies  to 
aid  in  overcoming  the  great  shortage  of  lumber  for 
nearly  every  war  use.  The  peculiar  style  of  warfare 
which  the  great  war  has  brought  forth  necessitates 
the  use  of  enormous  quantities  of  timber  for  trench 
walls,  for  trench  floors,  for  braces,  shoring,  and  stays. 
Millions  and  millions  of  feet  are  required  for  building 
behind  the  fighting  lines,  for  temporary  hospitals,  for 
housing  non-combatants,  for  temporary  storehouses, 
for  railroad  building.  Enormous  quantities  of  forest 
products  go  into  mine  props,  bridges  and  for  other 
military  preparations.  In  all  this,  I  have  not  men- 
tioned what  is  in  all  your  minds ;  the  great  amount  of 
lumber  used  in  building  the  cantonments  and  camps 
and  storehouses  used  in  connection  with  the  army 
training  in  this  country. 

As  some  of  you  know,  sometime  since  the  War 
Department  announced  the  organization  of  a  regiment 
of  forest  engineers  composed  largely  of  forestry  offi- 
cers and  hardy  men  accustomed  to  the  ways  of  lum- 
bering. Now  we  are  told  that  there  will  be  six  of 
these  regiments  instead  of  only  one.  Some  of  the 
leaders  of  this  great  force  are  already  in  France,  prom- 
inent among  whom  are  Major  Henry  S.  Graves,  Chief 
of  the  United  States  Forest  Service,  and  Major  Wil- 
liam B.  Greeley,  also  of  the  Forest  Service.  We  are 
told  that  other  experts  will  also  be  commissioned  to 
go  forward  with  these  new  commands  to  France. 
Their  work  will  be  largely  in  the  forests  of  France, 
providing  all  sorts  of  lumber  and  wood  for  the  activi- 


ties of  our  army  at  the  front.  While  organized  on  mil- 
itary lines,  the  work  of  these  regiments  will  be  more 
largely  industrial  than  combatant. 

For  one  thing  it  has  been  announced  that  the 
American  engineer  forces  with  the  army  in  France 
will  have  to  construct  a  railroad  from  Bordeaux  all 
the  way  to  the  fighting  front  to  better  facilitate  the 
transportation  of  our  troops  and  to  better  keep  them 
supplied  with  all  the  necessities  of  war.  The  building 
of  such  a  railroad  in  so  short  a  time  would  even  a  few 
years  ago  have  been  considered  a  great  engineering 
feat.  Today  it  passes  as  only  an  incident  of  a  colossal 
war. 

A  Committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense 
sometime  since  estimated  that  two  billion  feet  of  lum- 
ber from  our  forests  would  be  used  for  purposes  di- 
rectly connected  with  the  war  during  the  year  begin- 
ning June  1st  last.  This  amount,  it  is  evident,  will  be 
exceeded  because  of  the  new  war  necessities  for  the 
use  of  wood.  It  is  now  announced  for  one  thine  that 
a  large  amount  of  spruce,  largely  from  the  western 
coast,  will  be  used  in  the  construction  of  a  great  aero- 
plane fleet,  the  greatest  fleet  of  the  kind  that  has  ever 
been  constructed  in  so  short  a  time.  It  is  now  thought 
that  the  war  consumption  of  American  lumber  is  likely 
to  reach  two  billion,  two  hundred  and  fifty  million  feet 
for  the  twelve  months.  These  new  uses  and  the  in- 
creased old  uses  for  the  products  of  the  forests  increase 
the  economic  value  of  the  forests  and  add  to  the  im- 
portance of  all  the  questions  you  are  here  to  consider. 

I  have  an  announcement  that  I  want  to  make 
which  will  have,  I  hope,  not  only  the  approval  of  your 
minds  but  of  your  hearts  also.  The  American  For- 
estry Association,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  majority 
of  those  in  the  forestry  regiments  going  to  Europe  are 
trained  foresters,  lumbermen  and  woodsmen,  has  de- 
cided to  establish  the  American  Forestry  Tobacco 
Fund  to  provide  them  and  the  men  of  the  sawmill  con- 
tingents with  such  comforts  in  the  way  of  tobacco  and 
other  things  as  they  may  require.  My  friends,  the  fact 
is  we  are  going  to  do  our  duty  in  this  hour  of  trial. 
This  is  as  much  our  war  as  it  is  the  war  of  England 
and  France  and  Italy  and  we  all  want  to  do  our  part. 
I  hope  you  will  join  with  us  in  promoting  the  Ameri- 
can Forestry  Tobacco  Fund  that  we  may  give  some 
little  satisfaction  and  comfort  to  those  who  are  par- 
ticularly fighting  for  us  in  France.  We  will  all  be  glad 
of  an  opportunity  to  help  look  out  for  our  own.  Con- 
tributions should  be  sent  to  the  American  Forestry 
Tobacco  Fund,  Washington,  D.  C. 

That  we  are  going  to  win  this  war  none  of  us 
doubts.  To  do  this  we  must  bend  our  every  effort  and 
utilize  our  every  resource.  Our  timber  is  essential  but 
our  food  is  just  as  important.  Every  individual  can 
help  in  fighting  with  food  as  well  as  with  men  and 
munitions.  The  production  and  conservation  of  food 
is  within  the  reach  of  all  of  us.  Former  Ambassador 
Gerard  has  told  us  that  we  cannot  starve  Germany. 
Our  common  sense  tells  us  that  we  must  not  starve 
our  army  or  our  allies.  We  are  fighting  for  national 
existence  and  the  perpetuation  of  Democracy. 

559 


THE  BLUE  MESA  FOREST  FIRE 

BY  HENRY  L.  SPENCER,  Forest  Ranger 


HE  season  opened  hot  and  dry  on  Blue  Mesa. 
For  thirty  days  no  rain  had  fallen.  The  large 
expanse  of  Kngelmann  spruce,  with  its  dense 
floor  cover  of  down  timber  and  underbrush,  was 
thoroughly  dried  and  awaited  but  a  carelessly  thrown 
match  or  cigarette  stub  to  start  the  worst  fire  that 
had  ever  occurred  in  the  Blue  country. 

Blue  Mesa,  in  Gunnison  County,  Colorado,  em- 
braces the  territory  between  Big  Blue  Creek  on  the 
west,  and  the  Lake  Fork  on  the  east;  and  from  the 
Black  Canon  of  the  Gunnison  on  the  north  to  the  north 
boundary  of  the  Uncompahgre  National  Forest  on 
the  south ;  a  stretch  of  country  ten  miles  in  width 
east  and  west,  and  fifteen  miles  in  length.  The  upper 
half  of  the  Mesa  reaches  up  the  easy  north  slope  to 
the  Uncompahgre  Forest.  This  fine  body  of  timber, 
unmarred  by  axe  and  saw,  lies  principally  on  the  pub- 
lic domain,  below  the  National  Forest  boundary,  and 
contains  about  200,000,000  feet,  board  measure.  This 
timber  is  particularly  susceptible  to  fires  because  of 
the  large  number  of  sheep  outfits  passing  through  it, 
and  because  it  lies  entirely  outside  of  a  National 
Forest  and  has  no  fire  protection. 

While  on  a  trip  over  my  district,  on  June  21,  I  re- 
ceived telephone  word  from  Bill  Doran,  fire  guard  at 
my  station,  that  there  was  a  big  forest  fire  below  the 
Forest  boundary,  between  the  Little  Cimarron  and 
the  Big  Blue,  l^elephonc  messages  came  from  other 
sources  at  the  same  time  and  all  indicated  that  the 
fire  was  serious,  and  traveling  rapidly  toward  the 
Forest.  Enlisting  Frank  Carpenter,  who  had  carried 
the  news  to  Doran,  I  arranged  to  have  the  Alpine  and 
Bally  tool  caches,  a  camp  outfit  and  a  supply  of  food 
packed  to  the  fire  that  evening.  Ranger  Wagner,  who 
had  been  my  fire  guard  for  three  previous  years,  tele- 
phoned me  that  three  automobile  loads  of  men  would 
be  ready  to  start  from  Ridgeway  by  the  time  he  could 
reach  there  from  Jackson.  I  told  him  to  get  the  men 
and  come  on,  and  I  planned  to  pick  up  the  first-aid 
crew  from  the  lower  Lake  Fork  ancj  have  a  follow-up 
crew  come  in  from  Lake  City  an^  vicinity  the  next 
day.  Arranging  to  have  Tony  Baker  provide  six 
horses  at  the  J-J  ranch  the  next  morning,  I  started 
from  Lake  City  in  an  automobile  with  a  chauffeur. 
As  our  car  rolled  out  of  the  town  and  around  the 
shoulder  of  a  mountain  our  eyes  caught  the  huge 
cloud  of  boiling  smoke  from  the  fire.  It  was  20  miles 
away,  as  the  crow  flies,  yet  it  seemed  to  be  just  over 
the  brow  of  the  Mesa. 

On  the  hurried  trip  we  gathered  up  all  the  men  we 
could  find  at  their  homes  and  camps.  During  the 
night  we  abruptly  topped  a  ridge,  to  see  the  red  glow, 

660 


toward  which  we  had  been  traveling,  suddenly  give 
way  to  the  countless  bright  lights  of  the  fire  itself. 
The  first  impression  of  such  a  sight  is  one  never  to  be 
forgotten.  Close  your  eyes  and  imagine  thousands  of 
brightly  burning  camp-fires  set  in  the  vast,  black 
background  of  an  inky  night,  and  you  will  gain  a  faint 
idea  of  the  wonderful  panorama  before  us.  Over  a 
thousand  feet  of  steep  hillside,  down  to  Little  Blue 
Creek,  which  had  checked  the  fire  after  its  first  furious 
rush,  then  up  the  slope  on  the  other  side  and  on  south 
for  an  unknown  distance  glowed  the  myriads  of  bright 
lights.  No  conception  of  the  area  of  the  fire  could  be 
gotten  other  than  that  it  was  very  large.  My  sense  of 
the  beautiful  was  dispelled  by  the  thought  of  the  mor- 
row, and  the  days  to  follow,  when  the  fire  would 
awaken  to  the  prevailing  high  day  winds  and  do  its 
utmost  to  level  the  Blue  Mesa  forests. 

In  making  our  way  to  the  fire  we  had  to  bow  our 
heads  against  the  thickening  smoke  and  as  we  worked 
onward  I  could  see  that  if  the  fire  should  cross  the 
parks  through  which  we  had  traveled,  and  get  into 
the  heavy  timber  on  the  east,  it  would  be  beyond 
control  and  probably  the  greater  part  of  the  Blue 
Mesa  forest  doomed.  Just  before  daylight  we  reached 
the  camp  of  the  men  brought  by  Doran  and  Carpenter 
and  with  the  first  sign  of  dawn  we  started  for  the 
fight,  with  arrangements  completed  by  telephone  for 
camp  equipment  and  commissary  to  be  sent  us.  We 
were  joined  by  Ranger  Taft  and  Guard  Lucas  of  the 
Gunnison  Forest  and  Andy  Enbom,  a  sawmill  man, 
who  had  information  concerning  the  northwest  jiart 
of  the  fire  area.  We  had  already  determined  to  fight 
it  on  the  east  and  south,  and  their  news  confirmed  our 
judgment.  The  wind  was  rising  rapidly  and  the  fire 
was  responding  in  many  places  with  high  crown 
blazes.  It  was  about  seven  miles  around  the  outer 
edge  but  the  weak  places  were  on  the  east  and  south 
sides.  During  the  day  the  follow-up  crew  from  the 
Lake  Fork  arrived,  with  Ranger  Wagner;  Borden 
came  from  the  Gunnison  Forest  and  Sheriff  Hanlon  of 
Gunnison  County  arrived  with  ten  men,  camping  on 
the  north  end.  Wagner  brought  further  reinforce- 
ments at  midnight. 

On  the  second  day  every  effort  was  needed  to 
combat  the  sparks  that  were  carried  over  our  lines  by 
the  high  wind  from  the  west.  The  situation  was  in- 
tensified as  the  fire  burned  closer  to  the  lines  and  the 
spark  danger  grew  greater.  Within  the  fire  area  were 
many  small  patches  of  trees,  which  on  account  of 
topography  and  slight  isolation  had  not  been  burned 
by  the  first  afternoon  rush,  and'  as  the  fire  crept  into 
this  heavy  timber,  high  crown  fires  were  started  which 


'  B^mastaa^d 


FIGHTING  FOREST  FIRE  ON  BLUE  MESA,  IN  COLORADO 


.„   .he   ^c..e   .„   -He   u„pe,   .eft   H.nd    con,e.   ''^  .^^^  ■^^y?^%:^'-^^J^^ZZ;''^^J''^^^ 

fighters 
of  the 
l)acks 

of  the  horses  are  filled  with  water,  which  has  to  be  carn^d^o;  ^  To\";g"  dis7;nc'e'7oV^use^n  jjutting '^  came' n'e  ar   ?o"dSominK   iSe 

lower  right  hand  picture   is  shown   the    floor  of   the   forest  after   the   flames    had    passed.      The    fire    was   a    sferious    one    and    came    near    to    dooming   the 
greater  portion   of  the  Blue   Mesa  forest. 

obl 


562 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


scattered  sparks  at  an  alarming  rate.  Sparks  repeat- 
edly jumped  600  yards  across  a  deep  canon  to  heavy 
timber.  It  was  absolutely  necessary  to  extinguish 
these  sparks  within  a  few  minutes,  since  an  unman- 
ageable fire  would  result  from  one  of  them  in  a  short 
time.  About  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the  situation 
became  so  serious,  during  the  burning  of  a  heavy 
patch  of  big  timber,  that  we  called  out  the  entire  night 
crew  and  scattered  its  members  through  the  heavy 
forest  to  the  east  of  our  line,  patrolling  for  sparks. 
Several  times  we  had  narrow  escapes  from  the  fire 
getting  outside  our  lines. 

The  morning  of  the  third  day  did  not  develop  the 
danger  of  the  fire  jumping  our  east  line  that  had  been 
present  the  first  two  days,  and  by  noon  it  seemed  that 
the  worst  hazard  on  this  line  had  passed.  The  high 
wind  was  now  coming  more  from  the  north.  In  the 
afternoon  on  a  trip  around  the  north  and  west  sides  of 
the  fire  area  I  found  a  heavy  patch  of  300  acres  of 
Engelmann  saw  timber  located  between  the  fire  and 
the  rim  of  the  Middle  Blue.  The  fire  had  just  eaten 
into  the  timber,  perhaps  an  hour  before  I  rode  up, 
but  was  in  the  crowns  and  beyond  reach  by  direct 
attack.  Quick  action  was  necessary.  I  rode  through 
the  burned  area  to  camp,  quickly  got  together  a  crew 
and  returned  with  them.  The  thing  which  astonished 
and  alarmed  us  was  that  the  fire  was  traveling  north 
in  the  face  of  the  wind  almost  as  fast  as  a  horse  could 
walk.  The  bulk  of  the  timber  lay  to  the  north  and 
it  was  this  that  we  wished  to  save.  A  favorable  place, 
where  the  heavy  spruce  gave  way  to  a  narrow  strip 
of  aspen  running  west,  was  selected  and  we  began 
work.  Our  water  bag  was  emptied  in  a  short  time, 
and  as  every  man  was  needed  on  the  line,  Mrs.  Patton, 
the  wife  of  a  sheepman,  volunteered  to  go  for  water. 


Taking  two  water  bags  on  her  saddle  she  quickly  rode 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  to  a  creek  and  returned  with 
them  full  of  water.  We  had  men  in  camp  who  were 
much  more  afraid  of  venturing  around  and  through 
the  fire  than  this  woman.  We  finished  our  line  to  the 
rim  by  sundown. 

The  next  morning  arrangements  were  made  to 
move  a  camp  with  full  equipment  to  the  west  side 
near  the  work.  Ranger  Taft  returned  to  this  location 
with  us,  and  at  his  suggestion  we  decided  to  run  a 
permanent  control  line  up  the  hill  through  the  heavy 
timber  along  the  edge  of  the  fire  to  "corral"  it.  The 
"corralling"  of  this  part  of  the  fire  was  perhaps  the 
most  spectacular  work  done  on  the  job.  Carpenter 
had  departed  at  sun-up  to  get  a  gang  of  Swede  timber 
cutters  at  Enbom's  sawmill.  They  arrived  at  noon 
with  a  good  skid  team,  five  men  and  Mr.  Enbom.  By 
night,  under  Ranger  Taft's  direction,  the  line  was  well 
up  the  hill  through  the  heavy  timber.  The  situation 
on  the  east  side  still  demanded  the  attention  of  most 
of  our  men  and  no  attempt  was  made  to  continue  the 
west  side  control  line  during  the  night.  The  work 
was  resumed  early  the  next  morning  by  Taft  and  the 
Swedes.  The  wind  rose  with  the  sun  and  veered  com- 
pletely around  to  the  southeast,  and  it  was  necessary 
to  keep  a  constant  watch  for  spark  fires  over  the  line. 
By  great  eflfort  and  remarkable  endurance  Enbom  and 
his  men  outran  the  fire  to  the  bare  rim  of  the  Middle 
Blue  by  a  narrow  margin.  We  had  it  "corralled,"  but 
with  the  wind  from  the  south  it  was  mighty  liable  to 
jump  out  any  time.  It  did  jump  in  several  places,  but 
was  promptly  caught  each  time,  and  after  the  fire  had 
burned  up  to  our  control  line  and  burned  down,  the 
Blue  Mesa  fire  was  under  control. 


FIGHTING  THE  PINE  BLISTER  DISEASE 


c 


HE  results  of  scouting  this  year  have  shown  that 
the  pure  blister  disease  is  generally  scattered 
throughout  New  England.  In  some  localities  cur- 
rant and  gooseberry  infections  are  few  and  far  be- 
tween, but  in  the  vicinity  of  pine  infection  centers  they 
are  heavily  infected.  In  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  re- 
ports of  90  per  cent  infection  of  cui'rants  and  gooseber- 
ries were  made  for  several  localities  as  early  as  the  latter 
part  of  June.  Many  new  infected  areas  of  native  white 
pines  have  also  been  discovered  and  the  disease  has  re- 
appeared at  practically  all  of  the  points  where  diseased 
pines  were  found  in  1916.  Among  the  important  centers 
of  native  pine  infection  found  this  year  are  Intervale 
and  Conway,  New  Hampshire ;  Bath,  Maine ;  South  Roy- 
alston,  Vermont ;  Bridgewater  and  Topsfield,  Massachu- 
setts, and  Pomfret,  Connecticut.  The  disease  has  been 
found  on  large  and  small  trees ;  no  white  pines  have  been 
found  to  be  immune,  regardless  of  size  or  age.  At 
Stratham,  New  Hampshire,  more  than  600  separate  in- 


fections on  twigs  and  branches  were  found  on  a  tree 
about  3^2  feet  in  diameter,  50  or  60  feet  high. 

About  400  men  are  engaged  in  blister  disease  work 
in  New  England.  The  work  consists  mainly  of  eradica- 
tion of  currants  and  gooseberries.  Scouting  in  locali- 
ties where  the  disease  was  not  abundant  last  year  is  also 
being  done  to  a  certain  extent  and  private  owners  of 
pine  timber,  as  far  as  possible,  are  being  educated  in  the 
means  necessary  to  make  their  pine  timber  safe.  Each 
state  has  selected  one  or  more  areas  of  varying  size  from 
which  all  currants  and  gooseberries,  wild  and  cultivated, 
are  being  removed.  These  areas  represent  different  en- 
vironmental conditions,  some  having  diseased  pine,  others 
none;  some  with  an  abundance  of  wild  currants  and 
gooseberries,  others  where  these  are  scarce.  All  of  these 
areas,  however,  have  good  white  pine  growth  and  by 
eradicating  all  the  currants  and  gooseberries  they  can 
be  made  safe  for  the  growing  of  pine. 

The  eradication  crews  are  trying  out  different  schemes 


FIGHTING  THE  PINE  BLISTER  DISEASE 


563 


in  order  to  find  the  cheapest  and  most  efficient  method 
of  work.  Each  eradication  crew  must  endeavor  to  im- 
prove its  methods  of  work  in  every  way  possible.  At 
present  the  general  plan  of  work  of  the  crews  is  as  fol- 
lows:  The  men  are  lined  up  6  to  10  feet  apart,  and 
proceed  back  and  forth  over  the  strip  of  territory  to  be 
covered.  The  end  man  acts  as  guide  and  keeps  the  line 
straight.  Tags,  whitewash,  paint,  compass  and  break- 
ing the  underbrush  are  a  few  of  the  methods  which  have 
been  tried  by  diflferent  crews  to  keep  a  line  through  the 
woods.  Thus  far  the  compass  has  been  found  to  be  by 
far  the  best  and  cheapest  method  where  practical. 

The  tendency  is  for  the  members  of  the  crew  to  work 
too  far  apart.  For  example,  in  one  small  swamp  a  crew 
working  unsystematically  reported  finding  about  100  wild 
currants  and  gooseberries.  On  going  over  the  area  in 
close  formation  the  crew  reported  finding  approximately 
500  bushels  additional.  Most  efficient  results  are  ob- 
tained when  the  crew  foreman  acts  as  inspector  and 
checks  up  the  work  of  the  crew  all  of  the  time.  This 
statement  carries  no  reflection  on  the  efficiency  of  the 
individual  members  of  the  crew.  Apparently  most  poor 
work  is  simply  the  result  of  an  unsystematic  attempt  to 
cover  the  ground  rapidly  and  thus  reduce  the  cost  per 
per  acre. 

Messrs.  Stoddard  and  Moss  of  Connecticut  have 
found  by  experiment  that  the  best  and  easiest  way  to 
pull  firmly  rooted  currants  and  gooseberries  is  as  fol- 
lows :  One  man  pull  straight  upward ;  another  man  takes 
hold  near  the  base  of  the  plant  and  pulls  at  right  angles 
to  man  number  one.  They  claim  this  method  makes  the 
work  quite  easy  and  efficient. 

In  some  states  county  agricultural  agents  have  be- 
come interested  in  the  blister  disease  and  their  aid  has 
been  of  great  value  in  assisting  scouts  in  their  work. 
They  have  also  been  of  material  assistance  in  arousing 
public  interest.  The  aid  of  such  organizations  should  be 
obtained  whenever  possible. 

Massachusetts  is  taking  a  census  of  currants  and 
gooseberries  in  each  town.  Work  is  also  being  started 
on  a  map  to  show  the  distribution  of  pine  and  currants 
and  gooseberries  in  all  of  the  Eastern  States.  The  fol- 
lowing classifications  are  being  used : 

1.  White  pine  comprising  half  of  stand  or  more 

2.  Scattered  white  pine  of  commeraial  value. 

3.  White  pine  present  but  of  negligible  value. 

4.  Commercial  Currant  growing  areas. 

4.  Commercial  growing  areas. 

5.  Wild  currants  and  gooseberries  numerous. 

6.  Wild  currants  and  gooseberries  few. 

7.  Areas  where  skunk  currants  are  found. 

In  co-operation  with  Ontario  all  currants  and  goose- 
berries on  strips  one  and  one-half  miles  wide  along  each 
side  of  the  Niagara  river  have  been  eradicated  by  New 
York  State  to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  disease  into 
New   York   State   from  Ontario.     West  of   Connecticut 


and  Massachusetts  another  strip  about  two  miles  wide 
was  eradicated  in  1916  to  prevent  the  spread  from  the 
above  mentioned  states.  This  strip  was  gone  over  again 
this  year  to  remove  any  remaining  currants  and  goose- 
berries. Early  in  August  several  new  currant  and  goose- 
berry infections  were  reported  north  and  south  of  the 
terminating  points  of  this  line,  but  no  infections  have 
yet  been  found  directly  west  of  the  line. 

A  general  infection  of  considerable  extent  was  dis- 
covered last  year  in  the  northeastern  section  of  New 
York.  Results  of  recent  scouting  outside  of  this  area 
have  shown  that  the  disease  is  distributed  from  Lake 
Champlain  well  into  the  eastern  portion  of  the  Adiron- 
dack region.  The  line  of  western  extension  of  the  dis- 
ease, as  located  by  scouting  to  date,  runs  through  Con- 
stable, North  Bangor,  Malone,  Bloomingdale  and  Sar- 
anac  Lake.  Franklin  county ;  and  Lake  Pleasant,  Ham- 
ilton county.  Infected  currants  and  gooseberries  have 
also  been  found  at  Chestertown,  Weaverton  and  War- 
rensburg,  Warren  county;  in  the  best  white  pine  section 
of  the  state. 

A  previously  unreported  plantation  of  imported  pine, 
from  the  Heins  nursery,  Germany,  may  explain  the  wide 
distribution  of  the  disease  in  northern  New  York.  This 
planting  was  made  in  1903  or  1904  at  Hurricane,  Essex 
county,  New  York,  not  far  from  the  locality  where  nu- 
merous diseased  native  pines  were  found  last  year  and 
this  year.  This  area  of  scattered  native  pine  infection 
covers  a  number  of  square  miles  between  Lewis  and 
Cross,  Essex  county,  and  has  been  selected  to  demon- 
strate the  practicability  of  controlling  the  disease.  Erad- 
ication crews  have  removed  cultivated  currants  and 
gooseberries  and  are  now  pulling  up  the  great  grand- 
fathers of  all  wild  gooseberry  bushes.  About  fifty  men 
are  engaged  in  blister  rust  work  in  New  York  State.     '■ 

Scouting  is  in  progress  in  other  parts  of  the  State 
and  a  few  isolated  infections  of  planted  pines  have  been 
found.  Currants  and  gooseberries  are  eradicated  in  and 
around  diseased  plantations  for  a  distance  of  approxi- 
mately one-half  mile.  Near  Geneva,  New  York,  dis- 
eased pines  were  found  in  a  plantation  made  in  1905 
from  stock  purchased  from  a  large  nursery  in  Illinois. 
Currants  and  gooseberries  were  eradicated  around  this 
plantation  last  summer  and  very  early  this  spring  the 
plantation  was  scouted  with  extreme  care  and  all  dis- 
eased or  suspicious  trees  were  removed.  The  results 
have  been  very  gratifying,  as  frequent  inspections  have 
been  made  and  no  currants  and  gooseberries  outside  of 
the  control  area  so  far  have  been  found  to  be  infected. 

Diseased  pines  have  been  found  in  four  places  in 
Pennsylvania,  but  in  each  instance  they  were  removed 
before  the  fungus  had  fruited.  No  diseased  currants 
and  gooseberries  have  been  reported  to  date. 

Scouting  is  in  progress  in  New  Jersey,  but  only  one 
infection  has  been  found.  This  was  in  a  private  nursery 
where  the  disease  appeared  last  year.  Hitherto  New 
Jersey  has  been  considered  as  being  practically  free  from 
wild  currants  and  gooseberries,  but  recently  they  havf 


564 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


been  found  rather  abundantly  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  the  state. 

Two  specimens  of  diseased  pine  have  been  reported 
from  a  nursery  located  at  Cuyahoga  Falls,  Ohio. 

Scouting  in  Maryland,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  has  thus  far  re- 
vealed no  blister  disease.  Planted  pines  in  these  states 
are  not  abundant,  but  scouting  has  revealed  a  larger 
number  of  plantings  and  a  greater  abundance  of  wild 
currants  and  gooseberries  than  was  previously  suspected. 

The  blister  disease  has  been  found  on  imported  pine 
in  a  nursery  at  Pontiac,  Michigan.  These  trees  came 
from  France  in  1910  and  all  shipments  from  this  nursery 
are  being  traced.  A  force  of  eight  men  are  engaged  in 
general  scouting  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Pennington, 
of  Syracuse  University. 

A  few  currant  and  gooseberry  infections  found  close 
together  near  St.  Croix,  Wisconsin,  have  been  reported, 
but  the  source  of  this  infection  has  not  yet  been  discov- 
ered on  pine.     A  force  of  24  men  are  scouting  the  state. 

More  than  a  dozen  infections  have  been  found  in  the 
St.  Croix  valley,  in  Minnesota,  scattered  over  a  territory 
approximately  60  miles  long  and  10  miles  wide.  Sev- 
eral native  pine  trees  and  many  currants  and  gooseber- 
ries were  found  diseased.  Infections  appear  to  be  spotted 
over  the  valley  and  an  attempt  is  being  made  to  eradi- 
cate the  disease  on  both  pine  and  currants  and  goose- 
berries. Pine  stock  shipped  from  nurseries  has  been 
traced  and  several  of  these  shipments  were  found  to  be 
diseased.  Twenty-six  men  are  engaged  in  scouting  and 
eradication. 

One  tree  on  an  estate  located  at  Estelline,  South 
Dakota,  has  been  found  diseased.  The  tree  came  from 
an  infected  Minnesota  nursery  in  1911  and  illustrates 
the  danger  of  spreading  the  disease  through  shipments 
of  nursery  stock. 

Blister  rust  scouting  is  now  carried  on  in  Iowa, 
Illinois,  Indiana,  Missouri,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Ne- 
braska, Kansas  and  North  Dakota,  in  co-operation  with 
the  various  state  authorities.  Thus  far  this  year  no  dis- 
ease has  been  discovered  in  any  of  these  states,  although 
numerous  plantings  of  pine  have  been  found  and  exam- 
ined. 

Survey  work  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  and  Pacific 
Coast  States  having  native  five-leaved  pines  has  thus  far 
revealed  no  evidence  of  the  presence  of  the  white  pine 
blister  disease.  The  rumor  that  the  blister  disease  was 
found  in  the  State  of  Washington  is  apparently  un- 
founded. 

A  fungus  having  somewhat  similar  appearance  to 
the  white  pine  blister  disease  was  found  in  Kansas  In 
1892  and  in  Colorado  in  1897  and  later.  Inoculations 
by  members  of  this  ofifice  have  practically  proved  that 
the  rust  on  currants  and  gooseberries  in  Colorado  is 
not  the  white  pine  blister  disease. 

Specific  appropriations  for  the  control  of  the  white 
pine  blister  disease  have  been  made  as  follows: 

.  Massachusetts,   $50,000,    for    1    year;    New    Hamp- 
shire, $28,000,   for  2  years;  Vermont,  $20,000,    for  2 


years ;  Maine,  $10,000,  for  2  years ;  Connecticut,  $20,000, 
for  2  years ;  Rhode  Island,  $2,500,  for  1  year ;  New- 
York,  $25,000,  for  1  year;  Pennsylvania,  $10,000,  for 
1  year ;  Wisconsin,  $15,000,  for  2  years ;  Minnesota, 
$15,000,  for  2  years. 

The  Federal  Government  appropriated  $300,000  for 
the  fiscal  years  1917  and  1918,  $150,000  of  which  is  being 
expended  on  a  dollar  for  dollar  basis  in  the  various 
states  which  have  made  appropriations  for  this  work. 

The  present  outlook  for  controlling  the  disease  seems 
to  center  entirely  on  whether  or  not  wild  currants  and 
gooseberries  can  be  completely  and  economically  re- 
moved and  whether  owners  of  cultivated  currants  and 
gooseberries  prefer  to  lose  their  bushes  rather  than  the 
pine.  Professor  E.  G.  Cheyney,  Dean  of  the  Minnesota 
Forest  School,  is  engaged  in  a  study  of  the  eradication 
problem  from  every  angle.  He  has  suggested  that  in 
each  demonstration  control  area  data  be  secured  this 
year  for  providing  accurate  information  in  the  future 
on  the  effectiveness  of  control  and  the  rate  of  progress 
of  the  disease  outside  of  control  areas.  A  rough  topo- 
graphic map  will  be  made  showing  the  distribution  of 
pine  by  age  classes,  also  showing  type  of  area  for  cur- 
rant and  gooseberry  growth,  such  as  swamp,  open 
meadow,  brush  land,  pine  woods,  hardwood  forests,  etc. 
In  the  control  area  the  record  of  these  plants  by  species 
and  amount  of  infection  will  be  made,  for  each  type, 
on  permanent  sample  plots  50  feet  square.  Outside  of 
the  area  several  lines  radiating  from  the  control  area 
will  be  run  for  some  distance  to  provide  check  plots  for 
determining  the  rate  of  advance  of  the  disease. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE  CONFERENCE 

NDER  the  joint  auspices  of  the  Society  for 
Protection  of  New  Hampshire  Forests  and  the 
New  Hampshire  State  Forestry  Commission, 
the  eighth  annual  state  forestry  conference  was 
held  September  4  and  5  at  Dartmouth  College.  The 
program  included  addresses  by  Governor  Henry  W. 
Keyes,  Professor  Filibert  Roth,  director  of  the  forest 
school  of  the  University  of  Michigan ;  Professor  J.  W. 
Tuomey,  president  of  the  Connecticut  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation; Harris  A.  Reynolds,  secretary  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Forest^  Association ;  Allen  Hollis,  presi- 
dent of  the  Society  for  Protection  of  New  Hampshire 
Forests;  Dr.  Charles  H.  Bolser,  Professor  F.  A.  Up- 
dyke,  Professor  James  W.  Goldthwait  and  Professor 
A.  H.  Chivers,  all  of  Dartmouth;  Elwood  Wilson, 
forester  of  the  Laurentide  Paper  Company ;  Dr.  H.  H. 
York,  professor  of  botany  at  Brown  University ;  S.  L. 
DeCarteret,  manager  of  the  Timberlands  Mutual  Fire 
Insurance  Company ;  Karl  Woodward,  professor  of 
forestry  at  New  Hampshire  State  College ;  F.  H. 
Tucker,  president  of  the  Appalachian  club ;  Mrs.  A. 
H.  Harriman,  president  of  the  state  federation  of 
women's  clubs ;  E.  E.  Woodbury,  Allen  Chamberlain, 
Winthrop  Packard  and  Frederick  W.  Kilbourne. 


WESTERN   QUAILS   BEING   EXTERMINATED 

BY  DR.  R.  W.  SHUFELDT,  C.M.Z.S. 

(Illustrations  from  Life  by  the  Author) 


HERE  is  no 
extermination 
country,  than 
for  it  by  or- 
nithological collec- 
tors from  year  to 
year,  when  the 
skins  of  any  spe- 
cies are  offered  for 
sale  to  museums, 
taxidermists  and 
others.  In  1830  the 
Great  Auks  were 
being  cut  up  by  the 
hundreds  for  bait 
by  t  h  e  fishermen, 
who  frequented  the 
fishing  banks  about 
the  mouth  of  the 
St.  Lawrence 
river  ;  to-day,  a  sin- 
gle skin  of  that 
bird  probably  could 
n  o  t  be  purchased 
for  a  less  sum  than 
one  thousand  dol- 
lars.   When  Alex- 


better  evidence  of  the  approaching 
of  any  wild  bird  in  nature,  in  any 
the  increase  of  the  price  demanded 


THE   PLUMED   QUAIL 

This  handsome  bird  is  found  in  Oregon,  California  and  Western  Nevada.  It  is  a  slaty-gray 
bird,  overtoned  with  olive  brown.  It  has  black  and  olive  feathers  on  the  sides  and  is  otherwise 
charmingly    colored. 


ander  Wilson  wrote  his  American  Ornithology,  the  Caro- 
lina Parroquet  occurred  in  nearly  every  State  east  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  its  skin  could  be  bought  for  a  trifle ; 

whereas  now,  as 
the  result  of  eter- 
nal persecution  and 
wanton  slaughter, 
this  species  exists 
only  in  certain  re- 
stricted sections  of 
Florida,  and  its 
skin  cannot  be 
purchased  for  less 
than  ten  or  fifteen 
dollars.  In  a  few 
years  it  will  bring 
double  that 
amovmt. 

These  two  well- 
known  examples 
are  very  fair  ones 
as  to  what  is  going 
on  along  such  lines 
all  over  the  world, 
and  other  cases  of 
it  may  be  seen  with 
respect  to  the  Wild 


THE   MEARNS'   QUAIL 

This  remarkable  species  is  found  chiefly  in  Arizona.  The  male  here  shown 
is  spotted  and  barred  with  black  and  white,  while  other  areas  are  in  various 
ihades  of  tawny  and  brown. 


THE   CALIFORNIA    QUAIL 
This  bird  is  one   of  the   most  beautiful   of  all   western  quails.      It  is  found 
generally   in   Oregon   and   California   and   also  to   some   extent   in   Colorado. 

666 


566 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


MALE  TEXAS   BOB   WHITE 

This  bird  is  the  western  quail  which  most  closely  -resembles  our  eastern 
species.  It  is  found  no  further  westward  than  the  southeastern  corner  of 
New  Mexico. 

Passenger  Pigeon  and  the  Labrador  or  Pied  Duck,  de- 
scribed in  the  February  (1917)  issue  of  American 
Forestry,  where  figures  of  both  species  are  pre- 
sented. 

More  or  less  suddenly  it  will  be  observed  that  a  cer- 
tain species,  or  several  species  of  birds  are  becoming 
less  and  less  abundant  every  year,  be  the  cause  what  it 
may — known  or  unknown.  Museums  and  collectors  then 
get  busy,  and  the  very  movement  put  on  foot  to  satisfy 
the  demands  of  such  sources  materially  increases  the 
danger  of  the  extinction  of  the  species  sought. 

This  critical  stage  seems  to  now  have  been  reached 
in  the  case  of  all  the  beautiful  species  of  quails  found 
throughout  the  Pacific  Coast  region.  I  can  well  remem- 
ber when,  fifty  years  ago,  those  returning  from  that 
region,  in  the  early  days  of  California,  reported  the 
presence  of  several  of  the  species  here  shown  in  the  illus- 
trations in  vast  bevies,  often  numbering  several  thousand 
each,  such  hosts  occurring  wherever  the  nature  of  the 
country  suited  them.  At  the  time  to  Yi^hich  reference 
is  made,  millions  of  these  birds  were  to  be  found  in 
California  alone,  and  they  were  equally  abundant  in 
adjacent  regions.  But  the  gunners  and  hunters  got  after 
them  in  ever-increasing  numbers,  with  constantly  im- 
proved weapons,  until  the  usual  result  was  brought  about ; 
so  that,  at  the  present  time,  the  various  forms  being  con- 
sidered are,  with  ever-increasing  rapidity,  confronted 
with  the  same  fate  that  man  had  in  store  for  the  Wild 
Passenger  Pigeon  and  the  Great  Auk.  Already  the  prices 
£^or  the  skins  of  these  several  species  are  being  advanced 
in  the  market  for  museums  and  collectors ;  and  this,  as 
pointed  out  above,  is  a  very  ominous  sign  for  these  most 
beautiful  members  of  their  kind  in  any  part  of  the  world. 


Ihere  is  but  one  remedy  for  this  very  undesirable  state 
of  affairs:  to  pass  laws  against  the  shooting,  trapping  or 
otherwise  destroying  any  of  these  species  for  a  .long 
period  of  years. 

Of  course,  sportsmen  will  protest  vigorously  against 
any  such  legislation ;  but  the  only  way  to  save  the  quails 
of  the  Pacific  Coast  is  to  stop  shooting  them.  The  birds 
in  mind  are  all  generically  represented  in  this  article. 
Our  Bob-whites  do  not  extend  so  far  to  the  westward. 
To  be  sure,  the  Masked  Bob-white  occurs  on  the  south- 
ern border  of  Arizona;  but  the  bird  that  most  closely 
resembles  our  eastern  species  is  the  Texas  Bob-white, 
and  that  form  is  found  no  farther  westward  than  the 
southeastern  corner  of  New  Mexico. 

In  so  far  as  our  own  avifauna  is  concerned,  there  are, 
beside  the  Bob-whites,  four  entirely  distinct  genera  of 
these  western  quails,  and  each  genus  contains,  in  addition 
to  its  type  species,  from  one  to  three  subspecies,  there 
being  about  nine  forms  in  all.  In  a  brief  article  like  the 
present  one,  it  will  be  quite  out  of  the  question  to  give 
the  descriptions,  much  less  the  ranges,  where  all  of  these 
truly  beautiful  birds  are  to  be  found  at  this  writing; 
their  photographs  must  stand  for  their  appearances,  and 
their  habitats  are  not  essential;  the  main  object  of  this 
article  being  a  plea  to  save  them  from  certain  and  utter 
extermination. 

Apart  from  Mearns'  Quail  I  have  had  living  speci- 
mens of  all  these  birds  in  my  possession  for  the  pur- 
poses of  photography,  while  the  figure  of  the  first-men- 
tioned species  was  made  from  a  mounted  specimen  in 
the  collection  of  the  United  States  National  Museum. 


THE   BLUE  quail 

This  bird  is  also  called  the  Chestnut-bellied  Scaled  Quail.    It  has  a  noticeably 
slaty    blue    plumage. 


CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 


567 


CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 

ELLWOOD   WILSON,  SECRETARY, 

CANADIAN  SOCIETY  OF 

FOREST  ENGINEERS 

There  has  been  a  serious  depletion  of  the 
ranks  of  professional  foresters  during  the 
past  month,  Millar,  of  the  University  of 
Toronto,  and  Benedict  and  Lafon,  of  the 
British  Columbia  Forest  Service,  having 
joined  American  Forestry  Units  going  over 
seas.  D.  P.  Brown,  manager  of  the  mills 
of  The  Brown  Corporation  at  LaTuque,  has 
gone  to  Scotland  with  a  Forestry  Unit,  and 
his  cousin,  S.  Brown,  is  going  to  Platts- 
burg    to   train. 

Dr.  B.  E.  Fernow  and  Clyde  Leavitt 
spent  a  few  days  visiting  Dr.  Howe's 
Camp  and  discussing  the  work  which  it  is 
doing  in  the  investigation  of  cut-over  pulp 
wood  lands.  They  also  visited  the  nurseries 
and  plantations  and  some  of  the  experi- 
mental lumbering  operations  of  the  Laur- 
entide  Co.,  Ltd,  at  Grand'  Mere,  and  then 
went  on  to  visit  the  Quebec  Government 
Nurseries  at  Berthierville  and  the  planta- 
tions on  drifting  sands  at  Lachute,  both 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  G.  C.  Piche, 
Chief  Forester  of  Quebec.  Dr.  Fernow  re- 
marked that  the  conditions  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  St.  Maurice  Valley  were  prac- 
tically identical  with  those  in  the  western 
Adirondacks. 

On  July  31st  a  meeting  of  the  Quebec 
Forest  Protective  Association  was  held  in 
Quebec,  at  which  all  the  Fire  Protective 
Associations  were  represented.  Matters  of 
general  interest  were  discussed  and  a  con- 
ference was  had  with  Mr.  Hall,  the  Chief 
of  the  Quebec  Government  Fire  Service. 
A  committee  was  appointed  to  see  the 
Minister  of  Lands  and  Forests  to  urge  him 
to  make  it  obligatory  for  gum  -  pickers, 
berry-pickers,  hunters  and  fishermen,  not 
members  of  licensed  clubs,  and  prospectors 
to  obtain  permits  from  the  district  fire 
rangers  before  going  into  the  woods.  The 
Minister  was  also  asked  to  scrutinize  more 
carefully  applications  for  settler's  lots,  as 
the  high  prices  for  pulpwood  were  begin- 
ning  to   encourage   speculators. 

Mr.  Avila  Bedard,  Assistant  Chief  For- 
ester, is  making  a  tour  of  the  province, 
giving  a  series  of  lectures  on  forestry  and 
forest  protection  in  co-operation  with  the 
Canadian  Forestry  Association,  assisted  by 
Mr.  Black,  the  Secretary.  At  Grand'  Mere 
they  had  an  audience  of  about  180  who 
much  enjoyed  the  lecture  and  the  excellent 
slides. 

A  conference  was  held  at  Grand'  Mere 
on  August  6,  between  Clyde  Leavitt,  For- 
ester of  the  Dominion  Conservation  Com- 
mission, G.  C.  Piche,  Chief  Forester  of 
Quebec,  Dr.  C.  D,  Howe,  in  charge  of 
field  work  for  the  Conservation  Commis- 
sion, and  Ellwood  Wilson,  to  discuss  the 
subject  of  the  investigation  of  the  condi- 
tion of  cut-over  pulpwood  lands  and  the 
best  manner  of  handling  them  and  also  the 
best   method   of   regulating   the   cut.     The 


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LOOK    PLEASANT,    PLEASE! 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Pelican — and  you  too  Miss  Pelican.  We  want  the  smart- 
est likeness  of  you  ever  taken — for  a  new  book  where  you  will  find  all  of 
your  kin.  Its  pages  blaze  with  color  or  reveal  some  marvel  of  the  camera 
so  life-like  that  you  can  almost   hear  the   bird  sing.     It   has  been   dubbed 


« 


The  Book  of  a  Thousand  Birds" 


Ever  since  the  days  of  Audubon,  bird  lovers  have  eagerly  awaited  a 
work  such  as  this.  It  is  final  in  authority,  complete  in  scope.  BIRDS  OF 
AMERICA  is  edited  by  T.  Gilbert  Pearson,  of  the  National  Association  of 
Audubon  Societies.  Mr.  John  Burroughs  is  Consulting  Editor;  and  famous 
ornithologists  all  over  the  land  have  assisted— such  men  as  Finley  and 
Bohlman  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  Forbush  of  Massachusetts,  Horsfall,  Brasher, 
Job,  Lottridge,  and  many  others.  They  have  given  us  life  histories  of  every 
bird  in  America.  Besides  hundreds  of  graphic  half-tone  pictures  there  are 
three  hundred  species  shown  in  FULL  COLOR,  from  the  famous  originals  of 
L.  A.  Feurtes.     But  this  is  only  one  department  in  the  new 

Just  Published 

^Nature  Covers  Lifraru 


ran 

5000  SUBJECTS 


6  LARGE  VOLUMES  2000  P.\GES 

Mammals  of  America 

Over  500  of  our  four-footed  friends  are 
found  here — with  some  of  the  finest  wild 
life  pictures  ever  taken.  Like  the  birds, 
it  is  a  complete  study  including  many 
forms  that  are  rapidly  diisappearing.  The 
Editor-in-Chief  is  Mr.  H.  E.  Anthony  of 
the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History; 
and  many  naturalists  and  sportsmen  have 
ably  assisted. 

We  Want  You  To  See  These  Unusual  Books  At  Our  Expense 

They  are  like  nothing  else  that  you  have  ever  seen,  and  will  just  fill  that  gap  in  your 
library.  Young  folks  are  equally  delighted.  The  library  will  prove  to  them  a  constant  in- 
spiration to  gain  that  broader  knowledge  of  the  great  outdoors — to  learn  how  the  "other 
half"  lives.  And  so  we  want  merely  the  privilege  of  sending  you  these  remarkable  books 
for  your  quiet  personal  inspection.  We  prepay  carrying  charges  both  ways,  if  necessary — 
and  you  accept  the  books  only  after  seeing  them.  Just  send  us  the  Inspection  Blank  below. 
Or,  if  you  do  not  wish  to  cut  the  magazine,  write  us  mentioning  offer.  But  do  not  delay, 
please,  as  the  Special  Introductory  Price  here  quoted  pertains  only  to  a  limited  first  edition. 


Old  World  Animals 

Birds,  Mammals,  Fishes,  Reptiles,  Am- 
phibians, Insects,  and  Lower  Forms  of 
Life  all  over  the  globe — down  to  the  mass 
of  jellyfish  floating  on  the  seashore — are 
told  abovU  in  other  sections.  The  pictures 
have  been  called  the  most  marvellous  ever 
obtained,  for  all,  even  the  rarest  forms, 
are  taken  from  life — some  under  water. 


INSPECTION  BLANK 


NATURE  LOVERS   LEAGUE  OF  AMERICA,    Inc., 
44  East  23rd  Street,  New  York  City. 

Gentlemen: — As  per  your  Introductory  Offer  I  u-isk  to  inspect,  at  your  expense,  a  com- 
plete set  of  your  new  NATURE  LOVERS  LIBRARY,  just  off  the  press,  containing  Birds, 
Mammals,  Fishes,  Insects,  and  all  other  forms  of  animal  life.  If  the  books  are  satisfactory, 
I  agree  to  pay  you  $1.00  u-ithin  fize  days,  and  $2.00  a  month  until  the  publication  price  of 
$29.50  is  paid  (or  $28.00  cash).  If  for  any  reason  1  do  not  wish  to  keep  the  books,  I  shall 
notify  you  at  once,  and  hold  them  subject  to  your  order. 


568 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Another  Book  by  Kinney 

THE  DEVELOPMENT 

OF  FOREST  UW 

IN  AMERICA 


By  J.  P.  Kinney,  A.  B..  LL.  B.,  M.  F. 


\  HISTORICAL  Presentation  of  the 
^^  Successive  Enactments  by  the  Legis- 
latures of  the  Forty-eight  States  of  the 
American  Union,  and  by  the  Federal  Con- 
gress, directed  to  the  Conservation  and  Ad- 
ministration of  Forest  Resources. 

17  VERY  forester  will  be  interested  in 
^^  this  book  and  should  have  a  copy  in  his 
library  for  reference.  You  can  examine 
this  volume  today.  The  free  examina- 
tion offer  (see  coupon)  gives  you  the 
privilege  of  returning  the  book  if  it  is 
not  satisfactory.     Order  today. 

Chapter  Headings  —  Forest  Adminis- 
tration Legislation  prior  to  1900.  Forest 
Fire  Legislation  prior  to  1900.  Forest 
Administration  Legislation  from  1900  to 
1917.  Forest  Fire  Legislation  from  1900 
to  1917.  State  and  Federal  Encourage- 
ment to  Private  and  Municipal  Forestry. 
A  Summary  of  the  Progress  of  State  Legis- 
lation prior  to  1917.  Federal  Forest  Legis- 
lation. 

292  page*,  6x9,  copious  index.  Cloth, 
$2.50  net. 


USE  THIS  COUPON 

John  Wiley  &  Sons,  Inc. 

432   Fourth   Avenue,   New    York    City. 

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free  examination  the  hook  indicated  helow: 

Kinney — Development   of  Forest   Law  in 

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■■■■■■■■■"— —™—— 


whole  question  of  a  supply  of  pulpwood 
for  the  future  is  of  vital  importance  to  the 
Provinces  of  Quebec,  Ontario  and  New 
Brunswick,  and  the  large  increase  in  con- 
sumption makes  it  necessary  to  plan  for 
the  future.  Heretofore  and  at  present  the 
cutting  is  regulated  simply  on  a  diameter 
limit  basis,  and  this  has  by  no  means  ful- 
filled the  purpose  which  was  intended.  The 
operators  have  always  gone  along  on  the 
comfortable  assumption  that  uncut  lands 
were  producing  so  much  additional  growth 
each  year  that  enough  trees  were  being 
icit  under  the  diameter  limit  system  to  in- 
sure a  cut  for  the  future  and  that  the 
supply  was  practically  inexhaustible.  Ihe 
sudden  rise  in  price  of  wood  has  com- 
pelled them  to  give  a  little  thought  to  this 
matter,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  present 
study  being  made  will  give  us  a  sound 
basis  on  which  to  discuss  this  question  and 
will  lead  to  the  obvious  improvements  in 
cutting  and  handling  of  timber  lands  which 
are  necessary.  Lumbering  practice  has  noi 
kept  pace  with  mill  practice  and  has  not 
yet  availed  itself  to  any  very  great  extent 
of  the  discoveries  of  modern  forestry  and 
engineering. 

P.  Z.  Caverhill,  in  charge  of  forest  sur- 
veys in  New  Brunswick,  has  resigned  to  go 
back  to  the  British  Columbia  Forest  Ser- 
vice and  his  place  has  been  taken  by  G.  H 
Prince.  This  survey  is  beginning  to  open 
the  eyes  of  the  New  Brunswick  Govern- 
ment and  it  is  hoped  they  will  see  the 
necessity  for  an  up-to-date  Forest  Service. 
The  stumpage  dues  of  that  province  have 
just  been  largely  increased  and  the  lumber- 
men should  demand  an  efficient  manage- 
ment of  Crown  Timber  Lands.  New  Bruns- 
wick should  also  reorganize  its  forest  pro- 
tection work  and  put  it  on  an  up-to-date 
basis. 

Arnold  Hanssen,  for  five  years  with  the 
Laurentide  Co.,  Ltd.,  after  completing  his 
two-years'  course  for  the  degree  of  Master 
of  Forestry  at  the  Yale  Forest  School,  in 
one  year,  has  enlisted  in  the  Royal  Army 
Medical  Corps  and  is  training  at  the  Val- 
cartier  Camp. 

The  figures  for  the  consumption  of  pulp- 
wood  for  the  year  1916  have  just  been 
published  by  the  Dominion  Forest  Service 
and  show  a  large  increase  over  1915.  The 
tbtal  consumption  for  1915  was  1,405,836 
cords  valued  at  $9,426,217.00,  and  that  for 
1916  was  1,764,912  cords  valued  at  $13,- 
104,458  00.  The  increase  in  the  year  in  the 
price  per  cord  was  seventy-one  cents.  The 
increase  in  the  consumption  has  increased 
in  the  period  from  1908  to  1916  over  265 
per  cent ,  and  the  price  per  cord  during  the 
same  period  has  increased  229  per  cent 
The  increase  in  consumption  if  it  con- 
tinues at  the  same  rate  will  necessitate  the 
most  expert  handling  of  the  forests  in  order 
to  insure  a  supply  for  the  future  and  the 
increase  in  price  will  be  more  rapid  than 
it  has  been  owing  to  the  increasing  scarcity 
and  inaccessibility  of  the  supplies. 


The  appointment  of  men  to  the  outside 
service  of  the  Dominion  Forest  Branch  con- 
tinues to  be  nothing  short  of  a  scandal.  The 
District  Foresters  are  compelled  to  consult 
the  local  political  boss  before  making  ap- 
pointments and  men  are  forced  on  them 
who  are  absolutely  incompetent  and  often 
physically  incapacitated.  The  Canadian 
Forestry  Association  made  representations 
to  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier,  when  he  was 
Premier,  and  has  twice  sent  deputations 
to  Sir  Robert  Borden.  Both  Premiers 
promised  reforms,  but  nothing  has  been 
done.  It  is  high  time  that  a  stop  was  put 
to  this  sort  of  thing  for  the  good  of  the 
country  at  large.  British  Columbia  has  put 
its  Forest  Service  on  a  merit  basis  and  its 
example  should  be  followed  by  the  Domin- 
ion Government. 

In  France  German  prisoners  under  their 
own  non-commissioned  officers  are  working 
at  lumbering  and  enjoying  it  hugely.  They 
are  said  not  to  work  very  hard.  The 
Canadian  bushmen  are  put  on  the  more 
technical  jobs  and  superintendence.  Much 
of  the  lumbering  is  done  by  attaching  ropes 
and  pulleys  to  the  trunks  of  the  trees  and 
after  cutting  the  roots  pulling  them  over. 


PLANTING  PECANS 

"It  has  been  found  that  pecans  thrive  in 
Mississippi  where  I  live,"  writes  L.  B.  Fow- 
ler, of  Shubuta,  Miss.,  "and  I  am  repeatedly 
asked :  Does  it  pay  to  use  dynamite  to 
plant  these  trees?  I  put  out  298  pecan 
trees  in  February,  1915,  using  75  pounds 
of  dynamite  which,  with  caps  and  fuse,  cost 
me  $1500.  I  did  not  lose  a  single  tree.  I 
have  a  neighbor  that  put  out  46  trees  in  the 
same  locality,  in  the  same  kind  of  soil,  at 
the  same  time.  He  refused  to  blast  his 
holes  because  of  the  expense  He  lost  40 
trees  out  of  the  46  and  is  now  replanting, 
blasting  all  the  holes  this  time.  It  cost  me 
thirty  cents  a  tree  to  set  my  trees,  and  it 
cost  him  twenty  cents  each  to  put  his  in  the 
ground  the  first  time.  As  all  kinds  of  ex- 
plosives have  advanced  in  price  the  past 
year,  it  is  costing  him  about  thirty-five 
cents  per  tree  to  replant,  thus  making  his 
total  cost  of  planting  fifty-five  cents  per 
tree.  In  addition,  he  must  count  as  ex- 
pense what  the  trees  that  died  cost  him. 
My  trees  are  all  thoroughly  rooted  by  this 
time,  so  he  is  just  one  year  behind  me  and 
always  will  be." 


IMPLEMENT  BLUE  BOOK 

The  Midland  Publishing  Co.,  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  has  left  over  a  few  copies  of  the  1916 
Implement  Blue  Book,  one  of  which  it 
offers  to  mail  free  of  charge  to  any  sub- 
scriber of  this  magazine  who  will  send  25 
cents  to  pay  the  packing,  postage,  etc.  The 
book  has  nearly  500  royal  octavo  pages  and 
contains  complete  classified  descriptive  lists 
of  all  farming  implements,  tractors,  tractor 
plows,  vehicles,  wagons,  and  kindred  goods 
made  in  the  United  States,  with  names  and 
addresses  of  manufacturers. 


EXTENSION  OF  LACEY'S  ORGANIZATION 


m 


E.  A.  STERLING 


ITH  the  opening  of  a  New  York  office  the  firm  of 
James  D.  Lacey  &  Company  has  increased  its 
staff  of  experts  by  the  addition  of  E.  A.  Sterling 
and  C.  A.  Lyford.  Mr.  SterHng  is  in  active  charge 
of  the  New  York  office,  which  is  located  in  the  Forty- 
Second  Street 
building  at  30 
East  Forty- 
Second  Street. 
He  wiU  serve 
as  Eastern 
manager  for 
the  firm.  Mr 
Lyford  has  be- 
come chief  for- 
est e  n  g  i  n  eer 
and  will  be  lo- 
cated in  the 
Seattle  offices, 
where  he  will 
co-operate  i  n 
field  work  and 
in  the  selling 
of  timber  prop- 
erties. 

In  thus 
strengthening 
its  organization 
the  firm  increases  its  widely  known  facilities  for  technical 
service  in  properly  estimating,  mapping  and  reporting  on 
timber  projjerties.  The  expansion  is  in  accordance  with 
the  firm's  long  recognition  of  the  necessity  for  complete 
and  accurate  reports  as  a  basis  for  the  financial  and 
operating  phases  of  limber  investments.  Mr.  Lacey  has 
been  actively  indentified  with  the  lumber  business  for 
several  decades.  Of  the  other  members  of  the  firm, 
Wood  Beal  has  been  associated  with  Mr.  Lacey  since 
1882,  and  Victor  Thrane  since  1900.  The  firm  is  known 
to  the  entire  lumber  industry  throughout  North  America. 
As  Eastern  manager,  Mr.  Sterling  brings  to  the  firm 
broad  experience,  highly  developed  technical  training 
and  splendid  ability.  He  is  a  graduate  of  Cornell  with 
the  degree  of  Forest  Engineer.  His  college  work  was 
followed  by  a  season  of  study  in  Europe,  in  1903.  After 
serving  as  forester  with  the  New  York  State  Forest 
Commission,  he  entered  what  was  then  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  F^orestry.  In  this  bureau  and  in  the  succeed- 
ing United  States  Forest  Service  he  had  wide  oppor- 
tunity for  investigations  and  experience,  covering  the 
entire  United  States  in  his  extensive  travel.  After  two 
years  of  investigation  into  forest  conditions  in  Cali- 
fornia he  prepared  and  procured  the  passage  of  the  first 
comprehensive  forest  law  enacted  in  that  state.  As  chief 
of  the  division  of  forest  extension  in  the  Forest  Service, 
Mr.  Sterling  spent  two  years  in  administrative  work  and 
field  travels  in  connection  with  the  development  of  the 


C.  A.  LYFORD 


government  policy  of  reforestation  in  the  National  P'or- 
ests  and  in  giving  assistance  to  private  owners  along  the 
line  of  forest  extension.  For  five  years,  from  1907, 
Mr.  Sterling  was  chief  forester  of  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road, in  which  field  his  work  gained  broad  recognition. 

His  next  step 
was  to  estab  - 
lish  himself  as 
consulting  for- 
est and  timber 
engineer.  As 
a  specialist  in 
wood  preser- 
vation he  gain- 
ed a  national 
reputation  and 
in  1913  he  was 
elected  presi- 
dent  of  the 
American 
Wood  Preser- 
vers' Associa- 
tion. Recently 
M  r .  Sterling 
has  been  man- 
ager of  the 
trade  exten- 
s  i  o  n  depart- 
ment of  the  National  Lumber  Manufacturers'  Associa- 
tion, where  his  constructive  work  was  of  great  value. 

To  the  duties  of  chief  forest  engineer  Mr.  Lyford 
will  bring  an  experience  of  several  years  and  an  intimate 
knowledge  of  forest  engineering  work.  His  familiarity 
with  tide-water  timber  in  British  Columbia  is  pre-eminent, 
besides  which  he  has  had  broad  experience  in  the  pulp 
region  of  Eastern  Canada.  Some  idea  of  the  magnitude 
of  his  work  may  be  had  from  the  statement  that  his  firm 
of  Clark  &  Lyford,  Limited,  has  made  forest  surveys  of 
more  than  5,000  square, miles  of  territory,  or  3,200,000 
acres.  Mr.  Lyford  was  in  personal  charge  of  much  of 
this  work,  often  spending  weeks  and  months  in  the  com- 
mercial forests  in  order  that  the  survey  might  be  per- 
fected on  a  high  engineering  basis.  In  connection  with 
this  work  he  effected  an  improvement  in  survey  methods 
and  placed  timl>er  estimating  for  pulp  wood  properties 
on  a  new  scientific  basis. 

Mr.  Lyford  has  been  in  charge  of  a  British  Columbia 
logging  operation  for  some  time.  He  is  a  graduate  of 
Cornell  University,  with  the  degree  of  forest  engineer. 
At  college  he  was  prominent  in  athletics,  stroking  the 
Cornell  "four"  and  playing  football  and  baseball.  With 
the  addition  of  Mr.  Sterling  and  Mr.  Lyford  to  its  staff 
the  firm  of  James  D.  Lacey  &  Company  is  in  position 
to  do  even  greater  work  than  in  the  past.  Mr.  Lacey's 
home  is  at  Newburgh,  New  York,  and  he  will  make  the 
New  York  office  his  eastern  headquarters. 

569 


570 


0 


Europe  is  hungry.  Disaster  lurks 
in  the  w;ike  of  submarines.  The 
loss  of  each  food  sliip  is  a  tragedy. 
But  the  idle  acres  of  America 
could  grow  more  food  per  year 
than  all  of  the  enemy's  ships  can 
destroy. 
Every  I<Ue  Acre  Helps  the  Enemy. 

Hinder  rations  and  you  hinder 
victory.  Submarines  will  continue 
to  sink  food  ships.  Other  ships 
and  more  food  must  take  the 
place  of  those  destroyed. 
Clear— Plow— Plwit 

Remove  the  stumps  and  boul- 
ders—drain the  swampy  places. 
Cultivate  every  available  acre  of 
land.  Don't  let  labor  shortage 
hinder  you. 


is 


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AMERICAN  FORESTRY 

CURRENT  LITERATURE 

(.Books  and  periodicals  indexed  in  the 
library  of  the  United  States  Forest 
Service.) 

Forestry  as  a  Whole 
Froceedings   and    reports   of    associations, 

forest  officers,  etc. 
Association    centrale    pour    ramenageraent 
des   montagnes.     Statuts   et  reglement 
interieur.     16  p.     Bordeaux,  F.  Pech  & 
cie,  1915. 
Pcrona.    L'oeuvre  de  1' Association  centrale 
pour    I'amenagement    des    montagnes. 
32  p.     il.     Bordeaux,  Impr.  Gounouil- 
hou,  1914. 
Royal      Scottish      arboricultural      society. 
Transactions,  voL  31,  pt.  2.     116  p.    il., 
pi.     Edinburgh,  1917. 

Forest  Education 
Forest  sc'wols 

Idaho,   University  of — School  of   forestry. 
Announcements  concerning  the  courses 
to   be   offered    in    forestry,    1917-1918. 
IS  p.    pi.    Moscow,  Id.,  1917. 
North  Dakota  state  school   of   agriculture 
and  forestry.    Eleventh  annual  catalog 
number,    1916-17,    with  announcements 
for  1917-18.    72  p.     Bottineau,  N.  D., 
1917. 
Philippines,    University    of    the  —  Forest 
school.      Catalogue,  1916-17;  announce- 
ments, 1917-18.     12  p.     Manila,  1917. 
Forest  Description 
Descombes,     Paul.      Forets    et    paturages 
d'ltalie.    20  p.    il.    Bordeaux,  Feret  et 
fils,  1913. 

Forest  Botany 
Maiden,  J.  H.     A  critical  revision  of  the 
genus  Eucalyptus,  pts.  29-30.    pi.    Syd- 
ney, N.  S.  W.,  Gov't,  printer,  1917. 
Forest  Influences 
Descombes,   Paul.     Le   reboisement   et   les 
condensations  occultes.    5  p.    Paris,  As- 
sociation   francaise   pour   I'avancement 
des  sciences,  1914. 
Descombes,  Paul.     Les  reboisement  ration- 
nel   et   la   meteorologie.     8  p.     Tours, 
Impr.  E.  Arrault  et  cie,  1914. 
Forest  Mensuration 
Krinbill,    Howard    R.      Timber    estimating 
methods  used  in  eastern   North  Caro- 
lina.    9  p.     Newbern,  N.  C,  1917. 
Silviculture 
Reforestation 

Descombes,  Paul.    L'amenagement  des  mon- 
tagnes  et   le    reboisement.      16   p.      il. 
Bordeaux,  Feret  et  fils,  1912. 
Descombes,  Paul.     La  defense  nationale  et 
I'armature  vegetale  de  la  France.    23  p. 
Paris,  Louis  De  Soye,  1915. 
Descombes,    Paul.      La    penurie    des    bois 
d'oeuvre  et  la  nouvelle   loi   tendant  a 
favoriser    le    reboisement.      8    p.      il. 
Bordeaux,   Feret  et   fils,    1913. 
Descombes,    Paul.      Le    repeuplement    des 
montagnes    et    la     defense     nationale. 
19   p.      Paris,    Bureaux    de    la    Revue 
politique  et  parlementaire,  1916. 


:jiLj>ia/-ygr^LnMrTisiiiiiiUiMjiiz:i;gi^ 


WITH  two 
billion  feet 

of  lumber  per  year 
being  utilized  for 
war  purposes  alone, 
it  is  more  than  ever 
necessary  to  be  sure 
that  the  tree  growth 
of  the  coming  dec- 
ades is  provided  for. 


Tree  Seeds 

are  chosen  with 
special  care.  They 
grow  strong,  sturdy 
trees — the  great 
towering  shady  ma- 
ples, the  mighty 
oaks,  and  the  grace- 
ful poplars. 

The  fruits  of  the  apple, 
the  cherry,  the  pear 
and  all  the  other  favor- 
ite trees  grown  from 
Thorburn's  seeds  are 
luscious,  splendid  tast- 
ing, and  extra  fine. 

Buy  Thorburn's  and  you  are 
certain  of  the  highest  quality ! 

J.M.Thorburn&Co. 

ESTABLISHED    1802 
53    S.  Barclay    Street 


Through  to 
54  'Park  Place 
NEW  YORK 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


571 


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FISKE  FENCE 

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Catalogues  on  Request 

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Forest  Administration 

Troup,  R.  S.,  ed.  The  work  of  the  forest 
department  in  India.  65  p.  pi.  Cal- 
cutta,  Supt.  gov't,   printing,   1917. 

United  States — Dept.  of  agriculture — For- 
est service.  July  field  program,  1917. 
31  p.     Wash.,  D.  C,   1917. 

Forest  Economics 

Forest  policy 

Descombes,  Paul.    La  defense  nationale  et 
le    probleme    forestier.      19   p.     Paris, 
Typograhpie  Philippe  Renouard,  1914. 
Descombes,  Paul.     Sauvegardons  les  rich- 
esses  forestieres  de  nos  colonies.    15  p. 
Bordeaux,  Feret  et  fils,  1913. 
Forest   Utilization 
Sterrett,  Wm.  D.    Marketing  vi^oodlot  prod- 
ucts  in   Tennessee.     85  p.     il.     Nash- 
ville,   Tenn.,    1917.      (Tennessee — Geo- 
logical survey.    The  resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, V.  7,  no.  3). 
Wood-using  industries 

Canada — Dept.    of    the    interior — Forestry 
branch.     Forest   products   of    Canada, 
1916:    pulpwood.     13  p.    Ottawa,  Can- 
ada, 1917.     (Bulletin  no.  62B). 
National  canners'  association.     Box  speci- 
fications.   11  p.    il.    Wash.,  D.  C,  1917. 
(Bulletin  no.  40). 
United  States — Bureau  of  the  census.   Cen- 
sus of  manufactures,  1914;  paper  and 
wood  pulp.     19  p.     Wash.,  D.  C,  1917. 
Wood  Technology 
Belts,  Harold  S.     The  seasoning  of  wood. 
28    p.      il,.    pi.      Wash.,    D.    C,    1917. 
(U.  S. — Dept.  of  agriculture.     Bulletin 
552). 
Carpenter,  R.  C.     The  properties  of  balsa 
wood,    Ochroma    lagopus.     36    p.      pi. 
N.    v.,   American   society  of  civil   en- 
gineers,  1917, 
Singh,    Puran.      Note    on    Indian    sumach, 
Rhus    cotinus,   Linn.     12  p.     Calcutta, 
India,  1916.     (India— Forest  dept.   For- 
est bulletin  no.  31). 
Whitehead,   T.   A.     Note   on   red   sanders, 
Pterocarpus    santalinus.       10    p.      pi., 
map.     Calcutta,    1917.      (India— Forest 
dept.     Forest  bulletin   no.   34). 
Auxiliary  Subjects 
Landscape  gardening 

Waugh,   Frank   Albert.     The  natural   style 
in    landscape    gardening.      151    p.      pi. 
Boston,  Richard  G.  Badger,  1917. 
National  parks 

United  States— Dept.  of  the  interior— Na- 
tional park  service.  General  informa- 
tion regarding  Crater  Lake  national 
park,  season  of  1917.  21  p.  maps. 
Wash.,  D,  C,  1917. 
United  States— Dept.  of  the  interior— Na- 
tional park  service.  General  informa- 
tion regarding  Mesa  Verde  national 
park,  season  of  1917.  45  p.  il.,  maps. 
Wash.,  D.  C,  1917. 
United  States— Dept.  of  the  interior— Na- 
tional park  service.  General  informa- 
tion regarding  Yellowstone  national 
park,  season  of  1917.  76  p.  maps. 
Wash.,   D.   C,   1917. 


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Periodical  Articles 

Miscellaneous  periodicals 

Conservation,  August,  1917. — Woodlots  and 
their  value,   by  R.   D.   C,  p.   32. 

Conservationist,  April,  1917. — Getting  the 
jump  on  forest  fires,  by  William  G. 
Howard,  p.  56-9. 

Country  gentleman,  July  14,  1917.— Protec- 
tion from  forest  fires,  by  Walter  D. 
Ludwig,  p.  22. 

Fire  protection,  July,  1917. — The  wooden 
shingle  betrays  Atlanta,  p.  6-7. 

Gardeners'  chronicle,  July  14,  1917. — The 
making  of  Japanese  dwarf  trees,  by 
Clarenc!   Elliott,    p.    11. 

Hunter-trader-trapper,  August,  1917. — Uncle 
Sam's  handy  man,  by  John  L  Cobbs, 
p.   13-25. 

In  the  open,  June,  1917. — Forest  lands  and 
ta.x  problems,  by  S.  B.  Elliott,  p.  18-23. 

\'ew  country  life,  August,  1917. — The  use 
of  trees,  by  Fletcher  Steele,  p.  19-28; 
Tree  surgery,  good  and  bad,  by  H.  D. 
House,  p.  28-32. 

Plant  World,  June,  1917 — .\n  enumeration 
of  the  pteridophytes  and  spermato- 
phytes  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mts., 
California,  by  S.  B.  Parish,  p.  163-78; 
Redwoods,  rainfall  and  fog,  by  William 
S.  Cooper,  p.  179-89. 

Scientific  American  supplement.  May  19, 
1917. — Gathering  turpentine;  sugges- 
tions for  prolonging  the  naval  stores 
industry,  by  Samuel  J.  Record,  p.  305, 
312-13;  Timber  decay  and  its  growing 
importance  to  the  engineer  and  archi- 
tect, by  C.  J.  Humphrey,  p.  314-315. 
Our  national  meat  supply  threatened, 
p.  501-2. 

Scientific  American  supplement,  May  26, 
1917. — Rattan  of  commerce;  varieties, 
sources  and  uses  of  an  important  trop- 
ical plant,  by  C.  D.  Mell,  p.  324-325; 
First  aid  to  wounded  trees,  by  J.  J. 
Levison,  p.  331. 

United  States — Dept  of  agriculture.  Jour- 
nal of  agricultural  research,  July  9, 1917. 
A  needle  blight  of  Douglas  fir,  by 
James  R.  Weir,  p.  99-103. 

Trade  journals  and  consular  reports 

American  lumberman,  July  21,  1917. — Ef- 
fect of  insect  attack  on  spruce  timber, 
by   Austin    Cary,   p.   44. 

.American  lumberinan,  .'\ugust  11,  1917. — 
Dry  kiln  instruments  and  their  uses, 
by  Thomas   D.   Perry,  p.   38. 

Canada  lumberman,  August  1,  1917. — Re- 
tailer's interest  in  wood  treatment,  by 
Kurt  C.  Barth,  p.  90-1 ;  Logging  opera- 
tions in  central  Ontario,  by  R.  N. 
Johnston,  p.  92-4;  Nova  Scotia  lumber- 
ing and  shipbuilding,  by  Elihu  Wood- 
worth,  p.  96-7;  Newfoundland  indus- 
tries all  prosperous,  by  J.  Wilfrid  Mc- 
Grath,  p.  97-8;  The  British  Columbia 
lumber  industry,  by  T.  D.  Pattullo,  p. 
102;  The  red  cedar  shingle  industry  of 
B.  C,  by  R.  D.  Hyde,  p.  105 ;  The  pulp 
mill's  relation  to  lumbering,  by  John 
L.  Love,  p.  113-14;  Logging  operations 
throughout    the    year,    by   the    Fassett 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


573 


lumber     company,     Quebec,     by     Otto 
Nieuwejaar,  p.    134-6,   140-2,   146. 

Engineering  and  contracting,  July  11,  1917. 
Creosoted  wood  stave  pipe  line  for 
irrigation  project,  p.  40-1. 

Engineering  news-record,  July  5,  1917. — 
Lumber  man  discusses  army  camp  con- 
struction, by  R.  S.  Kellogg,  p.  27-8. 

Engineering  news-record,  July  12,  1917. — 
Reforesting  water-supply  land  on  Cats- 
kill  system,  by  Fred  F.  Moore,  p.  59-50. 

Engineering  news-record,  July  26,  1917. — 
Open-tank  treatment  of  timber  urged 
for  small  railroads,  by  Claude  Gilbert 
Benham,  p.  152. 

Hardwood  record,  July  25,  1917. — Trees 
which  nature  neglected,  p.  19-20;  Cord- 
wood  crop  of  Odin's  wood,  by  J.  B 
Woods,  p.  23. 

Hardwood  record,  August  10,  1917.— Hard- 
woods for  the  war,  by  H.  C  Hallam, 
p.  17-22;  Wood  in  place  of  steel,  p.  23. 

Lumber  trade  journal,  August  1,  1917. — 
Forestry  and  cattle  raising  on  the  cut- 
over  pine  lands  of  the  southern  states, 
by  J.  G.   Lee,  p.  30-1. 

Lumber  world  review,  July  25,  1917. — The 
British  Columbia  timber  primer,  p. 
21-44;  National  efficiency  and  the  use 
of  wood,   by  R.  B.  Goodman,  p.  45-6. 

Lumber  world  review,  August  10,  1917. — 
Wood  and  steel  car  construction,  by 
H.  S.  Sackett,  p.  23-S. 

Manufacturers'  record,  July  12,  1917. — The 
problem  of  the  wooden  ship,  by  F. 
Huntington  Clark,  p.   58-60. 

Manufacturers'  record,  July  26,  1917. — 
Reforestation  as  a  solution  of  south's 
cut-over  land  problem,  by  Stanley  C. 
Arthur,  p.  66  b-c. 

National  cooper's  journal,  August,  1917. — 
The  wooden  barrel,  past  and  present, 
by  L.  A.  Fox,  p.  17. 

Paper,  July  18,  1917. — Photomicrographic 
study  of  paper,  by  Edwin  A.  Hunger, 
p.  14-16. 

Paper,  July  25,  1917. — Newer  details  of  the 
sulphate  process,  by  Carl  Moe,  p.  11-15  ; 
The  American  barking  drum,  p.  20-1. 

Paper,  August  8,  1917. — Sulphate  pulp  mill 
problems,  by  Hugh  K.  Moore,  p.  11-15. 

Paper  mill,  July  7,  1917. — Beating  sulphite 
pulp,  by  Otto  Kress  and  G.  C.  Mc- 
Naughton,  p.   12,   14,  40,  42. 

Paper  mill,  July  28,  1917.— The  treatment 
of  pulp  wood ;  advantages  of  whole 
barking,  by  Gustav  Lundberg,  p.  2,  45. 

Railway  review,  July  21,  1917.— Use  of  red- 
wood by  railroads,  by  Edwin  E.  Myers, 
p.  77-8. 

Southern  lumberman,  August  4,  1917. — Air- 
craft production  program  will  require 
much  lumber,  p.  22,  27. 

Timber  trades  journal,  June  30.  1917. — Vir- 
ginian red  cedar  wood,  by  W.  S.,  p.  1138. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  July 
16,  1917,  —  Chinese  manufacture  of 
wood-oil  varnish,  by  R.  C.  Mackay, 
p.   180, 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  July 
18,  1917. — Rubber  qualities  in  a  Chinese 


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United   States   daily   consular   report,   July 
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ertson, p.  298-9. 


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United  States  daily  consular  report,  August 
15,  1917.  — New  South  Wales  hard- 
woods for  shipbuilding,  p.  601. 

Veneers,  August,  1917. — The  making  of 
table  rims,  by  J.  C.  Taylor,  p.  15-16; 
Uniformity  a  requisite  in  veneer  cut- 
ting, by  L.  K.  Stark,  p.   17-18. 

West  Coast  lumberman,  July  15,  1917. — 
Report  on  wood  stave  pipe.  Bureau  of 
industrial  research,  University  of  Wash- 
ington, p  24-6. 

Wood  turning,  August,  1917. — Problems  in 
finishing  woods,  by  Arthur  Seymour 
Jennings,  p.  27-8. 

Forest  journals 

.\merican  forestry,  August,  1917. — Foresters 
to  the  front,  by  Bristow  Adams,  p. 
453-7 ;  The  monarch  pine ;  a  poem,  by 
L.  T.  Chamberlain,  p.  458;  Recreation 
in  the  federal  forest  reserves,  by  Ida 
A.  Baker,  p.  459-64 ;  Scrappin'  fire  on  the 
Cherokee ;  a  poem,  by  H.  L.  Johnson, 
p.  464;  The  new  freedom  of  food,  by 
N.  C.  McLoud,  p.  465-72;  A  giant  sas- 
safras tree,  p.  472;  A  wonderful  spot 
in  Glacier  national  park ;  an  illustra- 
tion, p.  473 ;  Wild  flowers  that  boys  and 
girls  should  know,  by  R.  W.  Shufeldt, 
p.  474-80;  Has  the  Black  Forest  gone, 
by  J.  B.  Woods,  p.  481-3;  Making 
friends  with  the  birds,  by  A.  A.  Allen, 
p.  484-8;  A  tree  of  lost  identity,  by 
J.  Foote,  p.  488-90;  A  duel  to  the 
death,  p.  491 ;  Chasms  of  erosion  and 
forest  defense,  by  C.  A.  Whittle,  p. 
492-3;  Destroying  tree  pests,  p.  493 
Tree  bows  its  head  at  night,  p.  493 
Wood  for  fuel,  by  B.  Adams,  p.  494-6 
National  forest  receipts  increase,  p. 
496;  Reflection  lake.  Rainier  national 
park;  an  illustration,  p.  497;  The  val- 
iant hunters  of  the  moth  egg  cocoons, 
p.  498;  Insuring  standing  forests,  p. 
499 ;  Hawaiian  forests,  p.  500 ;  The  new 
standard  of  public  service,  p.  500-1 ; 
Our  national  meat  supply  threatened, 
p.  501-2. 

California  forestry,  July,  1917. — The  na- 
tional forests  the  people's  playgrounds, 
by  Luther  Whiteman,  p.  17,  20;  The 
Forest  service  in  war  time,  by  Coert 
DuBois,  p.  19;  The  relation  of  forest 
management  to  local  community  wel- 
fare, by  T.  D.  Woodbury,  p.  20,  23-4. 
Canadian  forestry  journal,  July,  1917. — 
Making  use  of  aspen  poplar,  by  B.  E. 
Fernow,  p.  1185-6;  New  Brunswick's 
foundation,  the  forest,  p.  1190-2;  What 
Alberta  owes  to  forests,  p.  1207-8 ;  Farm 
lands  in  forest  reserves,  by  D.  Roy 
Camerson,  p.  1212-13. 
Forest  leaves,  August,  1917. — State  for- 
estry, by  B.  E.  Fernow,  p.  54-8;  What 
can  be  done  to  help  western  Pennsyl- 
vania secure  forest  area,  by  John  M. 
Phillips,  p.  58-60 ;  National  forests,  with 
particular  reference  to  those  in  the  Ap- 
palachian and  White  Mts.,  by  William 
Logan  Hall,  p.  61-4. 
Quarterly  journal  of  forestry,  July,  1917. — 
Woodland  succession,  by  Sainthill  Eard- 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


575 


ley-Wilmot,  p.  161-5;  The  effects  of 
spring  frosts  on  young  plantations,  by 
W.  P.  Greenfield,  p.  165-72 ;  British  for- 
estry, past  and  present,  by  William 
Somerville,  p.  194-205. 

Revue  des  eaux  et  forets,  June  1,  1917. — 
Les  forets  communales  de  Vaucluse, 
by  Paul  Mougin,  p.  161-73 ;  Revue  f  or- 
estiere  de  I'etranger :  Suisse,  by  G. 
Huffel,  p.   174-81. 

Schweizerische  zeitschrift  fiir  forstwesen, 
May-June,  1917. — Des  stand  der  haus- 
s;hwammforschung,  by  H.  Knuchel,  p. 
141-9. 


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cial rates  fiuf)ted  on    Larffp  Orders. 

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6  Eut  41st  Street,  NEW  YORK 

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American  Forestry  to  an  exalted  position  among  advertis- 
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advertisers,  or  ask  for  suggestions  and  advice. 


BOOKS   ON   FORESTRY 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  publish  each  month,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  wish  books 
on  forestry,  a  list  of  titles,  authors,  and  prices  of  such  books.  These  may  be  ordered  through 
the  American  Forestry  Association,  Washington,  D.   C.  Prices  are  by  mail  or  express  prepaid.* 

FOREST  VALUATION— Filibert  Roth $1.50 

FOREST  REGULATION— Filibert  Roth 2.00 

PRACTICAL  TREE  REPAIR— By  Elbert  Peets 2.00 

THE  LUMBER  INDUSTRY— By  R.  S.  Kellogj 1.10 

LUMBER  MANUFACTURING  ACCOUNTS— By  Arthur  F.  Jones 2.10 

FOREST  VALUATION— By  H.  H.  Chapman 2.00 

CHINESE  FOREST  TREES  AND  TIMBER  SUPPLY— By  Norman  Shaw 2.50 

TREES,    SHRUBS,    VINES    AND    HERBACEOUS    PERENNIALS— By   John 

Kirkegaard 1  SO 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS— By  Charles  Sprague  Sargent— Vols.  I  and  II,  4  Parts 

to  a  Volume — per  Part 5.00 

THE  TRAINING  OF  A  FORESTER— GifTord  Pinchot 1.35 

LUMBER  AND  ITS  USES— R.  S.  Kellogg 1.15 

THE  CARE  OF  TREES  IN  LAWN,  STREET  AND  PARK— B.  E.  Fernow 2.17 

NORTH  AMERICAN  TREES— N.  L.  Britton 7.30 

KEY  TO  THE  TREES— Collins  and  Preston 1.50 

THE  FARM  WOODLOT— E.  G.  Cheyney  and  J.  P.  Wentling 1.70 

IDENTIFICATION     OF    THE    ECONOMIC    WOODS    OF    THE    UNITED 

STATES— Samuel  J.   Record 1.25 

PLANE  SURVEYING— John   C.  Tracy... 3.00 

FOREST   MENSURATION— Henry  Solon  Graves 4.00 

THE  ECONOMICS  OF  FORESTRY— B.  E.  Fernow 1.61 

FIRST  BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— Filibert  Roth 1.10 

PRACTICAL  FORESTRY— A.  S.  Fuller 1.50 

PRINCIPLES  OF  AMERICAN  FORESTRY— Samuel  B.  Green 1.50 

MANUAL  OF  THE  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA  (exclusive  of  Mexico)  — 

Charles   Sprague   Sargent 6.00 

AMERICAN  WOODS— Romeyn  B.  Hough,  13  Volumes,  per  Volume 5.00 

HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TREES  OF  THE  NORTHERN  U.  S.  AND  CANADA, 

EAST  OF  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS— Romeyn  B.  Hough 6.00 

GETTING  ACQUAINTED  WITH  THE  TREES— J.  Horace  McFarland 1.75 

PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    WOOD:    THEIR    CHARACTERISTIC    PROP- 
ERTIES—Charles  Henry  Snow 3.50 

HANDBOOK  OF  TIMBER  PRESERVATION— Samuel  M.  Rowe 4.00 

1REES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND— L.  L.  Dame  and  Henry  Brooks 1.50 

TREES,    SHRUBS    AND    VINES     OF    THE    NORTHEASTERN    UNITED 

STATES— H.   E.    Parkhurst 1.50 

TREES— H.  Marshall  Ward 150 

OUR  NATIONAL  PARKS— John  Muir 1.91 

LOGGING— Ralph  C.  Bryant 3.50 

THE  IMPORTANT  TIMBER  TREES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— S.  B.  Elliott  2.50 

FORESTRY  IN  NEW  ENGLAND— Ralph  C.  Hawley  and  Austin  F.  Hawes 3.50 

THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  HANDLING  WOODLANDS— Henry  Solon  Graves....  1.50 

SHADE  TREES  IN  TOWNS  AND  CITIES— William  Solotaroff 3  00 

THE  TREE  GUIDE— By  Julia  Ellen  Rogers 1.00 

MANUAL  FOR  NORTHERN   WOODSMEN— Austin  Gary 2.12 

FARM   FORESTRY— Alfred   Akerman 57 

THE  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  WORKING  PLANS  (in  forest  organiza- 
tion)—A.  B.  Recknagel 2.10 

ELEMENTS  OF  FORESTRY— F.  F.  Moon  and  N.  C.  Brown 2.20 

.MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  WOOD— Samuel  J.  Record 1.75 

STUDIES   OF  TREES— J.   J.   Levison 1.75 

TREE  PRUNING— A.  Des  Cars .' 65 

THE  PRESERVATION  OF  STRUCTURAL  TIMBER— Howard  F.  Weiss 3.00 

THE  PRACTICAL  LUMBERMAN— By  Bernard  Brereton  (third  edition) 1.50 

SEEDING  AND  PLANTING  IN  THE  PRACTICE  OF  FORESTRY— By  James 

W.  Toumev,  M.S..  M.A 3.50 

FUTURE  FOREST  TREES— By  Dr.  Harold  Unwin 2.25 

FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TREES  AND  SHRUBS— F.  Schuvler  Mathews  2  00 

(In    full    leather)     3.00 

FARM  FORESTRY— By  John  Arden  Ferguson 1.30 

LUTHER  BURBANK— HIS   METHODS  AND  DISCOVERIES  AND  THEIR 

PRACTICAL  APPLICATION   48.00 

(In   twelve  volumes,  beautifully  illustrated   in  color) 

THE  BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— Bv  Frederick  F.  Moon 2.10 

OUR  FIELD  AND  FOREST  TREES— By  Maud  Going l.SO 

HANDBOOK  FOR  RANGERS  AND  WOODSMEN— By  Jay  L.  B.  Taylor. .  2.50 

THE  STORY  OF  THE  FOREST— By  J.  Gordon  Dorrance 65 

THE  LAND  WE  LIVE  IN— By  Overton  Price 1.70 

WOOD  AND  FOREST— By  William  Noyes 3.00 

THE  ESSENTIALS  OF  AMERICAN  TIMBER  LAW— By  J.  P.  Kinney 3  00 

HANDBOOK  OF  CLEARING  AND  GRUBBING,  METHODS  AND  COST 

—By  Halbert  P.  Gillette   2.50 

FRENCH  FORESTS  AND  FORESTRY— By  Theodore  S.  Woolsey,  Jr 2.50 

MANUAL  OF  POISONOUS  PLANTS— By   L.   H.   Pammel 5.35 

*This,  of  course,  is  not  a  complete  list,  but  we  shall  be  glad  to  add  to  it  any  books  on 
forestry  or  related  subjects  upon  request. — Editor. 


(WOULD    YOU  TAKE  AN  UNSIGNED  CHECK?     NO?      THEN   WHY   UNSIGNED   CYPRESS?) 

Of  course  you  want  Cypress,  "the  Wood  Eternal,"  for  all  uses 
where  it  represents  the  highest  utility  and  economy  But— how  do  you  know  that 
what  you  get  is  Cypress?    And,  if  itjis  Cypress,  how  can  you  tell  that  it  is  genuine 

^    How  can  you  be  sure  that  it  grew  in^the  regions  near  enough  to  the  coast  to 
;      produce  the  true  "Wood  Eternal"?  >  And  how  can  you  tell  that  the  Cypress 
you  buy  was  properly  manufactured,  sufficiently  dried  before  shipment,''and 
then  scrupulously  graded  and  counted  ?    There's  ONE  WAY  to  be 

It  is  simply  to  INSIST  on  SEEING  the  legally  registered  Cypress 'Association  Trade-Mark  on 
every  piece  (or  bundle).     "Buy  by  the  Cypress  Arrow." 

"TIDE-WATER"  CYPRESS 


MANUFACTURED 

B  Y 

ASSOCIATION 

MI 
EID 

LLS 

IS     IDENTIFII 

BY 

THIS    TRADE- 

MARK 

Trade  Mark  Reg.  U.S-PAT.OrncE 


You  don't  buy  diamonds  of  a  casual  solicitor— nor  expect  pure  foods  in  unidentified  packages;   why  not  be  equally  careful 
in  guaranteeing  yourself  your  money's-worth  in  Cypress  Lumber? 

The  undersigned  Association  licenses  its  registered  trade-mark  only  to  those   Cypress  saw-mills  whose  location,   business 
methods  and  responsibility  guarantee  delivery  to  the  consumer     as  per  specifications." 

The  kind  of  Cypress  you  want  IS  TO  BE  HAD.     It  is  up  to  you  to  SEE  THAT  YOU  GET  IT  by  simply  insisting  on 
SEEING  that  CYPRESS  ARROW  ON  EVERY  BOARD  (or  bundle)  you  pay  for. 

Let  our  ALL-ROUND  HELPS  DEPARTMENT  help  YOU  MORE.  Our  entire  resources  are  at  your  service  with  Reliable  Counsel. 

SOUTHERN  CYPRESS  MANUFACTURERS'  ASSOCIATION 

1258  HIBERNIA  BANK  BUILDING,  NEW  ORLEANS,  LA.,  or  12S8  HEARD  NATIONAL  BANK  BUILDING,  JACKSONVILLE,  FLA. 


INSIST  ON  TRADE  MARKED  CYPRESS  AT  YOUK  LOCAL  LUMBER  DEALER'S. 


IP  HE  HASN'T  IT.  LET  US  KNOW- 


VOLUME  23 


OCTOBER  1917 


NUMBER  286 


o 


mcaim 


tK^W 


TY  Of  mmu 

OCT  1917 


An  Illustrated  Magazine  about  Forestry  and 
Kindred  Subjects  Published  Each  Month 
by  the  American  Forestry  Association 

Washington.  D.C. 


Tank-car  {10,000  gallons),  1-gallon  can,  5-gallon  can,  lOgallon  can,  1  rvooden  barrel. 
(Any  quantity  may  be  convenierMy  obtained). 

Pure  Coal-Tar  Creosote  Oi! 


has  proved  to  be  tlie  most 
efficient  of  all  wood-pre- 
servatives, 

Carbosota  Creosote  Oil  is 
simply  that,  refined  and 
made  physically  fit  for  use 
in  the  Open-Tank  Process 
and  by  the  Brush  Method. 

Specify  Carbosota — Don 't  Experiment.  Ca  r- 

bosota  conforms  to  a  standard  specification, 
which  assures  a  pure,  high-grade  oil,  refined 
to  meet  the  physical  requirements  which  are 
essential  to  the  success  of  non-pressure  treat- 
ments, combining  highest  toxicity  practicable 
with  low  viscosity  and  permanence. 

Briefly,  Carbosota  Creosote  Oil  meets  the 
three  chief  requirements  of  non-pressure 
treatments  to  the  fullest  extent,  namely: 

Efficiency — It  has  proved  to  be  the  most  efPec- 
tive  protection  against  decay  for  structural 
wood.  Coal-tar  creosote  has  been  used  for 
nearly  four  score  years  in  this  country.  Its 
consumption  in  the  wood-preserving  industry 
has  reached  more  than  100,000,000  gallons 
annually,  due  exclusively  to  merit. 


in  the  Open-Tank  Process 
or  by  the  Brush  Method  is 
economical  and  simple. 
The  expense  of  treatment 
represents  a  proportionately 
small  percentage  of  the  cost 
of  lumber. 

Convenience — Carbosota 
Creosote  Oil  is  obtainable 
in  packages  of  convenient  size  throughout  the 
country  and  is  always  uniform.  Its  physical 
characteristics  permit  its  use  under  practically 
all  conditions,  as  it  remains  liquid  at  tem- 
peratures below  which  work  would  not  gen- 
erally be  carried  on. 

Thus  uood-preservation  is  placed  within  the 
reach  of  the  smallest  as  well  as  the  larger 
consumers. 

As  the  largest  producers  of  Creosote  Oil  in  the 
United  States  we  are  able  to  maintain  a  stand- 
ard of  service  which  cannot  be  equaled,  and 
this  is  at  the  disposal  of  all  who  may  be  inter- 
ested in  wood-preservation.  Detailed  data 
and  technical  assistance  may  be  obtained  by 
addressing  nearest  ofiice. 

(^Notc:  It  is  necessary  that  all  wood  to  be  treated  by  the 
Ikush  or  Open-Tank  Methods  should  be  seasoned  until 
air-dry.) 


Economy — Carbosota  Creosote  Oil  employed 

Booklet  regarding  the  CARBOSOTA  treatment  Jree  on  request 


The 


'^  Company 


New  Vort                  Chicago                  Philadelphia                  Boston                St.  Louis  Cleveland 

Detroit                Birmingham                Kansas  City               Minneapolis               Nashville  Salt  Lake  City 

The  Barrett  Company,  Limited 

Montreal                Toronto                Winnipeg  Vancouver                 St.  John,  N.  B.  Halifax,  N.  S. 


Cincinnati 

"Seattle 


Pittsburgh 
Peoria 

Sydney,  N.  S. 


.'^1 


iiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiittiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^^ 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  I 


THE     MAGAZINE     OF     THE     AMERICAN     FORESTRY     ASSOCIATION 

PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE,  Editor 


I      October  1917    Vol.  23 

l>'iiiiiiiiiii»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiii»n»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


CONTENTS 


No.  286 


Forest  Regiment  Fund 581 

Gourds — Natural  and  Trained 582 

An  illustration. 

Wood  on  the  Wing — By  Bristow  Adams 583 

With  eight  illustrations. 

Flying   Wedge   of   Bankers   and   Farmers — An   Address   by 


Charles   Lathrop   Pack. 


590 


First  Apple  Tree  of  the  Northwest — By  H.  E.  Zimmerman..  591 
With  one  illustration. 

The  Friar,  His  Dog  and  the  Iron  Cross — By  Alice  Spencer. .  592 
With  three  illustrations. 

Some  Achievements  in  Food — By  Norman  C.  McLoud 593 

With  ten  illustrations. 


The  Lure  of  the  Beaver — By  D.  Lange. 
With  sixteen  illustrations. 


600 


Marsh  Land  and  Other  Aquatic  Plants— By  R.  W.  Shufeldt  611 

With  fourteen  illustrations. 


Selecting  Nut  Trees  for  Planting — By  C.  A.  Reed. 
With   eight    illustrations. 


619 


624 


The  Totem  Tree— By  H.  E.  Zimmerman 

With  one  illustration. 
The  Thrushes— By  A.  A.  Allen 625 

With  eight  illustrations. 
Editorial   629 

How  We  Stand  for  Efficient  State  Forestry. 
Building   an   Atmosphere   of   Stability   into   the   Home — By 


Rawson  W.   Haddon 

With  three  illustrations. 


630 


Book  Reviews   632 

Canadian  Department — By  EUwood  Wilson 633 

Current    Literature 633 


illllMllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllHH^ 

SPECIAL  OFFER  TO  MEMBERS  ONLY 

One  of  the  following  described  books  will  be  presented  free  of  charge  to  any  member  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association  who  secures  ONE  NEW  subscribing  member: 

No.  1 — Field  Book  of  American  Trees  and  Shrubs,  465  pages,  275  illustrations  of  trees,  leaves, 
blossoms,  fruits,  seeds,  area  of  growth,  etc. 

No.  2— Field  Book  of  Wild  Birds  and  Their  Music,  262  pages,  38  colored  and  15  other  full- 
page  illustrations. 

No.  3 — Field  Book  of  American  Wild  Flowers,  587  pages,  24  colored  plates  and  215  full-page 
illustrations. 


I 


FILL  OUT  THIS  BLANK 

I  present  for  Subscribing  Membership  in  the  AMERICAN     FORESTRY     ASSOCIATION, 
including  American  Forestry  Magazine,  and  enclose  $3.00  for  the  1917  fee — 


Name. 


Send  Book  No. 


Address City . 

to  Name 


Address City | 

$2.00  of  above  fee  is  for  AMERICAN   FORESTRY  for  One  Year.  | 

AMERICAN   FORESTRY  is  published  monthly  by  the  American  Forestry  Association.  § 

Subscription  price  without  membership,  three  dollars  per  year;  single  copies,  twenty-five  cents.  1 

Kiitered  an  second-cla.s.s  mall  matter  December  24,  1909    at  the  Post-offlce  at  Washington,  under  the  Act  of  March  3,  1879  M 

Copyright,    1917,    by    the    American    Forestry   Association  ^ 

■II iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiHiiy^^ 


An  offer  to  train 

250  Youn 


BY 


GREAT        NATIONAL        ORGANIZATION 


How  would  you  like  to  have  a 
position,  as  a  trained  expert, 
with  the  largest  and  most  suc- 
cessful organization  of  its  hind  in  the 
world — a  position  that  offers  you  an 
unusual  opportunity  to  make  good  in 
a  big  way?  Where  your  advance- 
ment is  limited  only  by  yourself? 
That  is  just  the  kind  of  position 
the  Davey  Tree  Expert  Company 
offers  to  250  ambitious  young  men— 
to  YOU,  if  you  can  qualify. 

The  Davey  Tree  Expert  Company 
— with  branch  offices  in  New  York, 
Chicago,  and  Philadelphia,  and  with 
permanent  representatives  in  all 
principal  cities  east  of  the  Mississippi 
^practices  the  profession  of  Tree 
Surgery  on  a  large  national  scale. 

Owners  of  this  country's  most 
beautiful  estates — such  men  as  Rock- 
efeller, Vanderbilt,  Astor,  Armour, 
etc. — come  to  Davey  experts  for  the 
scientific  treatment  of  their  trees. 

The  demand  for  Davey  service  is 
growing  so  rapidly  that  we  find  it 
necessary  to  train  for  our  organization 
250  additional  young  men. 

We  cannot  secure  trained  experts 
from  outside  sources.  The  sc  cnce  of 
Tree  Surgery  was  originated  and 
developed  entirely  by  the  Davey 
company,  hence  we  can  add  expert 
Tree  Surgeons  to  our  organization 
only  by  training  them  ourselves. 

Therefore,  we  have  arranged  to 
train  250  young  men  this  fall  and 
winter — either  at  their  horrcs  in  their  spare  time,  or  under  per- 
sonal instructors  at  our  K  ent  headquarters— so  that  they  will 
be  ready  to  take  up  their  new  positions  with  us  next  season. 


7b  those  whose  epmt  yearns  or  nature  and  the  great  outdoors,  the 
professi'in  of  Tree  Surgery  offers  a  rare  opportunity  for  a  fascinat- 
ing, vitalizing  and  uplifting  work  with  unusual  advancement  in 
keepijig  urith  the  best  that  ts  tn  you. 


Considered  fi  om  every  .standpoint, 
the  profession  of  the  Davey  Tree 
Surgeon  is  ideal. 

His  day  is  a  day  of  fresh  air  and 
properly  balanced  outdoor  exercise 
— a  combination  that  means  health 
and  an  inspiring  relief  from  the  mo- 
notony and  grind  and  dust  of  ordinary 
work.  His  work  is  not  only  pleasant, 
but  is  fascinating  in  the  extreme, 
developing  in  a  man  mechanical  skill 
and  scientific  accuracy. 

He  practices  his  profession  on  beau- 
tiful country  estates  and  around  the 
finest  homes,  and  conducts  his  busi- 
ness with  men  and  women  of  wealth 
and  refinement. 

His  profession  corrunands  the  re- 
spect of  everybody.  It  is  a  highly 
useful  and  impressive  work.  The 
field  is  inexhaustible,  and  the  demand 
for  real  experts  who  are  honest  and 
efficient  is  increasingly  greater  than 
the  supply. 

He  enjoys  a  rare  opportunity  to 
travel  and  see  the  best  parts  of  the 
country,  with  car  fare  paid.  He 
works  with  the  finest  type  of  clean, 
American  rranhood;  not  mollycod- 
dles, but  fine,  manly  fellows. 

He  is  well  paid — responsible  men  in 
the  Davey  organization  earning  from 
$1,000  to  $10,000  a  year.  And  best 
of  all,  there  is  no  limit  to  his  chance 
for  advancement. 

QUALIFICATIONS;  If  your  age  is  be- 
tween 18  and  32,  if  you  are  healthy, 
and  if  you  can  furnish  satisfactory  references  as  to  charac- 
ter, you  are  qualified  for  training  and  employment  by  the 
Davey  company.     Unmarried  men  preferred. 


WE  WILL  TRAIN  YOU  AT  YOUR  HOME-OR  WE  WILL  TRAIN  YOU  AT  THE  DAVEY  INSTITUTE  LABORATORIES 


For  those  who  are  unable  to  come  to  Kent  for  the 
resident  instruction  and  laboratory  work,  we  have 
arranged  a  special  course  of  preliminary  home  study. 
followed    by    thorough,    practical    training. 

Each  lesson  has  been  so  carefully  planned  for  the 
requirements  of  home  study  that  you  can  readily 
complete  the  entire  course  during  the  winter 
months.  Your  home  study  will  not  make  you  a 
finished  expert,  let  us  say  frankly,  but  it  will  give 
you  such  a  thorough  grasp  of  the  fundamentals  of 
Davey  Tree  Surgery  that  your  progress  will  be  rapid 
and    certain. 

In  the   spring,  after  your  winter  study  is   finished, 

W.   H.   WILHELM— At  age   20   a  clerk   in  D.     Q.     GROVE— A     school     teacher     who 

clothing    store    at    meager    salary.      Joined  found    in    the    profession    of    Tree    Surgery 

Davey     Organization.       Secured     complete  his  great  opportunity.     He  had   the  ability 

training       Took     advantage    of    wonderful  and    the    zeal.      The    Davey    Organization 

opportunity   he    found    and    in    4    years   be-  developed    it.      He    now    makes    five    times 

came   one   of   the   highest   salaried    men    in  as  much  as  formerly.     Moreover,   he   loves 

the   field   force.  his  work. 


we  will  call  you  in  for  practical  training  and  a 
guaranteed  position  with  the  Davey  organization. 
For  full  information  of  this  offer  mail  the  "Mail 
Training"    coupon    below. 

For  those  who  can  conveniently  leave  home  for 
winter  resident  instruction,  we  conduct  at  Kent  our 
own  training  school.  This  includes  practical  field 
work  in  addition  to  several  months  of  intensive 
class-roll  training  and  laboratory  work  On  comple- 
tion of  this  course  you  will  be  ready  to  take  a  per- 
manent, guaranteed  position  with  the  Davey  Organi- 
zation. For  full  information  about  this  offer  mail 
"Residence   Training"    coupon    below. 


PERRY  E.  HUDSON— Here  is  a  typical 
record  of  success  resulting  from  natural 
ability,  and  a  wonderful  opportunity  to 
develop  it.  He  was  a  farmer  boy  with  a 
modest  education  and  very  small  pay.  Is 
now  earning  20  times  what  he  was  making 
on  the  farm. 


The  Davey  Tree  Expert  Company 


Branch  Offices,  with  telephone  connection:  225  Fifth  Ave, 
New  York:  2017  Land  Title  Bldg.,  Philadelphia;  450  Mc- 
Cormick  Bldg.,  Chicago.  Permanent  representatives  located 
at  Boston,  Newport,  Lenox,  Hartford,  Stamford,  Albany, 
Poughkeepsie,  White  Plains,  Jamaica,  L.  I.;  Newark,  N.  J.. 


2110  ELM  STREET 
KENT.  OHIO 


■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■— "—"—^ 

MAIL  TRAINING  COUPON 


The  Davey  Tree  Expert  Company,  21U  Elm  St.,  Kent,  Ohio 

I  am  interested  in  your  offer  to  train  and  employ  men  as 
Davey  Tree  Surgeons  Please  send  me  full  information  about 
your  plan  of  home  training.  It  is  understood  that  this  request 
obligates  me   in  no  way. 

Name     

Street   and   No 

City    


Bute. 


Philadelphia,  Harrisburg,  Baltimore,  Washington,  Buffalo. 
Pittsburgh,  Cleveland,  Detroit,  Cincinnati,  Louisville,  Chi- 
cago, Milwaukee,  Minneapolis,  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City. 
Canadian    address,    22    Victoria    Square,    Montreal. 


■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■—— 

RESIDENCE  TRAINING  COUPON 


The  Davey  Tree  Expert  Company,  2110  Elm  St.,  Kent,  Ohio 

I  am  interested  in  your  offer  to  train  and  employ  men  as 
Davey  Tree  Surgeons.  Please  send  me  full  information  about 
your  plan  of  resident  training.  It  is  understood  that  this  re- 
quest obligates  me  in   no  way. 

Name     


Street   and    No. 
City    


State. 


REAL  ESTATE  AND  TIMBER 


-if 


Tenders  for  Pulpwood  Limit 


Tenders  will  be  received  by  the  undersigned 
up  to  and  including  the  seventeenth  day  of  De- 
cember next  for  the  right  to  cut  pulpwood  and 
pine  timber  on  a  certain  area  situate  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  the  Kapuskasing  River  in  the  Districts 
of   Timiskaming    and    Algoma. 

Tenderers  are  to  offer  a  flat  rate  per  cord  for 
all  classes  of  pulpwood,  whether  spruce  or  other 
woods.  The  successful  tenderer  shall  be  re- 
quired to  pay  for  the  Red  and  White  Pine  on  the 
limit  a  flat  rate  of  $10  per  thousand  feet  board 
measure. 

The  successful  tenderer  shall  also  be  required 
to  erect  a  mill  or  mills  on  or  near  the  territory, 
and  to  manufacture  the  wood  into  pulp  and  paper 
in  the  Province  of  Ontario,  in  accordance  with 
the  terms  and  conditions  of  sale  which  can  be 
had  on  application  to  the  Department. 

Parties  making  tender  will  be  required  to  de- 
posit with  their  tender  a  marked  cheque  payable 
to  the  Honourable  the  Treasurer  of  the  Province 
of  Ontario,  for  Twenty -five  Thousand  Dollars 
($25,000.00),  which  amount  will  be  forfeited  in  the 
event  of  their  not  entering  into  agreement  to 
carry  out  conditions,  etc.  The  said  Twenty-five 
Thousand  Dollars  ($25,000.00)  will  be  held  by  the 
Department  until  such  time  as  the  terms  and 
conditions  of  the  agreement  to  be  entered  into 
have  been  complied  with  and  the  said  mills 
erected,  equipped  and  in  operation  The  said 
sum  may  then  be  applied  in  such  amounts  and  at 
such  times  as  the  Minister  of  Lands,  Forests  and 
Mines  may  direct  in  payment  of  accounts  for 
dues  or  ot  any  other  obligation  due  the  Crown 
until  the  whole  sum  has  been  applied. 

The  highest  or  any  tender  not  necessarily  ac- 
cepted. 

For  particulars  as  to  description  of  territory, 
capital  to  be  invested,  etc  ,  apply  to  the  under- 
signed 

G.    H     FERGUSON. 
Minister  of    Lands,    Forests   and    Mines,    Toronto, 
September    19th,    1917. 

N  B  —No  unauthorized  publication  of  this  no- 
tice  will   be   paid   for. 


WHITE    MOUNTAINS,    N.   H. 

Charming  Summer  Home  and  Farm 
1200  acres  of  virgin  timber  included  if 
desired.  Farm  has  100  acres;  14-room 
house  with  modern  improvements,  fur- 
nished complete;  keeper's  lodge,  laun- 
dry, garage,  each  with  living  quarters 
and  bath ;  workshop  wtih  large  open 
fireplace;  cattle  barns;  plant-house;  ice- 
house; wood-house;  abundance  moun- 
tain spring  water,  absolutely  pure,  flows 
to  buildings. 
FISH    AND    GAME   PRESERVE 

800  Acres,  Fronting  on  Lake. 
One  of  the  most  interesting  prospects 
to  develop  within  65  miles  of  New  York 
City.  Can  be  purchased  at  very  reason- 
able price;  worth  investigation;  some 
farming  land;  good  farm  buildings. 

WILLIAM  H.  MILLS  ^  ^SE^^^^Ik'"' 


Your  co-operation  wilh  your  onn  magazine  nlll  Boost 
American  Forestry  to  an  exalted  position  among  adcertis- 
ing  media.  One  tcay  to  co-operate  is  to  patronize  our 
adoertiaers,  or  ask  /or  suggestions  and  adoice. 


TIMBER  CRUISING 

of  all  kinda,  in  all  sections,  brings  me  constantly 
in  touch  with  owners  of  timber  lands  whose 
properties  are  adaptable  to  commercial  or  sport- 
ing   purposes. 

DONALD  E.  LAUDERBURN 
154  Fifth  Avenue  New  York 


READY    JULY    1st— NEW    BOtlKUET 

TIMBER  ESTIMATING  METHODS 

Original  and  Practical  Information  for  the 
Timber  Cruiser,  Timber  Owner,  and  Lumberman, 
gi\  ing  (ieta  ils  of  method  and  cost  of  Timber 
Estimating  based  on  actual  experience  on  over 
100  timber  tracts. 

Postpaid,  50  cents  each. 

HOWARD  R.  KRINBILL 

FOREST  ENGINEER  NEWBERN,  N.  C. 


CORN      CATTLE      HOGS 

Three- crop  Corn  Land 
Virgin  Soil 

No  Crop  Failures 

JOHN   L.   ROPER  LUMBER   CO. 
Norfolk,  Va. 


PHILIP  T.  COOLIDGE 

FORESTER 

SteUon  BIdg.,  31  Central  Street,  Bangor,  Me. 

Management  and  ProtecUon  of  Woodlands 

ImproiemenI  Cuttings,  Planting,   Timber 

Estimates  and  Maps.       Surveying 


IF  YOU  WANT  TO  BUY 

Timberlands,  Preserves, 
Estates,  Farms,  Camps, 
etc.,  then  we  can  assist 
in  getting  exactly  what 
you  want,  provided  such 
properties  exist. 

REAL  ESTATE  DEPARTMENT 
2  West  45th  St.     New  York  City 


HALE   OF  TIMBER.    WHITE    MOUNTAIN    APACHE 

INDIAN  HESERVATION. 
QEALED  BIDS,  MARKED  OUTSIDE  'BID, 
>J  White  Mountain  Apache  Indian  Reservation  Tim- 
ber" and  addresBed  to  "The  Commissioner  of  Indian 
Affairs.  Washington.  D  C."  will  be  received  tinlil 
12:00  oclo<k  noon,  Eastern  Time,  Wednesday,  Octot>er 
24,  1917.  for  the  ptirchase  of  timber  vipon  about  68.000 
acres  within  Townahips  8  and  8^  North.  Ranges  'A  24. 
25  and  26.  and  Townships  9  North,  Ranges  24  ind  25 
East.  G.  &  S.  B.  P.  M..  Arizona.  The  sale  embraces 
approximately  400.000,000  feet  of  timber  (about  95% 
We.stem  Yellow  Pine  and  3  to  5%  Douglas  Fir  end 
other  specien).  Each  bid  must  state  the  amount  per 
thousand  feet.  Scribner  decimal  C.  log  scale,  that  will 
be  paid  for  timber  of  all  species  cut  prior  to  October  1, 
1924.  I*rice»  subsequent  to  tliat  date  are  to  be  fixed  by 
the  CommisKioner  of  Indian  Affairs  by  three  year  oeriods, 
in  accordance  with  operating  and  market  conditions.  No 
bid  of  less  than  Three  Dollars  per  thousand  feet  for  all 
six-ciea  within  tbe  sale  area  for  the  first  period  will  bo 
considered.  Each  bid  must  be  submitted  in  tripliaate 
and  be  accomiianied  by  a  certified  ch:"ck  on  a  sulveiit 
-National  Bank,  in  favor  of  the  Superintendent  of  the 
Port  Apache  Indian  Scliool.  in  tlie  amount  of  Fifteen 
'ITionsand  Do'lars,  The  detKwit  will  be  returned  it  the 
bid  is  rej^L-ted,  but  ten  iier  cent,  of  it  will  be  retained 
if  the  bid  i&  accepted  and  the  required  contract  and 
Iwnd  are  not  executed  and  presented  for  approval  within 
thirty  days  from  such  acceptance.  If  the  bid  is  ac- 
cepted and  the  contract  and  bond  executed,  the  deposit 
uill  \Je  appliexi  as  an  advance  payment  on  the  inirchaso 
price.  Tile  right  to  reject  any  and  all  bids  is  j-esorved. 
l''or  copies  of  bid  and  contract  forms  and  for  other  in- 
formation regarding  the  offering,  application  should  be 
made  to  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs, 

The  Department  nf  AKiicilturr  has  advertised  a  tract 
adjacent  to  the  Indian  Reservation  containing  approxi- 
inauly  iSS.OOO.tOO  feet  of  timher.  The  In  lian  timber  and 
the  National  Forest  Timb(r  are  \)e\nn  advertised  at  tlie 
same  time  vith  the  understanding  that  the  purchaser 
i(f  these  tracts  may  log  them  together.  Information  as 
to  the  Natinnal  For.'st  rimb^r  may  be  obtained  from  the 
District    Forester,    Albuquerque,    New    Mexico 

Washington.  D.  C,  Au>fUHt  27.  1917.  CAXO  SELLS, 
Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs, 


FREE 

Best   Expert 
Instruction  on 

CANNING,  DRYING 

PICKUNa  STORING 

ETC.,  OF 

VEGETABLES 

AND  FRUITS 


WRITE   TO 


Conservation  Department 
American    Forestry   Association 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


No  matter  where y  if  there 

is  timber  there ^  Lacey  &  Com- 
pany knows  all  about  it  and  can  tell 
you — can  offer  you  a  buy  or  a  buyer  or 
show  you  why  there  is  neither. 

James  D.  Lacey  &  Company 

deals  in  satisfactory  trades  and  solid 
facts  only,     37  years  in  business. 

Sen t^  for  our  interesting  booklet. 


^%y 


i.ii!iiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiini{iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii«iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiy^ 

I  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  I 


VOL.  XXIU 


OCTOBER  1917 


NO.  286 


miiiiiiiiiiiniiiii 


A  RELIEF  AND  COMFORT  FUND 


m 


ITH  the  entry  of  the  regiments  of  foresters,  woods- 
men and  lumbermen  into  service  in  the  European 
war  zone  there  arises  urgent  need  for  providing 
definite  relief  for  families  of  its  members  requiring  assist- 
ance while  they  are  on  service,  or  if  they  are  killed  or 
wounded,  and  for  affording  field  comforts  for  the  men 
themselves.  To  meet  both  phases  of  this  need  the  Ameri- 
can Forestry  Relief  and  Comfort  Fund  has  been  organ- 
ized. Through  the  operation  of  this  fund  it  is  believed 
that  much  can  be  accomplished  in  behalf  of  the  men  and 
their  dependent  families. 

That  this  enterprise  will  commend  itself  to  the  indi- 
vidual membership  of  the  American  Forestry  Association 
is  certain.  Every  man  and  woman  interested  in  the  wood- 
land wealth  of  America  will  have  a  direct  interest  in  the 
men  who  have  gone  into  the  forests  of  devastated  France. 
A  common  love  for  the  open  places  of  the  great  out-of- 
doors  cements  the  two  classes  into  a  brotherhood  of  sym- 
pathy and  understanding.  The  members  of  the  Tenth 
Engineers  (Forest)  are  doing  a  work  which  appeals  to 
all  those  to  whom  it  has  been  given  to  know  the  message 
of  the  forest.  They  are  doing  this  work  in  answer  to  the 
urgent  call  of  their  country  and  the  vital  needs  of  the  al- 
lied nations  joined  with  America  in  the  fight  for  the  per- 
petuation of  Democratic  institutions.  Those  of  us  who 
remain  at  home  have  no  duty  more  imperative  than  to 
show  them  that  their  patriotism  is  appreciated  and  their 
sacrifices  met  with  adequate  response.  To  achieve  this 
nothing  will  be  so  effective  as  to  give  them  assurance 
that  their  loved-ones  will  not  suffer  and  that  their  own 
welfare  in  the  war-zone  will  be  looked  after  by  the  people 
back  home. 

In  sending  the  Tenth  Engineers  (Forest)  to  France  the 
War  Department  has  made  only  a  beginning.  Another 
regiment  is  now  in  process  of  formation  and  within  a 
shoit  time  there  will  be  9200  men  in  these  organizations 
in  French  territory.  With  the  increased  number  will 
come  increased  needs.  In  order  that  adequate  provision 
may  be  made  for  these  needs  it  is  important  that  the  Re- 
lief and  Comfort  Fund  shall  make  headway  as  rapidly 
as  possible. 

The  primary  purpose  of  the  Fund  will  be  to  look  to 


the  needs  of  dependent  families.  Among  the  thousands 
who  answer  the  country's  call  for  forest  workers  it  is  in- 
evitable that  there  should  be  some  who  are  illy  prepared 
to  leave  their  families  properly  provided  for.  The  pay  of 
a  soldier  does  not  go  very  far  toward  meeting  the  re- 
quirements of  a  household  left  without  its  usual  means 
of  support.  If  there  be  illness  or  other  misfortune  the 
deficit  is  emphasized.  With  the  haunting  fear  that  his 
loved  ones  are  not  properly  cared  for  the  soldier  forester 
will  be  sadly  handicapped  in  his  work.  That  he  should 
labor  under  this  handicap  is  manifestly  unfair.  The  peo- 
ple of  a  grateful  nation  are  under  a  patriotic  obligation 
to  remove  this  source  of  worry  from  the  man  who  has 
gone  to  France  to  contribute  his  skill  and  to  risk  his  life 
in  the  interests  of  the  cause  of  freedom.  The  aim  of  the 
fund  is  to  make  provision  for  such  dependent  families,  to 
assist  the  man  and  his  household  in  the  event  of  injury 
and  to  provide  insurance  money  in  the  event  of  death. 
In  making  these  things  possible  the  generous  people  of 
America  will  be  doing  that  which  is  not  only  a  duty  but 
a  privilege  as  well. 

The  personal  comfort  and  entertainment  of  the  men  in 
France  will  be  another  important  consideration  of  the 
Fund.  The  man  who  undertakes  the  man-sized  job  of  a 
woodsman  needs  all  the  comfort  and  relaxation  he  can 
find.  This  is  true  even  when  he  is  in  his  own  woods  in 
his  own  country.  When  he  is  taken  from  his  native  en- 
vironment and  transplanted  to  the  battle-torn  forests  of 
an  alien  land,  among  the  people  of  an  alien  tongue,  his 
needs  are  vastly  multiplied.  He  will  want  every  form  of 
comfort  that  can  be  provided.  For  relaxation  and  men- 
tal stimulus  he  will  want  books  and  periodicals  from 
home.  These  things  are  especially  important,  as  is  at- 
tested by  all  army  men  who  have  had  experience  in  field 
and  camp.  As  a  panacea  for  strained  nerves  and  home- 
sickness he  will  want  his  pipe  and  tobacco,  through  the 
medium  of  which  to  reap  peace  and  contentment  other- 
wise lacking.  For  his  bodily  comfort  he  will  need  sleeve- 
less sweaters  and  mufflers  with  which  to  protect  himself 
from  the  chill  winds  of  the  French  winter.  For  his  recre- 
ation he  will  need  phonographs  and  records  with  which 
to  beguile  the  hours  of  leisure  that  otherwise  would  hang 
heavily  on  his  hands.  For  these  things  he  will  look  to 
the  American  Forestry  Relief  and  Comfort  Fund. 


WHAT    A    WKLI.  TRAINED    GOURD    VINE    CAN    DO    WHEN    IT   TRIES 

It  is  no  longer  considered  necessary  for  a  gourd  to  grow  in  the  old-fashioned  form,  which  made  it  chiefly  useful  as  a  dipper  to  ac- 
company the  old  oaken  bucket  A  gourd  enthusiast  has  taken  the  time  to  produce  gourds  of  various  shapes  and  in  proof  o'  h'S 
skill  he  submits  this  picture  of  his  vineyard  One  of  his  proudest  achievements  was  the  production  of  gourds  that  were  so  much  like 
eggs   in   appearance   as  to  cause   visitors  extreme  consternation   when   the  "eggs"'   were   "accidentally"   spilled. 


NOT   THE    PRODUCT  OF   THE    SILVERSMITH, 


GOURDS 


Among  the  curious  developments  of  the  gourd  in  the  vineyard  of  the  enthusiast  referred  to  above  is  the  flower  vase  shown  m  the 
left  hand  picture.  In  the  center,  mounted  on  a  board,  is  a  display  of  cigar  holders,  plucked  fresh  from  this  same  vineyard  At  the 
right  is  a  bowl,  with  ladles  The  grower  of  these  remarkable  gourds,  is  E.  E  Wilcox,  a  New  York  banker,  and  he  insists  that  any 
gourd   fancier  can  achieve   the   same  results.     The  pictures   were   taken    on    the    Wilcox    farm 


WOOD  ON  THE  WING 

By  BRISTOW  ADAMS 


© 


OMBS  from  a  foreign  airplane  were  employed  in 
a  bombardment  of  the  White  House  on  Saturday, 
September  22,  1917.  That  the  bombs  were  floral 
and  that  the  airplane  carried  the  colors  of  a 
friendly  nation  are  merely  incidental.  The  important 
fact  is  that  the  bombardment  took  place  and  was  wit- 
nessed by  thousands  of  interested  spectators. 

On  a  brisk  autumn  morning  an  ivory-tinted  airplane 
gleamed  against  the  bluest  sky  that  ever  domed  the  City 
of  Washington.  The  sky  was  essentially  Italian,  im- 
ported especially  for  the  purpose  of  welcoming  the  ivory 
tinted  biplane  which  had  been  piloted  by  an  Italian  flyer 
from  Norfolk  to  the  banks  of  the  Potomac.  Thousands 
of  people  awaited  the  arrival  of  the  plane  and  greeted 
the  visitor  with  the  enthusiasm  born  of  international 
brotherhood  in  arms.  Hardly  had  the  aviator  received 
the  cordial  welcome  of  sky  and  populace  when  up  from 
the  horizon  swept  another  and  larger  biplane;  silver- 
gray,  to  be  followed  shortly  afterwards  by  the  great 
Italian  war-tractor  carrying  a  dozen  or  more  persons. 


It  was  during  the  flight  over  the  city  that  the  flora: 
bombs  were  dropped  on  the  Executive  Mansion. 

Less  than  ten  years  before  a  group  of  watchers  had 
looked  toward  the  same  Southern  horizon  for  the  appear- 
ance of  another  biplane.  This  machine  had  passed  the 
preliminary  tests  and  was  on  its  final  supreme  trial  be- 
fore acceptance  by  the  United  States  Government.  The 
supreme  trial  was  an  overland  flight  from  the  parade 
ground  at  Fort  Myer,  just  across  the  Potomac  from 
Washington,  down  to  Alexandria — all  of  seven  miles 
away — and  back  again  to  the  starting  place.  As  the 
wind  died  down  with  the  setting  sun,  this  Wright  ma- 
chine, started  by  means  of  the  pulley-and-weight  launch- 
ing device,  made  a  few  preliminary  circlings  and  then 
sailed  away  over  the  tree-tops  out  of  sight  to  the  South. 

The  wait  for  its  return  seemed  interminable;  watches 
were  consulted ;  it  had  been  gone  ten  minutes.  "I'm 
afraid  it  won't  get  back !"  said  one ;  "probably  couldn't 
make  the  turn,"  said  another ;  "maybe  he  hit  a  tree — he 
was  flying  rather  low."    This  was  the  tenor  of  the  com- 


Copyright   1917  by   Underwood    &   Underwood,   New    York. 

BUILDING  AMERICA'S  GREAT  AIR  FLEET  FOR  USE  IN  THE  WAR 
The  extent  to  which  wood  enters  into  airplane  construction  is  attracting  the  attention  of  foresters  and  lumbermen.     The  Government's  program  calls 
for   the   construction   of  23,000  airplanes   within   twelve   months.     This  call     for  20,000,000  feet  of  lumber  for  propellers  alone.     For  the  aviation  school 
cantonments  the  need  is  120,000.000  feet  and  for  coastal  airplane  stations  22,000,000  feet.  This  picture  shows  one  of  the  processes  in  building  the  planes 
in  a  factory  which  ia  turning  out  large  numbers  for  the  Government.     It  illustrates  the  construction  of  the  frame  of  a  plane. 

S83 


584 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


ments,  with  certain  optimistic  reassurances  from  others. 
Then  the  faint  burr  of  propeller  and  engine  electrified 
the  group  of  watchers;  faint  and  far  a  bird-like  form 
showed  above  the  trees,  and  then  swept  up  fully  into 
view.  Was  there  ever  such  a  thrill?  There  was  no 
cheering;  everybody  was  holding  his  breath! 

In  1917  it  was  different.  Airplanes  were,  compara- 
tively speaking,  quite  common.  Washington,  between 
the  parade  ground  at  Fort  Myer  and  the  flying  field  at 
College  Park,  had  become  quite  blase  to  flying  machines 
gliding  across  the  city  at  twilight.  Then,  too,  the  aerial- 
ists  who  exhibited  their  powers  at  fairs,  had  added  to 
their  repertoires  the  feat  of  circling  the  capitol  dome  and 


Copyright  1817  by  International  Film  Service,  Inc. 

AT  WORK  ON  THE  FRAME  FOR  A  GOVERNMENT  AIRPLANE 


Great  care  and  precision  are  required  in  the  building  of  an  airplane.     If  the  pi 

fare  this  accuracy  of  construction  involves  not  merely  the  life  of  the  aviator,  but  the  safety  of  an  entire 
army  may  depend  on  it  if  the  bird-man  is  engaged  in  directing  the  operations  of  the  hghting  forces  be- 
low. Thia  means  that  every  step  must  be  taken  with  the  utmost  skill  and  caution.  The  delicate  construc- 
tion IS  apparent. 


looping-the-loop   above    the   apex   of    the   Washington 
Monument. 

Rut  these  Italians  had  something  new.  They  used 
large  planes  and  did  all  of  the  exhibition  stunts  and  a 
few  others  besides,  including  a  heart-stopping  sidewise 
fall  that  might  fool  even  an  enemy  pilot  into  believing 
they  had  been  mortally  hit. 

"Eyetalians  puUin'  dat  stuflf!"  was  the  disparaging 
remark  of  a  messenger  boy  who  stopped  to  watch  the 
performance,  despite  a  half-dozen  telegrams  in  his  hat. 
"Don't  tell  me  a  bunch  o'  Wops  is  gettin'  away  wid  dat 
box  o'  tricks.  Dem's  Americans  ;  we're  de  only  ones  dat's 
got  de  goods  in  dat  stuff."  And  he  would  not  be  per- 
suaded otherwise.  No  sir-ree ! 
But  there  were  the  planes, 
heavier  than  air,  larger  than 
a  freight  car  in  outside  dimen- 
sions, disporting  themselves 
like  playful  swallows,  and  do- 
ing topsy-turvy  tumbling 
that  no  sane  swallow  ever 
thought  of  undertaking. 
Structures  of  cloth,  and  wire 
and  wood,  supporting  heavy 
engines  and  passengers,  play- 
ing in  the  air  with  the  easy, 
careless  grace  of  fur-seals  in 
the  billows  of  the  sea ! 

"And  wood,"  says  the  re- 
current and  insistent  thought 
of  the  forester,  "is  the  essence 
of  their  construction."  His- 
tory, which  does  not  go  far 
back  in  this  case,  says  the 
same  thing.  Here  is  the 
record. 

During  the  years  from 
about  1910  to  1915,  the  Forest 
Service  made  a  series  of 
studies  of  the  wood-using  in- 
dustries of  the  United  States, 
by  States.  These  were  made 
in  co-operation  with  the 
States  themselves,  or  with  or- 
ganizations within  the  State 
boundaries,  and  the  results 
were  published  by  the  co- 
operating agency,  or,  in  some 
instances  by  lumber  trade 
journals. 

These  reports  took  up  each 
wood-using  industry  in  alpha- 
betical order,  discussed  its 
needs  and  its  value,  gave  the 
kinds  of  woods  used  and  the 
sources  of  the  raw  material. 
The  alphabetical  lists  usually 
began  with  "agricultural  im- 
plements" or  "automobiles," 
and    ended    with     "umbrella 


WOOD  ON  THE  WING 


585 


sticks,"  "vehicles"  or  "wood- 
enware."  In  only  one  that 
the  writer  has  seen — and  he 
has  made  a  pretty  thorough 
search  through  them  —  has 
there  been  any  mention  of 
airplanes,  yet  wood  is  the  es- 
sential material  in  their  con- 
struction. In  other  words, 
airplane  manufacture,  upon 
which  the  outcome  of  the  war 
is  said  to  depend,  was  scarcely 
mentioned  in  this  series  of 
government  reports  issued 
within  the  past  five  years. 

The  one  exception  to  the 
general  dearth  of  facts  about 
airplane  manufacture  was  in 
the  report  on  the  wood-using 
industries  of  New  York,  is- 
sued in  1913.  It  listed  three 
manufacturers  who  made 
planes  or  their  parts,  and 
gave  the  quantity  of  wood 
used  annually  as  31,400  board 
feet,  of  which  spruce  fur- 
nished about  half,  the  other 
woods  mentioned  being  ash, 
yellow  poplar,  white  oak  and 
hickory.  The  total  cost  of  all 
woods  used  was  less  than 
$1,000.00,  to  be  exact,  $968. 

Compare  these  figures  of 
four  years  ago  with  the  pres- 
ent plans  for  7,500,000  feet 
of  oak,  and  from  40,000,000 
to  100,000,000  board  feet  of 
spruce. 

It   is   difficult   to   state   au- 


Copyright  1917  by   International  Film  Service.  Inc 

WOOD  IN  THE  WING  OF  A  WAR  AIRPLANE 
Spruce  stands  first  in  the  kinds  of  wood  demanded  in  airplane  construction  Practically  all  of  the  con- 
struction is  of  built-up  or  laminated  wood.  One  advantage  of  this  construction  is  that  the  lamination 
divides  the  stresses  and  prevents  them  from  coming  in  full  force  on  any  one  grain.  Another  advantage  is 
that  the  laminated  stock  can  i)e  built  to  form  curves  or  can  be  bent  to  curves  without  splitting  or  weak- 
ening the  piece.     This  picture  shows  men  at  work  making  a  wing  for  a  Government   war  plane. 


thoritatively  just  how  much  lumber  is  going  into  air- 
plane construction,  because  authorities  disagree.  One 
statement  which  has  official  sanction  is  about  as  follows : 
"The  war  is  going  to  be  won  in  the  air.  The  program 
calls  for  the  construction  of  more  than  20,000  airplanes 
within  twelve  months."  Since  then  it  has  been  stated 
that  the  estimates  have  been  revised — and  it  has  been 
a  revision  upwards.  In  another  statement  it  is  pointed 
out  that  "each  propeller  uses  300  feet  of  lumber,  and  if 
23,000  airplanes  are  built  as  proposed,  and  two  propel- 
lers are  held  in  reserve  for  each  machine,  it  will  take 
20,000,000  board  feet  for  the  propellers  alone."  This 
corresponds  to  the  7,500,000  feet  of  oak  for  the  supply- 
ing of  the  blades  actually  needed  for  initial  construction, 
without  allowing  for  reserve  propellers.  The  govern- 
ment now  is  using,  according  to  another  authority,  some 
3,500,000  feet  of  lumber  for  airplanes  themselves,  and 
120,000,000  feet  for  aviation  school  cantonments  with 
an  additional  22,000,000  for  coastal  airplane  stations. 

Spruce  stands  first  in  the  kinds  of  wood  demanded  in 
airplane  construction.     Practically  all  of  the  framework 


is  of  spruce  and  it  bids  fair  to  hold  its  place,  with  a 
possible  supplementing  by  bamboo.  Metal  tubing  has 
been  tried,  but  has  not  given  satisfaction. 

The  essential  qualities  of  airplane  woods  include 
straightness  of  grain,  strength  and  lightness,  and  abso- 
lute freedom  from  defects.  The  "struts"  or  upright  posts 
used  in  biplanes  and  triplanes  are  of  spruce,  as  are  the 
supporting  ribs  in  the  planes  themselves,  and  the  beams, 
running  lengthwise.  In  these,  in  particular,  the  grain 
must  be  straight,  and  must  continue  the  whole  length  of 
the  piece  without  going  across  from  one  side  to  the 
other,  or  without  "running  out." 

Practically  all  of  the  construction  is  of  built-up  or 
laminated  wood,  in  which  thin  layers  are  glued  together 
to  form  the  part  needed.  That  is,  each  post,  beam,  or 
rib  is  made  up  of  thin  strips  glued  together.  Except  for 
tacks  used  in  covering  the  wing  frames  no  nails  are  used, 
because  they  make  weak  spots  where  they  are  driven. 

The  laminated  construction  has  many  advantages.  In 
the  first  place,  the  smaller  the  pieces  of  wood  that  are 


586 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Copyright   1917  by   International   Film   Service,   New  York. 

FASHIONING  A   PROPELLER   FOR   A  WAR   SHIP  OF  THE   AIR. 
The  speed   of  a  propeller's   revolutions   make   heavy   demands   on    their    strength.     Some   idea  of  this  strain   is  afforded  by   the  statement  that   some 
engines  run   at  1700  revolutions  a  minute  and  can  be  geared  up  to  2000.     An  engine  of  this  power  would  use  a  nine  and  one-half  foot  propeller  and 
the  speed  of  the  blade  ends  would  be  approximately  600  miles  an   hour.     Such  speed  subjects  the  blade  to  pressure  of  a  good  many  thousand  pounds 
to  the  square  inch  and  propellers  are  apt  to  split  at  the  center  and  fly   apart  unless  made  of  perfect  material  and  with  great  care. 


used  the  more  likely  are 
they  to  be  free  from  de- 
fects. Further,  the  lamina- 
tion divides  the  stresses 
and  prevents  them  from 
coming  in  full  force  on  any 
one  grain.  It  is,  on  the 
whole,  another  exemplifica- 
tion of  the  adage  that 
in  union  there  is  strength. 
Still  another  advantage 
comes  from  the  fact  that 
the  laminated  stock  can  be 
built  to  form  curves,  or 
can  be  bent  to  a  curve 
without  splitting  or  weak- 
ening the  piece.  The 
planes  are  curved  from 
front  to  back,  and  the  ribs 
upon  which  they  are 
stretched  form  the  basis  of 
this  curve. 

The  main  reason  for  the 
use  of  spruce  is  its  unifor- 
mity of  structure  and  free- 
dom from  defects.  Other 
woods  have  desirable  me- 
chanical    properties,     but 


Copyright  1917  by  Underwood   &  Underwood,  New   York. 

FEW  NAILS  ARE  PERMITTED  IN  AIRPLANES 
Nails  are  not  a  great  deal  used  in  the  building  of  airplanes.     Each  post. 


beam  or  rib  is  made  up  of  thin  layers  glued  together.     --     - 

One  part  of  the  construction   in   which  nails  or  tacks  are  used 


Nails  weaken  the 
structure.  One  part  of'  the  construction  in  whicTl  nails  _ 
is  in  covering  the  wing  frames,  as  pictured  herewith.  This  must  be  done 
with  the  utmost  care  and  requires  the  employment  of  men  of  skill  and 
intelligence. 


lack  what  might  be  termed 
the  reliability  of  spruce. 
Upon  the  wood's  reliabil- 
ity the  safety  of  the 
aviator  depends,  and  in 
turn  this  may  mean  the 
safety  of  a  whole  brigade 
of  men  on  the  ground, 
whose  movements  the  avi- 
ator is  directing.  In  other 
objects  made  of  wood  there 
can  be  a  slight  margin  of 
material  which  is  not  quite 
perfect,  and  this  is  recog- 
nized in  the  lumber  grad- 
ing rules ;  but  not  so  with 
airplanes. 

Spruce  has  the  quality 
of  being  what  it  appears 
to  be  on  the  surface.  It 
does  not  have  hidden  de- 
fects, and  this  material 
frankness  makes  it  a  fa- 
vorite. If  one  picks  out  a 
stick  of  spruce  that  looks 
good — is  clear  and  straight 
— he  may  be  sure  that  it  is 
good.     Other  woods   very 


WOOD  ON  THE  WING 


587 


Photograph  from  Underwood  &  Underwood,  New  York. 

WHERE  PROPELLERS  ARE  BUILT  IN  LARGE  QUANTITIES. 

This  is  a  picture  taken  in  the  propeller  department  of  one  of  the  great  airplane  plants  now  devoted  to  turning  out  machines  for  the  United  States 
Government  Ash  has  been  preferred  for  this  feature  of  construction,  but  the  largest  single  order  for  propeller-blade  material  is  said  to  have  been 
for  the  finest  grade  of  quarter-sawed  white  oak.  Propellers  are  sometimes  made  of  mahogany  or  of  a  combination  of  mahogany  and  spruce  to  al- 
ternate layers  Some  propellers  are  made  wholly  of  black  walnut,  which  does  not  splinter  when  hit  by  a  projectile.  The  sponginess  of  texture 
that  keeps  walnut  from  splintering  is  one  of  the  chief  reasons  for  the  use  of  this  material  in  rifle  stocks. 


like  spruce  in  general  appearance  may  look  as  straight 
and  clear,  but  will  occasionally  deceive. 

Propellers,  like  the  other  parts,  are  made  of  built-up 
pieces.  Ash  has  been  preferred;  but  the  largest  single 
order  for  propeller-blade  material  is  said  to  have  been 
for  the  very  finest  grade  of  quarter-sawed  white  oak. 
Some  propellers  are  made  of  mahogany,  mahogany  and 
spruce  in  alternate  layers,  or  mahogany  and  ash.  Black 
walnut  has  been  used  in  place  of  mahogany,  and  some 
propeller  blades  are  made  wholly  of  black  walnut.  This 
is  partly  because  black  walnut,  hit  by  projectiles,  does 
not  splinter.  It  has  a  sponginess  of  texture  which  gives 
it  this  quality,  and  furnishes  one  of  the  reasons  why 
black  walnut  is  universally  in  demand  for  rifle  stocks. 

The  propellers  are  subjected  to  other  trials  than  those 
of  gun.  fire,  and  their  normal  action  makes  heavy  de- 
mands on  their  strength.  The  very  speed  of  their  revo- 
lutions tends  to  disrupt  them.  In  a  test  run  with  pro- 
pellers made  of  wood  which  had  been  dried  to  the  lowest 
possible  moisture  content,  or  bone-dry,  as  they  say  at  the 
Forest  Products  Laboratory,  the  ends  of  the  blades  ac- 
tually exuded  sap  which  was  forced  out  by  centrifugal 
action.  In  tests,  at  least,  it  has  been  possible  to  speed 
the  propellers  up  to  such  a  pitch  that  the  outer  end  of 
the  blade  on  an  eight-foot  propeller  travels  at  the  rate 
of  400  miles  an  hour. 

Some  air-machine  engines  run  at  1700  revolutions  a 
minute,  and  can  be  geared  up  to  2000.  An  engine  of  this 
power  would  use  a  nine-foot-six-inch  propeller,  and  the 
speed  of  the  blade  ends  would  be  in  the  neighborhood  of 
600  miles  an  hour.  A  good  many  thousands  of  pounds 
of  pressure  per  square  inch  are  generated  by  this  action 


alone,  and  propellers  have  been  known  to  split  at  the 
center  and  fly  apart.  Even  the  smallest  lack  of  balance 
between  the  two  blades  is  very  serious,  since  the  pull  of 
one  must  counterbalance  that  of  the  other. 

In  addition  there  is  the  gyroscopic  force  which  tends 
to  keep  the  blades  rotating  in  the  same  plane.  At  high 
soeed  this  force  is  hard  to  overcome,  and  the  cross  strains 
it  introduces  when  there  is  a  change  of  direction,  either 
up,  down,  or  sidewise,  are  enormous. 

Yet  under  conditions  of  modern  warfare,  when  an  avi- 
ator has  to  "loop  the  loop"  or  plunge,  or  ascend  sharply 
in  maneuvering  to  bring  down,  or  to  escape  from,  an 
enemy  the  machine  has  to  meet  and  withstand  these  un- 
usual tests. 

