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OONOONHRWN =
. Belcher Islands
. Evans Strait
. Fisher Strait
Southampton Island
Roes Welcome Sound
Repulse Bay
. Frozen Strait
. Foxe Channel
. Melville Peninsula
. Frobisher Bay
. Cumberland Sound
. Fury and Hecla Strait
. Boothia Peninsula
. Prince Regent Inlet
. Admiralty Inlet
. Eclipse Sound
. Lancaster Sound
. Barrow Strait
. Viscount Melville Sound
. Wellington Channel
. Penny Strait
. Crozier Channel
. Prince Patrick Island
. Jones Sound
. Borden Island
. Wilkins Strait
. Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea
. Ellef Ringnes Island
. Eureka Sound
. Nansen Sound
. Smith Sound
. Kane Basin
. Kennedy Channel
. Hall Basin
. Lincoln Sea
Chantrey Inlet
. James Ross Strait
. M’Clure Strait
. Dease Strait
. Melville Sound
. Bathurst Inlet
. Coronation Gulf
. Dolphin and Union Strait
. Darnley Bay
. Prince of Wales Strait
Franklin Bay
. Liverpool Bay
. Mackenzie Bay
. Herschel Island
40°
Map 1
Geographical Distribution of Recorded Specimens
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Digitized by the Internet Archive
— In 2011 with funding from
California Academy of Sciences Library
http://www.archive.org/details/publicationsinbi31 nati
The Marine Molluscs
of Arctic Canada
Prosobranch Gastropods,
Chitons and Scaphopods
National Museum of Natural Sciences
Publications in Biological
Oceanography, No. 3
Published by the
National Museums of Canada
Staff editor
Jean Sattar
Musée national des sciences naturelles
Publications d’océanographie
biologique, n° 3
Publié par les
Musées nationaux du Canada
The Marine Molluscs
of Arctic Canada
Prosobranch Gastropods,
Chitons and Scaphopods
by Elizabeth Macpherson
© Crown Copyrights reserved
Available by mail
from the
National Museums of Canada
Publications Division
Ottawa 4
Price: $3.50
Catalogue No. NM95-7/3
Price subject to change without notice
National Museum of Natural Sciences
National Museums of Canada
Ottawa, Canada
1971
PO987654321
Y7987654321
Litho in Canada
Contents
Résumé, vi
Summary, vii
Pe3iomMe, viii
Introduction, 1
Materials and Methods, 1
Acknowledgments, 2
Descriptions of the Species, 3
Amphineura
Lepidochitonidae, 5 Ischnochitonidae, 7
Scaphopoda
Siphonodentaliidae, 9
Gastropoda (Prosobranchiata)
Scissurellidae, 10 Epitoniidae, 40
Fissurellidae, 10 Trichotropidae, 41
Acmaeidae, 12 Aporrhaidae, 46
Lepetidae, 15 Lamellariidae, 47
Trochidae, 16 Naticidae, 54
Turbinidae, 29 Muricidae, 60
Lacunidae, 29 Pyrenidae, 64
Littorinidae, 31 Buccinidae, 65
Hydrobiidae, 34 Volutidae, 107
Rissoidae, 34 Cancellariidae, 107
Turritellidae, 38 Turridae, 109
Some Tentative Identifications and Doubtful Records, 125
Ecology, 126
Zoogeography, 129
Distributions in Arctic Canada, 131
References, 133
List of Plates, 140
List of Maps, 141
Index, 144
Résumé
~ .
On a réussi a identifier 108 espéces de gastéropodes prosobranches, chitons et
scaphopodes dans la région comprise entre le détroit d’Hudson, la baie James, |’ile
Herschel et le nord de I’ile Ellesmere. Six espeéces ne sont connues que par des
coquilles vides, et 11 n’ont été consignées qu’une seule fois. Chaque nom d’espéce
est accompagné de synonymes, d’une description, d’une représentation, et d’aires
géographiques. Le gros des gastéropodes de |’Arctique consiste en de petits organis-
mes a coquille mince; ils comptent pour une faible proportion de la biomasse totale
de |l’épifaune benthique. La plupart sont répartis sur un vaste secteur et se retrou-
vent dans presque toutes les eaux marines septentrionales; ils sont adaptés aux étés
courts, aux hivers longs, aux tres basses températures et aux salinités variables.
Parmi ces adaptations, on remarque dans certains cas de gros oeufs riches en
vitellus, des larves non pélagiques et, peut-étre, un métabolisme élevé. Plus de la
moitié des prosobranches de |’Arctique canadien sont carnivores, et un tiers de
toutes les espéces de cette région appartiennent a la famille des Buccinidae. La
faune intercotidale de |’Arctique est maigre comparativement a celle des latitudes
inférieures.
Plus de la moitié des espéces étudiées habitent la zone circumboréale, les autres
ayant une aire de type ‘“Arctique-Atlantique” ou ‘‘Arctique-Pacifique’’. Environ 34
especes vivent dans la baie d’Hudson, et six jusque dans la baie James. Six pour cent
environ ne se trouvent que dans le bas Arctique, au Canada, et encore cing pour
cent se rencontrent surtout dans l’extréme Arctique; la majorité des autres ont une
répartition panboréale.
VI
Summary
One hundred and eight species of prosobranch gastropods, chitons, and scaphopods
are reported from the region between Hudson Strait, James Bay, Herschel Island,
and northern Ellesmere Island. Six species are known only as empty shells and
11 are single records in the literature. Synonyms, a description, a figure, and
geographical distributions are given for each. Arctic gastropods are for the most
part small, thin-shelled animals and form a small proportion of the total biomass of
the benthic epifauna. The majority have very broad distributions, occurring in most
northern marine waters, and are adapted to short summers, long winters, negative
temperatures, and varying salinities. Such adaptations include in some cases large
yolky eggs or nurse eggs, non-pelagic larvae, and perhaps a high metabolism. More
than half of the prosobranchs in arctic Canada are known to be carnivores and one
third of all the species found here are in the family Buccinidae. The intertidal zone
supports a meagre fauna in the Arctic compared to that in lower latitudes.
More than half the species discussed are circumarctic and the rest have an “‘Arctic-
Atlantic” or ‘‘Arctic-Pacific’” pattern of distribution. About 34 species live in
Hudson Bay and six even in James Bay. About six per cent are restricted to the
Low Arctic in Canada and another five per cent are known mainly from the High
Arctic. Most of the rest have a panarctic distribution.
Vil
Pesiome
IIpusoyutrca 108 BUOB TIpoO30OpOHXOBHIX TacTpono, XUTOHOB UW JOTMa-
TOHOFHX MOJJIOCKOB H3 pahonHa, pacnoo+KeHHoro Mexktyy Ly 130HOBbIM
TIPOJIHBOM, 3a.1HB0M J[KenMca, ocrposom LepiliedA WU CeBepHol YWacTbIo
OCTpOBa DICMUpa. 6 BHOB H3BeCTHHI TOJIDKO B BUe IYCTHIX pakyllek,
a 11 yYNOMHMHAaIOTCA B eCMHWUHBIX 3alMcAX B UMTepatype. CUHOHUMHL,
olmmcanne, PHCyHKH UW Treorpaduyeckoe pacipesetenue anbl WA
Kakoro Bua. APKTHYeCKHe LacTponosb, B OOJbUIMHCTBE Cydaes,
MaJI€HbKHe JKUBOTHHIE GC TOHKOM PaKOBHHOH; OHM COCTABIHIOT MaJlyl0
JOJO OOMleM OMOMaCccH aHHO sindayHpl. bowLuIMHcTBO 43 HAUX UMe-
10T INMPOKUM apead, BCTPedaloTCs B OOJIbIIMHCTBeE OacceHHOB CeBePHBIX
MOpel, IpHCHOcoOJeHbI K KOPOTKOMY JleTy, J[OJIrOiM 3uMe, TeMIIcparype
HWKe HYJIA U pasHon CTeneHH COMeHOCTH Bob. Takoro powa Mpucio-
COOJCHUA BKJNOUAIOT B HEKOTOPHIX CYUAAX OOJbIUNE IKCITKOBHIE ALMA,
Henedarvveckie JMYMHKU U, BO3MOIKHO, HCKJNOUNTeIDHBIM OOMeH Be-
meCTB B OpraHH3Me. bobiie MOOBUHbI MpoO3s0dOpanHxoB apkKTHYeCKOM
yacTH Havajib W3BeCTHHI Kak IWJIOTOAJIHbIC, a OHA TPeCTb BCCX BUOB,
HaXOJAIWUXCA 3[eCb, IpWHaeRUT K CeMelicTBy Buccinidae. daJH-
BaeMaA IIPHIHBOM OeperoBasdt TOM0Ca TOepsAKUBaAeT CKY]HYIO MayHy
APKTHEH, eG ce CpaBHHUTh C Mayol HU3KUX WIMporT.
Yro KkacaeTcd XapakTepa pacipocrpaneHns, OoOJIbIIe MO0JIOBHHEI pac-
CMOTPeHHHIX BUJIOB ABIAIOTCH IPHMOIAPHBIMU, & OCTAJIbHbIe «apKTU-
YeCKO-aTMaHTHYeCKUMH» WIM «apkKTMYeCKO-THxXOOKeaHCKHMHU». IIpu-
MepHO 34 Bua KUBYT B I 'y30HOBOM 3avInBe, a 6 Jacke B BOAX 3aJINBa
Jixetimca. Ipn6umsntesbHo 6% upvypovenbl K HWKHe-apKTHYeCKON
yacTu Kanan, a 5% UsBeCTHb TOJIbKO B palioHe BHICOKOM apKTUKU.
BoJbIUHHCTBO OCTaIbHBIX BUOB HMelOT TaHapkKTuUYecKoe pacipe-
yedeHue.
Vill
Introduction
The first collections of molluscs from Canadian arctic waters were made in the
nineteenth century by officers of expeditions seeking a Northwest Passage. Such
exploring parties, and those later searching for traces of Franklin’s lost crews, were
in fact responsible for most of the pioneer work on the natural history of the
region. Other early collections were obtained by explorers from Britain, Norway,
Denmark, and Germany. Only in the twentieth century has Canada supported
scientific expeditions to her arctic territories. Among the first were the voyage of
the Neptune (1903-04) and the Canadian Arctic Expedition (1913-16), both of
which contributed to scientific collections. Whalers, adventurers, geologists, and
biologists have added to the information available on the molluscan fauna by
collecting specimens in the course of their work in the Canadian Arctic. From
collections made in Canada, New England, Greenland, Scandinavia, and the then
Russian Arctic, naturalists were able to describe by 1882 almost all species of
marine gastropods living in the Canadian Arctic today.
Collections of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, assembled over a 20-year
period, and the results of dredging for molluscs by $.D. MacDonald in the High
Arctic and A.H. Clarke in Hudson Bay, have made sufficient material available at
the National Museum of Natural Sciences to make a survey possible. This work
‘provides the first general reference on prosobranch gastropods, chitons, and scapho-
pods of arctic Canada.
Of the 108 species included in the synopsis, 28 are recorded from the region for the
first time. A few species known from adjacent regions can be expected to turn up in
future collections. The taxonomy of most groups has been established at the species
level, and important synonyms are given. Each record in the literature is considered.
The distribution in arctic Canada of each species is presented and the zoogeographic
relationship of this fauna to that of other northern regions is discussed.
Materials and Methods
The region studied is bounded on the southeast by Hudson Strait and the Atlantic
Ocean and on the southwest by the border of the Yukon Territory with Alaska.
The northern limits are the Canadian territorial waters, and the southern limit is
James Bay. In order to list localities in a systematic manner, the area has been
divided into four regions (Map 1). Locality names are as in the Gazetteer of Canada
series (1958, etc.).
Most of the 20,000 specimens examined are preserved in alcohol. Many of the rest
are shells with dried bodies; others are empty shells and beach litter. Of the latter,
only fresh-looking specimens are recorded. The genera used are mainly as given in
Wenz (1938-44) and The Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontology | (1960).
Descriptions, figures, and distributions are prepared using mainly the material
examined. Species known only from the literature are mapped but not described. |
have attempted to include all records of the species in these groups of molluscs
from arctic Canada.
An asterisk marking localities in the lists of ‘‘Canadian Arctic literature records’’
indicates that | have re-examined the specimens referred to. Arabic numerals
following localities in the lists of ‘‘Origin of specimens’’ refer to the number of
specimens examined.
Introduction
Biographical Note
Elizabeth Macpherson, born in Budapest, Hungary, spent her childhood in Montreal
where she later obtained a Bachelor of Science degree at McGill University. After
graduation she was employed by the National Museums of Canada and also spent
three seasons in arctic Canada, partly engaged in collecting birds, mammals, fish,
molluscs and plants. The challenge of undertaking research on mollusc taxonomy
and zoogeography then absorbed her and she is now investigating the taxonomic
relationships of whelks.
Acknowledgments
My work was supported by a contract from the National Museum of Natural
Sciences, National Museums of Canada. Dr. A.H. Clarke, Curator of Molluscs, made
the museum’s collection available and devoted much time to my guidance. | am
extremely grateful for his help and encouragement.
Thanks are due to the following for their generosity in lending specimens or
allowing me access to their collections: Dr. J. Rosewater, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington; Dr. N. Tebble, British Museum, London; Dr. H. Lemche, Universitetets
Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen; Dr. K. Boss, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard University; Dr. R. Tucker Abbott, Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia; Mr. V. Conde, Redpath Museum, McGill University; Dr. W.K.
Emerson and Mr. W. Old, American Museum of Natural History, New York; and the
Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa.
! am indebted to the translators in the Foreign Languages Division, Bureau for
Translations, Department of the Secretary of State, and to the staff at the National
Museums for their support.
| also thank my husband, Dr. A.H. Macpherson, for his criticism of the manuscript.
Descriptions of the Species
Plate |
Amphineura
Lepidochitonidae
TONICELLA Carpenter, 1873
Type species (by original designation):
Chiton marmoreus Fabricios
TONICELLA MARMOREA (Fabricius)
Plate |, fig. 1. Map 2.
Chiton marmoreus Fabricius, 1780: 420.
Type locality: probably Greenland.
Chiton laevigatus Fleming, 1828: 113,
pl. 7 (not seen). For other synonyms see
Yakovleva (1965: 57).
Description of specimens
The animal with its ‘armour’ is oblong-ovate and up to about 25 mm long. The
valves of most specimens vary in colour from dull pale chestnut to bright reddish
chestnut. Others are pinkish, yellowish, or brown. The surface of the valves is
covered with a ‘tortoise-shell’ pattern of white zigzags and spots of solid colour;
either the white or the darker colour may predominate. The posterior edge of each
valve bears alternating unequal-sized white and coloured spots. On the surfaces of
the valves are growth lines and microscopic granules. The edge of the girdle is
covered with short and extremely fine bristles.
This species is recognized mainly by the pattern and colour of the valves and by the
bristles on the girdle.
