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/
FLORA ARCTICA
CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF
THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS,
FOUND IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS, WITH THEIR
DISTRIBUTION IN THESE COUNTRIES,
ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS FIGURES IN THE TEXT,
EDITED BY
C..H. OSTEN FELD,
INSPECTOR AT THE BOTANICAL MUSEUM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN.
PART I.
PTERIDOPHYTA, GYMNOSPERMAE AND MONOCOTYLEDONES,
BY
& 5 0. GELERT AND C. H. OSTENFELD. |
PUBLISHED BY THE CARLSBERG FUND.
COPENHAGEN.
DET NORDISKE FORLAG.
BOGFORLAGET ERNST BOJESEN.
1902.
FLORA ARCTICA
CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF
THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS,
FOUND IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS, WITH THEIR
DISTRIBUTION IN THESE COUNTRIES,
ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS FIGURES IN THE TEXT.
EDITED BY
Ch OSTENEE LD:
INSPECTOR AT THE BOTANICAL MUSEUM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
PARE I.
PTERIDOPHYTA, GYMNOSPERMAE AND MONOCOTYLEDONES,
BY
O. GELERT AND C. H. OSTENFELD.
PUBLISHED BY THE CARLSBERG FUND.
COPENHAGEN.
DET NORDISKE- FORDAG:
BOGFORLAGET ERNST BOJESEN,.
1902.
PUBLISHED JUNE 28T# 1902.
PRINTED BY H.H. THIELE.
PRICE 5 SH.
PREEAGE:
N the year 1896 Prof. Warming invited the late Mr. O. Gelert to make
I a revision of the flowering plants and ferns of the Arctic regions,
as the many scattered lists and treatises, in which each author
used his own nomenclature, made the study of them very trouble-
some. The knowledge of the Arctic regions was, by that time,
so far advanced, that, among the flowering plants and ferns, no
considerable additions to the flora, with regard to still unknown
species, might be expected. — On that account it would be appro-
priate to collect all the scattered statements in one work, trying at
the same time, if feasible, to revise the statements in such manner,
that a flora of this kind might be a reliable proof of those species
which were known in the Arctic territory, and of their distribution
there. — The Copenhagen-University-Botanic-Museum was, on
account. of its rich Arctic collections, especially from Greenland,
well adapted to form the basis of a critical revision.
To form an idea how great and extensive such a work might
prove, Mr. Gelert made a revision of the genus Draba and other
Cruciferae, the result of which was his treatise »Notes on Arctic
Plants, I<?. Then he desired me to co-operate with him, a desire
with which I complied with pleasure. Through the liberal aid of
the Carlsbergfund, during several years, we were enabled to spend
a great deal of our time on this revision. Mr. Gelert especially
took up the work indefatigably, until overcome by his malady. He
suffered from phthisis, and on March 10', 1899, he died, 37 years old.
So I was left alone with the work, of which, however Mr. Gelert
* Botanisk Tidsskrift, vol. 21, 1898, Kjobenhavn.
IV
had done a considerable part, so that half of Part I. published
here, is due to his pen, his MS. having had in some measure to
be looked over. In him I lost a dear friend and a clever co-operator.
Partly on account of his death and partly because of my time
being but very limited to work at the Arctic flora in the following
years, Part I. has not been published earlier.
My late friend and I are under great obligations to Prof.
Warming, for it was his proposal to start this work, and it
was he who placed the collections of the Copenhagen-Universily-
Botanic-Museum at our disposal, and through whose influence
we obtained the aid of the Carlsbergfund. To the direction of
this fund we tender our cordial thanks for its readiness in ren-
dering us help. Further we offer our thanks to the directors of
the various museums from which we have borrowed herbarium
specimens for our researches, viz. Prof. VY. Wittrock of Stockholm,
Prof. N. Wille of Kristiania, Prof. A. Fischer v. Waldheim of St. Pe-
tersbourg, Prof. A. Engler of Berlin and Dr. O. Nordstedt of Lund
(Sweden).
Further I owe many thanks to Mr. A. Bennett, Croydon, for
the revision of MS., to Mr. H. Fisher, Knaresborough, and Mr. Ove
Paulsen, Copenhagen, for assisting in proof-reading, as well as to
Mr. C. B. Clarke for his valuable informations about the Cyperaceae.
I trust the little book will be of benefit to the many who
study the plants of the Arctic regions, and that it may be as reliable
and accurate as possible, though doubtless there are list of Arctic
plants which have not come under my notice. I shall be much
obliged for the pointing out of such short-comings, as well as for
the sending of treatises, available for the composition of Part IT.
Though any botanist, whether English or versed in English, at
a glance will see that this work is written by foreigners, I trust the
language to be sufficiently comprehensible to convey the use of
the work.
V
The territory, the plants of which are treated in this book, is
the Arctic tract of land proper, viz. the regions north of the wood-
boundary. — However, as it is not always easy to prove whether
or not a certain point is north of the wood-boundary, and as practical
Ses /
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ee 7
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YF a 00
S
Map of the Arctic regions, showing the limit of the treated area.
considerations must be taken at the same time as to the limitation,
we haye not minutely followed the line, which is, as a rule, stated
on maps as the wood-boundary. The accompanying map will ap-
proximately show the boundary which we have followed. As to some
of the most important deviations, it may be stated, that the whole of
VI
Greenland is treated, whereas Iceland, in reality belonging to the
northern Pine-wood-Region, is omitted. Further, the Scandinavian-
Peninsula is entirely left out, though its utmost northern part may
looked upon as Arctic.
The localities in the territory in which each species is found,
are enumerated. The starting point is the Behring Strait, thence
going eastward. A (!) after the locality, states that we have seen
specimens from the spot; the other statements rest on literature.
Further is stated, under each species, all the lists from the Arctic
territory in which it is mentioned, giving the name of it, used there,
in such a way though, that where a collective survey is found, e. g.
such as J. Lange: Conspectus Florae Groenlandicae or A, G. Nathorst:
Spetsbergens kdrlvdxter, the preceding lists are not set down, if
no particular reasons have necessitated it. The synonyms are
only mentioned if they are of particular Arctic interest, and as to
the commonly used specific names, the name of the author is added
without reference to place or time of publication. The European
authors are principally adhered to in nomenclature.
The time for growth and blossoming is not given, as the
knowledge of it is too limited.
The name of the author of the revision is attached to each
order, so that the sole responsibility rests on him. Nevertheless,
after Mr. Gelert’s death I have added several localities, taken from
lists published after that time, and in one instance (Calamagrostis
hyperborea Dusén) | have made a correction, while I have changed
nothing else, even if I cannot agree with him, e. g. in his view of
Phippsia’s and Catabrosa’s distinction as two genera far removed
from each other.
The bulk of figures of the habit is drawn by Mrs. I. Raun-
kier, a few by Mr. Thornam, while analyses are by the author.
The consulted works are almost all quoted in an abridged,
though easily intelligible form. A bibliography of all the abridge-
ments is given on the following pages.
Copenhagen, May 30+h, 1902,
THE EDITOR.
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Fl. D. [cones Florae Danicae, editae ab Oeder, O. F. Miiller, M. Vahl, J. W.
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IX
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Schkuhr, Riedgraser. Chr. Schkuhr: Beschreibung und Abbildung der theils
bekannten, theils noch nicht beschriebenen Arten von Riedgrasern nach eigenen
Beobachtungen und vergrésserter Darstellung der kleinsten Theile. Wittenberg
1801.
Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. Fr. Schmidt: Florula Jenissensis arctica. — Mémoires
de Vacadémie impériale des sciences de St. Petersbourg. 1872.
Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay. James Taylor: Notice of Flowering
Plants and Ferns collected on both Sides of Davis Straits and Baffins Bay in
1856—61, — Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. 1862.
XI
Trautv. Consp. Fl. Nov. Semija. E. R. v. Trautvetter: Conspectus florae insu-
larum Nowaja Semlja. — Acta Horti Petropolitani. I. 1871.
Trautv. Fl. boganid. phaenog. E. R. vy. Trautvetter: Florula boganidensis phae-
nogama. — Middendorf: Reise in den aussersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens.
I. St. Petersburg 1847.
Trautv. Fl. Kolym. E. R. v. Trautvetter: Flora riparia Kolymensis. — Acta
Horti Petropolitani. V. 1877.
Trautv. Fl. Taimyr. E. R. v. Trautvetter: Florula taimyrensis phaenogama. —
Middendorff's Sibirische Reise. I, 2. St. Petersbourg 1856.
Trautv. Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. E.R. v. Trautvetter: Flora Terrae Tschuktschorum.
— Acta Horti Petropolitana. VI. 1879.
Trautv. Pl. Sib. bor. E. R. v. Trautvetter: Plantas Sibiriae borealis ab A. Cze-
kanowski et F. Mueller annis 1874 et 1875 lectas. — Ibidem. V. 1877.
Trautv. Ross. Arct. Pl. E.R. v. Trautvetter: Rossiae Arcticae plantas quasdam
a peregrinatoribus variis in variis locis lectas. — Ibidem. VI. 1879.
Trautv. Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. E. R. v. Trautvetter: Syllabus Plantarum
Sibiriae Boreali-orientalis a Dre. Alex. a Bunge fil. lectarum. -— Ibidem. X. 1887.
Trin. De Graminib. C. B. Trinius: De graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris. —
Petropoli 1824.
Trin. Gramin. genera et spec. C. B. Trinius: Graminum genera quaedum spe-
ciesque complures descriptiones illustravit.— Mém. de l’Acad. de St. Petersbourg,
VI Serie, Tom. I. 1831.
Trin. Gram. suppl. C. B. Trinius: Graminum in hisce actis a se editorum ge-
neribus ac speciebus supplementa. — Ibidem. VI Serie, Tom. IV. 1838.
Trin. Spec. Gram. Icon. C. B. Trinius: Species graminum iconibus et descript-
ionibus illustratae. I—III. — Petropoli 1828—1836.
Tuckerm., Enumeratio. Tuckermann: Enumeratio methodica Caricum quarun-
dam. — Schenectadiae 1843.
Wg., Fl. Carp. G. Wahlenberg: Flora Carpatorum principalium. 1814.
Wg.. Fl. Lapp. G. Wahlenberg: Flora Lapponica. Berlin 1812.
Wg., Kgl. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1803. G. Wahlenberg: Indledning till Caricographien.
Kgl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. nya Handl. Bd. 23—24.
Willd., Enum. C. L. Willdenow: Enumeratio plantarum horti Berolinensis. —
Berlin 1809
C
CLASS I.
PTERIDOPHYTA.
ryptogamic plants with stems, leaves and roots containing vas-
cular tissues. Spores develop into small, mostly flat green pro-
thallia, which bear archegonia and antheridia.
A.
B.
Stems short, unbranched; fronds large, well-developed, with sporangia on the
back or margins.
1. Fronds not circinate in vernation. Sporangia formed of many epidermis-
cells, regularly 2-valved, borne on a separate part of the frond. Prothallium
subterranean, tuberous, monoecious ........ I. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.
Fronds circinate in vernation, mostiy pinnate. Sporangia formed of one
nw
epidermis-cell, borne in clusters on the back or margins of the frond,
provided with an elastic ring, opening transversally. Prothallium flat
SLECN PIMONOCCIOUSN eo cuiaie ote ha eee Ree teatro II. POLYPODIACEAE.
Stems erect, hollow, jointed, mostly with numerous verticillate branches;
leaves reduced to toothed sheaths at the joints. Sporangia borne beneath shield-
shaped leaves, which form a terminal spike. Prothallium flat, very small,
GIOACTONEN Eyer d, Uooucl he oie oleh beDen en Oioleres amo tsoes. 5 III. EQUISETACEAE.
Stems creeping, branched; leaves small, simple, crowded or in ranks. Sporangia
solitary in the axils of the leaves.
1. Spores uniform. Prothallium subterranean, tuberous. [V. LYCOPODIACEAE.
2. Spores partly macrospores, partly microspores. Prothallium minute, few-
CEUTIET OS SB ae eee GoeNG & ean opt ttnaenren seh wee V. SELAGINELLACEAE.
Stem a fleshy corm with long, subulate leaves; the spore-bearing leaves with
sporangia in the dilated bases. Macrospores and microspores. Prothallium
TINMU Lene Ew CELT AT mapianiaiy ac sige hey Scouse) On eik su) ee VI. ISOETACEAE.
Order I. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE R. Br. (By O. GELERT).
Only the following genus in the area:
1. BOTRYCHIUM Sw.
Frond consisting of a sterile foliaceous and a fertile spicate part,
both more or less pinnate.
i,
Sterile part of the frond sessile or short stalked, attached at or above the
middle of the stalk.
A. Fertile part of the frond long stalked exceeding the sterile part .. . B. Lunaria.
Flora Arctica. 1
B. Fertile part of the frond short-stalked not exceeding the sterile part.
a. Lower pinna of the sterile part of the frond broad ovate or cordate
B. boreale.
b. Lower pinna of the sterile part of the frond lanceolate B. lanceolatum
2. Sterile part of the frond stalked, attached below the middle of the stalk
B. simplex.
1. B. Lunaria (L.) Sw.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 190; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV,
p. 504; FI. D.t. 18, fig. 2.
Sterile part of the frond sessile or short stalked,
in circumference oblong, round at the top, pin-
nate with 7—15 fanshaped, entire or sometimes
notched pinnie. Fertile part long-stalked, stalk
about as long as the sterile part, bipinnate.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—69° 15’ (!). East Greenl.
63°—70° (). Eur.: Samoyede Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland,
Fer6oes, Europe, Northern and Western Asia, Pata-
gonia, Southeast Australia, Tasmania.
2. B. boreale Milde in Nova Acta Acad. Caes.
Léop. Carol., XXVI, PP. Il, p..672)t/ol fi7oSaae
B. Lunaria PB divisum Lge. Consp. Fl. Groen.
p. 190; B. Lunaria v. subincisa et vy. incisa Roseny.
Till. p. 740; B. erassinervium Rupr. in Milde 1. ec.
pi7633 8; D. Suppl st Ad3.
Sterile part of the frond sessile, in cireum-
ference broad ovate-cordate, subacute, pinnate,
with 5—9 semi-acute lobed pinne. Lower pinn
oblique cordate or broadly ovate, generally as
broad as long. Fertile part short stalked, stalk
not exceeding the sterile part, bipinnate.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—61° (!). East Greenl.
61° 4" (1).
Geogr. area: Unalashka, Norway, Finland, Rus-
sian Lapland, Siberia.
3. B. lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstr.
Milde 1]. c. p. 674 t. 51 f£.178—181; FI. D. t. 2922
f. 2; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 190.
Sterile part of the frond sessile, in circum-
ference ovate-triangular, acute, pinnate, with 5—9
lanceolate, lobed, acute pinnz. Fertile part very
Fig. 1. Botrychium Lu- 2 5
naria (L.) Sw; %/; nat. Short stalked, stalk not exceeding the sterile part,
size. \Spee. from West
Greenland). bipinnate.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—63° (1).
Geogr. area: Unalashka, Northern North America, Iceland, Nor-
way, Sweden, Finland, Northern Russia, The Alps, Siberia, Saghalin.
4. B. simplex Hitchcock.
Milde l.c. p. 664 t. 49, 50.
Sterile part of the frond stalked, in circumference ovate, rounded
at the top, attached on the lower part of the stalk, simple or pin-
Fig. 2. Botrychium boreale Fig.3. Botrychium lanceolatum Fig. 1. Botrychium simplex Hitehk.; 5),
Milde; */, nat. size. Spec.from (Gmel.) Angstr. %/, nat. size. nat. size. (Spee. to the left hand after
West Greenland), Spec. from West Greenland . Milde, this to the right from West Green-
land.
nate with a few oblique, rhomboidal or obovate stalked pinne.
Fertile part of the frond longstalked, stalk exceeding the sterile
part, simple, pinnate or bipinnate.
Only one specimen, collected by J. Vahl in West Greenl. 60° 5!
(sinus Tasermiut, Aug. 1829), in the herbarium of the Botanical Museum
at Copenhagen (!).
Geogr. area. North America, Scandinavia, Denmark, Germany, Li-
yonia, Northern Russia, The Alps.
4
Order Il. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. (By O. GELERT).
a, Clusters nearly circular without an indusium.
1. Fronds long stalked, nearly triangular in circumference
Aspidium Sect. Phegopteris.
2. Fronds short stalked, lanceolate in circumference .... Athyrium alpestre.
b. Clusters with a distinct indusium.
1 Glusters#linearorsoblongirs, muse aise sete) ile sis) t) ) se seater Asplenium.
2. Clusters nearly circular.
a. Indusium attached over the cluster, circular or reniform
Aspidium Sect. Lastrea and Sect. Hypopeltis.
8. Indusium attached under the cluster, unilateral ...... Cystopteris.
y. Indusium attached under the cluster, divided in capillary segments.
Woodsia.
1. ATHYRIUM Roth.
5. A. alpestre (Hoppe) Ryland.
Aschers. & Grabner Syn. I p. 13; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 305; Poly-
podium alpestre Hoppe, Lge. 1. c. p. 186; P. rheeticum (L. p. pt.) Vill. FI.
D. t. 2607.
Fronds dark green, 2—3 pinnate, lanceolate in circumference,
with short stalks having brown scales. Clusters at last circular,
indusium rudimentary. Rhizome thick, ascending. Fronds about
30 cm. long. Much like A. Filix foemina, but separated by more
obtuse pinnze, circular clusters without conspicuons indusium.
Am.: W. Greenl. 60° (!), East Greenl. 60°—61° (1).
Geogr. area: British Columbia?, Iceland, Scotland, Scandinavia,
Russian Lapland, Pyrenees, Central European Mountains, The Alps, Cau-
casus, Asia Minor.
2. ASPIDIUM Sw.
Sect. I. Phegopteris Fée. Without indusium.
6. A. Dryopteris (L.) Baumg.
Aschers. & Grabner Syn. I pr. 21. Polypodium Dryopteris L., Lge.
Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 185. Fl. D. t. 1943.
Rhizome thin and creeping. Fronds long stalked, glabrous,
ternate, divisions pinnate, pinnz pinnatifid, clusters near the margin.
Am.: West. Greenl. 60°—69° 15’ (!). East Greenl. 60°—63° (!).
Geogr. area. North America, Iceland, Feerées, Europe, Asia Minor,
Northern Asia, Northwestern Himalaya.
7. A. Phegopteris (L.) Baumg.
Aschers. & Grabner, Syn. I p. 23; Polypodium Phegopteris L., Lge.
Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 185. Fl. D. t. 1241.
Rhizome creeping. Fronds long stalked, hairy, in circumfe-
rence oblong-triangular, pinnate, pinnz pinnatifid. Lower pair of
pinne deflexed. Clusters near the margin.
Am.: West. Greenl. 60°—65° 40’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—63° (!).
5
Geogr. area: North America, Ice-
land, Feerées, Europe, Asia Minor, Cauca-
sus, Northern Asia, Northwestern Himalaya.
Sect. I]. Lastrea Bory. Indusium reniform.
8. A. fragrans (L.) Sw.
Hook. FI. Bor. Am. II p. 261; Trauty. FI.
Terr. Tschuktsch. p.40; Peary, Auxil. Exped.
App. C. p.8; Macoun, Catalogue V_ p. 276;
Ambronn, Cumberland Gulf p. 97; Poly-
podium fragrans L.;.Lastrea fragrans Presl. ;
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 186; Polystichum
fragrans Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 514; As-
pidium rigidum FI. D. t. 2187.
Rhizome thick, ascending. Fronds
numerous, densely tufted, in circumfe-
rence lanceolate, short stalked, bipin-
nate, pinnulz ovate, obtuse, crenulate.
Stalk and rachis densely clothed with
brown scales. Clusters nearly covering
the under side of the fronds, indusium
fimbriated. The surface of the fronds
is filled with small glands which pro-
duces a smell of Sweet Violet.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Arctic Coast
and Islands, Hudson Strait, Baffin Land:
Cumberland Gulf. West Greenl. 67° 50’—
78° 30’ (), East Greenl. 60°—60° 41’ (!) and
70° (). As: Taimyr Peninsula 73° 30’, Chuk-
ches Land (}).
Geogr. area: Northern North Ame-
rica, East Siberia, Kamchatka.
9. A. Filix mas (L.) Sw.
Lastrea Filix mas Presl., Lge. Consp.
Fl. Groenl. p. 187. FI. D. t. 2740.
Fronds short stalked, lanceolate,
subbipinnate, with clusters in the upper
part. Pinnze declining in size at the
base of the frond. Stalk and rachis
more or less clothed with brown scales.
Indusium entire.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—62°(!), East
Greenland 60° (!).
Fig. 5. Aspidium fragrans (L.) Sw.; °/, nat.
size. (Spec. from West Greenland).
6
Geogr. area: North America, South America until Peru, Iceland,
Ferdes, Europe, North Africa, Asia
10. A. spinulosum (Retz.) Sw. subsp. dilatatum (Sm.) Roeper.
Lastreea spinulosa ( intermedia Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 187. FL.
D. t. 3055.
Fronds long stalked, ovate or triangular, at the base 3-pinnate,
generally with clusters also on the lower pinni and with few or
many short yellow glands on the underside. The inner and upper
pinnula on the nethermost pinna smaller than the next following.
Stalk almost as long as the frond, covered with brown scales, which
are darkest in the middle. Indusium fimbriate.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, West Greenl. 60°—69° 14" (!), East Greenl.
60°—61° 40’ (1).
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Feer6ées, Europe, Asia Minor,
Northern Asia.
Sect. III. Hypopeltis Michx. Indusium circular.
11. A. Lonchitis (L.) Sw.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 186. FI. D. t. 497.
Fronds linear-lanceolate, rigid, leathery, pinnate with clusters in
the upper part. Pinnze serrate spinous, at the base auriculate above
and oblique below. Rachis and underside of the fronds with nume-
rous brown scales.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—69° 14’ ()), East Greenl. 60°—65° 35’ (1).
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Fzrées, Europe in the
mountainous regions, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Siberia, Turkistan, Himalaya.
3. CYSTOPTERIS Bernh.
12. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh.
Hook. Coll. of Arct. Pl. p. 123; Hart. Brit. Pol. Exp. p. 142; Taylor, Pl.
coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 86; Reichardt, Fl. Jan Mayen p. 10; Lge
Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.188, p. 306; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 39; Trauty. Consp.
Fl. Nov. Semlja p. 87, Fl. Kolym p. 574; Blytt, Bidrag p.17; Ledeb. FI.
Ross. IV p. 516; Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh. p. 482; Peary, Auxil. Exped.
App. C. p. 8; Rothrock, Fl. of Alaska p. 460; Feilden, Nov. Zemlya p. 25.
Fronds longstalked, generally bipinnate, lanceolate, pinnz ovate
to lanceolate. Stalk reddish-brown below, yellow above, generally
with few thin scales. Indusium attached under the cluster, hooded
at the base and with a long free point, at first covering the cluster.
Very variable, but the forms pass by numerous intermediate
from one to the other. The more common forms are f. dentata
Hook: fronds pinnate, pinne pinnatifid; f anthriscifolia Koch:
fronds bipinnate to tripinnate, pinne and pinnule acute; f. cyna-
piifolia Koch: as f. anthriscifolia but pinne and pinnul obtuse.
I
The var.arclica Kuhn is only a dwarf form of f. dentata,
fronds beeing c.5 em. high; the var. fenuis Lge Consp.,
regularis et lingueformis A. C. Schultz in Lge Consp.
belong to the most common form: denfata Hook.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Minto Inlet, Baffin Land,
Grinnell Land to 81° 44’, West Greenl. 60°—78° 30’ (1),
East Greenl. 60°—74° 45’ (). Eur.: Jan Mayen, Spits-
bergen, Novaya Zemlya to 74°, Waigats. As.: mouth of the
Kolyma, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: North, Central and South America,
Iceland, Frrées, Europe, North Africa, Northern Asia,
Kerguelen Island, Tasmania, New Zealand.
4. WOODSIA R. Br.
13. W. ilvensis (L.) R. Br., enlarged.
Rhizome short and densely branched, fronds
compact ceespitose. Fronds at last articulate at a
node on the stipes below the middle, so that the
rhizome becomes densely covered with stalk remains.
Fronds pinnate, pinne pinnatifid or lobed. Stalk,
rachis and underside more or less covered with scales
and long hairs, seldom glabrous, on the upper side migueawootataittoen”
hairy or glabrous. Indusium attached under the sis (Lj, @, rufiduta
(Michx.) Koch ; #/, nat
cluster, divided into numerous capillary segments.
size. (Spec, from West
Stalk reddish-brown or straw-colored. CnGEN EM
a, rufidula (Michx.) Koch.
W. ilvensis (L.) R. Br.; Taylor Pl. coll. at Davis Str.
and Baff. Bay p. 86; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 188; Kurtz,
Flora d. Tschuktsch. p. 482. FI. D. t. 2186.
Fronds pinnate, pinnze pinnatifid, oblong or
ovate. Frond and stalk densely covered with scales
and long hairs, about 15 cm. high.
8, alpina (Bolton) Aschers. & Grabner, Syn. I p. 46.
W. hyperborea R. Br.; Hook. Fox Exped. p. 85; Hart,
Brit. Pol. Exped. p. 142; Macoun, Catalogue V, p. 282; Lge.
Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 189; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and
Baff. Bay p. 86. FI. D. t. 2921 fig. 2.
Fronds pinnate, pinnee more or less lobed, tri-
angular. Frond and stalk more or less hairy, about
10 em. high.
7, glabella (R. Br.) Trauty. Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. 70) 6, aipina
p- 546. Bolton) Aschers. ; 5/4
nat. size. (Spec. from
W. glabella R. Br.; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. & Baff. Ieeland).
Fig. 7. Woodsia ilven-
8
Bay p. 86; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exped. p. 143; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 189;
Dusén, Ost-Gronl. p. 63; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 39; Kurtz, Flora d. Tschukt-
schenh. p. 482. FI. D.t. 2921, fig. 1.
Fronds pinnate, pinnz roundish, lobed. Stalk below with a
few scales, frond and rachis glabrous, about 5 cm. high. Small
forms occasionally look like Asplenium viride, but are easily re-
cognisable by the node on the stipes.
Obs.: We hawe followed Trautvetter in combining these
plants into one species, but we have chosen the oldest name
»ilvensis« for this in stead of »hyperboreac. Numerous specimens
in the Herbarium of the Botanical Museum at Copenhagen from
Arctic localities have convinced us that they are connected by
transition forms and that dwarf forms of a & @ only differ from
y in the covering.
a, Am.: Baffin Land, West Greenl. 60°—72° 48’ (),
East Greenl. 60°—70° (!). As.: Chukches Land.
6, Am.: Hudson Strait, Baffin Land, Port Kennedy
72° Ellesmere Land 78° 56", West Greenl. 60°—74° 18’ (!),
East Greenl. 60°—73° 20’ (!).
y, Am.: Baffin Land, Ellesmere Land 78° 56‘, West
Greenl. 67 °—74° 18’ (!), East Greenl. 61° 32’ and 70° (!)— 74° 45’,
Eur.: Spitsbergen (!). As.: Mouth of the Lena, Chukches
1B. Land.
in ae seed Geogr. area: @, North America from Great Bear
nat. size. (Spec. from Lake, Hudson Bay and Rocky Mountains to the northern
West Greenland’. United States and Alleghanies, Iceland, Great Britain,
Scandinavia, Finland, Northern Russia, Central European
Mountains, The Alps, Asia Minor, Northern Asia. 6, North America from
the Arctic circle to the Northern United States, Iceland, Scandinavia,
Great Britain, Central European Mountains, Pyrenees, The Alps, Northern
Russia, Northern Asia. 7, North America from Great Bear Lake to the
United States, North Scandinavia, Russian Lapland, The Alps.
Fig. 8. Woodsia ilven-
5. ASPLENIUM L.
14. A. viride Huds.
Berlin Karly. fr. Gronl. p. 81; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 305; Roseny.
Till’ p: 738. Fl. Dit. 1289)
Fronds linear pinnate, pinne roundish or rhomboidal, crenate.
Sori linear, at last confluent. Rachis green furrowed above, stalk
short, brown below.
Am.: West Greenl. 61°—62°(!), East Greenl. 65° 35’ (1).
Geogr. area: Southeast Canada, Northeastern United States, Eu-
rope, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Siberia.
Order III. EQUISETACEAE Michx. (By O. GELERT).
The order consists only of the genus:
1. EQUISETUM L.
Sect. I. Hiemalia A. Br. Wintering, scabrous. Spike apiculate.
9
15. E. hiemale L. v. Doellii Milde.
Rosenvy. Till. p. 741.
Stem simple, with a large central hollow, with 10—12 obtuse
ribs separated with slender furrows, sheaths close, at the top black,
teeth linear awlshaped, a little rough, persistent. (The typical form
is generally larger and thicker, with deciduous, glabrous teeth).
Am.: West Greenl., Kagsiarsuk in the Igaliko Fjord 60° 53’ (!).
Geogr. area: v. Doellii only found at the Rhen (the type in North
America, Iceland, North and Central Europe, Northern Asia, Turkistan,
Japan).
16. E. variegatum Schleicher.
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. IT p. 270; Greely, Lady
Frankl. Bay Exp. II, p. 15; Lge: Consp. FI.
Groenl. p.191; Hartz, Nord-Ost Grénl. p. 353;
Nath., Spetsb. Karlv. p.39; Trautv. Fl. Terr.
Tschukts. p. 40. Fl. D. t. 2490; E. tenellum
(Liljeb.) Krok, Andersson & Hesselmann,
Spetsberg. Karlv. p. 85; E. scirpoides Hartz.
l.c. p. 353; E. scirpoides Buchenau & Focke
in sched.; E. scirpoides Ekstam in shed.
Tufted, stem upright or decumbent, — pig 9, rquisetum scirpoides Michx.
a . to the left, E. variegatum Schleich.
generally unbranched, with a small cen- to the right; magnified.
tral hollow and 4—12 ribs, separated with
furrows generally half as broad as the ribs, these are flat or slightly
furrowed. Sheaths slightly enlarged upwards, teeth ovate or lanceo-
late, whitemargined, tipped with a deciduous rough bristle.
Varying much in size, now and then not larger than the fol-
lowing species, f. anceps Milde, and often confounded with this, but
easily recognisable by the ribs which in E. varigatum are only
slightly furrowed, in E. scirpoides so deeply furrowed that the plant
has double as many equal furrows and sharp ribs as teeth.
Am.: Arctic islands, Baffin Land 67°20‘, Grinnell Land 81° 44%,
West Greenl. 60°—71° (!), East Greenl. 70°—75° (!). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!),
Beeren Island, Novaya Zemlya (Ekstam as E. scirpoides,!). As.: Chukches
Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Scandinavia,
Finland, Central Europe, Siberia.
17. E. scirpoides Michx.
Macoun, Catalogue V, p. 252; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 191; Th. Fries
Beeren Isl. Veget. p. 156; Blytt, Bidrag p. 8; Nath. Spetsb. Karlv. p. 39;
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV, p. 491; Trauty. Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p.545, Fl. Kolym.
p. 573; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.130. Fl. D. t. 2923.
Densely tufted, stem upright or decumbent, often tortuous,
generally unbranched, without central hollow. Sheaths enlarged
10
upwards, with 3—4 teeth, the ribs deeply furrowed so that the
stems are regularly 6—8 furrowed with as many sharp ribs. Often
confounded with the var. anceps of the preceeding species.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Nottingham Island in Hudson Strait, West
Greenl. 60°—70° (!), Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Beeren Island, Samoyede Land,
Kolguevy, Novaya Zemlya to 74°. As.: Mouth of the Yenissei, Lena and
Kolyma, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Northern Scandinavia,
Northern Russia, Siberia.
Sect. II. Subvernalia A. Br. Summergreen. Fertile and sterile stems con-
temporaneous, branched, fertile stem at first umbranched whitish, afterwards
green and branched. Spike blunt.
18. E. silvaticum L.
Rothrock, Fl. of Alaska p. 459; Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl. p. 193. FI. D.
t 1182?
Sterile and at last also fertile stems producing compound verti-
cillate spreading or deflexed branches. Sheaths loose with ce. 10 teeth,
compounded to 8 or 4 irregular blunt lobes.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, West Greenl. 60°—70° (!). The monstr. poly-
stachyum Milde, with small spikes on the upper branches, has been
found in West Greenl. 64° 29’ (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Fzerdes, Northern
and Central Europe, Northern Asia.
Sect. III. Vernalia A. Br. Fertile stems vernal, rather succulent and_ pale,
umbranched. Sterile stems aestival, branched. Spike blunt.
19. E. arvense L.
Hook. Coll. of Arct. Pl. p.123; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff.
Bay p. 87; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. pl. 191; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exped. p. 142;
Peary, Auxil. Exped. App. C. p.9; Macoun, Catalogue V, p. 249; Ledeb. FI.
Ross. IV, p. 486; Trautv. Consp. Fl. Noy. Semlja. p. 87, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor.
orient. p.545, Fl. Kolym. p.573; Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh. p.482; Nath.,
Spetsb. Karlv. p. 39; Th. Fries, Beeren Isl. Veget. p. 156; Reichhardt, Fl.
Jan Mayen p. 10; Feilden, Fl. of Kolgueyv. p. 184, Nov. Zemlya, p. 25;
Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.130. Fl. D. t. 1942, 2001.
Fertile stems with loose, 5—10 toothed sheaths, sterile stems
branched, sheaths slightly enlarged, teeth 6—12 triangular, lanceo-
late. Branches about 4 ribbed, teeth of the sheaths herbaceous,
divergent, lowermost sheath of the branches green or brown opaque.
In Arctic regions forms often occur on which the fertile stems
in the lower part are more or less branched, also, but more seldom,
sterile fronds with a little spike on the top. The branches are
generally simple, but sometimes branched. Teeth on the sheaths
of the branches are often 3, varying to 4 or 5. These forms are
however not sharply separated from each other.
11
The forms found in Arctic regions are:
f. boreale Milde. Upright, unbranched below, branches simple
with 3-toothed sheaths.
f. decumbens C.F. W. Mey. Decumbent, much branched below.
Branches at least partly branched and with 3—5 toothed sheaths.
To this form belongs f. alpestre Wg. as a dwarf form.
f. rivulare Huth. Fertile stem in the lower part more or less
branched. To this form belong f. riparia Fr. and f. arctica Rupr
as dwarf forms.
f. campestre F. Schultz. Sterile frond with a small spike on the top.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Arctic coast and islands, Hudson Strait,
Grinnell Land to 81° 42’, Ellesmere Land, Baffin Land, West Green.
60°—76° (1), East Greenl. 60°—63° 30’ (!)) and 70°—74° 30’ (!). Eur:.:
Spitsbergen (!), Beeren Island, Jan Mayen, Samoyede Land, Habarowa,
Waigats(!), Kolguev, Novaya Zemlya to 74°(!), Dolgoi Island. As.: Taimyr
Peninsula, Mouths of the Yenissei, Boganida (!), Lena and Kolyma, Chuk-
ches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Ferées, Europe,
Northern Africa, Asia N. & W. to Himalaya, Cape Colony.
Sect. IV. Aestivalia A. Br. Fertile and sterile stems equal, dull green, con-
temporaneous. Spike black, obtuse.
20. E. palustre L.
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. II, p. 269; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguev p.184. Fl. D.t. 1183.
Stems upright, deeply furrowed with enlarged 6—10 toothed
sheaths, branched; branches simple 4—6 ribbed with straight or
slightly incumbent teeth, lowermost sheath of the branches black-
whitish.
Am.: Shores of the Arctic sea. Eur.: Kolguev.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Feroées, Europe,
Asia Minor, Caucasus, Northern Asia, Japan.
21. E. limosum L.
Ledeb. FI. Ross IV, p. 489; FI. D. t. 2925. E. fluviatile L; Fl. D. t. 1184.
E. Heleocharis Ehrh.
Stems upright, slightly many furrowed with appressed 10—20
toothed sheaths, unbranched or usually producing ascending branches.
Eur.: Samoyede Land, Kanin Peninsula.
Geogr.area: North America, Iceland, Feerées, Europe, Northern Asia.
Order IV. LYCOPODIACEAE Michx. (By O. GELERT).
Only the following genus in the area:
1. LYCOPODIUM L.
A. Sterile leaves uniform crowded.
a. Fertile leaves and sterile leaves uniform ..............- L. Selago.
12
b. Fertile leaves different from sterile leaves and combined in a spike.
1. Spikes solitary sessile in the top of the branches. Leaves pointed
L. annotinum.
2. Spikes stalked. Leaves incurved, pointed by a long bristle L. clavatum.
B. Sterile leaves unequal, on the creeping shoots crowded, on the upright shoots
in 4 ranks.
a. Upright shoots more or less flat, spikes stalked ...... L. complanatum.
b. Upright shoots evidently 4-edged, spikes sessile. ......... L. alpinum.
22. L. Selago L.
Ambronn, Cumberland Gulf p. 97; Hook. FI. Bor. Am. II, p. 266; Hart,
Brit. Pol. Exped. p.143; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 183; Peary, Auxil. Exped.
App. C. p. 8; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 39; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguev p. 184,
Nov. Zemlya p. 25; Th. Holm, Nov. Zeml. Veget. p. 26; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV,
p. 496; Trauty. Syl]. PL Sib. bor. orient. p. 545, Pl. Sib. bor. p. 145; Schmidt,
Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 150; Fl. D. t. 104.
Stem erect, dichotomous, leaves linear lanceolate, acuminate,
crowded. No spikes but some of the unallered leaves on different
parts of the stem bear sporangia.
The f. appressa Desy. (= y. alpestre Berl.) is a form scarcely
differing with shorter more appressed leaves.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Arctic coast and islands (!), Hudson Strait:
Cumberland Gulf, Ellesmere Land 78° 56", West Greenl. 60°—76° (!), East
Greenl. 60°—73° 30’ (!). Eur.: Beeren Island (!), Spitsbergen (!), Novaya
Zemlya to 74°(!), Kolguev (!), Waigats, Samoyede Land, Dolgoi Island.
As.: Mouth of the Yenissei and Lena, Chukches Land (!).
Geogr. area: North and South America, Iceland, Faerées, Atlantic
islands, Europe, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Northern Asia.
23. L. annotinum L.
Ledeb. FL. Ross. IV, p. 498; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 183; Taylor, Pl.
coll. at Davis Str. and Balff. Bay p. 87. Fl. D. t. 127. L. annotinum y. alpestre
Hartm., Fl. D. 1. 2984.
Stem prostrate with ascending branches, leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, scattered, in the typical form spreading, entire or minutely
serrulate, acute. Spikes solitary in the top of the branches, oblong,
cylindrical, sessile.