Ash  is  used  somewhat  in  propeller  blades,  but  serves 
its  main  purpose  for  engine  beds ;  maple,  birch  and 
cherry  have  found  some  place  in  propeller  manufacture ; 
Douglas  fir  has  been  used  for  struts,  and  while  there  is 
a  plentiful  supply  of  this  wood  it  does  not  have  all  of  the 
required  characteristics.  Sugar  pine  has  value,  but  the 
commercial  output  is  not  large  enough  to  make  it  wholly 
dependable. 

Already  the  demand  for  woods  is  forcing  a  search  for 
substitutes  in  place  of  spruce ;  of  these.  Port  Orford 
cedar  appears  to  be  the  most  promising.  It  is  marketed 
from  a  comparatively  small  area  in  southern  Oregon 
only,  and  sufficient  quantities  cannot  be  gotten  out  at 
once.  Other  substitutes  for  spruce  are  eastern  white 
pine  and  southern  white  cedar,  though  it  must  be  ad- 
mitted that  the  latter  has  been  suggested  because  of  some 
of  its  known  advantages  and  not  from  actual  tests. 

The  best  of  the  spruces  for  airplane  manufacture  is 


588 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


the  western  variety,  or  Sitka  spruce.  There  is  more  than 
enough  of  it,  but  there  is  difficulty  in  getting  the  very 
highest  grades.  The  Forest  Service  estimates  that  only 
13  per  cent,  approximately,  is  available  for  plane  con- 
struction. Of  Port  Orford  cedar,  10  per  cent  is  about  all 
that  can  be  counted  on  as  good  enough  for  planes ;  about 
8  per  cent  can  be  used  from  the  spruce  of  Virginia  and 
West  Virginia,  and  only  about  5  per  cent  from  the  small- 
er trees  of  Maine.  A  member  of  the  Curtiss  firm  is  re- 
ported to  have  said  that  only  167  board  feet,  on  an  aver- 
age, goes  into  planes  from  each  1000  board  feet ;  he  fur- 
ther estimates  that  117,000,000  feet  of  spruce  is  needed 
between  now  and  next  July. 

The  Italians,  who  have  made  some  of  the  largest 
planes,  have  gone  farther  into  the  use  of  Douglas  fir 
than  have  the  other  nations,  claiming  that  it  has  enough 
of  the  required  mechanical  properties  and  that  its  great- 
er weight  is  no  bar  in  the  heavy  machines  that  they  are 
building.  Laboratory  tests  indicate,  however,  that  it 
may  lack  somewhat  in  shock-resisting  qualities.  A  re- 
cent contract,  reported  from  Seattle,  calls  for  25,000,000 
feet  of  Douglas  fir  for  airplane  use  by  Italy. 

In  the  New  York  report  of  1913  the  average  cost  of 
the  woods  then  used  in  plane  manufacture  was  about  $30 
a  thousand  board  feet,  which  was  high  as  compared 
with  the  costs  of  wood  used  in  other  industries,  though 
some  industries  far  exceeded  this  cost  of  raw  material ; 
black  walnut  for  fire  arms,  woods  used  for  sporting 
goods,  and  cigar-box  woods  were  more  expensive.    Some 


manufacturers  reported  special  prices  as  high  as  $100  a 
thousand,  a  cost  exceeded  only  by  the  woods  used  for 
cigar  boxes.  At  that  time,  with  the  smaller  machines, 
the  total  cost  of  lumber  in  an  airplane  ranged  between 
$100  and  $150,  while  the  labor  cost  was  between  $800 
and  $1000. 

Since  then,  prices  have  increased  enormously.  It  is 
said  that  construction  experts  of  four  nations — Ameri- 
can, English,  French  and  Italian — have  agreed  on  a 
price  of  $105  a  thousand  for  the  grades  of  Sitka  spruce 
which  they  have  specified  as  coming  up  to  the  excellence 
demanded.  The  quantity  of  wood  needed  for  each  plane 
varies,  of  course,  with  the  size  of  the  machine;  few  of 
the  present-day  types  contain  less  than  250  feet,  and  it 
may  take  2000  feet  in  the  rough  to  furnish  this  amount. 
One  Washington  lumberman  is  making  sure  of  getting 
only  the  straightest  of  straight-grained  stuff  by  splitting 
it  out  of  the  log  instead  of  sawing  it.  He  gets  quality 
at  the  expense  of  considerable  waste,  just  as  there  has 
always  been  enormous  waste  in  riving  out  choice  white 
oak  cooperage  stock,  or  hickory  for  spokes.  But  the 
resultant  product  is  sure  to  have  straightness  of  grain. 
There  is  no  place  where  this  is  more  important  than  in 
planes. 

There  has  been  an  actual  dearth  of  the  kind  of  Sitka 
spruce  that  must  be  had,  but  the  northwestern  loggers 
and  mill  men,  in  spite  of  labor  troubles  said  to  have  been 
fomented  by  our  enemies,  have  begun  to  catch  up  with 
the  demand ;  before  long  they  should  be  able  to  keep  up 


Copyright   1917  by  Underwood   &  Underwood,   New   York. 

WHERE    FLYING    IS    LEARNED    BY    UNCLE    SAM'S    AVIATORS. 

With  the  constant  increase  in  the  army  aviation  corps  comes  an  increased  demand  for  training  school  facilities.  This  picture  shows  carpenters  at 
work  on  the  construction  of  hangars  for  the  storing  of  airplanes  at  one  of  the  Government  schools.  Skilled  aviators  are  being  turned  out  rapidly 
at  these  camps,  to  man  the  thousands  of  airplanes  now  being  built  by  the  Government.  Evidence  that  aviation  is  perhaps  the  most  interesting 
branch  of  army^  service  during  the  present  war  is  given  by  the  way  the  young  men  of  the  country  are  flocking  to  join  the  corps.  Every  camp 
in   the  country   is  being  enlarged   to   take  care   of  these   future    warriors  of   the    air. 


WOOD  ON  THE  WING 


589 


a  sufficient  and  constant  supply.     In  fact,  they  promise 
to  do  so. 

The  use  of  wood  in  airplanes  constitutes  a  new  field 
for  this  most  necessary  commodity.  It  would  be  surpris- 
ing to  the  layman  to  see  the  work  that  is  being  done  all 
over  the  country  in  perfecting  this  use.  The  best  engi- 
neers of  the  country  are  busy  designing,  many  of  them 
being  gathered  in  Washington  with  the  Council  of  Na- 
tional Defense.  There  is  a  national  advisory  committee 
on  aeronautics  whose  members  are  performing  experi- 
ments and  plotting  curves  all  day  long.  Some  are  spe- 
cialists on  propellers,  others  on  the  structure  of  the 
planes,  to  say  nothing  of  all  the  work  that  has  been  done 


and  as  to  workability  or  ease  of  manipulation  in  manu- 
facture. 

It  is  currently  reported  that  those  who  have  studied 
the  possibilities  of  manufacture  within  the  next  year 
agree  that  Germany  can  almost  keep  pace  with  the  com- 
bined output  of  England  and  of  France.  Numerically, 
there  will  be  no  marked  supremacy  in  the  air  on  the 
western  front  until  the  United  States  gets  into  the  game 
and  gives  the  Allied  forces  a  distinct  advantage.  For 
the  Allies  to  win  the  war,  it  is  generally  admitted  that 
the  German  air  forces  must  be  literally  smothered,  thus 
putting  out  the  eyes  of  the  Teuton  armies.  In  addition, 
the  war  which  has  long  been  practically  a  deadlock  in 


Copyright  1917  by  Underwood   &  Underwood,  New  York. 

SPEED  IS  SUGGESTED  BY  THE  VERY  LOOKS  OF  THESE  BODIES 


In  this  general   scene   in  a  manufacturing  plant  is  shown  a  line-up  of  airplanes   almost   finished   and   ready   for  delivery   to   the   Government      Each 
of  the  long  slim  bodies  shows  the   seats  for  observer  and  pilot      In   the   lower   left-hand   corner  are   rudders   painted    with   the   red,    white   an 
stripes    which    are   the   emblem   of    identification    for   the    American    flyers      Each   week  sees  this  room  emptied  by  the  transfer  of  the  Ijodies  to  the 


id   blu 


final   assembling  rooms      The   factory    in    which   this  picture    was   made   turns  out  scores  of  machines  every  month  and   within  a  short  time  the  very 
planes   here   shown    will    doubtless   be   carrying  American    aviators   over   the   fighting  lines   in   France. 


on  engines.  The  research  branch  of  the  Forest  Service 
has  been  busy  in  this  field,  and  the  timber  tests  con- 
ducted at  the  Forest  Products  Laboratory  have  been  in- 
valuable. Private  firms  have  had  their  own  experts  in- 
vestigating. If  air  supremacy  does  not  come  out  of  it, 
then  American  inventiveness  and  ingenuity  have  at  last 
been  stumped. 

Back  of  all  there  is  the  insistent  thought  that  the  for- 
est resources  of  the  country,  serving  so  well  in  war  in 
addition  to  their  basic  value  in  ])eace,  are  worthy  of  every 
effort  that  can  be  made  to  conserve  them.  They  furnish 
in  the  case  of  airplanes,  a  material  for  which  there  is 
no  substitute  as  to  strength  in  proportion  to  lightness. 


the  trenches,  must  be  carried  into  Germany  by  the  air 
route,  with  destruction  showered  from  the  skies,  ten 
times  as  far  inland  as  the  range  of  the  biggest  guns,  upon 
the  great  War  works  at  Essen  and  upon  the  fleet  at  Kiel. 
This  is  to  be  an  important  phase  of  America's  helpfulness 
in  winning  the  war. 

The  editorial  staff  of  American  Forestry  has  made 
contribution  to  the  aviation  corps  of  the  United  States 
Army  through  the  enlistment  of  Mr.  C.  W.  H.  Douglass. 
With  commendable  patriotism  Mr.  Douglass  made  no  at- 
tempt to  exert  the  influence  at  his  command  toward  j)ro- 
curing  a  commission.  He  was  content  to  go  as  an  en- 
l^ted  man  and  is  now  with  the  army  in  European  ter- 
ritory. 


r^  H.  SHATTUCK  has  left  the  University  of  Idaho  to 
^^*  become  professor  of  forestry  in  the  University  of 
California.  He  will  pay  especial  attention  to  developing 
the  department  of  grazing  and  announces  a  class  of  28 
students  in  this  subject. 


rpORESTRY  students  of  the  University  of  Missouri, 
-'-  Department  of  Agriculture  who  belong  to  tho 
Tenth  Engineers,  Forest  Regiment,  are  C.  R.  Fritchle 
and  E.  B.  Hotze,  of  St.  Louis;  F.  G.  Kraft,  of  Kennett, 
Missouri,  and  G.  A.  Calloway,  of  Lafayette,  Missouri. 


FLYING  WEDGE  OF  BANKERS  AND  FARMERS 


kn  Address  Before  the  American  Bankers'  Association  at  Atlantic  City,  September  24,  1917,  by  Charles  Lathrop 

Pack,  President  of  the  American  Forestry   Association  and   the    National 

Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission. 


HiOOD  CONSERVATION  is  as  important  and  vi- 
I  tal  as  food  production.  In  the  work  of  the  Na- 
tional Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission,  our 
Washington  offices  have  concentrated  their  efforts 
for  the  last  three  months  on  a  nation-wide  drive  for 
winter  preparedness.  We  have  conducted  a  campaign 
of  education  intended  to  reach  every  town  and  city  home 
in  America.  How  well  this  has  succeeded  is  shown  by 
the  circumstance  that  our  manuals  on  home  canning, 
home  drying,  home  storage  and  home  pickling  of  vege- 
tables and  fruits  have  been  circulated  by  millions  of 
copies,  in  every  part  of  every  state  in  the  Union.  The 
daily  lessons  and  helpful  hints  prepared  by  our  experts 
on  food  conservation  have  been  published  constantly  in 
nearly  two  thousand  newspapers  throughout  the  coun- 
try. As  a  result  the  Commission  feels  that  the  homes  of 
America  are  acquiring  familiarity  with  the  subject  of 
food  conservation  hitherto  unknown,  and  this  familiarity 
has  brought  about  an  unprecedented  activity  in  prepar- 
ing foodstuffs  for  winter  uses. 

This  brings  us,  naturally,  to  the  general  question  of 
eliminating  the  middleman  as  far  as  may  be  possible. 
The  town  people  who  have  been  gardening  and  who  have 
been  storing  away  food  in  their  cellars  and  on  their  pan- 
try shelves  have  been  striking  a  telling  blow  at  the  prices 
that  have  made  the  cost  of  living  so  prohibitive.  :  An 
economist  tells  us  that  the  price  of  garden  vegetables 
has  risen  only  about  twenty-two  per  cent  the  past  year, 
while  the  increase  in  grain  and  some  other  products  has 
been  several  times  as  great. 

Let  the  bankers  and  the  farmers  of  America  now  unite 
in  a  flying  wedge  against  the  middleman  and  the  food 
problem  will  be  near  solution.  The  farmer  is  the  best 
friend  the  country  has,  and  the  more  thoroughly  we  show 
recognition  of  this  fact  the  better  off  we  will  be.  If  he 
is  prosperous  you  bankers  and  all  the  rest  of  us  are  pros- 
perous. The  thing  for  you  to  do,  for  us  to  do,  is  to  get 
together — bankers  and  farmers — and  smash  the  corner- 
stone of  high  prices.  The  man  who  is  carrying  the  ball 
in  this  great  home  game  of  supplying  food  is  the  town 
and  city  farmer,  who,  as  a  result  of  the  country-wide 
campaign  of  the  National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Com- 
mission and  the  work  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
has  planted  three  million  food  gardens  during  the  current 
year — most  of  them  where  none  were  planted  before. 

The  town  and  city  farmer  has  not  merely  produced 
three  hundred  and  fifty  million  dollars'  worth  of  food 
F.  O.  B.  the  kitchen  door.  In  the  football  game  of  food 
he  has  tackled  Mr.  Middleman,  thrown  him  for  a  loss, 
and  is  driving  him  back  from  the  goal  of  high  prices. 
Now,  with  a  flying  wedge  of  banker  and  farmer  as  a 

6M 


further  help,  a  touchdown  for  conservation  is  certain. 
Your  part,  Mr.  Banker,  is  to  work  with  even  greater 
zeal  with  the  farmer.  Aid  him  over  the  rough  spots,  so 
that  next  year  he  can  produce  more  foodstuffs  than  ever 
before. 

We  must  all  wake  up  to  the  fact  that  this  country  is 
at  war.  No  one  knows  when  the  end  will  be.  This  is 
not  a  parlor  game,  nor  the  annual  maneuvers.  It  is 
war.  If  Sherman  lived  today,  he  would  probably  say 
that  war  is — supplies.  Secretary  Baker  says  that  we 
will  have  two  million  five  hundred  thousand  men  under 
arms  by  spring.  Uncle  Sam's  board  bill  for  his  soldiers 
and  sailors  will  very  soon  be  one  million  dollars  a  day. 
What  are  you  doing  —  going  to  do  —  towards  keeping 
those  men  fed,  that  the  world  may  be  made  safe  for 
Democracy  ? 

Let  me  give  you  a  quick  picture  of  the  food  problem 
as  I  see  it.  At  breakfast  in  New  York  I  noticed  on  the 
bill-of-fare :  "Cantaloupe,  half  portion,  fifty  cents."  In 
my  morning  paper  I  read  what  the  newspaper  boys  call 
a  "Page  One  Freak,"  which  told  that  a  newspaper  in 
Denver  was  giving  away  free,  with  every  want  adver- 
tisement placed  in  its  Sunday  edition,  a  cantaloupe  of 
one  of  the  most  famous  brands.  There  you  have  it. 
Half  cantaloupes  fifty  cents  in  New  York  City,  and 
whole  ones  nothing  in  Denver.  The  metropolis  is  far 
from  the  source  of  supply.  Denver  is  its  center.  That 
tells  the  whole  story. 

You  do  not  now  have  to  be  told  again  the  need  of  food 
F.  O.  B.  the  kitchen  door.  The  town  and  city  gardener 
who  can  raise  even  half  his  winter  supply  of  vegetables 
is  able,  as  a  result,  to  accomplish  much  as  a  construc- 
tive citizen,  to  leave  his  savings  account  untouched  and 
to  add  to  it.  He  can  buy  a  Liberty  Bond  and  he  can  keep 
his  children  in  school  instead  of  at  work.  In  other 
words,  we  must  make  a  big  drive  to  produce  food  as 
near  the  point  of  consumption  as  possible,  rout  the  ex- 
cessive profits  of  the  middleman,  and  help  the  railroads 
in  the  tremendous  transportation  problem  that  confronts 
them  while  the  country  is  at  war. 

Glass  jars  and  other  containers  for  food  must  be  con- 
served this  winter  and  their  manufacturers  must  next 
year  be  prepared  to  meet  the  largest  demand  for  them 
the  country  has  ever  seen.  From  every  section  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada  comes  report  that  the  produc- 
tion of  vegetables  and  fruits  suitable  for  canning  will 
next  year  far  exceed  the  high-water  mark  of  this  year. 
If  twenty-five  per  cent  of  war  gardeners  failed,  owing 
to  inexperience,  to  get  a  good  crop  this  year,  not  ten  per 
cent  will  fail  next  year.  People  who  did  not  plant  this 
year  have  been  so  impressed  with  the  nation-wide  success 


FLYING  WEDGE  OF  BANKERS  AND  FARMERS 


591 


of  the  home-gardening  and  home-canning  movement, 
that  they  will  not  be  doing  their  duty  to  themselves  or 
to  their  country  if  they  do  not  do  their  share  in  1918 — 
and  they  will  do  it. 

The  food  problem  is  one  of  the  vital  issues  of  today. 
It  is  a  problem  from  which  none  of  us  may  escape.  Each 
of  us  has  his  individual  responsibility  in  the  situation. 
To  win  the  final  victory  in  the  great  war,  America  must 
feed  not  only  herself  and  her  fighting  forces,  but  she 
must  help  to  feed  the  people  of  England,  France,  Italy 
and  Russia.  To  do  this  with  the  highest  measure  of  effi- 
ciency is  the  real  problem.  There  must  be  no  lost  mo- 
tion. Every  move  must  be  made  to  count.  Every  act 
must  be  a  blow  for  liberty  in  our  work  for  Democracy 
to  save  and  redeem  civilization.  It  is  not  enough  that 
we  should  all  be  alert  to  the  food  needs  of  America  and 


her  Allies;  we  must  back  that  alertness  with  construc- 
tive skill  and  real  industry. 

The  necessity  for  all  this  is  well  expressed  by  Lord 
Rhondda,  the  English  Food  Administrator.  He  said 
last  week,  "I  hope  the  exportable  surplus  of  American 
primary  foodstuffs  will  be  much  larger  than  the  present 
estimates,  as  the  result  of  food  economics  by  which  the 
United  States  and  Canadian  homes  are  helping  to  win 
the  war,  just  as  surely  as  in  the  production  of  munitions. 
Every  American  woman  is  in  a  position  to  bring  nearer 
the  inevitable  atonement  for  the  brutal  outrages  in  Bel- 
gium, Armenia  and  Serbia — the  sinking  of  the  Lusitania 
and  other  horrors,  by  her  day-by-day  economies.  There 
need  be  no  fear  that  the  sacrifices  will  be  wasted  over 
here.  Unless  the  Entente  Allies  are  able  to  import 
the  supplies  necessary  for  the  army  and  the  popu- 
lations,   victory    may    slip    from    our    united    grasp." 


FIRST  APPLE  TREE  OF  THE  NORTHWEST 

By  H.  £.  Zimmerman 

In  the  Vancouver  Barracks,  State  of  Washington, 
there  stands  an  apple  tree  of  more  than  ordinary  interest. 
Its  history  is  very  interesting  and  Bancroft,  the  noted 
historian,  tells  the  following  little  incident  in  regard  to 
it:  "At  a  lunch  party  in  London,  about  1825,  given  in 
honor  of  some  young  gentlemen  who  were  about  to  em- 
bark for  Fort  Vancouver,  in  the  employ  of  the  Hudson 
Bay  Company,  seeds  of  the  fruit  eaten  were  slyly  slipped 
by  some  young  ladies  into  the  waistcoat  pockets  of  the 
young  men,  and  upon  their  arrival  at  their  destination 
the  young  men,  in  overhauling  their  wardrobes,  discov- 
ered the  seeds  and  gave  them  to  Bruce,  the  gardener  at 
the  fort."  Mrs.  Mary  Whitman,  wife  of  Marcus  Whit- 
man, also  wrote  an  interesting  history  of  this  tree,  Sep- 
tember 12,  1836. 

It  is  said  that  the  seeds  planted  by  the  gardener,  Bruce, 
produced  several  trees,  three  of  which  lived  for  a  long 
time,  and  were  pointed  out  as  the  only  apple  trees  in  the 
northwest.  In  the  course  of  time  two  of  them  disap- 
peared, leaving  the  present  tree  alone.  Even  the  exist- 
ence of  this  tree  seems  to  have  been  almost  entirely  for- 
gotten by  the  general  public,  not  even  the  commander  of 
the  Barracks  knowing  that  such  a  tree  stood  on  thevery 
ground  which  he  controlled.  It  was  largely  through  the 
horticultural  inspector  of  this  district,  Mr.  A.  A.  Quarn- 
berg,  that  the  tree  was  discovered  and  identified.  In 
1911  Mr.  Quarnberg  wished  to  have  a  gavel  made  of 
wood  from  this  apple  tree  for  the  Washington  State 
Horticultural  Society,  and,  upon  examining  the  same, 
found  it  badly  infected  with  San  Jose  scale,  half  its 
branches  dead,  and  in  a  bad  condition  generally.  On 
January  13th  that  year  he  called  upon  Col.  G.  K.  Mc- 
Gunnigle,  Commander  of  the  Barracks,  and  got  the  nec- 
essary permit  to  prune,  spray  and  do  anything  necessary 
to  preserve  the  life  of  the  tree.  On  January  25th,  by 
direction  of  the  Washington  State  Commissioner  of  Hor- 
ticulture, he  took  measurements  —  the  same  year  —  and 
found  the  tree  to  have  the  following  dimensions :  One 


A   TREE   WITH   AN    INTERESTING   HISTORY 
It  is  an  apple  tree  and  stands  in  the  Vancouver  Barracks  in  Washington, 
the    so!e    survivor   of   several    planted    about    1825,    the    seeds   having   been 
brought  from  London. 

foot  from  the  ground,  V/2  feet  in  diameter;  height,  33 
feet,  and  spread  of  crown,  33  feet.  On  February  20-21, 
this  year,  the  tree  was  pruned,  and  all  dead  branches  and 
brush  removed,  the  rotten  wood  in  the  trunk  and 
branches  cleaned  out  and  filled  with  plaster-paris  and 
cement,  and  all  cuts  painted.  Later  it  was  sprayed  and 
a  good  coat  of  manure  applied  at  its  roots. 

In  1915  the  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Washington 
requested  Mr.  Quarnberg  to  send  them  specimen  apples 
for  making  wax  forms. 


THE   FRIAR,   HIS   DOG   AND   THE   IRON   CROSS 

By  ALICE  SPENCER 


I^-^IHEN  science  tackles  some  of  the  problems  of  wood 
Ivl/  structure  the  freaks  of  nature  not  infrequently 
have  the  best  of  the  argument.  One  of  the  most 
difficult  things  for  the  scientist  to  determine  is  the 
cause  of  such  peculiarities  as  are  shown  in  the  accom- 
panying illustrations.  These  freaks  are  shown  with  pho- 
tographic accuracy  and  have  not  been  retouched  or  al- 
tered in  any  way. 

In  the  first  picture  is  shown  a  formation  found  in  a 
poplar  board  at  a  Cincinnati  upholstery  furniture  fac- 
tory. The  friar  here  represented  in  speaking  likeness  is 
considered  one  of  the  most  interesting  freaks  of  wood 
structure  ever  discovered.  In  the  second  picture  is 
shown  a  curiously  wrought  animal  face  which  might  be 
taken  for  that  of  a  dog  or  a  hog.  For  the  purpose  of 
classification  in  a  family  group  it  is  here  chosen  to  des- 
ignate it  as  the  Friar's  dog.  This  formation  was  found 
in  a  board  cut  from  a  new  species  of  dogwood  which  was 


THE   IRON    CROSS 
Perhaps   the    suspicious    will    think    the    discovery    of   this    freak    structure 
indicates  that  German   spies   are   endeavoring   to    force   American    forests   to 
supply  iron   crosses   for  military  decorations.      Tlie  suspicion   is  groundless. 

recently  discovered  by  Secretary  R.  S.  Kellogg,  of  the 
National  Lumber  Manufacturers'  Association. 

The  singular  wood  structure  shown  in  the  third  pic- 
ture comes  from  Greenfield,  Ohio,  and  has  been  the  sub- 
ject of  considerable  speculation  among  scientists  to 
whom  it  has  been  submitted.  The  exact  cause  of  the 
formation  has  not  been  determined,  but  the  best  opinion 
seems  to  be  that  it  resulted  from  the  stripping  of  the 
bark  of  the  young  tree  on  four  sides.  The  removal  of 
the  bark  is  su])posed  to  have  caused  a  discoloration 
which  ultimately  reached  to  the  very  center  of  the  grow- 
ing tnmk,  while  those  portions  of  the  tree  where  the 
bark  had  not  been  damaged  retained  their  natural  color- 


THE   HOODED  FRIAR 
This    freak   formation   was   found   in   a   poplar   board   and   shows  the   extent 
to  which  nature  will  go  in  varying  the  monotony  of  everyday  tree  growing. 

ing.  During  its  years  of  growth  the  tree  apparently 
healed  the  outer  scar  by  supplying  a  new  covering  of 
bark.  This  gave  the  exterior  a  normal  appearance,  but 
left  the  iron  cross  in  the  center  for  discovery  when  the 
trunk  should  reach  a  sawmill. 


THE   FRIAR'S   DOG 
Those    who    think    this    animal    looks    as    much    like    a    hog   as   a    dog    must 
remember   that   the   board   in   which   the   picture    was   found   was  a   piece  of 
dogwood.     This   circumstance   should   settle  all   disputes. 


in 


SOME   ACHIEVEMENTS   IN  FOOD 

BY  NORMAN  C.  McLOUD 


aiBACKWARD  look  at  the  growing  season  of  1917 
I  cannot  fail  to  make  one  proud  that  he  is  an  Amer- 
ican. Throughout  the  nation  the  call  to  the  flag 
of  food  production  and  food  conservation  met 
with  response  genuine  and  swift.  The  whole  country  or- 
ganized itself  into  an  army  of  soldiers  of  the  soil  and 


age  has  been  foiled  and  famine  has  been  forced  to  sur 
render. 

The  close  of  the  season  is  a  time  for  stock  taking  in 
connection  with  the  food  situation.  We  have  had  pro- 
duction past  all  previous  records  and  beyond  all  expecta- 
tion.   A  nation-wide  survey  undertaken  by  the  National 


EPIGRAMS  ON  HOME  GARDENING  AND 
FOOD  THRIFT 


From   Literature   of  the   Ifatlonal   Emergency   Food   Garden    Com- 
mission—Season of  1917. 


"THE    BIGGEST   WAR   GARDEN'    IN    THE    WEST." 

One  of  the  most  impressive  results  of  the  campaign  conducted  by  the  National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission  was  the  war  garden  at 
Inspiration,  Arizona.  This  garden  was  3,300  feet  above  sea  level,  in  the  heart  of  the  copper  mining  district.  It  covered  an  area  of  217  acres 
and  the  double  crop  system  was  used  to  increase  the  fruitfulness  of  the  land.  The  needs  of  the  community  were  considered  in  planting  and  85 
per  cent  of  the  ground  was  used  for  raising  Mexican  pink  beans  and  sweet  corn.  Nothing  was  allowed  to  go  to  waste  and  the  Commission's 
manuals  were  freely  used  in  encouraging  canning  and  drying  activities. 

Emergency  Food  Garden 
Commission  has  located 
over  three  million  home 
gardens,  most  of  which 
were  cultivated  where  no 
planting  had  been  done  be- 
fore. On  this  vast  area 
has  been  raised  a  food  crop 
valued  at  $350,000,000  — 
equivalent  to  $350  of  nour- 
ishment for  each  man  of 
the  million  now  under  arms 
in  the  military  and  naval 
establishments  of  the 
United  States.  For  this 
tremendous  achievement  of 
nroduction  too  much  credit 
cannot  be  given  the  Food 
Garden  Commission  which 
has  worked  in  affiliation 
with  the  Conservation  De- 
partment of  the  American 
Forestry  Association. 


warriors  against  waste.  In 
the  creation  of  this  army 
no  draft  was  required. 
Confronted  with  threatened 
national  food  shortage 
the  people  of  the  United 
States  acted  with  singular 
spontaneity.  Enlistments 
were  voluntary  and  enthu- 
siastic. Service  was  ener- 
getic and  constant.  During 
the  early  months  the  sym- 
bols of  service  were  the 
rake  and  the  hoe.  With 
the  maturity  of  the  crops 
these  were  supplanted  by 
the  canner  and  drier  as 
tokens  of  the  patriotic 
gift  of  the  people  to  Amer- 
ica at  war.  vThrough  the 
combined  attacks  of  the 
allied  forces  of  producers 
and  preservers  food  short- 


Provide  a  Food  Supply  F.  O.  B.  the  Kitchen  Door. 

Winter  Food  Supply  F.  O.  B.  the  Pantry  Shelf. 

Soldiers  of  the  Soil;  Warriors  Against  Waste. 

Every  Soldier  of  the  Soil  Should  Promote  Himself  to  a 
Colonel  of  Conservation. 

In  Its  Power  Against  the  Enemy  the  Can  Is  as  Certain 
as  the  Cannon;  the  Drier  as  Dauntless  as  the  Dread- 
naught. 

Can  All  Food  That  Can  Be  Canned. 

The  Nation  Is  Fired  With  the  Spirit  of  a  New  Freedom. 
Food  Waste  Is  the  Enemy,  Food  Thrift  the  Battle- 
cry  and  Food  Conservation  the  Weapon. 

War's  Emergency  Has  Brought  With  It  a  Sense  of  War's 
Responsibility. 

In  Wartime  a  Nation  With  a  Food  Shortage  Is  a  Nation 
in  Peril. 

It  Is  Time  to  Begin  Starving  the  American  Garbage  Pail. 
Otherwise  We  Will  Begin  Starving  Our  Allies  in 
Europe. 

Instead  of  Empty  Tomato  Cans  the  Backyard  Now  Has 
Its  Crop  of  Tomatoes.  For  Unnumbered  Tins  We 
Have  Substituted  Foodstuffs  in  Unmeasured  Tons. 

Make  Food  Thrift  Your  Wartime  Gift. 


S93 


594 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Through  its  aggressive  and  forceful  campaign  of  stimu- 
lation America  has  been  thoroughly  roused  to  the  need 
for  increasing  the  food  supply  as  a  measure  of  wartime 
preparedness.  In  the  same  way  and  by  the  same  meth- 
ods the  people  have  been  inspired  to  food  conservation 
on  a  scale  never  before  approached.  As  a  direct  result 
there  was  never  a  season  that  brought  to  the  tables  of 
America  such  a  wealth  of  health-giving  vegetation  F.  O. 
B.  the  kitchen  door  and  never  a  winter  which  faced  such 
abundant  stores  of  home-grown  and  home-prepared  food 
supplies  F.  O.  B.  the  pantry  shelf. 

The  first  duty  of  this  enormous  yield  of  garden  stuff, 
already  accomplished,  was 
its  tremendous  value  in 
keeping  down  the  cost  of 
summer  living  for  the  peo- 
ple of  America.  That 
household  expenses  have 
been  bad  enough  is  pain- 
fully obvious.  That  they 
would  have  been  far  worse 
without  this  garden  crop  is 
equally  apparent.  Students 
of  economics  agree  that  if 
the  war  gardens  had  not 
created  this  increased  sup- 
ply, prices  for  vegetable 
products  would  have  been 
a  great  deal  higher.  The 
average  increase  in  prices 
for  garden  stuff  has  been 
little  more  than  20  per 
cent  while  the  increase  in 
the  cost  of  grain  products 
has  been  several  times  as 
great.  This  may  well  be 
taken  as  direct  evidence  of 
the  worth  of  the  home  gar- 
den movement  to  the  peo- 
ple of  the  United  States. 

The  significance  of  this 
newly  discovered  planting 
area  does  not  end  with  the 
summer  season.  The  war 
gardens  will  exert  their  in- 
fluence on  the  cost  of  liv- 
ing during  the 
months  just  ahead, 
as  well  as  the  past. 


Copyright   1917  by  Harris  &  Ewing. 

WINNER  OF  CANNING   PRIZE  NO, 


the   first  winner,  receiving  check  No 

Winter 

Their  value  is  a  thing  of  the  future 
Conservation  has  been  practiced  on 
a  national  scale.  In  the  homes  of  America  there  has 
been  definite  recognition  of  the  importance  of  looking 
ahead.  The  individual  citizen  has  realized  that  the  over- 
.supply  of  the  growing  season  must  be  translated  into 
terms  ©f  abundance  for  the  winter.  Food  saving  and 
food  conserving  have  been  practiced  on  a  national  scale. 
From  a  wasteful  nation  America  has  been  remade  into 
a  nation  alert  to  the  needs  of  the  future.  The  keynote 
of  this  new  national  spirit  has  been  that  nothing  should 
be  allowed  to  go  to  waste— that  nothing  useful  should  be 
thrown  away.    How  well  this  spirit  has  crystallized  into 


As  a  stimulus  to  home  canning  the  National  Emergency  Food  Garden 
Commission  oiTered  one  thousand  prizes  of  $5  each  for  home  canned 
vegetables  from  war-gardens.     Miss  Helen  Tew,  of  Washington,  D.  C  ,  was 

and  a  certificate  of  merit- 


action  is  shown  by  the  plaintive  cry  of  the  garbage  col- 
lectors throughout  the  United  States.  The  men  who 
make  a  business  of  converting  waste  into  tangible  assets 
are  agreed  that  the  new  cult  of  Food  Thrift  is  playing 
havoc  with  their  profits.  I  know  of  one  collector  who 
complains  that  although  he  covers  twice  as  much  terri- 
tory as  he  covered  a  year  ago  his  collections  are  actually 
smaller.  As  a  tribute  to  the  American  spirit  of  Food 
Thrift  nothing  could  be  more  eloquent. 

Of  similar  importance  is  the  thrift  shown  by  the  peo- 
ple of  America  in  achieving  winter  preparedness.  Can- 
ning, drying  and  storage  operations  have  filled  cellars, 

storerooms  and  pantry 
shelves  with  a  tremendous 
su]jply  of  foodstuffs  for 
winter  use.  It  is  a  conser- 
vative estimate  that  close 
to  half  a  billion  jars  of 
vegetables  and  fruits  have 
been  stowed  away  as  a  re- 
sult of  the  season's  can- 
ning o])erations.  To  this 
must  be  added  the  stuff 
])repared  by  drying,  pick- 
ling, fermentation  and 
other  forms  of  conserva- 
tion, and  millions  of  bush- 
els of  vegetables  stored  in 
their  natural  state.  The 
whole  forms  a  national  as- 
set of  tremendous  volume. 
In  bringing  about  this 
great  movement  for  pro- 
duction and  conservation 
the  National  Emergency 
Food  Garden  Commis- 
sion's ofiices  in  Washing- 
ton have  been  a  center  of 
activity  second  to  none  of 
the  wartime  agencies  at  the 
seat  of  government.  The 
commission's  staff  of  ex- 
l^erts  and  large  office  force 
have  worked  under  emer- 
gency pressure  during  the 
entire  season.  The  man- 
uals ])repared  and  issued 
by  the  organization  have  been  accepted  as  a  notable  con- 
trilnition  to  the  literature  of  food  production  and  food 
conservation.  Free  distribution  of  the  books  on  home 
gardening,  home  canning,  home  drying,  home  pickling 
5nd  home  storage  has  been  made  to  the  extent  of  mil- 
Jions  of  copies.  The  aim  of  the  Commission  was  to  place 
this  literature  in  every  home  in  America.  That  this  aim 
has  been  approximated  by  results  is  apparent  to  those 
in  touch  with  the  situation.  No  channel  of  distribution 
has  been  overlooked.  The  manuals  have  been  sent 
through  agencies  of  federal,  state,  county  and  city  gov- 
ernments, through  school  officials,  through  libraries, 
through  councils  of  defense,  through  women's  clubs  and 


1 


SOME  ACHIEVEMENTS  IN  FOOD 


595 


through  every  conceivable 
avenue  for  reaching  the 
people.  In  addition  to  this 
wholesale  distribution  the 
Commission  has  filled  indi- 
vidual orders  averaging 
25,000  a  day,  received  as  a 
result  of  a  persistent  cam- 
paign of  publicity  in  2000 
newspapers   in   the   United 

States.  The  aggregate  has  been  staggering,  and  the  de- 
mand has  taxed  the  capacity  of  the  largest  printing  offices 
in  Washington,  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia. 

Early  in  the  campaign  for  canning  and  drying  it  de- 
veloped that  the  government  could  not  meet  the  demand 
for  literature  on  these  two  subjects.  Because  of  the  war 
emergency  the  pressure  on  the  government  printing 
office  was  so  heavily  increased  that  there  was  unavoid- 
able delay  in  printing  for  all  branches  of  the  public 
service.  In  one  of  the  bulletins  issued  by  the  Commis- 
sion it  was  stated  that  its  Washington  offices  had  re- 
ceived numerous  calls  from  Congressmen  asking  for 
help.  "One  Congressman  wanted  30,000  of  our  man- 
uals," said  this  bulletin,  "because  he  was  swamped  with 
requests  and  the  government  printing  office,  he  said, 
could  not  fill  the  demand  because  of  great  tax  upon  it 
from  all  departments." 

Through  all  of  this  activity  the  serious  purpose  of  the 
Commission  has  been  given  frequent  touches  of  relief  by 
episodes  incidental  to  the  day's  work.  One  of  the  most 
startling  incidents  of  the  campaign  was  the  receipt  of  a 
telegram  requesting  that  canning  and  drying  manuals  be 


NO  CAMOUFLAGE  OF  FOOD 

While  conceding  the  value  of  camouflage  for  the  purpose 
of  deceiving  the  enemy  the  National  Emergency  Food  Gar- 
den Commission  has  taken  a  firm  stand  against  trying  to 
practice  camouflage  on  the  human  stomach.  "You  may 
fool  the  enemy  by  masking  your  batteries  and  making  the 
battlefield  look  like  a  peaceful  landscape,"  says  a  recent 
bulletin;  "but  the  stomach  of  a  soldier  is  n3t  so  easily' 
hoodwinked.    The  soldier  must  have  real  food." 


sent  immediately  to  Inspir- 
ation, Ariz.,  for  use  in  con- 
nection with  "the  biggest 
war  garden  in  the  West." 
The  Commission's  staff  in- 
cludes people  from  all  over 
the  United  States,  but  none 
had  ever  heard  of  Inspira- 

, I     tion   outside   the   fields    of 

poetry  and  the  arts.  As  a 
town  it  had  no  meaning  for  any  of  the  staff.  Nor  could 
it  be  located  through  consultation  of  maps  or  postal 
guides.  It  was  not  until  inquiry  had  been  made  at  the 
Postoffice  Department  that  Inspiration  was  found,  and 
even  then  it  was  learned  that  the  place  had  to  depend  on 
a  town  two  miles  away  for  its  mail  facilities. 

This  was  a  puzzle.  That  a  community  which  did  not 
even  boast  a  postoffice  of  its  own  should  claim  the  big- 
gest war  garden,  created  a  new  situation  and  one  not 
lacking  in  dramatic  value.  The  manuals  were  forwarded 
by  express  without  delay  and  the  Commission  then  set 
in  motion  machinery  for  procuring  further  information 
about  the  big  garden  in  the  hidden  community  of  the 
Southwest.  The  results  were  amazing — not  to  say  an 
inspiration.  From  J.  R.  Sandige,  the  expert  in  charge, 
came  the  following  statement  of  fact : 

"The  gardens  are  two  miles  east  of  Miami,  Gila 
county,  Arizona,  at  an  elevation  of  3,300  feet.  The  cli- 
mate is  semi-tropical,  making  it  possible  to  grow  some 
vegetables  throughout  the  year.  A  majority  of  the  gar- 
deners are  employes  of  the  Inspiration  Consolidated 
Copper  Company,  but  quite  a  number  of   residents  of 


„  .  ,.      ,  .       ,  WHERE     RACE    MEETS     RACE     IN     GARDEN     WORK. 

Z  least   impressive  feature  of  the  war  garden   enterprise   at   Inspiration,    Arizona,    was    the    polyglot    character    of    the    workers.      Perhaps    no 

other  garden   in   the  country   was  cultivated   in  as  many  different   languages.      The    picture    gives    a    comprehensive    idea    of    the    diversity    of   races. 
Keading  from  left  to  right  the  men  represented   the  following  named  races   or   nationalities:    Apache    Indian,    Negro,   Hungarian.    English,    Mex' 
Irish,    Chilean,    Italian,    American    and    Austrian       The    gardeners    in    this  big  garden   were  for  the  most  part  employes  of  the   Inspiration   Con 


dated   Copper  Company   and   the   members  of  their  families 


Kican, 
nspiration   Consoli- 


596 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


r    * 


LITTLE    BOPEEP    IS    } 

feeding  her  sheep  } 

On  the  tops   of  the   j 

greens  she  has  grown. 

They  eat  cauliflower  just 

six  times  an  hour; 

They're    the    fattest   I 
young    sheep    ever 
known. 


Miami  and  a  large  number  of  children  have  been  given 
space.  The  gardeners  are  made  up  of  many  nationalities, 
including  Italians,  Mexicans,  Indians,  Chileans,  Ger- 
mans, Finlanders  and  Swedes.  Over  seventy  per  cent 
have  never  had  experience  in  this  work,  or  at  least  where 
it  is  necessary  to  irrigate,  and  they  had  to  be  taught. 

"The  gardens  were  planned  by  C.  E.  Mills,  general 
manager  of  the  company.  An  expert  makes  three  trips 
a  day  over  the  gardens  to  instruct  the  gardeners.  Bulle- 
tins and  posters  are  placed  at  convenient  spots  in  the 
gardens  which  are  217  acres  in  area.  The  double  crop 
system  was  used.  For  example,  squash  were  planted 
among  corn  so  that  when  corn  came  off  squash  covered 
the  ground.  We  grew  most  anything  but  need  was  con- 
sidered first  and  85  per  cent  of  the  ground  was  planted 
to  Mexican  pink  beans  and  sweet  corn.  Nothing  goes  to 
waste  and  drying  and  canning  is  encouraged,  especially 
drying,  for  our  climate  permits  sun  drying. 

"We  have  opened  a  war  garden  market  where  the  ex- 
cess vegetables  are  sold  for  the  gardeners,  without  cost 
to  them.  Nothing  is  sold  at  this  market  except  that 
which  is  grown  in  the  war  garden.  This  market,  I  be- 
lieve, is  the  first  of  its  kind  in  the  United  States.  This 
is  the  largest  single  tract  of  land  devoted  to  war  gardens 
in  the  west.  With  217  acres  under  cultivation  I  believe 
it  is  the  largest  in  the  country." 

Another  high  spot  in  the  season's  activities  was  the 


t 


fv,v:;- 


IF  OLD  Mother  Hubbard 
should  go  to  the  cup- 
board 

She'd  find  all  the  food 
she'd  desire; 
For  stored  away  there  is 
foodstuff  to  spare, 

The  product  of  canner 
and   dryer. 


A     CHARMING     YOUNG 

bud  named  Marie 
Wrote  to  Mrs.  von  Stuyve- 
/      sant  Lee: 

"I'm  begging  your  par- 
don, 
I'm  working  my  garden 
And  can't  get  away  for  your 
tea." 


word  which  reached  the  Commission  from  Laurel,  Mis- 
sissippi. In  this  southern  community  practical  applica- 
tion was  given  of  the  most  efficient  and  reliable  methods 
of  conservation  and  thrift.  Some  of  the  moves  were  the 
substitution  of  motor  trucks  for  horses  for  the  sake  of 
saving  horse  feed  and  the  cutting  of  wood  as  a  blow  to 
over-reaching  coal  men.  In  a  letter  to  the  Commission 
Mayor  T.  G.  McCallum  wrote : 

"Immediately  upon  the  entrance  of  the  United  States 
into  the  war  and  the  Government's  appeal  to  the  people 
to  conserve  and  produce  all  products  we  proceeded  at 
once  to  motorize  all  departments  where  motor  trucks 
could  be  substituted  for  horses  and  disposed  of  the  horses 
to  farmers  to  produce  more  food 'as  well  as  to  save  food 
by  the  introduction  of  the  automobile.  The  next  step 
taken  by  us  was  to  secure  and  plant  sufficient  lands  to 
corn  and  peas  in  order  to  produce  enough  corn  and  hay 
to  take  care  of  all  the  remaining  city  teams,  and  while 
we  scarcely  had  time  to  do  this,  war  having  been  declared 
late  in  the  spring,  we  are  glad  to  say  that  the  city  will 
make  all  the  corn  and  pea-vine  hay  necessary  to  care  for 
the  teams  owned  and  used  by  the  city  in  the  public  work. 

"As  soon  as  this  matter  was  out  of  the  way  we  took 
up  the  question  of  fuel  for  the  city  schools,  city  hall, 
jail  and  other  public  buildings,  and  upon  inquiry  of  the 
mines  or  coal  dealers,  many  of  them  refused  to  quote  us 
prices  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  cars,  and  with  those 


"11 


"THE    TIME    HAS    COME,"   the    seapack    said, 
"To  think  of  growing  things, 

Of    corn    and    wheat,    to 
make  our  bread. 

And  stuff  that   gar- 
d'ning  brings. 
For  we  must  feed  our  sol- 
dier  men   and   those   of 
foreign  kings." 


SOME  ACHIEVEMENTS  IN  FOOD 


597 


that  did,  the  prices  were  from  50  per  cent  to  75  per  cent 
higher  than  we  had  formerly  paid  for  similar  coal.  So 
we  proceeded  to  cut  our  own  wood  and  while  we  are  not 
quite  through  with  the  wood  cutting  proposition  we  are 
far  enough  along  with  it  to  know  that  we  will,  without 
great  inconvenience,  be  able  to  secure  all  the  wood 
needed  for  city  schools  and  the  city  generally  and  at  the 
same  time  effect  a  great  saving  in  the  revenue  of  the  city. 
From  Elyria,  Ohio,  came  tidings  that  Mrs.  Thomas 
Edwards  was  believed  to  be  the  oldest  woman  in  the 
United  States  to  raise  a  war  garden.  Mrs.  Edwards  is 
94  years  of  age  and  her  garden  was  planted  and  culti- 


Through  the  bureau  of  education  the  campaign  was 
carried  into  the  public  schools  of  the  nation.  In  co- 
operation with  School  Commissioner  P.  P.  Claxton  the 
Commission  sent  about  25,000  copies  of  its  manuals  on 
canning  and  drying  to  superintendents  of  public  schools 
and  co-operating  with  Commissioner  Cato  Sells,  of  the 
Indian  Office,  thousands  of  copies  of  its  manuals  were 
sent  to  the  Indian  schools  in  various  parts  of  the  coun- 
try. It  was  felt  that  a  great  deal  could  be  accomplished 
with  the  aid  of  the  school  children  just  as  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  vegetable  gardens  had  been  planted  by 
pupils  early  in  the  spring.    The  bulletins  on  canning  and 


PART  OF   THE    INSPIRATION    OF    INSPIRATION',    ARIZONA. 

If  the  gardening  season  of  1917  has  left  any  person  unconvinced  of  the  value  of  child  labor  in  war  gardens  the  skeptic  would  do  well  to  make 
a  trip  of  exploration  to  Inspiration.  The  advantage  of  child  labor  of  this  type  is  that  it  is  as  valuable  to  health  as  to  the  cause  of  food  pro- 
duction. Those  who  think  to  the  contrary  are  cordially  inviled  to  submit  pictures  showing  a  healthier  band  of  young  people  than  here  shown. 
Every  boy  and  girl  shown  in  the  group  worked  in  the  biggest  war  garden  in  the  West  and  their  rugged  health  is  as  eloquent  as  the  pictured 
crops  as  to  the  value  of  garden   work. 

drying  were  given  to  the  pupils  with  instructions  that 
the  booklets  were  to  be  taken  home  so  that  their  entire 
households  might  be  benefited  by  the  helpful  informa- 
tion. Advices  received  in  Washington  during  Septem- 
ber and  October  indicated  that  these  manuals  were  eager- 
ly used  by  the  school  communities  and  that  results  of 
great  importance  were  achieved  along  the  line  of  food 
conservation. 

Typical  of  the  recognition  accorded  the  Commission's 
work  is  this  editorial  comment  from  the  New  York 
World :  "The  announcement  of  Charles  Lathrop  Pack, 
president  of  the  National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Com- 
mission, that  housewives  this  year  have  canned  400,000,- 
000  jars  of  fruits  and  vegetables  indicates  a  very  large 
addition  to  the  nation's  food  supply.  Like  the  perish- 
able product  of  the  small  home  gardens,  it  is  not  to  be 
measured  accurately,  but  no  one  can  question  that  the 
impetus  given  to  individual  effort  through  public  agi- 
tation has  been  of  immense  help.  No  government  census 
can  ever  fully  cover  so  wide  a  field  of  activity  or  give 
exact  figures  for  the  total  output." 


vated  entirely  by  herself.  Early  last  spring  she  sent  for 
the  food  garden  primer  issued  by  the  Commission  and 
carefully  followed  instructions  given  in  this  complete 
manual.    Her  success  attracted  national  attention. 

At  East  Orange,  New  Jersey,  L.  G.  Hinsdale,  librarian, 
distributed  5000  manuals  on  canning  and  drying  to  the 
housewives  of  the  city  on  Food  Registration  Day.  These 
manuals  were  given  at  the  polling  ])laces  as  a  helpful 
contribution  to  the  women  in  the  food  conservation  work 
for  which  they  were  being  registered. 

In  Chicago  the  public  libraries  entered  with  genuine 
enthusiasm  into  the  work  of  stimulating  canning  and 
drying  o])erations.  In  requesting  the  co-operation  of 
the  Commission,  Assistant  Librarian  C.  B.  Roden  wrote 
that  10,000  manuals  would  not  last  a  week  in  the  40 
branch  libraries  in  their  distribution  of  the  booklets  to 
the  housewives  of  Chicago.  Impressed  with  the  spirit 
shown  by  the  request  the  Commission  sent  20,000  man- 
uals instead  of  the  10,000  that  had  been  asked  for — 
making  the  biggest  single  consignment  sent  to  any  li- 
brary system  in  the  United  States. 


598 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


I 


'TivouM  do  me  good  to  take  tKe  chap 

And  kick  him  do-n^n  the  stairs. 
And  thus  besto-w-  a  needed  slap 

On  these  misguided  pairs. 
I'd  make  each  slacker  heed  the  call 

To  take  a  gun  and  fight 
The  ioe  -whose  cruel  deeds  appal 

All  men  -whose  souls  are  right. 


Similar  editorial  comment  appeared  in  the  Chicago 
Evening  Post  as  follows:  "The  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, as  we  noted  recently,  omitted  from  its  crop  report 
any  estimate  of  the  home  gardener's  crops.  The  back- 
yard farmers,  however,  are  not  lost  sight  of  by  their 
Uncle  Sam.  Charles  Lathrop  Pack,  of  the  National 
Emergency  Food  Garden 
Commission,  after  a  care- 
ful survey,  reports  that 
there  are  more  than  three 
times  as  many  gardens 
growing  vegetables  in  the 
United  States  today  as 
there  were  a  year  ago.  The 
increase  represents  a  gain 
of  one  million,  one  hundred 
and  seventy-five  thousand 
acres,  and  he  estimates  the 
total  home  garden  crop  will 
aggregate  $350,000,000.  If 
you  doubt  whether  the 
home  garden  is  a  real  fac- 
tor in  the  food  situation 
ask  the  man  who  peddles 
vegetables  in  your  neigh- 
borhood." 

It  has  not  been  alone  in 
the  United  States  that  the 
work  has  gained  recogni- 
tion. Newspapers  and  let- 
ters have  been  received 
from  Great  Britain, 
France,  Italy,  Australia, 
Hawaii,  the  Virgin  Islands, 
Cuba,  South  America  and 
other  far  away  corners  of 
the  globe,  showing  that  the 
Commission's  home  garden 
movement  has  attracted  the 
attention  of  the  press  of 
the  entire  world.  From 
many  of  these  countries 
have  come  requests  for  the 
literature  issued  by  the 
Commission.  One  such 
request  came  from  Nigeria, 
British  West  Africa.  The 
letter  was  from  D.  O. 
Gunsdhlabor,  of  Opobo, 
who  wrote :  "There  are 
signs  here  of  inevitable  famine  and  we  are  doing 
all  we  can  to  save  the  situation.  This  means  the 
storing  of  food  and  the  best  way  to  preserve  it.  How 
can  I  store  and  preserve  such  foods  as  are  common  in 
this  section  of  Africa?" 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  the  full  literature  of  canning, 
drying,  pickling  and  storing  was  sent  Mr.  Gunsdhlabor 
by  the  first  mail  and  that  the  Commission's  experts  gave 
him  all  available  additional  suggestions  that  would  ap- 
ply to  his  particular  conditions  of  climate  and  products. 


THE  SLACKERS 


WISH  I  WERE  the  license  clerk 

^^ho  grants  the  right  to  -wed. 
For  I'd  bring  up  with  vicious  jerk 
The  man  -who  hides  his  head 
Behind  the  heart  of  some  poor  girl 

AVho  little  kno-ws  the  craft 
AVith  -which  he's  set  her  brain  a-whirl 
That  he  may  dodge  the  draft. 


I'll  drive  them  to  the  garden  patch 

\Vith  patriotic  haste. 
And  make  them  hustle  to  the  scratch 

To  stop  this  sinful  waste. 
I'll  make  them  get  a  -wiggle  on. 

And  either  can  or  dry 
The  garden  truck,  ere  summer's  gone. 

For  -winter  time  supply. 


One  of  the  whimsical,  but  impressive,  suggestions 
arising  from  the  campaign  was  that  if  the  season's  home 
canned  jars  should  be  placed  in  a  pyramid  with  the 
Washington  Monument  as  a  center,  the  structure  would 
completely  hide  the  towering  shaft  which  dominates  the 
landscape  of  the  National  Capital.    It  was  also  suggested 

that  the  jars  do  not  have 
to  be  collected  into  a  pyra- 
mid in  order  to  stand  as 
a  monument  to  American 
patriotism.  Tucked  away 
on  pantry  shelves  from 
East  to  West  and  from 
North  to  South  they  make 
a  fortress  of  impregnable 
strength  in  this  crisis 
which  demands  all  the 
strength  the  nation  can 
muster.  They  are  the 
foundation  of  America's 
wartime  preparedness.  The 
food  thus  conserved  has  a 
value  as  vital  as  the  coun- 
try's armed  forces.  In  the 
battle  for  world  freedom 
these  household  stores  are 
as  important  as  our  sol- 
diers ;  the  jars  as  potent  as 
our  blue-jackets  and  the 
cans  as  powerful  as  the 
cannon. 

Among  the  constructive 
activities  of  the  Commis- 
sion none  proved  more  use- 
ful or  attracted  more  wide- 
spread attention  than  the 
offer  of  $5,000  in  prizes  for 
home  canned  vegetables 
from  home  gardens.  The 
fund  was  divided  into  a 
thousand  prizes  of  $5  each, 
awarded  at  local  fairs  and 
food  exhibits  throughout 
the  country  during  Sep- 
tember and  October.  The 
competition  was  keen  and 
close  observers  agreed  that 
no  single  incident  of  the 
food  thrift  campaign  did 
~^^^^"^^^^^^^~^^^~"  more  to  stimulate  interest 
in  home  canning  than  this  contest.  At  state,  county  and 
local  fairs  and  at  public  exhibits  of  various  kinds  the 
prizes  were  eagerly  sought.  With  the  close  of  this 
month  1000  home  canners  from  coast  to  coast  will  have 
received  the  individual  rewards  in  cash,  together  with 
certificates  issued  by  the  Commission  giving  permanent 
record  of  the  holder's  success  in  the  competitive  enter- 
prise. 

While  congratulating  itself  on  the  results  achieved, 
America  is  in  no  position  to  rest  on  its  oars.    This  point 


But  since  1  have  no  license  job. 

To  catch  this  shameless  shirk, 
I'll  form  a  little  private  mob 

And  do  some  other  -work. 
'T-will  give  me  joy  to  slug  and  s-wat 

The  folks  -who  help  the  foe 
By  -wasting,  or  by  letting  rot. 

The  stuff  their  gardens  gro-w. 


There'll  be  no  slackers  left  alive 

If  I  can  have  my  -way; 
For  I  -will  make  a  mighty  drive 

And  set  them  making  hay. 
The  bridegroom  slackers,  conscience 
knows. 

Deserve  a  deadly  shaft; 
But  after  all  I'm  out  for  those 

Who  dodge  the  Food  Thrift  Draft 


SOME  ACHIEVEMENTS  IN  FOOD 


599 


was  given  emphasis  in  the  early  autumn  when  125  cattle 
raisers  met  in  Washington  to  confer  with  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  Houston  and  Food  Administrator  Hoover 
over  the  world-wide  shortage  of  meat.  These  producers 
were  told  by  the  representatives  of  the  federal  govern- 
ment that  the  shortage  will  continue  for  several  years. 


duce  in  our  war  gardens.  Next  year  we  must  do  even 
better.  We  will  then  have  more  war  gardens  and 'the 
average  product  will  be  larger.  Housewives  of  this 
country  this  year  have  preserved  and  canned  at  least 
450,000,000  jars  of  vegetables  and  fruits.  Next  year, 
profiting  by  their  experience  of  this  year,  they  will  can 


"A  DILLAR,  a  dollar,  a  ten 
o'clock  scholar, 

Why   do   you   come   so 
late?" 
"I've  stayed  at  home  to  dig 
the  weeds; 

This  gardening  stunt  is 
great." 


With  this  condition  before  us  the  Commission  urges 
every  city  gardener  to  look  ahead  to  the  coming  year  of 
production  and  conservation. 

It  is  not  merely  a  question  of  today,  but  one  of  to- 
morrow that  we  must  answer.  With  the  prospect  of 
having  close  to  two  million  men  under  arms  and  the 
possibility  of  having  to  help  feed  a  big  part  of  Europe, 
we  are  confronted  with  the  vital  need  for  planning  ahead 
for  1918. 

Germany  reports  that  its  war  gardens  produced  more 
this  year  than  any  year  since  the  war  started.  This 
shows  the  value  of  experience.  We  have  had  one  year's 
experience  and  have  raised  $350,000,000  worth  of  pro- 


OLD   KING   FOOD  in  his 
merriest  mood 

Sat  a-watching  his  gar- 
den plot; 
He  counted  his  Beets  and  he 
reckoned  his  Beans, 
And  he  said:  "Will  we 
starve  ?      We    .will 
not!" 


d  f'^'-^~^ 


millions  more.  More  will  be  needed,  for  too  much  em- 
phasis cannot  be  placed  on  the  fact  that  there  will  be  a 
greater  demand  for  food  exportation  next  year  than 
there  ever  has  been  before.  We  must  fill  this  demand. 
To  make  this  possible  the  home  gardeners  must  augment 
their  forces  and  increase  their  labor  of  patriotism  and 
the  soldiers  of  conservation  must  extend  their  activities 
in  canning,  drying  and  otherwise  preparing  foodstuffs 
for  winter  uses.  To  reap  the  full  benefit  this  year's  ex- 
perience must  be  applied  to  the  solution  of  next  year's 
problems.  That  the  results  will  then  be  even  greater 
than  those  of  1917  is  assured  and  America  will  win  re- 
newed recognition  as  the  most  powerful  factor  in  the 
great  war  for  human  rights. 


J  DENNY  O'NEILL,  who  recently  became  state  high- 
•  way  commissioner  for  Pennsylvania,  has  issued  a 
statement  advocating  the  planting  of  trees  along  the 
roadside  throughout  the  state.  He  urges  that  the  shade- 
less  roads  of  the  state  be  transformed  into  well-shaded 
avenues,  and  is  particularly  strong  in  his  advocacy  of 
fruit  trees  for  this  purpose.  As  especially  desirable  he 
suggests  ox-heart  cherry  and  the  apple  tree.  For  purely 
shade  trees  he  suggests  the  sugar  maple  and  red  oak.  In 
a  letter  to  the  engineers  and  road  superintendents  of  the 
various  counties  he  instructs  these  officials  to  interest 
residents  along  the  highways,  by  appeal  through  care- 
takers and  foremen  on  state  roads.  He  names  fall  arbor 
day,  October  26,  as  a  good  time  to  make  a  start. 


T^HE  GULF,  Mobile  &  Northern  Railroad  plans  exten- 
-^  sive  improvements  at  Mobile,  Ala.,  to  cost  $1,000,- 
000.  The  project  includes  three  new  piers  and  a  series 
of  warehouses.  The  new  construction  will  be  especiallj 
designed  to  handle  lumber  traffic.  One  pier  will  be  ar- 
ranged to  take  care  of  2,000,030  feet  of  sawed  lumber, 
and  another  will  have  a  capacity  of  5,000,000  feet.  The 
plans  have  been  submitted  to  the  War  Department,  and 
after  approval  the  railroad  company  will  need  a 
large  amount  of  piling  and  timbers. 


fyHE  ENDURING  strength  of  wood  is  evidenced  in 
-'-  the  Fairbanks  house  in  Dedham,  Mass.,  built  in 
1636,  and  believed  to  be  the  oldest  frame  houss  in  the 
United  States.  The  oak  timbers  were  brought  from 
England  about  1635.    They  are  still  solid. 


'T'HE  Harvard  Graduate  School  of  Business  Adminis- 
^  tration  in  co-operation  with  the  Department  of  For- 
estry, announces  a  course  in  the  lumber  business  for  col- 
lege graduates  who  look  forward  to  undertaking  some 
branch  of  lumbering  for  a  life  work,  and  also  to  grad- 
uates of  forestry  or  engineering  schools  who  desire  spe- 
cial instruction  in  the  lumber  business.  The  course 
covers  two  years,  and  upon  completion  graduates  are 
given  a  degree  of  Master  in  Business  Administration. 


THE  LURE  OF  THE  BEAVER 

BY  D.  LANGE 

With  Photographs  by  the  Author 


© 


EAVERS  have  been  called  animal  engineers,  and 
the  title  is  by  no  means  an  empty  honor.  No  ani- 
mal possesses  such  remarkable  constructive 
ability  as  the  beaver.  Even  the  most  scep- 
tical scientist  who  sees  the  dams  they  have  con- 
structed, the  dome-shaped  houses  they  have  built,  the 
canals  they  have  dug,  the  trees  they  have  felled  and 
the  piles  of  brush  and 
poles  they  pickle  for  their 
winter  food  will  marvel  at 
the  intelligence  of  these 
furred  dwellers  of  the  wil- 
derness, and  will  secretly 
wonder,  if  after  all,  beav- 
ers might  not  possess  a 
spark  of  human  reason. 

The  Chippewa  Indians 
believed  that  the  beaver 
people  once  did  possess 
both  human  reason  and 
a  human  language,  but 
Manitou  had  to  take  away 
from  them  the  power  of 
speech  so  that  they  would 
not  become  wiser  than  the 
Indians  themselves. 

When  North  America 
was  discovered,  the  beav- 
ers lived  on  almost  every 
stream  and  lake  north  of 
Mexico  and  were  an  im- 
portant source  of  both 
food  and  clothing  for  all 
the  tribes  inhabiting  the  present  Northern  States  and 
Canada.  So  numerous  and  so  generally  distributed 
were  these  animals  that  the  needs  of  the  Indians  made 
no  impression  on  their 
numbers. 

With  the  increase  of 
trade  between  America  and 
Europe  the  beaver  became 
a  veritable  animal  of  fate 
to  both  Indians  and  Whites, 
and  within  historic  times 
no  other  animal  has  played 
.such  a  fateful  part  in  the 
suppression  of  one  race  and 
the  spread  of  another  and 
indeed  in  the  conquest  of 
a  whole  continent  by  the 
white  race  as  the  American 
beaver.     Beaver  wool,  the 


OUR  FRIEND  THE  BEAVER 

The  clever,  sagacious,  hard-working  animal — the  chief  engineer  of  the 
animal  world — not  so  protected  by  game  laws  that  the  chance  of  his  be- 
coming extinct  is  growing  remote. 


Courtesy  of  the  American  Museum  Journal 

YOUNG  BEAVERS  AT  HOME 
Part  of  the  new  group  recently  constructed  in  the  American  Museum. 


fine  dense  fur  which  protects  the  beaver  from  the  icy 
water  of  his  habitat,  was  found  to  be  the  most  suitable 
material  in  the  manufacture  of  fine  hats,  and  for  more 
than  two  centuries,  until  1825,  the  European  markets 
were  insatiable  in  their  demand  for  beaver  furs.  From 
a  very  modest  beginning  the  American  fur  trade  rose 
to  world  wide  proportions  and  importance.  Such  in- 
trepid explorers,  pioneers 
and  traders  as  Kit  Carson, 
Jim  Bridger,  George  Cart- 
wright,  John  Jacob  Astor, 
Larpenteur,  the  two 
Henrys  and  unnumbered 
nameless  and  forgotten 
adventurers  and  explor- 
ers who  wooed  fortune, 
suiifered  untold  hardship, 
faced  death,  and  commit- 
ted dark  a  nd  bloody 
crimes  as  loyal  servants 
of  three  great  rival  fui 
companies,  all  followed 
the  lure  of  the  beaver. 
They  followed  him  to  the 
small  headwaters  of  the 
Mississippi  and  St.  Law- 
rence and  they  crossed  the 
divides  and  followed  him 
down  the  streams  which 
send  their  waters  to  the 
distant  Pacific  and  to  the 
ice-bound    Arctic. 

When  the  Americans 
had  won  their  liberty  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  to- 
bacco was  no  longer  used  as  currency  in  Old  Virginia, 
but  beaver  skins  were  still  the  standard  of  value  in  the 

country  of  the  upper  Great 
Lakes  and  in  vast  regions 
farther  north  and  west.  A 
few  records  from  the  Jesuit 
Relations  and  other  docu- 
ments of  the  eighteenth 
century  are  interesting, 
and  the  present  day  reader 
may  even  find  grains  of 
humor  in  them.  One  of  the 
Jesuit  Fathers  reports  that, 
"in  1656  Monsieur  de  la 
Poterie  opened  a  tavern  at 
Three  Rivers  at  which  wine 
was  sold  to  the  savages, 
two     pots     for      a     winter 


too 


THE  LURE  OF  THE  BEAVER 


601 


beaver  and  one  pot  for  a  summer  beaver."  Monsieur 
the  Governor  of  Montreal  ordered  this  tavern  closed 
but  the  order  was  not  obeyed. 

About    1761    the   trader,    Alexander    Henry,    spent 


who  ....  paid  greater  prices  than  if  a  competition 

had  subsisted.  A  competition  on  the  other  hand  afflicts 

the  Indians  with  a  variety  of  evils  in  a  different  form. 

"The  following  were  the  prices  of  goods  at  Fort  des 

Prairies : 

Beaver  Skins 

A  gun    20 

A   Stroud  blanket    10 

A  white   blanket    8 

An  axe  of  one  pound  weight 3 

Half  a  pint  of  gunpowder 1 

Ten    balls     1 

but,  the  principal  profit  accrued  from  the  sale  of  knives, 
beads,  flints,  steels,  awls  and  other  small  articles. 

"Tobacco,  when  sold,  fetched  one  beaver  skin  per 
foot  of  Spencer's  twist,  and  rum,  not  very  strong,  two 
beaver  skins  per  bottle ;  but  a  great  proportion  of 
these  commodities  was  disposed  of  in  presents. 

"The  quantity  of  furs  brought  into  the  fort  was 
very  great.  From  twenty  to  thirty  Indians  arrived 
daily,  laden  with  packs  of  beaver  skins." 

The  meat  which  Henry  refers  to  was  not  beaver 
meat,  but  dried  and  smoked  buffalo  meat.  Although 
beaver  meat  is  good  eating  and  was  freely  used  by 
both  Indians  and  Whites  in  the  fur  country,  I  have 
rarely  found  it  mentioned  as  an  article  of  trade,  while 
the  meat  of  buffalo,  deer,  elk  and  moose  was  a  com- 
mon article  of  trade.  For  curing  the  meat,  the  beaver 
was  too  small  an  animal. 

In  places  where  there  was  no  competition,  it  is 
claimed  that  traders  made  a  profit  of  2000%.  Father 
Charles  Lemant  writes  that  about  1625  the  French 
Trading  Company  exported  from  Quebec  12,000  to 
22,000  skins  annually.    The  Company  paid  4  1-3  livres 


A   FAT   BEAVER  TRAPPED 

The  trap  was  placed  near  the  top  of  his  house  and  he  was  caught  as  he 
was  entering  it.  He  has  been  shipped  to  the  state  game  farm  of  Wiscon- 
sin and  is  prospering  there  now. 

some  time  at  Mackinac  in  the  present  State  of  Michi- 
gan. From  this  place,  which  was  for  many  years  an 
important  point  in  the  fur  trade,  he  relates  the  follow- 
ing incident: 

"The  Jesuit  father  killed  an  ox  which  he  sold 
by  the  quarter.  He  took  for 
the  meat  the  same  weight  in 
beaver  skins.  Beaver  skins 
were  worth  a  dollar  a  pound. 
Money  is  very  little  used  at 
Mackinac,  all  trade  being  car- 
ried on  in  furs.  A  pound  of 
beaver  skins  is  worth  sixty 
cents  in  trade." 

In  1776  the  same  trader  vis- 
ited the  Assiniboins  at  Fort  des 
Prairies  in  the  Saskatchewan 
country,  and  a  few  paragraphs 
from  his  journal  give  interest- 
ing glimpses  of  the  trade  in 
beaver  skins  in  the  far  west. 

"Four  different  interests," 
he  writes,  "were  struggling  for 
the  Indian  trade  of  the  Saskat- 
chewan, but  fortunately  they 
had  this  year  agreed  to  join 
their  stock,  and  when  the  sea- 
son was  over  to  divide  the  skins 
and  meat.  This  arrangement 
was  beneficial  to  the  merchants  beaver  on  the  dam 

but   not   directly   to   the    Indians    T*"    animal    swam    down    the    stream    and    climbed    on  top    of    the    dam    just    as    the    photographer    took    the 

picture.      It    is    exceedingly    difficult    to    get    such    a    photograph  in  the  beaver's  native  haunts. 


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602 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


in  Quebec,  and  the  skins  sold  in  Paris  at  one  pistole 
apiece,  which  amounts  in  our  money  to  a  buying  price 
of  85c  and  a  selling  price  of  $4.00. 

A  good  trapper  in  a  well-stocked  country  could 
catch  two  to  three  hundred  beavers  in  one  season  and 
secure  a  good  deal  of  other  fur  at  the  same  time. 

Many  Indians,  becoming  temporarily  rich  beyond 
their  dreams,  invested  their  wealth  in  all  kinds  of  silver 
ornaments  which  they  could  wear  on  their  persons. 
Whole  Indian  villages  went  annually  on  a  drunken 
debauch  when  they  had  carried  the  product  of  their 
winter's  hun-t  to  the  traders,  for  rum  was  one  of  the 
great  staples  in  the  Indian  trade.  Its  sale  was  im- 
mensely profitable,  and  no  one  trader  or  company 
could  stop  the  unspeakable  havoc  it  caused  among  the 
Indians;  for  if  one  trader  had  no  whisky,  or  refused 
to  sell  it  or  give  it  away  as  presents,  the  Indians  took 
their  peltries  to  one  who  would  give  them  plenty  of 
the  white  man's  milk. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  an  animal  of  such  com- 
mercial importance  and  remarkable  habits  as  the 
beaver  aroused  the  interest  of  travelers  and  scien- 
tists. But  as  most  travelers  had  neither  the  time  nor 
the  patience  to  make  personal  observations  on  an 
animal  so  shy  and  wary  and  largely  nocturnal  in  its 
habits,  many  absurd  stories  of  its  life  became  current 
and  were  accepted  by  credulous  writers  and  a  still 
more  credulous  public. 

Some  of  the  most  interesting  glimpses  of  life  and 
conditions  in  the  beaver  country  during  the  height  of 
the  fur  trade  may  be  gained  from  the  narrative  of 
John  Tanner,  a  white  man,  who,  when  a  boy  eleven 
years  old,  was  kidnapped  by  some  Shawnee  Indians 
in  Boone  County,  Kentucky.  He  was  sold  by  his  cap- 
tors to  Netnokwa,  a  Chippewa  woman,  who  adopted 
him  as  her  own  son.  He  lived  amongst  the  Chippewa 
from  about  1780  to  1830,  mostly  in  the  regions  now 
embraced  in  Northern  Minnesota,  Ontario,  Manitoba, 
North  Dakota  and  Assiniboia. 

Referring  to  a  bear  hunt  which  ended  a  period  of 
starvation,  he  relates  the  following :  "The  old  woman 
said,  'My  son,  look  in  that  kettle  and  you  will  find  a 
mouthful  of  beaver  which  a  man  gave  me  since  you  left 
us  this  morning.  You  must  leave  hal!  of  it  for  Wam- 
egonabiew  (her  son)  who  has  not  yet  returned  from 
hunting,  and  has  eaten  nothing  today.'  I  accordingly 
ate  the  beaver  meat,  and  when  I  had  finished  it,  observ- 
ing an  opportunity  when  she  stood  by  herself,  I  step- 
ped up  to  her  and  whispered  in  her  ear,  'My  mother, 
I  have  killed  a  bear.'  " 

From  other  remarks  of  John  Tanner  one  may  glean 
the  sad  story  of  the  degradation  of  the  Indians  as 
well  as  the  story  of  the  rapid  extermination  of  the 
beaver. 

Netnokwa  and  her  sons  had  visited  an  old  friend. 


Peshauba,  in  the  present  province  of  Assiniboia.  The 
party  started  in  canoes  down  a  tributary  of  the  As- 
siniboin  River  with  all  the  furs  Peshauba  had  accumu- 
lated during  several  years  of  hard  labor.  They  in- 
tended to  return  to  their  former  home  on  Lake  Huron. 
Of  this  journey  Tanner  writes: 

"When  we  came  from  the  Little  Saskajawun  into 
the  Assiniboin  River,  we  came  to  the  rapids,  where 
was  a  village  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  lodges  of  As- 
siniboins  and  some  Crees.  We  now  began  to  feel  the 
want  of  fresh  provisions,  and  determined  to  stop  a  day 
or  two  to  kill  sturgeon  at  this  place  where  we  found 

a  plenty  of  them In  two  days  from  these 

rapids  we  came  to  Mouse  River  where  both  the  North- 
west and  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  have  trading- 
houses.  Here  Peshauba  and  his  friends  began  to 
drink,  and  in  a  short  time  expended  all  the  peltries 
they  had  made  in  their  long  and  successful  hunt.  We 
sold  one  hundred  beaver  skins  in  one  day  for  liquor. 
The  price  was  then  six  beaver  skins  for  a  quart  of 
rum,  but  they  put  a  great  deal  of  water  with  it.  After 
drinking  here  for  some  time,  we  began  to  make^birch 
canoes,  still  intending  to  continue  on  our  journey." 

The  journey  was  never  completed.  After  telling 
of  two  years  of  toilsome  wandering  back  and  forth, 
of  hardships  and  misfortunes.  Tanner  agam  strikes  the 
sad  refrain  which  rings  through  all  the  stories  of  the  un- 
bounded forests  of  the  Indian  and  the  beaver : 

"The  old  woman,  being  much  dissatisfied  at  the 
misconduct  of  her  son,  the  disappointment  of  her  hopes 
of  returning  to  Lake  Huron,  and  other  misfortunes, 
began  to  drink.  In  the  course  of  a  single  day  she  sold 
one  hundred  and  twenty  beaver  skins  with  a  large 
quantity  of  buffalo  robes,  dressed  and  smoked  skins 
and  other  articles,  for  rum.  It  was  her  habit,  when- 
ever  she  drank,  to  make  drunk  all  the  Indians  about 
her,  at  least  as  far  as  her  means  would  extend.  Of  all 
our  large  load  of  peltries,  the  produce  of  so  many 
days  of  toil,  of  so  many  long  and  difficult  journeys, 
one  blanket  and  three  kegs  of  rum  only  remained, 
besides  the  poor  and  almost  worn-out  clothing  on 
our  bodies.  I  did  not,  on  this  or  any  other  occasion, 
witness  the  needless  and  wanton  waste  of  our  peltries 
and  other  property,  with  that  indifference  which  the 
Indians  seemed  always  to  feel 

"We  repaired  to  Rainy  Lake  trading  house,  where 
we  obtained  a  credit  to  the  amount  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty  beaver  skins,  and  thus  furnished  ourselves 
with  some  blankets,  clothing  and  other  things  neces- 
sary for  the  winter." 

For  about  a  hundred  years,  during  the  eighteenth 
century,  Canada  practically  lived  on  beaver  furs. 
Beaver  skins  paid  for  her  imports  from  Europe;  in 
beaver  furs  the  church  received  its  tithes,  and  in 
beaver  furs  the  converted  Indians  paid  for  the  mass 
which  the  priest  read  for  the  souls  of  the  departed 


THE  LURE  OF  THE  BEAVER 


603 


braves.     It  is  quite  fitting  that  the  beaver  has  been 
given  a  place  on  the  national  coat-of-arms  of  Canada. 

In  the  valuable  historical  documents  known  as  the 
Jesuit  Relations,  no  animal  is  so  frequently  mentioned 
as  the  beaver,  and  the  journals  of  all  the  early  traders 
and  explorers  show  that  from  about  1600  to  1825  and 
even  later,  the  beaver  was  over  a  region  larger  than 
all  western  Europe,  of  as  much  economic  importance 
to  the  inhabitants  as  gold  was  in  the  early  days  of 
California  and  as  cotton  is  now  in  our  Southern  States. 

Under  these  conditions  the  slaughter  and  destruc- 
tion of  the  beaver  proceeded  at  a  fearful  rate.     The 
annual  export  of  beaver  skins  probably  did  not  much 
exceed    half    a 
million,  but  it  is 
likely    that    two 
millions    of    the 
animals    were 
killed  every  year. 

The  beaver 
hunter,  like  the 
placer  miner,  ex- 
hausts the  source 
of  his  wealth  in 
any  one  locality 
very  soon,  and 
is  compelled  to 
move  into  new 
regions.  Beavers, 
in  spite  of  their 
apparent  sagac- 
ity, are  easily 
caught,  and  as 
their  size  and 
manner  of  life 
make  conceal- 
ment impossible, 
the  beaver  popu- 
lation has  so  rap- 
i  d  1  y  decreased 
that  today  there 
are  probably  not 
more  than  500,000  of  them  alive  in  the  whole  of  North 
America,  although  the  original  beaver  population  of 
ihe  continent  must  have  been  at  least  60,000,000. 

In  1871  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  still  furnished 
174,461  skins,  in  1905  the  supply  had  fallen  to  54,119. 
The  total  production  of  beaver  skins  from  1672  to 
1902,  largely  based  on  figures  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company,  is  estimated  at  3,000,000  skins,  and  valued 
at  $100,000,000. 

About  1825  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  absorbed 
the  Northwest  Company  and  the  ruinous  competition 
in  the  fur  trade  and  the  unrestricted  liquor  traffic  came 
to  an  end.  The  company  did  much  for  the  Indians 
and  prevented  the  wanton  extermination  of  beaver  in 
its  territory.  About  the  same  time  silk  was  substituted 
for  beaver  hair  in  the  manufacture  of  hats,  and  this 


Cutirtesy    of    the    American    Aluseitm    Journal 

HOW  BEAVERS  CUT  TREES 

Black   ash    cut   by   beavers    near    Port    Kent,    New    York.      Gift   of    W.    H.  Howell,   on   exhibit   at   the 
American   Museum.     The   cuttings  show  characteristic  marks   of  the  beaver's  teeth. 


invention  also  checked  the  destruction  of  the  animals. 
Since  that  time  beaver  skins  came  within  reach  of  the 
furrier.  A  good  beaver  skin  now  brings  the  trapper 
about  $8.00  and  a  full  length  beaver  coat  is  worth 
about  $200.00.  Beaver  fur  is  not  in  prime  condition 
until  February  and  March,  but  in  the  early  days  the 
Indians  killed  some  for  both  food  and  fur  at  all  sea- 
sons, although  they  did  most  of  their  trapping  during 
the  winter  months. 

When,  in  1869,  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  sur- 
rendered its  sovereignty  to  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 
the  humble  wild  fur  bearers  lost  their  best  protector, 
and  are  now  rapidly  following  the  buffalo  and  the  elk 

in  all  regions 
where  they  are 
not  rigidly  pro- 
tected. With 
them  the  most 
interesting  ani- 
mals  of  our 
whole  fauna,  the 
founders  of 
American  c  o  m  - 
merce,  the  first 
engineers  and  the 
first  lumbermen 
of  North  Ameri- 
ca, will  be  seen 
and  heard  no 
more  on  the 
streams  in  the 
forest,  where 
their  ancestors 
have  worked  and 
played  since  the 
leaves  of  the  as- 
pen first  began 
to  whisper  in  the 
summer  breeze. 

Where,  how- 
ever, the  beaver 
is  actually  pro- 
tected, it  not  only  holds  its  own,  but  increases  rapidly. 
This  has  been  shown  in  Minnesota,  Ontario,  Michigan, 
Wisconsin,  and  elsewhere,  for  under  favorable  environ- 
ment no  animal  is  better  fitted  to  take  care  of  itself. 

In  1902  three  beavers,  one  male  and  two  females, 
were  set  free  in  the  Itasca  Forest  Reserve  of  Minne- 
sota, where  the  species  had  become  extinct.  The  lib- 
erated beavers  built  a  house  at  the  mouth  of  Nicollet 
creek  that  same  fall  and  within  ten  years  they  had 
spread  over  the  whole  of  the  Reserve  and  had  built 
about  thirty  lodges  and  had  made  half  a  dozen  large 
ponds. 

In  a  settled  farming  country,  beavers  would  not  be 
desirable,  because  their  dams  will  flood  meadows  and 
they  cut  down  quite  a  few  trees  and  kill  others  by 
flooding  their  roots.     In  a  wild  country,  however,  the 


604 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


trees  they  kill  have  no  value.  Where  beaver  have  to 
be  killed  or  removed  the  work  should  be  done  under 
the  direct  control  of  an  efficient  State  Game  Depart- 
ment. 

Wherever  general  trapping  is  permitted,  the  ani- 
mals will  soon  become  extinct.  I  believe,  that  in  cer- 
tain wild  regions  as  on  Isle  Royale,  in  Lake  Superior, 
colonies  of  beaver  might  yield  a  reasonable  income,  if 
properly  managed. 

Against  their  natural  enemies  they  are  well  pro- 
tected. Lynxes  and  wolves  cannot  attack  them  in  the 
water  nor  in  their  houses  or  burrows.     I  have  seen 


OPENING   A    BEAVER    HOUSE 
The    opening   in    this   beaver    house   is    large    enough    to    admit    a    man    who 
is   well    on    his    way    to    explore   the    interior.      Note    the    large    branches    oi 
which  it  is  built. 

Otter  trails  near  beaver  houses  and  it  is  possible  that 
this  agnostic  hunter  may  attack  them  in  the  water  or 
even  invade  their  houses.  A  hungry  eagle  would  no 
doubt  pounce  upon  the  young,  but  the  beaver  children 
seldom  venture  more  than  a  few  yards  from  the  paren- 
tal roof  and  castle. 

To  harmless  woodland  neighbors  the  beavers  are 
indifferent  and  live  at  peace  with  them ;  and  for  catch- 
ing glimpses  of  the  life  of  the  wood  folk  there  is  no 
better  place  than  a  beaver  pond. 

At  one  place  I  observed  daily  from  my  shelf-plat- 
form in  a  tree  the  feeding  and  playing  of  a  brood  of 
black  ducks.  A  young  woodchuck  also  browsed  right 
below  me  and  used  the  beaver  dam  as  his  turnpike. 
Once  he  tried  to  cross  the  stream  on  a  pole,  but  lost 
his  hold  and  fell  with  a  splash  into  the  water. 

At  another  pond,  a  flock  of  Canadian  jays  tried  to 
steal  my  bacon  out  of  the  frying  pan,  and  at  a  third 
pond  I  observed  the  play  and  calls  of  loons  that  were 
unconscious  of  my  presence,  and  I  watched  deer  feed- 
ing for  an  hour  near  a  beaver  clearing. 

The  Indians  indulged  in  many  practical  jokes  at 
the  expense  of  their  pious  Jesuit  teachers.     One  of 


HOW    A   BEAVER    SAVED    WORK 

Whether  the  animal  knew  how  to  do  it  or  not  the  fact  remains  that  this 
tree   was   felled  after  the  beaver  had   cut  through   only  one   side   of  it. 

them,  Father  Joseph  Louvence,  tells  us  that  the 
heavers  have  two  teeth  projecting  from  the  sides  of 
their  mouths  like  swords  and  that  they  use  these  like 
saws  in  cutting  down  trees,  that  their  houses  are 
divided  into  several  stories  and  that  their  dams  are  so 
ingeniously  built  that  one  could  expect  nothing  better 
from  the  most  skilful  architect.  The  account  shows 
that  the  good  father  had  never  seen  a  beaver  house,  a 
dam  nor  a  beaver. 


PINE   TREE   CUT   BY   BEAVER 

Note  the  size  of  this  tree  and  guess  the  amount  of  work  required  to  cut 
it  down.  The  power  and  sharpness  of  the  beaver's  teeth  may  be  judged 
ky  the  fact  that  some  of  the  chips  are  four  inches  long. 


THE  LURE  OF  THE  BEAVER 


605 


A  BAD  NEIGHBOR  OF  THE  BEAVER 

The  lynx  is  frequently  found  along  the  water  side  where  beavers  are 
active.  He  is  one  of  their  worst  enemies,  but  can  catch  them  only  in 
the  open,  as  their  houses  are  lynx  proof. 


I  had  casually  observed  a  few  beaver  colonies  in 
the  wilds  of  Northeastern  Minnesota,  in  Northern  Wis- 
consin and  in  the  Itasca  Forest  Reserve,  and  so  at- 
tractive did  I  find  their  habits,  that  one  summer  I 
devoted  over  a  month  exclusively  to  studying  them  in 
the  Itasca  Reserve;  but  the  difficulties  I  encountered 
in  trying  to  secure  new  and  reliable  information  were 
at  times  quite  baffling. 

My  first  attempt  was  made  at  a  dam  and  pond  in 
a  dense  cedar  swamp.     In  company  with  two  friends 


I  made  a  small  break  in  their  dam  and  staid  near  the 
break  all  night.  Early  in  the  evening  we  suffered  not 
a  little  from  mosquitoes,  and  in  the  morning  from  cold 
and  dampness.  Several  times  we  heard  a  beaver 
plunge  and  slap  the  water  with  his  broad  tail,  and 
once  he  almost  spattered  water  on  our  blankets,  but 
the  break  in  the  dam  was  not  repaired.  At  sunrise, 
three  shivering  and  bedraggled  naturalists  were  long- 
ingly looking  forward  to  a  fire  and  hot  coffee  and  they 
had  learned  that  beavers  will  not  work  when  they 
know  they  are  being  watched. 


A  MUSKRAT  HOUSE 

This   is   a  cross   section    showing   the    interior   chamber   and   entrance   under 
water  or  ice.     The  boy  has  his  left  hand  in  the  entrance  to  this  domicile. 


NEIGHBOR    PORCUPINE 

The  well  known  but  carefully  avoided  porcupine  is  one  of  the  neighbors 
of  the  beaver,  although  that  does  not  prove  that  they  have  much  in  com- 
mon, except  a   fondness   for   the   same   locality. 

My  next  attempt  was  made  on  a  large  pond  which 
the  beavers  had  created  by  building  a  dam  across  a 
small  creek  in  a  mof-e  open  valley.  Here  I  built  against 
the  trunk  of  a  large  balsam  fir  a  platform  twenty  feet 
above  the  ground.  Two  afternoons  and  evenings  I 
spent  alone,  on  that  platform  after  having  made  a  break 
in  the  darnj.  On  both  occasions  I  saw  a  beaver  swim- 
ming about  in  the  pond  as  if  he  were  scouting  for  the 
cause  of  the  trouble.  He  was  not  alarmed  and  neither 
saw  nor  scented  me,  but  he  never  left  the  pond  and  did 
not  repair  the  dam.  When  it  grew  too  dark  to  see 
anything,  I  left  for  my  camp  two  miles  away.  On 
both  occasions  the  break  was  repaired  during  .the 
night.  About  the  number  of  beavers  living  in  this 
pond  I  had  been  able  to  make  no  direct  observations. 

Having  been  disappointed  at  this  pond,  I  selected 
a  beaver  house  on  the  shore  of  a  small  lake  and  direct- 
ly below  a  high  bank.  This  seemed  a  most  favorable 
locality.  I  intended  to  observe  the  beavers  from  be- 
hind some  bushes  on  the  high  bank ;  the  house  was 
built  in  the  open  and  was  exposed  to  the  west,  making 
the  conditions  of  light  very  favorable.     It  was  only 


606 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


SIZE  OF  A  BEAVER  HOUSE 

This  photograph  gives  an  excellent  idea  of  the  size  and  the  stability  of 
the  beaver  house.  It  is  built  on  the  edge  of  a  pond  in  southern  Wis- 
consin. 

half  a  mile  to  a  good  log  cabin  and  I  expected  good 
results. 

But  again  I  was  disappointed.  I  did  indeed  see 
several  beavers  every  evening  but  they  nearly  always 
scented  me  and  gave  their  plunge-and-slap  danger 
signal,  which,  at  times,  was  taken  up  by  a  colony  on 
the  other  side  of  the  lake  until  the  resounding  plunges 
made  a  noise  as  if  half  a  dozen  concealed  giants  were 
throwing  rocks  into  the  lake.  Building  a  platform  in 
a  jack  pine  did  not  bring  better  results;  the  beavers 
always  knew  I  was  there. 

At  last  I  discovered  the  source  of  my  difficulties. 
Towards  evening  the  wind  nearly  always  ceased  and  a 
current  of  air  set  in  flowing  gently  from  the  high  bank 
down  to  the  lake. 

I  now  decided  to  make  a  large  beaver  house,  lo- 
cated on  a  poirit  of  land  across  the  lake,  the  scene  of 
my  investigations.  An  open  grove  of  poplars  covered 
this  point  and  I  planned  to  build  a  comfortable  plat- 
form almost  vertically  above  the  beaver  house  by 
connecting  three  of  the  trees  by  means  of  stout  poles 
and  strong  boards.  On  shore  near  my  camp  I  built  a 
raft  and  a  portable  ladder  and  cut  the  poles  and  then 
ferried  poles,  ladder  and  boards  across.  I  adopted  this 
method  in  order  to  avoid  unnecessarily  alarming  the 
beavers  by  much  cutting  and  hammering  near  their 
house ;  still  it  required  four  hours  of  hard  work  to 
build  my  observatory.  Having  no  companion  and 
working  eight  miles  from  the  nearest  settlement  the 
work  did  not  lack  a  spice  of  danger.  That  evening, 
knowing  that   the  beavers   would  be   alarmed,   I   re- 


mained quietly  in  camp  observing  the  deer-mice  in 
the  cabin  and  the  snowshoe  rabbits  around  the  camp- 
fire,  both  of  which  were  more  numerous  than  I  have 
ever  known  them  before. 

The  following  day  I  paddled  across  the  lake  on  my 
raft  in  the  middle  of  the  afternoon.  The  raft  enabled 
me  to  avoid  a  long  detour  around  the  shore  of  the  lake 
where  the  going  was  extremely  bad,  especially  after 
dark,  and  it  also  made  it  possible  for  me  to  land  at  the 
beaver  point  without  noise.  After  dark,  on  the  home- 
ward trip,  I  steered  for  three  white  birches,  near  which 
I  tied  my  raft  within  half  a  mile  of  camp.  At  the  end 
of  a  week,  however,  the  craft  became  so  water-logged 
that  the  stern  travelled  ten  inches  under  water,  but 
as  I  did  not  have  to  travel  in  strong  winds  and  big 
waves,  the  raft  remained  a  most  convenient  and  fairly 
safe  transport. 

Having  arrived  at  the  beaver  point  I  ascended  to 
my  platform  and  waited.'  About  6.20  I  observed  a  line 
of  bubbles  arising  near  the  house  and  traveling  rap- 
idly into  the  lake,  and  about  two  hundred  feet  from 
the  house,  as  I  had  expected,  a  beaver  came  up  at  the 
end  of  the  bubble  line.  He  scouted  about,  his  nose 
turned  toward  the  shore,  but  found  nothing  to  alarm 
him.  Soon  another  beaver  left  the  house.  I  could  see 
his  dark  body  under  the  water  but  he  caused  neither 
ripples  nor  bubbles.  He  also,  after  rising,  sniffed  the 
shore,  but  in  another  direction,  and  like  his  fellow  was 
not  alarmed.  A  little  later  a  half  grown  beaver  cau- 
tiously put  his  head  out  among  the  poles  at  the  edge 


BEAVER  HOUSE  IN  WINTER 

This  house  was  deserted  for  several  years.  Late  in  the  fall  a  colony 
whose  pond  had  been  drained  by  a  poacher  repaired  the  house,  hurriedly 
pickled  a  large  amount  of  brush  and  occupied  the  house. 


THE  LURE  OF  THE  BEAVER 


607 


of  the  house,  and  not  scenting  or  hearing  anything 
suspicious,  swam  away  to  the  feeding  grounds. 

At  last  I  had  found  a  place  and  method  at  which 
the  wariness  of  the  animals  would  not  baffle  me,  and 
new  facts  came  rapidly  during  the  week  I  watched 
from  the  platform  spiked  to  the  three  poplars. 

On  this  level  point  of  land  there  was  no  downward 
air  current  and  the  beavers  could  not  scent  me.  To 
noise  they  were  not  so  sensitive  as  I  had  expected. 
The  rather  loud  click  of  a  camera  which  several  times 
caused  a  muskrat  to  plunge  with  alarm,  made  no  im- 
pression on  the  beavers,  and  to  their  eyes  the  large 
platform,  six  feet  by  three,  and  myself  sitting  on  it 
without  any  screen  whatever,  conveyed  no  import  of 
danger. 

As  far  as  I  could  tell  they  did  not  see  me  at  all. 
Once,  however,  I  thought  a  beaver  some  hundred 
yards  away  caught  sight  of  me  against  the  sky  line  as 
I  moved  to  shift  my  position. 

Every  evening  between  six  and  half  past,  the  young 
beavers  of  the  season  began  a  sort  of  child-like  whin- 
ing. Within  half  an  hour  after  that,  one  or  two  full 
grown  animals  left  the  house  under  water  and  arose  at 
a  distance  of  about  two  hundred  feet  to  scout  along 
the  shore  as  already  described.  In  most  cases  I  failed 
to  see  them  leave  the  house.  Once  I  saw  a  large  piece 
of  poplar,  perhaps  three  feet  long  and  four  inches  in 
diameter,  taken  into  the  house  under  water.  I  could 
not  see  the  dark  beaver,  but  only  the  whitish  piece  of 
poplar,  and  the  movement  under  water  produced  no 
ripples  on  the  surface.  About  ten  or  fifteen  minutes 
after  the  old  beavers  had  left,  the  half  grown  yearlings 
generally  left  the  house  and  all  swam  towards  the 
feeding  grounds,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  the  west.  I 
think  there  were  four  of  these  yearlings.     Once  I  saw 


WOMEN  WALKING  0\  BE.WER  DAM 

Not  many  women  have  walked  over  a  beaver  dam  and  those  who  have 
see  no  particular  reason  why  they  should  do  it  a  second  time.  These 
are  memhers  of  the  Minnesota  Forestry   School   at   Itasca   Lake.    Minnesota. 


THIS   DAM   IS   FIVE   FEET   HIGH 

So  firmly  constructed  is  this  dam  that  despite  frequent  rise  of  the  stream 
it  still  remains  firm  and  strong,  its  top  five  feet  above  the  average  water 
mark.     It  is  in  Southern  Wisconsin. 

them  leave  so  close  together  that  their  bodies  touched 
one  another. 

I  concluded  that  the  beavers  just  mentioned  were 
yearlings  because  they  were  not  full  grown,  and  the 
house  was  also  inhabited  by  three  or  four  animals  only 
about  the  size  of  muskrats.  These  little  fellows  seldom 
showed  themselves  and  never  followed  the  parents  to 
the  feeding  grounds  so  I  concluded  that  they  did  the 
whining  I  regularly  heard,  because  I  heard  it  after 
parents  and  yearlings  had  left  the  house.  This  house 
I  now  knew  for  certain  was  inhabited  by  about  ten 
beavers  belonging  to  three  generations.  The  two 
narents,  easily  distinguished  by  their  large  size,  always 
left  the  house  first  and  scouted  along  the  shore  for 
indications  of  danger.  If  their  suspicion  was  aroused, 
they  gave  the  danger  signal  and  I  soon  learned  that 
after  that  I  should  see  very  few  or  no  beavers  that 
evening.  If  they  suspected  no  danger  they  either 
swam  away  to  feed  or  returned  leisurely  to  the  house 
and  left  again  later.  Near  the  house,  they  never  went 
on  land,  although  from  my  platform  I  could  see 
seventeen  wharves  or  landing  places.  But  for  some 
reason  the  beavers  were  feeding  at  this  time  exclu- 
sively a  quarter  of  a  mile  away. 

The  house  under  the  high  bank  also  harbored 
parents,  yearlings,  and  young  of  the  season,  but  I 
secured  no  good  evidence  as  to  their  number;  how- 
ever, to  judge  from  the  size  of  the  house  and  other 
signs,  the  number  was  less,  perhaps  only  six  or  seven. 

The  yearlings  did  not  heed  the  danger  signals  of 
the  parents  as  implicitly  as  they  would  do  with  the 
writers  of  nature  fiction.  Twice  one  of  the  parents 
became  alarmed  at  my  raft  moored  on  the  other  side 
of  the  point  and  gave  the  plunge-and-slap  signal,  but 
the  yearlings  near  the  house  paid  no  attention  to  it 
although  the  alarmed  parent  was  not  more  than  two 


608 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


hundred  feet  away.  The  youngsters  reminded  me  of 
boys  who  go  their  own  way  in  life,  feeling  satisfied 
that  the  old  man  doesn't  know  what  he's  talking  about. 
Contrary  to  a  statement  made  in  a  very  reliable 
natural  history,  the  muskrats  and  the  beavers  lived 
entirely  at  peace  with  each  other,  one  paying  no  atten- 
tion to  the  other.  In  the  house  below  the  high  bank 
beavers  and  rats  also  lived  together  peacefully,  but  in 
both  cases  the  rats  generally  used  small  entrances 
close  to  shore,  and  I  think  they  lived  in  a  small  cavity 
in  the  bank  by  themselves.  In  a  third  house  musk- 
rats  were  also  present,  but  I  did  not  learn  on  what 


WHERE    BEAVER    THRIVED 

Scene  in  a  poplar  grove  in  winter  after  the  beavers  have  cut  down  and 
pickled  their  supply  of  brush  and  food  poles.  This  is  in  the  Itasca  Forest, 
Minnesota. 

terms  they  lived  with  their  larger  relatives.  At  Poplar 
Point  rats  fed  almost  entirely  among  the  lilies  and 
other  plants  in  a  little  bay  in  which  the  beaver  house 
was  located,  and  seldom  traveled  more  than  a  few  rods 
from  home,  but  they  also  ate  the  foliage  and  bark  of 
poplar  on  the  beaver  house.  They  generally  appeared 
about  half  an  hour  before  the  beavers  came  out.  The 
beavers,  on  the  other  hand,  all  swam  to  the  feeding 
ground  a  quarter  of  a  mile  away,  where  three  kinds 
of  water  lilies  grew  in  abundance  and  where  they  had 
also  done  much  fresh  cutting  among  the  poplars  on 
shore. 

The  most  interesting  observation  I  made  on  the 
last  evening  I  could  spend  on  my  platform  at  Poplar 
Point.  Beavers  began  to  show  themselves  very  freely 
about  seven  o'clock;  once  I  saw  four  or  five  at  the 
same  moment.  About  7:45  a  beaver,  a  yearling  to 
judge  by  his  size,  came  very  carefully  out  of  the 
house.  He  hesitated  a  minute,  and  then,  almost  direct- 
ly below  me  walked  slowly  up  to  a  green  poplar  I 
had  cut  the  night  before  and  with  a  few  lateral  move- 
ments of  his  head  cut  off  a  twig  the  thickness  of  a 


man's  thumb.  The  next  moment,  seizing  the  butt 
with  his  mouth  or  fore  feet — I  could  not  make  sure 
which — he  swung  the  leafy  branch  over  his  left 
shoulder  from  which  it  slid  off  almost  immediately; 
he  then  seized  it  with  his  teeth,  dragged  it  into  the 
water,  dived  with  it  and  took  it  into  the  house.  No 
sooner  had  he  entered  than  the  babies  of  the  family 
set  up  a  lively  whining  in  appreciation,  as  I  imagined, 
of  the  prize  the  big  brother  had  brought  in.  This  was 
the  most  intimate  glimpse  I  had  of  the  beavers'  home 
life  and  was  the  only  time  I  saw  a  beaver  on  land. 

I  noted  that  the  beavers  never  touched  the  other 
|)oplar  tops  I  had  dropped  almost  on  their  house  and 
they  had  practically  done  no  cutting  in  the  poplar 
grove  near  their  house.  They  nearly  always  left  the 
house  at  the  same  exit  and,  after  the  old  'ones  had 
scouted  along  the  shore,  both  parents  and  yearlings 
often  swam  directly  to  their  feeding  place  about  a 
(luarter  of  a  mile  to  the  west.  Several  times  I  watched 
one  swim  as  straight  as  the  crow  flies  with  a  speed 
of  about  one  hundred  yards  a  minute. 

The  most  remarkable  beaver  structures  are  the 
dams,  built  across  small  streams  and  creating  the 
well-known  beaver  ponds.  Dams  from  a  hundred  to 
three  hundred  feet  long  are  common,  and  in  rare  in- 
stances a  beaver  dam  may  reach  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in 
length.  The  height  of  a  dam  varies  from  a  few  inches 
near  the  ends  to  five  or  six  feet  in  the  highest  places. 
It  is  built  of  dead  brush  and  sticks  held  together  by 
mud  scooped  and  dug  up  immediately  above  the  dam. 
The  beavers  had  cut  no  standing  trees  for  any  of  the 
dams  I  had  seen.  No  stakes  are  driven  into  the  ground 
and  no  large  rocks  used  to  hold  down  the  brush.  The 
dams  are  not  given  any  artistic  finish,  and  look  as  if 
a  lot  of  boys  had  built  them ;  but  by  being  kept  in 
repair  they  hold  the  water  in  the  pond.  The  amount 
of  work  expended  in  their  construction  is  very  large, 
considering  that  a  beaver  averages  only  about  thirty 
pounds  in  weight  and  has  only  his  small  fore  feet  to 
use  as  hands  and  his  four  chisel-like  teeth  for  cutting 
brush,  trees  and  sticks,  or  for  seizing  his  material 
when  he  drags  or  floats  it  to  his  house  or  dam.  I  esti- 
mated that  duplicating  a  certain  three  hundred  foot 
dam  would  take  a  man  equipped  with  pick,  ax  and 
shovel  about  four  weeks. 

The  streams  which  the  beavers  dam  up  to  make 
their  ponds  vary  in  size  from  insignificant  rills  to 
streams  large  enough  to  carry  a  row-boat.  In  the  late 
fall  of  1912  they  built  two  dams  across  the  Mississippi 
where  the  stream  issues  from  Lake  Itasca.  A  beaver 
pond  is  frequently  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long  and  covers 
an  area  of  from  five  to  ten  acres,  but  ponds  have  been 
observed  covering  from  fifty  to  sixty  acres.  None  of 
the  ponds  in  the  Itasca  Reserve  are  over  ten  years  old, 
but  in  the  early  days  a  well  located  beaver  pond  may 
have  been  occupied  for  a  century  or  longer,  although 
the  life  time  of  an  individual  beaver  probably  does  not 


THE  LURE  OF  THE  BEAVER 


609 


extend  beyond  ten  or  fifteen  years.  Of  all  the  wild  and 
weird  places  one  comes  upon  in  the  primeval  forest,  a 
beaver  pond  is  the  most  desolate.  As  the  water  backs 
up  from  the  dam,  the  cedars,  tamaracks,  spruces  and 
firs  gradually  die  and  within  a  few  years  they  begin 
to  lean  and  fall  in  all  directions,  while  long  tufts  of 
gray  lichens  hang,  like  gray  funeral  wreaths,  from 
every  dead  bough.  Few  men  can  spend  a  night  alone 
at  a  beaver  pond  without  having  the  primitive  fear  of 
the  wilderness  creep  in  upon  them. 

Beaver  houses  are  constructed  like  the  well-known 
muskrat  houses  which  every  country  boy  has  seen  in 
sloughs  and  sluggish  creeks,  but  the  beavers  use  sticks, 
poles  and  mud  as  building  material  instead  of  the 
rushes  and  mud  employed  by  their  small  cousins.  A 
large  beaver  house  stands  about  five  feet  above  the 
water  and  measures  from  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  in 
width  at  water  level.  A  large  house  at  the  south  end 
of  Lake  Itasca  could  be  clearly  seen  at  the  distance  of 
a  mile  and  a  half.  Each  house  has  two  or  more  en- 
trances, always  under  water,  but  it  has  only  one  cavity 
where  from  six  to  ten  beavers  live,  sleep  and  eat.  I 
found  no  bedding  in  the  deserted  houses  I  opened,  but 
the  cavities  were  large  enough  that  a  man  might  use 
them  as  places  of  concealment. 

The  beavers  seem  to  prefer  building  their  houses 
in  ponds  where  they  can  control  the  water  level  and 
where  no  enemy,  except  man,  can  reach  them,  but 
they  also  build  many  houses  against  the  banks  of 
lakes  and  some  of  them  live  in  burrows  near  the  water, 
which  was  undoubtedly  the  manner  in  which  their 
ancestors  lived  long  ago.  How  and  when  they  learned 
to  build  dams,  create  artificial  ponds  and  build  their 
dome-shaped  houses  we  can,  at  present,  only  surmise. 

Some  of  the  extinct  relatives  of  the  beavers  were 
several  times  as  large  as  the  present  race,  and  one 
grotesque  species  was  even  provided  with  horns. 

Fully  as  striking  as  the  hydraulic  engineering  of 
the  beavers  is  their  lumbering.  The  term  beaver  clear- 
ing is  not  hyperbole,  for  they  frequently  fell  from 
one  to  two  hundred  trees,  occasionally  taking  a  tree 
of  two  feet  in  diameter,  but  they  prefer  trees  from  a 
few  inches  to  a  foot  thick.  Just  as  the  tiny  wild  mice 
cut  down  grasses  to  secure  the  seeds,  the  beavers  fell 
trees  to  feed  on  the  twigs  and  on  the  bark  of  the 
boughs.  Accurate  observation  shows  that  they  do  not 
determine  the  direction  in  which  the  trees  fall.  Most 
of  them  fall  naturally  toward  the  pond  or  lake ;  but  in 
a  large  clearing  trees  may  be  seen  lying  in  all  direc- 
tions and  many  become  lodged  in  the  tops  of  other 
trees.  These  lodged  trees  do  not  fall  to  the  ground 
and  are  lost  to  the  beavers.  An  intelligent  lumber- 
man secures  every  tree  he  cuts. 

For  use  during  winter  they  cut  boughs  and  trees 
into  sticks  and  poles  varying  from  about  two  to  six 
feet  in  length  and  reaching  six  inches  in  diameter. 
This  material  they  pickle  in  the  cold  water  near  their 
houses,  just  before  the  lakes  and  ponds  freeze  over, 


and  at  this  time  of  the  year  they  are  as  busy  as  farm- 
ers in  harvest  and  haying  time. 

Their  favorite  food  is  the  brush  and  bark  of  the 
common  poplar,  but  they  also  eat  balsam  poplar,  Cot- 
tonwood, white,  yellow  and  dwarf  birch  and  a  few 
other  deciduous  shrubs  and  trees,  but  no  evergreens. 
They  are  strict  vegetarians  and  if  their  home  stream 
contains  any  trout,  some  big  fish  may  be  looked  for 
in  the  beaver  pond. 

Very  remarkable  also  are  the  beaver  canals  and 
ditches.  They  are  dug  to  a  width  of  two  or  three  feet 
and  are  from  one  to  two  feet  deep.  They  connect 
natural  lakes,  marshes  and  ponds  or  run  from  a  pond 
to  their  cuttings.  They  use  these  canals  for  purposes 
of  travel  and  for  floating  their  food  to  their  houses. 
I  found  one  fifty  feet  long  connecting  two  natural 
lakes,  but  Lewis  H.  Morgan,  a  careful  observer  writ- 
ing about  1865,  observed  one  in  Michigan  which  was 
two  hundred  and  eighty  feet  long. 

The  beaver  is  a  rodent  and  resembles  in  appearance 
a  large  muskrat.  He  is  very  dark  brown  in  color, 
but  has  a  black,  paddle-shaped  tail.  The  hind  feet 
are  webbed  and  act  as  powerful  propellers  in  swim- 
ming, while  the  fore  feet  are  rather  short  and  not 
webbed  and  are  used  like  hands.  The  story  that 
beavers  carry  mud  on  their  naked,  scaly  tails,  and  that 
they  use  them  as  a  trowel,  is  a  fable.  The  tail  is  ad- 
mirably adapted  to  regulate  their  up  and  down  move- 
ments under  water,  but  whether  they  steer  themselves 
with  their  tails  or  their  feet  I  have  not  yet  been  able 
to  learn. 

Recently  I  made  a  midwinter  trip  to  the  beaver 
colonies  in  the  Itasca  Reserve.  Near  several  of  the 
houses  I  could  clearly  trace  their  brush  piles  of  winter 
food,  which  extended  from  twenty  to  thirty  feet  from 
the  house  and  were  about  ten  feet  wide.  One  old 
house,  which  had  been  vacated  for  three  years,  a  family 
had  repaired  late  in  the  season  and  had  then  hurriedly 
provided  themselves  with  whatever  food  happened  to 
grow  nearest  at  hand.  Their  brush  pile  contained  only 
white  and  dwarf  birch,  and  a  little  white  elm,  black 
ash  and  alder.  Evidently  they  had  not  had  time  to  go 
after  poplar. 

A  well  located  colony  in  a  pond  on  a  small  creek 
had  been  able  to  do  things  right.  They  had  built  three 
dams  and  created  three  ponds  above  their  home  pond. 
On  the  bank  of  the  upper  pond  they  had  cut  their 
winter  food  and  had  then  floated  it  down  from  pond 
to  pond  half  a  mile  to  their  house.  The  three  upper 
ponds  contained  no  houses  and  had  only  been  used  for 
the  transportation  of  food. 

On  all  inhabited  ponds  the  animals  had  made  a 
small  opening  in  the  dams  when  the  ice  was  about 
three  inches  thick.  In  this  way  they  had  probabl) 
provided  small  air  holes  near  stumps  and  trees  and  in 
front  of  the  dams,  because  about  a  foot  of  water  had 
run  out  of  the  ponds  and  the  ice  had  settled  down  to 
the  water  level.     By  this  procedure  they  had  also  pre- 


610 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


vented  the  water  from  flooding  the  ice  and  rising  into 
their  house  or  causing  uncontrollable  leaks  in  the 
dam. 

The  domes  of  their  houses  freeze  hard  in  winter, 
and  while  wolves  and  deer  and  all  kinds  of  animals 
pass  freely  over  the  frozen  ponds,  it  is  impossible  for 
any  creature,  except  a  man  with  an  ax,  to  open  a 
beaver  house  in  winter. 

I  would  not  ascribe  human  reason  to  the  beavers, 
but  in  the  sphere  of  their  own  peculiar  life  and  activi- 
ties they  do  certainly  display  such  a  marvellous  instinct 
and  adaptability  that  one  is  ever  tempted  to  ascribe 
at  least  a  high  degree  of  intelligence  to  them.  How- 
ever, comparing  the  beaver's  intelligence  with  that  of 
wolves,  domestic  dogs,  coyotes  and  foxes,  I  should 
rate  it  rather  low.  The  wild  flesh-eaters  have  every 
man's  hand  against  them,  but  still  they  hold  their 
own.  With  remarkable  adaptability  they  have  learned 
to  avoid  guns  and  traps,  hounds  and  even  poison.  The 
beaver  has  become  wonderfully  adapted  to  an  aquatic 
life  and  to  the  advantages  of  his  ponds,  dams  and 
houses,  but  as  compared  with  the  wild  canines  the 
castors  seem  a  dull  tribe.  It  is  easy  to  trap  all  or 
nearly  all  of  a  colony  of  beavers,  but  nobody  ever 
trapped  all  of  a  pack  of  wolves.  Wolves  hold  their 
own  wherever  they  find  food  and  shelter.  Beavers 
became  extinct  over  immense  areas  where  their  food 
and  shelter  existed  in  abundance,  because  they  adhered 
stubbornly  to  the  ways  of  their  ancestors.  They  were 
guided  too  largely  by  instinct  and  were  too  slow  to 
learn. 

I  shall  illustrate  by  three  instances  how  tenacious- 
ly beavers  follow  the  bidding  of  instinct  and  how  slow 
and  dull  they  are  in  grasping  a  new  situation. 

A  pair  of  beavers  built  a  dam  across  a  creek  which 
furnishes  the  water  for  the  State  Lodge  in  the  Itasca 
forest.  Twice  the  dam  was  torn  out  and  twice  the 
beavers  came  at  night  and  put  it  in  again.  Then  a 
lighted  lantern  was  left  near  the  place.  The  first 
night  they  avoided  the  place,  but  during  the  second 
night  they  again  built  their  dam.  Then  in  despair, 
the  lodge  keeper  set  a  steel  trap  and  caught  one  of  the 
beavers.  When  after  daylight  the  man  approached 
the  trap,  the  animal  broke  away,  leaving  one  of  his 


toes  in  the  trap,  and  at  last  this  beaver  and  his  mate 
understood  that  this  creek  was  not  a  safe  place  for 
building  a  dam. 

Two  other  interesting  instances  bearing  on  the 
beaver's  intelligence  have  come  to  my  notice.  I  was 
watching  beavers  from  my  platform  on  Poplar  Point. 
As  already  told,  both  beavers  and  rats  inhabit  the  same 
house  and  both  were  perfectly  at  home  with  each 
other.  One  evening  about  7 :30  a  muskrat  came  swim- 
ming home  with  a  water  lily  leaf,  which  had  acci- 
dentally turned  up  on  edge.  Almost  directly  below 
me  a  yearling  beaver  was  lying  with  his  head  out  of 
the  water.  When  the  rat  approached  him  within  about 
a  foot  he  took  a  sudden  fright  and  dived  and  rushed 
into  the  house  in  such  a  wild  panic  that  I  could  see 
only  a  streak  of  swirling  water.  This  beaver  had 
many  times  seen  a  rat  come  home  with  a  lily  leaf,  but 
at  the  somewhat  unusual  position  of  the  leaf  he  was 
thrown  into  a  panic  and  rushed  for  the  house. 

One  of  my  friends,  a  forester,  saw  a  beaver  on 
shore  toward  evening.  A  rabbit  hopped  out  of  some 
bushes  near  by,  and  the  beaver  rushed  into  the  water 
in  a  wild  fright.  There  were  literally  thousands  of 
rabbits  in  the  Itasca  woods  and  the  scent  and  shape  of 
a  rabbit  must  have  been  well  known  to  the  beaver. 

This  tendency  to  panic  does  not  speak  for  a  high 
grade  of  intelligence,  but  it  must  be  admitted  that  a 
tendency  to  rush  for  the  water  or  the  house  would  be 
beneficial  to  the  beavers  against  their  four-footed  ene- 
mies. 

But  though  we  admit  freely  that  the  Indians  and 
early  writers  overrated  the  intelligence  of  the  beaver 
people,  their  ways  and  works  will  always  lure  the 
naturalist  into  the  wilderness. 

Nature  has  been  most  sparing  in  the  bestowal  of 
her  greatest  gift.  Where  the  dim,  flickering  candle  of 
animal  instinct  and  intelligence  has  been  sufficient, 
she  has  not  turned  on  the  brilliant  searchlight  of 
human  reason. 

The  works  of  the  beaver,  executed  under  the  guid- 
ance of  a  human  mind,  would  be  nothing  remarkable; 
only  when  accomplished  by  a  creature  guided  by  in- 
stinct and  a  humble  animal  mind  do  they  appear  truly 
wonderful. 


CHESTNUT  blight  has  already  done  damage  in 
Pennsylvania  estimated  at  from  $9,000,000  to  $10,- 
000.  No  tree  attacked  by  it  has  ever  been  known  to  re- 
cover, although  dozens  of  fake  remedies  have  been 
brought  out. 

i~\  M.  BUTLER,  assistant  district  forester  of  the 
^-'*  United  States  Forest  Service,  Albuquerque,  New 
Mexico,  has  been  appointed  assitant  director  of  the  For- 
est Products  Laboratory,  at  Madison,  Wisconsin,  and 
has  assumed  his  duties.  Mr.  Butler  has  been  engaged  in 
Forest  Service  work  for  ten  years,  principally  in  the 
West,  where  he  was  at  different  times  assistant  district 
forester  in  various  districts. 


T  TNRESTRICTED  grazing  in  the  woodlot  is  a  losing 
proposition.  The  farm  woodlot  cannot  serve  profit- 
ably for  the  production  of  timber  and  also  as  a  pasture 
for  stock.  Either  all  grazing  should  be  stopped  and  the 
area  given  over  exclusively  to  the  growth  and  reproduc- 
tion of  trees,  or  else  the  trees  should  be  cut  and  the  land 
used  for  the  production  of  grass. 


TT  has  cost  France  over  $30,000,000  to  learn  that  de- 
nuded  forest  areas  must  be  reforested.    Pennsylvania 
and  other  states  are  learning  the  same  lesson  in  the  same 
way. 


MARSH  LAND  AND  OTHER  AQUATIC  PLANTS 

By  DR.  R.  W.  SHUFELDT,  C.  M.  Z.  S. 


HiREQUENTLY,  while  carrying  out  their  instruc- 
I  tions  or  making  their  investigations,  our  foresters 
are  not  always  confined  to  the  high  timber  lands 
or  to  the  forests  of  the  valleys  and  more  level 
stretches  in  the  regions  where  they  are  on  guard.  Often 
slow  streams  have  to  be  crossed,  swamps  waded,  or  lakes 
and  big  ponds  skirted,  as  they  follow  the  many  itineraries 
throughout  the  heavily  timbered  parts  of  the  country 
where  their  duties  call  them.  In  these  latter  localities 
they  will  be  very  sure  to  meet  with  a  great  number  of 
our  water  or  aquatic  plants.  Some  are  more  or  less  in- 
conspicuous forms,  and  so  rarely  attract  attention ;  but 
upon  the  other  hand  many  of  them  are  among  the  most 
visible  of  any  of  the  representatives  of  our  flora,  and  the 
present  article  will  be  devoted  to  giving  brief  accounts  of 
their  characters  and  other  points,  through  which  they 
may  be  readily  recognized. 

Let  pickerel  weed  be  taken  as  the  first  example,  and 
we  have  two  good  figures  of  it  illustrating  the  present 
article.  Many  who  have  pulled  or  paddled  through  miles 
of  it  in  a  boat  or  a  canoe ;  who  have  seen  thousands  of  its 
beautiful,  purplish-blue  flowered  spikes,  and  who  are 
more  or  less  familiar  with  its  stems  and  leafage,  have 
never  haj^pened  to  find  out  that  the  name  of  the  genus  in 
which  it  belongs  is  Pontedaria,  it  having  been  named  for 
Giulio  Pontedera,  the  famous  botanist  of  Padua,  who 
flourished  in  1730,  nor  that  the  deer  up  in  the  Adiron- 
dack Mountains  regularly  go  down  to  the  shores  of  the 


lakes  there  to  browse  upon  the  leaves  of  this  very  same 
pickerel  weed.  Its  flowers  are  extremely  ephemeral,  and 
bloom  but  for  a  single  day.  Mathews  is  mistaken  when 
he  says  that  it  is  a  tall  plant,  "with  one  blunt  arrowhead- 
shaped,  dark  green,  thick  leaf,"  for  we  frequently  find 
specimens  of  the  plant  supporting  two  such  leaves — in- 
deed, such  an  example  is  here  figured.  Another  peculiar 
thing  about  the  pickerel  weed  is  the  fact  that  its  fruit — 
a  curious  little  bladder-like  affair — contains  but  a  single 
seed.  It  is  also  said  that  the  flowers  of  this  plant  are 
sometimes  zvhite,  and  such  specimens  have  been  most 
frequently  observed  in  the  northern  parts  of  its  range. 
It  blooms  from  July  to  the  middle  of  September,  and  it 
is  often  associated  with  the  arrowhead,  to  be  described 
further  on. 

Pickerel  weed  flowers  are  comparatively  safe  from 
the  ruthlessness  of  the  wild-flower  vandals,  for  most  of 
them  are  found  along  the  river  banks,  and  those  growing 
in  a  pond  are  too  far  out  in  the  water  to  be  reached, 
which  fact  is  the  best  protection  that  the  plant  possesses. 

Doubtless  pickerel  lay  their  eggs  among  the  leaves ; 
and  there  is  no  doubt  but  that  this  splendid  fresh-water 
game  fish  is  frequently  found  in  abundance  where  the 
plant  grows.  Then,  too,  the  insects  attracted  by  the  blos- 
soms often  fly  low  over  the  surface  of  the  water ;  a  hun- 
gry pickerel  may  take  a  fancy  to  some  of  these,  so  that, 
by  a  sudden  leap,  he  may  succeed  in  ca|)turing  such  tid- 
bits.    It  may  be  said  in  passing  that  the  pickerel  weed 


OUR   LARGEST  SPECIKS  OK  URASSHOFl'ER 

ui^''*!  'u  *^^  lu'j^'er  grasshopper  or  locust  of  the  southern  United  States.  It  is  a  remarkable  large-bodied  genus,  with  short  red  wings,  and  shiny,  jet 
black  body;  the  antennae  or  horns  are  also  short.  Its  scientific  name  is  RhomaicHin  micropterum,  and  it  has  a  near  relative  in  the  Vi'cst  which  is  a 
greenish  species.  In  the  environs  of  New  Orleans,  the  very  small,  intensely  black  young  ones  hatch  out  in  the  cracks  in  the  dry,  verdureless  patches 
in  the  woods,  and  at  a  short  distance  look  like  little  black  anastomosing  veins  on  the  ground.  Dr.  I..  O.  Howard  says:  "It  occurs  frequently  in 
enormous  numbers  in  the  rice  fields  near  the  mouth  of  the  Savannah  River,  and  is  an  extremely  disagreeal)le  object  on  which  to  step;  in  fact,  it 
reminds  one   of  Thackeray's   famous   remark   when   he  swallowed   his   first  saddle-rock  oyster."     The  two  males  here  shown  are  New  Orleans  specimens. 

on 


612 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


family  (Pontederiaceae)  contains  but  one  other  plant  be- 
sides the  true  pickerel  weed,  and  that  is  the  mud  plantain 
(Heteranthera  renifonnis),  which  bears  but  very  slight 
resemblance  to  the  former. 

The  story  of  the  very  essential  cross-fertilization  of 
the  flowers  of  the  pickerel  weed  reads,  as  we  often  say, 


A  GLIMPSE  OF  THE  HISTORIC   POTOMAC 

View  from  the  Maryland  side  of  tlie  river,  below  Great  Falls.  On  the  hank 
in  the  foreground  is  seen  growing  both  Broad-leaved  Arrowhead  ISagit- 
tana  latifolia)  and  Pickerel  Weed  (Pontederia  cordata).  The  trees  here 
shown  are  upon  a  small  island,  where,  in  days  gone  by,  a  pair  or  two  of 
turkey  buzzards  used  to  breed. 

like  a  fairy  tale.  It  seems  that  there  are  three  kinds  of 
blossoms  on  the  spike,  "one  raises  its  stigma  on  a  long 
style  reaching  to  the  top  of  the  flower,"  says  Nellje 
Blanchan  in  her  excellent  account  of  it ;  "a  second  form 
lifts  its  stigma  only  half  way  up,  and  the  third  keeps  its 
stigma  in  the  bottom  of  the  tube.  Now  there  are  two 
sets  of  stamens,  three  in  each  set,  bearing  pollen  grains 
of  different  size  and  value.  Whenever  the  stigma  is 
high,  the  two  sets  of  stamens  keep  out  of  its  way  by  oc-  . 
cupying  the  lowest  and  middle  positions,  or  just  where 


the  stigmas  occur  in  the  two  other  forms ;  or  let  us  say, 
whenever  the  stigma  is  in  one  of  the  three  positions,  the 
different  sets  of  stamens  occupy  the  other  two.  In  a  long 
series  of  experiments  on  flowers  occurring  in  two  or 
three  forms — dimorphic  and  trimorphic — Darwin  proved 
that  perfect  fertility  can  be  obtained  only  when  the 
stigma  in  each  form  is  pollenized  with  grains  carried 
from  the  stamens  of  a  corresponding  height.  For  exam- 
|)le,  a  bee,  on  entering  the  flower,  must  get  his  abdomen 
dusted  with  pollen  from  the  long  stamens,  his  chest  cov- 
ered from  the  middle  length  stamens,  and  his  tongue 
and  chin  from  the  set  in  the  bottom  of  the  tube  nearest 
the  nectary.  When  he  flies  off  to  visit  another  flower, 
these  parts  of  his  body,  coming  in  contact  with  the  stig- 
mas that  occupy  precisely  the  position  where  the  stamens 
were  in  other  individuals,  he  necessarily  brushes  off  each 
lot  of  pollen  just  where  it  will  do  the  most  good.  Pollen 
brought  from  high  stamens,  for  example,  to  a  low  stig- 
ma, even  should  it  reach  it,  which  is  scarcely  likely,  takes 
little  or  no  effect."  As  pointed  out,  cross-fertilization  is 
extremely  essential,  and  in  these  "three-formed  flowers 
there  are  two  chances  to  one  of  securing  it."     Darwin 


A  FAMOUS  PLANT  OF  THE  SWAMPS  AND  RIVER  BANKS 

This  is  a  beautiful  specimen  of  the  Pickerel  Weed,  the  spike  on  either 
hand  being  in  full  bloom,  while  the  center  one  has  gone  to  seed.  So  lux- 
uriantly does  this  plant  grow  in  some  rivers  that  it  has  greatly  interfered 
with  navigation,  and  special  means  have  been  recently  devised  in  order  to 
clear  the  usual  shipping  tracks  of  it.  Three  forms  of  Pickerel  Weed  are 
described, — that  is,  different  flowers  on  different  plants,  and  the  whole 
group  depend  entirely  upon  visiting  insects  for  fertilization.  In  late  sum- 
mer, when  creeks,  swamps,  and  ponds  dry  up,  the  Pickerel  weeds  turn 
brown,  wither,  and  die,  and  frequently  the  seeds  are  lost  in  the  dry  mud 
wherein   the   sorry   plant  now  finds  itself. 


MARSH  LAND  AND  OTHER  AQUATIC   PLANTS 


613 


made  hundreds  of  such  experiments, 
all  with  the  same  patient  care  and 
thoroughness,  describing  them  with 
marvelous  lucidity  and  point.  Little 
wonder  that  when  his  life  ended  Eng- 
land found  a  place  for  him  in  West- 
minster Abbey. 

Growing  with  the  pickerel  weed, 
we  frequently  find  another  famous 
aquatic  plant,  the  arrow-head,  a  speci- 
men of  which  is  shown  in  one  of  the 
accompanying  figures ;  the  fertiliza- 
tion of  its  flowers,  too,  is  a  story  most 
wonderful  in  all  its  details,  but  it 
would  occupy  too  much  space  to  give 
m  detail  here.  There  is  but  one  thing 
to  do :  "Get  your  botany,"  and  bring 
your  compound  microscope  into  play. 
Although  a  thousand  cannon  are 
barking  away  as  these  lines  are 
i)eing  written,  we  must  not  overlook 
the  fact  that  the  war  must  come  to 
an  end  some  day ;  the  far-seeing  wise 
ones  will  not  put  entirely  aside  scien- 
tific research  until  it  is  over.  When 
the  upbuilding  and  the  uplifting 
again  fills  the  room  of  killing 


THE  ELEGA.N'T  SPIKE  OF  THE 
PICKEREL  WEED 
This  gives  the  purplish-hluc  (lowers  full  size,  in 
that  their  great  beauty  may  be  the  better  appre- 
ciated. The  distal  portion  of  a  leaf  of  this  plant 
is  shown  below,  with  a  young,  sheathed  spike  just 
ready  to  burst  open.  Each  plant  has  several 
leaves,  and  they  sheathe  the  main  stems  as  shown 
in  one  of  the  ngures.  They  appear  truly  gorgeous 
in  the  bright  sunlight  of  summer;  and  they  are 
not  only  beautiful  hut  extremely  picturesque  as 
they  line,  in  thousands,  our  river  '^anks  at  this 
•cason. 


ONE  OF  OUR  MOST  CONSPICUOUS 
AQUATIC  PLANTS 
This,  the  common  large  Yellow  Pond  or  Water 
Lily,  ahso  called  the  Cow  Lily  or  Spatter-dock 
(Nymphaea  advena) ,  is  another  strictly  aquatic 
plant  of  our  Hora  of  very  wide  distribution.  It 
prefers  the  shallow  shore-stretches  of  slow  streams, 
and  less  frequently  extensive  ponds  or  standing 
Ircsh  water  anywhere.  In  suitable  localities  it 
may  be  found  from  Nova  Scotia  to  the  Gulf,  and 
westward  to  the  Rockies.  This  species  is  almost 
entirely  scentless,  while  its  beautiful  relative,  the 
g.eat  white  water  lily,  has  a  flower  that  is  ex- 
tremely fragrant — indeed,  so  much  so  that  it  has 
l.ecn    called    Castalia    odorata. 


and  destruction,  no  one  of  the 
many  departments  of  biology 
must  be  utterly  dead  —  as  has 
previously  happened  in  the 
world's  history. 

There  are  a  good  many  sjje- 
cies  of  Sagittaria,  but  they  all 
belong,  with  numerous  other 
genera,  in  the  water  plantain 
family  {Alismaceae).  The  one 
tu  be  described  here  is  the 
Broad-leaved  Arrow-head  {S. 
latifolia)  (see  figure).  It  is 
well  named,  for  sagitta  is  an  ar- 
row, while  the  specific  name  re- 
fers to  its  broad  leaves.  One  of 
its  chief  charms  is  its  decora- 
tiveness,  and  hardly  any  one  can 
pass  the  plant  in  nature,  where 
it  is  growing  luxuriantly,  with- 
out being  struck  by  its  peculiar 
beauty.  Its  flowers  are  arranged 
in  groups  of  three,  and  are  very 
striking  from  the  fact  that  they 
are  so  glistening  white.  Below 
them,   also  arranged   in   groups 


of  three,  we  find  the  inconspicuous 
pistils,  hardly  entitled  to  be  called 
flowers.  The  two  sex-elements  fre- 
quently occur  on  separate  plants ;  but 
this  does  not  prevent  cross-fertiliza- 
tion through  the  agency  of  visiting 
bees  and  flies,  so  the  plant  is  sure  of 
perpetuation. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  things 
about  this  arrow-head  is  the  fact  that 
the  plant  frequently  develops  two 
kinds  of  leaves — a  character  often  to 
be  observed  in  other  aquatic  plants. 
The  broad,  arrow-head  shaped  ones 
are  grown  above  the  surface  of  the 
water,  where  they  are  exposed  to  the 
air,  and  can  assimilate  from  it  the 
maximum  amount  of  carbonic  acid,  as 
well  as  release  the  greatest  amount  of 
oxygen.  These  leaves  are  shiny  and 
more  or  less  thick  and  tough ;  they 
also  endure  should  the  water  dry  up 
where  the  plant  is  growing.  Now 
those  below  the  surface  of  the  water 
are  like  long,  narrow  ribbons,  so 
formed  in  order  that  the  river  current 
may    not    destroy    or    even    mutilate 


THE   SNOW   FLAKES   OF  THE    MARSH 
LANDS   AND   RIVER   BANKS 

In  shallow  water  and  muddy  tracts,  this,  the 
Uroad-leavcd  Arrow-head  (Sagittaria  latifolia) 
nourishes,  in  its  chosen  localities,  from  the  sub- 
polar regions  to  the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Mexican 
boundary  westward.  As  we  flounder  through  a 
marsh  where  thousands  of  its  kind  grow  in 
crowded  masses,  we  are  sure  to  be  struck  by  its 
glistening  white  flowers,  with  their  brilliant  golden 
centers,  as  they  peep  out  here  and  there  among 
the  army  of  broad,  sagittate  leaves  that  surround 
them  upon  all   sides. 


614 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


ONE  OK  THK   MOST  GLORIOl'S   FLOWKRS  IN   ALL  NATURE 
The    Pond    Lily   or   Sweet-scented   Water   Lily'  (Castalia    odorata)    is   known  to   nearly   everyone,   not   only   throughout  America  but   in   the   Old    World. 
It  blooms  all  summer  long  in  many  localities,  being  a  plant  confined   to  ponds,    lakes,    and    sometimes    to    rivers    without   a    perceptible   current.      The 
picture   here   given   is   from   a  steel   engraving  of   one   of   the   late    Dr.    Robert  Collett's  superb   series,  copied   from  one   of  his  remarkable    photographs 
made   in    Norway,   where   this   plant    is   also   found. 


them,  which  it  would  be  likely  to  do  were  they  like  the 
ones  above  the  .surface.  These  long,  delicate,  subaquatic 
leaves  arc  also  exposed  to  the  air  contained  in  the  water, 
and  so  perform  a  similar  function  with  respect  to  giving 
off  carbonic  acid  and  the  absorption  of  oxygen.  When 
the  water  dries  up,  as  often  happens  during  long,  dry 
summers,  these  latter  leaves  shrivel  up  and  entirely  dis- 
appear. In  fact,  such  plants  must  be  amphibious  al- 
though stationary,  and  be  able  to  breathe  as  an  aquatic 
plant  as  well  as  a  terrestrial  one.  Wonderful  indeed  are 
the  results  that  have  come  about  since  the  time  plants 
first  appeared  on  this  planet,  and  similar  marvelous 
changes  are  still  in  progress  upon  every  hand.  To  un- 
derstand most  of  these  we  must  needs  study — industri- 
ously and  intelligently  —  all  the  thousands  upon  thou- 
sands of  fossil  plants  that  science  has  collected  and  clas- 
sified. 

Writing  about  the  arrow-head,  Alice  Lounsberry 
quaintly  remarks :  "The  demure  arrow-heads  are  surely 
the  Quakers  of  the  flower-world ;  and  that  they  do  not 


condone  frivolity,  we  may  gather  from  the  way  in  which 
they  kee])  their  pistillate  and  staminate  members  apart. 
The  pistillate  ones  also  deck  themselves  in  very  seemly 
little  petals  that  fall  early  and  do  not  vie  in  comeliness 
with  those  of  the  staminate  blossoms.  It  hardly  seems 
possible  that  one  of  these  little  under-flowers  would  ever 
have  the  courage  to  call  out  boldly :  'Joseph,  thou  art 
keeping  the  sunshine  from  falling  u])on  my  head.'  " 

All  through  the  Gulf  States  is  a  fine  region  in  which 
to  study  aquatic  plants.  In  the  country  about  New  Or- 
leans, some  of  the  big,  stagnant  ponds  are  good  places  in 
which  to  study  the  lilies,  the  wonderful  growth  of  grasses 
and  sedges,  and  plants  that  flourish  in  wet  places  gener- 
ally. As  one  passes  from  i)ond  to  pond  in  the  summer 
time,  remarkable  flowers  may  be  collected,  and  no  end 
of  interesting  animal  forms  observed.  Among  the  lat- 
ter we  may  note  thousands  of  specimens  of  the  big,  black 
lubber  grasshopper,  of  which  insect  a  reproduction  of  a 
photograph  is  here  presented.  As  throughout  all  the 
eastern  part  of  the  United  States  and  westward,  we  meet, 


MARSH  LAND  AND  OTHER  AQUATIC  PLANTS 


615 


IN  THE  HEART  OF  A  MARYLAND  SWAMP 
It  is  in  the  water  and  deep  mud  of  such  a  place  as  is  here  shown  that  our 
Broad-leaved    Arrow-head   flourishes   in   all    its  glory;      it   is   associated   with 
Cat-tails,    Monkey-tlowers,    Pink    Milkweed,    Cone-flower,    Bind-weed,    Com- 
mon   Do<lder,  and   many   other   marsh   and   aquatic   plants. 

along  the  sluggish  streams  and  in  standing  water  gener- 
ally, the  very  abundant  cow  lily  or  Yellow  Water  Lily,  of 
which  a  cut  is  likewise  given.  The  specimen  shown, 
however,  was  collected  at  Warwick,  Virginia,  where  the 
plant  is  very  abundant  along  the  shores  of  the  Potomac 
River.  It  grows  in  dense  masses,  filling  up  extensive 
inlets  and  marshes  connected  with  the  stream ;  it  is  as- 
sociated with  species  of  arum  and  other  aquatic  plants. 
Chester  A.  Reed,  in  his  very  useful  little  "Flower-Guide," 
says  of  it  that  it  "is  not  unattractive,  and  is  interesting 
in  its  makeup.  The  leaves  are  thick,  rough,  ovate,  slit 
or  lobed  to  the  stem,  which  is  long  and  hollow.  The 
flower  is  raised  above  the  surface  of  the  water  on  a  long 
hollow  stem.  What  a])pears  to  be  six  large  greet!  and 
yellow  petals,  are  in  reality  sepals ;  the  real  petals  are 
numerous,  stamen-like,  inserted  with  the  very  numerous 
stamens  under  the  golden-yellow  rayed  disk  that  forms 
the  stigma."  (P.  66.)  Some  people  call  them  "frog-lilies" 
because  they  flourish  best  in  big  ponds  with  muddy  bot- 
toms. Our  English  friends  have  named  them  "brandy- 
bottles  ;"  but  for  what  reason  it  would  be  hard  to  say, 
as  there  seems  to  be  nothing  in  their  odor,  their  general 
appearance,  or  in  the  form  of  their  fruit  that  would  sug- 
gest such  an  object  as  a  bottle — especially  a  brandy  bot- 
tle. The  country  folk  in  England  say,  when  they  smell 
this  lily  they  are  reminded    of   the    odor   of    an    empty 


brandy  bottle  that  originally  contained  that  liquor. 
Strange  notions  some  people  have !  In  any  event,  the 
odor  is  not  a  very  pleasant  one ;  but  this  may  be  forgiven 
for  the  sake  of  the  memory  of  the  many  boating-trips 
on  the  ponds  which  it  revives. 

In  the  yellow  pond  lily  cross-fertilization  is  effected, 
as  in  so  many  other  plants,  through  the  agency  of  in- 
sects, they  being  attracted  by  the  highly  colored  sepals. 
Some  small  beetles  (Donacia),  and  various  species  of 
bees  and  flies  are  also  attracted  to  these  flowers,  and  as- 
sist in  the  perpetuation  of  the  species.  Besides  A^.  ad- 
vcna,  the  one  here  being  described.  Gray  gives  two  other 
forms  of  the  plant,  namely  /.  niicrophylla  and  A^.  sagitti- 
folio,  with  a  questionable  hybrid,  A'^.  rubrodisca,  all  be- 
ing found  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  United  States. 

In  their  usual  poetic  vein,  Ellen  Miller  and  Margaret 


THE  GREEN  SPATHES  OF  THE  ARROW  ARUM 
This  very  abundant  and  stately  plant  flourishes  in  swamps,  ponds,  and 
along  the  hanks  of  slow-running  rivers  all  over  the  eastern  ^art  of  the 
United  States.  Many  know  it  as  the  Green  Arrow  Arum  {Peltandra 
virginica) ,  its  dark  green,  glossy  leaves  heing  of  enormous  size,  the  plant 
itself  often  attaining  a  height  of  upwards  of  five  feet  or  more.  Sometimes 
they  occur  in  masses  of  several  acres,  antl  are  generally  rooted  in  soft, 
deep  mud,  some  of  the  shorter  plants  occasionally  growing  on  the  adjacent 
dry   short  line;   they  are  then  less  luxuriant. 


616 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Christine  Whiting  say,  in 
their  "\\  ild  Flowers,"  that 
this  yellow  pond  lily  is  "a 
Mower  of  primitive  type ; 
the  combination  of  yellow 
and  red  in  the  star  design 
of  the  pistil  is  suggestive 
of  Egyptian  color  and  de- 
sign." (P.  36.)  Mathews 
notes  that  "On  the  first 
opening  of  the  flower  there 
IS  a  triangular  orifice  over 
tne  stigma,  so  small  that 
an  entering  insect  must 
touch  the  stigma.  On  the 
lollowing  day  the  flower 
expands  fully  and  the  an- 
thers beneath  the  stigma 
unfold,  spread  outward, 
and  expose  their  pollen. 
Cross-fertilization  is  thus 
msured  and  is  generally 
effected  by  means  of  the 
bees  of  the  genus  Halictus, 
and  the  beetle  named  l)o- 
nacia  piscatrix,  as  has 
oeen  announced  by  Profes- 
sor Robertson. 

Our  Water  Lily  family 
(Nymphacaccae)  contains 
besides  the  Yellow  Pond  Lily  just 
described  a  number  of  other  very 
beautiful  or  very  interesting  aquatic 
plants.  None  of  these  are  better 
known  or  more  generally  admired 
than  the  common  Water  Lily  or 
Water  Nymph,  of  which  fine  exam- 
ples are  here  shown  in  one  of  the 
accompanying  cuts.  Three  other 
genera  make  up  the  group,  insofar 
as  our  United  States  flora  is  con- 
cerned. These  are  the  Water  Chin- 
quapin (Nelumbo  liitea),  also  called 
the  Yellow  Nelumbo ;  the  Water 
{Drasenia  schreibei),  and 
the  Cabomba  (C.  carolini- 
ana),  a  pond  plant  found  from 
southern  Illinois  to  Florida  and 
Texas. 