Plate | (all actual size)
Figure
1
TONICELLA MARMOREA
(Fabricius) NMC 35543,
Belcher Islands, N.W.T., 5
2
TONICELLA RUBRA
(Linnaeus) NMC 38764,
Malpeque Bay, P.E.I., 7
3
LOPHYROCHITON ALBUS
(Linnaeus) NMC 36357,
Foxe Basin, N.W.T., 7
4
PUNCTURELLA NOACHINA
(Linnaeus) NMC 35712,
Frobisher Bay, N.W.T., 10
5
PUNCTURELLA NOACHINA
(Linnaeus) NMC 36196,
Foxe Basin, N.W.T., 10
6
ACMAEA TESTUDINALIS
(Miller) NMC 35981,
Cape Fullerton, N.W.T., 13
7
LEPETA CAECA
(Muller) NMC 35570,
Hudson Bay, N.W.T., 15
8
SIPHONODENTALIUM LOBATUM
(Sowerby) NMC 38526,
Cape Parry, N.W.T.,9
9
MARGARITES COSTALIS
(Gould) NMC 35455,
Diana Bay, N.W.T., 16
10
MARGARITES GROENLANDICUS
(Gmelin) NMC 35470, Belcher
Islands, N.W.T., 18
11
MARGARITES HELICINUS
(Phipps) NMC 182,
Nottingham Island, N.W.T., 20
12
MARGARITES OLIVACEUS
(Brown) NMC 24003,
Foxe Basin, N.W.T., 21
13
MARGARITES OLIVACEUS
(Brown) USNM 363551, Etah,
Greenland (type specimen of
MARGARITES GROSVENORI
Dall), 21
14, 15, 16
MARGARITES UMBILICALIS
(Broderip and Sowerby) NMC 24001,
Foxe Basin, N.W.T., 23
17
SOLARIELLA OBSCURA
(Couthouy) NMC 36167,
Franklin Bay, N.W.T., 25
18
LACUNA cf. GLACIALIS
Moller NMC 35652,
Frobisher Bay, N.W.T., 29
19
LITTORINA SAXATILIS
(Olivi) NMC 11224,
Chesterfield Inlet, N.W.T., 32
20
TACHYRHYNCHUS EROSUS
(Couthouy) NMC 131,
Hudson Strait, N.W.T., 38
21
TACHYRHYNCHUS RETICULATUS
(Mighels and Adams) NMC 36560,
Chesterfield Inlet, N.W.T., 40
Amphineura: Lepidochitonidae
~~ @ live
© empty shell
A literature record
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—near Port Burwell (5);
Ungava Bay (3); Hudson Bay east—Great
Whale River (1), Belcher Islands (ca. 40),
Richmond Gulf (1), Hopewell Sound
(1), off Sleeper Islands (4); Evans Strait
(17); Fisher Strait (12); Hudson Bay
west—near Eskimo Point (1), off Term
Point (2), Chesterfield Inlet (2): Roes
Welcome Sound (5).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—Countess of Warwick
Sound (1); Cumberland Sound—north
coast (2); Hudson Strait—Cape Dorset
(1); Foxe Basin—north (2); Admiralty
Inlet—Arctic Bay (5).
TONICELLA MARMOREA
TONICELLA RUBRA
Bi literature record
North region:
Barrow Strait—Resolute Bay (9); Penny
Strait (1).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (1); Amundsen Gulf—near
Cape Parry (7); Dolphin and Union
Strait (1).
Specimens were collected alive on rock
at depths of from 5 to 90-95 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Hudson Strait (Halkett 1898: 80); Richmond Gulf, Hudson Bay” (Whiteaves 1901:
154); Cumberland Sound (Dall 1879: 146); Port Kennedy [Gulf of Boothia]
(Walker 1862: 71); Arctic Bay, Baffin Island* (Ellis 1960: 40); Barrow Strait
(Sutherland 1852: cci, as Chiton laevigata); Dolphin and Union Strait™ (Dall 1919a:
16A).
Also recorded from Massachusetts,
eastern Canada (Bousfield 1960); West
Greenland, Great Britain, Scandinavia, Svalbard, White Sea to Bering Sea, Sea of
Japan, and Aleutians at depths of from 0 to 200 m (Yakovieva 1965).
Amphineura: Ischnochitonidae
LOPHYROCHITON ALBUS SIPHONODENTALIUM LOBATUM
~~ @ live live
A literature record (_] empty shell
) literature record
TONICELLA RUBRA (Linnaeus)
Plate |, fig. 2. Map 2.
Chiton ruber Linnaeus, 1767: 1107.
Type locality: ““Oceano Septentrionali.”’
Yakovleva (1965: 59) gives a number of
synonyms.
This species, recorded by Reeve (1855: 396) probably from west of Devon Island,
is recognized mainly by the tiny calcareous scales on the girdle and the reddish
valves. It is known from Connecticut to eastern Canada (Bousfield 1960); West
Greenland, Iceland, Great Britain, Norway, Barents Sea, and White Sea, from
depths of 0 to 300 m (Yakovleva 1965).
Ischnochitonidae
LOPHYROCHITON Yakovleva, 1952
Type species (by monotypy):
Chiton albus Linnaeus
LOPHYROCHITON ALBUS (Linnaeus)
Plate |, fig. 3. Map 3.
Chiton albus Linnaeus, 1767: 1107.
Type locality: Iceland.
For synonyms, see Y akovleva (1965: 100).
Description of specimens
The animal is a rather elongate oblong, up to about 14 mm long. Most specimens
have pure white valves, but a few are shaded with pale yellow orange on parts of the
Amphineura: Ischnochitonidae
valves and girdle. Each valve has a microscopic sculpture of growth lines and fine
granules. The girdle is closely set with transparent calcareous scales and is edged
with delicate calcareous spicules.
This species is recognized by the pale valves and the calcareous scales and spicules
on the girdle.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—near Port Burwell (5),
near Cape Hopes Advance (1), near Dig-
ges Island (1); Hudson Bay east—Belcher
Islands (2); Evans Strait—south of Sea-
horse Point (1); Hudson Bay west—
between Churchill and Eskimo Point
(1), Chesterfield Inlet (1).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—Countess of Warwick
Sound (1); Foxe Basin—north (2).
Northwest region:
Dolphin and Union Strait (1).
Specimens were collected alive on rock
and mud at depths of from 19 to 128
m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
West of Devon Island (Reeve 1855: 396); Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 21); entrance
of Jones Sound (Thorson 1951: 11); Dolphin and Union Strait®* (Dall 1919a:
16A).
Also recorded from Connecticut to eastern Canada (Bousfield 1960); East Green-
land, Great Britain, Scandinavia, Svalbard, White Sea to Bering Sea, Sea of Japan,
Aleutians and Pacific North America, from depths of 0 to 600 m (Yakovieva1965).
Scaphopoda
Siphonodentaliidae
SIPHONODENTALIUM M. Sars, 1859
Type species (by monotypy):
Dentalium vitreum M. Sars (non Gmelin)
[= Dentalium lobatum Sowerby |
SIPHONODENTALIUM LOBATUM (Sowerby)
Plate |, fig. 8. Map 3.
Dentalium vitreum M. Sars, 1851: 178;
non Gmelin, 1788.
|Dentalium lobatum Sowerby ], 1860:
100, pl. 225: 44.
Type locality: not specified.
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, small (largest specimen is 23 mm long), white, almost transluscent,
smooth, and very shiny. At the apex are 6 lobes with rounded interspaces. Growth
lines are crowded and very fine.
The shell of this species is differentiated from that of other tusk shells by its lobed
apex and its lack of prominent sculpture.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: Northwest region:
Hudson Bay — 59°57.5’N, 86°02.0’'W Amundsen Gulf—near Cape Parry (3);
(1). Franklin Bay (5).
North region:
Crozier Channel—Mould Bay (8); Eureka Specimens were collected alive in mud
Sound-—Slidre Fiord (3). at depths of from 20 to about 192 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Off Lancaster Sound and near mouth of Jones Sound (Thorson 1951: 10, as
Siphonodentalium vitreum).
Also recorded from New England, West Greenland, East Greenland, Iceland,
Jan Mayen, Svalbard, Barents Sea, Siberian Ice Sea, and Portugal (Thorson 1951);
also Cape Hatteras, and North Canadian Basin, from depths of 27 to 3316 m
(Clarke 1963).
Gastropoda
Scissurellidae
SCISSURELLA d'Orbigny, 1824
Type species (by subsequent designation,
Gray, 1847): ‘
Scissurella laevigata d’Orbigny
SCISSURELLA CRISPATA Fleming
Plate Il, fig. 2. Map 4.
Scissurella crispata Fleming,
1832: 385, pl. 6: 3.
Type locality: ‘‘Isle of Noss, Zetland”’
[Shetland Islands].
Description of specimen
The shell is thin, white, and about 2 mm high by 2.5 mm in diameter. There are
about 3% rapidly enlarging whorls with deep sutures and with a rather flat
apex having a slightly depressed tip. There are numerous sharp, curved, vertical
ribs. Around the shoulders of the last 2 whorls, there is a sharp-sided canal,
terminating in a short open slit at the aperture. The long umbilicus is bordered on
one side by a high, sharp, inner lip. The wide aperture bears a thin, round,
transparent, multispiralled operculum.
The shell of this species is recognized by the curved axial sculpture, by the canal at
the shoulder, and by the slit in the outer lip.
Origin of specimen
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—near settlement (1).
The specimen was found alive at a depth
of about 40 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Arctic Ocean, north of Borden Island, N.W.T. (Wagner 1964: 11).
Also recorded from New England, Labrador, West Greenland, East Greenland,
Hebrides, Norway, and Svalbard (Thorson 1944); Arctic Ocean, off Franz
Joseph Islands, and New Siberian Islands (Gorbunov 1946). Depths from 8 m
(Norway) to 2020 m (off France) (Thorson 1944).
Fissurellidae
PUNCTURELLA Lowe, 1827
Type species (by monotypy):
Patella noachina Linnaeus
PUNCTURELLA NOACHINA (Linnaeus)
Plate |, figs. 4, 5. Map 4.
Patella noachina Linnaeus, 1771: 551.
Type locality: Restricted by Farfante
(1947: 140) to Drobak, Norway.
Cemoria princeps Mighels and A. Adams, 1842: 42, pl. 4: 9.
Gastropoda: Fissurellidae
SCISSURELLA CRISPATA
BB live
(J literature record
PUNCTURELLA NOACHINA
@ live
O empty shell
A literature record
For a complete list of synonyms see
Farfante (1947: 138). She does not be-
lieve that Cemoria cognata Gould or
other antarctic species are conspecific
with P. noachina, nor does she accept
records of P. noachina from the
Antarctic.
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, small (largest specimen is 10 mm long), and dingy white. It is
limpet-shaped (the height is about % of the length) and is laterally compressed. The
apex is turned forward, and immediately behind it is a narrow fissure leading to a
narrow, convex, internal septum. About 25 low and rounded radiating ribs, varying
somewhat in width, height, and distance apart, are irregularly interspaced with
lower thinner ribs near the base. Concentric growth lines cross the ribs and, in
places, cut into them (especially near the base). The surfaces of some specimens
appear beaded. Radiating lines of very tiny holes are visible on the shiny interior of
the shell of a few specimens. There is a thin, pale tan periostracum.
The shell is distinguished from that of other species of Puncture/la by its lateral
compression and by the relatively small number of ribs.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—Port Burwell (1); Hudson
Bay east—north of Mansel Island (1);
Fisher Strait (1).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—Countess of Warwick
Sound (1); Foxe Channel—near Cape
Martineau (1); Foxe Basin—north (10);
Admiralty Inlet—Arctic Bay (1).
Specimens were collected alive on mud
and rock in hauls from depths of 18-40
and 73-91 m.
11
Gastropoda: Acmaeidae
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Burwell, Hudson Strait” (Dall 1924a: 34A, as Puncturella princeps); Lake
Harbour, Baffin Island (Oughton 1940: 3, as Puncturella probably princeps);
Igloolik (Ellis 1960: 40); southeast Melville Peninsula” (Farfante 1947: 141); west
of Devon Island (Reeve 1855: 395, as Cemoria cognata) [probably this species];
Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 22).
Also recorded from Cape Cod to Labrador, West Greenland, East Greenland,
Scotland to Franz Joseph Islands, Norway south to Spain (Farfante 1947); Aleutian
and Shumagin Islands, Point Barrow and south of Juneau, Alaska (MacGinitie
1959). Depths from 9 to 2212 m (Clarke 1962).
Acmaeidae
ACMAEA Eschscholtz, 1833
Type species (by subsequent designation, Dall, 1871):
Acmaea mitra Eschscholtz
ACMAEA RUBELLA (Fabricius)
Plate II, figs. 1a, b. Map 5.
Patella rubella Fabricius, 1780: 386.
Type locality: probably Greenland.
Description of specimens
The shell is a thin cone, very small (up to 6 mm long), and pale brownish pink with
a white underside. Concentric growth lines are the only sculpture. The oval aperture
has a margin of thinner material.
The shell of this species is recognized by the colour, the small size, and the lack of
radiating lines.
Origin of specimens
Northeast region: North region:
Frobisher Bay—Countess of Warwick Barrow Strait—near Resolute Bay (1);
Sound (1); Foxe Basin—north (3); Wilkins Strait (10).
Admiralty Inlet—Arctic Bay (4).
Specimens were collected alive on mud
from depths of 8 to 22 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
“Upper Savage Island,’’ Hudson Strait” (Whiteaves 1885: 58DD); “west coast of
Davis Strait’’” [Cumberland Sound] (Hancock 1846: 332); Igloolik and Arctic Bay”,
Baffin Island (Ellis 1960: 40); Assistance Bay [Barrow Strait] (Sutherland 1852:
cci); north shore Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 22).
Also recorded from Nova Scotia and Labrador (Whiteaves 1901); West Greenland,
East Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Norway, Svalbard, Murman Coast, and Novaya
Zemlya, from 4 (East Greenland) to 565 m (off Norway) (Thorson 1944).
12
Gastropoda: Acmaeidae
ACMAEA RUBELLA
@ live
© empty shell
A literature record
ACMAEA TESTUDINALIS (Miller)
Plate |, fig. 6. Map 6.
Patella testudinaria Muller, 1776: 237;
non Linnaeus, 1758.
Patella testudinalis Muller, 1776: 237.
Type locality: ‘‘Daniae et Norvegiae.”’
For other possible synonyms see Dautzenburg and Fischer (1912: 295).
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thick and medium-sized (largest specimen is 31 mm long,
22.5 mm wide, and 11.5 mm high). It is a cone of very variable height with a blunt
apex slightly turned forward, just in front of centre. There is a variable pattern,
which most often consists of broken radial lines, and rarely of concentric rings of
solid colour. Some shells show a combination of these features. The colour varies
from dark brown to a light reddish brown, on a white background. The pattern is
visible inside on at least part of the shell in most specimens, usually at the base, the
central portion being brown: in a few specimens it looks bluish. The underside is
predominantly white, except on some specimens from Hudson Bay, in which it is
blue. The sharp and distinct lines of growth are crossed by very fine radial lines.
The sharp margin is of thinner material than the rest of the shell.
The shell of this species is distinguished from that of other northern limpets by its
pattern and by the appearance of the incised lines on its surface.