The typical form is seldom in Arctic regions, generally there
the f. pungens Desv. (= y. alpestre Hartm.) occurs. This form has
shorter and more rigid pointed, erect or appressed leaves.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Baffin Land at Cumberland Gulf, West
Greenl. 60°—72° 48’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—61° (!) and 70° (!). Eur.:
Samoyede Land.
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Feerées, North and Central
Europe, Appenines, Northern Asia, Himalaya.
23. L. clavatum L.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 184. FI. D. t. 126.
13
Stem extensively creeping with short ascending branches, leaves
linear awlshaped, tipped with a fine bristle. Spikes long-stalked,
linear cylindrical.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—61° (!).
Geogr. area: North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Ladronean
Islands, Hawaii.
25. L. complanatum L.
Rosenv. Till. p. 737; Fl. D. t. 2671. L. Chamaecyparissus A. Br., Lge.
Consp. FI. Groenl. p. 184; Fl. D. 2672.
Stem extensively creeping, often subterranean, branches erect
many times forked, forming fanlike bushes. Branches flattened.
Leaves in 4 ranks, only in the upper third part free, those on the
edges keeled, somewhat spreading and with toothlike tips, those
on the flat smaller appressed. Spikes stalked cylindrical, generally
2 or more together. Fertile leaves ovate-cordate abruptly short pointed.
The typical form is seldom in Arctic regions, more common
is the form, L. chamaecyparissus A. Br., with more densely bushy
branches, which are narrower, and the leaves on the edges and the
flats more similar so that the branches are less flat.
A form with sessile spikes is f. fallax Cel.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—69° 14’, f. fallax at 60° 27’ and 62°58’ ().
Geogr. area: North America, North and Central Europe, Appenines,
Asia Minor, Northern Asia.
26. L. alpinum L.
Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 87; Lge. Consp. FI.
Groenl. 184; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV, p. 498; F. Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh.
p. 482. Fl. D.t. 79.
Stem extensively creeping, generally epiterranean. Branches
erect, many times forked, forming dense bushes. Branches almost
regularly 4 edged with equal, in the upper half free leaves. Spikes
sessile solitary. Fertile leaves ovate, long and obtusely pointed.
Am.: Baffin Land, West Greenl. 60°—70° (!), East Greenl. 60°—70° (!).
Eur.: Samoyede Land. As.: Chukches Land (}).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Fierées, British
Islands, Scandinavia, Northern Russia, Pyrenees, Appenines, Asia Minor,
Northern Asia.
Order V. SELAGINELLACEAE Mett. (By O. GELERT).
The order consists only of the genus:
1. SELAGINELLA P. Beauv.
27. §S. selaginoides (L.) Link.
S. spinosa P. Beauy.; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 183; Lycopodium
selaginoides L., Fl. D. t. 70.
14
Stem prostrate, slender. Leaves lanceolate, acute, ciliate. Fer-
tile leaves forming a cylindrical spike in the top of ascending
branches, larger than the sterile leaves, spinulose ciliated. Spo-
rangia containing powdery microspores or few larger (about 0,6 mm.)
macrospores.
Am.: West Greenl. 60° 53’—64° 8’ (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Fzerées, British
Islands, France, Pyrenees, Scandinavia, Denmark, Central European Moun-
tains, Northern Russia, Caucasus, Siberia.
28. S. rupestris (L.) Spring.
F. Kurtz, Fl. d: Tschuktschenh p. 482: Trautv. Fl. Kolym. p. 574.
Stem prostrate much branched, forming close tufts. Leaves
crowded, linear lanceolate, appressed imbricated, minutely ciliated,
Fig. 10. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. ; 2/3 nat. size. (Spec. from Vancouver Island).
tipped with a bristle. Fertile leaves in 4 ranks on ascending
branches. Spores as in the preceeding.
As.: Mouth of the Kolyma, Chukches Land (!).
Geogr. area: North and South America, Central Africa, Southern
and East Asia.
Order VI. ISOETACEAE Trevisan. (By C. H. OsTENFELD).
The order consists only of the genus:
1. ASOETES..ik:
29. |. lacustre L.
Fl. D. t. 2742.
Plants growing on the bottom of lakes. Stem short and tube-
rous with many subulate, dark green, short pointed leaves, which
at the base bear sporangia, either containing brownish microspores
15
or macrospores; the latter are covered with more or less confluent,
elevated crests.
Am.: West Greenl., Ilua, c. 60° (!).
Geogr. area: North America, Feroées, British Islands, Scandinavia,
Denmark, Northern Central Europe, France, Pyrenees, Northern Russia.
30. 1. echinosporum Dur.
Lge. Consp. Fl.Groenl. p. 185; Berlin, Karly. f.Gronl. p.83; FL. D. t.2743.
To be separated from the preceeding by its plainly pointed
lightgreen generally smaller leaves and the macospores which are
covered with elevated, acute or obtuse, easily broken tubercles.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—61° 35’ (!) and 68° 21’.
Geogr. area: Northern North America (vy. Braunii Dur.), Iceland,
Feerées, Scandinavia, British Islands, France, Northern Central Europe,
Northern Russia.
CLASS IL.
GYNMOSPERMAE.
Trees or shrubs which produce seeds, containing an embryo;
ovules not enclosed in an ovary.
Only the following subclass in the area:
CONIFERAE.
Stem much branched, leaves simple.
Only the following order in the area:
Order VII. PINACEAE Lindl. (By O. GELERT).
Ovules few or several on the surface of a scale. Fruit a cone
with woody or fleshy scales.
A. The cone with many imbricate, spiral scales. Leaves linear needle-shaped,
Scatteredmonsaimsiasclcles suena iie ol wees Suborder Abietinae Rich.
1 ebeavessineclusters persistentin wa lms citar sitiiciesy ciieitcurei seins meaty cee Pinus.
2. Leaves fascicled on short branches, deciduous ............. Larix.
B. The cone small closed or drupelike with few opposite or ternate scales. Leaves
subulate or scalelike, opposite or ternate..... Suborder Cupressinae Rich.
Juniperus.
1. PINUS L.
31. P. Cembra L. var. pumila (Pall.) Chamisso in Linnaea VI,
p. 529, 534.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. III, p. 674.
16
Leaves 5-clustered. Cone broad ovate, scales slightly thickened
at the end. Seeds wingless.
The Arctic form shrubby and with short leaves.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound.
Geogr. area: Northeast Russia, North Siberia; vy. pumila in Da-
vuria, East Siberia, Kamchatka, Kurile Islands, The Alps, Carpathian
Mountains.
2. LARIX L.
32. L. davurica (Fisch.) Turcz.
Trautv. Fl. boganid. phaenog. p. 148; Pinus davurica, Ledeb. Fl.
Ross. III, p. 673.
Cone ovoid. Scales broad ovate, attenuate, truncate or emargi-
nate at the apex.
As.: North Siberia at the river Boganida up to 71+/4°(!) and the river
Novaya up to 72!/2°.
Geogr. area: Davuria, East Siberia.
3. JUNIPERUS L.
33. J. communis L.
Berlin, Karly. fr. Gronl. p. 65; Feilden Fl. of Kolguev p. 184; Lege.
Consp. FI. Groenl. p.303; Trauty. Fl. Kolym. p.561: Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss.
p. 195, Fl. D. t. 1119; J. alpina (Clus), Lge. 1. c. p. 182; Fl. D. t. 2739. J. nana
Willd., Ledeb. Fl. Ross. III, p. 684.
Shrub. Leaves 3 in each whorl, linear subulate. Fruit resembling
a blackish-blue berry on short axillary branches.
The typical form is found in sheltered localities, the dwarf
form is more common in the Arctic regions: J. nana Willd (= J.
alpina J. Gray), with short incurved, appressed leaves.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—68° 20’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—65° 40’ (1).
Eur.: Kolguev, Samoyede Land. As.: Mouth of the Yenissei and Kolyma
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Feerées, Europe, Temperate
and Alpine Asia.
CLASS III.
ANGIOSPERMAE.
Plants which produce seeds containing an embryo. Ovules
enclosed in an ovary, formed of one or more carpels.
Embryo) -withonexcotyledon) 3. sesaes. cies cs MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Embryo,withy tworcotyledons! 5 25.4005 <i) ee ie ee ot en DICOTYLEDONES.
17
SUBCLASS I.
MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Leaves usually parallel-veined, mostly alternate. Flowers mostly
3-merous or 6-merous; the bundles of wood-cells irregularly imbedded
in the stem.
A. Perianth coloured, petaloid.
a. Flowers regular.
Adm tamen Su Os OVvaryaStperiOl cists tices wend iis: fo XII. LILIACEAE.
nbwestamens. 3-1 Ovarysinterion sc. isco) ise! aye) silks XIII. IRIDACEAE.
b. Flowers irregular, monosymmetrical. Ovary superior. XIV. ORCHIDACEAE.
B. Perianth of scales or bristles or wanting, not petaloid.
a. Marsh or aquatic plants; perianth greenish or wanting, fruit drupe-like
or nut-like, endosperm none.
aa. Marsh plants, perianth-segments 3—6, stamens 3—6, fruit of 3—6
(CAVA OAK, (5 aie 6. po oo, 0 cho gO 8-0 Ooo olG,6 oO E X. JUNCAGINACEAE.
bb. Aquatic plants, perianth of 4 segments or wanting, stamens 1 or 4, fruit
drupe-like of 1 or 4 carpels ....... IX. POTAMOGETONACEAE.
b. Marsh plants, perianth bristles or scales; flowers crowded in globose
monoecious heads; ovary mostly unilocular; fruit drupe-like, endosperm
COPLOUS| cease pelea its oe aches On SOLO Oe) Gl fol oy VIII. SPARGANIACEAE.
ec. Perianth glumaceous (or wanting); Stamens 3—6; fruit capsule or nut;
endosperm copious.
aa. Perianth-segments 6; stamens 3—6; fruit capsule. . XI. JUNCACEAE.,
bb. Flowers in the axil of bracts, arranged in spikelets; perianth composed
of bristles or scales or wanting; fruit nut-like (caryopsis, achene).
a. Stem solid without nodes; leaves sheathing; the sheaths usually
closed; flowers perfect or imperfect, without upper pale (palea); pe-
rianth of bristles or scales or wanting; fruit called achene.
XV. CYPERACEAE.
8. Stem hollow with solid nodes; leaves sheathing; the sheaths
usually split to the base; flowers mostly perfect (sometimes sta-
minate, monoecious or dioecious); upper pale (palea) 2-keeled;
perianth consisting of 1—3 minute scales (lodiculae); fruit called
CAMO Se iG outiaclo o.¢ 6b 4G coco 6.6.0! 0% XVI. GRAMINEAE.
Order VIII. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh. (By C. H. OsTENFELD).
The order consists only of the genus:
SPARGANIUM L.
1. Fruit with short beak; female heads not free from the leaf-angles . . S. minimum.
2. Fruit without beak; female heads free from the leaf-angles . . . S. submuticum.
3. Fruit with long beak; female heads free from the leaf-angles..... . S. affine.
34. S$. minimum Fries.
Roseny. Till. p. 709; Fl. D. t. 260.
Leaves long, 4—5 mm. broad, floating, thin and flat; male head
1 (seldom 2); female heads 1—3, sessile in the angles of the sheaths;
Flora Arctica. 9
18
the lower sometimes short-stalked; fruit ovoid, dull, obtusely angled,
often slightly contracted below the middle, with a short beak; style
short; stigma oval, oblique, at the base distinctly bounded.
Am.: West Greenl. 64° 32’ (1).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Europe, Northern
Siberia.
35. §. submuticum (Hartm.) Neum.
S. hyperboreum Laest., Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.116; Roseny. Till.
p. 709; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 162; Fl. D. t. 2792.
Leaves long, narrow, 2—3 mm. broad, floating, slightly convex
below; male head 1; female heads 1—4, the lower stalked and free
from the angles of the sheaths; stigma sessile or very short-stalked,
at the base not distinctly bounded, fruit ovoid, dull, obtusely angled,
without beak.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—68° 37’ (!), As.: Mouth of the Yenissei.
Geogr. area: Northern Canada, Iceland, Northern Scandinavia
and Finland, Northern Siberia.
36. S. affine Schnitzl.
Macoun, Catal. IV p. 71; S. natans, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. [IV p.5; Rothr.
Fl. of Alaska, p. 455. Fl. D. Suppl. t. 171.
Leaves very long, narrow, 3—5 mm. broad, floating, convex
below; stem-leaves with inflated sheaths; male heads 1—5, clu-
stered; female heads 2—4; the lower long stalked and free from
the angles of the sheaths; fruit fusiform, more or less contracted
below the middle, shining, with rather long beak; style rather long;
stigma linear-lanceolate, at the base distinctly bounded and slightly
notched.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, West Greenl. c. 61° (1).
Geogr. area: Unalashka, Northern North America, Iceland, Feerées,
North, West and Central Europe, Siberia.
Order IX. POTAMOGETONACEAE Aschs. (By C. H. OSTENFELD).
Flowers perfect, perianth-segments 4, stamens 4, carpels 4; spike cylindrical
Potamogeton.
Flowers monoecious, perianth 0, stamens 1, carpel 1, spadix flat. . . Zostera.
i. ZOSTERA TE:
Sep Laamaninamse
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.117 and p.282; Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land,
p- 53; Fl. D. t.15 and t. 1501.
Rhizome creeping; leaves ribbon-shaped with 3—5 nerves, obtuse,
often with a little kerf at the apex; flowers arranged in two rows on
19
one side of a spadix, which is enclosed in the sheath-like base of a
leaf (spathe); male flowers with 1 sessile anther; pollen thread-like,
female flowers with 1 ovate-oblong ovary attached near the apex;
stigmas 2, long; fruit drupe-like, bursting, enclosing 1 cylindrical,
ribbed seed.
Am.: Port Clarence (!), West Greenl. c. 64° 30’ (!).
Geogr. area: Pacific coast of North America to California, Atlantic
coast to Florida, Iceland, Farées, Coasts of Europe and Asia Minor.
2. POTAMOGETON L.
The Potamogeton being in the Arctic countries usually sterile, the characters
in the key are always taken from the leaves.
A. Stipules adnate to the leaves, leaves capillary, obtuse. ...... P. filiformis.
B. Stipules free.
a. Leaves all alike, linear, entire, with 3—5 nerves.
1. Leaves with 3 (1) nerves, acuminate, acute or subacute. . . P. pusillus.
2. Leaves with 3—5 nerves, acuminate, obtuse....... P. obtusifolius.
b. Leaves broader with many nerves.
1. Leaves all alike, submerged, sessile.
* Leaves ovate or lanceolate-ovate from a cordate-clasping base, obtuse
(onssubacute) ir e-wegerics sackets nee mens el trenchant P. perfoliatus.
** Leaves lanceolate-ovate, half clasping, cucullate at the apex
P. praelongus.
2. Upper leaves floating, petioled (sometimes wanting); lower submerged,
linear-lanceolate or oblong, sessile.
+ Submerged leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuated at the base, cuspidate,
ieee AVON 6G colt. c im © iduosono mi dioto en dig olptoRone P. gramineus.
+t Submerged leaves long, linear lanceolate, broader at the base, margin
STOOtH 7s jdarlsy Sa oS hagas okoti eS pehelistsy ale saaketatele P. alpinus.
38. P. alpinus Balb.
P. rufescens Schrad., Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 116 and p, 282; Ro-
Senve Quill’ p. 710; Fl D: t.1450; 1635.
Floating leaves obovate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed
into a short petiole, passing into the submerged ones; submerged
leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, translucent, obtuse,
green (reddish-brown when dried); spike many-flowered; fruits
reddish, obovoid or lenticular, keeled; rhizome creeping with ro-
bust propagating bud-like stolons.
Am.: West Greenl. 61°—67° (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Ferées, Europe,
Northern Asia, Afghanistan, Tibet.
39. P. gramineus L.
P. heterophyllus Schreb., Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 117 and 282;
Rosenv. Till. p. 710, Nye Bidrag p. 70; Fl. D. t. 222, 1263.
te
20
Floating leaves long-petiolated, obovate or elliptic, coriaceous;
submerged leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, translucent,
acute; spikes dense-flowered ; peduncles somewhat thickened upwards ;
fruits small, roundish, compressed; rhizome creeping with robust
propagating bud-like stolons.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—69° 30’ (!).
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Farées, Northern and Cen-
tral Europe, Northern Siberia, Japan.
40. P. perfoliatus L.
Kurtz, Ber. Pfl. Jenissei, p. 148; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss., p. 163;
BERD et 190:
Leaves submerged, obovate or obovate-oblong with cordate-
clasping base, obtuse, minutely serrate, tip flat; spike short, dense-
flowered; fruits oblique-obovoid, obtusely keeled; rhizome creeping
with robust propagating bud-like stolons.
As.: Mouth of the Yenissei (}).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Ferées, Europe,
Northern Asia, Northern Africa, Australia.
41. P. praelongus Wulf.
Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 163; Fl. D. t. 1687; ?P. salicifolia Wolfg.,
Scheutz, |. c. p. 163.
Leaves submerged, oblong-lanceolate, bright-green, with half-
clasping base and concave, boat-shaped tip; stipules very large;
spike dense-flowered; peduncles elongating after the flowering; fruits
oblique-obovoid, large, sharply keeled (when dried); rhizome cree-
ping with robust propagating bud-like stolons.
As.: Mouth of the Yenissei (!).
Geogr. area: North America, Fer6ées, Scandinavia, Central Europe,
Western Siberia, Japan.
42. P. obtusifolius M. & K.
Kruuse, Veget. i Egedesm. Skjeerg., Medd. om Groénland, XIV, 1898
p. 361; Fl. D. t. 2107.
Leaves linear with 3—5 nerves, obtuse, acuminate; peduncles
short, as long as the short dense-flowered spikes; fruits oblique-
obovoid, 3-keeled; rhizome thin, short, or wanting; propagating by
winter-buds from the angles of the leaves on the stem.
Am.: West Greenl. Ikamiut (68° 38’) (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, North and Central Europe,
Ural, Western Siberia, Persia.
43. P. pusillus L.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 117 and 282; Roseny. Till. p. 710; Scheutz,
Pl. vasc. Jeniss. p. 163; FI. D. t. 1451.
21
Leaves with (1—)3 nerves, acute, acuminate; peduncles 2—3
times longer than the few-flowered spikes; fruits oblique- ellipsoid;
rhizome thin, short, or wanting; propagating by winter-buds from
the angles of the leaves on the stem.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—70° (!). As.: Mouth of the Yenissei.
Geogr. area: North and South America, Iceland, Ferées, Europe,
Northern and Western Asia, Africa.
44. P. filiformis Pers.
Roseny. Till. p. 710; Abromeit, Grénlandsexped. p. 78, Fl. D. t. 2106;
P. marinus L. ex p., Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 117 and p. 282; P. pectinata
Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 164.
Leaves capillary, half-rounded below, obtuse, stipules adnate
with the leaf-base into a sheath; stem filiform with short branches;
peduncles long; spikes few- and lax-flowered; fruits small; stigma
sessile; rhizome creeping with tuberous winter-buds.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—70° 30’ (!). As.: Mouth of the Yenissei (!).
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Ferédes, North and West
Europe, Northern Asia, Africa, Australia.
Order X. JUNCAGINACEAE Lindl. (By C. H. OsTENFELD).
Only the following genus in the area:
TRIGLOCHIN L.
Flowers in a long raceme without bracts; carpels coalesced, separating at
maturity, leaving a linear central axis. Leaves basal, linear.
MMC ATG pel Sn Sih es ste, Gl icube tenis Ge ielue/or isl ep teelsivet jie aes) bil Magah eta aire T. palustre.
24; (Chi NSEINB A cescien Cnty eMCnUN: aiid cutl A Oct dee nso rcLolo! pb itee ted T. maritimum.
45. T. palustre L.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 121, p. 283; Abromeit, Grénlandsexped.
p. 78; Hook., Fl. bor. Am. II p. 168; Fl. D. t. 490.
Rhizome short with slender bulbous stolons; stem slender;
raceme not dense-flowered; fruit linear-clavate; ripe carpels aite-
nuated and pointed at the base, attached to the central axis by
the apex.
Am.: Labrador, West Greenl. 60°—70° 45’ (!), East Greenl. 65° 35’.
Geogr. area: North America, South America, Iceland, Feerées,
Europe and Asia.
46. T. maritimum L.
Hook., Fl bor. Am. II p. 168; Trautv., Fl. Kolym. p. 561; FI. D. t. 306.
Rhizome without stolons, thick, mostly covered with sheaths
of old leaves; stem large and stout; raceme dense-flowered; fruit
oblong; carpels 6, separating at maturity from the axis.
22
Am.: Labrador. As.: Mouth of the Kolyma.
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Europe, Siberia, Asia Minor
to Tibet and Japan.
A.
B.
Bb.
Order XI. JUNCACEAE Vent. (By O. GELERT).
Capsule with many seeds, Leaves terete or channelled, glabrous, sheaths split
Juncus.
Capsule with 3 seeds, Leaves flat or channelled, generally hairy with long
hainsvatithesmarginss sheathsvemtines.) scr enc) «tela sonst) ici) tet teemenicmte Luzula.
1. JUNCUS L.
Stem leafless, inflorescence apparently lateral, because the involucral leaf is
terete and appears as a continuation of the stem.
a. Panicle dense, few-flowered, involucral leaf about as long as the stem.
Sepals acuminate longer than the capsule ............ J. filiformis.
b. Panicle compound many-flowered, involucral leaf about half as long
as the stem, sepals about as long as the capsule, the inner obtuse mu-
CRONAte Asie Vtoceaxe toe pn setts aot cohen cle, Coane emonse tars hence J. balticus.
c. Panicle dense, few-flowered, involucral leaf short, sepals shorter than the
Capsules. cits toy oye. tafe te) ae alerts news, vie tl a) (eh fayetace feetol econ fell mre J. arcticus.
Stem leafy, inflorescence terminal.
a. Leaves knotted.
a. Culms at the base generally bulbous thickened, leaves capillary, panicle
loose:swith fewwlheadsss 2... pen egies ie el sper pe Ceenenee J. bulbosus.
6. Culms not bulbous thickened, leaves not capillary, nearly terete, panicle
compound with numerous few-flowered heads on erect branches J. alpinus.
b. Leaves not knotted.
a. Flowers in close heads, culm with leaves at the base
1s Heads 137 capsullevacute’, teen eis actu ay sis tes J. castaneus.
2: Head\solitary, ‘capsulesobtuse ie. ois siens aii, siren clic J. triglumis.
3. Head solitary, capsule obtuse emarginate......... J. biglumis.
p. Flowers in few-flowered heads, culm leafless at the base, 2—3-leaved
atgthessumamitryrsc caw memeb eM Eee ego ele) caseclmecats J. trifidus.
y. Flowers solitary, panicled.
1. Perennial, densely tufted, only with basal leaves. . . J. squarrosus.
2. Annual, stem branched, diffuse, leafy ........... J. bufonius,
47. J. filiformis L.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 124; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 228.
Stems densely tufted from the creeping rhizome, pliable, leafless,
covered with leafless sheaths at the base, minutely furrowed. In-
florescence apparently lateral, dense, few-flowered, involucral leaf
long, about as long as the stem. Sepals lanceolate acuminate, the
inner somewhat shorter and less acute, longer than the nearly globose
capsule. Anthers shorter than the filaments. Sheaths shining brown,
sepals and capsule greenish or pale brown.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—61° (!), East Greenl. 60° 4". Eur.: Samoyede
Land.
Georgr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, North and Central
Europe, Northern Asia, Patagonia.
48. J. balticus Dethard. ap. Willd.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 222; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 123; J. glaucus
R. Br. in Richardson, Bot. App. p.11 (non Ehrh., sec. Fr. Buchenau: Monogr.
Junc. p. 217); J. balticus v. pacificus Engelm. Rev. June. p. 442; J. Le-
sueurii Bol., Fr. Buchenau 1. ¢. p. 220; J. arcticus vy. Sitchensis Engelm. 1. ec.
p. 445; J. balticus v. Haenkei Fr. Buchenau I. c. p. 215; J. arcticus Hook.
Fl. Bor. Am. II p. 189 (exe. 6).
Stems 30—60 cm., rising from the far creeping rhizome, rigid,
leafless, with leafless sheaths at the base. Inflorescence apparently
lateral, compound many-flowered, with a long involucral leaf,
about half as long as the stem. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, the outer
sharp-pointed, the inner obtuse, mucronate, about as long as the
elliptical, obtuse and mucronate capsule. Sheaths, sepals, and cap-
sule chestnut-brown.
a, europaeus Engelm. |.c. p.441. Sepals as long as the shortly
mucronulate capsule, twice as long as the stamens; anthers and
filaments about of equal length.
6, littoralis Engelm. |.c. p.442. Sepals somewhat shorter than the
long, mucronate capsule, only a little longer than the stamens; anthers
large three or four times longer than the filaments. Stem slender.
7, Haenkei (E. Mey.) Fr. B.
J. arcticus y. Sitchensis Engelm. I. ec.
Sepals linear-lanceolate, somewhat shorter than the oblong-
obovate, shortly mucronate capsule, anthers and filaments about
of equal length. Inflorescence short and dense.
6, Lesueurii (Bol.).
J. balticus, subsp. pacificus Engelm. I. c.
Plant large, about a metre high, inflorescence large, compound. Se-
pals lanceolate, about as long as the capsule, twice as long as the
stamens; anthers large, three or four times as long as the filaments.
«, Am.: West Greenl. very rare, only found on two spots at 60° 15’
and 64° 45’ (!). Eur.: Samoyede Land. As.: Mouth of the Yenissei.
B, Am.: Arctic Sea-coast (?).
7, Coasts of the Bering Sea on both sides.
6, Am.: Norton Sound.
Geogr. area: @, Iceland, Ferées, Scandinavia, British Islands, Hol-
land, Denmark, North coast of Germany’, Russia, Finland. 6, North
America on the Atlantic coast, at the Canadian lakes and the upper
24
Mississipi, South America (?). 7, From the coasts of the Bering Sea to
Sitka and Kamchatka, Saghalin (?) and Japan (?). 6, Western coast of
America down to Chili.
49. J. arcticus Willd.
Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 84; Lge. Consp. FI.
Groenl. p. 124; Hartz, Norddést Groénl. p. 343; Feilden, Fl. of Kolgueyv
p. 184; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 223.
Stems 15—40 em. high, rising from the creeping rhizome, rigid,
leafless, covered with leafless sheaths at the base. Inflorescence
apparently lateral, dense, few-flowered with a short, 3—6 cm. long,
involucral leaf. Sepals broad ovate-lanceolate, the inner somewhat
shorter and broader, shorter than the elliptical, obtuse, shortly mu-
cronate capsule. Anthers about as long as the filaments. Sheaths
shining pale brown, sepals and capsule dark brown shining.
Am.: Baffin Land up to 71°, West Greenl. 60°—70° 40’ (!), East
Greenl. 70°—71° (!). Eur.: Kolguev, Samoyede Land.
Geogr. area: Iceland, Northern Scandinavia, Northern Finland and
Russia, Western Siberia, The Alps, Pyrenees, Abruzzi, Asia Minor and
Bithynia.
50. J. bulbosus L.
J. supinus Moench., Roseny. Till. p. 714.
Rhizome very short, culms ceespitose filiform, at the base often
bulbous thickened, leaves capillary, indistinctly knotted. Heads few
in a loose panicle, 2—7-flowered, sepals lanceolate, capsule oblong.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°55’ and 68°37’ (small, sterile plants) (!).
Geogr. area: Labrador, Newfoundland, Iceland, Farées, Europe,
North-Africa, Caucasus.
51. J. alpinus Vill.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.124; J. uliginosus Sibth. and J. Richardsonia-
nus Schult, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. II }. 191.
Rhizome creeping, culm erect with 1—2 leaves, leaves nearly
terete, distinctly knotted. Heads few-flowered in a compound panicle
with erect branches. Flowers about 3 mm., sepals lanceolate, obtuse,
shorter than the ovate, mucronate capsule.
Am.: Arctic Sea Coast, West Greenl. Igaliko at 61° 2° (!).
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, North and Central Europe,
Caucasus, Siberia.
52. J. castaneus Sm.
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. II p.192; Taylor, Pl. coll. Davis Str. and Baff.
Bay p. 84; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.123; Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p. 343;
Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 38; Th. Holm, Novaja Zemlia’s Veget. p. 18; Trauty.
Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 38, Pl. Sib. bor. p. 118, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient.
25
p. 537; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 123; Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land p. 59,
As. Beringss. p. 565; Feilden, Noy. Zemlya p. 21; Dusén, Ost-Gronl.
p. 52.
Culm slender, 10—30 em. high, from a slender rhizome, 1—3-
leaved in the lower part. Heads 1—3, 4—10-flowered, deeply chestnut-
coloured with membranous bracts, the longest more or less leafy
awl-shaped. Sepals lanceolate, half as long as the acute, about
8 mm. long capsule.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Port Clarence (!), Baffin Land: Cumberland
Gulf, West Greenl. 62° 30’—70° 45’ (!), East Greenl. 70°—74° 10’ (!). Eur.:
Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya 71°—72°, Waigats, Habarowa(!). As.: Mouths
of the Yenissei, Boganida(!) and Lena, Taimyr Peninsula (!), Chukches Land (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Scotland, Scandi-
navia, Northern Russia, The Alps, Transsilvania, Siberia, Central Asia.
53. J. trighumis L.
Hook. FI. Bor. Am. II p. 192; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.123; Hartz, Nord-
6st Gronl. p. 342; Abromeit, Grénlandsexped. p. 81; Nath., Spetsb. Karly.
p. 38; Trauty. Fl. Terr. Tschucktsch. p. 38; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 122.
Culms loosely czespitose, 5—20 cm. high, heads 2—5-flowered,
bracts generally not exceeding the flowers, red-brown. Sepals oblong
lanceolate yellowish or chestnut-coloured (var. Copelandi Buchenau),
shorter than the obtuse mucronate, about 6 mm. long, pale brown
capsule.
Am.: Arctic Sea-coast, Labrador (!), West Greenl. 60°—70° 30’ (!),
East Greenl. 70°—73° 20’ (!). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!). As.: Mouth of the
Yenissei, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Rocky Mountains to Colorado, Northern Canada to
Newfoundland, Iceland, Feerées, England, Scotland, Northern Scandinavia,
Northern Russia, Central European Mountains, Caucasus, Siberia, Central
Asia and Himalaya.
d4. J. biglumis L.
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. II p. 192; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and
Baff. Bay p. 84; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exped. p. 142; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl.
p. 122; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 342; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 38; Th. Fries,
Beeren Isl. Veget. p.155; Andersson, Kénig Karls Land p. 557; Trautv.,
Consp. Fl. Noy. Zeml. p. 80; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 233; Kjellm., Sib.
Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 277, As. Beringss. p.565, St. Lawrence-6n p. 22,
Vest-Eskim. Land p. 59; Trauty. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 118, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor.
orient. p.537; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 122; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov.
Semlja p. 317; Feilden, Nov. Zemlya p. 21.
Loosely czespitose, culms 5—15cm. high. Heads 1—2-flowered,
one bract generally exceeding the flowers. Sepals oblong, brown,
shorter than the obtuse, retuse capsule.
26
Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Port Clarence, Kotzebue Sound, Arctic
Coast and Islands, Baffin Land, Grinnell Land to 82° 27’, West Greenl.
60°—76°7'(!), East Greenl. 65° 35’ and 70°—75° (!). Eur.: Spitsbergen (‘),
King Charles Land, Franz Josef Archipelago to 80° 16’ (Fisher, in litt.)
Beeren Island, Novaya Zemlya to 75° (!), Waigats (!), Habarowa, Dolgoi
Island. As.: Arctic Coast (!), Mouths of the Yenissei and Lena, New Si-
berian Islands, Taimyr Peninsula (!), Chukehes Land (\).
Geogr. area: Northern Canada, Iceland, Feerdées, Scotland, Northern
Seandinavia, Northern Russia, Northern Siberia.
55. J. trifidus L.
Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl. p. 123; Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p. 343; Ledeb.
Fl) Ross. IV, p. 233:
Culms erect 5—25 cm. high, tufted, from matted creeping rhi-
zomes, covered with sheaths at the base and with 2—3 leaves in
2
the upper part, Leaves setaceous exceeding the sessile 1—3-flowered
head. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, brown, longer than the
oboyate, dark brown, shining capsule; beak pointed.
Basal leaves varying from mucronate to more or less evident
blade-bearing.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—69° 45’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—71° (). Eur.:
Samoyede Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Farées, Scotland,
Northern Scandinavia, Finland and Russia, The Alps, Central European
Mountains, Caucasus, Ural- and Baikal-Mountains.
56. J. squarrosus L.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 124.
Densely tufted. Basal leaves numerous, 10—30 cm. long, sprea-
30 cm. high
leafless. Flowers solitary, panicled, panicle-branches upright rigid,
ding, tenacious, narrow, channelled. Stem rigid, 15
bracts yellowish-white membranous, sepals lanceolate, 5 mm. long,
pale brown, shining, broadly white membranous at the margin, as
long as the ovate obtuse capsule.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—60° 30’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—60° 28’ (!).
Geogr. area: Feerées, Europe, Western Siberia.
57. J. bufonius L.
Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl. -p. 125.
Annual. Stem 2—5 cm. high, branched, from the base diffuse,
leafy. Flowers solitary or seldom 2—4 together. Sepals about
5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, green, white membranous at
the margin, about as long as the narrow oblong obtuse, chestnut-
coloured capsule.
Am.: West Greenl. Igaliko at 61° 2’ (1).
Geogr. area: All over the Earth, following cultivation.
2 LUZ UIEA SD: G:
A. Inflorescence subeymose slightly compound; flowers solitary; leaves somewhat
webbed at the base; seeds with large caruncles (Pterodes Griseb.).
Aw Garunclestal cates mri eee ements ie it Mle) sheild L. pilosa.
i, Chinn GR goa ns end poo da tb cb tos om Oe oD S L. rufescens.
B. Inflorescence subcymose, very compound, flowers solitary or 2—3 together;
leaves glabrous; seed with a small warty caruncle (Anthelaea Griseb.).
a. 25—60 cm. high; leaves 6—10 mm. broad; bracts entire; anthers longer
nein We WETS: 5 Gi 2 6 vole pee 6 0 ao dd ole oro don ¢ L. parviflora.
b. 10—25 em. high; leaves 3—5 mm. broad; bracts fimbriate, anthers shorter
Wntiay (ae EMIS 55 ooeo ns eaoon oe cot nooo L. Wahlenbergii,
C. Flowers crowded into clusters, forming spikelike or umbelloid inflorescences
(Gymnodes Griseb.).
a. Leaves channelled (seldom flat, cfr. L. arcuata A), narrow.
1. Clusters forming a somewhat nodding spike-like inflorescence, sepals
acuminate sbristle-pomtedses cia emsnemey oboe tel (ita heed hes L. spicata.
2. Clusters forming an umbelloid or capitate inflorescence, sepals acuminate,
NO ters Lle=pOMLeC www emt aie nloh NCE Mine React fe ort L. arcuata.
b. Leaves flat.
1. Leaves broadly linear-lanceolate, glabrous or very sparingly ciliated,
Anthersshorter than’ ‘the filaments). 3 005 we 5 0 = L. nivalis.
2. Leaves linear, long ciliated.
+ Densely czspitose, clusters on erect branches. Anthers as long as
Wie MEMOS oss ao od avian chs mod eam oo ool L. multiflora.
++ Loosely czespitose and with short stolons, exterior branches of the
inflorescence often arching. Anthers longer than the filaments
L. campestris.
58. L. pilosa (L.) Willd.
Ledeb: Fl. Ross. IV p. 215.
Cespitose. Stem erect 10—12 em. high. Basal leaves about
as long as the stem, broad, flat, with few long hairs at the margin
and webbed at the base. Stems with 2—4 shorter leaves. Panicle
subeymose, slightly compound, upper branches reflexed. Sepals
lanceolate acute, chestnut-coloured on the back, white membranous
at the margins, shorter than the broadly ovate mucronate capsule.
Seed with a large, falcate caruncle.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, North and Central Europe,
Caucasus, West Siberia.
59. L. rufescens Fisch.
Trauty. Pl. Sib. bor. p.116; Fl. Kolym. p. 563.
Very like the preceeding species. Plant slender, leaves gene-
rally narrower, flowers paler. Sepals as long as the capsule. Seed
with a large erect caruncle.
As.: Mouths of the Lena and Kolyma.
Geogr. area: East Siberia, Kamchatka, Saghalin, Japan.
28
60. L. parviflora (Ehrh.) Desf.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 125; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 169;
Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerog. Fl. p. 276; L. spadica Taylor, Pl. coll. at
Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 84; L. spadicea y. parviflora and vy. melano-
carpa Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 217; L. spadicea y. parviflora Schmidt, Fl.
Jeniss. arct. p. 122; L. melanocarpa (Michx.) Desf., Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. II
p. 187.
Loosely czespitose and with short stolons. Stem 25—60 cm.
high. Leaves glabrous, 6—10 mm. broad, linear-lanceolate, acuminate.
Panicle subeymose, compound, many flowered, generally with nod-
3 together. Bracts
ding branches. Flowers small, solitary or 2
ovate, acule, membranous, entire or sometimes slightly lacerate. Sepals
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pellucid, brown or yellow, somewhat
shorter than the shining, chestnut-coloured (often darker, seldom
paler) capsule. Anthers longer than the filaments.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Labrador (!), Baffin Land: Cumberland Gulf,
West Greenl. 60°—72° 20’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—61° (!). As.: Mouth of the
Yenissei (!), Taimyr Peninsula (!), Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Northern Scandinavia,
Northern Russia, Siberia.
61. L. Wahlenbergii Rupr.
Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p.37; Kjellm., St. Lawrence-6n p. 22, Sib. Nordk.
Fanerogamfl. p. 277, As. Beringss. p. 566; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Semlja
p. 316; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguev p. 184, Noy. Zemlya p. 21; Scheutz, Pl.
vase. Jeniss. p. 169; Blytt, Bidrag p. 8; L. spadicea v. Wahlenbergii Trauty.
Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 38; L. spadicea y. Kunthii E. Mey. in Ledeb. FI.
Ross. IV, p. 217; Schmidt, FI. arct. Jeniss. p. 122; L. parviflora, subsp.
Wahlenbergii Hartm., Scand. Fl. ed. XII p. 125.
Loosely czespitose and with short stolons. Stem 10—25 cm.
high, with few leaves. Leaves 83—5 mm. broad, glabrous, linear
acuminate, Panicle subeymose, branches often drooping. Bracts
pellucid, fimbriate. Sepals lanceolate acuminate, as long as the
capsule. Sepals and capsules dark chestnut-coloured. Anthers shorter
than the filaments.