No  species  of  all  these  can  com- 
pare with  the  White  Water  Lily.  As 
elsewhere  pointed  out,  this  superb 
aquatic  species,  with  its  great,  white 
flowers,  has  almost  a  cosmopolitan 
range  in  the  temperate  belt  of  the 
Northern  Hemisphere.  Many  gor- 
geous varieties  have  been  bred  from 
it,  and  these,  from  white  to  the  dark- 
er shades,  run  through  many  yel- 
lows and  reds  of  every  conceivable 


VIEW  IN  THE  MARSH  NEAR  SOMERSET.  MARYLAND 
Here  is  where  you  find  the  Cat-tails  and  Broad-leaved  Arrow-head  growing 
in    the   greatest   luxurizftice      Many    aquatic   ferns   and    other    water    plants 
are  profusely   mingled   with   them,  while  the  trees  beyond   mark   the   limita- 
tions of  the   swampy   area. 


Shield 
finally 


AN  ANOMALY  IN  A  MARSH  PLANT 
As  a  rare  coincidence,  we  sometimes  meet  with 
double  cat-tails.  Here  is*  one  that  was  collected  in 
Washington  during  the  summer  of  1915.  Two 
beautiful  Monarch  butterBies  are  resting  upon 
these  pistillate  flower-heads.  Note  how  thoroughly 
their  markings  agree;  there  is  no  doubt  about 
their  being  of  the  same  species  {Anosia  pUxippus). 


tint.  Some  of  their  forms, 
too,  are  extremely  unique, 
and  many  fetch  high  prices 
in  the  flower  markets  of 
the  world. 

After  all  is  said,  how- 
ever, none  of  these  fancy 
varieties — they  are  all  very 
unstable  varieties — appeal 
to  us  like  the  pure  white 
common  one  of  our  lakes 
and  ponds.  "To  my 
mind,"  says  Reed,  "it  leads 
all  other  flowers  in  beauty, 
grace,  purity  and  fra- 
grance. It  is  composed  of 
four  sepals,  greenish  on 
the  outside  and  whitish 
within,  and  numerous  pure, 
waxy-white  petals.  They 
sometimes  are  gigantic  in 
size,  often  spreading  five 
or  six  inches  across." 

Neltje  Blanchan,  too, 
breaks  forth  in  raptures 
when  she  begins  to  write 
about  this  very  same 
White  Water  Lily  of  our 
ponds — thus  :  "Sumptuous 
queen  of  our  native  aquatic 
plants  of  the  royal  family  to  which 
the  gigantic  Victoria  regia  of  Bra- 
zil belongs,  and  all  the  lovely  rose, 
lavender,  blue,  and  golden  exotic 
water  lilies  in  the  fountains  of  our 
city  parks,  to  her  man,  beast  and  in- 
sect pay  grateful  homage.  In  Egypt, 
China,  India,  Japan,  Persia  and 
Asiatic  Russia,  how  many  millions 
have  bent  their  heads  in  adoration 
of  her  relative,  the  sacred  lotus ! 
From  its  center  Brahma  came  forth ; 
liuddha,  too,  whose  symbol  is  the 
lotus,  first  appeared  floating  on  the 
mystic  flower  {Nelumbo  melmnbo, 
formerly  Nelumbium  speciosum)." 
White  lilies  in  nature  close  up  all 
nis;ht,  and  open  a  short  time  after 
su.-.rise,  when  they  load  the  air  with 
their  delicious  fragrance ;  again 
they  close  up  from  noon  on  till  even- 
tide. 

i-'or  many  years  a  controversy 
has  been  indulged  in,  often  at  a 
lively  rate,  among  botaqists,  as  to 
the  correct  interpretation  of  the 
metamorphosis  of  the  stamens  and 
petals  of  this  white  lily,  and  it  still 
seems  to  be  a  mooted  question  even 
at  this  late  day.     Some  claim  that 


MARSH  LAND  AND  OTHER  AQUATIC  PLANTS 


617 


certain  of  its  petals  are  developed  from  its  stamens, 
while  others  entertain  the  very  opposite  opinion.  The 
stem  to  the  flower  is  sometimes  of  very  considerable 
length  and  very  red,  while  the  round,  semi-heart-shaped 
leaves  float  flat  upon  the  surface  of  the  water,  where 
they  expose  their  entire  upper  surfaces  to  the  air  —  a 
most  necessary  provision.  See  the  little  puddles  of  rain 
that  have  formed  upon  them  in  Professor  Collett's  mag- 
nificent picture  here  reproduced  in  one  of  the  cuts. 

Water  lilies  are  fertilized  by  numerous  aquatic  in- 
sects, as  well  as  by  bees  and  various  species  of  beetles. 
The  stamens  and  anthers  are  of  a  golden  color  and  ar- 
ranged concentrically.  In  the  winter  these  lilies  sink 
to  the  bottom  of  the  places  where  they  grow,  and  hide 
in  the  mud  until  the  return  of  warm  weather ;  it  was 
from  this  fact  that  they  gained  the  name  of  Water 
Nymph.  During  chilly  evenings,  it  is  said,  they  will 
also  disappear  under  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  not 
reappear  until  the  morning  sun  once  more  warms  up  the 
cool  air.  If  you  look  sharp,  you  will  sometimes  meet 
with  specimens  in  which  the  waxy,  white  petals  are 
tinted  pink ;  the  plant  may  also  present  other  anomalies 
in  its  makeup. 

One  of  the  most  conspicuous    plants    that    we    have 

among  the 
ones  growing 
in  great  abun- 
dance along 
the  m  u  d  d  y 
shores  of  slow- 
running  riv- 
ers, such  as 
the  Potomac 
below  Wash- 
ington,   is    the 


AN  ELEGANT  GROUP  OF  PITCHER  PLANT  FLOWERS 
This  gives  a  perfect  flower,  front  view,  and  next  in  height  to  the  tallest 
specimen,  which  is  commencing  to  go  to  seed.  It  will  be  noted  that  the 
form  of  the  granulated  capsule  varies  considerably.  The  seed  pod  is  well 
shown  in  a  specimen  on  the  left,  and  the  appearance  of  the  back  of  the 
flower  is  seen  in  the  center  of  tlie  illustration.  Some  call  this  the  Side- 
saddle flower,  but  for  what  reason  is  hard  to  say.  Others  have  applied 
the  name  of  Huntsman's  Cup  to  it,  thougli  no  well-informed  huntsman  ever 
drank  out  of  one  of  them;  as  a  rule,  huntsmen  do  not  relish  stagnant  water, 
full  of  dead  insects,  nor  drink  out  of  a  half-washed  cup  that  once  con- 
tained such  a  mixture. 


ONE  OF  THF,   MOST  DECORATIVE  OF  ALL 
WATER   PLANTS 

The  Cat-tail  Flags  belong  in  the  genus  Typha  of 
the  Bur  Reed  family  (S'parganiaceae) .  There  are 
two  species  of  them  in  our  country,  they  being 
the  Common  Cat-tail  here  shown,  which  is  found 
throughout  temperate  North  America,  and  Typha 
ttugustifolia,  a  narrow-leaved  form,  which  is  found 
near  the  coast  and  not  further  South  than  North 
Carolina. 


g  i  an  t  -  1  i  k  e 

growth  known  as  the  Green  Arrow-arum ;  its  leaves  may  be  at  least  two  and 
a  half  feet  in  length,  and  the  spathes — three  of  which  are  shown  in  the  cut 
— are  over  a  foot  long.  They  are  of  a  dark,  glossy  green  color,  and  yellow- 
ish along  the  fluted  margins  of  their  slit-like  openings.  Upon  studying  one 
of  these,  it  is  to  be  noted  that  it  forms  a  sheath  snugly  enfolding  the  spadix 
within.  On  this  latter  grow  the  inconspicuous  florets,  which  are  both  pis- 
tillate and  staminate.  Flies  passing  up  and  down  over  these  effect  fertiliza- 
tion. Later  on  the  green  berries  appear,  and  soon  after  the  stalk  bearing 
them  curves  over,  to  such  an  extent  that  its  distal  pointed  end  is  forced  into 
the  mud  in  which  the  plant  grows.  Here  its  decaying  structure  acts  as  a 
fertilizer  for  the  germinating  seeds,  and  the  species  is  thus  perpetuated. 

Coming  to  the  extremely  curious  and  most  remarkable  pitcher  plant,  it 
may  be  said  that  scant  justice  could  be  done  it  in  the  remaining  paragraphs 
of  this  article;  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  it  is  intended  to  devote  an  entire 
contribution  to  its  history  later  on.  For  the  present,  the  two  illustrations 
here  presented  must  suffice  until  another  day,  when  more  reproductions  of 
photographs  will  be  in  order,  with  a  full  account  of  its  unusual  flowers ;  its 
still  more  unique  leaves ;  its  range  and  flowering  season ;  its  habitat  and 
allies,  indeed,  its  entire  history  will  be  dwelt  upon  in  detail  and  with  all  the 
fulness  that  it  most  surely  deserves. 

In  many  marshes,  and  in  shallow  ponds  with  soft,  muddy  bottoms,  there 
grows,  throughout  North  America,  the  picturesque  cat-tail,  of  which  there 
are  two  species  in  the  United  States — that  is,  the  Common  Cat-tail  {Typha 
latifolia),  and  the  Narrow-leaved  Cat-tail  {Typha  austifolia),  found  only 


618 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


from  southern  Maine  to  North  Carolina  and  westward. 
In  favorable  localities  the  common  cat-tail  may  grow 
to  become  nearly   nine   feet   in   height,   the   ribbon-like' 
leaves  passing  beyond,  or  rather  above,  the  russet  brown 


ONE  OF   THE   MOST    CURIOUS   PLANTS   IN   AMERICA 

This  is  the  far  famed  Pitcher  Plant  (Sarrace»ia  purpurea)^  which  has 
claimed  the  attention  of  writers  and  others  for  nearly  two  centuries.  It 
is  named  for  Dr.  Michel  Sarrasin,  wno  first  sent  specimens  of  it  to  Europe. 
He  was  a  physician  at  the  Court  of  Quel)ec  in  the  early  days  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  This  will  account  for  his  not  having  sent  the  Southern 
form  of  the  plant  iS.  flaz-a),  which  flourishes  in  the  bogs  of  Virginia  and 
southward,  usually  flowering  in  early  April.  The  flowers  of  the  plant  here 
shown  are  on  the  wane,  while  perfect  ones  are  presented  in  another  cut 
below.  Another  pitcher  plant  is  found  in  the  swamps  in  certain  parts  of 
Guiana,   South   America. 


flower-heads.  These  latter  have  both  staminate  and  pis- 
tillate elements  upon  them ;  and,  curiously  enough,  not 
possessing  either  petals  or  the  ordinary  parts  of  a  true 
flower,  they  are  quite  independent  of  fertilization  by  in- 
sects. In  the  cuts  here  given,  the  upper  part  of  the 
flo\ver-si)ike  is  not  shown— that  is,  not  fully ;  it  is  only 
in  the  double  s])ecimen  that  its  stem  is,  in  part,  seen 
above.  Stamens  occur  only  in  the  superior  part  or  half, 
while  the  inferior  moiety  consists  of  the  i)istils ;  these 
are  the  flowers  that  are  fertilized  by  the  yellow  pollen 
falling  upon  them  from  above.  What  we  are  most  fa- 
miliar with  are  the  cylindrical,  light  snuff-brown  heads, 
which  appear  along  in  August  and  September  (see  cuts). 
One  of  these  is  composed  of  a  densely  packed  down, 
made  up  of  the  pistillate  flowers  which  are  bractless. 
The  remainder  of  the  flower  essentials  have  withered 
and  blown  away  long  ago.  Specimens  of  these  elegant, 
pistillate  parts  may  be  over  an  inch  in  transverse  diam- 
eter and  nearly  a  foot  in  length. 

Sometimes  cat-tail  swamps  are  of  great  extent,  cover- 
ing acres  of  marshy,  or  rather  muddy  shores  of  slow- 
running  rivers  and  inland  bodies  of  water.  As  plants, 
they  seem  to  be  just  as  well  suited  to  salt  water  as  to 
fresh,  and  they  thrive  growing  in  either.  Fifty  or  more 
years  ago  there  was  an  extensive  cat-tail  growth  in  a 
salt  water  marsh,  in  an  inlet  not  far  from  the  steam- 
boat landing  at  Stamford,  Connecticut.  In  those  days 
our  common  barn  swallow  was  extremely  abundant,  and 
at  nightfall  a  great  many  thousands  of  those  birds  used 
to  roost  on  the  leaves  and  heads  of  the  cat-tails  in  that 
marsh,  sometimes  in  such  immense  numbers  as  to  crush 
down  the  plants  in  masses.  Many  other  kinds  of  birds 
delight  in  making  their  homes  in  the  cat-tail  swamps, 
and  most  of  the  species  build  their  nests  and  rear  their 
young  there.  Among  these  species  we  are  familiar  with 
the  several  species  of  rails  and  bitterns ;  the  red-wing 
blackbirds,  and  various  species  of  sparrows ;  the  differ- 
ent kinds  of  rails  and  coots ;  the  cute  marsh  wrens,  which 
build  curious  ovoid  nests;  and  sometimes  a  short-eared 
owl  and  a  pair  of  marsh  hawks. 


A  T  the  recent  annual  meeting  of  the  Landowners'  Co- 
-'*•  operative  Forestry  Society  in  Edinburgh,  Sir  John 
Maxwell  made  an  address  in  which  he  stated  that  the 
war  has  brought  about  a  considerable  change  in  the  pub- 
lic attitude  toward  forestry.  With  large  tracts  of  wood- 
lands throughout  the  country  being  swept  clear  of  their 
trees  the  importance  of  the  whole  question  is  being 
brought  home  to  the  public  as  never  before.  Sir  John 
Maxwell  pointed  out  that  the  cutting  of  trees  should  be 
fairly  distributed  over  the  country  and  that  poor  and  un- 
derstocked woods  should  be  utilized  in  preference  to 
flourishing  plantations  which  are  entering  their  period 
of  most  rapid  increment  and  which  will  be  needed  for  the 
period  of  reconstruction.  The  work  of  the  Landowners' 
Co-operative  Forestry  Society  is  along  the  line  of  far- 
sighted  organization  of  effort  and  resources,  both  as  to 
cutting  and  planting. 


A  S  an  interesting  example  of  the  problems  which  a 
-^^  forester  has  to  work  out,  it  is  said  that  forest  offi- 
cials in  India  have  undertaken  to  girdle  undesirable  trees 
in  order  to  kill  them  off  and  give  more  room  to  the  Deo- 
dar and  other  valuable  species.  Himalayan  bears,  how- 
ever, have  discovered  that  the  sap  from  these  girdled 
trees  is  sweet  and  toothsome  and  have  undertaken  some 
girdling  on  their  own  hook.  They  have  caused  a  good 
deal  of  trouble  because  they  do  not  confine  their  opera- 
tions to  undesirable  trees. 


CHIRLEY  W.  ALLEN,  of  the  Extension  Department 
^  of  the  New  York  State  College  of  Forestry  at  Syra- 
cuse University,  has  been  appointed,  temporarily,  to  suc- 
ceed Victor  A.  Beede  as  secretary  of  the  New  York  State 
Forestry  Association.  Mr.  Beede  has  gone  into  forest 
fire  insurance  work  at  Portsmouth. 


SELECTING  NUT  TREES  FOR  PLANTING 

By  C.  A.  REED 

Nut  Culturist,  United  States 


XN  the  planting  of  trees  for  most  purposes,  it  is  now 
possible  to  exercise  practically  the  same  degree 
of  choice  with  regard  to  special  fitness  as  is  em- 
ployed in  the  selection  of  men  for  positions  or 
tools  for  a  piece  of  work.  The  fruit  grower  in  every  part 
of  the  country  has  his  special  species  and  pomological 
varieties  from  which  to  choose.  The  foresters  and  land- 
scape gardeners  have  their  species  and  botanical  varie- 
ties or  improved  strains  to  pick  from. 

Among  the  important  purposes  for  which  trees  are 
planted,  the  production  of  native  nuts  is  singularly  be- 
hind. The  leading  species  of  native  nut-bearing  trees 
include  the  hickories,  the  walnuts,  the  chestnuts,  the 
pines,  and  the  beech.  Of  these,  one  of  the  hickories,  the 
pecan,  is  the  only  species  which  has  so  far  been  devel- 
oped by  cultivation  as  to  become  of  importance  for  the 
production  of  an  orchard  product. 

The  timber  of  the  pecan  is  less  valuable  than  is  that 
of  most  other  hickories  and  is  in  commercial  use  only 
as  second-class  material.  However,  it  is  the  most  im- 
portant species  of  nut-bearing  tree  in  the  United  States. 
Its  native  and  introduced  range  includes  the  fertile  lands 
of  the  plains  of  practically  the  entire  southeastern  quar- 
ter of  the  country.  It  is  neither  an  upland  nor  a  wet 
land  tree.  It  is  not  found  in  the  moimtainous  sections, 
nor,  to  any  important  extent,  south  of  Middle  Florida. 


Department  of  Agriculture 

Several  of  the  accompanying  photographs  illustrate  the 
beauty  of  pecan  trees  both  individually  and  in  orchard 
or  highway  avenues.  The  immense  size  of  one  tree  il- 
lustrated proves  that  under  favorable  conditions  the  pe- 
can is  one  of  the  largest  growers  of  any  species  east  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  also  suggests  the  great  age 
which  it  may  attain.  When  photographed  in  1909  this 
particular  tree  measured  18  feet  3  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence at  breast  height.  It  was  situated  near  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  at  Hohen  Solnis,  Louisiana,  twenty-eight 
miles  south  of  Baton  Rouge. 

With  very  few  exceptions  there  are  no  named  pomo- 
logical varieties  of  any  other  native  nut  now  being  prop- 
agated. So  far  as  these  exceptions  are  concerned,  it  is 
probable  that  fewer  than  one  hundred  budded  or  grafted 
trees  of  such  varieties  are  yet  of  bearing  age,  and  of  such 
as  have  attained  the  age  at  which  fruit  might  be  ex- 
pected, exceedingly  few  have  borne  in  paying  quantities 
for  any  number  of  consecutive  years.  Therefore,  with 
reference  to  the  planting  of  native  nut  species  for  profit, 
the  truth  of  the  situation  is  simply  this :  In  the  ordinary 
course  of  events,  with  the  exception  of  the  pecan,  years 
of  experimentation  in  the  testing  of  varieties  and  in  a 
study  of  their  cultural  requirements  must  be  gone 
through  before  any  native  species  of  nut-bearing  trees 
can  be  planted  in  any  part  of  the  United  States  with  a 


^ ; """^ 

:  .  r:.    '                                                                                                           ■■■'...'  ,'     ^■■-V'-''!'' 

^-  '^',t^i^^- 

•-^^■^■'.   ;.-« 

— -'  J-      I         '          ' 

^^""^      ^"^*                        ^13  ^^H^^IBa^MBLi^RilMHMHWj 

r'   ...  „__ .   . .  J_ 

^""^^  "^"^ 

^^    md^^^—  ^_^  . 

1  ^=^  >■■■■■■_ 

■P  ■^^■R  w^ 

1          .mt^^V'IHHp***'^  .  — 

^^IH 

.  1      -  .' 

A   BKARING  ORCHARD  OF   PERSIAN   (ENGLISH)    WALNUT  TREES 
The   trees   in    tliis   orchard    in    Bucks    County,    Pennsylvania,    are   thrifty,  seemingly   entirely  hardy   where   situated,  and   as  a   whole  are  fairly   pro- 
ductive.    Being   seedlings   they   vary    greatly    in    varietal    characteristics;  some  bear  heavily   while  others  yield  very   light  crops;   the  nuts  of  some 
are  quite  desirable,  but  from  others   they   are  of  little   value.     Trees  of  this  species  should   be  budded  or  grafted  on   some  hardy   stock.     Just  now 
the  American   black   walnut    (J.   nigral    is   believed    to   be   the   most   generally  desirable  as  such  stock. 

619 


620 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


ceaainty  of  commercial  return  from  nuts  alone  which 
would  be  comparable  with  that  of  many  other  crops 
which  already  are  upon  a  well-established  commercial 
basis  in  the  same  parts  of  the  country. 

With  reference  to  two  of  the  foreign  species  of  nuts 
which  have  been  introduced,  the  situation  is  quite  differ- 


A  MONSTER  PECAX  TREE 

This  tree,  growing  in  the  rich  alluvial  soil  of  Louisiana,  near  the  banks 
of  the  Mississippi  River,  thirty  miles  south  of  Baton  Rouge,  measured 
18  feet  3  inches  in  circumference  at  breast  height  when  photographed 
in  1909.  The  size  and  condition  of  this  tree  and  of  hundreds  of  others 
of  nearly  equal  size  in  the  same  section  should  dispel  any  fears  that  the 
species  IS  not  long-lived,  or  that  it  is  not  a  large  grower.  A  larger  tree, 
measuring  23  feet  9  inches  in  circumference  at  breast  height,  was  photo- 
graphed near  Webbers  Falls,  Oklahoma,  in  1909.  Avenues  of  such  trees 
along  the  Lincoln  Highway  would  be  exceedingly  impressive  and  appro- 
priate. 

ent.  In  order  of  commercial  importance  of  the  nuts  now 
grown  in  this  country,  two  foreign  species,  the  Persian 
(English)  walnut  and  the  almond  stand  second  and 
third,  respectively,  the  pecan,  which  is  an  American  spe- 
cies only,  being  first.  With  these  exceptions,  the  foreign 
introductions  are  all  in  the  experimental  or  test  stage, 
and  while  possibly  the  European  hazel  (filbert)  may 
now  be  making  a  strong  bid  for  commercial  recognition 
in  the  northwest,  and  the  pistache  in  parts  of  California, 


neither  species  can  yet  be  recommended     for     general 
planting. 

The  proper  place  for  such  partially  improved  species, 
as  are  most  of  the  native  nut  producers  at  the  present 
time,  is  that  in  which  they  may  be  used  for  more  than  the 
single  purpose  of  nut  production.  Most  of  the  species 
of  the  botanical  family  Juglandaceae  to  which  the 
walnuts  and  hickories  belong,  are  slow  growers,  and  as 
sucli,  are  objectionable  to  the  average  planter.  In  answer 
to  this,  it  may  be  said  that  among  trees,  slowness  of 
growth  is  invariably  associated  with  longevity  of  tree 
and  its  value  when  cut  as  timber.  Also,  when  due  |)ains 
are  taken,  it  is  possible  to  select  species  which  are  ex- 


CALIFORNIA    DLACK    WALNUT 

These  trees  are  used  for  street  planting  on  the  Pacific  Coast  This  species 
is  of  little  value  for  nut  producing  purposes,  but  is  very  valuable  for  its 
timber.  It  makes  an  excellent  stock  upon  which  to  graft  the  Persian  wal- 
nut. So  long  as  nut  trees  are  in  a  healthy  condition  they  are  not  neces- 
sarily   too   large    for   top-working. 

ceedingly  satisfactory  in  the  landscape.  Several  of  the 
accompanying  photographs  illustrate  the  individual 
beauty  of  selected  nut  trees  and  some  show  their  effective 
use  in  the  landscape. 

Foresters  are  now  advocating  the  planting  of  trees  in 


SELECTING  NUT  TREES  FOR  PLANTING 


62! 


waste  places  in  the  country,  especially  about  farm  build- 
ings. There  are,  perhaps,  no  conspicuous  waste  places 
with  a  greater  aggregate  area  than  the  strips  along  the 
public  highway.  In  certain  foreign  countries,  the  high- 
ways are  planted  to  fruit  trees  and  the  right  of  harvest 
awarded  to  the  highest  bidder.  The  revenue  so  obtained 
goes  a  long  way  toward  keeping  the  highways  in  good 
condition.  It  is  possible  that  this  practice  may  some- 
time be  introduced  into  the  United  States,  but  until  pub- 
lic sentiment  is  radically  changed  the  planting  of  fruit 
trees  along  the  highways  cannot  be  expected  to  yield 
any  satisfactory  returns  to  the  public.  The  experience 
of  Dr.  Robert  T.  Morris,  of  New  York  City,  who  planted 
cherry  trees  along  the  public  road  past  his  farm  in  Con- 
necticut, is  typical  of  what  under  present  conditions 
might  be  expected  in  any  part  of  the  country.  When  the 
cherries  were  ripe,  automobile  parties  came  for  many 
miles  to  pick  the  fruit,  and  when  that  in  the  highway  was 
gone,  the  cherries  from  the  nearby  orchard  were  taken. 
In  both  cases,  the  branches  were  broken  down  and  the 


trees  left  in  badly  mangled  condition.  Dr.  Morris  then 
tried  nursery-grown  and  expensive  evergreens,  but  on 
Sundays,  automobile  parties  came  again  with  spades  and 
shovels  and  dug  up  the  trees. 

The  ratio  of  population  to  tillable  land  in  this  coun- 


A   PIGNUT  HICKORY 

The  hickories  are  not  commonly  looked  upon  as  belonging  to  the  orna- 
mental group,  but  for  density  and  luxuriance  of  foliage,  symmetry  of 
form,  and  general  beauty,  it  would  be  difficult  to  imagine  a  more  perfect 
specimen  tnan  is  this  tree.  The  hickories  are  commonly  regarded  as  be- 
ing slow  growers,  but  they  are  quite  lasting  and  valuable  when  once 
mature.  The  nuts  of  this  species  often  compare  favorably  with  those  of 
the  shagbark  hickory  in  character  of  kernel.  This  is  one  of  the  hardiest 
of  the  hickories,  and  altogether  should  make  one  of  the  most  valuable 
trees  for  highway  and  home  planting  beyond  the  range  of  the  pecan. 


THE  PARENT  TREE  OF  THE  BUTTERICK  VARIETY  OF  PECAN 

This  tree  is  situated  on  the  Illinois  side  of  the  Wabash  River,  northwest 
of  Evansville,  Indiana,  at  a  latitude  slightly  less  than  that  of  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  This  tree  is  typical  of  the  pecan  species  as  it  is  found  in  na- 
ture near  its  northern  limits.  It  and  other  varieties  originating  in  the 
same  general  section  bear  bountiful  crops  of  choice  nuts.  Farther  north 
pecan  trees  make  good  tree  growth  but  are  uncertain  as  to  bearing  As 
far  as  can  be  seen  there  is  no  reason  why  the  pecans  should  not  wisely 
be  planted  along  the  highways  and  about  the  home  grounds  as  far  north 
as  Southern  Michigan  and  Nev  York  State.  Occasionally,  crops  of  nuts 
might  be  expected  from  even  the  most  northern  planted  trees.  In  middle 
Indiana  and  Ohio  trees  should  do  somewhat  better,  bearing  not  infre- 
quently. In  Southern  Indiana  and  other  sections  of  fairly  comparable 
climatic  and  soil  conditions,  especially  along  the  Atlantic  Coast  from  the 
District  of  Columbia  to  New  Jersey,  there  is  no  apparent  reason  why 
this  should  not  become  one  of  the  most  commonly  planted  shade  and  or- 
namental trees. 

try  is  not  such  that,  for  a  long  time  to  come,  the  Ameri- 
can people  as  a  whole  will  be  pressed  into  the  using  of 
highway  land  for  the  production  of  crops  or  into  respect- 
ing the  right  of  the  public  to  harvest  such  crops  as  might 
be  grown  in  its  highways.  Therefore,  for  the  present, 
except  in  densely  populated  or  in  more  than  ordinarily 
well  regulated  communities,  it  would  be  useless  to  advo- 
cate the  planting  of  ordinary  fruit  trees  along  the  pub- 
lic roadways. 

Irrespective  of  the  possible  value  of  their  crops,  fruit 


622 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


NATIVE  PECAN  TREES  IN  A  MEADOW 

These  give    shade   for   stock   and    yield   a   nut  crop   at   the   same    time.     Not   infrequently    such    trees   bear 
a  bushel  or  more  of  nuts  worth  at  least  ten  cents  a  pound,  or  a  minimum  of  $4  00  a  bushel.     It  is  not  un- 
usual for  single  trees  in  the  open  to  yield  two  bushels  or  more  of  nuts  which  readily  bring  twelve  to  fifteen 
cents  a  pound. 


trees  of  most  species  are  both  too  small  and  too 
short-lived  to  be  suitable  for  highway  planting.  With 
nut  trees,  the  situation  is  entirely  different.  The  native 
walnuts,  most  species  of  hickories  and  the  American 
beech  are  large-growing  and  long-lived  trees.  In  addi- 
tion, they  are  capable  of  withstanding  severe  tempera- 
tures ;  they  are  tough  and  strong  and  not  liable  to  in- 
jury by  storm  or  while  being  climbed  by  ordinary  per- 
sons ;  and  they  readily  adapt  themselves  to  a  wide  range 
of  soil,  moisture  and  climatic  conditions. 

Ordinary  species  of  nut  trees  cannot  be  recommended 
for  the  dual  purpose  of  timber  and  nut  production,  as, 
for  the  former  purpose,  the  trees  should  be  planted 
close  together  in  order  to  induce  length  and  straightness 
of  trunk  with  a  minimum  of  top  or  bearing  surface, 
while  for  the  latter,  they  should  be  planted  in  the  open 
and  given  space  for  the  maximum  development  of  bear- 
ing surface  and  a  minimum  length  of  trunk.  The  great 
demand  for  hickory  in  the  making  of  axles,  wheels  and 
other  vehicle  parts  and  handles  for  tools,  and  for  walnut 
in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  gun  stocks  makes 
it  not  only  possible  but  common  practice  to  use  these 
woods  in  short  lengths.  Therefore,  both  species  planted 
along  the  highways  and  in  other  waste  places  might 
profitably  be  converted  into  timber  upon  reaching  ma- 
turity, if  their  crops  of  nuts  should  prove  to  be  of  small 
commercial  value. 

The  butternut,  /.  cinerca,  is  less  a  symmetrical  grower 
than  are  the  black  walnuts.  The  timber  is  less  valuable 
and  the  nuts  are  cracked  with  greater  difficulty.  Never- 
theless, it  is  the  most  hardy  of  any  native  species  of 
Juglans.  Its  kernels  are  rich  in  quality  and  of  a  flavor 
more  pleasing  to  some  persons  than  that  of  any  other 
nut.     Cracking  the  native  butternut  and  marketing  the 


kernels  affords  the  rural  peo- 
ple in  many  sections  a  fairly 
profitable  means  of  employ- 
ment during  the  winter 
months.  Its  native  range  ex- 
tends farther  north  than  does 
that  of  either  the  eastern  black 
walnut  or  the  shagbark  hick- 
ory, Hicoria  ovata,  and  is 
considerably  beyond  that  of 
the  shellbark  hickory,  H.  la- 
ciniosa.  Therefore,  in  view 
of  its  hardiness,  and  the  merit 
of  its  kernels,  it  is  well  worthy 
of  consideration  for  planting 
in  the  most  northern  parts  of 
the  country. 

The  black  walnut  of  the 
Southwest,  /.  rupestris  is  one 
of  the  sturdy,  graceful  and 
durable  species  of  that  section. 
The  nuts  are  seldom  of  suffi- 
cient size  to  be  of  commercial 
black    walnuts,    /.    californica 


value.  The  California 
and  /.  hindsii,  fall  into  about  the  same  class  as  does 
this  species  in  respect  to  the  points  mentioned.  So  far 
as  the  planter  is  concerned,  the  main  differences  are 
those  of  adaptability  to  different  sections.    Under  favor- 


A  PERSIAN  (ENGLISH)   WALNUT 

This  particular  tree,  by  a  residence  on  Wisconsin  avenue,  Washington, 
D.  C,  is  very  satisfactory  as  a  producer  of  shade  and  ornamental  effect, 
and  in  addition,  it  yields  fair  crops  of  nuts.  Similar  trees  arc  by  no 
means  uncommon  from  Washington  northward  to  Connecticut  and  west 
to  Southern  Michigan, 


SELECTING  NUT  TREES  FOR  PLANTING 


623 


able  conditions  ot  soil,  moisture  and  climatic  environ- 
ment, all  are  capable  of  rivaling  the  eastern  black  wal- 
nut in  such  points  as  size,  as  beauty  of  tree  and  in  size  of 
crops. 

Were  it  not  for  the  blight  which  is  now  making  prac- 
tically a  clean  sweep  of  destruction  over  the  eastern 
states,  wherever  the  native  chestnut  is  found,  the  Amer- 
ican chestnut  Castanea  dcntata  would  certainly  be  en- 
titled to  leading  consideration  as  a  highway  and  orna- 
mental tree.  Unaffected  by  blight  or  other  disease,  it  is 
one  of  the  largest  growing  and  most  graceful  species  in 
the  eastern  United  States.  The  European  chestnut  is 
nearly  as  susceptible  to  this  blight  as  is  the  American 
species.  The  chestnuts  from  eastern  Asia  now  appear  to 
be  sufficiently  immune  to  offer  a  practical  solution  to  the 
situation  by  their  introduction  into  this  country.  How- 
ever, they  commonly  lack  the  sweet  agreeable  flavor  of 
the  American  species  and  need  hybridizing  in  order  to 
improve  their  quality.  This  the  Federal  Department  of 
Agriculture  is  now  doing,  and  in  due  time  there  may  be 
something  to  offer  in  ample  quantity  which  will  make  a 
satisfactory  substitute  for  the  native  species.  Exclusive 
of  the  Asiatic  species  and  the  government  hybrids,  there 
are  now  no  available  species  which  can  be  recommended 
for  planting  in  the  blight  affected  area,  and  these  should 
be  planted  only  for  test  purposes. 

The  pines  referred  to  at  the  outset  of  this  article  as  be- 
ing important  nut  ])roducers  are  all  western  species  found 
only  on  the  mountains  and  nowhere  under  cultivation. 
There  are  at  least  fourteen  sjjccies.  Representatives  are 
found  in  most  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  states.  The  most 
important  species  is  Finns  cdulis.  It  is  found  at  alti- 
tudes of  from  five  to  seven  thousand  feet  in  the  moun- 
tains of  New  Mexico,  Arizona  and  northern  Mexico.  In 
favorable  years,  the  seeds  are  gathered  in  enormous 
quantities  under  the  name  of  "pinons,"  or  according  to 
the  Mexicans,  "pinyonies."  The  nuts  are  rich  in  flavor, 
but  small  and  difficult  to  extract  from  the  shells.  They 
are  not  well  known  in  the  eastern  market,  but  in  the 
Southwest  they  form  a  highly  important  article  of  food 
for  the  Indians  and  Mexicans.  These  pines  are  exceed- 
ingly slow  growers  and  not  of  graceful  form.  They 
could  scarcely  be  considered  for  highway  planting,  ex- 
cept at  the  altitudes  to  which  they  are  common,  and  then, 
probably,  only  where  some  more  satisfactory  shade  trees 
would  not  succeed. 

Among  all  American  s])ecies  of  trees,  it  is  probable 
that  in  a  combination  of  beauty,  longevity,  strength  and 
hardiness,  the  American  beech  Faffus  grandifolia  is 
unexcelled.  Although  commonly  looked  upon  as  being  a 
northern  sjiecies,  its  range  extends  south  to  northern 
Florida  and  west  to  the  Trinity  River,  in  Texas.  It  is 
most  familiar  as  a  clean-barked,  spreading  tree,  with 
low  head,  and  a  height  of  from  fifty  to  sixty  feet.  How- 
ever, its  form  depends  largely  upon  environment.  The 
writer  has  seen  it  in  the  bottoms  of  southwestern  Geor- 
gia, in  common  with  the  magnolia,  growing  to  a  height 
of  from  seventy-five  to  one  hundred  feet  and  with  trunks 
of  two  feet  in  diameter  extending  upward  in  a  manner 
which,  with  regard  to  height  and  uniformity  of  size,  com- 


pared favorably  with  the  long-leaf  Georgia  pine.  The 
nuts  of  the  beech  are  rich  in  quality  and  of  excellent  fla- 
vor, but  owing  to  their  small  size  and  the  great  difficulty 
attending  the  extraction  of  the  kernels,  they  are  not 
ranked  as  being  of  direct  importance  for  human  food. 


A  TYPICAL  NATIVE  BLACK  WALNUT 
This  species  is  one  of  the  most  rapid  growing  of  any  of  the  native  timber 
producing  trees.  Its  range  has  been  extended  until  it  now  covers  prac- 
tically the  entire  United  States  with  the  exception  of  the  sections  rep- 
resenting the  extremes  of  latitude,  altitude,  moisture  and  dryness.  It  is 
very  useful  in  the  landscape,  and  in  the  number  of  bushels  of  nuts  pro- 
duced it  was  the  leading  species  of  the  country  when  the  last  census 
was   taken. 

Their  principal  use  in  this  country  is  as  a  mast  crop  for 
turkeys  and  swine,  for  which  they  serve  a  most  useful 
])urpose.  Crops  which  can  be  used  in  this  manner  to 
good  advantage,  thus  practically  obviating  the  problems 
of  harvesting,  storing  and  marketing,  are  certainly  well 
worth  thinking  about  in  these  days  of  labor  scarcity. 

There  are  few  large  sections  of  the  United  States 
adapted  to  the  growing  of  trees  to  which  some  nut- 
bearing  species  is  not  suited.  Most  species  of  nut  trees 
are  as  capable  of  producing  shade  and  ornamental  effect, 
and  are  as  hardy  and  lasting  as  any  others  which  might 
be  mentioned.  In  addition,  they  produce  an  edible  prod- 
uct which  is  entering  into  the  list  of  staple  food  products 
with  great  rapidity.  The  present  scarcity  of  meats  and 
the  consequent  high  prices  are  compelling  the  substitu- 
tion of  other  products.  The  superiority  of  nuts  over 
practically  all  other  products  which  are  available,  as  sub- 
stitutes, scarcely  needs  argument.  Already  nuts  are  be- 
ing pressed  into  service  as  rapidly  as  production  per- 
mits and  ])erhaps  more  so  than  prices  and  comparative 
food  values  justify. 


624 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Singularly  enough,  the  oldest  and  most  thickly  popu- 
lated portion  of  the  country  and  that  within  which  the 
greatest  number  of  edible  species  of  nuts  are  indigenous, 
is  today  practically  without  pomological  varieties  for 
planting.  Within  this  area  individuals  have  made  tests 
of  species  and  varieties  for  many  generations,  yet  little 
progress  has  resulted.  The  obvious  need  is  for  further 
test  on  a  large  scale.  A  better  opportunity  for  the  mak- 
ing of  such  a  test  could  scarcely  be  imagined  than  that 
of  highway  planting. 

Pomologists  are  firmly  recommending  the  exclusive- 
ness  of  budded  or  grafted  trees.  But  this  advice  applies 
only  to  orchard  planting  for  purposes  of  commercial 
production.  Until  more  and  better  varieties  are  known 
and  their  merits  established,  that  portion  of  the  country 
lying  north  of  the  pecan  belt  and  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  must  await  the  development  and  trial  of  new 
varieties.  Seedlings  must  be  planted  in  large  numbers 
from  which  to  select  varieties.  The  process  is  too  slow 
and  the  percentage  of  varieties  which  may  be  expected 
to  be  worth  while  too  small  for  it  to  be  possible  for  the 
individual  to  make  much  headway  during  an  ordinary 
lifetime.  Our  present  system  of  national  highways  liy 
which  all  parts  of  the  country  are  being  connected  is  per- 
fecting the  opportunity.  The  general  planting  along 
these  great  national  highways  of  elm,  oak,  poplar,  tulip, 
cedar,  hemlock,  magnolia,  pine  or  any  other  species 
which,  unless  cut,  are  capable  of  producing  no  crop  other 
than  that  of  shade,  would  hardly  be  in  keeping  with  the 
present  need  for  utility.  It  would  be  giving  a  question- 
able degree  of  thought  to  the  welfare  of  future  genera- 
tions. 

To  the  list  of  nut  trees  as  utility  trees  there  might  be 
added  the  sugar  maple,  and  certain  species  of  prolific- 
bearing  oaks.  The  former  could  be  drawn  upon  for  the 
making  of  syrup  and  sugar,  and  the  acorns  from  the  lat- 
ter could  be  put  to  good  use  as  hog  and  turkey  feed.  In 
wet  sections,  willows  might  prove  useful  from  which  to 
cut  material  for  furniture  or  tying  bundles. 

A  way  of  overcoming  the  objection  of  slow  growth  of 
some  of  the  nut  species  might  be  the  alternate  planting 
of  quick-growing  species  which  would  furnish  shade  in 
a  minimum  length  of  time  and  which  covild  be  cut  for 
pulp  or  other  purposes  by  the  time  the  nut  trees  reach 
maturity. 

A  practical  objection  to  highway  planting  of  nut  trees 
is  that  unless  cared  for,  such  trees  ave  in  danger  of  be- 
coming breeding  places  for  disease  and  insect  pests 
which  would  quickly  spread  to  nearby  orchards.  How- 
ever, such  planting  in  numbers  too  small  to  be  worth 
caring  for  is  not  to  be  considered.  Already  the  country 
is  agreed  that  the  maintaining  of  the  middle  of  the  road 
in  such  condition  that  it  can  render  maximum  service  is 
a  paying  investment.  The  suggestion  here  made  is 
only  as  the  next  step  in  highway  investment.  It  is  a 
proposition  to  make  more  comfortable  and  attractive 
the  present  system  of  roadways,  and  at  the  same  time 
to  help  develop  new  varieties  of  nut  trees  for  orchard 
planting.  Unless  new  varieties  are  soon  to  become 
available,  a  large  part  of  the  country  will  find  itself  de- 


pendent upon  outside  sources  for  its  principal  substi- 
tute for  meat  and  its  main  supply  of  vegetable  fats. 

A  little  thought  should  be  able  to  work  out  a  sound 
program  for  the  planting  of  utility  trees  on  practically 
every  highway  in  this  country. 


THE   TOTEM   TREE 

By  H.  £.  Zimmerman 

A  Civil  War  vebran  of  Union  Springs,  New  York, 
made  this  unique  totem  tree,  which  is  eighteen  feet  high 
and  six  feet  in  circumference.     Thirty-four  figures  are 


carved  on  it.  Unlike  the  idea  in  an  Indian  totem  pole, 
this  was  not  intended  as  a  family  tree.  The  gentleman 
made  it  after  his  own  fancy,  spending  two  summers  in 
decorating  it  with  animals,  birds,  portraits  and  other 
figures.  At  the  top  he  built  cute  little  bird  houses,  and 
to  heighten  the  artistic  (?)  effect,  he  painted  the  objects 
in  a  variety  of  colors. 


THE  THRUSHES 

(Family  Turdidae) 

By  A.  A.  ALLEN 

Assistant  Ornithologist,  Cornell  University 


XN  the  noisy  parks  and  gardens  of  the  large  cities, 
in  the  silent  spruces  of  the  mountains,  from  the 
steaming  forests  of  the  equator  to  the  rocky  coasts 
of  the  Arctic  Sea,  there  is  always  a  bird  of  the 
thrush  family  to  welcome  the  traveler.  In  the  cities 
it  is  the  robin,  the  bluebird  and  the  wood-thrush ;  in  the 
woodlands,  the  veery,  the  hermit  and  the  olive-backed 
species ;  in  the  far  north,  the  wheatears,  and  in  the  tropics 
the  solitaires  and  the  "thrush-robins."  When  we  make 
the  term  thrush  broad  enough  to  include  the  ground 
thrushes,  the  accentors,  the  redstarts,  the  nightingales 
and  the  chats,  of  the  Old  World,  the  family  includes  be- 
tween five  and  six  hundred  species,  but  of  these,  only 
about  240  are  true  thrushes.  These  are  widely  distrib- 
uted throughout  the  world,  eighty  of  them  being  con- 
fined to  the  New  World,  of  which  a  dozen  species  are 
found  north  of  Mexico. 

As  a  family,  the  thrushes  are  medium-sized  birds, 
usually  under  twelve  inches  in  length,  with  strong  wings 
and  legs  and  with  bills  slightly  notched  near  the  tip  and 
supplied  with  strong  bristles  at  the  base.  They  are 
uniformly  colored,  rather  than  streaked,  the  majority 
brownish  or  grayish,  although  blues,  yellows,  or  even 
reds  are  found  in  the  plumages  of  some.  The  underparts 
are  white  or  at  least  lighter  than  the  backs  and,  in  typi- 
cal species,  are  more  or  less  spotted.  In  species  having 
unspotted  breasts,  the  young  in  their  juvenal  plumage 


show  the  spots  that  have  been  lost  by  the  adults,  as  with 
the  robin  and  the  bluebird,  interesting  examples  of  on- 
togeny, for  the  individuals  pass  through  the  stages  by 
which  the  species  have  progressed  in  the  course  of  their 
evolution. 

But  it  is  not  for  the  brilliancy  of  their  plumage  that 
the  thrushes  are  noted,  it  is  for  the  richness  and  beauty 
of  their  songs.  The  world  over,  some  member  of  this 
family  surpasses  all  others  in  the  appeal  which  it  makes 
to  the  human  ear.  In  Europe,  it  is  the  nightingale,  in 
eastern  United  States  it  is  the  hermit  thrush,  and  in  the 
West  it  is  the  solitaire.  The  wonderful  songs  of  the 
mockingbird  and  the  thrasher,  discussed  last  month,  ap- 
peal to  us  by  their  marvellous  technique,  but  the  songs 
of  the  thrushes  by  their  depth  of  feeling.  Listening  to 
the  mockingbird,  one  is  thrilled ;  listening  to  the  hermit 
thrush,  one  feels  exalted. 

Except  during  the  nesting  season,  the  thrushes  travel 
in  scattered  flocks,  frequenting  the  borders  of  woodlands 
but  coming  into  gardens  if  they  can  find  food.  During 
the  spring  and  summer,  this  consists  almost  entirely  of 
insects  and  worms,  but  during  the  late  summer  and  fall, 
the  various  wild  fruits  form  an  ever  increasing  percent- 
age. Gardens,  where  the  dogwoods  or  the  Virginia 
creeper  grow,  are  sure  to  attract  the  passing  flocks  of 
thrushes  in  late  September  or  October,  and  in  the  South, 
the  mistletoe  and  holly  sustain  some  species  through- 


A  HOT   DAY   IN  BIRDLAND 
The  vccry  is  sfieltering  its  young  from  the  hot  rays  of  the  sun.     The  veery 
can  be  told  from  the  other  thrushes  by  the   fewness  and  faintncss  of   tlie 
spots  on  its  breast. 


THE  FIRST  TIME  OUT 
Young  blackl)irds  just  out  of  the  box — they  seem  somewhat  alarmed  at  the 
bigness   of   the   world.      Notice   the    spotted   plumage   of   the  young   as   com- 
pared with  that  of  the  adult  bird. 

«2S 


626 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


out  the  winter.  The  robin,  the  bKiebird,  and  the  her- 
mit thrush  remain  in  Southeastern  United  States  and 
the  solitaire  and  the  varied  thrush  in  the  Southwest,  but 
the  veery,  the  olive-backed,  gray-cheeked  and  the  wood 


EVERYWHERE  A  FAVORITE 

Except  with  the  gardener,  who  is  unwilling  to  lose  the  toll  of  cherries  or 
berries  which  is  exacted  in  payment  for  the  insects  destroyed  at  other 
times  of  the  year.  The  robin  is  the  commonest  bird  in  the  United  States 
and  has  increased  more  rapidly  than  any  other  native  species. 

thrush  continue  their  journeys  to  Central  America  and 
Northern  South  America. 

Of  all  the  thrushes  the  robin  is,  of  course,  the  best 
known,  but  in  coloration  it  is  quite  an  aberrant  mei'iber 
of  the  family.  It  was  christened  the  "robin"  by  the 
early  settlers  because  of  its  general  resemblance  to  the 
European  robin,  although  the  latter  is  a  much  smaller 
bird.  It  was  probably  originally  a  forest  dweller,  as  it 
still  is  in  some  places,  but  like  its  European  cousin,  it  has 
adapted  itself  to  human  occupation  of  its  haunts  and 
now  builds  its  nest  wherever  it  can  find  a  sheltered  ledge 
about  the  house.  Its  numbers  have  increased  probably 
more  than  those  of  any  other  native  bird  in  the  United 
States  so  that  today  it  is  regarded  as  the  most  abundant 
species  throughout  the  country.  It  is  beloved  by  every- 
one except  the  gardener,  who  is  unwilling  to  lose  the 
toll  of  cherries,  berries  or  grapes  in  payment  for  the 
insects  destroyed  at  other  times  of  the  year.  It  may 
well  be,  however,  that  as  the  robin  increases  and  the 
native  fruits  give  way  before  the  cultivated  varieties, 
the  robins  will  become  a  great  nuisance,  for  fruit 
they  must  have,  and  with  no  native  fruit  to  satisfy  their 
appetites,  the  cultivated  varieties  must,  of  necessity,  suf- 
fer. It  is  a  wise  plan,  therefore,  to  make  provision  for 
the  increase  of  robins  and  other  thrushes  by  extensive 
planting  to  furnish  natural  food  for  them.  Not  only 
should  individual  agriculturists  do  this,  but  the  States, 
in  planting  along  highways,  in  parks  and  reservations, 


should  include  many  trees  of  mulberry,  mountain  ash, 
wild  cherry  or  even  the  sweet  cherry  to  provide  for 
these  beneficial  birds,  to  furnish  the  much  needed  fruit, 
and  thus  help  protect  the  cultivated  varieties  in  the 
vicinity. 

The  nest  of  the  robin  and  indeed  that  of  most  other 
thrushes  is  a  rather  bulky  structure  made  of  grasses 
and  straws,  lined  with  finer  grasses,  and  having  an  in- 
ner layer  of  mud.  The  band  of  mud  across  the  breasts 
of  all  female  robins  for  a  short  time  in  the  spring  is 
made  when  the  bird  is  shaping  its  nest,  for  when  the 
nest  has  been  roughly  plastered,  the  bird  gets  into 
it,  as  if  to  incubate,  and  then  by  turning  around  and 
around,  shapes  it  and  makes  it  perfectly  symmetrical. 
Three  to  five  blue  eggs  are  laid,  which  require  about 
two  weeks  to  hatch.  The  young  remain  in  the  nest 
another  two  weeks  so  that  inside  of  a  month  the  nest  is 
again  empty  and  ready  for  a  second  brood.  The  same 
nest,  if  in  good  condition,  is  used  for  the  second  brood 
and,  indeed,  if  it  is  in  a  sheltered  spot,  again  the  follow- 
ing s])ring,  merely  being  repaired  with  enough  new  ma- 
terial to  make  it  strong. 

When  the  young  are  able  to  shift  for  themselves,  they 
often  congregate  every  night  in  large  flocks  at  a  com- 
mon roosting  spot,  perhaps  led  by  the  old  males.  By 
fall,  these  roosts,  which  are  usually  in  a  dense  swamp 
or  in  a  clump  of  oaks  or  other  thick  foliaged  trees,  are 
very  large,  containing  thousands  of  birds. 

The  immature  plumage  of  the  robin,  in  which  tho 
breast  is  orange-brown  spotted  with  black  and  the  back 


NOTICE   THE    SPOTS 
These  are  young  robins  and  in  their  juvenal  plumage  show  a  color  pattern 
through    which   the   species    has   passed   in   its   evolution.     All    true   thrushes 
are  spotted  in  the  immature  plumage  if  not  in  the  adult. 

brownish-gray  spotted  with  rusty,  is  worn  until  Sep- 
tember or  October,  when  it  is  replaced  by  the  plumage 
of  the  adult.  Males  and  females  are  colored  alike  but 
it  takes  several  years  to  acquire  the  rich  chestnut  breast 


THE  THRUSHES 


627 


and  black  head  of  the  adult.  Females  are  inclined  to  be 
somewhat  duller  than  males,  but  this  difiference  is  more 
one  of  age  than  of  sex,  and  vigorous,  mature  females 
are  brighter  than  young  males.  The  western  robin  dif- 
fers from  the  eastern  bird  principally  in  the  absence  of 
the  white  tips  to  the  outer  tail  feathers. 

Another  aberrant  member  of  the  thrush  family  is  the 
familiar  bluebird.  With  its  blue  back  and  chestnut 
breast,  it  is  indeed  one  of  the  most  beautiful  birds  of  the 
countryside  and  well  worth  every  effort  to  increase  its 
numbers.  It  is  quick  to  respond  and  in  many  localities 
has  greatly  increased  because  of  the  nesting  boxes  which 
have  been  put  up  for  it.  Indeed,  in  most  places,  it  has 
now  regained  the  numbers  lost  in  the  devastating  storms 
of  the  winter  and  spring  of  1911  and  1912  when  thou- 
sands were  starved  and  frozen,  and  is  once  more  a  fa- 
miliar bird.  A  similar  catastrophe  occurred  also  in  1895 
when  so  many  were  killed  that  they  did  not  regain  their 
hold  for  over  ten  years. 

The  female  bluebird  is  much  duller  than  the  male  and 
the  young  are  grayish,  obscurely  spotted  above  and  be- 
low, and  showing  blue  only  in  the  wings  and  tail. 

The  blue  eggs,  so  typical  of  the  thrush  family,  have, 
with  the  bluebird,  become  very  pale,  perhaps  owing  to 
its  hole-nesting  habit,  for  the  majority  of  birds  that  nest 
in  holes  lay  pure  white  eggs. 

The  most  suitable  nesting  box  for  the  bluebird  is  one 


Both  the  robin  and  the  bluebird  spend  the  winter  in 
southern  United  States  and  are  among  the  first  birds  "to 
push    northward    in    the    spring,    arriving    in    northern 


MORE    SPOTS 
The  wood   thrush   has  more  conspicuous  spots  on   its  breast  than  any   other 
thrush  in  this  country.    Notice  the  paper  napkins  with  which  this  bird  has 
endeavored  to  disguise  its  nest— "camouflage"  in  birdlandl 

that  measures  5x5x8  inches  inside  with  a  two-inch  hole 
four  inches  from  the  bottom  on  one  side.  It  is  best 
placed  on  a  pole  in  the  garden  or  above  a  fence  i)ost,  six 
to  ten  feet  from  the  ground,  in  bright  sun  or  light  shade. 


AN   EGG   IS  AN   EGG  TO   A   VEERY 
The    speckled    egg,    that   of   the    parasitic    cowbird,    is    cared    for    with    equal 
solicitude   to  one  of   its  own.   The   veery   nests   on   or  near   the   ground    in 
moist   woodlands. 

United  States  early  in  March  or  even  in  late  February. 
Occasionally  individuals  of  each  species  find  food  and 
shelter  and  spend  the  winter  in  protected  spots  as  far 
north  as  New  York  or  New  England. 

The  western  bluebird  differs  from  the  eastern  in  hav- 
ing the  throat  blue,  instead  of  chestnut,  and  in  having 
a  brownish  spot  on  the  back.  The  mountain  bluebird 
of  Alaska  and  the  higher  Rocky  Mountains  has  the  en- 
tire underparts  light  blue,  but  is  quite  similar  in  habits 
to  the  other  species. 

After  the  robin  and  bluebird,  the  next  thrush  to  arrive 
in  the  spring,  while  the  leaves  are  still  bare,  is  the  her- 
mit thrush.  Being  of  a  retiring  disposition  and  frequent- 
ing woodlands  rather  than  gardens,  it  is  less  often  seen, 
although  during  cold  wet  spells,  when  food  is  scarce, 
they  venture  close  about  the  house  and  come  to  feeding 
shelves  with  the  chickadees  and  juncos.  The  hermit  is 
a  typical  thrush  with  uniform  dark  brown  upperparts 
and  whitish  underparts  with  dark  spots  on  the  fore 
breast.  The  breast  is  less  spotted  than  that  of  the  wood 
thrush  and  more  so  than  that  of  the  veery,  and  it  is  easily 
distinguished  from  all  of  them  by  its  rufous  tail  which 
it  has  the  habit  of  lifting  slightly  when  it  alights  or  when 
it  utters  its  call,  a  low  chuck.  It  nests  in  the  hills  and 
mountains  of  northern  United  States  and  Canada  above 
an  altitude  of  1,500  feet,  placing  its  nest  of  mosses  and 
grasses  on  the  ground  beneath  a  sheltering  branch. 

It  is  only  on  its  nesting  ground  that  its  full  sOng  is 
heard  and  there  usually  early  in  the  morning,  toward 
dusk,  or  even  in  the  dead  of  night.     Then,  when  the 


628 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


woodland  is  silent  save  for  the  occasional  ecstatic  out- 
burst of  an  ovenbird,  hurling  itself  above  the  trees,  the 
clear  tranquil  notes  of  the  hermit  will  move  even  the 
most  stolid.  Beginning  low,  like  the  distant  dripping 
of  some  cool  spring,  the  singer  runs  lightly  up  the  scale 


^ 

i 

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SKff  — -^ 

j^U! 

Jl' 

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^: 

[ 

A   BLUEBIRD   IN   THE   ORCHARD 

Bluebirds  and  apple  blossoms  are  always  associated.     It  is  well   that  they 
should  be — well  for  us,  well  for  the  birds,  and  well  for  the  orchard. 

until  it  touches  the  highest  chords ;  a  still  higher  note,  a 
trill,  and  then  silence.  Soon  the  low,  liquid  notes  are 
heard  once  more,  as  the  bird  moves  nearer,  and  the  song 
is  repeated  again  and  again,  not  hurriedly,  but  with  all 
the  leisure  and  solemnity  that  a  finished  production  re- 
quires. All  nature  is  hushed  and  seems  to  listen  to  the 
voice  that  expresses  so  well  the  purity,  the  serenity,  the 
mystery  of  the  twilight  in  the  forest. 

The  wood  thrush  and  the  veery  are  but  slightly  in- 
ferior to  the  hermit  in  their  songs  and  in  most  places 
are  much  better  known,  for  they  often  take  up  their 
abodes  in  city  parks  or  about  shaded  lawns.  The  veery 
requires  moist  woodlands  with  undergrowth  in  which  to 
place  its  nest,  but  the  wood  thrush  is  often  content  in  an 
orchard  or  along  shaded  streets  like  the  robin.  The 
song  of  the  wood  thrush  is  somewhat  like  that  of  the 
hermit,  but  the  phrases  are  shorter  and  the  notes  less 
clear.  The  veery's  song,  on  the  other  hand,  is  quite 
different.  Rich  and  clear  like  the  songs  of  the  other 
thrushes,  it  consists  of  a  single  continuous  warble  like 
the  syllables,  wee-o,  wee-o,  wee-o,  given  on  a  descending 
spiral.  The  veery  has  fewer  and  less  conspicuous  spots 
on  its  breast  than  the  hermit,  but  the  wood  thrush  has 
its  clear  white  breast  covered  with  large  dark  spots. 
Moreover,  it  can  be  distinguished  also  by  the  fact  that 
its  head  is  much  brighter  than  its  back.  The  veery  win- 
ters in  northern  South  America,  but  reaches  the  northern 
United  States  the  last  of  April,  somewhat  earlier  than 


the  wood  thrush,  although  the  latter  winters  from  south- 
ern Mexico  to  Central  America. 

The  olive-backed  and  gray-cheeked  thrushes  are  less 
well  known  than  the  others.  Wintering  in  South  Amer- 
ica and  nesting  in  the  coniferous  forests  of  the  North, 
they  are  seen  in  the  United  States  only  as  transients  in 
the  spring  and  fall,  except  in  the  mountains  of  New 
York  and  New  England,  where  they  nest  at  altitudes 
over  2,500  feet.  They  are  both  uniformly  darker  than 
the  other  thrushes  and  can  be  distinguished  from  each 
other,  in  good  light,  by  the  fact  that  in  the  olive-backed, 
the  eye  ring  and  cheeks  are  washed  with  buffy.  The 
sub-species  of  the  gray-cheeked  thrush  which  nests 
south  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  somewhat  smaller  than  the 
northern  bird  and  has  been  named  the  Bicknell's  thrush. 

The  Townsend's  solitaire  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  re- 
gion is  similar  to  the  hermit  thrush  in  its  habits,  living 
alone  in  the  coniferous  forests  whose  silences  are  broken 
only  by  the  beautifully  clear  notes  of  this  bird.  The 
solitaire  is  a  dark  gray  bird,  about  the  size  of  a  bluebird, 
with  a  white  eye  ring,  white  wing  bars  and  white  tips  to 
the  outer  tail  feathers.  It  builds  a  rough  nest  under  a 
shelving  bank  and,  unlike  the  other  thrushes,  lays  gray- 
ish-white eggs  spotted  with  brown. 

The  varied  thrush  is  a  strikingly  marked  bird  of  the 
Northwest,  ranging  in  summer  from  Alaska  to  the 
mountains  of  northern  California  and  wintering  from 
Washington  to  Lower  California.  It  is  a  bird  about  the 
size  of  a  robin,  rusty  brown  beneath,  the  throat  crossed 


AN  INSECT  ELIMINATOR 
A  box  full  of  bluebirds  will   do  a  great  deal   toward   ridding  the  garden  of 
pests       The    box    should    measure    5x5x8    inches,    with    a    2-inch    hole    four 
inches  from  the  bottom  on  one  side. 

by  a  blackish  necklace,  and  dark  bluish-slate  above.  It 
is  ordinarily  a  rather  shy  bird,  but  on  its  winter  journeys 
it  frequently  comes  into  gardens  where  it  can  find  the 
berries  of  the  California  holly  or  of  the  manzanita. 


EDITORIAL 


HOW   WE   STAND   FOR   EFFICIENT   STATE   FORESTRY 


H 


m 


N  editorial  in  American  Forestry  for  June,  1917, 
stated  the  facts  regarding  the  recent  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  forestry  department  of  Vermont.  It  told 
how  the  state  forester,  a  capable,  experienced  man  with 
long  recognized  ability  and  a  first  class  reputation  as  an 
efficient  forester,  resigned  rather  than  be  legislated  out  of 
oifice.  He  did  so  because,  like  many  another  good  citizen, 
he  found  it  impossible  to  serve  the  best  interests  of  the 
public  and  at  the  same  time  comply  with  the  wishes  of 
certain  influential  people  of  the  state. 

This  frank,  straightforward  editorial  expression  re- 
garding a  situation,  in  which  Vermont  has  no  monopoly, 
has  inspired  some  of  the  newspapers  of  the  state  to  not 
only  continue  their  attacks  upon  the  former  state  for- 
ester, but  to  challenge  the  integrity  and  the  independence 
of  the  American  Forestry  Association  as  well  as  imply- 
ing that  the  editorial  was  published  at  the  behest  of  the 
former  state  forester,  who  is  now  employed  in  the  United 
States  Agricultural  Department. 

Such  charges  are  not  in -themselves  worthy  of  answer, 
but  they  do  suggest  a  further  statement  clinching  the 
argument  which  was  previously  made. 

One  newspaper  says :  "It  is  about  time  for  the  head 
of  the  Forest  Service  of  the  United  States,  or  the  Secre- 
tary of  Agriculture,  to  tell  their  underlings  to  refrain 
from  political  activities." 

This  is  amusing  in  view  of  the  well-known  fact  that 
for  the  past  twenty  years  the  American  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation has  exerted  itself  with  considerable  success  in 
building  up  and  protecting  efficient  and  non-political  state 
forestry  departments,  in  charge  of  trained  experts,  who 
know  and  understand  what  forestry  is,  and  who  mould 
and  develop  a  progressive  forest  policy  for  the  states 
which  employ  them. 

The  Vermont  newspapers  need  not  assume  that  the 
association  has  singled  out  their  state  for  special  atten- 
tion. Far  from  it.  In  many  states  in  the  last  few  years 
efforts  have  been  made  to  overthrow  efficient  forestry 
departments  which  have  become  popular  and  important 
parts  of  the  state  machinery.  These  efforts  have  been 
inspired  primarily  by  selfish  motives.  The  usual  method 
by  which  control  of  these  efficient  departments  has  been 
sought  has  been  by  reorganization  and  consolidation  with 
other  departments  under  the  guise  of  economy.  The  real 
end  sought  was  the  placing  of  the  trained  and  efficient 
heads  of  these  forestry  departments  under  political  direc- 
tion and  dictation. 

Efforts  similar  to  those  which  succeeded  in  Vermont 


and  in  Wisconsin  have  been  met  and  defeated  in  New 
Hampshire,  Maryland,  Minnesota  and  Oregon  and  have 
been  prevented  in  other  states  by  the  knowledge  that  they 
would  be  vigorously  opposed. 

Efficiency  in  state  as  well  as  national  government  de- 
partments, where  technical  men  are  required,  demands 
the  substitution  of  the  trained  executive  for  the  political 
appointee  and  the  elevation  of  public  service  into  a  career 
sufficiently  stable  to  attract  men  of  real  ability. 

It  is  apparent  that  neither  state  nor  national  forestry 
can  measure  up  to  the  demands  made  upon  it  without 
the  adoption  of  a  system  by  which  men  of  merit  will  be 
retained  without  political  interference.  The  National 
Forest  Service  has  such  a  system  and  much  of  its  success 
is  due  to  it.  States,  too,  must  have  it  if  their  forestry 
administrations  are  to  be  successful  and  if  they  are  to  give 
their  citizens  the  kind  of  state  forestry  management  best 
suited  to  their  needs. 

How  shall  an  efficient,  non-political  forest  adminis- 
tration be  supported  against  the  onslaughts  of  private 
greed  and  the  hostility  of  the  believers  in  partisan  man- 
agement? The  employes  upon  whom  rest  the  burden  of 
the  work  are  comparatively  helpless  to  defend  themselves 
against  attacks  which  are  based  upon  the  assumption  that 
anything  they  say  is  inspired  by  self  interest,  and  that 
their  real  purpose  is  not  so  much  to  serve  the  public 
honestly  and  faithfully  as  to  hold  their  jobs.  The  aver- 
age citizen  is  still  of  the  opinion  that  most  state  jobs 
are  sinecures  and  that  the  appointments  are  made  and 
salaries  paid  as  rewards  for  political  work  or  influence. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  men  of  equal  training,  education 
and  ability  to  those  required  for  the  successful  adminis- 
tration of  technical  positions  under  state  and  national 
governments  can  and  do  command  salaries,  when  in  pri- 
vate employ,  largely  in  excess  of  those  paid  them  in  pub- 
lic service. 

In  calling  public  attention  to  the  outcome  of  the  strug- 
gle in  Vermont  the  American  Forestry  Magazine  pub- 
lished facts  of  common  knowledge  and  what  it  did  was 
fully  in  keeping  with  the  policy  of  the  Association  in 
striving  for  the  best  possible  forestry  administration  for 
every  state  in  the  Union.  Its  utterances  were  not  in- 
s])ired  by  any  government  or  state  official  or  by  the 
former  forester  of  Vermont,  and  it  will  continue  to  speak 
plainly  and  forcibly  in  favor  of  the  establishment,  con- 
tinuance and  protection  of  competent  and  efficient  for- 
estry departments,  as  it  has  done  in  the  past,  with  the 
knowledge  that  it  has  the  full  support  of  its  members  and 
of  all  who  believe  in  good  government 


BUILDING  AN  ATMOSPHERE  OF  STABILITY  INTO  THE  HOME 

BY  RAWSON  W.  HADDON 


HI  RECENT  commission  has  decided  that  not  more 
than  a  fraction  of  the  peojjle  of  one  large  Ameri- 
^S  can  city  can  be  called  really  native  American,  and 
that  the  rest — nearly  ninety  per  cent  of  the  total 
population — remain  so  ])urely  and  hopelessly  alien  that 
immediate  steps  were  thought  necessary  to  bring  this 
foreign  population,  or  at  least  some  part  of  it,  into  touch 
with  our  own  American  ideals  in  more  effective  ways 
than  have  yet  been  attempted. 

While  no  statistics  are  available  in  the  case  of  oui 
suburban  population,  carefully  arranged  figures  would 
probably  show  the  population  there  less  migratory  than 
one  might  suppose. 

It  is  certain,  however,  that  until  very  recently  the  typ- 
ical suburban  house  has  carried  with  it  no  suggestion  of 
stability  or  permanence.  The  average  house  within  com- 
muting distance  of  large  cities  has  been,  and  still  is,  in 
appearance,  an  extremely  haphazard  and  informal  af- 
fair, more  suggestive  of  hurried  erection  than  of  any- 
thing else  and  entirely  lacking  in  those  marks  of  long 
residence  which  one  sees,  or  unconsciously  feels,  in  the 
recent  suburban  developments  outside  of  London  or 
other  English  cities. 

The  American  suburbs  are  in  many  instances  older 
than  the  English  ones.  It  is  not  a  matter  of  actual  oc- 
cupancy at  all,  but  of  architectural  design.     And  while 


The  house  of  Mr.  Cliarlts  H.  Bush,  at  Cranford,  N.  J.,  looks  for  all  the   w 
been  put  up  by  one  of  the  "earliest  settlers."    But  it  was  built  onl 
Ilollingsworth   and   Bragdon,  Architects. 


English  architects  seem  always  to  have  known  instinct- 
ively how  to  put  into  their  work  a  feeling  of  dignified 
stability,  the  ability  to  put  a  similar  feeling  into  their 
designs  is  one  that  has  but  recently  been  acquired  by 
architects  in  the  United  States. 

But  some  of  our  architects  undoubtedly  have  the 
knack,  and  it  would  probably  puzzle  most  visitors  to 
Cranford,  New  Jersey,  to  explain  why  the  Bush  house, 
built  only  a  few  years  ago,  possesses  so  subtle  and  defi- 
nite an  appearance  of  age  and  carries  so  much  more  dis- 
tinct an  impression  of  containing  within  itself  those  best 
traditions  of  American  home  life  in  which  its  neighbors 
—  even  those  of  undoubtedly  greater  age  —  seem  most 
lacking. 

The  explanation  is  simple.  Mr.  Joy  Wheeler  Dow,  the 
architect  of  some  delightful  houses,  of  which  a  few  have 
been  illustrated  in  this  magazine,  has  worked  out  the 
following  explanation  which  appears  in  his  book,  "The 
American  Renaissance." 

In  an  average,  modern  house  of  that  western  type  of 
design  which  has  been  widely  heralded  from  time  to 
time  as  a  "new  American  style"  of  architecture,  Mr.  Dow 
found  the  following  elements  suggested : 

Moresque  Spain 10  per  cent 

Moresque   Algiers 10  per  cent 

Moresque   California   Mission 10  per  cent 

East  India   5  per  cent 

Newly  reclaimed  land 

10  per  cent 
Chinese  Ornament. .  .  .5  per  cent 
Modern  invention,  ])ure 

50  per  cent 
Anglo-Saxon     Home 

Atmosphere   00  per  cent 

On  the  other  hand,  a  dis- 
tinctly homelike  looking  house 
of  American  Renaissance  or  Co- 
lonial design  consisted,  accord- 
ing to  the  same  analysis,  of : 
Moresque  Spain.  . .  .00  per  cent 
Moresque  Algiers. .  .00  ])er  cent 
Moresque    California 

Mission    00  per  cent 

East  India   00  per  cent 

Newly  reclaimed  land 

00  per  cent 
Chinese  ornament..  .00  per  cent 
Modern  invention.  ])ure 

00  per  cent 
Anglo-Saxon     Home 

Atmosphere   ....  100  per  cent 
The    secret   of   the    Cranford 
house  consists,  also,  of  its  pos- 
session of  that  single  important 


rU)   as  though   it   might  have 
y  a  few  years  ago. 


BUILDING  AN  ATMOSPHERE  OF  STABILITY  INTO  THE  HOME 


631 


item,  the  100  per  cent  Anglo-Saxon  home  atmosphere. 
And  assuming  that  the  house  does  possess  an  atmosphere 
that  is  a  desirable  one,  the  question  naturally  is,  "How 
was  this  secured?"  This  also  will  be  easy,  in  the  present 
instance,  to  explain. 

For,  if  you  will  look  back  on  your  own  experience, 
you  will  probably  discover  that  some  one  house,  one  in 
which  you  lived  or  where  you  visited,  and  which  remains 
connected  most  firmly  in  your  mind  with  the  pleasant 
memories  of  cheerful  home  life,  was  a  house  somewhere 
in  the  country,  surrounded  by  broad  fields  and  great 
trees — or  it  may  have  been  a  house  in  a  country  or  sub- 
urban village  or  town  surrounded,  but  to  a  smaller  ex- 
tent, with  the  same  things. 

Certainly,  the  chances  are,  it  was  a  frame  house,  rather 
large,  and  there  were  trees  around  it  and  flowers  near 
the  walls  and  down  at  the  road  there  was  a  fence.  Now, 
if  you  are  a  true  American,  and  possess  the  memory  of 
that  particular  house,  you  may  be  sure  that  the  memory 
has  been  lingering  around  in  your  head  and  has,  un- 
known to  you,  been  standing  as  your  measure  of  com- 
parison in  all  your  thoughts  of  what  home  ought  to  be. 

For  this  reason  it  will  be  plain  that  there  is  no  cause 
for  surprise  when  you  fail  to  respond  to  some  houses  as 
readily  or  entirely  as  you  do  to  others.  Or  that  a  gran- 
diose stucco  house  or  an  imposing  stone  one  does  not 
measure  up  to  your  ideals  in  the  same  way  that  a  little 
white  frame  house  nestled  down  among  autumn  tinted 
leaves  and  bright  flowers  will  seem  to  touch  certain 
chords  that  tell  you  at  very  first  sight  that  you  'would 
be  happy  in  that  house,  that  it  would  l^e  a  home  for  you 
and  for  your  children,  and — if  you  look  into  the  matter 
as  far  as  that  (which  you  should) — a  home  for  your 
children's  children,  or  at  least,  some,  or  one,  of  them  as 
well,  and  not  simply,  as  too  many  houses  are,  a  mere 
sheltering  roof  and  nothing  more. 

So  there  are  psychological  reasons  why  you,  as  a  real 
American  with  a  love  and  respect  for  good  American 
traditions,  must  respond  to  this  house  in  Cranford  that 
I  have  chosen  as  an  example  of  how  an  architect  may 
compel  our  interest  in  his  work  by  appealing  to  mental 
apparatuses  of  which  we  are  entirely  unconscious. 


Our  interest,  of  course,  is  aroused  more  by  the  echo 
of  that  house  that  we  knew  long  ago,  but  the  appeal  to 
it  is  through  the  house  before  us  and  this  house  in  turn 
takes  on  an  interest  as  a  "visible  memory"  of  the  othe*- 
one. 

Not  by  the  house  alone  is  the  interest  brought  about, 
but  by  it  in  connection  with  the  other  details  that  the 
architect  has  arranged :  The  trees,  for  instance,  and  the 
hedge,  and  the  dormer  windows  (to  remind  us  of  old- 
time  sport  in  attics)  and  chimneys  that  guarantee  fire- 
places to  sit  around  on  winter  nights.  All  these  things 
go  to  make  up  the  impression  and  one  without  the  others 


A  near  view  of  the  door  shows  us  that  in  order  to  get  Colonial  atmosphere 
it  is  not  necessary  to  go  out  with  a  pencil  and  rule  and  make  an  exact 
copy   of  an   old  example. 


ruLJT  fuxia.  PLAN. 
First   Floor    Flan,   House    at    Cranford,    N.   J. 
Hollingsworth    and    Bragdon,   Architects. 


^tcoND  fux)it  Plan. 
Second  Floor  Plan,  House  at  Cranford,  N.  J. 
Hollingsworth   and    Bragdon,   Architects 


632 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


would  probably  appeal  to  us  as  little  as 
the  stucco  house  or  that  "imposing  marble 
mansion"  did. 

To  say  that  architectural  style  alone 
gives  the  house  its  atmosphere  of  stability 
and  of  "having-been-lived-inishness"  is  as 
one  writer  has  said,  "the  veriest  punk  and 
rot."  Witness  the  perfectly  designed  (from 
an  archaeological  viewpoint)  Colonial 
houses,  or  English  villas  that  leave  us 
quite    untouched. 

One  cannot  say,  for  instance,  that  this 
Cranford  house  is  Colonial  because  it  has 
such  and  such  details.  You  will  find  none 
of  the  favorite  Colonial  details  employed 
in  its  making.  Rather  it  is  in  the  elimina- 
tior.  u.  them  that  the  architects  have  shown 
their  greatest  ability.  It  is  that  they  have 
made  us  acknowledge  that  this  house  has 
that  "100  per  cent  Anglo-Saxon  home  feel- 
ing" and  not  that  they  have  forced  us  to 
admire  a  perfectly  designed  "Colonial  sam- 
pler" simply  as  such  or  that  they  have 
made  a  design  that  overwhelms  us  with 
its  cleverness  so  that  no  room  is  left  for 
consideration  of  the  homelike  qualities  of 
the  building. 

We  who  belong  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  race 
must  bow  down  to  the  Latin  theory  of 
cities  insofar  as  our  business  life  is  con- 
cerned. But  your  true  Anglo-Saxon  is  a 
country  born  man  w-th  a  soul  tha'  develops 
best  among  trees  and  fields  and  flowers 
and  plants. 

Naturally,  then,  the  house  that  suggests 
these  things,  and  all  of  them,  and  the  archi- 
tect who  arranges  such  houses  for  us,  are 
points  toward  which  we  turn  in  escaping 
from  our  life  in  cities  of  Latin  inspiration. 

Therefore,  in  the  final  ideal  arrangement 
of  our  lives,  these  things  are  among  the 
necessities  to  our  happiness ;  a  house  like 
the  one  we  knew  somewhere  a  long  time 
ago,  a  certain  number  of  trees  around  that 
house,  some  flowers,  a  garden,  and  a 
stretch  of  green,  open  field  or  lawn. 

In  America  the  house  that  measures  up 
to  our  standard  is  more  often  a  frame  one 
and  perhaps,  if  we  were  very  fortunate  in 
our    antecedents,    a    Colonial    frame    one. 

The  Cranford  one  is  Colonial.  It  is  frame. 
Parenthetically  I  might  add  for  your  in- 
formation, should  you  attempt  the  erection 
of  a  similar  house,  that  the  clapboards  are 
white  pine,  the  shingles  cypress  and  the 
frame  is  spruce. 

The  grounds  are  supplied  with  a  certain 
number  of  trees,  and  we  have  a  hedge  at 
the  street  and  flowers  and  vines  in  a  little 
strip  of  garden  immediately  at  the  foun- 
dation of  the  house.  It  is  for  these  reasons 
that  the  house  interests  us  and  stands  out 
from  its  neighbors  in  the  nos'session  of 
that  subtle  appearance  of  age  and  home- 
likeness. 

In  your  house,  if  trees  are  not  already 
grown  on  the  land,  they  may  be  trans- 
planted, fully  grown,  by  certain  scientific 
methods  of  removal  and  transplantation  so 
that  you  will  not  have  to  wait  for  years  be- 
fore your   shade   is   an   accomplished   fact. 

I  might  have  added,  also  (had  I  not  been 


too  enthusiastically  engaged  in  other  in- 
terests), that  the  exterior  of  the  house 
was  painted  with  especially  prepared  white 
lead  and  linseed  oil  and  that  the  roof  shin- 
gles were  stained. 

You  may  wonder  what  the  cost  of  build- 
ing all  this  psychological  inspiration  was. 
Exclusive  of  the  trees,  and  gardening,  of 
course,  the  cost  of  the  house  was  $10,(X)0. 

You  see  then,  how  important  to  our  full 
enjoyment  of  life,  socially,  psychologically 
and  domestically,  a  proper  development 
and  understanding  of  forestry  must  be. 
And  how  important  it  is  for  you,  when  you 
build,  to  have  your  house  designed  by  an 
architect  who  understands  it,  and  who 
knows  the  value  of  white  clapboard  walls 
and  fences  and  green  trees  and  shrubs 
and  enough  flower  garden  space  to  pro- 
vide just  the  right  amount  of  bright  color 
— but  not  too  much — to  complete  the  out- 
ward representation  of  the  domestic  hap- 
piness that  maintains  within. 


BOOK    REVIEWS 

The  Development  of  Forest  Law  in  Ameri- 
ca, by  J.  P.  Kinney.  John  Wiley  &  Sons, 
Inc.,  New  York. 

As  chief  supervisor  of  forests.  United 
States  Indian  Service,  Mr.  Kinney  has  been 
brought  into  intimate  relationship  with  the 
forest  resources  of  the  country  and  the 
great  mass  of  laws  pertaining  thereto.  In 
this  book  he  has  collated  a  mass  of  useful 
information  on  this  subject,  the  whole  com- 
prising a  historical  presentation  of  the 
successive  enactments  by  the  Federal  Con- 
gress and  by  the  legislatures  of  the  states 
directed  to  the  conservation  and  adminis- 
tration of  forest  resources.  He  has  sought 
to  confine  himself  to  a  logical  presentation 
of  the  chronological  development  of  legis- 
lation. The  field  covered  includes  the 
preservation  of  existing  resources,  the  re- 
forestation of  cut-over  or  burned  areas  and 
the  systematic  management  of  forests  for 
productive  purposes.  For  the  sake  of  com- 
pleteness he  has  deemed  it  wise  to  include 
references  to  a  number  of  laws  regarding 
forest  fires,  shade  trees  and  other  related 
subjects  which  were  not  strictly  laws  on 
forest  conservation  or  administration.  For 
convenient  reference  the  author  has  in 
most  cases  given  both  the  date  of  the  indi- 
vidual act  cited  and  the  chapter  number, 
and  to  facilitate  a  ready  finding  of  the  law 
he  has  often  given  the  page  in  the  session 
laws  as  well.  The  work  is  important  for 
all  who  are  in  any  way  interested  in  for- 
estry laws. 

A  Nursery  Blight  of  Cedars,  by  Glenn  G. 
Hahn,  Carl  Hartley  and  Roy  G.  Pierce. 
Government  Printing  Ofiice,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

A  Nursery  Blight  of  Cedars  is  a  treatise 
by  Glenn  G.  Hahn,  scientific  assistant ;  Carl 
Hartley,  forest  pathologist  and  Roy  G. 
Pierce,  forest  assistant,  investigations  in 
forest  pathology,  in  the  bureau  of  plant 
industry  of  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture.    The  treatise  was  originally 


published  in  the  Journal  of  Agricultural 
■Research  and  is  republished  by  authority 
of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  with  the 
co-operation  of  the  Association  of  Ameri- 
can Agricultural  Colleges  and  Experiment 
Stations.  It  deals  with  a  disease  through 
which  nurserymen  have  for  fifteen  years 
lost  large  quantities  of  red  cedars.  To 
such  extent  has  the  damage  manifested  it- 
self that  several  of  the  largest  growers 
have  been  forced  to  abandon  the  raising  of 
trees  of  this  type,  despite  the  fact  that  the 
demand  for  them  is  sufficient  to  make  their 
propagation  of  considerable  importance  in 
some  of  the  nurseries  of  the  middle  west. 
The  authors  of  the  booklet  have  conducted 
extensive  experiments  in  inoculation  and 
treatment  of  the  parasitic  growth.  The 
fungus  has  been  obtained  from  Kansas,  Ne- 
braska, Iowa,  Illinois  and  Pennsylvania. 
Incomplete  tests  so  far  made  in  spraying 
with  commercial  lime  sulphur  solution  and 
Bordeaux  mixture  have  given  little  indica- 
tion of  value  as  to  control. 


Those  interested  in  wood  preservation 
cannot  fail  to  be  impressed  by  a  new  book- 
let on  "How  to  Make  Farm  Timbers  Rot- 
proof,"  just  issued  by  the  Barrett  Company. 
This  work  treats  of  the  treatment  of  tim- 
bers for  general  construction  purposes, 
fence  posts,  shingles  and  silo  staves  and 
foundations  and  deals  with  the  use  of  Car- 
bosota  creosote  oil  as  a  substitute  for  paint 
for  the  checking  of  decay  and  because  of 
its  qualities  for  the  destruction  of  germs 
and  insects.  Emphasis  is  placed  on  the 
value  of  creosoted  wood  for  excluding  in- 
sects and  vermin,  the  eradication  of  chick- 
en mites  in  chicken-houses,  for  keeping 
ants  and  spiders  away  from  beehives  and 
for  checking  the  development  and  spread 
of  disease  germs  such  as  those  of  hog 
cholera.  Detailed  discussion  is  given  of 
the  open  tank  treatment  of  timbers,  the 
brush  treatment,  dipping  and  spraying. 

Under  the  title  of  "The  Sport  Alluring," 
the  DuPont  Company  of  Wilmington,  Del., 
has  just  issued  a  very  attractive  book  deal- 
ing with  trapshooting.  The  book  is  at- 
tractively printed  and  handsomely  illus- 
trated with  thirty  or  more  pictures  that 
will  be  of  interest  to  all  sportsmen.  In  its 
unfolding  of  the  possibilities  of  trapshoot- 
ing the  book  throws  much  interesting  light 
on  the  subject.  The  book  may  be  had  on 
application. 

As  a  companion  to  "Handbook  of  Ex- 
plosives," the  DuPont  Company  of  Wil- 
mington, Del.,  has  issued  "The  Giant  La- 
borer. This  booklet  deals  entertainingly  and 
completely  with  the  application  of  explo- 
sives to  various  agricultural  and  miscella- 
neous uses.  It  details  the  advantages  of 
explosives  in  land  clearing,  ditching,  drain- 
age work,  subsoiling,  tree-planting  and  or- 
chard cultivation.  "The  Handbook  of  Ex- 
plosives" gives  full  instructions  as  to  the 
handling  of  explosives  for  these  and  other 
purposes.  Both  books  may  be  had  on  ap- 
plication. 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


633 


CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 

ELLWOOD   WILSON,  SECRETARY, 

CANADIAN  SOCIETY  OF 

FOREST  ENGINEERS 


On  the  31st  of  August  a  most  interest- 
ing meeting  tool<  place  at  Tupper  Lake. 
Dr.  Fernow  invited  a  few  foresters  to 
met  him  there  and  look  over  the  planta- 
tions which  were  made  at  Axton  by  the 
first  Cornell  Forestry  School  between 
1898  and  1904.  A  number  of  Canadian 
Foresters  went  down  by  motor,  Clyde 
Leavitt,  C-  D.  Howe  and  R.  D.  Craig  of 
the  Dominion  Conservation  Commission, 
and  Ellwood  Wilson  of  the  Laurentide 
Company.  The  Cornell  forestry  students 
with  Professors  Spring  and  Bentley 
came  over  from  their  camp,  Professor 
Bryant  of  the  Yale  Forest  School  and 
Professor  Recknagel,  Forester  to  the 
Empire  State  Forest  Products  Associa- 
tion and  Messrs.  Gaylord  and  Stubbs 
from  Nehasane  Park  together  with  Dr. 
Femow  made  up  the  party.  The  plan- 
tations were  thoroughly  studied  and  in 
the  evening  a  discussion  of  the  best 
methods  of  handling  cut  over  lands  in 
the  Adirondacks  took  place.  The  chief 
lesson  to  be  learned  from  the  work  done 
by  Dr.  Fernow,  is,  as  seen  by  the  writer, 
that  indiscriminate  planting,  just  for  the 
sake  of  planting  something,  is  a  waste 
of  time  and  money,  whether  done  by  the 
State  or  anyone  else.  The  object  to  be 
attained  should  be  carefully  considered, 
trees  best  suited  to  the  soil  conditions 
should  be  chosen,  seed  should  be  care- 
fully selected,  only  the  very  best  trans- 
plants should  be  used  and  these  should 
be  as  large  as  can  be  conveniently  hand- 
led. Considering  the  length  of  time 
needed  to  produce  a  crop  of  timber  and 
the  investment  involved  anything  less 
than  a  fully  stocked  area  falls  short  of 
the  end  desired.  Ragged,  uneven  sized 
stands  are  a  waste  of  time  and  money. 
Probably  the  only  way  in  which  results 
can  be  hastened  is  by  planting  on  the 
largest  possible  sized  and  most  vigorous 
stock.  British  Columbia  and  western 
trees  do  not  seem  to  be  worth  planting 
in  the  east,  Norway  spruce  has  shown 
that  it  is  an  excellent  tree  for  fair  to 
good  soils  and  Scotch  Pine  certainly  does 
splendidly,  and  for  a  first  crop  on  poor 
and  burnt  over  lands  and  where  quick 
results  are  desired  has  no  equal.  The 
planting  up  of  the  waste  and  burnt  over 
lands  in  the  Adirondack  Preserve  should 
be  continued,  but  on  a  much  larger  scale 
and  some  planting  plan  should  be  devel- 
oped and  put  in  practice  at  once. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  develop- 
ments in  Canada  is  the  change  in  public 
opinion  in  regard  to  its  forest  resources. 
A  prominent  lumberman  and  senator, 
who  a  few  years  ago  pooh-poohed  for- 
estry     methods      as      unpractical,     and 


thought  that  timber  would  grow  fast 
enough  to  reproduce  the  stand  every 
thirty  or  fifty  years,  now  declares  on  the 
floor  of  the  Senate  that  Canada  has  only 
enough  timber  to  supply  the  United 
States  for  eight  years  and  that  our  ideas 
of  our  timber  resources  are  greatly  ex- 
aggerated- Paper  manufacturers  have 
stated  before  the  Commission  at  present 
investigating  their  business,  that  they 
have  only  pulpwood  enough  for  fifty 
years  more.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
public  and  those  interested  in  timber 
lands  will  awake  completely  to  the 
dangers  of  the  situation  and  will  help  to 
improve  the  systems  of  fire  protection, 
force  the  various  provincial  governments 
to  reorganize  their  colonization  policies 
and  will  eliminate  the  logging  wastes 
and  inaugurate  practical  and  rational 
sylvicultural  and  planting  operations. 
The  Dominion  Forest  Products  Labora- 
tory is  doing  splendid  work  along  these 
lines,  but  we  need  a  real  forest  labora- 
tory in  the  open,  where  questions  of  vi- 
tal importance  to  our  forest  can  be  stud- 
ied out.  A  few  of  these  may  be  stated. 
The  best  ways  of  logging  and  utilizing 
our  different  forest  types,  so  as  to  make 
the  most  out  of  them  and  at  the  same 
time  to  leave  them  in  the  best  possible 
condition  for  the  future.  How  to  handle 
our  burnt  over  areas,  what  species  of 
trees  to  plant  on  diflerent  soils  and  un- 
der different  conditions.  How  best  to 
encourage  natural  reproduction,  how  to 
drain  and  plant  our  large  areas  of  swamp 
lands,  and  how  we  can  most  economi- 
cally transform  our  wild  forests,  con- 
taining a  large  admixture  of  species  of 
no  commercial  value,  into  well  stocked 
areas  producing  the  largest  possible 
number  of  the  most  valuable  trees  and 
at  the  same  time  keep  our  industries  de- 
pendent on  the  forest  supplied  with  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  raw  material  at  a 
profitable  price.  These  are  some  of  our 
most  important  problems  and  they 
should  be  scientifically  and  systematical- 
ly attacked  by  trained  men,  for  the  results 
would  be  of  untold  benefit  to  the  whole 
country. 

The  Canadian  Forestry  Association 
has  obtained  a  very  good  moving  pic- 
ture film  which  will  be  shown  at  moving 
picture  houses  throughout  our  forested 
districts-  It  shows  the  beginning  and 
progress  of  a  forest  fire,  the  result  of 
carelessness,  and  the  terrible  destruc- 
tion caused  by  it.  The  educational  cam- 
paign of  the  Association  is  progressing 
favorably  and  is  doing  a  great  deal  of 
good. 

In  British  Columbia  the  season  has 
been  a  bad  one  for  fires  and  anxiety  still 
continues.  In  Spruce  Valley  ten  lives 
are  thought  to  have  been  lost  and  three 
camps  of  the  Elk  Lumber  Company,  to- 
gether with  large  quantities  of  logs  and 


supplies,  have  been  wiped  out.  The 
Crow's  Nest  Valley  in  Alberta  also"  had 
a  bad  fire  in  the  district  operated  by  the 
McLaren  Lumber  Company.  This  was 
promptly  taken  in  hand  by  Mr.  R.  M- 
Brown,  the  Forest  Supervisor,  and  Mr. 
E.  H.  Finlayson,  the  District  Inspector, 
who  managed  to  keep  the  fire  under  con- 
trol. It  is  reported  that  the  fires  which 
took  place  in  Northwestern  Ontario 
earlier  in  the  season  were  much  exag- 
gerated. In  Quebec,  New  Brunswick  and 
Nova  Scotia  only  a  few  insignificant  fires 
have  been  reported- 

At  the  auction  sale  of  timber  limits  by 
the  Province  of  Quebec,  several  limits 
were  sold  at  a  price  of  $400.00  per  square 
mile.  These  were  along  the  line  of  the 
National  Transcontinental  Railway  about 
235  miles  northwest  of  Quebec. 

The  Quebec  Forestry  Branch  has  put 
a  party  in  the  field  to  study  the  condi- 
tion and  the  amount  of  growth  and  re- 
production on  cutover  lands  and  will 
soon  follow  with  two  other  parties. 

Mr.  R.  H.  Campbell,  Director  Domin- 
ion Forestry  Branch,  recently  inspected 
the  plantations  on  drifting  sands  at 
Lachute,  Quebec,  and  also  the  Govern- 
ment Nursery  at  Berthierville  in  com- 
pany with  Mr-  G.  C-  Piche,  Chief  For- 
ester. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Cunningham  of  the  Lauren- 
tide  Company,  Ltd.,  has  just  completed 
a  very  complete  and  practical  adaptation 
of  the  Dewey  System  of  Decimal  Classi- 
fication to  the  needs  of  the  Pulp  and 
Paper  industry. 

CURRENT  TTtERATURE 

FOR  SEPTEMBER 

(Books  and  periodicals  indexed  in  the  li- 
brary of  the  United  States  Forest  Ser- 
vice.) 

Forestry  as  a  Whole 
Proceedings    and    reports    of    associations, 

forest  officers,  etc. 
India — Coorg — Forest   dept.     Progress   re- 
port of  forest  administration  for  191S- 

1916.  26  p.    Bangalore,  1917. 
Street  and  park  trees 

Forest  Aesthetics 
Newton,  Mass.— Forestry  dept.    Annual  re- 
port of  the  forest  commissioner  for  the 
year   ending  Dec.   31,    1915.     42  p.   pi. 
Newton,   1916. 

Forest  Education 
Arbor  Day 

Massachusetts  forestry  association.  Arbor 
and  bird  day.    8  p.  il.     Boston,  Mass., 

1917.  (Bulletin  121.) 

Ohio— Dept.  of  public  instruction.  Arbor 
day  and  bird  manual.  80  p.  il.  Co- 
lumbus, Ohio,  1917. 

Forest  Description 

Maryland— State  board  of  forestry.  The 
forests  of  Maryland,  by  F.  W.  Besley. 
152  p.  pi.,  maps.  29  cm.  Baltimore, 
Md.,  1916. 


634 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


A  saving  in  Lumber  of 
$17,178,000  Annually  is 
Possible  by  Kiln  Drying 
Instead  of  Preliminary  Air 
Drying 

THE 

KILN  DRYING 

OF  LUMBER 

Is  a  new  and  authoritative 

work  covering  the  entire 

subject 

By  Harry  Donald  Tiemann,  M.E.,M.F. 

In  chaise,  Section  of  Timber  Physics  and 
Kiln  Drying  Experiments  of  the  U.  S.  Forest 
Service.  Special  Lecturer  in  Wood  Technol- 
ogy and  Forestry,  University  of  Wisconsin. 
Forest  Products  Laboratory,  Madison.  Wis- 
consin. 

16  Tables.  55  Illustrations.  Octavo.  Net  $4.00 

The  value  of  technical  knowledge  of  KILN 
DRYING  is  self  evident, — this  book,  as  does 
no  other  upon  the  market,  gives  the  reader 
the  most  recent  and  most  clearly  expressed 
information.  The  United  States  is  taking  a 
lead  in  th?  adoption  of  the  KILN  DRYING 
method  an  1  this  volume  will  increase  our 
lead.  It  is  a  practical  as  well  as  a  theoreti- 
cal treatise.  The  text  and  illustrations  guide 
the  way  to  the  most  efficient  methods  of 
work. 

KILN  DRYING  improves  the  condition  of 
the  wood  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  used; 
it  reduces  losses  from  warping,  checking, 
case-hardening  and  honey-combing  that  occur 
in  Air  Drying;  it  reduces  the  interest  charge, 
the  Are  risk,  the  weather  attacks  by  reducing 
the  period  necessary  to  carry  wood  from  the 
time  it  is  cut  to  that  when  it  is  fit  for  use; 
it  reduces  the  weight  and  thus  facilitates 
handling  and  shipping. 

The  present  losses  in  preliminary  Air  Dry- 
ing can  be  reduced  by  KILN  DRYING  from 
12  per  cent,  for  Hard  Woods  and  5  per  cent, 
for  Soft  Woods  to  2  per  cent.  There  is  a 
possible  annual  saving  of  $17,178,000. 

J.  6.  Lippincott  Company 


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Ross-Gould 

St.  Louis 


Forest   Botany 

Maiden,  J.  H.  A  critical  revision  of  the 
genus  Eucalyptus,  pt.  31.  29  p.  pi. 
Sydney,  N.  S.  W.,  191/. 

Rock,  Joseph  Francis  Charles.  The  orna- 
mental trees  of  Hawaii.  210  p.  il., 
pi.  24  cm.  Honolulu.  Published  un- 
der patronage,  1917. 

Silviculture 

I' Ian  ting 

Brown,  T.  W.  Tree  planting  on  agricul- 
tural estates  and  roads.  63  p.  pi. 
Cairo,  1917,  (Egypt — Ministry  of  agri- 
culture— Horticultural  section.  Leaflet 
no.    11). 

Forest  Protection 

Diseases 

Coleman,  Leslie  C.  Spike  disease  of  sandal. 
52  p.  pi.  Bangalore,  1917.  (Mysore — 
Dept.  of  agriculture.  Mycological 
series,   bulletin  no.  3.) 

Massachusetts  forestry  association.  The 
pine  blister  rust.  16  p.  il ,  maps.  Bos- 
ton,   Mass.,   1916.      (Bulletin    120.) 

Massachusetts  forestry  association.  A 
plan  to  frustrate  the  white  pine  blister 
rust  in  future  commercial  plantings. 
2  p.  Boston,  Mass.,  1916  (Bulletin 
118.) 

United  States — Dept  of  agriculture — Bur- 
eau of  plant  industry.  The  plant  d's- 
ease  bulletin,  no.  1.  20  p.  Wash., 
D.   C,   1917. 

Fire 

Pennsylvania — Chief     forest     fire     warden. 
Report  for  the  year  1916      124  p.     pi. 
Wash.,   D.   C,   1917.      (Pennsylvania— 
Dept.  of  forestry.     Bulletin  no.   16.) 
Forest  Management 

Massachusetts   forestry  association.     Town 
forest  contest  of   1916.     8  p.     Boston, 
Mass.,  1915.     (Bulletin  116.) 
Forest  Administration 

Woolsey,  Theodore  S.,  Jr.  French  forests 
and  forestry :  Tunisia,  Algeria,  Cors- 
ica;  with  a  translation  of  the  Algerian 
code  of  1903.  238  p.  il.  N.  Y.,  J. 
Wiley  &  Sons,  1917. 

Forest  Utilization 

Secrest,  Edmund.  Fuel  and  the  woodlot. 
4  p.  il.  Wooster,  Ohio  agricultural 
experiment  station,  1917. 

Lumber  industry 

Lumbermen's  credit  association.  Refer- 
ence book,  Aug.,  1917.  Chicago  and 
New  York,   1917. 

United  States — Bureau  of  the  Census.  Lum- 
ber and  its  remanufactures,  1914.  10  p. 
Wash.,  D.  C,  1917. 

Wood  Preservation 

Barton,  J,  E.  The  use  of  treated  timber, 
especially  as  relating  to  the  use  of 
treated  timbers  on  the  farm.  3  p. 
Frankfort,  Ky.,  1917.  (Kentucky- 
State  forester.  Circular  6.) 
Auxiliary  Subjects 

Description  and  travel 

Boston  and  Main  railroad — Passenger  traffic 
department.     The  White  Mts.  of  New 


Now  Is  The  Time 

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Andorra  Evergreens 

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Catalogues  on  Request 

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Hampshire,  in  the  heart  of  the  nation's 
playground.  70  p.  il.  Boston,  Mass , 
191/. 

Conservation  of  natural  resources 

National  conservation  association.  Bulle- 
tin, Jan.  1,  1917.  8  p.  Wash  ,  D.  C, 
1917. 

Physical  geography 

Van  Dyke,  John  C.  The  desert ;  further 
studies  in  natural  appearances.  233  p. 
pi.  New  ^ork,  Ch.  Scribner's  Sons, 
191 S. 

Botany 

Duggar,  Benjamin  M.  Plant  physiology, 
w!th  special  reference  to  plant  produc- 
tion. 516  p.  il.  New  York,  The  Mac- 
Millan  Co.,   1916. 

Macoun,  J.  M.,  &  Malte,  M.  O.  The  flora 
of  Canada.  14  p.  pi.'  Ottawa,  1917. 
(Canada — Geological  survey.  Museum 
bulletin   no.   26.) 

Landscape  gardening 

Waugh,  Frank  A.  Rural  improvement ;  the 
principles  of  civic  art  applied  to  rural 
conditions,  including  village  improve- 
ment and  the  betterment  of  the  open 
country.  265  p.  il.,  pi.  New  York, 
Orange  Judd  Co ,  1914. 

Architecture 

Dewell,  Henry  D.  Timber  framing.  275 
p.  il.  San  Francisco,  Cal ,  Dewey  Pub. 
Co.,  1917. 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


635 


ft 


IS  THE  ENEMY  ON 
YOUR  FARM  ? 

This  is  a  war  of  endurance. 
Men  and  money  are  important 
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vho  fipht  must  eat.  So  must  their 
dependents  at  home.  The  world 
must  be  fed. 

Every  idle  acre  of  reclaimable 
land  on  your  farm  aids  the  enemy. 
Every  acre  of  untilled  soil  de- 
prives many  needy  mouths  of  food. 

The  sinking  of  each  food  ship 
is  a  disaster,  but  the  idle  acres  of 
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Periodical   Articles 

Miscellaneous  periodicals 
Aerial  age,  July  30,  1917,— How  to  test  lum- 
ber for  dryness,  by  Thomas  D.  Perry, 
p.  681-2. 
Aviation,  July  15,  1917.— Kapok  and  some 
of  its  uses,  by  Charles  Garrison,  p.  565. 
Aviation,  August  1,  1917. — Testing  moisture 
content  in  lumber,  by  Thomas  D.  Perry, 
p.  37-8, 
-Aviation,  August  IS,  1917.— The  controlled 
saturated  atmosphere  expansion  method 
of  lumber  drying,  by  Thomas  D.  Perry, 
p.    103-4;    The    controlled    unsaturated 
atmosphere  expansion  method  of  lum- 
ber drying,   by  A.  J.  Henry,   p.    105. 
-Vviation,    Sept.    1,    1917.— The    economical 
arrangement  of  dry  kilns,  by  Thomas 
D.  Perry,  p.  169-71. 
Botanical    gazette,    Aug.,    1917.— A    survey 
of  the  Hawaiian  land  flora,  by  Vaughan 
MacCaughey,   p.   89-114;    Reproduction 
in   the   coniferous    forests  of   northern 
New    England,    by   Harrington    Moore, 
p.  149-58. 
Breeders'    gazette,    Aug.    16,    1917.— Uncle 
Sam,  range  cowman,  by  Will  C.  Barnes, 
p.  203-4. 
Country    boy,    Aug.,    1917.— How    to    stop 

fires,  by  A.  F.   Potter,  p.  6. 
Country   gentleman,    July  21,    1917.— Trees 

of  the  tropics,  p.  21. 
Country  gentleman,  Sept.  1,  1917.— The 
farmers'  $200,000,000  woodlot;  supply- 
ing lumber  for  army  cities,  airships, 
gunstocks  and  dyestuffs,  by  H.  E.  C. 
Bryant,  p.  9,  32. 
Country    life,    July    7,    1917.— Timber    for 

aeroplanes,  by  A.  D.  Webster,  p.  21. 
International  socialist  review,  June,  1917.— 
Spring  drive  of  the  lumber  jacks,   by 
C.  E.  Payne,  p.  729-30. 
Journal  of  heredity,   Sept.,   1917.— Pitcher- 
leaved  ash  trees,  by  George  H.   ShuU, 
p.  431. 
Journal    of    the    Franklin    institute,    Sept., 
1917. — The  chemistry  of  cellulose  and 
its  important  industrial  applications,  by 
H    S.  Mork,  p.  353-70. 
National  geographic  magazine,  April,  1917. 
— Friends    of    our    forests,    by    Henry 
W.  Henshaw,  p.  297-321. 
Philippine  journal  of  science.  Sec.  C,  Jan., 
1917. — The    origin    and    dispersal    of 
Cocos  nucifera,  by  O.  Beccari,  p.  27-43. 
Popular     science    monthly,    Aug.,     1917.— 
Teaching  the  proper  care  of  forests  by 
object  lesson  models,  p.  199. 
Science,   Sept.  7,   1917.— Plant  ecology  and 
its   relation  to  agriculture,  by  Warren 
G.   Waterman,  p.  223-8;   Innoculations 
on  Ribes  with  Cronartium  ribicola,  by 
Perley  Spauldiiig,  and  G.  Flippo  Grav- 
att,  p.  243-4. 
Scientific    American,    Sept.    1,    1917.— How 
forest  fires  are  discovered  and  reported, 
p.  166, 
Scientific    American    supplement,    July    21, 
1917. — Protecting  our  timber  resources; 
using    the    heliograph    to    fight    forest 
fires,   by  Arthur  L.  Dahl,  p.   33,  36. 


Today 

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■^^  plants  the  seed  for  a 
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ing to  repair  the  ravages 
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who  look  ahead  it  is  ap- 
parent that  the  people 
of  this  country  must 
learn  to  plant  a  tree  each 
time  one  is  cut  down. 


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NUT  CULTURE  North  South.  E«.t. 

_ West.    All  phases 

diecuBHcd  by  experts.    THE  OFFICIAL  JOURNAL. 
$1.25  per  year.     Sample  15c. 

American  Nut  Journal  ''^'•^•**'- 


IIH 

Scientific  monthly,  July,  1917.  —  Forest 
growth  on  abandoned  agricultural  land, 
by  P.  L.  Buttrick,  p.  80-91. 

Torreya,  June,  1917. — Juniperus  communis 
on  Long  Island  and  Staten  Island,  by 
Wm.  T.  Davis,  p,  99-100. 

Travel  magazine,  Sept.,  1917. — Through 
America's  Schwarzwald ;  Black  Mts.  of 
North  Carolina,  by  A.  F.  Harlow,  p. 
30-2. 

United  States — Dept.  of  agriculture.  Journ- 
al of  agricultural  research,  Sept.  3, 
1917. — Quassia  extract  as  a  contact  in- 
secticide, by  N.  E.  Mclndoo,  and  A.  F. 
Sievers,  p.  497-531 ;  A  nursery  blight 
of  cedars,  by  Glenn  G.  Hahn  and 
others,   p.   533-9. 

Trade  journals  and  consular  reports 

.American  lumberman,  July  28, 1917. — Would 
prevent  depredations  of  mollusk,  whxh 
bores  submerged  timbers,  p.  30;  Lum- 
ber requirements  in  airplane  construc- 
tion, p.  38;  Tiemann  kiln  may  dry  air- 
plane lumber,  p.  38 ;  Necessity  of  trucks 
in  lumber  industry,  p-.  51. 

American  lumberman,  Aug.  25.  1917. — Air- 
plane building  requires  choicest  wood, 
p  35 :  Making  perfect  flooring  and  ceil- 
ing, by  R.  C.  Leibe,  p.  45. 

American  lumberman,  Sept.  1,  1917. — Lum- 
ber trade  conditions  and  prospects  in 
Europe,   by  W.   J.   Drewry,   p.   41. 

Canada  lumberman,  July  15,  1917. — Tim- 
bers used  in  aeroplane  work,  p.  26-7; 
High-lead  logging  widely  used  in  B.  C, 


p.  28;  Canadian  foresters  in  France,  p. 
36-7;  Canada's  timber  in  England  and 
France,  p.  30-1 ;  The  logging  camp,  p. 
32-3. 
Hardwood    record,    Aug.    25,     1917.— The 
warping  of  wood,  by  Hu  Maxwell,  p. 
19-21. 
Hardwood    record,     Sept.     10,    1917.— The 
wood  for  treenails,  p.  17;  The  shinkage 
of  wood,  p.  21. 
Journal  of  industrial  and  engineering  chem- 
istry, July,  1917.— Results  of  recent  in- 
vestigations of  the  smelter  smoke  prob- 
lem,   by   A.    E.    Wells,    p.   640-6;    The 
industrial  chemistry  of  chicle  and  chew- 
ing   gum,    by    Frederic     Dannerth,    p. 
679-82. 
Lumber    world    review,    Aug.    25,    1917. — 
Wood  preservation ;  methods  of  treat- 
ment, by  Kurt  C.   Barth,  p.   19-21. 
Municipal  journal,  Sept.  6,  1917. — Forestry 

by  New  Britain  water  board,  p.  219. 
National  coopers'  journal,  Sept.  1917. — The 
well-made  barrel ;  the  ideal  package  for 
exporting    flour,    by   Waldon    Fawcett, 
p.  18-19. 
Paper,  July  25,  1917. — Newer  details  of  the 
sulphate  process,  by  Carl  Moe,  p.  11-15. 
Paper  inill,  Aug.  11,  1917. — History  of  pulp 
industry  and  its  growth  in  Norway,  by 
H.  M.  Eliassen,  p   2,  45-6. 
Paper  mill,  Aug.  25,  1917.— Slim  prospects 
of     developing     Newfoundland     paper 
industry,   p.   2,   24;   The   scientific  de- 
velopment of  a  modern  pulp  and  paper 
plant,  p.  5,  30-1. 
P.Hper  trade  journal,  July   12,   1917. — New 
pulp  and  paper  mills  in  the  west  and 
northwest,  by  Henry  E.  Surface,  p    16. 
I-iotieer  western  lumberman,  Aug.  15,  1917. 
— Interesting  features  of  the  Monterey 
forest,  p.  22-3. 
Pulp  and  paper  magazine,  Aug.  23,  1917. — 
The  benefits  of  education  in  pulp  and 
paper  industry,  by  T.  Linsey  Crossley, 
p.  799-803 ;  The  paper  industry  in  Italy, 
p.  804-5. 
St.  Louis  lumberman,  Aug.  15,  1917. — Valu- 
able  statement   by   Alexandria   district 
exchange ;    amount    of   each    grade   of 
lumber  sold  for  the  past  year,  together 
with    percentages   of   diiTerent   grades, 
41-2. 
Southern    industrial    and    lumber    review. 
Sept ,  1917.— About  our  national  parks, 
p.    17. 
Southern   lumberman,    Sept.    1,    1917. — Ex- 
periments in  kiln  drying  southern  yel- 
low pine  lumber,  by  James   E.   Imrie, 
p.    24;    Big   job    completed;    Hemlock 
emergency  bureau   has   delivered   1,550 
cars  to  Rockford,  111.,  cantonment,  p.  25. 
Southern   lumberman,   Sept.   8,    1917. — The 
timber    industry   in    Russia,    by   A.    J. 
Sack,  p.  39. 
Timber  trade  journal,  Aug.  18,  1917. — Our 
future  pitwood  supplies,  p.  227;   How 
timber  consumption  has  been  reduced, 
p.    229;    A    plea    for    afforestation,    by 
John   Fleming,   p.   258;    Wood   alcohol 
for  power  purposes,  p.  XXI. 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


637 


Timber  trade  journal,  Aug.  25,  1917.^Wood 
distillation  in  Canada,  by  John  S.  Bates, 
p.  XXI. 

Timberman,  July,  1917. — Why  American 
lumber  has  made  slight  progress  in 
Europe,  by  Axel  R.  Oxholm,  p.  34 ;  New 
H — list  export  grading  rules  for  Doug- 
las fir,  hemlock  and  spruce,  p.  57 ;  The 
forest  fire  season,  p.  42;  Relative 
economy  of  the  different  types  of  tim- 
ber trestle  bridges,  by  O.  P.  M.  Goss, 
p.  48  A-B. 

Timberman,  Aug.,  1917. — Fire  hazard  great- 
est in  many  years,  p.  34;  Specific  facts 
about  electricity;  its  application  to  lum- 
ber industry,  by  Allen  E.  Ransom,  p. 
39;  Pacific  Coast  spruce  placed  at  dis- 
posal of  United  States  and  her  allies, 
p.  40-3;  West  coast  grading  rules  for 
car  material,  p.  50-1  ;  Forests  of  France, 
where  American  forest  regiment  will 
cut  trench  timbers,  p.  59-61. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  Aug. 
16,  1917. — Present  status  of  India's 
sandalwood  industry,  by  Lucien  Mem- 
minger,  p.  618-20. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  Aug. 
20,  1917. — Italy  provides  for  control  of 
tanning  extract,  p.  663 ;  Land-clearing 
machines  for  Scotland,  by  Rufus  Flem- 
ing,  p.   655. 

United   States  daily  consular   report,  Aug. 

27,  1917. — Supply  of  lignum-vitae  in 
Latin  America,  by  Wm.  L.  Avery  and 
others,  p.  763-5. 

United   States  daily  consular  report,  Aug. 

28,  1917. — Pending  concession  for  paper- 
making  monopoly  in  Costa  Rica,  by 
Benjamin  F.  Chase,  p.  777. 

United   States  daily  consular  report,  Aug. 

29,  1917. — Insect  damage  to  cork  trees 
in  Calabria,  by  Robertson  Honey,  p.  799. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  Sept. 
5,  1917. — Tannic  extracts  from  chestnut 
and  other  woods,  by  David  1<.  Wilber, 
p.  866. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  Sept. 
8,  1917. — Wattle  bark  for  paper-making 
p.  919;  Brazilian  oil-bearing  seeds  and 
nuts,   by   Alfred    Gottschalk,    p.   920-1. 

Veneers,  Sept.,  1917.— Historical  and  status 
data  on  veneering,  J.  Crow  Taylor,  p. 
15-16;  Shrinkage  in  seasoning,  by  A.  C. 
West,  p.  23-4. 

West  Coast  lumberman,  Aug.  15,  1917. — 
Wholesale  and  retail  lumber  operations 
are  fiercely  competitive,  by  L.  C.  Boyle, 
p.  25-7;  "Tree  cross"  perfected  by 
Prof.  E.  T.  Clark,  University  of  Wash- 
ington, p.  40. 

West  Coast  lumberman,  Sept.  1,  1917.— 
Definite  government  instructions  to  air- 
plane  spruce  manufacturers,  p.  21. 

Wood  preserving,  July-Sept.,  1917— A  Can- 
adian creosoting  plant,  by  R.  V.  Look, 
p.  39-40;  Steaming  tics,  by  H.  A.  Paul, 
p.  41 ;  A  modern  paving-block  machine, 
p.  46-7. 

Wood  turning,  Sept,  1917.— Turning  hat 
blocks,  p.  5-8;  Ash  and  its  uses,  p.  9; 
Spoke  making,  p.  11-12. 


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Wood-worker,  Aug.,  1917. — Means  and 
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Forest  journals 

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638 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


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Quality 


Long  and  Short  Leaf  Yellow  Pine 
the  same  today  and  tomorrow. 
Quality — Service — Capacity. 

MISSOURI    LUMBER    AND 

LAND    EXCHANGE 

COMPANY 


R.  A.  Long  Bldg. 


Kansas  City.  Mo. 


I  III  III  I     I      mil  m       r 

U       II  I   UUIU      lU     U         HI   III       U  n        IK  II H 


forest  regiment  goes  across,  by  Bristow 
Adatns,  p.  517-18;  Widespread  activity 
in  home  food  thrift,  by  Charles  Lathrop 
Pack,  p.  519;  Forest  fires  burn  much 
timber,  p.  520;  War  and  the  food  prob- 
lem, by  Norman  C.  McCloud,  p.  521- 
530;  What  about  tree  surgery,  by  J. 
Horace  McFarland.  p.  531-536;  Value 
of  grazing  management  on  the  Caribou 
national  forest,  by  C.  H.  Shattuck,  p. 
536-38;  The  Mockingbird  family,  by 
A.  A.  Allen,  p.  539-42;  Queen  Anne's 
lace;  the  papaw  tree  and  self-heal,  by 
R.  W.  Shufeldt,  p.  543-4«;  Turning  a 
desert  into  fertile  soil,  by  Robert  H. 
Moulton,  p.  549-51 ;  The  Le  Conte  oaks, 
p.  551 ;  orestrv  for  boys  and  girls,  by 
Bristow  Adams,  p.  552-54;  Our  snakes 
a  national  asset,  by  Gayne  T.  Norton, 
p.  555-58;  Forestry  and  the  war.  by 
Charles  Lathrop  Pack,  p.  559;  The  Blue 
Mesa  forest  fire,  by  Henry  L.  Spencer, 
p.  560-2;  Fighting  the  pine  blister  rust, 
p.  562-64;  Western  quails  being  ex- 
terminated, by  R.  W.  Shufeldt,  p.  565-66. 

California  forestry,  Aug.,  1917. — The  "big 
trees"  as  the  forester  sees  them,  by 
Ernest  G.  Dudley,  p.  25-6;  Intensified 
grazing  as  a  war  measure,  by  J.  D. 
Coffman,  p.  27;  Utilization  of  wood 
waste,  by  Carl  A.  Kupfer,  p.  28-9,  32. 

Canadian  forestry  journal,  Aug.,  1917. — 
The  dollar  value  of  our  national  parks, 
p.  1233-9;  Provincial  rights  and  the 
western  forests,  p.  1240-2;  How  shall 
planted  lands  be  taxed?  p.  1243-4;  Dam- 
aging fires  sweep  sections  of  the  West, 
p.  1245-9;  What  birds  are  worth  to 
forests,  by  W.  C.  J  Hall,  p.  1252-4; 
Restoring  war-damaged  forests,  by  A. 
Jolyet,  p.  1254-5 ;  Forest  exhaustion  a 
peril  to  Candaa,  by  W.  C.  Edwards,  p. 
1255-6;  Conscripting  forests  for  peace 
or  war,  by  Robson  Black,  p.  1257-61 ; 
Forest  management  in  Morocco,  p. 
1263;  Forest  management  in  Formosa, 
p.  1264;  Britain's  task  of  restoring  her 
forests,  p.  1268-71. 

Hawaiian  forester  and  agriculturist.  May, 
1917. — Candlenut  oil  as  an  industry,  by 
J.  S.  DeSilva,  p.  127-9. 

Indian  forester,  July.  1917. — A  new  .system 
of  forest  exploitation,  by  R.  Parnell. 
p.  297-304;  The  unsounaness  in  sal 
in  Chota  Nagpur  and  Orissa,  by  G.  M 
Cooper,  p.  .304-6;  The  unsoundness  of 
sal,  by  H.  H.  Haines,  p.  306-12;  Indian 
species  of  Grevia  of  forest  importance, 
by  R.  S.  Hole,  p.  312-17;  Some  notes  on 
sandal  in  the  Sambalpur  division,  Bihar 
and  Orissa,  by  A.  P.  Mudalicr,  p.  318- 
35 ;  Note  on  the  strength  of  glue,  by 
R.  S.  Pearson,  p.  336-7;  Mahua  and 
acetone,  p.  338. 

Journal  of  forestry.  May,  1917. — Tree 
growth  and  climate  in  the  United 
States,  by  K.  W.  Woodward,  p.  521-31; 
Laws  of  tall-tree  growth  investigated 
mathematically,  by  R.  D.  Bohannan.  p. 
532-51 ;    Site    determination,   classifica- 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


639 


tion  and  application,  by  Russel  Watson, 
p.  552-63;  The  Swiss  nicinoa  of  regu- 
lating the  cut  in  practice,  by  C.  H. 
Guise,  p.  564-73 ;  The  problem  of  mak- 
ing volume  tables  for  use  on  the  na- 
tional forests,  by  Thornton  T.  Mun- 
ger,  p.  574-86;  Forest  succession  in 
the  central  Rocky  Mts.,  by  Carlos  G. 
Bates,  p.  587-92 ;  Succession  as  a  factor 
in  range  management,  by  Arthur  Samp- 
son, p.  593-6;  National  forest  finances, 
by  Theodore  S,  Woolsey,  Jr.,  p.  597- 
604;  The  cost  of  transportation  as  a 
tax  on  the  lumber  consumer  of  the 
lake  states,  by  K.  J.  Braden,  p.  605-8; 
A  study  of  reforested  chestnut  cut- 
over  land,  by  E.  C.  M.  Richards,  p.  609- 
14;  Volume  of  western  yellow  pine 
logs  from  an  actual  mill  tally,  by  Swift 
Berry,  p.  615-18;  Effect  of  depth  of 
covering  seed  upon  the  germination  and 
quality  of  stock,  by  S.  B.  Show,  p. 
619-23 ;  Brazilian  woods  ;  their  utiliza- 
tion for  the  manufacture  ol  wood  pulp, 
p.  624-27. 
New    Hampshire     forestry,    Sept,     1917. — 

White  pine  blister  rust,  p  I. 
Revue  des  eaux  et  forets,  July,  1,  1917. — 
Respon.sabilite  controle  et  sanction 
morale  des  actes  de  gesiion  en  matiere 
forestiere,  by  R.  G.  D,  p.  200-2;  La 
foret  reconquise,  by  J.  Demorlaine,  p. 
203-7 ;  L'ecole  nationale  des  eaux  et 
forets,  p.  208-11. 
Revue  des  eaux  et  forets,  August  1,  1917. — 
Notes  sommaires  sur  les  forets  de  la 
Transbaikalie  occidentale,  by  A.  Arn- 
ould.  p.  225-8;  Foret  domaniale  de 
Chaux,  series  de  futaie,  by  L.  Parde, 
p.  229-32. 
Skogen,  June,  1917. — Om  dct  inflytande, 
som  vara  skogsvard-satgarder  kunna 
utova  pa  skogsmark<?ns  alstringsforma- 
ga  (Concerning  the  influence  which  our 
forest  protective  measures  can  exert  on 
the  productivity  of  the  forest  soil),  by 
Henrik  Hesselman,  p.  165-85;  Om 
plantor  och  plantering  (On  plants  and 
planting),  by  Ferd  Lindberg,  p.  186-92; 
Skogshogskolan  och  statens  skogsfor- 
soksan-stalt  (The  forest  school  and  the 
state  forest  experiment  station),  by 
Henrik  Hesselman,  p.  193-200. 
Skogsvards  f oreningens  tidskri  ft,  April-June, 
1917. — Studier  over  salpeterbildningen  i 
naturliga  jordmaner  och  dess  betydelse 
i  vaxtekologiskt  avsseende  (Studies  of 
nitrification  in  natural  soils  and  its 
significance  in  plant  ecology),  by  Hen- 
rik Hes.selman,  p  321-446;  Larken  och 
dess  betydelse  for  svensk  skogshushalln- 
ing  (The  larches  and  their  importance 
in  Swedish  forest  management),  by 
Gunnar  Schotte,  p.  447-706;  Dimen- 
sionslagcn  och  travaruindustricns  sko- 
gar  (The  dimension  law  and  the  tim- 
ber industry  of  the  forests),  by  K.  G. 
Lundholm,  p.  715-17;  Finsk  skogsstatis- 
tik  (Finnish  forest  statistics),  by  T.  J. 
B,  p.  717-19. 


BOOKS   ON   FORESTRY 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  publish  each  month,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  wish  books 
on  forestry,  a  list  of  titles,  authors,  and  prices  of  such  books.  These  may  be  ordered  through 
the  American  Forestry  Association,  Washington,  D.   C.  Prices  are  by  mail  or  express  prepaid.* 

FOREST  VALUATION— Filibert  Roth $1.50 

FOREST  REGULATION— Filibert  Roth 2.00 

PRACTICAL  TREE  REPAIR— By  Elbert  Peets 2.00 

THE  LUMBER  INDUSTRY— By  R.  S.  Kellogg 1.10 

LUMBER  MANUFACTURING  ACCOUNTS— By  Arthur  F.  Jones 2.10 

FOREST  VALUATION— By  H.  H.  Chapman 2.00 

CHINESE  FOREST  TREES  AND  TIMBER  SUPPLY— By  Norman  Shaw 2.50 

TREES,    SHRUBS,    VINES    AND    HERBACEOUS    PERENNIALS— By    John 

Kirkegaard 1  50 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS— By  Charles  Sprague  Sargent— Vols.  I  and   II,  4  Parts 

to  a  Volume — per  Part 5.00 

THE  TRAINING  OF  A  FORESTER— Giflford  Pinchot 1  35 

LUMBER  AND  ITS  USES— R.  S.  Kellogg 1.15 

THE  CARE  OF  TREES  IN  LAWN,  STREET  AND  PARK— B.  E  Fernow 2.17 

NORTH  AMERICAN  TREES— N.  L.  Britton 7.30 

KEY  TO  THE  TREES— Collins  and  Preston 1.50 

THE  FARM  WOODLOT— E   G.  Cheyney  and  J.  P.  Wentling 1.70 

IDENTIFICATION    OF    THE    ECONOMIC    WOODS    OF    THE    UNITED 

STATES— Samuel  J.   Record 1.25 

PLANE  SURVEYING— John   C.  Tracy 3  00 

FOREST   MENSURATION— Henry  Solon   Graves 4.00 

THE  ECONOMICS  OF  FORESTRY-B.  E.  Fernow 1.61 

FIRST   BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— Filibert  Roth 1.10 

PRACTICAL  FORESTRY— A.  S    Fuller 1.50 

PRINCIPLES  OF  AMERICAN  FORESTRY— Samuel  B.  Green 1  50 

MANUAL  OF  THE  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA   (exclusve  of  Mexico)  — 

Charles   Sprague   Sargent 6.00 

AMERICAN  WOODS— Romeyn  B.  Hough,  13  Volumes,  per  Volume 5.00 

HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TREES  OF  THE  NORTHERN  U.  S.  AND  CANADA, 

EAST  OF  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS— Romeyn  B.  Hough 6.00 

GETTING  ACQUAINTED  WITH  THE  TREES-J.  Horace  McFarland 1.75 

PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    WOOD:    THEIR    CHARACTERISTIC    PROP- 
ERTIES—Charles  Henry  Snow 3.50 

HANDBOOK  OF  TIMBER  PRESERVATION— Samuel  M.  Rowe 4.00 

TREES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND— L.   L.  Dame  and  Henrv  Brooks l.SO 

TREES,    SHRUBS    AND    VINES     OF    THE    NORTHEASTERN    UNITED 

STATES— H.   E.    Parkhurst l.SO 

TREES— H.  Marshall  Ward 1.50 

OUR  NATIONAL  PARKS— John  Muir 1.91 

LOGGING— Ralph  C.  Bryant 3.50 

THE  IMPORTANT  TIMBER  TREES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— S.  B.  Elliott  2.50 

FORESTRY  IN  NEW  ENGLAND— Ralph  C.  Hawlev  and  Austin  F.  Hawes 3.50 

THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  HANDLING  WOODLANDS— Henry  Solon  Graves....  1.50 

SHADE  TREES  IN  TOWNS  AND  CITIES— William  Solotaroff 3.00 

THE  TREE  GUIDE— By  Tulia  Ellen  Rogers 1.00 

MANUAL  FOR   NORTHERN   WOODSMEN— Austin  Gary 2.12 

FARM   FORESTRY— Alfred   Akerman 57 

THE  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  WORKING  PLANS  (in  forest  organiza- 
tion)—A.  B.  Recknagel 2.10 

ELEMENTS  OF  FORESTRY— F.  F.  Moon  and  N.  C    Brown 2.20 

.MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  WOOD— Samuel  J.  Record 1.75 

STUDIES   OF  TREES— J.   J.   Levison 1.75 

TREE  PRUNING— A    Des  Cars ' 65 

THE  PRESERVATION  OF  STRUCTURAL  TIMBER— Howard  F.  Weiss 3.00 

THE  PRACTICAL  LUMBERMAN— By  Bernard  Brcreton  (third  edition) l.SO 

SEEDING  AND  PLANTING  IN  THE  PRACTICE  OF  FORESTRY— By  James 

W.  Toumey,  M.S.,  M.A 3.50 

FUTURE  FOREST  TREES— By  Dr.  Harold  Unwin 2.25 

FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TREES  AND  SHRUBS— F.  Schuyler  Mathews  2  00 

(In    full    leather)     3.00 

FARM  FORESTRY— By  John  Arden  Ferguson 1.30 

LUTHER   BURRANK— HIS  METHODS  AND  DISCOVERIES  AND  THEIR 

PRACTICAL  APPLICATION 48.00 

(In   twelve  volumes,  beautifullv  illustrated   in  color) 

THE  ROOK  OF  FORESTRY— Rv  Frederick  F.  Moon 2.10 

OUR  FIELD  AND  FOREST  TREES— Rv  Maud  Going l.SO 

HANDBOOK  FOR  RANGERS  AND  WOODSMEN— By  Jay  L.  B.  Taylor..  2.50 

THE  STORY  OF  THE  FOREST— Bv  J.  Gordon  Dorrance 65 

THE  LAND  WE  LIVE  IN— By  Overton  Price 1.70 

WOOD  AND  FOREST— By  William  Noyes 3  00 

THE  ESSENTIALS  OF  AMERICAN  TIMBER  LAW— Rv  J.  P.  Kinnev 3  00 

HANDBOOK  OF  CLEARING  AND  GRUBBING,  METHODS  AND  COST 

—By  Halbert  P.  Gillette   2.50 

FRENCH  FORESTS  AND  FORESTRY— By  Theodore  S.  Woolsey,  Jr 2.50 

MANUAL  OF  POISONOUS  PLANTS— By  L.   H.   Pammel 5.35 

♦This,  of  course,  is  not  a  complete  list,  but  we  shall  be  glad  to  add  to  it  any  books  on 
forestry  or  related  subjects  upon  request. — Editor. 


The  cAmerican  Forestry"  c^lssociation 


Washington,  D.  C. 


ANDREW  CARNEGIE,  New  York 

WILLIAM   E.   COLBY,  California 
Secretary   of  The   Sierra    Club 

COLEMAN    DuPONT,   Delaware 

DR    CHARLES   VV.    ELIOT,    Massachusetts 
President    Emeritus    Harvard    University 

DR    B.   E.  FERNOVV,  Canada 
Dean  of  Forestry  University  of  Toronto 

HENRY  S.  GRAVES,  District  of  Columbia 
Chief  of  the  Forest  Service 

EVERITT  G.   GRIGGS,   Washington 


President 

CHARLES   LATHROP  PACK,   Lakewood.  N.  J. 

Vice-Presidents 

HON.   DAVID  HOUSTON 

Secretary  of  Agriculture 
HON.  FRANKLIN  K.  LANE, 

Secretary   of  the   Interior 
HON.  ASBURY  F.  LEVER,  South  Carolina 

United    States    Representative 
HON.   THOMAS  NELSON    PAGE 

Ambassador    to    Italy 
GIFFORD    PINCHOT,    Pennsylvania 
MRS.  FRANCES  F.   PRESTON,   New  Jersey 
KILIBERT  ROTH,  Michigan 

Dean  of  Forestry,  University  of  Michigan 
DR.  J.  T.   ROTHROCK,   Pennsylvania 


MRS.  JOHN   D.  SHERMAN,   Illinois 

Chairman,   Conservation    Department 

General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs 
HON.   WM.   H.   TAFT,   Connecticut 

Ex-President  United   States 
JOSEPH   N.  TEAL,  Oregon 

Chairman    Oregon    Conservation    Commission 
THEODORE  N.  VAIL,  Vermont 

President,  Am.   Tel.   &  Tel.   Co. 
HON.  JOHN  WEEKS,  Massachusetts 

United  States  Senator 
DR.   R.  S    WOODWARD,  Washington,   D.   C. 

President  Carnegie  Institution 


Treasurer 
JOHN    E.  JENKS,   Editor,   Army   and    Navy    Register,   Washington,    D.   C 

EzecutlTe  Secretary 
PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE,  1410  H  Street,  N.  W., 


E.   T.   ALLEN,  Oregon 

Forester,   Western   For.    and    Conserv.    Assn. 
JOHN   S.   AMES,   Massachusetts 
HON.    ROBERT   P.   BASS,   New  Hampshire 

Ex-Governor  of  New   Hampshire 
WM.   B.  GREELEY.  District  of  Columbia 

Assistant   U.   S    Forester 
W.  R.  BROWN,  New  Hampshire 

Pres ,    New    Hamp.    Forestry    Commission 


Directors 

HERMAN    H.    CHAPMAN,    Connecticut 

Professor  of  Forestry,   Yale    Forest   School 
DR    HENRY  S    DRINKER,   Pennsylvania 

President    Lehigh   University 
ALFRED  GASKILL 

State   Forester,    New  Jersey 
JOHN  E.  JENKS,  District  of  Columbia 

Editor,  Army  and  Navy   Register 
CHESTER  W.   LYMAN,   New   York 

Vice-Pres.   International  Paper  Company 


Washington,  D.  C. 

CHARLES  LATHROP  PACK,   New  Jersey 

Pres ,    Nat'l    Emergency    Food    Garden    Com. 
CHARLES  F.  QUINCY,  New  York 
J    E.   RHODES,   Illinois 

Secretary,   Southern    Pine   Association 
ERNEST   A.   STERLING,   New   York 

Forest    and    Timber    Engineer 
J.   B.  WHITE,  Missouri 

Ex-Pres.,    National    Conservation   Congress 


Declaration   of  Principles   and   Polic}^ 
c>lnierican  Forestry"  cAssociation 


IT  IS  A  VOLUNTARY  organization  for  the  inculcation  and  spread  of  a  forest 
policy  on  a  scale  adequate  for  our  economic  needs,  and  any  person  is  eligible 
for  membership. 

IT  IS  INDEPENDENT,  has  no  official  connection  with  any  Federal  or  State  de- 
partment or  policy,  and  is  devoted  to  a  public  service  conducive  to  national 
prosperity. 

IT  ASSERTS  THAT  forestry  means  the  propagation  and  care  of  forests  for  the 
production  of  timber  as  a  crop;  protection  of  watersheds;  utilization  of  non- 
agricultural  soil ;  use  of  forests  for  public  recreation. 

IT  DECLARES  THAT  FORESTRY  is  of  immense  importance  to  the  people;  that 
the  census  of  1913  shows  our  foVests  annually  supply  over  one  and  a  quarter 
billion  dollars*  worth  of  products;  employ  735.000  people;  pay  $367,000,000  in 
wages;  cover  550,000,000  acres  unsuited  for  agriculture;  regulate  the  distri- 
bution of  water;  prevent  erosion  of  lands;  and  are  essential  to  the  beauty  of 
the  country  and  the  health  of  the  nation. 

IT  RECOGNIZES  THAT  forestry  is  an  industry  limited  by  economic  conditions; 
that  private  owners  should  be  aided  and  encouraged  by  investigations,  demon- 
strations, and  educational  work,  since  they  cannot  be  expected  to  practice  for- 
estry at  a  financial  loss;  that  Federal  and  State  governments  should  undertake 
scientific  forestry  upon  National  and  State  forest  reserves  for  the  benefit  of 
the  public. 

IT  WILL  DEVOTE  its  influence  and  educational  facilities  to  the  development  of 
public  thought  and  knowledge  along  these  practical  lines. 


It  Will  Support  These  Policies 

National  and  State  Forests  under  Fed- 
eral and  State  Ownership,  administra- 
tion and  management  respectively ; 
adequate  appropriations  for  their  care 
and  management;  Federal  co-opera- 
tion with  the  States,  especially  in 
forest   fire   protection. 

State  Activity  by  acquirement  of  forest 
lands;  organization  for  fire  protec- 
tion:  encouragement  of  forest  plant- 
ing by  communal  and  private  owners, 
non-political  departmentally  indepen- 
dent forest  organization,  with  liberal 
appropriations  for  these  purposes. 

Forest  Fire  Protection  by  Federal, 
State  and  fire  protective  agencies, 
and  its  encouragement  and  extension, 
individually  and  by  co-operation ; 
without  adequate  fire  protection  all 
other  measures  for  forest  crop  pro- 
duction  will  fail. 

Forest  Planting  by  Federal  and  State 
governments  and  long-lived  corpora- 
tions and  acquirement  of  waste  lands 
for  this  purpose;  and  also  planting  by 
private  owners,  where  profitable,  and 
encouragement  of  natural  regenera- 
tion. 

Forest  Taxation  Reforms  removing  un- 
just burdens  from  owners  of  growing 
timber. 

Closer  Utilization  in  logging  and  man- 
ufacturing without  loss  to  owners;  aid 
the    lumberman    in    achieving    this. 

Cutting  of  Mature  Timber  where  and 
as  tne  domestic  market  demands  it, 
except  on  areas  maintained  for  park 
or  scenic  purposes,  and  compensation 
of  forest  owners  for  loss  suffered 
through  protection  of  watersheds,  or 
on  belialf  of  any  public  interest 

Equal  x-rotectlon  to  the  lumber  indus- 
try and  to  public  interests  in  legisla- 
tion affecting  private  timberlana  op- 
erations, recognizing  that  lumbering 
is  as  legitimate  and  necessary  as  the 
forests    themselves. 

Classification  by  experts  of  lands  best 
suited  for  farming  and  those  best 
suited  for  forestry ;  and  liberal  na- 
tional and  State  appropriations  for 
this   work. 


VOLUME  23 


NOVEMBER  1917 

o 


NUMBER  287 


mcaiini 


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An  Illustrated  Magazine  about  Forestry  and 
Kindred  Subjects  Published  Each  Month 
by  the  American  Forestry  Association 

Washington.  D.C. 


Open-Tank  ProceMS  creoxoUng- 
plant  erected  by  the  Bryant 
Paper  Company,  Kalamazoo, 
Mich.,  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  F.  W.  Sutherland,  in 
operation  /or  several yeart.  All 
structural  wood  exposed  to  de- 
cojfis   creosoted  by   this  mill. 


Creosoted  Wooden  Roofs  for  Textile-  and 
Paper-Mills  are  Economical  and  Durable 


There  has  been  much  discussion, 
pro  and  con,  on  the  advisability 
of  using  creosoted  planking  for 
roofs  over  weave-sheds  of  textile- 
mills  and  machine-rooms  of 
paper-mills.  To  clarify  the  situa- 
tion the  following  authorities  are 
quoted,  viz.: 

Dr.  Herman  Von  Schrenk, 
St.  Louis: 

"The  very  severe  humidity  conditions, 
particularly  in  the  weave-sheds,  indicate 
that  the  use  of  untreated  yellow  pine  will 
in  many  cases  probably  be  impractica- 
ble, no  matter  how  high  the  grade;  in 
other  words,  untreated  pine  will  doubt- 
less fail  by  decay,  due  to  the  extraordi- 
nary conditions,  in  spite  of  the  greatest 
care.  This  naturally  leads  to  a  discussion 
as  to  the  possibility  of  artificially  pre- 
serving the  timbers,  particularly  the  roof- 
planking.  One  naturally  thinks  first  of 
all  of  creosote.  An  effective  way  of  using 
creosoted  planking  would  consist  in  cov- 
ering the  creosoted  timber  with  sheath- 
ing, as  there  would  be  no  possibility  of 
creosoted  planking  decaying  and  the 
sheathing  could  be  painted  as  often  as 
necessary. 

"One  advantage  of  using  some  form  of 
treated  lumber  would  undoubtedly  lie  in 
the  possibility  of  buying  lower  grades  of 
yellow  pine  and  treating  the  same.  The 
lower-grade  lumber  could  be  bought  for 
much  less  than  the  'select  structural' 
grade,  and  in  its  treated  condition  would 
serve  every  bit  as  well  and  possibly  better 
than  the  untreated  high-grade  lumber  in 
those  rooms  where  the  high  humidity  con- 
ditions make  for  extremely  rapid  decay." 
(Lumber  World  Review,  May  25,  VaXT, 
page  26). 

F.  J.  HOXIE. 
Engineer,  Inspection  Department,  Asso- 
ciated Mutual  Factory  Fire  Insur- 
ance  Companies,    Boston: 
"A  double  roof  is  advisable  to  prevent 
the  planks  from  rotting  in  the  center,  the 


A  "close-up"  aecttu.     j   ^.j  ..^...i ..^  ^  u....gL.-pyin( 

due  to  decay  of  planking. 

(Cou/fcjp  American  Lumherman.) 


outer  planking  BEING  THOROUGH- 
LY CREOSOTED  and  separated  from 
the  inner  by  mopped,  tarred  paper." 
(A7nei-ican  Lumberman,  June  23,  1917, 
page  41). 

F.  P.  SHELDON  &  SON, 
Engineers  and  Architects, 
Providence,  R.  I. : 
"The     roof     should     be    made     thick 
enough   according   to  the   accompany- 
ing curves  to  prevent  the  occurrence 
of  condensation   upon   its   under   sur- 
face.   Secondly,  it  should  be  protected 
against  decay  by  proper  preservative 
treatment." 

(Engineering  News-Record,  July  5, 
1917,  page  29). 
Creosoted  wood  does  not  increase 
the  fire-hazard.  When  thoroughly 
seasoned  after  treatment  it  will  not 
ignite  more  readily  than  untreated 
wood  and  in  fact  treatment  with 
creosote  tends  to  retard  combustion. 
Lumber  creosoted  by  the  Open- 
Tank  System  with  a  proper  grade  of 
refined  coal-tar  creosote  oil  will  not 
bleed  or  exude  oil  when  exposed  to 
temperatures  prevalent  in  machine- 
rooms  of  paper-mills  and  weave- 
sheds  of  cotton-mills. 
CARBOSOTA— Grade-One  Liquid 
Creosote  Oil  is  derived  from  pure 
coal-tar  and  refined  especially  for 
use  by  the  Brush  Method  and  in  the 
Open-Tank  System  of  treatment.  It 
is  universally  recognized  as  the 
standard  and  specified  by  the  largest 
consumers. 