13
Gastropoda: Acmaeidae
ACMAEA TESTUDINALIS
@ live
pian 6
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Ungava Bay—east (25), south (2); Hud-
son Strait—Wakeham Bay (2), Digges Is-
lands (3); James Bay—Charlton Island
(10), between Albany and Moose rivers
(1), South Twin Island (6); Hudson Bay
east—Great Whale River (6), Belcher Is-
lands (ca. 95), between Great Whale and
Richmond Gulf (4), off Richmond Gulf
(6), northern Nastapoka Islands (9),
Hopewell Sound (3); Hudson Bay
north—south of Coats Island (6); Evans
Strait (12); Fisher Strait (10); Hudson
Bay west—Chesterfield Inlet (10); Roes
Welcome Sound—Cape Fullerton (30);
Repulse Bay (1).
Canadian Arctic literature records
© empty shell
A literature record
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—Alareak Island (1); Cum-
berland Sound—north coast (2), Pan-
gnirtung Fiord (8), south coast (1); Da-
vis Strait—Padloping Island (5); Admi-
ralty Inlet—Arctic Bay (7).
North region:
Barrow Strait—off Resolute Bay (10);
Wellington Channel (2).
Northwest region:
Coronation Gulf (1); Chantrey Inlet (1);
Dolphin and Union Strait (6); Amund-
sen Gulf—Cape Parry (15).
Specimens were collected alive on mud,
sand, and rock from shore to a depth of
40 m.
Near Fort Chimo, Ungava Bay (Dall 1886: 206); northeast Hudson Bay and James
Bay (Pelletier et a/. 1968: 574, and 575, as “Acmaea emydia’’); Charlton* and
Carey Islands, James Bay (Richards 1936: 539); Chesterfield Inlet, Roes Welcome
Sound, Repulse Bay, west coast of Foxe Basin, and Eclipse Sound, Baffin Island
(Laurson 1946: 53-56); Southampton Island, N.W.T. (Brooks 1935: 2); Fullerton,
Hudson Bay” (Dall 1924a: 33A); Cumberland Sound (Pfeffer 1886a: 44); Pan-
gnirtung, Baffin Island (Oughton 1940: 5); Cumberland Sound (Dall 1879: 146)
north and south coasts of Cumberland Sound” (Ellis 1955: 228); Assistance Bay
Gastropoda: Lepetidae
[Barrow Strait] (Sutherland 1852: cci); west of Devon Island (Reeve 1855: 395);
Dolphin and Union Strait* (Dall 1919a: 14A-17A, as “Acmaea emydia’’).
Also recorded from Long Island Sound to Labrador (Whiteaves 1901); West
Greenland (Thorson 1951); Norwegian Sea, British Isles, Soviet Arctic, Bering Sea,
and Alaska (Odhner 1912). Depths from shore to 100 m (Barents Sea) (Filatova
and Zatsepin 1948).
Lepetidae
LEPETA Gray, 1842
Type species (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847):
Patella caeca Muller
LEPETA CAECA (Miller)
Plate |, fig. 7. Map 7.
Patella caeca Muller, 1776: 237.
Type locality: ‘‘Daniae et Norvegiae.”’
Patella candida Couthouy, 1838: 86, pl. 3: 17.
Patella cerea Moller, 1842: 16.
Description of specimens
The shell is limpet-shaped, oval, and up to 18 mm long. It is straw-coloured on top,
and white or rarely bluish brown on the underside. The height is variable and in
some specimens the shell is slightly concave in front of the apex—behind the apex it
is always convex. Fine and numerous, slightly elevated growth lines are crossed by
much higher radiating ribs to give the surface its checkered and granulated
appearance. The material of the margin is rather thinner than that of the rest of the
shell. There is a flaky and, in some specimens, reticulate, light brown periostracum.
The shell of this species is recognized by the granular and cancellate appearance of
the surface.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—off Cape William Smith
(2); Ungava Bay—northeast (23); Hud-
son Bay east—Belcher Islands (13),
Richmond Gulf (6), Hopewell Sound
and south (19); Evans Strait (19); Fisher
Strait (4); Hudson Bay west—south of
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—near settlement (2);
Foxe Basin—north (9); Fury and Hecla
Strait (18); Prince Regent Inlet—Cres-
well Bay (3); Admiralty Inlet—Arctic
Bay (16).
North region:
Jones Sound—Coburg Island (2).
Churchill (5), off Churchill (3), between
Churchill and Chesterfield Inlet (2);
Roes Welcome Sound (1); Repulse Bay
(12); Frozen Strait (1).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (2).
Specimens were collected alive on mud,
sand, gravel, and rock at depths of from
10 to 143 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Lake Harbour, Baffin Island (Oughton 1940: 3); Exeter Sound, Baffin Island, and
mouth of Jones Sound (Thorson 1951: 15); west Davis Strait (Allen 1965: 986);
Arctic Bay, Baffin Island* (Ellis 1960: 40); Cape Eden [northwest Prince of Wales
Island] (Reeve 1855: 395, as Patella cerea); Assistance Bay [Barrow Strait]
(Sutherland 1852: cci, as Patella cerea); Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 22); Franklin
Pierce Bay, Cape Frazer, and Richardson Bay [northeast Ellesmere Island] (Smith
1877: 139 and 1878: 229).
Gastropoda: Trochidae
LEPETA CAECA
@ live
O empty shell
A literature record
Also recorded from [? ] West Indies, New England to Labrador, West Greenland,
East Greenland, British Isles, Azores, Norway, Svalbard, and Soviet Arctic to Japan
(Thorson 1944); Point Barrow, Alaska to Aleutians (MacGinitie 1959). Depths
from 3 (Iceland) to 1300 m (Azores) (Thorson 1944).
Trochidae
MARGARITES Gray, 1847
Type species (by original designation):
Turbo helicinus Phipps, 1774
MARGARITES COSTALIS (Gould)
Plate |, fig. 9. Map 8.
Margarita striata Broderip and Sowerby, 1829: 371;
non Leach, 1819.
Turbo cinereus Couthouy, 1838: 99,
pl. 3: 9; non Born, 1778.
Trochus costalis Gould (ex Lovén MS), 1841: 252,
described in synonymy.
Margarita sordida Hancock, 1846: 324.
Type locality: Massachusetts Bay.
Trochus polaris (Margarita) (Beck) Philippi, 1846: 249,
pl. 37: 9; nomen oblitum.
Trochus corneus Kiener, 1873: 70,
pl. 19: 2 (Turbo).
Gastropoda: Trochidae
MARGARITES COSTALIS
@ live
@ empty shell
A literature record
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thin, of medium size (up to 25 mm in diameter and 25 mm
high), and a dull grey or yellowish white. Parts of the shell are iridescent blue when
wet. There are 6 to 8 whorls and a nearly flat apex. In most specimens there are
fine, elevated growth lines, especially distinct on the early whorls. Spiral ribs vary in
height, and in a few specimens are alternately weak and strong. In almost all
specimens, the spiral ribs continue on the underside of the body whorl, but are
lower there and closer. On most specimens, the low spiral ribs around the deep
umbilicus are stronger and wider; they are absent only from those specimens that
are smooth toward the base of the whorl. A groove extends beside the umbilicus
along the inner lip, which is sharp and high. The aperture is round but for an angle
near the base. The operculum is large and clearly spiralled.
Higher, straighter-sided whorls and elevated growth lines on the early whorls
distinguish the shell of this species from those of other large arctic Margarites.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—near Port Burwell (15); north (6), near Port Harrison (10),
Diana Bay (6), Wakeham Bay (1), King
George Sound (4), Charles Island (1),
Digges Islands (9); Ungava Bay—north-
east coast (12), off Koksoak River
mouth (2), off Payne Bay (2); James
Bay—between Charlton Island and
Akimiski Island (1), off South Twin Is-
land (2), off northeast coast (7); Hud-
son Bay east—Belcher Islands (9), Rich-
mond Gulf (8), Richmond Gulf to Nas-
tapoka River (6), Sleeper Islands and
north of Mansel Island (3); Hudson Bay
north—south of Coats Island (1); Evans
Strait (9); Fisher Strait (1); Hudson Bay
west—between Churchill and Eskimo
Point (5), near Term Point (2), off and
at Chesterfield Inlet (5); Roes Welcome
Sound (4); Repulse Bay (14); Frozen
Strait (3).
17
Gastropoda: Trochidae
North region:
Viscount Melville Sound—Winter Har-
bour (2).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (16); Bathurst Inlet (14);
Melville Sound (5); Dolphin and Union
Strait (25); Darnley Bay (2); Amundsen
Gulf—Cape Parry (30); Franklin Bay
(1); Prince of Wales Strait (5); Macken-
zie Bay (ca. 50).
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—Cape Dorset (2), Big Is-
land (2), Lake Harbour (7); Frobisher
Bay—mouth (1), Foxe Channel—off
Melville Peninsula (24); Foxe Basin—
north (ca. 90); Fury and Hecla Strait
(6); Prince Regent Inlet—Creswell Bay
(5).
Specimens were collected alive on clay,
mud, sand, and rock at depths from 0 to
95-130 m. .
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Burwell and ‘‘Upper Savage Island,’’ Hudson Strait™ (Whiteaves 1885: 58DD,
60DD, as Margarita striata); Hudson Strait (Halkett 1898: 80, as Margarites cine-
rea); Port Burwell, Hudson Strait, Fullerton, Hudson Bay, and Winter Harbour,
Melville Island* (Dall 1924 and 1924a: 31A, 33A, 34A, 35A, as Margarites striatus
and Margarites cinereus); southwest Hudson Bay (Pelletier et a/. 1968: 575); Lake
Harbour, Baffin Island (Oughton 1940: 3, as Margarites cinerea); ‘west coast of
Davis Strait’’ [Cumberland Sound] (Hancock 1846: 324, as Margarita sordida);
Exeter Sound, Baffin Island, and off Jones Sound (Thorson 1951: 19, as Margarita
cinerea); Assistance Bay [Barrow Strait] (Sutherland 1852: cci, as Turbo corneus);
Hell Gate [southwest Ellesmere Island] (Grieg 1909: 25, as Margarita striata); Mel-
ville Island* and mouth of Mackenzie River™ (Dall 1919a: 14A, 15A, 16A, as
Margarites sordidus).
Also recorded from Mexico (Odhner 1912); New England to Labrador, West
Greenland, East Greenland, Hebrides, Ireland, and Norway (Thorson 1951);
Svalbard and Franz Joseph Islands, Point Barrow, Alaska (MacGinitie 1959).
Depths to 660 m (west of Norway) (Thorson 1944).
MARGARITES GROENLANDICUS (Gmelin)
Plate I, fig. 10. Map 9.
Trochus —_groenlandicus —umbilicalus
Chemnitz, 1781: 108, pl. 171: 1671
(work not binomial).
Trochus groenlandicus Gmelin, 1791:
3574.
Type locality: Greenland.
Margarita undulata Sowerby, 1838: 26
(not seen).
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thin, medium-sized (largest specimen is 16 mm in diameter
and 11 mm high), and dingy white or pinkish. There are 6 to 7 rapidly enlarging
whorls and a pointed apex. The early whorls are quite depressed, but the body
whorl has higher sides. The high, rounded, and numerous spiral ribs are interspersed
on the body whorl with weaker ribs. Toward the base of the shell, in most
Gastropoda: Trochidae
0 200 300
et eet
MARGARITES GROENLANDICUS MARGARITES UMBILICALIS
HB live @ live
() empty shell © empty shell
A literature record A literature record
specimens, the ribs become less distinct and closer together. Four shells display
indistinct folds at the suture above the body whorl, but none have the characteristic
strong folds found on specimens from Gaspé. The deep and round umbilicus is
partly covered by the sharp inner lip. The aperture has a rather elliptical shape: the
outer lip rises near the central axis and descends obliquely, forming an angle at the
outer edge. The inner lip is everted at the base. The operculum is thin and spiralled.
The shell of this species is distinguished from that of . costalis by its depressed
early whorls and lack of elevated growth lines. It is distinguished from sculptured
shells of VM. umbilicalis by the higher body whorl, the thicker shell, and the more
obscured, smaller umbilicus.
—_——
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—Port Burwell (2), Diana Specimens were collected alive on mud
Bay (1); Hudson Bay east—Belcher Is- and rock at depths of from 12 to
lands (4), Sleeper Islands (1); Hudson 90-115 mM.
Bay west—off Rankin Inlet (1), Chester-
field Inlet (1); Roes Welcome Sound—
Cape Fullerton (1).
Canadian Arctic literature records
Roes Welcome Sound, Repulse Bay (Laurson 1946: 55, 56). It is unlikely that the
specimens referred to by Sutherland (1852: cci, as Margarita undulata) are from
Barrow Strait, if identified correctly.
Also recorded from southeastern Canada and Labrador (Whiteaves 1901); West
Greenland (Thorson 1944): Svalbard, northern Norway, and Soviet Arctic coast as
far east as Novaya Zemlya to 512 m (Galkin 1955).
19
Gastropoda: Trochidae
MARGARITES HELICINUS (Phipps)
Plate |, fig. 11, Map 10.
Turbo helicinus Phipps, 1774: 198.
Type locality: ““Spitzbergen.”’
Trochus helicinus Fabricius, 1780: 393.
Margarita arctica Leach, 1819: 61.
Margarita campanulata ‘‘Morse,"’ Packard, 1867:
284, pl. 7: 15, 15a.
For other possible synonyms see
Dautzenburg and Fischer (1912: 270)
and Galkin (1955: 75).
Description of specimens
The shell is very thin and small (largest specimen is 11 mm in diameter and 6 mm
high). More than half of the specimens are straw coloured, a few are reddish brown,
and the rest are a darker, purplish brown. All are shiny and iridescent when worn or
wet. There are about 4% whorls, enlarging very rapidly from a blunt apex. The
proportion of height to width is variable. Growth lines are barely visible and only
the base of the body whorl bears microscopic spiral threads. The umbilicus is
unadorned and deep, its edge being covered by the raised inner lip. The aperture is
round or slightly elliptical in shells with a vertically compressed body whorl. The
operculum is thin and spiralled.
The shell of this species is recognized by its smoothness and few whorls, and is
distinguished from the young of M. umbilicalis by the blunt apex and small
umbilicus.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—off Port Burwell (13),
near Wakeham Bay (11), King George
Sound (1), Sugluk (4), Nottingham Is-
land (17); Ungava Bay—Adlorilik (1),
Gyrfalcon Islands (6), Nuvuk Harbour
(9); Evans Strait (5); Fisher Strait (1);
Hudson Bay west—Whale Cove (25),
Chesterfield Inlet (7); Roes Welcome
Sound—Cape Fullerton (14); Repulse
Bay (8).
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—near Cape Dorset (38),
near Big Island (3), Lake Harbour (ca.
80), off Resolution Island (2); Frobisher
Bay—Potter’s Island (1), Ogac Lake (2),
Becher Peninsula (ca. 55), Chase Island
(5), Loks Land (6); Cumberland Sound
(ca. 65), south shore (1), near Pangnir-
Canadian Arctic literature records
tung (5); Davis Strait—north of Loks
Land (3), Padloping Island (5); Foxe
Basin—north (ca. 90); Prince Regent
Inlet—Creswell Bay (14); Eclipse Sound
—near Pond Inlet (10).