Am.: St. Lawrence Island (!). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Kolguev, Novaya
Zemlya to 74° (!), Waigats (!), Dolgoi Island (!), Habarowa, Samoyede
Land. As.: Mouths of the Yenissei (!) and Boganida (!), Chukches Land (!).
Geogr. area: Northern Scandinavia, Northern Russia, Northern
Siberia.
62. L. spicata (L.) D.C.
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. II p.188; Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p. 456; Taylor,
Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p.84; Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 68;
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 128; Hartz, Nordést Gr6énl. p. 84; Kjellm., Nov.
Semlja p. 330; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 220.
29
Densely czespitose. Stem erect 10—30 cm. high. Leaves chan-
nelled, narrow, linear, ciliated; the lower obtuse, the upper acumi-
nate sharply pointed. Stem leafy to the top. Lower bracts leaf-like;
bractlets ovate acuminate, membraneous, lacerate. Clusters sessile,
forming an interrupted spike-like somewhat drooping panicle. Sepals
ovate-lanceolate acuminate, bristle-pointed, chestnut-coloured, some-
what longer than the darker, broadly ovate, mucronate capsule.
Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Bering Strait, Kotzebue Sound, Hudson
Strait, Baffin Land: Cumberland Gulf, West Greenl. 60°—71° (!), East
Greenl. 65° 40’, 70°—71° (!). Eur.: Habarowa (Fisher, in litt.), Novaya
Zemlya at 73°—74°. As.: Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Ferées, Northern
Scandinavia, Finland, Northern Russia, Central European Mountains,
Caucasus, Northern Asia to Himalaya.
63. L. arcuata (Wg.) Sw.
Hook. FI. Bor. Am. II p. 189; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff.
Bay p, 84; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exped. p. 142; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 126;
Reichardt, Fl. Jan Mayen p.11; Nath., Spetsb. Karlv. p.37; Th. Holm,
Novaja Semlias Veget. p. 25; Th. Fries, Beeren Isl. Veget. p. 155; Ledeb.
Fl. Ross. IV p. 218 (excl. 8 & 7); Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 122 (excl. 8);
Kjellm., St. Lawrence-6n p. 22, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 59; L. hyperborea
R. Br., Chloris Melvill. p. 25 (p. pt.); Taylor, l.c. p.84; Feilden, Fl. of
Kolguev p. 184; Th. Fries, Nov. Semljas Veget. p. 40; L. hyperborea
« major Hook. |. ec. p. 188; Macoun, Cat. IV p.68; L. arcuata v. hyperborea
Trauty. Consp. Fl. Noy. Zeml. p. 80, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 536;
Ross. Arect. Pl p. 554, Fl. Kolym. p. 563; L. confusa Lindeb. Botan. No-
tiser 1855 p.9; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. l.c. p. 127; Hartz, Nordést Gronl.
p. 343; Feilden, Nov. Zemlya p. 21; Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh. p. 476;
L. arcuata y. confusa Kjellm., Sib. Nordkust Fanerogamfl. p. 277, As. Be-
ringss. p. 566, Vest-Eskim. Land p.59; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov.Semlja
p. 317; Andersson, Konig Karls Land p. 557; Nath., l. ¢. p. 37; Reich-
ardt, lc. p.11; Blytt, Bidrag p.9, L. spicata y. Kjellmani Nath. sec. Bu-
chenau Monogr. June. p. 126; Juncus arcuatus «@ & B Wg. FI. Lapp.
(1812) p. 88.
Loosely tufted and with short stolons. Culms erect or ascen-
ding, 10—25 cm. high. Leaves narrow linear, curved or erect,
channeled, nearly glabrous, somewhat hairy at the base. Clusters
in an umbelliform panicle, exterior branches long, erect or arching;
not seldom the inflorescence is contracted and capitate. Bracts
chestnut-coloured membranous, long ciliated. Sepals dark chestnut-
coloured, acuminate, about as long as the capsule. Anthers about
as long as the filaments.
L. arcuata « (Wg.) is the more gracile form with narrow curved
leaves, few-flowered clusters on slender arching branches; it is
rather seldom. L. arcuata 6 (Wg.) (= L. hyperborea R. Br. and L. con-
30
fusa Lindeb.) is the most common form with larger many-flowered
clusters, more stout often erect panicle-branches and broader, gene-
rally erect, sometimes nearly flat leaves. Not seldom the clusters
are contracted to a capitate or subspicate inflorescence (f. subspicata
Lge: 1. ¢.).
Am.: St. Lawrence Island (!), Port Clarence, Kotzebue Sound, Point
Barrow, Arctic Islands (!), Baffin Land, Grinnell Land up to 81° 49’,
West Greenl. 60°—78° 18’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—75° (!). Eur.: Jan Mayen (!),
Spitsbergen (!), King Charles Land, Franz Joseph Archipelago (Fisher,
in litt.), Beeren Island (!), Kolguev, Novaya Zemlya to 75° (!), Waigats (!),
Samoyede Land (!). As.: Arctic Coast (!), Mouths of the Yenissei, Lena
and Kolyma, Taimyr Peninsula (!), New Siberian Islands, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Ferées, Scotland,
Northern Scandinavia, Finland, Northern Russia, Siberia.
64. L. nivalis (Leest.) Beurl. Hartm. Handb. ed. XII p. 126.
L. arctica Blytt, Norges Fl. I p. 299 (1861), Bidrag p.9; Lge. Consp.
Fl. Groenl. p. 127; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 343; Andersson, Konig Karls
Land p. 557; Nath., Spetsb. Karlv. p. 37; Feilden, Nov. Zemlya p. 21;
Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 277; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Semlja
p. 316; L. hyperborea R. Br. 6, minor Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. II p. 189;
Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 69; L.arcuata y. Hookeriana Trauty. Consp. FI.
Noy. Zeml. p.80, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p.546, Fl. Kolym. p.563; L. arcuata
f. latifolia Kjellm., As. Beringss. p.566 tab.X, Vest Eskim. Land p. 59, St.
Lawrence-6n p. 22; L. confusa v. latifolia Buchen., Monogr. June. p. 125;
L. hyperborea R. Br., Chloris Melvill. p. 25, 1823 (p. pt.); Lindeb. in
Botan. Notiser 1855 p.8; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 169; L. hyperborea
y. extensa Scheutz, 1. c. p. 170; L. arcuata y. procerior Mey. in Ledeb.
Fl. Ross. IV p. 218; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 122; L. campestris v. ni-
valis Leest. (1822).
Densely czespitose. Basal leaves short and broad, linear-lanceolate,
glabrous or very sparingly ciliated, acuminate, obtuse or mucronate
at the apex. Stem 5
leaves. Inflorescence subeapitate, generally supported by a leafy
bract; clusters 1—3 approximate, very seldom the inflorescence is
umbelliform with a few clusters on erect or somewhat arching
branches (L. arcuata f. latifolia Kjellm., L. hyperborea vy. extensa
Scheutz). Bractlets more or less lacerate, not ciliated. Sepals ovate-
lanceolate, shorter than the ovate, mucronate capsule. Sepals and
capsule dark brown. Anthers shorter than the filaments.
This plant is exceedingly nearly allied to the following species,
so that we are greatly in doubt if it would not be better to consider
it as a reduced Arctic form of this. Generally L. nivalis has been
thought to be nearest allied to L.arcuata from which the plant always
can be separated by the densely czespitose growth, the broad leaves,
15 cm., seldom 25 em. high, with 2—3 shorter
3l
not unlike those of L. Wahlenbergii, the lower leafy bract, the serrate
not ciliated bractlets and the shorter sepals.
Am.: St. Lawrence Island (!), Kotzebue Sound, Port Clarence (!),
Arctic Islands (!), West Greenl. 64° 30'—72° (!), East Greenl. 70°—73°
30’ (). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), King Charles Land, Novaya Zemlya to
74° (!), Dolgoi Island, Habarowa, Samoyede Land. As.: Arctic Sea-
coast (!), Taimyr Peninsula, Mouths of the Yenissei (!), Lena and Kolyma,
New Siberian Islands, Chukches Land (!).
Geogr.area: North Canada, Norway (Dovrefjeld), Sweden (Lappland).
65. L. multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 125; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exp. p. 142, 240;
Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p. 343; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguey p. 184; L. campe-
stris v. B et 7, Ledeb. Fl. Ross.-FV p. 219, 220; L. campestris, Rosenv.,
Till. p. 714; L. campestris vy. congesta Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and
Baffin Bay, p. 84; L. campestris y. alpina E. Mey., Trautyv. Syll. Sib. bor.
orient. p. 536, Fl. Kolym. p. 564; L. campestris D.C. y. multiflora Celak,
Buchenau, Monogr. June. p. 161, 164; L. campestris, subsp. frigida Buch.,
Dusén, Ost-Grénl. p.53; Juncus campestris f et 7 L.
Densely ceespitose. Leaves linear, flat, long ciliated especially
at the insertion of the sheaths, acuminate, obtuse at the apex. Stem
15—30 cm. high. Inflorescence umbelliform with erect branches,
sometimes contracted. Bractlets entire or somewhat serrate. Sepals
lanceolate long acuminate about as long as the capsule. Anthers
as long as the filaments.
In Arctic regions generally the sepals and capsules are dark
brown almost black and the clusters short-stalked and often ap-
proximated. This form is the L. campestris v. alpina Gaud, E. Mey.
and y.congesla Taylor, Lge. (not Thuill, Koch, Buchenau).
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Baffin Land: Cumberland Gulf, Grinnell Land
to 81° 42’, West Greenl. 60°—81° 40’ (!), East Greenl. 60°10’ and 70°—71° (!).
Eur.: Kolguev, Samoyede Land (!). As.: Mouths of the Lena and Yenissei (!).
Geogr. area: America, Iceland, Fer6ées, Europe, North Africa, Asia,
New Zealand.
65. L. campestris (L.) D.C.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 188; L. campestris «, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV
p. 219, L. campestris D. C. v. vulgaris Gaud., Fr. Buchenau, Monogr. June.
p. 157; Juncus campestris « L.
Loosely cespitose and with short stolons. Stem 10—15 cm.
high. Inflorescence with few clusters, the exteriors on arching
branches. Anthers longer than the filaments.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound. As.: Taimyr Peninsula, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: North America (rare), Far6ées, Central Europe, South
Europe (rare), Northern Africa (rare), Northern Asia.
32
Obs: We have mentioned this plant on the authority of Hooker and Lede-
bour, but we have much doubt, if it occurs in Arctic regions at all, specimens
from these we never saw.
Order XII. LILIACEAE Adans. (By C. H. OsTENFELD).
A. Styles 3, distinct.
a. lbeaves ensiform: equitant).-ititics aaclionessie, Sek lis nee ene Tofieidia.
b. Leaves not ensiform.
awiWeavessbroadplicatew.mmm-nay tacit sicn en of cam Mcsite racemes ae Veratrum.
8. Leaves linear or linear lanceolate ................ Zygadenus.
B. Style 1, undivided.
asm ruitea (berryits waves coc ae ER oon Choe eee Streptopus.
f. Fruit a capsule.
I. Flowers: numerous: mmbellates) ~ ci cncicnas a icreien ts eens, lene Allium.
II. Flowers single or few in a raceme.
1. Nectary transversal, stigma undivided, triangular, perianth broad
jnfindibuliformiaye s:veucn mnie een ce eect RoC nt ake Lloydia.
2. Nectary-groove oblong, stigma tripartite, perianth campanulate
Fritillaria.
1. TOFIELDIA Huds.
67. T. palustris Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 2.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. If p. 179; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and
Baff. Bay p. 84; Peary, Auxil. Exp. App. C. p. 7; Abromeit, Grénlands-
expedition p. 78; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 38; Trauty. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 116;
Feilden, Nov. Zemlya p. 20; Anthericum calyculatum FI. D. t. 36; T. bo-
realis Wg., Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl. p.122 and 284; Rosenv., Till. p. 712;
Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p. 342.
Stem erect, slender, without bracts. Flowers in a short raceme,
supported by a little involucre consisting of 3 bracts. Flowers
yellowish. Capsules erect.
Am.: Port Clarence (!, amongst specimens of T. coccinea, in Herb.
of the Botan. Mus. at Copenhagen, leg. Kjellman), Labrador (!), Baffin
Land, West Greenl. Inglefield Gulf and 60°—74° 18’ (!); East Greenl. 60°
—65° 35’ (), 70°—71° (0). Eur.: Spitsbergen(!), Dolgoi Island. As.: Mouth
of the Lena, Konyambay (!, amongst spec. of 7. coccinea, in Herb. of the
Riksmuseum at Stockholm, leg. Kjellman).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Rocky Mountains, Iceland,
Great Britain, Scandinavia, Finland, Lapland, The Alps, Pyrenees, Ural.
68. T. coccinea Richardson in R. Brown, Verm. Schrift. I. p. 481.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 179; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 210; Trautv.
Pl. Sib. bor. p. 116; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 121; Kjellm., Vest Eskim.
Land p.60, As. Beringss. p. 568; Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 44; Roseny., Till.
p. 712; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 342; Abromeit, Gronlandsexped. p. 79.
Stem ascending, stout, often tinged with purple, with 1—3
bracts. Flowers nearly sessile, the 3-leaved involucre larger than
33
in T. palustris. Perianth outsides purple-coloured. Fruits purple-
coloured, at maturity reflexed.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound (!), Port Clarence (!), Arctic Shores, West
Greenl. 70° 25’—70° 45’ (!), East Greenl. 70°—71°(!). As.: Mouths of the
Lena and Yenissei (!), Konyambay (!), Chukches Land (}).
Geogr. area: Alaska, Northern North America, Northern Siberia,
Kamchatka, Unalashka.
: 2. VERATRUM L.
69. V. album L.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 208; Blytt, Bidrag p. 19; Kjellm., As. Beringss.
p.568, Vest-Eskim. Land p.59; Schmidt, FI. Jeniss. arct. p.121; Feilden, Nov.
Zemlya p. 21; Fl. D. tab. 1120; var. viridis, Trautv. Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch.
p. 38, Pl. Sib. bor. p.115, Fl. Kolym. p.563; V. viride Aiton, Hort. Kew.
ed.1, vol. 3, p.422; Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p.178; V. Lobelianum Bernhardt
in Schrad., Neues Journ. f. d. Botanik I], 2 & 3, p. 356; V. Eschscholtzii
A. Gray, Melanth. in Ann. Lye. hist. nat. Novi-Eborae. IV p. 119.
Leaves large, broad-ovate, plicate. Upper part of the stem and
the panicle-branches pubescent. Flowers supported by membranous
bracts, short-stalked, broadly infundibuliform; sepals free, more or
less broad, ovate, attenuate at the base, in the margin erose-dentate,
externally somewhat pubescent.
Varying in colour from white to greenish: V. Lobelianum Bernh.
The American form, V. viride Ait., has yellowish-green and broader
sepals, so that the flowers are somewhat campanulate.
Am.: Port Clarence (!). Eur.: Samoyede Land, Habarowa (!), Waigats.
As.: Konyambay (!), Mouths of the Yenissei (!), Lena and Kolyma,
Chukches Land (!).
Geogr. area: North America, East Finmark, Central Europe,
Siberia.
3. ZYGADENUS Michx.
70. Z. elegans Pursh, Fl. Am. sept. I, p. 241, 1813.
Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 32; Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p.131;
Z. elegans, chloranthus et glaucus Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 177—78; Anticlea
glauca Kunth., Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p.207; Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land p. 60.
Basal leaves broadly linear to linear-lanceolate, glaucous. Stem
with one or two bracts. Inflorescence a simple raceme, but sometimes
in the lower part branched. Flowers supported by broadly lanceolate
bracts, which are about as long as the pedicels in the least. Sepals
ovate, obtuse, white-greenish, with obovate-obcordate, yellow-green
nectary-gland inside.
Am.: Port Clarence (!), Kotzebue Sound, Nome City.
Geogr. area: Northern North America.
71. Z. sibiricus (L.) Endl.
Anticlea sibirica Kunth., Trauty. Pl. Sib. bor. p.115; Trauty. FI.
Kolym. p. 563.
Flora Arctica. 3
34
Basal leaves linear. Stem with one or two bracts. Inflorescence
branched with scattered flowers. Bracts twice or four times shorter
y
Fig. 11. Zygadenus elegans Pursh. 4/s nat size. Fig. 12. Zygadenus sibiricus (L.) Endl. 2/s nat. size.
(Spec. from Port Clarence), (Spec. from North Siberia).
than the pedicels. Sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, reflexed, somewhat
twisted, coherent below, with a bipartite obcordate nectary-gland.
As.: Mouths of the Lena (!) and Kolyma.
Geogr. area: Siberia.
39
4. STREPTOPUS Michx.
72. §S. amplexifolius (L.) D.C.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 121; Uvularia amplexifolia, Fl. D. tab. 1515.
Plant glabrous. Leaves cordate, clasping, glaucous underneath.
Flowers placed nearly opposite the leaves on long pedicels, but
turned aside so that they are covered by the leaves. Pedicels with
a node in the middle and carrying 1 or 2 campanulate and whitish
flowers; anthers ending in a long point. Berry ovate, red.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—67° (!).
Geogr. area: North America, Central European Mountains, Kam-
chatka, Unalashka.
5. LLOYDIA Salisb.
73. L. serotina (L.) Sweet.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 144; Trauty., Fl. Taimyr p. 24, FI. Terr.
Tschuktsch. p. 38, Pl. Sib. bor. p.114, Fl. Kolym. p. 561, Syll. Pl. Sib.
bor. orient. p. 535; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 130; Kjellm. & Lundstr.,
Noy. Semlja p. 317; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 277, Vest-Eskim.
Land. p. 60; Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 130.
Lower part of the plant covered with withered leaves. Scape
1- (seldom 2-) flowered. Basal leaves capillary, half round, as long as
or longer than the scape. Perianth infundibuliform, sepals white,
narrow obovate, obtuse, at the base with a nectary.
Am.: St. Lawrence Island (!), Port Clarence, Kotzebue Sound, Cape
Lisburn, Nome City. Eur.: Waigats (!), Habarowa (!). <As.: Arctic coast
of Siberia to Bering Strait (!), New Siberian Islands.
Geogr. area: Mountains of Wales, Central Europe and Central
Asia, Siberia, Unalashka.
6. ALLIUM L.
74. A. strictum Schrad.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p.178; Trautyv. Fl. Kolym. p. 562.
Bulbs rising from a short rhizome. Stem with several leaves.
Leaves linear, flat or channelled. Umbel supported by 2 short in-
volucral leaves, many flowered, without bulbils. Pedicels as long as
or longer than the purple-coloured flowers. Sepals ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse; anthers at first as long as the perianth afterwards consider-
ably longer, the filaments of the exteriors with shortly dentate
appendices at the base.
As.: Mouth of the Kolyma.
Geogr. area: Germany, Bohemia, Caucasus, Altai, East Siberia.
75. A. Schoenoprasum L.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p.166; Trauty. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 114, Fl. Kolym.
p. 562; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 121; Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p. 456;
3*
36
Fl. D. tab. 971; A. sibiricum L., Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land p. 60; Kjellm. &
Lundstr., Noy. Seml. p. 317; Blytt, Bidrag p. 19; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguey
p. 181, Nov. Zemlya p. 20.
Stem round with 1—2 leaves. Leaves round, hollow. Umbel
supported by two large involucral leaves, many flowered and dense,
without bulbils. Pedicels shorter than the flowers. Sepals purplish,
lanceolate acuminate, longer than the anthers; anthers without
cuspidate appendices.
Am.: Norton Sound, Port Clarence, Kotzebue Sound. Eur.: Kol-
guev (!), Dolgoi Island, Samoyede Land, Habarowa, Waigats (!). As.:
Mouths of the Yenissei, Lena and Kolyma.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Most parts of Europe,
Caucasus, Siberia to Kamchatka.
7. FRITILLARIA L.
76. F. kamtschatcensis (L.) Gauler.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p.147; Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 181, tab. 193;
Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p. 456.
Bulb with numerous bulbils. Leaves verticillate up to 4’s,
ovate or lanceolate. Flowers 1—4 with campanulate, unicolored
perianth. Sepals inside with lamellous-prominent veins and a nec-
tary groove near the base. Stigma trifid, capsule obtuse, 6-angular.
Am.: Schischmareff Bay, Cape Prince of Wales.
Geogr. area: Alaska, East-Siberia, Kamchatka and Kuril Islands.
Order XIII. IRIDACEAE Juss. (By C. H. OsTenFE Lp).
Only the following genus in the area:
1. IRIS L.
77. |. sibirica L.
Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p.456 (1. setosa Pall. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. TV p. 96 ?).
Leaves narrow, ensiform, shorter than the hollow stem. Flowers
short-stalked, bluish; the exterior sepals pale blue with dark blue
veins, reflexed, broadly obovate with rather long brownish-violet-
veined claw, crestless, the interiors erect, shorther than the exteriors,
but longer than the sigmas. Capsule 3-angular.
Am.: Norton Sound, Kotzebue Sound.
Geogr. area: Central and East Europe, Sweden, Caucasus, Siberia,
Unalashka.
Obs. During the printing I have received »The Botanical Gazette« for Febr.
1902, in which A. Eastwood published an Iris arctica n.sp. from Nome City (East-
wood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 132). It has single stems, one- flowered spathes,
thin and lax leaves; the exterior sepals are violet with a greenish-yellow spot, the
interiors white blotched with purple on the lower half. It seems nearly allied to
I. setosa Pall and J. sibirica L.
37
Order XIV. ORCHIDACEZ Lindl. (By C. H. OsTENFELD).
A. Pale saprophyte, leaves reduced to scales............ 1. Coralliorrhiza.
B. Green autophytes.
Ty A) Ra: Glies sea ag ooo boob Oma e Sosa cos go 2. Listera.
b. Lip with spur.
1. The two disks of the pollinia enclosed in a common pouch 38. Orchis.
ys TNS Eo) GHG Teel, Cog Soop oo Mb UD e doe OMG OC 4. Habenaria.
1. CORALLIORHIZA R. Br.
78. C. innata R. Br.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 120 and p. 283; Rosenv., Till. p. 711;
Ledeb. FI. Ross. IV p. 49; Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p. 456; C. virescens,
Fl. D. tab. 2363; C. ericetorum, Fl. D. tab. 2364.
Scape with pale-brownish scales; rhizome coral-like; raceme
few-flowered; perianth yellowish-green, lip oblong with two teeth
above the base, whitish with purple dots; spur only a small
protuberance.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, West Greenl. 60° 43’—69° 50’ (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Most parts of Eu-
rope, Siberia.
2. LISTERA R. Br.
79. L. cordata (L.) R. Br.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.120 and p.283; Roseny. Till. p.711; Hook.
Fl. bor. Am. II p. 204; Ophrys cordata, Fl. D. tab. 1278.
Stem with two opposite sessile cordate-ovate leaves; rhizome
creeping; raceme few-flowered, perianth brownish-green; lip with a
tooth on each side at the base, twice as long as the sepals and
petals, two-cleft.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—69° 50’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—61° (!)
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Ferdes, North,
East and Central Europe, Siberia.
3. ORCHIS L.
80. O. rotundifolia Pursh.
Platanthera rot., Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 200, tab. 201; Lge. Consp.
Fl. Groenl. p.119 and p. 283; Fl. D. tab. 2871.
Stem with 1—2 scales and 1 obovate-orbicular leaf; roots of
numerous fleshy fibres; spike few-flowered; perianth rose; lip white,
spotted with purple, 3-lobed and the middle lobe larger, obcordate
with a notch at the extremity; spur a little shorter than the lip.
Am.: Hudson Bay, West Greenl. 60°—61° (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America.
38
4. HABENARIA Willd.
A. Lip entire.
af ieaftonly is basal? 29 2! pret. acs ste dente tetiote ROMP vices cho ratcohto, Palen H. obtusata.
bY oleaves tseveralimeyiaen rears ores acho eric emce mena arolh H. hyperborea.
B. Lip 2—3-toothed or lobed.
ae Lipslinear-obloneiemerat cre (eates ne cite eae ened eee H. viridis.
bi Lipyasvlonsvasybroada « . m syenelnes i en peeie, ccliswel omer ners H. albida.
81. H. obtusata (Pursh.) Rich.
Platanthera obtusata, Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 196, tab. 199; Ledeb.
Fl. Ross. IV p. 68; Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p. 456; Fl. D. Suppl. tab. 165.
Stem with 1 obovate obtuse leaf at the base; roots of slender,
fleshy fibres; spike few-flowered; perianth greenish-yellow; upper
sepal broad, nearly triangular; the others and the petals except the
lip, slightly incurved; lip entire about as long as the spur.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Northern Lappland, Nor-
thern Siberia.
82. H. hyperborea (L.) R. Br.
Platanthera hyperborea # major, Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 128 and
p. 283; FL D. tab. 2970; Orchis Koenigii, Fl. D. tab. 333; Limnorchis
major (Lge.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Botan. Club, 1901, 28, p.617; L. media
Rydb., l. c. p. 618; L. hyperborea (L.) Rydb., lc. p. 620; L. huronensis
Nutt.) Rydb., lc. p. 619.
Stem leafy; leaves lanceolate, erect; root-tubers long and slender;
spike dense, many-flowered; perianth greenish; lateral sepals sprea-
ding or recurved; lip entire, about as long as the incurved spur.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—69° 30’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—60° 35’ (1).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland.
83. H. viridis (L.) R. Br.
Coeglossum viride, Kjellm., As. Beringss. p.555; Peristylus viridis,
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 72; Trautv. Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 535; Sa-
tyrium viride L., Fl. D. tab. 77.
Stem about 3-leaved; tubers 2—3-lobed; spike lax; leaves gra-
dually reduced to lanceolate, acute bracts, a little longer than the
ovaries or 2—8 times the length of them (H. bracteata (Willd.) R. Br.);
perianth brownish-green; sepals and petals except the lip incurved;
lip long, oblong-linear or slightly spatulate, 3-toothed at the tip;
the middle tooth the smallest; spur very short and sac-like.
Eur.: Cap Mikulkin. As.: Mouth of the Lena, Chukches Land (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America (H. bracteata), Iceland, Fer-
6es, Most parts of Europe and Northern Asia.
84. H. albida (L.) R. Br.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 118 and p. 282; Satyrium albidum FI. D. tab.115
39
Stem 3—6-leaved; root-fibres 4—5, fleshy; spike dense-flowered ;
perianth whitish; sepals and petals incurved; lip short, deeply
3-lobed; the middle lobe the longest; spur short, about half as long
as the ovary.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—69° 30’ ()), East Greenl. 60°—62° (!).
Geogr, area: Iceland, Ferées, West and North Europe. Ural.
Order XV. CYPERACEAE St. Hil. (By C. H. OsTENFELD).
A. Most flowers bisexual (Scirpeae).
a. Perianth of 6 or numerous filiform smooth bristles', which are much ex-
SELtedmate Mn acuLitygen ime wca cer etna mene eal oe Sonn 1. Eriophorum.
b. Perianth of 1—8 bristles, not exserted at maturity.
aa. Style-base bulbiform persistent, separated from the summit of the
acheney bys ananticulablouears =e eee) ol enni eine eis 2. Heleocharis.
bb. Style-base passing gradually continously into the summit of the achene
“B. All flowers unisexual (Cariceae). 3. Scirpus.
a. Achene not enclosed in an utricle.
aa. Spikelets consisting of one male and one female flower ... 4. Elyna.
bb. Spikelets unisexual, one-flowered, the upper ones male, the lower ones
WIG 5 goo ooo Fo OO MnO aC OUAaB OOK Oa ODO 5. Kobresia.
Hae chenesenclosedginganmutricley-sstey wsdl ie) Cheers erst an eienent 6. Carex.
1. ERIOPHORUM L.
A. Spikelets several, umbellate; involucrum 1—4-leaved.
a. Leaves flat, only triangular-channelled at the apex; peduncles of the spike-
letsarougbases suyteia chet) ec oeione mantel bl secliotencueay cote ot « E. latifolium.
b. Leaves flat in the lower part, triangular-channelled from about the middle;
GMS Hib os sec enobaoobonoron mode upc E. polystachyum.
B. Spike solitary, terminal; involucrum short or wanting.
a. Tufted without stolons.
aa. Large and dense tufts: culms numerous; anthers large, linear E. vaginatum.
bb. Small and loose tufts; culms few; anthers small, obovate. . E. callithrix.
b. Rhizome creeping, culms solitary.
aa. Anthers small, obovate; bristles white .......... E. Scheuchzeri.
bb. Anthers rather large, linear; bristles reddish-brown ... E. russeolum.
85. E. latifolium Hoppe.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 254; E. polystachyon Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II
Fl Di tabs 133i:
Culms obtusely triangular above; leaves flat, keeled, triangular-
channelled at the apex; peduncles of the spikelets terete, rough;
bristles numerous, rather long, white; anthers shorter than the
filaments.
We have not seen specimens of this plant from the Arctic regions and we
think that the localities cited below should perhaps be classed under the following
species, but we have taken it on the authority of Ledebour and Hooker.
1 The so-called »bristles« (setae) in Eriophorum are not bristle-formed, they are ligulate.
40
Am.: Arctic Shores and Islands. As.: St. Lawrence Bay in Chuk-
ches Land.
Geogr. area: North America, Europe, Asia Minor, Northern Asia.
86. E. polystachyum L.
Peary, Auxil. Exp. App.,C. p.7; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exped. p. 303; E.
angustifolium Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 231; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str.
and Baff. Bay p, 84; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.180 and p. 287; Hartz,
Nordést Groénl. p. 344; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 254; Blytt, Bidrag p. 19;
Feilden, Fl. of Kolguev p. 184, Nov. Zemlya p. 21; Kjellm. & Lundstr.,
Noy. Semlja p. 36; Trauty. Consp. Fl. Noy. Zeml. p. 80, Fl. Kolym. p. 565,
Fl]. Terr. Tschuktsch. p.38, Pl: Sib. bor. p. 122; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss:
Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 276, As. Beringss. p. 564, St. Law-
rence-6n p. 22, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 58; Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City,
p. 130; Fl. D. tab. 1442; f. tristis Th. Fr., Nath., Spetsb. Karlv. p. 36.
Culms nearly terete or obscurely obtuse-triangular above; leaves
flat in the lower part, keeled, triangular from above the middle,
rough-margined; peduncles of the spikelets smooth (sometimes a
little rough) and often flattened; bristles numerous very long, white;
anthers about as long as the filaments.
Common in the Arctic regions and very variable in length of
the peduncles, number of spikelets and height. Sometimes the scales
are dark (f. tristis Th. Fries).
Am.: The whole of Arctic North America from Beering Sea to
Davis Strait (!), West Greenl. 60°—82° (!), East Green]. 60°—75° (!). Eur.:
Spitsbergen (!), Kolguey, Dolgoi Island (!), Waigats (!), Novaya Zemlya to
74° (!), Habarowa (!), Samoyede Land. <As.: Arctic Shores and Islands
to Chukches Land (!).
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Feerées, Europe, Northern Asia.
87. E. vaginatum L.
Hart, Brit. Pol. Exped. p. 242 (?); Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 252; Blytt,
Bidrag p. 19; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguev p.184, Nov. Zemlya p. 21; Trautv.
Fl. Taimyr p. 22, Consp. Fl. Nov. Zeml. p. 81, Pl. Sib. bor. p. 121, Fl.
Kolym. p.565, Fl. Terr. Tschuksch. p.38; Schmidt, Pl. Jeniss. arct. p.123;
Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 276, As. Beringss. p. 564, Vest-Eskim.
Land p.58; Fl. D. tab. 236; Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City p. 130.
Large and dense tufts with numerous culms; culms obtusely
triangular above, with two inflated sheaths; scales obovate-lanceolate,
long-pointed, membranous, greyish; anthers long, linear, a little
shorter than the filaments; bristles glossy white.
Am.: Port Clarence (!), Nome City, {? West Greenl. 72°—78°). Eur.:
Kolguev, Waigats (!), Novaya Zemlya to 74° (!). As.: The Arctic Coast
from the Yenissei to Chukches Land (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Feerées, North and Central
Europe, Caucasus, Northern Asia.
41
Note. We think it a mistake of Mr. Hart to indicate this species from
Greenland, none of the many other botanists and collectors who have visited
Greenland, having found it.
88. E. callithrix Chamisso in C. A. Meyer, Mém. prés. & lAcad.
de St. Petersb. par div. say., 1831, p. 203, tab. II.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 254; Kjellm., As. Beringss. p. 564, Vest-Eskim.
Land p. 58; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Semlja p. 316; Feilden, Nov.
Zemlya p. 21; Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p. 457; Fl. D. Suppl. tab. 122; E. capi-
tatum 6, Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 231.
Tufts small with few culms; culms terete; bracts nearly non-
inflated: scales grayish-black, not membranous, long-pointed, nar-
rower than by E. vaginatum, the lower much larger than the upper;
anthers small, obovate, much shorter than the filaments; bristles
white with a reddish tinge.
Am.: Port Clarence (!). Eur.: Dolgoi Island, Waigats (!), Novaya
Zemlya, Habarowa. As.: Mouth of the Yenissei (!}, Taimyr Peninsula
73° 45’ (Middendorf as E. vaginatum!), Chukches Land (!), St. Lawrence
Island.
Geogr. area: Northern Scandinavia, Russia and Siberia.
89. E. Scheuchzeri Hoppe.
Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p. 457; Peary, Auxil. Exp. App. C. p. 7; Cornell
party, Peary Voy. 1896, p. 419; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 1S9 and p. 286;
Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p. 344; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 37; Ledeb. Fl. Ross.
IV p. 253; Blytt, Bidrag p.19; Trautv. Fl. Taimyr p. 23, Consp. Fl. Nov.
Zeml. p. 81, Fl. Kolym. p.564, Pl. Sib. bor. p. 121; Pl. Ross. aret. p. 551
and p.o94, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p.537; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguey p. 184,
Nov. Zemlya p. 21; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 123; Kjellm. & Lundstr.,
Noy. Semlja p. 316; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 276, As. Beringss.
p. 965, St. Lawrence-6n p. 22; E. capitatum Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 231;
Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 84; Fl. D. tab. 1502; E. ca-
pitatum and var. Scheuchzeri, Hart, Brit. Pol. Exped. p. 242. _
Rhizome creeping with solitary culms; culms with non-inflated
sheaths; flowering spike obovate: scales dark-gray or dark-brown,
not membranous except a narrow margin, long-pointed; the 1—3
lowermost much larger than the other; anthers small, obovate-
lanceolate, many times shorter than the filaments; bristles brightly
white.
Common in the Arctic regions. Am.: Arctic Coast and Islands (!),
Big Island in Hudson Strait, West Greenl. 60°—82° (), East Greenl. 60°—
74° (!). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Kolguev, Dolgoi Island, Novaya Zemlya to
74° (!), Waigats (!), Habarowa (Fisher in litt... As.: Arctic Coast (!) and
Islands, New-Siberian Islands, Mouths of the Yenissei (!), Lena (!) and
Kolyma, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Scandinavia, Russia,
Central European Mountains, Siberia.
42
90. E. russeolum Fries, Herb. Norm., fase. II] n.67 and Novit.
Fl. Suec. Mant. III p. 170.
Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.123; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Semlja p.316;
Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 276, As. Beringss. p.565, St. Law-
rence-6n p.22; Feilden, Noy. Zemlya p. 21; Fl. D. Suppl. tab. 8; E. Chamis-
sonis Fr., Mant. II p. 1, non C. A. Meyer in Ledeb. FI. Alt., nec Mém.
prés. a lAcad. de St. Petersb. par div. sav., I, 1831, p. 204 tab. 3.
Rhizome creeping with solitary culms, culms with non-inflated
sheaths; flowering spike oblong; scales dark-gray or dark-brown,
not membranous in the central part, but with a large membranous
margin; the lowest largest; anthers rather large, linear, somewhat
shorter than the filaments; bristles reddish-brown.
Eur.: Dolgoi Island, Waigats (!), Habarowa. <As.: Yalmal (!), White
Island (!), Mouth of the Yenissei (!), Pitlekay (!), Chukches Land, St. Law-
rence Island (!).
Geogr. area: East Canada, Northern Scandinavia and Russia, Si-
beria, Kamchatka, Kurile Islands, Unalashka.
2. HELEOCHARIS R. Br.
1. Culms filiform, more or less 4-angular; stigmas 3; achene ribbed H. acicularis.
2. Culms robust, terete; stigmas 2; achene smooth........... H. palustris.
91. H. acicularis (L.) R. Br. f. submersa Hjalm. Nilsson, Botan.
Notiser 1888, p. 189—147.
Scirpus parvulus Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.128 & p. 286; Roseny.,
Till. p. 716; Juncus triglumis Abromeit, Grénlandsexp. p. 81 ex parte;
Scirpus acicularis Fl. D. tab. 287.
Culms filiform or setaceous, more or less 4-angular; rhizome
creeping, filiform, bearing bundles of erect culms; spike terminal,
stigmas 3, achenes triangular, ribbed.
The arctic specimens are all sterile and submersed (f. submersa
Hj. Nilss.) and are very like sterile specimens of Scirpus parvulus
R. & S., for which the previous Danish authors had mistaken the
specimens from Greenland; but S. parvulus has bulbiform, acute
terminal buds on the stolons, and the culms are shorter and a little
more robust; (anatomically it is easier to distinguish the two plants,
the radial walls of the epidermis-cells in S. parvulus being distinctly
undulated, in H. acicularis straight). It is more surprising that the
well-known Juncus-specialist Professor Buchenau (Abromeit, |.c.) has
confounded such sterile plants with young plants of Juncus triglumis,
from which they differ much.
Am.: West Greenl. 68° 21’ (!), 69° 5’ (), 70° 30’ (1).
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Europe, Caucasus, East-
Siberia.
43
92. H. palustris (L.) R. Br.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 128; Scirpus palustris Fl. D. t. 273.
Rhizome stout, horizontally creeping; culms robust, terete;
spike oblong-lanceolate, many-flowered; the two lowest scales
largest, half clasping, obtuse, the others smaller, acute; achene ob-
tusely triangular or compressed, smooth; stigmas 2.
Am.: West Greenl. 61° 2’ (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Feerdes, Europe,
Caucasus, Siberia to Saghalin.
3. SCIRPUS L.
1. Rhizome short, culms densely tufted without stolons; achene brown, 1,5—2 mm.
S. caespitosus.
2. Rhizome creeping with stolons; achene grayish, 2—2,5 mm... . S. pauciflorus.
93. §. caespitosus L.
Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land, p.59; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 129 and
p. 286; Roseny., Nye Bidrag p. 70; Meinshausen, Cyperac. Fl. Russl. p.257;
Fl. D. tab. 1861; Eleocharis caespitosus, Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 229.