(Note:  It  is  necessary  that  all  wood  to  be 
treated  by  the  Brush  or  Open-Tank  meth- 
ods should  be  seasoned  until  air-dry). 


Booklet  regarding  the  CARBOSOTA  treatment  free  upon  request 
The  ^tgt/10^  Company 


New  York 
Detroit 

Montreal 


Chicago 
Birmingham 

Toronto 


Philadelphia  Boston  St.  Louis  Cleveland  Cincinnati 

Kansas  City  Minneapolis  Nashville  Salt  Lake  City  Seattle 

THE  BARRETT  COMPANY.  LIMITED 


Winnipeg 


Vancouver 


St.  John,  N.  B. 


Halifax,  N.  S. 


Pittsburgh 
Peoria 


Sydney,  N.  S. 


,uv 


liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiifl^ 

I  AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


THE     MAGAZINE     OF     THE     AMERICAN     FORESTRY     ASSOCIATION      | 

PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE,  Editor  I 


November  1917    Vol.  23 


CONTENTS 


No.  287       ■ 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiililiiiiiiiliii 


Relief  Fund  for  the  Forestry  Regiments 643 

Foresters  in  World's  Largest  Regiment 644 

With  fifteen  illustrations. 

American  Foresters  in  Military  Service 6S2 

Forestry  at  Bates  College 655 


Tree's  Long  Journey  on  Truck. 

With  one  illustration. 

The  Pine — By  Mabel  Powers  (Yeh  sen  noh  wehs- 

Tells   the   Stories) 

With  one  illustration. 

"Doctor  Mountain" — By  Mark  Daniels 

With  Seven  Illustrations. 


-One  Who 


The  Nuthatches  and  the  Chickadees- 
With  eleven  illustrations. 


-By  A.  A.  Allen. 


655 

656 
657 
.663 
667 
668 
669 
674 

675 

Tree  Saved  by  a  Governor— By  Allen  H.  Wright 675 

With  one  illustration. 


A  Trail  Marker — By  Lena  B.  Hunzicker 

With   one   illustration. 

A  Quaint  Bit  of  Sentiment— By  Gayne  T.  K.  Norton. 
With  one  illustration. 

Flowers,  Feathers  and  Fins— By  R.  W.  Shufeldt. . . . 
With  twelve  illustrations. 

Women   Help  to   Fight   Forest   Fires 

With  three  photographs. 

Conservation  in  Autumn  Leaves 


Urban   and   Suburban   Food   Production — Its    Past   and   its 

Future— By   Charles    Lathrop    Pack 676 

Forestry  for  Boys  and  Girls — "Shoes  and  Ships  and  Sealing 
Wax"— By  Bristow  Adams 678 

Children's    Playgrounds   in   Parks   and   Forests — By    Smith 

Riley 680 

With  six  illustrations. 

Hybrid  Oaks— By  George  B.  Sudworth 683 

With  five  illustrations. 

A  Tree  That  Produces   Soap 686 

With  one  illustration. 


Edible  Fruits  of  Forest  Trees 

Fighting  the  Pine  Blister   Disease 

Our  Forest  Resources  and  the  War — By  E.  A.  Sterling. 


,  687 
.  688 
.  689 

Editorial    691 

Forestry  as  a  Profession  for  Young  Men  in  the  United 
States. 

Bad    Forest   Fire   Season 692 

How  a  Successful  Suburban  House  is  Built — By  Rawson  W. 


Haddon 
With  four  illustrations. 


Book   Reviews 

Canadian  Department. 
Current  Literature.... 


693 

695 
697 
699 


■lllllllll 


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SPECIAL  OFFER  TO  MEMBERS  ONLY  | 

One  of  the  following  described  books  will  be  presented  free  of  charge  to  any  member  of  the  | 

American  Forestry  Association  who  secures  ONE  NEW  subscribing  member:  ■ 

No.  1 — Field  Book  of  American  Trees  and  Shrubs,  465  pages,  275  illustrations  of  trees,  leaves,  J 

blossoms,  fruits,  seeds,  area  of  growth,  etc.  1 

No.  2— Field  Book  of  Wild  Birds  and  Their  Music,  262  pages,  38  colored  and  15  other  full-  | 

page  illustrations.  ■ 

No.  3 — Field  Book  of  American  Wild  Flowers,  587  pages,  24  colored  plates  and  215  full-page  § 

illustrations. 


FILL  OUT  THIS  BLANK 

I  present  for  Subscribing  Membership  in  the  AMERICAN     FORESTRY     ASSOCIATION, 
including  American  Forestry  Magazine,  and  enclose  $3.00  for  the  1917  fee- 


Name. 


Send  Book  No. 


Address City . 

to  Name 


Address City 

$2.00  of  above  fee  is  for  AMERICAN   FORESTRY  for  One  Year. 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  is  published  monthly  by  the  American  Forestry  Association. 

Subscription  price  without  membership,  three  dollars  per  year;  single  copies,  twenty-five  cents. 

Entered  as  second-clasg  mall  matter  December  24,  1909   at  the  Poat-offlce  at  Washington,  under  the  Act  of  March  3,  1879 

Copyright.    1917,    by   the   American    Forestry   Association 

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^ 


II 


Buy  Timber  Now! 

^LL  conditions  now  conspire  to  make 

a  perfect  situation  for  investments  in  timber  lands, 

After  37  years  of  study  of  timber  mat- 
ters we  offer  it  as  our  opinion  that  stumpage  values 

will  never  be  so  low  again. 

IVith  the  growing  demand  for  agricul- 
tural land  and  the  absence  of  any  reforestation  policy^ 

every  tree  down  means  one  tree  less.  Values  must  on  the  whole  trend 
upward. 

Add  to  this  a  tendency  to  revert  to  the 

use  of  wood  among  car  builders  and  others.     Add  to 

that  the  enormous  demand  for  lumber  plainly  certain  to  arrive  after 
the  war.  Every  advance  in  lumber  prices  means  an  advance  in 
stumpage  values.     Buy  timber  nowl 

We  can  fit  YOUR  requirements.     Write  to  TIMBER  HEADQUARTERS. 


CHICAGO 

1750  McCormicli  BUg. 


NEW  YORK 

30  East  42nd  Street 


SEATTLE 

626  Henry  Bldg. 


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iiiittiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


VOL.  XXIII  NOVEMBER  1917  NO.  287 

!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII«IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII«IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIM 


RELIEF  FUND  FOR  THE  FORESTRY  REGIMENTS 


TO  meet  the  needs  of  individual  members  of  the 
American  Forest  Regiments  in  France  and  their 
dependent  families,  it  is  essential  that  prompt  re- 
sponse be  made  to  the  financial  requirements  of  the  Lum- 
ber and  Forest  Regiments'  Relief  Fund.  The  American 
Forestry  Association,  in  making  earnest  appeal  to  its 
members  and  its  friends  for  contributions  for  this  splen- 
did cause,  does  so  with  an  assurance  and  confidence  based 
on  the  intimate  relationship  which  exists  between  forest 
lovers  and  the  men  who  are  risking  their  lives  in  the 
French  war  zone  for  the  sake  of  the  American  flag. 

In  a  peculiar  sense  this  Association  has  deep  interest 
and  responsibility  in  the  success  of  the  fund.  The  plan 
for  relief  for  the  men  of  the  Forest  Regiments  found  its 
inception  within  the  Association.  Conceived  as  the 
American  Forestry  Relief  and  Comfort  Fund,  the  project 
found  rapid  expansion  until  it  was  deemed  desirable  to 
broaden  its  scope  and  influence  as  indicated  by  the  name 
with  which  it  has  been  rechristened,  the  Lumber  and 
Forest  Regiments'  Relief  Fund.  In  this  form  and  under 
its  present  scheme  of  organization  it  co-ordinates  the 
forces  of  various  interests  afliliated  with  forestry,  lum- 
bering and  kindred  industries.  These  allied  influences 
are  equally  impressed  with  the  vital  importance  of  the 
undertaking  and  equally  concerned  with  its  successful 
achievement. 

The  need  for  a  fund  of  this  nature  speaks  for  itself. 
With  the  10th  Engineers  (Forest)  already  in  France,  and 
with  the  20th  Engineers  (Forest)  preparing  to  enter  the 
service,  the  United  States  will  have  more  than  9,000  for- 
esters and  woodsmen  in  the  French  forests.  These  men 
go  oversea  for  a  purpose  in  no  degree  less  vital  to  mili- 
tary success  than  that  which  takes  our  trench  fighters  and 
other  armed  forces  into  the  foreign  zone  of  battle.  With- 
out the  Forest  regiments  the  fighters  would  be  of  little 
avail.  These  men  have  not  gone  to  France  to  serve  per- 
sonal ambition  or  to  pursue  any  fanciful  occupation  of 
doubtful  worth.  They  are  there  because  of  the  urgent 
needs  of  the  Allied  armies  for  trench  timbers  and  other 
building  material  requisite  to  modern  warfare.  These 
needs  are  universally  recognized  by  the  army  leaders  of 
the  Allied  nations.  It  is  at  the  insistent  demand  of  these 
leaders  that  the  regiments  have  been  ordered  to  the  war 
zone. 

In  their  voluntary  enlistment  in  the  Forest  Regi- 
ment thousands  of  red-blooded  Americans  have  answered 
the  call  of  duty  at  great  personal  cost.  The  regiments 
are  made  up  of  foresters,  practical  lumbermen  and  saw- 
mill operators,  men  of  engineering  or  military  training, 


picked  woodsmen,  sawmill  workers,  skilled  axmen,  wood- 
sawyers,  crosscut-saw  filers,  tie-hewers,  skidders,  team- 
sters, blacksmiths,  millwrights,  mill  sawyers,  circular- 
saw  filers,  millhands,  carpenters,  machinists,  charcoal 
burners,  motor  truck  and  motorcycle  operators  and  re- 
pair men.  These  men  are  all  trained  workers.  As  such 
they  are  capable  of  commanding  high  wages  in  their 
daily  work.  In  the  service  of  their  country  privates  in 
foreign  service  draw  monthly  pay  ranging  from  $33  to 
$36.60  each.  It  involves  no  task  in  figures  to  realize  the 
sacrifice  these  men  make  in  accepting  the  pay  of  private 
soldiers  at  a  time  when  home  wages  are  higher  than  at 
any  time  in  the  history  of  the  world;  and  it  requires  no 
flight  of  the  fancy  to  realize  that  the  pay  given  them  for 
their  work  in  the  French  forests  will  be  sadly  deficient 
for  the  needs  of  such  families  as  may  be  left  behind. 

It  is  in  recognition  of  this  condition  that  the  relief 
fund  is  created.  That  many  of  the  men  should  leave  their 
families  illy  prepared  to  provide  for  themselves  is  inevi- 
table. This  circumstance  makes  it  imperative  that  gen- 
erous help  should  be  swiftly  given,  to  the  end  that  no 
suffering  or  hardship  which  could  be  prevented  is  per- 
mitted to  exist.  The  logical  source  of  such  helpfulness 
is  with  the  people  of  America  who  are  interested  in  these 
men  through  the  kinship  arising  from  mutual  interest  in 
the  woodland  and  lumber  resources  of  the  country.  Those 
whose  interest  in  the  forests  is  sentimental  have  common 
cause  with  those  who  are  concerned  with  the  economic 
wealth  of  the  timberlands.  Whether  one's  love  for  the 
trees  is  based  on  the  lure  of  the  great  outdoors  or  whether 
it  is  purely  commercial,  the  sacrifices  of  the  men  of  the 
woods  and  lumber  camp  must  necessarily  make  direct  ap- 
peal. The  cause  is  as  broad  as  humanity;  the  results  will 
be  both  human  and  practical.  ' 

As  a  part  of  the  work  a  committee  of  women  has  been 
organized  by  Mrs.  Henry  S.  Graves,  wife  of  United 
States  Forester  Graves,  who  is  now  Lieutenant  Colonel  in 
charge  of  forest  work  with  the  United  States  Expedi- 
tionary Forces.  This  committee  will  assume  the  duty  of 
providing  sweaters  and  other  knitted  garments  for  the 
men  of  the  Forest  Regiments.  Shortly  letters  will  be 
sent  to  women  of  America  known  to  be  interested  in  for- 
estry, requesting  co-operation  in  the  knitting  of  these 
garments.  Wool  will  be  furnished  at  cost  to  those  work- 
ers who  prefer  to  pay  for  it  and,  as  far  as  possible,  with- 
out charge  to  those  who  prefer  to  give  their  time  only. 

Contributions  for  the  Lumber  and  Forest  Regiments' 
Relief  Fund  should  be  sent  to  the  American  Forestry 
Association,  Maryland  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 


FORESTERS   IN   WORLD'S   LARGEST    REGIMENT 


AS  the  largest  regiment  in  the  world  the  20th  Engi- 
neers (Forest)  will  command  the  respect  of  Allies 
and  enemy  alike.     This  regiment  is  now  in  ad- 
vanced stages  of  organization.    Its  ten  battalions  of  for- 
esters, woodsmen  and  lumbermen  will  have  a  strength  of 
7,500  enlisted  men.    In  addition  there  will  be  nine  service 
battalions  with  a  strength  of  7,250  enlisted  men.  The  men 
in  the  service  battalions  will  be  laborers,  for  use  in  con- 
nection with  the  operations  of  the  regiment.     1'he  total 
Strength  of  the  regiment  will  approximate  17,000  officers 
and  men,  which  will  establish  a  new  record  for  military 
formation.      It     was     an- 
nounced  early   in   Novem- 
ber that  two  battalions  of 
750  men  each   were  com- 
pletely organized    and 
would  proceed  to  France  at 
once.    Two  more  battalions 
were  to  be  organized   im- 
mediately   and   the   others 
will  follow  in  close  success- 
ion until  thf  entire  strength 
is  in  the  French  forests. 

Col.  W.  A.  Mitchell  is 
commander  of  the  regi- 
ment. He  is  a  native  of 
Georgia  and  a  regular 
army  man,  who  graduated 
from  West  Point  with  first 
honors.  Colonel  Mitchell 
has  been  in  command  at 
the  encampment  at  the 
American  University,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  where 
the  organization  of  the 
regiment  has  been  taking 
place.  Officers  at  regimen- 
tal headquarters  are : 

Regimental  surgeon,  Major 
W.  C.  Moore,  National  Army, 


Virginia,  graduate  of  the  Uni 

versity  of  Virginia;  regimental 

adjutant,  Capt.  H.  L.  Bowlby. 

National  Army,  Oregon,  West  Point  graduate,  and  State  Highway 
Engineer  for  Oregon ;  regimental  Engineer  officer.  Captain  F.  M. 
Bartelme,  National  Army,  Minnesota,  president  of  the  Bartelme 
(Lumber)  Company,  Minneapolis ;  regimental  supply  officer.  Cap- 
tain P.  E.  Hinkley,  National  Army,  Maine,  assistant  general 
manager  of  S.  D.  Warren  &  Company,  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

For  the  First  Battalion  the  officers  are  as  follows : 

Major  E.  E.  Hartwick,  president  Hartwick  Lumber  Company, 
Detroit,  Michigan,  first  vice-president  Guaranty  Trust  Company, 
Detroit. 

Captains :  Leon  M.  Pill,  division  engineer  Mobile  &  Ohio  R.  R.. 
Mobile,  Alabama;  Harry  V.  Campbell,  engineer  officer,  sawmill 
owner  and  operator;  Arthur  W.  Elam,  president  A.  W.  Elam 
Company,  logging  engineers,  San  Francisco,  California;  Andrew 
J.  Fisk,  consulting  civil  and  mining  engineer  and  general  con- 
tractor, Montana;  H.  W.  Bostzkes,  district  engmeer,  Washington 
State  Highway  Department. 

First  Lieutenants :   L.  J.   Freedman,  supply  officer,   pulpwood 


buyer  and  contractor  for  International  Paper  Company ;  Ger- 
main P.  Graham,  consulting  municipal  engineer,  Albany,  New 
York;  J.  C.  Williams,  Jr.,  assistant  general  manager,  Geneva 
Lumber  Company,  Eleanor,  Florida ;  Duncan  P.  Shaw,  sawmill 
owner  and  operator.  North  Carolina;  Harold  C.  Lyons,  consult- 
ing efficiency  engineer,  New  York  City ;  William  A.  Clark,  man- 
ager Walter  D.  Noyes  Lumber  Company,  Boston,  Massachusetts ; 
T.  W.  Poindexter,  municipal  engineer.  New  York  State;  R.  N. 
Benjamin,  director  of  vocational  training,  Fitzgerald  High 
School,  Fitzgerald,  Georgia ;  W.  J.  Wilson,  district  engineer,  port 
of  Seattle,  Seattle,  Washington;  J.  L.  Wood,  sawmill  operator. 

Second  Lieutenants :  John  B.  Cuno,  forester.  West  Virginia ; 
R.  L.  Chaffin,  consulting  engineer.  West  Palm  Beach,  Florida ; 
Arthur  N.  Drips,  efficiency  engineer  for  lumber  industry,  Western 
Washington ;  L.  B.  McDaniel,  district  manager  for  lumber  in- 
terests, Georgia;  Hollister  Johnson,  junior  engineer.  New  York 
State  Conservation  Commission ;  H.  T.  Hopkins,  wholesale  and 
retail  dealer  in  finished  pine  lumber,  Hortsville,  South  Carolina. 

For  the  Second  Battalion 

the  officers  are  as  follows : 

Major  S.  O.  Johnson,  vice- 
president  Wetd  Lumber  Com- 
pany, Weed,  California. 

Captains :  F.  F.  Spencer,  as- 
sistant to  the  president  of  the 
McCloud  River  Lumber  Com- 
pany, McCloud,  North  Caro- 
lina ;  F.  A.  Horstkotte,  master 
mill  builder  and  inventor  of 
sawmill  machinery,  formerly 
connected  with  W.  A.  Wilkin- 
son ;  W.  V.  Brookings,  vice- 
president  of  the  California- 
Oregon  Lumber  Company ;  J. 
C.  Perry,  connected  with  the 
Diamond  Match  Company,  the 
McCloud  River  Lumber  Com- 
pany and  the  Weed  Lumber 
Company ;  J.  C.  Long,  civil  en- 
gineer, connected  with  the  Mil- 
waukee Lumber  Company. 

First  Lieutenants :  M.  R. 
Ethell,  civil  engineer,  with 
general  engineer  experience; 
E.  D.  Woodruflf,  civil  engineer, 
with  experience  in  timber  work 
and  general  engineermg  work, 
a  brother  of  Col.  James  A. 
Woodruflf,  of  the  10th  Engi- 
neers (Forest) ;  W.  O.  Crosby, 
superintendent  of  the  mills  of 
the  Holmes  Lumber  Company, 
of  Oregon ;  Marion  Nine, 
owner  and  operator  of  saw- 
mills and  president  of  the  Nine 
Lumber  Company ;  Frank  R. 
Prince,  assistant  manager  of 
the  Shevlin  Hickson  Company; 
P.  D.  Mackie,  civil  engineer, 
(FOREST).  with  five  years'  experience  in 

shingle  mills  in  Washington: 
W.  H.  Crosson,  civil  engineer, 
with  special  experience  in  bridge  building;  R.  W.  Pilling,  gen- 
eral superintendent  of  the  Rogers  Lumber  Company ;  L.  R.  Mc- 
Coy, assistant  manager  of  the  Edward  Rutledge  Timber  Com- 
pany ;  W.  E.  Volk,  civil  engineer,  with  railroad  experience  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  and  in  Alaska  and  Panama. 

Second  Lieutenants :  M.  L.  Johnson,  assistant  engineer  with 
the  Weed  Lumber  Company,  Weed,  California ;  E.  S.  Brush, 
thoroughly  versed  in  lumber  operations,  connected  with  the  Loop 
Lumber  Company ;  W.  H.  Grover,  assistant  engineer  with  the 
Fruit  Growers'  Supply  Company,  on  the  Pacific  Coast 

Since  the  first  American  Foresters  went  to  France 
several  important  changes  have  taken  place  in  the  per- 
sonnel. The  Forest  Service  has  received  word  that 
United  States  Forester  Henry  S.  Graves  has  been  pro- 
moted to  lieutenant  colonel.    Forester  Graves  was  one  of 


COL.  W.  A.  MITCHELL,  U.  S.  A..  COMMANDING  20TH  ENGINEERS 


•44 


FORESTERS  IN  WORLD'S  LARGEST  REGIMENT 


645 


CAPT    H.   L.    BOWLBY,   REGIMENTAL  ADJU- 
TANT, 20TH  ENGINEERS  (FOREST). 


the  tirst  Ameri- 
cans to  go  into 
the  war  zone  af- 
ter the  opening 
of  h  o  s  t  i  1  ities 
with  Germany. 
As  director  of 
the  division  of 
forestry  with 
the  American 
Exp  editionary 
forces  his  duty 
has  been  to 
work  out  prob- 
lems in  connec- 
tion with  the 
general  forestry 
si  t  u  a  t  i  o  n  in 
France,  with 
reference  to 
military  needs 
and  future  de- 
velopment.   H  e 


CAPT.  F.   M.  BARTELME,   REGIMENTAL   EN- 
GINEER   OFFICER,    20TH    ENGINEERS 
(FOREST) 


CAPT.    P.    E.    HINKLEY,    REGIMENTAL  SUP- 
PLY OFFICER,  20TH  ENGINEERS  (FOREST). 


MAJOR   E    E.    HARTWICK.   20TH    E.\GI\EKRS 
(FOREST). 


is  assigned  to  no  regiment  and  appears  on  the  records  of 
the  service  as  on  temporary  detail  to  the  War  Depart- 
ment.   His  original  commission  was  as  a  major. 

Word  also  comes  from  France  that  Major  William  R. 
Greeley  has  been  assigned  as  deputy  director,  headquar- 
ters, division  of  forestry,  American  Expeditionary 
Forces.  He  is  in  charge  of  lumber  operations  and  has 
supervision  of  the  entire  work  in  France.  Major  Greeley 
went  to  France  early  in  August.  Major  Coert  DuBois, 
who  was  district  forester  in  charge  of  the  National  For- 
ests of  California,  is  on  the  regimental  staff  of  the  10th 
Engineers  (Forest).  Donald  Bruce  (Yale,  1910),  pro- 
fessor of  forestry  at  the  University  of  California,  has 
been    assigned    in    charge    of    timber    reconnoisance    in 


France,  over  a 
party  of  six 
men.  Swift 
Berry,  who  went 
as  a  civilian 
from  the  district 
office  of  the 
Forest  Service 
at  San  Fran- 
cisco, has  been 
assigned  as  log- 
g  i  n  g  engineer. 
Theodore  S. 
W  o  o  Is  e  y,  Jr. 
(Yale,  1902), 
who  was  for- 
merly with  the 
Forest  Service 
and  who  went  to 
France  as  a  civ- 
ilian, from  Al- 
buquerque, New 
Mexico,  has 
been  assigned  to  special  work  and  designated  as  timber 
negotiator. 

The  need  for  skilled  workers  in  the  French  forests  is 
considered  urgent  and  vital  by  the  army  authorities  of 
the  United  States  and  the  allied  nations.  Their  work  will 
be  to  provide  the  timbers  and  lumber  which  are  essential 
to  military  success  and  which  cannot  be  provided  through 
other  channels.  To  ship  the  material  from  America  is 
out  of  the  question  because  of  a  lack  of  transportation 
facilities. 

If  the  commander  of  any  one  of  the  30  or  more  army 
camps  in  the  United  States  wants  to  build  a  new  ware- 
house or  determines  that  a  new  bridge  is  a  military  ne- 
cessity he  has  no  difficulty  in  setting  in  motion  the  forces 


MAJOR    S.    O. 


JOHN'SO.N,     20TH 
(FOREST). 


?;NG  INKERS 


646 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


FIRST   AND   SECOND   BATTALIONS   OF 


This  interesting  picture  of  the  initial  units  of  the  second  regiment 
to  be  prepared  for  service  in  the  French  forests  was  taken  at  the 
regimental  encampment  at  American  University  campus,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  The  first  regiment  to  go  into  the  French  forests  as 
representative  of  the  United  States  was  the  10th  Engineers  (For- 
est), which  has  been  in  service  since  early  in  the  autumn.  The 
20th  Engineers  (Forest)  has  already  provided  two  battalions  of 
750  men  each.      The  new  regiment  will  be  the  largest  regimental 


organization  in  the  world.  When  completed 
it  will  have  ten  battalions  of  foresters,  lumber- 
men and  sawmill  workers  and  nine  battalions 
of  laborers  for  use  in  connection  with  the  for- 
est operations.  This 
will  give  it  a 
strength  of  upward 
of  17,000  men.  The 
regiment  will  be  un- 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


647 


THE  TWENTIETH  ENGINEERS  (FOREST) 


der  the  command  of  Col.  W.  A.  Mitchell,  U.  S.  A. 
The  work  of  the  two  regiments,  insofar  as  concerns 
forestry,  lumbering  and  sawmill  operation,  will  be  un- 
der the  general  supervision  of  Lieut.-Col.  Henry  S. 
Graves,  who  is  on  leave  of  absence  from  his  duties  as 
United  States  Forester.  He  is  director  of  the  division 
of  forestry  with  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces. 
Major  William  B.  Greeley,  assistant  United  States  For- 
ester and  a  director  of  the  American  Forestry  Associa- 


tion, is  deputy  director  of  the  division  of  forestry. 
Recruiting  of  the  third  battalion  of  the  20th  was  well 
under  way  early  in  November  and  this  organization 
will  soon  be  ready  for  service.  The  first  and  second  bat- 
talions were  reviewed  by  Secretary  of  War  Ba^er  and 
Chief  of  Engineers  Black  on  November  10  and  received 
warm  praise  for  their  appearance  and  condition.  Some 
idea  of  the  work  the  regiment  will  do  in  France  is  given 
by  pictures  in  this  issue. 


648 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


LUMBERING    OPERATIONS    WITH    THE    BRITISH    ARMY 

In  this  picture  is  shown  some  of  the  work  of  the  Canadian  Forest  section  on  the  western  front.  The  men  are  engaged  in  bringing  in  the  timber 
from  the  forests,  ready  for  sawmill  operations.  The  character  of  the  logs  shows  the  care  exercised  by  the  foresters  in  making  selections,  while  the 
trees  in  the  background  show  possibilities  for  the  future  of  French  forestry. 


necessary  to  its  construction.  The  machinery  for  his 
purpose  is  all  ready  for  its  work.  Through  the  agencies 
concerneS  with  army  supplies  his  material  is  provided  bv 
a  businesslike  organization  geared  to  high  measure  of 
efficiency.  The  Council  of  National  Defense,  through  its 
lumber  director,  designates  the  lumber  that  may  be 
delivered  with  least  loss  of  time  and  minimum  strain  on 
congested  transportation  facilities.  This  lumber  is 
promptly  acquired  through  the  W^r  Department's  pur- 
chasing agencies  and  quickly  delivered  by  railroads 
trained  to  giving  war-time  priority  to  military  shipments. 

Suppose,  however,  that  this  same  commander  were  in 
the  French  war  zone  where  there  are  no  sawmills  and  no 
railroads,  no  Council  of  Defense  and  no  transportation. 
His  one  resource  is  the  native  forest.  For  his  lumber  he 
must  depend  on  the  trees  nearest  at  hand.  To  make 
these  trees  available  is  not  a  problem  for  the  man  at  a 
mahogany  desk  in  Washington.  It  is  a  job  for  trained 
foresters  and  trained  lumbermen  on  the  spot,  for  ex- 
perts skilled  in  the  selection  of  timbers  and  their  swift 
and  workmanlike  conversion  into  building  material.  It 
is  a  task  for  the  ax  and  the  sawmill  rather  than  for  the 
council  table  and  the  issuing  of  typewritten  orders.  The 
machinery  which  makes  for  efficiency  in  the  United 
States  could  not  be  utilized  even  if  it  were  available.  The 
one  thing  that  will  solve  the  problem  is  the  immediate 
activity  of  such  military  units  as  the  Forest  Regiments, 
contributed  to  the  allied  cause  by  the  American  Govern- 
ment. 

It  is  to  handle  such  needs  of  war  that  the  10th  Engi- 


neers (Forest)  has  already  been  sent  to  France  and  the 
20th  Engineers  (Forest)  is  being  prepared  to  go  across. 
These  organizations  will  provide  lumber  for  the  almost 
endless  needs  of  the  allied  armies.  Modern  warfare  de- 
mands the  construction  of  wharves,  warehouses,  store- 
houses, hospitals,  depots,  shops  and  other  buildings  nec- 
essary to  shelter  the  army  and  its  ammunition  and  sup- 
plies. The  corps  of  engineers  must  build  and  operate 
railroads  connecting  the  wharves  and  shops  with  the 
storehouses  and  depots  and  the  latter  with  points  as  close 
as  possible  to  the  scene  of  fighting.  Roads  must  be  con- 
structed and  repaired,  bridges  built,  repaired  and 
strengthened  and  fortifications  and  other  defensive  works 
constructed.  For  these  purposes  the  trees  of  the  French 
forests  must  be  felled  and  converted  into  railroad  ties 
and  other  timbers  and  much  of  this  work  must  be  done 
by  the  engineer  regiments  of  American  foresters,  woods- 
men and  sawmill  men. 

The  work  that  takes  these  men  to  France  is  essentially 
the  work  of  wartime  emergency.  Military  leaders  agree 
that  the  man  who  provides  lumber  for  use  in  the  war  zone 
is  performing  a  duty  as  essential  as  that  of  the  man  on 
the  firing  line.  This  completely  disposes  of  the  criticism 
in  some  quarters  that  the  expense  of  sending  these  regi- 
ments to  France  and  maintaining  them  there  makes  the 
cost  of  their  lumber  output  from  $300  to  $400  a  thousand 
feet.  The  absurdity  of  such  criticism  is  as  obvious  as  its 
lack  of  patriotism.  Similar  reasoning  might  be  applied 
to  the  work  of  the  Red  Cross  and  the  ambulance  service. 
It  might  be  pointed  out  that  it  is  much  cheaper  to  let  men 


FORESTERS  IN  WORLD'S  LARGEST  REGIMENT 


649 


be  injured  here  at  home  than  to  send  them  into  foreign 
battlefields,  on  the  theory  that  a  man  who  becomes  ill  or 
injured  in  an  American  city  may  procure  hospital  treat- 
ment at  much  less  cost  than  is  involved  in  the  same  treat- 
ment in  a  zone  of  war.  So  far,  however,  no  earnest  critic 
has  come  forward  with  any  such  suggestion.  Nor  has  it 
been  urged  that  the  relief  agencies  be  abolished  because 
of  the  expense  involved.  Perhaps  all  of  the  possibilities 
in  the  line  of  such  criticism  are  not  yet  exhausted.  The 
further  progress  of  the  war  may  be  illumined  by  many 
thoughtful  suggestions  of  this  nature.  In  common  with 
the  pacifists  such  profound  economists  have  ideas  that 
are  prolific  as  well  as  picturesque  and  we  may  yet  hear 
them  urging  that  it  is  cheaper  for  the  soldiers  to  stay  at 
home  than  for  the  government  to  go  to  the  expense  of 
sending  them  across  the  seas.    The  subject  is  limitless. 

One  of  the  important  duties  of  the  trained  foresters  is 
the  selection  of  those  trees  which  may  be  best  harvested 
without  ruining  the  forests.  The  woodsmen  and  sawmill 
workers  include  men  skilled  in  the  handling  of  lumber 
from  the  time  the  tree  is  marked  for  cutting  until  the  log 
passes  through  the  mill  and  the  material  is  ready  for  use 
in  the  building  of  trenches  or  otherwise. 

A  constant  problem  of  the  American  lumber  worker  in 
the  French  forests  is  the  handling  of  trees  in  which  frag- 
ments of  shell  are  embedded.  The  German  spirit  of  de- 
struction in  the  enemy's  country  has  left  large  sections  of 
woodland  in  which  serious  damage  has  been  done. 
Chunks  of  shell  have  found  lodgment  in  the  bodies  of 
trees  and  in  the  course  of  months  these  pieces  of  metal 
have  in  many  cases  become  overgrown  and  difficult  of 
detection  through  superficial  inspection.  Consequently 
there  is  trouble  when  the  log  comes  under  the  saw  and 
this  makes  the  work  of  producing  lumber  especially  diflfi- 
cult  and  an  undertaking  requiring  much  care. 


Another  phase  of  destructiveness  practiced  by  the  in- 
vaders has  been  the  damage  done  to  orchard  trees.  Vast 
areas  of  the  trees  were  cut  down  completely  and  in  other 
vast  areas,  where  pursuit  left  no  time  for  this  process, 
German  "Kultur"  expressed  itself  in  cutting  off  a  circle 
of  bark  around  each  tree.  By  this  latter  process  it  was 
sought  to  kill  apple,  peach,  plum,  apricot  and  cherry 
trees  which  had  been  growing  for  years.  Trained  work- 
ers succeeded  in  saving  trees  of  both  classes.  Those 
which  had  been  cut  down  were  grafted  to  their  own 
stumps  by  careful  treatment  and  during  the  recent  sum- 
mer they  again  blossomed  and  bore  fruit.  Those  which 
had  been  ringed  were  treated  with  grafting  cement  and 
the  wounds  carefully  bandaged.  In  this  work  not  only 
French  soldiers  were  engaged  under  officers  familiar 
with  forestry  and  tree  surgery,  but  army  surgeons  and 
Red  Cross  workers  gave  assistance.  Frequently  use  was 
made  of  bandages  that  had  been  prepared  for  human 
wounds.  When  supplies  ran  short  tar  and  clay  were  used 
instead  of  cement  and  twisted  moss  was  tied  around  the 
dressed  wounds  instead  of  bandages.  By  these  methods 
years  have  been  saved  in  restoring  the  otherwise  ruined 
orchards. 

Late  in  October  French  aviators  found  that  in  the  Laon 
sector  the  German  troops  were  again  resorting  to  the  de- 
struction of  villages  and  trees,  indicating  another  "strate- 
gic retreat,"  similar  to  that  which  took  place  earlier  on 
the  Arras  Camines  front. 

Vivid  pictures  of  the  ruin  that  has  been  wrought  is 
given  by  German  papers.  The  Berlin  Lokal  Anzeiger 
describes  a  strip  of  country  from  six  to  eight  miles  in 
width  and  extending  along  the  whole  of  the  new  German 
position  as  having  been  turned  by  the  Imperial  army 
into  dead  territory,  "presenting  a  terrible  barrier  of  deso- 
lation to  any  enemy  hardy  enough  to  advance  against  our 


WHERE  THE  SOUND  OF  THE  SAWMILL  BLENDS   WITH   THE    R'lAR  OF  ARTILLERY 

This  is  a  picture  of  a  sawmill  somewhere  near  the  French  hattle  front.  Some  of  the  sawmill  units  are  located  so  near  to  the  fighting  lines  that  they 
hear  the  booming  of  cannon  and  the  bursting  of  shells  as  a  part  of  their  daily  routine.  Shells  embedded  in  tree  trunks  are  a  frequent  source 
of  trouble  in  the  operation  of  the  sawmills,  but  in  spite  of  the  handicaps  the  output  of  each  unit  is  constant  and  indispensable  to  military  opera- 
lions      The  mill  here  pictured   is  typical  of  the  environment  of  the  sawmill   men    who  go   with   the    Forest    Regiments. 


650 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


DELIVERY   SYSTEM   FOR  FINISHED   LUMBER   IN   FRANCE. 

After  the  foresters,  woodsmen  and  sawmill  workers  have  finished  their  share  of  converting  the  French  forests  into  construction  material  the  lumber 
is  loaded  on  powerful  trucks  for  distribution  to  such  building  operations  as  may  be  going  on.  This  section  of  the  war  zone  lumber  yard  is  devoted 
to  finished  sleepers      No  time  is  lost  between  tree  felling  and  clelivery  of  lumber,  as  all  the   work  is  done   under  military   discipline. 


new  lines.  No  village  or  farm  was  left  standing  on  this 
glacis,  no  road  was  left  passable,  no  railway  track  or  en- 
bankment  was  left  in  being.  Where  once  were  woods 
there  are  gaunt  rows  of  stumps ;  the  wells  have  been 


blown  up ;  wires,  cables  and  pipe  lines  destroyed.  In 
front  of  our  new  positions  runs,  like  a  gigantic  ribbon,  an 
empire  of  death."  This  is  typical  of  the  situation  that 
has  been  created  by  the  enemy  and  which  must  be  over 


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WAR  ZONE  FORESTERS   BUILDING   RAILROAD 

The  Canadian  Forest  Section  by  no  means  confines  itself  to  lumbering 
and  sawmill  work.  Railroads  are  essential  to  modern  warfare  and  these 
men  are  constructing  a  line  through  a  French  forest.  The  Forest  Section 
is  doing  the  entire  joh,  from  cutting  ties  to  grading  and  tracklaying. 


CANADIAN    WOODSMEN    IN    THE    WAR    ZONE 

These    men    are    types   of   the  forest    workers    sent   overseas   as    a   part   of 

Canada's   contribution    to   the  cause   of   the    Allies.     The    sergeant   on    the 

right   has    three    sons   serving  in    France,   one  of   them   a   captain   and    the 
others   lieutenants. 


FORESTERS  IN  WORLD'S  LARGEST  REGIMENT 


651 


come  by  American  forest  regiments  and  engineers. 
Canada  has  already  sent  more  than  10,000  men  overseas 
in  forest  battalions  and  additional  large  numbers  who 
had  already  crossed  with  the  army  have  been  organized 
into  forest  companies. 

Recruiting  of  the  20th  Engineers  (Forest)  has  been 
gfoing  on  throughout  the  country.  Listing  offices  were 
established  in  each  state  to  receive  applications  for  en- 
listment from  men  willing  to  take  service  in  the  regiment. 
These  listing  offices  were  in  addition  to  the  regular  army 
recruiting  offices,  through  all  of  which  applications  are 
received.  As  rapidly  as  accepted  and  enlisted  for  service 
in  the  regiment  the  men  were  gathered  at  the  American 
University  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  on  the  campus  of 
which  institution  the  regimental  camp  is  located.  In 
this  camp  they  are  immediately  placed  under  military  dis- 
cipline and  training,  with  a  routine  of  daily  work  calcu- 
lated to  put  them  into  trim  for  organized  work  as  soon 
as  they  reach  their  destination  in  Europe.  In  addition  to 
the  men  received  through  the  various  listing  offices  and 
recruiting  stations  the  roster  included  a  large  numbei 
of  men  from  the  drafted  army.  At  the  various  encamp- 
ments of  the  National  Army  men  who  are  found  to  have 
had  woods  and  lumber  experience  are  detailed  to  the  for- 
est regiment  and  this  will  doubtless  continue  to  be  an 
important  factor  in  quickly  filling  the  ranks  of  the  or- 
ganization. 

For  the  new  regiment  three  hundred  and  nine  commis- 
sioned officers  are  required.  These  officers  are  men  of 
technical  training  in  various  lines.     Two-thirds  of  them 


NOT    MUCH    SUGGESTION    OF   WAR   HERE 

Skidding  logs  is  the  same  thing,  whether  in  a  peaceful  western  logging 
canijp  or  in  the  war  zone.  These  men  are  operating  on  the  western  front 
in  France  and  the  timbers  are  used  in  trench  building  and  other  forms  of 
defense  construction. 


HOUSING     THE     FOREST     REGIMENT 

The  type  of  barracks  in  which  the  men  live  at  American  University  while 
undergoing  the  necessary  training  before  being  shipped  to  France  to  work 
in  the  forests  of  that  country. 

are  practical  lumbermen  or  sawmill  operators  and  one- 
third  technical  foresters  with  long  woods  experience  In 
the  selection  of  these  officers  the  Forest  Service  had  the 
co-operation  of  fourteen  committees  of  lumbermen  rep- 
resenting districts  throughout  the  country.  These  nomina- 
ting committees  included  some  of  the  best-known  lum- 
bermen in  the  United  States.  Almost  every  man  se- 
lected was  interviewed  by  a  lumberman's  committee  or 
by  the  Forest  Service  officials.  Many  private  foresters 
and  forest  schools  assisted  in  finding  technical  men  suit- 
able foi  appointment  and  it  is  declared  that  all  the  men 
selected  have  proved  by  experience  their  qualities  of  lead- 
ership and  their  ability  to  handle  men  in  large  numbers. 

The  age  limits  set  at  the  beginning  of  the  undertaking 
required  that  all  officers  of  the  forest  battalions  should 
be  not  less  than  31  years  of  age.  Because  of  the  difficulty 
of  finding  enough  men  suitable  for  lieutenants  the  age 
limit  was  later  lowered  to  25.  The  bulk  of  the  men  rec- 
ommended for  lieutenancies  range  in  age  from  25  to  35, 
as  captains  from  30  to  40  and  as  majors  from  40  to  50. 
The  men  who  have  been  recommended  have  been  notified 
that  all  further  steps,  as  to  physical  examination,  the  is- 
suance of  commissions  and  the  order  in  which  successful 
applicants  will  be  called  for  service,  rest  with  the  War 
Department.  Not  all  of  the  men  accepted  will  be  called 
into  service  at  once.  In  order  to  provide  for  future  con- 
tingencies it  was  decided  to  commission  at  the  present 
time  enough  officers  to  care  for  the  other  battalions  yet 
to  be  raised. 

Late  additions  to  the  roster  of  officers  of  the  20th  Engi- 
neers (Forest)  were  announced  as  follows : 

Regimental  Headquarters — Major  E.  H.  Marks,  acting  lieu- 
tenant colonel ;  Lieut.  J.  W.  Herbett,  veterinary  detachment ;  First 
Lieut.  C.  W.  Smith,  chaplain. 

First  Battalion  Headquarters — First  Lieut.  R.  B.  Hill,  medical 
officer;  First  Lieut.  R.  F.  Roudybush,  dental  officer. 

First  Battalion  (Company  B) — Capt.  C.  B.  Cutting,  command- 
ing; Second  Lieut.  C,  B.  Bradley, 


652 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Second  Battalion  Headquarters— First  Lieut.  J.  B.  Swafford. 
medical  officer ;  First  Lieut.  C.  P.  Hatrick,  dental  officer. 

Second  Battalion  (Company  B)— First  Lieut.  Charles  C.  Kelley. 

Third  Battalion  Headquarters— Major  B.  F.  Wade;  Capt.  E.  H. 
Sargent,  adjutant;  Capt.  O.  H.  Todd,  acting  adjutant;  Capt.  W. 
H.  Estabrook,  supply  officer,  and  First  Lieut.  A.  H.  Ellison,  engi- 
neer officer. 

Company  A— Captain,  C.  E.  Clark;  first  lieutenants,  W.  G. 
Conklin,  P.  D.  Mackie,  C.  M.  Jenkins ;  second  lieutenants,  E.  B. 
Birmingham  and  Harold  M.  Power. 

Company  B— Captain,  E.  P.  Dudley;  first  lieutenants,  G.  C. 
Eastman,  L.  W.  Jacobs,  M.  Vanmeter;  second  lieutenant,  L.  B. 
McDaniels. 

Company  C — Captain,  S.  C.  Phipps ;  first  lieutenants,  C.  C.  Ab- 
bott, H.  H.  Miller,  F.  B.  Judge;  second  lieutenants,  O.  J.  Davis, 
A.  L.  Hyde  and  John  Summerset. 

The  district  committees  of  lumbermen  for  nominating 
officers  were  made  up  as  follows : 

District  No.  1  (Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachu- 
setts, Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island)— H.  B.  Stebbins,  chairman, 
H.  B.  Stebbins  Lumber  Company,  Boston,  Mass.;  M.  A.  Brown, 
Parker  &  Young  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. ;  F.  B.  Cutler,  Stetler-Cutler 
Company,  Boston,  Mass.;  H.  G.  Philbrook,  Connecticut  Valley 
Lumber  Company,  Boston,  Mass.;  H.  W.  Blanchard,  H.  W. 
Blanchard  Lumber  Company,  Boston,  Mass. ;  C.  W.  Whitney, 
Perry-Whitney  Lumber  Company,  Boston,  Mass. 

District  No.  2  (New  York) — Ferris  J.  Meigs,  chairman,  Santa 
Clara  Lumber  Company,  Tupper  Lake;  W.  L.  Sykes,  Emporium 
Lumber  Company,  Buffalo ;  Frank  L.  Moore,  Watertown ;  Maurice 
Hoopes,  Finch,  Pruyn  &  Co.,  Glens  Falls ;  J.  M.  Gamble,  Brown- 
ville  Board  Company,  Brownville;  W.  C.  Hull,  Oval  Wood  Dish 
Company,  Tupper  Lake. 

District  No.  3  (Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey) — N.  P.  Wheeler, 
Jr.,  chairman,  Wheeler  &  Dusenbury  Lumber  Company,  En- 
deavor, Pa.;  A.  W.  Mallinson,  Central  Pennsylvania  Lumber 
Company,  Williamsport,  Pa.;  R.  R.  Chaffee,  Wheeler  &  Dusen- 
bury Lumber  Company,  Endeavor,  Pa. 

District  No.  4  (Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  West  Virginia, 
North  Carolina  and  South  Carolina) — C.  L.  Millard,  chairman, 
John  L.  Roper  Lumber  Company,  Norfolk,  Va. ;  W.  M.  Ritter, 
W.  M.  Ritter  Lumber  Company,  Columbus,  Ohio;  J.  S.  Holmes, 
State  Forester,  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. ;  George  L.  Forrester,  secretary 
Western  North  Carolina  Logging  and  Lumber  Company,  Ashe- 
ville,  N.  C. ;  E.  W.  Durant,  Jr.,  E.  P.  Burton  Lumber  Company, 
Charleston,  S.  C. 

District  No.  5  (Georgia,  Florida  and  Alabama) — M.  L.  Fleis- 
chel,  chairman,  Carpenter-O'Brien  Lumber  Company,  Jackson- 


ville,  Fla.;  R.  H.  Paul,  Watertown,   Fla.;   M.  M.   Bond,  Bond 
Lumber  Company,  Lake  Helen,  Fla. 

District  No.  6  (Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee)— W.  E.  DeLaney,  chairman,  Kentucky  Lumber  Com- 
pany, Lexington,  Ky. ;  J.  M.  Pritchard,  secretary,  Gum  Manufac- 
turers Association,  Memphis,  Tenn. ;  R.  R.  May,  Southern  Hard- 
wood Traffic  Association,  Louisville,  Ky. 

District  No.  7  (Michigan  and  Wisconsin) — John  W.  Blodgett, 
chairman.  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.;  R.  S.  Kellogg,  National  Lumber 
Manufacturers'  Association,  Chicago,  111. ;  H.  C.  Hornby,  Clo- 
quet,  Minn.;  Benjamin  Finch,  Finch  Bros.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

District  No.  8  (Minnesota)— H.  C.  Hornby,  Cloquet,  Minn.;  F. 
W.  Wilhelmi,  Cloquet  Tie  &  Post  Co.,  Cloquet,  Minn.;  Benjamin 
Finch,  Finch  Bros.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

District  No.  9  (Mississippi  and  Louisiana) — C.  S.  Williams, 
chairman,  Patterson,  La. ;  S.  T.  Woodring,  Lake  Charles,  La. ;  E. 
A.  Frost,  Shreveport,  La. ;  R.  B.  Carrier,  Sardis,  Miss. ;  F.  W. 
Pettibone,  Kiln,  Miss. 

District  No.  10  (Missouri,  Arkansas,  Oklahoma  and  Texas) — 
Chas.  S.  Keith,  chairman,  Kansas  City,  Mo. ;  R.  A.  Long,  Kansas 
City,  Mo. ;  J.  B.  White,  Kansas  City,  Mo. ;  W.  R.  Pickering,  Kan- 
sas City,  Mo. ;  L.  L.  Seidel,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

District  No.  11  (Montana,  Idaho  and  Wyoming) — A.  W.  Laird, 
chairman,  Potlatch,  Id.;  P.  M.  Lachmund,  Potlatch,  Id.;  R.  M. 
Hart,  Couer  d'Alene,  Id.;  J.  A.  McCann,  Libby,  Mont;  Kenneth 
Ross,  Missoula,  Mont.;  E.  H.  Van  Ostrander,  Winchester,  Id. 

District  No.  12  (Washington  and  Oregon) — George  S.  Long, 
chaiman,  Weyerhaeuser  Timber  Company,  Tacoma,  Wash. ;  J.  J. 
Donovan,  Bloedel-Donovan  Lumber  Mills,  Bellingham,  Wash.; 
E.  G.  Ames,  Puget  Mill  Company,  Seattle  Wash.;  George  M. 
Cornwall,  "The  Timberman,"  Portland,  Ore. ;  A.  L.  Paine,  VVest 
Coast  Lumberman's  Association,  Hoquiam,  Wash.;  Henry  Kirk, 
Beaver  Lumber  Company,  Portland,  Ore. 

District  No.  13  (California  and  Nevada) — S.  O.  Johnson,  Weed 
Lumber  Company,  San  Francisco;  E.  H.  Cox,  Weed  Lumber 
Company,  San  Francisco ;  O.  C.  Haslett,  California  Pine  Box  and 
Lumber  Company,  San  Francisco ;  W.  P.  Johnson,  Weed  Lumber 
Company,  San  Francisco;  C.  Stowell  Smith,  secretary  California 
Sugar  and  White  Pine  Manufacturers'  Association,  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

District  No.  14  (Colorado,  Utah,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico) — 
William  P.  McPhee,  chairman,  McPhee  and  McGinnity  Lumber 
Company,  Denver,'  (iol. ;  Smith  Riley,  District  Forester,  Denver, 
Col. ;  T.  A.  Shonberg,  Continental  Tie  and  Timber  Company, 
Denver,  Col. ;  B.  Coldren,  Hallack  and  Howard  Lumber  Com- 
pany, Denver,  Col.,  assisted  by  M.  J.  Riordan,  Stiginaw  and 
Manistee  Lumber  (Company,  Flagstaff,  Ariz. 


AMERICAN  FORESTERS  IN  MILITARY  SERVICE 

This  list  is  compiled  from  various  sources.  Every  effort  has  been  made  to  make  it  complete  and  accurate, 
but  in  the  nature  of  things  there  are  necessarily  omissions  and  errors.  The  list  will  be  reprinted  and  increased 
from  month  to  month.  All  foresters  and  others  who  can  supply  additional  names  or  note  corrections  are  urged 
to  communicate  with  American  Forestry  as  promptly  as  possible,  to  the  end  that  the  list  may  have  full  value 
as  a  record  of  the  men  who  have  gone  to  war. 


A  GEE,  Fred.  B.,  Deputy  Forest  Supervisor,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Albano,  Jack,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Aldous,  Tura  M.,  grazing,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Alexander,  J.  B.,  1st  Lt.  Aviation  Corps,  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '17). 
Ames,  F.  E.  (Yale  For.  School  '05). 
Anderson,  A.  C,  2nd  Lt.  U.  S.  A.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '17). 
Anderson,  Emil  A.,  deputy  forest  supervisor,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Archer,  Frank  L.,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Atkinson,  E.  S.,  (Yale  For.  School,  '16). 
Avery,  B.  F.,  commissioned  in  Eng.  (Fores,t)  forces ;  (Yale  For. 

School) ;  Spanish  River  Pulp  and  Paper  Mills. 

BADERTSCHER,  Ed.,  temporary  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Baker,  Hugh  P.  (Yale  For.  School,  '04),  N.  Y.  State  Col.  of 
Forestry. 
Baldenburg,  Max  B.,  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Barr,  John  B.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Barlow,  Harold  (Yale  For.  School,  '14). 

Bastian,  Clyde  E.,  Corp.  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Uni.  of  Mich.,  '16). 
Batten,  R.  W.  (Yale  For.  School,  '16). 
Beaman,  Clarence  W.,  messenger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Bedwell,  Jesse  L.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Bell,  George  R.  (Yale  For.  School,  '18). 

Benedict,  M.  S.,  1st  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  for.  sup.,  U.  S.  F.  S 
Benedict,  Raymond  E.,  Major  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  For.  Br.  B.  C. 
Bentley,   George   A.,   Capt.   Quartermaster's    Dept.,   purchasing 

agent  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Bennett,  EUlwin  L.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 


Bernhardt,  Carl  L.,  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '18).  =       > 

Berry,  John  K.,  scaler,  U.  S.  F".  S. 

Berry,  Swift,  forester,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Betts,  Fred.  H.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Bevan,  Arthur  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '17). 

Billingslea,  James  H.,  Jr.,  Top  Sergeant  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '14),  for- 
est ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Bird,  R.  J.,  Corp.  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Cornell,  '16). 

Bird,  Vern  A.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Bloom,  Adolph,  Ensign  U.  S.  N.  Train.  Sta.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '16). 

Bonney,  Parker  S.,  Sub.  Lt.  British  Navy  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '13). 

Bowen,  Jos.  B.  (Yale  For.  School,  '17). 

Bradley,  Tom  O.  (Mt.  Alto),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Brady,  Charles  C.  (Uni.  of  Wash.  '18). 

Breneman,  Howard  E.  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  '17),  Co.  C,  10th 
Eng.  (Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Brewster,  Donald  R.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Brindley,  Ralph,  2nd  Lt.  R.  O.  T.  C.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '17). 

Brooks,  James  F.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Brown,  Bascom  H.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Brown,  Vance,  scaler,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Browning,  Harold  A.,  asst.  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Broxon,  Donald  (Uni.  of  Wash.  '14). 

Bruce,  Donald,  Prof,  of  For.,  Uni.  of  Cal.  (Yale  For.  School,  '10; 
assigned  in  charge  of  timber  reconnoissance  in  France. 

Bryant,  Edward  S.,  Capt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  for.  ins.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Buch,  John  Edward  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  '17),  Co.  C,  10th  Eng. 
(Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 


FORESTERS  IN  WORLD'S  LARGEST  REGIMENT 


653 


Buck,  Shirley,  National  forest  inspector,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Burgess,  John,  surveyor  draftsman,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Burnham,  R.  P.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  17). 

Buttrick,  P.  L.,  Amer.  Ambulance  Serv.  (Yale  For.  School,  11). 

CALKINS,  Hugh  G.  (Yale  For.  School,  '09),  forest  supervisor, 
U.  S.  F.  S. 

Calloway,  G.  A.  (Uni.  of  Mo.). 
Calvert,  Gerald  F.  (Uni.  of  Wash). 
Cameron,  J.  F.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  19). 
Cappel,  Frederick,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Cassidy,  Hugh  O.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Cecil,  Kirk  P.,  surveyor,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Chudderdon,  Harold  A.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Chamberlain,  Harry  A.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Chapman,    Charles    S.,   Major   10th   Eng.    (Forest),    (Yale   For. 

School,  '02),  forestry  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Charlson,  Alex.,  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '16). 
Christensen,  Alfred  C,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S.). 
Clark,  Donald  H.,  1st.  Lt.  R.  O.  T.  C.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '17). 
Clark,  E.  V.,  forest  supervisor,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Clemmons,  Walter  C,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Condon,  H.  R.,  2nd.  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  Pa.  R.  R.  forester. 
Conklin,  W.  Gardiner,  1st.  Lt.  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Pa.  State  For. 

Acad.,  '08),  Pa.  Dept.  Forestry. 
Cook,  A.  M.  (Yale  For.  School,  '08). 
Cook,  John  W.,  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Cook,  Samuel,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Cookston,  Roy,  Capt.  10th.  Eng.  (Forest). 
Cope,  H.  Norton,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Cownan,  Talmadge  D.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Critchley,  Horace  F.    (Mt.  Alto,   13),  Res.   OflF.  Tr.   Camp,   Ft. 

Niagara,  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Crumb,  Isaac  J.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '20). 
Cuff,  Ivan  A.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Culley,  Matthew  J.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Cuno,  John  B.,  2nd.  Lt.  20th.  Eng.  (Forest). 
Curwen,  William  H.,  surveyor-draftsman,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

DALLENBACH,  Emil,  messenger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
De  Camp,  J.  C,  grazing  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Deering,  Robert  L.,  1st  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  forest  ex- 
aminer, U.  S.  F.  S. 
Deutsch,  Henry  C,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Doggett,  William  H.  (Yale  For.  School,  17). 
Dorrance,  John  Gordon,  2nd.  Lt.  E.  O.  R   C 
Dorward,  D.  L.  (Yale  For.  School,  '14). 

Douglass,  C.  W.  H.,  Aviation  Corps   (N.  Y.  State  Col.  of  For- 
estry, '15),  American  Forestry. 
DuBois,  Coert,  Major  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  dis.  forester,  U.  S.  F  S 
Dubuar,  James  F.,  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Dunn,  Beverly  C,  Adjutant  10th.  Eng.  (Forest). 
Dunning,  Duncan,  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F    S 
Dunston,  Clarence  R.,  1st.  Lt.,  U.  S.  Indian  Service 
Dunwoody,  W.  B.  (Yale  For.  School,  '16). 

ELDREDGE  Inman  F.,  Capt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  forest  super- 
visor, U.  S.  F.  S. 
Elliott,  Harry  R.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F   S 
Emerick,  Lloyd  P.,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Emerson,  J.  Ward,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Evans,  Vincent  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '16). 
Ewing,  Robert  B.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

FAIRCHILD,  Rollin  A.,  forest  clerk,  U.  S    F   S 
Fifer,  Charles  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '20) 
Fish,  Harold  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '18) 
Fisher,  David  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  14). 

Foess,  Jacob  E.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Mich.  Ag.  Col ,  17) 
Foley,  A   C.   Corp.  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Uni.  of  Mich.,  '18). 
Foran,  Harold  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '16). 
Fowler,  Frederick  H.,  district  engineer,  U.  S   F  S 
Frankland,  James,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F   S 
Fritchle,  C.  R.  (Uni.  of  Mo.). 

Fritz,  Emanuel  (Yale  For.  School,  14),  forest  asst    U   S    F   S 
Fuller,  Francis  S.,  .forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S.  •     •     • 

GALER,  George  E.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F   S 
Gallaher,  W.  H.,  2nd  Lt.  (Yale  For.  School,  '10),  USPS 
Garrett,  C.  B.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '16).  ''■'=>■  r.  o. 

Gaylord,  Donald  (Yale  For.  School,  '15) 
Gebo,  L.  W.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Cornell,  '16). 
Gibbons,  William  H.,  2nd.  Lt.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S   F  S 
Gi  1,  Thomas  H   (Yale  For.  School,  '15),  forest  ranger,  USES 
Gilman,  John,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S  ' 

Gilson.  R.  M.  (Yale  For,  School,  17). 
Girk,  Royal  J.,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S 

Godwin,  DP.  1st  Lt.  10th  Eng,  (Forest),  forest  exam,,  U.  S  F  S 
Goodman,  Walter  F.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S    F   S 
Graham,  Paul  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '1.3), 


Granger,  C.  M,,  assistant  district  forester,  U,  S,  F,  S, 

Graves,  Henry  S.,  Lt.  Col,,  director,  ditision  of  forestry  head- 
quarters, American  Expeditionary  forces ;  United  States  For- 
ester, 

Greeley,  William  B.,  Major,  deputy  director,  division  of  forestry 
headquarters,  American  Expeditionary  forces;  assistant 
United  States  Forester. 

Grefe,  Raymond  F.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Guthrie,  John  D.  (Yale  For.  School,  '06),  forest  sup.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Guthrie,  Richard  T.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

HAASIS,  F.  W.  (Yale  For.  School,  '13), 
Hackett,  William,  forest  ranger,  U,  S.  F,  S, 
Hall,  R,  C,  (Yale  For,  School,  '08),  forest  examiner,  U.  S. 
F.  S. ;  assigned  to  timber  reconnoissance  in  France. 
Hansen,  Thorvald  (Yale  For.  School,  17),  forest  asst.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Hansson,  Arnold  (Yale  For.  School,  '17). 
Harding,  Charles  C.  (Yale  For.  School,  '16). 
Harlacher,  Josef  (Mt.  Alto,  '17),  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  Pa.  Dept. 

For. 
Harley,  Percy  H.,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Harmelling,  H.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '12). 
Hendrickson,  Guy  C,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Hendrix,  Albert  W.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.   S. 
Hicock,  Henry  W.  (Yale  For.  School,  '15). 
Hicks,  L.  E.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Hill,  F.  C,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Hirst,  E.  C.  (Yale  For.  School,  '09),  state  for.,  New  Hampshire. 
Hogentogler,  Joseph  R.  (Mt.  Alto,  '12),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Holt,  Felix  R.  (Yale  For.  School,  '02). 
Hotze,  E.  B.  (Uni.  of  Mo.). 
Hope,  L.  S.  (Yale  For.  School,  '16). 
Houpt,  William  E.  (Mt.  Alto,  '09),  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  formerly 

Pa,  Dept,  For. 
Houtz,  Jesse  (Mt.  Alto,  '13),  Field  Artillery,  formerly  Pa.  Dept. 

For. 
Huff,  Rolland,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S, 
Hull,  J,  H,  (Yale  For,  School,  11). 
Humphrey,  J.  C.  H.  (Yale  For.  School,  '09). 
Hussey,  Ralph  W.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

INGALLS,  E.  E.  (Yale  For.  School,  '17). 
Inskeep,  Raymond  P.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S,  F,  S, 
Isola,  Vico  C,  (Yale  For.  School,  '14). 
Irwin,  James  A.  (Mt.  Alto,  '12),  Sergt.  10th  Eng,  (Forest),  for- 
merly Pa.  Dept.  For. 

JANOUCH,  Karl  L.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S, 
Johnson,  O,  S,,  Sgt,  20th  Eng,  (Forest)  (Uni,  of  Minn,,  '16), 
Jones,  E.  F,,  forest  examiner,  U,  S,  F.  S. 
Jones,  Luther  G,  (Yale  For,  School,  16), 
Judson,  Luchard  (Yale  For,  School,  '17), 

KELLEY,  Evan  W,,  Capt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  forest  examiner, 
U.  S.  F.  S. 
Ketcham,  Louis,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S 
Keyes,  John  H.,  20th  Eng,  (Forest),  (Yale,  '14), 
Ketridge,  John  C,  forest  examiner,  U,  S,  F,  S, 
Kiefer,  Francis,  Capt,  E,  O,  R,  C,  asst,  dist,  forester,  USES 
Kimball,  George  W„  forest  examiner,  U,  S,  F.  S. 
King,  Robert  F.,  2nd.  Lt.  Coast  Artillery  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '19) 
Kingsley,  Ray  M.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Kittredge,  Joseph,  Jr.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Klobucher,  F.  J.  (Yale  For.  School,  '16),  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S 
Knowlton,  H.  N.,  engineer  in  forest  products,  USES 
Kobbe,  William  H.  (Yale  For.  School,  '04), 
Koomey,  L,  H,  (Yale  For,  School,  '12). 
Kraebel,  Charles  J.,  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F,  S 
Kraft,  F,  G,  (Uni,  of  Mo,). 
Krause,  John  E,,  forest  ranger,  U.  S,  F,  S, 

LAFON,  John,  Capt,  10th  Eng,  (Forest),  Forest  Branch  B    C 
Larzon,  Arthur  K.  (Uni.  of  Wash.). 

Lee,  Chester  A.  (Yale  For.  School,  '17). 
Leach,  Walter  (Mt.  Alto,  '14),  314th  Inf.,  Pa.  Dept.  For 
Lentz,  Gustav  H.  (Yale  For.  School,  17). 
Lewis,  Ferry  D.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Lindsey,  Eugene  L.,  1st  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Yale  For.  School 

'19),  forest  examiner,  U.  S,  F,  S, 
Littlefield,  Theron  R,,  forest  ranger,  U,  S,  F   S 
Loveman,  A,  M,  (Yale  For,  School,  '16), 
Lowermilk,  Walter  C,  forest  ranger,  U,  S,  F,  S, 
Lundgren,  Leonard,  Captain,  engineer,  U,  S,  F   S 
Luther,  T,  F,,  20th  Eng,  (Forest),  (Cornell,  '17), 

MACKECHNIE,  A.  R.,  2nd  Lt.  U.  S.  A.  (Uni.  of  Wash.   '18) 
Malmstein,  Harry  E.,  grazing  assistant,  U.  S.  F   S 
Mackworth,  G.  D.  (Yale  For.  School,  '17). 
Marsh,  A.  Fletcher  (Yale  For,  School,  11), 
Masch,  Walter  (Mt,  Alto),  20th  Eng,  (Forest),  Pa,  Dept,  For 
Mason,  David  T„  Capt,  10th,  Eng,  (Forest),  Uni,  of  Cal    (Yale 
For  School,  '07), 


654 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


McCullough,  Thomas  E.  (Yale  For.  School,  11). 

McGillicuddy,  Blaine  (Uni.  of  Wash.). 

McGlaughlin,  Eugene  R.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Ohio  State  Uni.). 

McKnight,  Roscoe,  1st.  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  U.  S.  F.  S. 

McNulty,  L.  Edgar  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  17),  Co.  C,  10th  Eng. 
(Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

McPherson,  Benj.  D.  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  16),  10th  Eng.  (For- 
est), Pa.  Pept.  For. 

Meek,  Chas.  R.  (Mt.  Alto,  12),  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Mendenhall,  Fred  D.,  surveyor-draftsman,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Meyer,  Leo.  W.  (Yale  For.  School,  17). 

Middour,  Joseph  C.  (Mt.  Alto.  For.  Acad.,  16),  Co.  C,  10th  Eng. 
(Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Miles,  Clark,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Millar,  W.  N.,  Capt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest)),  (Yale  For.  School,  '08). 

Miller,  Edwin  B.  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  17),  10th  Eng.  (Forest), 
Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Miller,  Fred  H.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Minner,  Clifford  R.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Moir,  W.  Stuart  (Yale  For.  School,  17). 

Montgomery,  Ray  C,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Montgomery,  W.  E.  (Mt.  Alto,  13),  Res.  Off.  Tr.  Camp,  Augusta, 
Ga.,  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Moore,  Barrington,  Capt.  (Yale  For.  School,  '08),  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Moore,  W.  M.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Morton,  J.  Newton  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  '16),  Co.  C,  10th  Eng. 
(Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Mosch,  Walter  (Mt.  Alto)  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Murphy,  E.  C,  2nd  Lt.,  U.  S.  A.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  "20). 

Murphy,  R.  A.  (Yale  For.  School,  '17). 

Mutz,  George,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Myers,  Frank  B.,  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

NELSON,  Enoch  W.,  grazing  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Nelson,  Oscar  L.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Nevitt,  John  V.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Neasmith,  John  J.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Syracuse,  '17). 

OAKLEAF,  H.  B.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Odell,  W.  T.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '12). 
Oliver,  J.  Earl,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Oles,  W.  S.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Cornell,  '16). 
Orr,  Ronald  H.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Biltmore  For.  School,  '09). 

PAETH,  William  J.  (Yale  For.  School,  '12),  torest  assistant, 
U.  S.  F.  S. 
Paine,  F.  R.  (Yale  For.  School,  '14). 
Paine,  TopliflF  O.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Paxton,  Percy  J.  (Yale  For.  School,  '09),  forest  exam.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Peck,  Allen  S.,  Major,  10th  Eng.,  '09),  forest  insp.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Peck,  E.  C.  (Yale  For.  School,  '18)). 
Pilcher,  Rufus  J.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Plummer,  Donald  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '20). 
Port,  Harold  F.  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  '16),  Co.  A.,  10th  Eng. 

(Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Porter,  O.  M.  (Yale  For.  School,  '15). 
Powell,  Harry  A.,  British  Army,  (Uni.  of  Wash.). 
Powers,  James  E.  (Mt.  Alto,  '15),  Artillery,  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Powers,  Victor  S.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '18). 
Prichard,  R.  P.  (Yale  For.  School,  '09). 
Pryse,  E.  Morgan,  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

RAINSFORD,  W.  K.  (Yale  For.  School,  '06). 
Ramsdell,  Willett  F.,  deputy  forest  supervisor,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Rase,  Frederick  W.,  surveyor,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Rand,  E.  A.,  1st  Sgt.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Uni.  of  Me.,  14). 

Riblett,  Carl  H.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Richards,  E.  C.  M.  (Yale  For.  School,  11). 

Ricketts,  Howard  B.,  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Ringland,  Arthur  C,  Capt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Yale  For.  School, 
'05),  forest  inspector,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Rixson,  C.  L.,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Roberts,  Wesley  K.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '18)). 

Robertson,  Colin  C.  (Yale  For.  School,  '07). 

Robinson,  S.  E.  (Yale  For.  School,  '12)). 

Rockey,  K.  E.  (Yale  For.  School,  '12). 

Roeser,  Jacob,  Jr.,  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Root.  Lloyd  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  17),  Co.  C,  10th  Eng.  (For- 
est), Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Rowland,  Arthur  L.  (Mt.  Alto),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Rowland,  Horace  B.,  Jr.  (Mt.  Alto.  For.  Acad.,  '15),  Co.  F.,  10th 
Eng.  (Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Rush,  William  M.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Russell,  Joseph  P.  (Uni.  of  Wash.). 

SADLER,  George  M.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Salton,  Robert  C,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Sanford,  E.  C,  1st  Lt.,  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  forest  supervisor, 
U.  S.  F.  S. 


Sanger,  Owen  J.,  1st.  Lt.  Canadian  Contingent  (Uni.  of  Wash.). 

Schaefer,  Oscar  F.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Schmaelzle,  Karl  J.  (Uni.  of  Wash.). 

Schmitz,  Henry  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '15). 

Schowe,  William  A.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Scofield,  William  L.  (Yale  For.  School,  13),  for.  rang.,  U.  S.  F.  S 

Segur,  Lewis  L.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Seltzer,  J.  W.,  2nd  Lt.,  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Pa.  State  For.  Acad., 

'09),  forester  N.  J.  Zinc  Co. 
Senft,  Walter  M.  (Mt.  Alto),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Sheeler,  George  W.  (Mt.  Alto,  '12),  Co.  C,  502d  Service  Bat.,  Pa. 

Dept.  For. 
Shepard,  H.  B.,  2nd  Lt.,  10th  Eng.   (Forest),  forester  Lincoln 

Pulp  Cc. 
Shenefelt,  Ira  Lee  (Mt.  Alto,  '16),  Co.  C,  502d  Scivice  Bat.,  Pa. 

Dept.  For. 
Siggins,  Howard  W.  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  '14),  Co.  C,  10th  Eng. 

(Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Silcox,  F.  A.  (Yale  For.  School,  '05),  district  forester,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Skeels,  Dorr,  Capt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  Uni.  of  Montana. 
Slomaker,  L.  Vernon,  telephone  engineer,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Smith,  A.  Oakley  (Yale  For.  School,  '14). 
Smith,  Edwin  F.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Smith,  E.  H.,  1st.  Lt.  316th  Inf.,  Pa.  State  Forestry  Dept. 
Smith,  Edward  S.  (Mt.  Alto,  '16),  Nat.  Army,  Camp  Meade;  Pa. 

Dept.  For. 
Smith,  H.  A.  (Mt.  Alto,  '16),  Field  Hospital  Ser.,  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Stadden,   Robert  W.    (Mt.  Alto,   '14),  20th   Eng.    (Forest),   Pa. 

Dept.  For. 
Speers,  Vincent  E.,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Speidel,  H.  A.  (Yale  For.  School,  '14). 

Staebner,  R.  C. ;  eng..  Little  River  Lumber  Co.,  Townsend,  Tenn. 
Stanton,  L.  G.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '18)). 
Stevens,  Carl  M.  (Yale  For.  School,  '12). 
Stewart,  Clifford  H.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  K.  S. 
Stewart,  Jefferson  M.,  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Stone,  Everett  B.  (Yale  For.  School,  17). 
Stuart,  R.  Y.,  Capt.,  forest  inspector,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Stults,  Hal  L.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Swapp,  Roy,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Sweeney,  Joseph  A.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Sweeney,  Michael  J.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

THOMPSON,  Jackson  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '16). 
Thompson,  Raymond  H.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Tweedy,  Temple  (Yale  For.  School,  '14). 
Thomas,  Harry  L.,  Co.  C,  10th  Eng.   (Forest),  for.  rang..  Pa. 

Dept.  For. 
Thomas,  John,  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  for.  rang..  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

VAN  WICKLE,  J.  M.  (Uni.  of  Wash.). 
Van  Arsdall,  Howard  (Mt.  Alto),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Voight,  Alfred  W.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
VanHorn,  Harry  E.  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  14),  Co.  A.,  10th  Eng. 
(Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

WAGNER,  G.  C,  Jr.  (Yale  For.  School,  18) 
Walsh,  Harry  A.,  Capt.  Quartermaster's  Dept.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Ward,  Herbert  S.,  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Weitknecht,  Robert  H.,  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Wells,  Arthur  B.   (Mt.  Alto,  '11),  18th  Machine  Gun  Co.,   Pa. 
Dept.  For. 

Westfeldt,  W.  O.  (Yale  For.  School,  '16)). 

White,  Martin  E.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

White,  William  E.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Wilcox,  J.  M.,  Corporal  Inf.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '20). 

Williams,  Hubert  C,  1st.  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Yale,  '08). 

Wilson,  Stanley  F.  (Yale  For.  School,  '14>,  for.  rang.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Wirt,  William  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '18). 

Wisner, .,  Corp.  20th.  Eng.  (Forest),  (Syracuse.  17). 

Wohlenburg,  E.  F.,  2nd  Lt.,  lOth'Eng.  (Forest),  forest  examiner, 
U.  S.  F.  S. 

Wolfe,  Kenneth,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Wolfe,  Stanley  L.,  1st  Lt.,  U.,  S.  F.  S. 

Woolsey,  Theodore  S.,  Jr.  (Yale,  '02) ;  designated  as  timber  ne- 
gotiator in  France. 

Woodruflf,  James  A.,  Lt.  Col.  10th  Eng.  (Forest). 

Woods,  J.  B.,  1st  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest). 

Work,  Herman,  1st  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  deputy  forest  super- 
visor, U.  S.  F.  S. 

WulfJ,  Johannes  (Yale  For.  School,  17). 

"V^OMANS,  E.  J.  (Yale  For.  School,  '12),  for.  rang.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
1    Young,  L.  P.,  2d  Lt.  Inf.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  17). 

ZELLER,  R.  A.,  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Zieger,  Robert  H.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Ziegler,  E.  A.,  Capt.  Coast  Art.,  Direc.  Pa.  State  For.  Acad. 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


655 


FORESTRY  AT  BATES  COLLEGE 

TTNDER  the  will  of  Benjamin  C.  Jordan,  of  Alfred, 
^  Maine,  Bates  College,  of  Lewiston,  Maine,  received 
a  legacy  for  the  development  of  a  Department  of  For- 
estry. There  were  conditions  under  the  will,  as  there 
were  various  legatees,  including  daughters  of  Mr.  Jor- 
dan, and  there  were  numerous  obligations  to  be  met  be- 
fore any  part  of  the  legacy  would  be  available.  The 
various  outstanding  obligations  have  now  been  met.  A 
daughter  of  Mr.  Jordan,  under  the  terms  of  his  will,  was 
to  be  the  recipient  of  all  the  income  of  the  estate  that 
might  accrue  when  all  debts  had  been  paid.  She  is  a 
graduate  of  Bates  and  in  loyalty  to  her  alma  mater  has 
relinquished  a  share  of  her  income  in  order  that  her 
father's  wishes  might  be  carried  out  as  early  as  could 
be  found  practicable. 

Mr.  Jordan  had  been  for  many  years  a  trustee  of  Bates 
and  one  of  his  brothers  is  the  head  of  the  Department 
of  Chemistry  at  the  college.  The  college  will  ultimately 
have  large  resources  for  its  forestry  work,  but  for  a  few 
years  the  amount  available  will  be  only  moderate.  It 
does,  however,  permit  the  college  to  employ  a  thoroughly 
prepared  man  to  take  charge  of  the  department.  It  also 
affords  the  requisite  laboratory  facilities.  The  amount 
available  for  this  department  is  likely  to  increase  from 
year  to  year.  The  estate  of  Mr.  Jordan  included  some 
14,000  acres  of  good  timber  land,  situated  in  different 
counties  in  Maine. 

President  George  C.  Chase  writes  American  Forestry 
that  Bates  is  now  endeavoring  properly  to  correlate  her 
educational  work  in  forestry  with  other  work  in  such  a 
way  as  to  give  a  good  knowledge  of  forestry  to  students 
interested  in  this  subject  and,  at  the  same  time,  to  assure 
to  them  a  reasonable  degree  of  culture  and  breadth  of 
knowledge.  

CHANGES   AT  THE   GEORGIA   STATE 
FOREST   SCHOOL 

OINCE  it  was  necessary  to  divide  the  work  left  by  the 
*^  men  who  had  been  called  under  the  draft  at  the 
State  Forest  School  of  the  University  of  Georgia,  af 
Athens,  the  Forest  School  has  been  combined  with  the 
division  of  plant  pathology.  Most  of  the  efforts  at  the 
school  during  the  period  of  the  war  will  be  directed  to- 
ward a  control  of  plant  diseases,  supplemented,  of  course, 
by  a  certain  amount  of  work  in  forestry.  Two  projects 
have  been  approved,  one  of  which  provides  for  a  field 
agent  in  forestry  and  plant  pathology,  and  the  other  for 
a  specialist  in  plant  pathology.  Under  the  first,  Mr. 
James  Godkin,  who  had  his  undergraduate  work  at  Con- 
necticut and  his  graduate  work  at  the  Michigan  Agricul- 
tural College,  has  been  appointed.  An  arrangement  has 
been  made  with  Dr.  Humphrey,  of  the  Office  of  Cereals, 
for  the  stationing  of  six  specialists  within  the  State, 
whose  sole  work  will  be  the  control  of  cereal  diseases, 
and  there  will  be  full  and  cordial  co-operation  between 
the  State  and  the  university  in  the  conduct  of  this  work. 
It  is  now  confidently  expected  that  the  coming  year  will 
see  at  least  a  dozen  men  specializing  in  plant  pathology 
at  work  within  the  State,  the  result  of  whose  labors  will 
be  of  great  benefit  and  value. 


TREE'S  LONG  JOURNEY  ON  TRUCK 


TN  tree  transplanting  the 
-*-  motor  truck  has  made 
itself  known  as  a  factor 
of  real  importance.  Ex- 
perience has  demonstrated 
that  by  using  trucks  in 
this  work  the  undertak- 
ing is  greatly  simplified 
and  the  results  enhanced. 
In  the  accompanying  illus- 
tration is  shown  one  stage 
of  a  recent  tree  moving 
operation  which  shows 
how  a  truck  may  be  used 
to  good  advantage.  The 
tree  was  an  excellent  spe- 


cimen of  oak,  forty  feet  in  height  and  13  inches  in 
diameter.  The  trip  made  by  this  oak  was  trom  its  native 
nursery,  near  Philadelphia,  to  the  estate  of  Eugene  Du 
Pont,  at  Greenville,  Delaware,  a  distance  of  42^  miles. 
The  tree  was  lifted  from  the  ground  with  its  roots  en- 
cased in  a  ball  of  earth  weighing  approximately  8,500 
pounds.  The  weight  of  tree  and  rigging  was  estimated 
at  2,000  pounds,  making  a  total  weight  of  10,500  pounds. 
The  tree  was  loaded  and  unloaded  without  injury  and 
the  trip  was  made  without  mishap  of  any  kind.  The 
success  of  the  undertaking  has  convinced  those  concerned 
that  the  use  of  the  motor  truck  in  tree  removal  opens  up 
new  possibilities  for  transplanting. 


A  N  Omaha  chemist  is  experimenting  with  the  roots 
-^*-  and  stems  of  manzanita,  a  common  shrub  which 
forms  a  part  of  the  chaparral  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  as  a 
source  of  dye.  A  carload  of  the  wood  has  recently  been 
shipped  from  Northern  California  for  this  purpose. 


'HE  annual  value  of  the  farm  woodlot  products  of  the 
.United  States  is  $195,000,000. 


THE      PINE 


BY    MABEL 
POWERS 


(Y 


sen 


O    n 


W   k   o       Tell 


t   k 


S  t  o 


r  1  e  s 


) 


ND  tkus  spake  Osoak,  tke  Pine,  unto  me  in  the  Land 

OT  tne  Monawks.       |^        3g|       |       ,      |       ^      ■^       \\  \\ 

In  Nature  s  law  only  is  tkere  freedom,   strengtk,   con- 
tent.      I    know   for   I    kave    kept    Her   Law. 


I  am  Osoak,  tke  Pine,  Myself — tke  Guide  of  tke  For- 
est.  I  point  tke  "way  to  men.    Hearken  unto  my  voice,  okserve  my  si^na 

and   take    to    tke    Great    Sky    Road. 

From  my  topmost  kranckes  tkou  may  st 
determine  tky  direction  and  keep  tke 
needle  of  tky  soul  pointing  true  nortk. 

W'ken  tke  sun  sleeps  and  tke  cloud 
klanket  drops  low,  from  me  can  st  tkou 
learn  ^vkere  tke  east  trail  -winds  and 
tke  west  trail  leads.  Look  to  my  toAV- 
ering  crest.       |gc:        :Cg|       |i  i|       |  | 

NV ound  me,  kruise  me  and  I  will  pour 
tke  kalm  of  my  love  upon  tkee.  In 
tke  kreatk  of  my  spirit  may  st  tkou  find 
kealing    and     peace.       |      i       |       |jc:        J| 

AlAvays  my  arms  are  outstretcked  to 
welcome  and  kless  tkee,  tke  great  keart 
of    my    tree  trunk  yearnetk  for    tkee. 

Summer  and  Avinter,  in  sunskine  and 
storm,  yea  m  all  seasons  and  \veatkers, 
I  stand  strong,  steadfast,  unckanged, 
tke     same.       |  |       |i  ii       BC:        ai 

In  cities  distant,  in  tke  maddening  wkirl  of  self  and  tkings,   my  call 

ever    com  st     to     tkee. 


As    in    a    dream    tkou    kear  st    my    lo"w-kreatked    love     murmurs 
and     seekest     me     as     tke     young     tke     krooding     motker     kird. 

Again  and  again  skalt  tkou  return,  sit  at  my  feet — and  listen  until  tkou 
too  become  steadfast,true,  1  kyself,  in  love  and  trutk  fulfilling  tke  law. 

ike  Sky  is  not  far!      Osoak  tke  Pine  katk  spoken,  and  katk  pointed 
tkee,    tke    Great    Sky    Trail!       ^        ^       I  I       IT— 1       jgc:        J 


f? 


')') 


DOCTOR  MOUNTAIN 

BY  MARK  DANIELS 


FORMER    GENERAL    SUPERINTENDENT    OF    NATIONAL    PARKS 


SOME  true  friends  of  old  Daniel  Grogan,  whose  ma- 
chine shop  had  of  late  been  failing  to  pay  dividends, 
finally  persuaded  him  to  take  a  trip  to  the  moun- 
tains. They  had 
called  at  his  of 
fice  one  day 
and  told  him 
he  was  going 
with  them  to 
the  Sierras, 
where  health 
and  happiness 
lie. 

"Go   on   wid 


on 
It's 


ye !  It  s  you 
boosters  that 
do  most  av  the 
lyin',"  he  said, 
and  slid  far- 
ther down  into 
his  chair  there- 
by bringing  a 
recen  1 1  y  ac- 
quired embon- 
point into  more 
or  less  violent 
contact  with 
the  corner  of 
the  table. 

Perhaps  i  t 
was  the  whis- 
pered expletive 
which  gave 
them  the  cue, 
for  they  finally 
succeeded  i  n 
persuading  Mr. 
Grogan  that  a 
trip  to  the 
mountains 
would  not  only 
take  a  load  ofif 
his  feet  but  off 
his  mind  as 
well,  for  he 
had  been  fail- 
ing to  outwit 
his  competitors 
for  some  time, 
and  it  worried 
him.      A    few 


THE  GLORIOUS  BEAUTY  OF  THE  YOSEMITE  NATIONAL  PARK-THE  UPPER  FALLS 

Truly  has  it  been  said:  "I  will  open  rivers  in  higli  places  and  fountains  in  the  midst  of  the  vnltrv^"— 
and  many  there  are  who  can  bear  witness  to  tile  wonderful  healing  brought  to  sick  bodies  and  jaded 
nerves  through  the  medium  of  inspiration  found  here. 


Grogan  slowly  removed  his  hat  and  above  the 
roar  of  the  Falls  were  heard  the  words,  "Great  God 
Almighty !"    in    Grogan's    ringing    bass.       The    three 

stood  reverent- 
ly for  several 
minutes  before 
those  crashing 
falls,  that  tow- 
ered like  a  pil- 
lar of  purity  a 
half  mile  above 
them — and  then 
silently  walked 
away. 

For  the  next 
ten  days  Dan- 
iel Grogan  wa.= 
seen  in  early 
morning  and 
at  sunset  on 
the  trails  and 
in  the  canyons, 
on  the  moun- 
tain peaks  and 
below  the  roar- 
ing f^lls,  by 
the  placid  lakes 
and  beneath 
the  towering 
s  eq  u  o  i  a  s ;  a 
silent  and 
t  h  o  u  g  h  t  f  ul 
man. 

When  the 
time  came  to 
leave  he  wrung 
the  Superin- 
tendent's hand. 
"I've  seen 
but  a  bit  of 
Y  o  s  e  m  i  t  e 
Park.  But  I've 
seen  yure  river 
on  ind,  yure 
half  dome  sky- 
scraper, and 
yure  trees  that 
are  so  big  ye 
can  only  see 
'em  in  yure 
dreams,    and 


days  later,  three  of  them  emerged  from  a  grove  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Valley  and  stood,  breathless,  before 
the  indescribable  majesty  of  the  Falls  of  the  Yosemite. 


I've  got  more  inspirations  out  av  thim  than  are  in  two 
ingine  boilers  full  o'  highballs.  I'm  going  back  to  Frisco, 
too,  an'  build  a  machine  shop  that'll  make  more  noise 


637 


658 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


than  yure  upinded  river,  the  difference  bein'  that  there'll 
be  no  wather  in  it,  save  for  me  own  drinkin',  which 
same'U  be  all  I'll  be  drinkin'  this  day  forth." 

As  to  his  success  in  fulfilling  his  promises,  it  may 
be  said,  in  passing,  that  upon  his  death  he  left  an 
estate  of  such  size  that  the  income  from  it  pays  the 
traveling  and  other  expenses  of  his  two  progeny, 
who     annually     go     abroad     for     mountain     scenery. 

Mr.  G  r  o  g  a  n 
found,  as  others 
have  found  and 
others  will  ever  find, 
that  health  of  body 
is  only  one  of  the 
rewards  of  travel  in 
the  rugged  moun- 
tains. There  is  the 
effect  upon  the  mind, 
the  imagination — 
upon  the  soul,  as 
well. 

The  statements  of 
the  doctors,  that  a 
-trip  to  the  moun- 
tains each  year  will 
keep  us  in  better 
health,  has  lost  its 
punch.  The  fact  that 
the  capacity  to  re- 
sist the' inroads  of 
disease  and  the  lure 
of  the  fleshpots  de- 
creases inversely,  as 
the  square  of  the 
waist  measure  has 
lost  its  terrors.  So 
long  as  the  business 
is  running  along 
smoothly  and  the 
tango  tea  is  popular, 
why  worry  about 
the  increasing  pres- 
sure of  the  waist- 
coat ?  Why  heed 
the  cry  of  wolf? 
But  it  frequently 
occurs  that  the  busi- 
ness ceases  to  run 
so  smoothly,  and  ali 
efforts  fail  to  bring 
imagination,  inspi- 
ration and  ingenu- 
ity to  the  rescue.    Here  is  a  pure  case  for  the  mountains. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  certain  of  our  mental  faculties 
become  sluggish  through  disuse.  Few  men  can  follow, 
for  many  years,  the  humdrum  existence  of  daily  business 
life,  and  retain  all  their  mental  faculties  in  healthy,  active 
condition.  Generally  it  is  the  imagination  which  flags 
first.    When  this  condition  comes  on,  what  is  needed  is  a 


HERE    IS    FOUND    REST    AND    PEACE-THE  STILLNESS  OF  THE  WATER  AND  THE 

QUIET  OF  THE  HILLS 

Not  all  the  Alpine  scenery  of  this  continent  is  to  be  found  in  the  Northwest.  Colorado  and 
the  Rocky  Mountain  National  Park  boast  of  some  of  the  best  that  we  have,  which  claim 
attention  on  the  ground  of  propinquity  as  well  as  for  their  native  beauty. 


shock,  such  as  Mr.  Grogan  received  when  Yosemite  Falls 
burst  upon  his  view.  It  is  a  sort  of  mental  shower,  act- 
ing upon  the  mind  much  as  a  cold  plunge  after  the  steam 
room  acts  upon  the  body. 

The  high  mountains  give  you  just  this,  and  more. 
After  your  dormant  faculties  have  been  shocked  into 
life  by  their  stupendousness,  they  present  you,  on  every 
side,  with   sublimity,   magnificence   and  grandeur  that 

stimulate  the  imagi- 
nation and  rejuve- 
nate ambitions.  It 
is  a  serious  case,  in- 
deed, which  does  not 
return,  after  a  three - 
week  treatment  with 
Nature's  mental 
glove  stretcher,  fill- 
ed with  new  ideas 
and  fired  with  the 
ambition  to  carry 
them  out. 

I  was  once  work- 
ing up  the  trail  that 
leads  along  Bubbs 
Creek  from  King's 
River  Canyon  to 
Kearsarge  Pass,  on 
the  summit  of  the 
high  Sierra  of  Cali- 
fornia. There  is  a 
climb  of  about  8,000 
feet  from  the  floor 
of  the  canyon  to  the 
summit,  but  the 
view  from  the  top  is 
worth  the  climb. 
The  crest  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  i  n 
this  vicinity  is  an 
endless  line  o  f 
jagged  peaks  and 
minarets  which,  sil- 
houetted against  a 
sapphire  sky,  ap- 
pear as  sharp  as  saw 
teeth.  These  moun- 
tains rise  more  or 
less  gradually  from 
the  west  to  an  ele- 
vation between  13,- 
000  and  14,000  feet, 
and,   as   if   satisfied 


with  having  reached  the  highest  elevation  in  the  United 
States,  drop  off  abruptly  to  an  elevation  3,000  to  4,000 
feet  above  sea  level. 

As  we  approached  the  summit,  a  motionless  figure  was 
distinguished,  sitting  upon  a  rock  on  the  very  edge  of 
the  Divide.  He  was  so  still  that  he  seemed  a  part,  as  he 
was  in  color,  of  the  brownish-grey  rocks  of  this  edge  of 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


659 


the  earth.  Ignoring  me  in  a  manner  that  stamped  me  as 
a  tenderfoot,  he  asked  Pete,  the  packer,  if  he  had  any 
"chewin'." 

Pete  silently  handed  him  a  plug  of  tobacco,  that  all 
but  disappeared  behind  the  hairy  front,  which  imme- 
diately and  silently  began  working  upon  the  biggest 
chew  of  tobacco  I  have  ever  seen  taken.  He  deigned  no 
reply  to  Pete's  remark  that  he  might  better  have  kept 
the  plug  and  returned  the  chew,  nor  gave  any  sign  of 
gratitude,  save  by  a  slight  moisture  in  his  sun-reddened, 
grey  eyes.  The  silence,  for  some  minutes,  was  broken 
only  by  the  hiss  of  tobacco  juice  as  he  spat  at  a  small 
rock  that  seemed  particularly  placed  by  nature  as  a  tar- 
get. Finally,  this  sort  of  chewing  sphinx  apparently  felt 
that  he  had  reduced  his  hunk  of  "miners'  candy"  to  a 
constituency  that  justified  letting  up  on  the  helpless  thing 
for,  as  I  was  about  to  frame  a  question,  he  turned  to  me 
and  said : 

"Son,  I've  got  a  mine  about  a  mile  lower  down  and 
it's  good,  if  anyone  can  figger  a  way  to  git  machinery  in 
and  ore  out  of  'er.  On  my  way  up,  I  lost  part  o'  mv 
pack  and  all  o'  my  terbaccy.  While  I  was  a-sittin'  here, 
tryin'  ter  decide  whether  ter  go  back  for  terbaccy  an' 
another  whirl  at  the  old  mine,  a  idea  struck  me.  Settin' 
on  top  o'  the  world  here,  where  you  kin  look  straight 


down  about  two  mile,  sorter  wakes  a  feller  up  an'  a  settin' 
here,  I  figgered  how  I  could  work  that  ole  mine.  All  I 
needed  then  ter  make  this  view  perfect,  was  a  plug  o' 
Honey  Dip  Twist." 

Pete  reminded  him  that  he  was  chewing  on  a  hog's 
share  of  one  at  that  moment. 

"Sure,"  he  said.  "I  guess  this  is  my  lucky  day.  If 
those  desert  rats  'd  run  up  here  oncet  in  a  while,  I  b'lieve 
they'd  git  enough  ideas  ter  make  them  Bodie  Mines  pay 
big.  You  see,  up  here,  you're  two  or  three  mile  nearer 
God,"  (pointing  to  the  Owens  River,  10,000  feet  below, 
which  looked  like  nothing  so  much  as  a  fine  silver  thread 
reaching  toward  Death  Valley,  over  14,000  feet  below 
us),  "and  mebbe  that's  how  come  these  idees  so  fresh  and 
easy  like." 

We  talked  about  mines  and  mountains,  and  left  him 
adjusting  the  pack  to  a  tiny  burro  which  had  been  nod- 
ding in  the  shade  of  a  huge  boulder.  All  thoughts  of 
this  curious  philosopher  were  banished  by  the  glorious 
scene  over  the  Owens  River  Valley,  as  we  followed  the 
trail  that  led  down,  down,  down,  to  the  little  town  of  In- 
dependence. 

During  the  last  half  mile  of  descent  the  rays  of  the 
setting  sun  and  the  shadow  of  the  range  we  were  on 
slowly  crept  up  the  Panamints  until  only  the  tops  were 


■i^^      -i 

^1^ 

WikiV^^^KHHIfc             ^^^^^H 

FISH   CREEK  C.-^NYON,  APACHE  TRAIL,   ARIZONA 
The  canyons  of  Arizona  seem  to  have  supplied  the  colors  of  the  world   in  making.      Purples,    greens,    blues,    scarlets    and    tawny    browns    shift    and 

play   with  kaleidoscopic  variety  as  the  sun  passes  overhead. 


THE    WONDERFUL    COWLITZ    GLACIER,   IN   RAINIER  NATIONAL  PARK 

This  spot,  one  of  the  bcst-Ioved  by  the  tourist  in  the  National   Parks,  shows  the  Cowlitz  Glacier,  one  of  the  few  presenting  the  actual  appearance 
of  having   flow   lines       It   is  one   of  a   system   of  ninety   or   so  glaciers   that  mantle   one   of   the   most   noble   mountains   of   the   earth. 


HERE    WE    FEEL   THE    VEIL    OF    MYSTERY    SHROUDING    THE    LIVES    OF    A    FORGOTTEN    RACE 


These   are   the  Tonto   Clift   Dwellings   in    Arizona.     About   three   miles   from  the  Roosevelt  Dam  are  two  groups,  one  of  which  is  !»nown  in  this  photo 
graph.      An    automobile    may    be    driven    to    within    a    few    hundred    yards  of  them      Nothing  that   the   Fi  -       ■       .  . 

preservation    in    this   vicinity   has   met    with   more   approval   on    tie   part   df  the  residents  of  th 
to  be  repaired  and  set  aside. 


that   the   Forest  Service  has  taken   up   in   the   way  of 
e  district  than   its  announcement  that  these  ruins  arc 


"DOCTOR  MOUNTAIN" 


661 


bathed  in  a  russet  glow  which  seemed  to  remain  for  a 
spell,  to  be  suddenly  snuffed  out,  leaving  us,  as  we 
emerged  onto  the  valley  floor,  to  follow  the  trail  by  the 
moon's  pale  light. 

Four  years  later,  as  I  was  walking  along  the  Beach 
Drive  in  San 
Franc  isco,  1 
noted  an  auto- 
mobile of  con- 
siderable wheel 
base  and  style 
standing  b  e- 
side  the  road. 
Approach  i  n  g 
it,  I  r  e  c  og- 
nized  the  old 
miner,  though 
h  i  s  flowing 
white  beard 
was  now  neatly 
trimmed  a  la 
Van  Dyke,  and 
h  i  s  battered 
Stetson  had 
given  way  to 
one  with  a  pre- 
tentious brim 
and  neatly 
creased  t  o  p. 
He  recognized 
me  at  once  and 
extended  a  cor- 
dial hand 
which  had  lost 
little  of  its 
grip.  We  chat- 
ted a  while, 
and  I  finallv 
asked  him  if 
his  mine  work- 
ed out  as  a  re- 
sult of  his  in- 
spirat  ion  on 
the  summit. 

"Son,"  h  e 
said,  "this  out- 
fit is  mine.  I'm 
payin'  that 
driver  by  the 
month  an'  I've 
got  a  diggins 
on  Blank  ave- 


CLIFF  DWELLINGS,  CHERRY  CREEK,  SIERRA  ANCHA,  APACHE  TRAIL,   ARIZONA 

The  ^reat  Southwest  adds  the  lure  of  mystery,  antiquity  and  romance  to  her  scenic  attractions.  The  re* 
ma.ning  ruins  of  three  distinct  races  are  scattered  throughout  central  Arizona.  The  Cliff  Dwellings  in 
the  Cherry  Creek  Canyon  country  in  the  vicinity  of  Roosevelt  are  amongst  the  fnest  in  the  United 
States,  and  have  attracted  many  noted   archaeologists 


nue,  with  two  wranglers  an'  a  cook.  Some  day  I'm  goin' 
back  on  them  mountains  to  see  if  I  kin  git  another  idee 
how  to  spend  some  o'  the  money  I'm  gettin'  from  that 
mine." 

Why  do  not  more  people  take  the  soul  cure  in  the 
mountains  ? 

Perhaps  it  is  because  they  do  not  believe  in  it  or  do 
not  approach  the  mountains  in  the  spirit  of  appreciation. 


It  is  as  necessary  that  one  be  in  a  receptive  frame  of  mind 
in  traveling  on  the  top  of  the  world  as  elsewhere,  to  ge"! 
the  benefits  from  association  and  contemplation.  The 
chances  are,  however,  that  comparatively  few  know  what 
they  are,  where  they  are,  or  where  to  get  to  them.  If  our 

National  Parks 
were  within  the 
borders  of  an 
E  u  r  opean 
country,  their 
glories  would 
be  emblazoned 
upon  the  wait- 
ing-room walls 
of  every  rail- 
road station  on 
the  continent, 
and  many  in 
this  country ; 
for,  in  Europe, 
they  have 
1  e  a  r  n  ed  that 
scenery  is  a 
natural  re- 
source, like 
many  other  of 
nature's  prod- 
ucts. 

It  might  fur- 
ther be  stated 
that  the  sev- 
e  r  a  1  hundred 
millions  of  dol- 
lars which  un- 
der normal 
c  o  n  d  i  t  i  ons 
leave  this 
CO  u  n  t  r  y  an- 
nually with  the 
tourist  travel 
to  Europe, 
would  very 
likely  be  dou- 
bled. 

It  is  true 
that  many  go 
to  Europe  to 
acquaint  them- 
selves with  the 
habits  and  cus- 
toms of  a  for- 
e  i  g  n  people  ; 
but  not  all  that  go  there.  Nor  is  this  the  cause  of  so  few  > 
visiting  our  own  unequalled  scenery. 

Most  people  simply  do  not  know  what  we  have  here 
How  many  have  heard  of  Sequoia  National  Park,  with 
the  bluest  sheet  of  water  in  the  world  nestling  in  the 
great  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano,  or  of  Mesa  Verde  Na- 
tional Park,  with  its  canyons  and  mysterious  cliff  dwell- 
ings, each  one  an  elixir  of  life  for  a  sinking  spirit? 


662 


AMERICAN   FORESTRY 


THE  SPIRIT  OF  A  LONG  GONE  AGE  STILL  INVESTS  THIS  SPOT  WITH    BEAUTY   AND    ROMANCE 
In  Apache  land,  near  Roosevelt,  there  is  a  canyon  named   Pueblo,  which  is  a  thousand  feet  deep  or  more.     Near  its   source  the   fforge   is  so  narrow 
that  a  stone  can  be  thrown  from  one   wall   to  another,  and  here  the  ancient    Cliit    Dwellers   built    their    homes    in    great    caverns    that    gave    out   on 
similar  caves  across  the  canyon.     Among  these   crumbling  ruins,   which   still  speak  strongly  of  the  lives  they  sheltered,  one  feels  most  keenly   the 
mystery  of  a  race  forgotten,  long  vanished  from  the  eartli. 


We  struggle  for  gain  and  advancement,  and  tlie  suc- 
cess attained  is  generally  at  the  expense  of  bodily  health 
and  spiritual  vision.  "What  shall  it  profit  a  man,  if  he 
shall  gain  the  whole  world  and  lose  his  own  soul?" 

And  yet,  if  there  is  merit  in  the  contention  that  en- 
vironment is  a  potent  factor  in  man's  development,  how 
shall  he  save  it  from  shrinking  unless  he  sometime  walks 
out  of  the  sordid  city  streets  into  the  open  spaces  where 
he  can  see  and  think  in  three  dimensions? 

If  the  body  is  afflicted  with  disease  we  may  have  re- 


course to  the  family  physician ;  but  if  the  soul  is  sick  go 
to  the  mountain.  He  is  a  soul  doctor.  He  will  purge  you 
with  the  sight  of  yawning  chasms,  lofty  towering  peaks 
and  cliffs,  and  when  your  reeling  senses  have  settled 
down  to  the  correct  realization  of  proportion  and  the 
relative  importance  of  things,  he  will  nurse  you  through 
spiritual  convalescence  with  azure  skies,  samphire  lakes, 
scented  forests,  mountain  meadows,  tumbling  cascades, 
and  the  health-giving  ozone  that  God  gave,  to  be  breathed 
by  man  created  in  His  image. 


CTATISTICS  compiled  by  the  National  Lumber 
*^  Manufacturers'  Association  show  that  during  the 
12  months  ending  July  31  the  mills  reporting  cut  15,- 
602,000,000  feet  of  lumber  and  shipped  15,741,000,000 
feet,  or  8.9  per  cent  more  than  production.  Shipments 
for  the  first  seven  months  of  this  year  were  7.7  per  cent 
more  than  last  year,  with  no  increase  in  cut.  During 
July  of  this  year  732  mills  in  all  parts  of  t'l?  cointry 
and  operating  in  all  kinds  of  timber,  cut  1,339,000,000 
feet  and  shipped  1,566,000,000  feet,  or  12.7  par  cent 
more  than  production.  The  cut  in  July  this  year  was  1.3 
per  cent  less  than  July  last  year,  with  shipments  19.6 
per  cent  greater. 


A  FTER  generations  of  protection  from  the  ax  of 
-^*-  woodsmen,  thirty-five  acres  of  fine  old  oak  trees  near 
Whig  Lane,  New  Jersey,  have  been  dedicated  to  the  build- 
ing of  the  Government's  Emergency  Fleet.  Many  of  the 
trees  reach  a  height  of  60  to  70  feet  and  they  are  supposed 
to  be  from  150  to  200  years  of  age.  The  land  on  which 
they  grow  has  been  in  the  Richman  family  since  the  early 
settlement  of  Western  New  Jersey.  It  was  only  with  the 
need  of  the  United  States  for  timbsr  for  shipbuilding 
that  the  consent  of  the  family  was  obtained  for  cutting 
the  trees.  The  largest  oaks  are  cut  into  big  beams  and 
material  for  keels.  A  yield  of  2,000,000  feet  of  lumber  is 
expected. 


THE  NUTHATCHES  AND  THE  CHICKADEES 

(Families  Sittidae  and  Paridae) 

BY  A.  A.  ALLEN,  PH.D. 

Assistant  Professor  of  Ornithology,   Cornell   University. 


CLOSELY  related  and  formerly  placed  in  one  family 
(Paridae),  the  nuthatches  and  the  chickadees  are 
associated  in  more  than  name,  for  after  the  nest- 
ing season,  they  gather  in  loose  flocks  and  spend  the  cold 
winter  months  together.  Seeming  to  enjoy  their  com- 
pany, other  winter  tjirds  often  follow  them,  so  that  when 
one  hears  the  yank-yank  of  the  nuthatch  and  the  scolding 
chick-a-dee-dee  of  the  chickadee,  he  may  look  also  for 
the  slender  brown  creeper  winding  its  way  up  the  bole  of 
the  tree,  the  downy  and  hairy  woodpeckers,  the  golden- 
crowned  kinglet,  and  often  for  a  merry  troup  of  tree 
sparrows.  Not  only  are  they  sociable  among  them 
selves,  but  for 
mankind  they 
seem  to  have 
little  fear,  and 
gather  about 
suburban 
dwellings 
wherever  food 
is  offered  them 
Except  in 
northern 
Canada,  most 
species  are 
n  0  n-m  i  g  r  a- 
tory  and  spend 
the  winter  in 
the  vicinity  of 
their  summer 
homes.  If  one 
wishes  to  have 
them  about  the 
garden  all 
through  t  h  e 
winter,  he 
should  begin 
putting  out 
sunflower  seed 
and  pieces  ot 
suet,  as  direct- 
ed in  American  Forestry,  December,  1915,  in  October 
or  November,  because  it  is  at  this  time  that  their  num- 
bers are  increased  by  the  visitors  from  the  North,  and 
where  they  find  an  abundant  food  supply  they  are  apt 
to  remain  all  through  the  winter.  When  one  has  been 
feeding  the  birds  for  several  seasons,  there  is  ever) 
reason  to  believe  that  the  same  birds  return  year  after 
year  to  the  same  feeding  stations,  just  as  it  is  known  that 
they  return  to  the  same  nesting  spots.  Members  of  the 
American  Bird  Banding  Association,  as  reported  by  the 
secretary,  Mr.  H.  H.  Cleaves,  have  placed  bands  on  the 
legs  of  several  species  of  birds  trapped  at  feeding  sta- 


tions during  winter,  and  have  recaptured  the  same  birds 
in  the  same  traps  the  following  winter.  The  author  has 
placed  bands  upon  the  legs  of  chickadees  and  nuthatches 
coming  to  his  window  during  the  winter  and  has  had 
the  same  birds  nesting  in  the  vicinity  the  following  spring 
and  bringing  their  young  for  food  to  the  same  window 
the  following  fall. 

The  garden  in  which  sunflowers  have  been  planted 
will  do  more  than  anything  else  to  attract  the  nuthatches 
and  chickadees  because  both  are  more  fond  of  these 
seeds  than  anything  else.  The  sunflowers  can  be  left 
standing  or  the  seed  can  be  used  at  the  window  shelf 

with  equal  ef- 
fective n  e  s  s. 
The  oils  in  the 
sunflower  seed 
and  the  fat  of 
the  suet  seem 
to  take  the 
place  of  in- 
sects, for  both 
birds  are  in- 
s  e  c  t  i  vorous, 
and  when  not 
actually  at  the 
feeding  shelf 
spend  their 
time  gleaning 
about  the  trees 
for  hibernating 
larvae  and  in- 
sect eggs.  Dur- 
ing the  sum- 
mer they  feed 
almost  a  1 1  o- 
gether  upon  in- 
sects and  it  is, 
therefore,  very 
much  worth 
while  to  ex- 
pend the  little 
effort  necessary  to  entice  them  to  the  home  grounds. 

There  are  241  species  in  the  chickadee  family,  found  in 
most  parts  of  the  world  except  South  America  and  the 
Pacific  Islands,  but  most  abundant  in  the  northern  hem- 
isphere. In  North  America  there  are  but  fifteen  species 
represented,  extending  southward  into  the  mountains  of 
Mexico.  Of  these,  six  species  are  known  as  chickadees, 
four  as  titmice,  three  as  bush-tits,  one  as  a  wren-tit,  and 
one  as  a  verdin,  but  all  are  alike  in  being  small  fluffy 
birds  with  long  tails  and  sharp,  pointed  bills.  The 
chickadees  are  dull  grayish  birds,  lighter  below,  with 
conspicuous  black  crowns  and  throat  patches.    The  Hud- 


•    A   WINTER    CHICKADEE 

If  you'd  like  to  have  them  stay  with  you  all  winter,  just  provide  plenty  of  seed  and  suet,   for  snow  and 

ice  hold   no   terrors  for  this  winter  sprite,   but   food   must   be  provided. 


963 


664 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


sonian  chickadees,  of  the  Far  North  ana  ttie  mou.itains 
of  Northern  United  States,  which  come  southward  in 
winter  irregularly,  have  the  top  of  the  head  brown  rather 
than  black,  and  the  mountain  chickadees  of  the  Rocky 


"IN   IJNION    THERE    IS    STRENGTH."    MORE    POWER    TO    'EMI 

Chickadees  and  nuthatches  are  associated' in  more  than  name.  After  the 
nesting^  season  they  assemble  in  loose  companies  and  make  common  war 
upon  hibernating  insects — and  here  they  are,  hard  at  it. 

Mountain  region  have  a  white  stripe  over  the  eye,  but 
all  six  species  are  easily  recognized  by  anyone  familiar 
with  the  common  chickadee.  In  fact,  the  Carolina  chick- 
adee, of  the  Southern  States,  is  so  similar  in  appearance 
to  the  common  chickadee  that  it  can  scarcely  be  distin- 
guished from  it  in  the  field.  The  songs  and  call-notes  of 
the  different  species  vary  considerably  but  all  have  a 
common  likeness.  The  scolding  call  of  the  common 
species  gives  the  name  to  the  family,  for  it  is  a  clearly 
enunciated  chick-a-dee  or  chick-a-dee-dee.  In  other  spe- 
cies it  is  less  clear,  more  highly  pitched,  or  more  nasal. 
In  addition  to  this  note,  the  chickadee  has  a  song  of  two 
or  three  sweet  whistles  resembling  the  syllables  phe-bc 
or  phe-be-be,  so  exactly  that  amateur  bird  students  are 
often  led  to  believe  that  it  is  a  phoebe  calling.  Also,  as 
the  chickadees  troop  through  the  woods,  they  have  a 
variety  of  conversational  notes  rather  difficult  to  de- 
scribe. When  protecting  its  eggs  or  young,  the  chicka- 
dee utters  a  hissing  or  sputtering  sound,  if  disturbed, 
which   is   sufficient   to   discourage   any   unsophisticated 


squirrel  from  further  investigation  of  the  contents  of 
the  hole. 

During  March  and  April  the  flocks  break  up  and  pairs 
of  chickadees  can  be  seen  prying  about  decaying  stubs 
or  old  woodpecker  holes  looking  for  a  place  to  build 
their  nests.  Even  though  their  small  bills  do  not  seem 
adapted  to  chiseling,  they  usually  find  a  stub  sufficiently 
decayed  for  them  to  excavate  their  own  cavities.  During 
recent  years,  however,  they  have  come  more  and  more  to 
accept  bird  houses  such  as  those  built  for  wrens.  At  the 
bottom  of  the  cavity  they  build  a  warm  nest  of  vegetable 
fibers,  moss,  plant  down,  wool,  etc.,  and  lay  often  as 
many  as  nine  tiny  speckled  eggs.  What  is  more  remark- 
able, they  often  succeed  in  rearing  all  nine  youngsters. 

In  spite  of  the  fact  that  they  begin  selecting  their 

nesting  site  in  March  or  April,  the  eggs  are  not  laid  until 

May,  but  the  young  are  out  of  the  nest  early  in  June, 

'giving  them  time   for  another  brood,  which,   however, 

is  usually  smaller  than  the  first. 

The  chickadees  are  friendly,  inquisitive  birds  and  it  is 
not  only  at  the  winter  feeding  stations  that  they  become 


BRACELETS    FOR    BIRDS 

Aluminum  bands,  such  as  this  one  on  the  leg  of  the  nuthatch,  are  proving 
that  some  birds  winter  in  the  same  snot  every  year  as  well  as  that  they 
return  to  the  same  place  to  nest.  Likewise,  they  have  shown  that  in 
most  places  chickadees  and   nuthatches  do  not  migrate. 

tame.  They  are  always  ready  to  answer  an  imitation  of 
their  phe-be  call  and  will  come  flying  through  the  woods 
to  greet  the  traveler,  perching  on  the  branches  above  his 
head,  sometimes  even  dropping  to  his  shoulder  or  hover- 


THE  NUTHATCHES  AND  THE  CHICKADEES 


665 


ing  a  few  inches  in  front  of  his  face  in  a  vain  endeavor  to 
discover  the  whereabouts  of  the  other  chickadee. 

The  titmice,  as  the  name  is  now  restricted,  differ  from 
the  chickadees  in  having  the  crown  feathers  elongated  in 
the  form  of  a  crest.  The  tufted  titmouse  of  the  East  and 
the  plain  titmouse  of  California  and  Oregon  are  the  best 
known  species,  the  other  two  being  Mexican,  and  coming 
into  the  United  States  only  in  Texas  and  Arizona.  The 
tufted  and  the  plain  titmice  are  uniformly  gray,  a  trifle 
larger  than  the  chickadees,  but  with  the  same  cute  ways 

of  flitting  about 


the  outer 
branches,  hang- 
ing upside  down, 
peering  under 
leaves,    and    ex- 


l^ 


Like  the  chickadees,  the  nuthatches  are  largely 
confined  to  the  Northern  Hemisphere.  There  are 
about  seventy  species,  of  which  only  four  are  found 
in  North  America.  They  are  bluish-gray  birds, 
brighter  than  the  chickadees,  with  white  or  rusty  un- 
deq:)arts,  and  with  the  top  of  the  head  brown  or  black. 
The  chief  characteristic  of  the  nuthatches  is  their  habit 
of  climbing  the  trunk  and  larger  branches  of  trees  in 
search  of  insects,  upward  or  downward  with  equal  fa- 
cility. Unlike  the  woodpeckers,  they  do  not  use  the 
tail  as  a  prop,  nor  are  their  feet  arranged  with  two  toes 
forward  and  two  backward.  Instead  they  have  the  or- 
dinary perching  type  of  foot  with  three  toes  forward 
and  one  backward.  Both  the  toes  and  claws,  how- 
ever, are,  of  necessity,  much  better  developed 
than  in  ordinary  perching  birds.  Certainly  they 
seem  to  have  no  difficulty  in  spiral- 
ling about  the  trunks  of  trees  and,  in 
fact,  they  have  been  known  to  sleep 
hanging  head  downward,  clinging  to 


WILL  IT  DO? 


<^ 


E^ 


A    prospective    tenant    inspecting    a    nesting    box. 
He    seems    to    be    somewhat    in    doubt. 


<^ 


HIDDEN  TREASURES 
Inside  the  knot-hole  are  seven  young  nut- 
hatches, jealously  guarded  by  the  mother. 


amining  the  crevices  of  the  bark.  The 
loud  whistled  call  of  the  tufted  tit- 
mouse, peto-pcto-peto,  is  one  of  the 
familiar  sounds  of  the  southern  wood- 
lands, while  the  tii-zvhit,  ttt-tvhit,  tu- 
whit,  of  the  plain  titmouse  is  always  associated  with  the  live  oaks  of 
California. 

The  wren-tits  and  the  bush-tits  are  browner  birds  than  the  chickadees, 
the  wren-tit  being  more  or  less  wrenlike  in  its  brown  garb  and  its  habit 
of  holding  its  tail  tilted  upwards.  The  bush-tits  are  mere  sprites  of  bird 
life,  over  half  of  their  length  of  four  inches  being  tail,  so  that  their 
bodies  seem  scarcely  larger  than  the  end  of  one's  thumb.  In  habits  they 
resemble  the  chickadees  with  the  exception  that  they  build  long  purse- 
like nests  of  soft  materials,  hanging  them  usually  in  thickets  of  ash  and 
willow. 

The  verdin  is  quite  similar  to  the  bush-tit  in  size  and  habits,  but  its 
whole  head,  neck  and  chest  are  bright  yellow.  It  lives  in  the  mesquite 
valleys  of  the  Rio  Grande,  the  Colorado,  the  Gila  and  the  Pecos  Rivers 
of  the  Southwest  where,  from  the  thorny  bushes,  it  scolds  and  sputters 
at  every  intruder. 


HE   LIKES   SUET 

Some  good  friend  has  remembered  that  this  is  the 

favorite  dish  of  the  red-breasted  nuthatch. 


the  bark  beneath  a  jutting  limb.  Thev 
are  lively  little  creatures,  always  on  the 
move,  peering  at  one  from  strange  an- 
gles, and  their  contented  yank-yank  adds 
much  to  the  cheerfulness  of  the  northern 
winter.  The  name  nuthatch  is  supposed 
to  be  a  corruption  of  nut-hack,  derived 
from  their  universal  habit  of  wedg- 
ing the  bark  and  then  hacking 
them    open.      The    white  -  breasted 


666 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


A  CAREWORN  MOTHER 

Tkere  are  nine  young  hopefuls  inside  this  hillow  stump,  and  they  demand 
so   much    attention    that    they    allow    her    little   rest. 

nuthatch  is  the  commonest  species  and  is  found 
throughout  United  States  and  Canada  from  the  Gulf 
States  to  Central  Ontario,  preferring  open  woodlands, 
roadsides  and  gardens.  It  is  pure  white  beneath,  except 
for  the  under  tail  coverts  which  are  reddish  brown,  and 
bluish-gray  above,  the  top  of  the  head  and  neck  being 
shining  black.  In  the  female  the  black  is  more  or  less 
veiled  with  gray. 


A    PKRKY   MEMBER  OF  A   FAMILY  OF  NINE 

Tliere  is  no  danger  of  race  suicide  -among  chickadees,  for   large   families 
are    the   rule,   and   this  one   looks   fully   able   to  paddle  his  own  canoe. 

The  red-breasted  nuthatch  nests  only  in  the  northern 
part  of  its  range  from  northern  United  States  to  Alaska, 
but,  in  winter,  it  wanders  as  far  south  as  the  Gulf 
States.  It  is  somewhat  smaller  than  the  white-breasted 
species,  having  the  entire  underparts,  except  the  throat, 
rusty,  and  having  a  white  stripe  over  the  eye.  It  has  a 
partiality  for  pine  trees  but,  like  its  white-breasted 
cousin,  it  comes  freely  to  the  window  for  suet  and  sun- 


I'LANT  SUXFI.OUKK.S  IF  VOU  WOi:Ln   ATTRACT  THE  FRIENDLY 
CHICKADEE 

The  chickadee  is  very  fond  of  the  seed  and  the  flowers  may  be  left  stand- 
inB,  or  the  seed  removed  for  use  at  the  window  feeding-shelf. 


AN  UPSIDE-DOWN   NUTHATCH 

Nuthatches    travel    upward    and    downward    with    equal    facility    and    never 
use  the  tack  as  a  brace,  as  do  the  woodpeckers. 


CHICKADEES    ALWAYS    SHOW    THEIR    APPRECIATION 

"Give   us   a   hand   for   friendship's   sake" — and   feed    the   birds  this   winter. 
You'll  be  well  repaid  for  your  trouble. 


flower  seed.  Its  notes  are  very  similar  but  higher  pitched 
and  more  nasal  like  the  syllables,  yna-yna. 

The  brown-headed  nuthatch  is  confined  to  the  south- 
eastern United  States  from  Delaware  and  Missouri  to 
Florida,  frequenting  the  extensive  pine  forests.  It  is 
smaller  even  than  the  red-breasted  species,  and  its  notes 
are  different  from  either  of  the  preceding,  a  conversa- 
tional pit-pit  and  a  scolding  dce-dee-dee,  being  the  most 
familiar. 

Similar  in  appearance  and  habits  but  still  smaller, 
measuring  sometimes  less  than  four  inches  in  length,  is 
the  pigmy  nuthatch  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  nesting  habits  of  the  North  American  nuthatches 
are  much  alike.  They  usually  select  a  knot  hole  in  the 
trunk  of  a  tree,  occasionally  a  woodpecker's  hole,  and 
line  it  with  feathers,  leaves,  wool,  etc.  They  lay  from 
four  to  nine  white  eggs,  which,  differing  from  the 
majority  of  hole-nesting  species,  are  heavily  marked 
with  brown.  The  common  European  nuthatch  has  the 
curious  habit  of  plastering  up  the  entrance  to  its  nest 
with  mud  until  the  opening  is  just  the  right  size,  and 
the  American  red-breasted  nuthatch  usually  decorates 
the  entrance  with  nodules  of  pitch  as  if  to  make  the  en- 
trance less  attractive  to  squirrels  and  other  enemies. 


A  TRAIL   MARKER 

BY   LENA  B.  HUNZICKER 

A  T  Old  Town,  San  Diego,  California,  at  the  foot  of 
-^*-  Presidio  Hill,  stands  a  venerable  palm  tree,  the  Ply- 
mouth Rock  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  the  oldest  living  object 
to  tell  the  story  of  the  coming  of  the  Spanish  to  Upper 
California  in  1769. 

The  seed  from  which  this  remarkable  old  tree  grew 
was  brought  with  the  provisions  and  supplies  of  the 
Spanish  expedition  and  is  said  to  have  been  planted  by 
Padre  Junipero  Serra  in  1769.  Until  some  five  years  ago 
two  palms  of  this  first  planting  were  still  growing. 

It  is  said  that  the  only  time  the  trees  bore  fruit  was 


THE    "PLYMOUTH    ROCK"    OF    THE    PACIFIC    COAST 
The  palm  at  Old  Town,  San  Diego,  California,  a  landmark  and  still  beau- 
tiful,  said   to  have   been   planted   by   Padre  Junipero   Serra   in   1769. 

in  1869,  one  hundred  years  after  their  planting.  Front 
ing  a  public  highway  they  became  much  scarred,  until 
in  1887  they  were  enclosed  in  a  fence  to  protect  them  from 
further  injury.  A  severe  windstorm  some  five  years  ago 
so  badly  damaged  the  smaller  one  that  it  had  to  be  cut 
down.  A  portion  of  the  old  trunk  has  been  placed  in 
the  museum  at  Ramon's  Marriage  Place,  at  Old  Town. 
The  other  tree  has  been  braced  and  bids  fair  to  live  many 
more  years. 


TJARRY  C.  HYATT,  city  forester  for  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
-*-^  warns  the  people  of  Cleveland  that  constant  vigi- 
lance is  necessary  for  successful  tree  culture  in  a  con- 
gested city.  His  department  has  the  care  of  more  than 
125,000  street  trees  and  the  trees  in  over  2500  acres  of 
parks. 

M7 


A  QUAINT  BIT  OF  SENTIMENT 

BY  GAYNE  T.  K.  NORTON 


UP  in  the  woods  near  Tuckahoe,  N.  V.,  are  two  sap- 
lings,  growing   side   by    side,   tall   and    straight. 
About  eight  feet  from  the  ground  they  are  joined, 
and   in   that   joining   lurks    a    bit   of    mythology   and 
sentiment,  for  it  is  a  true  lover's  knot,  unknown  and  un- 
noticed by  many  who  tread  the  path  below. 

It  was  the  custom  in  old  Arcady  for  a  man  and  a  maid 
upon  their  betrothal  to  go  alone  into  the  woods.  There, 
two  very  young  saplings,  growing  side  by  side  with 
branches  intermingled,  were  selected  and  in  some  way 
fastened  together,  by  grafting,  tying  or  splicing,  so  as 
the  years  passed,  they  would  become  as  one.  If  the  trees 
grew  tall  and  straight  above  the  knot  all  would  be  well 
in  the  lives  of  the  couple ; 
but  woe  to  the  unhappy  pair 
did  they  grow  apart.  Great 
care  was  used  in  the  selec- 
tion, to  see  that  no  other 
tree  would  interfere  with 
growth,  and  saplings  shel- 
tered from  storms  were 
sought  for;  and,  once 
chosen,  the  young  trees 
were  carefully  tended  and 
watched.  So  the  legend 
ran. 

We,  my  companion  and 
I  who  had  found  and  pho- 
iographed  the  knot, 
walked  on,  aglow  with 
imagining  the  story  it  held, 
noticing  not  at  all  the  chill 
of  the  January  afternoon. 
A  bit  further  on  was  a  lad 
of  eight,  in  sweater  and 
rubber  boots,  brown  and 
healthy,  "discovering"  his 
whistle. 

Making  ourselves  heard 
we  asked  where  a  spring  might  be  found.  He  led 
us  to  his  home,  showing  the  way  to  two  chairs  before  a 
crackling  log  fire  in  a  cozy  New  England  kitchen.  Be 
hind  us  bustled  a  fat  and  smiling,  middle-aged,  motherly 
person,  who,  paying  no  heed  to  our  protestations,  set 
before  us  two  steaming  mugs  of  coffee,  with  sugar  and 
cream — not  the  doctored,  delicatessen  kind,  either — and 
a  heaping  plate  of  doughnuts,  the  specie  with  the  hole 
in  the  middle.  She  talked  while  we  ate;  and  what  a 
treat  it  was !  Then  her  husband  came  in,  a  big,  strap- 
ping fellow  in  boots  and  furs,  who  bayed  a  welcome  that 
made  the  tea-kettle  cover  vibrate.  The  motherly  person 
brought  him  slippers  and  pipe,  seated  herself  and  knit- 


A  "TRUE   LOVER'S  KNOT'   NEAR   TUCKAHOE,  NEW   YORK 

By  an  old  custom  a  newly  betrothed  couple  spliced  two  growing  saplings 

Such  splicing  caused  th 


together  so  they  would  become  one. 
in  this  picture. 


ting  at  his  side  (she  was  doing  socks  for  Canadian 
"boys"  at  the  front)  while  "Tow  Head,"  as  he  called 
our  young  guide,  climbed  to  his  lap.  For  minutes  we 
listened  to  the  fire,  perfectly  happy  as  the  pipe  smoke 
curled  and  the  doughnuts  settled.  Then  our  host  star- 
tled us. 

"I  expect  you  chaps  are  wondering  about  'the  knot?' " 
A  contagious  chuckle  rumbled  out  as  he  noted  the  sur- 
prise. "I'm  a  bit  of  a  woodsman,"  he  explained,  "and  I 
saw  you  without  bein'  seen." 

"May  we  have  the  story?"  my  companion  asked. 
The  big  fellow  settled  comfortably.    His  wife  smiled 
happily,  edging  closer.     "Tow  Head"  yawned. 

~  "  'Tain't  much  of  a  sto- 
ry," he  began,  "but  here 
it  is.  You  see  my  Grand- 
dad and  Dad  both  lived 
long  and  happily  up  in 
Canada.  They  were 
both  married  over  the 
'knots'  they'd  tied,  and 
swore  by  them.  'Twas 
only  natural  I  should  be- 
lieve in  the  custom,  too. 
So  when  I  came  down  here 
—  South,  we  call  it  —  1 
brought  it  with  me  and 
when  we  became  en- 
gaged," here  he  simply 
took  the  ready  hand  of  his 
wife,  "why  we  'tied  a  knot.' 
That's  longer  ago  than  my 
wife  cares  to  remember,  so 
we'll  forget  the  date.  The 
end  of  the  tale  you  see. 
The  trees  grew  straight, 
that's  all." 

To  give  his  name  would 

be    a    sacrilege,    but    the 

knot-bound  trees  are  there,  by  a  path  in  the  Tuckahoe 

woods,  and  the  New  England  kitchen  is  not  far  distant. 


growth  shown 


TN  BUILDING  the  government  fleet  of  standardized 
■*-  wooden  ships  one  item  is  the  use  of  creosote  to  pre- 
vent decay  of  exposed  surfaces.  The  instructions  to  dis- 
trict officers  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  pro- 
vide that  during  the  building  of  the  hulls  of  these 
ships  the  joined  surfaces  of  timbers  and  planking  shall 
be  treated  with  a  coal  tar  distillate  of  the  physical  andt 
mechanical  characteristics  required  by  the  specifications 
for  the  brush  treatment  of  poles  adopted  by  the  National 
Electric  Light  Association. 


FLOWERS,   FEATHERS   AND   FINS 


BY  R.  W.  SHUFELDT,  M.  D.,  C.M.Z.S. 


SOME  of  the  handsomest  and  most  showy  flowers 
we  have  in  our  flora  are  not  those  that  blossom  on 
plants  in  the  meadows,  fields  and  marshes,  but  arc 
to  be  seen,  as  spring  opens,  on  some  of  the  grandest 
trees  of  the  forests.  A  conspicuous  example  of  this  is  t-^^ 
be  noted  in  the 
tulip  tree. 

Few  there  are 
among  us  who 
give  any  thought 
to  the  ancestry  of 
trees,  that  is,  to  the 
evolution  of  trees 
in  time  —  geologic 
time.  For  exam- 
ple, it  is  now  known 
that  our  present- 
day  tulip-tree  is,  as 
a  species,  the  last 
of  an  extinct  type 
which,  ages  upon 
ages  ago,  was  ex- 
tremely abundant. 
There  are  some 
seventeen  species 
of  tulip-trees,  all 
extinct,  in  the  Cre- 
taceous formation 
alone.  They  have 
been  discovered  in 
Kansas,  New  Jer- 
sey, Wyoming  and 
Nebraska,  while 
other  fossils  of 
them     have     come 

from  Greenland  F'K-  l-Under  certain  favorable  conditions,  tie 
Yellow   Poplar  or  Tulip-tree    (LtrtodenJron   tultpi- 

and  Bohemia.  Still  f^ra)  <my  come  to  be  of  a  great  age  attainiiig  a 
height  of  an  hundred  feet  or  more      The  one  here 

other  tVOeS  have  shown  is  considerably  higher  than  that,  and  it 
■' *  may   be   a   century   oh'.      It    is   on   a  hill    south   of 

been  discovered,  th«  National  Zoological  Park,  Washington.  D  C. 
and   it   is  now  on  tlic  decline. 

mostly   in   Eurojie, 

in  the  Tertiary  formation.  The  flowers  of  the  tulip- 
tree  are  well  known,  as  they  arc  large  and  very  showy. 
Throughout  the  Middle  Atlantic  States  we  have,  in 
suitable  localities,  some  shrubs  and  plants  that  do  not 
flower  until  far  into  the  autumn  months.  Some  of  these 
have  already  been  figured  and  described  in  American 
Forestry,  while  others  were  set  aside  to  have  atten- 
tion drawn  to  them  here.  Among  the  shrubs  there  is 
the  well-known  and  favorite  sassafras  and  its  beautiful 
berries,  or  what  might  better  be  designated  as  its  fruit. 
It  has  been  described  as  Sassafras  I'eriifoliiirii,  likewise 
as  S.  officinale,  and  it  is  the  only  species  known  to  the 
botanist,  occurring,  as  it  does,  principally  east  of  the 
Mississippi  and  southward;  it  is  also  found  in  southern 


t 

iH^ 

. 

^ 

1 

^ ''^SS^Mi^^^^Hm 

4 

THIS    OLD    TULIP   TREE    COULD    TELL    AX 
INTERESTING    STORY 


Canada.  As  all  know,  its  bark  and  roots  are  aromatic ; 
and  not  only  are  its  leaves  green,  but  also  its  bud-scales, 
flowers  and  its  small  branches  and  twigs.  One  of  the 
most  curious  things  about  this  sassafras  tree  is,  how- 
ever, the  form  of  its  leaves ;  they  are  dimorphous — that 
is,  the  earlier  ones  are  oval  in  outline  and  entire,  while 
those  coming  out  later  are  irregular  in  outline  and  three- 
lobed.  In  Australia  there  are  other  shrubs  called  sas- 
safras, but  they  do  not  belong  in  the  same  group  as  our 
United  States  form.  Still  other  shrubs  bear  the  same 
name  in  South  America,  and  some  of  these  are  mag- 
nolias. 

Passing  to  the  more  humble  plants  of  the  fall  months, 
there  is  a  very  interesting  one  in  the  Turtle-head,  also 
known  as  the  Shell-flower  and  Cone-head  in  some  locali- 
ties.    It  is   found  growing  along  streams  and  on  the 

edges  of  big 
swamps  and 
marshes.  S  o  m  e- 
times  you  will  run 
across  a  fine  plant 
of  this  species,  do- 
ing b  e  a  u  t  i  fully 
among  the  rank 
vegetation  spring- 
ing up  in  an  old 
ditch  containing 
clear  water.  It  oc 
curs  almost  any- 
where east  of  the 
Mississippi,  flow- 
ering from  July 
to  September, 
according  to  local- 
ity. The  plant  is 
rarely  seen  north 
of  Newfoundland, 
and  it  is  not  espe- 
cially a  b  u  n  d  a  nt 
any  where.  Re- 
garded upon  side 
view,  one  of  the 
flowers  rather  re- 
minds one  of  the 
head  of  a  small 
turtle  with  its 
mouth  open.  Big 
bees,  in  serving  it. 
have  a  hard  time  squeezing  in  past  the  pseudo  lips  of  th»" 
matured  blossom.  Once  inside,  however,  the  insect's 
movements  are  communicated  to  the  whole  flower,  while 
the  former  is  entirely  out  of  view.  The  "head"  and 
"jaws"  now  seem  to  simulate  those  of  a  masticating  tur- 
tle— in   fact,  an  eyeless,   white-headed  turtle,   tinged  with 


A  GLANCE  AT  THESE   FLOWERS  WILL   EX- 
PLAIN  WHY  THIS  PLANT  IS  CALLED 
TURTLE  HEAD 

Fig.  2 — There  are  three  species  of  this  Turtle 
Head  (Chelone  glabra),  also  called  Snake  Head 
and  Balmony,  and  all.  with  the  exception  of  C 
lyoni  of  the  South,  are  prone  to  gro.v  in  wet  and 
damp  places.  The  flowers  of  this  Turtle  Head 
are  white,  tinged  with  rosy  pink;  while  in  Lyon's 
Turtle  Head  the  corolla  is  of  a  rich  purple,  with 
a  decidedly  rosy  hue 


670 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


FEW     TREES     BEAR     HANDSOMER     FRUIT 

THAN  THE  COMMON  SASSAFRAS 

(Sassafraj  variifolium) . 

Fig.  3. — This  tree  has  been  placed  in  the 
Laurel  family  (Lauraceae).  The  ovoid  drupe  or 
fruit  of  the  Sassafras  is  at  6rst  a  bright  green  or 
yellowish  green;  it  then  turns  a  deep  bluish  or 
purplish  black,  and  has  the  form  which  is  so  well 
shown  in  the  cut  The  pedicels  are  of  a  reddish 
flesh  color,  cup.' 2d  at  their  extremities.  The 
early  French  settlers  in  Florida  gave  this  tree  its 
name,  and  it  is  generally  found  growing  on  the 
limits  of  rich   woods. 


IRONWEED    IS    ONE    OF    THE    GLORIES   OF 
THE  FLOWER  WORLD  IN  AUTUMN 

Fig.  8 — This  plant  is  also  known  as  Flat  Top 
iVernonia  noitboracensis)^  and  it  is  a  member 
of  the  Compositae.  Its  flowers  are  of  a  rich  pur- 
ple, and  some  thirt;r  or  forty  of  them  make  up  a 
head.  Sometimes  it  ^ows  to  be  six  feet  high, 
and  is  then  very  conspicuous  in  the  old  fields  and 
damp    places. 


pale  pink,  deliberately  chewing  and  chewing  a  bumble-bee.  The  re- 
semblance, which  may  last  for  an  entire  minute,  is  quite  ludicrous. 
The  one  who  gave  the  vernacular  name  of  "Elephant's  foot"  to  the  plant 
of  that  name  must  have  been  endowed  with  an  unusually  keen  imagina- 
tion— in  fact,  with  a  far-fetched  faculty  of  seeing  resemblances  in  forms  as 
utterly  unlike  in  every  particular  as  those  of  a  tea  kettle  and  a  crooked  pin 
Elephant's  foot  is  easily  recognized  either  by  its  flowers  or  by  the  triangle 
of  leaves  or  bracts  that  encircle  them  at  their  bases.  Each  head  of  this 
plant  is  composed  of  a  cluster  of  several  flowers.  It  blooms  rather  late  in 
the  season,  and  is  generally  found  in  dry  places  in  the  open  woods — some- 
times in  great  masses  extending  over  from  ten  to  twenty  square  feet.  The 
thin,  ovate-oblong  leaves  are  somewhat  hairy,  and  the  plant  is  a  perennial — 
that  is,  it  appears  year  after  year  in  the  same  localities. 

When  the  autumn  days  come  around,  the  flower  world  is  represented  by 
some  very  distinctive  and  conspicuous  plants  in  the  entire  northeastern 
section  of  the  United  States.  Some 
of  these  bear  a  certain  resemblance 
to  each  other — at  least  some  peo- 
ple seem  to  think  so — such  as  the 
Iron-weed,  the  Joe-Pye  weed,  and 
the  larger  species  of  the  purple  al- 
ters. At  the  same  time  of  the  year, 
and  pretty  much  in  the  same  places 
— that  is,  in  old  fields  and  along 
country  roadsides — are  also  seen  in 
all  their  glory,  several  species  of 
thistles ;  the  milkweeds  all  in  pods  ; 
the  boneset,  black-eyed  Susan,  and 
everywhere  the  coming  goldenrods 
of  several  kinds.  Of  all  these  none 
is  richer  in  color,  or  more  conspicu- 
ous in  size  and  massing  than  the 
elegant  Iron-weed  or  Flat-top. 
Many  species  of  big  butterflies  are 
now  in  evidence,  and  the  well- 
known  tiger  swallowtail  seems  to 
be  partial  in  its  attentions  to  the 
flowers  of  this  well-known  plant. 
The  one  shown  in  the  illustration, 
however,  is  a  Viceroy  butterfly, 
seen  on  side  view  {Basiliarcliia  arcfi- 
ippus) ;  it  does  not  show  up  very 
well  for  the  reason  that  it  lit  within 
thp  shadows  of  the  flowers  and  up- 
per leaves  of  the  plants.  The  for- 
mer are  tubular  and  the  latter  are  alternate,  nearly  lanceolate,  and  have 
finely  serrated  margins,  being  withal  very  rough  on  both  surfaces.  Ver- 
nonia  has  its  name  from  William  Vernon,  an  English  botanist  of  long  ago, 
who,  at  one  time,  botanized  in  this  country. 

Passing  to  the  thistles,  this  is  a  numerous  and  a  sometimes  puzzling 
group  of  plants,  though  not  quite  as  much  so  as  the  goldenrods  or  the 
asters.  Qyr  common  burdock  is  more  or  less  nearly  related  to  any  typical 
thistle;  and  the  bur  of  a  burdock,  when  the  purplish  flower-head  appears, 
quite  closely  resembles  the  corresponding  parts  in  a  thistle.  The  thistle 
shown  in  Figure  6  is  one  of  our  most  abundant  species ;  it  is  widely  known 
as  the  Common  or  Bull  Thistle.  Its  flowers  are  reddish  purple,  passing 
almost  to  a  pink  shade  in  some  plants.  In  still  other  thistles  they  may  be 
white,  or  even  of  a  yellow  tint.  As  in  the  case  of  so  many  other  undesirable 
plants,  the  majority  of  our  thistles  found  their  way  over  from  Europe. 
"When  the  Danes  invaded  Scotland,"  says  Neltje  Blanchan,  "they  stole 


THIS    IS    ELEPHANT'S    FOOT    (Elcfhantofus), 

AN      INTERESTING     PLANT     THAT     BE- 

LONGS    IN    THE    GREAT    COMPOSITE 

FAMILY   (.Compositae) 

Fig.    4 — Three     species    of    Elephant's    Foot    have 

been    described,    the    one    here    shown    being    E. 

caroUnianus, — a    plant    growing    in    dry    soil    from 

Pennsylvania   to   the    Lakes   and    southward.     The 

flowers,   well   shown   here,   are  of  a  purplish  color. 


FLOWERS,  FEATHERS  AND  FINS 


671 


a  silent  march  upon  the  Scottish  camp  by  marching  barefoot ;  but  a  Dane 
inadvertently  stepped  on  a  thistle  and  his  sudden,  sharp  cry,  arousmg  the 
sleeping  Scots,  saved  them  and  their  country ;  hence  the  Scotch  emblem." 

Thistle  flowers  are  most  attractive  to  some  species  of  big  bumblebees; 
but  they  pay  well  for  their  over-indulgence  in  their  sweets.  The  latter  are 
very  abundant  and  unusually  fragrant,  so  that  these  flowers  are  great 
honey  producers  of  the  finest  quality.  This  induces  the  bumblebees  to 
partake  unduly  of  the  generous  supply  so  readily  secured  at  each  visit,  and 
a  species  of  intoxication  is  speedily  produced  in  them,  greatly  interfering 
with  their  locomotory  powers,  as  well  as  with  their  power  to  fly. 

The  largest  thistle  we  have  in  our  flora  is  probably  the  Pasture  or  Bull 
Thistle  (Cirsium  pumilitm),  while  among  the  smaller  stands  the  Canada 
Thistle  (C.  arvense).  Then,  as  stated  before,  many  others  belong  to  sev- 
eral genera,  including  the  Milk  Thistle,  the  Star  Thistles,  the  Cotton  or 

Scotch  Thistle,  and  the  rare  Blessed 
Thistle   (Cnicus  benedictus). 

Almost  without  exception,  all 
these  plants  have  been  introduced 
into  this  country  from  Europe.  The 
study  of  the  seeds  of  thistles  and 
the  fertilization  of  the  flowers  is  an 
extremely  interesting  story ;  but  it 
is  too  long  to  touch  upon  in  the 
present  connection. 