North region:
Barrow Strait—near Resolute Bay (3);
Penny Strait (5); Smith Sound—near
Cape Sabine (ca. 50).
Northwest region:
Dolphin and Union Strait (15); Amund-
sen Gulf—Cape Parry (7).
Specimens were collected alive on mud,
sand, and rock at depths of from 0 to
192 m.
Labrador Reef [Hudson Strait] (Dall 1887: 206) Port Burwell, Hudson Strait*
(Whiteaves 1885: 6ODD); Port Burwell, Hudson Strait*™ and Cape Fullerton, Hud-
20
Gastropoda: Trochidae
MARGARITES HELICINUS
@ live
(3) empty shell
A literature record
Map 10
son Bay” (Dall 1924a: 33A, 34A); Port Burwell, Lake Harbour, and Pangnirtung
(Oughton 1940: 3, 4, 5); northeast Hudson Bay (Pelletier et a/. 1968: 575)
Frobisher Bay* and Cumberland Sound” (Ellis 1955: 228); Cumberland Sound*
(Dall 1879: 146); Exeter Sound, Baffin Island (Thorson 1951: 16); Igloolik™ and
Arctic Bay, Baffin Island (Ellis 1960: 40); Port Kennedy [Gulf of Boothia] (Walker
1852: 71, as Margarita arctica); Assistance Bay [Barrow Strait] (Sutherland 1852:
cci, as Margarita arctica); Jones Sound and Rice Strait (Grieg 1909: 23) Franklin
Pierce Bay [Kane Basin] (Jeffreys 1877: 240, and Smith 1878: 228); Bernard
Harbour, Dolphin and Union Strait* (Dall 1919a: 14A and 16A, also as Margarites
albulus).
Also recorded from Massachusetts Bay and Gulf of St. Lawrence (Bousfield 1960);
West Greenland, East Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, British Isles, Svalbard,
Soviet Arctic to Bering Sea, Aleutians, and Sea of Okhotsk to a depth of 407 m
(Norway) (Thorson 1944),
MARGARITES OLIVACEUS (Brown)
Plate |, figs. 12, 13. Map 11.
Turbo olivaceus Brown, 1827, pl. 46:
30, 31. (not seen)
Type locality: Greenock, Scotland.
Margarita argentata Gould, 1841: 256,
fig. 174.
Margarita glauca Moller, 1842: 8.
Margarita harrisoni Hancock, 1846:
325, pl. 5: 4, 5.
Margarites grosvenori Dall, 1926: 59.
21
Gastropoda: Trochidae
0 100 200 300
—————S
MARGARITES OLIVACEUS
@ live
© empty shell
A literature record
MARGARITES PRIB/ILOFFENSIS
BH literature record
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thick and variable in size (largest specimen is 10.5 mm in
diameter and 11 mm high). It is dull silver or greenish or yellowish white and
iridescent when wet. There are 4% to 5% whorls, the first 2 being so depressed in
most specimens that the apex is flat. A few specimens have a more pointed apex.
The shell surface is covered with close, microscopic spiral threads, which vary in
coarseness and distance apart. Growth lines are less distinct. The aperture is circular
except for a slight angle at the base. The high, sharp inner lip covers up to % of the
umbilicus. The operculum has about 8 spirals.
The shell of this species is recognized by its colour, dullness, and microscopic spiral
threads.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
James Bay—southeast of Akimiski Is-
land (2); Hudson Bay east—Belcher Is-
lands (1), Richmond Gulf (1), Nastapo-
ka Sound (7), Port Harrison (1); Repul-
se Bay (1).
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—off Cape Dorset (1);
Frobisher Bay—near settlement (1), Da-
niel’s Harbour (3); Foxe Basin—north
(ca. 90); Fury and Hecla Strait (2); Prin-
ce Regent Inlet—Creswell Bay (ca. 125).
North region:
Barrow Strait—near Resolute Bay (45);
Jones Sound—mouth (4); Crozier Chan-
nel (1); Wilkins Strait (1); Smith
Sound—Cape Sabine (1); Arctic Ocean—
off Cape Isachsen (3).
Northwest region:
Dolphin and Union Strait (1); Darnley
Bay (1); Amundsen Gulf—Cape Parry
(1).
Specimens were collected alive on clay,
mud, sand, and rock from shore level to
a depth of 106 m.
22
Gastropoda: Trochidae
Canadian Arctic literature records
Roes Welcome Sound (Laurson 1946: 55, 56); Lake Harbour, Baffin Island
(Oughton 1940: 3, as Margarites grosvenori); ‘‘west coast of Davis Strait’’
[Cumberland Sound] (Hancock 1846: 325, as Margarita harrisoni); Assistance Bay
[Barrow Strait] (Sutherland 1852: cci, as Margarita glauca); Wellington Channel
(Jeffreys 1877: 238); Cape Frazer [Kane Basin] (Jeffreys 18776: 492); Franklin
Pierce Bay [Kane Basin] (Smith 1877: 139 and 1878: 228, as Trochus (Margarita)
glauca); off Ellef Ringnes Island* (Dall 1924: 31A, as Margarites argentatus); Prince
Gustav Adolph Sea* (Wagner 1964: 11, as ? Margaritopsis ? grosvenori) may be
this species. Ldyning (1932: 6) states that according to Grieg, the specimens referred
to by him (Grieg 1909: 23) as Margarita olivacea are young stages of Margarita
umbilicalis.
Also recorded from Cape Cod, eastern Canada, West Greenland, East Greenland to
Hebrides, Norway, and Svalbard (Thorson 1944); Soviet Arctic to Bering Sea and to
Japan Sea, west coast of America, south to Oregon (Galkin 1955). Depths to 385 m
(East Greenland) (Thorson 1944).
MARGARITES PRIBILOFFENSIS Dall
Map 11.
Margarites pribiloffensis Dall, 1919: MacGinitie (1959: 79) records this
366. species from Bernard Harbour, Dolphin
Type locality: U.S. Fish Commission and Union Strait, N.W.T. as well as from
station 3504, near the Pribilof Islands, Point Belcher and Point Barrow, Alaska
Bering Sea. to a depth of 226 m in Alaska. The
See MacGinitie (1959: pl. 2: 10, pl. 8: shells | examined are thinner and
1) for figures. smoother than those of /. o/ivaceus.
MARGARITES UMBILICALIS (Broderip and Sowerby)
Plate |, figs. 14, 15, 16. Map 9.
Margarites umbilicalis Broderip and Sowerby, 1829: 371.
Type locality: ‘‘in Oceano Boreali.”’
Some authors, such as Galkin (1955),
refer to this species as a subspecies of /V.
groenlandicus.
Description of specimens
The shell is very thin, rather large (up to 24 mm in diameter and 20 mm high), pale
tan, glossy, and only slightly iridescent when wet. There are 5 to 7 very rapidly
enlarging whorls with deep sutures and a tiny apex. In almost all specimens the
whorls are vertically flattened. More than half the shells are quite smooth, and most
of the rest have spiral ribs on the early whorls. Shells that also bear ribs on the
penultimate and last whorls occur in small numbers from many localities. Many
shells have fine spiral threads on the base of the body whorl. The opening of the
large round umbilicus is bordered in neither a groove nor a depression. The elliptical
aperture has a high, sharp, inner lip. The operculum is thin and spiralled.
When ribbed, this species is best distinguished from M. groenlandicus by the very
thin and depressed shell and large open umbilicus, and when young, from M.
helicinus by the pointed apex and larger umbilicus.
23
Gastropoda: Trochidae
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—Port Burwell (8), No-
tingham Island (6); Ungava Bay—near
Keglo Bay (3); Hudson Bay east—
Belcher Islands (1), near Ottawa Islands
(2); Hudson Bay north—south of Coats
Island (1); Evans Strait (6); Fisher Strait
(3); Roes Welcome Sound (5); Repulse
Bay (13); Frozen Strait (ca. 30).
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—off Resolution Island
(1), Lake Harbour (5), Big Island (12),
near Cape Dorset (3); Frobisher Bay—
south side (ca. 50), north side (35),
mouth (2); Davis Strait—between Fro-
bisher Bay and Cumberland Sound (1),
Padloping Island (4); Cumberland
Sound—Blacklead Island (1), Ptarmigan
Fiord (5); Foxe Basin—southwest (4),
north (ca. 160); Prince Regent Inlet—
Creswell Bay (22); Admiralty Inlet—
Arctic Bay (1).
North region:
Barrow Strait—near Resolute Bay (ca.
60); Viscount Melville Sound—Winter
Harbour (10); Wellington Channel (7);
Crozier Channel (1); Jones Sound—Craig
Harbour (4); Wilkins Strait (25); Smith
Sound—Cape Sabine (2); Lincoln Sea—
Alert (27).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (9); Dolphin and Union
Strait (11).
Specimens were collected alive on Clay,
mud, sand, gravel, and rock at depths of
from 0 to 192 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Lake Harbour, Baffin Island (Oughton 1940: 3); northeast Hudson Bay (Pelletier et
al. (1968: 574); Southampton Island (Brooks 1935: 2); Frobisher Bay settlement
and Blacklead Island, Cumberland Sound” (Ellis 1955: 228, as Margarites
groenlandicus); ‘‘west coast Davis Strait’’ [Cumberland Sound] (Hancock 1846:
324); Cumberland Sound* (Dall 1879: 146); Cumberland Sound (Pfeffer 1886a:
43); Melville Peninsula (Dall 1887: 206); Igloolik and Arctic Bay (Ellis 1960: 40, as
Margarita groenlandica); Port Kennedy [Gulf of Boothia] and Cape York [Lancaster
Sound] (Walker 1862: 71); Lancaster Sound (Jeffreys 1877: 237); Assistance Bay
[Barrow Strait] (Sutherland 1852: cci); Northumberland Sound (Reeve 1855: 393);
Winter Harbour, Melville Island* (Dall 1924: 31A); Jones Sound and Rice Strait
(Grieg 1909: 24); Exeter Sound, Baffin Island (Thorson 1951: 18, as Margarita
groenlandica ‘smooth form’); Franklin Pierce Bay [Kane Basin] and Mushroom
Point [Robeson Channel] (Smith 1877: 138 and 1878: 228); Discovery Bay
[Kennedy Channel] (Jeffreys 1877, 1877a: 240); ‘‘Floeberg Beach’ [Robeson
Channel] (Jeffreys 18776: 492); south shore Dolphin and Union Strait* (Dall
1919a: 14A, 16A).
Also recorded from northern Labrador (Dall 1879); northeast and northwest
Greenland, Soviet Arctic (off-shore) east to Laptev Sea, to a depth of 365 m
(Galkin 1955).
24
Gastropoda: Trochidae
MARGARITES VAHLI (Maller)
Plate II, fig. 3. Map 12.
Margarites vahlii Moller, 1842: 8.
Type locality: Greenland.
Margarites johnsoni Dall, 1921a: 49-50;
non Arnold, 1909.
Margarites mighelsi Rehder, 1937: 115.
Description of specimens
The shell is minute (largest specimen is 4.8 mm in diameter and 4.1 mm high),
white, and extremely shiny. The light iridescent nacre shines through the shell in
most specimens. Five to 6 whorls have relatively shallow sutures, and the apex is
flat. Except for extremely faint growth lines, there is no sculpture. The aperture is
round. The thickened inner lip projects slightly over the edge of the small
umbilicus. The operculum has widely separated spiral sutures.
The shell of this species is recognized by its small size, smoothness, and
proportionally large number of whorls.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—Port Burwell (12); Hud- Frobisher Bay (3); Foxe Basin—north-
son Bay west—Chesterfield Inlet (1). west (1); Prince Regent Inlet—Creswell
Bay (5).
Specimens were collected alive on mud
and rock at depths from 22-24 to 75-90
m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Burwell, Hudson Strait” (Dall 1924a: 34A, as Margarites acuminatus);
Assistance Bay [Barrow Strait] (Sutherland 1852: cci). Dall (1921: 50) recorded
this species from ‘‘Port Burwell, Ungava Bay, Hudson Bay” as Margarites johnsoni,
the last locality being an error repeated by other recent authors.
Also recorded from West Greenland, East Greenland, Svalbard, and Puget Sound
(Thorson 1944); Soviet Arctic to Bering Sea and Japan Sea (Galkin 1955); Point
Barrow, Alaska (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 20 to 414 m (Galkin 1955).
SOLARIELLA Wood, 1842
Type species (by monotypy):
Solariella maculata Wood
SOLARIELLA OBSCURA (Couthouy)
Plate I, fig. 17. Map 12.
Turbo obscurus Couthouy, 1838: 100.
Type locality: Massachusetts Bay.
25
Plate II
ies
a
A
t
:
Gastropoda: Trochidae
Description of specimens
The shell is small (largest specimen is 7 mm in diameter and 5.5 mm high), and dull
grey or dingy white. There are 4 to 5 vertically depressed whorls. Near the sutures
and on the underside of the shell are low axial folds. At the edge of each whorl are
2 or more rounded spiral carinae, interspaced with weak spiral ribs and fine spiral
threads, which are best seen on the body whorl. Where the longitudinal and
horizontal ribs meet, there may be faint elevations. The umbilicus in its circular
depression is large and deep and, in one specimen, bounded by a ridge. The aperture
is circular and the inner lip is sharp. The operculum is thin and spiralled.
The more flattened whorls and larger umbilicus best distinguish the shell of this
species from that of Margarites costalis.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—Port Burwell (2) (worn,
probably this species).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (1) (broken, probably this
species); Franklin Bay (2).
Plate II
Figure
la, b
ACMAEA RUBELLA
(Fabricius) from Sars, 1878,
PI. ViII:5. Norway, (X4), 12
2
SCISSURELLA CRISPATA
(Fleming) from Sars, 1878,
Pl. VIII:7a. Norway, (X4), 10
3
MARGARITES VAHLI
(Moller). NMC 36681, Creswell Bay,
N.W.T., (X6), 25
4a, b
SOLARIELLA VARICOSA
(Mighels and Adams) from Sars,
1878, Pl. |1X:2. Norway, (X2), 28
5
MOELLERIA COSTULATA
(Moller). NMC 27381, Nastapoka
Sound, Hudson Bay, (X6), 29
Specimens were collected alive from
depths between 13 and 70-80 m.