Culms densely tufted, striate; no stolons; upper sheath with
short leaf, lower ones leaf-less; one terminal spike; lowest scale
sterile, as long as or longer than the ovate spike, mucronate with
a long rigid green point; achene smooth; stigmas 2.
The specimens from Greenland agree not well with any of the two
species (austriacum and germanicum) in which Palla (Ber. d. Deutsch.
bot. Gesellsch., 1897, p. 468) has divided Scirpus caespitosus (Tricho-
phorum caespitosum (L.) Hartm.), and we prefer to retain the old
collective species.
Am.: Port Clarence, Labrador to the Arctic Sea, West Greenl. 60°—
70° (), East Greenl. 60°—63° (). Eur.: Samoyede Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Feerdes, North
and Central Europe, The Alps, Northern Siberia, Saghalin, Unalashka.
94. §S. pauciflorus Lghttf.
Roseny., Till. p. 716; Fl. D. tab. 1862.
Rhizome creeping, culms loosely czespitose, smooth (obscurely
striate when dry), stolons with bulbs; all the sheaths leaf-less;
one terminal spike; the lowest scale somewhat larger than the
others, but not as long as the spike, obtuse, not mucronate; achene
very finely striate, stigmas 3.
Am.: West Greenl. 61° 2’ (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Feerées, North
and Central Europe, Caucasus, Siberia.
4
4, ELYNA Schrad.
1, Spike cylindrical, linear, terminal, composed of numerous small spikelets, each
consisting of one male and one female flower; leaves setaceous. . . E. Bellardi.
2. Spike oblong to ovoid, composed af several spikes which again consist of small
spikelets) leavestlinear ewaeaeeas cy ciede nee ee Ciel chee lene E. schoenoides.
95. E. Bellardi (All.) C. Koch.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 130; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 344; E. spi-
cata Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 228; Trautv., Pl. Sib. bor. p. 122: FID:
tab. 2427; Kobresia scirpina Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land p.58; Meinshausen,
Cyperac. Fl. Russl. p.275; Carex parallela Dusén, Ost-Grénl. p.54 et in sched.
Densely tufted; culms slender, smooth, subterete,
() (p erect, with numerous brownish fibrillose old sheaths,
Y as long as the leaves when flowering, later longer;
a b c : f
leaves setaceous, green with convolute rough mar-
Fig. 13. a, Elyna Bellardi
(All.) €. Koch. b, Ena gins; spike cylindrical, narrow; spikelets with
schoenoides C. A. Mey. =
¢. Kobresia bipartita(All.) hrown scales; achene obtusely triangular some-
sritt. (About 2 times mag- d
aiid); what compressed, lanceolate-ovoid, with short beak.
Am.: Port Clarence, Arctic Sea, West Greenl. c. 60°—72° (!), East
Greenl. 70°—73° 28’ (!). As.: Mouths of the Lena and Uda, St. Lawrence
Island.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, North Europe, The
Alps, Pyrenees, Caucasus, Songaria, Turkestan, Altai, East Siberia.
96. E. schoenoides C. A. Mey. in Ledeb., Fl. Alt. IV p. 235.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 262; Trautv., Pl. Sib. bor. p. 122.
Tufted, culms trigonous, robust, much longer than the leaves;
leaves linear, green, with convolute margins; spike doubly compound,
oblong or oblong-ovoid; scales obtuse, broadly obovate, blackish
with brownish middle-vein and paler margins, the innermost with
whitish basal-parts; achene obovoid, 3-angular, grayish-brown with
rather long beak.
As.: Mouth of the Lena, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Caucasus, Altai, Himalaya, East Siberia.
5. KOBRESIA Willd.
97. K. bipartita (All.) Britton.
K. caricina Willd., Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 130; Hartz, Nordést
Grénl. p. 344; Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land, p. 58; Fl. D. tab. 2426.
Tufted, culms smooth, longer than the leayes, covered with
brown old sheaths; leaves linear, convolute, glaucous, rough in the
margins; spike doubly compound, subtended by a short setaceous
leaf, oblong-ovoid, composed of several oblong spikelets, each con-
sisting of 5—6 one-flowered spikelets; the upper male, the lower
45
female; scales brown; achene obtusely triangular, somewhat com-
pressed, oblong or lanceolate with long beak.
Am.: Port Clarence (!), West Greenl. c. 64°—73° (!), East Greenl.
CHK) 7302040)
Geogr. area: Northern North America, North Europe, The Alps,
Caucasus.
A. One terminal spike. Oa GEN
a. Dioecious.
ly QUES Be WUC IMS oo obs Ol od pee) ooro Grae C. scirpoidea (136).
DeeSticmasea g utc clemglabrouss.qeiaacm-Melciics rue caren nCmcn C. dioica (113).
b. Monoecious.
1. Stigmas 3.
* The axis of the female flower exserted beyond the utricle
C. microglochin (148).
= The axis mot exserted or wanting’... 2 2 in... - C. rupestris (140).
2. Stigmas 2.
mes pikemmalesatethewbAascarcn tcl cwelu-ielld Cileiiel <li n C. ursina (112).
** Spike male at the summit.
Ge Sihatdieross so bo slo oo nO oe oo 6 crore alone C. dioica (113).
8. Czespitose.
+ Spike globose, utricles broader than the scales C. capitata (99).
+7 Spike ovate, utricles narrower than the scales C. nardina (98).
B. Spikelets sessile, androgynous (at least some of them), stigmas 2.
a. Male and female flowers variously mixed in the spikelets C. siccata (108).
b. Male flowers at the summit of the spikelets.
1. Utricle strongly nerved, abruptly tapering in the beak C. chordorrhiza (102).
2. Utricle faintly nerved, continuously tapering in the beak.
* Leaves flat or plicate, scabrous in the margins, beak two-toothed,
utriclesfainthyenenvedteyice.wiememalerarsaet a nee C. stenophylla (101).
*® Leaves involute, smooth in the margins, beak oblique, utricle nearly
MLELVElESSH tee. Ware HEW ore sty tne che Shc Ls erences C. incurva (100).
c. Male flowers at the base of the spikelets.
1. Utricles with a membranous winged margin.
* Spikelets aggregated in a globose head, scales dark-brown, utricles
Gbovates brow De seu. waht eer cracls C. Macloviana (105).
** Spikelets remote, scales light-brown, utricles lanceolate-ovate, gree-
SOS ATTN Og She Ooo oO aio oln.b oo co Bond o C. pratensis (104).
2. Utricles without membranous winged margin.
* Spikelets dark-brown, utricles brown, with short, but distinct beak
(except C. ursina).
a. Densely cespitose, growing on sea-shores.
+ Utricles with short beak, distinctly nerved C. glareosa (111).
++ Utricles without beak, nearly nerveless .... C. ursina (112).
8. Loosely czespitose with ascending shoots, utricles nerveless or
faintly nerved, not growing on sea-shores.
+ Leaves plicate, glaucous; mostly male flowers at the bases of
allithesspikeletsy-parucr-me me tenet aeren C. heleonastes (109).
++ Leaves flat, green; male flowers only at the base of the ter-
Dinalespikele tapes eon elim ee memredten cae C. lagopina (110).
46
* Spikelets pale, greenish or light-brown, utricles pale, nearly without beak.
a. Loosely ceespitose: margins of utricles smooth or nearly so
C. norvegica (108).
f. Densely ceespitose, margins of utricles scabrous.
+ Spikelets ovate, beak very short, entire, no fissure on the outer side
C. canescens (106).
+7 Spikelets ovate-globose, beak short with fissure on the outer side
C. brunnescens (107).
C. Spikelets more or less stalked, sexes ordinarly distinet, the upper 1—3 male
or seldom androgynous, the lower ones female; stigmas 3 or 2.
a. Terminal spikelet male at the base, female at the top.
1. Stigmas 2; small species with adscending culms.
* Scales red-brown; utricles with short beak, pale or red-brown
C. rufina (132).
** Scales dark-brown or blackish, with light midvein; utricles whitish,
finely papillose; ‘bealk-less3 2. 3c se os C. bicolor (133).
2. Stigmas 3; larger species with erect culms.
Utricles beak-less, distinctly nerved, scales awned.
a. Spikelets! sessile or nearly so, scales dark with pale-greenish
midvein; utricles finely papillose........ C. Buxbaumii (119).
&. Spikelets more or less stalked; scales dark; utricles not papillose
C. Gmelini (120).
** Utricles with beak, scales not awned.
a. Utricles with long beak, lanceolate; bracts sheathing
C. misandra (144).
8. Utricles with short beak; bracts not sheathing.
+ Spikelets erect, very short-stalked; scales obtuse C. alpina (114).
+t? Spikelets stalked, the lower drooping at maturity, scales acute
C. atrata (118).
b. Terminal spikelet male; stigmas 3.
1. Utricles hairy.
* Female spikelets globose, sessile or nearly so... C. pilulifera (137).
** Female spikelets, at least the lowest, distinctly stalked.
a. Spikelets ovate-globose, few-flowered; scales dark-brown
C. melanocarpa (139).
8. Spikelets cylindric, many-flowered; scales light-brown
C. Brenneri (138).
2. Utricles glabrous.
* Bracts shortly or not sheathing.
a. Utricles with distinct beak.
+ Male spikelets more than one; utricles inflated, with long two-
TOOtHEMIDEAI TAs erotic uuu meetin els wars C. rostrata (149).
+t Male spikelet one.
° Czespitose.
§ Female spikelets few- and lax-flowered; bracts scale-like
C. pedata (142).
$§ Female spikelets many-flowered, bracts leafy C. Oederi (147).
1 With »spikelets« here and in the following part of the key female spikelets are meant.
47
° Stoloniferous.
§ Female spikelets few-flowered, bracts scale-like
C. supina (141).
S$ Female spikelets many-flowered, bracts leafy.
/ Low, robust: leaves flat, 2—4 mm. broad; the stalk of
the lowest spikelet long and capillary; mostly 2 stigmas
C. puila (151).
// Tall, slender; leaves involute, 1—3 mm. broad; the
stalk of the lowest spikelet short; mostly 3 stigmas
C. rotundata (150).
6. Utricles nearly beak-less.
+ Female spikelets erect short-stalked, dense-flowered.
° Male spikelet very small, approximated to the upper female
one; style not exserted beyond the utricle C. holostoma (115).
° Male spikelet well-developed, remote from the female ones;
style usually exserted beyond the utricle at the maturity
C. stylosa (116).
++ Female spikelets more or less drooping, long-stalked, rather
lax-flowered.
° Seales elongated, awned; bracts leafy . . C. magellanica (121).
°° Seales not elongated, acute or obtuse.
$ Cespitose, bracts leafy, scales dark, acute or obtuse, spike-
lets rather many-flowered........ C. podocarpa (117).
8$ Stoloniferous, bracts short. subulate.
/ Leaves flat, 1—3 mm. broad, bright-green; scales dark,
obtuse; spikelets few-flowered ..... C. rariflora (122).
// Leaves involute, 0,5—1 mm. broad, glaucous; scales brow-
nish, acute or obtuse; spikelets rather many-flowered
C. limosa (123).
** Bracts long-sheathing.
a. Beak rather long, more or less two-toothed, margins scabrous;
utricles lanceolate to ovate.
+ Female spikelets few- and lax-flowered, light-brown; beak with
membranous margins, indistinctly toothed C. capillaris (146).
++ Female spikelets dense-flowered, dark-brown or blackish; beak
distinctly two-toothed.
® Seales as long as the utricles; utricles ovate C. ustulata (145).
° Seales much shorter than the utricles; utricles lanceolate
C. tristis (143).
8. Beak rather short, entire, margins not scabrous; utricles rounded-
trigonous or globose.
+ Glaucous; utricles finely papillose, inflated, faintly nerved
C. panicea (134).
+? Bright green; utricles smooth, non-inflated, nerve-less
C. sparsiflora (135).
Terminal spikelet male (seldom female at the base); stigmas 2.
Cc.
C. pilulifera vy. deflexa (137).
1. "Uttriclessharnyaiew-m ane mieten eke belie i tccuteike
2. Utricles glabrous.
* Utricles shining, with short beak.
a. Low, robust; leaves flat, 2—4 mm. broad; the stalk of the lowest
spikelet long and capillary; mostly 2 stigmas C. pulla (151).
48
f. Tall, slender; leaves involute, 1—3 mm. broad; the stalk of the lowest
spikelet ‘short; mostly, 3\istigmas, ....0:.....- C. rotundata (150).
** Utricles not shining, nearly beak-less.
a, Czspitose; aphyllopode (leaf-less sheaths between the green leaves and
the leaves from foregoing year).
+ Slender; sheaths red-brown, shining; utricles nerveless
C. caespitosa (124).
+7 Tall, robust; sheaths straw-coloured, fibrillose; utricles nerved
C. stricta (125).
8. Stoloniferous, creeping; phyllopode (no leaf-less sheaths intermixed),
+ Leaves with involute margins.
° Small littoral species; female spikelets few-flowered, erect, scales
light brown, obtuse or acute . . C. salina vy. subspathacea (129).
°° Rather tall; female spikelets many- and dense-flowered, erect,
scales dark with light midvein.
§ Glaucous: lowest bract not large, mostly not exceeding the
culm; spikelets short cylindrical .... . C. Goodenovii (127).
§§ Bright green; lowest bract large, broad, exceeding the culm;
spikelets very long, cylindrical, dense-flowered C. aquatilis (126).
+r Leaves flat.
° Seales light-brown, mostly acute or acuminate; spikelets rather
few- and lax-flowered, attenuated at the summit C. salina (129).
°° Scales dark-brown, obtuse; spikelets cylindrical, dense-flowered
C. aquatilis v. stans (126).
77? Leaves revolute.
° Low; one male spikelet, scales obtuse, dark, spikelets erect,
SHOPE vacsand aha Rea ee ets ee Sees ee eas C. rigida (131).
° Tall; 1—4 male spikelets; scales acute or elongated.
§ Scales elongated, awned, light-brown . . C. cryptocarpa (130).
§§ Scales acute, but mostly not elongated, dark with light
Midyelint, Prius sci eyi eit) mete crete temas ae) Lote he C. gracilis (128).
Subgenus A. VIGNEA Beauy. Spikelets sessile, androgynous,
male at the summit or base, seldom male and female flowers va-
riously intermixed. Stigmas 2.
Sect. I. Capituligerae Kikenth., Engl. Bot. Jahrb., 37, 1900, p. 495.
Spike terminal, solitary or more spikelets densely aggregated in a glo-
bose or ovate head; utricles not winged; male flowers at the summit.
Subsect. 1. Nardinae Tuckerm., Enum. method. p.7. Rhizome ce-
spitose; small species with terminal, solitary, few-flowered spike; utricles
membranous; a rudiment of the axis at the base of the achene.
98. C. nardina Fr.
Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 85; Greely, Lady
Frankl. Bay Exp. p.15; Peary, Auxil. Exp., App. C. p.7; Hart, Brit. Pol.
Exped. p. 240; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.131 and p. 287; Roseny., Till.
p. 717; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 345; Dusén, Ost-Grénl. p. 55; Nath.,
Spetsb. Karly. p. 36; Fl. D. tab. 2365; C. Hepburnii Boot in Hook. FI. bor.
Am. II p. 209, tab. 207.
49
Monoecious; densely ceespitose with numerous brown sheaths;
culms low, 5—15 em. high, often curved; leaves trigonous, at the
base channelled, as long as or longer
than the culms, often curved. Spike
ovoid, few-flowered, dark-brown;
scales broader than the utricles, ob-
tuse; utricles obtusely-trigonous with
convex sides, somewhat scabrous on
the margins, lanceolate-ovoid, faintly
nerved; stigmas 2.
Am.: Grinnell Land, Baffin Land,
Robertson Bay, West Greenl. 60° 53
81° 4’ (!), East Greenl. 65° 35’, 70°—74°
40’ (!). Eur.: Spitsbergen (1).
Geogr. area: Northern British
North America, Iceland (rare), Northern
Scandinavia and Finland. (
99. C. capitata Soland.
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. II p. 208; Lge. ()
Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 132; Roseny., Till.
Fig. 14. Carex nardina
P ie cena ses p. 718; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 173;
Spec. from West Green- :
peand). Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p.130;
Fl. D. tab. 2060.
Monoecious; caspitose with stiff erect culms, 10
—30 cm. high; leaves channelled, scabrous, trigonous
at the summit, shorter than the culms; spike ovate-
globose; scales brown, subacute; utricles broadly
ovate, plano-convex with smooth margins, as broad
€
as or broader than the scales; stigmas 2.
Am.: Nome City, Hudson Bay, West Greenl. 60°—71° (1),
East Greenl. 60°—61° 32’ (!). As.: Mouth of the Yenissei.
Geogr. area: Northern and Alpine North America,
Argentina, Tierra del Fuego, Iceland, Northern and Alpine
Europe and Asia.
Subsect. 2. Foetidae Tuckerm., l.c., p.10. Rhizome
creeping; more spikelets aggregated into a globose head,
without bracts; male flowers at the summit; utricles
membranous or at the base spongious-incrassated, obso- Fig. 15. Carex capi-
letely or distinctly nerved. data Selene a7 /scet:
size. (Spec. from
West Greenland).
100. C. incurva Lghtf.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 134; Roseny., Till. p. 719; Hartz, Nordost
Gronl. p. 345; Dusén, Ost-Grénl. p.55; Kruuse, Jan Mayen, p. 301; Nath.,
Spetsb. Karly. p. 36; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 269; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct.
Flora Arctica. 4
50
p. 124; Th. Holm, Nov. Zeml. Veget. p.18; Meinshausen, Cyperac. Russl.
p. 315; Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land p. 57; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Seml.
p. 316; Hook. Coll. of Arct. Pl. p. 123; FL D. tab. 432; var. setina Christ
apud Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 174; C. duriuscula Lge. Consp. FI.
Groenl. p. 134; Rosenv., Till. p. 719; Fl. D.
tab. 2843; non C. A. Meyer.
Rhizome horizontally creeping;
culms low, mostly curved, as long as
or shorter than the leaves; leaves invo-
lute, smooth; spikelets aggregated into
a globose head, male at the summit;
scales obtuse, mucronate; utricles ovoid-
globose, membranous, tapering into a
smooth, oblique, entire beak, nerve-
less or obsoletely nerved, longer than
the scales; stigmas 2. Mostly growing Fig.16. Carex incurva Lghtf. %/; nat. size.
Spec. from West Greenland).
on sea-shores.
Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Port Clarence, Arctic Sea-coast, West Greenl.
60°—72° 48’ (1), East Greenl. 70°—74° 10’ (!). Eur.: Jan Mayen (!), Spits-
bergen (!), Novaya Zemlya to
70° 34’ (!), Waigats (!), Samo-
yede Land. As.: Mouth of the
Yenissei, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern
North America, Magellan, Ti-
erra del Fuego, Iceland, Feer-
6es, North Europe, Central
European Mountains, Cauca-
sus, Northern Siberia, Altai,
Himalaya.
101. C. stenophylla We.
Ledeb. FI. Ross. IV p. 270;
y. duriuscula Trautv. Syll. Pl.
Sib bor. orient. p.537; Kurtz,
Fl. d. Tschuktschenh. p. 477;
Scheutz, Pl. vase Jeniss. p.174;
?C. curaica Trauty. l.c. p. 537.
Rhizome _ horizontally
creeping; culms erect, most-
ly longer than the plicate,
Fig. 17. Carex stenophylla Wg. 2/3 nat. size. abr aves: Ty]
(sped frou Conteal Earaney i scabr ous le aU spikele
aggregated into a _ ovoid-
globose head, male at the summit or some of them male and others
female; scales subacute or acute; utricles plano-convex or biconvex,
51
tapering into a scabrous, two-toothed beak, distinctly many-nerved,
longer than the scales; stigmas 2.
As.: Mouths of the Yenissei (!) and Lena, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: North-western North America, Hungary, East-Europe,
Caucasus, Siberia, Himalaya.
Fig. 18. Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh. °/g nat. size. (Spec. from Iceland).
102. C. chordorrhiza Ehrh.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 211; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.124; FI.
D. tab. 1408; var. genuina Trauty. Pl. Sib. Bor. p. 123.
Rhizome creeping, mostly somewhat obliquely ascending; culms
erect, smooth, obtusely trigonous at the summit, longer than the
leaves; leaves involute, scabrous at the summit; spikelets aggregated
into an ovoid head, male at the summit; scales broader than the
utricles, subacute; utricles plano-convex or biconyex, ovoid. strongly
4*
5s
many-nerved, as long as the scales, abruptly tapering into a faintly
scabrous, entire beak; stigmas 2.
Am.: Hudson Bay. <As.: Mouths of the Yenissei and Lena.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, North Europe, Cen-
tral European Mountains, Spain, Northern Asia.
Sect. II. Alatae Kiikenth., lc. p.504. Culms with leaf-less sheaths at
the base; rhizome ceespitose or creeping; spikelets more or less aggregated ;
margins of the utricles winged; wings at maturity somewhat involute.
Subsect. 1. Distichae Christ, Bull. Soc. Royal. Bot., Belgique, 1885,
p.8. Rhizome creeping, seldom czespitose; spikelets male at the base or
male and female flowers variously intermixed; utricles subcoriaceous.
103. C. siceata Dew., Am. Journ. Science, X p. 278, 1826.
C. pallida C. A. Mey., Mém. prés. & Acad. Imp. de St. Petersb. p. div.
say., 1831, p. 215, tab. VIII; Trautv. Fl. Kolym. p. 565.
Rhizome creeping; leaves flat, short, much shorter than the
culms; culms erect, scabrous; spikelets 4—10, rather densely arran-
ged in two rows, lanceolate to ovoid, male at the base or at the
summit or male and female flowers variously intermixed; scales
ovate, light-brown with green midyein and membranous margins,
acute, about as long as the utricles; utricles ovate, convex on the
outer side, concave on the inner side, distinctly many-nerved with
erose-membranous marginal wings and scabrous, two toothed rather
long beak; stigmas 2.
As.: Mouth of the Kolyma.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, East Siberia, Kamchatka,
Saghalin, Japan.
104. C. pratensis Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor., 1841, p. 442.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 185; Roseny. Till. p. 719; Fl. D. tab. 497.
Cespitose; culms longer than the leaves, slender, trigonous,
scabrous, often somewhat drooping; leaves flat, scabrous on the
margins; lowest bract bristle-like; spikelets 3—7, oblong or
obovate, male at the base; scales lanceolate-ovate, acute, light-
brown with greenish midvein and membranous margins, as long
as the utricles; utricles convex on the outer side, concave on the
inner side, faintly nerved, greenish, lanceolate with membranous
marginal wings and scabrous, nearly entire beak; stigmas 2.
Am.: West Greenl. 61° 15’—64° 48’ (1).
Geogr. area: Northern North America.
Subsect. 2. Ovales Kunth., Enum. PI. II, 1837, p. 384.
Rhizome czespitose, spikelets male at the base, brown, mostly ag-
gregated; utricles membranous.
Fig.19. Carex siccata Dew. Fig. 20. Carex pratensis Drej. Fig. 21. Carex Macloviana D'Urv.
*/, nat. size. (Spec. from 2/g nat. size. (Spec. from West */, nat. size. (Spec. from West
North America). Greenland). Greenland).
54
105. C. Macloviana D’Urv., Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, IV p.599, 1826.
Kiikenthal, Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 27, 1900, p. 505; C. festiva Dew., Lge.
Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 134; Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p. 345; FI. D. tab. 2367.
Ceespitose, culms longer than the leaves, rigid, stout, trigonous
with sharp, scabrous edges; leaves flat, broad; spikelets densely
aggregated into a globose head, male at the base; scales ovate,
acute or subacute, dark-brown with whitish membranous margins,
a little shorter than the utricles; utricles convex on the outer side,
concave on the inner side, many nerved, ovate, brown, with mem-
branous marginal wings and two-toothed, scabrous beak.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—70° (!), East Greenl.: Gaaseland at ec. 70° 20’ (!).
Geogr. area: Unalashka, Northern North America, Southern South
America, Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands, Iceland, Finmark and
Lapland, Kamchatka.
Sect. III. Verae Tuckerm., |.c. p. 10, ex maxima parte. Czespitose;
spikelets aggregated or separated, male at the base; utricles not winged
nor spongy at the base, with short beak or nearly beak-less.
Subsect. 1. Canescentes Fries, 1. c. p. 72 ex parte. Spikelets distinctly
separated, mostly pale or light-brown; utricles nearly beak-less.
106. C. canescens L.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 289; Rosenv., Till. p. 719; var. robusta,
Lge. l.c. p.136 and p. 289; Rosenv., lc. p.719; Macoun, Catalogue IV
p. 123; Fl. D. tab. 285; C.curta Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 214.
Czespitose, culms erect, trigonous with sharp, scabrous edges;
leaves flat, c. 2 mm. broad, bright-green, scabrous on the margins;
spikelets 3—8, oblong-ovoid or elliptic, with scale-like bracts; the
upper one and sometimes some of the others male at the base, the
others female; scales broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute, light-brown
or pale with greenish midvein, shorter than the utricles; utricles
loosely appressed, ovate, faintly nerved, plano-convex, pale or
light-brown, scabrous on the margins at the top, without fissure
on the outer side, nearly beak-less; stigmas 2.
Am.: Arctic Sea-coast, West Greenl. 60°—67° (!), East Greenl. 60°—
61° 32 (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Argentina, Tierra del Fuego,
Falkland Islands, Iceland, Most parts of Europe, Caucasus, Northern
Asia, Himalaya, Japan.
C. canescens L. & lagopina Wg., Kihlman in Soc. p. Fauna et
Flora Fennica, 1889, p. 10.
C. helvola Blytt apud Fries, Botan. Notiser 1849; Roseny., Till. p.719;
Fl. D. Suppl. tab. 32.
Intermediate between the parents, sterile; mostly the spikelets
Fig. 22. CarexcanescensL. Fig. 23. Carex canescens
2/, nat. size. (Spec. from L. X lagopina Wg.
Lapland). (C. helvola Blytt), */, nat.
size. (Spec. from West
Finmark).
Fig. 24. Carex brunne-
scens (Pers.) Poir.
2/, nat. size. (Spec. from
West Greenland).
Fig. 25. Carex norve-
gica Wg.
2/5 mat. size. (Spec.
from Iceland).
56
and the upper part of the culms are straw-coloured and dry; scales
yellow-green or straw-coloured with broad membranous margins;
utricles ovate, nearly nerve-less; achene not developed; pollen
nearly sterile.
Am.: West Greenl. c. 60°—60° 30’ (!).
Geogr. area: Iceland, Scandinavia, Finland, Scotland.
Obs. It many be supposed that hybrids of others of these nearly allied
species of the group Verae are to be found in the Arctic regions, as some of them,
viz. C. brunnescens X lagopina and C. canescens X norvegica are found in Scandinavia
and Central Europe, but these hybrids cann only be distinguished when it is
known among which species they are growing.
107. C. brunnescens (Pers.) Poir., Encyclop. méthod., Suppl. III,
1813, p. 286.
C. curta, ® brunnescens Pers., Syn. Plant. II, 1807, p. 539; C. Personii
Sieb. in Lang, Flora XXV, 1842, p.95; C. vitilis Fries, Mant. III, 1842;
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.136 and p. 289; Rosenv., Till. p. 720; Fl. D.
tab. 2973; C.helvola Lge. l.c. p. 288, non Blytt.
Czespitose, culms slender, for the rest as the foregoing species;
leaves flat, 1—2 mm. broad, somewhat glaucous; spikelets 4—8,
ovate-globose, the lowest with bristle-like bract; scales light-
brown, subacute; utricles somewhat spreading, light-brown, ovate,
smaller, with short beak and on the outer side a fissure which has
membranous margins, faintly nerved, scabrous on the margins.
Nearly allied to the foregoing species.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—67° (!), East Greenl. 60° (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Scandinavia, Cen-
tral European Mountains, Ural, Northern Asia, Altai, Japan.
108. C. norvegica We.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 280; Meinshausen, Cyperac. Russl. p. 330;
Fl. D. Suppl. tab. 103.
Loosely cespitose; culms stout, smooth, trigonous with blunt
edges; leaves flat, c. 2 mm. broad; spikelets 83—5, oblong or elliptic,
the terminal one male at the base, often club-shaped; scales obtuse,
light-brown with green midvyein, as long as and enclosing the utricles ;
utricles ovate with very short beak and an indistinct fissure on the
outer side, faintly nerved, smooth or a little scabrous on the mar-
gins; stigmas 2.
Exclusively a coast-species.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound (!), Eschscholtz Bay.
Geogr. area: Coasts of Northern North America, Iceland, North
Europe, East Siberia and Kamchatka.
57
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Subsect. 2. Heleonaslee Tuckerm., 1. c. p. 10. Spikelets rather ag-
gregated, dark-brown; utricles with short beak (except C. ursina).
109. C. heleonastes Ehrh.
Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. aret. p.124; Fl. D. Suppl. tab. 31.
Loosely caspitose; culms rigid, trigonous with sharp, scabrous
edges; leaves glaucous, plicate, c. 1 mm. broad; spikelets 3—5,
ovate-globose, aggregated, mostly with male flowers at the base of
all the spikelets; the lowest with bristle-like bract; scales dark-
brown with paler membranous margins, often obtuse, a little shorter
than the utricles; utricles somewhat spreading, brown, ovate with
smooth or faintly scabrous margins and a fissure on the outer side,
plano-convex, many-nerved; stigmas 2. Marsh-species.
Am.: Mouth of the Yenissei (!).
Geogr. area: Northeastern North America, North and Central Eu-
rope, Northern Siberia.
110. C. lagopina Wg.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 135 and p. 288; Rosenv., Till. p. 719;
Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 345; Dusén, Ost-Grénl. p. 56; Rothr., Fl. of
Alaska p. 457; Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 130; Kruuse, Jan
Mayen, p. 301; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 36; Trautyv. Consp. Fl. Nov. Semlja
p. 25; Th. Holm, Nov. Zeml. Veget. p.18; Feilden, Nov. Zemlya p. 22;
Ledeb. FI. Ross. IV p. 279; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 276;
Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 124; Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh. p. 478;
F]. D. tab. 294; C.leporina Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 214; Taylor, Pl. coll.
at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 85.
Ceespitose, culms rigid, trigonous with scabrous edges; leaves
flat, ¢. 2 mm. broad, bright-green, much shorter than the culms;
spikelets 2—4, densely aggregated, ovoid, only the terminal one
male at the base; scales brown with paler midvein and margins,
obtuse, shorter than the utricles; utricles ovate, plano-convex with
smooth or faintly scabrous margins and short beak with a fissure
on the outer side, faintly many-nerved; stigmas 2. Mountain-species.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Nome City, Cumberland Gulf, West Greenl.
60°—71° 47’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—61° (!), 65° 35’, 70°—75° ). Eur.: Jan
Mayen (!), Spitsbergen (!), Novaya Zemlya at 70° 30' (!), Waigats, Samoyede
Land. As.: Mouth of the Yenissei, Pittlekaj (!), Chukeches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern and Alpine North America, Iceland, North
Europe, Central European Mountains, Northern Siberia, Manchuria,
Kamchatka.
111. C. glareosa Ws.
Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p.85; Cornell Party,
Peary Voy. p. 418 and p. 422; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.137 and p. 289;
Rosenv., Till. p. 720; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 284; Nath., Spetsb. Karlv.
p. 36; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguev p. 184, Nov. Zemlya p. 22; Kjellm. &
59
Lundstr., Noy. Seml. p. 316; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 276,
St. Lawrence-6n p. 22, Vest-Eskim. Land p.57; Fl. D. tab. 2430; C. ursina,
Hartz, Nordést Gronl. p. 345; Rosenv., Till. p. 718 ex parte, non Dewey.
Densely cespitose; culms slender, adscending or decumbent,
a little scabrous: leaves narrow, c. 1 mm. broad, mostly plicate, glau-
cous; spikelets about 3, aggregated, ovoid or globose, only the
terminal one male at the base, clup-shaped; scales brown with paler
midvein and margins, mostly acule, about as long as the utricles;
utricles ovate, brown, plano-convex or biconyex (outer side always
more convex than the inner side), distinctly many-nerved, with short,
smooth beak with a fissure on the outer side; stigmas 2. Coast-
species.
Am.: Port Clarence, Cumberland Gulf,
Labrador, West Greenl. 60°—74° 15’ (!), East
Greenl. 60°—63° (!), 65° 35’, 70°—71° (1, Hartz,
as C.ursina). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Novaya
Zemlya to 74° (!), Kolguey, Dolgoi Island,
Samoyede Land. As.: Irkaipi, Pittlekaj,
Chukches Land, St. Lawrence Island.
Geogr. area: Unalashka, Coasts of
Northern North America, Iceland, North
Europe, Kamchatka.
112. C. ursina Dew.
2 Fig. 29. Carex ursina Dew. °/, nat. size.
Hook. Flor. bor. Am. II p. 211, tab. 210; (Spec. from West Greenland).
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 287; Dusén, Ost-
Gronl. p.55; Nath., Spetsb. Karlv. p. 35; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Seml.
p. 316; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 275; Fl. D. tab. 2429.
Densely czespitose; culms low, adscending or decumbent, smooth,
mostly shorter than the leaves; leaves plicate or involute, scabrous
on the margins, at the summit trigonous; mostly one terminal,
globose spike with male flowers at the base (rarely a little female
spikelet from the lowest bract); scales shorter than the utricles,
obtuse, dark-brown with paler midvein and margins; utricles broadly
ovate, pale, biconvex, faintly nerved, nearly beak-less; stigmas 2.
Coast-species.
Am.: Arctic Coasts, West Greenl. 69° 30’—70° 47’ (!), East Greenl.:
Hurry Inlet at 71° (!). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Novaya Zemlya to 73° (1),
Waigats. <As.: Bjeli Ostrow (!), Preobrascheni.
Geogr. area: Coasts of Arctic North America.
Sect. IV. Astrostachyae Th. Holm, Am. Journ. Science, XI, 1901,
p. 215. Spike terminal solitary, dioecious or monoecious (Subsect. Dioicae
Tuckerm., |. c. p.7, ex parte) or more spikelets more or less remote, male
at the base (Subsect. Stellulatae Kunth, 1. c. p. 399, ex parte); utricles
60
horizontally spreading at maturity, spongy at the base, with a distinct
beak and mostly with scabrous margins.
113. C. dioica L.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 208; Nath., Nachtr. zu d. Notizen thber
die Fanerogamfl. Grénl. p. 132; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguev; C. dioica 7, gy-
nocrates Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 264; C. gynocrates Wormsk. in Drej.
Revis. crit. Car. bor. p. 434; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 131; Rosenv.,
Till. p.717; C. parallela Hartz, Norddést Groénl. p. 344; Nath., Spetsb.
Karlv. p. 36; Th. Holm, Nov. Zeml. Veget. p. 18; C. dioica f. parallela
Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss.; non C. parallela Dusén, Ost-Groénl. p. 54, which
is Elyna Bellardi.
Dioecious or monoecious; rhizome more or less stoloniferous ;
leaves hemi-cylindrical, smooth or a little scabrous on the margins;
spike terminal solitary, male linear-oblong, female shortly cylindrical,
or spike with mixed sexes more or less ovoid; scales obtuse or acute,
light to dark-brown, shorter than the utricles; utricles plano-convex
or biconyex, more or less spreading, tapering into a beak with
smooth or scabrous margins.
In the Arctic regions the following four geographical races are
to be found:
a, typica.
Feilden, 1. c.; Fl. D. tab. 369.
Dioecious or very seldom monoecious; female scales dark-
brown, obtuse; utricles dark-brown spreading, plano-convex, ovate
with flat, scabrous beak.
C. gynocrates Lge. 1. c.; Rosenv., l.c.; Drej., l.c.; Fl. D. tab. 1529;
Kunze, Suppl. Schkuhr’s Riedgr. p. 128, tab. XXXI, 1; C. dioica Hook. bee
Nath., Nachtr. Gronl. p. 132: C. Redowskyana Britton and Brown, IIL.
Flora I p. 340, non C. A. Meyer.
Monoecious or dioecious; female scales light-brown, acute;
gynocrates (Wormsk.).
utricles paler, horizontally reflexed, curved, biconvex, broadly ovate
with nearly smooth, short, terete beak.
y, parallela Leestad., Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl. p. 338, 1822.
C. parallela Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lappon. p. 39; Nath., Spetsb. Karly.
p. 36> Thi Holmyilics, Hartz, Ici; El D: Suppl tabs29:
Dioecious; female scales subacute, dark-brown; female spikelet
more lax-flowered, cylindrical; utricles dark-brown, suberect, bi-
convex, lanceolate-ovate; beak longer, smooth.
6, Redowskiana (C. A. Mey.).
C. Redowskiana C. A. Mey., Mém. prés. 4 lAcad. de St. Petersb. par
diy. say., 1831, p. 207, tab. IV; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 265; Meinshausen,
61
Cyperac. Russl. p. 304; Kunze, lc. p. 126, tab. XXXI, 2; C. dioica f. pa-
rallela Scheutz, l.c. and C. davalliana, vy. pallida Christ apud Scheutz, 1. c.
Dioecious or seldom monoecious; female spikelet lax-flowered ;
female scales subacute, light-
brown; utricles paler, horizon-
tally curved, biconvex, lanceo-
late-ovate; beak longer than
in 7, smooth.
a. Eur.: Kolguev.
p. Am.: Arctic Coast, West
Greenl. 60°—69° 16’ (), 81° 30’.
y. Am.: East Greenl. 70°—
71°(). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), No-
vaya Zemlya to 71° (!).
6. As.: Mouth of the Yenis-
sei (!).
Geogr. area: @, Iceland,
Feerées, North and Central Eu-
rope, Russia. ~, Northern North
America, (?) East Siberia and
Kamchatka. 7, Northern Scan-
dinavia. 06, Siberia, Altai, Kam-
chatka, Alaska (?).
Subgenus B. EUCAREX
Cotton, Flor. Paris. p.744. Spi-
kelets mostly stalked; the sexes
commonly not mixed; the up-
per spikelets male, the lower
female (sometimes with male
flowers at the summit), rarely
the upper spikelet or all the
spikelets female with male flo-
wers at the base. Stigmas 2 or 3.
Sect. I. Melananthae Drejer,
Symbolae Caric., 1844, p.9. Spi-
kelets clavate, bracts not or very
shortly sheathing, scales more or Fig. 30. Carex dioica L. @, typica, to the left hand (from
less blackish; utricles compres- Lapland); £, gynocrates (Wormsk.), to the right (from
sed. membranous nearly beak- West Greenland) (*/; nat. size); x, 7, parallela Liestad.
sed, Se E
“ =: (spec. origin.); xx, @, typica, fi D rk.
less: stigmas 3. seldom 3). spec origim.); XX. ypica, rom enmark
Subsect. 1. Atratae Kunth, l.c. p. 431. Spikelets erect or somewhat
drooping; the terminal one female with male flowers at the base or
wholly male, the others female; utricles dark-coloured or straminous;
stigmas 3, seldom 2.