In  old  fields  and  along  the  road- 
sides throughout  the  autumn 
months,  when  we  find  the  various 
plants  enumerated  in  the  foregoing 
paragraphs,  we  will  be  sure  to  meet 
with  the  widely  known  garden 
spidor.  It  also  constructs  its  inter- 
esting web  in  our  gardens,  and 
sometimes  among  the  shrubbery  of 
the  big  city  parks,  as  in  Central 
Park  in  New  York  City,  and  in 
similar  localities  throughout  east- 
ern United  States.  When  a  field 
covers  many  acres  and  becomes 
overgrown  with  rank  vegetation  of 
many  kinds,  you  will  sometimes 
find  this  beautiful  spider  in  hun- 
dreds, their  webs  being  built  as 
shown  in  Figure  7.  Some  of  the 
old  ones  are  much  larger  than  the 
one  here  shown — so  large,  indeed, 
that  their  webs  will  hold  a  cicada, 
or  the  humming  insect  which  most  people  call  a  locust.  We  will  also  find 
katydids  and  big  grasshoppers  in  the  strong,  silken  strands  forming  the  web 
of  this  famous  black  and  yellow  arachnid ;  for  spiders  belong  to  the 
Arachnedia  and  are  not  insects  at  all.  If  the  spider's  captive  has  been  re- 
cently caught,  it  may  be  in  its  death  struggle,  with  its  cold-blooded  captor 
deliberately  finishing  his  victim  and  applying  the  first  layer  of  silken  wrap- 
pings to  his  body  and  wings ;  while,  if  dead  and  partly  used  up,  the  silken 
envelope  will  be  very  complete  and  dense,  fitting  the  entire  body  and  wings 
and  limbs  of  the  unfortunate  insect  with  the  greatest  accuracy  and  snug- 
ness.  It  is  a  terrible  death,  when  one  comes  to  think  of  it,  for  all  such  in- 
sects can  both  realize  and  appreciate  the  hopeless  predicament  they  are  in  ; 
moreover,  they  do  suffer  real  pain. 

There  is  some  difference  in  size  of  the  male  and  female  garden  spiders, 
and  they  also  vary  in  this  particular  according  to  age.    Sometimes  you  will 


A  SPIDER  THAT  WEAVES  A  MAT  TO  REST 
UPON  IN  IDLE  MOMENTS 

Fig.  7 — This  is  the  common  Garden  Spider 
(Argiope)  so  familiar  to  everyone  living  in  the 
country  where  it  occurs.  Moreover,  it  is  also  to 
"be  found  in  city  gardens,  which  was  the  case  with 
the  one  here  shown  in  the  cut.  Note  the  curious 
zigzag  web  it  has  woven  down  from  its  central 
resting   place. 


THIS     PARTICULAR    THISTLE     IS     CALLED 

LANCEOLATUM  FROM  THE  SHAPE  OF 

ITS  LEAVES 

Fig.  6 — There  are  about  a  dozen  dilTtTent  species 
of  thistles  in  our  flora,  and  no  one  of  them  is  bet- 
ter known  or  more  heartily  detested  by  the  •;rmer 
than  the  one  here  shown.  Gray  calls  it  the  Com- 
mon or  Bull  Thistle  (Cirsittm  lanceoiatum).  Its 
purple  flowers  are  very  conspicuous  in  the  fields 
and  along  the  roadsides,  from  midsummer  until 
late    in    the    autumn. 


VARIATIONS    IN    THE    FORM    OF    COMMON 

GARDEN  SPIDER 
Fig.  8 — These  five  specimens  were  collected 
near  Great  Falls,  Maryland,  in  an  old,  deserted 
field  having  an  area  of  some  fifteen  acres  It 
was  in  mid-autumn,  and  many  plants  and  grasses 
flourished  there — chiefly  Milkweeds,  Pokeberry, 
Boneset,  both  blue  and  white;  Black-eyed  Su- 
sans, Joe-Pye  Weed,  and  a  great  many  others. 


672 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


comf  across  a  bouncing,  big  male — larger  than  any  of 
those  shown  in  Figure  8.  When  on  their  webs,  this  spe- 
cies always  rests  with  its  head  toward  the  ground.  It 
will  be  noted  that  the  yellow  or  pale  orange  markings 
on  different  individuals  vary  a  little,  while  being,  invaria- 
bly, after  the  same 
general  p  a  1 1  e  m. 
You  may  collect 
thousands  of  gar- 
den spiders ;  and, 
in  so  far  as  color- 
pattern  goes,  you 
will  not  meet  with 
any  greater  varia- 
tion than  is  here 
shown  in  Figure  8. 
Ernest  Ingersoll, 
in  his  work  "The 
Animal  World," 
says  that  this  spe- 
cies of  spider  has 
a  "white  cross  upon 
its  back."  In  this 
he  is  surely  incor- 
rect, and  must  have 
had  at  hand  some 
other  species  when 
he  wrote  his  ac- 
count of  "The 
Gar  den  Spider." 
He  does  not  even 
refer  to  the  chief 

distinguishing  character  of  the  garden  spider's  web — 
the  peculiar  zig-zag,  dense  sort  of  pathway  it  spins 
above  and  below  its  central  mat  or  resting  place  (Fig. 
7).  The  true  use  of  this  has  not  as  yet  been  made  out ; 
it  appears  to  be  simply  added  to  the  web,  in  many  in- 
stances, for  the  purpose  of  adornment.  A  close  relative 
of  the  garden  spider  is  shown  in  Figure  7 ;  probably  both 
species  built  a  nest  quite  like  the  one  shown  in  Figure  10. 

Spiders  form  an  enormous  group  in  the  animal  world, 
and  many  thousands  of  species  have  been  described ; 
doubtless  a  legion  of  them  are  still  to  be  discovered  by 
naturalists.  How  many  have  become  utterly  extinct  in 
geologic  time  we  can  never  know — probably  manv 
times  the  number,  with  respect  to  species,  now  repre- 
sented in  the  world's  existing  arachnine  fauna.  Men 
have  lived  who  have  devoted  their  entire  lives  to  the 
study  of  spiders,  their  researches  occupying  many  hours 
every  day  of  the  week.  In  a  few  instances  of  this  kind, 
only  a  few  genera  have  thus  been  studied  and  worked 
up.    In  these  war  times  such  devotion  is  extremely  rare. 

It  is  a  long  span  from  spiders  to  owls,  and  in  making 
it  we  pass  over  a  great  many  thousands  of  animal  forms 
— vertebrate  as  well  as  invertebrate.  One  would  be  sur- 
prised when  told  of  the  number  of  species  and  subspecies 
of  owls  we  have  in  the  avifauna  of  the  United  States; 
perhaps  not  one  person  in  a  good  many  thousand,  as  peo- 
ple go,  would  guess  anywhere  near  the  correct  number. 
When  the  American  Ornithologists'  Union  ])ublished  its 


HERE   WE   HAVE   A    RELATIVE   OF   THE 
CO.MMON    GARDEN    SPIDER 

Fig.  9 — Mr.  Nathan  Banks  examined  the  speci- 
mens shown  in  this  cut,  and  he  said  of  them  that 
"These  spiders  are  the  Argiope  trifasciata,  Forsk  , 
both  females.  They  are  commonly  called  the 
'Silver  ladder  spider.'  The  species  is  fairly  com 
mon  in  the  Eastern  States  from  Massachusetts 
south  to  Florida,  and  into  the  West  Indies  and 
Central  America."  To  this  we  may  add  that  they 
were  collected  at  Bradley  Hills,  near  Washing- 
ton, D.  C ,  being  found  on  a  head  of  a  common 
Golden    Rod. 


"Abridged  Check-List  of  North  American  Birds"  in  1910, 
no  fewer  than  forty-four  different  kinds  of  these  birds 
occurred  in  North  America,  north  of  the  Mexican  boun- 
dary. Some  of  the  s;)ecies  are  very  large  and  handsome, 
while  some  of  the  little  pygmy  owls  are  no  bigger  than 
a  sparrow — beautifully  plumaged  and  having  very  inter- 
esting life  histories.  Our  Saw-whet  owls  are  considera- 
bly larger  than  these,  but  none  the  less  worthy  of  admi- 
ration and  study.  In  Figure  11  of  the  present  article 
we  have  a  reproduction  of  a  life  photograph  of  the  Saw- 
whet  of  the  East.  Early  in  the  last  century  this  species 
was  quite  abundant  throughout  the  Middle  and  New  Eng- 
land States,  while  at  the  present  writing  the  bird  is  com- 
paratively rare.  This  little  fellow  is  quite  nocturnal  in 
its  habits ;  in  fact,  so  poor  is  its  eyesight  in  the  daytime 
that  there  are  many  instances  on  record  where  it  has  been 
caught  by  the  hand  when  found  perching  somewhere  in 
the  bright  sunlight.  The  darker  part  of  the  plumage  is 
of  a  rather  deep  ashy  brown,  and  the  lighter  part  a 
creamy  white,  tinged  with  ash,   some  of  the  head  and 

tail  markings  be- 
ing almost  pure 
white.  As  is  the 
case  with  nearly  all 
owls,  the  female  is 
fully  an  inch  larger 
than  the  male,  and 
measures  about 
eight  and  a  half 
inches  in  extreme 
length.  All  owls 
lay  pure  white 
eggs,  noted  for 
their  unusual  ap- 
proach to  spheri- 
city ;  sometimes  an 
owl's  egg  will  be 
met  with  which  is 
almost  a  perfect 
sphere.  They  are 
extremely  u  s  e  f  ul 
birds  with  respect 
to  man's  interests, 
for  they  destroy  on 
farms  and  in  agri- 
cultural d  i  s  t  r  icts 
generally  t  h  o  u- 
sands  upon  thou- 
sands of  field  mice 
and  fi  e  1  d  mice 
stand  among  the 
greatest  grain  con- 
sumers that  the 
farmer  has  to  deal 
with  throughout 
the  year.  Some  of  our  large  species  of  owls  may  from  time 
to  time  destroy  poultry  on  the  farm ;  but  they  are  also  the 
eternal  enemies  of  many  of  the  farm  vermin  and  i)ests,  while 
the  smaller  species  of  these  valuable  birds  stand  among  the 
best  friends  the  husbandman  has  ujion  his  estates.     They 


CJARDEN    SPIDERS 

DENSELY 


BUILD    A    ROUND    AND 
WOVEN    NEST 


Fig.  10 — You  will  find  these  nests  in  the  ohi 
fields  and  elsewhere  in  the  autumn.  Generally 
they  are  attached  to  the  stems  of  the  coarse 
grasses  and  other  vegetation.  A  small  opening 
is  left  at  the  top,  while  they  arc  held  in  place  by 
silken  strands  leading  to  the  supports  on  all 
sides.  The  butterfly  on  the  -ground  is  a  beautiful 
specimen  of  a  male  Buckeye  U»»onia  coenia)^  an 
abundant  species  in  certain  localities  through 
out  the  Southern  States.  They  are  very  pugna 
cious    and    fight    other   species   of  butterflies. 


FLOWERS,  FEATHERS  AND  FINS 


673 


should  be  protected  in  every  way — even  introduced,  and 
encouraged  to  breed  upon  every  grain  farm  in  the  country. 
In  studying  various  animals  and  living  things  in  nature, 
one  is  often  confronted  with  what  has  been  aptly  de- 
scribed  by   naturalists   as   cases    of   "protective    resem- 
blance."   Some  interesting  instances  of  this  are  met  with 
among  owls,  as  for  example  in  the  "gray  phase"  of  our 
common  screech  owl,  which,  when  perched  upon  a  mossy, 
dead  limb  of  no  great  size,  with  its  body  drawn  up  in  an 
elongated  fashion,  and  with  its  feather-horns  fully  erect, 
closely  resembles  a  dead  and  broken  branch,  and  many  a 
screech  owl  has  owed  its  life  to  this  remarkable  resem- 
blance.   To  study  some  of  the  most  extraordinary  exam- 
ples of  this  protective  resemblance,  however,  we  should 
turn  to  the  insect  world.    Cases  are  to  be  met  with  among 
insects  in  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  and  a  very  note- 
worthy one  is  to  be  seen  in  our  common  stick  insect  of 
the  Eastern  States.     In  Figure  12  one  of  these  is  shown 
reproduced    from   a   photograph    from    life.      It   is    ex- 
tremely difficult  to  recognize  one  of  these  fellows  among 
the  small  green  twigs  of  the  tree  or  plant  upon  which  it 
may  be  resting,  especially  if  it  extends  its  fore-pair  of 
limbs  to  the  front, 
bringing     them 
close   together,   as 
it  often  does.     Its 
resemblance      then 
to    a   small,    green 
and  leafless  twig  is 
almost  perfect,  and 
its     enemies  —  or 
would-be   torment- 
ors and  destroyers 
— almost     invaria- 
bly pass  it  by  un- 
noticed. 

In  some  of  the 
books  these  insects 
are  called  "walk- 
ing-sticks" from 
the  deliberation  of 
their  movements 
and  locomotion 
{F  h  a  s  m  i  d  ae). 
Belle  Cragin  says 
of  them:  "The  in- 
sects  have 
so  strong  a  resem- 
blance to  brown 
and  green  twigs 
and  stems  that  it 
takes  a  sharp  eye 
to  detect  them 
when   they    are   at 

rest.  The  body,  legs,  and  antennae  are  long  and  slender.  Our 
one  common  species  has  no  wings,  bat  the  tropical  spe- 
cies have  wings  that  look  precisely  like  leaves.  They 
walk  slowly  and  awkwardly.  The  middle  pair  of  legs  is 
the  shortest.    They  feed  on  the  leaves  of  trees  and  plants." 


THrS  IS  ONK  OF  THE  MOST  INTKRKSTING 
OF  ALL  THE  S.MALLER  OWLS  IN  OUR 
AVIFAUNA. 
Fig.  n — In  the  southwestern  parts  of  the  United 
States  there  are  found  various  species  of  elf  and 
pygmy  owls  that  are  little  bits  of  fellows  The 
one  here  shown  is  considerably  larger,  and  is  an 
eastern  species.  It  is  called  the  Saw-whet,  as 
its  call  sounds  like  the  noise  made  when  sharp- 
ening a   saw. 


This  protective  resemblance  occurs  throughout  nature  but 
more  especially  in  the  animal  world.  It  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  "protective  mimicry,"  which  is  quite  a  differ- 
ent thing.  Then,  some  forms  are  capable  of  more  or  less  sud- 
denly changing  the  color  of  their  skin,  and  by  so  doing 

match,  to  a  greater 
or  less  extent,  their 
surround  ings, 
which  at  once  ren- 
der them  far  less 
easy  to  be  seen  by 
an  enemy  or  other 
observer.  A  good 
example  of  this  is 
to  be  noted  in  our 
common  American 
chameleon  of  the 
Southern  States 
{Anolis  p  r  in  c  i- 
palis).  It  possesses 
the  power  of  as- 
suming a  variety 
of  colors,  ranging 
all  the  way  from  a 
deep  snuff-brown 
to  a  pale  pea-green 
— t  he  desired 
change    being    ac- 

A.MOXG     INSECTS    THE     WALKING    STICKS      COmpHshed    with 
PRESENT    THE    MOST    RE.MARKABLE    EX-  ,  , 

AMPLES  OF  PROTECTIVE  RESEMBLANCE,    more  or  less  celcr- 

Fig.    12 — The    life    history    of    our    "stick    insects"  -^              TViic       liyarH 

is    wonderfully    interesting,    and    there    is   consid-  ^^J-           ^  i\\^       lizaru 

erable  literature  on  the  subject.     Dr.  L.  O.  How-  r  .                   , .     • 

ard  tells  us  that  "in   1898  this  insect  appeared   in  O  I  t  e  n      attains      a 

extraordinary    numbers    in    a    black-walnut    forest  ,             ,         r 

in  western  New  York,  so  that  in  the  autumn   the  length    Ot    SCVeU    Or 

dropping    of    the    eggs    on    the    leaf-covered    earth  .     ,          .       ,                       , 

sounded     like     a     heavy     shower     of     rain."     The  eight     lUChCS  ;     aUQ 

specimen  here  shown  is  of  a  bright  green  color.  it, 

along  the  bayous  in 
lower  Louisiana,  it  is  interesting  to  observe  a  big  one 
cautiously  creep  down  the  dark  trunk  of  a  cypress  tree, 
which  latter  has  some  of  its  roots  extending  into  the 
waters  of  the  bayou.  Should  one  make  a  pass  at  this 
lizard  with  the  intention  of  capturing  it,  and  miss  it,  the 
fellow  will  dart  down  the  trunk  spirally  as  quick  as  a 
flash,  and,  quitting  the  tree,  leap  onto  one  of  the  stems  of 
the  pickerel  weeds  growing  in  the  water.  Then,  cau- 
tiously creeping  up  on  the  further  side  of  this,  it  rapidly 
changes,  as  it  does  so,  to  a  shade  of  green  which  more  or 
less  closely  matches  that  of  the  stem  of  the  plant.  The 
fact  that  the  fellow  quickly  comes  to  a  dead  rest  still 
further  enhances  its  safety ;  for,  being  of  a  decidedly 
elongate  form,  from  the  tip  of  his  nose  to  the  end  of  his 
tail,  he  simulates  the  green,  rod-like  stem  of  the  pickerel 
weed  upon  which  he  rests. 

Remarkable  examples  of  protective  mimicry  are  like- 
wise to  be  seen  among  fishes,  and  no  form  presents  a  bet- 
ter exemplification  of  this  than  the  peculiar  little  sea- 
horse of  the  Australian  seas  {Phyllopteryx).  Its  body 
and  fins,  in  color  and  otherwise,  have  come  to  be  so  modi- 
fied that  it,  as  a  whole,  looks  like  a  crooked  bit  of  stem 
.  of  oceanic  seaweed,  with  the  delicate,  slender  and  wavv 
branchlets  floating  from  it.    As  it  lives  among  the  very 


674 


AMERICAN   FORESTRY 


vegetal  growths  of  the  ocean  which  it  closely  resembles, 
the  chances  of  being  observed  in  its  natural  habitat  are 
quite  remote  under  any  conditions,  and  it  thus  frequently 
esca|>es  its  enemies,  should  it  have  any  that  prey  upon  il 
Most  fishes,  however,  offer  no  such  remarkable  pecu- 
liarities; they   are  just  plain  fishes,  like  the  common 


American  Yellow  Perch.  This  is  a  very  handsome  in 
habitant  of  fresh-water  ponds,  lakes  and  streams,  being 
extremely  abundant  in  some  sections.  It  is  considered  to 
be  entirely  typical  of  the  true  bony  fishes  in  all  particu- 
lars, with  respect  to  its  structure,  and  its  skeleton  has 
long  been  used  as  the  type  for  the  osseous  fishes. 


WOMEN  HELP  TO   FIGHT   FOREST   FIRES 


THREE  Arizona  women  have  re- 
ceived the  official  thanks  of  the 
Forest  Service,  in  the  form  of  a  let- 
ter from  the  Acting  Forester,  for 


men  were  needed  on  the  fire  line, 
officials  of  the  Forest  Service  say 
that  Mrs.  Schoenberg,  who  is  the 
wife  of  Forest  Ranger  O.  P. 
Schoenberg,  took  over  the  work  of 
securing  labor,  handling  the  tele- 
phone exchange,  and  thus  keeping 


that  her  excellent  judgment  and 
initiative  were  of  material  assist- 
ance in  extinguishing  the  fire. 

The  Misses  Erickson,  daughters 
of  a  Forest  Ranger,  took  an  active 
part  in  the  fire  fighting.  They  or- 
ganized and  set  to  work  one  crew 
of  men  and  aided  in  securing 
others.  On  one  occasion,  by 
tually  fighting  fire  all  night,  they 


MISS  LILLIAN  ERICKSON. 

services  rendered  in  fighting  for- 
est fires.  They  are  Mrs.  O.  P. 
Schoenberg,  of  Portal,  Arizona,  and 
the  Misses  Lillian  and  Hildegarde 
Erickson,  of  Cochise,  Arizona,  who 
last  June  and  July  assisted  forest 
rangers  in  suppressing  serious  fires 
which  burned  over  about  24,000 
acres  in  the  Chiricahua  division  of 
the  Coronado  National  Forest,  in 
Arizona. 

At  a  time  when  all  the  available 


I 


MRS    O.  P.  SCHOENBERG. 


the  various  crews  in  touch  with  each 
other,  and  running  the  commissary 
for  the  large  force  of  laborers  em- 
ployed on  the  fire.  She  also  ar- 
ranged for  the  disposition  of  the 
men  at  the  different  fire-fighting 
crews  and  fed  the  newcomers  on 
their  way  to  the  fire.     It  is  stated 


MISS   HILDEGARDE    ERICKSON. 

relieved  a  crew  which  was  urgently 
needed  at  another  fire.  In  addition 
they  carried  food  and  water  to  the 
men  on  the  fire  line,  who  otherwise 
would  not  have  had  anything  to 
cat. 


'C'LOQUENT  testimony  as  to  the  value  of  proper  care 
■^  for  trees  in  city  parks  is  afforded  by  the  statement 
of  Park  Commissioner  Cunliff,  of  St.  Louis,  as  to  the  de- 
crease in  tree  mortality  in  Forest  Park,  in  that  city.  For- 
est Park  contains  approximately  50,000  trees.  The  num- 
ber of  trees  dying  during  the  last  twelve  months  was  only 
453.  During  a  similar  period  four  years  ago  the  number 
of  deaths  was  1200.  Last  year  it  was  600.  The  lower 
death  rate  of  the  trees  is  attributed  to  improved  methods 
of  care  and  repairs  applied  during  recent  years.  The 
trees  removed  will  this  fall  be  replaced  by  planting  10,000 
saplings. 


JOHN  GORDON  DORRANCE,  first  assistant  forester 
of  the  Maryland  State  Board  of  Forestry,  has  en- 
tered the  Engineer  Officers'  Reserve  Corps  of  the  United 
States  Army,  with  a  commission  as  second  lieutenant. 
He  is  the  first  man  to  represent  the  forest  engineers  and 
professional  foresters  of  Maryland  in  the  forest  regiments 
organized  by  the  War  Department.  As  a  part  of  his 
training  Mr.  Dorrance  studied  in  the  Black  Forest  of 
Germany  and  at  the  University  of  Hesse-Darmstadt  and 
Heidelberg.  He  holds  the  degrees  of  bachelor  of  for- 
estry and  forest  engineer  from  Biltmore  College  of  For- 
estry. 


CONSERVATION   IN  AUTUMN  LEAVES 


IN  the  autumn  tints  of  the  woods  there  is  no  evidence 
that  nature  is  practicing  conservation  in  her  use  of 
coloring  matter.  The  lavishness  with  which  she  has 
painted  the  landscape  red,  yellow  and  brown  suggests  to 
the  layman  that  she  is  altogether  reckless  in  her  desire  to 
make  the  country  attractive  and  that  she  has  a  fine  disre- 
gard for  the  war-time  supply  of  pigments. 

To  the  dendrologist  the  rich  coloring  tells  a  story  of 
true  conservation,  and  gives  additional  proof  that  nature 
never  wastes  her  resources.  The  brilliant  hues  of  the 
forests  are  a  manifestation  of  a  plan  to  use  everything 
to  the  best  possible  advantage.  The  change  in  coloring 
which  takes  place  in  the  leaves  during  the  autumn  is  the 
result  of  chemical  processes  which  are  at  work  in  nature's 
laboratory.  It  is  a  part  of  nature's  preparation  for  win- 
ter. Science  explains  that  during  the  spring  and  summer 
the  leaves  have  served  as  factories  for  the  making  of  the 
foods  necessary  for  the  growth  of  the  trees.  This  pro- 
cess of  manufacture  takes  place  in  numberless  tiny  cells 
of  each  leaf  and  is  carried  on  by  small  green  bodies  which 
give  the  leaf  its  color.  These  are  known  as  chlorophyll 
bodies.  By  taking  carbon  from  the  carbonic  acid  gas  of 
the  air  and  combining  it  with  hydrogen,  oxygen  and  va- 
rious minerals  supplied  by  the  water  gathered  by  the 
roots  these  bodies  make  the  necessary  food. 

In  the  fall,  when  cool  weather  causes  a  slowing  down 
of  the  vital  processes  the  manufacturing  ceases  and  the 
chlorophyll  is  broken  up  into  the  various  substances  of 
which  it  is  composed  and  the  food  is  sent  to  the  body  of 
the  tree  to  be  stored  up  for  use  in  the  sjjring.  All  that 
remains  in  the  cell  cavities  of  the  leaf  is  a  watery  sub- 
stance containing  a  few  oil  globules  and  crystals  and  a 


small  number  of  yellow,  strongly  refractive  bodies  which 
give  the  leaves  the  yellow  coloring  so  familiar  during 
the  months  of  the  autumn.  For  the  reds  and  browns 
sugar  is  responsible.  When  there  is  more  sugar  in  the 
leaf  than  can  readily  be  transferred  back  to  the  tree  its 
chemical  combination  with  the  other  substances  produces 
various  tints,  ranging  from  the  dogwood's  red  to  the  red- 
dish brown  of  the  oak. 

The  feeding  of  the  tree  itself  is  only  a  part  of  the'  duty 
of  nature's  chemical  laboratory.  The  entire  vegetable 
kingdom  depends  to  a  large  extent  on  the  food  supply 
created  by  the  leaves.  Chlorophyll  green  is  the  only  sub- 
stance which  has  the  power  to  break  up  rocks  and  con- 
vert them  into  starches  and  sugars.  As  the  tree  drinks 
in  water  from  the  soil  the  flow  carries  small  particles  of 
rock  into  the  trunk  of  the  tree.  When  the  chloro- 
phyll is  returned  to  the  parent  stem  by  the  leaves  it  works 
on  these  particles  and  through  chemical  reaction  con- 
verts them  into  sugars  -and  starches  for  sustaining  the 
life  of  the  tree.  Nature's  fine  adjustment  of  things  is 
evidenced  in  the  circumstance  that  the  chlorophyll  all 
disappears  from  the  leaf  before  the  leaf  falls  and  thus 
protects  the  surface  rocks  from  any  danger  of  disinte- 
gration such  as  might  occur  if  the  leaves  which  are  de- 
posited on  them  carried  this  chemical  substance. 

With  the  return  to  the  tree  of  the  food  substances  the 
leaves  retain  relatively  large  amounts  of  nitrogen  and 
phosphorus  which  were  originally  a  part  of  the  soil. 
Through  decomposition  the  fallen  leaves  enrich  the  soil 
and  it  is  because  of  this  and  the  accumulation  of  humus 
that  the  black  earth  of  the  forest  floor  is  so  fertile.  For 
this  reason  the  burning  of  leaves  on  the  forest  floor  robs 
the  soil  of  much  of  its  fertility. 


A  BEAUTIFUL  "MONKEY-POD"  IN   HONOLULU. 

Ily  an  official  order  given  by  ex-Governor  Sanford    B     Dole,   this  tree   was   left   stand- 
ing  in   its  original  place    when   the   street    was   improved. 


TREE  SAVED  BY  A  GOVERNOR 

BY  ALLEN  H.  WRIGHT 

"WZHEREVER  one  may  go,  he  will  always 
'"  find  something  of  interest  in  connection 
with  the  trees  which  may  grow  there. 

In  the  city  of  Honolulu,  Hawaiian  Islands, 
for  instance,  one  will  see  in  Vineyard  street 
a  beautiful  specimen  of  the  monkey-pod  tree, 
standing  squarely  in  the  center  of  the  thor- 
oughfare, its  great  branches  extending  far 
over  the  property-line  on  either  side  of  the 
street. 

The  interesting  story  about  this  tree  is 
that  former  Governor  Sanford  B.  Dole,  who 
was  at  one  time  the  president  of  the  short- 
lived republic  which  followed  the  end  of  the 
rule  by  native  kings  and  queens,  gave  an 
official  order  that  this  tree  should  be  left 
standing  when  the  street  was  improved,  and 
so  it  stands  today  unharmed,  beautiful  in 
its  natural  spread  of  branch  and  shade,  act- 
ing as  a  guide  for  autoist  or  driver  to  keep  to 
the  right  side  of  the  highway. 


URBAN  AND  SUBURBAN  FOOD  PRODUCTION-ITS  PAST  AND 

ITS   FUTURE 

BY   CHARLES  LATHROP  PACK 

President  of  the  National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission  and  President  of  the  American  Forestry  Association. 


THIS  is  the  time  for  stock  taking  in  connection  with 
the  food  situation.  We  have  had  a  growing  season 
which  broke  all  records  and  was  generally  beyonil 
expectations.  The  work  of  gardening,  of  canning  and 
of  drying  vegetables  and  fruits  has  been  under  way'  in 
the  land,  from  Maine  to  California,  and  from  the  Lakes 
to  the  Gulf,  and  has  justified  all  belief  as  to  success.  It 
is  important  to  consider  what  this  means.  It  means  one 
million  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  acres  of  city  and 
town  land  under  cultivation  the  past  season  for  the  first 
time.  Urban  and  suburban  America  became  a  vast  gar- 
den as  the  result  of  the  impulse  given  to  the  nation  by 
the  National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Commission. 
This  area  of  productiveness  embraced  back  yards,  vacant 
lots  and  hitherto  untilled  tracts  of  land  in  and  around 
nearly  every  city,  town  and  village.  Our  nation-wide 
survey  located  nearly  three  million  such  gardens.  This 
is  only  a  beginning.  What  shall  the  harvest  be  next 
year?     What  have  we  learned  this  year? 

Germany  reports  that  its  town  war  gardens  produced 
more  in  1917  than  any  year  since  the  war  started.  This 
shows  the  value  of  experience.  In  our  one  year  of  ex- 
perience, it  is  conservative  to  state,  that  by  the  planting 
of  gardens  the  nation's  food  supply  has  been  increased 
to  the  extent  of  more  than  $350,000,000.  Next  year  we 
will  do  even  better.  We  will  then  have  more  war  gardens 
and  the  average  production  will  be  larger.  With  a  bet- 
ter knowledge  there  will  be  fewer  failures. 

Any  inventory  of  the  food  situation  must  reckon  this 
great  garden  fruitfulness  as  a  vital  factor.  As  its  first 
duty,  already  accomplished,  it  has  been  of  great  value  in 
keeping  down  the  cost  of  living  for  the  people  of 
America.  Household  expenses  have  been  bad  enough  as 
it  is.  That  they  would  have  been  far  worse  without  this 
garden  crop  is  obvious.  There  is  much  evidence  that  our 
food  gardens  are  helping  our  people  to  feed  themselves 
more  reasonably.  The  editor  of  the  North  American  Re- 
view, in  the  issue  for  September,  1917,  says:  "Last  spring 
at  garden  planting  time  we  urged  the  increase  of  produc- 
tion, partly  through  intensified  culture,  to  increase  the 
yield  per  acre,  and  partly  through  tke  increase  of  acre- 
age by  the  cultivation  of  neglected  fields  and  even  small 
plots  in  suburban  and  urban  areas.  How  well  this  policy 
was  executed  is  seen  in  the  report  of  the  National  Emer- 
gency Food  Garden  Commission  that  the  gardens  of  the 
country  were  this  year  more  than  trebled  in  area.  Beyond 
question,  this  garden  achievement  has  much  to  dp  with 
the  fact  that  the  increase  in  price  of  garden  products  ir 
the  year  was  only  22  i)er  cent,  or  less  than  one-fifth  the 
increase  in  the  price  of  breadstufFs." 

The  war  gardens  of  America  have  been  extensively  re 
ferred  to  as  a  valuable  economic  agency  by  the  news- 


papers of  England,  France,  Italy  and  South  America 
The  significance  of  this  planting  does  not  end  with  the 
summer  season.  The  war  gardens  will  exert  their  in- 
fluence on  the  cost  of  living  during  the  winter  months. 
Their  value  is  a  thing  of  the  future  as  well  as  the  past. 
Conservation  has  been  practiced  on  a  national  scale.  In 
the  homes  of  America  there  has  been  earnest  recognition 
of  the  importance  of  looking  ahead.  The  individual  citi 
zen  has  realized  that  the  over-supply  of  the  growing  sea- 
son must  be  translated  into  terms  of  abundance  for  the 
winter.  This  realization  has  brought  about  such  activity 
in  household  conservation  as  America  has  never  before 
known.  Food  saving  and  food  conserving  are  becoming 
national  characteristics.  From  a  wasteful  nation  America 
is  being  transformed  into  a  nation  alert  to  the  needs  of 
the  future.  The  keynote  of  this  new  national  spirit  has 
been  that  nothing  should  be  allowed  to  go  to  waste — 
that  nothing  useful  should  be  thrown  away. 

The  result  will  mean  much  for  food  F.  O.  B.  the  pantry 
shelves  in  the  homes  of  America  this  winter  and  help  us, 
by  feeding  ourselves,  to  feed  our  boys  of  the  Army  and 
Navy  and  to  feed  our  Allies.  Our  soldiers  must  all  be  fed 
and  the  soldiers  and  civilians  of  France  and  England 
must  be  fed,  and  to  a  large  extent  fed  by  us,  and  we  are 
going  to  see  that  this  is  done.  The  gardens  of  next  year 
will  exceed  those  of  the  past  season.  In  the  canning  and 
drying  of  vegetables  and  fruit  our  women  have  been  con- 
tributing their  share.  The  canning  and  drying  move 
ment  has  brought  back  to  thousands  of  American  house- 
holds an  art  almost  forgotten  since  our  grandmothers' 
day.  This  will  be  continued  next  year  on  an  even  larger 
scale. 

War  has  made  Uncle  Sam  the  biggest  buyer  of  food  in 
this  country.  The  board  bill  for  his  soldiers  will  soon  be 
at  least  $1,000,000  a  day.  We  are  to  have  2,300,000  or 
more  men  under  arms  shortly  according  to  Secretary 
Baker.  At  forty  cents  a  day  food  cost  per  man  it  will 
be  seen  what  that  means.  True,  these  men  ate  before  be- 
coming soldiers  to  make  the  world  safe  for  Democracy. 
Each  of  them  doubtless  ate  more  than  forty  cents'  worth 
daily.  But  you  must  remember  that  these  men  have  sud- 
denly become  non-producers,  and  they  must  be  fed  by 
the  rest  of  us.  The  army  is  making  great  plans  for 
camouflage  to  deceive  the  eyes  of  the  enemy,  but  you 
cannot  deceive  a  soldier's  stomach.  He  must  have  real 
food. 

I  am  told  that  the  reserve  stock  of  foodstuffs  at  eacli 
camp  is  worth  $125,000,  and  there  are  33  camps  in  the 
country  today.  This  means  that  food  valued  at  $4,125,- 
000  is  taken  out  of  the  regular  channels  of  trade  pro- 
duction and  consumption.  These  figures  give  but  a  small 
idea  of  the  need  of  food  conservation  on  the  part  of  the 


«7« 


URBAN  AND  SUBURBAN  FOOD  PRODUCTION 


677 


individual  at  this  time  and  the  need  will  be  greater  next 
year.  The  National  Emergency  Food  Garden  Commis- 
sion urges  every  soldier  of  the  soil  to  at  once  promote 
himself  to  a  Colonel  of  Conservation  and  to  make  plans 
for  gardening  and  for  conserving  garden  food  in  1918  as 
never  before. 

The  glass  jar  manufacturers  of  this  country  have  de- 
livered during  the  season  of  1917  about  119,000,000  glass 
jars.  A  survey  of  the  household  supply  of  jars  used  for 
canning  and  preserving  in  some  twenty  typical  towns 
throughout  the  country  showed  that  the  housewives  of 
America  in  1917  used  but  one  new  jar  to  over  three  and 
one-quarter  old  glass  jars  which  were  already  on  hand. 
Thus  you  see  that  in  conservative  terms  the  home  women 
of  our  country  put  up  nearly  five  hundred  million  quart 
jars  of  vegetables  and  fruits,  certainly  three  times  what 
had  been  accomplished  in  any  season  before.  Next  year, 
profiting  by  their  experience  of  this  year,  they  will  can,  I 
believe,  millions  more,  and  more  will  be  needed. 

The  Commission  is,  of  course,  gratified  at  the  success 
of  its  work  in  behalf  of  food  thrift,  and  congratulates  all 
who  have  had  a  part  in  this  patriotic  effort.  Great  credit 
is  due  to  the  newspapers  of  the  country  for  their  splendid 
and  liberal  co-operation  in  aiding  to  arouse  popular  in- 
terest in  gardening,  canning  and  drying,  the  interest 
which  is  so  significant  of  the  American  determination  to 
neglect  no  opportunity  to  strengthen  the  nation's  war- 
time position. 

Much  has  been  learned  this  year  by  town  and  city  peo- 
ple about  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  in  the  interest  of 
thrift  and  health,  and  also  about  the  conservation  of  its 
products,  so  that  we  may  look  with  faith  and  courage 
to  still  greater  results  for  1918  when  the  need  will  be 
more  urgent.  I  wish  to  emphasize  the  fact  that  there  will 
be  a  greater  demand  for  food  for  exportation  next  year 
than  there  has  ever  been  before,  and  we  must  fill  the  de- 
mand. 

The  necessity  for  this  is  well  expressed  by  Lord 
Rhondda,  the  British  Food  Administrator.  He  has  said : 
"I  hope  the  exportable  surplus  of  American  primary 
foodstuffs  will  be  much  larger  than  the  present  esti- 
mates, as  the  result  of  food  economies  by  which  the 
United  States  and  Canadian  homes  are  helping  to  win 
the  war,  just  as  surely  as  is  the  production  of  munitions. 
Every  American  woman  is  in  a  position  to  bring  nearer 
the  inevitable  atonement  for  the  brutal  outrages  in  Bel- 
gium, Armenia  and  Serbia,  the  sinking  of  the  Lusitania 
and  other  horrors,  by  her  day-by-day  economies.  There 
need  be  no  fear  that  the  sacrifices  will  be  wasted  over 
here.  Unless  the  Entente  Allies  are  able  to  import  the 
sui)plies  necessary  for  the  army  and  the  population,  vic- 
tory may  slip  from  our  united  grasp." 

If  25  per  cent  of  the  new  war  gardeners  failed,  owing 
to  inexperience,  to  get  a  good  crop  this  year,  not  10  per 
cent  will  fail  next  year.  People  who  did  not  plant  this 
year  have  been  so  enthused  with  this  nation-wide  suc- 
cess of  the  home  gardening  and  home  canning  movement 
that  they  will  not  be  doing  their  duty  to  themselves  or 


to  their  country  if  they  do  not  do  their  share  in  1918. 
That  they  will  do  their  duty  I  am  altogether  confident." 

I  want  to  praise  the  women  of  this  country  because  it 
is  the  women  who  in  a  peculiar  sense  understand  what 
the  war  means.  It  is  my  experience  that  the  practical 
women  of  America  have  been  practicing  thrift  for  many 
years  and  that  they  know  full  well  how  to  practice 
economy  without  parsimony,  and  that  this  year  in  addi- 
tion they  have  added  to  their  duties  the  patriotic  work  of 
extra  food  production  and  extra  food  conservation. 

This  war  will  be  won  in  large  part  by  fighting  with 
food.  We  will  do  our  duty  in  this  hour  of  trial,  and  we 
have  no  greater  duty  than  the  production  and  conserva- 
tion of  food.  This  war  is  as  much  our  war  as  it  is  the 
war  of  Europe,  and  unless  we  can  keep  the  soldiers  and 
the  women  and  children  of  our  Allies  fed,  the  western 
line  of  defense  may  be  thrown  back  toward  the  Atlantic 
seaboard,  and  it  is  well  within  possibility  that  in  that  case 
we  would  see  the  enemy's  army  on  our  shores. 

To  prevent  this  disaster  calls  for  the  best  effort  of 
every  American  household.  You  cannot  starve  Germany. 
Ambassador  Gerard  has  told  us  so,  and  from  the  avail- 
able evidence  I  believe  he  is  right ;  but  we  will  starve  our 
Allies  if  we  are  so  short-sightecj,  small  and  mean  and  un- 
patriotic as  not  to  deserve  the  name  of  Americans.  This 
must  not  be !     It  will  not  be. 

You  do  not  now  have  to  be  told  again  the  need  of  food 
F.  O.  B.  the  kitchen  door.  This  truth  has  made  itself  felt 
in  millions  of  American  homes  this  year.  The  town  or 
city  farmer  who  can  raise  even  half  of  his  winter  supply 
of  vegetables  is  able,  as  a  result,  to  accomplish  much  as 
a  constructive  citizen.  In  other  words,  we  must  make  a 
big  drive  to  produce  food  in  this  country  as  near  the 
point  of  consumption  as  possible,  rout  the  middleman  and 
the  cold-storage  man  and  help  the  railroads  in  the  tre- 
mendous transportation  problem  that  confronts  them 
while  the  country  is  at  war. 

Glass  jars  and  all  other  containers  must  be  conserved 
this  winter  and  the  manufacturers  must  next  year  be  pre- 
pared to  meet  the  largest  demand  for  them  the  country 
has  ever  seen.  From  every  section  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada  come  reports  that  the  production  of  vege- 
tables and  fruits  suitable  for  canning  will  next  year  far 
exceed  the  high  water  mark  of  this  year. 

The  food  problem  is  one  of  the  vital  issues  of  today.  It 
is  a  problem  from  which  none  of  us  may  escape.  Each 
of  us  has  his  individual  responsibilities  in  the  situation. 
To  win  the  final  victory  in  the  great  war,  America  must 
feed  not  only  herself  and  her  fighting  forces,  but  she  must 
help  to  feed  the  people  of  England,  France,  Italy  and 
Russia.  To  do  this  with  the  highest  measure  of  efficiency 
is  the  real  problem.  There  must  be  no  lost  motion. 
Every  move  must  be  made  to  count.  Every  act  must  be 
a  blow  for  liberty  in  our  work  for  Democracy  to  save 
and  redeem  civilization.  It  is  not  enough  that  we  should 
all  be  alert  to  the  food  needs  of  America  and  her  Allies : 
we  must  back  that  alertness  with  constructive  skill  and 
real  industry. 


"SHOES  AND  SHIPS  AND  SEALING  WAX 


5? 


/ 


V' 


9>'-. 


SAYS  Toto,  "am  going 
to  be  a  averator." 

I  .  "It  ain't  aver-ator," 

7  f   ^  responds     his    older 
^  brother,    "it's    avee-a- 
%  M  tor." 

"Well,  anyhow, 
whatever  it  is,  I'm 
going  to  be  it." 

"I'm    not,"    returns 
Everett,  "I'm  going  to 
be  a  soldier  and  shoot  with  a  gun." 

Toto  maintains  that  he  is  going  to  fly  and 
is  going  to  shoot  also,  because,  as  he  points 
out,  the  aviators  that  he  knows  are  soldiers. 
He  knows  a  good  many,  because  there  is  an 
army  aviation  school  near  us,  and  ever 
since  last  June  there  had  been  class  after 
class  of  young  men,  each  froup  getting  a 
start  in  the  work,  to  finish  in  real  flying  at 
some  other  place  in  this  country  or  abroad- 
Toto  is  a  erreat  favorite  with  all  of  them. 

Soon  Everett  comes  in  and  asks  for  ten 
cents  to  buy  a  wooden  gun  he  has  seen.  I 
try  to  tell  him  that  he  can  make  a  better 
one  for  himself,  at  which  he  turns  the 
tables  by  saying  "I  can  make  one  if  you  will 
let  me  use  your  saw." 

He  knows  that  the  saw  and  plane  and 
chisels  and  other  tools,  that  father  keeps 
locked-up,  are  not  to  be  used  by  small,  un- 
skilled and  careless  hands;  but  he  is  sharp 
enough  to  see  that  I  must  yield  the  use  of 
the  saw  to  carry  my  point  about  his  making 
the  gun.  So,  on  promise  of  care  and  quick, 
safe  return  of  the  saw  to  its  right  place  he 
sets  out  to  make  the  gun.  He  is  good  at 
this  sort  of  task  and  does  a  neat  job.  The 
gun  he  makes  is  far  bigger  and  better  than 
the  one  he  can  buy. 

Then  Toto  wants  to  make  an  airplane  of 


some  sticks  I  have  been  saving  to  use  in 
holding  up  plants-  He  sees  that  I  can  not 
favor  his  brother  and  refuse  him  at  the  same 
time,  so  he  gets  the  sticks,  and  both  boys 
work  together  and  make  the  toy  plane. 


WOOD  furnishes  them  with  the  stuff 
they  need.  Small  as  they  are,  and  as 
little  used  to  workmanship,  they  can 
make  wood  serve  their  purpose.  Was 
there  ever  such  a  useful  stuff  for  making 
all  sorts  of  things?  Even  the  airplanes 
and  the  guns  of  the  great  war  must  depend 
on  wood.  Here  is  the  whole  range  of  uses, 
from  serving  child's  play  to  man's  fury. 
Of  course^  if  the  trees  had  anything  to  say 
about  it  they  would  be  used  only  for  build- 
ing up,  and  not  for  tearing  down,  and  would 
be  man's  play  things  rather  than  his  de- 
stroyers. Yet  ground  wood,  finer  than 
sawdust,  is  a  part  of  much  of  the  gun  pow- 
der. 

Toto  has,  in  common  with  other  boys  of 
today,  a  whole  new  field  of  make-believe. 
In  my  day  we  never  took  much  stock  in 
flying,  except  as  we  dreamed  of  it-  Most 
boys  and  men,  even  old  men  who  never  had 
seen  a  man  in  the  air,  have  had  dreams  of 
flying.  It  is  common  in  children's  sleep,  I 
think,  to  dream  of  launching  forth  from  a 
high  place  and  floating  in  space,  much  as  a 
bird  sails,  and  without  effort.  Very  few,  I 
find,  have  not  had  this  dream, — a  dream 
that  comes  again  and  again,  of  being  wafted 
through  the  air.  And  now  Toto  actually 
sees  it,  along  with  the  rest  of  us,  and  when 
he  is  a  grown  man  it  will  be  common.  War 
has  made  it  come  sooner  than  it  would  have 
come  otherwise.  One  cannot  help  thinking 
what  a  boon  flying  will  be  in  making  forest 


\y 


mi 


m^ 


'A 


-A 


u 


\,^^i 


surveys.     Already  an  airplane  has  been  in 
use  to  search  out  forest  fires. 


PLAYING  at  war  has  been  just  as  much 
a  game  for  boys  as  dolls  have  been 
for  girls-  It  was  always  a  part  of 
youth  to  fight  battles  of  one  sort  or 
another,  real  and  unreal.  This  year  our 
boys  have  helped  in  real  war  by  fighting 
weeds  in  home  gardens.  Maybe  this  thought 
has  made  weeding  easier  than  I  found  it. 
Ho.;  in  hand,  to  keep  down  the  weed  ene- 
mies, sounds  very  well  these  days.  It  was 
hard  work  as  I  look  back  on  it,  and  I  find 
that  Everett  and  Toto  will  work  till  they 
are  ready  to  drop,  digginfs;  rows  of  trenches 
all  over  the  place,  but  rows  of  onions  to 
weed  are  not  so  good. 

Boys  are  about  the  same,  I  guess,  no  mat- 
ter what  the  time  or  place. 

«HERE  was  some  fun,  as  I  recall,  in  go- 
ing miles  over  the  fields  after  the 
mail,  carrying  a  limber  switch  by  way 
of  a  sword,  and  lopping  off  the  heads 
of  wild  carrots  and  daisies  that  grew  along 
the  wayside,  exclaiming,  '.'Die,  villain!"  as 
the  blossom  heads  dropped.  The  lumbering 
grasshoppers,  flying  up  thick,  were  the  bul- 
lets of  the  enemy;  if  one  struck  the  hero's 
right  arm  he  would  have  to  transfer  his 
sword  to  the  left  and  keep  up  the  fight;  if 
he  were  struck  in  the  leg  he  would  have  to 
hop  along  as  best  he  could  on  one,  trusting 
that  it  would  heal  before  both  pins  were 
gone.  If  a  grasshopper  bullet  struck  him 
over  the  heart  he  just  had  to  go  to  the  hos- 
pital in  a  neighboring  fence  corner  and  find 
some  slippery  elm  or  blackberry  medicine 
until  he  was  cured  of  his  wound-    The  folks 


at  home  used  to  have  to  wait  a  long  time 
for  the  mail  on  these  days  of  battle;  and 
it  must  be  owned  that  the  hurts  received 
when  the  hero  returned  home  were  more 
serious  than  the  ones  he  got  in  combat. 
I  suppose  all  this  has  been  changed  by  the 
rural  free  delivery,  and  the  small  boys  of 
the  present  day  do  not  have  the  perfectly 
good  excuse  of  going  after  the  mail  to  get 
them  out  of  the  job  of  weeding  the  onions. 


BUT  that  is  not  what  I  started  to  write 
in  the  beginning.  It  was  rather  to 
call  attention  to  the  great  need  of 
wood,  and  the  greater  need,  while  we 
still  have  the  chance,  to  see  that  there  shall 
always  be  plenty.  The  wooden  sword  and 
the  wooden  toy  gun  may  go  out  of  fashion. 
I  hope  they  will,  just  as  I  hope  this  strug- 
gle will  prove  to  be  the  War  for  Peace.  But 
wood  will  never  be  less  useful;  and  when 
I  see  it  going  into  so  many  new  things, 
such  as  airplanes,  I  know  that  man  will 
need  it  and  use  it  even  more  in  the  future 
than  he  has  in  the  past. 

When  the  Walrus  and  the  Carpenter,  on 
that  well-known  walk,  spoke  of  many  things, 
such  as  "shoes  and  ships  and  sealing  wax," 
they  did  not  get  very  far  away  from  wood. 
Because  shoes  must  be  made  on  wooden 
lasts,  and  many  are  pegged  with  wood,  the 
leather  is  tanned  from  an  extract  of  tree 
bark;  in  Holland  boys  and  girls  wear 
whole  wooden  shoes-  Ai:d  as  for  ships,  we 
know  they  are  made  from  wood,  and  even 
the  iron  ones  have  wooden  masts  and  spars. 
When  it  comes  to  sealing  wax,  the  hardened 
rum  of  the  pine  tree,  known  as  rosin,  we  are 
m  the  very  heart  of  the  use  of  wood.  Let's 
keep  it  growing! 


:/S 


a! 


t- 


Vf^-v« 


-^=^ 


h 


I 


r^r. 


'<!& 


CHILDREN'S  PLAYGROUNDS  IN  PARKS  AND  FORESTS 

By  SMITH  RILEY,  District  Forester 

"The  paths,  the   woods,  the  hoa'vens,  the  hills. 

Are  not  a  world  today, 
But  just  a  place  God  made  for  us 

In  which  to  play." 


w 


HO  of  us  but  does  not  love  the  mountains  with 
their  snow-capped  peaks  and  forests  and  tum- 
b   1   i   n   g 


that  we  are  walking  in  the 
with  God  of  the  open  air." 


streams  ? 
More  and  more  we 
are  coming  to  real- 
ize that  the  Na- 
tional Parks  and 
Forests  of  our 
country  are  na- 
ture's playground, 
set  aside  as  vaca- 
tion joylands  for 
little  folks  and 
big.  John  Muir 
once  said: 

"T  h  e  tendency 
now  -  a  -  days  t  o 
wander  in  the  wil- 
derness is  delight- 
ful to  see.  Thou- 
sands of  tired, 
nerveshaken,  over- 
civilized  people  are 
beginning  to  find 
out  that  going  to 
the  mountains  is 
home ; 


PLENTY  OF  WORK  IX  THE  AIR  IS  GOOD  FOR  TIIE.M 

Here  we  catch  a  glimpse  of  the   Boy  Scouts,  in  camp  on  the  Pike  National   Forest  in   Colorado, 

at  their   regular   morning   exercises,    part   of  the    routine   of   camp   life. 


going 
that  wilderness  is  a 
necessity ;  and  that  moun- 
tain parks  and  reservations 
are  useful,  not  only  as 
fountains  cf  timber  and  ir- 
rigating rivers,  but  as 
fountains  of  life. 

"So  we  wander  in  search 
of  mountain  wild  flowers, 
following  the  trails  that 
lead  to  the  alpine  meadows, 
listening  to  the  bird  songs 
as  we  pass,  wrapped  in  the 
peace  of  the  perfect  hills, 
while  all  about  us  the  infi- 
nite beauty  of  things  cre- 
ated, the  magic  of  the  sum- 
mer skies,  the  strength  of 
the  far-flung  bastions,  the 
purity  of  the  eternal  snows, 
and  the  glory  of  the  flow- 
ers that  bloom  above  the 
clouds,    bid    us    remember 


SB^4£^i?C^^'^lf?^VI 

'mmmmM^jii: 

^^.^*-'          in.;! 

.fm^^  7 

r^i 

^9&kJiK 

.      '>'^. 

^^^Hr.  HI^^^^^^S 

•:-:     ^^^^M'^ 

[  ,      -'-^^^  ■   '"  Mi 

A    YOUNG    EXPONENT    OF    Ini      i\     nil     OPEN 

Ros)r<heeked  and   happy,   he   typifies  the   value   of   the   opportunity   offered 

by  the  recreational  use  of  the  National   Forests. 


freedom  of  the  garden  wild 
There  are  numberless  men 
and  women  who 
see  in  the  open 
only  discomfort 
and  apprehension. 
Such  people  are 
-tm  largely  dependent 
•|B  upon  the  comforts 
^  of  life,  having  re- 
ceived no  opportu- 
nities in  the  active 
days  of  their  youth 
to  acquire  a  taste 
for  the  things  of 
Nature  and  the 
great  outdoors. 
Big  places  make 
big  thoughts,  and 
big  thoughts  make 
big  men  and  wo- 
men. Can  we  not 
then  offer  the  use 
of  our  Parks  and 
Forests  as  places 
of  education  for 
the  citizens  of  this  nation 
in  which  to  teach  their 
children  the  lessons  of  the 
wilderness ?  Mountain, 
prairie,  and  walking  clubs 
are  developing  rapidly 
throughout  the  country. 
These  offer  outings  to 
those  grownups  who  have 
developed  an  appetite  for 
outdoor  life,  but  only  occa- 
sionally is  it  possible  for 
parents  to  have  their  chil- 
dren accompany  them. 

There  are  two  noted  or- 
ganizations, the  Camp  Fire 
Girls  and  the  Boy  Scouts, 
which  take  larger  children 
into  the  out-of-doors.  The 
children  who  join  such 
clubs  have,  as  a  rule,  a  nat- 
ural taste  for  country  or 
mountain  life,  or  have  had 
opportunities     to     develop 


CHILDREN'S  PLAYGROUNDS  IN  PARKS  AND  FORESTS 


68! 


■:^  k 

5A*4w^^^"'' »  »  v     «        ** 

"JUST  A   PLACE  GOD   MADE  FOR   US   IN   WHICH   TO   PLAY" 
A    happy    crowd    thoroughly    enjoying    a    picnic    under    the    trees    in    the    Pike    National    Forest 

in   Colorado. 


their  "back  to  Nature"  instincts.  Is  it  not  possible  for 
us,  however,  to  reach  the  hordes  of  younger  children 
through  these  means,  so  they  may  learn  the  lessons 
of  nature?  Children  receive  vivid  impressions  from 
the  ages  of  eight  to  fourteen.  Why  not, 
then,  attempt  to  reach  these  younger 
children  ? 

There  is  a  present  day  tendency 
to  develop  and  maintain  camp  grounds 
along  through  highways;  to  develop 
mountain  foothill  and  waterside  parks 
near  cities.  Throughout  the  West 
are  many  municipal  parks  and  camp 
grounds  where  hundreds  of  people  of 
all  ages  are  given  an  outing  each 
year.  At  none  of  these  areas  is  there 
any  form  of  development  for  the 
purpose  of  educating  small  children. 
Older  children  receive  impressions  from 
those  things  that  influence  adults,  but 
the  bulk  of  small  children  receive  their 
keenest  conceptions  through  play.  Les- 
sons that  come  in  play  are  strongest  and 
most  lasting  to  a  child. 

Here  is  a  big  field  for  developing 
children's  playgrounds  in  the  open 
where  they  may  teach  the  lessons 
which  create  a  taste  for  nature.  There 
is  a  tendency  to  make  the  playgrounds 
in  the  country  very  similar  to  those 
found  on  the  school  grounds  or  corner 
lots  of  a  city.  For  exami)le,  the  City 
of  Denver  has  constructed  a  number 
of   playgrounds   throughout   her   moun- 


tain parks,  amid  the  most  beautiful 
natural  settings  imaginable.  These 
are  fitted  with  swings,  teeter  boards, 
merry-go-rounds,  and  turning  bars ; 
the  s'^.me  equipment  that  is  placed 
upon  city  playgrounds.  A  child,  un- 
less he  be  exceptional,  may  go  to  such 
grounds  and  wear  himself  out  at  play, 
time  after  time,  without  receiving  the 
least  impression  of  the  beautiful  natural 
surroundings. 

Can  we  not  hit  upon  a  plan  of 
building  up  such  playgrounds  so  that 
they  will  create  a  realization  of  out- 
door life  and  the  surroundings  in  the 
minds  of  children?  Suppose  in  place 
of  the  swings,  teeter-boards,  etc.,  a 
miniature  camp  was  constructed ;  a 
two-room  log  house  with  fire-place, 
furniture  and  an  enclosure  where  the 
children  could  play  at  camping.  To 
vary  this,  some  playgrounds  should 
be  furnished  with  shelter  cabins  and  a 
fire-place  out  in  front,  which  would 
give  a  different  phase  of  camp  life. 
Playing  housekeeping  and  giving  par- 
ties is  a  child's  favorite  amusement.  Why  not  make  use 
of  this  to  create  a  taste  for  outdoor  life?  Trees,  shrubs 
and  plants  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  these  camps 
should  be  marked  with  signs  so  the  children  might  learn 


BOY   SCOUTS    IN    CAMP    IN    THE    PIKE    NATIONAL    FOREST 

A  cheerful  crowd,  out  for  a  good  time.     This  catnp  indicates  one  of  the   many   recreational   uses 

to  which  the  National  Forests  are  put. 


682 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


their  name  and  appearance,  and  become  familiar  with 
the  different  kinds  of  forest  growth,  while  cabins  could 
contain  pictures  of  the  birds  and  animals  common  to 
that  section.  In  addition  to  miniature  camps,  it  has  been 
sujjgested  that 
where  suitable 
areas,  advantage- 
ously located,  can 
be  found,  a  minia- 
ture forest  might 
be  laid  out  with 
trails,  fire  look- 
out towers,  fire 
boxes,  etc.  This 
would  give  the 
children  a  chance 
to  play  at  forest 
protect!  on  and 
learn  the  lesson 
of  preservation  of 
all  forest  life.  It 
is  really  surpris- 
ing what  a  small 
per  cent  of  both 
children  and 
grownups  who 
find  keen  enjoy- 
ment in  outdoor 
life  have  any 
conception  of  the 
enormous  damage 
to  forest  life 
wrought  by  care- 
lessness. Thus,  in 
making  the  National 
Forests  and  Parks  attrac- 
tive, let  us  think  of  the 
children  of  today  as  the 
men  and  women  of  to- 
morrow. Let  us  so  con- 
struct playgrounds  for 
them  that  through  play 
they  will  receive  a  taste 
for  nature  and  the  lessons 
it  teaches. 

To  be  sure  such  play- 
grounds will  cost  some- 
thing to  construct  and 
maintain,  as  will  all  camp 
grounds  or  pleasure  areas 
prepared  for  the  public. 
The  children,  too,  will 
need  instruction  and  direc- 
tion at  such  playgrounds 
if  they  are  to  secure  the 
greatest  use  arid  enjoy- 
ment out  of  them.  It  has 
been  found  that  an  officer 
must  be  stationed  at  camp 
erounds  to  guard  against 


fire  and  assist  the  public,  and  to  teach  the  children  the 
u.se  of  these  play  camps.  It  is  the  child's  nature  to  teach 
other  children  the  play-games  he  has  mastered,  and  thus 
will  our  little  folks  learn  of  outdoor  joys  and  pleasures 

and  return  to  their 
homes  rosy- 
cheeked  and  happy 
— the  better  boys 
and  girls. 


The  always  exciting 


A  FAIR   FIELD  AND   NO  FAVORITES! 
"fat  man*s  race"  at  one  of  the  picnics  enjoyed  by  hundreds   of  people  each 
year   in   the   National    Forests. 


LESSONS   THAT    COME    IN    PLAV    MAKE    DEEPEST    IMPRESSIONS 

ON    CHILDREN 
This   young  American    is    Frank    McConncll.   son    of    Ranger    McConnell    of 
the    Colorado    National    Forest,    and    he    and    his    t-usty    friend    are    busily 
engaged  carrying  to  the  Ranger  Station  mail  and  supplies  which  have  been 
IfU   by  stage   three-quarters  of  a  mile   away. 


UNIVERSITY 
EXHIBITS 

The  State  Col- 
lege of  Forestry 
at  Syracuse  Uni- 
versity has  had  ex- 
hibits at  eight  fairs 
this  fall.  One  fea- 
ture of  the  exhibits 
showed  a  n  entire 
tree  o  f  Norway 
Spruce  cut  and 
sawed  into  various 
products,  including 
two  logs  yielding 
eight  foot  boards, 
two  fence  posts, 
valuable  if  treated 
against  decay,  and 
one  hop  pole.  The 
entire  yield  of  the 
tree  was  fifty-nine 
board  feet,  and  a 
chart  which  ac- 
companied it  gave  cost  and 
profit  figures  per  acre  per 
year,  at  the  rate  of  growth 
which  this  particular  speci- 
men had  made.  Other 
features  were  specimens  of 
l)aper  made  from  bark 
which  would  otherwise 
have  been  absolute  waste, 
and  numerous  other  things 
manufactured  from  wood, 
but  seldom  credited  to  the 
forest,  such  as  articles  of 
clothing  from  fiber  silk, 
and  twine  made  from  twist- 
ed Kraft  paper  fiber,  rugs, 
phonograph  records,  wood 
Hour,  fiber  shingles  and 
transparent  sheets  of  vis- 
cose, a  wood  product  used 
as  a  substitute  for  celluloid. 
Another  feature  was  a 
group  of  wartime  products, 
showing  food,  medicine  and 
explosives  yielded  by  the 
forest. 


HYBRID  OAKS 


BY  GEORGE  B.  SUDWORTH 


HYBRID  oaks  of  this  country  are  exceedingly  in- 
teresting trees.  They  are  the  result  of  a  natural 
crossing  of  two  different  species  of  oaks  and, 
as  a  rule,  they  are  strikingly  distinct  trom  other  oaks 
in  the  peculiarly  mingled  characteristics  of  the  parent 
species.  Their  distribution  is  very  irregular,  so  that 
our  knowledge  of  the  ranges  of  the  different  forms  is 
incomplete. 

In  all,  there  are  approximately  twenty  different 
hybrid  oaks  now  known.  Nineteen  of  these  inhabit 
Eastern  United  States,  only  one  being  known  in  the 
Pacific  region, 
and  none  hav- 
ing been  dis- 
covered in  the 
Rocky  Moun- 
t  a  i  n  Region* 
The  fact  that 
60  per  cent  of 
the  forty-eight 
native  species 
of  oaks  grow 
in  the  East 
may  partly 
account  for 
the  c  o  r  re- 
s  p  o  n  d  ingly 
greater  n  u  m- 
ber  of  hybrid 
oaks  discover- 
ed in  that 
part  of  the 
country, 
•,/here  n  e  c  e  s- 
sarily  there 
would  be 
greater  oppor- 
tunity offered 
for     crosses. 

There  is  no 
record   of   the 

crossing  of  white  oaks  and  black  oaks,  all  of  the  hybrid 
forms  now  known  having  been  produced  by  crosses  only 
between  members  of  each  of  these  two  distinct  tribes. 
Whether  or  not  there  is  any  inherent  barrier  to  hybridi- 
zation between  white  oaks  and  black  oaks  in  the  fact 
that  the  white  oaks  are  annual  fruiting  trees  and  the 
black  oaks  are  biennial  fruiting  species,  is  unknown. 

A  much  larger  number  of  black  oak  hybrids  has 
been  discovered  than  of  white  oak,  there  being  sixteen 
black  oak  hybrids  recorded  and  only  four  of  white  oak 
parentage.      Whether   or    rot    the   black    oaks    have    a 

•Dr.  William  Trelease  records  ( Proc  Am.  Phil,  Soc.  LVl,  4»,  1917),  the 
found  in  the  southern  Rocky  Mountain  Region.  His  very  excellent  paper 
published  hybrids   which   were   unknown   to  me   when   this  article   went  to  j 


FIG.  1.— MATURE    FOLIAGE    AND  ACORNS  OF  THE  NEW  HYBRID. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  shape  and  size  of  the  leaves  are  very  like  those  of  the  red  oak,  though  many  of 
them  resemble  Ihc  black  oaK  more  closely  in  shape,  color  and  texture.  The  mature  acorns  are  of  the 
same   general   shape,   though   smaller,   than   those  ot   the  'red   oak. 


greater  tendency  to  hybridize  than  do  white  oaks,  is 
unknown.  The  relatively  more  frequent  association  of 
different  black  oaks  than  is  the  case  with  white  oaks 
may  also  be  a  determining  factor  in  the  greater  occur- 
rence of  black  oak  hybrids. 

The  determination  of  what  parent  species  of  oaks 
have  produced  the  various  hybrids  now  known  is  a 
matter  entirely  of  recognizing  the  distinguishing  char- 
acteristics of  the  parents  as  exhibited  in  the  hybrid.  No 
one  is  prepared  to  prove  the  supposed  parentage  of  any 
of  the  hybrid  oaks,  and  obviously  because  the  crossing 

of  the  parent 
trees  occurred 
without  the 
aid  of  man.  So 
far,  no  one  ap- 
pears to  have 
tried  artificial- 
ly to  repro- 
duce any  of 
these  hybrid 
forms  by 
cross  -  fertili- 
zation of  their 
supposed  par- 
e  n  t  s.  It  is 
true,  of  course, 
that  plant 
breeders  in 
this  country 
have  had  little 
or  no  incen- 
tive for  cross- 
ing oak  trees, 
because  with 
the  great  vari- 
ety of  com- 
mercially use- 
ful species  now 


available  there 
would  seem  to  be  no  pressing  need  of  seeking  new  and 
better  forms.  Systematic  botanists  have  contented  them- 
selves with  naming  and  describing  hybrid  oaks  just  as 
they  were  found  in  nature,  and  have  relied  upon  their 
judgment  in  determining  the  parentage.  It  is  a  note- 
worthy fact,  however,  that  there  is  considerable  differ- 
ence of  opinion  among  botanists  as  to  the  parentage  of 
certain  hybrid  oaks.  Thus,  the  parentage  of  one  of  the 
best  known  of  our  hybrid  oaks,  the  Bartram  Oak,  first 
named  Quercus  heterophylla,  has  varied  with  the  author 
from  that  of  Quercus  phellos  x  velutina  and  Q.  phellos  x 

existence  of  "Q.  arizonica  x  grisea — Q  organesis",  which  was  doubtlers 
on  "Naming  Hybrid  Oaks"  also  lists  a  number  of  apparently  hitherto  ur- 
reas. 


083 


684 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


FIGURE  2. 

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS    WHICH 


FIGURE  3. 
MAKE    POSSIBLE    AX 


FIGURE 
INTERESTING   COMPARISON 


A  most  supcrr.cial  comparison  of  the  cross-section  of  the  wood  of  this  new  hybrid  oak  (Fig.  2)  with  that  of  Quercus  borealis  (Fig  3)  and  Quercus 
velutina  (Fig.  4)  shows  a  unique  distinction  in  the  very  large  nnmhpr  ui  pores  and  in  their  gradual  diminution  in  size  in  passing  from;  the 
spring  or  early  formed  wood  to  the  summer  or  late-formed  wood  of  the  annual  ring.  This  would  indicate  that  the  new  hybrid  is  more  closely 
related  to  the  red  oak  than  to  the  black  oak,  in  which  there  is  a  very  abrupt  change  in  size  from  the  large  pores  of  the  spring-wood  to  the  small 
pores  of  the  summer-wood. 


coccinea  to  Q.  phellos  x  rubra   (1). 

Well  Known  Hybrid  Oaks. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  native 
hybrid  oaks  discovered  in  the  United 
States  during  the  last  hundred  years 
Some  of  them  have  been  found  but 
once  and  in  several  instances  the  indi- 
viduals discovered  have  since  beei'! 
destroyed.  While  a  number  of  these 
trees  are,  undoubtedly,  of  hybrid 
origin,  properly  they  must  be  desig- 
uated  as  species,  because  they  were 
first  described  under  a  binomial.  Not- 
able examples  of  such  hybrids  are 
Quercus  morehus,  Q.  brittoni,  Q. 
leana,  Q.  sinuata, 
phylla : 

X 


Quercus    alba 

(1877).    Illinois. 

Quercus   alba 


and    Q.    hetero- 
stellata    Engelni 


X   macrocarpa 


En- 


gelm.  (1877).     Illinois  and  Vermont. 

Quercus  alba  x  prinus  Engelm. 
(1877).  District  of  Columbia  and 
Vermont. 

Quercus  wislizeni  x  kelloggii  Cur-, 
ran  (1885)  ;=Quercus  wislize-i  x  Cal- 
if ornica  Sargent  (1895)  ;=Q.  more- 
hus Kellogg  (1863).    California. 

Quercus  coccinea  x  ilicifolia  Gray 
(1867),  near  Whitinsville,  Mass. 

Quercus  catesbaei  x  aquatica    (2) 

THE   NEW   HYBRID   AND   ITS   DISCOVERER 

This  shows  the  new  hybrid — the  Hawkins  Oak, 
growing  in  a  wooded  section  of  the  Hawkins 
estate  in  western  Tennessee.  It  is  some  85  feet 
hieh  and  35  inches  in  diameter.  Certain  peculi- 
arities about  the  tree  attracted  the  attention  of 
Mrs  Eugene  Hawkins,  prompting  closer  exami- 
nation and  the  conseq^uent  discovery  of  the 
hybrid  Mrs.  Hawkins  is  seen  standing  by  the 
tree. 


Engelm.  (1877)  ;=Q.  catesbaei  x  ni- 
gra Sarg.  (1895)  ;=Q.  sinuata  Walter 
(1788).    Near  Bluffton,  S.  C. 

Quercus  catesbaei  x  lauri  folia  En- 
gelm. (1877).    Near  Blufifton,  S.  C. 

Quercus  catesbaei  x  Q.  cinerea 
Small  (1895).    Florida. 

Quercus  cuneata  x  velutina  (1917) ; 
=Q.  digitata  (3)  x  velutina  Sudworth 
(1895).    Tennessee. 

Quercus  georgiana  x  marilandicn 
.Sargent  (1895)  ;=Q.  georgiana  x 
nigra  (4)  Small  (1895).    Georgia. 

Quercus  marilandica  x  ilicifolia 
(1917);=Q.  brittoni  Davis  (1892). 
The  author  of  the  latter  name  believed 
this  tree  to  be  a  hybrid  between  the 
black  jack  and  bear  eak.  Staten  Is- 
land, N.  Y. 

Quercus  marilandica  x  velutina 
l^ush  (1895).  "Near  Saputa,  Indian 
Territory." 

Quercus   imbricaria 
.Sargent     (1895)  ;=Q. 
nigra    (4)    Engelm. 
souri. 

Quercus  imbricaria  x  velutina  Sar- 
t^ent  (1895)  ;^Q.  imbricaria  x  coc- 
cinea Engelm.  (1877)  ;=Q.  leana 
Nutt.  (1842).  Central  Eastern  United 
States. 


X   marilandica 

imbricaria    x 

(1877).      Mis- 


FIGURE  5 


(\)  Now  i)roperly  known  as  Quercus  borealis 
Michx.,  Q.  rubra  L.,  long  supposed  to  have  been 
applied  by  Linnaeus  to  our  red  oak.  was  in 
reality  given  to  our  Spanish  oak,  which  most  of 
ttie  mountain  people  in  Virgini;t,  North  Caro- 
lina and   Tennessee  call   "red  oak." 

(2)  Now  known  as  Quercus  nigra,  the  black 
jack,  to  which  this  name  was  so  long  applied, 
now  being  designated   as  Q.    marilandica. 

(.11   Now  known   as  Q'lercus  rubra. 

(4)  Now  known  as  Quercus  marilandica. 


HYBRID  OAKS 


685 


Quercus  imbricaria  x  palustns  ungeim.     (1877).  Mis-' 
souri. 

Quercus  phellos  x  velutina;=:Q.  heterophylla  Michx. 
f.  (1812).  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Staten 
Island,  N.  Y. ;  -District  of  Columbia,  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,   Alabama,   Texas. 

Quercus  phellos  x  marilandica  Sargent  (1895);=Q. 
rudkini  Britt.    (1882).    Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

Quercus  phellos  x  rubra  (1917)  ;=Q.  phellos  x  Q. 
digitata  (3)  Small  (1895).    North  Carolina. 

Quercus  phellos  x  ilicifolia  Peters  (1893).  New  Jer- 
sey. 

Quercus  michauxii  x  macrocarpa  Sudworth  (1897). 
Southwestern  Tennessee. 

The  Hawkins  Oak,  A  New  Hybrid. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  Joseph  Meehan  my  at- 
tention was  called  to  a  hybrid  oak  which  Mrs.  Eugene 
Hawkins  discovered  in  Carroll  county.  West  Ten- 
nessee, in  October,  1912.  An  excellent  photograph  (Fig. 
5)  taken  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Mattoon  shows  it  to  be  some  85 
feet  high  and  35  inches  in  diameter.  The  straight, 
slightly  tapering  trunk  is  free  from  branches  for  40 
feet.  An  interesting  fact  about  this  tree  is  that  it  is 
growing  in  a  wooded  section  of  the  Hawkins  estate 
which  is  itself  a  part  of  the  original  25,000-acre  grant 
made  in  1791  to  Mr.  Hawkins'  great-grandfather,  Isaac 
Roberts,  by  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  then  included 
in  a  part  of  the  latter  state  known  as  the  Western  Dis- 
trict, but  now  a  part  of  West  Tennessee. 

Being  familiar  with  the  forest  trees  in  that  section 
of  Tennessee,  Mrs.  Hawkins  noted  with  surprise  that 
the  flesh  of  mature  acorns  from  this  tree,  at  first  taken 
to  be  a  red  oak  (Quercus  borealis),  was  a  deep  yellow, 
those  of  the  true  red  oak  having  a  whitish  flesh.  A  fur- 
ther careful  examination  of  the  tree  showed  that  the 
trunk  bark  (Fig.  5)  resembles  in  its  marking  that  of 
the  black  oak  (Quercus  velutina),  while  the  shape  and 
size  of  some  of  the  leaves  (Fig.  1)  are  very  like  those 
of  the  red  oak.  Many  of  the  leaves,  however,  resemble 
in  shape  those  of  the  black  oak,  to  which  they  are  all 
similar  in  color  and  texture.  The  mature  acorns  (Fig. 
1)  are  of  the  same  general  shape  as  those  of  the  red 
oak,  but  of  smaller  size,  ranging  in  length  from  five- 
eighths  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  and  in  diameter 
from  five-eighths  to  eleven-sixteenths  of  an  inch.    Many 


of  the  acorns  show  more  or  less  distinct  vertical  stripes. 
The  twigs  and  winter  buds  of  this  hybrid  are  so  like 
those  of  the  red  oak  as  not  to  be  distinguished. 

A  superficial  comparison  of  a  cross-section  of  the 
wood  of  this  hybrid  oak  (Fig.  2)  with  that  of  Quercus 
borealis  (Fig.  3)  and  of  Q.  velutina  (Fig.  4)  shows  a 
unique  distinction  in  the  very  large  number  of  pores  and 
in  their  gradual  diminution  in  size  in  passing  from  the 
spring  or  early-formed  wood  to  the  summer  or  late- 
formed  wood  of  the  annual  ring.*  The  gradual  dimi- 
nution in  size  of  the  pores  in  the  wood  of  the  hybrid 
would  seem  to  indicate  a  closer  relationship  to  the  red 
oak  than  to  the  black  oak,  in  which  there  is  a  very  ab- 
rupt change  in  size  from  the  large  pores  of  the  spring- 
wood  to  the  small  pores  of  the  summer-wood. 

It  is  proposed  to  designate  this  hybrid  oak  as  X  Quer- 
cus hawkinsi,  in  honor  of  its  discoverer,  Mrs.  Eugene 
Hawkins,  the  writer's  belief  being  that*  it  originated 
from  the  crossing  of  Quercus  borealis  and  Quercus  velu- 
tina, both  of  which  are  growing  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
hybrid  tree.  Quercus  palustris  also  occurs  in  this  lo- 
cality and  may  possibly  be  one  of  the  parents.  The  fact 
that  the  striped  acorns  of  Quercus  palustris  have  yellow 
flesh,  and  are  similar  in  shape  to  those  of  the  red  oak 
supports  this  suspicion.  On  the  other  hand,  however, 
the  acorns  of  the  black  oak  are  striped  and  have  a  yel- 
low flesh.  Moreover,  the  similarly  large  size  of  the 
leaves  of  this  hybrid  oak  with  the  color  and  texture 
of  the  black  oak,  and  the  close  resemblance  of  the  trunk 
bark  to  the  black  oak  would  seem  to  point  more  strongly 
to  this  species  as  one  of  the  parents  than  to  the  pin  oak. 

So  far  as  tested  the  acorns  of  Quercus  hawkinsi  ap- 
pear to  be  only  moderately  fertile.  Acorns  planted  by 
Mr.  Joseph  Meehan  have  produced  one  seedling,  which 
is  now  about  three  years  old,  and  a  small  quantity  of 
acorns  planted  by  the  writer  at  the  Letchworth  Park 
Forest  and  Arboretum  at  Portage,  N.  Y.,  have  yielded 
but  one  seedling.  Some  of  the  leaves  of  these  young 
plants  are  identical  in  shape  with  those  red  oak  seedlings 
of  comparable  age ;  while  occasional  leaves  strongly 
resemble  those  of  young  black  oak.  It  will  be  interest- 
ing later  to  note  the  types  of  adult  leaves  produced  by 
these  plants. 


•The  author's  cordial  thanks.are  extended  to  the  Forest  Products  Lab- 
oratory  at  Madison,  Wisconsin,   for   preparing  these    illustrations. 


rpHE  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION  of  Box  Manufac- 
-*-  turers,  through  an  agreement  with  the  United' 
States  Food  Administration,  is  working  out  details  of 
standardized  wooden  boxes  for  condensed  milk,  canned 
fruit  and  vegetables  for  export.  The  specifications  cover 
the  width,  length  and  thicknesses  of  the  sides,  ends,  tops 
and  bottoms  of  the  various  types  of  boxes,  the  number 
and  position  of  the  nails  to  be  used,  the  cleats  and  iron 
straps  required,  and  the  matching  and  glueing  up  of 
the  pieces.  A  standard  scale  of  prices  for  the  different 
types  of  boxes  delivered  at  any  point  east  of  the  Mis- 
souri River  has  been  agreed  upon.  The  wooden  box  in- 
dustry, through  its  association,  will  undertake  to  see" 
that  the  Government's  requirements  for  boxes  are  taken 
care  of  promptly. 


rpHE  RECEIPTS  from  the  sale  of  timber  on  the 
-*-  National  Forests  in  California  amounted  to  $154,- 
271.98  for  the  fiscal  year  1917.  This  is  an  increase  of  59 
per  cent,  over  the  receipts  for  the  fiscal  year  1916  and 
100  per  cent,  over  the  receipts  for  1915.  Twenty-five  per 
cent,  of  this  money  goes  to  the  state  for  the  school  and 
road  funds  of  the  counties  in  which  the  National  For- 
ests are  contained. 


T^R.  HUGH  P.  BAKER,  dean  of  the  New  York  State 
^-^  College  of  Forestry,  is  at  the  Second  R9S3rv3  Offi- 
cers' Training  Camp  at  Fort  Sheridan,  Illinois.  There 
are  many  prominent  lumbermen  in  training  at  this 
camp  and  their  practical  experience  is  proving  useful. 


A  TREE  THAT  PRODUCES  SOAP 


As  a  relatively  new  member  of  the  American  tree 
family  the  Soap-nut,  Sapindits  iitilis,  is  entitled  to 
friendly  consideration.  Originally  the  tree  came 
to  this  country  from  China.  The  first  importation  was 
made  into  Florida  by  Rev.  Benjamin  Helm,  who  brought 
some  of  the  seeds  from  the  Orient  more  than  30  years 
ago.    From  these  seeds  only  one  fully  developed  tree  is    in 

existence    and    for    many 

years  the  owner  of  this  one 
had  no  thought  that  his 
tree  produced  anything  of 
value. 

It  was  in  1905  that 
American  attention  was 
first  attracted  to  the  soap- 
nut  tree  as  a  tree  of  import- 
ance in  the  matter  of  nut 
bearing.  At  that  time  there 
was  published  a  report  on 
the  economic  value  of  the 
tree  prepared  by  United 
States  Consul  Kedder  at 
Algiers.  This  report  made 
possible  the  real  develop- 
ment of  soap-nut  cultiva- 
tion in  America.  Its  pub- 
lication was  followed  by 
generous  importation  of 
the  seeds  from  Algiers,  ar- 
ranged by  E.  Moulie,  who 
now  lives  in  San  Diego. 
Cal.,  and  who  had  been  in- 
strumental in  instigating 
Consul  Kedder  to  make  an 
investigation  and  report. 
The  seeds  imported  by  Mr. 
Moulie  were  distributed  free  of  charge  to  people  who 
showed  such  interest  as  to  indicate  that  the  planting 
and  cultivation  would  be  done  with  care.  In  addition  to 
making  the  importation  of  seeds  Mr.  Moulie  has  made  it 
a  practice  to  buy  every  year  practically  the  entire  crop  of 
seeds  from  the  original  American  tree,  and  these  have 
been  distributed  broadcast.     He  estimates  that  as  a  re- 


THE   FRUIT  OF   THE   SOAP-NUT  TREE 
From  the  hull  of  the  nut  is  procured  raw  material  for  the  manufacture  of 
soap.     The  material  may  be  used  without  compounding,  as  it  makes  a  per- 
fect lather.     It   is  also  useful  for  making  beverages  which  require  foam. 


suit  of  these  gifts  there  are  now  500,000  soap-nut  trees 
growing  in  Florida  alone,  and  large  numbers  in  other 
Southern  States  and  in  19  foreign  countries  to  which  he 
sent  seeds. 

The  planting  and  cultivation  of  these  trees  attracted 
widespread  attention  and  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
made  some  importations  from  China,  materially  in- 
creasing the  number  of 
trees  planted  in  the  United 
States. 

Several  important  uses 
are  attributed  to  the  prod- 
uct of  the  soap-nut  tree. 
The  hull  of  the  nut  supplies 
raw  material  for  the  manu- 
facture of  soap  and  other 
articles  which  require  an 
ingredient  with  sapona- 
ceous properties.  This  ma- 
terial may  even  be  used  as 
soap  without  compounding. 
By  shredding  the  hull  and 
using  it  with  water  as  if  it 
were  soap,  a  perfect  lather 
is  readily  obtained  and 
some  authorities  state  that 
the  cleansing  qualities  are 
superior  to  manufactured 
soaps.  The  extract's  effi- 
ciency as  a  foam  producer 
makes  it  useful  as  an  ingre- . 
dient  in  carbonated  bev- 
erages. The  kernel  yields 
a  fixed  oil,  which  some  say 
for  culinary  purposes  is 
equal  to  olive  oil.  Some 
therapeutic  value  is  also  attributed  to  the  nuts. 

The  wood  of  the  tree  is  close  grained,  takes  a  good 
polish,  and  is  said  to  be  well  adapted  for  furniture 
making.  The  tree  grows  to  a  height  of  50  feet.  It  is  not 
expected  that  it  will  be  used  for  its  timber,  however,  as 
the  yield  of  nuts  is  said  to  be  from  $10  to  $20  a  year  for 
each  tree.    The  tree  begins  bearing  at  six  years  of  age. 


rriHE  tremendous  demand  for  forest  products  of  all 
-*•  kinds  which  the  war  has  created  will  by  no  means 
terminate  with  the  cessation  of  hostilities.  The  recon- 
struction of  Belgium  and  northern  France  will  draw 
heavily  upon  the  forests  of  the  United  States.  The 
action  of  the  Federal  Government  and  the  large  lumber 
producers  in  the  United  States  in  sending  Federal 
Trade  Commissioners  abroad  for  the  purpose  of  study- 
ing export  markets  makes  the  future  in  the  lumber  bus- 
iness appear  extremely  bright.  Authorities  are  pre- 
dicting an  increased  demand  for  trained  foresters  dur- 
ing the  next  decade  inasmuch  as  many  phases  of  forest 
utilization  are  now  demanding  expert  training  which 
the  trade  did  not  require  in  the  past. 

CM 


nPHAT  there  is  enough  fuel  wood  in  Indiana  forests 
going  to  waste  to  run  every  heating  and  cooking 
stove  in  the  state  for  a  year  is  declared  by  the  Indiana 
State  Board  of  Forestry.  The  board  argues  that  the 
fuel  value  of  a  cord  of  good  beech,  sugar  or  hickory 
wood  equals  that  of  a  ton  of  soft  coal,  that  the  average 
price  of  wood  is  about  half  that  of  coal  and  that  people 
pay  double  price  for  the  luxury  of  burning  coal. 
Owners  of  woodlots  are  advised  that  to  remove  the 
dead,  dying  and  weed-trees  will  not  only  furnish  a  vast 
supply  of  fuel  but  will  be  of  distinct  advantage  to  the 
remaining  trees.  Municipal  woodpiles  are  being  advo- 
cated, to  be  supplied  with  fuel  which  could  be  obtained 
from  woodlot  owners  for  the  cutting. 


EDIBLE  FRUITS  OF  FOREST  TREES 


IT  is  said  that  Daniel  Boone  and  some  of  our  other 
early  pioneers  could  go  into  the  wilderness  with  only 
a  rifle  and  a  sack  of  salt  and  live  in  comfort  on  the 
game  and  other  wild  food  which  the  woods  afforded 
While  few  people  want  to  try  that  sort  of  thing  nowa- 
days, persons  who  know, the  food  value  of  the  fruits  of 
our  native  trees  and  shrubs  are,  according  to  foresters, 
able  to  use  them  to  good  advantage  in  supplementing 
other  foods. 

Aside  from  the  numerous  edible  mushrooms,  roots, 
fruits  of  shrubs  and  smaller  plants,  the  trees  of  our  for- 
ests afford  a  large  variety  of  edibles  which  are  highly 
prized  by  woods  connoisseurs.  First  in  importance,  of 
course,  are  our  native  nuts — beech  nuts,  butternuts,  wal- 
nuts, chestnuts  and  chinquapins,  hazel  nuts,  and  several 
kinds  of  hickory  nuts,  including  pecans.  The  kernels  of 
all  of  these  are  not  only  toothsome  but  highly  nutritious, 
and  are  used  by  vegetarians  to  replace  meat.  The  oil  of 
the  beech  nut  is  said  to  be  little  inferior  to  olive  oil, 
while  that  of  butternuts  and  walnuts  was  used  by  some 
of  the  Indians  for  various  purposes.  The  Indians,  it  is 
said,  also  formerly  mixed  chestnuts  with  cornmeal  and 
made  a  bread  which  was  baked  in  corn  husks,  like 
tomales.  In  parts  of  Europe  bread  is  made  from  chest- 
nuts alone.  The  chestnut  crop  in  this  country  is  being  re- 
duced each  year  by  the  chestnut  blight  disease,  which  in 
some  sections  is  gradually  killing  out  the  tree. 

Acorns  are  commonly  thought  to  be  fit  only  for  feed- 
ing hogs,  but  many  kinds  of  them  can  be  made  edible  and 
nourishing  for  people  as  well.  The  Indian  custom  was  to 
pound  or  grind  the  acorns  up  and  leach  out  the  tannin, 
which  makes  most  of  them  unfit  for  eating  when  raw,  by 
treating  the  pulp  with  hot  water.  The  resulting  flour, 
which  contained  considerable  starch,  was  made  either 
into  a  porridge  or  baked  in  small  cakes  of  bread.  As  a 
rule,  the  acorns  of  the  various  white  oaks  having  less 
tannin,  are  the  ones  best  suited  for  food,  but  Indians  also 
used  those  of  the  black  oaks,  even  though  they  contain 
much  tannin.  The  acorns  of  the  basket  or  cow  oak,  the 
chinquapin  oak,  shin  or  Rocky  Mountain  oak,  live  oak, 
and  of  several  other  species,  are  sweet  enough  to  be  eaten 
raw. 

Another  nut  which  is  not  suited  for  eating  raw,  but 
from  which  a  palatable  food  is  said  to  have  been  prepared 
by  the  Indians,  is  the  buckeye.  The  kernels  of  these  nuts 
were  dried,  powdered,  and  freed  of  the  poison  which  they 
contain  when  raw,  by  filtration.  The  resulting  paste  was 
either  eaten  cold  or  baked. 

Several  western  pines  have  seeds  which  play  an  im- 
portant part  in  the  diet  of  the  local  Indians.  Perhaps  the 
best  known  of  these  is  the  fruit  of  the  nut  pine  or  pinon 


which  forms  the  basis  for  a  local  industry  of  some  si^c 
Not  only  is  it  extensively  eaten  by  local  settlers  and  In- 
dians, but  large  quantities  are  shipped  to  the  cities  where 
the  seed  is  roasted  and  sold  on  the  street.  The  similar 
seed  of  the  Parry  pine  and  the  large  Digger  pine  seeds 
are  eagerly  sought  by  the  Indians.  The  latter  tree  is 
said  to  have  gained  its  name  from  its  use  as  a  food  by 
the  Digger  Indians.  The  seeds  of  the  longleaf  pine  are 
'idible  and  are  improved  by  roasting.  Indeed,  it  may  be 
said  that  most  nuts  are  more  digestible  when  roasted  than 
if  eaten  raw.  * 

One  of  the  best-known  fruits,  the  foresters  say,  is  the 
persimmon,  which  is  edible  only  after  it  is  thoroughly 
ripe.  As  this  is  usually  not  until  late  in  the  fall,  it  is  com- 
monly thought  that  the  fruit  must  be  frostbitten.  If  the 
persimmon  is  eaten  before  it  is  well  ripened,  the  tannic 
acid  which  the  fruit  contains  has  a  strongly  astringent 
effect,  which  justifies  the  story  of  the  soldier  in  the  Civil 
War  who  said  he  had  eaten  green  persimmons  so  as  to 
shrink  his  stomach  up  to  fit  his  rations.  The  pawpaw, 
or  custard  apple,  is  also  best  when  thoroughly  ripe.  The 
fruit  of  some  species  of  haws  is  eaten  or  preserved  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  country,  while  those  of  several  differ- 
ent kinds  of  wild  cherries  have  a  food  value  and  are  used 
for  various  purposes.  Wild  plums  are  abundant  in  cer- 
tain sections  and  occur  in  particularly  plentiful  quantities 
along  the  streams  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle  Western 
States. 

Several  varieties  of  wild  crab  apples  make  delicious 
jellies.  Some  of  the  largest,  which  attain  the  size  of 
small  apples,  are  more  or  less  abundant  throughout  east- 
ern North  Carolina.  Elderberries  are  frequently  used  for 
pies  and  for  sauce.  Those  found  in  the  West  are  sweeter 
and  have  a  better  flavor  than  the  eastern  varieties. 

The  berries  of  the  hackberry,  or  sugar  berry,  as  it  is 
called  in  the  South,  are  dry,  but  have  an  agreeable  taste. 
Those  of  the  mulberry  are  sweet  and  juicy  when  ripe. 
The  mulberry  is  valued  in  some  sections  for  feeding  hogs 
and  poultry  and  some  species  are  occasionally  cultivated. 

Many  people  like  the  fruit  of  the  shad  bush,  "sarvice" 
berry,  or  June  berry,  as  it  is  variously  called.  In  parts  of 
the  country  this  fruit  is  used  to  make  jelly. 

The  French  Canadians  are  said  to  use  the  acid  flowers 
of  the  redbud,  or  Judas  tree,  in  salads,  while  the  buds 
and  tender  pods  are  pickled  in  vinegar.  Honey  locust 
pods,  often  locally  called  "honey-shucks,"  contain  a 
sweetish,  thick,  cheeselike  pulp,  which  is  often  eaten. 
Those  of  the  mesquite  furnish  the  Mexicans  and  Indians 
with  a  nutritious  food.  The  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  famous 
for  their  cookery,  are  reported  to  use  the  young  buds  of 
the  sassafras  as  a  substitute  for  okra  in  thickening  soups. 


"1V7  00DL0T  owners  will  be  interested  to  know  that  TT  has  recently  been  discovered  that  gum  lumber  im- 

"     birch,  cherry,  walnut,  oak  and  mahogany  have  been  -*-    mersed  in  pure  gummed  spirits  of  turpentine  lasts 

approved   for  airplane   propeller   stock  by  the   United  many  years  longer  when  exposed  to  open  air.    The  usual 

States  Government.     Spruce  is  the  principal  wood  used  method  of  treating  the  lumber  is  to  give  it  three  coatings 

for  the  frames.  and  allow  it  to  thoroughly  dry  after  each  one. 


S87 


FIGHTING  THE    PINE   BLISTER   DISEASE 


MANY  inquiries  come  to  Americax  Forestry  askint; 
if  it  is  possible  to  eradicate  the  pine  blister  dis- 
ease or  prevent  it  spreading  by  spraying.  No 
spray  has  been  found  which  can  be  used  effectively 
against  the  blister  rust  either  on  pines,  currant  or  goose- 
berry bushes.  Spraying  is  not  recommended,  because 
the  disease  spreads  very  rapidly  on  currants  and  to  con- 
siderable distances.  A  number  of  tests  have  been  made 
by  men  who  realize  the  necessity  for  careful  work  and 
who  presumably  did  the  most  thorough  work  possible 
under  the  circumstances.  In  Europe,  Ewert  attempted 
to  spray  black  currant  bushes  thoroughly  enough  to  keep 
the  disease  off  them.  Hfe  concluded  that  it  was  impossi- 
ble to  do  it.  A  similar  attempt  was  made  by  McCubbin 
in  Ontario  two  years  ago.  He  sprayed  every  two  weeks 
and  also  concluded  that  it  was  an  impossibility  to  keep 
the  disease  entirely  off  the  sprayed  bushes.  Other  at- 
tempts have  been  made  in  different  localities  with  the 
same  results.  Unless  absolute  freedom  can  be  secured 
from  this  disease,  spraying  is  inefficient,  since  a  single 
rust  pustule  is  sufficient  to  start  the  disease  upon  neigh- 
boring currants.  The  disease  is  known  to  jump  from 
currant  to  currant  at  least  one-half  mile,  and  under  favor- 
able conditions  it  jumps  several  miles. 

The  question  of  securing  a  resistant  variety  of  cur- 
rant or  gooseberry  is  still  in  need  of  further  investigation. 
It  is  desired  that  scouts  send  in  to  Dr.  Perley  Spauld- 
ing,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  at  Wash- 
ington, cuttings  of  currants  and  gooseberries  which 
show  marked  resistance  to  the  disease.  Only  cuttings  of 
apparently  resistant  uninfected  plants  which  are  under 
very  severe  test  conditions,  that  is,  with  heavily  infected 
bushes  within  a  few  feet,  need  be  sent  in.  Wrap  speci- 
mens in  damp  (not  wet)  moss  or  dead  leaves  and  label 
with  your  own  name,  place  where  collected  and  date. 
State  briefly  why  the  specimen  is  thought  to  be  resistant. 

Experiments  are  being  carried  on  to  obtain  if  possible 
some  cheap  chemical  which  will  kill  wild  currant  and 
gooseberry  bushes.  Over  500  experiments  are  in  prog- 
ress, using  different  chemicals  and  methods.  Various 
derivatives  of  arsenic,  sulphUr  and  ammonia  are  being 
used  as  a  spray  to  kill  the  foliage.  Fuel  oil  is  also  being 
tried.  Plots  were  sprayed  with  fuel  oil  and  two  days 
later  burned  over  without  good  results.  The  soil  about 
the  plants  in  one  series  of  experimental  plots  is  being 
treated  with  dry  chemicals  such  as  salt,  calcium  chloride 
and  sodium  carbonate.  Sodium  arsenite,  sodium  cyanide 
and  fuel  oil  are  injected  into  the  soil  near  the  roots  of 
bushes  in  liquid  form.  Some  of  the  gaseous  chemicals 
employed  are  sodium  sulphid,  sodium  bisulphid,  chloride 
of  lime,  calcium  carbide,  carbon  bisulphid,  formalin, 
chlorine  water,  hydrogen  sulphid  water,  turpentine, 
nitro-benzine  derivatives,  crude  carbolic  acid,  etc.  These 


substances  are  placed  in  the  soil  around  the  roots  of  wild 
currant  and  gooseberry  bushes  in  various  quantities. 

Thus  far  the  use  of  chemicals  as  outlined  above  has 
met  with  very  little  success.  In  addition,  mechanical 
methods  of  removal  are  being  tested  to  determine  com- 
parative costs  and  efficiency  in  preventing  sprouting  from 
the  roots. 

Where  men  are  otherwise  liable  to  the  draft,  no  ex- 
emjJtions,  either  permanent  or  temporary,  have  been 
granted  to  Government  blister  rust  workers.  However, 
it  is  possible  that  temporary  delay  in  reporting  for  duty 
until  after  the  close  of  the  present  season's  work  may 
be  secured  for  men  whose  services  are  highly  necessary 
for  the  conduct  of  the  work.  No  request  for  delay  in  draft 
can  be  made  until  the  men  are  notified  to  report  for  duty 
at  the  army  camps.  It  was  announced  that  30  per  cent  of 
the  quota  of  each  district  would  be  called  on  September  5, 
the  next  30  per  cent  September  15  and  another  30  per 
cent  on  September  30.  The  remaining  10  per  cent  was  to 
be  mobilized  as  soon  after  that  date  as  possible. 

The  following  are  the  conclusions  reached  by  experts 
who  have  made  a  study  of  the  pine  blister  disease : 

The  essential  thing  in  controlling  the  blister  rust  is 
to  get  out  all  currant  and  gooseberry  bushes.  The  most 
efl'ective  time  for  doing  this  is  in  the  early  spring,  and 
this  part  of  the  season  should  be  used  for  rescouting  con- 
trol areas. 

It  is  not  feasible  to  spend  time  and  money  in  scout- 
ing and  eradicating  diseased  pine  in  New  England,  ex- 
cept where  there  may  be  outbreaks  of  the  disease  in  new 
territory. 

The  establishment  of  control  areas,  in  which  all  cur- 
rant and  gooseberry  bushes,  both  wild  and  cultivated, 
shall  be  eradicated  as  far  as  possible,  is  regarded  as  the 
most  practicable  means  of  limiting  the  ravages  of  white 
pine  blister  rust ;  and  owners  of  pine  woods  are  urged  to 
co-operate  with  state  authorities  to  control  the  disease 
in  their  several  localities. 

In  the  expenditure  of  funds  appropriated  for  blister 
rust  work,  the  following  plans  are  generally  approved; 
1.  The  method  of  direct  state  experimental  areas  to  de- 
termine the  cost  of  control  by  means  of  the  eradication 
of  wild  and  domestic  bushes  under  various  conditions; 
and,  2,  such  co-operation  with  private  owners  as  will  give 
expert  direction  or  supervision  to  their  work. 

Localities  established  as  control  areas  should  be 
scouted  at  least  four  successive  years  for  currants  and 
gooseberry  bushes. 

Men  inspecting  should  be  required  to  carry  whisk 
brooms  and  to  brush  their  entire  clothing  with  these 
after  dipping  them  into  disinfectant  when  circumstances 
require,  also  thoroughly  to  wash  their  hands  and  arms. 


OUR  FOREST  RESOURCES  AND  THE  WAR 


BY  E.  A.  STERLING 


IF  our  newspapers  some  morning  should  proclaim  in  a 
double-ribbon  head  that  "Lumber  Wins  the  War,"  it 
would  but  little  over-emphasize  the  indispensable 
part  our  forest  resources  are  playing  in  achieving  ulti- 
mate victory.  Such  a  headline  will  not  be  seen,  but  the 
papers  can  safely  say  any  day  or  every  day  that  the  war 
cannot  be  won  without  lumber. 

It  is  all  so  big  that  more  than  a  meager  comprehension 
of  what  is  going  on  along  any  line  is  impossible  now. 
The  wonderful  accomplishments  come  from  a  co-ordina- 
tion of  effort,  requiring  the  combined  use  of  many  ma- 
terials. What  is  big  today  may  be  small  tomorrow 
while  headline  news  developed  at  one  point  might  lose 
significance  if  it  was  known  what  was  really  going  on 
somewhere  else.  The  perspective  will  have  to  come  later. 
From  the  isolated  facts  now  known  comes  the  realization 
that  of  all  of  our  wonderful  natural  resources,  industries 
and  facilities  of  every  kind,  which  are  being  drawn  on 
to  the  utmost,  forests  and  their  products  are  in  the  front 
rank. 

Our  use  of  materials,  enormous  as  it  was  in  normal 
times,  has  been  increased  beyond  precedent  to  fill  military 
requirements.  It  is  one  of  the  saving  factors  for  America 
and  the  whole  Allied  cause,  that  this  nation  was  so 
blessed  with  its  resources  of  iron,  coal,  lumber  and  food- 
stuffs. It  is  as  true  now  as  when  Adams  Smith  first 
wrote  the  obvious  fact,  that  the  source  of  practically  all 
income  and  materials,  is  the  soil.  Today  the  earth  pro- 
duces the  ore  for  the  steel ;  the  coal  for  the  fuel ;  the  for- 
ests for  the  lumber  and  the  grain  for  the  food,  which  give 
America  and  her  Allies  the  supremacy  that  will  win  the 
war.  We  all  know  these  things  without  many  fully  real- 
izing their  significance.  It  is  only  when  some  essential 
is  no  longer  available  that  its  indispensable  character  is 
revealed.  We  take  it  for  granted  that  coal  and  iron  will 
be  mined,  and  steel  made  for  the  guns,  and  myriad  other 
military  appliances.  We  need  wood  for  shelter,  ships, 
and  many  other  construction  purposes,  and  simply  go  and 
cut  it  from  the  forests.  The  steps  in  the  production, 
transportation  and  fabrication  of  these  materials  are  lost 
sight  of,  as  is  also  the  fact  that  they  are  basic  natural 
resources  without  which  no  country  can  prosper,  much 
less  win  a  war. 

Our  forest  resources  are  producing  material  as  indis- 
pensable as  steel.  Wood  is  demanded  for  war  purposes 
because  of  the  well  known  but  rarely  thought  of  charac- 
teristics which  make  it  the  most  widely  used  building  ma- 
terial. It  is  indispensable  both  in  war  and  peace  because 
it  is  available  everywhere ;  can  be  readily  cut  and  sha])ed 
in  any  size  or  form ;  because  it  combines  great  strength 
with  lightness  ;  is  easily  worked  and  adaptable  ;  is  obtain- 
able in  kinds  and  grades  for  all  ])urposes,  and  is  a  non 
conductor  of  heat.    It  is  natural,  therefore,  that  it  should 


be  one  of  the  materials  in  greatest  demand  for  war  pur- 
poses. 

To  say  that  two  or  three  billion  board  feet  of  lumber 
are  being  produced  in  the  shortest  possible  time  to  meet 
the  most  urgent  war  needs  the  country  has  ever  known, 
conveys  very  little.  Even  to  say  that  a  single  billion  feet 
would  make  a  boardwalk  ten  feet  wide  from  New  York 
to  Petrograd,  via  Vladivostok,  really  does  not  convey  the 
full  impression.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  no  one  really  knows 
just  how  much  wood  is  being  used  in  our  war  prepara- 
tions, nor  does  the  number  of  feet  especially  matter.  It 
is  extremely  important,  however,  to  know  that  our  forest 
resources  are  fully  able  to  meet  the  unprecedented  de- 
mands upon  them,  and  to  do  it  without  materially  re- 
ducing our  reserve  timber  supply.  It  is  equally  import- 
ant that  the  producing  facilities  of  the  lumber  industry 
are  able  to  shift  from  normal  routine  and  produce  sizes, 
kinds  and  quantities  of  timber  as  needed  by  the  military 
authorities. 

In -the  war  news  for  many  months  have  been  frequent 
references  to  wooden  ships,  the  army  cantonments,  and 
the  new  airplane  fleet.  These  are  among  the  large 
items  in  which  wood  is  almost  the  exclusive  construction 
material.  In  addition,  however,  are  the  diocks  and 
wharves,  both  here  and  in  France,  the  warehouses,  box- 
ing and  crating  lumber,  hangars  and  hundreds  of  smaller 
uses.  The  necessary  kinds  of  wood  required  for  all  of 
these  things,  the  unusual  specifications  and  sizes,  the 
large  orders  for  wooden  items  which  usually  are  pro- 
duced only  in  small  quantities,  and  the  necessity  for  haste 
in  production,  indicate  the  diversity  of  demands  which 
the  forests  must  meet. 

A  Washington  dispatch  in  late  October  reported  over 
45,000  cars  of  lumber  shipped  for  government  war  pur- 
poses or  orders  distributed  alone  by  the  Committee  on 
Lumber  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  This  gives 
a  clew  as  to  the  magnitude  of  the  war  lumber  output,  yet 
is  only  a  beginning.  Nor  do  these  45,000  carloads,  which 
would  make  a  train  500  miles  long,  represent  the  total 
consumption,  many  orders  being  placed  through  sources 
other  than  the  Lumber  Committee. 

The  indispensable  character  of  the  lumber  required 
is  shown  by  the  many  purposes  for  which  it  is  used.  The 
National  Guard  camps  and  National  Army  cantonments 
comprise  hundreds,  if  not  thousands,  of  acres  of  wooden 
buildings.  At  one  camp  50  carloads  of  materials  were 
unloaded  a  day  for  the  construction  of  746  buildings,  in 
which  over  30,000,000  feet  of  lumber  was  used.  Ware- 
houses and  cold-storage  ])lants  require  millions  of  feet. 
About  900  carloads  of  dock  and  bridge  timbers  and  other 
construction  materials  have  been  cut  for  export  for 
American  army  purposes  in  France.  Nearly  4,000  car- 
loads of  yellow  pine  alone  have  been  shi])ped  for  wooden 


600 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


ship  construction,  besides  nearly  as  much  fir  and  hard- 
wood. Each  wooden  ship  requires  about  a  million  and 
a  half  board  feet,  in  addition  to  that  used  for  the  ways 
and  scaffolds.  Aviation  schools  and  camps,  army  trucks 
and  boxes,  take  millions  of  feet  more. 

Just  as  items :  One  hundred  and  thirty  thousand  pieces 
of  piling  for  docks  were  in  one  order,  while  another  gov- 
ernment requisition  called  for  20,000,000  ammunition 
boxes,  all  to  be  made  of  wood.  If  these  piles  averaged 
30  feet  long,  they  would  extend  800  miles,  or  nearly  from 
New  York  to  Chicago,  if  placed  end  to  end.  At  Wash- 
ington 10,000,000  feet  of  lumber  has  been  ordered  for  new 
frame  structures  to  accommodate  army  bureaus.  At  one 
government  shipyard,  somewhere  on  the  Atlantic  Coast, 
50,000,000  feet  of  heavy  lumber  and  timber  is  needed 
for  ways  and  general  purposes.  One  Pacific  Coast  emer- 
gency lumber  bureau  has  received  orders  for  nearly  half 
a  billion  feet  of  one  kind  of  wood;  while  for  air-craft 
stock  well  over  100,000,000  feet  of  spruce  alone  will  be  re- 
quired. In  September  contracts  were  awarded  by  France 
for  24,000,000  feet  of  spruce ;  Italy,  9,000,000  feet,  and 
England  36,000,000  feet.  Lumber  for  portable  or  col- 
lapsible military  buildings  of  various  kinds,  for  the 
use  of  the  American  Army  in  France,  has  just  been 
requested.  The  first  order  is  for  about  15,000,000 
feet,  with  ultimate  needs  aggregating  several  hundred 
million  feet.  Creosoted  wood  block  flooring  is  to  be 
used  in  government  munition  plants.  An  order  for  38,000 
yards,  equivalent  to  two  miles  of  street  paving,  is  soon  to 
be  placed.  These  are  but  examples  of  the  demands 
which  our  forests  are  meeting. 

A  hundred  years  ago,  before  the  days  of  steel  ships, 
treenails  were  a  well-known  product  of  the  forest,  but 
with  the  decline  of  wooden  ship  building,  their  produc- 
tion practically  ceased.  With  the  inauguration  of  the 
present  shipbuilding  program,  treenails  were  suddenly  in 
demand  in  greater  quantities  than  ever  before,  with  the 
result  that  emergency  measures  had  to  be  taken  to  in- 
sure a  supply.  Locust  is  preferred  to  all  other  woods  for 
this  purpose,  but  since  the  supply  is  not  sufficient,  several 
other  woods  are  now  used  in  their  manufacture.  It  per- 
haps should  be  explained  that  these  treenails  are  long 
wooden  pins,  cut  20  to  26  inches  long  and  1>4  inches  in 
diameter.  This  is  one  example  of  the  new  demands 
which  have  been  faced  and  met  in  supplying  wooden 
products  for  war  purposes. 

We  have  accepted  our  forest  resources  as  a  matter  of 
course,  using  them  in  many  cases  none  too  wisely.  With 
a  standing  timber  supply  which  is  still  sufficient  to  take 
care  of  all  requirements  for  many  years  to  come,  lumber 
has  simply  been  cut  where  most  available  and  as  needed. 
The  lumber  industry  has  strong  resources,  and  is  directed 
by  men  able  to  meet  any  emergency  such  as  at  present  ex- 
ists. 

Every  conceivable  war  requirement  for  wood  can  be 
met,  although,  of  course,  in  some  cases  not  as  promptly 
as  might  be  desired.  In  the  western  forests  alone  there 
are  almost  4,000  miles  of  logging  railroad,  870  logging 
locomotives,  13,000  cars  and  other  necessary  equipment. 
With  a  normal  annual  lumber  output  valued  at  over  half 


a  billion  dollars,  mill  and  logging  facilities  were  fortu- 
nately available  for  the  production  of  diversified  forest 
products  for  war  purposes,  which  have  a  value  beyond 
any  dollars  and  cents  figures  because  indispensable  in  the 
preparations  for  victory. 

It  should  be  remembered,  too,  that  while  the  military 
needs  are  being  taken  care  of,  lumber  for  the  every-day 
needs  of  the  country  is  being  produced  as  well.  This 
alone,  even  with  the  decrease  in  building  operations,  will 
not  fall  far  below  40,000,000,000  feet  per  year.  Although 
their  importance  transcends  all  else,  the  war  requirements 
are  a  comparatively  small  percentage  of  the  total  output. 
The  emergency  which  the  lumber  industry  has  met  has 
not  been  in  the  volume  of  the  wood  required,  but  rather 
in  the  urgency  and  special  requirements. 

When  peace  is  attained — with  victory — and  the  mills 
cut  only  for  the  normal  requirements  of  peace  and  for  re- 
construction in  Europe,  it  will  be  found  that  our  forests 
have  fully  met  the  unusual  demands  upon  them,  and  re- 
main one  of  our  greatest  natural  resources.  It  would  be 
most  gratifying  if  out  of  this  crisis  should  grow  a  better 
public  realization  of  the  part  the  forests  play  in  the  eco- 
nomic stability  of  the  nation.  We  shall  always  need  wood 
for  construction,  fuel  and  the  arts  of  civilization ;  the  for- 
ests alone  can  supply  it. 


'T'HE  New  York  State  College  of  Forestry  at  Syracuse 
^  has  recently  sent  out  a  circular  letter  to  Chambers  of 
Commerce  throughout  the  state  warning  against  the  rav- 
ages of  the  tussock  moth,  which  bid  fair  to  be  severe  or; 
shade  trees  during  the  next  growing  season.  The  egg 
masses,  which  are  white  and  conspicuous,  may  be  seen 
readily  at  the  present  time  on  the  bark  of  elms  particu- 
larly, and  these  may  be  collected  and  destroyed  or  daubed 
with  creosote  so  that  they  will  not  hatch.  The  college, 
in  its  letter,  has  suggested  that  local  shade  tree  or  park 
commissions  take  the  matter  of  destroying  the  egg 
masses  in  hand  at  once  and  push  it  vigorously. 


'T'HE  College  of  Agriculture,  Cornell  University,  offers 
■*■  three  courses  in  vegetable  gardening  during  the 
short-course  term  which  extends  through  a  period  of  12 
weeks  from  November  7  to  February  15.  Two  of  these 
courses,  one  in  commercial  vegetable  gardening,  and  the 
other  in  vegetable  forcing  or  greenhouse  vegetable  cul- 
ture, are  planned  to  be  of  special  value  to  those  who  con- 
template vegetable  gardening  as  a  life  work.  The  course 
in  home  vegetable  gardening  is  designed  to  meet  the  re- 
quirements of  those  desiring  to  secure  a  general  knowl- 
edge of  the  principles  of  vegetable  production  for  home 
use. 


T>LANS  for  a  model  after-the-war  camp  at  Mount 
^  Gretna  for  Pennsylvania's  National  Guard  have  been 
discussed  lately  between  officials  of  the  Adjutant-Gener- 
al's Office  and  the  Department  of  Forestry.  These  plans 
take  into  account  the  increased  productivity,  capacity  and 
general  beautification  of  the  fifteen  hundred  acres  of  tim- 
berland  included  in  the  State's  two-thousand  acre  mili- 
tary reservation. 


EDITORIAL 

FORESTRY  AS  A  PROFESSION  FOR  YOUNG  MEN  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 


THE  great  war  has  brought  home  to  our  people  a  num- 
ber of  very  interesting  facts  regarding  the  necessity 
for  and  the  extensive  use  of  wood,  and  with  this,  the 
importance  of  the  forest  and  its  proper  care.  Suddenly 
we  learn  that  wood  is  not  merely  useful  as  lumber,  fuel, 
telegraph  poles  and  pulp  wood  for  newspapers,  but  that 
even  in  this  age  of  steel  and  cement  we  want  enormous 
quantities  of  wood  for  ships  and  camps,  for  railways  and 
corduroy  at  the  front,  a  hundred  million  feet  or  more  of 
high-grade  spruce  for  airplanes. 

Beyond  this,  we  find  that  wood  is  made  into  clothing, 
bedding,  fiber  for  fiber  cases  and  shoe  soles,  in  short, 
that  it  may  be  converted  into  anything  from  paper  collars 
to  carwheels. 

Even  this  does  not  exhaust  the  list,  for  the  laboratory 
now  tells  us  that  sugar,  and  drinkable  alcohol,  as  well  as 
the  old  products  of  wood  alcohol,  wood  vinegar,  etc.,  can 
be  and  are  made  and  used  in  enormous  quantities. 

War  has  taught  us  also  the  simple  fact,  well  known  to 
foresters  but  apparently  unknown  to  our  statesmen,  that 
a  country  with  its  forestry  work  properly  organized  and 
supported  has  20  years'  supply  of  timber  constantly 
stored  up  and  ready  for  use.  Forestry  has  saved  Ger- 
many in  this  period  of  need. 

The  sudden  war  demands  have  called  attention  to  the 
fact  that  while  mere  brush  and  uncared  for  woods,  such 
as  are  now  a  great  part  of  our  eastern  woodlands,  may 
help  the  landscape  in  looks,  and  may  be  good  hunting 
ground,  they  are  not  forest,  and  are  of  little  use  now 
when  the  United  States  needs  one  hundred  and  fifty  mil- 
lion feet  of  select  spruce  for  flying  machines. 

The  nation  has  been  stirred  up  in  the  last  six  months 
regarding  the  importance  of  using  our  soil  to  its  full  ca- 
pacity, and  we  are  discovering  that  the  choice  of  the 
right  crop  is  foremost  in  this  work,  and  also  that  on  hun- 
dreds of  millions  of  acres  the  right  and  only  crop  is  the 
forest  crop. 

Our  people  realize  now  as  never  before  that  the  food, 
clothing  and  housing  materials  are  products  of  the  soil, 
that  they  need  land,  labor  and  time  for  their  production, 
and  especially  that  the  forest  crop  needs  a  long  time — 
that  the  spruce  planted  today  requires  a  century  and  more 
to  make  fit  stock  for  airplanes. 

It  is  beginning  to  dawn  on  some  of  the  people  in  power 
that  this  care  of  one  of  the  great  crops  of  the  world,  the 
care  and  planning  for  properties  for  a  century  hence,  re- 
quires a  little  more  than  a  mere  wood  chopper,  and  that 
certainly  it  requires  policies  which  have  some  show  of 
continuance. 

What  great  field  this  offers  for  the  young  men  choosinsj 


a  profession.  Today  we  have  a  consumption,  in  peace 
times,  of  over  forty  billion  feet  of  lumber  alone ;  a  for- 
est area  of  about  five  hundred  million  acres,  or  more  than 
16  times  the  State  of  New  York,  and  a  population  over 
one  hundred  million,  and  rapidly  growing  in  numbers 
and  in  wealth  and  in  its  demands  on  the  forest.  And  the 
care  of  this  empire,  the  production  of  this  yearly  timber 
crop  for  the  greatest  people  of  the  earth  speaking  one 
language,  this  great  task  is  the  work  of  the  American 
forester. 

A  fine  beginning  has  been  made.  Thirty  years  ago 
forestry  was  not  yet  in  our  dictionary ;  there  was  not  a 
forester  in  the  land  with  an  acre  of  woods  or  a  log  of 
timber  to  sell.  Today  the  Forester  of  the  United  States 
cares  for  over  one  hundred  and  forty  million  acres,  an 
area  larger  than  the  combined  area  of  all  the  forests  of 
the  German  Empire;  and  today  the  Forester  offers  tim- 
ber for  sale  in  quantities  of  over  five  hundred  million  feet, 
and  is  in  position  to  offer  more  than  any  other  person  in 
the  world. 

A  number  of  schools  have  begun  to  prepare  men  for 
this  work,  but  so  far  the  supply  of  real  foresters  is  in  no 
proportion  to  the  task  before  the  profession. 

In  Germany  a  forester  cares  for  about  10,000  acres  of 
forest  and  usually  has  two  to  four  assistants.  On  this 
scale  we  would  need  a  body  of  50,000  foresters  and  about 
200,000  assistants,  besides  a  large  body  of  specially 
trained  labor,  to  care  for  our  woods  as  they  should  be 
cared  for.  Today  not  the  hundredth  part  of  this  number 
of  available  men  exists  in  our  country. 

The  American  way  is  not  to  run  after  the  salesman — 
the  man  who  has  his  labor  or  his  goods  to  offer  must  hus- 
tle and  prove  his  worth. 

It  is  a  safe  estimate  that  10,000  good,  capable,  honest 
and  industrious  men  can  find  employment  in  the  forest 
work  just  as  fast  as  they  really  hustle  and  prove  that  they 
are  worth  having.  And  5,000  more  of  stronger  men  can 
force  their  way  into  the  forest  business  and  acquire  for- 
est property  and  be  their  own  foresters. 

In  Central  Europe  the  forester  is  an  educated,  respect- 
able and  respected  man,  a  power  in  his  community,  use- 
ful in  times  of  peace  and  exceptionally  useful  and  effi- 
cient in  time  of  war. 

In  the  United  States  the  young  forester  (for  so  far 
there  are  practically  no  others)  has  already  made  a  fine 
reputation  for  himself.  He  has  established  a  real  admin- 
istration over  millions  of  acres  of  forest,  over  billions  of 
dollars  worth  of  property ;  he  has  surveyed  millions  of 
acres,  built  hundreds  of  miles  of  roads,  trails  and  tele- 
phone lines.  He  has  not  only  organized  a  fine  protec- 
tion for  public  forests,  but  has  done  this  also  for  private 


«91 


692 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


organizations,  which  in  the  past  failed  entirely  in  this 
effort. 

The  forester  in  the  United  States  has  proven  himself  a 
public  servant  of  the  highest  order  and  value. 

A  forester's  life  is  one  of  the  finest  that  any  enterpris- 
ing, hardy  man  can  desire;  work  and  hardships  mingle 
with  leisure  and  freedom,  and  to  this  is  added  variety  in 
work  and  variety  in  place,  the  out-of-doors  and  a  clean 
and  beautiful  environment.  His  work  is  not  of  the  petty 
three-cent  clerk  character;  he  deals  with  large  things, 
thousands  of  acres,  millions  of  timber.  The  salary  of  the 
forester  is  good  in  the  Old  World  and  is  good  here.  In 
the  United  States  service  it  has  been  rather  low,  consid- 
ering the  high  cost  of  living  and  special  expenses,  and  it 
is  to  be  hoped  that  Congress  will  see  the  necessity  of  sub- 
stantial advances.  But  even  here  the  forester  has  fared 
just  as  well  and  even  better  than  the  teacher,  the  doctor, 
lawyer,  etc.  Considering  the  length  of  time,  the  lack  of 
experience,  etc.,  the  forester  in  the  United  States  has  fared 
well.  When  young  men  of  just  fair  capacity  and  only 
four  to  eight  years'  experience  draw  $2,000  and  as  high 
as  $4,000  per  year,  while  good  teachers  of  20  years'  ex- 
perience work  for  $2,000,  there  should  'oe  little  com- 
plaint. 


This  statement  would  be  incomplete  without  a  word 
on  the  course  of  study  which  the  forester  pursues  at 
school.  The  course  in  forestry  normally  takes  up — in 
sciences — mathematics,  physics,  chemistry,  geology  and 
mineralogy,  botany  and  zoology  ;  then  also  surveying,  in- 
cluding map  making,  besides  the  usual  courses  in  forestry 
proper  which  take  up  about  40  per  cent  of  the  time.  This 
program  is  so  well  planned,  has  been  fully  tried  for  years, 
has  proven  useful  in  so  many  cases  for  work  in  other 
lines  besides  forestry,  \hat  it  is  not  at  all  boastful  to  sa" 
that  a  student  who  takes  a  forestry  course  is  far  more 
certain  of  a  useful,  well-balanced  science  course  than  is 
the  student  who  trusts  his  own  immature  judgment  and 
the  enthusiastic  pleadings  of  the  various  specialist 
teachers. 

To  sum  up :  The  field  is  immense  in  its  extent,  interest- 
ing and  enjoyable  in  character  and  appreciative  in  its 
pay.  The  United  States  has  the  forests  and  lands — the 
people,  the  industries.  We  need  the  foresters  and  we 
shall  have  the  foresters.  The  forester  even  now  is 
making  himself  felt  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land, 
and  in  this  hour  of  war  he  is  proving  a  fit  rival  of  his  col- 
leagues abroad. 


BAD  FOREST  FIRE  SEASON 


'T'riE  total  number  of  fires  extinguished  by  private, 
■'-  state  and  Forest  Service  employes  during  the  past 
season  in  the  Pacific  Northwest  was  7,688,  of  which  938 
were  classed  as  bad  fires.  All  interests  for  forest  protec- 
tion combined  employed  2,579  regular  patrolmen  outside 
of  about  12,000  extra  fire  fighters,  the  total  expenditure 
for  fire  protection  by  all  concerned  being  $1,825,000 
Since  the  extremely  disastrous  fires  of  1910  aroused  pub- 
lic sentiment  against  fires,  a  closer  co-operation  be- 
tween private,  state  and  national  agencies  has  done  much 
to  reduce  the  number  of  fires  that  start  in  dry  times 
and  still  more  to  prevent  the  fires  that  do  occur  from  de- 
stroying large  areas  of  valuable  timber. 

Especially  energetic  measures  were  undertaken  during 
the  past  season  by  some  of  the  state  authorities.  In  Au- 
gust the  Governor  of  Oregon  placed  detachments  of 
troops  throughout  the  state  where  trouble  prevailed  and 
incendiary   fires   stopped   at   once.     The   Governor  also 


closed  the  hunting  season  after  it  had  been  open  for  a 
week.  In  the  State  of  Washington  the  forest  fire  war- 
dens controlled  bad  fires  at  the  expense  of  those  responsi- 
ble for  their  origin  and  this  provision  of  the  Washington 
law  has  been  commended  by  authorities  in  other  states. 

During  the  past  season  650  forest  patrolmen,  together 
with  the  necessary  extra  help,  extinguished  2,388  fires  on 
the  holdings  of  the  members  of  the  Western  Forestry  and 
Conservation  Association.  The  season  was  one  of  the 
dryest  on  record  and  most  favorable  for  the  origin  and 
spread  of  destructive  fires.  Yet  the  actual  loss  of  timber 
this  last  year  was  very  much  less  than  in  previous  bad 
years  due  to  the  increasing  effectiveness  of  fire-preven- 
tion measures  carried  out  by  the  timberland  owners, 
whose  patrolmen  kept  watch  over  an  area  totaling  21,- 
326,000  acres.  The  timber  landowners  of  this  territory 
spent  $290,000  for  fire  prevention  work. 


IVrOTIFICATION  has  been  given  by  the  United  States 
Shipping  Board  that  Southern  pine  manufacturers 
will  be  called  on  by  the  government  to  furnish  duringi 
the  next  12  months  timbers  for  the  construction  of 
100  more  wooden  ships,  in  addition  to  the  144  schedules 
which  had  already  been  placed  with  mills.  This  means 
approximately  half  a  billion  feet  of  timbers  will  have 
to  be  produced  for  the  government  in  the  Southern  pine 
territory  within  a  year.  Four  hundred  million  feet  will 
go  into  ships,  and  one  hundred  million  feet  will  be 
needed  for  ways,  docks,  props,  houses  and  other  uses  at 
shipbuilding  sites. 


T>IRDS  and  Food  Conservation  are  the  subject  of  a  war 
-"^  bulletin  issued  by  the  Conservation  Department  of 
the  General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,  of  which  Mrs. 
John  Dickinson  Sherman,  of  Chicago,  is  chairman.  This 
leaflet  urges  the  protection  of  birds  because  of  their  value 
as  destroyers  of  insects.  Startling  figures  are  cited,  show- 
ing that  in  Massachusetts  alone  the  authorities  estimate 
one  day's  work  by  the  birds  to  be  the  destruction  of 
21,000  bushels  of  insects,  while  in  Nebraska  it  is  esti- 
mated that  the  destruction  amounts  to  170  car  loads  a 
day.  In  the  leaflet  club  women  are  urged  to  do  their 
share  in  protecting  the  birds,  by  seeing  that  the  laws  are 
enforced. 


HOW  A  SUCCESSFUL  SUBURBAN  HOUSE  IS  BUILT 

BY  RAWSON  W.  HADDON 


WHEN  we  see  a  thoroughly  successful  house — one 
that  seems  well  designed  and  conveniently  plan- 
ned— we  are  apt  to  be  so  much  interested  in  ths 
external  successes  that  we  give  little  or  no  atten- 
tion or  consideration  to  the 
less  prominent  details  of 
construction  which  made 
very  largely  for  the  gen- 
eral success  of  the  work. 

In  our  admiration  of  the 
structure  we,  as  mere 
spectators,  are  apt  to  think 
far  more  of  how  well  pro- 
portioned a  room  is,  or 
how  convenient  the  stairs, 
than  of  how  carefully  the 
building  materials  have 
been  chosen  to  assure  dur- 
ability  and  consistency 
with  the  general  design  of 
the  house. 

Of  course,  good  design 
and  substantial  construc- 
tion are  of  quite  equal  importance  to  the  home  builder, 
and  inthe  extreme  case,  a  slightly  less  well  designed  but 
carefully  built  house  would  be  preferable  to  one  that  is 
well  designed  but  not  substan- 
tially constructed. 

And  structure  must  be  as 
carefully  considered  by  the  ar- 
chitect as  must  the  design,  and 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
comparative  merits  of  various 
available  materials  is  as  essen- 
tial to  his  success  as  a  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  the  rules  and 
theories  of  architectural  design. 

When  you  build  your  house 
you  will  do  well,  in  selecting  an 
architect,  to  choose  a  man 
whose  horror  of  flimsy  beams 
and  undersized  or  poorly  se- 
lected  studs   is   as  great   as   his 


View  of  the  DeVries  hfime.  B.  E 
tually  be  grown  over  the  lattice  i 
9tory    windows. 


dislike  for  houses  in  which  one  must  go  through  one 
bedroom  to  get  to  another,  or  other  equally  uncomfort- 
able errors  in  design. 

In  the  American  house  of  today — just  as  in  the  Ameri- 
can house  for  the  last  two 
hundred      and      fifty-odd 
years — wood    is    the    most 
generally    used    and    most 
successful   building  mater- 
ial.    But  the  earlier  build- 
ers used  only  that  material 
nearest     at     hand,     which 
they  could  cut  down  within 
hauling     distance     of     the 
building  site  or  that  which 
they  could  buy  in  their  im- 
mediate  neighbor  hood 
while  we,  today,  not  only 
have  greater  facilities   for 
transporting     material     to 
fit  our  requirements  of  de- 
sign  and  exposure  or  ex- 
pense,   but    we   also    know 
more  about  the  comparative  durability  of  various  sorts 
of  wood  and  their  adaptability  to  various  purposes. 
The    successful    archite.t    does    not    use    haphazard 
methods  in  choosing  his  mater- 
ials  and   each    piece   of   lumber 
that    goes    into   the   building   is 
used     because     experience     has 
shown  the  architect  that  the  ma- 
terial chosen  is  the  best  fitted  to 
stand  all  the  conditions  imposed 
upon  it  in  the  part  of  the  build- 
ing where  it  is  found. 

For  this  reason  it  seldom  hap- 
pens that  any  single  kind  of 
wood  is  used  throughout  the 
house,  and  instead  of  being  a 
white  pine  or  cedar  house,  many 
woods  will  be  used,  each  in  the 
place  where  it  will  give  the  best 
results,  and  your  house  will  have 


Mulier  architect.      Red  rj.ses   will   cvcn- 
n    a    sriiil    mass   to    the    top    of    the    first 


FIRST  FIjOOR.  plan 

First  floor  plan  of  the  Warner  house.  View    of   the    Warner    house.      Bernard    E.    Mulier    architect. 


5EC0ND -FLOOR  PLAM 

Second    floor   plan   of   the   Warner   house. 


t»d3 


694 


•  AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


in  various  parts  of  it  pine,  spruce,  cedar, 
oak,  cypress,  birch,  maple  and  perhaps 
other  woods. 

The  architect's  duty,  then,  is  to  know 
just  where  and  how  each  piece  of  wood 
is  to  be  used  and  where  each  will  give  the 
greatest  wear,  where  it  is  best  fitted  as  a 
medium  for  carrying  out  the  design  (as 
white  pine  for  delicate  curving  or  mould- 
ings) and  what  can  be  used  to  insure  the 
least  yearly  expense  in  upkeep  and  repair. 

A  good  example  of  successful  design 
coupled  with  good  construction  i.=  found 
in  the  William  R.  DeVries  house,  designed 
by  Mr.  Bernhardt  E.  Muller,  of  New  York 
City. 

In  its  exterior  design  and  in  its  plan,  the 
house  is  extremely  interesting.  While 
built  along  Colonial  lines  the  design  is  not 
so  strictly  Colonial  as  to  be  oppressing  in 
its  imitation  of  the  original  type  but  is 
simply  a  free,  modernized  and,  as  one  may 
say,  humanized  design  following  old  lines. 
The  triple  casement  window,  for  instance, 
is  decidedly  non-colonial,  but  it  indicates 
to  us  the  presence  of  a  bright,  open  and 
airy  living  room  and  the  three  windows 
above  this  seem  to  suggest  that  the  owner's 
bedroom  in  back  of  them  and  that  it,  too. 
is  a  cheerful  and  airy  room. 

The  entrance  porch  is  nearer  the  origi- 
nal style,  however,  and  it  is  interesting 
to  note  how  much  is  gained  in  general 
softness  and  interest  in  the  design  by  the 
use  of  generous  planting  around  the  house 
as  shown  in  the  photograph  of  present  con- 
ditions as  compared  with  those  before  the 
plants  had  grown. 

The  DeVries  house  cost  to  build  about 
$15,000.  In  plan  it  is  practically  the  same 
as  the  Warner  house,  designed  by  the 
same  architect  and  also  illustrated  here. 

At    an    earlier    period    of    architectural 


An    attractive   vista,    givine   a    suggestion    of    the 
harmonjr  of  architectural  and  landscape  treatment 
of  the  DeVries  home. 


practice  in  America  the  house  would  have 
been  built  of  the  same  material  throughout. 

At  present  the  knowledge  and  selection 
of  wood  is  an  important  part  of  architec- 
tural education.  And  it  is  of  equal  inter- 
est— though  the  knowledge  is  not  of  such 
extreme  importance — to  the  person  who  is 
building  or  eventually  will  build  a  home 
of  his  own.  And  it  might  be  said  paren- 
thetically that  this  latter  class  includes,  or 
should  include,  every  man  and  woman  in 
America. 

In  addition  to  being  an  example  of  good 
suburban  house  planning  the  DeVries 
house  is  of  interest  because  of  the  fact 
that  it  illustrates  the  results  of  careful 
study  made  by  the  architect  of  the  sorts 
of  wood  best  fitted  for  every  detail  of  the 
house. 

In  this  study  some  conclusion  may  have 
been  reached  which  will  not  be  generally 
accepted  without  differences  of  opinion 
here  and  there.  And  it  must  be  recognized 
that  various  considerations  such  as  condi- 
tions of  climate  and  exposure  and  the  sup- 
ply found  in  local  markets  will  cause 
changes  to  be  made  in  many  instances. 
But  the  results  are  as  a  rule  those  ac- 
cepted in  general  practice.  They  show  us 
if  nothing  more,  at  least  how  many  details 
the  architect  must  consider  in  the  build- 
ing of  a  house. 

As  a  result  of  his  study  of  lumber,  Mr. 
Muller  has  found  it  advisable  to  call,  in 
his  specifications,  for  not  simply  one  or 
two,  but  for  at  least  ten  different  varie- 
ties of  wood  to  go  into  the  construction  of 
this  particular  house. 

White  pine  he  considered  the  most  sat- 
isfactory and  least  expensive  material  for 
the  exposed  exterior  detail.  This  includes 
window  sills,  casings  and  sash,  the  cor- 
nice, the  entrance  door  and  porch  as  well 
as  the  main  porch  and  the  entire  cornice. 
The  exterior  walls  and  roof  are  shingled 
with  white  cedar  shingles,  those  on  the 
wall  are  twenty  inches  long  and  twelve 
inches  to  the  weather,  whil%the  roof  shin- 
gles are  sixteen  inches  long  and  are  ex- 
posed four  and  one-half  inches  to  their 
length. 

The  entire  framing,  including  the  joists, 
headers,  studs,  beams,  roof  rafters,  sheath- 
ing and  also  the  rough  (or  under)  flooring 
is  of  spruce. 

Finished  floors  differ  in  various  parts  of 
the  house.  In  the  main  rooms  they  are 
oak.  The  kitchen  and  pantry  floors  are 
maple,  while  the  rooms  on  the  second  and 
third  floors  and  the  porch  floors  are  North 
Carolina  pine. 

How  carefully  the  subject  must  be  gone 
into  is  demonstrated  in  the  cast  of  the 
windows  where  such  fine  distinctions  are 
made  in  specifying  as  that  while  the  sills, 
casing  and  sash  which  must  meet  extreme 
exposure  are  to  be  of  "clear,  sound,  well- 
seasoned  white  pine"  the  jambs  and  parting 
strips  are  to  be  of  "comb  grained  southern 
yellow  pine  well-seasoned  and  free  from 
pitch  and  other  imperfections." 


In  his  study  of  structural  wood  the  archi- 
tect soon  finds  that  conditions  vary  quite 
sharply  in  many  important  respects  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  country.  Most  import- 
ant of  these,  perhaps,  for  present  consid- 
eration, is  the  kind  and  quality  of  lumber 
grown  in  the  immediate  section  of  the 
country  in  which  the  house  is  to  be  built. 

In  the  instance  of  the  present  design  it 
will  be  seen  that  important  variations  would 
be  necessary  from  Mr.  Muller's  specifica- 
tion to  meet  climatic  considerations  and 
to  obtain  the  best  materials  available  in  the 
local  markets  at  the  least  cost,  if  it  had 
been  built  in  California,  or  in  the  Lake 
States,  for  instance.  For  building  in  the 
New  England  states  the  arrangement  of 
structural  woods  as  specified  by  the  archi- 
tect would  be  most  satisfactory  and  eco- 
nomical in  all  respects.  It  is  not  suggested 
as  a  general  specification,  however,  and 
would  hardly  apply  in  other  sections  of  the 
country. 

As  an  example  of  the  importance  this 
knowledge  on  the  part  of  the  architect,  it 
will  be  noted  that  while  North  Carolina 
pine  is  specified  in  this  house  for  the 
floors  only,  by  referring  back  to  the  article 
on  Building  Bungalows  which  appeared  in 
the  April  1917  number  of  the  magazine,  it 
will  be  remembered  that  in  the  case  of  the 
two  bungalows  at  Southern  Pines,  N.  C, 
designed  by  Mr.  Aymar  Embury,  of  New 
York  city.  North  Carolina  pine  was  used 
throughout  for  the  reason  that  it  was  the 
best  and  most  economical  material  for  use 
in  the  location  in  which  the  houses  were 
built. 

For  the  present  house,  it  will  be  seen  that 
if  the  place  of  erection  were  the  Middle 
West,  the  use  of  spruce  for  the  framing, 
studding,  rafters,  etc.,  would  call  for  a 
material  which  is  not  usually  carried  by 
dealers  outside  of  the  New  England  mar- 
ket.    By  substituting  southern  yellow  pine, 


mCft    t 

Snifid 

Doorway  of  the  DeVries  house,  showing  the  per- 
fect lines  of  the  portal  and  the  simple  -efTective- 
ness  of  the  growing  plants. 


BOOK  REVIEWS 


695 


North  Carolina  pine  or  hemlock  for  the 
spruce,  according  to  what  kind  happened 
to  be  most  available  and  cheapest  in  the 
local  market,  equally  satisfactory  results 
would  be  obtained. 

For  the  roof  and  siding  it  would,  of 
course,  be  found  desirable  to  substitute  red 
cedar  or  cypress  for  the  white  cedar  shin- 
gles in  some  localities,  and  they  would 
serve  the  purpose  equally  well. 

When  you  build,  the  architect  you  employ 
may  not  agree  with  this  specification  in  all 
its  details  and  if  he  does  not  the  difference 
of  opinion  will  probably  be  caused  by  some 
substantial  consideration,  but  under  most 
conditions  the  following  list  taken  from 
the  De  Vries  house  specification  will  as- 
sist you  in  securing  the  most  satisfactory 
materials  for  even  the  parts  of  the  house 
of  seemingly  small  importance : 

Framing  —  Spruce,  including  lathing, 
joints,  headers,  studs,  roof  rafters,  sheath- 
ing and  rough  flooring. 

Exterior  Walls — White  cedar,  20  inches 
long,  12  inches  to  the  weather. 

Roof — White  cedar,  16  inches  long,  4^ 
inches  to  the  weather. 

Windows — White  pine  sills,  casings  and 
sash;  jambs  comb  grained  southern  yellow 
pine. 

Exterior  Cornice — White  pine. 

Porches  —  White  pine  including  hood 
over  front  door. 

Flower   Boxes — Cypress. 

Stoops — Cypress. 

Exterior  Doors — White  pine. 

Exterior  door  jambs — White  pine. 

Exterior  and  interior  door  thresholds — 
Quartered  white  oak. 

Floors  (under  floor)  —  North  Carolina 
pine. 

Floors  (finished)  —  North  Carolina  pine, 
second  and  third  floor  rooms ;  North  Car- 
olina pine,  porches ;  maple,  kitchen  and 
pantry ;  white  oak,  main  rooms. 

Stair — Quartered  white  oak,  main  stair 
from  first  to  second  floor;  strings,  treads 
and  risers  of  other  stairs  are  hard  maple. 

Handrail — Main  stair  quarter  sawed 
white  oak;  birch,  cellar  and  attic  stairs; 
(balusters  cypress). 

Interior  Finish— White  oak,  first  floor, 
unless  one  exception  is  made  for  special 
work;  cypress,  pantry  and  kitchen;  white- 
wood,  hall,  living  room  and  rooms  on  sec- 
ond  floor. 

Drainboard  in  Kitchen — Ash. 

The  selection  of  materials  with  which 
to  build  is  followed  by  the  equally  import- 
ant, though  less  generally  understood,  se- 
lection of  mediums  that  will  give  to  these 
materials  the  best  possible  results  in  good 
looks.  This  includes  the  selection  and 
proper  application  and  use  of  paints  and 
stains  for  both  interior  and  exterior  work. 

On  the  whole  this  subject  is  one  in  which 
the  architect  has  a  far  smaller  range  of 
choice  than  he  has  in  most  other  matters. 


The  selection  is  limited  to  the  products  of 
a  certain  number  of  firms  and  these  he 
must  experiment  with  until  at  last  he  finds 
the  product  best  fitted  for  the  needs  of  the 
particular  house  and  the  one  which  experi- 
ence has  shown  will  give  the  best  satisfac- 
tion in  wear  and  which  shows  the  smallest 
tendencies  to  become  worn  out  or  shabby 
in  the  course  of  time. 

A  series  of  articles  to  be  printed  in 
American  Forestry  in  the  near  future  will 
illustrate  the  typical  well-designed  house  in 
various  other  sections  of  the  country  with 
a  discussion  of  the  most  economical  and 
satisfactory  materials  for  use  in  their  erec- 
tion in  at  least  as  much  detail  as  has  been 
done  in  the  present  instance  for  a  house  in 
the  New  England  states. 


Dynamite   For   Planting   Pecans. 

"For  several  years  we  have  used  dyna- 
mite to  blast  our  tree  holes,"  says  G.  P. 
Gill,  President  New  York-Georgia  Pecan 
Company.  Pecans  are  our  specialty.  We 
have  learned  from  experience  that  these 
trees  planted  in  blasted  holes  do  much 
better  than  in  spade-dug  holes.  It  is 
our  conclusion  that  a  pecan  tree  planted 
in  a  dynamited  hole  will  in  the  course 
of  several  years  catch  up  with  in  growth 
a  tree  planted  several  years  previously 
in  a  dug  hole;  that  is,  assuming  that 
both  trees  are  in  the  same  kind  of  soil  and 
have  the  same  cultivation  and  care.  I  re- 
gard this  as  important  because  every  pecan 
grower  des'res  to  get  his  grove  into  bearing 
as  soon  as  possible.  Nut  trees  are  slow 
growers  jt  best;  anything  that  will  hasten 
their  growth  and  convert  them  into  money 
makers  sooner  is  naturally  a  good  idea. 
<  "There  has  never  been  any  question  about 
the  advisability  of  blasting  tree  holes  in 
\  ery  hard  >  ;1.  but  there  has  been  consider- 
able doubt  expressed  as  to  whether  it  pays 
to  blast  soi!  that  is  not  very  hard.  Our 
soil  is  of  tne  lighter  type.  We  have  found 
it  has  paid  us  many  times  over  to  blast." 