6
HYDROBIA MUNUTA
(Totten). NMC 19895,
Carlton Island, James Bay, (X6), 34
y
CINGULA cf. ARENARIA
(Mighels and Adams). NMC 35942,
Ungava Bay, Qué., (X3), 34
8
CINGULA CASTANEA
(Moller). NMC 36039, Arctic Bay,
N.W.T., (X6), 35
9
CINGULA MOERCHI
Collin. NMC 36699, Creswell Bay,
N.W.T., (X6), 36
10
ALVANIA CRUENTA
Odhner. NMC 36647, Cambridge
Bay, N.W.T., (X6), 37
11
ALVANIA JANMAYENI
(Friele). NMC 36671, Creswell
Bay, N.W.T., (X6), 38
12
MARSENINA GLABRA
(Couthouy). NMC 35275,
Evans Strait, N.W.T., (X%), 47
13
VELUTINA PLICATILIS
(Muller). NMC 36317, Foxe Basin,
N.W.T., (X3), 49
14a, b
ONCHIDIOPSI/S GLACIALIS
(M. Sars) from Odhner, 1913,
Pl. 2:19, 25. Svalbard, (X1), 51
15
ASTYRIS ROSACEA
(Gould). NMC 35443,
Port Burwell, Qué., (X2), 64
16
COLUS ROSEUS
(Dall). NMC 36539, Herschel Island,
Y.T., (X%), 74
oy
Gastropoda: Trochidae
0 100 200 300
MARGARITES VAHLI SOLARIELLA OBSCURA
@ live BB live
(® literature record (] literature record
SOLARIELLA VARICOSA MOELLERIA COSTULATA
A literature record @ live
Map 12
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Burwell, Hudson Strait™ (Whiteaves 1885: 60DD).
Also recorded from East Greenland to Hebrides, Svalbard, Norway, Soviet Arctic,
Bering Sea, Sitka, Eastern Canada, and New England (Thorson 1944); Labrador
(Thorson 1951); Point Barrow, Alaska (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 4 to 2587
m (Clarke 1962).
SOLARIELLA VARICOSA (Mighels and Adams)
Plate II, fig. 4a, b. Map 12.
Margarita varicosa Mighels and A. Adams,
1842: 46, pl. 4: 4.
Type locality: ‘‘Bay Chaleur’ [Baie de
Chaleur, Quebec].
This species is recorded from Port Burwell, Hudson Strait by Dall (1924a: 34A) and
from Ashe Inlet, ‘‘Upper Savage Island’’ [Big Island], Hudson Strait by Whiteaves
(1885: 58DD). The shell is recognized by its strong longitudinal ribs, its fine spiral
threads, and its high spire. Thorson (1951) records it from eastern Canada,
Labrador, Hebrides, Svalbard, Norway, Soviet Arctic, Bering Sea, and Japan. Dall
(1919) found it in arctic Alaska, and Galkin (1955) records it from ‘‘Sandiego.”’ It
is not known from either coast of Greenland or from north of Hudson Strait in
Canada. Its depth range is from 0 to 355 m (Galkin 1955).
28
Gastropoda: Turbinidae
Turbinidae
MOELLEARIA Jeffreys, 1865
Type species (by original designation):
Margarita? costulata Moller
MOELLERIA COSTULATA (Moller)
Plate II, fig. 5. Map. 12.
Margarita? costulata Moller, 1842: 8. Margarita minutissima Mighels (1843:
Type locality: Greenland. 349, pl. 16: 5) is probably a synonym.
Description of specimens
The shell is minute (larger specimen has a diameter of 2.5 mm). Of two specimens,
one is a dark reddish brown and the other is grey. There are 3 rapidly enlarging
whorls, deep sutures and a blunt apex. The sculpture consists of distinct, close,
longitudinal ribs. The umbilicus is quite large and unadorned. The round aperture
has a thick calcareous operculum containing 4 whorls.
The shell of this species is recognized by the appearance of the axial sculpture and
by the calcareous operculum.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: Northeast region:
Hudson Bay east—off Nastapoka River Admiralty Inlet—Arctic Bay (1).
(ty.
Specimens were collected alive from
depths of 16 and 53 m.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from Cape Cod to Labrador (Whiteaves 1901): West Greenland, East
Greenland, Svalbard, Murman Sea, Franz Joseph Islands, White Sea, Iceland to
Shetlands, and south to off Morocco (Thorson 1944): Point Barrow, Alaska
(MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 7.5 (eastern Canada) to 1943 m (Morocco)
(Thorson 1944).
Lacunidae
LACUNA Turton, 1827
Type species (by original designation):
Helix lacuna Montagu [=7Turbo puteol/us Turton |
LACUNA cf. GLACIALIS Moller
Plate |, fig. 18. Map 13.
Lacuna glacialis Moller, 1842: 9.
Type locality: probably Greenland.
Krause (1892: 353) calls Aquilonaria
turneri Dall a probable synonym.
Description of specimens
The shell is thin and white. Most specimens are small (up to 12 mm long). Three
specimens are, however, from 15 to 21 mm long. Five to 6 whorls with rather deep
sutures enlarge rather rapidly from a small and round apex. More than half of the
specimens are smooth, but the rest bear close and fine spiral lines. The aperture is
29
Gastropoda: Lacunidae
about % the height of the shell. The outer lip is usually very thin. The inner lip
varies considerably: from a thin strip incompletely apressed to the shell, through a
narrow plate with a tiny chink toward the top, to a broad plate bearing a groove
that ends in a deep chink at the top. The lower lip is everted in one case. The large
operculum has its nucleus near the inner edge. A thin brownish yellow periostracum
extends beyond the thin outer lip in many specimens.
The shell of this species is recognized mainly by its rounded whorls and umbilicus.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Repulse Bay (1); Frozen Strait (ca. 50).
Northwest region:
Coronation Gulf—Cape Barrow (1);
Amundsen Gulf—off Cape Parry (1).
Northeast region:
Hudson strait—Mill Island (1); Frobisher
Bay—near head (2), near mouth (8);
Foxe Channel—near Cape Martineau (3);
Foxe Basin—near Cape Wilson (1).
Specimens were collected alive on rock
at depths between 5-10 and 183-208 m.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from Sea of Okhotsk and Sitka Island [Alaska] (Middendorff 1849);
Svalbard (Krause 1892); Gulf of St. Lawrence (Whiteaves 1901). Depths from 5-10
(Amundsen Gulf) to 183-208 m (Amundsen Gulf) (this study).
LACUNA VINCTA (Montagu)
Map 13.
Turbo vinctus Montagu, 1803: 307, pl.
1 a
Reeve (1855: 393) records the varieties
labiosa and quadrifasciata from Port
Refuge [Wellington Channel]. It is possi-
ble that the specimens were of L. glacia-
lis (Moller), from which the shell of this
species is distinguished by its straighter
sided whorls and its more elongate
Type locality: Salcombe [England].
Trochus divaricatus Fabricius, 1780:
392.
appearance. It is also recorded from
eastern Canada (Bousfield 1960), New
England, southwest Greenland, Iceland,
British Isles, France, Norway, White
Sea, Bering Sea, Japan, and northwest’
America at depths of from 0 to 64 m
(Thorson 1941).
AQUILONARIA Dall, 1887
Type species (by original designation):
Aquilonaria turneri Dall
AQUILONARIA TURNERI Dall
Map 13.
Aquilonaria turneri Dall, 1887: 204, pl.
a, ag
Type locality: Labrador’s Reef, Ungava
Bay.
See MacGinitie (1959, pl. 2: 8,9) for
figures.
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, small (up to about 11mm), and white. There are 4% rapidly
enlarging and rotund whorls. The inner lip varies in thickness but is rather narrow.
30
Gastropoda: Littorinidae
LACUNA cf. GLACIALIS LACUNA VINCTA
~ @ live A literature record
O empty shell
AQUILONARIA TURNER/
BB live
() empty shell
There is either no umbilicus or a very narrow chink. A heavy, orange-brown
periostracum extends past the outer lip in some specimens.
The shell of this species is recognized by its rounded appearance, little or no
umbilicus, and bright periostracum.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: Northwest region:
Hudson Bay west — near Churchill (1 Coronation Gulf (20 may be this
empty shell). species).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay (1).
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada since described.
Also recorded from Point Barrow, Alaska (MacGinitie 1959); north of Bering Strait
(Dall 1887). Depths to 170 m (Point Barrow) (MacGinitie 1959).
Littorinidae
LITTORINA Férussac, 1821
Type species (by original designation):
Turbo Iittoralis Linnaeus
LITTORINA OBTUSATA (Linnaeus)
Turbo obtusatus Linnaeus, 1758: 761.
Type locality: ‘‘O. Septentrionali.”’
Littorina palliata Say, 1821: 240.
31
Gastropoda: Littorinidae
For figures see Tryon (Vol. IX, pl. 41:
5-8).
Halkett (1898: 80) records this species as Littorina palliata from the region
between the bottom of Ungava Bay and King George Sound, Hudson Strait. It is
also recorded by Pelletier et a/, (1968: 574) from southeast Hudson Bay and James
Bay. The shell is best distinguished from that of L. saxatilis by the blunter spire and
the more rapidly enlarging whorls. The species is also recorded from New Jersey to
Labrador (Bousfield 1960); West Greenland, Jan Mayen, Iceland, Faroe Islands,
Svalbard, Norway, and Novaya Zemlya at depths of from 0 (Iceland) to about 150
m (Greenland) (Thorson 1941).
LITTORINA SAXATILIS (Olivi)
Plate |, fig. 19. Map 14.
Cochlea /unares groenlandicae Chem-
nitz, 1781: 235, pl. 185: 1855a-g (work
not binomia!).
Turbo rudis Maton, 1797: 277 (not
seen).
Turbo tenebrosus Montagu, 1803: 303.
Turbo saxatilis Olivi, 1792: 172, pl. 5: Littorina groenlandica Moller, 1842: 9.
3a-d (not seen). Type locality: Adriatic
Sea. For other possible synonyms and
figures, see Dautzenburg and Fischer
(1912).
Description of specimens
The shell is relatively thick and up to 19 mm long. Although most specimens are
dark brownish purple, they can be found from white and pale yellow to reddish
brown. A few are grey or black. Some specimens from almost every locality are
decorated with spiral bands, streaks, or spots, which are usually brown or white.
There are 5 to 6 whorls and a rather pointed apex. The shells vary from a rather
elongate to a rotund shape. The spiral sculpture consists of incised lines, ribs, or
ridges that vary in width and distance apart. Many shells have repaired cracks at
intervals that run in the direction of the distinct growth lines. The oval aperture has
a smoothly curved outer lip. The inner lip is everted at the base and varies from
very curved to quite straight. The operculum is thin and has its nucleus on the inner
side. There is a thin, light brown periostracum.
The shell of this species is recognized mainly by its thickness and colour; its lack of
umbilicus and pointed apex best distinguish it from other northern species of
Littorina.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson ‘Strait—Port Burwell (15), Eastmain (ca. 45); Hudson Bay east—
Hopes Advance Bay (9), Diana Bay (ca.
50), Wakeham Bay (ca. 170), King
George Sound (8), Digges Islands (ca.
150); Ungava Bay—east coast (15),
south coast (ca. 125), west coast (ca.
240); James Bay—east side South Twin
Island (ca. 30), Charlton Island (ca.
100), Old Factory Bay (3), between Al-
bany and Moose Rivers (ca. 20), off
32
Long Island to mainland (30), Great
Whale River (ca. 100), Belcher Islands
(ca. 450), Richmond Gulf and nearby
(ca. 500), northern Nastapoka Islands
(ca. 650); Evans Strait—Coral Harbour
(ca. 50); Hudson Bay west—Churchill
(33), Chesterfield Inlet (ca. 75); Roes
Welcome Sound—Cape Fullerton (ca.
300); Repulse Bay (1).
Gastropoda: Littorinidae
LITTORINA SAXATILIS
@ live
@ empty shell
A literature record
Map 14
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—Lake Harbour (ca. 360), Specimens were collected alive from the
Big Island (37), near Cape Dorset (ca. intertidal zone.
50); Frobisher Bay—near head (ca. 140),
near mouth (ca. 150); Davis Strait—
between Frobisher Bay and Cumberland
Sound (ca. 110); Cumberland Sound—
near Moodie Island (9), Pangnirtung (ca.
125).
Canadian Arctic literature records
King George Sound, Hudson Strait” and Ungava Bay (Whiteaves 1901: 172, as
Littorina rudis); shores of Ungava Bay (Dall 1887: 203, as Litorina gronlandica);
Akpatok Island, Ungava Bay (Davis 1936: 329); Hudson Strait (Halkett 1898: 80,
as Littorina rudis); Charlton™ and Cary Islands, James Bay (Richards 1936: 539, as
Littorina rudis); James Bay (Stimpson 1862: 97, as Littorina gronlandica); Hudson
and James bays (Pelletier et a/. 1968: 574); east coast Hudson Bay” (Clarke 1963a:
2); Southampton Island (Brooks 1935: 2, as Littorina rudis tenebrosa); Eskimo
Point, Hudson Bay (Laurson 1946: 57); Lake Harbour, Baffin Island (Oughton
1940: 4); Baffin Island (Bousfield 1960: 16); Frobisher Bay™ and Cumberland
Sound™ (Ellis 1955: 228); “west coast of Davis Strait’’ [Cumberland Sound]
(Hancock 1946: 324, as Littorina tenebrosa); Cumberland Sound (Dall 1879: 146,
as Litorina grénlanidca [sic]; Cape Barrow, Coronation Gulf (Dall 1919a: 16A, as
Littorina rudis var. gronlandica).
Also recorded from New Jersey (Bousfield 1960); New England to Labrador, West
Greenland, southeast Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, British Isles, Black Sea,
Mediterranean Sea, western Europe, Norway, Svalbard, Soviet Arctic, Japan, and
northwest America to 94 m (West Greenland) (Thorson 1944).
33
Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae
Hydrobiidae
HYDROBIA Hartman, 1821
Type species (by subsequent designation,
Gray, 1847); Helix acuta Draparnaud
HYDROBIA MINUTA (Totten)
Plate II, fig. 6. Map 15.
Turbo minutus Totten, 1834: 369, fig. 7.
Type locality: Massachusetts and Rhode Island.
This species may well be a synonym of
Hydrobia ventrosa (Montagu) 1803:
31 #).
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, minute (up to 3.5 mm long), and yellowish horn colour when
fresh. The 5 to 6 whorls are tumid, the sutures are distinct but shallow, and the
apex is small and practically flat. Some specimens are slightly elongated; others are
more rotund and have a larger body whorl. The shell is marked only by lines of
growth. There is a tiny umbilical chink. The aperture is oval and variable in width.
The shell of this species is recognized by the tumid whorls, the small apical whorls,
and the lack of sculpture.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
James Bay—Charlton Island, Saltwater Specimens were all collected dead but
Lake (ca. 500). they appear fresh.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Charlton Island* and mouth of Moose River, James Bay (Richards 1936: 540);
James Bay (Pelletier et a/. 1968: 574).
Also recorded from eastern Canada (Bousfield 1960); Labrador (dead) (Packard
1865); and if synonymous with H. ventrosa from Norway (Sars 1878); and Great
Britain and western Europe.
Rissoidae
CINGULA Fleming, 1828
Type species (by original designation):
Turbo cingillus Montagu
CINGULA cf. ARENARIA (Mighels and Adams)
Plate II, fig. 7. Map 15.
Cingula arenaria Mighels and Adams, 1842: 49, pl. 4: 24.
Type locality: Casco Bay, Maine.
34
Gastropoda: Rissoidae
a HYDROBIA MINUTA CINGULA ARENARIA
——~ © empty shell A empty shell
CINGULA CASTANEA CINGULA MOERCHI
live @ live
() empty shell
Description of specimen
The shell is rather thin, minute (2.7 mm long), and white. About 5 whorls with
distinct sutures enlarge regularly from a blunt apex. The axial sculpture consists of
fine, straight, raised lines, which are most prominent on the ventral surface of the
shell. The spiral ribs are wide and barely rounded. The oval aperture is less than %
the height of the shell. There is a rather narrow umbilical slit.