114. C. alpina Sw.
Hart, Brit. Pol. Exp. p.72 and p. 241; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 138
and p. 289; Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p.346; Trautv. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 125;
Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh. p. 478; Fl. D. tab. 403; C. Vahlii Hook. FL
bor. Am. II p. 216; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 85.
Ceespitose, culm rigid, erect, trigonous with sharp, scabrous
edges, longer than the leaves; leaves flat, 1,5—2,5 mm. broad,
scabrous on the margins; lower bract leafy, not sheathing; spikelets
3—4, ovoid-globose, densely aggregated, very short-stalked, terminal
spikelet clavate, male at the base, the others female; scales blackish-
brown, ovate, obtuse, shorter and narrower than the utricles; utricles
ovate, plano-convex, somewhat spreading, pale or blackish-brown
above, nerved and faintly papillose, with scabrous margins above
and a short, two-toothed beak; stigmas 3.
Am.: Arctic Coasts (!), Cumberland Gulf, Ellesmere Land at 78° 52’, °
West Greenl. 60°—72° 20’ (!), East Greenl. c. 70° 30’ (!). As.: Mouths of
the Yenissei and Lena, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Great Britain,
North Europe, Central European Mountains, Ural, Siberia, Altai, Himalaya.
115. C. holostoma Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor., 1841, p. 447.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.139 and p. 289; FI. D. tab. 2428.
Rhizome with stolons; culms erect, smooth, trigonous, longer
than the leaves; leaves flat, 1—2 mm. broad; terminal spikelet small,
few-flowered, linear, male, closely associated to the upper female
spikelet; female spikelets 2, short-cylindrical, short-stalked ; the lower
bract short, leafy; scales ovate, obtuse, blackish-brown, sometimes
with paler midvein, shorter than the utricles; utricles ovate-globose,
nerve-less, smooth, nearly beak-less and with entire orifice, pale
or blackish-brown above; stigmas 3.
Am.: West Greenl. 68° 25'—72° 20’ (!).
Geogr. area: West Greenland.
116. C. stylosa C. A. Mey., Mém. prés. a l’Acad. Imp. de St.
Petersb. par div. sav., 1831, p. 222, tab. XII.
Rosenvy., Till. p. 723; C. nigritella Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor. p. 450;
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.150 and p. 292; Fl. D. tab. 2369.
Czespitose; culms erect, trigonous with sharp, scabrous edges,
a little longer than the leaves; leaves flat with scabrous margins;
terminal spikelet well-developed, linear, male, light-brown; female
spikelets 2—8, short-cylindrical, the lower one stalked and with a
not sheathing leafy bract; scales blackish with paler midyein and
margins, obtuse, a litthe shorter than the utricles; utricles ovate-
63
globose, biconvex or obtusely trigonous, faintly papillose, pale or
blackish above; beak very short with entire orifice; style after flower-
ing mostly exceeding the orifice and persistent; stigmas 3, seldom 2.
fr NS
fo { (
Fig. 31. Carex alpina Sw. 2/3 nat. size. Fig. 32. Carex holostoma Drej. */; nat. size.
(Spee. from Iceland). (Spec. from West Greenland).
Am.: Arctic America, West Greenl. 60°—62° (!), East Greenl. c. 60° (!).
Geogr. area: Unalashka, Northwestern North America, Labrador,
Arctic Scandinavia (according to C. B. Clarke).
117. C. podocarpa R. Br. in Richardson, Append., Franklin Voy.
p. 36. 1823.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 224, tab. 224; Bailey, Mem. Torrey Bot.
Club. I, 1889, p. 68; Kjellm., As. Beringss. p. 562, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 56,
64
(?) Meinshausen, Cyperac. Russl. p. 352; non Boeckeler in Linnzea, vol. 41
(1877) p.165, nec. Bailey, Proc. Amer. Acad., vol. 22, 1886, p. 94, nec.
Britton & Brown, Ill. Flora, I, p. 313, fig. 736.
Loosely ceespitose; culms trigonous, a little scabrous above,
about as long as the leaves; leaves flat, 2—4 mm. broad, lower
leaves on the culms with broad and very short blade; bracts leafy,
a little shorter than the culms, non-sheathing with auricled brown base;
terminal spikelet male, oblong-oyoid, long-stalked; scales chestnut-
brown, obtuse; female spikelets 2, ovoid or short-cylindrical, on
long, capillary stalks, more or less drooping, scales dark-brown to
blackish, obtuse (subacute) or acute, as long as the utricles; utricles
ovate, nerve-less, pale or blackish above, with smooth margins, beak
very short, entire or emarginate, terete; stigmas 3.
Am.: Arctic America, Port Clarence (!). As.: Konyambay in Chuk-
ches Land (!), St. Lawrence Island.
Geogr. area: On both sides of the Bering Sea.
Obs. I am following Kjellman l.c. in regarding the specimens collected
by him at Port Clarence and Konyambay as the true C. podocarpa of R. Brown,
and also Mr. C. B. Clarke to whom I sent a specimen from Konyambay, informs
me that it »may be the fully developed states of C. podocarpa; he thinks it nearest
allied to C. stylosa. It is also related to C. macrochaeta C. A. Mey., which just
now is found at Nome City, Alaska (Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 130); this
has the female scales awned with a long mucro and larger, faintly nerved utricles;
it has about the same geographical area.
118. C. atrata L.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 216; Greely, Lady Frankl. Bay Exp. If p. 15;
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 139; Roseny., Till. p. 720; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss.
arct. p. 124; Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh. p. 478; Fl. D. tab. 158; C. nigra,
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 216.
Czespitose; culms trigonous with scabrous or smooth edges,
9 mm. broad, scabrous on
the margins; terminal spikelet male at the base; female spikelets
2—5, ovoid or elliptic; the lowest mostly rather long-stalked with
a leafy, not sheathing bract: at least some of the spikelets drooping
at maturity; scales broadly ovate, acute, blackish-red or blackish,
as long as the utricles; utricles plano-convex or obtusely trigonous,
ovate, with very short entire beak, scabrous on the margins aboye,
faintly papillose, pale or seldom blackish above, nerve-less; stigmas 3.
longer than the Jeaves; leaves flat, 5
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Arctic America (?), Lady Franklin Bay (?),
West Greenl. 60°—62° (!), East Greenl. 60°—63° (!). As.: Mouth of the
Yenissei, Chukches Land
Geogr. area: Northern North America (as C. atratiformis Britton),
Iceland, Fzerées, Great Britain, North Europe, Central European Moun-
tains, Siberia, Songoria, Altai, Himalaya.
Fig. 33. Carex stylosa C. A. Mey. 2/3 nat. size. Fig. 34. Carex atrata L. °/g nat. size.
(Spec. from West Greenl.). (Spec. from Iceland).
Subsect.2. Buxbaumiae n. subsect. Loosely ceespitose with stolons; ter-
minal spikelet female with male flowers at the base; scales awned; stigmas 3.
119. C. fusea All., Fl. Pedem. II p. 267, 1785, according to
Bailey, Mem. Torrey. Bot. Club. I p. 63.
C. Buxbaumii Wg., Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1803, p. 163; Rosenv.,
Till. p. 721; Fl. D. tab. 1406.
Flora Arctica. 5
66
Rhizome loosely czespitose with stolons; culms erect, trigonous
with sharp and scabrous edges, longer than the leaves; leaves flat,
narrow, scabrous on the margins; lower bract leafy, not sheathing,
about as long as the culm; terminal spikelet clavate, male at the base;
female spikelets 2—38, ovoid, short-stalked, erect; scales ovate, red- or
dark-brown with green midvein, elongated into a scabrous awn, lon-
ger than the utricles; utricles pale, broadly elliptic, obtusely trigonous,
papillose, distinctly nerved, with a very short beak; stigmas 3.
Am.: West Greenl.: Isaromiut, 61° 10’ (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, North and Central Europe,
Ural, Siberia, Songoria, China, Kamchatka.
120. G. Gmelini Hook. & Arn., Bot. of Beechey Voy. 1882,
p. 18, tab. 27.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 216; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 288; Bailey,
Proc. Amer. Acad., 22, 1886, p. 77
Rhizome loosely czespitose ih stolons; culms erect, trigonous
with scabrous edges; leaves flat, scabrous on the margins; terminal
spikelet clavate, male at the base; female spikelets 8—5, more or
less aggregated, short-stalked; lower bract leafy, not sheathing;
scales ovate, blackish-brown, elongated into a long hispid awn,
longer than the utricles; utricles elliptic, smooth, faintly nerved,
with short entire beak; stigmas 3.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound.
Geogr. area: Northwestern North America, East Siberia, Saghalin,
Japan (common along the Northern Coasts of the Pacific Ocean).
Subsect. 3. Limosae Tuckerm., l.c. p.12. Stoloniferous; female spike-
lets drooping; terminal male; utricles mostly papillose; stigmas 3.
121. C. magellanica Lam., Dict. de Bot. III p. 385, 1789.
C. limosa, var. irrigua We., Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1803, p. 162
C. irrigua Smith; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p.307; Fl. D. Suppl. tab. 106.
Stoloniferous; culms erect, slender, trigonous with sharp and
above scabrous edges; ‘leaves flat, scabrous on the margins above,
bright-green, 2—3 mm. broad; terminal spikelet male; female spi-
kelets 2, dense-flowered, short, long-stalked; lower bract leafy, longer
than the culm; scales brownish with paler midvein, ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, spreading, longer and narrower than the utricles; utricles
obtusely trigonous, flattened, broadly elliptic to circular, faintly
many-nerved, with very short entire beak.
Eur.: Samoyede Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Chile, Patagonia, Tierra del
Fuego, British Isles, North Europe, Central European Mountains, Siberia.
67
Fig. 35. Carex fusca All. Fig. 36. Carex Gmelini Hook. & Fig. 87. Carex magellanica Lam.
*/s nat. size. Arn. 2/3 nat. size. 2/, nat. size.
(Spec. from West Greenland). (Spec. from Alaska). (Spec. from Sweden).
122. C. rariflora (Wg.) Smith.
Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl.
p- 150 and p. 292; Roseny., Till. p.724; Hartz, Nordést Gronl. p. 347;
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 297; Trauty. Syll. Sib.. bor. orient. p. 538; Kjellm. &
Lundstr., Noy. Semlja p. 315; Feilden, Noy. Zemlya p. 21; Kjellm., Sib.
5*
68
Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 275, As. Beringss. p. 562, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 56;
Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.125; FI. D. tab. 2432.
Stoloniferous; culms erect, obtusely trigo-
nous, smooth; leaves narrow, 1—2 mm. broad,
flat, scabrous on the margins above, glaucous;
terminal spikelet male, female
spikelets 1—38, cylindrical, droo-
ping, few- and _ lax- flowered;
bracts bristle-like with very
short, dark-brown sheaths, shor-
ter than the culm; scales broadly
ovate, obtuse, sometimes mu-
cronate, blackish-brown with
paler midvein, broader than the
utricles; utricles obtusely trigo-
nous, flattened, broadly elliptic,
faintly nerved, nearly beak-less;
stigmas 3.
Am.: Schischmareff Bay, Port
Clarence, Cumberland Gulf, West
Greenl. 60°-—73° (!), East Greenl.
60°—63° (1), 65° 35’ (1), 70°—71° (1).
Eur.: Novaya Zemlya to 730 (Ns
Waigats, Dolgoi Island, Habarowa,
Samoyede Land. As.: Mouths of
the Yenissei and Lena, Pittlekaj,
Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North
America, Iceland, Mountains of
Seotland, Northern Scandinavia
and Russia, Northern Siberia.
123. C. limosa L.
Feilden, Fl. of Kolguey p. 184;
Fl. D. tab. 646.
Fig. 38. Carex rariflo-
ra (Wg.) Sm. 2/3 nat.
size. (Spec. from Stoloniferous; culms. erect,
West Greenland).
trigonous with sharp and scab-
Fig. 39. Carex limosa L.
2/5 nat. size.
(Spec. from Iceland).
rous edges; leaves narrow, involute, glaucous, 0,5—1,0 mm. broad,
scabrous on the margins; terminal spikelet male; female spikelets
1—38, ovoid or elliptic, drooping at length; bracts bristle-like with
very short, brown sheaths; scales broadly ovate, acute, brown with
paler midvein, about as long and broad as the utricles; utricles
obtusely trigonous, flattened, broadly ovate, faintly many-nerved
with very short, entire beak; stigmas 3.
69
Eur.: Kolguev.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, British
and Central Europe, Northern Siberia, Saghalin.
Sect. II. Microrrhynchae Drejer, Symbolae Caric. p. 9.
Bracts not sheathing; spikelets cylindrical, more or less
dense-flowered; utricles smaller, plano-convex, nearly beak-
less: stigmas 2.
Subsect. 1. Caespitosae Fries, Summa Veget. p. 226.
Culms czespitose, with leaf-less sheaths between the green
leaves and the leaves from the foregoing year (Aphyllopo-
dae); spikelets short-stalked, erect; leaves with revolute
margins; marshes.
124. C. caespitosa L.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p.217; Ledeb. FI. Ross. IV p.310;
Fl. D. tab. 2547; var. typica Trautv. Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 566.
Ceespitose without stolons; culms erect, trigonous
with sharp, scabrous edges, as long as or longer than
the leaves; sheaths red-brown, shining; _ leaf-less
sheaths between the green leaves on the culms and
the remainders of leaves from the foregoing year;
leaves flat with revolute margins; terminal spikelet
male; female spikelets 2—8, short-cylindrical, very
short-stalked; bracts small, bristle-like, shorter than
the culms; scales obtuse, blackish with red-brown
midvein, a little shorter than the nerve-less utricles;
stigmas 2.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Arctic shores. As.: Mouth of
the Kolyma.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, British Isles,
North and Central Europe, Siberia to Kamchatka.
Obs. We have seen no specimens from the Arctic regions
and have mentioned the species on the authority of Hooker and
Ledebour; but as we have seen specimens from the northern Bri-
tish North America, we should think that it also is to be found
in the Arctic regions.
125. C. stricta Good.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p.311; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguev
p. 184; Fl. D. tab, 2548.
Ceespitose without stolons; culms stout, erect,
trigonous with scabrous edges, longer than the leaves;
sheaths straw-coloured with fibrillose margins; leaf-
less sheaths as in the foregoing species; leaves flat with
Isles, North
Fig. 40. Carex
caespitosa L.
2/3 mat. size.
(Spec. from
Denmark).
70
revolute margins; bracts shorter than the culms, bristle-like. Male
spikelets 1—8, female spikelets 2
3, long-cylindrical, often with
male flowers at the summit; scales obtuse, blackish, shorter than
the nerved utricles; stigmas 2.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound. Eur.: Kolguey.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, British Isles, Central and
Southern Scandinavia, Denmark, Central Europe.
Obs. It is doubtfull whether this species is found in the Arctic regions; we
have not seen specimens therefrom and suppose that the quoted statements are
due to mistakes.
Subsect. 2. Aquatiles Fries, 1. c. p. 229. Rhizome creeping, culms
without leaf-less sheaths above the leaves from the foregoing year; leaves
narrow with involute margins; sheaths without fibrillose margins; scales
of the female spikelets not elongated; marshes.
126. C. aquatilis We.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 312; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguey p. 184; Kjellm.,
Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 276; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 125; FL D.
Suppl. tab. 33; f. typica Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Seml. p. 316.
Culms stout and tall, trigonous with smooth, blunt edges; leaves
very long, green, with involute margins, longer than the culms;
lower bracts broad and long, leafy, longer than the culms, partly
enclosing the spikelets; male spikelets 1—4, female spikelets 2—6,
sessile or short-stalked, erect, dense-flowered, long-cylindrical; scales
light- or darker-brown with pale midyein, obtuse, shorter than the
nerye-less utricles; stigmas 2.
Am.: Port Clarence (!). Eur.: Kolguev (!), Waigats (!), Habarowa,
Samoyede Land. As.: Mouth of the Yenissei (!), Dickson Harbour, Actinia
Bay, Preobrascheni Bay.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Great Britain, Ireland,
Scandinavia, Northern Russia (and Siberia’).
var. stans (Drej.).
C. stans Drej. Revis. crit. Car. bor. 1841, p. 458; Lge. Consp. FI.
Groenl. p. 147; Roseny., Till. p. 723; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and
Baff. Bay p. 85; Cornell Party, Peary Voy: 1896, p. 422; Hart, Brit. Pol.
Exped. p. 241; Fl. D. tab. 2477; C. aquatilis Berlin, Karly. f. Gronl. p. 71;
Taylor, l.c. p. 85; C. aquatilis, var. epigejos, Lge. 1. c. p. 292; Kjellm., Sib.
Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 276, As. Beringss. p. 563, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 57;
Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Seml. p.316; Holm, Nov. Seml. Veget. p. 17;
C. salina Holm, l.c. p.17, non Wg.; C. hyperborea Holm, l.c. p. 17, non
Drejer; C. elytroides Lge. l.c., non Fries.
In the Arctic regions C. aquatilis is commonly replaced by the
var. stans which differs from the type as follow: culms lower
71
and more robust; leaves broader, flat, not involute; male spikelet 1,
female spikelets 2—4, not so long cylindrical, but thicker; scales
Fig. 41. Carex stricta Good. Fig. 42. Carex aquatilis Wg. Fig. 43. Carex aquatilis Wg., var.
*/, nat. size. My nat. size. ‘stans (Drej.). 2/3 nat. size.
(Spec. from Denmark). (Spee. from Sweden). (Spee. from West Greenland).
dark, red-brown to blackish with paler midvein, broader than, and
as long as the utricles.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Southampton Island (!), Baffin Land, Grinnell
72
Land, West Greenl. c. 68°—72° (!), 74915’. Eur.: Novaya Zemlya to 74° (1).
As.: Yalmal, Irkaipij (!), Pittlekaj, Actinia Bay (!), Boganida-river (!), St.
Lawrence Bay (!), Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern Seandinavia (probably circumpolar).
127. C. Goodenovii Gay.
C. vulgaris Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 144, ex parte; Roseny., Till.
p. 722, ex parte; Fl. D. tab. 2878; var. trivialis Trautv. Syll. Pl. Sib. bor.
orient. p.539; C. ceespitosa, var. vulgaris, Trautv. Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch.
p. 39, FL. rip. Kolym. p. 567; C. (turfosa, var.?) groenlandica Lge. 1. c.
p. 144, ex parte.
More or less loosely caespitose with stolons; culms. slender,
trigonous with sharp and above scabrous edges; leaves glaucous,
narrow, with involute margins; bracts leafy, the lowest as long as
the culm; terminal spikelet male, female spikelets 2—4, short-
cylindrical, sessile or short-stalked, erect, dense-flowered; scales ob-
tuse, blackish, often with paler midvein, shorter than the faintly
nerved utricles; stigmas 2.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, West Greenl. 60°—61° (!). As.: Mouths of the
Lena and Kolyma, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Chile, Magellan, Iceland,
Ferées, Most parts of Europe, Caucasus, Siberia to Himalaya and Japan.
C. Goodenovii Gay & rigida Good.
C. caespitosa (?) var. elliptica Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor. p. 456; Fl. D.
tab. 2845 (Vidi spec. orig.); C. (turfosa Fr. var.?) groenlandica Lge. Consp.
Fl. Groenl. p. 144, ex parte; C. groenlandica Roseny., Till. p.722, ex parte;
C. hyperborea Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor. p. 461, ex parte.
Intermediate between the parents. More slender than C. rigida
and more robust than C. Goodenovii; leaves flat, not revolute nor
involute on the margins, broader than in C. Goodenovii, narrower
than in C. rigida; utricles nerve-less.
When the two species are to be found together it is not rare to
see the hybrid. We have seen specimens from Am.: West Greenl. c. 61° (!).
As.: Konyamby (!), St. Lawrence Bay (!).
Subsect. 3. Prolixae Fries, l.c. p.228. Rhizome more or less creeping;
culms large, sheaths as in foregoing subsect.; leaves broader with revolute
margins, scales of the female spikelets acute, dark-coloured; marshes.
128. C. gracilis Curt., Fl. Lond. 1877—87, p. 282.
C. acuta L. ex parte; Trauty. Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 39, Pl. Ross.
arct. p.549; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.126; Fl. D. tab. 2247; var. ge-
nuina Trauty. Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 567.
Loosely czespitose with stolons; culms tall, trigonous with sharp
and scabrous edges; leaves broad with revolute margins; bracts
73
large, broad, the lowest at least as long as the culms; male spikelets
2—4; female spikelets 2—4, long-cylindrical, more or less stalked
and often drooping at ma-
turity; scales acute, black-
ish with pale midvein, lon-
ger than the faintly nerved
g utricles; stigmas 2.
y As.: Mouths of the Ye-
nissei (!) and Kolyma, Chuk-
ches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern
North America, Most parts
of Europe, Caucasus, Siberia.
Subsect. 4. Salinae Fries,
| l.c. p.230. Rhizome creeping;
culms (in the Arctic species)
short; sheaths as in foregoing
subsect.; leaves rather broad,
mostly flat, seldom with in-
||
volute margins; scales of the
female spikelets acute and
\\ often elongated or obtuse,
\ | light-coloured; 3-nerved; sea-
shores.
129. C. salina We.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II
p. 219; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV
p. 313; Feilden, Fl. of Kol-
guev p. 184; f. nana Trauty.
Consp. Fl. Nov. Zeml. p. 82,
Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p.
539; Nath., Spetsb. Karly.
p- 35; Kjellm. & Lundstr.,
Noy. Seml. p. 315; f. mutica
Trauty. Syll. Sib. bor. orient.
p.5939; f. subspathacea Kjellm.,
Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p.
275; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov.
Seml. p.315; Kjellm., St. Law-
rence-On p. 22, Vest-Eskim.
Land p.57; C. subspathacea
Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor.
p- 452; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl.
p. 140 and p. 289; Hartz,
Fig. 44. Carex Goodenovii
és rd fs Fig. 45. Carex gracilis Curt.
Gay. %Js nat. size. (Spec. Nord6ést Gronl. p. 346; Du- 2/, nat. size.
from West Greenland). sén, Ost-Gronl. p. 06. BS D: (Spec. from Denmark).
74
Fig. 46. Carex salina Wg., var. subspathacea (Wormsk.), nat. size.
(Spec. from East Greenland).
J
Fig. 47. Carex salina Wg., transition Fig. 48. Carex salina, */; nat. size.
to var. subspathacea(Wormsk.). */; nat. (Spec. from North Iceland).
size. (Spee. from West Greenland).
75
tab. 1530; C. reducta Drej., l.c. p. 453; Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl. p. 141;
Fl. D. tab. 2977; C. Drejeriana f. cuspidata Roseny., Till. p. 722.
In Arctic regions the forms of this very
variable species are low; rhizome creeping;
culms low, smooth; leaves flat or with invo- \
lute margins, as long as or longer than the _
culms; bracts leafy, the lowest mostly longer
than the culm; male spikelets 1—2, female
spikelets 1—4, erect, stalked, mostly lax-flo-
wered and thin; scales light or darker brown
with paler midvein, acute or obtuse, longer
than the nerve-less utricles; stigmas 2.
The most common form in Arctic re-
gions is var. subspathacea (Wormsk.): only few
em. high; leaves with inyolute margins; male
spikelet 1, female spikelets 2, few- flowered
(1—3-flowered); scales light-brown, obtuse, en-
closing the utricles. But also taller forms with
acute scales and many-flowered spikelets occur |
(at least in the most southern part of Green-
land) and such a form has L. K. Rosenvinge
named C. Drejeriana, f. cuspidata.
Common on the shores of the whole Arctic Oce-
an. Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Hudson Bay, West Greenl. \ |
}
60°—70° ( (!), East Greenl. 60°--61°9 (!), 65°35’ (), 70°—
74° 40’ (). Eur.: Spitsbergen 1, Novaya Zemlya HWW
to 74° (), Shores of the White Sea (!), Kolguev, Wai- FU
gats, Habarowa (Fish.,in litt.). As.: Yalmal, Mouth of i
the Lena, Preobrascheni Bay (!), St. Lawrence Island. I
Geogr. area: Coasts of the Northern North
America, Iceland, Fierées, Scotland, Scandinavia,
Finland, Northern Russia and Siberia.
Subsect. 5. Cryptocarpae Tuckerm., l.c. p.11.
Rhizome creeping, without (or seldom with) leaf-
less sheaths above the leaves from the foregoing WS
year; leaves broad with revolute margins; scales
of the female spikelets elongated; spikelets long-
stalked and drooping; sea-shores and marshes.
130. C. Lyngbyei Hornem., Fl. D. tab. 1888 —
(1827), (vidi spec. orig.). Fig. 49. Carex salina Wg. forma
(C DEI ence Lge, f. cuspidata
’ ery ve ‘ % / , 7 99GB < Z Rosenv.). 7/; nat. size. (Spec.
C. cryptocarpa C. A. Mey., |. c. p. 226, tab. 14 estan West Geeulanid.
(1831); Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl. p. 143; Kjellm.,
Vest-Eskim. Land p.57; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 313; C. filipendula Drej.,
Revis. crit. Car bor. p. 464; Fl. D. tab. 2371, 2372; C. capillipes Drej.,
l.c. p. 468 (vidi spec. orig.); Fl. D. tab. 2844.
“76
Rhizome creeping; culms rather high, often robust, trigonous
with sharp, but mostly smooth edges; leaves long and broad with
revolute margins, green; bracts long and broad, as
long as the culms; male spikelets 2
female spikelets 2—4, short cylindrical, long-stalked,
mostly drooping; scales
3, yellow-brown;
3-nerved, acuminate
with elongated mid-
vein, spreading, light-
or dark-brown with
paler midvein, longer
than the faintly nerved
utricles; stigmas 2.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound,
West Greenl. 60°—61° (!).
‘Geogr. area: Nor-
thern North America,
Iceland, Feerées, Nor-
way (rare), Kamchatka,
Saghalin, Coasts of the
Sea of Okhotsk.
C. Lyngbyei Hornem.
< rigida Good.
C. haematolepis Drej.,
Revis. crit. Car. bor. p.
462 (vidi spec. orig.);
Fl. D. tab. 2370; non
Auctt. scandinay.
Tall and stout with
strong stolons; leaves
broad with revolute
margins; male spike-
lets 1—2; female spi-
kelets 2—8, cylindrical,
lax-flowered, stalked, but erect; scales large, blackish-
brown, acute, enclosing the utricles; achenes not deve-
loped. Intermediate between the parents.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—61° (!).
Geogr. area: Iceland (!). Fig. 51. Carex
Lyngbyet Hornem.
X rigida Good. (C.
ha P - hematolepis Drej.).
Subsect. 6. Rigidae Fries, l.c. p. 232. Rhizome cree- %/s nat. size. (Spec.
3 : . fe 9 from West Green-
ping, culms low, sheaths as in subsect. 2; leaves broader dana)
Fig. 50. Carex Lyngbyei Hornem. 2/; nat. size.
(Spec. from Iceland.)
il
with revolute margins and without fibrillose margins; scales of the female
spikelets not elongated; mountains and marshes.
131. C. rigida Good.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groen:. p.145 and p.291; Rosenv., Till. p.723; Hartz,
Nordoést Gronl. p. 346; Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 217; Eastwood, Pl. coll.
at Nome City, p.130; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 85;
Hart, Brit. Pol. Exp. p. 241; Cornell Party, Peary Voy. 1896, p. 422;
Trauty. Consp. Fl. Nov. Zeml. p. 82; Blytt, Bidrag p.9; Feilden, Fl. of
Kolguey p. 84; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Seml. p. 316; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk.
Fanerogamfl. p. 251, et f. longipes p. 276{; Kjellm., As. Beringss. p. 563;
Fig. 52. Carex rigida Good. */, nat. size. (Spec. from Arctic Norway).
Trauty. Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 566, Fl. Taim. faenog. p. 22, Pl. Sib. bor. p.131;
Ekstam, Spitsb. p.69; Fl. D. tab. 159, 2479, 2480; f. inferalpina Kjellm.,
Vest-Eskim. Land p. 57; C. Bigelovii Cornell Party, Peary Voy. 1896,
p. 419 and p. 422; C. saxatilis Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 309; Schmidt, FI.
Jeniss. arct. p. 125; C. hyperborea Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor. p. 461
ex maxima parte; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 145 and p. 290; Rosenv.,
Till. p. 722; Hartz, Norddst Grénl. p. 346; Fl. D. tab. 2482; Trautv. FI.
Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 39 (?); C.limula Lge. |. c. p. 292; C. groenlandica Lge.
Le. p. 290; Rosenv., Till. p. 722, ex parte; C. Drejeriana Lge. |.c. p. 141
and p.190; C. Fyllae Holm in Lge. l.c p. 291; C. Warmingii Holm in
Lge. l.c. p. 290; C. vulgaris Lge. l.c. p.144, ex parte; Rosenv., Till. p. 722,
ex parte; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 85; C. stans
Lge. l. c. p. 147, ex parte; Rosenv., Till. p. 723, ex parte.
Low, with creeping stolons; culms robust, trigonous with mostly
smooth edges, often curved, longer than the leaves; leayes broad
78
with revolute margins, often curved; bracts short, mostly shorter
than the culms, only partly leafy; male spikelet 1; female spikelets
9
3, short-cylindrical, sessile or the
lower short-stalked, erect; scales broad,
obtuse, blackish, often with paler mid-
vein; utricles nerve-less; stigmas 2.
A very variable species; the typical
form inhabits rather dry ground; in
wet places the species becomes higher
and more slender, the leaves longer
and more erect and the female spike-
lets longer and more lax-flowered: f. Bi-
gelovii (Torr., 1824) Bail. = f. inferalpina
Lestad., 1839; C. hyperborea Dre}. (vidi
spec. orig.); C. Drejeriana Lge. (vidi spec.
orig.); C.anguillata Dre}. (vidi spec. orig.).
Common in the Arctic regions: Am.:
Kotzebue Sound, Nome City, Arctic Shores,
Labrador (!), Big Island in Hudson Strait,
Baffin Land, Grinnell Land, West Greenl.:
60°— 81° (!) Inglefield Gulf, East Greenl. 60°
—§3°'(), 65°—35° (1), 70°—73° (), Buin
Spitsbergen [very rare] (!), Kolguev (!), No-
vaya Zemlya to 74° (!), Waigats (!), Haba-
rowa, Samoyede Land. As.: Yalmal, Ac-
tinia Bay, Mouths of the Yenissei, Boga-
nida (!), Lena and Kolyma, Taimyr Penin-
sula (!), New Siberian Islands, Chukches
Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North Ame-
rica, Rocky Mountains, Mountains of Chile,
Iceland, Feerées, British Isles, Scandinavia,
Central Europe, Northern Russia, Caucasus,
Ural, Siberia, Songoria, Altai, Himalaya.
Sect. III. Dactylostachyae Drejer, Sym-
bolae Caric., p.10. Spikelets rather short,
lax-flowered and slender; bracts shea-
thing or not; utricles mostly coriaceous,
often papillose, scarcely inflated, trigonous,
with a short and straight or curved beak;
Fig. 538. Carex rigida Good., f. Bigelovii stigmas POWERS:
(Torr.)’Bail. 2/; nat. size. J 5
(Specmscem) Westl Greenland): Subsect. 1. Bicolores Tuckerm., 1. ¢.
p. 12. Small caespitose species with a
beak-less, more or less round utricle; terminal spikelet female with male
flowers at the base; stigmas 2.
79
132. C. rufina Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor. p. 446.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 138; Fl. D. tab. 2481.
Cespitose; culms low, trigonous with smooth edges, shorter
than the leaves; leaves flat with involute margins, glaucous, at
the summit scabrous; terminal spikelet male at the base, seldom
also male at the summit or male throughout; female spikelets 2—4,
densely-aggregated, ovoid-elliptic; bracts not sheathing, leafy, the
lower longer than the culms; scales obtuse, red-brown, sometimes
Fig. 54. Carex rufina Drej. °/; nat. size. (Spec. from West Greenland).
with paler midvein, as long as and broader than the utricles;
utricles plano-convex or biconvex, ovate, with scabrous margins
above, nervye-less, pale or red-brown above; beak very short entire;
stigmas 2.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—67° (!), East Greenl. 60°—61° (1).
Geogr. area: Arctic Sweden, Norway.
133. C. bicolor All.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 138; Abromeit, Grénl-Exped. p. 90; FI.
D. tab. 2122.
Ceespitose; culms slender, often curved, mostly longer than the
leaves, trigonous with smooth or above scabrous edges; leaves flat,
glaucous, ce. 2 mm. broad, scabrous on the margins; terminal spi-
kelet clavate with a few male flowers at the base; female spikelets
80
mostly 2, the lower sometimes remote from the upper, basal, long-
stalked and with a leafy bract; scales obtuse, blackish-brown with
Fig. 55. Carex bicolor All. */; nat. size. Fig. 56. Carex panicea L. ®/s nat. size.
(Spec. from Arctic Norway). (Spec. from West Greenland).
pale midyein, a little shorter and broader than the utricles; utricles
elliptic, biconvex, white, nerve-less or very faintly nerved, papillose,
nearly without beak; stigmas 2.
Am.: West Greenl. 61°—69° (!) and 70° 30’.
Geogr. area: Labrador, Iceland, Arctic and Alpine North Europe,
Central European Mountains, Siberia (Olenek).
$1
Subsect. 2. Paniceae Tuckerm., lc. p.15. Rhizome creeping; larger
species with globose or rounded-trigonous, beaked utricle; beak short,
entire, often curved; terminal spikelet male; stigmas 3.
134. C. panicea L.
Fl. D. tab. 261; C. panicea, v. tumidula Leest., Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl.
p. 149; Roseny., Till. p. 292; Fl. D. tab. 3048; C. phaeostachya Hook. FI.
bor. Am. II p. 226, excl. Syn. C. subspathacea.
Rhizome with stolons;
culms erect; leaves flat, glau-
cous, scabrous on the mar-
gins; leaves on the culms
somewhat shorter than those
on the sterile shoots, sheath-
ing, blades 5—10 cm. long;
bracts sheathing, the sheath
of the lower shorter than
the blade; terminal spikelet
male, erect, oblong; female
spikelets mostly 2, erect,
stalked, cylindrical, rather
lax-flowered; scales broadly-
ovate, obtuse or acuminate,
dark-brown, shorter than LEE
the utricles; utricles infla- 7
ted, obovoid-globose, faintly
few-nerved, very finely papil-
lose (only visible with the
lens), tapering into a very
short, rounded and smooth,
somewhat oblique beak with
entire or faintly emarginate
orifice; stigmas 3. Fig. 57. Carex sparsiflora (Wg.) Steud. 2/; nat. size.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°— (Spec. from Iceland).
61° 30’ (1).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Ferées, Most
parts of Europe, Caucasus, Siberia, Turkistan, Altai, Kamchatka.
135. C. sparsiflora (Wg.) Steud.
C. panicea 6, sparsiflora Wg. Fl. Lappon., 1812, p. 236; C. vaginata
Tausch.; Trauty. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 126, Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 566; Schmidt, FI.
Jeniss. arct. p. 124; Kjellm., As. Beringss. p. 562, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 57;
Hook. Coll. of Arctic Pl. p. 123; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguey p.184; FI. D.
Suppl. tab. 27; C. panicea, y. pelia, Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 178.
Flora Arctica. 6
82
Rhizome with stolons; culms erect; leaves flat, bright-green:
leaves on the culms much shorter than those on the sterile shoots,
sheathing, blades only 1,5—38 cm. long, evenly passing into the
bracts; blade of the bracts shorter than the sheaths; male spike-
let 1; female spikelets mostly 2, narrow-cylindrical, lax- and rather
few-flowered; the lower often remote; scales
brownish with pale or greenish midvein, obtuse or
subacute; utricles non-inflated, ovoid or ellipsoid,
nerve-less, smooth (not papillose), tapering into a
rather short, rounded, smooth, oblique beak with
obliquely cut orifice; stigmas 3.
Nearly allied to the foregoing species.
Am.: Port Clarence. Eur.: Kolguev. As.: Mouths
of the Yenissei (!), Lena and Kolyma.
Geogr. area: Iceland, North Europe, Central
European Mountains, East Siberia, Kamchatka.
Sect. IV. Sphaeridiophorae Drejer, 1. c. p. 9.
Terminal spikelet male, female spikelets short, ovate to
globose, mostly aggregated, seldom one terminal spike ;
utricles rounded, firm in texture, hairy ; beak short, often
two-toothed; bracts not or shortly sheathing; stigmas 3.
Subsect. 1. Filifoliae Tuckerm., l.c. p. 8. Spike
terminal solitary, male at the summit or dioecious;
ceespitose.
136. C. scirpoidea Michx.
Macoun, Catalogue IV p.112; Taylor, Pl. coll. at
Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p.85; Peary, Auxil. Exp.
App. C. p.7; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.132 and p. 287;
Roseny., Till. p. 718; Hartz, Norddst Groénl. p. 345;
Hook. Bot. App. to Parry’s 2 voyage p. 405; Kjellm.,
Vest-Eskim. Land p.57, As. Beringss. p.568; Eastwood,
Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 130; C.Wormskioldiana FI.
D. tab. 1528; C. podocarpa Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh.
Fig. 58. Carex scirpoidea p.479 (according to spec. in Herb. Engler), non R. Br.
Michx. °/g nat. size. (Spec.
Rion HastiGreeniand)s Loosely czespitose; culm trigonous with scab-
rous edges; leaves flat, scabrous on the margins;
dioecious; male spike dark-brown, scales oblong-ovate; female spike
cylindrical; scales dark-brown with paler midvein, ciliate; utricles
ovate, obtusely trigonous, hairy, with short two-toothed beak ;
stigmas 3.
Seldom a small, few-flowered spikelet is to be found at the
base of the spike.
83
Am.: Port Clarence (!), Nome City, Arctic Sea-coast (!), Baffin Land,
West Greenl. 60°—74° 18’ (!), Cap York, East Greenl. 65° 35’ (!), 70°—
71°(!). As.: Chukches Land (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America,
Arctic Norway (one spot: Saltdalen).
Subsect. 2. Montanae Fries, Corp. Flor.
Provincial. I, 1835, p. 188. Spikelets several,
utricles rounded, often contracted above and
below, mostly with two prominent ribs;
czespitose,
137. C. pilulifera L.
Trautv. Fl. rip. Kolym. p: 566; Fl. D.
tab. 1048, 3050.