Nurseryman   Recommends   Blasting. 

James  S.  McGlennon,  Florida,  a  nursery- 
man, also  writes  that  he  is  frequently  asked 
whether  he  recommends  dynamite  for 
making  tree  holes.  As  there  seems  to  be 
so  much  interest  in  the  subject,  he  says:  "I 
would  not  think  of  planting  a  tree  or  shrub 
without  blasting  the  soil  unless  it  were  one 
of  the  open  soil  types  that  would  not  need 
any  breaking  up.  I  feel  that  even  a  com- 
mon gooseberry  bush  will  mature  enough 
earlier  and  bear  enough  heavier  to  warrant 
the  expense  if  the  planting  is  to  be  done 
in  any  of  the  hard  soil  types." 

Attention  is  directed  to  American  For- 
estry's list  of  books  on  Forestry,  on  page 
703  of  this  issue.  In  this  list  is  a  compre- 
hensive collection  of  titles  and  authors  at- 
tractive to  all  interested  in  the  bibliography 
of  trees  and  related  subjects.  These  and 
many  other  books  may  be  ordered  through 
the  American  Forestry  Association.  Prices 
quoted  are  by  mail  or  express,  prepaid. 


BOOK  REVIEWS 

Wood  and  Other  Organic  Structural  Ma- 
terials, by  Charles  H.  Snow,  C.  E.,  Sc.  D. 
McGraw-Hill  Book  Company,  Inc.,  New 
York.    Price,  $5. 

Designed  for  engineers,  architects,  stu- 
dents of  technology,  teachers  of  manual 
training  and  those  who  use  structural  ma- 
terials, this  book  takes  for  its  purpose  the 
presentation  of  general  and  physical  char- 
acteristics of  a  group  of  these  materials. 
Among  those  considered  are  woods,  paints 
and  varnishes — with  their  associated  oils, 
pigments,  gums  and  resins — glues,  creo- 
sotes and  India  rubber.  The  work  is  com- 
prehensive. In  its  subdivisions  it  treats  of 
the  uses  of  wood,  the  reasons  for  prefer- 
ring wood  to  other  materials,  the  value  of 
forests  and  forestry,  wood  protection,  fire- 
prooiing  and  preservation,  and  many  other 
subjects  of  related  character.  The  author 
is  dean  of  the  school  of  applied  science  at 
New  York  University.  He  has  given  ex- 
haustive study  to  his  subject  and  has  pro- 
vided a  vast  amount  of  information  of 
value,  based  on  the  premise  that  practical 
knowledge  of  the  properties  of  structural 
materials  will  greatly  influence  students 
in  the  works  which  they  may  design  and 
construct. 

Botany  of  Crop  Plants,  by  Wilfred  W.  Rob- 
bins,  Ph.  D.  P.  Blakiston's  Son  &  Co, 
Philadelphia.     Price,   $2. 

This  is  intended  as  both  text  and  refer- 
ence book.  Its  compilation  has  grown  out 
of  a  course  of  instruction  extending  over  a 
number  of  years.  Mr.  Robbins  is  professor 
of  botany  at  the  Colorado  Agricultural  Col- 
lege and  much  of  his  material  has  been 
used  in  college  freshman  classes  as  a  text 
from  which  to  make  assignments  and  as  a 
guide  and  reference  in  the  laboratory.  The 
book  is  intended  to  give  a  knowledge  of 
the  botany  of  the  common  orchard,  garden 
and  field  crops.  In  its  preparation  the 
writer  had  in  mind  non-agricultural  as 
well  as  agricultural  schools,  because  of  the 
growing  tendency  to  tie  up  botany  more 
closely  with  economic  interests  and  to  draw 
more  upon  economic  plants  in  citing  exam- 
ples and  in  choosing  subjects  of  study  in 
the   laboratory. 

Clearing  and  Grubbing,  by  Galbert  P.  Gil- 
lette. Clark  Book  Company,  New  York 
City.     Price  $2.50. 

In  this  book,  just  from  the  press,  will 
be  found  not  only  very  much  valuable  in- 
formation by  an  authority  on  a  subject 
which  has  heretofore  been  treated,  in  a 
way,  as  somewhat  beneath  the  consideration 
of  engineers,  but  also  a  compilation  of  all 
the  important  facts  from  state  and  govern- 
ment and  current  periodical  publications  on 
clearing  and  grubbing  operations.  It  is 
the  only  book  of  its  kind  in  print.  A  slight 
conception  of  the  importance  of  the  sub- 
ject may  be  had  when  it  is  remembered  that 
of  the  400,000,000  acres  of  farm  land  now 
under  cultivation,  it  is  conservatively  esti- 


696 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


mated  that  50  per  cent,  had  to  be  cleared 
and  stumped  before  it  could  be  cropped; 
and,  assumuiK  that  the  200,000.000  acres  of 
farm  land  in  America  have  been  cleared 
and  grubbed  at  an  average  cost  of  only 
$10  an  acre,  the  great  economic  necessity 
of  the  application  of  the  most  modern  and 
practical  methods  in  clearing  operations 
will  be  readily  seen.  Mr.  Gillette  has  met 
this  need  in  his  book,  and  has  clearly  an.l 
thoroughly  covered  the  various  methods  and 
machinery  employed,  and  embodied  where 
ever  possible  most  valuable  cost  figures, 
which  his  actual  experience  as  an  engineer- 
ing contractor  have  made  familiar  to  him. 
The  merit  of  the  book,  and  its  value,  are 
unquestioned. 

Successful  Canning  and  Preserving,  by 
Ola  Powell.  Lippincott's  Home  Man- 
uals. J.  B.  Lippincott  Company,  Phil- 
adelphia.   Price,  $2.00. 

Of  the  new  literature  on  the  preserva- 
tion of  food  products,  none  is  more  im- 
portant than  Miss  Ola  Powell's  "Suc- 
cessful Canning  and  Preserving.'"  Miss 
Powell  is  assistant  in  Home  Demonstra- 
tion work  in  the  States  Relations  Service 
of  the  United  States  Department  of  Ag- 
riculture. In  this  service  her  skill  has 
gained  national  recognition  and  she  is 
regarded  as  one  of  America's  foremost 
experts  on  canning  and  preserving  meat, 
vegetables,  and  fruits.  Her  experience 
and  research  enable  her  to  speak  with 
authority  and  entitle  her  new  book  to  a 
place  among  the  classics  of  this  branch 
of  literature. 

"Successful  Canning  and  Preserving" 
has  two  functions  in  that  it  is  suitable 
for  use  as  a  text  book  and  for  practical 
application  to  household  needs.  Miss 
Powell's  work  in  the  States  Relations 
service  has  rendered  her  admirably  fitted 
for  giving  full  value  to  both  of  these  im- 
portant phases.  For  several  years  she 
has  directed  the  government  canning 
clubs  in  which  thousands  of  women 
and  girls  have  acquired  complete  train- 
ing and  achieved  practical  and  concrete 
results.  In  her  book  she  details  the 
methods  by  which  the  finest  quality  of 
canned  products  have  been  prepared  by 
home  canners  of  fourteen  and  older.  In- 
dividual examples  are  given  of  the  suc- 
cess of  the  work  of  canning  club  mem- 
bers- One  such  instance  shows  a  sea- 
son's marketing  record  of  $1.5.5.86  in  profit 
for  a  girl  in  one  of  these  clubs.  As  a 
family  record  is  cited  the  experience  of 
a  household  which  during  the  season 
put  up  6,500  cans  and  glasses  of  vegeta- 
bles, jellies  and  jams  of  a  value  of 
$772.80.  The  total  cost  was  $193.20, 
showing  a  profit  of  $.579.60. 

While  dealing  primarily  with  can- 
ning and  preserving  the  book  devotes  25 
pages  to  drying  vegetables,  fruits  and 
herbs.     The  subjects  discussed  in  detail 


include:  canning  in  tin.  canning  in  glass, 
fruit  juices,  preserves,  marmalades,  jams 
and  conserves,  jelly  making,  pickling,  the 
•preservation  of  meats,  the  use  of  vege- 
tables and  fruits  in  the  diet,  the  organi- 
zation of  canning  clubs  and  the  business 
side  of  home  canning-  No  person  who 
follows  the  book  carefully  can  fail  to 
meet  with  success  in  these  various  activ- 
ities. 

To  increase  its  value  as  a  text  book 
the  volume  devotes  considerable  space 
to  the  subject  of  teaching  canning  and 
kindred  studies.  This  is  so  explicit  as  to 
make  the  book  an  important  addition  to 
the  course  of  high  schools,  normal 
schools  and  other  institutions.  Another 
feature  of  similar  worth. is  a  carefully 
prepared  list  of  questions  at  the  end  of 
each  chapter,  from  the  point  of  view  of  a 
home  economics  teacher. 

The  book  contains  372  pages,  four  col- 
ored  plates  and   164  illustrations. 

Chemistry  of  Food  and  Nutrition,  by 
Henry  C.  Sherman,  Ph.D..  Professor  of 
Food  Chemistry  in  Columbia  University. 
The  MacMillan  Company,  New  York. 
Price   $1.50. 

For  its  purpose  this  book  has  the  pre- 
sentation of  the  chemistry  and  nutritive 
value  of  food  in  relation  to  the  require- 
ments of  the  human  body.  It  is  the  out- 
growth of  years  of  experience  in  research 
work  and  in  teaching  the  subject  to  colle- 
giate and  technical  students.  It  is  especially 
useful  to  the  general  reader  who  realizes 
the  importance  of  nutrition  as  a  factor 
in  general  health.  It  also  embodies  ma- 
terial that  should  be  of  value  to  teachers 
and  students.  The  plan  of  the  work  in- 
cludes brief  description  of  the  principal 
foodstuffs  and  the  agencies  and  proc- 
esses through  which  they  become  avail- 
able for  the  uses  of  the  body.  In  addi- 
tion it  follows  the  functions  of  these 
foods  in  the  tissues  and  sets  forth  the 
food  requirements  of  the  body  under 
rarying  conditions,  the  nutritive  func- 
tions of  chemical  elements  and  the  quan- 
tities in  which  they  should  be  supplied 
by  the  food.  It  also  details  the  stand- 
ards by  which  to  judge  nutritive  value 
and    economy   of   articles    of   food. 

Feeding    the    Family,    by    Mary    Swartz 
Rose,    Ph.D.,    assistant    professor,    de- 
partment of  Nutrition.  Teachers'   Col- 
lege, Columbia  University.     The  Mac- 
Millan Company,  New  York.     Price,  $2. 
Intended    primarily    for    uses    in     the 
home,  this  volume  undertakes  to  present 
food  and  diet  information   in  such   man- 
ner  as   will    make    it    easily   available    in 
the  midst  of  the  cares  of  the  household. 
The   subject   is  treated  clearly  and  con- 
cisely,  in   plain   language,   showing   how 
the   science   of  nutrition   ">ay  be  applied 
in  daily  living.    The  author  treats  of  the 


food  needs  of  the  individual  members  of 
the  average  family,  from  infancy  to  old 
age.  Various  concrete  illustrations  of 
food  plans  and  dietaries  are  presented, 
and  generous  heed  given  to  the  house- 
wife's problem  in  reconciling  the  needs 
of  different  ages  and  tastes-  Among  the 
problems  helpfully  treated  are  the  con- 
struction of  daily  bills  of  fare  on  a  ra- 
tional basis,  the  wise  expenditure  of 
money  for  food  and  reasonable  control 
of  the  kinds  of  food  consumed. 

The  book  has  a  value  for  every  house- 
keeper. 

Human  Foods  and  their  Nutritive  Value, 
by  Harry  Snyder,  B.S.,  Professor  of 
Agricultural  Chemistry  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Minnesota.  The  MacMillan 
Company,   New  York.     Price  $1.25. 

Professor  Snyder,  in  this  book,  shows 
a  clear  understanding  of  food  values  and 
sets  them  forth  in  style  well  adapted  for 
use  of  the  work  of  a  text-book  for  stu- 
dents in  colleges.  In  concise  form  he 
presents  the  composition  and  physical 
properties  of  foods  and  discusses  some 
of  the  main  factors  which  affect  their 
nutritive  value.  Combined  with  a  pre- 
sentation of  the  principles  of  human  nu- 
trition is  given  a  study  of  the  more  com- 
mon articles  of  food,  in  the  belief  that 
it  will  suggest  ways  in  which  foods  may 
be  selected  and  utilized  with  saving  of 
money  and  increased  efficiency  of  physi- 
cal and  mental  effort.  Especial  prom- 
inence is  given  flour,  bread,  cereals,  veg- 
etables, meats,  milk,  dairy  products  and 
fruits  as  the  articles  most  extensively 
used. 

The  Handbook  of  Explosives,  just  is- 
sued by  E.  I.  Du  Pont  de  Nemours  &  Com- 
pany, gives  instructions  for  the  use  of  ex- 
plosives for  clearing  land,  planting  and 
cultivating  trees,  draining,  ditching,  sub- 
soiling  and  other  purposes.  Especial  in- 
terest attaches  to  the  information  in  con- 
nection with  tree  planting.  The  book  shows 
that  blasting  mellows  the  ground  to  a  depth 
of  five  or  six  feet  and  throughout  a  circu- 
lar area  10  to  20  feet  in  diameter,  making 
it  easy  to  dig  the  hole  and  plant  the  tree 
correctly.  In  addition  it  creates  a  porous, 
water-absorbing  condition  which  decreases 
the  danger  of  drouth  and  invigorates 
growth.  Details  of  processes  of  tree  fell- 
ing and  stump  blasting  are  also  given.  The 
book  is  filled  with  information  on  these  and 
related  subjects  and  is  useful  to  all  who  are 
interested. 

"Vertical  Farming"  is  another  book  is- 
sued by  the  same  concern.  This  deals  with 
the  use  of  explosives  in  shattering  subsoils, 
to  give  greater  feeding  area  for  the  roots 
of  vegetation.  This  book  is  by  Gilbert 
Ellis  Bailey,  A.  M..  E.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  professor 
of  geology  at  the  University  of  Southern 
California.     It  is  freely  illustrated. 


CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 


69: 


CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 

ELLWOOD  WILSON,  SECRETARY,  CANADIAN  SOCIETY  OF 
FOREST  ENGINEERS 


The    next    step    in    forestry    progress    in 
Canada  will  probably  be  toward  the  bettei 
disposal  of  logging  debris.     With  the  ad- 
vent of  co-operative  fire  protective  associa- 
tions   and    the   consequent   great    improve- 
ment  in   the   forest   fire   situation   and    the 
greater  knowledge  of  the  causes  of  fires  and 
the  means  for  their  prevention,  it  is  being 
realized    that    could    we    economically    and 
practically   do   away   with   the   slash    from 
logging  operations,  one  of  the  most  serious 
of    the    remaining    causes    of    forest    fires 
would  be  eliminated.     A  fire  once  started 
in  a  logging  slash  is  practically  impossible 
to  extinguish  until  it  reaches  an  unlogged 
section  or  some  other  barrier.     The  uncut 
forest,  except  in  exceptionally  dry  seasons, 
does  not  catch  fire  readily  and  the  fire,  if 
discovered   soon   enough,    is   comparatively 
easy  to  put  out.     In  looking  over  a  map  of 
the  St.  Maurice  Valley  showing  the  burnt 
areas,  one  sees  right  away  that  nearly  all 
the  fires  have  followed  logging  operations, 
showing  that  the  debris  is  a  great  menace. 
Lopping  the   tops   in   our   spruce   and   bal- 
sam operations  has  been  proved  by  actual 
experiment  to  cost  practically  as  much  as 
brush   burning,   and   it   is   only  a  half-wav 
measure.     Where  the  tops  are  lopped  they 
rot  sooner,  but  for  the  first  year  or  two  are 
almost  as  dangerous  as  unlopped  tops,  and 
fires  originating  in  such  areas  are  almost 
as  difficult  to  extinguish.     Burning  the  de- 
bris is  perfectly  feasible,  even  with  several 
feet   of  snow   on   the  ground,   and   is   very 
easy    in    soft    wood    operations.      For    two 
winters,    the    Forestry    Department    of    the 
Laurentide  Company  has  been  cutting  hard- 
wood and  all  of  the  debris  has  been  burnt 
without  difficulty.    The  claim  that  the  addi- 
tional cost  is  too  great  might  possibly  be 
true  if  only  one  operator  burnt  his  brush, 
but  if  such  disposal  were  made  compulsory 
by  law,  all  operators  would  be  on  the  same 
footing,  and  it  would  be  no  hardship.     The 
claim  that  has  often  been  made  that  it   is 
cheaper  to  spend  more  for  fire  protection, 
instead   of  burning  brush,   is   plausible  but 
fallacious.     Even  by  putting  on  many  more 
rangers,  it  is  very  difficult  to  keep  fires  out 
of  slash,  and  once  started,  the   remaining 
timber  is  almost  certain  to  be  ruined  before 
the  fire  is  put  out.  Our  dependence  for  the 
future  is  entirely  on  the  uncut  forest  and  the 
cut-over  areas,  on  which  trees  below  a  cer- 
tain diameter  limit  and  the  young  growth 
are  left  and  these  must  be  thoroughly  pro- 
tected.    The  whole  subject   is   being  care 
fully  studied  and  as  fast  as  the  owners  of 
timber  lands  can  be  brought  to  see  the  ne- 
cessity   of    absolute    fire    protection    some 
practicable  law  will  be  formulated. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the   increase   in 
the  price  of  pulpwood  lands,  as  shown  by 


the  recent  sale  of  timber  limits  in  Quebec. 
Eight  hundred  and  eighty  square  miles  were 
sold  at  an  average  price  of  $440  per  mrle, 
which  exceeds  by  $100  the  largest  average 
price  previously  paid.  The  highest  price 
paid  was  $1,000  per  square  mile.  Quite  u 
portion  of  the  land  offered  for  sale  was 
withdrawn  as  the  minimum  price  was  not 
bid.  A  new  condition  is  added  to  the  leases. 
"The  grantees  of  the  aforesaid  territory 
must  within  a  delay  of  three  years,  manu- 
facture annually  in  the  Province  of  Quebec, 
with  the  timber  cut  in  this  territory,  either 
pulp  or  paper,  the  proportion  of  ten  tons 
per  day.  or  sawn  timber  in  the  proportion 
of  10,000  feet  boird  measure  a  day.  per 
hundred  square  miles. 

Some  interesting  efforts  are  being  made 
in  Ontario  to  reforest  sandy  hills  in  that 
Province.  Five  thousand,  four  hundred 
trees  were  planted,  half  the  area  being  cov- 
'ered  afterward  with  cedar  brush.  The  sec- 
tion so  covered  showed  the  best  results,  the 
uncovered  portion  had  many  trees  either 
covered  with  the  drifting  sand  or  blown 
completely  out   by  the   wind. 

The  Dominion  Government  is  making,  foi 
the  purpose  of  advertising  Canada,  some 
very  interesting  moving-picture  films  of 
power  and  manufacturing  plants  and  public 
works.  The  latest  one  is  of  the  new  stor- 
age dam  on  the  head  of  the  St.  Maurice 
River,  built  by  the  Running  Waters  Com- 
mission of  Quebec,  which  will  be  completed 


TIMBER  CRUISING 

of  all  kinila.  In  all  geotlonR.  brings  ine  constantly 
In  tonoh  with  owners  of  timber  Innds  wbaae 
properties  are  adaptable  to  commercial  or  sport- 
ing   purposes. 

DONALD  E.  LAUDERBURN 
154  Fiflh  Avenue  New  York 


NOW    RKADY— NKW    BOOKLET 

TIMBER  ESTIMATING  METHODS 

Original  and  Practical  Information  for  the 
Timber  Cnilser.  Timber  Owner,  and  Lumberman, 
giving  details  of  method  and  cost  of  Timber 
Kstlniating  based  on  actual  experience  on  over 
100  timber  tracts. 

Postpaid.  BO  cents  each. 

HOWARD  R.  KRINBILL 

FOREST  B.N-GINEEK  NBWBBEN,  N.  C. 


PHILIP  T.  COOLIDGE 

FORESTER 

Stetion  BIdg.,  31  Central  Street,  Bangor,  Me. 

Management  and  PmUcUon  of  Woodlands 

Impmiement  Catlings,  Planting,   Timber 

Eslimatea  and  Mapx.       Suroe\)ing 


Tenders  for  Pulpwood  Limit 


CORN      CATTLE      HOGS 

Three- crop  Com  Land 
Virgin  Soil 

No  Crop  Failures 

JOHN   L.   ROPER  LUMBER   CO. 
Norfolk,  Va. 


Tenders  wil  be  received  by  the  undersigned 
up  to  and  including  the  seventeenth  day  of  De- 
cember next  for  the  right  to  cut  pulpwood  and 
pine  timber  on  a  certain  area  situate  in  the  vi- 
'i"'i,?'  "?',  '"«.  Kapuskasing  River  in  the  Districts 
ot    limiskaming   and    Algoma. 

Tenderers  are  to  offer  a  flat  rate  per  cord  for 
all  classes  of  pulpwood,  whether  spruce  or  other 
woods.  The  successful  tenderer  shall  be  re- 
quired to  pay  for  the  Red  and  White  Pine  on  the 
limit  a  flat  rate  of  $10  per  thousand  feet  board 
meas;ire. 

The  successful  tenderer  shall  also  be  required 
to  erect  a  mill  or  mills  on  or  near  the  territory, 
and  to  manufacture  the  wood  into  pulp  and  paper 
in  the  Province  of  Ontario,  in  accordance  with 
the  terms  and  conditions  of  sale  which  can  be 
had  on  application  to  the   Department. 

Parties  making  tender  will  be  required  to  de- 
posit with  their  tender  a  marked  cheque  payable 
to  the  Honourable  the  Treasurer  of  the  Province 
?l9^  nrnnn.'"'  K°"'u  Twenty-five  Thousand  Dollars 
(?i5.000.0p),  which  amount  will  be  forfeited  in  the 
event  of  their  not  entering  into  agreement  to 
carry  out  conditions,  etc.  The  said  Twenty-five 
Thousand  Dollars  ($25,000.00)  will  be  held  by  the 
Department  until  such  time  as  the  terms  and 
conditions  of  the  agreement  to  be  entered  into 
have  been  complied  with  and  the  said  mills 
erected,  equipped  and  in  operation.  The  said 
suni  may  then  be  applied  in  such  amounts  and  at 
such  times  as  the  Minister  of  Lands,  Forests  and 
Mines  may  direct  in  payment  of  accounts  for 
dues  or  of  any  other  obligation  due  the  Crown 
until  the  whole  sum  has  been  applied. 

The  highest  or  any  tender  not  necessarily  ac- 
cepted 

For  particulars  as  to  description  of  territory 
capital  to  be  invested,  etc  ,  apply  to  the  under' 
signed. 

G.    H     FERGUSON, 
Minister   of   Lands,    Forests   and    Mines.    Toronto 
September    19th,    1917. 

NB— No  unauthorized  publication  of  this  no- 
tice   will   be   paid    for. 


WHITE  MOUNTAINS,  N.  H. 

Charming  Summer  Home  and  Farm,  1200  acres 
of  virgin  timber  included  if  desired.  Farm  has 
100  acres;  14-room  house  with  modern  improve- 
ments, furnished  complete;  keeper's  lodge,  laun- 
dry, garage,  each  with  living  quarters  and  bath; 
workshop  with  large  open  fireplace;  cattle  barns; 
plant-house;  ice-house;  wood-house;  abundance 
mountain  spring  water,  absolutely  pure,  flows  to 
buildings. 

FISH  AND  GAME  PRESERVE 

800  Acres,  Fronting  on  Lake. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  prospects  to  develop 
within  65  miles  of  New  Vork  City,  Can  be  pur- 
chased at  very  reasonable  price;  worth  investiga- 
tion; some   farming  land;  good  farm  buildings. 

WILLIAM  H.  MILLS 

7  East  42nd  Street 
N=;W  YORK 


698 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


pil'M 11   r 


ill 


ANDORRA 

NURSERIES 

l\lorwaij  jljaplcs 


SPLENDID  trees  for 
street,  park  and 
cemetery  planting. 
Quick  growing.  Broad 
headed  and  very 
hardy.  Approved  by 
Tree  Cofnmissioi  s 
everywhere.  An- 
dorra Maples  are  lift 
with  splendid  fibrous 
roots. 

Siie       Ebcll       Ten       Hand  ei 

10  ft.     11.50      iio  «e} 

12  ft.       1.50         m  tl65 

14  ft.      »3.5J         125  1225 

ANDORRA     NURSERIES 

H'm.    H'amer  Ilariter,  J'rvjK 

Chestnut  H'll.  Phila.,  Pa. 

Box  2J0 


this  month.  This  dam  will  form  a  lake  of 
400  square  miles  in  area  and  will  equalize 
the  flow  of  water  which  supplies  power 
for  the  many  varied  industries  situated 
along  the  river.  The  St.  Maurice  Valley 
is  rapidly  growing  to  be  the  most  important 
industrial  section  of  the  Province  outside 
of  Montreal,  and  its  development  has  only 
just  begun.  From  the  falls  on  the  river 
power  is  supplied  to  Montreal,  Quebec, 
Sherbrooke,  Three  Rivers  and  the  asbestos 
mines  at  Thetford,  and  among  the  products 
of  the  factories  are  pulp  and  paper,  alumi- 
num, magnesium,  carbide,  acetone,  aloxite 
and  various  other  chemical  products. 

Material  progress  has  been  made  by  the 
Ontario  Forestry  Branch  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  fire  protection  work  on  crown  tim- 
ber lands  in  that  province.  There  are  15,712 
square  miles  under  license  to  cut  timber, 
from  which  the  Province  derives  a  direct 
revenue  of  upwards  of  $1,500,000  per  an- 
num in  normal  times.  In  addition,  a  fire 
tax  of  $6.40  per  square  mile  per  year  is  im- 
posed on  license  holders.  This  amount  is 
largely  supplemented  by  the  Province,  since 
the  fire  ranging  organization  covers  very 
large  areas  of  lands,  much  of  which  have 
been  cut  over  and  burned  over,  but  contain 
a  great  deal  of  young  forest  growth.  The 
total  appropriation  for  all  the  lines  of 
work  with  which  the  Forestry  Branch  is 
charged  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  $375,000. 
The  bulk  of  this  goes  for  fire  protection,  but 
provision    is   made    also    for   nursery    and 


Become  a 
Game  Farmer 

Write  for  these 
two  books  which 
tell  all  about  this 
interesting  and  profitable 
work:  "Game  Farming 
for  Profit  and  Pleasure"  is 
sent  free  on  request.  It 
treats  of  the  subject  as  a 
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planting    work,    eradication    of    the    pine 
blister  disease,  etc. 

E.  J.  Zavitz  is  Provincial  Forester;  J.  H. 
White  Assistant  Provincial  Forester  and 
L.  E.  Bliss  is  General  Superintendent  of 
fire  protection.  The  Province  is  divided 
into  34  districts,  with  a  chief  ranger  in 
each  district.  There  are  31  sub-chief  rang- 
ers, and  986  rangers.  For  the  most  part, 
the  rangers  work  in  pairs  and  travel  by 
canoe.  Some  are  on  railway  patrol,  while 
others  utilize  the  various  other  methods  of 
transportation  suitable  to  the  local  condi- 
tions in  each  case. 

Five  automobile  trucks,  with  fire-fighting 
equipment,  have  been  provided  for  dis- 
tricts where  roads  to  the  settlers  exist. 
Some  625  miles  of  old  trails  and  portages 
have  been  cleared  out,  and  60  miles  of  new 
trails  and  portages  constructed.  Of  look- 
out towers,  22  have  been  built,  and  19  more 
are  under  construction.  About  45  miles  of 
telephone  line  has  been  erected. 

The  permit  system  of  regulating  settlers 
clearing  fires  is  in  eflfect  in  the  clay  belt  of 
Northern  Ontario,  and  is  working  well. 

It  will  necessarily  require  time  to  get 
the  new  organization  in  thoroughly  satis- 
factory running  order,  but  the  progress 
made  thus  far  gives  promise  of  continued 
improvement.  This  work  was  placed  under 
the  Forestry  Branch  only  this  year,  and 
many  serious  obstacles  have  had  to  be 
overcome.  The  improvement  already  made 
is  really  notable. 


A  saving  in  Lumber  of 
$17,178,000  Annually  is 
Possible  by  Kiln  Drying 
Instead  of  Preliminary  Air 
Drying 

THE 

KILN  DRYING 

OF  LUMBER 

Is  a  new  and  authoritative 

work  covering  the  entire 

subject 

By  Harry  Donald  Tiemann,  M.E.,M.F. 

In  charge,  Section  of  Timber  Physics  and 
Kiln  Drying  Experiments  of  the  U.  S.  Forest 
Service.  Special  Lecturer  in  Wood  Technol- 
ogy and  Forestry,  University  of  Wisconsin. 
Forest  Products  Laboratory,  Madison,  Wis- 
consin. 

16  Tables.  55  Illustrations.  Octavo.  Net  $4.00 

The  value  of  technical  knowledge  of  KILN 
DRYING  is  self  evident. — this  book,  as  does 
no  other  upon  the  market,  gives  the  reader 
the  most  rectnt  and  most  clearly  expressed 
information.  The  United  States  is  taking  a 
lead  in  th^;  adoption  of  the  KILN  DRYING 
method  anl  this  volume  will  increase  our 
lead.  It  is  a  pnictical  as  well  as  a  theoreti- 
cal treatise.  The  text  and  illustrations  guide 
the  way  to  the  most  efficient  methods  of 
work. 

KILN  DRYING  improves  the  condition  of 
the  wood  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  used; 
it  reduces  losses  from  warping,  checking, 
case-hardening  and  honey-combing  that  occur 
in  Air  Drying;  it  reduces  the  interest  charge, 
the  fire  risk,  the  weather  attacks  by  reducing 
the  period  necessary  to  carry  wood  from  the 
time  it  is  cut  to  that  when  it  is  fit  for  use; 
it  reduces  the  weight  and  thus  facilitates 
handling  and  shipping. 

The  present  losses  in  preliminary  Air  Dry- 
ing can  be  reduced  by  KILN  DRYING  from 
12  per  cent,  for  Hard  Woods  and  5  per  cent, 
for  Soft  Woods  to  2  per  cent.  There  is  a 
possible  annual  saving  of  $17,178,000. 

J.  B.  Lippincott  Company 


Publisher* 


Philadelphia 


FO 
1 


RE 

2 


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THE   FOREST 

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CURRENT  LITERATURE 

MONTHLY  UST  FOR  OCTOBER,  1917 

(Books  and  periodicals  indexed  in  the  li- 
brary of  the  United  States  Forest  Ser- 
vice.) 

FORESTRY    AS    A    WHOLE 
Proceedings    and    reports    of    associations,    forest 
officers,    etc. 

Hongkong— Botanical  and  forestry  dept. 
Report  for  the  year  1916.  22  p.  Hong- 
kong, 1917. 

India — Bombay  presidency — Forest  dept. 
Administration  report  of  the  forest  cir- 
cles for  the  year  1915-1916.  178  p. 
Bombay,  1917. 

India — United  provinces — Forest  dept.  An- 
nual pr,ogress  report  of  forest  admin- 
istration for  the  forest  year  1915-1916. 
102  p.    Allahabad,  1916. 

New  Zealand— Dept.  of  lands  and  survey- 
Forestry  branch.  Report  for  the  year 
ended  31st  March,  1917.'  41  p.  Wel- 
lington, 1917. 

FOREST  EDUCATIOW. 

Forest  schools 

Harvard  University  —  Lumber  business; 
training  offered  by  the  Harvard  grad- 
uate school  of  business  administrat- 
tion  in  co-operation  with  the  Depart- 
ment of  Forestry.  10  p.  Cambridge. 
Mass.,  1917. 

Montana,  University  of — School  of  forestry. 
Special  announcement  of  courses  for 
1917-18.  17  p.  il.    Missoula,  Mont.  1917. 

SILVICULTURE 
Planting 

Morrill,  W.  J.— Trees  for  non-irrigated 
regions  in  eastern  Colorado.  20  p.  il 
Fort  Collins,  Colo.,  1917.  (Colorado 
Agricultural  College— Extension  serv- 
ice.   Extension  bulletin,  ser.  1,  No.  123). 

Morris,   O.   M. — Tree   planting   in   eastern 


R.   Morgan    Elliott  &  Co. 

PATENT   ATTORNEYS 

MiCHANrCAL.     ELCCTKIC'L    S    CHEMJCAL  EXPERTS 

723-731  woodward  building 
Washington.  D   C. 


PATEINTS 


>ii«H      .Ike    Sti^li.trsL    ii..pfu,cii.t;lU,    ,/i  ulctiC- 

Dy  patent,  n.eans  thousands  ol  dollars  lo  th« 
inventcrt^,  uur  liulJetins  list  hundreds  oi  in 
fcntions  greatly  needed,  especially  in  farn. 
implenieiits.  autoMiobue  aci,eiwi4jnes.  house 
hold  specialties  and  toys,   bulletins  and  book 

aA  .dvice  iree.  bimply  mail  a  positard. 

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Yoar  co-operation  nith  your  ovn  magazine  witt  boost 
American  Forettry  to  an  exaUed  position  among  adtxriis- 
Ing  media.  One  way  to  co-operate  Is  to  patronize  our 
adoertiaera.  or  ask  for  suggestions  and  adoice. 


PREStRVE  YOUR  TREES 

We  are  Tree  Experts  and  our 
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FISKE  FENCE 

Climb-proof,  chain  link  fenc- 
ing, wrought  iron  and  woven 
wire  fence,  iron  gates,  lamp 
standards,  grille  work,  foun- 
tains, vases,  tennis  court  and 
poultry  yard  enclosures. 

Catalogues  on  Request 

J.  W.  FISKE  IRON  WORKS 

100-102    PARK    PLACE 
NEW  YORK,  N.Y. 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 

Washington.  4  p.  Pullman,  Wash., 
1917.  (Washington  Agricultural  Ex- 
periment Station.  Popular  bulletin  No 
108). 

Shattuck,  C.  H.— Forest  and  shade  trees 
and  basket  willows  recommended  for 
planting  in  Idaho.  4  p.  Moscow,  Id., 
1917.  (Idaho— Agricultural  experiment 
station.     Circular   No.   4.) 

FOREST    PROTECTION  I 

Insects 

Burgess,  A.  F.  The  gipsy  moth  and  the 
brown-tail  moth  and  their  control.  28 
p.,  il.  Wash.,  D.  C,  1917.  (U.  S.— 
Dept.  of  agriculture.  Farmers'  bulle- 
tin 845.) 

United  States— Dept.  of  agriculture.  A 
manual  of  dangerous  insects  likely  to 
be  introduced  in  the  United  States 
through  importations;  edited  by  W. 
Dwight  Pierce.  256  p.  il.,  pi.  Wash, 
D.  C,  1917. 

Fire 

Foster,  J.  H.  Forest  fire  prevention,  in  co- 
operation with  the  federal  government. 
12  p.  map.  College  Station,  Tex.,  1917. 
(Texas— Agricultural  and  mechanical 
college— Dept.  of  forestry.    Bulletin  6 ) 

FOREST  ADMINISTRATION 
United  States— Dept.  of  agriculture — For- 
est service.  Rules  and  regulations  per- 
mitting prospecting,  development  and 
utilization  of  the  mineral  resources  of 
lands  acquired  under  the  act  of  March 
1,  1911.    19  p.    Wash.,  D.  C,  1917. 

FOREST  UTILIZATION 
Lamb,  George  N.,  &  Berry,  James  B.  Mar- 
keting farm  woodland  products  in 
Georgia.  32  p.  il.  Athens,  Ga.,  1917. 
(Georgia  state  college  of  agriculture — 
Extension  division.  Bulletin  129.) 
Lamb,  George  N.  Marketing  farm  woodlot 
products  in  Maine.  38  p.  il.  Orono,  Me., 
1917.     (University  of  Maine— Agricul- 


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NUT  CULTURE  N<''«^•S""f^E»«t. 

^^^_______^^_^^__^__   Went.    All  phases 

diseusaed  by  experts.     THK  OFFICIAL  JOURNAL 
SI.26  per  year.    Sample  15c. 

American  Nut  Journal  R^hester. 


tural  extension  service.    Extension  bul- 
letin no.  113.) 

Lumber   Industry  , 

Thelen.  Rolf.  The  substitution  of  other  ma- 
terials for  wood ;  studies  of  the  lum- 
ber industry,  pt.  11.  78  p.  Wash.,  D.  C. 

1917— (U,  S.— Dept.  of  agriculture.  Re- 
port no.  117.) 

Wood-using  Industries 

Bates,  John  S.  Present  and  possible  prod- 
ucts from  Canadian  woods.  14  p.  diagr. 
Montreal,  Canadian  society  of  civ'l  en- 
gineers, 1917. 

Canada — Dept.  of  the  interior — Forestry 
branch.  Forest  products  of  Canada, 
1916;  lumber,  lath  and  shingles.  28  p. 
Ottawa,  1917.     (Bulletin  62a.) 

Canada — Dept.  of  the  interior — Forestry 
branch.  Forest  products,  1916 ;  poles 
and  cross-ties.  8  p.  Ottawa,  1917 
(Bulletin    62.) 

Davidson,  J.  B.  &  Stiles,  J.  E.  The  con- 
struction of  the  wood-hoop  silo.  15  p. 
il.  Berkeley,  Cal.,  1917.  (California — 
Agricultural  experiment  station.  Circu- 
lar 173.) 

Forest   by-products 

Schorger,  A.  W.,  &  Pettigrew,  R.  L.  In- 
creased yield  of  turpentine  and  rosin 
from  double  chipping.  9  p.  pi  Wash., 
D.  C,  1917.  (U.  S.  Dept.  of  agricul- 
ture.    Bulletin  567.) 


WOOD   TECHNOLOGY 

N'ewlin.  J.  A.,  &  Wilson,  Thomas  R.  C,  me- 
chanical properties  of  woods  grown  in 
the  United  States.  47  p.  pi.  Wash., 
1).  C.  1917.  (U.  S.  Dept.  of  agricul- 
ture.    Bulletin  no.  5-56.) 

AUXILIARY   SUBJECTS 
Agriculture 

Cut-over  land  conference  of  the  South.  The 
dawn  of  a  new  constructive  era ;  being 
the  full  and  complete  report  of  the  cut- 
over  land  conference  of  the  South.  244 
p.  New  Orleans,  Southern  cut-over 
land   association,   1917. 

Forage   crops 

Sampson,  .\rthur  W.  Important  range 
plants ;  their  life  history  and  forage 
value.  63  p.  pi.  Wash.,  p.  C,  1917. 
(U.  S. — Dept.  of  agriculture.  Bulletin 
.545.) 

Plant   diseases 

Harshberger,  John  William.  A  text-book 
of  mycology  and  plant  pathology.  779 
p.  il.  Phila..  P.  Blakiston's  Son  &  Co.. 
1917. 

Clearing  of  land 

Gillette,  Halbert  Powers.  Handbook  of 
clearing  and  grubbing;  methods  and 
cost.  241p.il.  N.  Y,  Clark  Book  Co., 
1917. 

Shattuck.  C.  H.  Methods  of  clearing 
logged-off  land.  59  p.  il.  Moscow,  Id., 
1916.  (Idaho — Agricultural  experiment 
station.     Bulletin  no.  91.) 

First  aid 

United  States — Dept.  of  agriculture — For- 
est service.  First-aid  manual  for  field 
parties,  by  Howard  W.  Barker.  98  p. 
il.     Wash.,  D.  C,  1917. 

PERIODICAL     ARTICLES 

Miscellaneous    periodicals 

Alaska,  Aug.  1917 — The  national  forests  of 
Alaska,  by  W.  G.  Weigle,  p.  17,  19. 

American  economic  review,  June,  1917. — 
determinants  of  lumber  prices,  by 
George  A.  Stephens,  p.  289-305. 

American  economic  review.  Sept..  1917 — 
Price  problem  in  the  lumber  industry. 
by  Wilson  Compton,  p.  582-97. 

.■\nierican  review  of  reviews.  Oct.,  1917 — 
The  wings  of  victory,  by  Waldemar 
Kaempffert,  p.  386-92;  Building  ships 
to  beat  the  submarines,  by  J.  Russell 
Smith,  p.  393-6. 

Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  botanical  club,  Oct. 
1917 — The  structure  and  development 
of  the  plant  association,  by  Henry  Al- 
len Bleason,  p.  463-81. 

Conservation,  Oct.  1917 — Forestry  opera- 
tions when  war  is  over,  by  Clyde 
Leavitt,  p.  38 ;  Alcohol  made  from  waste 
and  sawdust,  p.  39. 

Country  life,  June  23,  1917— The  national 
game  reserve  of  the  United  States,  by 
Frank  Wallace,  p.  648-50. 

Country  life.  July  21,  1917— The  cedar  for- 
ests of  Algeria,  by  Robert  Burney,  p. 
67-8. 

Missouri  botanical  garden  bulletin.  Sept 
1917 — Autumn  foliage,  p.  1.33-6. 


New  country  life,  Oct.  1917 — A  sand-hill 
forest,  by  R.  P.  Crawford,  p.  100-2. 

New  Zealand — Dept.  of  agriculture,  indus- 
try and  commerce.  Journal  of  agricul- 
ture, Aug.  1917 — The  indigenous  tans 
and  vegetable  dyestuffs  of  New  Zea- 
land, by  B.  C.  Aston,  p.  55-62;  Hedges 
and  hedge-planting,  by  W.  H.  Taylor, 
p.  69-72. 

Outing,  July.  1917 — Common  sense  and 
trees,  p.  546-8. 

Pleasureland,  Oct.  1917 — Your  national 
parks,  by  Enos  A.  Mills,  p.  3-4;  Our 
national  forests,  by  Wallace  I.  Hutch- 
inson, p.  7. 

Revue  horticole,  Aug.   16,   1917 — Transport 
■   des  arbres,  by  R.  Dessaisaix,  p.  319-20 

United  States — Dept.  of  agriculture.  Jour- 
nal of  agricultural  research,  Oct.  1. 
1917.  Natural  reproduction  from  seed 
stored  in  the  forest  floor,  by  J.  V. 
Hoffman,  p.   1-26. 

Trade   Journals   and   Consular  reports 

American  lumberman,  Oct.  6,  1917. — For 
every  log  or  lumber  hauling  problem 
there  is  a  satisfactory  motor  traction 
system,  p.  48-9. 

Engineering  news-record,  Sept.  13,  1917. — 
Logging  roads  carry  lumber  to  each 
brigade  at  Columbia  camp,  by  H.  D. 
Hammond,  p.  497-500. 

Engineering  news-record,  Oct.  4,  1917. — 
Pipe  staves  creosoted  without  loss  of 
strength,  by  O.  P.  M.  Goss,  p.  639-40. 

Hardwood'  record,  Sept.  25,  1917. — Demand 
for  wood  just  beginning,  p.  19-20;  Puz- 
zling variations  in  wood,  p.  21-2;  Sea- 
soning lumber  by  steam,  p.  22;  The 
antiquity  of  veneer,  p.  27-8. 

Lumber  trade  journal,  Sept.  15,  1917. — 
Wood  exports,  1916-1917,  p.  19-26. 

Lumber  world  review.  Sept.  25,  1917. — Or- 
ganization of  the  20th  engineers,  p.  .31-2. 

Lumber  world  review,  Oct.  10,  1917. — All 
about  the  20th  engineers  (forest),  p 
27-30. 

Paper,  Sept.  26,  1917.— Cellulose ;  the  Chem- 
istry of  cellulose  and  its  important  in- 
dustrial applications,  by  H.  S.  Mork, 
p.  14-19,  31. 

Paper,  Oct.  3,  1917.— Report  of  committee 
on  sulphate  pulp,  by  Otto  Kress,  p.  26- 
30;  Factors  in  the  quality  of  ground- 
wood,  p.  .36-40;  The  purchase  of  pulp- 
wood,  by  C.  P.  Winslow  and  others,  p. 
46-8;  Retention  of  fillers  by  paper  pulp, 
by  Otto  Kress  and  G.  C.  McNaughton, 
p.  .50-8. 

Paper,  Oct.  10,  1917.— The  American  dye- 
stuff   industry,  p.  28-9. 

Paper-making.    Aug.    1.    1917. — The    pulp 
wood    resources    of    Alaska    and    the 
western   states,   by   W.    B.    Greeley,   p. 
133-4 ;  German  paper  pipes,  p.  1.37. 

Paper  mill,  Sept.  1,  1917.— Brown  wood 
pulp,  by  G.  F.  Steele,  p.  42. 

Paper  mill,  Sept.  8.  1917. — Sulphate  or  sul- 
phite paper  yarn,  by  Arthur  Klein,  p. 
34 ;  Wood  pulp  for  paper  making,  by 
C.  F.  Cross,  p.  36-8, 

Paper  mill.  Sept.  15,  1917.— Paper  yarn  in 
Germany,   p.  28. 


CURRENT  LITERATURE  -.701 

|ii»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!!iii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiinniiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^ 

I  Are  you  on  the  Mailing  List  for  Catalog  of  ■  | 

^  Hicks  Nurseries?  I 


Pine  and  Oak  Help  Each  Other 


It  will  confirm  your  de- 
cisions on  fitting  your 
selection  of  trees  to  your 
soil  and  climate.  It  offers 
trees  for  dry  and  acid 
soils  and  moist  soils  in 
the  sam€  region.  Many 
nurseries  on  alkaline  soils 
do  not  specialize  on  oaks 
and   pines. 

Trees  20  years  old  can 
l)c  selected  now,  Tlicy 
are  }.;uaranteed  to  grow 
satisfactorily  or  replaced 
free. 


Isaac  Hicks  &  Son 

Westbury,   Nassau  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Paper  trade  journal.  .Aug.  23.  1917. — In- 
creasing use  of  i)ai)er  yarn  in  textile 
industry,  p.  .38,  48. 

Pioneer  western  lumberman,  Oct.  1,  1917.-  - 
Reforesting  essential  to  welfare  of 
Oregon,  by  T.  T.  Munger,  p.  10;  Ethyl 


HILL'S 

Seedlings  and  Transplants 

ALSO  TREE  SEEDS 
FOR  REFORESTING 

REST  for  over  half  a  century.  All  lead- 
ing hardy  sorts,  grown  in  mimense 
quantities.  Prices  lowest.  Quality 
highest.  Forest  Planter's  Guide,  also 
price  lists  are  free.  Write  today  and 
mention   this   magazine. 

THE  D.  HILL  NURSERY  CO, 

Evergreen   Specialists 

Largest   Growers  in   America 

BOX    501  DUNDEE,    ILL. 


FORESTRY     SEEDS 

I    OFFER   AT    SPECIAL   PRICES 

PInus  8trobuB  Picea  Enfclemannl 

PHeudo-tsusa  Doug-    Picea  Pungrenit 

laNHi  Thuya  Occldentalts 

Piniis  Ponderosa  Plnus  taeda 

and  many  other  varieties,  ail  of  this 
Meubon'H  crop  and  of  good  quality. 
Samples  upon  request.  Send  for  my 
catalogue  containing  full  list  of  varieties. 

THOMAS   J.  LANE 

TREE  SEEDSMAN 
Dresher  Pennsylvania 


Orchids  ^Ye,«r 


ire  specialists  In  Or- 
cblds;  we  collect.  Import, 
grow,  sell  iind  export  this  class  of  plants 
exclusively. 

Our  lllu.strated  a.id  descriptive  catalogue 
of  Orchids  iniiy  be  had  on  application.  Also 
special  li.st  of  freshly  Imported  unestnb- 
llshed    Orchids. 

LAGER  &  HURRELL 


Orchid  Growers  and  Importers 


.SUMMIT,  N.J. 


Nursery  Stock  for  Forest  Planting 

TREE  SEEDS      Transplants 


Seedlings 

$3.00  WHtefm-  pHces  on  $8.00 

per  1000  large  (/uantities  per  1000 

THE  NORTH-EASTERN  FORESTRY  CO. 
CHESHIRE,  CONN. 


702 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


i:iiiiiiiiiiriiiiiuiiiiriuiiiii[[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!imiuiuniMiRaiw        u 


Quality- 


?  g 


Long  a~.d  Short  Leaf  Yellow  Pine 
the  same  today  and  tomorrow. 
Quality — Service — Capacity. 

MISSOURI    LUMBER    AND 

LAND    EXCHANGE 

COMPANY 


R.  A.  Long  Bldc. 


Kansas  City,  Mo. 


lu  Huii    m      u  n 


alcohol  from  wood  as  good  as  any 
other,  p.  10;  Creosoted  wood  stave  pipe 
and  its  effect  upon  water  for  domestic 
and  irrigation  uses,  p.  11-13;  Many  vis- 
itors to  the  national   forests,  p.  19-20. 

Pulp  and  paper  magazine,  Sept.  6,  1917. — 
The  American  paper  fibre  rug,  by  Syd- 
ney A.  Bonnaffon,  p.  847-9. 

Southern  lumberman,  Oct.  6,  1917. — First 
forestry  regiment  getting  ready  for 
service  in  France,  p.  23-4. 

Timber  trades  journal,  Sept.  1,  1917. — 
Scotland  and  afforestation,  by  Robert 
Munro,  p.  324. 

Timber  trades  journal,  Sept.  8,  1917. — Ca- 
nadian birch,  by  R.  H.  Campbell,  p. 
333;  Timber  resources  of  western  Aus- 
tralia, by  Lane  Poole,  p.  359 ;  Forest  re- 
sources of  British  Honduras,  by  A.  T 
Drummond,  p.  360. 

Timber  trades  journal,  Sept.  15,  1917. — The 
silver  spruce  for  economic  planting, 
by  A.  D.  Webster,  p.  373. 

Timberman,  Sept.  1917. — The  genesis  of 
the  wooden  shipbuilding  industry  in 
British  Columbia,  by  J.  O.  Cameron, 
p.  38-40 ;  Chain  drag  saw  and  log  meas  - 
uring  device,  by  W.  D.  Starbird,  p. 
41-2;  New  grading  rules  for  Philippine 
lumber,  p.  54-6. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  Sept. 
15,  1917. — Smokeless  fuel  made  from 
wood  waste,  by  R.  B.  Mosher,  p.  1013. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  Sept. 
22,  1917.— Wooden-soled  shoes  for 
Dutch  soldiers,  by  Frank  W.  Mahin,  p 
1105. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  Oct. 
6,  1917. — Paper  and  paper  pulp  making 
in  India,  by  Lucien  Memminger,  p. 
86-7. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  Oct 
9,  1917. — Philippine  mangrove  bark  re- 
sources, by  C.  E.  Bosworth,  p.  118-19 

Veneers,  Oct.  1917. — Low-grade  walnut  for 
furniture,  by  L.  K.  Stark,  p.  13-14; 
Conserving  the  lumber  resources,  by 
G.   D.   Crain,  p.   17-18. 

Woodworker,  Sept.  1917. — The  manufac- 
ture of  cedar  chests,  by  O.  R.  M.,  p.  32; 
The  desirability  of  uniformly  dried 
lumber,  by  E.  U.  Kettle,  p.  36-7;  Means 
and  methods  in  wood-working  plants, 
p.  38-41 ;  Successfully  drying  birch,  by 
R.  W.  H.,  p.  43. 

Forest  Journals 

American  forestry,  Oct.  1917. — Forest  regi- 
ment fund,  p.  581 ;  Gourds — Natural 
and  trained,  p.  582;  Wood  on  the  wing, 
by  Bristow  Adams,  p.  583-89;  Flying 
wedge  of  bankers  and  farmers,  by 
Charles  Lathrop  Pack,  p.  590-1 ;  First 
apple  tree  of  the  rorthwest,  by  H.  E. 
Zimmerman,  p.  591 ;  The  friar,  his  dog 
and  the  iron  cross,  by  Alice  Spencer,  p, 
592 ;  Some  achievements  in  food,  by 
Norman  C.  McLoud,  p.  593-99;  The 
lure  of  the  beaver,  by  D.  Lange,  p.  600- 
10 ;  Marsh  land  and  other  aquatic 
plants,  by  R.  W.  Shufeldt,  p.  611-18; 
Selecting  nut  trees  for  planting,  by  C. 
A.  Reed,  p.  619-24;  The  totem  tree,  bv 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


703 


H.  E.  Zimmerman,  p.  624 ;  The  thrushes, 
by  A.  A.  Allen,  p.  625-28;  How  we 
stand  for  efficient  state  forestry,  p.  629 ; 
Building  an  atmosphere  of  stability  into 
the  home,  by  R.  W.  Haddon,  p.  630-32. 

Arborea,  May,  1917. — Legal  problems  of  the 
tree  warden,  by  Daniel  G.  Lacy,  p. 
220-7;  Shade  tree  diseases,  p.  227-8; 
Relation  of  parasite  work  to  gipsy  moth 
field  work,  by  A.  F.  Burgess,  p.  229-30. 

Arborea,  Sept.  1917. — Solid  stream  spray- 
ing, by  L.  H.  Worthley,  p.  238-41 ;  For- 
est tree  planting,  by  G.  E.  Clement,  p 
242-4. 

California  forestry,  Sept.  1917. — The  Uni- 
versity of  California  forestry  summer 
camp,  by  Woodbridge  Metcalf,  p.  33-4 ; 
Brush  in  the  forest  nurse  crop,  p.  3,5, 
37;  Relation  between  effort  and  results 
in  public  service,  by  Koy  Headley,  p.  36. 
39,  40;  Chestnut  bark  disease,  by  E.  P. 
Meinecke,  p.  37;  The  new  Yosemite,  by 
Stephen  T.  Mather,  p.  38-9. 

Canadian  forestry  journal,  Sept.  1917 — Es- 
tablishing a  plantation  of  conifers  on 
the  prairies,  by  A.  Lougheed,  p.  1281-2 ; 
Four-thousand-year-old  Sequoias,  by 
Ernest  G.  Dudley,  p.  1283-4 ;  The  waste 
of  hemlock  bark  in  B.  C,  by  J.  H.  Ham- 
ilton, p.  1285-7;  What  the  woodlot 
means  to  the  farm,  by  Roland  D.  Craig, 
p.  1292-3;  Natural  forest  in  contrast  to 
woodlot,  by  E.  J.  Zavitz,  p.  1293-4;  The 
uses  of  wood  pulp,  by  John  S.  Bates,  p. 
1296-8;  What  slash  disposal  means,  p. 
1302;  Timber  resources  of  northern 
Manitoba,  by  J.  A.  Campbell,  p.  1305-6. 

Indian  forest  records,  1917. — Note  on  the 
eucalyptus  oil  industry  in  the  Nilgiris, 
by  Puran  Singh,  p.  1-26;  Note  on  the 
distillation  of  geranium  oil  in  the  Nil- 
giris, by  Puran  Singh,  p.  27-32 ;  Manu- 
facture of  wintergreen  oil  in  India,  by 
Puran  Singh,  p.  33-9. 

New  York  forestry,  Oct.  1917.— The  tree 
friends  of  John  Burroughs,  by  Clara 
Barrus,  p.  5-8;  The  aim  of  the  New 
York  state  forestry  association,  by 
Herbert  S.  Carpenter,  p.  9-11;  Food 
producing  possibility  of  our  forests  and 
inland  waters,  by  F.  Franklin  Moon, 
p.  1.3-19;  College  work  in  war  time,  by 
Ralph  S.  Hosmer,  p.20-4 ;  The  forest 
parks  of  New  York  state;  the  mo- 
torists' mecca,  by  Eugene  M.  Travis, 
p.  24-6;  The  timberland  owner  and  the 
war,  by  A.  B.  Recknagel,  p.  27-31 ;  The 
arborist;  pages  about  town  trees,  by 
Jack  S.  Kaplan,  p.  34-6. 

Ohio  forester,  July,  1917. — Fuel  and  the 
woodlot,  by  Edmund  Secrest,  p.  27-9; 
The  black  locust,  Robinia  pseudacacia 
by  J.  J.  Crumley,  p.  30-4. 

Schweizerische  zeitschrift  fur  forstwesen, 
July-Aug.,  1917. — Die  wirtschaftliche 
zerlegung  einer  betriebsklasse  in  ab- 
teilungen,  p.  189-94. 

Yale  forest  school  news,  Oct.  1917.— The 
open  road  to  China,  by  Wm.  Forsythe 
Sherfesee,  p.  51-2;  The  value  of  a  tech- 
nical education  to  a  forest  supervisor 
by  Elers  Koch  and  others,  p.  .52-6. 


BOOKS   ON   FORESTRY 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  publish  each  month,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  wish  books 
on  forestry,  a  list  of  titles,  authors,  and  prices  of  such  books.  These  may  be  ordered  through 
the  American  Forestry  Association,  Washington,  D.  C.  Prices  are  by  mail  or  express  prepaid.* 

FOREST  VALUATION— Filibert  Roth $1.50 

FOREST  REGULATION— Filibert  Roth 2.00 

PRACTICAL  TREE  REPAIR— By  Elbert  Peets 2.00 

THE  LUMBER  INDUSTRY— By  R.  S.  Kellogf 1.10 

LUMBER  MANUFACTURING  ACCOUNTS— By  Arthur  F.  Jones 2.10 

FOREST  VALUATION— By  H.  H.  Chapman 2.00 

CHINESE  FOREST  TREES  AND  TIMBER  SUPPLY— By  Norman  Shaw 2.50 

TREES,    SHRUBS,   VINES   AND   HERBACEOUS    PERENNIALS— By   John 

Kirkegaard 1-50 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS— By  Charles  Sprague  Sargent— Vols.  I  and  II,  4  Parts 

to  a  Volume — per  Part 5.00 

THE  TRAINING  OF  A  FORESTER— Giflford  Pinchot 1.35 

LUMBER  AND  ITS  USES— R.  S.  Kellogg 1.15 

THE  CARE  OF  TREES  IN  LAWN,  STREET  AND  PARK— B.  E.  Fernow 2.17 

NORTH  AMERICAN  TREES— N.  L.  Britton 7.30 

KEY  TO  THE  TREES— Collins  and  Preston 1.50 

THE  FARM  WOODLOT— E  G.  Cheyney  and  J.  P.  Wentling 1.70 

IDENTIFICATION    OF    THE    ECONOMIC    WOODS    OF    THE    UNITED 

STATES— Samuel  J.  Record 1.25 

PLANE  SURVEYING— John   C.  Tracy 3.00 

FOREST   MENSURATION— Henry  Solon  Graves 4.00 

THE  ECONOMICS  OF  FORESTRY— B.  E.  Fernow 1.61 

FIRST  BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— Filibert  Roth 1.10 

PRACTICAL  FORESTRY— A.  S.  Fuller 1.50 

PRINCIPLES  OF  AMERICAN  FORESTRY— Samuel  B.  Green 1.50 

MANUAL  OF  THE  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA   (exclusive  of  Mexico)  — 

Charles   Sprague   Sargent 6.00 

AMERICAN  WOODS— Romeyri  B.  Hough,  13  Volumes,  per  Volume b.OO 

HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TREES  OF  THE  NORTHERN  U.  S.  AND  CANADA, 

EAST  OF  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS— Romeyn  B.  Hough 6.00 

GETTING  ACQUAINTED  WITH  THE  TREES— J.  Horace  McFarland 1.75 

PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    WOOD:    THEIR    CHARACTERISTIC    PROP- 
ERTIES—Charles  Henry  Snow 3.50 

HANDBOOK  OF  TIMBER  PRESERVATION— Samuel  M.  Rowe 4.00 

TREES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND— L.  L.  Dame  and  Henry  Brooks 1.50 

TREES,    SHRUBS    AND    VINES    OF    THE    NORTHEASTERN    UNITED 

STATES— H.   E.    Parkhurst. 1.50 

TREES— H    Marshall  Ward 1.50 

OUR  NATIONAL  PARKS— John  Muir 1.91 

LOGGING— Ralph  C.  Bryant 3.50 

THE  IMPORTANT  TIMBER  TREES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— S.  B.  Elliott  2.50 

FORESTRY  IN  NEW  ENGLAND— Ralph  C.  Hawley  and  Austin  F.  Hawes 3.50 

THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  HANDLING  WOODLANDS— Henry  Solon  Graves....  1.50 

SHADE  TREES  IN  TOWNS  AND  CITIES— William  Solotaroflf 3  00 

THE  TREE  GUIDE— By  Julia  Ellen  Rogers 1.00 

MANUAL  FOR  NORTHERN  WOODSMEN— Austin  Gary 2.12 

FARM   FORESTRY— Alfred  Akerman 57 

THE  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  WORKING  PLANS  (in  forest  organiza- 
tion)—A.  B.  Recknagel 2.10 

ELEMENTS  OF  FORESTRY— F.  F.  Moon  and  N.  C.  Brown 2.20 

.MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  WOOD— Samuel  J.  Record ; 1.75 

STUDIES   OF  TREES— J.  J.   Levison 1.75 

TREE  PRUNING— A.  Des  Cars 65 

THE  PRESERVATION  OF  STRUCTURAL  TIMBER— Howard  F.  Weiss 3.00 

THE  PRACTICAL  LUMBERMAN— By  Bernard  Brereton  (third  edition) 1.50 

SEEDING  AND  PLANTING  IN  THE  PRACTICE  OF  FORESTRY— By  James 

W.  Toumey,  M.S.,  M.A 3.50 

FUTURE  FOREST  TREES— By  Dr.  Harold  Unwin 2.25 

FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TREES  AND  SHRUBS— F.  Schuvler  Mathews  2  00 

(In    full    leather)     3.00 

FARM  FORESTRY— By  John  Arden  Ferguson 1.30 

LUTHER   BURBANK— HIS  METHODS  AND  DISCOVERIES  AND  THEIR 

PRACTICAL  APPLICATION  48.00 

(In  twelve  volumes,  beautifully  illustrated   in  color) 

THE  BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— By  Frederick  F.  Moon 2.10 

OUR  FIELD  AND  FOREST  TREES— By  Maud  Going 1.50 

HANDBOOK  FOR  RANGERS  AND  WOODSMEN— By  Jay  L.  B.  Taylor. .  2.50 

THE  STORY  OF  THE  FOREST— By  J.  Gordon  Dorrance 65 

THE  LAND  WE  LIVE  IN— By  Overtoi  Price 1.70 

WOOD  AND  FOREST— By  William  Noyes 3  00 

THE  ESSENTIALS  OF  AMERICAN  TIMBER  LAW— By  J.  P.  Kinney 3  00 

HANDBOOK  OF  CLEARING  AND  GRUBBING,  METHODS  AND   COST 

—By  Halbert  P.  Gillette   2.50 

FRENCH  FORESTS  AND  FORESTRY— By  Theodore  S.  Woplsey,  Jr 2.50 

MANUAL  OF  POISONOUS  PLANTS— By  L.   H.   Pammel 5.35 

•This,  of  course,  is  not  a  complete  list,  but  we  shall  be  glad  to  add  to  it  any  books  on 
forestry  or  related  subjects  unon  request.— Editor. 


The  (L/lmerican  Forestr3r  cAssociation 

Washington,  D.  C. 


ANDREW  CARNEGIE,  New  York 

WILLIAM   E.   CX)LBY,  California 
Secretary    of   The   Sierra    Club 

COLEMAN    DuPONT,   Delaware 

DR    CHARLES   W.    ELIOT,   Massachusetts 
President    Emeritus   Harvard    University 

DR    B.  E.  FERNOW,  Canada 
Dean  of  Forestry  University  of  Toronto 

HENRY  S.  GRAVES,  District  of  Columbia 
Chief  of  the  Forest  Service 

EVERITT  G.   GRIGGS,  Washington 


Preiident 
CHARLES  LATHROP   PACK,  Lakewood,  N.  J. 
Vlce-Presldentl 
HON.   DAVID  HOUSTON 

Secretary  of  Agriculture 
HON.  FRANKLIN  K.  LANE, 

Secretary   of  the   Interior 
HON.  ASBURY  F.  LEVER.  South  Carolina 

United    States    Representative 
HON.   THOMAS  NELSON    PAGE 

Ambassador    to    Italy 
GIFFORD    PINCnOT,    Pennsylvania 
MRS.  FRANCES  F.  PRESTON,  New  Jersey 
FILIBERT  ROTH,  Michigan 

Dean  of  Forestry,  University  of  Michigan 
DR.  J.  T.    ROTHROCK,   Pennsylvania 


MRS.  JOHN   D.   SHERMAN,   Illinois 

Chairman,    Conservation    Department 

General  ^Federation  of  Women's  Clubs 
HON    WM    H    TAFT,   Connecticut 

Ex-President  United    States 
JOSEPH  N.  TEAL,  Oregon 

Chairman   Oregon    Conservation    Commission 
THEODORE  N.  VAIL,  Vermont 

President,  Am.  Tel.   &  Tel.   Co. 
HON.  JOHN  WEEKS,  Massachusetts 

United  States  Senator  • 

DR    R.  S    WOODWARD,  Washington,   D.   C. 

President  Carnegie   Institution 


Treasurer 
JOHN   E.  JENKS,   Editor,  Army  and   Navy    Register,  Washington,   D.   C. 

Executive  Secretary 
PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE,  1410  H  Street,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C. 


E.   T.   ALLEN,  Oregon 

Forester,   Western   For.    and   Conserv.   Assn. 
JOHN   S.   AMES,   Massachusetts 
HON.    ROBERT   P.   BASS,   New   Hampshire 

Ex-Governor  of  New   Hampshire 
WM.   B.  GREELEY,  District  of  Columbia 

Assistant  U.   S    Forester 
W.  R.  BROWN,  New  Hampshire 

Pres ,    New    Hamp.    Forestry    Commission 


Directors 

HERMAN   H.    CHAPMAN,   Connecticut 

Professor  of  Forestry,   Yale   Forest   School 
DR    HENRY  S    DRINKER,   Pennsylvania 

President   Lehigh   University 
ALFRED  GASKILL 

State   Forester,   New  Jersey 
JOHN  E.  JENKS,  District  of  Columbia 

Editor,  Army  and  Navy  Register 
CHESTER  W.   LYMAN,   New   York 

Vice- Pres.   International   Paper  Company 


CHARLES  LATHROP  PACK,  New  Jersey 
Pres.    Nat'l    Emergency    Food    Garden    Com 
mission. 

CHARLES  F.  QUINCY,  New  York 

ERNEST   A.   STERLING,   New   York 
Forest    and    Timber   Engineer 

J.  B    WHITE,  Missouri 

Ex. -Pres.,    National    Conservation    Congress 


Declaration   of  Principles   and   'Policy^ 
sf  We  c/lmerican  Forestry"  dissociation 

IT  IS  A  VOLUNTARY  organization  for  the  inculcation  and  spread  of  a  forest 
policy  on  a  scale  adequate  for  our  economic  needs,  and  any  person  is  eligible 
for  membership. 

IT  IS  INDEPENDENT,  has  no  official  connection  with  any  Federal  or  State  de- 
partment or  policy,  and  is  devoted  to  a  public  service  conducive  to  national 
prosperity. 

IT  ASSERTS  THAT  forestry  means  the  propagation  and  care  of  forests  for  the 
production  of  timber  as  a  crop;  protection  of  watersheds;  utilization  of  non- 
agricultural  soil ;  use  of  forests  for  public  recreation. 

IT  DECLARES  THAT  FORESTRY  is  of  immense  importance  to  the  people;  that 
the  census  of  1913  shows  our  forests  annually  supply  over  one  and  a  quarter 
billion  dollars'  worth  of  products;  employ  735,000  people;  pay  $367,000,000  in 
wages;  cover  550,000,000  acres  unsuited  for  agriculture;  regulate  the  distri- 
bution of  water;  prevent  erosion  of  lands;  and  are  essential  to  the  beauty  of 
the  country  and  the  health  of  the  nation. 

IT  RECOGNIZES  THAT  forestry  is  an  industry  limited  by  economic  conditions; 
that  private  owners  should  be  aided  and  encouraged  by  investigations,  demon- 
strations, and  educational  work,  since  they  cannot  be  expected  to  practice  for- 
estry at  a  financial  loss;  that  Federal  and  State  governments  should  undertake 
scientific  forestry  upon  National  and  State  forest  reserves  for  the  benefit  of 
the  public. 

IT  WILL  DEVOTE  its  influence  and  educational  facilities  to  the  development  of 
public  thought  and  knowledge  along  these  practical  lines. 


It  Will  Support  These  Policies 

National  and  State  Forests  under  Fed- 
eral and  State  Ownership,  administra- 
tion and  management  respectively; 
adequate  appropriations  for  their  care 
and  management;  Federal  co-opera- 
tion with  the  States,  especially  in 
forest   fire   protection. 

State  Activity  by  acquirement  of  forest 
lands ;  organization  for  fire  protec- 
tion; encouragement  of -forest  plant- 
ing by  communal  and  private  owners, 
non-political  departmental ly  indepen- 
dent forest  organization,  with  liberal 
appropriations  for  these  purposes. 

Forest  Fire  Protection  by  Federal, 
State  and  fire  protective  agencies, 
and  its  encouragement  and  extension, 
individually  and  by  co-operation ; 
without  adequate  fire  protection  all 
other  measures  for  forest  crop  pro- 
duction  will   fail. 

Forest  Planting  by  Federal  and  State 
governments  and  long-lived  corpora- 
tions and  acquirement  of  waste  lands 
for  this  purpose;  and  also  planting  by 
private  owners,  where  profitable,  and 
encouragement  of  natural  regenera- 
tion. 

Forest  Taxation  Reforms  removing  un- 
just burdens  from  owners  of  growing 
timber. 

Closer  Utilization  in  logging  and  man- 
ufacturing without  loss  to  owners;  aid 
the    lumberman    in    achieving   this. 

Cutting  of  Mature  Timber  where  and 
as  tne  domestic  market  demands  it, 
except  on  areas  maintained  for  park 
or  scenic  purposes,  and  compensation 
of  forest  owners  for  loss  suffered 
through  protection  of  watersheds,  or 
on  benalf  of  any  public  interest 

Equal  Protection  to  the  lumber  indus- 
try and  to  public  interests  in  legisla- 
tion affecting  private  timberland  op- 
erations, recognizing  that  lumbering 
is  as  legitimate  and  necessary  as  the 
fort-sts    themselves. 

Classification  by  experts  of  lands  best 
suited  for  farming  and  those  best 
suited  for  forestry;  and  liberal  na- 
tional and  State  appropriations  for 
this  work. 


VOLUME  23  DECEMBER  1917         .  .  NUMBER  288 

Americ 


tT'W 


TO    the  Americans   across   the   sea 
who  are  fighting  for  world-wide 
Hberty; 

TO  the  men  who  are  yet  to  cross  to 
lands  unknown  in  support  of  the 
American  Flag; 

AND  to  the  sailors  who  are  risking 
all,  that  the  seas  may  have  the 
freedom  sacred  to  Democracy — 

OUR    Nation    turns    its  Yuletide 
thoughts     in     grateful    remem- 
brance. 

TO  the  men  of  the  Forest  Regiments 
the  American  Forestry  Associa- 
tion voices  the  Supreme  Good  Will 
of  the  Republic. 


An  Illustrated  Magazine  about  Forestry  and 
Kindred  Subjects  Published  Each  Month 
by  the  American  Forestry  Association 

Washington.  D.C. 


fiiinniiisiffiiiniiff'iiiiniiniiiiiiinMi^^ 


i 


Coal  tlmrage-poctflt,  Umhen  of  which  w/ere  trtahJ  at  all  polnti  ofconlacl.     Detail  vienf  In  ooa, 
ahotca  that  all  treattj  porttotu  an  in  a  perfect  tiaie  of  pnxroation  afier  14  yean  of  eeroice. 

The  Brush  Method  of  Creosoting 


CONDITIONS  under  which  timber  surface- 
structures  are  erected  often  preclude  the 
possibility  of  employing  more  efficient  methods 
of  creosoting  and  neces- 
sitate a  superficial  treat- 
ment such  ^s  the  Brush 
Method. 

Proper  treatment  by  the 
Brush   Method   most  de- 
cidedly warrants  the  ex-      |l|||||i||||l  1/^  tl  1^  0 
pense  and  trouble.    There 
are  many  cases  on  record 
where,    under    favorable 
conditions,  timber  socreo- 
soted  showed  an  increase  in  life,  resulting  in  an 
annual  saving  of  15  per  cent,  and  upwards. 
The  two  illustrations  herewith  show  two  cases 
where  the  investment  in  the  Brush  Treatment 
has  paid  large  dividends. 

The   Brush   Method   consists   of   applying  two 
coats  of  Carbosota  Creosote  Oil,  heated  to  about 


150°  F.,  to  all  parts  of  the  timber  where  it  will 
come  in  contact  with  the  ground,  masonry  or 
with  other  timber.  A  sufficient  interval  should 
elapse  between  the  two 
applications  to  permit  of 
thorough  drying  of  the 
first. 

Timber  to  be  treated 
should  be  completely 
framed,  bored  and  cut  to 
size  before  treatment. 
Green  wood  cannot  be  ef- 
fectively creosoted  by 
non-pressure  processes.  It 
should  be  air-dry.  In  regions  of  moist,  warm 
climate  wood  of  some  species  may  start  to  decay 
before  it  can  be  air-dried.  Exception  should  be  made  in 
such  cases,  and  treatment  modified  accordingly.  For 
liberal  treatment  approximately  one  gallon  of  creosote 
is  required  for  each  150  to  200  square  feet  of  surface. 
Carbosota  Creosote  Oil  is  a  pure  coal-tar  creosote 
especially  developed  for  nOn-pressure  treatments.  It  is 
used  by  most  of  the  important  consumers  for 
Brush  Treatments.  It  is  the  recognized  stand- 
ard. 

Carbosota  is  a  Barrett  product,  which  is  a  su- 
perlative recommendation. 

Booklet  legarJing  the  CARBOSOTA 
treatment  free  on  request 


The 


Company 


T'*fi'*  '"  eoal-yarJ  p/  copper  mine,  portions  •/  which   wen   tteated  hu 
the  Bnuh  MtlhaJ  nhte  ycart  of.     TnaleJ  Umttrt  ore  In  perfect  ctnjitlon. 


iiiiiiiaiiimiiMMWBiiiiimuiiiiiiiiiniiH^^ 


New  York      Chicago       Philaclelphia       Boston       Sl  Louis 

Cleveland         Cincinnati         Pittsburgh  Detroit 

Birmingham         Kansas  City         Minneapolis         Nashville 

Salt  Lake  City  Seattle  Peoria 

THE  BARRETT  COMPANY.  Limited 

Montreal  Toronto  Winnipeg  Vancouver 

St  John.  N.  B.  Halifax.  N.  S.  Sydney.  N.  S. 

Iill!lllllllllilll1tlllltll|jllllllllllilii 


10^ 


/ 


Mllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^^ 


liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 

THE    MAGAZINE     OF    THE     AMERICAN     FORESTRY     ASSOCIATION 

PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE,  Editor 


I      December  1917    Vol.  23 

liiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


CONTENTS 

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii 


No.  288       ■ 


Ye  Hollye  Greene — Poem  by  Donald  A.  Eraser 

A  Forester  at  the  Fighting  Front— By  P.  L.  Buttrick... 
With  twelve   illustrations. 

How  Warfare  Taxes  the  Forests 


Foresters  and  Woodsmen  in  War  Work _ 

With  nine  illustrations. 

Only  A  Volunteer — Poem  by  a  Member  of  the  20th  Engi- 
neers (Forest) _. 


709 
710 

716 
718 

718 
721 

720 
726 
72fi 
727 

7.31 

731 

Climatic  Records  in  the  Trunks  of  Trees — By  A.  E.  Douglass  732 
With  three  illustrations. 


A  Problem  of  Erosion — By  R.  S.  Maddox_ 

With  three  illustrations. 

Free  Trees  for  Pennsylvania 


Forestry  Prize  Award  at  Cornell. 


A  Ballad  of  the  Timber  Cruiser — Poem  by  Lew  R.  Sarett_ 

Landscaping  and  Forestry — By  Smith  Riley 

With  eight  illustrations. 

A  Wonderful  Walnut  Tree— By  V.  W.  Killick _ 

With  one  illustration. 

Dead  Leaves  Valuable 


Donations  to  the  Lumber  and  Forest  Regiments  Relief  Com- 
mittee   - 735 


The  Woodpeckers — By  A.  A.  Allen.., 
With  eleven  illustrations. 


73C 

741 


Wood  to  the  Front  as  Wartime  Fuel _ _. 

With  one  illustration. 

Black  Locust  Needed  for  Ships... —  742 

Plants  and  Animals  of  the  Atlantic  and   Gulf  States — Dr. 
R.    W.    Shufeldt ._ 


With  ten  illustrations. 


Editorial 


Waste  of  Forage  Through  Lack  of  Grazing. 
Wood  Cutting  to  Overcome  Coal  Shortage. 


Using  Wood  in  Fireplaces  to  Conserve  Coal- 

Haddon _ 


-By  Rawson  W. 


With  eight  illustrations. 

American  Foresters  in  Military  Service — Standing  Roster 

The  Annual  Meeting... 


Rugged  Bear's  Breast  Peak — By  Guy  E.  Mitchell... 
With  one  illustration. 

Canadian  Department — By  Ellwood  Wilson _. 

Book   Reviews _ _. 


White  Pine  Blister  Disease- 


73.5 


Current  Literature.. 


743 

748 

751 

754 
....  75t 

...  758 

-..  759' 
...  760 
.._  762 


FILL  OUT  THIS  BLANK 

I  present  for  Subscribing  Membership  in  the  AMERICAN     FORESTRY 
including  American  Forestry  Magazine,  and  enclose  $3.00  for  the  1917  fee — 


ASSOCIATION, 


Name. 


Send  Book  No. 


Address City . 

to  Name 


Address City 

$2.00  of  above  fee   is  for  AMERICAN   FORESTRY  for  One  Year. 

AMERICAN   FORESTRY  is  published  monthly  by  the  American  Forestry  Association. 

Subscription  price  without  membership,  three  dollars  per  year;  single  copies,  twenty-five  cents. 

Entered  as  second-class  mall  matter  December  24.  190B.  at  the   Post-offlce  at   WashlnKton,  under  the  Act  of  March  3.  1879 

(Ji)pyrcKlit.    lan,    by    the   American    Forestry   Association 


m 


iiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwi 

SPECIAL  OFFER  TO  MEMBERS  ONLY 

One  of  the  following  described  books  will  be  presented  free  of  charge  to  any  member  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association  who  secures  ONE  NEW  subscribing  member: 

No.  1 — Field  Book  of  American  Trees  and  Shrubs,  465  pages,  275  illustrations  of  trees,  leaves, 
blossoms,  fruits,  seeds,  area  of  growth,  etc. 

No.  2— Field  Book  of  Wild  Birds  and  Their  Music,  262  pages,  38  colored  and  15  other  full- 
page  illustrations. 

No.  3 — Field  Book  of  American  Wild  Flowers,  587  pages,  24  colored  plates  and  215  full-page 
illustrations. 


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"■Tr- 


-b: 


The  Biggest  Fortunes 


in  the  lumber  business  have 

come  through  timber  ownership. 

For  37 years  we  have  kept  careful,  scien- 
tific watch  on  timber  values  and  have  helped  to  make 
fortunes  for  many  investors.  On  the  basis  of  this 
experience  we  say — 

Buy  Timber  Now 

IVe  are  unquestionably  at  or  beyond  the 

end  of  a  period  of  depression  in  values.  If  you  buy 
now  and  buy  right  you  will  make  money.  Buy 
through  us  and    we   shall  see  that  you   buy   right. 


fNTA 


?A/Ar/OA/AL    r/MBi 


HAND. 


IN 


FACTORS 

e   s  9^ 


CHICAGO 
1750  McCormick  Bldg. 


NEW  YORK 
30  East  42nd  Street 


SEATTLE 
626  Henry  Bldg. 


A 


^1 


Pholograph  by  Courtesy  of  Boiling  Arthur  Johnson. 

IIKMLOCK  AND  BALSAM  FOREST  W  BRITISH  rOIJiMHIA. 
This  is  a  scene  behind  the  felling  crews.  It  is  an  unusual  pxturc  bt  cause  of  its  clearness  and  the  perspective.  Red  cedar  is  usually  asso- 
ciated with  the  olhcr  timber  in  these  fore«ts.  anil  the  sand  on  the  be  t  types  often  cu;s  7:i,l)00  lu  lOU.ODO  fi .  .  per  acre.  Wis.irn  Iuiu.Owk  is  i.  .  v 
being  u-<.d  exlensiv<ly  fur  ji:lp<ood  It  aUo  makes  excellent  lumber,  1  dng  much  superior  to  eastern  hemlock.  The  next  step  in  the  logging 
scene  above  is  to  sk-d  the  lo,;s  by  cable  to  the  head  of  the  \og  road.  The  portable  donkey  engines  in  the  woods  are  kno*n  as  'skidders,  the 
one  at  the   foot  of  the   log  road   is  the   "roader"  or  "bull  donkey." 


t      «      1      »     '1      «      «  '    f  -I  "»  "t  ■   t  '  '«',V17!!VfAV»M«  "I  ' 


imjjmuiij^MMMmMMmi 


t 


DONATIONS 


FOR  THE 


RELIEF  AND  COMFORT 


OF  THE 


FOREST  REGIMENTS 


COMMITTEE 

CHARLES  LATHROP  PACK 
PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE 
ROBERT  H.  DOWNMAN 


W.  R.  BROWN 
ALBERT  F.  POTTER 
WILLIAM  L.  HALL 


Members  of  the  American  Forestry  Association  and  others  interested  in  forestry  are  asked 
to  contribute  to  the  fund  now  being  raised  to  provide  comforts  and  any  necessary  relief  to  the 
members  of  the  Forest  Regiments  called  for  service  in  France. 

These  men,  there  are  some  10,000  of  them,  have  the  task  of  supplying  for  the  army  of  the 
Allies  such  absolute  necessities  as  cordwood  for  cooking  and  heating,  posts  for  trenches  and 
mines,  planks  to  haul  heavy  ordnance  over,  boards  for  hospitals  and  billets ;  ties  for  railroads, 
timber  for  temporary  bridges  and  many  other  emergency  uses.  At  least  25,000,000  board  feet 
will  be  needed  monthly.  This  will  be  obtained  from  the  French  forests,  the  only  source  available 
at  present,  due  to  lack  of  water  transportation.  These  forests  the  French  have  generously  agreed 
to  sacrifice,  but  desire  them  cut,  as  far  as  it  is  possible,  along  forestry  lines. 

A  joint  committee  has  been  formed  of  the  lumbermen  and  forestry  organizations  of  all  kinds 
throughout  the  country,  which  will  solicit  funds  and  take  charge  of  all  sums  raised  for  the 
comfort  and  relief  of  the  men  in  these  regiments.  All  such  funds  are  to  be  expended  to  meet  the 
special  needs  of  the  men  in  this  special  industry.  Immediate  needs  are  along  the  lines  of  comfort 
and  recreation  essential  to  physical  and  moral  welfare,  and  later  serious  relief  for  soldiers  and 
dependents  will  be  pressing.  To  meet  this  larger  and  more  vital  demand  members  of  the  Ameri- 
can Forestry  Association  are  asked  to  contribute  generously.  Reports  of  the  use  made  of  con- 
tributions will  be  published  from  time  to  time  in  all  of  the  lumber  and  forestry  journals. 

We  confidently  ask  you  to  stand  behind  the  men  of  the  Forest  Regiments  who  furnish  the 
lumber  which,  next  to  ammunition  and  food,  is  the  greatest  need  of  the  Allied  army.  The  per- 
sonnel of  the  committee  will  assure  that  every  cent  subscribed  will  be  utilized  to  the  full  in 
assistance  and  relief.  All  funds  are  to  be  sent  to  Mr.  P.  S.  Ridsdale,  secretary  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association  at  1410  H  Street,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C,  which  Association  has  offered 
to  give  its  office  accommodations  and  the  time  of  its  secretary,  free,  to  the  administration  of  the 
relief  work. 


FILL    OUT    AND    SEND    THIS    FORM    WITH    YOUR    CONTRIBUTION 

DONATION  TO  THE  LUMBER  AND  FOREST  RELIEF 

COMMITTEE 

I  enclose  check  for  $„..; _ a  donation  to  be  used  for  the  comfort 

and  relief  of  the  men  of  the  Tenth  and  Twentieth  Engineers    (Forest)    Regiments. 


Address 

A   list  of  Iht  donors  will  be  acknowledged  in  the  AMERICAN   FORESTRY   magazine  each  month. 


I 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


VOL.  XXIU  DECEMBER  1917  NO.  288 

iiii«iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii«iiiiiniiiiii!iiiiii!iiiiiiiwiiiiiiiii!iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii«jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 


YE   HOLLYE   GREENE 


DONALD  A.  FRASER 


Ye  hoUye  greene  is  Christis  tree, 

Yt  groweth  cleane  and  springeth  free, 

And  all  yts  beauties  reach  their  prime 
To  grace  His  blest  Nativitie. 

Yts  stately  stem  stands  straight  and  still, 
As  stood  His  roode  on  Calvarye's  hill, 

And,  Lo!  how  slow  yts  growth,  and  sure, 
Just  like  His  Kingdome  'gainst  ye  ill. 

Ye  thornes  that  pierced  His  brow  in  griefe 
Are  set  around  each  gleaming  leafe, 

And  chalices  of  precious  bloode 
Are  glowing  in  each  berrye  sheafe. 

When  nature's  moping  cheerlessly, 
Ye  hollye  shineth  faire  to  see; 

Remember,  Christians,  be  not  sad, 
Ye  hollye  greene  is  Christis  tree. 


A  FORESTER  AT  THE  FIGHTING  FRONT 

BY  P.  L.  BUTTRICK 


French  and  German  trenches  and  in  "No  Man's  Land"  be- 
tween was  so  striking  that  when  a  French  "75"  "went  off"  • 
concealed  nearby,  the  report  subconsciously  interpreted  it- 
self to  my  mind 
as  a  dynamite 
charge  set  off 
by  the  stump- 
blasting  crew 
working  on  a 
new  cutting. 

The  boom  of 
the  exploding 
shell  and  the 
column  of  dust 
spurting  into 
the  air  in 
Boche  land 
across  the  for- 
bidden zone 
even  more 
easily  became 
in  imagination 
a  fallen  pine 
raising  a  snow 
cloud  as  its 
spreading 
branches  h  i  t 
the  ground. 

After  the 
Battle  of  the 
Marne  the  Ger- 
man retreat  be- 
tween Rheims 
and  Verdun 
stopped  at  one 
place  just  out 
side  a  little 
village  called 
Prones.  This 
village  is  about 
half  way  up 
the  western 
slope  of  a 
small  valley. 

The  French 
first  line  o  f 
trenches  were 
just  below  the 
village  and  the 
German's  a  lit- 
tle lower  down 
in  the  valley. 
Photogr.fh  b,  p.  I..  Buttrick.  -phe  valley  on 

WOOD    IS    USED    EVERYWHERE  ,       ,        V)  ' 

It  is  not  mertljr  in  regular  trtnch  work  that  the  product  of  the  forest  is  utilized  in  building  trench  defenses.         DOth    SlOCS   WaS 
Thia  pictnre  ihowa  reaerve  trench  built  up  with  baakets  of  pine  boughs  niled  with  sod.     Such  defenses  are        covered  with  a 


YOU  have  seen  in  winter  bare  New  Enj-lard  or  we.st- 
em  hillsides  from  which  all  the  timber  has  been 
cut,  except  a  few  struggling,  undersized  trees  and 
a  few  old  snags 
and  over  which 
a  fire  has 
swept,  burning 
up  the  slash 
and  blackening 
the  snags  and 
remaining 
trees.  Over  this 
a  light  snow 
has  fallen,  not 
heavy  enough 
to  form  a  com- 
plete mantle, 
but  sufficient 
to  cover  most 
of  the  surface. 
Roughly  fol- 
lowing the 
contour  of  the 
hill  and  here 
and  there  run- 
ning up  and 
down  across 
them  are  little 
ribbons,  which 
stand  out 
some  what; 
skid  roads, 
roughly  h  o  1- 
lowed  t  r  a  ils 
made  in  get- 
ting the  timber 
down  the  slope. 
Such  too  fa- 
miliar scene  of 
desolation 
greeted  m  y 
eyes  when  I 
first  came  out 
in  the  open 
from  a  young 
pine  forest  and 
looked  out 
across  a  valley 
into  a  section 
o  f  reclaimed 
but  devastated 
France.  The 
resemblance  of 
the  desolated 
country    about 

no 


Photograph 


Under-wood    &     Underwood,     Mew     York. 

WELL   HIDDEN   TRENCH   IN 


THE  BRITISH    LINES 


It  is  safe  to  assume  that  the  German  forces  would  have  difficulty  in  locating  a  trench  as  well  concealed  as 
the  one  here  pictured.  The  timbers  still  carry  spreading  boughs  and  these  give  an  effect  that  would  make 
the  real  purpose  of  the  trench  hard  to  detect  at  a  distance,  whether  viewed  from  an  airplane  or  from 
the   ground.     The   picture    was   taken   as   an   official    war   photograph. 


FORESTERS  AT  THE  FIGHTING  FRONT 


711 


Copyright     by     Underwood    &    Underwood,    New    York. 

WHERE  FORESTERS  AND  WOODSMEN  ARE  IMPORTANT  IN  MODERN   WARFARE 
This  scene  n«ar  Zillebeke  is  taken  from  an  official  Britisii  photograph.     It    shows   British   soldiers   at    work   cuttitif?  down    trees   for   the   purpose   of- 
procuring  timbers   to  be   used   in   road-making  and   in   strengthening  dug-outs.    The  picture  was  taken  during  the  Flanders  drive  and  shows  a  type 
of  activity  that  is  carried  on  all  over  the   war  zone. 


thick  growth  of  sapling  pine,  some  planted,  some  natural 
growth.  For  over  two  years  little  change  took  place  and 
the  trees  continued  to  grow  unmolested.    In  the  spring  of 


1917,  however,  the  French  determined  to  advance  their 
lines.  Accordingly,  artillery  was  massed  in  the  woods 
back  of  the  village.    At  a  given  time  the  French  opened 


•tlJV ,  j    " 


Copyright     by     Underwood    &     Underwood,     \' ew     York. 

A   FRENCH    BATTERY    RETURNING   FRO.M   THE   FIRING   LINE 
In  this  peaceful  forest  scene  the  only  suggestion  of  war  is  alorded  by   tl  e   long  line  of  soldiers.     These   men   are  returning  through  the   woods,  on 
their  way  to  the  rear,  afur  a  long  siege  of  shelling  the  lines  of  the  enemy.    The  pictorial  effect  is  that  of  a  woodland  spot  in  the  vicinity  of  any 
American  city — but  the  thrill  of  war  is  there,  none  the  less. 


712 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


a  barrage  fire  which  practi- 
cally leveled  the  German 
trenches  and  obliterated 
the  woods  on  the  hillside. 
The  very  earth  was  turned 
upside  down  on  parts  of 
the  terrain.  Over  this  man- 
made  desert  the  French  in 
fantry  advanced  and  oc- 
cupied the  German 
trenches  way  to  the  top  of 
the  opposite  hill 

The  white  appearance  of 
the  hillside,  so  much  re- 
sembling light  snow,  is  due 
to  the  chalky,  limestone 
character  of  the  rock  and 
soil.  The  lines  so  closely 
resembling  skid  roads  were 
of  course  the  trench  lines. 

The  writer  would  have 
liked  the  opportunity  of 
studying  more  closely  th.-» 


Photograph     Underwood    &     Underwood,    New    York. 

HOW  THE  INVADERS  TREAT  FRUIT  TREES 

In  tlieir  retreat  along  the  Aisne  the  Germans  left  the  mark  of  their  ruth- 
lessness  on  the  entire  countryside.  The  fruit  tree  here  shown  is  typical 
of  the  destruction  wrought.  The  picture  is  from  a  French  official  photo- 
graph. 


effect  of  modern,  intense, 
artillery  fire  on  soil  and 
tree  growth.  While  he 
might  have  done  so  for  a 
short  time  no  censor  would 
have  had  to  trouble  him- 
self to  read  any  manuscript 
of  the  investigation. 

From  what  could  be 
seen,  however,  modern  ar- 
tillery fire  can  produce  a 
degree  of  destructiveness 
to  soil  and  forests  far  in 
excess  of  that  ever  done  in 
the  most  destructive  lum- 
ber operations,  even  when 
followed  by  forest  fire.  It 
is  said  that  the  devastation 
in  this  section  is  as  nothing 
to  that  in  some  places  in 
Flanders.  One  can  con- 
ceive, of  course,  of  more 
complete  destruction   than 


Photograph    Underwood    &     Underwood,    New     York. 


with  a  few  stroke!  of  the  ax. 


THE   HAVOC  OF  WAR  AS  TOLD   IN   DESTRUCTION   OF   FORESTS 

Manifestations  of  this 
This  picture   shows   the   growth   of   years  destroyed 


Determined  to  harass  the  enemy   in  every  possible   way,   the  German  forces  destroy  forests  as  well  as  cities  and  farm  crops 
•pint  of  ruthlessness,  such  as  pictured   above,  mark   the  entire   line  of  retreat  of  the  Teutons,     -■  •       ■ 


FORESTERS  AT  THE  FIGHTING  FRONT 


713 


that  which  I  saw,  but  even  here  the  productive  capacity 
of  the  soil  for  forest  growth,  to  say  nothing  of  agricul- 
ture, has  been  almost  irreparably  impaired. 

While  the  trenches  may  be  filled  up  in  the  valley  and 
the  fields  restored,  their  immediate  value  will  be  slight. 
Sub-soil  ploughing  has  its  advantages,  but  no  one  would 
consider  land  over  which  a  gold  dredge  had  operated 
to  be  desirable  farm  property,  and  much  of  the  valley 
land  resembles  western  land  so  treated. 

It  will  take  careful  study  and  experimentations  to  dis- 
cover the  tree-growing  capacity  of  the  hillsides — studies 
not  easilv  made  under  shell  fire. 


shells  into  these  woods  from  time  to  time,  "fishing"  ior 
these  concealed  batteries.  The  effect  is  that  of  a  heavy 
ice  storm  combined  with  a  moderately  high  wind- 
broken  branches,  shattered  tops,  occasional  trees  up- 
rooted or  broken  down. 

A  more  complete  study  of  this  light  shelling  would 
have  been  interesting,  particularly  if  an  opportunity 
could  have  been  afforded  to  compare  the  effect  of  shrap- 
nel and  high  explosive  shells,  but  wars  are  not  conducted 
for  the  benefit  of  foresters,  of  foresters  with  an  investi- 
gating turn  of  mind.    ■ 

A  visit  to  the  trenches  themselves  showed  some  inter- 


Photograph  by  International  Film  Service. 

PHOTOGRAPH   TAKEN    DURING   AN   AVIATOR'S   DEATH    FALL 

This  remarkable  photograph  was  found  in  a  camera  picked  up  near  the  wreck  of  a  flying  machine  in  which  an  aviator  had  just  fallen  to  his 
death,  after  a  shot  from  a  German  air  raider.  It  is  assumed  that  the  camera  had  been  fixed  for  exposure  and  that  when  the  stricken  machine 
dropped  the  picture  was  taken  automatically.  It  is  believed  that  the  scene  pictured  is  that  of  an  exploding  shell,  as  no  other  theory  explains  the 
cloud  of  smoke  and  dust  at  the  left.  This  mute  evidence  of  the  camera  bestirs  a  picture  of  the  thrill  of  war  as  experienced  by  the  man  who 
braves  the  perils  of  the  air  in  a  winged  ship.  When  an  airplane  is  successfully  attacked  by  an  enemy  plane  the  aviator  knows  no  escape.  With 
his  machine  wrecked  his  plunge  to  death  is  inevitable.  In  this  forest  scene  is  given  a  suggestion  of  the  type  of  woodland  in  which  American 
Forest  Regiments  are  at  work.  The  bleakness  of  the  landscape  is  in  keeping  with  the  general  appearance  of  the  forests  in  the  war  zone,  but 
there  is  good  timber  available   in   the  standing  trunks. 


The  German  fire  was  either  directed  largely  against 
the  French  infantry  advance  or  was  not  especially  heavy, 
judged  by  barrage  standards. 

The  writer  had  the  opportunity  of  visiting  some  of 
the  French  batteries  concealed  in  the  woods  back  of  the 
lines.  The  timber  was  a  rather  dense  stand,  some  thirty 
years  old,  I  should  suppose.    The  Germans  had  dropped 


esting  uses  of  wood  products.  Most  of  the  dugouts  re- 
semble in  their  construction  vegetable  cellars  and  pow- 
der magazines  of  our  northern  lumber  camps,  being  built 
of  small  logs  and  poles  banked  with  earth.  The  stiff  soil 
of  the  region  holds  up  well  and  the  trenches  require  little 
shoring  up. 

When  it  is' required  the  French  use  large  numbers  of 


714 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


gabions  or  rough  baskets  of  woven  pine  branches  and 
filled  with  earth,  this  being  one  of  the  first  uses  the 
writer  has  ever  seen  for  pine  twigs. 

A  walk  through  some  of  the  captured  German  trenches 
seemed  to  show  that  they  preferred  concrete  for  the 
purpose  of  shoring  up,  as  it  is  hard  to  believe  that  they 
expected  the  rather  thin  layer  of  concrete  and  a  lean  mix- 
ture at  that  to 
withstand  ar- 
tillery fire. 

If  they  did 
the  Kaiser 
must  have  pro- 
fusely "straf- 
ed" the  engi- 
neer who  plan- 
ned the  work, 
for  the  French 
fi  r  e  knocked 
it  into  frag- 
ments or  over- 
threw consid- 
erable sections 
in  good  sized 
sheets.  One 
might  hazard 
the  guess  that 
the  French 
basket  work 
would  be  a 
safer  bulwark 
and  more  en- 
during than  the  German 
concrete. 

Be  h  i  n  d  the  trenches 
much  use  is,  of  course, 
found  for  wood  of  all  sorts 
and  sizes,  some  novel  uses 
as  well  as  many  old  stand- 
bys.  The  corduroy  road  of 
Civil  War  times  and  log- 
ging camp  stories  is  in  evi- 
dence, as  A.  R.  C.  ambu- 
lance drivers  are  prepared 
to  testify. 

Rough  log  and  board 
shacks  have  sprung  up  aP. 
over  the  war  zone  for  use 
as  store  houses,  barracks, 
hospitals  and  the  like. 
Many  of  the  board  shacks 
are  made  of  poplar  boards 
sawed  from  Lombardy 
Poplars  which  lined  so 
many  of  the  French  high- 
ways. 

Another  interesting  but 
dissimilar  use  of  wood 
products  is  the  making  of 
fake    plantations    along 


Photograph   by   P.   L.   Butlrick. 

ONE    OF    FRANCE'S    RUINED    VILLAGES 
This  was  one  of  the  stopping  places  in   the  German  retreat  after  the  battle  of  the   Marne.     The   enemy 
occupied  a  position  near  the  village  until  the  spring  of  1917,  when  driven  out  by  French  barrage  fire.     The 
destruction    is  complete. 


Pholograph     Underwood    &     Underwood,    New     York. 

SOLE    SURVIVOR    OF    AN    ITALIAN    BOMBARDMENT 
Giving  an  eflfect  much  like  an  eagle  with  spreading  wings,  this  remnant  of 
*.'"'"  'he  only  thing  left  even  partially   intact  on  the  entire  mo-intain 
side  of  Mount   Santo,   which   was  taken  by   the    Italianc      The  picture   was 
Uken  by  the  Italian  government. 


roadsides  to  screen  troop  and  supply  movements  from 
the  enemy.  At  first,  apparently,  large  numbers  of  young 
pines  were  cut  down  and  set  up  alongside  the  roads. 
Later  this  gave  place  to  the  hanging  of  pine  branches 
on  wire  and  frames  supported  by  poles.  Straw,  grass 
and  burlap  are  used  in  the  same  fashion.  How  success- 
ful this  form  of  camouflage  is  can  be  realized  only  when 

one  sees  a  road 
from  a  high 
o  b  s  e  r  vation 
tower  through 
a  telescope  or 
from  an  air- 
plane. 

From  very 
ancient  times 
the  military 
man  has  recog- 
nized the  value 
oi  forests  for 
cone  ealment 
from  and  de- 
ception of  the 
enemy.  The 
American  I  n- 
d  i  a  n  under- 
stood this  per- 
fectly and  used 
it  most  suc- 
cessfully, but 
h  i  s  descend- 
a  n  t  s  serving 
with  the  American  Expedi- 
tionary Forces  may  learn 
much  from  tiie  French. 

Not  the  least  interesting 
feature  of  my  first  day  at 
the  front  was  the  discovery 
of  the  many  and  varied 
activities  of  a  modern  army 
and  the  actual  army  itself, 
hidden  away  in  a  dense 
young  pine  forest.  Natur- 
ally, little  or  nothing  can 
be  told  about  this,  but 
much  was  strangely  remi- 
niscent of  logging  camps 
"back  home" — log  huts, 
blacksmith  shops,  stables, 
teams,  narrow  gauge  rail- 
roads, even  felling  opera- 
tions, for  military  pur- 
poses, of  course.  An  acca- 
sional  Soixante  Quinze,  not 
to  mention  guns  of  larger 
calibre,  might  seem  to  sup- 
ply a  somewhat  discordant 
note  to  any  logging  camp, 
but  when  a  gun  appears  to 
be  merely  a  pair  of  wheels 


FORESTERS  AT  THE  FIGHTING  FRONT 


715 


Photograph   by  P.   L.  Buttrick. 

HOW   WOOD   HELPS   TO    WIN 
In  trench  building  timbers  are  indispensable.     This  shows  the  use  of  wood 
in  throwing  up  trenches  in  the  French  war  zone.     The   Engineer  regiments 
of  American    foresters   and    woodsmen    will   supply    materials   for  this   pur- 
pose, among  others. 


Photograph  by  P.  L.  Buttrick. 

ROAD    CAMOUFLAGE    IN    FRANCE 
Suggesting  some  of  the  methods  applied   for  the  purpose  of  misleading  the 
enemy  and  proenting  him  from  knowing  too  much  of  what  is  being  done. 
This  shows  a  screen  covered  with  pine  boughs  in  the  Champagne  region. 


from  a  logging  wagon  upon  which  has  fallen  a  small 
log,  one  takes  it  quite  for  granted. 

Lumber  jacks  dressed  uniformly  in  horizon  blue  and 
wearing  fatigue  caps  or  steel  helmets,  might  look  like  a 


strange  setting  in  front  of  a  bunk  house,  but  after  a  few 
weeks  of  familiarity  with  men  in  such  garb,  which  in 
active  use  soon  takes  on  a  work-a-day  appearance,  one 
takes  them  as  quite  a  part  of  the  scheme  of  things.     In 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &     Underwood,    New    York. 

HOW  WOOD  AND  WIRE  HAMPER  THE  FIGHTERS. 
This  mass  of  entanglements  is  directly   in   front  of  that   line  of  trenches   known   as  the  Hindenburg  line.     This  line   was  supposed   to  be  impregnable 
and  the  Germans  had  built  trenches  there,  as  showing  that  they  intended  to  stay   at   the  place   for  a   long  time.     The   British   soldiers  of  the   western 
front   cut   through    the   entanglements   and  drove   the   enemy   from   his   position.     The  picture  shows  the  results  of  the  cutting  through. 


716 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


fact,  the  whole  thing  seems  very  work-a-day  and  non- 
military,  but  then  the  present  business  of  mankind  is  war, 
and  this  is  a  very  work-a-day  war. 


Regarding  Belgium  a  dispatch  from  Paris  says: 
"It  will  be  a  treeless  Belgium  to  which  the  people  of 
that  unfortunate  country  will  return,  if  its  invaders  are 
not  driven  out  before  they  have  completed  their  work 
of  devastation.  Factories  have  been  despoiled  of  their 
machinery,  every  form  of  property  has  been  requisi- 
tioned, and  now  woods,  forests  and  even  individual  trees 
are  being  cut  down  wholesale.  The  wooded  heights  of 
the  Belgian  Ardennes,  which  used  to  protect  the  center 
of  the  country  from  east  winds,  are  rapidly  being  de- 
nuded, the  tall  elms  that  lined  the  high  roads  and  canal" 
have  been  felled,  and  walnut  trees  that  adorned  the  gar- 
dens of  the  well-to-do  in  Brussels  have  not  been  spared. 

"In  the  early  days  of  the  occupation,  the  Belgian  State 
Forest  Department  was  allowed  to  supervise  the  work  of 


felling  and  see  that  it  was  scientifically  conducted,  but 
after  a  few  months,  the  Germans  took  over  the  direction 
of  the  department  and  observed  only  one  rule — to  obtain 
the  greatest  amount  of  wood  for  military  purposes  in  the 
shortest  possible  time. 

"The  Belgian  government  has  been  able  to  learn  de- 
tails of  the  work  done,  such  as  that  1,000  acres  have 
been  cleared  in  the  Hertogenwald  (Liege)  and  felling 
continues  there,  the  fir  plantation,  'Fays  de  Lucy,'  the 
finest  in  the  country,  has  been  completely  razed,  and  the 
magnificent  forest  of  Soignes,  south  of  Brussels,  is 
rapidly  disappearing.  These  are  only  examples  of  dozens 
of  similar  cases  which  are  known,  and  to  this  devastation 
must  be  added  the  consumption  of  wood  by  the  native 
population  which  for  three  years  has  been  unable  to 
import  any  and  has  had  to  use  quantities  instead  of  coal. 

"Serious  consequences  from  every  point  of  view, 
health,  climate  and  hydrographic,  are  expected  from  this 
widespread  destruction  of  woods  and  forests,  if  it  con- 
tinues another  year  or  two." 


HOW  WARFARE  TAXES  THE  FORESTS 


ONE  of  the  big  developments  of  the  war  is  the  extent 
to  which  it  has  educated  American  lumbermen  to 
think  in  mighty  figures  without  visible  signs  of 
excitement.  Two  or  three  years  ago  a  buyer  for  a  hun- 
dred million  feet  of  lumber  would  have  thrown  the  indus- 
try into  a  fever  and  delivery  would  have  been  a  matter 
of  long  negotiation  and  discussion.  Today  the  lumber 
trade  deals  in  billions  of  feet  and  orders  are  filled  over- 
night. 

Forest  products  enter  into  modern  warfare  on  a  tre- 
mendous scale.  Practically  everything  an  army  does 
calls  for  wood  in  one  form  or  another.  From  encamp- 
ment construction  to  trench  building  and  from  muni- 
tions to  flying  machines  the  forest  is  an  indispensable 
source  of  supply  and  the  woodsman  an  essential  ally. 
Wooden  ships  and  wood  alcohol,  paper  shirts  and  cellu- 
lose, chloroform  and  surgical  dressings;  all  these  and 
countless  other  articles  necessary  to  successful  warfare 
depend  on  the  forest  for  their  origin. 

Of  the  hundreds  of  millions  of  feet  of  lumber  re- 
quired for  the  building  of  the  encampments  for  national 
army  and  national'guard  the  story  has  already  been  told. 
To  this  must  be  added  in  a  vast  aggregate  the  materials 
used  in  aviation  camps,  supply  depots  and  the  other  forms 
of  construction  required  in  preparing  the  United  States 
armed  forces  for  their  battle  to  make  the  world  safe,  and 
the  other  hundreds  of  millions  of  feet  used  in  the  building 
of  ships  for  the  emergency  fleet.  All  this  material  has 
been  produced  and  delivered  in  a  space  of  time  amaz- 
ingly short  and  the  current  demands  are  steadily  receiv- 
ing the  same  priority  of  attention  at  the  hands  of  lumber 
manufacturers  and  transportation  companies. 

With  a  lumber  industry  already  keyed  up  to  high  pitch 
of  efficient  production  the  present  month  brought  the 
announcement  of  a  new  source  of  demand  for  lumber  for 


army  uses.  This  involved  the  supply  of  three  hundred 
million  feet  of  southern  pine  for  the  erection  of  portable 
knock-down  houses  for  the  use  of  American  troops  in 
France  as  barracks  and  hospitals.  This  undertaking  of 
itself  contemplates  immediate  lumber  requirements  half 
as  great  as  those  of  the  encampment  construction  and 
adds  new  pressure  to  the  demands  on  the  industry.      | 

The  plans  of  the  War  Department  architects  provide 
for  houses  to  be  made  up  in  panels,  shipped  across  the 
sea  in  knocked  down  condition  and  bolted  together  by  the 
soldiers  in  France.  Co-operation  between  government 
and  manufacturer  was  exemplified  by  important  changes 
in  specifications  after  a  conference  of  the  lumber  inter- 
ests with  representatives  of  the  War  Department.  The 
original  plans  called  for  the  manufacture  of  the  panels  by 
the  lumbermen.  By  pointing  out  that  this  was  a  work 
with  which  they  were  unfamiliar  the  manufacturers  con 
vinced  the  government  that  it  was  better  that  they  should 
confine  their  efforts  to  producing  the  required  material. 
This  will  be  done  and  the  lumber  delivered  to  contractors 
who  will  pursue  the  structural  feature  of  the  work. 

The  need  for  these  houses  arises  from  conditions  simi- 
lar to  those  which  make  it  necessary  for  this  country  to 
send  regiments  of  foresters  and  woodsmen  to  the  French 
war  zone.  Labor  for  construction  purposes  is  practically 
unobtainable  in  Europe.  With  the  ready-made  houses 
the  soldiers  may  provide  their  own  shelter.  Every  phase 
of  the  work  will  be  in  standard  units  which  will  make  it 
possible  for  the  men  to  erect  quickly  buildings  ranging  in 
size  from  the  one-room  shelter  house  to  a  hospital  accom- 
modating hundreds  of  patients  or  barracks  for  thousands 
of  soldiers. 

The  speed  with  which  this  new  requirement  for 
material  will  be  met  will  be  in  keeping  with  the  record 
established  in  providing  lumber  for  the  army  camps 


HOW  WARFARE  TAXES  THE  FORESTS 


717 


The  rapidity  with  which  the  camps  were  constructed  is 
almost  beyond  behef.  At  Fort  Sheridan,  in  prepara- 
tion for  the  officers'  training  camp,  86  buildings  were 
erected  in  10  days.  At  Fort  Oglethorpe  135  buildings 
were  put  up  in  12  days.  Without  highly  organized  effi- 
ciency in  the  lumber  and  building  industries  these  records 
would  have  been  impossible. 

This  construction  program,  through  sheer  magnitude, 
appeals  to  the  imagination  and  concentrates  public  gaze 
on  this  particular  form  of  the  demand  now  being  met  by 
the  lumber  industry.  Less  spectacular,  perhaps,  but  of 
no  less  importance,  is  war's  demand  for  forest  products 
in  other  directions.  Consider  the  case  of  the  wooden 
packiifg  box.  With  none  of  the  romance  attached  to  the 
magic  cities  that  have  sprung  up  for  the  army  camps  and 
lacking  the  glamor  of  building  a  thousand  ships,  the 
packing  box  is  playing  a  vast  part  in  the  lumber  require- 
ments of  wartime.  The  material  used  for  making  boxes 
for  army  and  navy  supplies  has  already  run  into  hundreds 
of  millions  of  board  feet  and  the  demand  will  continue  as 
long  as  there  are  an  army  and  navy  to  provide  with  sup- 
plies. Other  huge  quantities  of  packing  cases  are  re- 
quired for  the  packing  and  transmission  of  munitions 
and  these  likewise  are  consuming  lumber  in  tremendous 
volume. 

In  the  building  of  army  transport  wagons  is  another 
field  for  the  use  of  lumber  in  large  amounts.  The  vehicle 
of  this  type  must  be  a  model  of  strength  and  service  and 
into  its  construction  must  enter  the  best  grades  of  pine, 
oak  and  hickory.  A  good  many  thousand  army  transport 
wagons  are  now  under  construction  and  the  demand 
from  this  source  will  last  indefinitely. 

When  it  comes  to  the  actual  instruments  of  warfare 
the  products  of  the  forest  enter  largely  into  the  needs  of 
an  army.  Without  charcoal  it  would  be  impossible  to 
make  the  black  powder  which  is  used  in  such  quantities 
in  explosives,  especially  shrapnel.  Rosin  is  another  item 
which  has  made  itself  indispensable.  This  product  of  the 
pine  forests  of  the  South  is  used  by  thousands  of  barrels 
in  the  making  of  shrapnel,  for  the  purpose  of  holding  the 
bullets  in  position  in  the  explosive  shell  head.  The  manu- 
facture of  high  propellant  explosives  requires  great  quan- 
tities of  acetone  and  alcohol,  both  of  which  are  products 
of  wood  distillation.  From  the  refuse  of  pulp  mills  science 
procures  muriatic  acid,  sulphuric  acid  and  chloroform. 
Wood  pulp  itself  has  so  many  uses  as  to  make  them  diffi- 
cult to  specify.  During  the  war  it  has  found  its  place  in 
the  manufacture  of  paper  shirts,  vests,  socks  and  hand- 
kerchiefs, blankets,  clothing  padding  and  kindred  uses. 
In  Germany  wood  cellulose  is  extensively  used  instead 
of  cotton  in  the  manufacture  of  gun  cotton.  Wood  pulp 
is  even  being  utilized  in  considerable  volume  in  the  manu- 
facture of  a  substitute  for  cotton  for  surgical  purposes 
and  in  making  tough  paper  for  surgical  dressings  and 
paper  board  for  splints. 

In  other  words,  an  army  depends  on  forest  products 
form  the  time  its  men  are  mobilized  in  encampments  until 


the  wounded  have  received  the  attention  of  the  surgeon. 
The  National  Lumber  Manufacturers'  Association  makes 
the  statement  that  the  first  twelve  months  of  America's 
participation  in  the  war  will  probably  see  as  much  as 
three  billion  feet  of  lumber  used  for  purposes  of  national 
defense.  This  is  for  construction  purposes,  and  to  these 
figfures  must  be  added  the  large  quantities  used  for  inci- 
dental requirements.  The  figures  are  startling  but  in 
spite  of  their  size  they  represent  less  than  seven  per  cent 
of  the  normal  annual  lumber  production  of  the  United 
States.  In  timber  resources  and  manufacturing  facilities 
the  lumber  indutsry  can  take  care  of  all  ordinary  de- 
mands and  supply  the  timber  needed  for  war  purposes. 

The  abnormal  need  for  lumber  will  not  end  with  the 
war.  When  peace  shall  have  been  established  building 
material  in  tremendous  volume  will  be  needed  for  recon- 
struction of  ravished  Europe.  Coincident  with  this  will 
be  the  resumption  of  normal  building  operations  in  Eng- 
land which  have  been  checked  by  the  war.  Already  the 
British  Government  is  considering  housing  plans  to  re- 
lieve the  congestion  now  existing.  It  is  figured  that  the 
country  will  need  to  erect  from  half  a  million  to  a  million 
new  houses  within  the  first  two  years  after  the  end  of  the 
war.  Since  1906  there  has  been  a  steady  decrease  in  the 
building  of  houses  for  working  men.  With  the  outbreak 
of  the  war  there  was  practically  complete  cessation  of 
even  the  diminished  activities  in  this  line,  excepting  in 
munition  manufacturing  areas.  To  make  up  for  the  defi- 
ciency it  is  believed  that  the  government  will  provide 
financial  assistance  for  house  building  on  a  mammoth 
scale. 

One  phase  of  the  patriotism  of  the  lumber  interests 
was  manifested  in  a  campaign  recently  conducted 
throughout  the  South  by  speakers  organized  by  the 
Southern  Pine  Association.  To  stimulate  the  woodsmen 
to  the  expenditure  of  their  best  effort  in  speeding  up  the 
production  of  timbers  for  the  Emergency  Fleet  these 
speakers  canvassed  the  entire  southern  lumber  area  and 
spoke  before  workers  at  sawmills  and  logging  camps. 
The  appeal  to  the  men  was  based  on  the  vital  need  of 
America  for  wooden  ships  and  the  importance  of  supply- 
ing structural  material  as  quickly  as  possible.  A  poster 
displayed  throughout  the  lumber  regions  said :  "Every 
swing  of  an  ax,  every  cut  of  a  saw,  may  score  as  heavily 
as  a  shot  fired  from  the  trenches.  Help  our  boys  in 
France.  Help  them  win  the  war."  As  a  result  of  the 
speeding-up  campaign  it  was  expected  to  increase  the 
output  of  ship  timbers  from  850,000  feet  a  day  to  2,000,- 
000  feet. 


ly/flSS  Grace  Pickens  is  taking  the  course  of  forestry  at 
-'-"  the  University  of  the  State  of  Washington.  She 
entered  at  the  opening  of  the  current  session.  Other 
women  have  registered  for  selected  forestry  courses  in 
the  University,  but  Miss  Pickens  is  the  first  to  specialize 
in  a  work  that  has  been  considered  a  man's  calling.  She 
is  from  La  Grande,  Oregon,  and  has  spent  much  of  her 
life  in  the  woods. 


FORESTERS  AND  WOODSMEN  IN  WAR  WORK 


ALLIED  leaders  in  Europe  have  given  cordial  wel- 
come to  tlie  first  contingents  of  American  foresters 
and  woodsmen  to  arrive  in  the  war  zone  and  take 
up  service  in  the  forests  of  France.  The  first  arrival  was 
the  10th  Engineers  (Forest),  which  went  oversea  in 
August.  This  regiment  was  followed  in  November  bv 
the  first  and  second  battalions  of  the  20th  Engineers 
(Forest).  By  French  and  British  war  leaders  these  men 
are  looked  upon  as  a  vital  contribution  on  the  part  of 
the  United  States  to  the  allied  cause  in  the  great  conflict. 
The  requirements  of  the  fighting  forces  in  the  way  of 
timbers  for  trench  building 
and  lumber  for  other  forms 
of  construction  are  such  as 
make  these  trained  workers 
indispensable  to  military 
success. 

No  figures  are  available 
as  to  the  amount  of  timber 
which  has  gone  into  shor- 
ing up  trenches  and  dug- 
outs, into  the  building  of 
miles  and  miles  of  trench 
sidewalks  and  corduroy 
roads  and  into  artillery  and 
trench  screens.  Nor  is  it 
possible  to  estimate  the 
quantity  used  in  railroad 
and  bridge  construction 
and  in  the  building  of 
warehouses,  barracks,  hos- 
pitals and  other  structures. 
Experts  agree  that  it  totals 
many  millions  of  feet  along 
the  hundreds  of  miles  of 
front.  From  the  statement 
of  a  French  colonel  it  is 
learned  that  as  high  as 
thirty  thousand  trees  have 
been  used  in  a  single  day 
by  one  French  army  corps 
alone.  This  emphasizes  the 
worth  of  the  American 
Forest     regiments,    which 

will   be   charged   not   only 

with  supplying  timbers  fo: 

military  use  but  with  i)roducing  the  material  along  such 
lines  as  will  best  serve  the  purpose  of  perpetuating  the 
French  forests. 

Along  a  part  of  the  French  front  white  fir  will  be  the 
princiiial  timber  available  for  the  use  of  the  American 
regiments.  This  fir  is  descril)c<l  as  of  good  quality  and 
fairly  good  stand,  resembling  the  balsam  of  the  American 
northwest.  It  grows  in  a  region  of  good  roads  and  com- 
parative ea.<;e  of  logging  operations.  In  another  section 
the  tinil)er  is  akin  to  Norway  ])ine.  hut  with  smaller  yield 
per  acre.    Elsewhere  is  found  short  leaf  pine,  somewhat 


like  Florida  pine  in  size  and  yield.  Operations  in  this 
timber  will  be  conducted  in  swamps  and  sand.  In  some 
places  the  American  forces  will  find  such  hardwoods  as 
beech  and  oak,  of  growth  smaller  and  thicker  than  the 
hardwood  timber  of  the  western  Appalachians. 

Mid-December  found  the  third  and  fourth  battalions  of 
the  20th  Engineers  (Forest)  completely  recruited  and  or- 
ganized for  service  in  the  war  zone.  No  definite  an- 
nouncement is  made  as  to  the  time  of  embarkation  for 
France,  but  it  is  understood  that  in  line  with  the  general 
policy  for  the  formation  of  the  regiment  the  two  new 

units  will  soon  be  at  work 
in  the  French  forests. 

Each  battalion  of  the 
20th  contains  three  com- 
panies of  250  enlisted  men, 
a  large  proportion  of  whom 
are  foresters,  woodsmen 
and  sawmill  workers. 
When  the  ranks  of  the 
third  and  fourth  battalions 
had  been  filled  there  was  a 
considerable  overflow  of 
available  men  and  these  are 
being  utilized  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  fifth  and  sixth. 
It  is  probable  that  two  bat- 
talions will  go  forward 
each  month  until  the  full 
strength  of  the  regiment  is 
completed.  This  will  re- 
quire ten  battalions  of  the 
character  of  those  already 
organized.  To  increase  the 
efficiency  of  the  trained 
workers  in  these  battalions 
the  regiment  will  also  have 
nine  service  battalions, 
composed  of  laborers.  The 
aggregate  strength  of  the 
regiment  will  be  close  to 
17,000  ofhcers  and  men, 
making  it  the  largest  regi- 
ment in  the  world. 

Col.  W.  A.  Mitchell.  U. 

S.  A.,  is  in  command  of  the 
regiment  and  is  in  charge  of  the  work  of  organization  at 
American  University  campus  in  the  District  of  Cohnn- 
bia.  Colonel  Mitchell  has  had  broad  ex])erience  which 
qualifies  him  admirably  for  the  leadership  of  this  force. 
His  work  has  included  road  building  in  the  Philipi)ir.es, 
mai)])ing  at  Fort  Leavenworth  and  the  designing  and 
construction  of  dams  in  the  Ohio  river.  He  has  served 
as  instructor  and  assistant  i)rofessor  in  military  art  and 
civil  engineering  at  West  Point.  With  the  outbreak  of 
the  recent  Mexican  trouble  he  was  sent  to  Arizona  wuh 
a  view  to  taking  over  Mexican  railway  operations  if  the 


ONLY  A  VOLUNTEER 

By  a  Private  in  the  20th  Engineers  (Forest). 

TVTHY  didn't  I  wait  to  be  drafted 
^        And  led  to  the  train  by  a  band? 
Or  put  in  a  claim  for  exsmption? 

Oh!   Why  did  I  hold  up  my  hand? 
Why  didn't  I  wait  for  the  banquet, 

Why  didn't  I  wait  to  be  cheered? 
For  the  draftee  receives  all  the  credit 

While  I  only  volunteered. 

But  nobody  gave  me  a  banquet, 

And  never  a  soul  a  kind  word. 
The  puff  of  the  engine,  the  grind  of  the  wheels 

Were  all  the  goodby  that  I  heard. 
Then  off  to  the  training  camp  hustled, 

To  be  trained  for  a  good  half  a  year, 
In  the  shuffle,  abandoned,  forgotten; 

I  was  only  a  volunteer. 

Perhaps  some  day  in  the  future 

When  my  little  boy  sits  on  my  knee 
And  asks  what  I  did  in  the  world  war, 

As  his  big  eyes  look  up  to  me, 
I  will  have  to  look  into  those  eyes 

Which  at  me  so  trustfully  peer. 
And  tell  him  that  I  wasn't  DRAFTED 

But  was  only  a  volunteer. 


FORESTERS  AND  WOODSMEN  IN  WAR  WORK 


719 


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KIT    INSPECTION    AT    CAMP   OF    THE    FOREST    REGIMENT 

Some  members  of  the  20th  Engineers  (Forest)  at  their  camp  at  American  University,  District  of  Columbia,  The  picture  shows  how  foresters, 
woodsmen  and  other  civilians  nave  been  transformed  into  real  soh'iers  :n  a  short  space  of  time.  The  oilicers  are  Captain  C.  B.  Cutting  and  Second 
Lieutenant  L.  B.  McDaniels.    These  men  will  soon  see  service  in  the  War  Zone. 


occasion  required.  His  selection  as  commander  of  the 
largest  regiment  affords  opportunity  for  the  exercise  of 
his  unusual  executive  ability  and  his  skill  in  handling 
men  and  engineering  problems. 

Major  James  E.  Long,  Engineer  Officers'  Reserve 
Corps,  has  had  the  responsibility  of  purchasing  equipment 
for  the  forest  regiments.  Major  Long  is  a  St.  Louis  man, 
with  broad  experience  in  the  management  of  sawmill  and 
logging  operations.  In  his  vork  on  the  staff  of  the 
chief  of  engineers  his  special  training  and  knowl- 
edge have  been  of  much  value  in  preparing  the  forest 
forces  for  their  work  in  France.  One  instance  of  the 
thoroughness  of  his  work  is  the  systematic  method  of 
making  shipments  for  the  regimental  equipment.  Each 
battalion  is  furnished  with  complete  outfit  for  sawmill 
and  logging  operations.  For  sending  these  forward 
Major  Long  devised  a  plan  through  the  operation  of 
which  every  part  and  accessory  is  given  a  number  and 
everything  for  one  battalion  is  painted  a  distinctive  color. 
This  will  make  the  work  of  assembling  the  equipment 
comparatively  simjile  and  will  save  much  confusion. - 

Each  battalion  will  be  provided  with  four  sawmill 
units.  Two  of  these  will  be  semi-i^ortable,  comi)lete  with 
edgers,  trimmers,  100  horse|)Ower  boilers  and  other 
enui))ment,  and  will  have  daily  capacity  of  20.000  to 
30.000  feet.  Two  of  the  units  will  be  portable,  with  60 
horsei)Ower  boilers  and  with  daily  cajiacity  of  10.000  to 
18.000  feet.  Each  battalion  will  also  have  two  2-5-horse- 
power  gasoline  tie-cutting  tractor  units,  for  sawing  ties 
in  thin  and  scattering  timber.  Each  of  these  units  will 
have  a  capacity  of  4.000  to  5,000  feet.  In  figuring  capacity 
the  ten-hour  d.ny  is  used.  This  will  be  materially  in- 
creased, as  each  unit  will  have  a  portable  electric  light- 


ing plant  and  operations  will  be  conducted  twenty-four 

hours  a  day. 

After  recent  shifting  the  officers  of  the  20th  are  as 

follows : 

Regimental  Headquarters — Colonel  W.  A.  Mitchell;  Major 
Edwin  H.  Marks,  Acting  lieutenant  colonel;  Major  William  C. 
Moore,  M.  R.  C,  regimental  surgeon ;  Captain  H.  L.  Bowlby, 
adjutant;  Captain  P.  E.  Hinkley,  regnnental  supply  officer;  First 
Lieutenant  Cornelius  VV.  Smith,  chaplain. 

Camp  Headquarters — Major  Benjamin  F.  Wade;  Captain  Ed- 
ward H.  Sargent,  adjutant;  First  Lieutenant  Gilbert  C.  East- 
man ;  Second  Lieutenant  Richard  L.  Hyde. 

First  Battalion  Headquarters  Detachment — Major  E.  E.  Hart- 
wick;  Captain  Leon  M.  Pill,  adjutant;  Captain  H.  B.  Campbell, 
engineer  officer;  First  Lieutenant  L.  J.  Freedman.  supply  officer. 

Attached — Captain  F.  M.  Bartelme,  regimental  engineer  officer. 

Company  A,  First  Battalion — Captain,  Arthur  W.  Elani;  first 
lieutenants,  Germain  P.  Graliam,  Duncan  P.  Shaw  and  James 
C.  Williams;  second  lieutenants,  John  B.  Cuno  and  Roy  L. 
Chaffin. 

Company  B,  First  Battalion — Captain,  Robert  A.  Cutting;  first 
lieutenants,  Harold  C.  Lyons,  William  A.  Clark  and  Thomas  W. 
Po.iidexter;  second  lieutenants,  Arthur  N.  Dripps,  Cecil  B.  Brad- 
ley and  .'\ngus  L  Ward. 

Company  C,  First  Battalion — Captain.  H.  W.  Boetzkec;  first 
lieutenants  R.  N.  Benjamin,  W.  J.  Wilson  and  J.  Leroy  VVood; 
second  lieutenants  Hollistcr  Jolinson  and  II.  T.  Hopkins. 

First  Battalion  Medical  Detachment — First  lieutenants  Robert 
B.  Hill,  M.  D.,  Lloyd  A.  Elliott.  -M.  R.  C,  and  Charles  P.  Hat- 
rick,  D.  R.  C. ;  second  lieutenant.  Julius  A.   Herbott,  V.   R.  C. 

Second  Battalion  Headipiarters  Detachment — .Major  Saiiinel 
O.  Johnson;  Captain  l-'red  F.  Sj)encer,  adjutant;  Captain  I'red 
1".  llorstkotte,  engineer  officer;  First  i-ieuienant  Mark  R.  Ethell, 
supjjly  officer. 

Company  D.  Second  Battalion — Captain,  John  C.  Perry;  first 
lieutenants,  William  H.  Crossoii.  Roy  W.  Pilling  and  Lawrence 
R.  McCoy;  secoiul  reutenant.  Myron  H.  Grover. 

Company  F,  Second  Battalion— Captain.  VV.  D.  Brookings;  first 
lieutenants  W.  D.  Volk,  C.  C.  Kelley  and  F.  R.  Prince;  second 
lieutenant.  E.  S.  Brush. 

Company  F.  Second  B.itt.ilion — Captain,  James  C.  Long,  first 
lieutenants.  Edwin  D.  WoodrulT.  .Marion  Nine  and  Waiter  O. 
Crosby:  second  reiilcnain.   .Maurice   L.  Jo'-nson. 

Second  Battalion  .Medical  Detachment — Captain.  J.  H.  Swaf- 
ford.  ^^  R.  C:  first  lieutenants,  W.  A.  Fair,  M.  C,  and  R.  H. 
Rowdybush,  D.  C. 


720 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Third  Battalion  Headquarters  Detachment— Major,  Arthur  W. 
Corkins;  Captain,  Winthrop  H.  Estabrook,  engineer  officer; 
Captain  Oliver  J.  Todd,  adjutant;  first  lieutenant  Charles  M. 
Jenkins,  supply  officer. 

Company  A,  Third  Battalion— Captain,  Collin  E.  Clark;  firs'. 
lieutenants,  Harold  M.  Power,  Jay  H.  Price  and  E.  B.  Hamil- 
ton; second  lieutenants.  Earl  B.  Birmingham  and  .\lbert  L. 
Shellworth. 

Company  B,  Third  Battalion— Captain,  Earle  P.  Dudley;  first 
lieutenants,  Herbert  L.  Holderman,  Alexander  H.  Ellison  and 
Morton  Van  Meter;  second  lieutenant,  Fayette  L.  Thompson. 

Company  C,  Third  Battalion — Captain,  George  G.  Steel;  first 
lieutenants,  Clement  C.  Abbott,  Frederick  B.  Judge  and  Fred  A 
Stone;  second  lieutenant,  Charles  J.  Davis. 

Third  Battalion  Medical  Detachment — Captain,  Frederick  C. 
Moor,  M.  R.  C;  first  lieutenants,  Harold  T.  Antrim,  M.  R.  C, 
and  Edward  S.  Bracken,  Jr.,  D.  R.  C. 

Fourth  Battalion  Headquarters  Detachment — Major  George  H. 
Kelly;  Captain  VVinfield  D.  Starbird,  engineer  officer;  Captain 
E^win  C.  Wemple,  adjutant;  First  Lieutenant  Paul  D.  Mackie, 
supply  officer. 

Company  D,  Fourth  Battalion — Captain,  R.  B.  Carter;  first 
lieutenants,  W.  G.  Conklin,  Ralph  H.  Faulkner  and  Alfred  D. 
Kettenbach;  second  lieutenant,  Fred  A.  Roemer. 

Company  E,  Fourth  Battalion — Captain,  Andrew  J.  Fisk;  first 
lieutenants,  Lester  W.  Jacobs,  Henry  F.  Power  and  Frank 
Mizell ;  second  lieutenants,  Luther  B.  McDaniel  and  W.  .\.  Fos- 
ter. 

Company  F,  Fourth  Battalion — Captain,  Stephen  C.  Phipps ; 
first  lieutenants,  William  G.  Howe,  John  Summerset  and  Milton 
Pittnian;  second  lieutenant,  Harry  H.  Miller. 

Fourth  Battalion  Medical  Detachment — First  Lieutenants  Lc- 
roy  A.  Schall,  M.  R.  C;  Joseph  C.  Kimball,  M.  R.  C„  and  John 
W.  Snyder,  D.  R.  C. 

Discussing  the  men  of  the  United  States  Forest  Serv 
ice  who  have  gone  into  the  Forest  Regiments  and  other 
branches  of  the  armed  forces,  Assistant  Forester  William 


L.  Hall  declares  that  no  other  class  of  men  in  civil  life, 
perhaps,  was  more  nearly  ready  for  military  service  than 
were  the  foresters  and  the  men  employed  in  state  and 
federal  field  work.  "These  men  had  the  preparation 
which  came  from  years  of  field  experience,"  says  Mr. 
Hall.  "They  had  all  manner  of  problems  to  deal  with  and 
every  kind  of  emergency  to  meet.  They  had  been  sub- 
ject to  shifts  on  short  notice,  with  new  assignments  in- 
volving difficult  problems  and  unknown  conditions. 
Above  all,  they  had  the  spirit  of  service  and  esprit  de 
corps.  They  were  fit,  ready  and  anxious  to  do  their  part. 
All  arms  of  the  military  service  have  absorbed  men  from 
the  Forest  Service.  Our  records  show  214  men  now  in 
the  army  or  navy,  and  the  records  are  probably  not  com- 
l)lete. 

"The  Forest  Regiments  offered  unusual  opportuni- 
ties which  Forest  Service  men  and  others  were  keen  to 
accept.  More  were  qualified  than  could  be  commis- 
sioned. In  the  organization  of  the  20th  the  War  Depart- 
ment ai)pears  to  have  reached  the  conclusion  that  the 
qualifications  called  for  are  principally  experience  in 
sawmill  work  and  logging.  H  this  decision  holds,  there 
will  l)e  only  limited  opportunity  for  foresters  in  the  later 
battalions.  But  foresters  and  men  of  thorough  Forest 
Service  training  are  equally  well  prepared  for  other 
branches  of  the  military  service.  Especially  are  they 
qualified  to  take  their  chances  in  the  National  Armv. 


IN  CAMl-  WITH  THE  TWENTIETH  ENGINEERS  (FOREST) 

Forc»tcr«  »nd  woodsmen  in  the  Forest  Regiments  have  occasion  to  show  their  skill  at  light  housekeeping  as  well  as  in  the  activities  of  the 
mods,  mese  arc  men  ot  the  20th  engaged  in  dish  washing  after  mess  at  the  American  University,  District  of  Columbia.  The  sturdy  appearance 
of  the  iiKn  augur*  well  for  the  regiment  s  success.  j      i  f 


FORESTERS  AND  WOODSMEN  IN  WAR  WORK 


721 


|V*I 

■ 

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WFa 

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MAJOR    E.    H.    MARKS  MAJOR  B.  F.  WADE  MAJOR  A.  W.   CORKINS 

SOME  OF  THE  OFFICERS  OF  THE  20TH   ENGINEERS  (FOREST) 
Photographs  Harris  &  Ewing,   Washington,  D.  C. 


CAPTAIN  E.  H.  SARGEXT 


Some  have  felt  that  the  draft  is,  if  possible,  to  be 
avoided;  that  it  shows  a  better  spirit  to  volunteer;  and 
even  that  it  is  something  of  a  reflection  on  Forest  Service 
men  of  good  experience  not  to  be  given  commissions  at 
the  start. 

"This  point  of  view  is  wrong.  The  nation  has  estab- 
lished the  selective  draft  as  the  approved  method  of 
raising  its  army.  After  December  15,  men  of  draft  age 
will  no  longer  be  accepted  as  volunteers.  The  test  of 
real  patriotism  is  whether  we  accept  willingly  the  nation's 
approved  plan  and  without  halting  or  question  take  our 
places  in  the  program.  Forest  Service  men,  when  they 
clearly  understand  the  situation,  will  accept  the  situa- 
tion not  only  willingly,  but  with  enthusiasm.    Under  the 


new  instructions  governing  the  selective  service  we.lcnow 
the  class  into  which  the  necessary  employees  of  the 
Forest  Service  will  fall.  When  that  class  is  reached  we 
must  expect  that  our  men  will  go  and  we  must  make  prep- 
aration against  that  time.  Our  part,  if  we  are  within 
conscription  age,  will  consist  in  preparing  ourselves  for 
that  service.  If  we  are  not  within  conscription  age,  our 
part  will  be  to  help  carry  the  work  so  that  the  absence 
of  those  who  go  will  not  prove  a  vital  loss." 

At  the  offices  of  the  Forest  Service  it  is  declared  that 
there  may  be  much  difficulty  in  procuring  information 
about  the  work  of  the  Forest  Regiments  in  France.  In 
reply  to  requests  for  articles  descriptive  of  the  operations 
Major  Greeley,  who  is  with  the  Expeditionary  Forces  in 


AT  HOME  WHEREVER  YOU   MAY   PLACE  THEM 

The^c  men  of  the  20th  Engineers  (Forest)  are  shown  waiting  their  turn  at  the  hot  water  tubs  at  American  University  camp  Military  men  who 
have  seen  the  Forest  Battalions  in  drill  and  other  work  declare  tliat  th(  y  are  as  fine  a  body  of  men  as  the  army  has  ever  assembled.  The  outdoor 
life  of  the  forester  and  woodsman  is  reflected  in  the  physical  appearance  of  the  men  here  pictured,  who  are  typical  of  the  regiment. 


722 


AMERICAN   FORESTRY 


France  states  that  the  censorship  makes  it  almost  impos- 
sible to  send  out  any  information  of  real  news  value. 
Indirect  accounts  received  at  the  offices  of  the  Serv- 
ice, concerning  a  letter  to  the  family  of  one  of  the  men 
of  the  Tenth  indicate  that  the  res^i- 
ment  has  already  had  its  trials. 
The  trip  across  the  ocean  was  long 
and  exceedingly  rough.  Many  of  the 
men  suffered  severely  from  seasick- 
ness. Some  of  the  biggest  and  hus 
kiest  had  the  worst  time.  The  regi- 
ment reached  France  during  a  spell 
of  bad  weather  and  was  exposed  to 
steady  rains  for  several  days  with- 
out an  opportunity  to  dry  things  out. 
As  a  result,  some  of  the  men  were  on 
the  sick  list  with  vprious  minor  ail- 
ments. They  were,  however,  in  a 
hospital  located  at  a  comfortable 
chateau  and  were  being  well  cared 
for.  From  all  accounts  the  little 
English-French  dictionaries  are  be- 
ing worked  overtime. 

It  is  understood  that  the  regiment 
is  quartered  in  "billets."  Word  comes 
that  "even  the  wood  cutting  camps 
lost  in  the  forests  of  France"  had  a 
liberal  allowance  of  turkey  and  "fixin's"  sent  them  for 
Thanksgiving.     This  probably  refers  to  the  Tenth,  al- 
though "lost  in  the  forests"  is  not  to  be  taken  too  liter- 
ally.    According  to  a  bulletin   of  the   Forest    Service 
it   has  become   plain   that 
meeting  the  needs  of  the 
Forest     Regiments     for 
sweaters  calls  for  swift  and 
large  expansion  of  the  knit- 
ting work.  Colonel  Mitchell, 
of  the  Twentieth,  has  re- 
quested immediate  delivery 
of  1.300  sweaters  and  1,600 
comfort  kits  and  other  arti- 
cles.    The  Woman's  Com- 
mittee for  the  Tenth  and 
Twentieth    Engmeers   was 
able  to  provide  123  sweat- 
ers, mainly  knitted  by  For- 
est  Service  women.     The 
Potomac    Division    of    the 
Red  Cross,  which  embraces 
M.irvland,  Virginia  and  the 
District  of  Columbia,  "'ith 
their  great  camps,  was  able 
to    add    677.      Thousands 

more  will  be  needed  for  the  Twentieth  within  the  next 
two  months. 

The  Luml>er  and  Forest  Regiments  Relief  Committee 

gave  $600  for  the  purchase  of  wool  which  will  be  knitted 

into  sweaters  for  the  men  of  the  Tenth  and  Twentieth 

Regiments. 

Major  William  B.  Greeley  writes  from  France  under 


MAJOR  JAMES   E.   LONG 


BREAD    WAGON    OF    FOREST    REGIMENT 

Tliis  is  a  camp  oernt  of  Haily  recurrence  at  the  camp  of  the  20th  Engineers 
(Forent)  at  Amrrican  rnivt-r-'ily.  The  hread  wacnn  is  on  its  welcome 
roiuul  distrihuiiiift  supplie;*  from  the  regimental  bakery.  It  is  safe  to 
assume  that  the  wagon  will  be  no  less  welcome  when  the  men  reach  the 
war    zone. 


recent  date  and  makes  earnest  appeal  for  sweaters 
for  the  men  of  the  regiments,  lie  says  that  the 
garments  are  badly  needed  and  that  mufflers  are 
also  in  urgent  request.  The  mufflers  are  wanted  par- 
ticularly for  men  engaged  in 
driving  motor  trucks  and  simi- 
lar occupations  involving  expo 
sure. 

In  connection  with  the  request  for 
knitted  garments  Major  Greeley 
urges  that  the  knitting  be  made 
fairly  close  for  the  sake  of  warmth. 
He  also  emphasizes:  the  importance 
of  shrinking  the  wool  before  knit- 
ting, in  order  that  the  garments  may 
hold  their  shape.  Simple  instructions 
for  shrinking  have  been  prepared  b> 
the  Forest  Service.  The  wool  in  the 
hank  should  be  laid  out  flat,  in  tepid 
water  in  a  bathtub  or  other  conven- 
ient place.  After  being  there  for  15 
minutes  it  should  be  taken  out  and 
laid  flat  to  dry  in  temperature  of  the 
living  room,  care  being  taken  to  pre- 
vent exposure  to  heat  or  cold.  Em- 
phasis is  placed  on  keeping  the  wool 
flat  while  shrinking  and  drying.  To 
hang  it  up  while  it  is  wet  will  cause  it  to  pull.  Added 
tidings  of  the  need  for  sweaters  comes  from  other 
sources.  Captain  Inman  F.  Eldredge,  Company  B,  Tenth 
Engineers  (Forest),  writes  from  the  war  zone  as  follows: 

"Chaplain  Williams  has 
just  notified  me  that  the 
ladies  of  the  Forest  Service 
and  the  Red  Cross  are  pre- 
pared to  furnish  sweaters, 
scarfs  and  wristlets  to  the 
men  of  this  command  who 
have  none.  Owing  to  the 
rough  nature  of  the  work 
in  which  our  men  are  en- 
gaged, scarfs  and  wristlets 
would  not  be  of  great  serv- 
ice and  we  would  feel  that 
we  were  taking  them  from 
other  men  who  might  make 
better  use  of  them.  For 
sweaters  and  heavy  socks, 
however,  we  have  a  real 
need  and  the  soldiers  will 
be  able  to  make  good  use 
of  them.  If  they  can  be 
supplied  we  have  need  for 
100  sweaters  and  at  least  200  pairs  of  heavy  knit  socks. 
Socks  particularly  are  needed,  since  during  the  coming 
winter  many  of  our  men  will  be  working  in  a  wet  coun- 
try." 