The raised axial lines and the fewer, stronger, spiral ribs best distinguish the shell of
this species from that of C. castanea.
Origin of specimen
Northeast region: |
Hudson Strait—near Cape Dorset (1 col-
lected empty).
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from South Atlantic, Tristan da Cunha, Newfoundland, West Green-
land, East Greenland, Iceland, Norway, and Svalbard at depths of from 4 (East
Greenland) to about 190 m (Tristan da Cunha) (Thorson 1944).
CINGULA CASTANEA (Moller)
Plate II, fig. 8. Map 15.
Rissoa castanea Moller, 1842a: 83 (not
seen).
Type locality: Greenland.
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thin, minute (up to 4.4 mm long), and light brown or light
yellow. There are 4% whorls with well-impressed sutures and a blunt apex. Except
35
Gastropoda: Rissoidae
for the first 1% whorls, the shell is covered with low, broad, equidistant spiral ribs
that are a little lighter in colour than the interspaces. There is no umbilicus. The
aperture is oval and the inner and lower parts of the lip are everted.
The shell of this species is recognized by its rapidly enlarging, rather inflated whorls
and its lack of axial sculpture. The broad ribs best distinguish the shell from that of
C. moerchi.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: North region: ;
Hudson Bay east—Richmond Gulf (1 Wellington Channel (2 worn shells may
worn shell, may be of this species); be of this species).
Evans Strait—Cape Pembroke (1). Specimens were collected alive on rock
at depths of from 5 to 16 m.
Northeast region:
Admiralty Inlet—Arctic Bay (10).
Canadian Arctic literature records
Arctic Bay, Baffin Island* (Ellis 1960: 40).
Also recorded from New England (Verrill 1883); Quebec and Labrador (Whiteaves
1901); Newfoundland, West Greenland, East Greenland, Iceland, Norway, and
Novaya Zemlya (Thorson 1944); Point Barrow, Alaska (MacGinitie 1959). Depths
from 2 (East Greenland) to 132 m (Davis Strait) (Thorson 1944).
CINGULA MOERCHI Collin
Plate II, fig. 9. Map 15.
Cingula morchi Collin, 1887: 454, pl. 40, 5a, b.
Type locality: Kara Sea.
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, transluscent, minute (up to 3.2 mm), and white. From a flat apex
4% rounded whorls enlarge rather rapidly. On the early whorls of a few specimens
some of the fine growth lines are strong and raised. The sharp, narrow spiral ribs
(9-13 on the body whorl) are spaced at least five times their own width apart. There
is a narrow umbilicus. The aperture is wide and ovate. The thin outer lip is modified
by the spiral ribs, the lower lip is everted, and the inner lip is high and sharp. The
aperture is almost filled by the thin operculum.
The shell of this species is recognized by its numerous sharp, narrow spiral ribs and
vertically depressed whorls.
Origin of specimens
Northwest region: North region:
Prince Regent Inlet—Creswell Bay (8). Wilkins Strait (3).
Specimens were collected alive on mud
in hauls from depths of 7-12 and 33 m.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from East Greenland and Svalbard (Thorson 1944): Arctic Ocean off
Franz Joseph Islands and New Siberian Islands (Gorbunov 1946). Depths from 7-12
m (south of Borden Island) (this study) to 360 m (off Franz Joseph Islands)
(Gorbunov 1946).
36
Gastropoda: Rissoidae
0 300
ALVANIA CRUENTA ALVANIA JANMAYENI
~~ @ live i live
ALVANIA Risso, 1826
Type species (by subsequent designation, Monterosato, 1884):
Alvania sardea Risso [= Alvania montagui (Payradeau) |
ALVANIA cf. CRUENTA Odhner
Plate II, fig. 10. Map 16.
Alvania cruenta Odhner 1915: 167, pl. 1: 1-6.
Type locality: Svalbard.
Description of specimens
The shell is thick, minute (up to 2 mm long), and bright reddish or yellowish
chestnut. There are 4% loosely coiled whorls with deep sutures and a flat apex.
Heavy spiral ribs (up to 6 on the body whorl), which start at some distance from
the sutures, give the whorls a shouldered appearance. These ribs are high but
rounded, and more deeply coloured than the interspaces. On the early whorls of
some specimens, axial lines cut into the spiral ribs and give them a bumpy
appearance. There is an umbilical groove. The aperture is ovate (nearly round in
some specimens). The lip is thick and turns down in a few specimens. The large,
round operculum almost fills the aperture.
The shell of this species is recognized mainly by its strong spiral ribs, small size, and
reduced axial sculpture.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: Northeast region:
Hudson Bay east—Nastapoka River Prince Regent Inlet—Creswell Bay (1).
mouth (4).
Northwest region: Specimens were collected alive on mud
Dease Strait—near Cambridge Bay (9). at a depth of 49 m.
37
Gastropoda: Turritellidae
Also recorded from West Greenland and Novaya Zemlya (Odhner 1915); Arctic
Ocean north of Laptev Sea and New Siberian Islands (Gorbunov 1946). Depths of
from 19 m (Laptev Sea) (Gorbunov 1946) to 234-254 m (Svalbard) (Odhner 1915).
ALVANIA JANMAYEN/I (Friele)
Plate II, fig. 11. Map 16. —
Rissoa sibirica Leche, 1878: 38, pl. 1: 10a, b; nomen oblitum.
Rissoa Jan Mayeni Friele, 1878: 224, pl. 1: 4a, b.
Type locality: Jan Mayen.
Description of specimens
The shell is thick, minute (up to 3.5 mm long), and bright reddish chestnut. The
body whorl in 2 specimens is of a lighter colour. There are 5% rather loosely
coiled whorls with strong shoulders and deep sutures. Strong axial folds dominate
the early whorls and extend just past the suture on the body whorl. There are also
wide, rounded, close-set spiral ribs; in one case they are of a darker colour. There
is no umbilicus, but in one specimen the inner lip is not firmly appressed to the
shell, leaving a chink. The oval aperture is quite filled by a very thin operculum.
The shell of this species is recognized mainly by the shouldered whorls and by the
appearance of the sculpture.
Origin of specimens
Northeast region: |
Prince Regent Inlet—Creswell Bay (3).
Specimens were collected alive on mud
and clay at 33 m depth.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from Eastern Canada (Whiteaves 1901); New England, West Green-
land, East Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, and Soviet Arctic to Siberian Ice Sea
(Thorson 1944); Point Barrow, Alaska (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 5-8 m (East
Greenland) (Thorson 1944) to 2358 m (Clarke 1962).
Turritellidae
TACHYRHYNCHUS Morch, 1868
Type species (by original designation):
Turritella reticulata Mighels and C.B. Adams
TACHYRHYNCHUS EROSUS (Couthouy)
Plate |, fig. 20. Map 17.
Turritella erosa Couthouy, 1838: 103, pl. 3: 1.
Type locality: Massachusetts Bay.
Description of specimens
The shell is quite thick, up to about 25 mm long, and bluish white. About 9 whorls
enlarge very slowly from a pointed apex (worn or broken on most specimens). Fine
growth lines are the only axial sculpture. Flat spiral ribs, up to 8 on the body
whorl, vary in width and height. The interspaces also vary in width and depth. The
38
Gastropoda: Turritellidae
TACHYRHYNCHUS EROSUS TACHYRHYNCHUS RETICULATUS
—~__ @ live BB live
O empty shell (-] empty shell
A literature record
ACIRSA COSTULATA
X empty shell
oval aperture is about 1/5 the height of the shell. The outer lip is crenulated, and
the inner lip is slightly thickened. The operculum is thin, round, and spiralled from
a central nucleus. There is a smooth, thick, closely adherent, yellowish brown
periostracum.
The lack of axial ribs and the straighter sided whorls best distinguish the shell of
this species from that of 7. reticu/atus, and the strong flat spiral ribs differentiate it
from that of Acirsa costulata.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: Northwest region:
Hudson Strait—Port Burwell (4), King Bathurst Inlet—Baychimo Harbour (35),
George Sound (1); Ungava Bay—Forbes mouth (ca. 100); Dolphin and Union
Sound (2). Strait (4); Amundsen Gulf—off Cape
Parry (4); Franklin Bay (3).
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—Big Island (1). Specimens were collected alive at depths
of from 12.8 to 68 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Burwell*™ and ‘‘Upper Savage Island,’’ Hudson Strait (Whiteaves 1885: 59DD,
60DD); between King George Sound and Ungava Bay (Whiteaves 1901: 174);
northeast and southwest Hudson Bay (Pelletier et a/. 1968: 574); Dolphin and
Union Strait* (Dall 1919a: 16A).
Also recorded from New England to Labrador, West Greenland, East Greenland,
Svalbard, Soviet Arctic to Bering Sea, Aleutians, Unalaska, and Japan (Thorson
1944). Depths of from 12.8 m (Bathurst Inlet) (this study) to 355 m (West
Greenland) (Thorson 1944).
39
Gastropoda: Epitoniidae
TACHYRHYNCHUS RETICULATUS (Mighels and Adams)
Plate |, fig. 21. Map 17.
Turritella reticulata Mighels and Adams,
1842: 50, pl. 4: 19.
Type locality: ‘‘Bay Chaleur’’ [Baie de
Chaleur, Québec].
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thin, up to 24 mm long and dingy white. About 11 whorls
enlarge slowly from a pointed apex. There are numerous straight axial ribs and low,
close-set spiral ribs. The aperture is ovate and variable in the proportion of its width
to its height. It is about 1/5 the height of the shell. The outer lip is crenulated in
many specimens and the lower lip is slightly everted. The operculum is
multi-spiralled from a central nucleus. There is a thin, flaky, yellowish
periostracum.
The axial ribs and the more rounded whorls best distinguish the shell of this species
from that of 7. erosus, and the larger number of whorls, the more distinct
sculpture, and the more distant spiral lines distinguish it from that of Acirsa
costulata.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson _ Strait—Port Burwell (3);
Ungava Bay —Near Payne Bay (6);
Hudson Bay east—west of Belcher
Islands (25), Richmond Gulf (1), off
Broughton Island (4), near Port
Harrison (ca. 100); Evans Strait (10);
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—mouth (1), Countess of
Warwick Sound (1), near settlement (1);
Foxe Basin—north (3); Fury and Hecla
Strait (5). Specimens were collected
alive on mud and rock at depths of from
22 to 106 m.
Hudson Bay west—Chesterfield Inlet
(1); Roes Welcome Sound — Cape
Fullerton (6); Repulse Bay (1).
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Burwell, Hudson Strait (Dall 1924a: 34A, 35A); Port Burwell” and ‘‘Upper
Savage Island,’’ Hudson Strait (Whiteaves 1885: 59DD, 60DD).
Also recorded from New England, Labrador, West Greenland, East Greenland, and
Svalbard (Thorson 1944); Point Barrow, Alaska, Bering Sea, Aleutians, and British
Columbia (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 3 (Labrador, New England, Bering Sea)
to 312 m (West Greenland) (Thorson 1944).
Epitoniidae
ACIRSA Morch, 1857
Type species (by monotypy):
Scalaria borealis Beck [=Turitella costulata Mighels and Adams |
ACIRSA COSTULATA (Mighels and Adams)
Map 17.
Scalaria borealis Beck, 1839: 120: nomen dubium.
See Clench and Turner (1950) for other
synonyms and figures.
Turitella costulata Mighels and Adams,
1842: 50, pl. 4: 20.
Type locality: Casco Bay.
40
Gastropoda: Trichotropidae
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thin, up to 19 mm long, and greenish white. Nine slowly
enlarging whorls have shallow sutures. The axial ribs, present in specimens from
other regions, are not visible in these worn specimens, but spiral lines are just
discernible. The aperture is very small and ovate, and about % the height of the
shell. The thickened inner lip is everted at the base.
Higher whorls, shallower sutures, and finer, closer spiral lines best distinguish the
shell of this species from those of Tachyrhynchus erosus and Tachyrhynchus
reticulatus.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Bay west—off Cape Henrietta Recorded from the Quaternary at
Maria (1), off Churchill (1). Richmond Gulf, Hudson Bay, and
James Bay (Clench and Turner 1950:
Specimens were collected empty. 246).
Also recorded from Nova Scotia to Massachusetts (Clench and Turner 1950); West
Greenland (Posselt and Jensen 1898). Depths from ‘’near low water to. . . about 50
fathoms” (Clench and Turner 1950: 230).
Trichotropidae
TRICHOTROPIS Broderip and Sowerby, 1829
Type species (by original designation):
Turbo bicarinatus Sowerby
TRICHOTROPIS BICARINATA (Sowerby)
Plate III, fig. 3. Map 18.
Turbo bicarinatus Sowerby, 1825: 12, Trichotropis tenuis Smith, 1877: 135.
pl. 9.
Type locality: Newfoundland. Grieg (1909: 28) adds Trichotropis
hjorti Friele to the synonymy.
Trichotropis sowerbiensis Lesson, 1832:
8, pl. 41: 1-3.
Description of specimens
The shell is extremely thin, of moderate size (largest specimen is 30 mm in diameter
and 37 mm high), and white. The 6 whorls are very tumid and so rapidly enlarging
that the body whorl is more than 2/3 the height of the shell. The sutures are deep.
Apart from faint and fine lines of growth, the sculpture consists of up to 2 low
spiral ribs on the body whorl (one adult specimen has only 1). The columella is
curved. The callus is narrow, with the inner lip detached. There is a deep umbilicus
in a rather large round depression. The aperture is nearly round. The outer lip is
curved smoothly to the base where there is a barely visible canal. The laminate
operculum is ‘comma’ shaped. The periostracum is thin and horn coloured. On it,
to a greater or lesser degree, are long bristles at the ribs. In one specimen there are
also bristles around the edge of the umbilicus.
The rotund shape and the relative lack of sculpture distinguish the shell of this
species from those of other 7richotropis species.
41
Plate I!
Gastropoda: Trichotropidae
Canadian Arctic literature records
North coast of Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 28); Cape Louis Napoleon [Kane Basin]
(Smith 1877: 135 and 1878: 226, as Trichotropis tenuis); Couthouy (1838: 110)
records 7. sowerbiensis from ‘‘Melville’s |., Arctic Seas’’, wrongly quoting Lesson
(1832: 9), who described it from Newfoundland.
Also recorded from West Greenland, East Greenland, Icy Cape, and Bering Sea
(Thorson 1951); Arctic Ocean, north of Svalbard (Golikov 1964); Point Barrow,
Alaska, south to Nunivak Island and northern Japan (MacGinitie 1959). Depths
from 10 m (Ungava Bay) (this study) to 500 m (Melville Bay) (Thorson 1944).
TRICHOTROPIS BOREALIS Broderip and Sowerby
Plate III, fig. 2. Map 19.
Trichotropis borealis Broderip and Lovén (1846: 15) lists other old syn-
Sowerby, 1829: 375. onyms.