Ceespitose, with straw-coloured old
sheaths at the base; culms slender, ad-
scending, trigonous with scabrous edges,
longer than the leaves; leaves flat, keeled;
one cylindrical sessile male spikelet; female
spikelets 2—4, sessile, ovoid-globose; the
lowest bract leafy, mostly shorter than the
culms; scales broadly ovate, acute, brown
with greenish midyein, as long as_ the
utricles; utricles hairy, pale, broadly obo-
vate to pyriform, with two ribs, abruptly
tapering into a short, two-toothed beak;
stigmas 3.
As: Mouth of the Kolyma.
Geogr. area: Iceland, Ferées, British
Isles, North and Central Europe, East Siberia,
Kamchatka, Japan.
var. deflewa (Horn.) Drej., Revis. crit.
Car. bor. p. 472.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.151 and p.293;
FL. D. tab. 3051; C. deflexa Hornemann, Dansk
Plantelzre, ed. 3, I, p. 938; Rosenv., Till. p.
724; Nye Bidrag p.71; C. varia Muhl., 6 mi-
nor Boot in Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 223.
In North America the type is sub-
stituted by a variety separated from the
Fig. 59. Carex pilulifera L. */; nat.
size. (Spec. from Denmark).
main species by following characters: culms mostly curved; old
sheaths purplish; male spikelet small, few-flowered; female spike-
6%
84
lets few-flowered, the lowest stalked; the lowest bract mostly longer
than the culms; scales shorter than the utricles; utricles greenish,
obovate, more evenly tapering into the beak, stigmas 2 or 3.
If transitory-forms between the type and the variety were not to be found —
especially the specimens from Iceland and the Frées, which e.g. have purplish
sheaths —, we should think it better to treat the variety as a distinct species.
Am.: Arctic Coast, West Greenl. 60°—68° (!), East Greenl. 60°—61°.
Geogr. area: Northern North America.
138. C. Brenneri Christ apud
Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 178.
Ceespitose with straw - coloured
old sheaths at the base; culms slen-
der, erect, smooth, longer than the
rigid, glaucous leaves; male spikelet
one, stalked, lanceolate; female spi-
kelets 2—38, erect, short-cylindrical,
lax-flowered, sometimes the lowest
issuing from the base of the culm
and then long-stalked, the others short-
stalked; bracts pale-brownish, short,
with a c. 1 cm. long sheath and
bristle-like blade; scales obtuse, light-
brown with greenish midvein, acute,
shorter than the utricles; utricles
hairy, oblong-obovate, obtusely tri-
gonous, faintly nerved, with short
two-toothed beak; stigmas 3.
Fig. 60. Carex pilulifera L., var. deflexa (Horn.) ales 2
Drej. 2/, nat. size. (Spec. from West Greenland), As.: Mouth of the Yenissei (!).
Geogr. area: Yenissei-district.
139. C. melanocarpa Cham. apud Trauty. Fl. Taimyr. p. 21.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 302; Trauty. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 129; Schmidt, FI.
Jeniss. arct. p.125; Kjellm., As. Beringss. p.562; Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p. 457.
Loosely czespitose with stolons; culms slender, longer than the
leaves; male spikelet 1, oblong; female spikelets 1—2, few-flowered,
erect, globose; the upper close to the male spikelet, the lower a little
remote, stalked, with a short-sheathing, short bract; scales broadly
ovate, obtuse, blackish-brown with narrow, membranous, erose
margins, faintly hairy on the dorsal side, shorter than the utricles;
utricles obovate, biconvex, blackish-brown, faintly hairy; beak short
with entire orifice; stigmas 3.
85
Fig. 61. Carex Brenneri Christ. 2/; nat. size. Fig. 62. Carex melanocarpa Cham. ®/s nat. size.
(Spec. from the Yenissei-river). (Spec. from Siberia).
As.: Mouth of the Yenissei, Taimyr Peninsula, Mouths of the Olenek
and Jena, Chukches Land, St. Lawrence Island.
Geogr. area: Northern Siberia.
Sect. V. Lamprochlaenae Drejer, 1. c. p.10. Utricles smooth, firm
in texture, mostly shining, with a short beak; spike solitary terminal with
86
male flowers at the summit, or several spikelets, the female ones short,
ovate or globose, few-flowered, erect; stigmas 3.
Subsect. Rupestres Tuckerm., l.c. p. 8. Utricles ovate, appressed to
the rachis.
140. C. rupestris All.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 133 and p. 288; Rosenv., Nye Bidrag p.70;
Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 345; Dusén, Ost-Grénl. p. 55; Greely, Lady
Frankl. Bay Exp. p.15; Nath., Spetsb. Karlv. p. 36; Ledeb. FI. Ross. IV
p. 267; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Seml. p. 316; Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land
p.58; Fl. D. tab. 1401, 2433.
Rhizome creeping; culms erect, trigonous with sharp and scab-
rous edges, as long as the
leaves; leaves flat, scabrous
on the margins; old sheaths
| persistent; one monoecious,
oblong-cylindrical terminal
spike; female scales obtuse,
ovate, brown, broader and
longer than the utricles;
utricles lanceolate, obtusely
trigonous, faintly nerved, dull,
scabrous on the margins
above and with a very short
entire beak.
Am.: Port Clarence, West
Greenl. 64° 11’—72° 45’ (!), East
Greenl. 70°—74° 10’ (). Eur.:
Spitsbergen (!), Novaya Zemlya
to 74°(!), Arctic Coast.
Geogr. area: Northern
North America, Iceland, North
Europe, The Alps, Siberia, Altai.
141. C. supina Wg., Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1803, p. 158.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 151; Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p. 347; Dusén,
Ost-Grénl. p.57; Fl. D. tab. 2181; C. obesa All, var. minor Boot, Macoun,
Catalogue [IV p. 163; C. glomerata Schkuhr, Riedgraser p. 79, tab. J, f 41;
C. obtusata Trauty. Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 565, non Liljeblad.
Rhizome with stolons; culms erect, trigonous with sharp and
scabrous edges; leaves narrow, c. 1 mm. broad, scabrous on the
upper side and on the margins; one sessile male spikelet; female
ones 2—3, sessile, few(3—5)-flowered, globose, densely aggrega-
ted; bracts not sheathing, scale-like, brownish with white membra-
nous margins, the lowest with bristle-like blade; scales broadly
Fig. 63. Carex rupestris All. °/, nat. size.
(Spec. from East Greenland).
87
ovate, acute, red-brown, with broad, while membranous margins, a
little shorter than the utricles; utricles broadly ovate to globose,
brownish, shining, tapering into a two-toothed beak; stigmas 3.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—73° (!), East Greenl. 70°—71° (!), 73°10’.
As.: Mouth of the Kolyma.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Central and East Europe,
Caucasus, Songoria, Altai, Himalaya, East Siberia.
Fig. 64. Carex supina Wg. 2/ nat. size. Fig. 65. Carex pedata Wg. /s nat. size.
Spec. from West Greenland). (Spec. from East Greenland).
Obs. We have not seen the specimens of C. obtusata which Trautvetter I. c.
indicates from Kolyma, but we should think that they may be C. supina, as C. ob-
tusata is not at all an Arctic species, and C. supina is known from East Siberia
according to Meinshausen, Cyperac. Russl. p. 392.
142. C. pedata Wg., FI. Lappon. p. 239, tab. 14.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 151; Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p. 347; Ledeb.
Fl. Ross. IV p. 292; Meinshausen, Cyperac. Russl. p. 391; FI. D. tab. 2431.
Densely caespitose with numerous rigid shoots; culms smooth,
short, about as long as or a little longer than the leaves; leaves nar-
row, flat, with keel, trigonous above, scabrous on the margins; one
88
male spikelet, often with some solitary female flowers beneath; female
spikelets 2—8, short-stalked, erect, lax- and few(2—6)-flowered;
bracts seale-like with bristle-like blade, very shortly sheathing;
scales obtuse, broadly ovate, brown with paler midyein and white
membranous margins, much shorter and broader than the utricles;
utricles broadly ovate, ovoid or obtusely trigonous with two ribs,
mostly brown, tapering rather abruptly into a smooth, rounded
beak with membranous margins in the orifice; stigmas 3.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—73° (!), East Greenl. 70°—71° (!). As.: Mouths
of the Yenissei and Lena, Chukehes Land.
Geogr. area: Alaska, Iceland, Northern Scandinavia, Altai (?), East
Siberia.
Sect. VI. Frigidae Fries, Summa Veget. p.70. Spikelets slender,
the upper ones sometimes male at the base and female at the summit;
utricles tapering into a long beak with a hyaline, two-toothed apex and
scabrous margins, often attenuated at the base; stigmas 3; bracts sheathing.
143. C. tristis M. Bieb., Fl. Taur. Caucas. II p. 615.
Trautv. Fl. Taimyr. p. 21; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 294; C. frigida
Trautv. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 127, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 538, non Allioni.
Ceespitose; culms erect, obtusely trigonous, smooth; leaves flat,
2—8 mm. broad, shorter than the culms; bracts sheathing and with
short, leafy blade; male spikelets 1—2, reddish brown; female spike-
lets 2—3, oblong-ovoid, c. 1 mm. long, on capillary stalks, the lowest
often remote and long-stalked; scales obtuse or acute, dark-red-
brown with white, membranous margins, shorter than the utricles;
utricles dark-red-brown or pale on the lower part, lanceolate-ovate,
plano-convex or concayo-convex; beak rather long, scabrous, two-
toothed with white, membranous margins on the inner side; stigmas 3.
As.: Mouth of the Lena, Taimyr Peninsula, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Caucasus, Siberia, Songoria, Altai, Dahuria.
144. C. misandra R. Br., Chloris Melvilliana, London, 1823, p. 25.
Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p.85; Peary, Auxil. Exp. App:
C. p.7; Eastwood, PI. coll. at Nome City, p. 130; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.139
and p. 289; Roseny., Nye Bidrag p. 71; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 346;
Dusén, Ost-Grénl. p.56; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 35; Trauty. Consp. Fl. Noy.
Zeml. p. 81, Pl. Sib. bor. p. 124; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 275,
As. Beringss. p.561, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 56; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Semlja
p. 315; Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 138; C. fuliginosa Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II
p. 224; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exp. p. 241; Taylor, 1. c. p. 85; Feilden, Nov.
Zemlya p. 21; FI. D. tab. 2373; C. frigida 6, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 294.
Densely czespitose; culms erect, obtusely trigonous, smooth;
leaves flat, 2—3 mm. broad, much shorter than the culms; lower
89
bracts long-sheathing with small, bristle-like blades; upper bracts
brownish; terminal spikelet male at the base, female at the summit,
Fig. 66. Carex tristis M. Bieb. 2/; nat. size. Fig. 67. Carex misandra R. Br. 2/, nat. size.
(Spec. from Siberia). (Spec. from East Greenland).
stalked; female spikelets 3—4, ovoid, on capillary stalks, often
drooping; scales obtuse, shorter than the utricles, reddish-brown
with white, membranous margins; utricles lanceolate, reddish-brown,
90
obtusely trigonous with concave innerside, beak long, with scabrous
margins, two-toothed with white membranous innerside of the
teeth; stigmas 3.
Am.: Port Clarence, Norton Sound, Nome City, Arctic Coast (!), Grinnel
Land, Baffin Land, West Greenl. 67°—82° (!), East Greenl. 70°—74° 40’ (1).
Fig. 68. Carex ustulata
Wg. ?/3 nat. size.
(Spec. from Lapland).
Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Dolgoi Island, Novaya Zemlya to
74° (), Waigats, Habarowa (!). As.: Irkaipi, Mouth of the
Lena, Chukches Land, St. Lawrence Island.
Geogr. area: Northern British North America,
Mountains of Scandinavia, Siberia.
145. C. ustulata Wg., Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl.,
1803, p. 156, f. 58.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 224; Coll. of Arct. Pl. p.123;
Abromeit, Grénl. Exp. p.91; Dusén, Ost-Groénl. p. 56;
Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.125; Kjellm., As. Beringss.
p. 561, Vest-Eskim. Land p.56; Fl. D. tab. 1590; C. ustu-
lata, v. atrofusca Trauty. Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 39, PL.
Sib. bor. p. 128.
Czespitose; culms erect, trigonous with smooth
or scabrous margins; leaves flat, 2—3 mim. broad,
much shorter than the culms; lower bracts long-
sheathing with small bristle-like blades; upper bracts
blackish-brown; terminal spikelet stalked, male;
female spikelets 2—8, broadly ovoid, on capillary
stalks, drooping; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute,
blackish-brown, as long as the utricles; utricles
ovate, nerve-less, tapering into a two-toothed beak
with scabrous margins; stigmas 3.
Am.: Port Clarence, Arctic Coast, Cambridge-Bay,
West Greenl.: Karajak Fjord at 70° 25’ (!), East GreenL.:
Hurry Inlet at c. 71° (). As: Mouth of the Yenissei,
Chukehes Land (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, North Eu-
rope, Central European Mountains, Songoria, Turkistan,
Altai, Himalaya, East Siberia.
Sect. VII. Hymenochlaenae Drejer, l.c. p.10. Spi-
kelets slender and lax-flowered, more or less drooping;
utricles smooth, somewhat inflated, shining, oblong, ta-
pering into a long beak; bracts sheathing; stigmas 3.
Subsect. Fleviles Tuckerm., l.c. p.13. Terminal spikelet male; utricles
beaked, few-nerved or nerve-less; czespitose.
146. C. capillaris L.
Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p.85; Lge. Consp. FI.
Groenl. p. 148 and p. 292; Rosenv., Till. p.723; Hartz, Norddst Groénl.
91
p. 346: Dusén, Ost-Grénl. p.57; Trautv. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 128; Kjellm., As.
Beringss. p.561; Fl. D. tab. 2374.
Czspitose; culms slender, erect, longer than the leaves; leaves
flat, 0,5—1 mm. broad: lowest bract long-sheathing and with leafy
blade: terminal spikelet male, small, exceeded by the female ones;
female spikelets 2—4, few (6—10}- and lax-flowered, drooping on
capillary stalks; scales broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute, shorter
than the utricles, brownish with broad, white, membranous margins,
2
Fig. 69. Carex capillaris L. =/s nat. size. Fig. 70. Carex Oederi Ehrh. =/s nat. size.
(Spec. from Iceland). (Spec. from West Greenland).
deciduous; utricles lanceolate-ovate, obtusely trigonous or rounded
with 3 ribs, tapering into a rather long beak with membranous
margins; stigmas 3.
Am.: Cumberland Gulf, West Greenl. 60°—74° 18’ (), East Green.
60°—63° (1), 65° 35’, 70°—71° (), 73°10’. As.: Mouth of the Lena, Chuk-
ches Land.
Geogr. area: Unalashka, Northern North America, Iceland, British
Isles, North Europe, Central European Mountains, Siberia, Altai,
Kamchatka.
Sect. VIII. Spirostachyae Drejer, l.c. p.10. Spikelets ovate or oblong,
sessile or the lowest long-stalked, dense-flowered; utricles membranous
smooth, nerved, mostly yellowish, squarrose, with a two-toothed beak.
92
Subsect. Fulvellae Fries, Summa Veget., p. 70. Spikelets aggregated
at the summit of the culm (sometimes the lowest long-stalked, issuing
from the base of the culm), subtended by a long leafy bract; utricles
long-beaked.
147. C. Oederi Ehrh.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 149; Fl. D. tab. 371.
Cespitose; culms erect with smooth
and blunt edges; leaves flat, shorter or
longer than the culms; bracts long, leafy,
spreading, not sheathing; male spikelet 1,
oblong; female spikelets 2—3, ovoid-glo-
bose, aggregated or sometimes the lowest
long-stalked, issuing from the base of the
culm; scales ovate, acute, yellowish-brown
with greenish midvein, shorter than the
utricles; utricles obovoid, nerved, inflated,
yellow-green, spreading (but not reflexed),
abruptly tapering into a long beak with
two teeth, scabrous on the inner side;
stigmas 3.
Am.: West Greenl.: Igaliko c. 61° 2’ (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America,
Iceland, North, West and Central Europe, Cau-
casus, Songoria.
Sect. IX. Physocarpae Drejer, l.c. p. 10.
One or several linear male spikelets and several
cylindrical female spikelets, more or less stalked
rarely one solitary spike, male at the summit,
female at the base; utricles mostly yellowish,
more or less inflated, smooth, nerved, tapering
into a long beak; stigmas 3.
Subsect. 1. Pauciflorae Tuckerm., 1. c. p. 7.
Spike solitary, few-flowered; utricles subulate,
nearly non-inflated, first erect, but reflexed at
maturity; scales deciduous; a rudiment of the
axis at the base of the achene.
Fig. 71. Carex microglochin Wg.
gee lane 148. ©. microglochin Wg.
(Spec. from West Greenland).
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 133; Abromeit,
Gronl. Exp. p. 89; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 345; Fl. D. tab. 1402.
Rhizome with stolons; culms erect, rigid, terete, smooth, longer
than the leaves; leaves channelled or hemi-cylindrical; spike few-
flowered; scales ovate, obtuse or subacute, deciduous, pale-brown,
93
shorter than the utricles; utricles subulate-lanceolate, at maturity
reflexed, faintly nerved at the basal part; the subulate axis exceeds
the utricles at maturity; stigmas 3.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—70° 30’ ().
East Greenl. 60° 10’, 70°—71° (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North
America, Iceland, Scandinavia, The
Alps, Caucasus, Siberia, Altai, Hima-
laya; var. fuegina Kikenth.: Patagonia,
Tierra del Fuego.
Subsect. 2. Tentaculatae Tuckerm.,
l.c. p.13. Several spikelets of which
the upper ones are male, the lower
ones female; utricles smooth and shi-
ning, globose-inflated, squarrose at ma-
turity, beak long and two-toothed with
divergent teeth.
149. C. rostrata Stokes.
C. ampullacea Good., Lge. Consp.
FI. Groenl. p. 152; Rosenv., Till. p. 724;
Fl. D. tab. 2248; C. vesicaria and 6
anandra Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 152
and p. 153, non Linné.
Rhizome creeping; culms 25—
75 cm. high, erect, obtusely trigo-
nous, smooth (seldom scabrous just
below the spikelets); leaves glau-
cous, 3—4 mm. broad, with invo-
lute margins; bracts long, leafy,
very short-sheathing; male spikelets
2—3, linear, female spikelets 1—3,
cylindrical, stalked, erect (sometimes
the lower ones a little drooping);
scales acute, lanceolate, brownish;
utricles inflated- globose, shining,
straw-coloured, nerved, abruptly
tapering into a long beak; beak
smooth, terete. with divergent teeth;
stigmas 3.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—61° (1).
Geogr. area: North America (C. utriculata Boott), Iceland, Europe,
Caucasus, Siberia, Altai, Himalaya.
Fig. 72. Carex rostrata Stokes. 4/2
nat. size.
(Spec. from West Greenland).
94
150. C. rotundata We., Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1803, p. 153.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.152; Roseny., Till. p. 724; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV
Fig. 78. Carex rotundata
Wg. */s nat. size. (Spec.
from West Greenland).
p.301; Blytt, Bidrag p.19; Schmidt,
Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 125; Feilden,
Noy. Zemlya p. 21; Meinshausen,
Cyperac. Russl. p. 376; FI. D. tab.
1407, 3049; C. compacta Taylor,
Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Balff. Bay
p. 85; Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome
City, p. 130; C.membranacea Hook.
Fl. bor. Am. II p. 220; C. vesicaria,
y, Ledeb. l.c. p. 317; C. vesicaria,
7, alpigena and 6, brachystachys,
Lge. lic. p:293 Rosenv., 1. ¢ p: 725,
C.pulla Lge. J. c. p: 293, ex parte;
Roseny., l.c. p.725, non Good.; C.
membranopacta Cornell Party,
Peary Voy. 1896, p. 419.
In the Arctic regions C.
rostrata is remplaced by this
species.
Culms 15—40 em. high,
slender, mostly smooth, longer
than the leaves; leaves glaucous,
1,5—3 mm. broad; lowest bract
mostly a little longer than the
culm; male spikelets 1—2, li-
near; female spikelets 1—3
(mostly 2), nearly sessile, dense-
flowered, ovoid or short-cylin-
drical; scales acute or obtuse,
ovate, blackish-brown and most-
ly with white, membranous sum-
mit; utricles ovoid, faintly ner-
ved, shining, pale or usually dark
at the upper part, with rather
short, smooth, terete, two-toothed
beak; stigmas 3, seldom 2.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Nome
City, Arctic Shores, Southampton
Island (!), North Somerset (!), Big
Island in Hudson Strait, West
Greenl. 60°—72° (!). Eur.: Dolgoi
exer
SS
Fig. 74. Carex pulla Wg.
2/, mat. size. (Spec. from
Iceland).
Island, Waigats, Habarowa, Samoyede Land, Kanin Peninsula. As.: Mouth
of the Yenissei, Chukches Land, St. Lawrence Island.
95
Geogr. area: Northern North America (very variable: C. membrano-
pacta, C.ambusta ete.), Northern Scandinavia, Russia and Siberia.
151. C. pulla Good.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 153 ex parte; Hartz, Nordést Gronl. p.347;
Dusén, Ost-Groénl. p. 57; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 351; Trauty. Fl. rip. Kolym.
p. 566, Consp. Fl. Noy. Zemlja p. 82; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 181;
Feilden, Nov. Zemlya p. 21; Fl. D. tab. 2850; f. laxa Trautv. Pl. Sib. bor.
p. 130; f. tristigmatica Trauty. Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 39; f. laxa and
f. tristigmatica Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land p.56; f. pedunculata and f. tristig-
matica Kjellm., As. Beringss. p. 560; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Semlja p. 315.
As C. rotundata is the Arctic substitute for C. rostrata, so C. pulla
in these regions remplaces C. vesicaria L.
Rhizome creeping; culms robust, 5—30 em. high, scabrous above;
leaves green, 2—4 mm. broad, mostly flat or a little involute on
the margins, rigid, mostly about as long as the culms; bracts small,
shorter than the culms; male spikelet 1 (seldom 2), female spikelets
1—2 (seldom 3), ovoid or short-cylindrical; the lower with a capillary
stalk and often drooping; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, blackish-
brown; utricles blackish-brown, at least at the upper part, shining,
ovoid, very faintly nerved, beak short, smooth, terete, two-toothed;
stigmas 2, seldom 3.
Am.: Port Clarence, West Greenl. [rare] 64°—70° (!), East Greenl.
70°—71° (), 72°30’. Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Novaya Zemlya to 74° (1),
Waigats, Habarowa (!). As.: Arctic Coasts to Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Farées, Mountains
of Scotland, Northern Scandinavia and Russia, Northern Siberia.
Obs. Perhaps some of the statements from Asia (Kjellman and Trautvetter)
belong to the foregoing species.
XVI. GRAMINEAE Juss. (By O. GELERT).
A. Spikelets in panicles.
a. Spikelets with one terminal © flower and two lateral ¢ or sterile flowers
(Phalarideae).
anbateraletlowers sterile cron. piece eon) ainices 1. Anthoxanthum.
(BimeLatenaliflowersuomctemee cach ae co ciiiy cite cuits i temas 2. Hierochloa.
b. Spikelets one-flowered (without @ or sterile lateral flowers) (Agrostideae).
a. Panicle contracted, dense, spike-like.
i=, \Palecwithyawmer* beaks. ouneecache es eects eens Gee ss 3. Alopecurus.
oy ealenvwithoutrawillwaee ae komicminstce chit acai 4. Phleum.
8. Panicle not spike-like.
1. Panicle narrow, short. Stigmas filiform with few short side-branches.
Fruit at maturity loosely enclosed in the pales. .... . 5. Phippsia.
2. Panicle of various form. Stigmas plumose. Fruit adherent to the pales.
§ Flowers with long hairs from below the pale. . 6. Calamagrostis.
§§ Flowers without long hairs.
+ Glumes shorter than the pales......... 7. Arctagrostis.
tf Glumes longer than the pales............ 8. Agrostis.
96
c. Spikelets two- to many-flowered.
a. Glumes about as long as or longer than the spikelet; pale with a bent
awn from the back (Avene).
1, Ralespbidentateru acim aie omecietc Cenc an- enone 9. Trisetum.
2. Pales erose-dentate or entire.
§ Glumes much longer than the flowers ........ 10. Vahlodea.
§§ Glumes about as long as the flowers...........% 11. Aira.
6. Glumes shorter than the spikelets (except Dupontia); pale without awn
or with an awn at the apex (Festucee).
1. Glumes longer than the spikelet.............. 13. Dupontia.
2. Glumes shorter than the spikelet.
§ Pale one- to three-veined.
‘Te banicledspixecItlkxemnimencacte euch shan etch eens metnane 14. Koeleria.
+ Panicleispreading, pyramidal... .... 1. 04 « 15. Catabrosa.
S§ Pale three- to many-veined.
+ Palet with two sete on each side...... 16. Pleuropogon.
+t Palet without sete.
* Veins on the pale nearly parallel. Pale rounded on the back.
/ Glumes nearly as long as the lower flower. Pale with
Beobscure: Veins ss ave ce tietpsdedens «vere 17. Arctophila.
// Glumes shorter than the lower flower, Pale with 5—7
evidentiveinsiue -aonctans ere imme acnee 19. Glyceria.
** Veins on the pale converging.
/ Pale rounded on the back. .....5.... 20. Festuca.
// Pale compressed, keeled on the back.
op Paleswithout awiiemacmemeactel he aetna 18. Poa.
oolsPale rawned! "29 acy eer eey | cre eke 21. Schedonorus.
B. Spikelets in two rows, forming one-sided spikes in a one-sided spike-like or
MARLOW spaniclen(GHlOnidede) unr cec semen etme nee Monnet otiene 12. Beckmannia.
C. Inflorescense spike-like (Hordeae).
a. Spikelets in two rows on one side of the rachis......... 22. Nardus.
b. Spikelets solitary or 2—3 together, on opposite sides of the rachis.
ay Spikelets solitaryarteus) sacncach-e- ee nes eps Sas een oo AQ RODY RUM =
B Spikelets two or morevat each mode -..........-.. 24. Elymus.
1. ANTHOXANTHUM L.
152. A. odoratum L.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 157; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 408.
Culm erect. Panicle spike-like, ovate-lanceolate, dense or inter-
rupted below. Lower glume half as long as the upper one. Spike-
lets with two sterile flowers below, with ciliate pales, the lower
with a geniculate awn about as long as the upper glume, the upper
with a short straight awn; the third, uppermost flower fertile;
anthers two.
Plant with smell of Coumarin.
Am.: West Greenl. 60° 43’—61° (!). Eur.: Samoyede Land.
Geogr. area: North America (introduced), Iceland, Ferées, Europe,
North Africa, Caucasus, Northern Asia.
Fig. 75. Hierochloa alpina (Liljebl.) R. & S. Fig. 76. Hierochloa pauciflora R. Br. 3/, nat. size.
%/, mat. size. (Spec. from East Greenland). (Spec. from Novaya Zemlya).
2. HIEROCHLOA Gmel.
153. H. alpina (Liljebl.) R. &S.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 408; Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 234; Taylor,
Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p.85; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exp. p. 143;
Flora Arctica. 7
98
J. Hook. Fox Exp. p.85; Macoun, Catalogue IV p.187; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl.
p.157; Peary, Aux. Exped. App. C. p.7; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 348; Nath.,
Spetsb. Karlv. p. 34; Trautv. Consp. Fl. Nov. Zemlja, p. 85; Th. Holm,
Nov. Zeml. Veget. p. 21; Feilden, Nov. Zemlya p. 22; Kjellm, Sib. Nordk.
Fanerogamfl. p. 275, As. Beringss. p. 560, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 56, St. Law-
rence-On p. 22; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Semlja p.315; Trauty. Fl. Terr.
Tschuktsch. p. 40, Pl. Sib. bor. p.140, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 543,
Fl. rip. Kolym. p.571; Savastana alpina, Cornell Party, Peary Voy. 1896,
p. 418 and p. 422; Eastwood, PI. coll. at Nome City, p. 130; Holeus
alpinus Sw., Fl. D. tab. 1508.
Leaves of the sterile shoots narrow. Panicle contracted, c. 3 cm.
long. Spikelets 3-flowered, pales of the two lower (staminate) flowers
ciliate, awned.
Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Kotzebue Sound, Nome City, Arctic Sea-
shores and Islands (!), Big Island in Hudson Strait, Baffin Land, Elles-
mere Land 78°56’, West Greenl. 61°—78° (!), East Greenl. 61°10’ and
70°—74° 32’ (!). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Novaya Zemlya to 74° 25’ (!), Wai-
gats (!), Samoyede Land at Jugor Schar. As.: Mouths of the Yenissei,
Lena and Kolyma, Chukches Land (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Northern Scandi-
navia, Russia, Caucasus, Northern Asia.
154. H. pauciflora R. Br.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 234; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and
Baff. Bay p.85; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 407; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanero-
gamfl. p. 275, As. Beringss. p. 560, St. Lawrence-6n p. 21, Vest-Eskim. Land
p. 56; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Semlja p.315; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct.
p. 128; Trautv. Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 543; H. racemosa Trin.
Plant very slender. Panicle one-sided, c. 2 cm. long, with only
8 spikelets, pales of the staminate flowers ciliate, mucronate.
Am.: St. Lawrence Island (!}, Port Clarence, Arctic Islands (!), Baffin
Land at Cumberland Gulf. Eur.: Novaya Zemlya to 73° (!), Waigats (1),
Samoyede Land. As.: Arctic Coast (!), Mouth of the Yenissei (!), Taimyr
Peninsula 73° 45’, Chukches Land. :
Geogr. area: Northern Siberia.
155. H. odorata (L. p. pt.) Wg.
H. borealis (Schrad.) R. & S., Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 234; Kjellm.,
Vest-Eskim. Land p.56; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 188; Trautv. FI. rip.
Kolym. p. 571; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. p. 407; Holcus borealis Schrad. Fl.
Germ., Holeus odoratus L. ex parte, Fl. D. t. 963.
Leaves of the sterile shoots flat, broader than the culm. Pa-
nicle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal, c. 3—5 cm. long, pales of the
3
staminate flowers ciliate, mucronate.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Port Clarence (!). Eur.: Samoyede Land.
As.: Mouths of the Yenissei (!) and Kolyma.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Scotland, North
and Central Europe, Caucasus, Northern Asia.
99
3. ALOPECURUS L.
156. A. pratensis L.
Fl. D. tab. 1985; A. ruthenicus Weinm., Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 463
p. pt.; Trautv. Ross. Arct. Pl. p. 550; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 193;
A. pratensis y. ruthenicus Trin. Spec. Gram. Icon. I tab. 45; A. pratensis
f. alpestris Wg., Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Seml. p. 315.
Culm erect, smooth. Panicle
cylindrical. Glumes connected
below, acute, ciliate on the
back; pale as long as the glumes,
with a geniculate awn attached
below its middle.
Fi
The typical form has _ been
found introduced in West Greenl.
GORA):
The Arctic form, A. ruthe-
nicus Weinm., is 15—30 cm. high,
with short leaves and inflated
upper sheaths, the panicle short,
ovate-oblong and dark-coloured,
the glumes somewhat diverging
at the apex.
Eur.: Samoyede Land (!), No-
vaya Zemlya to 74°, Waigats (!).
As.: Mouth of the Yenissei (!).
Geogr. area: North America
(introduced), Iceland (introduced),
Europe, North Africa (introduced),
Northern Asia; yv. ruthenicus: North-
ern Scandinavia, Russia, Caucasus,
Siberia.
157. A. alpinus Sm.
Fl. D. tab. 1565; Hook. FI.
bor. Am. II p. 234; Taylor, Pl. coll.
at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 85;
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 461; Hart,
Brit. Pol. Exp. p- 141 and p- 303; Fig. 77. Alopecurus alpinus Sm. 4/4 nat. size.
Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 188; East- (Spec. from East Greenland).
wood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p.130;
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 156; Greely, Lady Frankl. Bay Exp. II p. 15;
Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 34; Andersson, Kénig Karls Land p. 557; Feilden,
Fl. of Kolguev p. 184, Nov. Zemlya p. 22; Blytt, Bidrag p. 8; Kjellm.,
Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 275; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Semlja p. 315;
Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.129; Trauty. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 144, Syll. Sib.
bor. orient. p. 545, Fl. rip. Kolym. p.572; Alopecurus brevistachya M. B.,
Th
100
Ledeb. lc. p.462; A. alpinus y. brachystachya Trauty. Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch.
p. 40; A. ovatus Horn., Fl. D. tab. 1565.
Culm smooth, ascending, stoloniferous. Panicle ovate; glumes
connected below, acute, densely hairy; pale as long as the glumes,
with a short awn, which sometimes does not exceed the spikelet
(f. mutica Sommerfelt).
Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Kotzebue Sound, Nome City, Point
Barrow, Arctic Sea-shores and Islands (!), Hudson Strait, Baffin Land,
Ellesmere Land, Grinnell Land 81° 44’, 83° 4’ (2), West Greenl. 61° 53’—
81° 40’ (), East Greenl. 70°—75° (1). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), King Charles
Islands, Franz Josef Archipelago (!), Kolguevy, Novaya Zemlya to 74°
25’, Waigats, Habarowa. <As.: Arctic Coast (!), Mouth of the Yenissei,
Taimyr Peninsula 73° 30’—75° 36’, New Siberian Islands, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Rocky Mountains, Scotland,
Northern Russia (Samoyede Land).
158. A. aristulatus Michx., Fl. Bor. Am. I p. 43 (1803).
A. fulvus Sm. (1805), Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 294; Rosenv., Till.
p. 727; Fl. D. tab. 1804; Abromeit, Grénl. Exp. p. 96; A. geniculatus Lge.
l.c. p. 156, non Linné.
Culm smooth, creeping, ascending, bent at the knots, upper
sheaths inflated. Panicle cylindrical; glumes connected below, ob-
tuse, ciliate; pale often shortly exceeding the glumes and with a
short awn from about the middle; awn included or only slightly
exceeding the pale. Anthers yellowish-brown, short and broad.
Often floating in water.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—70° 30’ (!), East Greenl. 65° 35’ (!).
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Europe, Northern Asia.
4, PHLEUM L.
159. P. pratense L.
Trautyv. Ross. Arct. Pl. p.550; FI. D. tab. 1984.
Panicle dense, long, cylindrical. Glumes oblong, obtuse, ciliate
on the back, with a short, glabrous awn. Upper sheath non-inflated.
Eur.: Novaya Zemlya at 72°—73° (?), (West Greenl. 61913’ introduced).
Geogr. area: North America (introduced), Iceland (introduced),
Fer6es (introduced), Europe, Northern Africa (introduced), Caucasus,
Northern Asia.
160. P. alpinum L.
Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p. 459; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 155; Ledeb.
Fl. Ross. IV p. 458; Kurtz, Bericht. p. 148; Fl. D. tab. 213.
Culm erect or ascending, 10—40 cm. high; upper sheath inflated.
Panicle dense, ovate-oblong; glumes obtuse, ciliate on the back,
with a rough awn about as long as the glume.
101
Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Kotzebue Sound, West Greenl. 60°—72°
23’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—65° 35’ (!). Eur.: Samoyede Land. As.: Mouth
of the Yenissei.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Northern Scandi-
navia, Northern Russia, The Alps, Caucasus, Altai, Kamchatka.
5. PHIPPSIA R. Br.
161. P. algida (Soland.) R. Br., Chloris Melvilliana, p. 27.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 238; Macoun, Catalogue IV p.196; Hart,
Brit. Pol. Exped. p. 142; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 86;
Cornell Party, Peary Voy. 1896, p. 418; Feilden, Nov. Zemlya p. 25;
P. monandra Trin., Hook. |. c. p. 238; Catabrosa algida Fr., Lge. Consp.
Fl. Groenl. p.166; Peary, Auxil. Exped. App. C. p. 8; Hook. Fox Exp.
p. 85; Th. Fries, Beeren Isl. Veget. p. 156; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 338;
Reichardt, Fl. Jan Mayen p. 10;
Nath., Spetsb. Karlv. p. 32;
Trauty. Consp. Fl. Nov. Zeml.
p. 84; Andersson, Konig Karls
Land p.557; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk.
Fanerogamfl. p. 273, As. Beringss.
p. 559, St. Lawrence-6n p. 21;
Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 128;
Agrostis algida Wg., Fl. D. tab.
1505.
Ceespitose, 2—15 cm. high.
Leaves flat, glabrous, obtuse;
ligule long; sheaths some-
what inflated. Panicle con-
tracted, in colour generally
green, linear-lanceolate. Spi-
kelets very small,about 1 mm.,
1-flowered. Glumes very small, often wanting; pales about equal,
membranous margined, glabrous; stamens 1—3; stigmas elongated.
Fig. 78. Phippsia algida (Soland.) R. Br. 3/, nat. size.
(Spec. from West Greenland).
Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Kotzebue Sound, Point Barrow, Arctic
Coast and Islands, Hudson Strait, Baffin Land, Ellesmere Land, Grinnell
Land to 81° 42’ (!), West Greenl. 60°—77° 12’ (!), East Greenl. 60° 28’ and
70°—74° 32’ (). Eur.: Jan Mayen (!), Spitsbergen (!), King Charles Islands,
Franz Josef Archipelago (!), Beeren Island (!), Kolguey, Waigats, Novaya
Zemlya to 75°(!), Samoyede Land. As.: Arctic Coast (1), Mouth of the
Yenissei, Taimyr Peninsula 75°36’, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Iceland, Scandinavia, Northern Russia.
6. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans.
A. Awn evidently exceeding the spikelet................ C. arundinacea.
102
B. Awn included in the spikelet or slightly exceeding it.
a. Culm with 2—3 elongated joints.
a. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute.
junGlumessabouteopmmenlOn gear medi) ieee: cence sen <a detts C. confinis.
2 /Glumes about 3—Asmm elon gen: ra «eels elie site, (ol eile C. neglecta.
8. Glumes lanceolate, acuminate.
1. Glumes scabrous on the dorsal vein.
* Glumes about 7 mm. long. Pale with a short awn from above
TOYS JHU! 2cr Qo) cup a GEOrrMCRG ELS ole te bla Geo de C. cinnoides.
** Glumes about 7 mm. long. Pale with a short straight awn from
belowathesmiddlerncyarsys ycasteney cas (inition sash enatensp = C. strigosa.
2. Glumes glabrous, shining.
* Glumes about 5 mm. long. Pale with a bent awn from below the
middle, sometimes slightly exceeding the spikelet
C. deschampsioides.
** Glumes about 3—4 mm. long. Pale with a short awn from above
(ute grits (allOrs quale cuoetio ny aio Blo orci taretericvo oo c C. Holmii.
b. Culm with 4—6 elongated joints.
a. Glumes about 5 mm. long. Ligules 7—10 mm. long. . . C. Langsdorfii.