Chaplain  Williams  is  commissioned  as  a  lieutenant 
with  the  Tenth.  He  writes :  "We  have  jn.-<t  arrived  in  our 
permanent  camp.    It  has  been  very  cold  and  the  sound  of 


FORESTERS  AND  WOODSMEN  IN  WAR  WORK 


723 


sweaters  in  the  making  has  been  received  with  great  joy. 
We  are  so  near  to  the  fighting  line  that  we  can  hear  the 
guns  booming  away  when  it  is  at  all  quiet. 

"I  am  enclosing  the  names  of  the  men  in  Companies  D 
and  F  that  desire  sweaters,  all  of  them  being  men  who 
do  not  possess  such  articles  and  who  have  signed  up  for 
the  same.  I  have  written  the  captains  of  the  other  com- 
panies to  send  you  similar  lists  for  themselves,  and  I 
think  it  would  be  well  if  it  could  be  done,  to  send  the  ar- 
ticles for  each  company  direct  to  it.  We  have  not  re- 
quested scarfs  or  wristlets  believing  that  men  in  other 
forms  of  work  could  use  those  articles  to  better  advan- 
tage." 

Impetus  was  given  enlistments  in  the  Forest  regiments 
late  in  November  by  the  announcement  of  the  chief  of  en- 
gineers that  after  December  15  no  man  of  draft  age  could 
voluntarily  enlist.  Accompanying  this  announcement 
was  a  statement  calling  attention  to  the  advantage  of 
skilled  men  enlisting  before  the  expiration  of  the  time 
limit  in  order  that  they  might  select  the  organizations  in 
which  they  preferred  to  serve.  "By  doing  this,"  said 
Major  General  Black,  chief  of  engineers,  "each  man  can 
render  his  country  a  greater  service  than  by  waiting  foi 
the  draft  and  can  also  be  placed  where  his  experience  and 
training  will  make  the  service  better  and  more  profitable 
for  himself." 

In  addition  to  its  contributions  of  men  to  the  Forest 
Regiments  the  United  States  Forest  Service  has  been 
called  upon  for  various  forms  of  activity  in  connection 
with  war  work. 

During  December  there  were  demands     for     lumber 


men  in  the  aviation  corps  of  the  army.  These  men  were 
wanted  for  service  in  12  large  construction  squadrona 
being  organized  at  the  barracks  at  Vancouver,  Washing- 
ton. The  woodsmen  thus  enlisted  were  for  work  in  con- 
nection with  the  timber  needs  for  airplane  construction. 
It  is  probable  that  men  from  the  Service  and  lumbermen 
will  be  needed  as  officers. 

The  Signal  Corps  has  asked  for  assistance  in  the  prep- 
aration of  purchase  specifications  for  propeller  woods. 
The  primary  object  is  to  reduce  handling  through  a  right 
selection  at  the  source  of  supply. 

The  Forest  Products  Laboratory  of  the  Forest  Serv- 
ice, upon  the  request  of  the  American  Bureau  of  Ship- 
ping, is  now  revising  the  rules  of  the  Bureau  governing 
the  use  of  wood  in  ships.  The  Bureau  of  Shipping  is  an 
organization  representing  shipbuilders,  ship  owners,  and 
marine  insurance  companies,  like  the  Lloyd's  Agency  in 
England.  Its  classification  of  ships  governs  the  rating 
on  which  insurance  depends ;  hence  its  rules  have  a  very 
important  influence  in  all  shipbuilding  in  the  United 
States.  The  present  building  program  of  the  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation  is  governed  by  the  rules  of  the  Bu- 
reau practically  in  the  same  way  as  is  construction  for 
private  corporations.  The  Forest  Service  will  therefore 
exercise  an  important  influence  upon  the  technique  of  the 
emergency  construction. 

The  Forest  Service  has  also  been  working  with  the 
Navy  on  kiln  construction  and  methods  of  storing  kiln- 
dried  lumber  for  use  in  airplanes.  Co-operation  with  the 
Navy  has  also  taken  the  form  of  inspection  of  lumber 
for  use  in  airplane  construction  and  assistance  in  prepar- 
ing specifications  for  material. 


TJJ7ILL  C.  Barnes,  assistant  United  States  Forester, 
"^  has  returned  from  a  five-month  field  trip.  He  re- 
ports that  about  75,000  head  of  sheep  grazed  last  sum- 
mer on  range  made  accessible  at  the  head  of  Lake  Chelan 
by  building  a  barge  with  a  capacity  of  2,703  head  of 
sheep.  The  barge  was  built  by  the  stockmen  at  the  sug- 
gestion of  the  Forest  Service,  and  couveys  the  sheep 
from  the  foot  of  the  lake  to  its  head,  about  50  miles, 
where  they  land  on  high  summer  range  that  could  not 
otherwise  be  reached.  Adjoining  Canadian  range  affords 
room  for  additional  sheep,  which  the  Dominion  authori- 
ties are  willing  to  have  admitted  by  the  Forest  Service. 


'T'HREE  cases  of  livestock  losses  have  been  reported 


1 


in  which  the  owners  have  suspected  enemies  of  the 


Government.  One  sheep  man  in  South  Park  lost  in  a 
single  night  1,000  sheep,  for  which  he  had  just  paid  $14 
a  head.  While  it  is  possible  that  the  reported  losses  were 
due  to  poisonous  plants,  the  State  Veterinarian  did  not 
find  evidences  of  poison,  but  thought  the  loss  might 
have  been  caused  by  contagious  pneumonia.  The  other 
two  were  cattle  cases.  Forest  officers  have  been  urged  to 
exert  unusual  vigilance,  particularly  in  the  matter  of 
looking  into  the  presence  of  strangers  in  the  vicinity  of 
ranches  and  on  the  mountain  ranges. 


T^ilSTRICT  Forester  F.  A.  Silcox,  of  Missoula,  Mon- 
'^  tana,  has  resigned  from  the  Forest  Service  to  accept 
a  temporary  position  as  special  assistant  to  the  Secretary 
of  Labor.  In  that  capacity  he  will  undertake  an  investi- 
gation of  labor  conditions  in  the  Pacific  Northwest.  It 
is  expected  that  after  his  work  there  is  completed  he  will 
resume  his  regular  duties  with  the  Forest  Service.  Mr. 
Silcox  had  been  commissioned  as  captain  in  the  20th 
Engineers  (Forest)  and  was  to  have  been  called  for 
service  in  a  short  time.  He  resigned  his  army  commis- 
sion in  order  to  take  up  his  new  work. 

fT^HE  Forest  Service  was  represented  at  the  recent 
-'-  Portland  Land  Show  by  a  forest  fire  exhibit,  which 
attracted  considerable  attention.  This  exhibit  showed 
apparatus  and  tools  used  by  the  Service  in  its  fire  protect- 
ive work  and  a  number  of  bromides  showing  the  effects 
of  uncontrolled  forest  fires. 


'T'HE  Forest  Service  will  again  co-operate  with  the 
■*-  Weather  Bureau  in  keeping  a  record  of  snowfall 
on  the  National  Forests  this  winter.  Snow  stakes  will 
be  read  by  rangers  at  frequent  intervals.  From  the  data 
obtained  the  Weather  Bureau  is  able  to  approximate 
stream  flow  in  the  region  for  the  succeeding  summer. 


A  PROBLEM  OF  EROSION 


BY  R.  S.  MADDOX 

FORESTER,  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BECAUSE  of  the  problems  involved  in  forestry,  Mr. 
Whittle's  article  in  American  Fokestry  of 
August,  on  erosion,  is  of  more  than  passing  in- 
terest. He  shows  pictures  of  and  describes  eroded  lands 
containing  gulches  200  feet  deep  still  eating  back,  under- 
cutting and  devastating  both  agricultural -and  forested 
lands.  Erosion  is  a  big  problem  and  in  some  sections. 
particularly  in  the  South,  a  serious  one.  On  the  debit 
side  of  our  nation's  account  are  being  written  down  in 
nature's  book  huge  losses  not  only  from  our  forests,  but 
also  from  our  tilled  lands.  New  fields  are  being  con- 
stantly cleared  to  take  the  place  of  once  cultivated  fields 
now  turned  out  as  waste.  Much  of  this  newly  cleared 
land  is  eroding  in  its  turn  and  the  cycle  of  destruction 
goes  on.  Certainly  there 
must  be  a  halt  to  this  pro- 
cess if  both  or  either  of 
these  natural  resources  of 
land  and  timber  are  to  be 
maintained. 

But  while  the  erosion 
question  is  of  most  vital 
importance,  the  writing  of 
this  article  was  called  forth 
because  of  the  way  in 
which  Mr.  Whittle  handled 
his  subject.  Of  the  en- 
croachment of  eroded  lands 
discussed  by  Mr.  Whittle, 
he  said :  "Only  one  stayin<7 
hand  has  been  lifted — the 
dark  pine  forests  that  grip 
the  earth  with  strong  fin 
gers  and  resolutely  con- 
front the  dragons  of  the 
caverns.  Where  the  forest 
is  weak  the  chasms  have 
pulled  it  down.  Where  the 
forest  is  strong  the  caverns 
give  up  the  struggle.    Man 

has  taken  cognizance  of  the  combat  and  given  his  only 
aid  to  the  struggle  against  erosion ;'  he  has  learned  to  Ici 
the  forests  alone  where  the  gorges  encroach.  To  plant 
a  forest  athwart  the  line  of  approach  has  seemed  futile  to 
the  farmer  landowner.  He  realizes  how  long  it  takes  to 
grow  a  forest  and  how  formidable  it  has  to  be  to  with- 
stand the  undercutting  of  the  persistent  force.  So  that 
once  the  gorge  has  invaded,  the  farmer  abandons  hope  of 
ever  again  bringing  the  land  under  agricultural  subjec- 
tion, so  forbidding  are  the  rough,  steep  slopes  and  so 
narrow  and  tortuous  the  bottoms  of  the  gorges." 

Whether  Mr.  Whittle  expresses  his  own  views  or  those 
of  the  landowners,  on  that  phase  of  erosion  is  uncertain. 
There  is,  however,  room  for  open  discussion  of  such  a 


large  subject.  Without  confuting  his  statements,  it  is 
practically  if  not  wholly  impossible  for  such  large 
gulches  to  be  held  in  check  by  forests  at  their  heads.  The 
root  system  of  the  trees  extends  into  the  ground  only  a 
short  way  compared  to  the  depth  of  the  steep,  bare  banks, 
and  the  undercutting  will  eventually  cause  the  forests  to 
topple  over  until  by  a  catching  up  and  filling  in  of  the 
soil  below  there  is  an  adjustment  made  between  the 
erosive  forces  and  the  declivity  of  the  banks,  thus  stop- 
ping the  running-off  process.  The  steepness  of  the 
hanks  is  proof  that  the  washing  dirt  has  been  carried 
away  practically  as  fast  as  it  comes  down.  It  is  not 
sufficient  to  depend  upon  the  forested  areas  at  the  heads 
of  these  eroded  lands  to  check  the  waste.     Mr.  Whittle 

did  not  state  whether  the 
trees  growmg  up  from  the 
bottoms  of  the  gulches 
were  now  blocking  the 
passing  out  of  the  dirt  con- 
stantly washing  in  from 
the  sides.  If  this  dirt  is 
caught  and  held  by  those 
trees,  eventually,  even  if 
left  alone  to  nature,  a  slope 
between  the  bottoms  of  the 
gulches  and  the  top  crests 
will  be  established  and  cov- 
ered with  vegetation.  If 
the  dirt  passes  out  freely 
through  the  gulch  so  much 
the  longer  will  the  slope  be 
in  forming.  But  in  either 
case,  dirt  must  come  from 
the  banks  before  this  final, 
fixed  slope,  as  it  might  be 
called,  is  obtained ;  and., 
during  this  making  process 
it  is  necessary  to  sacrifice 
more  and  more  of  the  for-: 
ests  and  agricultural  land 
on  the  top  of  the  banks  until  the  adjusted  slope  is  a  re- 
sult, unless  man  can  come  to  the  rescue. 

To  hasten  the  process  of  adjustment,  the  washed  down- 
dirt  must  be  caught  and  held,  that  is,  its  running  away 
must  be  checked.  This  helps  to  raise  the  bottom  level 
of  the  drains  and  also  provides  stable  soil  on  which  to 
start  permanent  growth.  It  is  next  to  impossible  to 
get  a  growth  started  on  a  constantly  shifting  or  moving 
soil.  If  some  of  the  trees  growing  in  these  gulches  were 
used  in  making  temporary  dams,  then  some  permanent 
growth  could  be  set  out  on  the  dirt  caught  by  them  in 
order  to  constitute  a  permanent  dam.  Black  locust 
bushes,  Bermuda  grass  and  honeysuckle  vines  are  excel- 
lent   for    this    purpose    and    would    no    doubt    be    of 


RECLAMATION   OF   GULLIED   LAND 

The  dam  was  built  in  September,  1916,  in  Weakley  county.  Tennessee,  and 
the  black  locusts  shown  were  planted  in  the  spring  of  1917.  The  photo 
graph   was  taken   in  July.  1917. 


A  PROBLEM  OF  EROSION 


725 


COMPARE   THIS   WITH   THE   NEXT    PHOTOGRAPH 

No.  I —An   area  of  eroded    land,  seemingly   a  hopeless   waste,  but  really   in  process  of  reclamation,  in  Carroll  county,  Tennessee, 
in   the  fall  of  1915  and  the  photograph  was  taken    in   November  of  the   same   year. 


Danis   were  built 


much  service  in  handling  the  problem  discussed. 
It  is  a  wrong  idea  to  abandon  land  simply  because  it 
cannot  be  brought  back  to  produce  crops  from  tillage,  if 
this  is  what  Mr.  Whittle  means  by  "bringing  the  land 
under  agricultural  subjection."  Nor  is  it  right  to  think 
trees  are  valueless  and  doing  no  good  because  they  can 
not  be  marketed  profitably.  The  slopes  finally  resulting 
from  the  reclamation  of  these  severely  eroded  lands 
might  be  so  steep  as  to  be  impossible  of  or  impracticable 
for  cultivation.     But  if  trees  should  hold  these  slopes 


and  prevent  further  erosion  and  encroachment  on  valu- 
able forests  and  agricultural  lands  above,  they  would 
command  a  value  in  themselves  not  to  be  estimated.  Even 
though  trees  on  such  slopes  and  gulches  were  very  costly 
to  handle  either  for  farm  uses  or  for  the  market,  there  is 
a  probability  that  the  demand  for  timber  will,  after  a 
while,  give  them  a  money  value  in  addition  to  their  worth 
for  protecting  lands  above  and  checking  rapid  drainage. 
Published  herewith  are  photographs  showing  an  ero- 
sion problem  and  how  it  is  being  handled  in  Tennessee. 


JL^-k:^ 


THE    RESULTS    OF    RECLAMATION    PLAINLY    TO    BE    SEEN 

No.  t— Thii  is  the  aame  area  as  shown  in  No.  1,  in  Carroll  county,  Tennessee,  but  it  was  set  out  in  black  locust  in  the  spring  of  1917.     The  large 
trees  in  the  lower  left-hand  corner  were  set  in  the  spring  of  1916,  above  the  dam  shown  in  No.  1  in  the  same  location. 


726 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


They  give  an  idea  of  the  effect  of  planting  black  locusts 
above  temporary  dams  so  as  to  form  a  permanent  dam  to 
hold  the  dirt  as  it  crumbles  from  the  banks  above.  It  is 
plain  to  see  that  after  a  while  the  banks  will  round  off  and 
will  contain  a  growth  of  value,  and  the  erosion  will  be 
stopped.  The  banks,  however,  must  pay  the  price  of 
this  rounding  off  process.     There  is  no  other  solution 


unless  the  dirt  for  filling  be  hauled,  which  in  such  cases 
is  wholly  impracticable.  The  gullies  in  the  above  cut 
are  not  so  deep  or  so  steep  as  those  Mr.  Whittle  describes, 
but  the  principle  in  each  is  the  same,  and  could  man  aid 
nature,  much  could  be  done  to  save  the  forests,  forest 
and  agricultural  land  in  the  South,  the  destruction  of 
which  is  now  taking  place. 


FREE  TREES  FOR  PENNSYLVANIA 

IVrO  limit  will  be  set  this  year  by  Pennsylvania  on  the 
^^  number  of  forest  tree  seedlings  for  free  distribution, 
says  Commissioner  of  Forestry  Robert  S.  Conklin.  Any- 
one who  wants  to  plant  trees  next  spring  may  have  them 
for  the  asking.  No  strings  are  tied  to  the  offer,  the  onlv 
conditions  being  that  applications  for  less  than  500  trees 
will  not  be  filled,  applicants  must  pay  for  packing  and 
transportation,  and  the  trees  may  not  be  sold  but  must 
be  actually  planted  in  Pennsylvania  for  reforestation 
No  applications  can  be  filled  for  ornamental  trees. 

The  State  Forest  nurseries  have  raised  more  trees  this 
year  than  ever  before,  but  so  many  of  the  foresters  have 
enlisted  and  so  few  laborers  are  available  that  the  num- 
ber to  be  planted  on  the  State  Forests  probably  will  he 
even  less  than  last  year.  Over  10,000,000  trees  are 
ready  to  set  out  next  spring,  and  as  many  more  are  ir 
the  nurseries,  but  are  too  small  to  plant  next  year. 

The  stock  available  for  free  distribution  is  almost  all 
three  years  old,  and  includes  white  pine,  Scotch  pine. 
red  pine,  pitch  pine,  Norway  spruce,  European  larch, 
Japanese  larch  and  red  oak.  It  is  of  better  quality  than 
any  sent  out  last  year. 


FORESTRY  PRIZE  AWARD  AT  CORNELL 

When  the  new  Forestry  Building  was  opened  by  the 
New  York  State  College  of  Agriculture  at  Cornell  Uni- 
versity in  1914,  Charles  Lathrop  Pack,  of  Lakewood,  N. 
/.,  widely  known  as  a  leading  conservationist,  who  has 
been  closely  associated  with  the  development  of  forestry 
along  the  most  advanced  lines,  made  contribution  of  $500 
to  the  Forestry  Department  for  use  in  its  work.  The 
money  was  deposited  with  the  university  treasurer  for 
investment,  the  annual  income  to  be  used  "in  the  interest 
of  forestry."  This  amounts  to  a  little  over  $20,  and  the 
faculty  has  decided  that  its  best  use  is  to  give  an  annual 
prize  to  the  student  in  the  Forestry  Department  who  has 
made  the  best  record  for  the  year  both  in  his  studies  and 
in  his  general  attitude  toward  the  work.  This  disposi- 
tion of  the  money  by  the  faculty  strikes  us  as  a  wise  one 
for  it  gives  that  little  additional  spur  to  personal  incen- 
tive lent  by  competition,  and  makes  it  more  interesting 
for  the  boys.  The  prize  for  the  past  year  has  been 
awarded  and  the  winner  was  Samuel  C.  Sweeny,  of 
Hartsdale,  N.  Y.,  a  senior  in  the  Department  of  Forestry 
Mr.  Sweeny  is  now  in  the  South  at  one  of  the  operations 
of  the  Bogalusa  Company,  getting  his  three  month? 
practical  experience  in  a  logging  camp,  which  is  part  of 
the  course  in  forestry  at  the  New  York  State  College  of 
Agriculture. 


^A  BALLAD  OF  THE  TIMBER  CRUISER 

BY  LEW  R.  SAKRETT 

"Y"OHO!    Yoho!    Yoho! 
-*-    You  whistlin',  bristlin'  blizzard, 
A-sweepin'  timber  low, 

You  buckin',  blust'rin'  roarer 
With  your  whirlin',  burlin'  snow! 

You're  snatchin'  at  my  whiskers, 
And  you're  rippin'  at  my  clothes, 

You're  pawin'  at  my  duffle-bag. 
And  you're  bitin'  at  my  nose. 

You've  swallowed  up  the  balsams 
With  your  blindin',  grindin'  drift, 

You've  sheeted  up  the  rapids, 
And  you're  workin'  double-shift. 

You've  bluffed  the  lop-eared  rabbit; 

Squirrel's  prayin'  for  his  soul; 
Doe's  shiverin'  in  the  tamaracks; 

Mink's  popped  into  his  hole. 

Tho  you've  scared  the  whole  blamed  outfit, 

I'll  call  your  brawlin'  bluff — 
Here's  to  you!    Blast  and  Bluster! 

Man's  made  of  tougher  stuff.   " 

Yoho!     Yoho!     Yoho! 

You  howlin',  growlin'  Norther, 
A-roarin'  as  you  go, 

You  rippin',  tearin'  bully 
With  your  icy  clouds  and  blow! 


pAPER  blankets  have  been  made,  in  every  way  as  ef- 
-*-  fective  as  5-pound  wool  blankets,  and  only  one-tenth 
as  heavy. 


T^HE  locust  which  is  too  small  for  fence  posts  may 
-*-    often  be  sold  for  insulator  pins  and  brackets  for  tele- 
phone and  telegraph  lines. 


'T'HE  government  is  reported  to  have  reached  a  de- 
^  cision  that  tree  nails  or  wooden  pins  used  in  ship- 
building must  be  of  locust  or  eucalyptus.  The  black 
locust  will  be  the  particular  species  used.  This  is  a  good 
fast-growing  tree  for  New  York  if  it  can  be  properly 
protected  from  the  locust  borers. 


CHUTTLE  factories  and  other  manufacturing  plants 
^  use  more  than  seven  and  one-half  million  feet  of  dog- 
w'ood  annually  in  this  country. 


LANDSCAPING  AND   FORESTRY 


BY   SMITH   RILEY 

DISTRICT  FORESTER 


DO  foresters  need  a  knowledge  of  landscape  engi- 
neering? .    Should   the    forest    schools   teach    this 
subject  ? 
It  has  been  the  fashion  to  consider  the  practice  of  for- 
estry as  tree  culture  upon  a  vegetable  garden  basis  with 
every  foot  of  space  devoted  to  the  production  of  wood. 


SECTION    OF    PROPOSED    ADDTTTON    TO    COLORADO    NATIONAL 

FOREST 
View    in    midwinter    of    Big    Thompson    River    and    Loveland — Estes    Park 
auto  road,  with   forest   and  cliffs  in   distance.     Plans   should   be  drawn   to 
recognize  careful  preservation  of  all  natural  values  along  forest  roads. 

The  forester  has  been  called  a  lumberman  who  culti- 
vates trees  for  volume  production.  In  urging  the  crea- 
tion of  National  Parks  from  National  Forest  areas,  man) 
have  attempted  to  define  a  wide  difference  in  the  char- 
acter of  these  areas  by  defining  the  limits  to  which  a  for- 
ester will  practice  his  profession. 

A  forest,  be  it  state  or  private,  will  always  be  recog- 
nized for  its  esthetic  values.  This  has  been  demonstrated 
in  all  older  countries  where  forests  have  been  preserved 
and  cultivated  for  centuries.  We  should  then  proceed 
upon  the  basis  that  it  is  a  part  of  the  profession  of  a  for- 
ester to  cultivate  to  the  highest  sense  the  values  of  lands 


devoted  to  the  production  of  trees.  While  this  is  true  in 
the  case  of  private  forests,  it  is  doubly  true  in  the  devel- 
opment of  both  State  and  National  forests.  Such  areas 
devoted  to  forest  culture  will  ever  have  a  high  value  and 
be  used  to  impart  new  vigor  and  life  to  toiling  mankind. 
Such  areas  will  also  be  recognized  for  their  educational 
value  in  developing  the  bodies  and  minds  of  children. 
Can  we  say  then  that  esthetic  values  should  be  ignored? 
In  the  National  Forests  a  forester  deals  largely  with 
development  in  natural  settings.  The  State  Forester 
and  in  some  cases  the  private  forester  deals  with  lands 
where   the   natural    settings    have    been    destroyed    and 


HORSE    THIEF    TRAIL    ON    THE    UNCOMPAHGRE 
Already  a  beautiful  trail,  but  one  which  offers  a  splendid  opportunity  for 
constructive  landscaping — to  bring  out  values  which   will  make  it  a  joy  to 
travel,  even  by   the  most  unobserving. 

must  be  recreated.     In  either  case,  the  forester  must  ap 
preciate  the  existing  values  or  the  possibilities,  and  such 
appreciation  can  only  come  from  a  knowledge  of  the  sub- 
ject and  principles. 

Upon  the  National  Forests  trees  are  planted  and  trees 
are  cut.     An  eye  to  esthetic  values  in  planting  upon  a 


727 


728 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


large  scale  will  not  go  amiss.  Fire-swept  areas  are  being 
planted  upon  the  slojies  of  Pikes  Peak  in  the  interest  of 
water  shed  protection  for  the  municipal  su])i)ly  of  Colo- 
rado Springs  and  nearby  towns.  Certain  species  of  trees 
are  adajnable  to  given  exposures  and  the  larger  trees  are 
adaptable  for.  planting  upon  moving  soil.  What  is 
wanted  here  is  a  quick,  attractive  showing  to  gain  public 


A    POPULAR   TOURIST   RESORT   ON   THE    PIKE    NATIONAL 
A  forest,  be  it  state  or  private,  will  always  be  recognized  for  its  esthetic 
to  the  Dopularity  of  the  Pike,  and  this  resort,  known  a 

approval  of  the  work  being  done. 
We  may  start  this  planting  upon 
certain  slopes  offering  a  setting 
of  high  values  so  the  earlier  por- 
tion of  the  plantations  will  in  a 
short  time  attract  the  eyes  of  all 
who  approach  the  locality.  In 
this  way  the  attractions  of  the 
locality  are  steadily  improved 
for  the  use  of  recreation  and  the 
work  is  realized  and  approved 
by  the  public  at  an  early  date. 

A  big  timber  sale  has  been 
made  in  the  Superior  National 
Forest  in  Minnesota.  There  are 
many  lakes  within  the  sale  area 
These  lakes  contain  islands.  In 
making  the  sale  an  exception  is 
made  of  the  trees  near  the  lake 
shores  and  upon  the  islands. 
This  action  is  taken  to  protect 

the  esthetic  values.  A  keen  appreciation  of  the  i)rinci- 
ples  of  landscape  engineering  would  undoubtedly  make 
it  possible  to  improve  the  esthetic  values  upon  such 
islands  and  lake  shores  by  the  removal  of  a  certain  per 
cent  of  this  timber.  Such  action  would  be  very  agreeable 
to  the  timber  purchaser  as  he  desires  to  remoye  the 
greatest  possible  volume  of  timber  for  the  area  worked 


over.  There  are  hundreds  of  ranger  stations  in  the 
National  Forests  where  we  have  studied  the  relation  of 
the  buildings  making  up  the  station  to  each  other,  the 
relation  of  the  roads  and  walks  to  the  buildings  and  the 
relation  of  the  trees,  shrubs  and  flowers  to  the  whole, 
then  the  relation  of  the  whole  station  to  the  forest  set- 
ting. One  can  imagine  that  every  principle  of  landscaping 
can  be  violated  in  the  develop- 
ment of  such  stations  so  they 
may  prove  an  eyesore  to  every 
visitor  or  passerby,  or  the  in- 
mates of  the  station.  It  is  a  well 
known  fact  that  while  manv 
have  no  trained  appreciation  of 
esthetic  values,  inequalities  of- 
fend ^  an  undeveloped  sense  to 
such  an  extent  that  unfavorable 
impressions  are  received  and  laid 
to  other  causes.  With  the  beau- 
tiful natural  settings  of  these 
forest  stations  and  the  vast  va- 
riety of  material  to  work  with  in 
the  trees,  shrubs,  vines  and  flow- 
ers found  throughout  these  areas 
wherever  development  is  con- 
templated, much  can  be  accom- 
plished. 

In  some  of  the  National  For- 
FOREST,  COLORADO  ests  maps  have  been  called  for 

s''ca""eiis"'^  """"^  """  "'"'*'^    showing  in  detail  the  conditions 


ON     THE 
Iron  Lake,  near  the  outlet  into 
of   the    islands    would 


SUPERIOR     NATIONAL     FOREST,     MINNESOTA 

Lac  La  Croix,  showing  the  Canadian  shore  to  the  left.    The  esthetic  values 
be    improved    by    removing    a    certain    per    cent    of    the    timber. 

at  the  forest  stations.  The  relative  location  of  the  build- 
ings, roads,  walks,  trees,  bushes  and  flowers  will  be 
shown.  The  wind  and  storm  directions  are  given  con- 
sideration. After  due  study  these  maps  will  be  used  to 
make  a  working  plan  or  ideal  plan  to  be  used  in  the 
future  development.  New  buildings  are  needed — the 
plan  will  be  followed  in  placing  these  buildings.     The 


A  PROBLEM  OF  EROSION 


729 


dwelling  at  this  station  is  poorly  i)laced,  a  new  one  is 
contemplated.  It  will  be  located  according  to  the  plan. 
A  ranger's  wife  takes  a  great  interest  in  the  beautifica- 
tion  of  the  station  grounds;  such  effort,  if  undirected, 
may  result  in  inequalities,  where  if  a  plan  covers  this 
phase  of  the  development,  all  effort  will  in  the  end  result 
in  an  attractive  station.  Particular  attention  should  be 
given  to  the  use  of  native  mater- 
ial that  will  not  establish  artifi- 
cial conditions  requiring  con- 
stant attention.  An  example  here 
would  be  the  use  of  shrubs  that 
would  freeze  down  in  unusual 
winter  weather,  necessitating  the 
cost  of  replacement.  Another 
example  would  be  the  use  of 
flowers  requiring  cover  in  the 
winter  or  summer  watering.  At- 
tention of  this  kind  is  costly,  be- 
sides, the  nature  of  the  officer's 
work  is  such  that  attention  can- 
not be  given  at  the  crucial  mo- 
ment. Upon  the  other  hand,  there 
are  hundreds  of  beautiful  wild 
flowers  available  for  such  work 
that  will  require  no  attention. 

There  are  two  schools  of  land- 
scaping, the  English  and  the 
Italian.  The  English  school  en- 
deavors to  reproduce  or  preserve 
natural  effects.  What  more  in- 
teresting field   for  the  applica 


visited  by  thousands  each  summer.  A  beautiful  tree 
has  been  left  as  a  centerpiece  to  a  car  parking  space. 
Owing  to  the  grading  necessary  a  large  mound  was  left' 
around  the  base  of  the  tree.  What  plants  should  be  put 
in  here  to  cover  the  ground  of  this  mound  so  there  will 
be  flowers  in  spring  and  summer,  a  pleasing  symphony 
of  fall  colors  in  berries  and  foliage,  not  forgetting  the 


PUMA     PASS     RANGER     STATION,     PIKE     NATIONAL     FOREST 
Showing   Stoll    Mountains   in   background   and   Ocean   to  Ocean    Highway   in    foreground.     The    absence   of 
trees   between    the   station    and    road,    and   particularly    around    the   house,    spoils   an    otherwise    attractive 
setting.     Care  in  planning  would  obviate  injury  of  this  nature. 

necessity  of  plants  to  give  pleas- 
ing winter  colors  in  buds,  twigs, 
and  stems  ? 

A  summer  home  area  is  lo- 
cated in  a  canon.  There  are 
trees,  conifers  and  hardwoods, 
with  many  varieties  of  shrubs 
scattered  over  the  area.  He  who 
plots  the  lots  and  lays  out  the 
approach  road  to  such  an  area 
can,  by  a  knowledge  of  land- 
scape engineering,  bring  to  bear 
every  factor  of  esthetic  value. 
Work  of  this  kind  will  make  an 
area  doubly  attractive  which,  un- 
der an  imskilled  hand,  would 
prove  uninteresting  to  a  home 
seeker. 

A  trail  is  needed  along  a  ridge 
and  to  the  top  of  a  mountain. 
This  trail,  one  of  the  forest's  network  of  trails,  is  built  to 
make  the  ridge  accessible  for  fire  patrol  and  open  a  way 
to  the  top  of  the  mountain  that  is  to  be  a  fire  lookout 
point.  If  the  man  who  locates  this  trail  has  a  realiza- 
tion of  the  values  in  the  grouping  of  natural  objects — in 
short,  if  he  realizes  the  values  of  this  group  of  red  fir 
tinged  by  the  late  afternoon  or  early  morning  sunlight, 


SHERIDAN  RANGER  STATION,  IN  SUMMER 
A  beautifully  located  station,  winter  and  summer,  on   which  thought  has  been   expended   and  an   api)recia- 

tion     of     the     esthetic. 

tion  and  cultivation  of  this  princii)le  of  landscaping  can 
be  imagined  than  the  development  and  care  of  these 
forest  stations  ? 

The  Forest  Supervisor  who  cultivates  a  taste  for  land- 
scape engineering  can  develop  a  knowledge  that  will  be 
of  great  value  to  him  in  the  administration  of  his  forest. 
A  camp  ground  has  been  developed  upon  an  auto  road 


730 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


that  growth  of  young  pine  upon  this  angle  of  slope,  this 
glimpse  of  a  waterfall  in  a  narrow  canon  backed  by  a 
group  of  snow  peaks,  this  large  cluster  of  mountain 
ma])le  burdened  with  seed  in  early  summer  and  doubly 
attractive  in  autumnal  colors,  this  little  mountain  meadow 
or  swale  bright  with  larkspur  and  lupines  in  summer, 
while  vivid 
blue  with  deli- 
c  a  t  e  fringed 
gentians  in 
early  fall ;  I 
say,  he  who 
sees  these  val- 
ues can  by  a 
turn  here  to 
the  right  or 
left,  a  slight 
climb  there, 
bring  out 
values  in  this 
trail  location 
that  will  make 
it  a  joy  to  trav- 
erse even  by 
the  most  unap- 
preciative 
while  the  ap- 
preciative trav- 
eler who  once 
traverses  its  length 
look  forward  with 
greatest    keenness    to 


A     DELIGHTFUL    SPOT     IN    THE     SAN     ISABEL     NATIONAL     FOREST 
This  view  from  Clubhouse  Park  shows  the  beautiful   location  of  summer  homes  in   the  San   Isabel   Forest 


will 

the 

the 
time  that  may  again  place 
him  in  that  vicinity  to 
drink  in  its  values  in  the 
same  or  other  seasons  of 
the  year.  Do  not  lose  sight 
of  the  fact  that  this  same 
ridge  trail  can  be  located 
and  built  in  such  a  manner 
that  the  pleasure  seeker 
will  pass  unnoticed  many 
objects  of  beauty  that  could 
have  been  brought  to  him 
without  additional  cost  in 
construction,  a  mere  trail, 
in  fact,  to  a  fire  lookout 
with  attractive  views  here 
and  there  that  have  been 
brought  out  by  happen- 
stance. 

One  of  the  forester's 
problems  of  no  little  mag- 
nitude is  that  of  paints  for 
his  signs,  fire  tool  boxes 
and  buildings  of  all  kinds,  what  color  schemes  are 
adaptable,  should  these  be  in  contrast  to  the  surrounding 
colors  or  blend  with  those  of  the  setting.  There  is  some 
argument  for  direct  contrast  of  color  in  those  objects  to 
which  it  is  desirable  to  attract  direct  attention,  such  as 


signs  of  all  kinds,  tire  tool  boxes,  etc.  Many  colors  for 
these  purposes,  such  as  brilliant  reds,  black  upon  a 
white  background  or  the  reverse,  heavy  browns  or 
chrome  yellow,  will  give  contrasts  that  are  foreign  to  a 
forest  setting  and  are,  therefore,  displeasing.  It  is  a 
well-recognized  principle  that  greens  and  grays  are  the 

colors     to     be 
used  in  apply- 
ing the  rules  of 
the     English 
school  of  land- 
scaping, so  the 
forester  cannot 
go    far   wrong 
in  using  these 
colors     which 
blend   so-  har- 
moniously     in 
every     variety 
of   forest   set- 
ting.     It    will 
be   found  that 
a   combination 
of  luster  green 
and  pale  gray 
or  ivory  white 
will  give  excel- 
lent     contrast 
and  yet  pleas 
ing  harmony  for  all  man- 
ner of  signs,  in  fact,  such 
contrast    for   identification 
and    harmony    for    setting 
that  cannot  be  secured  in 
any  other  colors.     In  se- 
lecting gray  care  should  be 
taken    to    secure   a    dusky 
gray  with  a  warm  tint,  as 
a   cold   or  blue  gray   will 
give    an    unpleasing    con- 
trast   that    makes    it    un- 
adaptable. 

Congress  has  appropri- 
ated funds  for  the  con- 
struction of  National  For 
est  roads  in  co-operation 
with  the  states  and  counties 
in  which  the  forests  are  lo 
cated.  These  roads  will 
be  located  by  the  Forest 
Service,  while  the  survey- 
ing and  construction  will 
be  carried  forward  by  the 
Bureau  of  Good  Roads  of 
the  Department  of  Agriculture.  In  arranging  for  these 
roads  plans  should  be  drawn  providing  for  the  recogni- 
tion of  all  natural  values  along  these  roads  looking  to 
their  careful  preservation.  I  recall  a  beautiful  group  of 
yellow  pine  trees  along  a  recently  constructed  western 


A   PARTY  JUST  RETURNING  FROM  A  TRIP  TO  THE  SUMMIT  OF 
PIKES    PEAK 

Along  the  Pikes  Peak  auto  highway,  where  3,000.000  young  trees  have 
been  planted  by  the  Forest  Service  in  the  interest  of  Colorado  Springs* 
municipal  water  supply.  It  is  not  hard  to  forsee  the  esthetic  value  of 
the   growing  stand    to   the   tourists   who   ascend  this  famous  peak. 


A  PROBLEM  OF  EROSION 


731 


state  road.  The  dirt  of  a  shallow  fill  which  might  have 
been  otherwise  disposed  of  was  placed  against  the  base 
of  the  trees,  which  became  weakened  by  lack  of  root 
air  and  were  attacked  and  killed  by  the  pine  bark  beetle, 
to  remain  skeletons  of  desolation  along  this  otherwise 
beautiful  road. 

A  previous  study  of  values  and  a  plan  for  the 
careful  preservation  in  course  of  road  construction 
will    do    much    to    retain    many    values    with    very    lit- 


tle additional  cost,  that  will  otherwise  be  destroyed. 
There  can  be  no  question  that  a  knowledge  of  land- 
scape engineering  will  be  of  untold  value  to  foresters  do- 
ing constructive  work.  With  the  rapidly  changing  con- 
ditions in  regard  to  forestry  in  this  country,  a  know! 
edge  of  this  subject  will  become  more  valuable  to  the 
practicing  forester.  I,  therefore,  feel  that  the  forest 
schools  should  offer  at  least  a  short  course  in  the  sub- 
ject. 


A  WONDERFUL  WALNUT  TREE 

BY  V.  W.  KILLICK 

IN  a  crisis  of  a  walnut  blight  epidemic,  some  time  ago. 
A.  R.  Rideout,  of  Whittier,  California,  accidentally 
discovered  a  single  tree  in  the  orchard  of  Jacob  Chase, 
three  miles  south  of  Whittier,  which  showed  a  remark- 
able propensity  for  resisting  the  blight  disease.  Ride- 
out  leased  the  Chase  tree  for  a  number  of  years,  and  by 
budding  it  to  seedling  nursery  stock,  produced  the  first 
"blight  immune"  variety  of  walnuts. 

Rideout's  success  led  other  men  to  search  for  more 
specimens  of  blight  immune  trees.  A  few  were  discov- 
ered and  nursery  stock  produced  from  them.  All  these 
together  have  contributed  to  save  the  California  walnut 
industry  from  being  entirely  overrun  with  the  disease 

The  Chase  tree  is  a  seedling  and  was  planted  in  1886 
by  a  Mr.  Van  Vorce,  who  secured  the  seed  from  France. 
It  has  a  spread  of  eighty  feet  and  stands  some  fifty  feet 
high.  It  is  very  symmetrical,  a  vigorous  grower  and 
prolific  bearer,  having  produced  325  pounds  of  nuts  last 
year. 

As  the  tree  has  become  quite  a  landmark  to  the  com- 
munity, Rideout  has  built  an  observation  tower  through 


In  a 


THE   CHASE   WALNUT,    AT  WHITTIER,    CALIFORNIA 
crisis  wliich  threatened  ruination   to  the  walnut   industry  in  Califor- 


nia, this  was  the  tree  which  by  careful  budding  produced  the  first  "blight 
immune"    walnuts. 

its  foliage.  The  tower  is  fifty-five  feet  high  and,  standing 
upon  it,  one  gets  a  very  unique  view  of  the  gigantic  tree 
from  above. 


DEAD   LEAVES   VALUABLE 


'TVEAD  leaves  have  a  value  of  $10.40  a  ton  as  a  fertilizer. 
*^  estimates  Prof.  Franklin  Menges,  farm  adviser  of 
Pennsylvania,  while  C.  C.  Logan,  extension  agronomist 
of  North  Carolina,  declares  they  contain  per  ton  15.2 
pounds  of  nitrogen,  almost  twice  as  much  as  horse  or 
cow  manure ;  5.2  pounds  of  phosphoric  ecid  and  8.4 
pounds  of  potash,  the  total  value  of  these  plant  food  con- 
stituents being  $8.15. 

Dr.  Logan  says :  "It  can  be  seen  that  the  plant-food  ir 
a  ton  of  fresh,  dry  forest  leaves  is  worth  considerable 
more  than  the  plant-food  in  an  equal  amount  of  either 
cow  or  horse  manure.  In  addition  to  this  greater  fer- 
tilizing value,  the  leaves  would  supply  about  four  times 
as  much  organic  material  as  the  same  amount  of  manure, 
since  the  latter,  under  ordinary  conditions,  contains  about 
80  per  cent  water.  This  organic  or  vegetable  material  is 
the  need  of  practically  all  lawn  and  garden  and  most 
field  soils  of  the  state.  The  leaves,  therefore,  should  be 
spread  over  such  soils  most  in  need  of  organic  matter  and 
be  mixed  in  by  plowing  and  harrowing  during  the  fall  or 
winter.    A  good  rate  would  be  100  pounds  for  every  300 


square  feet,  applied  annually.  If  the  leaves  are  thor- 
oughly mixed  with  the  soil,  they  will  aid  materially  in 
holding  water  and  in  keeping  soils  moist  during  dry 
periods,  thereby  preventing  them  from  running  together, 
baking,  and  becoming  hard.  This  is  in  addition  to  the 
goodly  amount  of  valuable  plant-food  constituents  sup- 
plied as  seen  by  the  table  above." 

Dr.  Menges  declares :  "The  composition  of  the  leaves 
of  different  species  of  trees  varies,  but  100  pounds  of 
leaves  as  they  fall  from  the  trees  at  this  time,  partly  dry. 
contain  60  per  cent  water,  9  per  cent  nitrogen,  2  per  cent 
phosphoric  acid,  4  per  cent  potassium  and  about  2  per 
cent  lime.  A  ton  of  leaves  will  contain  18  pounds  nitro- 
gen, 4  pounds  phosphorus,  8  pounds  potassium  and 
about  40  pounds  lime.  The  nitrogen,  valuing  it  at  40 
cents  a  pound,  would  be  worth  $7.20,  and  the  potassium  at 
the  same  rate  would  be  worth  $3.20.  Leaving  the  value 
of  the  phosphorus,  the  lime  and  the  organic  matter  out 
of  consideration,  a  ton  of  leaves  would  be  worth  at  the 
abnormal  prices  now  prevailing  $10.40." 


f'--. 


CLIMATIC  RECORDS  IN  THE  TRUNKS  OF  TREES 

BY  A.  E.  DOUGLASS 

DEAN  COLLEGE  OF  LETTERS,  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  ARIZONA 


THE  annual  rings  of  trees  have  been  found  to  dis- 
play in  their  varying  width  a  life-long  record  of 
events  historically  important  in  the  life  of  the  tree. 
Such  events  naturally  have  to  do  with  favorable  or 
adverse  weather  conditions,  interference  by  competing 
vegetations,  shade,  drainage,  pests,  fires,  and  so  forth. 
Most  of  these  eflFects  are  well  known  to  the  forester,  thus 
the  result  of  forest  fire  is  a  matter  of  constant  observa- 
tion. Smoke  near  great  iron  manufactories  in  diminish- 
ing the  rings  of  trees  has  been  studied  with  care,  and 
numerous  interesting  photogra])hs  showing  it  have  been 
published  by  the  Mellon  Institute.* 

In  the  Geological  Museum  at  Berlin  one  may  see  sam- 
ples of  pine,  collected  by  the  late  Professor  Potonie,  some 
grown  in  upland  and  some  in  swampy  ground,  showing 
wonderfully  diminished  growth  in  the  latter,  due  to  the 
excess  of  water.  The  effect  of  drainage  in  wet  climates 
is  beautifully  shown  in  a  small  section  of  Pinus  sylvestris 


in  the  office  of  Professor  Jelstrup,  chief  of  the  Norwegian 
Forest  Service,  at  Christiania.  This  little  section  shows 
17  rings  of  annual  growth  in  a  radius  of  15  millimeters 
from  the  center.  In  that  year  trenches  were  dug  drain- 
ing the  land  and  allowing  the  soil  to  dry  in  part.  The  re- 
mainder of  the  radius  of  the  section  is  40  millimeters  in 
width,  but  contains  only  eight  rings.  The  growth  in- 
creased five  and  a  half  times  after  drainage. 

But  in  the  great  fundamental  questions  of  weather 
conditions,  nature  has  constructed  immense  laboratories 
over  the  earth,  some  of  which  isolate  effect  of  varied 
rainfall  in  a  beautiful  manner.  In  regions  where  the 
rainfall  is  really  deficient,  the  tree  makes  a  lifelong 
stniggle  against  drought  and,  if  other  accidents  are 
largely  absent,  that  struggle  is  the  most  prominent  fea- 
ture of  the  rings.  Even  if  the  other  factors  are  present, 
we  must  remember  that  the  average  of  a  group  of  trees, 
sufficiently  scattered  in  location,  will  practically  eliminate 


'J.  F.  CUvenger,  "Effect  of  the  Soot  in  Smoke  on  Vegetation,"  Bulletin  No.  7,  Smoke   Investigation,   Mellon    Inst ,   Pittsburgh,    Pa. 


A 

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COMPARISON  OF  43  YEARS  OF  RAINFALL  AND   TREE  GROWTH  AT  PRESCOTT,  ARIZONA 


Fig.  I— In  the  tecond  diagram,  the  Calculated  Rainfall"  is  obtained  from  the  Tree  Qrowth  by  multiplying  its  value  each  year  by  three  terms: 
rirst,  a  general  coefficient  changinf;  mean  tree  growth  to  mean  rainfall:  seconl.  a  small  factor  correcting  for  age  of  tree,  and  third,  a  "conscrva 
tion  factor  to  correct  lor  preiervation  of  moisture  fallen  in  pravioua  years  This  conservation  factor  is  very  nearly  the  formula  for  "accumulated 
moisture      reversed. 

m 


CLIMATIC  RECORDS  IN  THE  TRUNKS  OF  TREES 


733 


accidents  of  competition,  injury  and  so  forth  and  that 
other  factors  such  as  fires,  drainage  and  sometimes  pests, 
which  themselves  depend  on  weather,  actually  exaggerate 
climatic  effects.  Hence  if  in  rigorous  surroundings  we 
can  show  empirically  a  relation  between  tree  growth  and 
terrestial  or  cosmic  conditions,  we  are  justified  in  re- 
garding it  as  a  genuine  case  of  cause  and  effect. 

Long  residence  in  the  great  yellow  pine  forest  of 
Northern  Arizona  led  me  to  the  study  of  that  tree  espe- 
cially.    In  1907  I  had  made  and  reduced  ten  thousand 


trees  the  cross-identification  was  more  essential,  for  in 
that  region  two  causes  operate  to  produce  errors  in  ring 
counting;  first,  the  strongly  marked  double  rainy  season 
(winter  and  summer)  producing  rarely  an  extra  ring 
which  resembles  the  annual  rings ;  and  second,  the  occa- 
sional series  of  deficient  years  causing  some  trees,  in  part 
of  their  growth  at  least,  to  stop  ring  production  for  one 
or  more  years.  The  error  there  of  straightaway  count- 
ing was  found  to  average  four  per  cent  in  the  last  two 
hundred  years.    By  cross  identifying  all  rings  this  error 


(Figure  i— lower  part.) 

COMPARISON  BETWEEN  57  NORTH  EUROPE  PINE  TREES  (smoothed)  AND  SUNSPOT  NUMBERS 
The   trees   are   froih   England,   Norway,   Sweden    and    North   Germany. 


(Figure    2 — upper   part.) 

measures  upon 
twenty  -five 
1  o  n  g-1  i  V  e  d 
trees.  Four 
years  later 
three  or  four 
thousand  verv 
careful  meas- 
ures upon  the 
last  fifty  years 
of  nearly  sev- 
enty diflFerent 
trees  were  add- 
ed. And  now  I 
have  nine 
thousand  more 
upon  eighty  different  samples  of  the  European  Pinus 
sylvestris  or  common  pine  of  North  Europe.  The  coni- 
fers, by  the  great  regions  they  cover,  the  great  variety 
of  climates  they  endure,  and  especially  by  the  promi- 
nence of  their  rings,  seem  best  adapted  to  this  purpose. 
Apart  from  care  in  measuring  the  rings,  the  details  of 
which  have  largely  been  described  (Monthly  Weather 
Review,  June,  1909,  and  Bull.  Am.  Geog.  Soc,  May,  1914, 
Carnegie  Publications,  No.  192,  Chapter  XL),  the  most 
fundamental  and  essential  feature  of  the  method  is  the 
cross-identification  of  rings  among  a  group  of  trees.  The 
ease  and  accuracy  with  which  this  can  be  done  in  a  fairly 
homogeneous  forest  is  remarkable.  A  group  of  thirteen 
tree  sections  collected  along  a  distance  of  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  in  the  forest  of  Eberswalde,  near  Berlin,  show 
almost  identical  records.  Two  to  ten  rings  in  every  decade 
had  enough  individuality  to  make  them  recognizable  in 
every  tree.  A  group  of  twelve  sections  from  Central 
Sweden,  cut,  however,  from  logs  at  the  sawmill  at  Gefle. 
show  such  agreement  that  there  is  not  a  single  question- 
able ring  in  the  last  hundred  years  or  more.  Especially 
marked  combinations  of  rings  could  occasionally  be 
traced  across  Europe  between  the  groups  hereinaftei' 
mentioned.  In  Arizona,  identification  across  seventy 
miles  of  country  was  unquestioned  and  even  at  two  hun- 
dred miles  resemblance  was  apparent.     But  in  Arizona 


90  Yr 


l25Yrs. 


was  reduced  to 
half  of  one  per 
cent  or  perhaps 
to  zero.  Re- 
cently I  have 
made  an  inter- 
esting check  on 
the  accuracy  of 
the  accepted 
identificat  i  o  n 
by  noting 
every  state- 
ment of  weath- 
er, freshets  or 
crop  failures 
mentioned  b  y 
the  historian  Bancroft  in  his  accounts  of  the  settlements 
of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  I  find  fourteen  cases  in 
which  the  noted  feature  of  the  year  agrees  with  the  tree 
record,  and  but  one  doubtful  disagreement.  The  most 
striking  correspondences  occur  with  reference  to  the  flood 
on  the  Rio  Grande  in  1680,  the  famines  between  1680 
and  1690,  and  the  droughts  in  Arizona  in  1748,  1780  and 
1821. 

The  accuracy  with  which  the  pine  trees  near  Presr 
cott,  Arizona,  represent  the  rainfall  recorded  in  that  city 
for  forty-three  years,  is,  without  correction,  about  sev- 
enty per  cent  (Figure  1.)  By  a  provisional  correction 
for  conservation  of  moisture  by  the  soil,  this  accuracy 
rises  to  about  eighty-two  per  cent.  The  nature  of  this 
conservation  correction  is  very  simple,  it  is  practically 
the  "accumulated  moisture"  of  the  meteorologists.  It 
signifies  that  the  rings  in  these  dry  climate  trees  vary  not 
merely  in  proportion  to  the  rainfall  of  the  year  but  also 
in  proportion  to  the  sum  of  the  profits  and  losses  of  the 
preceding  years.  The  "credit  balance"  in  their  books 
at  the  beginning  of  the  year  has  only  somewhat  less  im- 
portance than  the  income  during  the  current  year.  One 
must  remember  that  conservation  in  this  dry  climate  may 
be  very  different  in  its  action  from  that  in  wet  climates 
where  the  ground  is  continually  moist  or  water-soaked. 
In  reckoning  the  amount  of  moisture   for  the  year 


734 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


one  must  remember  also  that  precipitation  in  the  form 
of  snow  goes  over  to  tlie  following  spring  growth  and 
should  be  included  in  the  rainfall  of  the  succeeding  year. 
Also  in  regions  where  there  is  a  pronounced  double  rainy 
season,  heavy  precipitation  in  winter  is  necessary  in  or 
der  to  tide  over  the  spring  drought,  otherwise  the  tree 
may  put  on  a  false  ring  (usually  easily  distinguishable) 
or  even  in  extreme  cases  stop  growing  for  the  year  and 
show  no  effect  of  the  summer  rains.  These  features  are 
finely  shown  in  the  Prescott  trees.* 

In  the  eighty  sections  recently  examined  or  collected  in 
North  Europe  a  striking  coincidence  was  found  between 
the  growth  of  these  trees  and  solar  phenomena  (Figure 
2.)  That  some  such  agreement  should  exist  was  not  en- 
tirely unexpected.  The 
question  of  the  relation  be- 
t  w  e  e  n  sunspots  and 
weather  is  one  upon  which 
doctors — and  noted  ones — 
have  disagreed.  This  in- 
vestigation was  begun  to 
see  whether  the  trees,  by 
representing  the  weather, 
would  show  such  connec- 
tion, if  any  exists.  A  very 
strong  and  very  reasonable 
connection  was  found  be- 
tween tree  growth  and  rain- 
fall in  Arizona.  But  also 
substantial  evidence  was 
found  of  a  relation  to  sun- 
spots.  To  give  some  idea  of 
it  one  may  say  that  in  the 
last  hundred  and  sixty  years. 
ten  out  of  the  fourteen  sun- 
spot  Maxima  and  Minima, 
have  been  followed  about 
four  years  later  by  pro- 
nounced maxima  and  mini- 
ma in  the  tree  growth.  Also 
during  some  two  hundred 
and  fifty  years  of  the  early 
growth  of  these  trees  they 
show  a  strongly  marked 
eleven-year  variation. 

But  in  the  very  first 
group  of  European  trees 
studied,  those  obtained  at  Eberswalde,  near  Berlin,  the 
remarkable  fact  became  at  once  api)arent  that  these  thir- 
teen trees  from  one  of  those  beautiful  German  forests, 
show  the  eleven-year  sunspot  curve  since  1830  more 
accurately  than  do  the  corresponding  curves  of  rainfall 
or  tem|>erature.  The  eleven-year  variation  in  the  trees 
is  shown  in  the  accompanying  photograph  of  one  of  the 
Eberswalde  sections  (l-'igure  3.)  It  will  be  seen  at  once 
that  there  is  a  rhythmic  sway  in  growth,  large  rings  alter- 
nating with  small  ones.  The  arrows  jilaced  on  the  pho- 
tograph are  not  there  to  call  attention  to  the  larger 


*Sf«  chapter  by  the  writer  in  "The  Qimatic  Factor,' 
oationi,  lU. 


Carnegie   Publi- 


growth  but  to  mark  the  years  of  maximum  sunspots. 
The  other  twelve  trees  of  that  group  dc  not  show  quite 
so  perfect  rhythm  as  this  particular  part  of  this  section 
but  are  like  the  other  parts  of  this  section,  showing 
strongly  a  majority  of  the  maxima.  Taking  the  group 
as  a  whole  the  agreement  is  highly  conspicuous  and  the 
maximum  growth  comes  within  six-tentns  ol  a  year  of 
the  sunspot  maximum. 

In  order  to  test  further  this  coincidence,  groups  of  tree 
sections  were  obtained  from  other  parts  of  Northern 
Europe,  namely.  Southern  England,  outer  coast  of  Nor- 
way, scattered  places  along  the  inner  coast  of  Nor- 
way, Christiania,  Central  Sweden,  scattered  localities 
in  Sweden,  Northwest  Austria  and  Southern  Bavaria. 

Five  of  these  eight  groups 
are  of  the  Eberswalde  type 
and  show  the  sunspot  vari- 
ation. Of  the  other  three, 
the  trees  from  the  inner 
coast  of  Norway  as  a  whole 
appear  to  show  a  reversed 
cycle,  probably  because 
they  are  deep  inland  valleys 
while  the  southern  groups. 
Northwest  Austria  and 
Southern  Bavaria,  close  to 
the  Alps,  have  combined 
agreement  and  disagree- 
ment so  that  they  cannot  as 
yet  be  considered  to  give  a 
definite  result.  In  the  six 
groups,  however,  repre-' 
senting  the  triangle  be- 
tween England,  Northern 
Germany  and  the  lower 
Skandinavian  Peninsula,  a 
variation  in  growth  since 
1820  showing  pronounced 
agreement  with  the  sunspot 
curve  is  unmistakable. 
Every  sunspot  maximum 
and  minimum  since  that 
date  appears  in  the  trees 
with  an  average  difference 
in  growth  of  twenty  per 
cent  between  them.  This 
is  shown  in  the  diagram  ac- 
The  next  most  pronounced 
feature  is  that  five  of  the  eight  minima  show  a  small  and 
brief  increase  in  tree  growth.  This  suggestion  of  a  sec- 
ond maxinumi  is  of  interest  because  in  it  we  find  agree- 
ment with  Hann  and  Hellmann  in  their  studies  of  Euro- 
pean rainfall  and  sunspots  and  lend  added  weight  to 
results  which  each  author  obtained  but  which  neither 
allowed  himself  to  regard  as  conclusive.  In  the  splendid 
work  of  Hellmann  u])on  the  rainfall  of  the  North  Ger- 
man drainage  area,  it  is  this  inconsiiicuous  maximum 
which  he  finds  the  more  important  of  the  two. 

In  sunnnarizing,  two  facts  and  a  conclusion  stand  out 
prominently.     First,  it  has  been  shown  that  trees  may. 


TREE    SECTION,    PINUS   SYLVESTRIS,    FROM    NORTH    GERMANY 

Figure  3 — The    arrows    mark    the    years    of    greatest    sunspots.      Note    the 
periodic  character   of   growth. 


companying   this   article. 


CLIMATIC  RECORDS  IN  THE  TRUNKS  OF  TREES 


735 


and  some  in  dry  climates  do,  give  a  valuable  record  ot 
annual  rainfall;  second,  it  has  been  shown  that  trees 
may,  and  some  in  wet  climates  do,  give  an  excellent 
record  of  sunspot  activity.  Now,  unless  we  introduce 
some  new  agency  such  as  a  profound  changing  stimula- 
tion in  the  direct  solar  rays,  a  subject  well  worth  investi- 
gating, we  must  regard  the  trees  as  receiving  their  solar 
influence  through  the  medium  of  the  weather,  and  are 
forced  to  the  conclusion  that  there  is  a  connection  of 
some  sort  between  solar  activity  as  displayed  in  sunspots 
and  the  weather,  which  by  the  aid  of  tree  growth  we  have 
a  most  extensive  means  of  investigating.  Here  then  we 
are  presented  with  a  most  fascinating  field  for  future 
work.  We  must  admit  from  the  photograph  and  curves 
that  there  is  a  physical  connection  between  solar  activity 
and  the  growth  of  vegetation,  certainly  as  represented 
in  trees  of  certain  districts.  But  the  nature  of  this  con- 
nection, through  what  weather  element  or  elements  it 
takes  place,  just  how  the  sun  affects  those  elements,  even 
the  exact  causes  of  sunspots  and  why  they  recur  in  larger 
numbers  every  eleven  years,  are  questions  which  will 
only  be  cleared  up  by  extensive  investigations. 

One  final  practical  word  is  well  worth  saying  to  lovers 
of  forests.  The  account  here  given  presents  an  idea  of 
the  value  of  records  contained  in  trees.  It  is  the  oldest 
trees  containing  the  longest  records  which  are  likely  to 
die  or  be  cut  down  first.  So  it  is  within  the  power  of 
those  having  the  care  of  forests,  when  the  very  old  trees 
have  to  be  removed,  to  preserve  sections,  marking  them 
carefully  with  the  month  and  year  and  locality,  and  thus 
preserve  for  future  investigators,  sources  of  information 
which,  once  lost,  can  never  be  replaced. 


DONATIONS  TO  THE  LUMBER  ANT)  FOREST 
REGIMENTS  RELIEF  COMMITTEE 

A  MERICAN  FORESTRY  will  publish  each  month 
-^  the  list  of  those  making  donations  to  this  fund  since 
the  fifth  of  the  preceding  month.  Practically  all  of  the 
donations  so  far  received  have  been  made  without  solicit- 
ation and  were  inspired  by  reading  in  the  magazine  that 
a  relief  and  comfort  fund  for  the  men  of  the  forest  regi- 
ments was  to  be  started. 

Contributions  to  and  including  December  5,  1917,  are 
as  follows : 


WHITE  PINE  BLISTER  DISEASE 

A  T  a  recent  meeting  in  Pittsburgh  of  the  Committee  on 
-^*-  the  Suppression  of  the  Pine  Blister  Rust  in  North 
America  about  30  representatives  from  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  and  various  states  and  Canadian  provinces 
were  present.  It  was  brought  out  that  the  blister  rust 
is  probably  worse  in  Northern  than  in  Southern  Europe, 
and  that  it  may,  therefore,  prove  particularly  destructive 
in  the  Northern  United  States  and  Canada.  Dr.  Spauld- 
ing,  of  the  Office  of  Forest  Pathology,  stated  that  he  be- 
lieves the  blister  rust' is  more  virulent  on  healthy,  grow- 
ing trees  than  on  weaker  ones.  Wind  is  probably  the 
main  agent  in  distriliuting  the  disease,  but  birds  and  in- 
sects are  also  responsible.  The  disease  is  so  firmly  es- 
tablished in  New  England  and  New  York,  and  probably 
in  Ontario,  as  to  make  its  eradication  impossible.  It  is 
more  widely  distributed  in  the  Lake  States  than  it  was  a 
year  ago,  particularly  in  the  St.  Croix  River  Valley.  So 
far  as  known,  it  has  not  been  introduced  m  the  western 
white  or  sugar  pine  regions. 


TVTOT  everyone  knows  that  the  first  Pennsylvanian  to 
■^  ^  really  appreciate  the  value  of  forests  was  William 
Penn  himself.  In  1631  he  provided  that  for  every  five 
acres  cleared  in  Pennsylvania  one  acre  should  be  left  in 
woods. 


W.  R.  Brown,  Berlin,  N.  H _ 

The  Southern  Lumberman,  St.  Louis,  Mo... 
L.  H.  Daloz,  Boston,  Mass... 


L.  F.  Beigham,  Chestnut  Hill,  Mass 

Wash.  Heights  Century  Club,  Wilmington,  Del.... 

Cleveland  Oconee  Lumber  Co.,  Atlanta,  Ga 

John  C.  Freund,  New  York  City 

L  T.  Beckwith,  New  ^■o^k  City 

W.  H.   \IcElwee,  Raleigh,   N.  C 

W.  B.  M^rshon,  S^jinaw.  Mich _ _ 

Clarence   Hay,   New   York  City 

Mrs.  T.  M.  Ives,  New  York  City 

C.   I.   McNair,   Clo(|uet,   Minn _. 

F.  R.  Thorns,  New  York  City 

Frederick  R.  Simms,  Chislehurst,  England 

F.  A.  Cliace,  Fall  River,  Mass 

Dover,  Del..  Century  Club... 


Newark,  Del.,  New  Century  Club 

Acorn  Club,  Seaford,  Del.. 


Mrs.  Wm.  R.  Cabot.  Boston,  Mas.s 

Miss  Harriet  Fearing,  Baltimore,  Md... 

Miss  Anna  G.  Bard,  Huenema,  Cal 

Mrs.  James  H.  Beal.  Boston,  Mass... 


Miss  Bertha  G.  Brooks,  New  York  City 

Miss  G.  S.  Cary,  Boston,  Mass 

Miss  C.  G.  Curris.  Intervale,  N.  H 

Mrs.  Geo.  H.  Hosmer,  Ithaca,  N.  Y 

Miss  Lucy  Lewis  Hay.  Philadelphia _ 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  H.  Lesh,  Newton  Center,  Mass. 
Wm.  S.  Perot,  Conshohocken,  Pa 


.$500  00 

.  2.-..00 

.  1200 

.  12.00 

.  10. ",0 

.  10  00 

.  1000 

.  10  00 

.  1000 

.  H'OO 

.  700 

.  7.00 

.  700 

.  7.00 

.  0.50 

.  5.00 

.  500 

.  5  00 

.  5  00 

.  4.00 

.  4.f0 

.  200 

..  2.00 

.  2  00 

..  2  00 

2  00 

..  2  00 

LOO 

.  lOO 

.  1.00 


Total.. 


,.$687.00 


THE  FOREST  FIRE  SEASON 

T^AKEN  as  a  whole,  the  forest  fire  season  of  1917  has 
-*-  been  the  most  serious  throughout  the  West  since 
1910.  Not  since  that  year  has  the  Forest  Service  been 
put  to  so  severe  a  test.  California  escaped  with  less 
damage  than  the  Northwest,  where  7,688  fires  were  re 
ported,  entailing  an  expenditure  of  $1,825,000  for  fire 
protection.  In  August  the  Governor  of  Oregon  placed 
detachments  of  troops  throughout  the  state  where  incen- 
diary fires  were  prevalent,  and  closed  the  hunting  season 
after  it  had  been  open  for  a  week.  In  the  State  of  Wash- 
ington the  forest  fire  wardens  controlled  bad  fires  at  the 
expense  of  those  responsible  for  their  origin,  a  measure, 
which  was  said  to  prove  very  effective. 


THE  California  Packing  Corporation  of  San  Francisco 
was  awarded  the  sale  of  233,000,000  feet  of  timber  on 
the  Norval  Flat-McCoy  chance  on  the  Lassen  National 
Forest.  Three  bids  were  received,  that  of  the  successful 
competitor  being  10  cents  per  thousand  above  the  mini- 
mum. The  prices  to  be  paid  are:  For  yellow,  Jeffrey,  and 
sugar  pine,  on  the  Norval  Flat,  $2.35;  on  ths  McCoy 
chance,  $3.00;  for  fir  on  both,  50  cents  per  thousand. 


THE    WOODPECKERS 

(Family  Picidae 

BY    A.    A.   ALLEN,   PH.D. 

ASSISTANT  PROFESSOR  OF  0RNITH0L0(;Y.  CORNELL  UNIVERSITY 


FAV  birds  are  more  easily  recognized  by  the  layman 
or  the  amateur  ornithologist  than  are  the  wood- 
peckers. In  spite  of  the  fact  that  they  constitute  .^ 
large  family  of  over  375  species  and  are  found  over  the 
entire  world,  except  in  Madagascar  and  the  .Australian 
region,  they  are  remarkably  uniform  in  their  habits  and 
in  their  modifications.  Indeed,  some  of  the  distinct  and 
even  strikingly  marked  species,  like  our  downy  and  hairy 
woodpeckers,  resemble  each  other  almost^  feather  for 
feather.  Twenty-four  of  the  nearly  200  species  of  wood- 
peckers occurring  in  the  New  World  are  found  in  North 
America. 

The  typical  woodpeckers  have  large  heads  with  stout 
chisel-like  bills  which  end 
in  a  narrow  edge  rather 
than  a  point,  and  are  thus 
well  suited  for  chipping 
wood.  Their  tongues  are 
very  long,  capable  of  being 
protruded  a  couple  of 
inches  beyond  the  tip  of 
the  bill,  and  have  recurved 
barbs  at  the  tip.  This  com- 
bination of  bill  and  tongue 
make  a  perfect  tool  for 
drilling  into  the  chamber: 
of  wood-boring  larvae  and 
spearing  the  concealed 
grub.  For  this  reason 
woodpeckers  are  consid- 
ered one  of  the  most  valu- 
able groups  of  birds. 

The  tail  feathers  of  the 
woodpeckers  are  very  stiff 
and  pointed  and  serve  as 
props  to  support  the  weight 
of  the  birds  as  they  climb 
the  trunks  of  the  trees  in 
their  characteristic  man- 
ner. The  tiny  woodpeckers 
of  South  America  and  Africa,  called  piculets,  and  the 
four  species  of  wrynecks  of  the  Old  World,  however, 
have  soft  tails. 

The  feet  of  woodpeckers,  likewise,  are  adapted  to  this 
climbing  habit  and  differ  from  all  of  the  birds  that  we 
have  thus  far  considered,  in  having  two  toes  directed 
forward  and  two  backward.  Thus  they  serve  as  pincers 
for  better  grasping  the  bark.  In  a  few  species,  the  three- 
toed  woodpeckers  of  northern  North  America,  one  hind 
toe  has  been  lost. 

Because  of  all  these  modifications,  the  woodpeckers 
are  separated  from  the  Order  Passeres  or  "Perching 
Birds"  to  which  the  families  heretofore  considered  be- 
ns 


.\  RED  HEADED  WOODPECKER  RETURNING  TO  HIS  APARTMENT 


When  he  returned  from  the  South  _a 
hole  and  he  was  compelled  to  drill 
had    frequent   quarrels. 


long,  and  are  put  in  an  order  by  themselves,  the  Pici. 
In  color,  the  woodpeckers  vary  from  the  common 
black  and  white  varieties,  through  various  shades  of 
brown  and  green,  to  those  that  are  brilliant  scarlet  and 
yellow.  In  fact,  patches  of  scarlet  are  found  on  the 
heads  of  the  males  of  most  species,  even  the  most  dullv 
colored. 

Woodpeckers  are  usually  solitary  birds  and  even  the 
family  parties  disperse  soon  after  the  young  are  able  to 
care  for  themselves.  Our  northern  species,  however, 
sometimes  gather  in  scattered  groups  during  the  winter, 
often  accompanying  the  flocks  of  chickadees  and  nut- 
hatches, and  regularly  come  to  feeding  stations  main- 
tained for  them.  In  fact, 
they  become  so  fond  of 
suet  that  they  continue  to 
visit  pieces  hung  in  the 
trees  all  through  the  sum- 
mer months,  even  when 
they  drip  in  the  sun  and 
become  rancid.  They  even 
feed  their  young  with  some 
suet  and  bring  them  to  it 
when  they  are  able  to  fly. 

In  nesting  habits  also, 
woodpeckers  are  remark- 
ably uniform,  for  they  all 
drill  holes  in  dead  or  soft- 
wooded  trees  and  lay  their 
eggs  on  the  chips  at  the 
bottom  of  the  cavity.  The 
size  of  the  hole  varies  from 
about  one  and  a  half  inches 
in  diameter  with  the  downv 
to  two  and  a  half  inches 
with  the  flicker,  and  is  cor- 
respondingly larger  with 
the  pileated  and  ivory- 
billed  species.  The  hole  ii 
directed  toward  the  center 
of  the  tree  but  a  short  dis- 
tance and  then  drops  downward. for  from  six  to  eight 
inches  to  two  feet  and  is  usually  enlarged  toward  the 
bottom  for  the  convenience  of  the  incubating  bird. 
Usually  both  birds  assist  in  drilling  the  hole  and  often 
carry  the  xhips  to  some  distance  from  the  tree  in  order 
not  to  attract  attention  to  it.  The  eggs  are  always  glossy 
white  and  unspotted,  but  the  number  varies  with  the  dif- 
ferent species  from  four  to  twelve.  There  is  one  cele- 
brated case  of  a  flicker  which  continued  to  lay  as  often  as 
the  eggs  were  removed,  until  it  had  laid  71  eggs  in  73 
days. 

Most  woodpeckers  excavate  new  nesting  cavities  each 
year,  but  some  return  to  the  same  hole  year  after  year. 


flicker  had  usurped  his  previous  years* 
another  higher  up.     The   two  families 


THE  WOODPECKERS 


737 


particularly  the  flickers  and  red-headed  woodpeckers. 
Some  make  roosting  holes  for  the  winter  or  for  the  male 
bird  while  the  female  is  incubating.  In  Europe  several 
species  of  woodpeckers  have  come  to  use  artificial  nest- 
ing boxes  put  up  for  them,  but,  in  this  country,  the 
flicker  is,  as  yet,  the  only  one  that  does  so  regularly. 
Other  species  will  undoubtedly  learn  to  do  so  as  time 
goes  on  and  available  dead  trees  become  scarcer  and 
nesting  boxes  more  plentiful. 

To  be  acceptable  to  a  flicker,  a  nesting  box  should  be 
from  six  to  eight  inches  square  inside,  and  from  18 
inches  to  two  feet  deep.  The  hole  should  measure  two 
and  a  half  to  three  inches  in  diameter  and  should  be  on 
one  side,  a  couple  of  inches  from  the  top.  The  inside  of 
the  box  should  be  rough.  The  best  place  for  the  box  is 
15  or  more  feet  from  the  ground,  on  the  straight  bole  of 
a  tree  free  from  branches,  on  a  dead  tree,  or  on  the  top 
of  a  tree  that  has  been  cut  off.  Inasmuch  as  woodpeckers 
build  no  nests  at  the  bottom  of  their  holes,  but  merely 
lay  their  eggs  on  the  chips  at  the  bottom,  it  is  necessary 


THE    HO-MING   BIRD 

A  flicker  coming  home  to  the  nest  that  it  has  occupied  for  three  successive 
years.  The  scalVolding  and  the  box  at  the  right  show  how  the  next  pho- 
tograph was  secured,  the  camera  being  put  in  place  of  the  box  and  the 
shutter  worked    with   a  string. 

to  put  about  two  inches  of  sawdust  or  ground  cork  in 
the  bottom  of  the  box  to  keep  the  eggs  from  rolling 
around. 

Woodijeckers  have  no  true  song  and  their  call  notes 
are  inclined  to  be  harsh  and  unmusical.  In  place  of  a 
song,  the  males,  and  possibly  the  females  at  times,  have 
a  loud  rolling  tattoo  which  they  make  by  hammering 
with  the  bill  upon  a  dead  limb,  a  loose  piece  of  bark,  a 
drain  pipe,  tin  roof  or  other  resonant  surface. 

The  most  striking  member  of  the  woodpecker  familv 
in  North  America  is  the  red-headed  species,  found  from 
Ontario  to  the  Gulf  and  from  Colorado  to  the  Atlantic 


"BIRDS    OF    A    FEATHER    FLOCK    TOGETHER" 

A'downy  and  hairy  woodpecker  at  a  feeding  station.  When  they  are  seen 
together  the  difference  in  size  is  very  apparent  but  otherwise  the  two 
species  are  easily   confused. 

although  for  some  reason  it  is  rather  rare  in  some  locali- 
ties, particularly  in  New  England.  Males  and  females 
are  alike  with  the  entire  head  a  deep  red,  the  back  and 
most  of  the  wings  blue  black  and  the  secondaries  of  the 
wings,  the  lower  back  and  underparts  pure  white,  giving 
them  a  most  conspicuous  appearance,  especially  in  flight. 
The  males  of  many  species  of  woodpeckers  have  more 


THE  FLICKER  AT  ITS  NEST 

Note  the  feet  with  two  toes  forward  and  two  backward,  characteristic  of 
the  family.  The  flicker's  bill  is  slightly  curved  and  more  pointed  than 
other  members  and  his  habits  are  different. 


738 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Phoiograph   by   C.    W.   Leister 

A   RED-HEADED  WOODPECKER  RETURNING  TO   ITS  NEST 

The  hole  has  been  cut  so  neatly  through  the  bark  that  it  is  difficult  to  sec 
it   in   the  photograph. 

or  less  red  on  the  head,  but  no  other  has  the  entire  head 
red. 

Redheads  are  versatile  birds  in  their  feeding  habits, 
and  though  they  drill  for  their  food  less  than  the  downy 
and  hairy  species,  they  often  fly  out  after  passing  insects 
like  the  flycatchers  or  get  down  on  the  ground  in  search 
of  ants  and  worms  like  the  thrushes.  Occasionally  indi- 
viduals arouse  the  enmity  of  the  whole  bird  and  human 
world  by  taking  on  nest  robbing  habits,  eating  the  eggs 
or  young  of  smaller  birds.    In  the  fall  of  the  year  their 


presence  in  a  locality  is  largely  dependent  upon  the 
su])ply  of  beechnuts,  chestnuts  or  acorns,  and  at  these 
times  great  disputes  often  occur  between  the  redheads 
and  the  blue  jays  for  the  possession  of  certain  nut  trees 
and  for  a  time  such  trees  present  a  riot  of  color.  Like 
the  nuthatches,  redheads  often  store  nuts  for  winter  use 
in  the  crevices  of  the  bark  or  in  fence  posts.  If  the  nut 
crop  is  good  redheads  are  likely  to  pass  the  winter  as 
far  north  as  northern  New  York  or  Ontario,  but  other- 
wise they  retire  south  of  Maryland. 

More  abundant  in  most  places  than  the  redhead  is  the 
flicker,  the  only  brown  woodpecker  in  the  United  States. 
The  flicker  is  known  by  various  local  names,  such  as 
high-hole  or  high-holder,  clape,  wickup,  wake-robin, 
golden-winged  woodpecker,  and  over  100  others  which 
space  forbids  to  mention.    The  flicker  is  about  the  size 


PROVING   HIS   TRUST   IN    MAN 

A    hairy    woodpecker    taking    suet    from    the    window    casing, 
graph  was  taken   tlirough  tlie   window. 


The    photo 


A    DOW.NY    WOODl'ECKtR   AFTLR   SUET 

The  met  has  been   rammed    into   a  hole   bored    for   it   so   that  crows  and 
squirrels  cannot   carry   it   away    in   one   piece. 


of  the  redhead,  somewhat  larger  than  a  robin,  brown 
al)ove  barred  with  black,  light  brown  below  spotted  with 
black,  and  grayer  on  the  head.  Its  most  characteristic 
marks  are  a  red  crescent  on  the  back  of  the  head,  a  black 
crescent  on  the  breast,  a  white  patch  on  the  rump,  and 
golden  yellow  lining  to  the  wings  and  tail.  The  western 
flicker  has  this  lining  of  tlie  wings  and  tail  red  instead 
of  yellow. 

The  flicker  is  a  rather  aberrant  member  of  the  family 
and  now  seldom  drills  for  boring  larvae.  Its  favorite 
food  is  ants,  which  it  secures  by  drilling  into  their  nests 
upon  the  ground.  '  Thus  it  is  frequently  seen  hopping 
about  lawns  with  the  robins.     Its  bill  is  slightly  curved 


THE  WOODPECKERS 


739 


and  less  chisel-like  than  most  woodpeckers',  and  its 
tongue,  instead  of  being  barbed,  has  a  sticky  secretion 
poured  upon  it  from  the  modified  salivary  glands  which 
entangles  the  ants. 

The  downy  and  hairy  woodpeckers  are  found  through- 
out North  America  east  of  the  Rockies,  and  are  perhaps 
the  best  known  of  all  the  woodpeckers.  The  northern 
and  southern  birds  have  been  separated  into  distinct 
races  because  of  slight  differences  in  size,  but,  to  all 
appearances,  the  birds  are  the  same.  The  two  species 
are  almost  exactly  alike,  except  for  size,  the  hairy  wood 
pecker  being  about  the  size  of  a  robin  (9.4  inches  in 
length),  and  the  downy  somewhat  larger  than  a  sparrow 
(6.8  inches).  Both  birds  are  striped  black  and  white 
above,  and  pure  white,  below,  about  the  only  difference 
being  that  the  outer  tail  feathers  of  the  hairy  are  pure 
white,  while  inthe  downy,  they  are  barred  with  black.  The 
males  of  each  species  have  a  crescent  of  bright  scarlet  on 
back  of  the  head,  that  of  the  hairy  being  divided  through 
the  middle  by  black.  Both  species  are  permanent  resi- 
dents where  found,  and  often  nest  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
place  where  they  are  fed  in  winter. 

Another  familiar  species  of  the  southern  states,  ranj;- 
ing  as  far  north  as  southern  New  York,  is  the  red-bellied 
woodpecker.  It  is  a  noisy  bird  about  the  size  of  the 
hairy,  but  with  the  whole  top  of  the  head  red  and  with 
the  bark  barred   rather  than  striped.     The  red  of  thf 


WOODPECKERS  ARE  VALUABLE  BIRDS 

A   downy    woodpecker   and    indisputable    evidence    of   his   routing   of    bark 
beetles    from    his    territory. 

belly  is  quite  inconspicuous.  Like  other  woodpeckers,  it 
is  fond  of  suet. 

The  largest  of  all  the  woodpeckers  is  the  ivory-billed 
s])ecies,  a  bird  about  the  size  of  a  crow,  and  fully  as 
black,  with  a  scarlet  crest,  a  white  stripe  on  each  side  of 
the  neck,  and  large  white  patches  in  the  wings.  It  was 
formerly  not  an  uncommon  bird  in  the  larger  forests  of 


the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  but  now  is  confined  to 
the  largest  and  most  remote  cyjjress  swamps  of  the  lower 
Mississippi  Valley  and  Gulf  States,  where  it  is  on  the 
verge  of  extinction.  It  is  a  wild,  shy  bird,  and  cannot 
withstand  the  encroachments  of  civilization  and  the  lum- 
ber mill. 


"WELCOME    HOME" 

The  downy  returns  with  a  full   market  basket  of  supplies  for  his  always 
hungry   young  family. 

Nearly  as  large  and  much  more  widespread,  though 
confined  to  the  forests,  is  the  pileated  woodpecker.  It  is 
similar  in  color  to  the  ivory-billed,  but  has  somewhat 
lighter  underparts  and  does  not  have  the  white  in  the 
wings  so  conspicuous  or  the  ivory-white  bill.  The  north- 
ern and  the  southern  forms  of  this  bird  range  from 
Quebec  to  the  Gulf,  but  it  is  nowhere  a  common  bird.  In 
the  cypress  swamps  of  Georgia  and  Floiida,  however, 
it  occurs  in  numbers. 

The  red  cockaded  woodpecker  is  one  of  the  less  well 
known  woodpeckers  of  the  South,  found  in  the  pine  for 
ests.     It  is  similar  to  a   hairy   woodpecker  in  general 
appearance,   but   has   the   back   barred  with   black   and 
white  and  has  black  streaks  on  its  sides. 

The  three-toed  woodpeckers,  of  which  there  are  two 
species  inhabiting  the  boreal  regions  and  coming  south- 
ward in  winter  to  northern  United  States,  are  also  about 
the  size  of  the  hairy,  but  have  an  orange  yellow  patch  on 
top  of  the  head. 

In  the  West  are  found  the  California  Woodpecker, 
which  has  the  habit  of  storing  acorns  in  holos  which  it 
drills  in  the  bark  of  trees,  the  gila  and  golden-fronted 
woodpeckers,  which  resemble  the  red-bellied  species ;  the 
Lewis  woodpecker,  the  greenest  of  the  North  American 
s])ecies ;  the  rep-naped,  red-breasted  and  Williamson  sap- 
suckers  which  are  similar  in  habits  to  the  eastern  yellow- 
bellied  sapsucker. 

The  sapsuckers  get  the  name  from  their  habit  of  drill- 


740 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


injj  rows  of  small  round  holes  in  the  bark  of  many  spe- 
cies of  trees  and  drinking  the  sap  which  collects.  One 
bird  usually  taps  several  different  trees  and  each  one  in 
several  places,  and  then  makes  the  rounds  as  often  as  the 
sap  collects.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  barbs  on 
the  tongue,  so  characteristic  of  the  woodpeckers,  have 


Pkotografh    by    C.    A.    Bailey. 

HE  ALSO  LIKES  SUET 

A  red-bellied  woodpecker  at  a  feeding  station.     This  is  a  southern  species, 
but  ranges  as  far  north  as  southern  New  York. 

been  modified  into  a  fringe  or  brush  for  collecting  the 
sap.  Sapsuckers  eat  likewise  such  insects  as  are  attracted 
.by  the  sap  and,  like  the  red-headed  woodpeckers,  are 
quite  expert  at  catching  insects  on  the  wing.  In  addition 
they  eat  some  of  the  soft  inner  bark  exposed  when  the 
holes  are  being  drilled,  and,  in  soft-wooded  trees,  like  the 
poplar,  where  the  sap  does  not  flow  freely,  and  the  cam- 
bium is  almost  gelatinous,  they  sometimes  peck  ofif  fairly 
large  areas.  Ordinarily  their  rows  of  holes  do  not  over- 
lap and  little  or  no  damage  is  done  to  the  tree,  but  some- 
times, when  the  birds  are  very  numerous,  and  for  some 
reason  persist  in  attacking  a  particular  ornamental  ever- 
green or  mountain  aeh,  they  ruin  its  appearance,  seriously 
weaken  it,  or  even  kill  it.  The  holes  drilled  by  the  sap- 
sucker  often  stain  the  underlying  timber,  causing  what 


are  known  as  "bird  pecks,"  and  are  said  by  lumber 
dealers  to  cause  a  devaluation  to  timber  of  the  United 
States  of  nearly  a  million  dollars  annually. 

At  times  sapsuckers  behave  in  an  erratic  and  foolish 
manner,  zigzagging  through  the  trees  with  no  apparent 
reason,  flying  into  windows  or  walls  or  the  sides  of 
houses,  even  becoming  so  stupid  as  to  allow  themselves 
to  be  picked  from  the  trees,  or  alighting  on  one's  per- 
son and  climbing  up  his  leg  as  though  it  were  the  limb  of 
a  tree.  It  has  been  suggested  that  the  sap  ferments  in 
the  sun  and  that  the  sapsuckers  become  intoxicated,  but 
this  theory  has  by  no  means  been  proved. 

The  common  sapsucker  of  the  East  is  the  yellow-bel- 
lied species.  It  is  about  the  size  of  a  hairy  woodpecker 
with  the  same  general  appearance,  but  has  the  throat  and 
the  whole  top  of  the  head  red.    It  has  also  a  conspicuous 


YELLOW-BELLIED    SAPSUCKER 

The  Sapsucker  at  his  sugar  bush.  The  numerous  round  holes  drilled  to 
get  the  sap  do  not  usually  injure  the  trees,  but  sometimes  do,  and  stain  tlie 
underlying  timber. 

white  Stripe  on  each  wing,  a  black  crescent  on  the  breast, 
and  slightly  yellowish  under  parts  which  are  somewhat 
streaked.  The  female  has  a  white  throat  and  of  imma- 
ture birds  the  top  of  the  head  is  black. 


'T^HE  use  of  creosoted  wood  blocks,  which  originally 
■■■  began  as  paving  material  for  city  strests,  has  now 
spread  into  many  other  lines,  according  to  a  statement 
issued  by  the  United  States  Forest  Service.  The  dura- 
bility of  such  pavement,  the  noiselessness  under  heav^v' 
traffic,  and  its  sanitary  properties  give  creosoted  wood 
block  especial  value  for  use  where  heavy  trucking  takes 
place,  and  such  flooring  is  now  found  throughout 
the  country  in  factories,  warehouses,  machine  shops, 
foundries,  quarries  and  docks,  and  even  in  hotel  kitcheps, 
hospitals,  laundries  and  slaughter  houses. 


TN  the  study  of  wood  using  industries  foresters  from 
•*-  Syracuse  University  have  discovered  an  Onondaga 
County  man  who  has  an  interesting  water-power  saw 
mill.  When  the  power  is  not  needed  for  the  saw  mill  he 
runs  either  a  grist  mill,  or  a  cider  mill  with  it.  He  also 
has  a  small  electric  light  plant  operated  by  the  same 
power.  The  mill  has  bean  in  opsration  for  more  t'lan, 
twenty-five  years.  Authorities  at  the  College  of  Forestry 
say  that  full  and  profitable  utilization  of  the  woodlot 
products  will  be  assured  only  when  the  State  is  dotted 
with  these  "many  purpose"  mills. 


WOOD  TO  THE  FRONT  AS  WARTIME  FUEL 


WITH  every  section  of  the  country  clamoring  for 
coal  and  with  the  railroads  experiencing  the 
worst  traffic  congestion  in  the  history  of  the 
United  States,  recourse  is  had  to  the  forests  as  affording 
a  solution  of  the  wartime  fuel  crisis.  From  those  in 
authority  has  come  the  call  for  the  use  of  wood  as  winter 
fuel  in  the  household  and  wherever  else  its  use  is  possi- 
ble. Briefly  and  baldly  stated,  there  is  not  enough  coal 
to  go  around,  and  unless  wood  is  used  in  its  stead  the 
coal  famine  will  prove  disastrous. 

Reduced  to  figures  the  coal  shortage  amounts  to  fifty 
million  tons.    This  means  two  and  one-half  tons  for  each 

of    the    twenty    mil'ion      

families  in  the  United 
States.  To  transport 
this  amount  of  coal 
would  require  the  use  of 
a   million    coal    cars    of 


CUTACORD 


was  several  million  tons  short  of  its  requirements  for  soft 
coal.  Hard  coal  had  been  in  fairly  plentiful  supply  dur- 
ing September  and  October,  but  with  the  increased  needs 
of  winter  there  was  not  enough  to  meet  the  demand. 
Every  efTort  was  made  by  the  fuel  administration  to  facili- 
tate shipments  and  to  secure  the  economical  use  of  the 
coal  received,  but  even  after  curtailing  or  eliminating 
unnecessary  forms  of  use  the  situation  was  steadily  be- 
coming more  serious.  The  outlook  for  improvement  in 
future  deliveries  was  unfavorable  and  the  fuel  adminis- 
trator took  steps  to  warn  the  public  of  the  situation  and 
to  urge  that  personal  and  community  prudence,  as  well 

as  national  patriotism, 
required  that  New  Eng- 
land begm  at  once  to 
utilize  her  native  supply 
of  cordwood  to  the  full- 
est possible  extent. 


fifty  tons  capacity 
apiece.  In  saving  this 
strain  on  already  over- 
taxed  transportation 
lines  and  in  conserving 
the  fuel  supply  of  the 
nation  it  is  argued  that 
the  individual  household 
can  show  a  measure  of 
patriotism  which  is  vital 
to  the  national  strength. 

Nor  does  the  demand 
for  fuel  conservation 
limit  itself  to  the  house- 
hold. The  United  States 
Government  has  pointed 
out  that  churches  can 
make  itiiportant  contri- 
bution by  using  wood  in 
their  furnaces.  The  ex- 
perts maintain  that  wood 
is  even  better  than  coal 
for  heaimg  churches 
lodge  rooms  and  other 
places  where  heat  is  not 
constantly  required. 
When  heat  is  wanted  in 
places  of  occasional  assemblage  it  is  ••equired  quickly 
and  in  large  volume.  For  such  purpose  no  other  fuel 
answers  as  well  as  wood.  The  saving  to  be  effected  by 
use  of  wood  would  in  these  instances  work  no  hardships 
and  the  aggregate  would  be  of  tremendous  importance  in 
making  the  available  supply  of  coal  meet  imperative  needs. 

Definite  plans  for  the  substitution  of  wood  for  coal 
have  been  worked  out  by  the  United  States  Fuel  Admin- 
istration and  state  organizations  all  over  the  country 
New  England  was  one  of  the  first  sections  to  take  active 
heed  of  the  situation.    Early  in  December  New  England 


NEW  ENGLAND  must  BURN  more  WOOD. 
THE  COAL  SHORTAGE  IS  SERIOUS. 
A  condition  likely  to  continue  duiing  the  war. 


STOVE  AND  FURNACE  WOOD 
EVERYWHERE  IN  DEMAND 

War  Ships  and  Munition  Plants  Cannot  Bum  Wood 

We  Ought  Not  to  Demand  the  Coal  They  Need 

New  England  Volunteers  Her  Woodlands  in  the  Emergency 

If  You  Own  a  Wood  Lot 

[iitSflilfliiiliitlitMeflfTiiirhtn 

If  you  need  fuel,  BUY  WOOD  FROM  YOUR  FARM 
NEIGHBORS.  Order  now  what  you  will  need  later.  Let  the 
choppers  know  who  will  take  their  wood  There  is  another 
winter  coming  after  this. 


CliBfaliK  Fml  Vilw  ot  Crgimd  D7j»«id 

WMd  i  12  mmmIm,  fiMl  nW  lOO  yir  mm. 


m*,  ba  adapted  (o»  bumini  woad  hy  ptadat  .Iripi  of  dm(  ii 


It  has  been  ascertained 
that  the  supply  of  wood 
now  on  hand  throughout 
the  New  England  states 
is  considerably  less  even 
than  normal  require- 
ments. With  increased 
stringency  in  t'le  coal 
situation  practically  "er- 
tain  and  with  the  possi- 
bility that  another  win- 
ter will  find  the  condi- 
tion even  worse,  earnest 
efforts  are  'oeing  made 
to  stimulate  wood  cut- 
ting and  wood  using 
without  delay.  To  this 
end  local  committees  of 
public  safety  in  all  wood 
producing  localities  and 
county  agents  through- 
out the  various  states 
have  been  requested  to 
take  inventory  of  all 
available  supplies  o  f 
cordwood  stumpage 
within  reasonable  dis- 
tance of  a  market  and  to  endeavor  to  arrange  for  its  im- 
mediate conversion  into  fuel. 

As  the  text  of  this  campaign  a  poster  issued  by  James 
J.  Storrow,  federal  fuel  administrator  for  Massachusetts, 
and  published  herewith,  makes  the  statement  that  New 
England  must  burn  more  wood ;  that  the  coal  shortage 
is  serious  and  that  this  condition  is  likely  to  continue 
during  the  war. 

The  New  England  movement  is  typical  of  the  intensive 
campaigns  inaugurated  throughout  the  country  under 
the  guidance  of  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration, 


RditiTi  Fori  Value  oT  1  Cord  if  Dr7  Wtod  In  Tom  of  Uird  Cod 


H^DMAnX 

BAS3WOOO 

SOFT  MAfLE 
CHOTNUT 

BmcH 

AWU 

CRAY  BIRCH 
POTLAR 

PINE 
ASPEN 

HEMLOCK 
CeOAR 
SPRUCE 
BALSAM 


T  the  gratei  o»  by  iu«  at  fire  brick 


JAMES  Ja  STORROW, 

Federal  Fuel  Adminutrator  for  MasMchutetts,  Slate  House,  Boston 


741 


742 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


in  co-operation  with  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  The 
Southern  states  have  vast  supplies  of  wood  and  activi- 
ties are  already  under  way  in  that  section  looking  toward 
the  substitution  of  wood  for  coal.  The  Department  of 
Agriculture  has  volunteered  to  ])rovide  the  services  of 
expert  foresters  who  will  supervise  the  cutting  of  wood 
so  that  no  damage  may  be  done  to  growing  timber  and  in 
order  that  the  largest  use  may  be  obtained  of  the  supply 
of  wood.  In  addition  to  this  source  of  supply  the  govern- 
ment has  statistics  to  show  that  there  is  a  large  quantity 
of  dead  wood  in  many  sections  of  the  country  and  that  the 
supply  in  many  communities  is  large  enough  for  the 
entire  needs  for  domestic  purposes.  In  many  instances 
this  wood  is  destroyed  as  waste. 

One  cord  of  hardwood  is  declared  to  equal  a  ton  of 
hard  coal  in  fuel  value.  This  takes  in  such  woods  as 
hickory,  oak,  hard  maple,  beech,  ash,  birch  and  apple. 
Varieties  of  wood  which  equal  three-quarters  of  a  ton  of 
coal  to  the  cord  are  basswood,  soft  maple,  chestnut,  gray 
birch  and  poplar.    A  value  of  half  a  ton  to  the  cord  is 


imputed   to   pine,    aspen,    hemlock,    cedar,    spruce    and 
balsam. 

The  government  is  making  every  effort  to  prevent  the 
creation  in  this  country  of  fuel  conditions  such  as  those 
with  which  Europe  is  confronted.  In  a  single  day  early 
in  December  Associated  Press  dispatches  from  London. 
Paris  and  Rome  detailed  the  serious  fuel  problems  in 
England,  France  and  Italy.  England  has  been  forced  to 
establish  fuel  rations  based  on  a  weekly  allowance  of  200 
pounds  for  a  four-room  house.  France  has  issued  coal 
cards,  with  a  limit  of  264  pounds  a  month  for  families  of 
four  persons  or  less.  In  Italy  heating  has  been  suppressed 
except  in  public  buildings  and  cooking  is  done  with  gas 
or  charcoal.  The  coal  supply  of  Italy  is  so  short  that 
during  last  summer  more  than  1,000  square  miles  of  for- 
ests were  cut  down  for  use  as  fuel  and  for  making  char 
coal. 

Students  of  the  situation  in  the  United  States  agree 
that  the  use  of  wood  is  the  sole  solution  of  a  fuel  crisis 
which  is  constantly  growing  more  acute. 


BLACK  LOCUST  NEEDED  FOR  SHIPS 


THE  revival  of  the  wooden-ship  industry  has  occa- 
sioned a  considerable  demand  for  black  locust  wood 
for  "treenails,"  which  are  used  to  fasten  the  plank- 
ing to  the  ribs  of  the  ship.  Black  locust  originally  oc- 
curred only  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and  on  the 
adjacent  highlands,  from  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia,  but 
it  has  spread  until  it  now  is  found  in  merchantable  sizes 
over  a  large  area.  The  wood  is  very  hard  and  close 
grained  and  is  one  of  the  most  durable  hard  woods 
known,  particularly  when  in  contact  with  the  soil  or  in 
other  moist  situations. 

In  supplying  black-locust  wood  for  shipbuilding  pur- 
poses it  is  very  important,  experts  of  the  Forest  Service 
say,  to  be  able  to  distinguish  it  from  that  of  the  honey 
locust,  a  tree  quite  similar  in  many  respects  but  whose 
wood  has  a  coarser  grain  and  is  of  inferior  quality.  The 
danger  of  selecting  the  wrong  tree  is  increased  by  the 
fact  that  in  some  localities  the  names  applied  are  exactly 
reversed,  the  honey  locust  being  known  exclusively  as 
black  locust  and  the  true  black  locust  being  known  as 
honey  locust. 

In  the  case  of  both  trees  the  leaves  are  of  the  com- 
pound type,  that  is  they  are  composed  of  a  number  of 
small  leaflets  arranged  along  the  central  leaf-stalk.  The 
true  black  locust  (which  is  known  bota.iically  as  Robinia 


psetidacacia)  has  leaflets  with  smooth  or  entire  margins. 
The  leaves  of  the  honey  locust  {Gleditsia  triananthus), 
however,  are  shallow-toothed  or  scalloped  along  the 
edges,  particularly  toward  the  ends. 

The  character  of  the  thorns  also  furnishes  a  dependable 
means  of  identification.  The  thorns  of  the  black  locust 
are  short  and  arranged  in  pairs.  Those  of  the  honey 
locust,  on  the  other  hand,  are  frequently  several  inches 
in  length,  are  often  divided  into  three  or  more  branches, 
and  may  be  produced  in  great  quantities.  They  often 
occur  in  dense  clusters  along  the  main  trunk  of  the  tree. 
The  seed  pods  are  also  distinctive.  Those  of  the  honey 
locust  are,  as  a  rule,  from  10  to  18  inches  long,  while  the 
pods  of  the  black  locust  are  shorter  and  usually  measure 
from  2  to  4  inches. 

To  the  experienced  woodsman  all  of  these  features,  of 
course,  are  very  familiar,  as  is  also  the  characteristic  ap- 
pearance of  the  black  locust  caused  by  the  attacks  of  an 
insect  known  as  the  locust  borer,  which  causes  a  charac- 
teristic swelling  of  the  branches. 

The  ofificials  of  the  Forest  Service  at  Washington  will 
identify  specimens  without  charge.  They  pomt  out  that 
samples  of  leaves,  twigs  and  fruits  are  always  more  de- 
pendable as  a  means  of  identification  than  the  wood  itself. 


■W/"HILE  the  studies  of  the  value  of  the  grazing  privi- 
lege made  this  year  have  borne  out  the  original  po- 
sition of  the  United  States  Forest  Service  that  the  fees 
formerly  in  force  should  be  doubled,  the  present  difHcul- 
ties  of  the  western  livestock  industry  and  the  necessity 
for  stimulating  livestock  production  as  a  war  measure 
have  caused  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  to  defer  for 
the  present  any  further  increase  in  grazing  fees,  except 


minor  changes  to  correlate  the  fees  between  certain  for- 
ests or  groups  of  forests. 


T  TNDER  a  contract  with  a  film  manufacturing  com- 
'^  pany,  the  Department  of  Agriculture  will  supply 
motion  pictures  deaUng  with  its  activities,  every  two 
weeks.  The  first  release  was  "The  Work  of  a  Forest 
Ranger." 


PLANTS  AND  ANIMALS  OF  THE  ATLANTIC  AND  GULF  STATES 

BY  DR.  R.  W.  SHUFELDT,  C.M.Z.S. 


FROM  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  all  through  the 
northern  and  middle  tiers  of  states,  there  is  very 
little  flower  collecting  to  be  done  during  the  month 
of  December,  while  it  is  just  the  reverse  in  the  case  of 
those  regions  of  the  country  bordering  upon  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  and  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean.  In  the  latter 
area  many  plants,  and  some  trees,  are  in  full  bloom ;  a 
long  list  of  flowers  are  there  to  be  studied,  and,  inci- 
dentally, not  a  few  very  interesting  animals.  When  the 
country  is  covered  with  snow  in  the  North,  and  the  tem- 
perature rarely  rises  above  the  fifties,  we  never,  as  a 
matter  of  course,  meet  with  any  flowers,  while  occasion- 
ally we  do  run  across  various  kinds  of  seed-pods,  and 
sometimes  remnants  of  plants,  all  of  which  are  worthy  of 
close  observation  and  study. 

As  the  holiday  season  comes  on — war  or  no  war — and 
the  Christmas  idea  comes  into  the  minds  of  the  people, 
there  is  no  plant  or  tree  that  appeals  to  us  more  forcibly 
than  does  the  well-known  American  holly.  A  beautiful 
example  of  this  is  presented  in  Figure  1.  Throughout 
the  region  where  this  tree  or  shrub  grows — more  particu- 
larly in  the  neighborhood  of  our  cities — it  seems  to  stand 
much  in  need  of  Federal  protection,  for  the  reason  that 
the  gatherers  of  its  berried  branches,  in  order  to  meet 
the  demand  of  the  market  for  it  during  the  holiday  sea- 
son, have  ruined  and  mutilated  thousands  of  its  kind.    It 


is  a  pitiful  sight  to  observe  the  miserable,  semi-limbless 
stumps  of  the  holly  in  the  fields,  along  the  roadsides,  and 
at  the  edges  of  some  of  our  forests.  This  vandalism  is 
carried  on  each  year  for  miles  about  any  one  of  our  large 
northern  cities. 

Neltje  Bianchan,  who  has  searched  out  some  of  the 
ancient  superstitions  in  regard  to  holly,  very  truly  points 
out  for  us  that  "happily  we  continue  to  borrow  all  the 
beautiful  Old  World  associations,  poetical  and  legendary, 
that  cluster  about  the  holly  at  Christmas  lime,  although 
our  native  tree  furnishes  most  of  our  holiday  decorations. 
As  far  back  as  Pliny's  day,  the  European  holly  had  all 
manner  of  supernatural  qualities  attributed  to  it ;  its  in- 
significant little  flowers  caused  water  to  freeze,  he  tells 
us ;  because  it  was  believed  to  repel  lightning,  the  Romans 
planted  it  near  their  houses ;  and  a  branch  of  it  thrown 
after  any  refractory  animal,  even  if  it  did  not  hit  him, 
would  subdue  him  instantly,  and  cause  him  to  lie  down 
meekly  beside  the  stick  !  Can  it  be  that  the  Italian  peas- 
ants, who  still  believe  cattle  kneel  in  their  stalls  at  mid- 
night on  the  anniversary  of  Jesus'  birth,  decorate  the 
mangers  on  Christmas  Eve  with  holly,  among  other 
plants,  because  of  a  survival  of  this  old  pagan  notion 
about  its  subduing  effect  on  animals?" 

The  leaves  of  the  American  holly  remain  on  the  tree 
for  three  years ;  and  we  use  the  wood,  which  very  closely 


A   RELIC  OF  THE   PAST 
Fig.  U — In   the   National   Zoological    Paric,   at  Washington,   we   find   many   trees   and   animals   well  worthy    of   our    closest    study;    later   on,    some    of 
these    willbe    referred    to    in    greater   detail.     Tlie   rustic    bridge    here    shown    spanned    one    of   the  streams    in     that    beautiful    preserve.      About    a 
year    ago   it    was  replaced    by    a    substantial    stone   one,   so  this  picture   is  both  historical   and   unique. 

7« 


744 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


resembles  ivory,  for  inlay  work,  tool  handles,  whip  stocks 
and  walking  sticks.  Engravers  prize  it  very  highly  to 
engrave  upon — an  art  now  almost  out  of  date ;  and  it 
also  has  many  other  uses.  This  tree,  that  is,  the 
American  holly,  will,  within  the  next  half  century,  be 
utterly  extinct  in  the  United  States.  Other  hollies  are 
the  Yaupon,  the  Dahoon,  the  Swamp  or  Meadow  holly, 
and  the  Mountain  holly.  In  the  Old  World  there  are 
still  different  species  of  Ilex,  and  nearly  all  of  them  are 
fine  and  ornamental  trees,  worthy  of  far  better  protec- 
tion than  they 
now  receive. 

Far  back  into 
history  the  holly 
and  the  mistle- 
toe are  closelv 
associated,  in  a 
decorative  way, 
all  through  the 
holiday  season, 
and  many  of  the 
customs  have 
come  down  to 
us. 

"The  ni'stletoe  hung 

in  the  castle  hall, 
And      the      holly 

branch     hung     on 

the  old  oak   wall; 
The  baron's  retain- 
ers    were     blythe 

and  gay 
Keeping     their 

Christmas     h  o  1  i- 

day." 

Holly  trees 
transplant  very 
successfully  i  f 
proper  precau- 
tions are  taken, 
and  a  very  beau- 
t  i  f  u  1  species, 
with  immense, 
red  berries,  is 
being  intro- 
duced here  from  Japan.  All  the  various  kinds  now  to  be 
found  in  the  country  should,  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association,  be  protected  by  both 
State  and  Federal  Governments  before  it  is  too  late  to 
save  them. 

More  than  abundant  all  through  the.  autumn,  and  often 
up  to  the  arrival  of  winter,  is  the  well-known  little  White 
Heath  Aster  (Figure  2),  which  looks  for  all  the  world 
like  an  extremely  small  edition  of  our  common  daisy  of 
the  meadows.  It  has  also  received  the  name  of  Michael- 
mas Daisy,  White  Rosemary.  Farewell  Summer,  and 
Frostweed— because  Jack  Frost  sometimes  sees  it  in 
bloom.  It  rarely  grows  more  than  a  yard  high,  and  is 
sometimes  so  massed  in  favorable  places  that  it  appears, 
at  a  little  distance,  like  some  kind  of  a  feathery  inflores- 
cence. Occasionally  its  little  flowers  are  more  or  less 
strongly  tinged  with  magenta  or  pale  purple.  The  cen- 
tral discs  are  bright  yellow,  while  the  leaves  of  the  plant 
are  light  green,  minute,  linear  and  heathlike,  to  become. 


AMERICAN   HOLLY,  A  TREE  RAPIDLY  DIS- 
APPEARING   IN    SUBURBAN    DISTRICTS 

Fig.  1. — It  is  said  ihat  the  generic  name.  Ilex, 
of  this  splendid  tree  is  the  ancient  Latin  name, 
originally  applied  to  the  Holy  Oak;  opaca  is 
its  specific  name.  Its  drupes  are  of  a  lirilliint 
red  or  vermilion  color,  while  in  some  of  the 
other  hollies  they   are    yellow. 


near  the  base  of  the  smooth  stem,  more  lance-shaped  and 
blunt ;  these  latter  may  be  minutely  toothed  or  serrate. 

In  some  parts  of  the  country  the  bee-keepers  have  en- 
couraged the  spread  of  this  tiny  aster,  for  not  only  is  it 
known  to  yield  a  large  amount  of  nectar,  but  the  latter  is 
of  a  brand  that  our  honey-bees  are  extremely  fond  of. 
This  miniature  edition  of  the  daisy  may  readily  be 
identified  by  its  very  small  and  very  rigid  leaves.  Last 
summer  (1917)  many  of  the  early  autumn  flowers — this 
little  Michaelmas  daisy  or  aster  among  them — were 
ushered  in  with  a  flourish  of  trumpets,  as  it  were,  if  one 
may  be  permitted  to  thus  refer  to  the  imaginary  finale  of 
the  trumpet-flowers,  as  they  drop  out  of  the  list  of  flowers 
that  bloom  in  the  northwestern  sections  of  the  country  as 
September  draws  to  a  close. 

Flowers  of  the  Trumpet-creeper  are  among  the  most 
conspicuous  of  all  those  that  are  to  be  seen  in  the  districts 
where  the  plant  thrives,  which  includes,  as  a  rule,  the 
time  extending  from  April  to  September,  depending  upon 

the  latitude 
where  it  is 
found.  T  h  ose 
who  have  had 
the  pleasure  of 
seeing  these 
great  orange 
and  scarlet  flow- 
ers growing 
wild  are  not 
likely  to  ever 
forget  the  sight. 
Sometimes  the 
vine  may  be 
massed  over  the 
great  stone  pier 
of  a  bridge  at 
its  initial  an- 
chorage, when 
hundreds  of  the 
flowers  are  in 
view  at  once. 
They  stand  out 
with  especial 
prominence      iti 

HERE     WE     HAVE    ONE    OF    THE     LITTLE    the    Setting  they 
RAGAMUFFINS   OF   THE    ROADSIDE  ^^^^-^^  f^^^  ^^e 

1  u  X  u  r  i  ant  f o- 
je  of  this 
great  climber, 
its  toothed  and 
pointed  leaflets  being  of  a  paler  shade  than  the  dark, 
shiny  green,  matured  leaves,  which  are  ])innate  in  out- 
line and  ovate  in  form.  As  will  be  noted  in  Figure  3,  the 
flowers  are  corymbed,  the  brilliant  corolla  being  funnel- 
formed,  five-lobed,  and  somewhat  irregular.  The  vine 
itself  is  woody,  and  climbs  by  means  of  its  aerial  root- 
lets. Its  pods  are  well  illustrated  in  Figure  4,  where,  too. 
may  be  seen  some  of  the  flattened,  winged  seeds.  This 
flower  is  a  great  favorite  with  our  Ruby-throated  Hum- 
ming-bird, and  Audubon  attempted  to  portray  that  spe- 


Fig.  2 — This  tiny  white  aster  is  pretty  generally 
known  as  the  Michaelmas  Daisy  or  Heath  Aster 
(.Aster  ericoides).  In  the  middle  districts  of  its 
range,  it  sometimes  blooms  as  late  as  November; 
it  is  a  very  abundant  species  as  far  south 
Kentucky. 


PLANTS  AND  ANIMALS-  OF  THE  ATLANTIC  AND  GULF  STATES 


745 


cies  hovering  over  a  cluster  of  them.  But  the  flowers 
bear  but  a  very  faint  resemblance  to  specimens  as  they 
occur  in  nature,  or  as  the  camera  has  depicted  them  in 
Figure  3. 

Our  Trumpet-creeper  belongs  in  the  Bignonia  family 
(Bignoniaccae),  and  has  been  named  Tccoma  radicans, 
it  being  the  only  representative  of  its  genus  in  this  part 
of  the  world.  Associated  v/ith  it  in  the  same  family  we 
have  the  Catalpa  or  Indian  Bean  {Catalpa  spcciosa),  also 
the  sole  species  of  its  genus,  though  Gray  tells  us  that 
there  is  "  a  low  much  branched  tree,  with  thin  bark  and  a 
smaller  corolla,"  and  so  on,  which  by  Thomas  Walter  has 
been  designated  as  Catalpa  bignoiioidei,  and  which   is 


localities,  the  well-known  Virginia  Ground  Cherry,  the 
highly  attractive  fruit  of  which,  when  ripe,  is  feasted 
upon  by  numerous  species  of  birds  of  the  region  where  it 
is  found.  Among  the  latter  may  be  mentioned  such  spe- 
cies as  our  bluebirds  and  robins,  and  they,  with  others, 
love  the  places  where  this  plant  thrives  best — on  our 
hillsides,  in  pasture-lands,  and  on  open  ground  gen- 
erally. In  describing  this  plant,  F.  Schuyler  Mathews 
tells  us  that  it  is  a  "branching  and  erect-stemmed 
species,  mostly  smooth.  The  ovate,  lance-shaped  leaves, 
tapering  toward  both  ends,  very  slightly  shallow-toothed 
and  light  green.  The  flower  dull  pale  yellow  with 
five    brown-purple    spots ;    anthers    deep    yellow.      The 


SPINY  SWIFTS,  OR  LIZARDS,  MAKE  INTERESTING  PETS  SOMETIMES 
Fig.  7 — In  the  United  States  we  have  a  genus  of  land  lizards,  to  which  the  name  of  Swift  has  been  given,  for  the  reason  that  they  can  run  with 
such  astonishing  rapidity.  There  are  some  fifteen  species  of  them,  and  they  all  fall  in  the  genus,  Scelotorus.  They  inhabit  different  ranges  in 
dif.'ercnt  sections  of  the  country,  although  several  may  occur  in  the  same  range  The  one  shown  in  the  cut  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  group,  and  has 
been  called  the  Spiny  Swift  (5.  spinosus)  on  account  of  the  spiny  character  of  its  scales.  It  occurs  in  great  numbers  in  Mexico,  and  from  there 
it    ranges    northward    and    eastward    from    western   Texas  and   New  Mexico  to  western  Florida.     It  has  a  length,  when  adult,  of  nearly  ten   inches. 


here  defined  as  the  Southern  Cigar  Tree  or  Southern 
Catawba  Tree,  to  distinguish  it  from  its  northern  rela- 
tive. Finally  we  have  in  this  Bignonia  genus  the  Cross- 
vine  {B.  capreolata),  a  most  interesting  climber,  which 
exhibits  a  "cross"  on  the  surface  exposed  by  a  trans- 
verse section  of  its  stem.  It  climbs  up  into  trees,  and 
flourishes  in  rich  soil  from  Virginia  to  Florida,  westward 
to  include  Ohio,  Illinois  and  Louisiana.  Most  of  the  Big- 
nonias  have  been  cultivated  as  ornamental  trees  and  vines 
and  may  frequently  be  seen  in  our  gardens  or  on  our 
estates. 

From  New  York  to  Manitoba,  and  southward  to  the 
tier  of  states  bounding  the  Gulf,  we  may  meet,  in  suitable 


stigma  matures  before  the  anthers,  and  extends  beyond 
them.  Fertilized  by  the  honey-bee  and  the  bees  of  the 
genus  Halictus ;  Halictus  pectinatiis  is  a  common  visitor 
(Professor  Robertson).  The  reddish  berry  enclosed 
within  the  enlarged  calyx.  One  to  three  feet  high." 
There  is  an  insect  that  feeds  upon  the  leaves  of  these 
plants  and  riddles  them  with  fine  perforations,  but 
one  of  the  most  interesting  things  about  it  is  the 
manner  in  which  the  calyx  becomes  skeletonized, 
admitting  of  a  view  of  the  fruit  inside.  When  a  large 
cluster  of  them  has  passed  to  this  stage,  it  is  certainly  a 
very  beautiful  object,  when  held  up  to  the  sun  in  such  a 
way  as  to  observe  the  lighting  up  of  the  whole  structure 


746 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 

North  (Figure  6),  wliile  in  many  parts  of  the  country,  south  of  the  Mason  and 
Dixon  line,  the  troublesome  seeds  of  these  noxious  plants  are  abundantly  in 
evidence.  No  one  of  the  group  is  better  known,  either  North  or  South,  than 
our  Spanish  Needles— the  brown  seed  needles  of  which  are  pretty  thick  and 
always  double-pointed.  These  plants  belong  to  the  great  Composite  family 
{Compositae),  along  with  a  great  many  others  of  our  most  familiar  flowers.  In 
the  Bidciis  genus  there  is  even  a  Tickseed  Sunflower,  the  seeds  of  which  can 
stick  to  one's  clothing  with  just  as  much  tenacity  as  the  seeds  of  the  various  spe- 
cies of  Beggar-ticks  in  thisarray  of  pestsof  the  autumn  woods  {B.  trichosperma). 
Many  people  have  often  wondered  what  the  curious,  spindle-shaped,  little 
silken  alTairs,  ornamented  with  bits  of  sticks  or  pine  needles  are,  which  are 
seen  hanging  from  the  twigs  of  many  of  our  city  shade  trees,  as  well  as  from 

not  a  few  of  the  conifers  in  the  forests, 
especially  the  red  cedar  and  the  arbor 
vitae.  A  good  picture  of  one  of  these 
is  here  given  in  Figure  8,  and  it  is  the 
common  "Bag-worm,"  a  tree-pest  of 
the  first  order.  The  larva  feeds  upon 
the  leaves  of  many  trees  and  shrubs, 
but  ignores  the  sedges  and  grasses, 
and  is  most  injurious.  They  can  best 
be  destroyed  by  collecting  the  cases  in 
bags  and  baskets  and  burning  them  in 
a  bonfire.  Several  years  ago  a  great 
many  bushels  of  them  were  thus  col- 
lected in  St.  Louis  and  burned,  with 
decided  benefit  to  the  city's  shade  trees 
the  following  sun -ner.  The  late  emi- 
nent economic  entomologist,  Prof. 
Charles  Valentine  Riley,  gives  an  ex- 
cellent account  of  this,  with  a  life  his- 


THK  Fl.nWFRS  riF  TIIF  SP\\M<;H  NFFOLFS 
ARE  S.MALL  AND  HAVE  YELLOW  PETALS 
Fig.  6 — One  of  thr  plants  tn  the  eastern  part  of 
United  States  which  do  not  shed  all  their  seeds 
at  once,  frequently  holding  them  until  winter  is 
about  over.  .Many  of  these  seeds  stick  to  one's 
clothing,  when  one  comes  in  contact  with  them 
in  passing  through  places  where  thev  grow  and 
so  they  are  scattered  far  and  «-ide  The  plant  is 
known  as  Spanish  Needle  {Bidens  bipinnata).  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  all  of  the  BiJens  group  possess 
this   very    annoying   clinging   characteristic. 

as  the  rays  pass  through  them.  These 
dried  plants  may  sometimes  be  found 
in  the  fields  after  winter  has  set  in  and 
the  ground  is  covered  with  an  inch  or 
more  of  snow.  They  are  gentle  en- 
couragers  as  to  the  fact  that  the  world 
has  not  seen  its  last  summer,  for  when 
the  joyous  month  of  July  comes  round 
again  in  1918  we  shall  still  find  our 
old  friends,  the  Virginia  Ground 
Cherries,  adding  their  quota  of  inter- 
est and  beauty  to  the  flora  of  our  pas- 
tures and  meadow  lands,  with  perhaps 
a  few  scattering  plants  higher  up  on 
the  hillsides. 

In  those  parts  of  the  South  which 
we  have  in  mind,  many  of  the  smaller  animals  are  in  evidence  all  winter  long , 
while  during  the  same  part  of  the  year  in  the  North  they  hibernate  for  several 
months  at  a  time,  and  are  never  seen  in  the  woods  during  the  season  that  Jack 
Frost  holds  things  in  his  icy  grasp.  For  example,  our  beautiful  little  lizard. 
the  common  Swift,  disappears  just  so  soon  as  the  really  cold  weather  sets  in, 
and  we  do  not  see  him  again  until  the  bloodroots  begin  to  think  of  peeping 
above  ground.  The  male  of  this  species  is  a  beauty,  with  his  glistening  azure 
sides  bordered  with  velvety  black,  and  the  bizarre  pattern  of  brown  that 
ornaments  his  back.  From  western  Texas  to  Florida,  his  big  cousin  of  the 
South  (Figure  7),  also  prettily  marked,  gets  a  great  deal  more  out  of  life  than 
he  does ;  for  in  the  balmy  southern  regions  he  loses  not  an  hour  through  being 
compelled  to  hibernate  from  early  winter  to  the  beginning  of  spring.  He 
may  be  seen  any  day  in  December  or  January,  in  the  forests  of  his  range, 
comfortably  sunning  himself  on  some  old  log. 

The  various  species  of  Bidens  have  practically  all  shed  their  seeds  in  the 


PODS  THAT  HOLD  THE  FLAT,  WINGED 
SEEDS  OF  THE  TRUMPET  FLOWER 
Fig.  4— 'Long  late  in  the  autumn,  the  lengthy, 
deep  tan-colored  seed  pods  of  the  Trumpet  flovvers 
are  to  be  seen,  dangling  from  the  leafless  runners 
of  the  vine;  from  one  to  several  in  a_  bunch, 
quite  a  few  hang  onto  the  vine  until  winter  is 
past.  Tlie  ro..  s  of  seed  are  separated  by  the 
hbrous  divis.on  shown  in  the  cut,  where  two 
winged  seeds  are  seen  falling  out. 


TREE      CUI.TURISTS      HAVE      GIVEN      THE 

"BAG  WORM"  VERY  CLOSE  STUDY 
Fig.  8— A  remarkable  little  moth  (ThyridoMeryx 
efncmeraeformis)  ranges  from  the  Great  Plains 
to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  througliout  the  Appalachian 
subregion.  lis  life  history  is  a  very  strange  one, 
and  much  has  been  written  upon  it.  Many  shade 
trees  and  shrubs  are  victims  of  its  voracious  as 
well  as  promiscuous  feeding  habits;  this  is  its 
cocoon. 


PLANTS  AND  ANIMALS  OF  THE  ATLANTIC  AND  GULF  STATES 


747 


tory  of  the  insect.  Dr.  William  J.  Holland,  in  his  "Moth  Book,"  says :  "The 
'bag'  or  'basket'  of  the  male  insect  is  smaller  than  that  ■©f  the  female.  The 
males  escape  from  the  lower  end  of  the  case  in  the  winged  form,  and  having 
cojjulated  with  the  females,  which  remain  in  their  cases  and  are  apterous  and 
sluggish,  die.  The  female  deposits  her  eggs,  which  are  soft  and  yellow,  in  the 
sack  where  she  has  her  home,  and  ends  her  existence  by  leaving  what  little  of 
her  body  remains  after  the  ova  have  been  extruded,  as  a  sort  of  loose  plug  of 
dessicated  tissue  at  the  lower  end  of  the  sack.  The  eggs  remain  in  the  case 
till  the  following  spring,  when  they  hatch.  The  young  larvae  emerge,  and 
placing  themselves  upon  the  leaves,  where  they  walk  about  on  their  fore  feet, 
with  their  anal  extremities  held  up  perpendicularly,  proceed  to  construct  about 
themselves  little  cones  of  vegetable  matter  mixed  with  fine  silk.  After  a  while 
they  cease  to  hold  these  cones  correct,  and  seizing  the  leaves  and  branches 
with  their  feet,  allow  the  bag  to  as- 
sume a  pendant  position.  They  moult 
within  their  cases  four  times  before 
reaching  maturity  and  pupating." 
Sometimes  hundreds  of  these  little 
bags  are  seen  to  be  suspended  from 
the  twigs  of  a  single  tree. 

When  the  frosty  nights  of  October 
come  along,  up  through  the  Middle 
Atlantic  and  New  England  States,  we 
have  the  annual  and  gorgeous  display 
of  the  turning  of  the  foliage  of  many 
of  the  different  species  of  trees  from 
the  greens  of  summer  and  spring  to 
the  incomparable  tints  and  shades  of 
the    reds,    scarlets    and    yellows    that 


FLOWERS    OF 


THE    GORGEOUS 
VINE 


TRUMPET 


BADLY  "STUNG,"  WITH  THE  STINGS  PROV- 
ING   FATAL 

Fig.  IO~Hcre  _we  have  a  more  complete  example 
of  the  Virginia  Creeper,  with  the  same  specimen 
•f  caterpillar  shown  in  Figure  9.  The  latter  has 
been  fatally  attacked  by  a  female  ichneumon  Hy, 
an<l  the  masses  of  white  objects  almost  covering 
the  unhappy  victim  are  the  larvae  of  the  para- 
site On  the  evening  the  caterpillar  was  collected, 
it  appeared  as  in  Figure  9;  while  next  morning  it 
presented  the  appearance  so  well  shown  here. 


a  more  striking  appearance  than  our  Trumpet- 
vine  {Tecoma  radicaiis).  Abundant  in  northern 
Virginia,  it  has  been  introduced  as  an  ornamental 
vine  by  many  home-owners  at  the  National  Capi- 
tal. In  August  its  gorgeous  vermilion  flowers  con- 
stitute one  of  the  glories  of  the  dusty  roadside. 

usher  in  the  early  months  of  autumn. 
Amidst  this  marvelous  color-display 
there  is  a  no  more  elegant  participant 
than  our  Virginia  Creeper,  especially 
if  the  vine  be  a  big  one  and  has  grown 
to  exhibit  its  foliage  to  the  best  ad- 
vantage. As  these  lines  are  written, 
the  gray,  pebble-dashed  south  wall  of 
my  home  is  overrun  with  such  a  vine, 
.covering  as  it  does  many  square  yards. 
As  the  sun  strikes  it  during  the  day, 
the  thousands  of  scarlet  leaves,  inter- 
mingled with  hundreds  of  bunches  of 
small,  round,  bluish-black  berries — 
the  former  all  facing  outwards — we 
are  having  presented  to  us  a  sight  of 
peculiar  beauty  and  magnificence — one 
of  the  chief  glories  of  America's  floral 
world.  Darwin  experimented  with 
the  tenacious  hold  of  the  tendril-disks 
of  this  vine,  and  other  writers  have  had 
much  to  say  about  it.  It  grows  lu.xur- 
iantly  in  Cuba  and  even  in  northern 
Mexico.  Many  will  be  familiar  with  the  sight  depicted  with  the  camera  in  Figure 
10  of  this  article.  The  unhappy  larva  has  been  attacked  by  one  of  our  small- 
est thymeno|)terous  parasites — a  retires entative  of  the  ichneumon  family.  The 
female  of  this  insect,  which  is  about  the  size  of  a  mosquito,  deposits  her  eggs 
U])on  the  skin  of  the  caterpillar.  These  soon  hatch  out,  and  the  minute  grubs 
work  their  way  into  the  body  of  the  victim,  to  feed  upon  the  fat  immediately 
beneath  the  skin.  Later  on,  and  previous  to  the  maturing  of  the  caterpillar, 
these  grubs  ap])ear  on  the  surface  of  the  skin,  and  there  weave  the  little  silken 
cocoons  so  well  shown  in  the  reproduction  of  the  photograph  in  Figure  10. 
From  these  cocoons  emerge  the  perfect  insects,  and  the  jjoor  caterpillar  invari- 
ably succumbs  to  the  ordeal  through  which  it  has  passed.  The' caterpillars  of 
other  species  of  our  beautiful  Sjjhinx  moths  suffer  in  a  similar  manner,  and 
thousands  of  them  perish  thus  every  year. 


THE  SCARLET  LEAVES  OF  THE  VIRGINIA 
CREEPER— ONCE  SEEN  WILL  NEVER  BE 
FORGOTTEN 

Fig.9 — There  is  no  more  beautiful  vine  in  all 
America  than  our  Woodbine,  or,  as  it  is  more 
generally  known.  Virginia  Creeper.  It  has  been 
called  Psedera  quinqitefolia  of  the  Vine  family 
iVitaceae).  Its  generic  name  Psedera  is  supposed 
to  come  from  the  Greek  term  hederat  given  to  the 
ivy.  Quinqnefolia  refers  to  the  leaf -arrangement 
of  the  five  leaflets,  so  distinctly  sho,vn  in  the 
cut.  The  beautiful  green  caterpillar  is  the  larva 
of  one  of  our  best  Sphinx  moths,  the  Pholtts 
sateltitia  pandorus,  a  subspecies  of  the  Satellite 
sphinx. 


EDITORIAL 


WASTE  OF  FORAGE  THROUGH  LACK  OF  GRAZING 


THESE  are  days  when  conservation  has  come  to  be 
a  grim  reaUty.    As  never  before  the  American  peo- 
ple are   striving  to   save   in   every   way   possible. 
Every  natural  resource  is  being  made  the  most  of  and 
this  is  doubly  true  if  it  in  any  way  affects  our  supply  of 
food  and  clothing. 

Much  is  being  said,  and  very  properly,  about  meatless 
days,  reduction  in  the  use  of  fats,  use  of  more  and  heavier 
woolen  clothing  to  save  our  coal,  conserving  our  milk 
supply  for  the  children,  and  the  husbanding  of  our 
grains  for  use  as  human  food. 

The  American  people  must  produce  all  of  the  beef, 
mutton,  wool,  milk,  cheese,  butter  and  other  animal 
products  possible ;  and  yet  we  must  use  in  doing  this  the 
minimum  of  our  valuable  grains.  This  means  that  we 
should  see  to  it  that  every  scrap  of  our  cheaper  feeds  is 
used  in  this  production.  Undoubtedly  the  cheapest  of 
these  feeds  is  to  be  found  in  our  western  range  plants, 
especially  that  highly  succulent  forage,  both  herbaceous 
and  shrubby,  to  be  found  in  great  abundance  in  the 
higher  mountainous  regions. 

This  range,  in  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains,  is  not 
fully  utilized.  It  has  never  been  grazed  to  anything  like 
its  full  carrying  capacity  and  its  waste  without  doubt  con- 
stitutes one  of  our  greatest  economic  leaks  in  the  present 
crisis. 

The  forage  of  our  wild  lands  is  produced  more  cheaply 
than  any  other  feed  of  like  value.  It  simply  grows  with- 
out cultivation  or  care  of  any  kind,  and  it  does  not  have 
to  be  cut,  hauled,  etc.,  yet  its  real  value  is  based,  not  on 
the  cost  of  production,  but  on  the  amount  and  value  of 
animal  products  it  will  produce  when  fully  utilized  by 
grazing.  Never  in  the  history  of  our  country  has  the 
demand  for  animal  products  of  all  kinds  been  so  great 
as  at  the  present  time,  and  yet  the  demand  for  grains  for 
human  food  is  so  great  that  they  should  be  used  as  spar 
ingly  as  possible  for  the  feeding  of  animals.  It  is,  there- 
fore, almost  a  crime  to  allow  grass,  if  at  all  accessible,  to 
go  to  waste  when  the  country  is  in  such  dire  need  of 
what  this  forage  will  produce.  The  opinion  is  quite  gen- 
eral that  the  range  lands  of  the  West  are  already  fully 
utilized.  This  is  true  for  certain  portions  of  the  range 
only.  On  many  of  the  National  Forests  in  northern 
Idaho,  eastern  Washington  and  western  Montana  the 
number  of  stock  grazed  is  not  half  what  the  range  can 
carry.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  acres  of  excellent  for- 
age in  this  region  is  wasting  at  the  present  time  which 
should  have  been  transformed  during  the  past  summer 
into  meat  and  wool.  When  computed  in  pounds  of  food 
and  clothing  this  loss  is  enormous  and  its  value  at  pres- 
ent prices  is  indeed  fabulous.  Who  is  to  blame  for  this 
state  of  affairs,  and  how  is  this  waste  to  be  stopped?  No 
one  is  directly  to  blame,  and  the  waste  can  be  stopped 
only  by  education  and  development.  The  farmers  and 
m 


stockmen  of  this  region  must  be  educated  regarding  the 
nature  and  value  of  this  range,  and  the  forests  must  be 
further  developed  with  roads  and  stock  trails  in  order 
that  they  may  be  more  accessible  for  trailing  herds  and 
flocks  in  and  out  of  these  regions.  The  forest  super- 
visors are  doing  this  as  rapidly  as  their  limited  funds  will 
permit,  they  are  also  advertising  this  range  and  making 
its  value  known  to  stockmen  by  every  means  at  their 
command.  Yet  they  cannot  get  enough  permittees  to 
take  up  the  allotments  made  and  only  a  small  part  of  the 
stock  necessary  to  consume  the  forage  which  annually 
goes  to  waste.  One  of  the  chief  difficulties  lies  in  the 
fact  that  the  farmers  are  as  a  rule  inexperienced  in  trail- 
ing stock  back  into  rough  and  mountainous  country.  If 
this  range  were  in  Utah,  Arizona  or  California  the  vet- 
eran stockmen  in  these  regions  would  soon  get  to  it,  and 
it  would  be  fully  utilized  by  these  men  who  would  at 
once  recognize  its  value  and  eagerly  grasp  this  opportu- 
nity for  greater  sheep  and  cattle  production.  Another 
reason  why  this  range  is  not  taken  is  because  stock 
owners  in  the  contiguous  valleys  do  not  fully  understand 
the  great  advantage  accruing  from  the  formation  of  co- 
operative stock  associations.  In  fact,  many  have  never 
heard  of  these  associations  and  know  nothing  at  all  of 
how  they  are  operated. 

One  concrete  example  will  serve  to  explain  conditions 
obtaining  on  probably  half  the  National  Forests  in  the 
northern  Rockies,  some  of  which  have  had  practically  no 
grazing  animals  on  them  at  any  time.  The  forest  re- 
ferred to  advertised  to  allot  12,000  sheep  for  the  summer 
of  1917,  the  range  being  capable  of  carrying  from  25  to 
40  per  cent  more  if  permittees  could  be  found.  However, 
only  3,000  sheep  were  brought  onto  this  range  for  the 
season.  This  means  that  but  25  per  cent  of  the  forage 
necessary  to  maintain  at  least  12,000  sheep  with  their 
lambs  was  used  during  the  past  grazing  season.  In  other 
words,  the  forage  necessary  to  maintain  for  three  months 
9,000  sheep  with  their  lambs  has  been  wasted.  An  in- 
vestment in  sheep  of  at  least  $125,000  could  thus  have 
been  maintained  for  one-fourth  of  the  year  and  likewise 
its  increase  of  from  5,000  to  6,000  lambs,  worth  at  a  con- 
servative estimate  from  $30,000  to  $35,000.  A  fair  gain 
for  the  sheep  for  this  period  would  be  ten  pounds  per 
head  and  for  the  lambs  thirty-five  pounds  per  head, 
with  two  pounds  of  wool  per  head  for  sheep  and  lambs. 
This  means  that  forage  sufficient  to  produce  90,000 
pounds  of  mutton  and  from  175,000  to  210,000  pounds 
of  lamb  or  approximately  300,000  pounds  of  meat,  and 
from  28,000  to  30,000  pounds  of  wool,  both  much 
needed  at  this  time,  is  lost  forever.  The  price  at  this 
time  is  so  fabulous  that  the  reader  is  left  to  determine 
the  money  value  for  himself.  This  is  one  of  the 
smallest  National  Forests.  Many  of  them  in  the 
region    named    could    easily    handle    five   times,    and 


EDITORIAL 


749 


some  ten  times  this  number  of  sheep,  besides  many 
cattle.  Those  in  charge  would  gladly  do  this  if 
people  could  be  induced  to  provide  the  stock  and  to  use 
the  range.  It  is  believed  that  many  would  do  so  were 
they  fully  informed  of  its  real  value,  the  methods  of  se- 
curing the  range,  and  knew  how  to  get  the  stock  back  to 
it.  As  said  before,  many  have  never  heard  of  co-opera- 
tive stock  associations  whereby  the  rancher  with  only  a 
few  head  of  stock  may  join  with  his  neighbors,  who  also 
have  small  numbers,  and  together  secure  a  range  allot- 
ment for  the  season.  In  this  way  each  man  holds  his 
stock  in  his  own  name,  paying  his  share  of  the  grazing 
fees  and  cost  of  herding.    Many  people  do  not  realize  how 


far  sheep  and  cattle  may  be  trailed  back  into  the  moun- 
tains to  excellent  advantage.  By  this  method  the  local 
ranges  would  be  saved  for  spring  and  fall  grazing.  The 
opportunity  given  the  close-in  pastures  for  recuperation 
during  the  summer  months  would  enable  them  to  sup])ort 
a  greater  number  of  stock  in  the  fall  and  spring,  thus 
enabling  the  farmer  or  the  stockman  of  the  valleys  t'j 
considerably  increase  the  number  of  animals  handled, 
add  materially  to  his  income  and  "do  his  bit"  most  sub- 
stantially by  way  of  augmenting  the  depleted  supplies  ot 
our  most  highly  valued  classes  of  food  products  and 
clothing  material.  That  this  increase  should  be  brought 
about  is  highly  important. 


WOOD  CUTTING  TO  OVERCOME    COAL  SHORTAGE 


THE  serious  shortage  of  coal  throughout  the  entire 
country  makes  the  substitution  of  wood  for  fuel  a 
real  necessity.  How  far  increased  use  of  wood  can 
help  this  year  is  unknown.  It  appears,  however,  that 
the  amount  cf  fuel  wood  now  cut  and  seasoned  is  far 
below  normal,  not  more  than  one-half  the  usual  supply. 
The  small  available  supply  of  seasoned  wood  has  caused 
the  price  to  increase  in  many  places  to  nearly  double  that 
of  a  year  ago.  Some  towns  in  New  England  are  reported 
as  now  paying  as  high  as  $18.00  per  cord  for  seasoned 
wood,  while  as  high  as  $12.00  per  cord  is  paid  in  some 
places  for  wood  f.  o.  b.  These  are  unusual  prices  and 
were  it  not  for  the  great  scarcity  of  labor  would  un- 
doubtedly greatly  stimulate  wood  cutting  wherever  wood 
is  available.  Enormous  quantities  of  standing  timber 
suitable  for  fuel  are  available.  The  situation,  therefore, 
demands  prompt  action  not  only  to  meet  present  exigen- 
cies, but  to  alleviate  the  situation  a  year  hence. 

The  Federal  Fuel  Administrator  for  New  England, 
Mr.  J.  J.  Storrow,  in  a  call  to  a  conference  on  the  sub- 
ject, said : 

"A  serious  shortage  of  coal  threatens  New  England 
this  winter.  The  situation  does  not  warrant  neglecting 
any  possible  measure  of  preparedness.  For  this  reason 
it  seems  advisable  to  make  a  New  England  campaign  for 
the  production  of  wood  on  a  large  scale.  Good  hard-. 
wood  pro])erly  prepared  and  dried  can  be  used  exten- 
sively for  domestic  purposes  as  an  emergency  measure. 
Wood  cut  in  November  can  be  burned  the  latter  part  of 
the  winter,  when  the  coal  situation  may  be  most  acute. 
The  cam])aign  should  also  look  ahead  toward  a  large 
sui)])ly  of  wood  for  next  winter  when  the  coal  situation 
may  be  more  serious  than  this  year." 

The  full  attendance  at  the  conference  bespoke  the 
interest  of  everyone  in  the  solution  of  the  fuel  problem 
and  conclusions  reached  were  summarized  as  follows : 

1.  People  throughout  New  England  should  be  urged 
to  use  wood  wherever  they  can  do  so  in  order  to  save  coal 

2.  It  is  earnestly  recommended  that  the  fuel  adminis- 
trators and  the  agricultural  and  other  officers  throughout 
the  New  England  states  shall  urge  upon  all  woodland 
owners  to  cut  cordwood  promptly  and  extensively. 


3.  As  far  as  possible  portable  sawing  machinery 
should  be  used  in  order  to  save  the  expense  of  additional 
handling.  In  some  instances  the  wood  can  probably  be 
cut  into  one  foot  lengths  advantageously.  The  machinery 
uses  a  different  class  of  laborers,  reducing  the  number  of 
skilled  laborers  required. 

4.  In  order  to  secure  the  best  results,  local  organiza- 
tion is  necessary.  Leadership  and  sometimes  capital  are 
required,  which  we  believe  should  come  from  the  local 
banks  and  business  men. 

5.  It  is  recommended  that  the  fuel  administrator  in 
each  state  shall  appoint  a  representative  committee  from 
the  several  counties  and  wood-using  industries,  including 
the  State  Forester  in  each  state,  these  committees  to  take 
charge  of  the  wood  situation  under  the  fuel  administra- 
tor. Insofar  as  their  judgment  approves,  local  commit- 
tees in  the  several  towns  should  be  organized  in  order 
that  the  local  committees  shall  protect  themselves  against 
extortionary  prices. 

The  Fuel  Administrators  for  each  state  should  appoint 
committees  in  each  town  to  canvass  all  timber  land 
owners  and  urge  upon  them  the  necessity  for  increasing 
the  cutting  of  wood  not  only  to  be  used  this  winter  but 
for  a  reserve  supply  of  seasoned  wood  for  next  winter. 
Even  where  $2.00  or  even  $3.00  per  cord  is  now  paid  for 
cutting  the  wood  the  owner  is  receiving  more  for  his 
stumpage  under  present  prices  than  he  did  a  few  years 
ago  when  cutting  cost  but  $1.00  per  cord. 

It  is  clear  that  woodland  owners  are,  therefore,  not 
being  asked  to  make  any  financial  sacrifices,  but  just  to 
get  a  strong  grip  on  the  situation  and  use  every  effort 
with  available  labor  to  get  out  more  fuel  wood  and  then 
more  during  this  winter.  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that 
the  opportunity  is  big  to  improve  our  woodlands  in  this 
work.  Let  every  reader  of  American  Forestry  take 
hold  and  "do  his  bit"  along  this  line. 