Type locality: Melville Island.
Trichotropis costellatus Couthouy,
1838: 108, pl. 3: 2.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Ungava Bay—Adlorilik (1); Repulse Bay Specimens were collected alive on clay,
(1). mud, sand, gravel, and rock at depths of
from 10 to 192 m.
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—Countess of Warwick
Sound (3); Foxe Basin—southwest (1);
Prince Regent Inlet—near Creswell Bay
(3).
Plate III (all actual size)
Figure
1 6 11
TRICHOTROPIS CONICA VELUTINA VELUTINA AMAUROPSIS ISLANDICA
(Moller). NMC 35838, (Muller). NMC 36592, (Gmelin). NMC 35925, Jeffrey’s
Evans Strait, N.W.T., 46 Roes Welcome Sound, N.W.T., 51 Lodge, Atlantic Ocean, 54
12
2 7 BOREOTROPHON PACIFICUS
TRICHOTROPIS BOREALIS CAPULACMAEA RADIATA (Dall). NMC 35561, Bathurst Inlet,
Broderip and Sowerby. NMC 35219, (M. Sars). NMC 36584, Foxe Basin, N.W.T., 62
W. Devon Island, N.W.T., 43 N.W.T., 53 13
BOREOTROPHON TRUNCATUS
3 8 (Strdm). NMC 35109, east Hudson
TRICHOTROPIS BICARINATA LUNATIA PALLIDA Bay, 62
(Sowerby). NMC 35538, (Broderip and Sowerby). NMC 13026, 14
Ungava Bay, Que., 41 Cape Dorset, N.W.T., 58 ADMETE COUTHOUY!
(Jay). NMC 24039, Ungava Bay,
4 9 Que., 107
CAPULACMAEA RADIATA NATICA CLAUSA 15
(M. Sars). NMC 24080, Foxe Basin, Broderip and Sowerby. NMC 35618, © BOREOTROPHON CLATHRATUS
N.W.T., 53 Ungava Bay, Qué., 56 (Linnaeus). NMC 38507, Franklin
Bay, N.W.T., 60
5 10 16
VELUTINA UNDATA AMAUROPSIS PURPUREA BOREOTROPHON FABRICI/
Brown. NMC 35713, Frobisher Bay, Dall. NMC 35074, Warren Point, (Moller). NMC 36609, Frozen Strait,
N.W.T., 49 N.W.T., 55 N.W.T., 60
43
Gastropoda: Trichotropidae
ismA neibare
TRICHOTROPIS CONICA
HH live
() empty shell
X literature record
TRICHOTROPIS BICARINATA
—__ @ live
O empty shell
A literature record
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, up to 22 mm long, and white. There are 4 to 5 rather loosely
coiled whorls and a pointed apex. The body whorl is 7/; the height of the shell.
Some specimens have flatter whorls and an elongate appearance, whereas others are
more rotund. The shell is traversed by numerous and fine slightly raised growth
lines and sharp, well-spaced growth rests. Spiral ribs vary from shell to shell in
width, height, and number: they are, however, rounded and clearly defined. Many
shells have 2 or more carinae. The columella is curved. The callus is narrow,
thickened, and not completely appressed to the shell; the inner lip sometimes has a
slight projection at the base. Most specimens have a small umbilicus. The aperture is
more than % the height of the shell and, although variable, is usually wide. The
crenulated outer lip is curved at the top and obliquely flattened toward the base,
where there is a very short and narrow canal. The operculum is small and oval, with
a slightly pointed base and well-spaced laminae. Later whorls are covered with a
pale yellow or reddish brown periostracum bearing well-spaced bristles on the
stronger spiral ribs of each whorl.
The shell of this species is recognized mainly by the presence of an umbilicus and
the appearance of the bristles on the periostracum.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—Port Burwell (10); Un-
gava Bay—east (3); James Bay—South
Twin Island (1); Hudson Bay east—
Belcher Islands (6), near Richmond Gulf
(10), near Mowat Island (2), off Cotter
Island (2), Hopewell Sound (42): Re-
pulse Bay (6).
44
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—Big Island (5); Frobisher
Bay—near settlement (2), Countess of
Warwick Sound (2); Foxe Basin west—
off Cape Wilson (1), north (35); Fury
and Hecla Strait (3); Prince Regent
Inlet—Creswell Bay (19); Admiralty In-
let—Arctic Bay (5); Eclipse Sound (1).
Gastropoda: Trichotropidae
TRICHOTROPIS BOREALIS
@ live
O empty shell
A literature record
Bo : ra
wWLy pp : -
AOA, TF Weg
North region:
Barrow Strait—near Resolute Bay (36);
Viscount Melville Sound—Winter Har-
bour (2); Crozier Channel—near Mould
Bay (19); Penny Strait (1); Jones Sound
—Craig Harbour (16); Eureka Sound—
Slidre Fiord (ca. 90).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (39); Bathurst Inlet—near
and Union Strait (9); Amundsen Gulf—
Cape Parry Harbour (1); Liverpool Bay
(1); Prince of Wales Strait—south (1):
Mackenzie Bay—near Herschel Island
(1).
Specimens were collected alive on clay,
mud, sand, gravel, and rock at depths of
from 5 to 95 m.
Baychimo Harbour (ca. 50); Dolphin
Canadian Arctic literature records
North and south sides of Hudson Strait™ (Whiteaves 1885: 59DD, 60DD): Port
Burwell, Hudson Strait” and Winter Harbour, Melville Island* (Dall 1924, 1924a:
31A, 34A, 35A); Southeast Hudson Bay (Pelletier et a/. 1968: 574): Lake Harbour,
Baffin Island (Oughton 1940: 3); Foxe Basin, Arctic Bay*, and Eclipse Sound*
(Ellis 1960: 40); Josephine Bay, Boothia Peninsula (Wagner 1964a: Tab. 1);
Assistance Bay [Barrow Strait] (Sutherland 1852: cci, as Trichotropis costel/latus);
Hell Gate Channel, Jones Sound, and Rice Strait (Grieg 1909: 27); Discovery Bay
and Dumbell Harbour [northeast Ellesmere Island] (Smith 1877: 136 and 1878:
227); Dolphin and Union Strait™ (Dall 1919a: 14A-16A); Franklin Bay (Mac-
Ginitie 1959: 89).
Also recorded from New England to West Greenland, East Greenland, Iceland,
Faroe Islands, British Isles, Norway, Svalbard, Kara Sea, and Bering Sea (Thorson
1944); Point Barrow, Alaska to British Columbia (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 5
m (west of Devon Island) (this study) to 944 m (Hebrides) (Thorson 1944).
45
Gastropoda: Aporrhaidae
TRICHOTROPIS CONICA Moller
Plate III, fig. 1. Map 18.
Trichotropis conica Moller, 1842: 12.
Type locality: Greenland.
Description of specimens
The shell is very thin, small (up to 17 mm long), and white. Six whorls enlarge
slowly from a pointed apex. The shell is covered with delicate lines of growth and
has a spiral sculpture of fine and distant ribs. The spiral ribs are low and indistinct
between shoulder and suture, but higher at the middle of the body whorl, and
toward its base there is a strong keel. Between the keel and the base, the spirals
become less distinct and closer together. The columella is nearly straight and the
callus is thickened. The squarish aperture is '/; the height of the shell. The outer
lip is modified by the ribs and keel with a straight line from the latter to the base,
where there is a very short and narrow canal. The operculum is oval with a slightly
pointed base. A pale yellowish periostracum adheres firmly and covers the shell.
The shell of this species is best distinguished from that of 7. borealis by the keel,
which is low on the body whorl, and by the squarish shape of the aperture.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Ungava Bay—east (2); Evans Strait (1);
Frozen Strait (1).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay-—-near settlement (3); Specimens were collected alive on mud
Prince Regent Inlet--near Creswell Bay and clay at a depth of 33 m.
(11).
Canadian Arctic literature records
Exeter Sound, Baffin Island (Thorson 1951: 33); Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 27).
Also recorded from Eastern Canada (Whiteaves 1901); West Greenland, East
Greenland, Jan Mayen, and West Finmark (Thorson 1951); Murman Coast and
north of Svalbard (Golikov 1964). Depths from 20 m (East Greenland) (Thorson
1944) to 550 m (north of Svalbard) (Golikov 1964).
Aporrhaidae
APORRHAIS da Costa, 1778
Type species (by monotypy):
Aporrhais quadrifidus da Costa
[=Strombus_ pespelicani Linnaeus|
APORRHAIS OCCIDENTALIS (Beck)
Plate V, fig. 8. Map 24.
Rostellaria occidentalis Beck, 1836: pl. Thespecimens described below are most
72 (not seen). probably of the ‘‘subspecies’”” A.o. /a-
Type locality: Gulf of St. Lawrence and _bradorensis Johnson.
Newfoundland.
46
Gastropoda: Lamellariidae
Description of specimens
The shell is very thick, up to 50 mm long, and pale tan or bluish or yellowish white.
There are 10 to 11 quite slowly enlarging whorls. The curved axial ribs (22-30 on
the penultimate whorl) are low and rounded but distinct. They are crossed by fine,
evenly spaced spiral ribs of uniform size. The aperture is about % the height of the
shell and quite narrow. In the adult there is a wing-like outer lip, which turns up at
the top edge and is very thickened and somewhat incurved on the outer edge. The
inner lip is oblique and extremely thick. There is a short siphonal canal.
The shell of the young of this species is best distinguished from that of Plicifusus
kroeyeri by the more numerous, curved ribs and shorter canal. The wing-like outer
lip makes the adult shell unmistakeable.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Ungava Bay—southwest (2); Hudson
Strait—Wakeham Bay (1), King George
Sound (1); Hudson Bay east—between Specimens were all collected dead, but
Mansel Island and mainland (2). several appear fresh.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Hudson Strait (Halkett 1898: 80); Quaternary of arctic Canada (Matthews 1967:
191). .
Also recorded from (all subspecies) Massachusetts and Nova Scotia (Johnson 1930);
Newfoundland (Dautzenburg and Fischer 1912); Labrador and West Greenland
(Thorson 1951). Depths from about 5 (Bousfield 1960) to 1828 m (Clarke 1962).
Lamellariidae
MARSENINA J.E. Gray, 1850
Type species (by monotypy):
Lamellaria prodita Lovén [=Oxinoe ? glabra Couthouy |
MARSENINA GLABRA (Couthouy)
Plate II, fig. 12. Map 20.
Oxinoe? glabra Couthouy, 1838: 90, pl. 3: 16.
Type locality: Massachusetts Bay.
According to Odhner (1913: 51, 52), 15), and Marsenina micromphala Bergh
Sigaretus ? groenlandicus Moller (1842: (1853: 350) are synonyms of this
10), Lamellaria prodita Lovén (1846: — species.
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, smooth, small (up to about 18 mm long), and white. The rosy
mantle covers all but a portion of the body whorl, which shows at the top. There
are about 2 rapidly enlarging whorls. The spire varies in height. The large aperture is
longer than it is wide.
This species is best recognized by its enveloping mantle.
47
Gastropoda: Lamellariidae
MARSENINA GLABRA VELUTINA LANIGERA
——__ HB live X literature record
A literature record
VELUTINA PLICATILIS
@ iive
© empty shell
Map 20
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Evans Strait (1); Roes Welcome Sound
(1).
Specimens were collected alive on rock
in 40-75 and 73 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Off Ellesmere Island (Thorson 1951: 24); Dolphin and Union Strait (Dall 1919a:
15A, as Lamellaria groenlandica) may be of this species.
Also recorded from Maine, Labrador, West Greenland (Thorson 1951); East
Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Svalbard, White Sea, and Siberian Ice Sea, from 38
(Norway) to 1222 m (off Norway) (Thorson 1944).
VELUTINA Fleming, 1821
Type species (original designation):
Bulla velutina Moller
VELUTINA LANIGERA Moller
Map 20.
Velutina lanigera Moller 1842: 10.
Type locality: Greenland.
Oughton (1940: 3) records this species Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Svalbard,
from Lake Harbour, Baffin Island. The and Point Barrow, Alaska south to
shell, recognized by its ridged proto- Petrel Bank, Bering Sea (MacGinitie
conch, is figured by Odhner (1913: pl. 1959) from depths of 7 to 42 m
I: 29). It is also recorded from West (Odhner 1913).
48
Gastropoda: Lamellariidae
VELUTINA PLICATILIS (Miller)
Plate II, fig. 13. Map 20.
Bulla plicatilis Muller, 1776: 242. Odhner (1913) and MacGinitie (1959)
Type locality: ‘‘Daniae et Norvegiae.”’ list possible synonyms.
Description of specimens
The shell is small (up to about 22 mm long), and pale yellowish brown, mainly of
flexible-horny material. There are 2 to 3 rapidly enlarging whorls. The first 1 or 2
are calcareous but are covered with the coriaceous layer, and in some specimens
there is an extremely thin and discontinuous layer of calcareous material even in
the body whorl. Concentric growth lines are visible in some specimens.
The shell of this species is recognized by the large coriaceous body whorl and the
covered but calcareous early whorls.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Repulse Bay (1); Frozen Strait (3).
Northeast region:
Foxe Basin—southeast (6), northwest Specimens were collected alive on mud
(2); Fury and Hecla Strait (2). and rock at depths of from 40 to 106
m.
North region:
Baffin Bay—off Devon Island (2).
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, West Greenland, East Greenland
to Great Britain, Belgium to Norway, Svalbard, White Sea, and Sea of Okhotsk
(Thorson 1944); Arctic Ocean off New Siberian Islands (Gorbunov 1946); Point
Barrow, Alaska (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 15 (Norway) to 377 m (Norway)
(Thorson 1944).
VELUTINA UNDATA Brown
Plate III, fig. 5. Map 21.
Velutina undata Brown, 1839: 102 (not Véelutina zonata Gould, 1841: 242, Fig.
seen). 160.
Type locality: (Pleistocene) Dalmuir,
Scotland.
Description of specimens
The shell is variable in thickness, up to 27 mm long, and pale tan or pinkish. Two to
2% whorls enlarge very rapidly from an apex that is variable in height. Apart
from growth lines, the shells bear fine, very close spiral lines. There is a columellar
groove, which forms a wide plate. The aperture is ijarge and varies in the proportion
of width to length. The periostracum, where present, is very thin and light brown.
The shell of this species is best recognized by the columellar plate.
49
Gastropoda: Lamellariidae
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Ungava Bay—northeast (3), west (2);
Hudson Bay east—near Long Island (1);
Roes Welcome Sound (1); Repulse Bay
(1); Frozen Strait (3).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—Countess of Warwick
Sound (3); Foxe Basin—northwest (5);
Prince Regent Inlet—Creswell Bay (2).
Canadian Arctic literature records
VELUTINA UNDATA
HH live
[] empty shell
A literature record
North region:
Nansen Sound (1); Eureka Sound (4).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (1); Melville Sound (1);
Coronation Gulf (2); Amundsen Gulf—
near Cape Parry (4).
Specimens were collected alive on clay,
mud, and rock at depths from 29 to 173
m.