8. Glumes about 2 mm. long. Ligules short.......... C. canadensis.
6. 7. 8. q
Fig. 79. Spikelets of Calamagrostis. 1. C. arundinacea, 2. C. confinis, 3. C. neglecta, 4. C. cinnoides,
5. C. strigosa, 6. C. deschampsioides, 7. C. Holmii, 8. C. Langsdorfii, 9. C. canadensis
(About 3 times enlarged).
162. C. arundinacea (L.) Roth.
C. silvatica D. C., Trautv. Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p.544, Fl. rip.
Kolym. p. 572; C. purpurascens R. Br. in Richardson Bot. App. p. 731;
Hook. Fl. bor. Am II p. 240; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 160; Hartz,
Nordést Grénl. p. 348; Dusén, Ost Groénl. p. 58; FI. D. tab.2523; C. hyper-
borea Dusén 1. c. p. 58, non Lge.
Glumes lanceolate, acuminate, with scabrous dorsal vein, the rest
glabrous or with very short hairs. Pales about equal, almost as
103
long as the glumes and of the same texture, lower pale with a
bent awn from its lower part, which exceeds the glumes. Hairs
very short, about 4/1 of the length of the pale; the rudiment of
the second flower with longer hairs, about half as long as the pale.
The Arctic form (C. purpurascens R. Br.) has lower culms, 20—
50 cm. high, and a spike-like contracted, 5—8 cm. long panicle,
tinged with purple or violet.
Am.: Arctic Sea-shores, West Greenl 61°—70° 41’ (!), East Green.
70°—74° 10'(). As.: Mouths of the Lena and Kolyma.
Geogr. area: Rocky Mountains, North and Central Europe, Russia,
Caucasus, Siberia.
Obs. We have seen the specimens in the Herb. of the Riksmuseum at Stock-
holm from Clavering Island, which Dusen l.c. has quoted as C. hyperborea, but
they are C. arundinacea, f. purpurascens.
163. C. confinis (Willd.) Nutt., Genera of North Am. Pl. I p. 47.
C. lapponica (Wg. 1812) Hartm. Handb. (ed. I) ed. XI p. 516; Berlin,
Karly. fr. Grénl. p. 75; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 429; Scheutz, Pl. vasc. Jeniss.
p- 191; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 275; Fl. D. Suppl. tab. 5 and
tab. 6; C. lapponica v. groenlandica Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl. p. 296; C.
hyperborea Lge. l.c. p.160 and p.295; Fl. D. tab. 2942 fig. 1; Arundo
confinis Willd. Enum. I p. 127 (1809).
Loosely czespitose. Culm with about 3 joints, of which the
uppermost occupies more than half of the length of the culm,
somewhat scabrous in the upper part. Leaves with prominent
scabrous veins on the upper surface, sometimes slightly involute;
ligule short, obtuse, sheaths slightly scabrous. Panicle narrow, ob-
tuse, generally tinged with violet. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute,
about 5 mm. long, scabrous on the dorsal vein. Pales unequal,
lower pale slightly shorter than the glumes and with a stout, bent
or straight awn from below the middle. Hairs as long as the pale
or somewhat shorter; rudiment short and with long hairs.
The Arctic form (C. hyperborea Lge.) has short, straight awns,
and the hairs are not so long as the pale, also the panicle is more
contracted.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—70° 40’ (). As.: Arctic Coast (!), Mouth of
the Yenissei, Taimyr Peninsula (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Northern Scandinavia,
Northern Russia, Siberia.
164. C. neglecta (Ehrh.) Fl. de Wetterau.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 428; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 129; Trautv.
Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 544; Th. Fries, Beeren Isl. Veget. p. 156;
Feilden, Noy. Zemlya p. 22; C. neglecta, v. borealis, Kruuse, Jan Mayen,
104
C. stricta v. borealis Lge. (non Lest.) Consp. Fl. Grénl. p. 161; Fl. D.
tab. 2942, fig. 2—3; Hartz, Nordést Gronl. p. 348; Dusén, Ost-Gronl. p. 58;
C. stricta (Tim.) Beauv., Hook., Coll. of Arct. Pl. p. 123; Nath., Spetsb.
Karlv. p. 34; C. hyperborea Berlin, Karlv. fr. Grénl. p. 75, non Lge.;
C. neglecta v. hyperborea Scheutz, Pl. vasc. Jeniss. p. 191.
Culm erect, with 2 or 3 joints, smooth. Leaves generally in-
volute. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, c. 8 mm. long, scabrous on
the dorsal vein. Pales unequal, lower pale ?/s as long as the glumes,
with a short straight awn from below the middle of the pale. Hairs
/s as long as the lower pale.
In Arctic regions the plant generally is only 20—40 cm. high
and the panicle is narrow, spike-like and tinged with violet (v. al-
pina Lest. in herb., v. borealis Lge. non Leest.).
C. confinis and C. neglecta are often rather difficult to separate from each
other, and they may perhaps form one species.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Point Maitland, West Green. 61°—70° 40’ (!),
East Greenl. 61° 9’—72°(!). Eur.: Jan Mayen (!), Spitsbergen (!), Beeren
Island (!), Novaya Zemlya to 74°, Kolguey (!), Waigats (!), Samoyede Land (!).
As.: Mouths of the Yenissei (!) and Lena, New Siberian Islands.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, North and Central
Europe, Siberia.
C. cinnoides (Muhl.) Scrib.
Britton & Brown, Ill. Flora I p.165; C. Nuttaliana Steud. 1855; C. ca-
nadensis Nutt. (non Beauy.); ?C. canadensis, Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str.
and Balf. Bay p. 85; ?C. canadensis Durand, Pl. Kaneanae; ? C. canadensis
Hook. Coll. of Arct. Pl. p. 124; Arundo cinnoides Muhl. 1817.
Glumes lanceolate, long acuminate, about 7 mm. long, very
rough on the keeled back. Pales equal, */4 as long as the glumes,
lower pale with a short awn in the upper part. Leaves with rather
long rigid hairs on the veins of the upper surface; ligule long, acute.
About 1 metre high with 3 developed joints.
Am.: Arctic Coast (%), Baffin Land at Cap Searle 77° 20’ (?), West
Greenl. 65° 20’ (?).
Geogr. area: Northern North America.
Obs. We have not seen Arctic specimens of this plant, which in former
times was often confounded with C. canadensis. Most likely C. cinnoides (C. cana-
densis Nutt.) has been meant in the above mentioned list of Taylor, Hooker and
Durand, but it is probable it may have been confounded with either C. confinis or
C. Langsdorfii, at all events neither C. cinnoides nor C. canadensis have been found
in West Greenl. in recent times. although the place (Sukkertoppen) has been often
visited by Danish botanists.
165. C. strigosa (Wg.) Hartm., Handb. (ed. 1) ed. XI p. 517.
Trautv. Ross. Arct. Pl. p.549; Arundo strigosa Wg.
105
Glumes lanceolate, long acuminate, about 7 mm. long. Leaves
with elongated, acute ligules. For the rest as C. neglecta, forming
a transition between the species and
C. epigejos (L.) Roth. 50—80 em. high,
with 3 developed joints.
Eur.: Novaya Zemlya at 72°—73°.
Geogr. area: Sitka, Northern Scandi-
navia, Scotland, Northern Russia, Kamchatka.
Obs. We have not seen Arctic specimens
of this plant.
166. C. deschampsioides Trin., Spec.
Gram. Icon. III tab. 354.
Ledeb. FI. Ross. IV p. 427; Kurtz, FI.
d. Tschuktschenh. p. 480.
Loosely tufted. Culm ascending with
2—3 joints, smooth, 10—20 cm. high.
Leaves involute, smooth, with a short
ligule. Panicle 2—5 cm. long, loose,
with few spikelets. Glumes lanceolate,
acuminate, about 5 mm. long, glabrous,
shining (not scabrous on the dorsal vein).
Pales almost equal, nearly as long as
the glumes, lower pale with a bent awn
‘from somewhat below the middle; awn
sometimes slightly exceeding the spikelet.
Hairs about half as long as the pale.
Eur.: Samoyede Land (!). As.: Chuk-
ches Land (!).
Geogr. area: Kola Peninsula, Siberia,
Kamchatka, Alaska.
167. C. Holmii Lge. in Th. Holm,
Nov. Zeml. Veget. p.16 tab. I fig. 2, tab.
Il fig. 9—16.
Densely tufted. Culm erect or as-
cending with 2—3 joints, 10—20 cm.
high, smooth. Leaves involute, smooth, jig s9, catamagrostis deschampsioides
with a short ligule. Panicle 2—5 cm. Trin. */ nat. size.
(Spec. from Chukches Land).
long, somewhat contracted. Glumes
lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 mm. long, shining, glabrous. Pales
almost equal, nearly as long as the glumes, lower pale with a
106
short straight awn from the upper part. Hairs about half as long
as the pale.
Eur.: Only found in the tundra at Yugor Schar (!).
Obs. According to Mr. Burkill (Feilden, Noy. Zemlya, p. 22) C. Holmii cannot
be separated specifically from C. neglecta.
Fig. 81. Calamagrostis Holmii Lge. °/3 nat. size. (Spec. from Yugor Schar).
168. C. Langsdorfii (Link.) Trin., De Graminib. p. 225, tab. 4, fig. 10.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 430; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.129; FI. D.
tab. 2524; C. phragmitoides Hartm. (ed. 2) ed. XI p. 518; Lge. Consp. FI.
Groenl. p. 159; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p.190; Kjellm., As. Beringss.
p. 559; C. elata Blytt, Fl. D. Suppl. tab. 63; C. lanceolata Rupr. in shed.,
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 431.
Culm erect, 40—70 cm. high, with about 4 joints. Leaves flat,
ligule of the uppermost leaf long, 7—10 mm. long. Panicle about
20 cm. long, slightly drooping. Glumes lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous
107
on the dorsal vein and covered with short hairs. Pales */s as long
as the glumes, unequal, membranous; awn short, from about the
middle. Hairs as long as the pale.
We cannot find any marked difference
between C. Langsdorfii and C. phragmitoides,
therefore we have combined them under
the older name.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, West Greenl. 60°—
69° 32'(!), East Greenl. 60°—61°(!). Eur.:
Samoyede Land (!). As.: Mouth of the Ye-
nissei (!), Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America,
Northern Scandinavia, Denmark, Northeast
Germany [rare], Finland, Russia, Siberia.
169. C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 240; J. Hook.,
Coll. of Arctic Pl. p. 124.
Culm erect, more than 1 metre high,
with 5—6 joints. Panicle 10—15 cm. long.
Spikelets very small, about 2 mm. long.
Glumes broad-lanceolate, acute ; pales mem-
branous, lower one with a short awn from |
below the middle, scarcely stouter than
the hairs which are as long as the pale.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Arctic Coast.
Geogr. area: North America.
7. ARCTAGROSTIS Griseb.
170. A. latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. in
Ledeb. FI. Ross. IV p. 434.
Peary, Auxil. Exp. App. C. p. 8; East-
wood, PI. coll. at Nome City, p. 130; Macoun,
Catalogue IV p. 20; Trautv. Consp. Fl. Nov.
Zeml. p. 87, Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 40, PI.
Sib. bor. p. 143, Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 572: Gree-
ly, Lady Frankl. Bay Exped. p. 15; Schmidt,
Jeniss. arct. p. 129; Colpodium latifolium R.
Br. Verm. Schr. I p. 414; Hook. Fl. bor. Am.
Fig. 82. Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.)
II p. 238; Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 201; Lge. Gia, Gh aes Aho
Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 166; Hart, Brit. Pol. (Spec. from East Greenland).
Exped. p. 142; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str.
and Baff. Bay p. 86; Hartz, Nordést Gronl. p. 349; Dusén, Ost-Gronl.
p. 59; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 32; Feilden, Noy. Zeml. p. 23; Kjellm., Sib.
Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 274, As. Beringss. p. 559, St. Lawrence-6n p. 21,
Vest-Eskim. Land p.55; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Fanerogamfl. fr. Noy. Semlja
108
p. 315; FL D. tab, 2341; Colpodium arundinaceum Hook. l.c. p. 238; A.
latifolia v. arundinacea Ledeb. |. c. p. 435; Schmidt, lc. p. 129.
Rhizome creeping. Culm erect, 10—60 cm. high. Leaves short,
broad, flat, scabrous, acuminate; ligule obtuse, erose. Panicle lan-
ceolate, often dense, pedicels short. Spikelets one-flowered, glumes
almost equal, ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the pales, which are
mostly herbaceous, membranous at the top, obtuse, pubescent with
minute hairs, awn-less.
Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Port Clarence (!), Kotzebue Sound, Nome
City, Point Barrow, Arctic Coast and Islands (!), Baffin Land, Grinnell
Land to 81° 42’, Nottingham Island, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, West
Greenl. 70°—77° 30’ (!), East Greenl. 70°—74° 20’ (!). Eur.: Spitsbergen,
Novaya Zemlya to 74° (!), Waigats (!), Habarowa, Samoyede Land. As:.:
Arctic Coast (!), Mouths of the Yenissei, Lena and Kolyma, Taimyr Pe-
ninsula 74° 75’, Chukches Land (!).
Geogr. area: Finmarkia, Russian Lapland, Northern Russia, Siberia.
8. AGROSTIS L.
A. Pales two, the upper (palet) about °/s as long as the lower.
a. Ligule long. Panicle after flowering contracted........ A. stolonifera.
b. Ligule very short, truncate. Panicle after flowering not contracted A. vulgaris.
B. Only one pale, seldom a very minute upper pale.
a. Anthers */s as long as the pale. Panicle contracted after flowering A. Canina.
b. Anthers '/s as long as the pale. Panicle spreading after flowering A. borealis.
171. A. stolonifera L.
A. alba L. (?); Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 158; Fl. D. tab. 1623; Ledeb.
Fl. Ross. IV p. 436.
Stoloniferous. Panicle oblong, after flowering contracted. Glumes
equal, pales two, lower one sometimes with a short awn. Leaves
flat, ligule long.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—61° 9’ (!). Eur.: Samoyede Land (!).
Geogr. area: North America (introduced), Iceland, Feerées, Europe,
North Africa, Northern Asia.
2 A. vulgaris With.
Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Land p. 85.
Stoloniferous. Panicle oblong-pyramidal, usually not contracted after flowe-
ring. Glumes equal, pales two, lower one sometimes with a short awn. Leaves
flat, ligule very short, truncate.
Am.: Baffin Land at Cumberland Gulf (probably a mistake).
Geogr. area: North America (introduced), Iceland, Fzrées, Europe, Caucasus.
172. A. canina L.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 153; Fl. D. tab. 1443.
Stoloniferous. Panicle oblong, contracted after flowering. Glumes
unequal, only one pale with a bent awn from below the middle
109
and somewhat exceeding the spikelet. Leaves narrow, involute.
Anthers two thirds as long as the pale, generally violet.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—68° 42’ (!).
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Ferées, Europe, Caucasus,
Northern Asia.
Fig. 83. Agrostis borealis Hartm. %/, nat. size. (Spec. from East Greenland).
a, flower. b, flower of A. canina L.
173. A. borealis Hartm., Scand. FI. ed. III, 1838 (ed. XI p. 521).
Murbeck in Bot. Not.1898, p.11; A.rubra Wg. (p. pt.); Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV
p. 440; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 157; Abromeit, Grénl. Exped. p.97; Hartz,
Fig. 84. Trisetum subspicatum
(L.) Beauv. %/s nat. size.
(Spec. from East Greenland).
110
Nordost-Gronl. p. 348; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 129;
FI. D. tab. 2581; A. rupestris Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis
Str. and Baff. Bay p.85(?); A.alpina Wg. sec. Murb. 1.c.
Ceespitose. Panicle pyramidal, spreading
during and after flowering. Glumes unequal,
only one pale with a long bent awn from below
the middle and much exceeding the spikelet.
Leaves narrow, almost flat. Anthers one third
as long as the pale, generally yellowish.
Am.: Cumberland Gulf (?), West Greenl. 60°—
70° 25’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—61° 30’ (!), 65° 35’, 70°
—71° (!). Eur.: Samoyede Land. As.: Mouth of
the Yenissei.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Nor-
thern Scandinavia, Northern Russia, Siberia.
9, TRISETUM Pers.
174. T. subspicatum (L.) Beauv.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 244; Macoun, Cata-
logue p. 212; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exped. p.142; Cornell
Party, Peary Voy. 1896, p. 418; Taylor, Pl. coll.
at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 86; Lge. Consp. FI.
Groenl. p.164; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p.349; Nath.,
Spetsb. Karly. p.33; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl.
p. 274, As. Beringss. p.559, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 55;
Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Semlja p. 315; Feilden, FI.
of Kolguey p. 184; Avena subspicata Clairv., Ledeb.
Fl. Ross. IV p. 418; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.128;
Trauty., Pl. Sib. bor. p. 140; Aira subspicata L.,
Trauty. Consp. Fl. Nov. Zemlja_ p. 86.
Ceespitose, culms erect, 10—20 cm. high.
Leaves flat, acuminate. Culm and leaves, espe-
cially the sheaths, softly pubescent. Panicle
lanceolate-oblong, dense, spike-like, 2—4 cm.
long. Spikelets shining, 2—3-flowered. Glumes
hispid on the dorsal vein, the lower °/s as long
as the upper; lower pales bidentate, glabrous,
with long, bent and twisted awns. Pales slightly
exceeding the glumes.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Port. Clarence (!), Point
Barrow, Arctic Shores and Islands (!), Big Island
in Hudson Strait, Baffin Land, Grinnell Land to
81° 42’, West Greenl. 60°—74° 15’ (!), East Greenl.
60°—75° (!). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Kolguev, Novaya
Zemlya to 74° (!), Waigats (!), Samoyede Land. As.:
Mouths of the Yenissei (!) and Lena, Chukches Land.
111
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Northern Scandinavia, Nor-
thern Russia, Caucasus, Siberia, Kamchatka.
175. T. agrostideum (Leest.) Fr.
Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 189; Fl. D. Suppl. tab. 125; Avena sub-
spicata v. agrostidea Leest.;
A. flavescens vy. agrostidea
Trauty. Syll. Sib. bor. orient.
p. 543; T. Friesianum Steud. A )
Culms erect, 15—35 cm. WHY,
¢ WV is
high, slender, glabrous. WZ
y W/Z
Leaves narrow, flat or —. iA
; S y
somewhat inyolute. Lower SS Sh Zz
SS W)
sheaths and leaves softly N 1 ;
. 5 Wd
pubescent. Panicle in flo- AY Vy
° . MWY ZG
\ wer spreading, with short Sy} F
Wad 47
branches, afterwards con- Wy Y
tracted, but not spike-like, Ay
2—5 cm. long. Spikelets ~~NVj }
\ \A
2—3-flowered, glumes un- SS
I
equal, the lower ?/s as long
as the upper; lower pales
minutely hairy, with long
bent and twisted awns. /
Pales somewhat exceeding
the glumes.
In the habit recalling
T. subspicatum, but surely
more nearly allied to T.
flavescens, to which it may
perhaps rightly be placed
as a variety.
As.: Mouths of the Yenis-
sei (!) and Lena.
Geogr. area: Lapland,
East Siberia, Pyrenees.
Fig. 85. Trisetum agro- Fig. 86. Trisetum flavescens (L.)
stideum (Lzest.) Fr. 176. slic flavescens (L.) Beauv.
3/, nat. size. Beauv. 5/, mat. size.
(Spec. from Lapland). (Spec. from Siberia).
Trauty. PI. Sib. bor. p.141;
Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land p.55; T. sibiricum Rupr.; Avena Ruprechtii
Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 418.
Culm erect, glabrous. Leaves flat. Lower sheaths and leaves
glabrous or pubescent. Panicle in flower spreading. Spikelets
112
shining, generally 3-flowered. Glumes unequal, the lower half as
long as the upper.
Fig.87. Vahlodea atropurpurea
(Wg.) Fr. 4/2 nat. size.
(Spec.4from West Greenland).
Lower pales glabrous or minutely hairy, with
long bent and twisted awns. Pales only a little
longer than the upper glume.
The Arctic form, T. sibiricum Rupr., differs
from the common plant by shorter (25—40 cm.)
and stouter culms, broader leaves, smaller pa-
nicle with shorter branches and larger spikelets.
Am.: Port Clarence (!). Eur.: Samoyede Land.
As.: Mouth of the Lena (!).
Geogr. area: North America (introduced),
Europe, Caucasus, Siberia, Kamchatka, Japan.
10. VAHLODEA Fr.
177. V. atropurpurea (Weg.) Fr.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.162 and p.296; Aira
atropurpurea Wg., Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p. 459;
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 243; A. latifolia Hook. Lc.
p. 243, tab. 227.
Culm 20—30 em. high, smooth. Leaves
short, flat, acuminate. Ligule evident, about
2 mm., obtuse. Panicle pyramidal, 5—8 cm.,
with long capillary branches, two from each node.
Glumes broad-lanceolate, acuminate, generally
tinged with violet. Flowers 2 or 3, pales only
half as long as the glumes. Lower pale erose-
truncate with a bent awn, which does not exceed
the glumes. Hairs half as long as the pale.
Am.: Arctic Coast from Point Barrow to
Mackenzie River, West Greenl. 62°—65° 28’ (!).
Geogr. area: Unalashka, Northern North
America, Northern Scandinavia, Northern Russia.
11. AIRA L.
178. A. flexuosa L.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 162; Feilden, Fl. of
Kolguev p.184; Fl. D. tab. 1322.
Culms erect. Leaves setaceous, involute,
sheaths scabrous. Panicle spreading with flex-
uose branches. Lower pale with a twisted and
bent awn attached near the base and much
exceeding the spikelets.
113
The Arctic and mountain form, A. montana L., has larger,
5 mm. long spikelets.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—69° 14’ (!), East Greenl. 60°10’ (). Eur.:
Kolguey.
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Fzrées, Europe, Caucasus,
Siberia.
179. A. caespitosa L. (enlarged), Babington, Manual ed. 8, p. 429.
A. caespitosa, J. Hook. Coll. of Arct. Pl. p.123; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss.
p. 189; Blytt, Bidrag p. 8; A. caespitosa var. Feilden, Fl. of Kolguey p. 184;
A. alpina L., Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 163; Nath., Spetsb. Karlv. p. 34;
Th. Fries, Beeren Isl. Veg. p. 156; Blytt, l.c. p.8; Trin. Spec. Gramin.
Icon. III tab. 254; Fl. D. tab. 1625; A. caespitosa v. borealis, Trautv. FI.
Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 40, Consp. Fl. Noy. Zeml. p. 86; Ross. Arct. Pl. p. 554;
Nath., l.c. p. 34; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 274; Kjellm. &
Lundstr., Nov. Semlja p. 315; Scheutz, lc. p.189; A. brevifolia (R. Br.
Lge. 1. c. p. 163; Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p. 348; Scheutz, l.c. p.189; A.
ecaespitosa vy. brevifolia Trautv. Consp. Fl. Nov. Semlja p. 86, Pl. Sib. bor.
p- 142, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p.544; Kjellm. 1. c. p. 274; Kjellm. &
Lundstr., l.c. p. 315; A. caespitosa var. Trin. ]. c. tab. 256; Fl. D. tab. 2944;
Aira arctica Trin.; Deschampsia caespitosa Beauy., Hart, Brit. Pol. Exped.
p. 142; D. caespitosa Beauv., D. alpina R. & S. and D. brevifolia R. Br.,
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 421—422; D. brevifolia R. Br. «& and 6 major
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 242; D. caespitosa y. grandiflora and v. minor
Trauty. Fl. Taimyr p. 18; D. brevifolia R. Br. Chloris Melvill. p. 33;
Greely, Lady Frankl. Bay Exp. II p.15; Peary, Auxil. Exped. App. C. p. 8;
D. caespitosa y. grandiflora et brevifolia Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 128.
Czespitose, culm rigid. Leaves flat or complicate, acute, rough
at the edges and often on the upper surface; ligule evident. Panicle
spreading or contracted, branches rough or smooth. Glumes lan-
ceolate, flowers 2 or seldom 3, pales somewhat exceeding the
glumes, hairs about half as long as the pales; lower pale erose,
truncate with an awn from near the base; the straight awn scarcely
exceeds the pale.
The Arctic and mountain form, A. caespitosa v. brevifolia Hartm.
Scand. FI. ed. 2 (1832) (= v. borealis Trauty., v. grandiflora Trautv. etc.)
has (like the Arctic form of the foregoing species) larger spikelets
than the form from the level ground, shorter culms, and the leaves
are shorter and often complicate or convyolute. Often this form is
viviparous, A. alpina L., then the glumes and pales are more or less
elongated and the awn, if evident, attached nearer to the apex. A
dwarf form with short contracted panicle is Deschampsia brevifolia
R. Br. (1824) = Altra arctica Trin.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Arctic Sea-shores and Islands (!), Grinnell
Land 81° 44’, West Greenl. 60°—77° 30’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—74° 56’ (!).
Flora Arctica 8
114
Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Beeren Island (!), Kolguev, Novaya Zemlya to 75° (!),
Waigats, Samoyede Land. As.: Arctic Coast (!), Mouths of the Yenissei
and Olenek, Taimyr Peninsula 74°—75°, Chukeches Land, New Siberian
Islands.
The typical form introduced in West Greenl. 61° 13’.
Geogr. area: The Arctic and mountain form is found in Iceland,
Feerdes, Scotland, Northern Scandinavia, Northern Russia and Siberia, the
type in North America, North and Central Europe, Northern Asia.
12. BECKMANNIA Host.
180. B. erucaeformis (L.) Host.
Trautv. Fl. Kolym. p. 572.
A tall subaquatic perennial grass, with glabrous, simple culms,
and flat, rough leaves. Spikelets laterally compressed, round or
obovate, densely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis.
Spikes in a terminal spicate or narrow spike-like panicle. Spike-
lets 2-flowered, glumes carinate.
As.: Mouth of the Kolyma.
Geogr. area: North America, South-eastern part of Europe, Si-
beria, Japan.
13. DUPONTIA R. Br.
181. D. Fisheri R. Br., Chloris Melvilliana p. 33.
Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Bafl. Bay p. 86; Nath., Spetsb.
Karlv. p. 38; Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh. p. 481; Macoun, Catalogue IV
p. 228; Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 242; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 386; Trautv.
Consp. FI. Nov. Zeml. p. 85, Pl. Sib. bor. p. 138, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient.
p. 541; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 274, St. Lawrence-6n p. 21,
Vest-Eskim. Land p. 55; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Semlja p. 315; Feilden,
Nov. Zemlya p. 22; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 128; D. psilosantha Rupr.
Fl. Samojed. cisur. p. 62, tab.6; Ledeb., l.c. p.3886; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl.
p. 165; Nath., Nachtrage z. Fanerogamfl. Groénl. p. 132; Fl. D. tab. 2521;
Colpodium humile Lge. (non Ledeb.) in Th. Holm, Nov. Zeml. Veget. p. 16,
tab. I fig. 1, tab. II fig. 1—8 [vidi spec. origin.].
Stoloniferous, glabrous, about 20 cm. high. Panicle short with
rather few spikelets. Spikelets shining, 1- or 2-flowered, pales not
exceeding the glumes. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acuminate.
Pales glabrous or more or less covered with silky hairs, erose, ob-
tuse or bristle-pointed.
D. Fisheri and D. psilosantha must form one species in that the
pale is variable both in form and in hairiness.
Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Kotzebue Sound, Port Clarence (!), Point
Barrow, Arctic Coast and Islands to Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait,
115
Baffin Land at Cumberland Gulf, West Greenl. 69° 20’—70° 40’ (!), 81° 30’.
Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Franz Josef Archipelago (!), Kolguey, Dolgoi Island,
Novaya Zemlya to 74°(!), Waigats (!), Habarowa (!), Samoyede Land (!).
As.: Arctic Coast (!), Mouths of the Yenissei (!), Olenek and Lena, Chukches
Land, New Siberian Islands.
Geogr. area: Northeastern
America, Northern Russia at Ka-
nin Peninsula.
14. KOELERIA Pers.
182. K. hirsuta Gaud.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 403;
Trautv. Fl. Taimyr p. 20, Pl. Sib.
bor. p.139, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient.
p. 542; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fane-
rogamfl. p. 274.
Ceespitose. Culm and lea-
ves, especially the sheaths softly
pubescent. Panicle short, ob-
long, dense, spike-like. Spike-
lets 2--3-flowered; pales much
exceeding the glumes. Glumes
unequal, lower pales densely
hairy, acuminate, ending ina,
short awn. \
In habit very like Trisetum
subspicatum.
Eur.: Samoyede Land (?). As.:
Dickson Harbour 80°58’ E. long. (!),
Taimyr Peninsula 74° 15’—75° 15’
N. lat. (!), Mouth of the Lena.
Geogr. area: The Alps.
183. K. cristata (L.) Pers.
Feilden, Noy. Zemlya p. 24; Fig. 88. Dupontia Fisheri R. Br. */, nat. size.
K. cristata v. seminuda Trauty. Sib. (Spec. from Spitsbergen).
bor. p. 138; Aira cristata L.
Ceespitose. Culms in the upper part pubescent. Leaves flat,
pubescent or hairy. Panicle oblong, interrupted. Spikelets 2—3-
flowered, pales somewhat exceeding the glumes. Glumes unequal,
glabrous (or somewhat hairy), lower pales minutely hairy, acute
or acuminate, not ending in an awn.
Eur.: Waigats (!). As.: Mouth of the Lena.
Geogr. area: North America, Central Europe, Central Asia.
8*
116
15. CATABROSA Beauv.
184. C. aquatica (L.) Beauy.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.166 and p. 298; Hook. Coll. of Arct. PI.
p. 123; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. [V p.387; Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 219; FI. D.
tab. 3002.
Creeping, culms ascending. Leaves flat, glabrous, obtuse; ligules
evident. Panicle pyramidal, generally tinged with violet, with
half-whorls of spreading branches. Spikelets small, about 2—3 mm.
long, generally 2-flowered. Glumes small, obtuse; pales about equal,
membranous margined, lower pale three times as long as the glumes,
sharply 3-veined. Stigmas short.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Banks Land (?), West Greenl. 62° 30’ (!), 65°
25'(!). As.: Samoyede Land\(!).
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Feerées, Europe, Northern Asia.
185. C. concinna Th. Fries, Till. Spetsb. Fl. p. 140, tab. 5.
Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 32; Kjellm., As. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 274;
Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Semlja p. 315; Trauty. Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient.
p- 542; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 187; C. concinna subsp. vaccillans
Th. Fr., 1. c. p: 142; Nath. l. c. p.32; G. algida Rupr: in’ exsicc) ex ins:
Kolguey (cfr. Th. Fr., l.c. p. 141); Phippsia algida, var. concinna, Feilden,
Nov. Zemlya p. 23.
Ceespitose; culm erect, 2—15 cm. high; leaves flat, glabrous, ob-
tuse; ligule evident, subtriangular. Panicle pyramidal, generally
tinged with violet, with half-whorls of spreading branches; spikelets
small, about 1—2 mm., 1—2-flowered. Glumes small, obtuse; pales
about equal, membranous margined, lower pale 38 or 4 times as
long as the glumes, 3-veined, slightly hairy with silky hairs beneath.
Anthers 1—3, stigmas elongated.
Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Franz Josef Archipelago (Fisher, in litt.),
Kolguey (!), Waigats (!), Novaya Zemlya (!), Habarowa (!). As.: Yalmal (!),
Dickson Harbour (!), Mouths of the Yenissei (!) and Lena, New Siberian
Islands.
Geogr. area: Dovre in Norway.
16. PLEUROPOGON R.Br.
186. P. Sabinii R. Br., Chloris Melvilliana p. 31, tab. D.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 249; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and
Baff. Bay p. 86; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 297; Dusén, Ost-Groénl. p. 59;
Trauty. Consp. Fl. Nov. Zeml. p.85; Feilden, Nov. Zemlya p. 23; Blytt,
Bidrag p.8; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 273; Kjellm. & Lundstr.,
Nov. Semlja p. 314; Trauty. Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 543.
Stoloniferous. Culm 10—20 cm. high, striate, leafy. Leaves
soft, flat, glabrous, those on the culm short, on the sterile shoots
117
longer and narrower; ligule evident, obtuse. Panicle racemose,
rachis and pedicels capillary, striate, glabrous. Spikelets drooping,
about 10 mm. long, 5—8-flowered. Glumes very small, unequal;
b
a
Fig. 89. Catabrosa concinna Th. Fr. %/, nat. size. Fig. 90. Pleuropogon Sabinii R. Br. %/, nat. size.
(Spec. from Spitsbergen). a, flower. b, flower of (Spec. from Waigats).
Phippsia algida (Soland.) R. Br.
lower pale oblong-obovate, 5-veined, obtuse, erose, tinged with dark
violet and white membranous-margined at the top, hairy with small
appressed white hairs; upper pale (palet) with two sete at the
margin on each side opposite each other, the lower ones from
near the base and nearly as long as the pale, the upper ones from
slight above the middle, not reaching the lower ones.
Am.: Melville Island (!), Southampton Island (!), Baffin Land from Cum-
berland Gulf to Cape Adair 71° 20’, West Greenl. 76° 8’, East Greenl. 71°.
118
Eur.: Novaya Zemlya to 75° (!), Waigats, Franz Josef Archipelago (!). As.:
Actinia Bay 95° 32’ E. long. (!), Mouth of the Lena, New Siberian Islands.
17. ARCTOPHILA Rupr.
187. A. fulva (Trin.) Rupr., Fl. Samojed. cisur. p. 62.
Fig. 91. Arctophila fulva (Trin.) Rupr. [A. pendulina (Leest.)). %/, nat. size. (Spec. from Lapland).
Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 229; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 273;
Scheutz, Pl. vasc. Jeniss. p. 186; A. Leestadii Rupr., l.c. p.62; Macoun, Le.
p.229; A. pendulina (Leest.) Anders., Hartm., Scand. Fl. ed. XI p.501; Kurtz,
Fl. d. Tschuktschenh. p. 481; Fl. D. Suppl. tab. 126; A. effusa Lge. Adnot
ad Fl. D. Suppl. tab. 126, Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 167; Scheutz, Pl. vase.
Jeniss. p. 186; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Semlja p. 313; Kjellm., lc. p.273,
As. Beringss. p. 588, St. Lawrence-6n p. 21, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 55; A.
119
eflusa, f. depauperata Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 32; A. Malmgreni (Ands.)
Andersson & Hesselmann, Spetsb. Karly. p. 74; A. mucronata (Hack.) Vasey,
Fig. 92. Arctophila fulva (Trin.) Rupr. {A. effusa Lge.}. %/, nat. size. (Spec. from West Greenland).
Macoun, l.c. p. 229?; A. trichoclada Rupr., l.c. p. 62, tab. 4; A. latiflora
Rupr., |. c. p. 62, tab. 4; A. poecilantha Rupr., Lc. p. 63, tab. 5; A. remoti-
flora Rupr., l.c. p. 63, tab.5; A. similis Rupr., lc. p. 63, tab.6; Dupon-
120
tia (2?) sceroclada Rupr., 1. ¢. p. 638, tab.6; Colpodium fulvum Ledeb. FI.
toss. IV p. 385; C. pendulinum Ledeb. |. c. p. 386; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss.
aret. p. 127; C. Malmgreni Anders. Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Férh. 1866,
p. 121 tab. 2, f. 1; Poa fulva Trin. (1818); Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 247;
Poa pendulina J. Vahl, Fl. D. tab. 2343; Glyceria pendulina Lest. (1833).
Rhizome thick, widely creeping. Culm erect, smooth. Leaves
broadly linear, flat, smooth, gradually acuminate; ligule elongate, ob-
tuse. Panicle pyramidal with long capillary branches, spikelets 2—7-
flowered, glumes obtuse or acute, somewhat shorter than the pales
of the lowermost flowers; pales obtuse with short hairs at the base.
Varying much in size and the form of the panicle; the most
remarkable forms is the form from Lapland, A. pendulina, with
about 70 cm. high culms, narrow and long leaves, arcuate-drooping
panicle and many-flowered spikelets, and the form from Greenland,
A. effusa, with lower culms, broader and shorter leaves, recurved
panicle- branches and 2
3-flowered spikelets, but these extremes
are gradually combined with each other by the numerous Siberian
forms. A form with one-flowered spikelets is Colpodium Malmgreni
Anders., Arctophila effusa f. depauperata Nath.
Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Port Clarence, Kotzebue Sound, Point
Barrow, Arctic Coast, Nottingham and Mansfield Islands in Hudson
Strait. West Greenl. 64° 10'’—65° 20’ (). Eur.: Spitsbergen, Kolguey,
Dolgoi Island, Novaya Zemlya to 74°, Waigats, Habarowa, Samoyede
Land (!). As.: Arctic Coast (!), Boganida (!), Mouths of the Yenissei and
Lena, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Lapland, Northern Russia, Northern Siberia, Kam-
chatka.
A. Biennial or annual
b. Perennial.
a. Stoloniferous.
(ee Spikeletsraboutslicni elon veseeee a cuemees cme leicht iene P. glumaris.
2. Spikelets about 5 mm. long.
TERE aT Or I Gd ira Ra Dora rere ono eat end P. annua.
* Pale evidently 5-veined, on the dorsal vein and the marginal veins
hairy with long woolly hairs, for the rest glabrous. . . P. pratensis.
** Pale indistinctly veined, in the lower part, but especially on the back
and the margins hairy with appressed silky hairs .... P. cenisia.
b, Czespitose.
1), Bases of the culm bulbous) thickened#.) .) 005 <5) sw wo) = P. bulbosa.
2. Base of the culm not bulbous thickened. :
* Leaves short, abruptly acuminate, three times as broad as the culm
d P. alpina.
** Leaves narrower.
+ Spikelets broad-ovate, about 3-flowered, panicle oblong.
° Culm slender, somewhat arching, leaves flat, soft. ... P. laxa.
°° Culm rigid, straight, leaves convolute, rigid ... P. abbreviata.
121
+r Spikelets lanceolate, 3—5-flowered, panicle lanceolate.
° Culm rigid, only leafy in the lower part, ligule short, but
Gals ASE OkoeA cod eh ORAACety © DRO LONCLONSMO mG eLc, OF onO arc P. glauca.
°° Culm slender, leafy above the middle, ligule inconspicuous
P. nemoralis.
+? Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 2—5-flowered, panicle lanceolate
P. stenantha.
188. P. annua L.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.172; Fl. D. tab. 1686.
Annual or biennial, czespitose. Culm smooth, somewhat flattened,
soft, leafy nearly to the middle; leaves flat, smooth; ligule evident.
Panicle unilateral, pyramidal, with 1—3 branches from the lower
node. Panicle-branches capillary, glabrous. Spikelets 3—5-flowered.