'T^HE  municipal  forest  of  Baden-Baden,  Germany, 
-'-  yields  an  annual  net  profit  of  $5.25  per  acre.  Many 
cities  in  the  United  States  might  have  the  same  income. 
The  town  forest  of  Fosbach,  Germany,  pays  a  net  profit 
of  $12.41  per  acre  per  year. 


A  PAGE  OF  REMARKABLE 
FIREPLACES 

AT  LEFT— At  Haddon  Hall,  Deibyshire.  this 
old  fireplace  and  the  Old  English  Oak  wains- 
coting is  still  in  existence,  though  the  drawing 
was  made  more  than  half  a  century  ago.  It  was 
around  fireplaces  of  this  sort  that  the  traditional 
Christmas  of  Old  England  grew.  To  mention 
those  old  celebrations  suggests  old  oak-paneled 
rooms  of  this  sort  and  we  can  hardly  think  of  the 
rooms  themselves  without  visions  of  glorious  old 
holidays  and  the  finest  traditions  of  home  life. 


BELOW— This  Dutch  kitchen  dates  from 
the  seventeenth  century  and  is  in  the  Ancient 
Draperer's  House,  Leyden.  Note  the  wooden 
shelf  and  hood  and  the  tiled  walls  and  floor. 


9 

Pi 

V^^^^^^^^ 

^i 

^^^^^^^^H 

w] 

m 

1 

^^1  III 

Mmsm 

Wimii 

^H 

\ 

^.y 

VH 

1 

^^-g 

^^^■■■■F^^^'''i^  -■.: 

'■  i 

^ 

^^H 

I^K 

Li 

B 

Atf'^^^^^l 

■ 

P  m 

i 

H 

ABOVE — This  remarkably  Italian  looking 
room  is  in  the  residence  of  William  G.  Mather, 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  was  designed  by  Charles 
A.  Piatt,  of  New  York. 


AT  RIGHT — The  rooms  in  the  Trianons 
are  less  elaborate  than  at  Versailles.  In  this, 
the  Salon  a  Mttsiqne  at  the  Grand  Trianon,  the 
wooden  paneling  is  painted  putty  color,  and 
there  is  none  of  the  gilding  of  ornament  that 
was  used  so  lavishly  by  Louis  XV  at  Ver- 
sailles. 


1 


USING  WOOD  IN  FIREPLACES  TO  CONSERVE  COAL 

BY  RAWSON  W.  HADDON 


w 


HEN  the  year  gets  round  to  the  time  immediately 
before  the  day  when 

"...    baby's  hand  just  touches  heaven 
When    Daddy    lights    the    tree." 

we  begin  to  reahze  again  how  important  the  fireplace  is 
to  the  final  completion  of  our  happiness  when  we  are 
gathered  for  the  most  important  holiday  of  all  the  year. 
But  for  us,  Christmas  celebrations  this  year  can  hardly 
take  on  the  lighthearted  aspect  that  they  have  assumed 
in  former  years,  though  there  never  has  been  a  Christ- 
mas for  all  the  people  of  this  country — unless  perhaps  it 
was  that  dark  winter  of  Valley  Forge — in  which  it  was 


Photo    courtesy   Arthur    Todhunter. 


Wc  have  our  share  of  ups  and  downs. 

Our  cares   like   other  folk; 
The  pockethook  is  sometimes  full, 

We're  sometimes  well   nigh  broke; 
But  once  a   year,  at  Christmas   time. 

Our  hearth  is  bright  to  see; 
The   baby's  hand   just   touches  heaven 

When    Daddy   lights   the  tree. 

MARGARET    E. 


SANGSTER 


more  important  for  us  to  realize  and  cherish  and  get 
every  possible  pleasant  hour  from  our  available  stock  of 
home  atmosphere  and  home  thoughts. 

Nor  have  there  been  many  times  when  it  was  so 
important  to  inspire  those  at  the  front  with  the  assurance 
that  we,  at  home,  are  keei)ing  the  "home  fires  burning" 
to  welcome  and  cheer  them  when  they  return.  And  at 
this  present  time,  there  are  good  reasons  why  "the  fires" 


should  indicate  an  actual  fact  as  well  as  a  picturesque 
phrase. 

It .  is  announced  that  stringent  measures  are  to  be 
taken  by  the  government  for  the  conservation  of  the 
present  coal  supply,  both  mined  and  that  which  is  now 
in  the  ground,  for  use  in  necessary  government  and  pub- 
lic service  establishments. 

A  single  instance  of  this  is  the  elimination  of  large  and 
useless  (and,  from  an  esthetic  viewpoint,  most  offen- 
sively ugly)  electric  advertising  signs,  with  a  resultant 
saving  of  hundreds  of  thousands  of  tons  ot  coal  for  use 
in  munition  factories  and  other  important  industries. 

But  from  this  extreme  case  of  hundreds  and  perhaps 
thousands  of  tons  a  day  the  duty  of  economy  is  distrib- 
uted among  other  consumers  and  rests  with  equal  import- 
ance upon  the  householder,  in  the  use  of  whose  supply  of 
fuel  it  is  also  of  the  greatest  importance  that  strictest 
economy  and  judgment  be  exercised. 

At  this  point  the  forest  is  again  called  upon  to  do  a 
part  in  carrying  out  the  plans  of  the  government,  and 
one  of  the  natural  suggestions  has  been  that  fewer  coal 
fires  be  used  and  that  more  attention  be  given  to  the  heat- 
ing of  rooms  by  means  of  wood  fires  in  open  fireplaces. 
It  is  proposed  that  only  a  minimum  temperature  be 
maintained  throughout  the  house  and  that  extra  heat, 
in  living  rooms  for  instance,  as  bed  rooms  seldom,  if 
ever,  need  any  large  amount  of  heat,  be  obtained  by  the 
use  of  open  fireplaces.  Here,  however,  we  must  imme- 
diately realize  the  wastefulness  of  open  coal  fires  and 
turn  to  wood  for  a  satisfactory  and  economical  fuel. 

Quite  outside  of  what  may,  with  only  a  small  amount 
of  good  natured  exaggeration,  be  called  the  "aspect  of 
military  necessity"  in  this  suggestion,  fireplace  heating 
has  another  and  equally  important  point  of  view. 

This  is  concerned  with  the  fireplace,  and  the  spark- 


Photo    by   Frank    Cousins. 

Mantel    in    the    Cook-Oliver    House,    Salem,    Mass. 
Samuel    Mclntire. 


Designed    in    1799    by 


791 


752 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


ling,  crackling  wannth  of  the  open  fire 
as  one  of  the  most  important  elements 
of  the  decoration  of  our  homes. 

To  us  of  the  present  day,  with  all  our 
imi)rovements  and  labor-saving  devices, 
which  are  all  fine  enough  in  themselves, 
but  which  are  apt  to  lessen  our  con- 
sciousness of  deepfer  grounded  artistic 
longings  and  elements  of  life,  the  fire- 
place has,  until  very  recently,  been  a 
neglected  quantity. 

Indeed  we  hear  far  too  infrequently 
nowadays  allusions  to  scenes  where,  as 
Robert  Bloomfield,  the  cobbler-poet,  said: 

"Flat  on  the  hearth  the  glowing  embers  lie, 
And  flames  reflected  dance  in  every  eye;" 

and  too  many  contemporary  American 
homes  have  been  turned  into  enormously 
erticient  but  rather  soulless  habitations 
where  the  simpler,  more  graceful  sort  of 
ideals  are  all  too  easily  lost  sight  of. 
In  building  a  fireplace  there  are  many 
types  to  choose  from.  There  are  the  large  and  elaborate 
sorts  for  instance,  which  were  the  product  of  calm  and 
spacious  days  when  magnificence  in  living  was  one  of 
the  arts  of  life,  and  which  can  be  reproduced  to  advan- 
tage in  very  large  and  formal  houses  of  the  present 
time.  Then,  too,  there  are  the  simpler  and  more  inti- 
mate and  homelike  products  of  our  own  Colonial  days, 
which  were  built,  originally,  during  a  period  when  the 


Photo  courtesy  of  the   Hayden   Co. 

A  reproduction  of  an  old   EngliHh  paneled  room  of  most  elaborate  design. 
Tlie  paneling  is  oal<  and  the  carvings  in  old  pear  wood. 


Living  room  in  an  old  Colonial  House  that  has  been  restored  by  an  architect  for  his  own  use. 
Residence   of   Herbert    M.    Baer,    Westport,    Conn. 


home  fireside  was  the  final  goal  of  existence  and  when 
all  social  and  national  considerations  revolved  around 
it  as  a  central  point.  Indeed,  in  all  modern  periods  of 
history  the  fireplace  has  been  developed  as  important  an 
architectural  feature  as  it  has  been  a  rallying  point  of 
social  and  family  life. 

In  the  earlier  types  the  fireplace  opening  is  extremely 
large,  too  enormous  by  far  for  present  day  use,  but  cer- 
tain English  and  early  American  types  are  extremely 
well  calculated  for  use  today. 

The  design  of  the  fireplace  is,  in  fact,  the  one  important 
keynote  in  the  successfully  decorated  room.  Much  is 
gained,  too,  by  building  the  fireplace  into  a  paneled 
wall,  as  the  majority  of  those  illustrated  are  built. 

In  English  houses  the  paneling  is  generally  carried 
around  four  walls  of  the  room,  while  in  the  American 
examples  only  one  wall  was  paneled  and  the  remaining 
ones  were  plastered  or  papered.  This  shows  in  the  pho- 
tograph which  heads  this  article  and  the  plastered  side 
wall  can  be  seen  in  the  illustration  of  the  living  room  of 
Mr.  Baer's  house. 

In  the  design  it  is  important  that  the  use  for  which  the 
room  is  intended  be  taken  into  consideration,  and  that  it 
be  in  character  and  harmony  with  the  room  and  with  the 
furnishing  to  be  placed  in  it. 

Roughly  speaking,  there  are  three  general  types  of 
fireplace  which  are  used  at  the  present  time.  An  exam- 
])le  of  the  most  elaborate  type  is  found  in  Georgian  work 
such  as  that  in  the  drawing  room  at  Belton,  of  which  an 
interesting  reproduction  has  been  carried  out  by  the 
Hayden  Company  of  New  York,  and  reproduced  through 
their  courtesy. 

The  structural  work  in  this  room  is  built  of  English 
oak  and  the  elaborate  wood  carvings  executed  in  old 
pear  wood.  The  mantel  itself,  as  in  the  original,  is  exe- 
cuted in  marble  as  a  contrast  to  the  large  amount  of 
woodwork  otherwise  used.  In  finishing  the  wood  it  was 
thoroughly  stained,  and  waxed  to  bring  out  its  fine  nat- 


USING  WOOD  IN  FIREPLACES  TO  CONSERVE  COAL 


753 


ural  color.  In  this  English  type  the  fire- 
place opening  is  in  itself  rather  small  in 
comparison  to  the  scope  of  the  whole  de- 
sign. A  very  much  stronger  and  more  defi- 
nite note  is  struck  by  the  picture  and  carv- 
ing over  the  mantel  which  are,  in  them- 
selves, important  and  necessary  parts  of  the 
composition,  making  the  mantel  frame  and 
the  "over  mantel"  together  form  the  entire 
and  distinct  feature  of  design. 

In  the  fireplace  and  paneling  in  Mr. 
Baer's  house,  on  the  other  hand,  an  entirely 
different  scheme,  and  different  theory  of 
design  is  found.  In  this  latter  type  the 
overmantel  is  subordinated  in  importance 
to  a  large  and  ample  fireplace  opening.  In 
this  case  it  will  be  noted  that  no  decoration 
whatever  is  found  in  the  place  occupied  by 
the  picture  and  the  carving  in  the  Belton 
example,  and  the  fire  opening  is  in  this 
way  emphasized  and  made  the  important 
element  of  design.  This  emphasis  upon  the 
opening  itself  is  further  accentuated  by  the 
absence  of  any  mantel  shelf  and  the  use  of 
a  single  bold  and  emphatically  simple 
molded  frame.  This  is  a  good  example  of 
early  Colonial  work  and  illustrates  a  type 
of  wall  treatment  that  deserves  the  care- 
ful and  earnest  consideration  of  the  home 
builder  of  today. 

"The  paneling  shown  in  this  room," 
writes  the  architect,  "was  taken  out  of  an 
old  house  of  about  the  same  period  as  that 
of  my  own  residence  and  dates,  approxi- 
mately, from  the  year  1750.  It  was  deliv- 
ered at  my  house  in  absolutely  original 
condition,  and,  as  antique  buyers  say,  'in 
the  rough.'  Built  of  local  pine,  it  had  in 
the  course  of  years  received  coat  upon 
coat  of  paint,  some  good  and  some  of  ex- 
tremely poor  quality.  Much  of  this  had 
been  chipped  off  and  in  order  to  finish 
the  woodwork  properly  after  it  was  set 
up  in  the  room,  it  was  necessary  to  burn 
off  a  large  part  of  this  paint  and  to  care- 
fully scrape  off  the  remainder.  After  thij, 
the  woodwork  was  given  two  and  th<"r, 
three  coats  of  paint  which  I  selected  as  be- 
ing without  any  doubt  the  best  for  the  pur- 
pose. Finally  a  coat  of  flat  enamel  was  ap- 
plied. The  importance  of  the  selection  of 
proper  paint  cannot  be  over-emphasized. 
Between  each  coat,  to  make  a  good  job, 
the  paint  should  be  properly  sandpapered." 

The  last  of  the  three  types  occupies  a 
middling  course  between  the  two  extremes 
already  discussed  and  is  found  illustrated 
in  the  mantels  most  frequently  found  in 
later  Colonial  and  English  work  and 
which  may  be  illustrated  by  the  mantel 
heading  this  article  and  by  an  interesting 
one  in  Salem,  designed  by  Samuel  Mcln- 
tire  and  erected  in  1799.  This  latter  type 
is  more  often  used  than  the  earlier  Colo- 
nial one  and  perhaps  is  justly  the  more 
popular  scheme.  Certainly  it  fits  better  in 
the  unpaneled  room  and  it  suggests  a  cer- 


tain informality  and  homelikeness  which, 
though  making  its  use  impossible  in  the 
formally  arranged  or  decorated  room, 
makes  its  use  advisable  in  a  far  greater 
number  of  conditions  than  is  possible  in 
the  case  of  either  of  the  previous  types. 

While  the  Salem  example  is  an  authen- 
tic antique  and  probably  built,  also,  of 
some  local  wood,  the  illustration  which 
appears  over  the  verse  on  the  first  page 
is  quite  modern  in  erection,  but  is  an  ex- 
act reproduction  of  an  old  mantel  now  in 
the  possession  of  Mr.  Arthur  Todhunter, 
of  New  York  city,  who  has  done  much  to 
further  art  appreciation  in  the  home  by  the 
many  splendid  products  of  his  business. 
Such  mantels  and  fireplace  furnishings 
from  well  designed  antique  models  are 
within  the  reach  of  every  house  builder  at 
a  cost  very  often  far  smaller  than  would 
be  necessary  for  the  purchase  of  consider- 
bly  inferior  designs  elsewhere. 

It  will  be  noted  that  this  third  type  of 
mantel  is  designed  quite  independently  of 
the  surrounding  wall.  And  while  it  is 
found  both  in  paneled  and  in  plastered 
rooms  it  has  no  more  actual  decorative  re- 
lation to  one  than  to  the  other.  While  the 
first  type,  to  be  successful,  must  be  designed 
with  an  equally  important  overmantel,  and 
the  second  type  derives  its  entire  success 
from  the  absence  of  the  same,  and  loses 
much  of  its, effectiveness  if  the  space  above 
it  is  not  left  severely  unornamented.  The 
space  over  this  third  type  is  left  to  be  deco- 
rated as  the  house  furnisher  wishes.  An 
old  pictorial  paper  makes  decorations  im- 
possible in  the  Salem  example,  but  the 
other  illustration  shows  the  scope  left  to 
personal  taste  in  the  matter  of  mirrors  and 
mantel  shelf  decorations. 

The  structural  materials  selected  for  the 
work,  and  the  manner  in  which  these  are 
finished  is  important.  When  the  decora- 
tive scheme  calls  for  woods  left  in  rich 
natural  colors  materials  must  be  selected 
with  care  both  with  regard  to  their  color 
and  wearing  qualities.  In  recent  work 
many  interesting  results  have  been  ob- 
tained with  practically  every  domestic 
wood.  Much  work  could  be  illustrated  in 
which  results  of  the  greatest  interest  and 
merit  have  been  obtained  in  the  use  of 
American  oak,  red  gum,  walnut,  cypress 
and  many  others.  For  work  which  is  to 
be  finished  with  heavy  coats  of  paint  or 
enamel  (which  must  be  selected  with  care 
and  in  the  light  of  the  conditions  tha' 
maintain  in  the  paint  market  at  the  present 
day)  the  favorites  seem  to  be,  to  name  only 
a  few,  pine,  spruce,  maple,  cypress  and 
others. 

And  finally,  when  all  is  said  and  done 
and  we  have  had  our  artistic  appreciation 
and  all  the  homelike  coziness  that  an  open 
fire  will  give,  we  need  in  no  wise  look  upon 
our  enjoyment  as  a  selfish  extravagance  or 


a  self  indulgence,  but  rather  as  a  sacri- 
fice that  our  brothers  and  fathers^  may 
thereby  be  furnished  with  those  things  that 
will  assure  for  them  safety  and  some  de- 
gree of  comfort  and  a  final  happy  issue 
out  of  this  present  great  conflict  in  which 
they,  in  far  distant  lands,  are  fighting  so 
bravely  and  so  unselfishly  for  the  protec- 
tion of  our  homes  and  of  the  lives  of  those 
who  are  dearest  to  them — and  to  us. 

In  itself  the  contribution  to  the  grand 
total  seems  a  pitiful  and  an  insignificant 
one,  but  it  so  happens  that  from  our  seem- 
ingly unimportant  economy  in  this  one 
particular,  and  from  our  saving  of  coal 
that  follows  as  a  result  of  this  use  of  wood 
fires,  we  have  a  positive  assurance  that  we 
are  making  possible  the  production  of 
materials  for  the  final  and  complete  crush- 
ing of  that  hideous  and  monstrous  and  al- 
most unspeakably  degraded  and  cruel 
enemy  that  comes  to  our  very  doors  threat- 
ening our  lives  and  menacing  the  continu- 
ance of  our  best  traditions  and  those  ideals 
for  the  establishment  of  which  our  fore- 
fathers laid  down  their  lives  long  yearS'igo. 

Those  who  are:  now  at  the  front,  and 
those  who  will  soon  be  there,  will  be  most 
in  your  thoughts  this  Christmas  Day  and 
they  will  be  glad  to  know  that  you  at  home 
are  helping  in  all,  even  in  these  apparently 
unimportant  ways.  '  j, 

Through  all  the  long  months  that  they 
must  spend  on  foreign  soil  and  during 
which  they  must  contend  with  the  neces- 
sary privations  of  wa*,  it  will  inspire  tbem 
to  greater  and  nobler  efforts  to  know  that 
you  are  comfortably  established  at  horn?, 
out  of  the  way  of  harm,  and  keeping  up 
those  traditions  and  conditions  to  which 
they  hope,  after  their  final,  glorious  vic- 
tory, to  return. 

And,  in  doing  this,  in  lighting  your  fire- 
place, you  have  the  satisfaction  of  knowing 
that  every  wood  fire,  every  additional  cord 
of  wood  and  every  ton  of  coal  saved  in 
home  use  means  almost  untold  protection 
to  your  soldiers  in  the  form  of  the  possible 
additional  production  of  ammunition  for 
their  use.  Every  cloud  of  smoke  ascend- 
ing from  our  chimneys,  where  it  comes 
from  a  wood  fire,  means  just  so  much  fuel 
saved  to  prevent  the  ghastly  conditions 
caused  by  a  shortage  of  ammunition  that 
brought  about  those  horrible  catastrophes 
in  Russia — and  more  recently  on  the  Italian 
front.  ', 

Victorious  advances  will  require  far 
more  munitions  than  defensive  campaigns 
and  in  the  future  as  victories  increase  the 
need  of  straining  every  energy  to  supply 
these  munitions  will  be  necessary.  You,  the 
government  knows,  will  assist  in  this  by 
using  less  ai:d  less  coal  at  this  time  and 
by  substituting  for  it  comfortable  fires  of 
wood.  A  small  sacrifice,  surely,  even  at 
its  very  worst,  for  so  good  a  cause. 


AMERICAN  FORESTERS  IN  MILITARY  SERVICE 

This  list  is  compiled  from  various  sources.  Every  effort  has  been  made  to  make  it  complete  and  accurate, 
but  in  the  nature  of  things  there  are  necessarily  omissioi  s  and  errors.  The  list  will  be  reprinted  and  increased 
from  month  to  month.  All  foresters  and  others  who  cm  supply  additional  names  or  note  corrections  are  urged 
to  communicate  with  American  Forestry  as  promptly  as  possible,  to  the  end  that  the  list  may  have  full  value 
as  a  record  of  the  men  who  have  gone  to  war. 


A  GEE,  Fred.  B.,  Deputy  Forest  Supervisor,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Albano,  Jack,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
AMous,  Tura  M.,  grazing,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Alexander,  Ben,  (Bilt.  For.  School),  2nd  R.  O.  T.  C. 

Alexander,  J.  B.,  1st  Lt.  Aviation  Corps,  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '17). 

Allen,  Raymond,  New  Jersey. 

Ames.  !•'.  H.  (Vale  For.  School  '05). 

Anderson,  A.  C,  2nd  Lt.  U.  S.  A.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '17). 

Anderson,  Emil  A.,  deputy  forest  supervisor,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Archer,  Frank  L.,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Armstrong,    Carroll    W.    (Bilt.    For.    School)    Quartermaster's 
Dept.,  Fort  Dodge. 

Armstrong,   Ralph   H.    (Bilt.   For.   School),   104th   Inf.,   Expedi- 
tionary Forces,  France. 

Atkinson,  E.  S.,  (Yale  For.  School,  '16). 

Atwood,  C.  R.  (Univ.  of  Maine,  '15),  manager.  Unit  1,  New  Eng- 
land Sawmill  Units. 

Avery,  B.  F.,  commissioned  in  Eng.  (Forest)  forces ;  (Yale  For. 
School);  Spanish  River  Pulp  and  Paper  Mills. 

Aytward,  F.  N.  (Univ.  of  Calif.),  Ambulance  Corp.*. 

BADERTSCHER,  Ed.,  temporary  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Baker,  Hugh  P.  (Yale  For.  School,  'W),  N.  Y.  State  Col.  of 
Forestry. 

Baldenburg.  Max  B.,  clerk.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Barker,  S.  Omar,  Co.  D.,  502nd  Service  Bn.,  Camp  Merritt,  N.  J. 
U.  S.  F.  S. 

Barlow.  Harold  (Yale  For.  School,  '14). 

Barr,  John  B.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Barton,  Robert  M.,  20th  Engineers  (Forest),  American  Univer- 
sity, Wash.,  D.  C. ;  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F   S. 

Bastian,  Clyde  E.,  Corp.  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Uni.  of  Mich.,  '16). 

Batten,  R.  W.  (Yale  For.  School,  '16). 

Seaman,  Clarence  W.,  messenger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Beattie,  Homer   Milo  (Mich.  Univ.,  '04),  sergt.  10th  Engineers 
(Forest). 

Bedwell,  Jes.<e  L.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Behre,  C.  Edward,  20th  Engineers  (Forest),  American  University, 
Wash.,  D.  C,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Bell.  George  R.  (Yale  For.  School,  '18). 

Bellue,  A.,  10th  Engineers  (Forest). 

Benedict,  M.  S.,  1st  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  for.  sup.,  U.  S.  F.  S 

Benedict,  Raymond  E..  Major  lOth  Eng.  (Forest),  For.  Br.  B.  C. 

Bentley,    George    A.,    Capt.    Quartermaster's    Dept.,    purchasing 
agent  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Bennett.  Edwin  L..  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Bennett,  William  W.,  Co.  E.  314  Ammunition  Train,  Camp  Funs- 
ton,  Ft.  Riley,  Kansas,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Bernhardt.  Carl  L..  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '18). 

Berry.  John  K..  scaler,  U.  S.  F".  S. 

Berry.  Swift,  forester,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Betts.  Fred.  H..  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Bevan.  Arthur  (Uni.  of  Wash..  '17). 

Billingslea.  James  H..  Jr.,  Top  Sergeant  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '14),  for- 
est ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Bird,  R.  I..  Corp.  20th  Eng.  (Forest).  (Cornell,  'IG). 

Bird.  Vern  A.,  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Bloom.  Adolph.  Ensign  U.  S.  N.  Train.  Sta.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '16). 

Bonney.  Parker  S..  Suh.  Lt.  British  Navy  (Uni.  of  Wash..  '1.1). 

Bosworth,  James  H.,  20th  Engineers  (Forest),  American  Univ., 
Wash.,  D.  C,  U.  S.  F.  S.  ' 

Bowen.    John    S.,    20th    Engineers    (Forest),    American    Univ., 
Wash.,  D.  C,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Bowen.  Jos.  B.  (Vale  For.  School.  '17). 

Bradley.  Tom  O.  (.Mt.  Alto).  Pa.  De|it.  For. 

Brady.  Charles  C.  (Uni.  of  Wash.  '18). 

Brady,  Seth  C.  messenger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Breneman.  Howard  E.  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  '17),  Co.  C,   10th 
Eng.  (Forest).  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Brewster.  Donald   R..   forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Brickerhoflr.  H.  E.  (Yale  For.  School).  1st  Lt.  Inf. 

Brindley.  Ralph.  2nd  Lt.  R.  O   T.  C.  (Uni.  of  Wash..  '17V 

Brockway,  M.  (Univ.  of  Me.,  '15),  checker.  Ten  Saw  Mill  Units. 

Brooks.  J.imes  I".,  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Brown.  Ha»com  H..  foreit  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Brown,  R.  A.,  Co.  D..23d  Engineers,  Camp  Meade,  Md.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Brown.  Vance,  scaler.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Browning,  Harold  A.,  asst.  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

7M 


Broxon,  Donald  (Uni.  of  Wash.  '14). 

Bruce,  Donald,  Prof,  of  For.,  Uni.  of  Cal.  (Yale  For.  School,  '10; 

assigned  in  charge  of  timber  recoiinoissance  in  France. 
Bryant,  Edward  S.,  Capt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  for.  ins.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Buch,  John  Edward  (Alt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  '17),  Co.  C,  10th  Eng. 

(Forest).  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Buck.  Shirley.  National  forest  inspector,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Bullerdick,  Ray  O.,  Supply  Ofnce,  Camp  T<tiiaferro  No.  1,  Ft. 

Worth,  Texas,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Bunker,   Page   (Yale),  city   forester,   Fitchburg. 
Burgess,  John,  surveyor  draftsman.  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Burnham,  R.  P.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '17). 

Buttrick.  P.  L.,  Amer.  Ambulance  Serv.  (Yale  For.  School,  '11). 
Byrne,  Geo.  J.,  Jr.,  Ambulance  Corps. 

CALKINS,  Hugh  G.  (Yale  For.  School,  '09),  forest  supervisor, 
U.  S.  F.  S. 
Calloway,  G.  A.  (Uni.  of  Mo.). 

Calloway,  Joseph  R.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Calvert,  Gerald  F.  (Uni.  of  Wash). 

Cameron,  J.  F.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '19). 

Carney,  Thos.  J.,  38th  Co.  10th  Battalion,  166th  Depot  Brigade, 
Camp  Lewis,  American  Lake,  Washington,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Carpenter,  Herbert  M.  (Bilt.  For.  School),  20th  Eng.   (Forest). 

Cappel,  Frederick,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Cassidy.  Hugh  O.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Cecil.  Kirk  P.,  surveyor,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Chudderdon,  Harold  A.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Chamberlain,  Harry  A.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Chapman,   Charles   S.,   Major   10th   Eng.    (Forest),    (Yale   For. 
School.  *02),  forestry  assistant.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Chartrand,  Lee  F.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S 

Charlson,  Alex.,  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '16). 

Christensen,  Alfred  C,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S.). 

Clark.  Donald  H..  1st.  Lt.  R.  O.  T.  C.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '17). 

Clark,  E.  V.,  1st  Lieut. ;  R.  O.  T.  C,  forest  supervisor,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Clemmons.  Walter  C,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Colledge.  Edward  W.  (Bilt.  For.  School),  Am.  Ambulance  Serv- 
ice, France. 

Colburn,    H.    C,    10th    Eng.    (Forest),    Co.    B.,    Expeditionary 
Forces,   France.   U.   S.   F.   S. 

Condon.  H.  R..  2nd.  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  Pa.  R.  R.  forester. 

Conklin,  J.,  20th   Eng.   (Forest). 

Conklin.  W.  Gardiner.  1st.  Lt.  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Pa.  State  For. 
Acad..  '08).  Pa.  Dept.  Forestry. 

Cook,  A.  M.  (Yale  For.  School,  '08). 

Cook.  John  W..  clerk.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Cook.  G.  D.  (Mich.  Apri.  Colle-re),  1st  sergt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest). 

Cook,  H.  O.,  Capt.,  2nd  Forest  Regiment,  Massachusetts. 

Cook.  Samuel,  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Cookston.  Roy.  Capt.  10th.  Eng.  (Forest). 

Coolidge,  Lieut.  Joseph  (Harvard,  '12),  23th  Eng.  (Forest),  con- 
sulting forester. 

Copsey.  C.  N.,  10th  Eng.  (Forest). 

Cope.  H.  Norton,  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Cowan.  T.   DeWitt,  20th   Engineers    (Forest),   American   Univ., 
Wash.,  D.  C,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Cownan.  Talmadge  D.,  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Critchley,  Horace   F.    (Mt.  Alto,   '13),   Res.   Off.  Tr.  Camp,   Ft. 
Niagara.  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Crookston,  Byron  F.,  2'>th  Engineers  (Forest),  American  Univ., 
Wash.,  D.  C,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Crowell,  Lieut.  Lincoln  J.  (Yale,  '08,  Bilt.,  '11),  20th  Eng.  (For- 
est). U.  S.  F.  S. 

Cnmib.  Isaac  J.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '20'>. 

CnOF.  Ivan  A.,  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Culley.  Matthew  J.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Cnno.  John  B..  2nd.  Lt.  20th.  Eng.  (Forest). 

Curwen,  William  H.,  surveyor-draftsman,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

DALLENBACH,  Emil.  messenger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 
De  Camp.  J.  C.  grazing  assistant.  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Deering.  Kobert  L.,  1st  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  forest  ex- 
aminer. U.  S.  F.  S. 
D'Amour,  Lieut.  Fred  E.,  33rd  Inf.,  Co.  L.,  O.  R.  C. 
Davis,  V.   B.,  20th   Eng.   (Forest). 

Devine.  Lieut.  Robert  (Mass.  Inst.  Tech.),  training  camp. 
Deutsch,  Henry  C,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 


AMERICAN  FORESTERS  IN  MILITARY  SERVICE 


755 


Dodd,  C.  T.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest). 

Dodge,  Alex  W.  (Yale),  1st.  sergt.  32nd  Co.,  8th  Bat,  Camp 
Lewis,  Amer.  Lake,  Wash. 

Doggett,  VVilliam  H.  (Vale  For.  School,  '17). 

Dorrance,  John  Gordon  (Biltmore,  '10),  2nd.  Lt.  E.  O.  R.  C. 
Md.  State  Board  of  Forestry. 

Dorward,  U.  L.  (Vale  For.  School,  '14). 

Douglass,  C.  \V.  H.,  Aviation  Corps  (N.  Y.  State  Col.  of  For- 
estry, '15),  American  Forestry. 

DuBois,  Coert,  Major  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  dis.  forester,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Dubuar,  James  F.,  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Dunbar,  Roger  S.  (Bill.),  2ath  Eng.  (Forest). 

Dunn,  Beverly  C,  Adjutant  10th.  Eng.  (Forest). 

Dunning,  Duncan,  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F".  S. 

Dunning,  Earle  (Bilt.),  Quartermaster's  Dept. 

Dunston,  Clarence  R.,  1st.  Lt.,  U.  S.  Indian  Service. 

Dunwoody,  Capt.  W.  Brook  (Yale,  '16),  3rd  Field  Art.,  Ft.  Myer, 
Va.,  2nd  Asst.  State  Forester  Va. 

ELDREDGE,  Inman  F.,  Capt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  forest  super- 
visor, U.  S.  F.  S. 
Elliott,  Harry  R.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Eddy,  Ben,  23rd  (Highway)  Engmeers,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Egnor,  James  W.,  MacCormack  State  Park,  Indiana. 
Elliott,  F.  A.,  10th  Eng.  (Forest). 

Ellis,  Ralph  T.,  woodsman.  Ten  Sawmill  Units  (Mass  For.  Dept.). 
Enierick,  Lloyd  P.,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Emerson,  Fred  D.  (Bilt.),  Camp  Dix. 
Emerson,  J.  Ward,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Estill,  Davis  H.  (Bilt.),  corporal,  Inf. 
Euchern,  Wm.  H.  (Bilt.),  20th  Eng.  (Forest). 
Evans.  Vincent  (L'ni.  of  Wash.,  '16). 
Everett,  E.  W.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest). 
Ewing,  Robert  B.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

FAIRCHILD,  Rollin  A.,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Filer,  Charles  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  "20). 
Fish,  Harold  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '18). 

Fisher.  David  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '14). 

Foerster,  M.  H.,  41st  Co.,  11th  Bat.,  Camp  Zachary  Taylor,  Lou- 
isville, Ky. 

Foess,  Jacob  E.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Mich.  Ag.  Col.,  '17). 

Foley,  A.  C,  Corp.  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Uni.  of  Mich.,  '18). 

Foran,  Harold  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '16). 

Ford,  Earl  J.,  woodsman.  Ten  Sawmill  Units,  England  (Mass. 
Forestry  Dept.). 

Ford,  Elmer  R.  (Penn.  State,  '14),  Officers'  Training  Camp,  Fort 
Myer  (Assist.  For.  Md.  St.  Bd.  of  For.). 

Fowler,  Frederick  H.,  district  engineer,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Frankland,  James,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Fritchle,  C.  R.  (Uni.  of  Mo.). 

Fritz,  Emanuel  (Yale  For.  School.  '14),  forest  asst.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Freedman,  Lieut.  Louis  J,  (Harvard),  Eng.  Corps  (Forest). 

Frey,  E  (Cornell,  '17),  10th  Eng.  (Forest). 

Fullenwider,  William  G.  (Bilt.),  10th  Eng.  (Forest). 

Fuller,  Francis  S.,  iorest  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

GALER,  George  E.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Gallaher,  W.  H.,  2nd  Lt.  (Vale  For.  School,  '10),  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Garrett,  C.  B.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '16). 

Gavlord,  Donald  (Yale  For.  School,  '15). 

Gearhardt,  Paul  H.,  Battery  E.,  316  Rg.,  H.  F.  A.,  Camp  Jack- 
son. S.  C. 

Geary,  H.  O.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest). 

Gebo,  L.  W.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Cornell,  '16). 

Gibbons,  William  H.,  2nd.  Lt.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Gill,  Thomas  H.  (Yale  For.  School,  '15),  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Gilman,  John,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Gilson.  R.  M.  (Yale  For.  School,  '17). 

Girk.  Royal  J.,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Given,  J.  Bonbright,  1st  Lt.,  Camp  Jackson,  S.  C. 

Godwin,  D.  P.,  1st  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  forest  exam.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Gooch,  Winslow  L.,  10th  Engineers  (Forest),  American  Exped. 
Forces,   France,   U.   S.   F.   S. 

Goodman.  Walter  F.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Gowen,  Geo.  B.,  Coast  Artillery. 

Graham.  Paul  (Uni.  of  Wash..  '13). 

Granger.  C.  M.,  assistant  district  forester.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Graves,  Henry  S..  Lt.  Col.,  director,  division  of  forestry  head- 
quarters, American  Expeditionary  forces ;  United  States  For- 
ester. 

Greathouse,  Ray  Livingston.  Co.  A.,  362  Infantry,  Camp  Lewis, 
American   Lake,  Washington,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Greeley.  William  B.,  Major,  deputy  director,  division  of  forestry 
headquarters.  American  Expedicionary  forces;  assistant 
United  States  Forester. 

Grefe.  Raymond  F..  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Grinnel,  Henry  (Bilt),  Forest  Regiment. 

Guthrie,  John  D.  (Yale  For.  School,  '06),  forest  sup.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 


Guthrie,  Richard  T.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Gwin,  Clyde  M.,  Camp  Lewis,  American  Lake,  Tacoma,  Wash-- 
ington,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

HAASIS,  F.  W.,  (Yale  For.  School,  '13),  Regular  Army,  Medi- 
cal Dept. 

Hackett,  VVilliam,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Hagon,  Jules  L.,  20th  Engmeers  (1-orest),  for.  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Hall,  A.  F.,  20th  Engineers  (Forest). 

Hall,  F.  B.,  woodsman.  Ten  Saw  Mill  Units,  Mass.  Dept.  of  For. 
Hall,  R.  C.  (Yale  For.  School,  '08),  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S.; 

assigned  to  timber  reconnoissance   in  France. 
Hall,  Stanley  B.  (Harvard,  W). 

Hammer,  George  C,  Neopit  Indian  Mills,  Neopit,  Wis. 
Hammond,  Charles  P.  (Biltmore),  20th  Engineers  (Forest). 
Hansen,  Harvey  L.  (Univ.  of  Calif.),  Ambulance  Corps. 
Hansen,  Thorvald  (Yale  For.  School,  '17),  forest  asst.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Hansson,  Arnold  (Yale  For.  School,  '17). 
Harding,  Charles  C.  (Vale  For.  School,  'IG). 
Harlacher,  Josef  (Mt.  Alto,  '17)  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  1st  Bat.,  Pa. 

Dept.  For. 
Harley,  Percy  H.,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Harrington,  Neal  (Mich.  For.  School,  '12),  Company  G.,  341  Inf., 

Camp  Cjrant,  Rockford,  III. 
Harmellmg,  H.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '12). 
Harris,  Alvin  E.,  20th  Engineers  (Forest),  American  University, 

Wash.,  D.  C,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Hendrickson.  Guy  C,  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Hendrix,  Albert  W.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Hicock,  Henry  W.  (Yale  For.  School,  '15). 
Hicks,  L.  E.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Hill,  F.  C,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Hill,    Rollin    C,    10th    Engineers    (Forest),    American    Exped. 

Forces,  France,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Hilliard,  L.  E.,  woodsman.  Ten  Saw  Mill  Units,  England ;  Mass. 

For.  Dept. 
Hirst,  E.  C.  (Yale  For.  School,  '09),  state  for.,  New  Hampshire. 
Hogentoler,  Joseph  R.  (Mt.  Alto,  '12),  with  Governor's  troops,  Pa., 

Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Holt,  Felix  R.  (Yale  For.  School,  '02). 
Honeycutt,  E.  E.,  20th  Engineers  (Forest). 
Hotze,  E.  B.  (Uni.  of  Mo.). 
Hope,  L.  S.  (Yale  For.  School,  '16). 
Houpt,  William  E.  (Mt.  Alto,  '09),  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  formerly 

Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Houtz,  Jesse  (Mt.  Alto,  '13),  Field  Artillery,  Camp  Meade,  Md., 

formerly  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
HuflF,  Rolland,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Hull,  J.  H.  (Yale  For.  School,  '11). 
Humphrey,  J.  C.  H.  (Yale  For.  School,  '09). 
Hussey,  Ralph  W.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

INGALLS,  E.  E.  (Yale  For.  School,  '17). 
Inskeep.  Raymond  P.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Isola.  Vico  C.  (Yale  For.  School,  '14). 
Irwin,   James   A.    (Mt.   Alto,   '12),    Sergt.,    10th    Eng.    (Forest), 
France,  formerly  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

JANOUCH,  Karl  L.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Johnson,  O.  S..  Sgt.  20th  Eng.  (Forest)  (Uni.  of  Minn.,  '16). 
Jones.  E.  F.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Johns,  Walter  Ridgley,  158  Co.,  35  Battalion,  166th  Depot  Brig- 
ade, Camp  Lewis,  American  Lake,  Washington,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Johnson,  F.  W.  (student,  Ohio  State),  10th  Engmeers  (Forest). 
Jones,  Luther  G.  (Yale  For.  School,  '10). 
Judson,  Luchard  (Yale  For.  School,  '17). 

KELLEY,  Evan  W..  Capt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  forest  examiner. 
U.  S.  F.  S. 
Ketcham,  Louis,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Kaestner,  H.  J.,  Forester   >f  West  Virginia. 
Kelley,  Capt.  Arthur  L.  (Colo.  Ag.  Col.),  19th  Co.,  Inf.,  O.  R.  C. 
Kenny,  John,  woodsman,  Ten  Saw  Mill  Units,  Mass  For.  Dept. 
Kephard,  G.  S.  (Cornell,  '17),  10th.  Eng.  (Forest). 
Keyes,  John  H.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Yale,  '14). 
Ketridge.  John  C,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Kiefer,  Francis,  Capt.  E.  O.  R.  C,  asst.  dist.  forester,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Kilmer,   William    F.    (Biltmore),    Co.    B.,    Signal    Corps,    Camp 

Sheridan,  Ala. 
Kimball.  George  W.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
King,  Robert  F..  2nd.  Lt.  Coast  Artillery  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '19). 
Kingsley,  Ray  M.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Kittredge.  Joseph,  Jr.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Klobucher,  F.  J.  (Yale  For.  School,  '16),  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Knowlton.  H.  N.,  engineer  in  forest  products,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Kobbe.  William  H.  (Yale  For.  School.  '01). 
Koomey,  L.  H.  (Yale  For.  School,  '12). 
Kraebel,  Charles  J.,  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Kraft,  F.  G.  (Uni.  of  Mo.). 


756 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Krause.  John  E.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Krell,  Frederick  C.  (Penn  State.  '13),  sergt.  1st  class,  10th  Eng. 

(Forest),  Asst.  Forester  Pennsylvania  Railroad. 
Knieger,    Myron    E.,    20th    Engineers    (Forest),    forest    ranger, 

U.  S.  F.  S. 

LAFON.  John.  Capt.  10th  Enjj.  (Forest).  Forest  Branch  B.  C. 
Langville,  H.  D.,  Major  5()5th  Serv.  Regt. 

Larzun,  Arthur  K.  (Uni.  of  Wash.). 
Lee,  Chester  A.  (Yale  For.  School,  '17). 
Leach,  Walter  (Mt.  Alto,  '14),  314th  Inf.,  Camp  Meade,  Md.,  Pa, 

Dept.  For. 
Leniz,   Gustav   H.   (Yale   For.   School,   17),   Sergt.,   10th   Eng 

(Forest). 
Lewis,  Ferry  D.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Lindsey,  Eugene  L.,  1st  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Yale  For.  School. 

'I'J),  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Littlefield,  Theron  R.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Lockwood,  Milton  K.  (Biltmore),  1st  Lt.,  Camp  Jackson,  S.  C. 
Loud.  William  D.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest). 
Loveman,  A.  M.  (Yale  For.  School,  '16). 
Lowdermilk,  Walter  C,  10th  Engineers  (Forest),  American  Ex- 

ped.  Forces,  France,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Lundgren,  Leonard,  Captain,  engineer,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Luther,  T.  F.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Cornell,  '17). 

MACKECHNIE,  A.  R.,  2nd  Lt.  U.  S.  A.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '18). 
Malmstein,  Harry  E.,  grazing  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Marckworth,  Gordon  U.  (Yale  For.  School,  '17),  20th  Eng. 

(Forest),  Va.  Stale  For.  Dept. 
Marsh,  A.  Fletcher  (Yale  For.  School,  '11). 
Masch,  Walter  (Mt.  Alto),  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Marston,  Charles  O.  (Biltmore).  10th  Engineers  (Forest). 
Marston,  Capt.  Roy  L.  (Yale),  103rd  U.  S.  Inf.,  Co.  E,  France. 
Mason,  David  T.,  Capt.  lUth.  Eng.  (Forest),  Uni.  of  Cal.  (Yale 

For  School,  '07). 
McCullough,  Thomas  E.  (Vale  For.  School,  '11). 
McGillicuddy.  Blaine  (Uni.  of  Wash.). 

McGlaughlin.  Eugene  R..  20th  Eng.  (Forest).  (Ohio  State  Uni.). 
McKnight,  Roscoe.  1st.  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  U.  S.  F.  S. 
McNulty.  L.  Edgar  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  '17),  Co.  C,  10th  Eng. 

(I-'orest).  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
McPherson.  Benj.  D.  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  'IG),  10th  Eng.  (For- 
est). Pa.  Pept.  For. 
Meek,  Chas.  R.  (Mt.  Alto,  '12),  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  Co.  A.,  3rd 

Bat.,  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Meloney,  Henry  M.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Mendenhall.  Fred  D.,  surveyor-draftsman.  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Mershon,  William  B.  (Biltmore,  '10),  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  sergt. 

1st  class. 
Mesch,  Walter  (student  at  Mont  Alto),  20th  Engineers  (Forest). 
Meschke,  Karl  G.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Meyer,  L.  A.,  10th  Eng.  (Forest). 
Meyer,  Leo.  W.  (Yale  For.  School,  '17). 
Middour,  Joseph  C.  (Mt.  Alto.  For.  Acad.,  '16),  Co.  C,  10th  Eng. 

(Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Miles,  Clark,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Millar,  W.  N.,  Capt.  lOth  Eng.  (Forest)).  (Yale  For.  School.  '0.S). 
Miller.  Edwin  B.  (.Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  '17),  10th  Eng.  (ForestV 

France,  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Miller.  Fred  H.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
M inner.  Clifford  R..  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Modisette,  W.  M.  (Biltmore).  1st  Lt.  U.  S.  Cavalry 
Moir.  W.  Stuart  (Yale  For.  School.  '17). 
Mongrane,  Joe,  woodsman.   Ten   Saw   Mill   Units    (Mass    For 

Dept.). 
MontKOniery.  Ray  C..  forest  ranper.  U.  S.  F.  S 
Montgomery.  W.  E.  (Mt.  Alto,  '13),  Res.  Off.  Tr.  Camp,  Augusta 

Ga.,  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Moody,  Capt.  F.  B.,  Engineer  Officers'  Reserve  Corps 
Moore.  Barrmgton.  Capt.  (Yale  For.  School,  '08),  U.  S   F  S 
Moore.  W.  M..  fore-ct  examiner.  U.  S.  F.  S*. 
Morrison.    Tom.    10th    Engineers    (Forest),    American    Exped 

I-orces,  France.  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Morton.  J.  Newton  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  '16),  Co.  C,  10th  Ene 

(Forest).  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Mo«ch.  Walter  (Mt.  Alto)  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For 
Murphey    Frank  T20lh   Engineers   (Forest),  American   Univ.. 

Wash.,  u.  L..  U.  b.  r.  S. 
Mun.hy.  E.  C.  2nd  Lt..  U.  S.  A.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '20). 
Murphy.  R.  A.  (Yale  For.  School.  "17). 
Mutz.  George,  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Muzzall.  A.  H..  10th  Engineers  (Forest). 
Mvers.  Frank  R..  fore«t  assistant.  USPS 
Myers,  Edgar  (Cornell.  '17),  10th  Engineers  (Forest) 
Myers,  Reynolds  V.  (Biltmore),  senior  non.  10th  Eng.  (Forest) 

NEL.«;ON.  Enoch  W.,  grazing  assistant.  U.  S    F    S 
Nelson.  Oscar  L..  forest  ranger.  U.  S    F   S 
Nevitt.  John  V.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F   S 


Naramore,  David  C.  (Biltmore),  20th  Engineers  (Forest). 

Nea-^mith.  John  J.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Syracuse.  '17). 

Nordstrom.  Edw.  E.,  woodsman  Ten  Saw  Mill  Units  (Mass. 
Forestry  Dept.). 

Norton,  J.  Newton  (Mont.  Alto.,  '16),  10th  Engineers  (Forest). 
Co.  C.,  France. 

Norton,  Tliomas  E.,  20th  Engineers  (Forest),  American  Univer- 
sity, Washington,  D.  C,  for.  rang.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Nye,  Elmer  L.,  20th  Engineers  (Forest),  American  Univ.. 
Wash.,  D.  C,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

OAKLEAF,  H.  B.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Odell,  W.  T.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '12). 
Oliver,  J.  Earl,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Oles,  W.  S.,  20th  Eng.  (Forest).  (Cornell.  '16). 
Orr.  Ronald  H..  20th  Eng.  (Forest).  (Biltmore  For.  School.  '09). 
O'Shea,   Thomas   E.,  woodsman,   Ten   Saw    Mill   Units    (Mass 

Forestry  Dept.). 
Otis,  David  B.  (Biltmore),  1st  Lt.,  Camp  Dix. 

PAETH,  William  J.  (Yale  For.  School,  '12),  torest  assistant. 
U.  S.  F.  S. 
Paine,  F.  R.  (Yale  For.  School,  '14). 
Pagter,  Lawrence  B.,  20th  Engineers,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S 
Pauie.  Topliff  O.,  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Partridge.  Herbert  E.   (Biltmore). 

Paxton.  Percy  J.  (Yale  For.  School,  '09).  forest  exam..  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Peabody,  Joseph,  20th  Eng.  (Massachusetts  For.  Dept.). 
Peck.  Allen  S..  Major.  10th  Eng..  "O*.)),  forest  insp.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Peck.  E.  C.  (Yale  For.  School.  '18)). 
Perry.    Edgar    L.,   10th    Engineers    (Forest),   American   Exped. 

Forces,  France,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Perry,  Jr.,  R.  E.  (Cornell,  '17),  10th  Engineers  (Forest). 
I'ilcher.  Kufus  J.,  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Plummer.  Donald  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '20). 
Port,  Harold  F.   (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  '16),  Co.  A.,  10th   Eng 

(Forest),  France.  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Porter.  O.  M.  (Vale  For.  School.  '15). 
Powell,  Harry  A.,  British  Army,  (Uni.  of  Wash.). 
Powers,  James  E.  (Mt.  Alto.  '1.5).  Artillery,  Pa.  Dept.  For 
Powers.  Victor  S.  (Uni.  of  Wash..  'IS). 
Prichard,  R.  P.  (Yale  I'or.  School,  '09). 
Prince,  Edmund  H.,  2nd  Lt.  National  Army.     " 
Pryse,  E.  Morgan,  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 


Q 


UINLAN,  James,  woodsman,  Ten   Saw  Mill  Units   (Mass 
Forestry  Dept.) 


RAINSFORD.  W.  K.  (Vale  For.  School.  '06). 
Ramsdell.  Willett  F.,  dei)tity  forest  supervisor,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Rase.  Frederick  W..  surveyor,  U.  S.  l".  S. 

Rand.  E.  A.,  l.st  Sjit..  20th  Eng. '(Forest).  (Uni.  of  Me..  '14) 

Rihlett.  Carl  H..  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Rice,  A.  M.,  20th  Engineers  (Forest). 

Richards.  E.  C.  .\I.  (Yale  For.  School.  '11). 

Rirketts,  Howard  B..  clerk.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Ridings,   Troy   G.,   10th    Encfineers    (Forest),  American    Exped 
l-'orces,  I^rance,   U.  S.   F.  S. 

Ringland,  Arthur  C.  Capt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Yale  For.  School. 
'0.')).  forest  insjiector.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Rixson.  C.  L..  forest  clerk.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Roberts.  Wesley  K.  (Uni   of  Wash..  'IS)). 

Robertson.  Colin  C.  (^'ale  For.  School.  '07). 

Robinson,  S.  E.  (Vale  For.  School,  '12)). 

Robison,  L.  E.,  (Vale),  10th  Engineers. 

Hockey.  K.  E.  (Vale  For.  School.  •I'.'). 

Roeser,  Jacob,  Jr..  forest  assistant.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Root.   I.loyd   (.\lt.  Alto  For.  Arad.,  '17),  Co.  C,  10th   Eng.   (For- 
est), France.  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Ross,  R.  M.  (Bill.,  '09).  Forest  Regiment. 

Rowland.  Arthur   L.   (Ml.   AltoV    I 'a.    Dept.   For. 

Rowland.  Horace  n..-Jr.  (Ml.  Alto.  For.  Acad.,  '15),  Co.  F..  10th 
Eng.  (Forest),  France.  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Rii>!h.  William   M..  forest   ranper.   U.  S.   F.  S. 

Russell,  Austin  P.,  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

RiKsell.  Joseph   P.  (Uni    of  Wa^h.). 

Russell,  William  J..  20;h  Engineers,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Ryerson,  K.  A.,  10th  Engineers  (Forest). 

SADLER.  George  M.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Salton.  Robert  C.  forest  ratijier.  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Sanford.  E.  C,  1st  Lt.,  lOth  Eng.  (Forest),  forest  supervisor. 
U.  S.  F.  S. 
Sanger.  Owen  }..  1st.  Lt.  Canadian  Contingent  (Uni.  of  Wash  V 
Schmaelzle.  Karl  I.  (Uni.  of  Wash). 
Schmilz.  Henrv  (\Jn\   of  Wa<:h..  "15). 

Schoeller,  J.  Diehl  (Uni.  of  Wash.).  1st  Lt.  Cavalry.  Inf.  School 
of  Arms.  Fort  Sill,  Oklahoma. 


AMERICAN  FORESTERS  IN  MILITARY  SERVICE 


757 


Schowe.  William  A.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Scofield,  William  L.  (Yale  For.  School,  'IS),  for.  rang.,  U.  S.  F.  S 

Segur.  Lewis  L..  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Seltzer,  J.  W.,  1st  Lt.  (Pa.  State  For.  Acad.,  '09),  10th  Eng.  (For- 
est), France,  forester  N.  J.  Zinc  Co. 

Senft,  Walter  M.  (Mt.  Alto).  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Severance,  H.  M.,  New  York  National  Guard. 

Shaefer,  Oscar  F.,  10th  Engineers  (Forest)  American  Exped. 
Forces,  France. 

Sharron,  John  L.,  Ten  Saw  Mill  Units,  Mass.  Forestry  Dept. 

Sheeler.  George  W.  (Alt.  Alto,  12),  Co.  C,  502d  Service  Bat.,  Pa. 
Dept.  For. 

Shepard,  H.  B.,  2nd  Lt.,  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  forester  Lincoln 
Pulp  Co. 

Shepard,  Robert,  20th  Engineers  (Forest).  American  Univ.. 
Wash.,  D.  C,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Shenefelt,  Ira  Lee  (Mt.  Alto,  16),  Co.  C,  502d  Service  Bat.,  Pa. 
Dept.  For. 

Siggins,  Howard  W.  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  14),  Co.  C,  10th  Eng. 
(Forest),  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Silcox.  F.  A.  (Yale  For.  School.  '05),  district  forester,  U.  S.  F.  S 

Simons,  S.  T.,  25th  Eng.,  Camp  Devens,  Ayer,  Mass.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Skeels.  Dorr,  Capt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  Uni.  of  iMontana. 

Slonaker,  L.  V.,  10th  Engineers  (Forest).  American  Exped. 
Forces,  France,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Smith,  A.  Oakley  (Yale  For.  School,  14). 

Smith,  Edwin  F.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Smith,  E.  H.,  1st.  Lt.  316th  Inf..  Pa.  State  Forestry  Dept. 

Smith,  Edward  S.  (Mt.  Alto,  '16),  Nat.  Army,  Camp  Meade;  Pa. 
Dept.  For. 

Smith,  H.  A.  (Mt.  Alto,  '16),  Field  Hospital  Ser.,  Fort  Benj.  Har- 
rison, Indianapolis,  Ind. ;  Pa.  Dept.  For. 

Stadden,  Robert  W.  (Mt.  Alto,  '14),  20th  Eng.  (Forest),  Pa. 
Dept.  For. 

Speers.  Vincent  E..  forest  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Speidel.  H.  A.  (Yale  For.  School.  1 1). 

Staebner,  R.  C. ;  eng..  Little  River  Lumber  Co.,  Townsend,  Tenn. 

Stanton.  L.  G.  (Uni.  of  Wa-^h.,  ']S>). 

Steer,  Henry  B.  (Cornell,  '15),  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  U.  S.  Indian 
Service. 

Stevens,  Carl  M.  (Yale  For.  School,  12). 

Stewart,  Clifford  H.,  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  K.  b. 

Stewart.  Jefferson  M..  clerk.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Stone,  Everett  B.  (Yale  For.  School,  '17). 

Stuart,  R.  Y.,  Capt.,  forest  inspector.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Stults,  Hal  L.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Stutz,  Jerome  H.  (Biltmore),  10th  Engineers  (Forest) 

Swapp.  Roy,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Sweeney,  Joseph  A.,  forest  ranger.  U.  S.  F.  S. 

Sweeney.  Michael  J.,  forest  examiner.  U.  S.  F.  S. 


TARDY,  Albert  (Biltmore),  New  England  Saw  Mill  Units. 
Taylor,  G.  M.,  2nd  Lieut.  (Cornell,  17). 

Taylor,  L.  W.  (Uni.  of  Calif.),  20th  Engineers  (Forest). 
Thomas,  F.  H.,  10th  Engineers  (Forest),  American  Exped.  Forces. 

France,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Thomas,  Harry  L.,  Co.  C.  10th  Eng.   (Forest),  for.   rang..   Pa 

Dept.  For. 
Thomas,  John,  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  France,  for.  rang..  Pa    Dept 

For. 
Thompson,  D.  C.  2nd  Lieut.  (Cornell,  '17). 
Thompson,  Jackson  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '16). 
Thompson,  Raymond  H.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S 
Tilson.  Howard.  2nd  Lieut.  (Cornell.  '17). 


Tommasson,  Thos.,  10th  Engineers   (Forest),  American   Exped. 

Forces,  France,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Turner,  F.,  2nd  Lt.  (Univ.  of  Calif.). 
Tweedy,  Temple  (Yale  For.  School,  '14). 

VAN  WICKLE,  J.  M.  (Uni.  of  Wash.). 
Van  Arsdall,  Howard  (Mt.  Alto),  Pa.  Dept.  For, 
Voight,  Alfred  W.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
VanHorn,  Harry  E.  (Mt.  Alto  For.  Acad.,  '14),  Co.  A.,  10th  Eng 

(Forest),   France,   Pa.   Dept.   For. 
Van  Riper,  C.  A.,  20th  Engineers  (Forest). 
Verge,  Fred,  woodsman.  Ten  Saw  Mill  Units  (Mass  For.  Dept.) 

WAGNER,  G.  C,  Jr.  (Yale  For.  School,  '18) 
Walsh,  Harry  A.,  Capt.  Quartermaster's  Dept,  U.  S.  F.  S 
Ward,  Herbert  S.,  clerk,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Walter,  Roy  Irving  (Biltmore),  Camp  Jackson,  S.  C. 
Warren,  Avra  M.,  2nd  Lt.  National  Army,  1st  Battalion,  310th 

Infantry,  Camp  Dix,  N.  J. 
Warren,  M.  C.  (Uni.  of  Cal.),  10th  Engineers  (Forest). 
Waters,   Louis    H.,   20th    Engineers    (Forest),   American   Univ.. 

Wash.,  D.  C,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Webb,  Walter  R.,  Asst.  Engineer  in  Forest  Products,  Radio  Serv. 
Weitknecht,  Robert  H.,  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Welby,  Harry  H.  (Biltmore),  10th  Engineers  (Forest). 
Wells,  Arthur  B.   (Mt.  Alto,  '11),  18th  Machine  Gun  Co.,  Fort 

Ethan  Allen,  Vt.,  Pa.  Dept.  For. 
Wentling,  Floyd,  10th  Engineers  (Forest),  state  forest  warden. 
Westfeldt,  W.  O.  (Yale  For.  School,  '10)). 
White,  Martin  E.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
White,  William  E.,  forest  examiner,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Wieslander,  A.    E.,   20th   Engineers    (Forest). 
Wilcox,  J.  M.,  Corporal  Inf.  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '20). 
Wilder,   Raymond   T.,   Private  20th   Engineers    (Forest),   Mass 

For.  Dept. 
Williams,  Hubert  C,  1st.  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  (Yale,  '08). 
Wilson.  Stanley  F.  (Yale  For.  School,  '14),  for.  rang.,  U.  S.  F.  S 
Wirt,  William  (Uni.  of  Wash.,  '18). 
Wise,  Lloyd  (Ohio  State,  '17). 

Wisner, .,  Corp.  20th.  Eng.  (Forest),  (Syracuse,  '17). 

Withington,  George  T.  (Biltmore),  New  England  Saw  Mill  Units. 
Wohlenburg,  E.  F.,  2nd  Lt.,  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  forest  examiner. 

U.  S.  F.  S. 
Wold,  Henry,  Ordnance  School,  Eugene,  Oregon,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Wolfe,  Kenneth,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Wolfe,  Stanley  L.,  1st  Lt.,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Woolsey,  Theodore  S.,  Jr.  (Yale,  '02);  major  10th  Eng.  (Forest). 

Amer.  Expeditionary  Forces,  France. 
Woodruff,  James  A.,  Lt.  Col.  10th  Eng.  (Forest). 
Woods,  J.  B.,  1st  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest). 

Work,  Herman,  1st  Lt.  10th  Eng.  (Forest),  deputy  forest  super- 
visor, U.  S.  F.  S. 
Wulff.  Johannes  (Yale  For.  School.  '17). 
Wycoff,  Garnett  (Ohio  State,  '13),  10th  Engineers. 

VTEOMANS,  E.  J.  (Yale  For.  School,  '12),  for.  rang.,  U,  S.  F.  S 
1    Young,  L.  P..  2d  Lt.  Inf.  (Uni.  of  Wash..  '17). 

Young,  Douglas  E..  private  English  army,  killed  in  France 
April  10,  1917  (state  forest  warden,  Maryland). 
Youngs,  Lieut.  Homer  S.,  16th  U.  S.  Infantry,  care  of  Adjutant 
General,  War  Dept.,  Washington,  D.  C,  U.  S.  F.  S. 

ZELLER,  R.  A.,  forest  assistant,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Zieger,  Robert  H.,  forest  ranger,  U.  S.  F.  S. 
Ziegler.  E.  A.,  Capt.  Coast  Art..  Direc.  Pa.  State  For    .\cad 


A  PPROXIMATELY  1,500  fires  occurred  in  the  Na- 
^^  tional  Forests  of  California  during  the  past  season. 
They  were  suppressed  at  a  cost  of  $100,030.  One  hun- 
dred and  fifty  of  these  fires  could  be  clasified  as  severe. 
Between  fifteen  and  eighteen  thousand  acres  of  timber- 
Uuids  were  burned  over. 


T  IT  order  to  speed  up  the  getting  of  men,  supplies  and 
■■■  equipment  to  forest  fires,  Supervisor  Erickson,  of 
the  Crater  National  Forest,  uses  an  auto  truck  into  which 
are  loaded  not  only  men  and  outfit,  but  also  pack  animals 
and  equipment.  After  going  as  far  as  possible  by  auto 
the  outfit  is  packed  on  the  burros  to  the  place  it  is  needed. 


THE  ANNUAL  MEETING 

A  S  a  measure  of  wartime  conservation  it  has  been  de 
■'*■  cided  by  the  Board  of  Directors  to  dispense  with  the 
usual  form  of  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Forestry 
Association  in  January.  Instead,  a  formal  meeting  with- 
out addresses  or  discussions  will  be  held  at  the  offices 
of  the  Association  on  Wednesday,  January  9,  at  10  A.  M. 
in  order  to  comply  with  the  bylaws.  When  the  war  is 
over  and  the  forestry  regiments  return  from  abroad  a  big 
meeting  will  be  held  to  discuss  war  time  forestry  develop- 
ments. 


o 


NE  of  the  most  expensive  woods  used  in  America  is 
boxwood.    It  sells  for  about  $1,500  per  1,000  board 


feet. 


RUGGED  BEAR'S  BREAST  PEAK 

BY  GUY  E.  MITCHELL 


IN  our  school  geographies  the  Cascade  Mountains  re 
ceive  but  passing  notice,  as  a  small  part  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  mountain  system  of  the  United  States.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  ihe  Cascade  Range,  extending  from 
northern  California  northward  through  Oregon  and 
Washington,  form  a  tremendous  and  majestic  forest-clad 
barrier  of  thousands  of  square  miles,  cutting  off  the 
Pacific  Ocean 
from  the  arid 
plains  and  val- 
leys of  the  in- 
terior, and  sur- 
mount e  d  at 
frequent  inter- 
vals by  some 
o  f  the  most 
stupendous  ex 
tinct  volcanoes 
of  the  conti 
n  e  n  t.  The 
peaks  and 
ridges  rise 
high  above  the 
great  Cascade 
plateau,  which 
in  ages  past 
has  been  up- 
lifted to  an  al- 
titude above 
the  sea  of  near- 
ly 5,000  feet. 
The  whole 
land  i  s  vol- 
canic, the  out- 
flow from  a 
multitude  o  f 
vents,  which  in 
a  remote  per- 
iod of  the 
earth's  history 
poured  o  u  » 
countless  thou- 
sands of  bil- 
lions of  tons  of 
lava  and  sco- 
ria. Out  o  f 
these  m  o  u  n- 
tains,  many  of 
them  snow-clad  through  the  greater  part  or  even  the 
entire  year,  come  the  rivers  which,  winding  through  the 
high  valleys  and  augmented  by  many  brooks  and  larger 
tributaries,  constitute  the  great,  strong  running  streams 
which  feed  the  fertile  irrigated  lands  to  the  east,  or  turn 
ble  down  the  more  precipitate  slopes  to  the  west  and 
produce  a  water  power  sufficient  to  turn  the  wheels  of 


■n.i 


BEAR'S    BRKAST    PEAK   IN    THE    CASCADE    MOUNTAINS 
i»   crt   of   lie   irost    tefilifil   of   tie    irovntains   of   Ihe    Pacifc    Coast    range, 
siir.init   of   wl.ith    «tll    repays    the    strenuous    ePort    of    him    who    climbs 


a  thousand  industries — one  of  the  great  and  only  slightly 
developed  resources  of  America. 

The  photograph  shows  a  typical  mass  of  volcanic 
origin,  one  of  the  giant  mountain  peaks  of  the  Cascade 
range,  unheard  of  by  more  than  one  in  ten  thousand 
people  outside  of  its  immediate  vicinity,  a  type  of  hun- 
dreds of  other  similar  high  peaks,  but  one  of  exceptional 

beauty     and 

ruggedness.  It 
is  not,  h  o  w- 
ever,  as  might 
b  e  supposed, 
an  extinct  vol- 
cano ;  it  is  a 
mountain  left 
by  erosion,  not 
built  up  by 
eruptions.  This 
peak,  known  as 
Bear's  Breast 
Peak,  is  at  the 
head  of  the 
middle  fork  of 
the  Snoqual- 
mie  River.  Its 
altitude 
is  9,200  feet 
above  sea  level 
and  its  highest 
2,000  feet  rises 
above  timber 
line,  bare  and 
rugged. 

A  severe  test 
of  m  o  u  n- 
taineering  i  s 
the  climbing  of 
Bear's  Breast 
Peak.  What 
a])pear  in  t  h  e 
photograph  to 
be  but  rough 
places  are  in 
fact  impassa- 
ble cliffs  and 
rents  in  the 
rock,  up  or 
across  which 
no  man  can  pass ;  yet  once  attained  the  view  from  the 
summit  of  the  peak  is  incomparably  fine,  the  grand  chaos 
of  the  great  Cascade  range  and  plateau  stretching  away 
as  far  as  the  eye  can  see — 100  miles  or  more  in  the 
intensely  clear  western  atmosphere.  The  lower  slopes  of 
the  mountains  are  richly  clothed  with  heavy  forests  of 
majestic  firs  from  150  to  250  feet  in  height. 


the    view     from 
;o    the     top. 


CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 

ELLWOOD  WILSON,  SECRETARY, 

CANADIAN  SOCIETY  OF 

FOREST  ENGINEERS 

It  is  axiomatic  that  a  man  has  a  right  to 
do  what  he  likes  with  his  own  property. 
This  right  has  been  curtailed  to  the  extent 
that  the  use  a  man  makes  of  his  property 
shall  not  injure  the  public  or  his  neighbor. 
A  man  owning  a  tree  may  cut  it  down,  but 
he  must  see  that   it  does   not   fall   on  his 
neighbor's  fence  or  house  or  otherwise  dam- 
age  his   property.      Further   than   this    the 
Government   has   decreed   that   it   has   the 
right  to  protect  a  watershed  of  a  navigable 
stream  or  of  the  water  supply  of  a  city  by 
preventing    the    cutting    of    timber    which 
would  injure  it.     The  State  of  New  York 
has  taken  the  position  that  a  man  may  not 
cut  his  timber  and  leave  his  slash  in  such 
condition  as  to  be  a  menace  to  other  tim- 
ber lands.     Will  not  the  time  soon  come, 
when   realizing  the   long   time   element    in 
the  growing  of  timber  and  the  fact  that  it 
takes  more  than  one  generation  to  grow  a 
merchantable  tree,  the  State  will  hold  that 
no  timber  owner  shall  have  the  right  to  cut 
his  timber  without  making  adequate  pro- 
vision for  its  replacement,  in  time,  except 
in  the  case  of  agricultural  land  where  total 
clearing  is  a  necessity.    The  case  in  the  ex- 
ample of  government-owned  lands  on  which 
cutting  rights  are  leased  or  sold   is   fairly 
clear,  but  is  it  a  very  great  extension  of  the 
principle  to  ask  that  every  man  who  comes 
into  possession  of  timber  land  and  wishes 
to  use  it  as  such,  should  be  compelled  to 
plant  a  tree  for  everyone  he  cuts.    There  is 
only  one  objection  to  such  a  policy  from 
the   selfish   standpoint   of  the   owner,   and 
that  is  the  cost.     But  here,  just  as  in  the 
case  of  private  property  taken   for  public 
ends,    the    general    community    should    be 
willing  to  pay  the  ultimate  cost  by  payinn; 
the  enhanced  price  of  the  timber  caused  bv 
the  expense  of  replacing  it  for  the  future. 
As  Professor  Toumey  has  so  well  said,  the 
question  of  replanting,  in  the  very  essence 
of  things,  is  a  matter  for  the  public,  and  it 
should  bear  some  part  of  the  cost.    Let  the 
timber  owner  take  the  responsibility  of  re- 
planting  and    let   the   community    foot   the 
bill,  in  increased  timber  prices. 

The  value  of  preparedness  has  been 
splendidly  demonstrated  in  Canada.  For 
the  past  few  years  the  Commission  of  Con- 
servation has  been  making  an  inventory  of 
the  kinds  and  location  of  timber  in  British 
Columbia.  This  past  month  the  Govern- 
ment wanted  to  know  where  to  get  spruce 
for  airplanes.  Applying  to  the  Commis- 
sion, they  were  told  at  once,  not  only  where 
to  get  it,  but  there  was  a  man  ready  to 
show  them.  Mr.  Craig,  who  has  been  in 
charge  of  this  work,  was  immediately  at- 
tached to  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board 
and  will  look  after  this  work.  The  Com- 
mission is  pressing  for  an  inventory  of  tim- 


CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 

ber  in  Ontario  and  Quebec  and  it  is  hoped 
that  the  work  will  commence  next  summer. 
The  preliminary   report  of  the  Commis- 
sion on  the  condition  of  cut-over  pulpwood 
lands,  and  the  prospects  of  a  future  crop, 
has  been  made  by  Dr.  Howe,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Toronto.     It  is  very  interesting 
and  significant.    The  lands  in  question  are, 
like  practically  all  forests  from  which  pulp- 
wood  is  cut,  covered  with  mixed  stands  of 
spruce,  balsam  and  hardwood.    At  first  only 
the  spruce  was  cut,  then  the  loggers  went 
back  and  took  oflf  smaller   spruce  and  an 
increasing  amount  of  balsam,   and  on  the 
last  cut  nearly  78  per  cent  of  balsam  was 
taken  to  22  per  cent  of  spruce.     Such  cut- 
ting, of  course,  favors  the  growth  of  hard- 
woods and  leaves  them  predominant  in  the 
stand,  overshadowing  and  suppressing  the 
young  spruce  and  balsam  left.    It  is  shown 
that,    under   these   conditions    existing    on 
the  lands,   it  takes  40  years   for  the  little 
spruce  trees  to  grow  one  inch  in  diameter, 
100  years  to  make  a  six-inch  tree  and  150 
years  to  reach  the  minimum  diameter  of  12 
inches   established   by  the   cutting   regula- 
tions in  Quebec.     Balsam  grows  somewhat 
faster.     One  inch  in  diameter  is  reached  in 
about  16  years  and  seven  inches  at  about 
70  years.     These   statements   refer   to   the 
time  required  to  make  a  merchantable  for- 
est from  the  seedling  stage  onward.    There 
are  on  the  average  30  spruce  and  59  bal- 
sam trees  per  acre  from  four  to  eight  inches 
in   diameter   already  present.     These   will 
furnish  another  crop  in  time,  but  the  time 
is   long.     The  growth  tables   show   that   it 
will  require  about  70  years   for  the  four- 
inch    trees    and    about    50    years    for    the 
eight-inch  trees  to  reach  the  12-inch  diame- 
ter   limit.      The    larger    balsam,    however, 
will  be  merchantable  in  10  years.    There  are 
only  six  spruce  and  six  balsam  trees  over 
eight  inches  diameter  on  the  average  acre. 
This  number  is  too  small  to  justify  exploi- 
tation alone,  so  that  the  next  cutting  must 
be  delayed  until  a  sufficient  number  of  the 
smaller    trees    reach    a    merchantable    size. 
On  these  heavily  culled  lands  it  will  proba- 
bly be  found  that  henceforward  a  period  of 
from  30  to  60  years  must  elapse  between 
cuttings,  if  only  spruce  and  balsam  are  to 
be  removed.     Unless  the  hardwoods  are  *o 
be  removed  and  thus  give  the  soft  woods  a 
chance,  it  will  prove  cheaper  and  more  ex- 
peditious   to    plant    trees,    rather    than    to 
wait  for  the  next  cut  furnished  by  nature. 

The  report  of  the  St.  Maurice  Forest 
Protective  Association  for  1917  is  in  and 
shows  that  a  total  of  4.367  acres  were 
burned  over  this  summer,  only  287  acres  of 
which  were  in  merchantable  timber.  Cut- 
over  areas  and  old  burns  showed  2,272  and 
1,592  acres  respectively,  again  demonstra- 
ting the  fact  that  cut-over  land  is  the  worst 
hazard  and  the  land  which  most  needs  pro- 
tection. This  cannot  be  efficiently  given 
until  some  system  of  slash  disposal  is  put 
in  force.  The  cost  of  extinguishing  fires  by 
extra  labor  has  dropped  from  $13,001  in 
1914  to  $1,050  this  year,  showing  very 
forcibly  that  most  of  our  fires  were  extin- 


759 

guished  in  their  incipiency  by  the  rangers 
The  causes  of  fires  were  as  follows : 

Railways    122 

Section  Men 4 

Unknown   38 

Construction   Work 26 

Drivers    5 

Dam  Builders 8 

Fishermen    8 

Settlers  4 

Jobbers   2 

Total 217 

The  forest  survey  of  New  Brunswick  is 
making  good  progress  under  Director  G. 
H.  Prince.  Nine  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  thousand  acres  have  been  mapped  this 
year,  making  a  total  of  1,200,000  acres  since 
the  start  of  the  survey,  or  about  16  per 
cent,  of  the  total  area  of  Crown  land  in  the 
province.  The  Forestry  Department  will 
co-operate  in  the  scaling  and  logging  in- 
spection this  winter. 

H.  R.  MacMillan  has  gone  with  Canadian 
Aeroplanes,  Ltd.,  a  branch  of  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board,  to  take  charge  of  pro- 
•■uring  spruce  for  airplanes. 

The  secretary  of  the  Canadian  Forestry 
Association  is  making  a  lecture  tour 
through  the  Province  of  New  Brunswick. 
He  is  having  large  audiences  and  much 
interest  is  shown  in  his  work. 

In  Alberta  the  Dominion  Forest  Service 
has  built  about  20  miles  of  telephone  line 
and  carried  on  its  program  of  trail  build- 
ing. Four  of  the  Alberta  men  are  reported  as 
having  joined  the  "Boys  at  the  Front"  lately. 
In  the  Crowsnest  Pass  a  fire  occurred 
during  the  past  summer  which  cost  $4,500  to 
extinguish.  R.  H.  Roberts,  assistant  to  In- 
spector Gutches,  is  going  overseas  with  the 
20th  U.  S.  Engineers  (Forest).  Prof.  W. 
N.  Millar,  late  of  the  University  of  To- 
ronto, is  with  the  10th  U.  S.  Engineers 
(Forest),  which  is  officered  and  largely 
manned  by  United  States  Forest  Service 
men. 

A  bulletin  has  been  published  in  Austra- 
lia giving  the  details  of  the  investigations 
of  Mr.  D.  W.  Paterson  into  the  paper  pulp 
situation,  and  his  recommendations.  He 
recommended  that  spruce  and  poplar  should 
be  planted  in  the  high  altitudes  of  Victoria 
in  proximity  to  water  powers  available  for 
pulp  mills.  He  said  that  spruce  could  be 
first  cut  for  pulp  after  15  years  and  that 
900  acres  would  supply  the  needs  of  Aus- 
tralia for  one  year.  His  advice  was  that 
2,000  acres  be  planted  the  first  year  and 
1,000  acres  yearly  after  that  until  the  first 
planted  trees  were  ready  for  cutting.  After 
an  area  is  cut  it  is  to  be  replanted  and  thus 
a  continuous  supply  of  timber  insured,  as  it 
is  not  economical  to  cut  pulpwood  from 
mixed  forests  and  that  only  pure  stands 
will  pay.  Mr.  Paterson's  estimate  is  that 
the  profit  realized  after  15  years,  including 
interest  on  capital  and  all  costs,  other  than 
payment  for  the  land,  provided  cheap  water 
power  was  available,  would  be  $120  per 
acre. 


760 


AMERICAN   FORESTRY 


AMERICAN- GROWN 
TREES 


Shrubs  and 
Plants 

/^UR  ability  to  supply 
^^  trees,  shrubs  and 
plants  of  the  highest 
quality  is  not  curtailed 
by  the  stop,-  age  of  for- 
eign shipments.  Buy 
nursery  stock  grown  at 
Andorra. 

Andorra 
Nurseries 

(Vm.  Warner  Harper,  Prop. 
Box  200  Our  c.ulog 

Chestnut  Hill         pff""""  d,' *°'   •• 
Phila.,  Penna.        on  r«quert. 


Orchids 


We  are  speclallNts  Id  Or- 
chids; we  collect.  Import, 
grow.  Hell  UD(1  export  tliU  class  of  plants 
exclusively. 

Our  Illustrated  ajd  descriptive  catalogue 
of  Orchids  may  be  had  on  appiicatloa.  Also 
H|>eclal  list  of  freshly  imported  uuestab- 
lished    Orchids. 

LAGER  &  HURRELL 


OrrftiJ  Ci'mrrn  and  fmonrtern 


'■UMMIT.  N.  J. 


Nursery  Stock  for  Forest  Planting 

s«=dii^      TREE  SEEDS 

$  J.OO               Write/or  rmce,  on 
per  1000               large  ifuantities 

Transplants 

$8.00 

per  1000 

THE  NORTH  EASTERN  FORESTOY  CO.               | 

CHKSHIRR.  CONN, 

1 

PRESERVE  YOIR  TREES 

We  arc  Tree  Experts  and  our 
workmen  arc  Trained  Tree 
Sureeong  in  the  MILLANF 
MEIHdD  of  ca-ineforTrers 
that  hive  been  neglected.  A«k 
our  representative  to  submit  a 

Tie MiUue Iret  Eiperl  CompaiiT ITL"  Z'aV"!!.'^'^,"  ■■J'"" 

,_,„... Z  'trees.    Send  for  bcoklet    Tree* 

131  ■•■  St.  HIDOUTOWN,  CONN.  The C.i^ They  Should  Have." 


R,   Morgan    Elliott  &  Co. 

PATENT  ATTORNEYS 

MtCMAMICAL.     CLKTRIC^L    S    CHtMICAL  KXPIRTS 

723-731  woodward  building 
Washington.  D.  C. 


POSITION  WANTED 

By  yotmg  married  man,  qualified  for  Park  Super- 
intendent, CiCy  Forctter,  or  manager  of  private 
MUte  where  knowledge  of  treei  is  especially  de- 
aired  Addresa  Box  XX,  care  of  AMERICAN 
TORESTRY,  Washington,  D.  C  12-218 

WANTED 

By  yonnr  married  man,  woods  work  for  a  year 
and  a  half.  Witling  to  accept  position  as  assistant 
to  forester  on  private  e«taie.  city  forester,  state 
work  or  woods  work  with  lumber  company.  Not 
technically  trained,  but  a  goo<l  worker.  Refer- 
encea  supplied  on  request.  Address  Box  XXX, 
••re  of  AUERICAN  FORESTRY.  lJ-2-18 


BOOK  REVIEWS 

Stories  which  will  appeal  to  children  of 
all  races  and  climes  appear  in  a  book  just 
issued  by  the  American  Book  Company, 
New  York,  Cincinnati  and  Chicago.  Under 
the  title  "Stories  the  Iroquois  Tell  Their 
Children,"  Miss  Mabel  Powers  has  col- 
lected and  given  the  world  thirty  or  more 
tales  of  genuine  charm.  They  are  divided 
into  two  classifications,  Iroquois  wonder 
stories  and  Iroquois  fairy  stories.  Miss 
Powers  has  been  adopted  by  the  Senecas 
and  is  known  as  Yeh  sen  noh  wehs.  The 
book  has  a  foreword  of  approval  signed  by 
the  chiefs  of  the  six  tribes. 


Hundreds  of  commodities  are  listed  in 
the  new  issue  of  "Du  Pont  Products,"  just 
issued  by  E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  &  Com- 
pany. The  book  shows  that  this  manufac- 
turing concern  and  its  subsidiary  compa- 
nies have  undergone  an  enormous  expan- 
sion since  the  beginning  of  the  war.  Par- 
ticularly interesting  is  the  expansion  in 
the  line  of  chemicals,  made  necessary  by 
the  inability  of  this  country  to  import  many 
of  the  chemicals  essential  to  various 
branches  of  industry.  Many  of  the  com- 
modities listed  have  not  before  been  made 
in  America.  The  book  may  be  had  by  ap- 
plying to  the  offices  of  the  company  at  Wil- 
mington, Delaware. 


Foods  and  Household  Management;  a 
Textbook  of  the  Household  Arts,  by 
Helen  Kinne,  professor,  and  Anna  M. 
Cooley,  associate  professor,  of  House- 
hold Arts  Education,  Teachers'  Col- 
lege, Columbia  University.  The  Mac- 
Millan  Company,  New  York.  Price 
$1.10. 

For  use  in  high  schools  and  normal 
schools  this  book  oflFers  a  valuable  ad- 
junct to  the  course  in  household  arts. 
'In  its  preparation  due  regard  was  had 
for  its  use  in  the  home  as  well.  The  con- 
tents include  a  treatment  of  the  cost  and 
purchasing  of  foodstuflfs,  the  manage- 
ment of  the  home  and  other  questions 
vital  to  the  economy  and  health  of  the 
household.  Specific  treatment  is  accorded 
foods,  their  production,  sanitation,  cost, 
nutritive  value,  preparation  and  serving. 
The  work  includes  approximately  160 
carefully  selected  recipes  and  a  large 
number  of  cooking  exercises  of  more  ex- 
perimental nature,  designed  to  develop 
initiative  and  resourcefulness.  The  book 
is  practical  and  economical. 


FISKE  FENCE 

Climb-proof,  chain  link  fenc- 
ing, wrought  iron  and  woven 
wire  fence,  iron  gates,  lamp 
standards,  grille  work,  foun- 
tains, vases,  tennis  court  and 
poultry  yard  enclosures. 

Catalogua  on  Request 

J.  W.  FISKE  IRON  WORKS 

100-102    PARK   PLACE 
NEW  YORK,  N.Y. 


wi's^^w^'s^^ 


R2R  fl It  pa  RPOS.€.& 

▼  ▼  ▼ 

iLtaSTRflTGR^ 

^^ft\lF.To.nes  -  Line  Cots 

3  CCIPR  PR<2CeS5Wc>RK. 
€  LG  CTRK.TYPe5 

»    »   » 

5K6 -l-^th.  street,  n.W. 
W/i5iiir».<3TQn,I7.C. 

■  •  •  Phone  ne\in  8274  •  •  • 


attiii 


FO 
1 


RE 
2 


ST 
3 


RY 

4 


THE  FOREST 

IS    THREE-FOURTHS    OF 

FORESTRY 

Your  opportunities  are  as  unlimited 

as  our  forests  if  you  study  at 
WYMAN'S    SCHOOL   OF   THE   WOODS 
Incorporated  Munising,    Michig^an 


Your  co-operedion  mith  your  oxen  magazine  will  boost 
Amtrican  Forestry  to  an  exalted  position  among  adverttt- 
ing  media.  One  way  to  co-operate  is  to  patronize  our 
advertisers,  or  ask  for  suggestions  and  advitx. 


BOOK  REVIEWS 


761 


PLANT  more  trees ! 
More  fruit  trees 
mean  more  apples, 
more  peaches,  more 
pears,  for  use  at  home, 
and  as  jams  and  pre- 
serves, for  the  boys  over 
there.  More  spruce, 
pine,  hickory,  ash  are 
needed  to  make  up  for 
the  wood  consumed  by 
ships  and  airplanes, 
by  newspapers  and 
magazines. 


I 


TREE 
SEEDS 

are  seeds  on  which  you 
can  rely.  They  are 
fertile  and  grow  trees 
which  in  years  to  come 
will  be  burdened  with 
rich  luscious  fruit,  or, 
if  they  are  shade  trees, 
will  be  noteworthy 
for  their  sturdiness, 
strength  and  beautiful 
thick  foliage. 

Thorburn's  is  a  name  which 
for  over  a  century  has  been 
synonymous  with  the  best  in 
seeds  —  flower  seeds,  grass 
seeds,  tree  seeds. 

Buy  Thorburn's  and  you  get 
the  highest  quality. 

Today  write  for  our  latest  cat- 
alog.    Sent  free  on  request. 

J.M.Thorburn&Co. 

ESTABLISHED   1802 
53  S.  Barclay  Street 

through  to 

54  Park  Place 
NEW  YORK 


uiyi 


III 


The  Forests  of  Maryland,  by  State  For- 
ester F.  W.  Besley.  The  Maryland 
State  Board  of  Forestry,  Baltimore. 
Information  useful  to  the  forest  owner, 
the  timber  buyer,  the  manufacturer  and 
the  student  is  embraced  in  the  book  just 
issued  by  State  Forester  F.  W.  Besley 
for  the  Maryland  State  Board  of  For- 
estry. The  report  is  based  on  an  accu- 
rate and  complete  inventory  of  the  forest 
resources  of  the  state  and  contains  sepa- 
rate forest  maps  for  each  county.  The 
purpose  of  the  book  is  to  show  in  con- 
densed form  and  orderly  manner  the 
state's  forest  wealth,  its  value  to  the 
people,  and  how  the  resources  may  be 
best  conserved  by  wise  use  for  supplying 
present  needs  and  the  needs  of  the  fu- 
ture. Of  the  total  land  area  of  6,330,000 
icres  Maryland  has  a  woodland  acreage 
of  2,228,000,  or  35  per  cent.  The  book 
is   interesting  and   of   practical   value. 

Relation  of  Birds  to  Forests. 

The  Indiana  State  Board  of  Forestry,  in 
order  to  encourage  the  protection  of  bird? 
and  study  their  relation  to  forest  life,  is 
offering  prizes  to  the  pupils  of  schools 
for  the  best  essay  on  the  "Relation  of  Birds 
to  Indiana  Forests."  For  the  best  essay 
from  the  seventh  and  eighth  grades,  re- 
spectively, a  prize  of  $5  will  be  given.  For 
the  best  essay  from  each  of  the  high  schoo' 
classes  a  prize  of  $7.50  will  be  given.  The 
offer  is  extended  to  all  schools  doing  work 
equivalent  to  the  grade  and  high  schools. 

The  essay  must  not  exceed  2,000  words, 
and  must  be  mailed  to  the  Secretary,  State 
Board  of  Forestry,  not  later  than  May  15. 
1918.  It  is  suggested  that  pupils  who  ex- 
pect to  enter  the  contest  write  for  the  rules 
governing  the  contest. 

Birds  of  America  (Nature  Lover's  Library). 

The  University  Society,  Inc.,  New  York. 

3  volumes,  price  $29.50  a  set. 

As  a  contribution  to  the  literature  of 
America  this  is  a  notable  work.  The  aim 
of  its  compilers  was  to  present  a  complete 
review  of  the  available  knowledge  concern- 
ing birds.  The  fundamental  factor  in  the 
undertaking  was  a  realization  that  the  task 
of  preparing  a  comprehensive  account  of 
the  bird  life  of  the  continent  is  too  great  to 
be  accomplished  in  a  lifetime  by  any  indi- 
vidual working  alone.  Co-operation  on  the 
part  of  many  authorities  was  deemed  essen- 
tial and  the  array  of  talent  represented  ir 
the  list  of  compilers  is  an  indication  of  the 
scale  of  the  enterprise.  The  editor-in-chief 
was  T.  Gilbert  Pearson,  of  the  National 
Association  of  Audubon  Societies.  John 
Burroughs  was  cpnsulting  editor;  George 
Gladden  managing  editor  and  J.  Ellis  Bur- 
dick  associate  editor.  The  special  contribu- 
tors were  Edward  H.  Forbush,  state  orni- 
thologist of  Massachusetts  ;  Herbert  K.  Job. 
ornithologist  for  the  Audubon  Societies ; 
William  L.  Finley,  state  biologist  for 
Oregon,  and  L.  Nelson  Nichols,  member  of 
the  Linnaean  Society. 


W.  &  T.  SMITH  CO. 

Geneva  Nursery 

NURSERY    STOCK 
AT    WHOLESALE 

SEND    FOR    CATALOG 
AND  PRICE  LIST 

GENEVA,  N.  Y. 


TREE  NEEDS  FILLED 

Spraying,  pruning,  cavity  filling, 
etc  Whatever  your  trees  need, 
we  will  do  and  do  right.  "The 
Bartlett  Way"  will  insure  their 
lasting  health.  Representatives  go 
everywhere.    Send  for  'Tree  Talk.' 

THE  F.  A.  BARTLETT  CO. 

544  Main  St.      Slamford,  Conn. 


NUT  CULTURE  ^^^^^-^ 

diecussed  by  experts.    THE  urFlClAL  JOURNAL. 
$1.25  per  year.    Sample  16c. 

American  Nut  Journai.  R-jj^^^ster. 


762 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


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CHRISTMAS  1917  I 

We  Are  At  War,  Do  Not  Give  Useless  Gifts  | 

GIVE  TREES  FOR  FOREST-PLANTING  | 

This  will  help  conserve  onr  timber  supply  and  will  be  | 

a  source  of  pleasure  and  profit  to  the  recipient.  | 

We  have  millions  of  trees  in  our  nurseries,  let  us  supply  | 

you      Pl^ce  your  order  now,  and  we  will  send  the  trees  in  J 

the  spring.  § 

SEND  FOR  OUR  NEW  PRICE  LIST  AND  CATALOGUE  | 

KEENE  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION  | 

KEENE,  N.  H.  | 

FOREST-TREE  NURSERIES  | 

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I  Are  you  on  the  Mailing  List  for  Catalog  of 


Pine  aad  Uak  Help  Kacn  utu<: 


Hicks  Nurseries? 


It  will  confirm  your  de-  1 
cisions  on  fitting  your  1 
selection  of  trees  to  your  ■ 
soil  and  climate.  It  offers  | 
trees  for  dry  and  acid  1 
soils  and  moist  soils  in  | 
the  same  region.  Many  § 
nurseries  on  alkaline  soils  1 
do  not  specialize  on  oaks  1 
and  pines.  1 

Trees  20  years  old  can  1 
he  selected  now.  They  1 
are  guaranteed  to  grow  1 
satisfactorily  or  replaced  1 
free.  1 


Isaac  Hicks  &  Son  | 

Westbury,  Nassau  Co.,  N.  Y.  | 


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HILL'S 

Seedlings  and  Transplants 

ALSO  TREE  SEEDS 
FOR   ReFOR£STING 

REST  for  over  half  a  century.  All  lea. I 
ing  hardy  sorts,  grown  in  niimcTi^r 
quantities.  I'rices  lowest.  Qualii.\ 
highest.  Forest  Planter's  Guide,  also 
price  lists  are  free.  Write  today  and 
mention   this  magazine. 

THE  D.  HILL  NURSERY  CO 

Evergreen  Specialists 

Largest   Growers  in   America 

BOX    501  DUNDEE.    ILL. 


FORESTRY     SEEDS 

I    OII'KK  AT   SPECIAL  PRICES 

PiiiiiH  FiLrohiiH  Piceu  Kiiirlcnfianni 

l*»euilu-tHUKU  UouK-    IMreu  I*uiik«iih 

IhnhI  'J'ltiiyM  Oct*  Id  entail  8 

PliiuH  P»n<lerosa  Pliiuti  ta*>(la 

niHl  inuny  other  varietl^H,  all  of  thl§ 
neiiM>irH  rro|i  and  uf  icood  quality. 
.Saiiipli'H  ii|>i»n  reiiMest.  Send  for  my 
rntuloKtir  coMtulnlnK  full  lUt  of  varletlet*. 

THOMAS   J.  LANE 

TREE  ScEDSMAN 
Dresher  Pennsylvania 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 

MONTHLY  UST  FOR  NOVEMBER,  1917 

(Books  and  periodicals  indexed  in  the  li- 
brary of  the  United  States  Forest  Ser- 
vice.) 

FORESTRY    AS    A    WHOLE 
Proceedings    and    reports    of    associations,    forest 

officers,  etc. 
Philippine  Islands— Bureau  of  forestry.  An- 
nual report  of  the  director  of  forestry 
for  the  fiscal  year  ended  Dec.  31,  1916. 
83  p.    Manila,  1917. 

FOREST  AESTHETICS 
Street  and  park   trees 
Newark,    N.    J. — Shade    tree    commission 

Four    centuries    of   trees    in    Newark; 

arbor  day,  1917.    7  p.  il.    Newark,  1917. 
Newark,    N.    J. — Shade    tree    commission. 

Thirteenth  annual  report,  1916.    66  p.  il. 

Newark,  1917. 
Trelease,     William — Plant     materials     of 

decorative      gardening;      the      woody 

plants.    204  p.    Urbana,  111.,  pub.  by  the 

author,  1917. 

FOREST  EDUCATIOH 
Arbor  day 
Alabama — Dept.  of  education.    Good  roads ; 

arbor  day,  Feb.  23,  1917.    16  p.  i!.  Mont- 
gomery, Ala.,  1917.     (Bulletin  No.  47.) 

Forest  schools 

Michigan,  university  of — College  of  litera- 
ture, science  and  the  arts.  Announce- 
ment of  the  curriculum  in  forestry, 
1917-1918.    38  p.    Ann  Arbor,  1917. 

Minnesota,  University  of — College  of  for- 
estry. Announcement  for  the  year  1917- 
1918.     37  p.     Minneapolis,  1917. 
FOREST    BOTANY 

Maiden,   J.   H.— The   forest   flora   of   New 
South  Wales,  pt.  61.    37  p.  pi.    Sydney, 
N.  S.  W.,  Gov't.  Printer,  1917. 
SILVICAL     STUDIES     OF     SPECIES 

Kirwan,  J.  D.  Maitland.  Note  on  babul, 
Acacia  arabica.  14  p.  pi.  Calcutta, 
1917.  (India— Forest  dept.  Forest  bul- 
letin No.  35.) 

Murphy,    Louis    S.     The    red    spruce;    its 

growth    and    management.     100   p.   pi. 

Wash.,  D.  C,  1917.     (U.  S.— Dept.  of 

agriculture.     Bulletin   544.) 

FOREST   PROTECTION 
Insects 
Gill,  John  B.    Important  pecan  insects  and 

their  control.    48  p.  il.     Wash.,  D.  C. 

1917.      (U.    S.— Dept.    of    agriculture. 

Farmers'  bulletin  813.) 

FOREST    LEGISLATION 

France — Laws,  statutes,  etc.  Decret  du  3 
Juillet  1917,  relatif  a  la  creation  d'un 
comite  charge  de  I'examen  des  ques- 
tions concernant  les  exploitations  com- 
merces et  industries  des  bois.  5  p. 
Paris,  1917. 

Kinney,  Jay  P.  The  development  of  forest 
law  in  America.  254  p.  N.  Y.,  J.  Wiley 
&  Sons,  1917. 

FOREST  ADMINISTRATION 

Andrews,  C.  C.  What  thirty-nine  states  are 
doing  in  forestry.  11  p.  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,   State  forestry  board,   1917. 

United  States — Dept.  of  agriculture — For- 
est service.  October  field  program. 
1917.    29  p.    Wash.,  D.  C,  1917. 

National  and  state  forests 

Wild  gardens  of  Acadia.  Sieur  de  Monts 
national  monument;  the  White  moun- 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


763 


tain    national    forest. 
Harbor,  Maine,  1917. 


64    p.    il.      Bar 


FOREST  UTILIZATION 

I.nmber   industry 

British  Columbia — Dept.  of  lands — Forest 
branch.  Directory  of  lumber  dealers 
stocking  British  Columbia  woods  and 
lumber  wholesalers  handling  British 
Columbia  woods  in  eastern  Canada.  12 
p.  il.  Victoria,  B.  C,  1917.  (Bulletin 
No.  20.) 

Sociedade  nacional  de  agricultura,  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  O  corte  das  mattas  e  a  expor- 
tacao  das  madeiras  brasileiras  33  p. 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  1917. 

United  States — Interstate  commerce  com- 
mission. No.  8131,  in  the  matter  of 
rates  on  and  classification  of  lumber 
and  lumber  products ;  report  proposed 
by  Examiner  Fred  H.  Esch.  71  p. 
Wash.,  D.  C,  1917. 

Wood-using   Industries 

Bryan,  A.  Hugh.  Maple  sugar;  composi- 
tion, methods  of  analysis,  effect  of  en- 
vironment. 46  p.  Wash.,  D.  C,  1917. 
(U.  S. — Dept.  of  agriculture.  Bulle- 
tin 466.) 

Forest  by-products 

Hawes,  Austin  F.  Emergency  fuel  from 
the  farm  woodland.  8  p.  Wash.,  D.  C, 
1917.  (U.  S.— Dept.  of  agriculture- 
Office  of  the  secretary.    Circular  79.) 

Lockwood  trade  journal  co.,  inc.  Lock- 
wood's  directory  of  the  paper,  station- 
ery and  allied  trade.  43d  edition,  1918. 
786  p.    N.  Y.,  1917. 

Southern  pine  association.  Floors  of  serv- 
ice. 30  p.  il.  New  Orleans,  La.,  1917. 
WOOD   TECHNOLOGY 

Jolly,  N.  W.  Notes  on  the  principal  tim- 
bers of  Queensland.  20  p.  Brisbane, 
1917.  (Queensland — Dept.  of  public 
lands.     Forestry  bulletin  No.  2.) 

Jolly,  N.  W.  The  structure  and  identifica- 
tion of  Queensland  woods.  14  p.  pi. 
Brisbane,  1917.  (Queensland — Dept.  of 
public  lands.    Forestry  bulletin  No.  1.) 

New  South  Wales — Dept.  of  lands — Fores- 
try branch.  Forestry  handbook,  pt.  2 : 
Some  of  the  principal  commercial  trees 
of  New  South  Wales,  by  J.  H.  Maiden. 
224  p.  pi.     Sydney,  Gov't,  printer,  1917. 

United  States— Dept.  of  agriculture— For- 
est service.  Guidebook  for  the  identi- 
fication of  woods  used  for  ties  and  tim- 
bers, by  Arthur  Koehler.  79  p.  il.,  pi. 
Wash.,  D.  C,  1917. 

AUXILIARY    SUBJECTS 

Plant  ecology 

Adams,  J.  The  quantitative  study  of  cli- 
matic factors  in  relation  to  plant  life. 
19  p.  Ottawa,  Royal  Society  of  Canada, 
1916. 

Grazing 

Aldous,  A.  E.  Eradicating  tall  larkspur  on 
cattle  ranges  in  the  national  forests.  ?3 
p.  il.  Wash.,  D.  C,  1917.  (U.  S.— Dept. 
of  agriculture.     Farmers'  bulletin  826.) 

Aviation 

Duchene,  Emile  Auguste.  The  mechanics 
of  the  airplane;  a  study  of  th6  prin- 
ciples of  flight.  230  p.  il.  London. 
Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  1916. 

Eiffel,  Gustave.     Nouvelles  recherches  sur 


^ 


^  "The  Watch  of  Railroad  Accuracy" 


In  the  picture  is  Engi- 
neer Tom  Cushing  of 
the  Denver  &  Rio 
Grande  R.R.  He  carries 
a  Hamilton  Watch. 


A  Precision 

Instrument 


Phenomenal  records  of  accuracy  explain  why  the 
Hamilton  is  preferred  by  scientific  men  and  by  rail- 
road engineers  and  conductors. 

When  you  are  weary  of  a  faulty  watch  and  want 
one  that  keeps  really  accurate  time,  ask  youi  jeweler 
to  show  you  the  Hamilton. 

Hamiltons  range  in  price  from  $13.00  ($14.00  in  Canada) 
for  movement  alone,  up  to  $1  50.00  for  the  Hamilton  Master- 
piece in  18k  gold  case.  Thin  models  at  $30.00,  $40.00, 
$55.00  and  up. 

Write  for  Hamilton  Watch  Book,  "The   Timekeeper" 

It  pictures  and  describes  all  Hamilton  models 
and  gives  you  interesting  watch  information. 

HAMILTON  WATCH  COMPANY,  Dept.  39,  Lancatter,  Pennsrlraiiia 


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One  man  with  a 
can  outpuU  16  horses.    Works  by  leverage — same  principle  as 
a  jack.    100  lbs.  pull  on  the  lever  gives  a  48-ton  pull  on  the 
stump.     Made  of    the  finest  steel — guaranteed  against 
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WALTER  J.  FITZPATRICK      -      -  «. 

Box  123   182  Fifth  St..  San  Francisco.  Cal.«  ~;.\. 


la  resistance  de  I'air  et  I'aviation  faites 
au  laboratoire  d'Auteuil ;  texte  et  atlas 
il.,  pi.  Paris,  H.  Dunod  et  E.  Pinat, 
1914. 

Fage,  A.  The  airplane;  a  concise  scientific 
study.  3d  ed.  176  p.  il.  London,  Chas 
Griffin  &  Co.,  1917. 

Loening,  Grover  Cleveland.  Military  air- 
planes. 5th  ed.  182  p.  il.  N.  Y..  D.  Van 
Nostrand  Co.,  1917. 

PERIODICAL   ARTICLES 

Miscellaneous    periodicals 

Aerial  age,  Nov.  5,  1917 — Technical  con- 
siderations of  materials  employed  in 
airplane  construction,  by  O.  Pomolio. 
p.  331. 

American  city,  Aug.  1917 — Afforestation  of 
municipal  watershed,  Baltimore,  by  R, 
B.  Maxwell,  p.  157-8. 


Do  Business  by  Mail 

II  "  [trofitable,  with  accurate  lists  ul  pros- 
p««-t6      Our  cal.jl<>giie  contains  vital  iiilonDa- 
U»n   on   Mail  Ailvertibine.      Also  prices  and 
quantity  on  6.000  national  maihng  lists.  99% 
guaranteed.     Such  as; 
War  Material  Mfrs. 
Cheese  Box  Mfrs. 
Shoe  Retailers 
Contractors 
Druggists 
Write  lor  this  valuable  reference  book;  also 
prices  and  samples  of  fac-simile  letters 
Have  us  write  or  reviseyour  Sales  Letters, 

Ross-Gmild,  innor  Olive  Su 


UP" 


Wealthy  Men 
Axle  Grease  Mfrs. 
Auto  Owners 
Tin  Can  Mfrs. 
Farmers,  Etc. 


Ross-Gould 

_  Mailing 


Aviation,  Nov.  1.  1917 — Kiln-dried  air- 
plane woods,  by  U.  S.  Dept.  of  agricul- 
ture. Forest  Service,  p.  461. 


764 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


Quality- 


Long  and  Short  Leaf  Yellow  Pine 
the  same  today  and  tomorrow. 
Quality — Service— Capacity, 

MISSOURI    LUMBER    AND 

LAND    EXCHANGE 

COMPANY 


R.  A.  Long  Bldg. 


Kansas  City.  Mo. 


wiuiiiiijimuiiiuiiuiiwiiimiiittiiiniiiiijiiiiuiiniduiii^ 
■miuMiiiiiuiiuiiiuuwiiijiijiiiiuiiiiiiiiiii 


Bulletin  agricole  du  Congo  Beige,  March- 
June,  1917 — Note  sur  le  cubage  d'une 
parcelle  d'essai  dans  le  foret  vierge  de 
Yangambi,  Congo  central,  by  E.  Lep- 
lae,  p.  89-98. 

Conservation,  Nov.  1917 — Our  airplane 
spruce  may  win  the  war,  by  Clyde 
Leavitt,  p.  41. 

Country  gentleman,  Oct.  27,  1917— What  to 
do  with  blighted  chestnut,  by  Gene  Day 
p.  31. 

Forest  and  stream,  Nov.  1917— The  building 
of  the  open  log  camp,  by  William  S 
Wicks,  p.  540,  562. 

House  beautiful,  Sept.  1917 — Native  woods 
for  building,  by  C.  M.  Price,  p.  189-92; 
Inside  wood  finish,  by  Thomas  P.  Rob- 
inson, p.  214-15. 

In  the  open,  Oct.  1917 — Pennsylvania  and 
her  forests,  by  N.  R.  McNaughton,  p. 
32-40. 

Journal  of  heredity,  Nov.  1917 — Choosing 
the  best  tree  seeds;  the  influence  of 
parental  character  and  environment 
upon  the  progeny  of  Douglas  fir,  by 
Charles  J.  Kraebel.  p.  483-92. 

Nature-study  review,  Oct.  1917 — Necessity 
for  greater  accuracy  in  describing 
American  trees,  by  R.  W.  Shufeldt,  o 
288-94. 

New  country  life,  Nov.  1917 — The  trees  o» 
Flushing,  by  Charles  H.  Murch,  p.  88, 
90. 

New  Zealand  journal  of  agriculture,  Sept. 
1917 — Economical  afforestation  in  Nel- 
son, by  H.  G.  Kingsland,  p.  145-50. 

Phytopathology,  Oct.  1917 — Arthropods  and 
gasteropods  as  carriers  of  Cronartium 
ribicola  in  greenhouses,  by  G.  Flippo 
Gravatt  and  Rush  P.  Marshall,  p 
368-73. 

Plant  world,  Sept.  1917— The  indicator  sig- 
nificance of  native  vegetation  in  the 
determination  of  forest  sites,  by  Clar- 
ence F.  Korstian,  p.  267-87. 

Pleasureland,  Nov.  1917 — Grand  Canon  of 
the  Colorado,  by  Enos  A.  Mills,  p.  3-4 
19;  Birds  and  wild  life  of  Colorado, 
by  Wallace  I.  Hutchinson,  p.  7,  18. 

Scientific  American,  Sept.  8,  1917 — Chemi- 
cal products  from  the  forests,  by  A.  W 
Schorger,  p.  173,  181. 

Scientific  American,  Sept.  15,  1917 — Length- 
ening the  life  of  wood;  cooking  logs 
in  creosote  to  prevent  the  inroads  of 
decay,  by  Ernest  Elva  Weir.  p.  189.  198 

Scientific  American,  Sept.  22,  1917 — Fight- 
ing with  axe  and  saw ;  a  regiment  of 
American  lumberjacks  and  foresters 
for  European  service,  by  C.  H.  Claudy, 
p.  204,  215 ;  Why  trees  lose  their  leaves, 
by  S.  Leonard  Bastin,  p.  211. 

Scientific  American  supplement,  June  16, 
1917 — The  revival  of  wooden  shipbuild- 
ing, p.  369,  376-7. 

Scientific  American  supplement,  July  28. 
1917 — True  greenheart  is  not  poisonous, 
by  C.  D.  Mell,  p.  55. 

Scientific  American  supplement,  Aug.  11. 
1917 — The  effect  of  the  weather  on  for- 
est fire.s.  by  Andrew  H.  Palmer,  p.  81. 
88-9. 


CURRENT  LITERATURH 


765 


FOR  SALE 


Sealed  bids  will  be  re- 
ceived by  the  District  For- 
ester, Albuquerque,  New 
Mexico,  up  to  and  includ- 
ing January  22,  1918,  for  all 
the  merchantable  dead  tim- 
ber standing  or  down,  and 
all  the  live  timber  marked 
or  designated  for  cutting  on 
an  area  embracing  about 
7,000  acres  within  T.  26 
N.,  R.  1  W.,  T.  26  N.,  R.  1 
E.,  and  T.  25  N.,  R.  1  E., 
N.  M.  P.  M.,  estimated  to  be 
36,150,000  feet  B.  M.,  more 
or  less,  of  western  yellow 
pine  and  Douglas  fir  tim- 
ber. No  bid  of  less  than 
$2.60  per  M.  feet  for  yellow 
pine  and  Douglas  fir,  will  be 
considered.  Deposit  with 
bid,  S3,000.  The  right  to 
reject  any  and  all  bids  re- 
served. Before  bids  are 
submitted,  full  information 
concerning  the  timber,  the 
conditions  of  sale,  and  the 
submission  of  bids  should 
be  obtained   from  the 

DISTRICT  FORESTER 

ALBUQUERQUE 

NEW  MEXICO 


Scientific  American  supplement,  Sept.  15, 
1917 — Proper  methods  of  turpentining  ; 
increased  yield  obtained  witliout  se- 
rious injury  to  the  tree,  by  Eloise 
Gerry,  p.  168-9. 

Scientific  monthly,  Sept.  1917 — The  wood- 
lot ;  a  problem  for  New  England  farm- 
ers, by  James  W.  Tourney,  p.  193-203. 

United  States — Dept.  of  agriculture.  Jour- 
nal of  agricultural  research,  Nov.  5. 
1917. — Diagnosing  white  pine  blister- 
rust  from  its  mycelium,  by  Reginald  H 
Colley,  p.  281-6. 

Trade  Journals  and   Consular  Reports 

American  lumberman,  Oct.  13,  1917 — East- 
ern factory  builders  favor  Calcasieu 
pine,  p.  34-6. 

.'Vmerican  lumberman,  Oct  27,  1917 — Pacific 
logging  congress  in  9th  annual,  p.  43-50. 

American  lumberman,  Nov.  3,  1917 — How 
to  pile  lumber  for  the  best  results,  p. 
51-2. 

American  lumberman.  Nov.  10.  1917 — Tlie 
present  lumber  situation  in  Great  Brit- 
ain, by  W.  J.  Drewry.  p.  40. 

Canada  lumberman,  Oct.  15,  1917 — Chain 
drag  saw  and  log  measuring  device, 
by  W.  D.  Starbird,  p.  29-30. 

Canada  lumberman,  Nov.  1.  1917 — Log- 
ging railroad  construction,  by  James 
O'Hearn,  p.  31-2. 

Disston  crucible,  Oct.  1917— Pioneer  lum- 
bering and  its  development,  by  W.  E. 
Dudley,  p.  132-3,  142. 

Electrical  world,  Sept.  29,  1917— Prolonging 
the  existence  of  cedar  poles,  by  Her- 
bert W.  Meyer,  p.  610-11. 

Engineering  news-record,  Nov.  1,  1917— 
Field  tests  made  on  oil  treatment  of 
wood  against  marine  borers,  by  C.  H. 
Teesdale  and  L.   F.  Shackell.  p.  833-7 

Engineering  news-record,  Nov.  8,  1917 — 
Tests  on  nailed  joints  in  fir  and  hem- 
lock timbers,  p.  871-2. 

Hardwood  record,  Oct.  25,  1917 — Lumber 
and  other  forest  products,  p.  35. 

Hardwood  record,  Nov.  10,  1917 — Hickory 
at  home  and  abroad,  by  J.  Crow  Tay- 
lor, p.  .39. 

Lumber  trade  journal,  Nov.  1,  1917 — South- 
ern logging  association ;  seventh  an- 
nual meeting,  p.  19-36;  Relative  costs 
of  logging  large  and  small  timber  as 
shown  by  experiments  by  W.  W.  Ashe, 
p.  36-7. 

Manufacturers'  record,  Sept.  20,  1917— De- 
nuding North  Carolina's  mountain 
of  logging  large  and  small  timber  as 
ranges,  by  Fred  A.  Olds,  p.  71. 

Mississippi  Valley  lumbermen,  Oct.  19. 
1917 — The  manufacture  of  cedar  chests. 
by  O.  R.  M.,  p.  42. 

Paper,  Oct.  31,  1917— Details  of  the  sul- 
phite process,  by  C.  C.  Heritage,  p. 
15-19. 

Paper  maker,  Oct.  1,  1917 — Paper  fibre  rugs, 
p.  315. 

Paper  mill,  Oct.  20,  1917— Uses  of  wood,  by 
John  S.  Bates,  p.  14,  38;  Spanish  forests 
and  paper,  p.  40. 

Paper  mill,  Nov.  3,  1917- Dyes  from  pulp 
waste,  by  J.  R.  Silver,  p  40 


TIMBER  CRUISING     " 

of  h11  kiiitlr.,  \u  all  HfcttoDH,  bnugH  me  cunstantly 
lu  tourtt  with  awiitTB  Of  tiiut)*.^  landD  wbMue 
pri)perth>N  arr  HilaptHble  to  coiniuerclal  or  spurt* 
ing    puri)08eH. 

DONALD  E.  LAUDERBURN 
154  Fifth  Avenue  New  York 


NOW   READY— NEW   BOOKLET 
TIMBER  ESTIMATING  ME1  HODS 

oriKlnal  and  Practical  Infonimtton  for  th» 
Tiuil'cr  Cruiser.  Timber  Owner,  and  LumbermajQ. 
givlug  cictnilB  "f  UiHthiHl  and  cost  of  Tluilier 
Estimating  based  on  actual  Mperience  on  over 
KMi  tlTiiher  tfiicts. 

Postpaid,  3U  cents  each. 

HOWARD  R.  KRINBILL 

FOREST  BNGINEKR  NKWBRRN.   N.  0. 


PHILIP  T.  COOLIDGE 

FORESTER 

Stetlon  BIdg.,  31  Central  Street,  Bangor,  Me. 

Management  and  Protection  of  IVoodlonds 

ImpToiemenl  Cuttings,  Planting,   Timber 

Estimates  and  Map^.       Surveying 


CORN      CATTLE      HOGS 

Three  crop  Corn  Land 
Virgin  Soil 

No  Crop  Kailures 

JOHN    L.   KOPEK  LUMBER    CO. 
Norfolk,  Va. 


Forestry  at 

University  of 

Michigan 

Ann    ArhoT.    Michigan 

A  FOUR- Y  EAR,    undergraduate 
course  that  prepares  for  the  prac- 
tice    of     Forestry     in     all     its 
branches  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 

BACHELOR    OF    SCIENCE 
[N  FORESTRY 

Opportunity  is  offered  for  grad- 
uate work  leading  to  the  degree  of 
Master  of  Science  in   Forestry. 

The  course  is  designed  to  give  a 
broad,  well-balanced  training  in  the 
fundamental  sciences  as  well  as  in 
technical  Forestry,  and  has,  conse- 
quently, proven  useful  to  men  en- 
gaged in  a  variety  of  occupations. 

This  school  of  Forestry  was  estab- 
lished in  1903  and  has  a  large  body  of 
alumni  engaged  in  Forestry  work. 
For  ann-jncement  giving 
complete   information  and   list 
of  alumni,  a-'dress 


!..._, 


FILIBERT    ROTH 


Pioneer  western  lumberman,  Oct.  15,  191 7— 
Utilization  of  Oregon  yellow  pine  for- 
ests, p.  21-2. 

Pioneer  western  lumberman,  Nov.  1,  1917— 
Kiln-drying  woods  for  airplanes,  p.  21. 


766 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


BOOKS  ON   FORESTRY 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  publish  each  monlh,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  wish  books 
on  forestry,  a  list  of  lilies,  authors,  and  prices  of  such  books.  These  may  be  ordered  ihrough 
the  American  Forestry  Association,  Washington,  D.   C.  Prices  are  by  mail  or  express  prepaid.* 

fUKKST  V.AI.UATIU.^— l-ilihert  Koth $1  50 

FOKKST  KEGUL.-XTIO.^— l-ilibcrt  Koth 2.00 

FK.\lTICAL  TKKli  KEI'.MU— liy  Elbert  Peets 2.00 

THE  LUMIJEK  l.NUUSTKY— Uy  K.  S.  Kell.iiii 1.10 

LUMUEU  MA.\UF.ACTUI<1.\G  ACCOU.STS— By  Arthur  F.  Jones 2  10 

FOKEST  VALUATIO.N— I'.y  H.  II.  CImpman 2.00 

CHINESE  FOKEST  TKEES  A.\D  TI.MUEK  SUPPLY— Bv  Norman  Shaw 2.50 

TKEES.    SHKUBS,    VINES    AND    HERBACEOUS    PEKENNIALS— By   John 

KirkeKaard 1-50 

TREES  ANU  SHRUBS— By  Charles  Sprague  Sargent— Vols.  I  and  II,  4  Parts 

to  a   Volume — per  Part 5.00 

THE  TRAI.M.VG  OF  A  FORESTER— Gifford  Pinchot 135 

LUMBER  A.\U  ITS  USES— R.  S.  Kellogg 1.15 

THE  CARE  OF  TKEES  IN  LAWN.  STREET  AND  PARK— B.  E.  Fernow 2.17 

NORTH  AMERICAN  TREES— N.  L.  Britton 7.30 

KEY  TO  THE  TREES— Collins  and  Preston 1.50 

THE  FARM  WOODLOT— E  G.  Cheyney  and  J.  P   Wentling 1.70 

IDENTIFICATION    OF    THE    ECONOMIC    WOODS    OF    THE    UNITED 

STATES— Samuel  J.  Record 1.25 

PLANE  SURVEYING— John  C.  Tracy 300 

FOREST   MENSURATIO.V— Henry  Solon  Graves 4.00 

THE  ECONOMICS  OF  FORESTRY— B.  E.  Fernow 161 

FIRST  BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— Filibert  Roth 1.10 

PRACTICAL  FORESTRY— A.  S.  Fuller 1.50 

PRINCIPLES  OF  AMERICAN  FORESTRY— Samuel  B.  Green 1.50 

MANUAL  OF  THE  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA  (exclusive  of  Mexico)  — 

Charles  Spragjue  Sargent 6.00 

AMERICAN  WOODS— Romevn  B.  Hough,  13  Volumes,  per  Volume b.OO 

HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TREES  OF  THE  NORTHERN  U.  S.  AND  CANADA, 

EAST  OF  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS— Romeyn  B.  Hough 6.00 

GETTING  ACQUAINTED  WITH  THE  TREES— J.  Horace  McFarland 1.75 

PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    WOOD:    THEIR    CHARACTERISTIC    PROP- 
ERTIES—Charles  Henry  Snow 3.S0 

HANDBOOK  OF  TIMBER  PRESERVATION— Samuel  M.  Rowe 5.00 

TREES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND— L.  L.  Dame  and  Henry  Brooks 1.50 

TREES.    SHRUBS    AND    VINES    OF    THE    NORTHEASTERN    UNITED 

STATES— H.   E.   Parkhurst 1.50 

TREES— H    Marshall  Ward 1.50 

OUR  NATIONAL  PARKS— John  Muir 1.91 

LOGGING— Ralph  C.  Brvant 3.50 

THE  IMPORTANT  TI.MBER  TREES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— S.  B.  Elliott  2.50 

FORESTRY  IN  NEW  ENGLAND— Ralph  C.  Hawley  and  Austin  F.  Hawes 3.50 

THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  HANDLING  WOODLANDS— Henry  Solon  Graves....  1.50 

SHADE  TREES  IN  TOWNS  AND  CITIES— William  Solotaroff 300 

THE  TREE  GUIDE— Bv  Iiilia  Ellen  Rogers 1.00 

MANUAL  FOR   NORTHERN   WOODSMEN— Austin  Gary 2.12 

FARM    FOR F..STRY'— Alfred   Akerman 57 

THE  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  WORKING  PLANS  (in  forest  organiza- 
tion)—A.  R.  Rerknaeel 210 

ELEMENTS  OF  FORESTRY- F.  F   Moon  and  N.  C    Brown 2.20 

MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  WOOD— Samuel  J.  Record 1.7S 

STUDIES  OF  TREES— J    J.   Levison 1.75 

TREE   PRUNING— A    Des  Cars 65 

THE  PRESERVATION  OF  STRUCTURAL  TIMBER— Howard  F.  Weiss 3.00 

THE  PRACTICAL  LUMBERMAN— By  Bernard  Brereton  (third  edition) 1.50 

SEEDING  AND  PI.A.VTING  IN  THE  PRACTICE  OF  FORESTRY— By  James 

W    Toumev.   M.S..   MA 3.50 

FL'TURE  FOREST  TRFF.S— By  Dr.  Harold  Unwin 2 25 

FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TREES  AND  SHRUBS— F.  Schuvler  Mathews  2  00 

(In    full    leather)     3.00 

FARM  FORESTRY- By  Tohn  Arden  Ferguson 1.30 

LUTHER   nURRANK-HIS  METHODS  AND  DISCOVERIES  AND  THEIR 

PRACTICAL  APPLICATION  48.00 

(\n  twelve  volumes,  beautifully  illustrated   in  color) 

THE  BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— Bv  Frederick  F.  Moon 2.10 

OUR  FIELD  AND  FOREST  TREES- Bv  Maud  Going ISO 

HANDBOOK  FOR  RANGERS  AND  WOODSMEN— By  Jay  L.  B.  Taylor..  2.50 

THE  STORY  OF  THE  FOREST— Bv  J.  Gordon  Dorrance 65 

THF  LAND  WE  LIVE  IN— Rv  Overton  Price 170 

WOOD  AND  FOREST-Bv  William  Noves 3  00 

THE  ESSENTIALS  OF  AMERICAN  TIMBER  LAW— Rv  L  P    KinnPv 300 

HANDBOOK  OF  CLEARING  AND  GRUBBING.  METHODS  AND    COST 

— Bv  Halhert  P.  CMIrtte  2  50 

FRENCH   FORESTS  AND  FORESTRY— By  Theodore  S.  Woolsey,  Jr 2..';0 

MANUAL  OF   POISONOI'S   PLANTS- Bv   T..   TL    Pntntnol SI."; 

•This,  of  rniirsp.  i«  not  a  romptetp  list.  hii>  we  shall  be  glad  to  add  to  it  any  books  on 
ff.rrcfv  or  n^lnfd  «iih»e'"t«  ir^on  rrnii'»<:t — Etittop, 


Power,  Oct.  16,  1917 — Fuel  from  wood 
wastes,  by  W.  Thomas,  p.  538. 

Pulp  and  paper  magazine,  Oct.  18,  1917 — 
Paper  clothes  in  Germany,  p.  981. 

Pulp  and  paper  magazine,  Oct.  25,  1917 — 
Pulp  wood  resources  of  northern  Mani- 
toba, by  J.  A.  Campbell,  p.  1007-8. 

Pulp  and  paper  magazine,  Nov.  1,  1917 — 
The  determination  of  sulphur  in  pa- 
per, by  E.  Sutermeister,  p.  1021-2. 

St.  Louis  lumberman,  Oct.  15,  1917— The 
two  forest  regiments,  10th  and  20th 
engineers,  p.  51-2. 

St.  Louis  lumberman,  Nov.  1,  1917 — Oak 
flooring,  by  Arthur  Bruce,  p.  50  D. 

Southern  lumberman,  Nov.  3,  1917 — Second 
forestry  regiment  getting  ready  for 
foreign  service,  p.  21-5;  Indian  summer 
and  forest  fires,  by  R.  S.  Maddox,  p.  26 
D;  forest  service  exhibit  features  Texas 
fair,  p.  35. 

Timber  trades  journal,  Oct.  6,  1917— The 
Weymouth  pine  as  a  timber  tree,  by  A. 
D.  Webster,  p.  479. 

Timber  trades  journal,  Oct.  13,  1917 — Air- 
plane timbers,  p.  514-15. 

Timber  trades  journal,  Oct.  20,  1917 — Doug- 
las fir  and  chalky  soil,  by  Wm.  Som- 
erville,  p.  579-80 ;  Replanting  of  cleared 
woodlands,  by  W.  Goldring,  p.  583-4. 

Timberman,  Oct.,  1917— Tests  of  holding 
power  of  nails  in  Douglas  fir  and  west- 
ern hemlock,  p.  37-41;  Seeking  me- 
chanical tree  felling  device,  p.  48  C. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  Oct. 
20,  1917 — Supply  of  boxwood  in  Japan, 
by  Henry  B.  Hitchcock,  p.  278. 

United   States  daily  consular   report,   Oct. 

24,  1917 — Woodworking  machinery  in 
foreign  countries,  by  E.  Haldeman 
Dennison  and  others,  p.  327-34. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  Nov 
1,  1917 — National  regulation  of  for- 
ests in  Italy,  by  Quincy  F.  Roberts,  p. 
437;  Manufacture  of  wintergreen  oil  in 
India,  by  Puran  Singh,  p.  440. 

United  States  daily  consular  report,  Nov. 
6,  1917 — South  Africa's  wattle-bark 
trade,  p.  508-10. 

West  Coast  lumberman,  Oct.  1,  1917— Seat- 
tle lumber  buyer  tells  best  method  of 
piling  railroad  material,  by  J.  F.  Roth- 
schild, p.  26  A. 

West  Coast  lumberman,  Oct.  15,  1917 — How 
best  can  the  universities  co-operate 
with  the  logging  industry,  by  Hugo 
Winkenwerder  and  C.  H.  Shattuck,  p. 

25,  35. 

Woodworker,  Oct.  1917— Proper  finish  of 
the  woodwork,  by  G.  D.  Grain,  Jr.,  p. 
29-30;  Piling  for  drying  in  yard,  kiln 
and  factory,  by  John  Hazen,  p.  32-3. 

Forest   Journals 

American  forestry,  Nov.,  1917— Relief  fund 
for  the  forestry  regiments,  p.  643 ;  For- 
esters in  world's  largest  regiment,  p. 
644-652;  American  foresters  in  military 
service,  p.  652-654 ;  Forestry  at  Bates 
college,  p.  655;  Changes  in  the  Georgia 
state  forest  school,  p.  655;  Tree's  long 
journey  on  truck,  p.  655;  The  pine,  by 
Mabel  Powers,  p.  656;  "Doctor  Moun- 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 


767 


"1 


The 

New  York  State 
College  of 
Forestry 

at 

Syracuse  University, 

Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

T  TNDER-GRADUATE  courses  in 
U  Technical  Forestry,  Paper  and 
Pulp  Making,  Logging  and  Lum- 
bering, City  Forestry,  and  Forest 
Engineering,  all  leading  to  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Science.  Special  oppor- 
tunities offered  for  post-graduate 
work  leading  to  degrees  of  Master  of 
Forestry,  Master  of  City  Forestry, 
and  Doctor  of  Economics. 

A  one-year  course  of  practical 
training  at  the  State  Ranger  School 
on  the  College  Forest  of  1,800  acres 
at  Wanakena  in  the  Adirondacks. 

State  Forest  Camp  of  three  months 
open  to  any  man  over  16,  held  each 
summer  on  Cranberry  Lake.  Men 
may  attend  this  Camp  for  from  two 
weeks  to  the  entire  summer. 

The  State  Forest  Experiment  Sta- 
tion of  90  acres  at  Syracuse  and  an 
excellent  forest  library  offer  unusual 
opportunities  for  research  work. 


Yale  School  of 
Forestry 

■  >>»miiii«»ii'  ■■' rttT' ■*■> 

Established  in  1900 


A  Graduate  Depnrtment  of  Yale 

UnnfrsitM. 
The  two  years  technical  course  pre- 
pares for  the  general  practice  of  for- 
estry and  leads  to  the  degree  of 
Master  of  Forestry. 
Special  opportunities  in  alt  branches 
of  forestry  for 

Advanced  and  Research  Work. 
For   students   planning   to   engage 
in     lurestry     or     luinlicring     in     the 
Tropics,   particularly   tropical   Amer- 
ica, a  course  is  offered  in 

Tropical  Forestry. 
Lunihermen  and  others  desiring  in- 
struction  in  special   subjects  may  be 
enrolled   as 

Special  Students. 
A  field  course  of  eieht  weeks  in  the 
summer  is  available  for  those  not  pre- 
pared   for.   or    who   dn    not    wish   to 
take  the  technical  courses 


For  further  information  and  cata- 
logue, ad<lress:  The  Direclor  of  the 
School  of  Forestry.  New  Haven.  Con- 
necticut. U.  S.  A. 


tain,"  by  Mark  Daniels,  p.  657-662;  The 
nuthatches  and  the  chickadees,  by  A.  A. 
Allen,  p.  663-667;  A  trail  marker,  by 
Lena  B.  Hunzicker,  p.  667 ;  A  quaint  bit 
of  sentiment,  by  Gayne  T.  K.  Norton,  p. 
668;  Flowers,  feathers  and  fins,  by  R. 
W.  Shufeldt,  p.  669-674;  Women  help  to 
fight  forest  fires,  p.  671 ;  Conservation 
in  autumn  leaves,  p.  675 ;  Tree  saved  by 
a   governor,    by   Allen   H.    Wright,   p. 
675;    Urban    and    suburban    food    pro- 
duction,   its    past    and    its    future,    by 
Charles     Lathrop     Pack,    p.    676-677; 
"Shoes  and  ships  and  sealing  wax,"  by 
Bristow  Adams,  p.  678-679;  Children's 
playgrounds   in  parks   and   forests,   by 
Smith   Riley,  p.  680-82;   Hybrid   oaks, 
by  George  B.  Sudworth,  p.  683-685 ;  A 
tree  that  produces  soap,  p.  686;  Edible 
fruits  of  forest  trees,  p.  687;  Fighting 
the  pine   blister   disease,   p.   688;   Our 
forest  resources  and  the  war,  by  E.  A. 
Sterling,  p.  689-690 ;  Forestry  as  a  pro- 
fession for  young  men   in  the  United 
States,  p.  691-692;  Bad  forest  fire  sea- 
son, p.  692 ;  How  a  successful  suburban 
house  is  built,  by  Rawson  W.  Haddon, 
p.  693-695. 
Forest  leaves,  Oct.  1917 — The  upper  Ohio 
river    drainage    basin,    by    George    M. 
Lehman,  p.  66-70;  The  camp  and  the 
camp  fire,  p.  71-2;  Forest  fire  preven- 
tion;   the    old    way    and   the   new,    by 
George  H.  Wirt,  p.  72-4 ;  Extinction  of 
forest  fires,  by  Leonard  G.  Barnes,  p. 
75-8;  A  word  on  the  right  use  of  our 
land,  by  Filibert  Roth,  p.  78-9. 
Indian  forest  records,  1917 — Statistics  com- 
piled in  the  office  of  the  silviculturist. 
Forest  research   institute,  Dehra  Dun, 
during  1915-16,  p.  31-96. 
Indian  forester,  Aug.  1917 — Teak  regenera- 
tion   under    the    uniform    system     in 
Mohnyin,  by  H.  R.  Blanford,  p.  339-62; 
Note  on  the  galls  of  Piscacia  integer- 
rima,  by  Puran  Singh,  p.  366-7;  A  fos- 
sil wood  from  Burma,  by  Ruth  Holden, 
p.  372-8;  The  conifer  leaf  oil  industry, 
by  A.  W.  Schorger,  p.  379-86 ;  What  is 
kapok?  p.  386-8. 
Journal  of  forestry,  Oct.  1917— The  density 
of  stand  and  rate  of  growth  of  Arizona 
yellow   pine  as   influenced  by  climatic 
conditions,  by  Forrest  Shreve,  p.  695- 
707;   Forest   service   stumpage   apprai- 
sals, by  James   W.  Girard,  p.  708-25 ; 
Forest  succession  and  rate  of  growth 
in  sphagnum  bogs,  by  George  B.  Rigg, 
p.     726-39;     Recent     forestry     propa- 
ganda in  the  Philippines,  by  Wm.  For- 
sythe  Sherfesee,  p.  740-56 ;  Aspen  as  a 
permanent    forest   type,   by   James    M. 
Fetherolf,   p.   757-60;    Notes   on   white 
pine    four-year   transplants,    by    S.    N. 
Spring,  p.  761-2;  Dying  of  young  pines 
in  circles  about  anthills,  by  Ferdinand 
W.  Haasis,  p.  763-71. 
Revue  des  eaux  et  forets,  Sept.  1,  1917 — Le 
robinier,  by  A.  Jolyet,  p.  257-61 ;  Asso- 
ciation de   I'epicea   au   sapin  dans   les 
sapinieres   des   Hautes   Vosges,   by   E. 
Mer,  p.  262-70. 


DEPARTMENT  OH 
FORESTRY 

The    Pennsylvania 
State  College 


A  PROFESSIONAL     course      in 
Forestry,    covering    four    years 
of  college  work,  leading  to  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in  For- 
estry. 

Thorough  and  practical  training  for 
Government,  State,  Municipal  and 
private  forestry. 

Four  months  are  spent  in  camp  in 
the  woods  in  forest  work. 
Graduates  who  wish  to  specialize 
along  particular  lines  are  admitted 
to  the  "graduate  forest  schools"  as 
candidates  for  the  degree  of  Master 
of  Forestry  on  the  successful  com- 
pletion of  one  year's  work. 


For     further     information     address 
Department  of  Forestry 

Pennsylvania  State  College 

State  College,  Pa. 


HARVARD 

UNIVERSITY 

DEPT.     OF     FORESTRY 
BUSSEY    INSTITUTION 

/^FFERS  specialized  graduate 
training  leading  to  the  de- 
gree of  Master  of  Forestry  in  the 
following  fields :  —  Silviculture 
and  Management,  Wood  Tech- 
nology, Forest  Entomology, 
Dendrology,  and  (in  co-opera- 
tion with  the  Graduate  School 
of  Business  Administration)  the 
Lumber  Business. 

For  further  particulars 
address 

RICHARD    T.    FISHER 

Jamaica    Plain,    Massachusetts. 


The  cylmerican  Forestrjr  dissociation 

Washington,  D.  C. 


ANDREW  CARNEGIK,  New  York 

WILLIAM   E    COLBY,  CalifornU 
Secretary   of  The   Sierra   Club 

COLEMAN    DuPONT,    Delaware 

DR    CHARLES   W.    ELIOT,   Masaachusetts 
Preaident    Emeritus   Harvard    University 

DR    B.   E.  FERNOW,  Canada 
Dean  of  Forestry  University  of  Toronto 

HENRY  S.  GRAVES,  District  of  Columbia 
Chief  of  the  Forest  Service 

EVERJTT  G.   GRIGGS.   Washington 


President 
CHARLES   LATHROP  PACK,   Lakewood.   N.  ). 

Vlcc-Presidenti 

HON.   DAVID  HOUSTON 

Secretary  of  Agriculture 
HON.  FRANKLIN  K.   LANE, 

Secretary   of  the   Interior 
HON.  ASBURY  F    LEVER,  South  Carolina 

United    States    Representative 
HON.   THOMAS  NELSON    PAGE 

Ambassador    to    Italy 
GIFFORD    PINQIOT,   Pennsylvania 
MRS.  FRANCES  F.  PRESTON,  New  Jersey 
Fl  LI  BERT  ROTH,  Michigan 

Dean  of  Forestry,  University  of  Michigan 
DR.  J.  T    ROTHROCK,  Pennsylvania 


MRS.  JOHN   D.  SHERMAN,  Illinois 

Chairman,    Conservation    Department 

General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs 
HON    WM.    H.   TAFT,   Connecticut 

Ex-President  United    States 
JOSEPH  N.  TEAL,  Oregon 

Chairman    Oregon    Conservation    Commission 
THEODORE  N.  VAIL,  Vermont 

President,   Am.   Tel     &  Tel.   Co 
HON.  JOHN  WEEKS,  Massachusetts 

United  States  Senator 
DR    R.   S    WOODWARD,  Washington.    D.    C 

President   Carnegie   Institution 


Treasurer 
JOHN    E.  JENKS,    Editor,   Army  and   Navy    Register,   Washington,    D    C. 


FERCIVAL 

E    T.   ALLEN,  Oreguu 

Forester,   Western   For.    and   Conserv.    Assn. 
JOHN   S    AMES,   Massachusetts 
HON.    ROBERT   P.   BASS,   New  Hampshire 

Ex-Governor  of  New   Hampshire 
WM.   B.  GREELEY,  District  of  Columbia 

Assistant  U.  S    Forester 
W.  R.  BROWN,  New  Hampshire 

Pres ,    New    Hamp.    Forestry    Commission 


ExecntlTe  Secretary 
SHELDON   RIDSDALE,  1410  H  Street,  N.   W.,  Washington.  D.  C. 
Directors 

HERMAN   H.    CHAP.MAX,   Connecticut 

Professor  of  Forestry,  Vale   Forest  School 
DR    HENRY  S    DRI.XKER,  Pennsylvania 

President    Lehigh    University 
ALFRED  GASKILL 

State   Forester,   New  Jersey 
JOHN  E.  JENKS,  District  of  Columbia 

Editor,  Army  and  Navy  Register 
CHESTER  W.   LYMAW,  New   York 

Vice- Pres     International   Paper  Company 


CHARLES  LATHROP  PACK,  New  Jersey 
Pres.    Xat'l    Emergency    Fooid    Garden    Com 
mission. 

CHARLES  F.  QUINCY,  New  York 

ERNEST  A.   STERLING,  New   York 
Forest   and   Timber   Engineer 

J    B    WHITE,  Missouri 
Ex.-Pres.,    National    Conservation    Congress 


Declaration   of  Principles   and   Policy" 
gf  Wg  cylmerican  Forestry"  (dissociation 

IT  IS  A  VOLUNTARY  organization  for  the  inculcation  and  spread  of  a  forest 
policy  on  a  scale  adequate  for  our  economic  needs,  and  any  person  is  eligible 
for  membership. 

IT  IS  INDEPENDENT,  has  no  of!icial  connection  with  any  Federal  or  State  de- 
partment or  policy,  and  is  devoted  to  a  public  service  conducive  to  national 
prosperity. 

IT  ASSERTS  THAT  forestry  means  the  propagation  and  care  of  forests  for  the 
production  of  timber  as  a  crop;  protection  of  watersheds;  utilization  of  non- 
agricultural  soil ;  use  of  forests  for  public  recreation. 

IT  DECLARES  THAT  FORESTRY  is  of  immense  importance  to  the  people;  that 
the  census  of  11*13  shows  our  forests  annually  supply  over  one  and  a  quarter 
billion  dollars'  worth  of  products;  employ  735.000  people;  pay  $307,000,000  in 
wages;  cover  5o0.000.000  acres  unsuited  for  agriculture;  regulate  the  distri- 
bution of  water;  prevent  erosion  of  lands;  and  are  essential  to  the  beauty  of 
the  country  and  the  health  of  the  nation 

IT  RECOGNIZES  THAT  forestry  is  an  industry  limited  by  economic  conditions; 
that  private  owners  should  be  aided  and  encouraged  by  investigations,  demon- 
strations, and  educational  work,  since  they  cannot  be  expected  to  practice  for- 
estry at  a  financial  loss;  that  Federal  and  State  governments  should  undertake 
scientific  forestry  upon  National  and  State  forest  reserves  for  the  benefit  of 
the  public. 

IT  WILL  DEVOTE  its  influence  and  educational  facilities  to  the  development  of 
public  thought  and  knowledge  along  these  practical  lines. 


It  Will  Support  These  Policies 

National  and  State  Forests  under  Fed- 
eral and  Slate  Ownership,  administra- 
tion and  management  respectively; 
adequate  apprupriattuiis  fur  tlieir  care 
and  management;  Federal  co-opera- 
tion  with  the  States,  especially  in 
forest    fire   protection. 

State  Activity  by  acquirement  of  forest 
lands;  organization  for  fire  protec- 
tion- encouragement  of  forest  plant- 
ing by  communal  and  private  owners, 
nun -political  departmental  ly  indepen- 
dent forest  organization,  with  liberal 
appropriations   fur  these  purposes. 

Forest  Fire  Protection  by  Federal, 
State  and  fire  protective  agencies, 
and  its  encouragement  and  extension, 
individually  and  by  co-operatiun ; 
without  adequate  fire  protection  all 
other  measures  for  forest  crop  pro- 
duction   will   fail. 

Forest  Planting  by  Federal  and  State 
governments  and  long-lived  corpora- 
tions and  acquirenieni  of  waste  lands 
for  this  purpose;  and  also  planting  by 
private  owners,  where  profitable,  and 
encouragement  of  natural  regenera- 
tion. 

Forest  Taxation  Reforms  removing  un- 
just burdens  from  owners  of  growing 
timber. 

Closer  Utilization  in  logging  and  man- 
ufacturing without  loss  to  owners;  aid 
the    lumberman    in    a^-li-rvind    tins. 

Cutting  of  Mature  Timber  where  and 
as  tne  domestic  market  demands  it, 
except  on  areas  maintained  fur  park 
or  scenic  purposes,  and  cumpensatiun 
of  forest  owners  for  loss  sutTercd 
through  protection  of  watersheds,  or 
on   behalf  of  any   public   interest 

Equal  Protection  to  the  lumber  indus- 
try and  to  public  interests  in  legisla- 
tion affecting  private  timberland  op- 
erations, recogtiizjng  that  lumbering 
is  as  legitimate  and  necessary  as  the 
forests    theni^iflves. 

Classification  by  experts  of  lands  best 
suited  for  farming  and  those  best 
suited  for  forestry ;  and  liberal  na- 
tional and  State  appropriations  for 
this   work. 


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