Glumes unequal, pales distinctly 5-veined, glabrous or a little woolly
below.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—62° (!), acclimatised.
Geogr. area: North America (introduced), Iceland, Fzerées, Europe,
Africa, Asia.
189. P. glumaris Trin., Gramin. genera et spec. p. 379.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 247; Glyceria glumaris Ledeb. FI. Ross.
IV p. 392.
With stolons. Culm erect, stout, 1 metre high. Leaves
broad, flat; ligule very short. Culm and leaves smooth. Panicle
narrow, compact. Spikelets large, about 1 em. long, 2—5-flowered.
Glumes about as large as the lower pales of the flowers. Pale 5—7-
nerved, hairy in the lower part, not woolly.
Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Kotzebue Sound.
Geogr. area: Anticosti Island, Sitka, Unalashka, Alaska, Nova
Scotia, Quebec, East Siberia, Kamchatka.
190. P. pratensis L.
Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p. 458; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 176; Hart,
Brit. Pol. Exped. p. 143; Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p. 350; Nath., Spetsb.
Karlv. p. 30; Trautv. Consp. Fl. Nov. Zeml. p. 84; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV
p. 378; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 272, As. Beringss. p. 557,
Vest-Eskim. Land p.54; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Semlja p. 313; Trautv.
Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 541, Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 570; Schmidt, FI.
Jeniss. arct. p. 127; Fl. D. tab. 1444 and tab. 2947; P. *stricta Lindeb.
Botan. Notiser, 1856, p.10; Nath., lc. p. 30; Blytt, Bidrag p. 9; Kjellm.
& Lundstr., lc. p. 313; Fl. D. Suppl. tab. 65; P. stricta *colpodea Th. Fr.,
Till. till Spetsb. Fl. p.138; P. flexuosa v. colpodea Nath., l.c. p.30; Kjellm.,
l.c. p. 272; P.cenisia var. Th. Fr., Beeren Isl. Veget. p. 155.
With stolons. Culms erect or ascending. Leaves and sheaths
smooth; ligule evident. Panicle oblong, often contracted, more
rarely pyramidal and spreading. Panicle-branches about 3—5 from
122
the lower node, often scabrous. Spikelets ovate, acute; lower pale
evidently 5-veined, the dorsal vein and the marginal veins hairy
of long woolly hairs, otherwise glabrous. Varying much in size.
P. stricta Lindeb. and P. colpodea Th. Fr. are small forms with
contracted panicles and more or less viviparous spikelets.
Am.: Port Clarence, Kotzebue Sound, West Greenl. 60°—78° 18’ (1),
East Greenl. 60°—61° 32’ (!) and 70°—75° (!). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Beeren
Island (!), Franz Josef Archipelago (!), Novaya Zemlya to 75°, Waigats,
Samoyede Land. As.: Arctic Coast at Actinia Bay 95° 38’ E. long. (!),
Mouth of the Yenissei, Taimyr Peninsula, New Siberian Islands, Mouth
of the Kolyma, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Feerdes, Europe, Asia, North
Africa.
191. P. cenisia All., Auct. Fl. Ped. p. 40 (1789).
Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 224; Peary, Auxil. Exp. App. C. p. 8; Greely,
Lady Frankl. Bay Exp. II p.15; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff.
Bay p.85; Fries, Beeren Isl. Veg. p. 115; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 185;
Fl. D. tab. 2529; P. flexuosa Host, Icon. et descript. gram. austr. IV,
tab. 26 (1809); Weg., Fl. carp. p. 22 (1814); Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 245;
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.175; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 351; Dusén, Ost-
Groénl. p. 61; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exp. p. 141; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl.
p. 272, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 54, St. Lawrence-on p. 21; Reichardt, Fl. Jan.
Mayen p.11; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguev p. 184; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 30;
Andersson, Konig Karls Land p. 557; P. arctica R. Br., Chloris Melvill.
p: 30) (1823); Hook. Lc p. 246; Ledeb: Fl. Ross. IV p.373; Kjellm&
Lundstr., Nov. Semlja p. 313; Trauty. Consp. Fl. Nov. Zeml. p. 84, Syll.
Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p.541, FI. rip. Kolym. p. 570, Pl. Sib. bor. p. 136,
Ross. Arct. Pl. p. 554; Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 39; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct.
p. 127; Greely, l.c. p.15; Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 130; Feilden,
Nov. Zemlya p. 24; Taylor, l.c. p. 85; P. filipes Lge. 1. c. p. 175 [vidi spec.
orig.|; P. trichopoda Lge. (non Bois.) Fl. D. tab. 2885.
With stolons. Culm short, erect or ascending. Leaves narrow.
Culm and leaves smooth. Panicle pyramidal, when flowering.
Panicle-branches rarely more than two from the lower node,
smooth, and with few spikelets. Spikelets ovate, acute, 3—5-
flowered; lower pale without conspicuous veins, with rather long,
silky hairs on the dorsal and the marginal veins, otherwise more
or less hairy, especially in the lower part. Sometimes viviparous.
Generally the spikelets are dark-violet.
Very nearly allied to P. pratensis L. and possibly not separable
from it as a species, nevertheless the plant is rather striking by the
less size, the narrower leaves, the pyramidal form and dark colour
of the panicle and the horizontal spreading branches with only a few
spikelets, but the chief characters, viz. the inconspicuous veins and
the different covering of the pale, are sometimes not quite constant.
123
Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Port Clarence, Kotzebue Sound, Nome
City, Arctic Sea-coast in every direction, Hudson Strait, Baffin Land,
Grinnell Land to 82°40’, West Greenl. 60°—81° 40’ (!), East Greenl. 60° 20’ (),
70°—74° 40’ (!). Eur.: Jan Mayen (!), Beeren Island, Spitsbergen (!), King
Charles Land, Franz Josef Archipelago (!), Novaya Zemlya to 74° (!),
Waigats (!), Dolgoi Island, Kolguey (!), Habarowa (!). As.: Arctic Coast (!),
Mouths of the Yenissei (!), Lena and Kolyma, Taimyr Peninsula (!), New
Siberian Islands, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Labrador, Northern Scandinavia, Northern Russia,
Siberia, Kamchatka.
192. P. bulbosa L.
Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.127; FI. D. tab. 2606.
Densely ceespitose. Culm at the base bulbous thickened. Leaves
very narrow, capillary. Panicle oblong. Spikelets very small, 1—2-
flowered, generally viviparous.
As.: Yenissei-Islands at Ochotskoje.
Geogr. area: Europe, Northern Africa, Northern Asia.
193. P. alpina L.
Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 222; Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City,
p. 130; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p.85; Hart, Brit.
Pol. Exp. p. 142; Greely, Lady Frankl. Bay Exped. II p. 15; Lge. Consp.
Fl. Groenl. p. 176; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 350; Dusén, Ost-Gronl. p. 61;
Nath., Spetsb. Karlv. p. 30; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguev p. 184, Noy. Zemlya
p. 24; Trautv. Consp. Fl. Nov. Zeml. p. 84; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Semlja
p. 313; Reichardt, Fl. Jan Mayen p. 10; Schmidt, FI. Jeniss. arct. p. 126;
Fl. D. tab. 137, Suppl. tab. 66.
Densely ceespitose. Base of the culm densely covered with old
sheaths. Leaves short, broad, abruptly acuminate. Ligule evident.
Culm and leaves smooth. Culm bent ascending with a few leaves.
Panicle ovate or pyramidal. Spikelets ovate, 3—6-flowered. Pale
hairy in the lower part, especially on the dorsal and the marginal
veins, but not woolly. Often viviparous.
Am.: Nome City, Between Repulse Bay and Cape Lady Pelly, Hud-
son Strait, Baffin Land, Ellesmere Land, Grinnell Land to 81° 44’, West
Greenl. 60°—81° 42’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—74° 40’ (!). Eur.: Jan Mayen (!),
Spitsbergen (!), Kolguev (!), Dolgoi Island, Novaya Zemlya to 74°, Waigats (1),
Samoyede Land, Habarowa. As.: Mouth of the Yenissei (‘).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Ferées, British
Isles, Northern Scandinavia, Finland, Northern Russia, The Alps, Cau-
casus, Northern Asia.
194. P. laxa Haenke.
Host, Icon. et descript. gramin. austr. III tab. 15; Hook. FI. bor.
Am. II p. 246; Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 225; J. Hook. Fox Exped. p. 85;
Greely, Lady Frankl. Bay Exped. II p.15; Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh.
p. 480; Fl. D. tab. 2342; P. laxiuscula Lge. (non Blytt) Consp. Fl. Groenl.
124
». 174 and p.301, FI. D. tab. 2946 [vidi spec. orig.|; ? P. bryophila Trin.
I I 8 yO}
Gram. Suppl. p.65; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. [IV p. 377.
Czespitose, but not very densely. Culm somewhat arching with
only two leaves in the lower part, more than the upper half of the
culm naked, slender, smooth. Leaves smooth, slightly scabrous only
at the margin. Panicle oblong, contracted, not spreading. Panicle-
branches smooth, erect, two or three from the lower node. Spike-
lets broad-ovate, 2—4-flowered. Pale obtuse with inconspicuous
veins; dorsal vein and marginal veins hairy with silky hairs.
Am.: Arctic Islands, Baffin Land at Ponds Bay and Port Kennedy
72°, West Greenl. 60°—70° [rare] (!), East Greenl. 61° 10’ (!) and 65° 35’.
As.: Bering Strait.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Scotland, Northern
Scandinavia, Central European Mountains, Corsica, Altai.
195. P. abbreviata R. Br., Chloris Melvilliana p. 29.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 247; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 377; Macoun,
Catalogue IV p. 222; Greely, Lady Frankl. Bay Exp. II p. 15; Lge. Consp.
Fl. Groenl. p.172; Hartz, Nordést Gronl. p. 349; Dusén, Ost-Groénl. p. 60;
Peary, Auxil. Exp. App. C. p.8; Nath., Spetsb. Karlv. p. 31; Feilden, Nov.
Zemlya p. 24; Fl. D. tab. 2884.
Densely ceespitose. Culms 5—15 em. high, straight. Leaves
convolute, rigid. Lower pale densely hairy with short appressed
hairs. For the rest as P. lawa Haenke.
Very nearly allied to P. lawa but also approaching P. glauca
M. Vahl.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Melville Island and Igloolek, Hudson Strait,
Grinnell Land to 81° 44’, West Greenl. (!) 70°—81° 35’, East Greenl. 70°—
74° 40'(). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Franz Josef Archipelago (Fisher, in
litt.), Novaya Zemlya at 73°—74°.
Geogr. area: Labrador.
196. P. glauca M. Vahl in FI. D. tab. 964 (1790).
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 172; Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p. 350; Dusén,
Ost-Gronl. p. 60; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 30; Kjellm., As. Beringss. p. 558,
Vest-Eskim. Land p. 55; P. ceesia Sm. (1807); Hart, Brit. Pol. Exped. p. 142;
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 374; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.127; P. Balfourii
Parn., Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p.86; ? P. attenuata
Trin., Trautv. Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 569.
Czespitose. Culm erect, straight, slightly scabrous, with a few
leaves below; nodes covered; more than the upper half of the
culm naked. Leaves flat or somewhat convolute, scabrous on the
upper side; sheaths slightly scabrous; ligule short, but evident; upper
leaf shorter than its sheath. Panicle short-lanceolate, contracted,
125
panicle-branches scabrous, about 3 from the lower node. Spikelets
lanceolate, 2—5-flowered. Pale bluntly acuminate, hairy with silky
hairs on the veins, and often with very short appressed hairs all
over. Whole plant glaucous, spikelets generally dark-violet coloured.
Am.: Port Clarence, Eschcholz Bay, Grinnell Land to 81° 44’, West
Greenl. 60°—74° 18’ ()), East Greenl. 60°—74° 40’ (!). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!).
As.: Mouths of the Yenissei (!) and Kolyma (?), Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Ferdes, Scotland,
Wales, Northern Scandinavia, Finland, Central European Mountains, Altai.
197. P. nemoralis L.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 376; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 174; Hartz,
Nordost Groénl. p. 350.
Ceespitose. Culm erect, slender, slightly scabrous, leafy above
the middle; nodes naked. Leaves flat, scabrous on the upper
side; sheaths somewhat scabrous; ligule very short, inconspicuous ;
upper leaf about as long as or longer than its sheath. Panicle
narrow, contracted, panicle-branches 3—5 from the lower node,
scabrous; spikelets lanceolate, 2—6-flowered. Pale acuminate, hairy
on the veins.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, West Greenl. 60°—69° 20’ (!), East Greenl.
65° 35’ (!), 70°—71° (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Fzerées, Europe, Asia.
Obs. Poa laxa, abbreviata, glauca and nemoralis form a natural group, and
although the types are very distinct, they are combined with intermediate forms.
198. P. stenantha Trin., Gramin. genera et spec. p. 376.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 372.
Ceespitose. Culm erect, slender, 30—60 cm. high. Leaves short,
flat; ligule evident, acute; culm and leayes smooth. Panicle lan-
ceolate with erect, scabrous or smooth branches, 1—3 from the lower
node. Spikelets 2—5-flowered, narrow. Pale somewhat hairy, espe-
cially in the lower part and on the back; nerves inconspicuous.
As.: Senjawin Strait at Bering Strait.
Geogr. area: Sitka, East Siberia, Kamchatka, Karagin Island,
Unalashka.
19. GLYCERIA R. Br.
A. Glumes unequal, the lower half or two third as long as the upper, not reaching
the middle of the opposite pale.
a. With creeping shoots, lower glume two third as long as the upper; panicle-
branches; 2—3)- from) the lower modeijyo ene se) ss eel G. maritima.
b. Czespitose, lower glume generally half as long as the upper.
1. Panicle large, many-flowered, panicle-branches 3—5 from the lower
NOGE! ewes cae ts hae oer ck slat Gh Obs ey ei tee wawstralapenee ate G. distans.
126
2. Panicle short, narrow, few-flowered; panicle-branches 2—3 from the
lower node.
* Culms 2 or 3 times larger than the leaves; pales with not much
prominent veins, hairy at the base............. G. angustata.
** Culms scarcely exceeding the leaves; pales with very prominent
veins; glabrousivsscvsy se, cies cus tote ey wie eb ace eee et elaine thats G. tenella.
B. Glumes nearly equal, exceeding the middle of the opposite pale G. Vahliana.
199. G. Vahliana (Liebm.) Th. Fr., Ofv. Vet. Akad. Férh. 1869, p. 140.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 171; Nath.,
Spetsb. Karly. p. 31; Kjellm. & Lundstr.,
Nov. Semlja p. 313; Feilden, Nov. Zemlya
p. 24; Poa Vahliana Liebm. FI. D. tab. 2401;
G. Kjellmani Lge. in Kjellm. & Lundstr, 1. c.
p. 314; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl.
p. 273; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 299; G.
Kjellmani y. angustifolia Lge. in Rosenvy.,
Till. p. 732.
Densely ceespitose, 5—15 cm. high.
Leaves flat, narrow, acuminate, mucro-
nate, glabrous, upper sheaths slightly
vaginate; ligule evident, acuminate.
Culms erect, 2—3 times as long as the
leaves. Panicle short, 2—3 cm. long,
dense, with 1 or 2 short branches from
the lowest node. -anicle- branches
smooth. Spikelets 2—4-flowered. Glumes
nearly equal, lanceolate or spathulate,
4 acute or blunt, often serrate at the top,
Fig. 93. Glyceria Vahliana ‘Liebm.\ Th. Fr. exceeding the middle, of the opposite
2/) nat. size. (Spec. trom West Greenland’.
flower. Lower pale c. 3 mm. long,
narrow, membranous and serrate at the top, acute or blunt, hairy
on the veins at the base. Panicle tinged with violet or yellowish.
Am.: West Greenl. 70° 12’—70° 47’ (!), East Greenl. at Cap Stewart
70° 25'(!)). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Novaya Zemlya 72°—74°. As.: Dickson
Harbour.
200. G. maritima (Huds.) Wg.
Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl. p. 168; Fl. D. tab. 2823; G. maritima vy. arenaria
Fr., Lge. lc. p. 168; G. vilfoidea (Anders.) Th. Fr., Till. t. Spetsb. Fl. p. 139,
tab. 4: Beeren Isl. Veg. p. 155; Lge. 1. c. p.170; Dusén, Ost-Grénl. p. 60;
Hartz, Nordést Gronl. p. 349; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p.31; Kjellm., As.
Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 273, St. Lawrence-6n p. 21; Kjellm. & Lundstr.,
Noy. Semlja p. 313; Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh. p. 481; Fl. D. tab. 2883;
Catabrosa vilfoidea Anders.; Atropis vilfoidea, Cornell Party, Peary Voy.
1896, p. 422; Glyceria reptans Lastad., Krok, Botan. Notiser, 1899, p. 137.
127
Loosely czespitose and generally with long creeping shoots. Lea-
ves convolute, glabrous, acute; ligule evident. Culm ascending,
glabrous. Panicle lanceolate, generally with 2—3 short branches from
the lower node, branches appressed or ascending, generally smooth.
Spikelets 3—8-flowered; glumes herbaceous, the lower two third as
long as the upper, scarcely reaching the middle of the opposite
pale; lower pale herbaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or somewhat
blunt, at the base glabrous or sometimes a little hairy, tinged with
violet on the margin; upper pale pectinately hairy at the margins.
G. vilfoidea is a dwarf form with very long creeping stolons,
growing especially in clayey soil.
Am.: St. Lawrence Island, West Greenl. 60°—76° 7’ (!), East Green.
60°—74° 35’). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Beeren Island, Novaya Zemlya to
72°. As.: Arctic Coast (!), Chukches Land (!).
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Fer6des, Europe.
201. G. distans (L.) Wg.
Scheutz, Pl. vasc. Jeniss. p. 187; Fl. D. tab. 2222; G. Borreri Lge.
Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 167 (non Bab.); G. Borreri vy. islandica Lge. 1. ec.
p. 298; G. maritima v. virescens Lge. ].c. p. 168; G. arctica Hook. FI. bor.
Am. II p. 248; Lge. l.c. p. 169; G. vaginata Lge. l.c. p. 168, FI. D. tab.
2583 [vidi spec. orig.); G.conferta Fl. D. tab. 2882; G. (maritima v.) pa-
lustris Fr., F. D. tab. 2582; Atropis distans Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV
p. 388; A. distans vy. ambigua Trautv. Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 545 (2);
Poa festucaeformis Host, Icon. et descript. gramin. austr. III tab. 17.
Ceespitose. Leaves flat, rough on the upper side, seldom con-
volute, acute; ligule evident, often erose. Culm ascending, glabrous;
upper sheaths slightly vaginate. Panicle variously formed, with 3
or more elongated branches from the lower node. Panicle-branches
generally rough. Spikelets 3—7-flowered; glumes very unequal, the
lower one short, one-veined, not reaching the middle of the oppo-
site pale, the upper twice as long, 3-veined membranous, in the
upper part, obtuse, erose; pales obtuse, membranous in the upper
part, erose, at the base more or less hairy with silky hairs, upper
pale with short erect hairs at the margin.
Varying much. The typical form, which is rare in Arctic re-
gions, has reflexed lower branches of the panicle and small flowers
(c. 2 mm.); more commonly the panicle is contracted both in the
flowering and the fruiting state and has then generally been called
G. Borreri. When the flowers are larger (c. 3 mm.), which often is
the case with grasses in Arctic regions, the branches are capillary
and spreading, but very seldom reflexed, and is then generally
called G. arctica Hook. or G. vaginata Lge. A very large form is
128
figured in FI. D. tab. 2582 as G. arctica, this form is searcely diffe-
rent from G. festucaeformis Host, Icon. III tab. 17 and G. distans
Fig. 94. Glyceria angustata (R. Br.) Fr.
2/3 nat. size. (Spec. from East Greenland).
6 major Bert.
Am.: Arctic Coast, West Greenl. 60°—
72° 23’ (!). Eur.: Samoyede Land (!). As.:
Arctic Coast, Mouth of the Yenissei (!), New
Sibirian Islands (?).
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland,
Feerées, Europe, North Africa, Northern and
Central Asia.
202. G. angustata (R. Br.) Fr.
Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 229; Hart, Brit.
Pol. Exp: p. 142; Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl:
p. 171; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p.349; Dusén,
Ost-Grénl. p. 60; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 31;
Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh. p. 481; Fl. D.
tab. 83006; G. maritima vy. arenaria Berlin,
Karly. fr. Grénl. p. 78; G. vaginata v. effusa
Roseny., Till. p. 731; G. Vahliana Th. Holm,
Nov. Zeml. Veget. p. 15, non Liebm.; G. vagi-
nata vy. contracta Lge. in Kjellm., Sib. Nordk.
Fanerogamfl. p. 273; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy.
Semlja p. 314; Poa angustata R. Br., Chloris
Melvilliana p.29; Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 247;
Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay
p. 86; Atropis angustata Ledeb. Fl. Ross.
IV p. 390 (?).
Densely czespitose. Leaves short, acute,
generally convolute, glabrous; ligule evi-
dent, bluntly acuminate or dentate.
Culm erect, 2 or 3 times as long as the
leaves, rigid. Panicle short, narrow, with
2 or 3 short, erect branches from the
lower node. Panicle-branches smooth,
sometimes slightly rough. Spikelets 3—5-
flowered. Glumes unequal, not reaching
the middle of the opposite pale, acute
or blunt. Lower pale acute or blunt,
somewhat serrate at the top, hairy at the
base. Veins in the glumes and pales not
very prominent, generally tinged with
violet and membranous at the upper part.
Sometimes robust and with flat leaves (@. vaginata v. contracta Lge.)
and then approaching G. distans y. arctica, but the panicle is shorter
129
and more dense. In its typical form the plant is generally slender,
but rigid, and with narrower, convolute leayes. Rarely the culms
are short, thin and decumbent (vy. decumbens E. J6rgensen in shed.).
Am.: Kotzebue Sound (?), Arctic Sea Coast and Islands, Diggis Island
in Hudson Strait, Baffin Land, Elesmere Land, Grinnell Land to 81° 42’,
West Greenl. 67° 45’—70° 15’ (!), East Greenl. 65° 35’ (!) and 70°—73° 10’ (1).
Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Novaya Zemlya at 71°(!), Waigats (!). As.: Arctic
Coast (!), Chukches Land (!).
Geogr. area: Northeast America to Maine.
Fig. 95. Glyceria tenella Lge. °/, nat. size. (Spec. from Novaya Zemlya).
&. i! I y
203. G. tenella Lge. in Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Semlja_p.
313, tab. 6.
G. tenella f. pumila Lge. in Th. Holm, Noy. Zeml. Veget. p. 16 tab. 3;
G. Langeana Berlin, Karly. fr. Grénl. p. 79; Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl. p. 300;
Roseny., Till. p. 732; Nye Bidrag p. 71; Kruuse, Veget. i Egedesm. Skjzerg.
p. 355 and p. 360.
Densely czespitose. Leaves narrow, selaceous, convyolute, glab-
rous, acute; ligule slightly prominent, obtuse, erose. Culm 5—15 em.
high, scarcely exceeding the leaves. Panicle narrow, contracted,
with 2—3 capillary branches from the lower node, panicle-branches
Flora Arctica. 9
130
glabrous. Spikelets 4—6-flowered, small. Glumes unequal, acute,
the lower half as long as the upper, not reaching the middle of
the opposite pale; lower pale narrow, very small, 1,5—2 mm. long,
with 5 prominent veins, green, tinged with violet at the margins,
glabrous.
Am.: West Greenl. 60° 25'—68° 46’ in five localities (!). Eur.: No-
vaya Zemlya to 72° (!), Waigats.
Obs. As the chief difference between G. fenella and G. Langeana Berlin quotes
that the former has extravaginate, the latter intravaginate shoots. This however
is a mistake, the intravaginate shoots are common to both and to all the other
Glyceria-species.
20. FESTUCA L.
A. Czespitose.
as lall, with spreadinpypanicle ica. «usrcws)euciciiear ssc 6 kclte ee see F. altaica.
b. Low, with contracted, almost spike-like panicle ........... F. ovina.
Bae stoloniferousi.tc tive tsnyuce Guach meni nee Ulises kev euia Sse ORR F. rubra.
204. F. altaica Trin. in Ledeb. FI. Altaica I p. 109 (1829), Icon.
Fl. Ross. tab. 228.
Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 184; Kjellm., As. Beringss. p. 556, Vest-
Eskim. Land p. 54; F. scabrella Torr. in Hook. FI. bor. Am. II p. 252
tab. 233 (1840).
Ceespitose. Culms 1 metre high, densely covered with old
sheaths below. Leaves long, involute; ligule very short, fimbriate.
Panicle lax, pyramidal; panicle-branches long, capillary, about two
from each node and with few spikelets. Spikelets 3—5-flowered.
Glumes unequal, 1- and 3-nerved, acuminate, membranous. Lower
pale 0,75—1 em. long, acuminate, 5-nerved, densely hairy with
short appressed hairs.
Am.: Port Clarence (!). As.: Mouth of the Yenissei (!), Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: Rocky Mountains, Siberia, Altai.
205. F. ovina L.
Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p.86; Lge. Consp. FI.
Groenl. p. 179; Hartz, Nordoést Gronl. p. 351; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguev
p. 184, Nov. Zemlya p. 25; Ledeb. FI. Ross. IV p. 350; Nath., Spetsb.
Karly. p. 29; Blytt, Bidrag p.9; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 126; Trauty.
Consp. Fl. Nov. Zeml. p. 83, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 540, PI. Sib.
bor. p. 134; Kjellm., As. Beringss. p. 556, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 54; Kjellm.
& Lundstr., Nov. Semlja p. 313; Fl. D. tab. 2462 and tab. 2043; F. brevi-
folia R. Br., Chloris Melvill. p. 831; Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 250; Hart,
Brit. Pol. Exped. jp. 141; Nath., lcip. 295 Taylor, lc. ip: 86) FID:
tab. 2706; F. ovina *borealis Lge. 1. c. p. 179; F. ovina, var. alpina and
var. brevifolia, Dusén, Ost-Grénl. p. 62; F. ovina f. alpina, Kurtz, FI.
d. Tschuktschenh. p. 481; F. duriuscula Lge. |. c. p. 180 (p. pt.); F.
oyina f. duriuscula Trautyv. Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 569; F. Richardsonii Hook.
131
Fl. bor. Am. II p. 250 tab. 230; Taylor, l.c. p.86; F. ovina var. supina
Reichardt, Fl. Jan Mayen p. 11.
Ceespitose, innovations intravaginate, prefolium long. Leaves
involute, setaceous. Culms short, rigid. Panicle short, contracted,
dense, somewhat one-sided. Spikes about 5-flowered, glumes un-
equal, acute, lower pale more or less awned.
The commonest form in Arctic regions, F. brevifolia R. Br., has
somewhat inflated sheaths on the upper leaves, large flowers (lower
pale about 5 mm.), generally tinged with violet, awn half as long
or about as long as the pale, short anthers (0,7—1 mm.) and is not
seldom viviparous. F. Richardsonii Hook. as figured (I. ¢.) has the
same innovation and cespitose growth (although described with
creeping stolons) as F. ovina and can certainly not be separated
from this species.
The mountain forms of F. ovina from Central Europe: F. supina Schur, F. Halleri
All. and F. alpina Suter are not very different from the Arctic F. brevifolia R. Br.
Am.: Port Clarence, Kotzebue Sound, Arctic Sea-Coast and Islands (!),
Islands in Hudson Strait, Baffin Land, Grinnell Land to 82° 27’, West
Greenl. 60°—81° 40’ (!), East Greenl. 60°—74° 40’ (). Eur.: Jan Mayen (!),
Spitsbergen (!), Novaya Zemlya to 75° (!), Kolguev, Habarowa, Samoyede
Land. <As.: Mouths of the Yenissei, Lena and Kolyma, New Siberian
Islands, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Feerées, Europe, Northern Asia.
206. F. rubra L.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 250; Greely, Lady Frankl. Bay Exped. II
p. 15; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 180; Blytt, Bidrag p.8; Ledeb. FI. Ross.
IV p. 352; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p.183; Reichhardt, Fl. Jan Mayen
p. 11; Trautv. Fl. rip. Kolym. p.569; F. rubra v. arenaria (Osb.) Lge. l.c.
p. 180; Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p. 351; Dusén, Ost-Groénl. p. 62; Ledeb. Lc.
p. 352; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 126; Nath., Spetsb. Karlv. p. 29; Th.
Fries, Beeren Isl. Veget. p. 155; Trauty. Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 540;
Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Semlja p. 312; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl.
p. 272, As. Beringss. p.556, Vest-Eskim. Land p.54; F. rubra vy. baica-
lensis Ledeb. |. c. p. 352; F. duriuscula Lge. I. c. p. 180 p. pt.
With creeping shoots, innovations extrayaginate, praefolium short.
Culm erect, internodes longer than the sheaths. Leaves of the sterile
shoots involute, of the stems generally flat. Panicle somewhat
drooping, spikelets 4—10-flowered. Glumes unequal, narrow, acu-
minate; lower pale about 5—8 mm. long, glabrous or hairy, acu-
minate, generally with a short awn.
The form with densely hairy spikelets, F. arenaria Osb. seems
to be the most common in Arctic regions. The vy. baicalensis Ledeb.
is a luxuriant form.
9*
132
Am.: Port Clarence (!), Kotzebue Sound, Arctic Coast, Grinnell Land
to 81° 44’, West Greenl. 60°—70° 40’ (!), East Greenl. 60°— 61° (!) and 70°—
73°35’ (). Eur.: Jan Mayen (!), Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya to 75°,
Waigats, Samoyede Land. As.: Taimyr Peninsula, Mouths of the Yenissei,
Lena and Kolyma, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: North America, Iceland, Farées, Europe, Northern Asia.
21. SCHEDONORUS Beauv.
207. S. ciliatus (L.) Kjellm., As. Beringss. p. 557.
Bromus ciliatus, Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p.458; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss.
arct. p. 126; Bromus purgans Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 252; Bromus
inermis y. ciliatus Trauty. Fl. Kolym. p. 569; B. Kalmii Torr. & Gray.
A tall grass, about 1 metre high. Leayes broad, flat, rough,
more or less hairy. Sheaths often shorter than the internodes,
sometimes softly pubescent of recurved hairs. Panicle lax, spreading,
generally drooping. Spikelets 4—9-flowered. Glumes linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, 1—3-nerved; lower pale compressed, somewhat keeled,
acuminate, generally hairy with silky hairs especially at the margins.
Awn about one third as long as the pale.
Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Arctic Sea-Coast. As.: Mouths of the Yenissei
and Kolyma, Chukches Land.
Geogr. area: North America, Siberia.
Obs. Eastwood (PIL. coil. at Nome City p. 130) mentions Bromus pacificus
Shear. from Nome City, Alaska.
22. NARDUS L.
208. N. stricta L.
Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 154; FI. D. tab. 1022.
Densely czespitose. Culm and leaves slender, erect, rigid. Spike
slender, spikelets sessile in two rows on one side of the rachis.
Lower pale keeled with a short rough awn.
Am.: West Greenl. 60°—60° 30’ (1).
Geogr. area: North America (introduced), Iceland, Farées, Europe,
Northern Asia.
23. AGROPYRUM J. Gaertn.
209. A. repens (L.) Beauv.
Triticum repens L., Fl. D. tab. 748; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 341;
Trauty. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 133; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 183.
Stoloniferous. Culm erect, rigid. Leaves broad, flat, roughish
or pubescent above, smooth beneath. Spike dense, spikelets about
5-flowered. Glumes 5—7-nerved, awn shorter than the flower or none.
133
Am.: Kotzebue Sound. Eur.: Samoyede Land. As.: Mouths of the
Yenissei (!) and Lena.
Geogr. area: North America (introduced?), Iceland, Fzerées, Eu-
rope, Northern Asia.
Obs. Conf. A. violaceum (Horn.) Lge.
210. A. violaceum (Horn.) Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 155.
Triticum violaceum Hornem. in FI. D. tab. 2044; Scheutz, Pl. vase.
Jeniss. p. 183; (?) T. repens v. purpurascens et nanum Hook. FI. bor. Am.
Il p. 254; A. dasystachyum vy. violaceum Greely, Lady Frankl. Bay Exp.
II p. 15.
Ceespitose. Culm erect, rigid. Leaves broad, flat, roughish on
both sides. Spike dense, spikelets 3—5-flowered, generally tinged
with violet or purple, more seldom green (f. virescens Lge. 1. c.),
hairy or glabrous. Glumes 5-nerved, abruptly narrowed into a
short awn.
Am.: Arctic Sea-Coast (?), Grinnell Land 81° 44’, West Greenl. 60°—
70° 8’ (!). As.: Mouth of the Yenissei (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Northern Scandi-
navia, Northern Finland, Kola Peninsula.
Obs. In habit most resembling A. repens, but is more related to A. caninum
(L.) R. & S. (because of the absence of stolons and the leaves being rough on
both sides) to which transitory-forms are found in North America and North
Scandinavia. Most likely the varieties purpurascens and nanum of Triticum repens
mentioned by Hooker |. c. belong to this species.
A. violaceum (Horn.) Lge. x Elymus arenarius L.
Roseny., Till. p. 726.
Stoloniferous. Habit as Elymus, spikes as Agropyrum. Glumes
5—7-nerved, as long as the spikelets. Spikelets 2—4-flowered, lower
pale oflen narrowed into a short awn. Spike more or less hairy,
partly tinged with violet.
Am.: West Greenl. Igaliko Sound c. 61° in two spots (!).
24. ELYMUS L.
211. E. mollis Trin.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 255; Eastwood, PI. coll. at Nome City p. 130;
Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Bafl. Bay p. 86; Rothr., Fl. of Alaska
p.458; Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 246; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 332; Kjellm.,
Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 272, As. Beringss. p. 556, St. Lawrence-én
p. 21, Vest-Eskim. Land p.54; Trauty. Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 39, Syll. Pl.
Sib. bor. orient. p. 540.
Stoloniferous. Culm short, hairy in the upper part. Leaves
flat, becoming involute on the margins. Spike short, glumes linear-
lanceolate, soft of texture, somewhat shorter than the spikelets.
Glumes and pales densely and softly hairy.
134
Very nearly allied to EF. arenarius L. and may sometimes have
been taken for this species, but the flowers are smaller and the
glumes narrower and shorter and of softer texture.
Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Port Clarence (!), Schischmarelf Bay, Nome
City, Norton and Kotzebue Sounds, Arctic Shores (!), Hudson Strait, Baffin
Land. As.: Taimyr Peninsula, Mouth of the Lena, Chukches Land (!).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, North-eastern Asia.
212. E. arenarius L.
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 255; Cornell Party, Peary Voy. 1896, p. 418:
Macoun, Catalogue IV p.245: Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p. 458; Lge. Consp.
Fl. Groenl. p. 154; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 331; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Novy.
Semlja p. 329; Blytt, Bidrag p.9; Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh p. 482 (?);
Fl. D. tab. 3003.
Stoloniferous. Culm often more than one metre high. Leaves
generally involute. Glumes lanceolate, rigid, as long as the spikelets.
Glumes and pales more or less densely hairy. Sometimes the
culms are short, only about 20 cm. high, and the spikes short and
thick. In Arctic regions the glumes seem always to be hairy
(f. villosa E. Meyer) and may therefore sometimes have been con-
founded with E. mollis Trin.
Am.: Norton and Kotzebue Sound to Point Barrow, Arctic Shores
and Islands, Cumberland Sound, West Greenl. 60°—70° 47’ (!), East Greenl.
60° — 63° 32’ (). Eur.: Waigats, Samoyede Land at Yugor Schar. As.:
Chukches Land (?).
Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Ferées, North and
Central Europe, Northern Asia.
wn
oS St
wr
aK
CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA.
»Fig. 1. Botrychium simplea« read »Fig. 4¢.
Under A. Phegopteris add »Phegopteris Phegopteris, Eastwood, Pl. coll. at
Nome City, p.129«, and after »Am.« add »Nome Citys.
Under A. fragrans add »Dryopteris fragrans, Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome
City, p. 129« and after »Am.« add »Nome Citys.
Under C. fragilis add »Filix fragilis, Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p.129«.
Line 5, add »Nome Citys.
After line 12, add: »Eastwood (Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 129) mentions
Cystopteris montana (L.) Bernh. and Gymnopteris triangularis (Kaulf.) Un-
derw. from Nome City.
Under E. variegatum add »Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 129« and
after »Am.« add »Nome Cityc.
Line 5, for »Greenl. 60°—70°%« read »Greenl. 60°—69° 16/«.
Under E. silvaticum, line 18, for »60°—70°« read »60°—69° 13/«.
After E. silvaticum add: Eastwood (Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 129) mentions
E, pratense E:hrh, from Nome City.
Under L. Selago add »Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 129« and after
»Am.« add »Nome City«.
Under L. annotinum add »Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 129,« and
after »Am.« add »Nome Citys.
Under L. alpinum add »Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 129«, and
after »Am.« add »Nome Citys.
Line 6, for 269° 30‘« read »69° 15‘«.
Under J. balticus add »J. Haenkei, Eastwood, Pl. at coll. Nome City, p. 130«
and at y, add »Nome Citys.
Under J. caslaneus add »Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 130.
Line 9, add »Nome Citys.
Under J. trifidus add »Roseny. Till. p. 713¢.
Under L. parviflora add »Juncoides parviflorum Eastwood, PI. coll. at
Nome City p. 130« and after »Am.« add »Nome Citye.
Under L. nivalis add »Franz Josef Archipelago (!)«.
Under L. mulliflora add. »Juncoides campestre sudeticum, Eastwood, PI.
coll. at Nome City, p. 130«, and after »Am.« add »Nome City«.
Under T. palustris add »Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 13l« and
after »Ame add »Nome City«.
Under Coralliorhiza, for »69° 50‘« read »69° 15‘.
Under Listera, for »69° 50‘« read »69° 15’c.
p. 38. under H. hyperborea, for >69° 30‘« read »69° 15‘«,
p. 48. For »C. eryptocarpa (130)« read »C. Lyngbyei (130).
- - Under Capituligerae, for »solitary or more« read »solitary, or severalc.
p. 49. Under Foetidae for »more spikelets« read »several spikelets«.
p. 59. Under Astrostachyae, line 2 from bottom, for »more spikelets« read
»several spikeletsc.
p. 61. Line 14, add »Habarowa (!)«.
p. 62. Under C. holostoma, after »>Geogr. areac add »Arctic Norwayc.
Postscriptum. According to a letter from Rev. G. Kikenthal Mr. C. B.
Clarke has now examined the type of Carea podocarpa of R. Brown and he de-
clares it to be C. rariflora Sm. The species which I have treated as C. podocarpa
(p. 63) is now named C. machrochaeta C. A. Mey., var. Tolmiei (Boot) Kikenthal.
New York Botanical Garden Library
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