“west coast of Davis Strait’ [Cumberland Sound] (Hancock 1846: 331, as Velutina
zonata); Exeter Sound, Baffin Island and off Ellesmere Island (Thorson 1951: 26);
Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 25, as Velutina (Morvillia) zonata); Franklin Pierce Bay
[Kane Basin] (Smith 1877: 13 and 1878: 227, as Velutina (Morvillia) zonata var.
grandis).
Also recorded from New England (Gould 1841); Nova Scotia, West Greenland, East
Greenland to the Faroe Islands, Norway, Svalbard, and Soviet Arctic to Bering Sea
(Thorson 1944); Point Barrow, Alaska to Kudobin Islands (MacGinitie 1959):
North Canadian Basin (Clarke 1963). Depths from O (Eastport, Maine) to 1187 m
(North Atlantic) (Clarke 1963).
50
Gastropoda: Lamellariidae
VELUTINA VELUTINA (Muller)
Plate III, fig. 6. Map 22.
is a nomen dubium and Velutina laevi-
gata Pennant 1777 is probably a syn-
onym of V. velutina. Other possible
synonyms are listed by Dautzenburg
and Fischer (1912) and Odhner (1913).
Bulla velutina Muller, 1776: 242.
Type locality: ‘‘Daniae et Norvegiae.”
This is the Velutina laevigata of many
authors. Helix laevigatus Linnaeus 1758
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, up to 15 mm in diameter, and white. There are 212-3 very
rapidly enlarging whorls. The apex varies in both height and convexity. The early
whorls seem to be smooth, but on the large body whorl, very low ridges or lines in
the direction of growth are crossed by spiral ribs of variable distance apart. The
intermediate coriaceous layer of the shell is thick in some specimens and thin in
others, but extends past the edge of the inner calcareous layer in most. The
aperture is very wide. The periostracum is brownish olive and in many specimens
bears short bristles.
The shell of this species is recognized by the spiral sculpture, narrow columella and
smooth protoconch.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—near Port Burwell (10);
Ungava Bay—near Payne Bay (1); James
Bay—South Twin Island (1); Hudson
Bay east—Belcher Islands (3); Evans
Strait (1); Hudson Bay west—off Eskimo
Point (1), Chesterfield Inlet (1); Roes
Welcome Sound (2); Repulse Bay (1).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (3); Melville Sound (1);
Bathurst Inlet (1).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay (1); Foxe Basin—north
(6); Prince Regent Inlet—Creswell Bay
(1 may be of this species).
North region:
Barrow Strait—Resolute Bay (1); Eureka
Sound—Slidre Fiord (2); Prince Gustav
Adolph Sea—Isachsen (3).
Specimens were collected alive on mud,
sand, and rock at depths of from 12 to
120 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Burwell, Hudson Strait (Dall 1924a: 34A, as Velutina laevigata); Lake
Harbour, Baffin Island (Oughton 1940: 3, as Velutina laevigata).
Also recorded from Cape Hatteras, eastern Canada, West Greenland, East Greenland
to British Isles, Portugal to Norway, Svalbard, Franz Joseph Islands, Soviet Arctic
to Bering Sea, and Aleutians (Thorson 1944). Depths from 0 (Norway) (Thorson
1944) to 120 m (Dease Strait) (this study).
ONCHIDIOPSIS Bergh, 1853
Type species (by monotypy):
Lamellaria glacialis |=Onchidiopsis groenlandica Bergh|
ONCHIDIOPSIS GLACIALIS (M. Sars)
Plate II, fig. 14a, b. Map 23.
Lamellaria glacialis M. Sars 1851: 185.
Type locality: Hemmerfest to Havo-
sond, Norway.
Onchidiopsis groenlandica Bergh, 1853:
346, pl. 2.
a
Gastropoda: Lamellariidae
0 100 200 300
tt
VELUTINA VELUTINA
@ live
ij. © empty shell
A literature record
The above synonymy was taken from from a manuscript given him by Ad. S.
Thorson (1944: 66), who was quoting Jensen.
Description of specimens
The two specimens were dried up and hard when received. They were somewhat
softened by immersion in a saturated solution of trisodium phosphate, but remained
contracted (18 mm long), and bright brown. The shell of one is of coriaceous
material, thin, broad, and translucent. The notaeum has a wrinkled or ‘brain-like’
appearance. The tentacles are narrow at their bases, become broader toward the
middle, and taper slightly to points at the ends. The foot in both specimens is
longer than it is wide. The penis in one specimen has a relatively long, narrow
cylindrical end portion, which is turned back on a broader and shorter base.
This species is best recognized by its wide shell, long foot and by the elongate
turned-back distal portion of its penis.
Origin of specimens
Northeast region: Specimens were collected alive on sand
Frobisher Bay—Becher Peninsula (2). at a depth of less than 4 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
The records from Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 26, as Onchidiopsis groenlandica)
and Franklin Pierce Bay [Kane Basin] (Smith 1877: 140 and 1878: 229, as
Onchidiopsis groenlandica) may both be of this species.
Also recorded from West Greenland, East Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, and
Murman Coast to Novaya Zemlya (Thorson 1944); Arctic Ocean off New Siberian
Islands (Gorbunov 1946); Point Barrow, Alaska (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from
about 4 m (Frobisher Bay) (this study) to 113 m (West Greenland) (Thorson 1944).
52
Gastropoda: Lamellariidae
100 200
ONCHIDIOPSIS GLACIALIS ONCHIDIOPSIS KINGMARUENSIS
@ live O type locality
X literature record
CAPULACMAEA RADIATA
BB live
C) empty shell
A literature record
ONCHIDIOPSIS KINGMARUENSIS Russell
Map 23.
Onchidiopsis kingmaruensis Russell, specimen collected and cited by
1942: 50, Figs. 1-9. Oughton (1940). No other specimens
Type locality: Lake Harbour Fiord, are known. It is recognized by the thin
Baffin Island. narrow shell and the ruffled edge of the
/ foot.
This species was described from a single
CAPULACMAEA M. Sars, 1859
Type species (by monotypy):
Capulus radiatus M. Sars
CAPULACMAEA RADIATA (M. Sars)
Plate III, fig. 4,7. Map 23.
Pilidium commodum_ Middendorff, Pilidium commodum_ Middendorff,
1849: 99: nomen nudum. 1651: 52, pl. 17: 411.
Capulus radiatus M. Sars, 1851: 184.
Type locality: Komagfjord [Norway ].
Description of specimens
The shell is extremely thin, up to 28 mm in diameter, and white. Some specimens
have a pattern of faint radiating brown lines and spots on a white ground. The
limpet-shaped shell has a small acentric apex with a turned-over tip. Concentric
lines are the only sculpture. There is a thin, pale yellow periostracum.
53
Gastropoda: Naticidae
The shell of this species is recognized by its thin shell, cap shape, and radiating
pattern (when present).
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—Button Island (1); Unga-
va Bay—northeast (3); Roes Welcome
Sound (4); Repulse Bay (2); Frozen
Strait (1).
Northeast region:
Cumberland Sound—Pangnirtung (1);
Foxe Basin—north (7); Fury and Hecla
Strait (4); Prince Regent Inlet—Creswell
Bay (2).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (4).
Specimens were collected alive on sand
and rock in hauls from depths of 15-40
mM, and 90-100 mM.
Canadian Arctic literature records
North coast of Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 25).
Also recorded from Le Have Bank [Nova Scotia], East Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard,
Finmark, Kara Sea, Bering Sea, and Sea of Okhotsk (Thorson 1944); Point Barrow,
Alaska (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 22 to 820 m (Golikov 1964).
Naticidae
ACRYBIA H. and A. Adams, 1853
Type species (by monotypy):
Natica flava Gould
ACRYBIA GLACIALIS Thorson
Map 24.
Acrybia glacialis Thorson, 1951: 23, fig.
5.
Type locality: ‘Jones Sound, between
North Devon and_ Ellesmerland
(75°54’N. 81°01'W.).””
This species is known only from one
female specimen collected alive at a
depth of 610 m at the type locality. The
shell is recognized by its flattened spire,
delicate columella, rather oblong aper-
ture, and lack of umbilicus.
AMAUROPSIS Morch, 1857
Type species (by subsequent designation, Dall 1909):
Natica helicoides Johnson [=Nerita islandica Gmelin]
AMAUROPSIS ISLANDICA (Gmelin)
Plate III, fig. 11. Map 24.
Nerita islandica Gmelin, 1791: 3675,
names Muller’s species No. 2955 (1776:
244).
Type
alis.””
locality: ‘Oceano Septentrion-
54
For synonyms, see Dautzenburg and
Fischer (1912: 247).
Gastropoda: Naticidae
SSS El
APORRHAIS OCCIDENTALIS ACRYBIA GLACIALIS
~ XX empty shell A type locality
AMAUROPSIS ISLANDICUS AMAUROPSI/S PURPUREA
O empty shell i live
@ literature record (_] empty shell
Description of specimen
The shell of a young Amauropsis, probably of this species, is thin, rather elongate,
9.5 mm long, and white. Its 3 whorls have grooved sutures. There are no spiral lines.
The umbilicus is a small narrow chink. There is a pale olive periostracum.
The shell of this species is distinguished from that of A. purpurea by its pale colour,
thinner shell, and more elongate shape. It is best distinguished from that of Lunatia
pallida by its grooved sutures.
Origin of specimen
North region:
Crozier Channel—Mould Bay (1).
The specimen was collected dead.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Burwell, Hudson Strait (Whiteaves 1885: 60DD).
Also recorded from Massachusetts to Newfoundland, West Greenland, East
Greenland, Iceland to British Isles, Belgium to Norway, Svalbard, Soviet Arctic to
Bering Sea from 10 m (East Greenland) to 1267 m (Newfoundland) (Thorson
1944).
AMAUROPSIS PURPUREA Dall
Plate III, fig. 10. Map 24.
Amauropsis purpurea Dall, 1871: 124, Type locality: St. Michael’s Norton
pl. 15: 16. Sound, Alaska.
55
Gastropoda: Naticidae
This might well be a subspecies or even’ ever, beyond the scope of this work to
a synonym of A. /slandicus. \t is, how- determine their relationship.
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, medium-sized (up to 22 mm in diameter and 34 mm high), and
light yellow, reddish brown, or purplish brown. One colour may fade into another,
or there may be longitudinal bands of darker colour. Four to 5 rounded whorls
enlarge rapidly from a pointed apex. The sutures are grooved. Fine growth lines are
crossed by closely spaced spiral threads. The wide aperture is about 7/3 the height
of the shell. The outer lip is thin, and the inner lip is slightly everted at the base.
The callus is thin and narrow. The umbilicus is a slightly open slit in most
specimens. The operculum is horny and light reddish brown. The thin, brownish
periostracum is worn off most specimens.
The colour and more globose shape best distinguish the shell of this species from
that of A. islandicus and the grooved sutures differentiate it from that of Lunatia
pallida.
Origin of specimens
Northwest region:
Bathurst Inlet (1); Dolphin and Union Specimens were collected alive on mud,
Strait (5); Darnley Bay (2); Liverpool sand, and rock at depths of from 6.5 m
Bay (ca. 30); Beaufort Sea—Warren to55™m.
Point (ca. 50); Mackenzie Bay (6), King
Point Harbour (2), Herschel Island (1).
Canadian Arctic literature records
Bernard Harbour, Dolphin and Union Strait™ (Dall 1919a: 14A, 15A).
Also recorded from Point Barrow, Alaska, south to Nunivak Island, Bering Sea
(Oldroyd 1927). Depths from 6.5 m (Bathurst Inlet) (this study) to 55 m (Liverpool
Bay) (this study).
NATICA Scopoli, 1777
Type species (by subsequent designation, Harris 1897):
Nerita vitellus Linnaeus
NATICA CLAUSA Broderip and Sowerby
Plate III, fig. 9. Map 25.
Nerita affinis Gmelin, 1791: 3675,
names Muller’s species No. 2956 (1776:
245); nomen dubium.
Natica clausa Broderip and Sowerby,
1520. S12.
Type locality: not specified.
Natica consolidata Couthouy, 1838: 89,
pl. 3: 14.
Natica septentrionalis Moller, 1842: 7.
56
Gastropoda: Naticidae
NATICA CLAUSA
@ live
© empty shell
BM literature record
Description of specimens
The shell is variable in thickness and size (up to 37 mm in diameter and 37 mm
high). Its colour also varies from pale straw yellow to a deep reddish brown. There
are 4 to 5 rapidly enlarging whorls, varying in height, the first few of which form a
blunt apex. The body whorl is large and rotund. Except for fine growth lines in all
specimens and faint spiral lines in some, the shell is smooth. The large aperture has
a thin, smoothly curved outer lip. The lower lip is thickened in many specimens,
and the callus is always considerably thickened. The latter varies in extent and posi-
tion but fills the umbilicus completely. A calcareous operculum quite closes the
aperture.
The filled umbilicus and calcareous operculum best distinguish the shell of this
species from that of Lunatia pallida.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—Port Burwell (8); Ungava
Bay—east (12), west (1); Repulse Bay
(3); Frozen Strait (2).
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—Big !sland (1); Foxe Ba-
sin—southwest (1), north (2).
North region:
Prince Gustav Adolph Sea—near Isach-
sen (3).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (1); Darnley Bay (4);
Franklin Bay (10); Prince of Wales
Strait (1); Mackenzie Bay (6), near
Herschel Island (85).
Specimens were collected alive on mud,
sand, and rock at depths of from 5-11
to 100 m.
5/
Gastropoda: Naticidae
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Burwell, Hudson Strait (Dall 1924a: 35A); Hudson Strait (Halkett 1898: 80);
Hudson Strait” (Whiteaves 1885: 60DD); southwest Hudson Bay (Pelletier et a/.
1968: 574): probably west of Devon Island (Reeve 1855: 393, as WNatica
septentrionalis); southwest Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 26); east Jones Sound
(Thorson 1951: 22); Ellef Ringnes Island (latitude 79°N.)* (Dall 1924: 31A, as
Euspira affinis).
Also recorded from Cape Hatteras, eastern Canada, West Greenland, East
Greenland, Ireland, Norway to Portugal, Mediterranean, Svalbard, Soviet Arctic to
Bering Sea, Japan, and Vancouver (Thorson 1944); Point Barrow, Alaska
(MacGinitie 1959). Depths from O (Norway) (Thorson 1944) to 2810 m (Clarke
1962).
LUNATIA Gray, 1847
Type species (by original designation):
Natica ampullaria Sowerby
LUNATIA PALLIDA (Broderip and Sowerby)
Plate III, fig. 8. Map 26.
Natica pallida Broderip and Sowerby, WNatica pusilla Gould, 1841: 237, fig.
1829: 372. 166.
Type locality: ‘‘Oceano Arctico.”’
Nati landica Moller, 1842: 7.
Natica borealis Gray, 1839: 136, pl. 37: ee oe
Z
For other possible synonyms see Daut-
zenburg and Fischer (1912: 234).
Description of specimens
The shell varies greatly in thickness, size (largest specimen is 35 mm in diameter and
42 mm high), and colour (from pale straw yellow to dark chestnut). There are 4 to
5 rapidly enlarging whorls, giving the shell a rotund appearance. In some specimens,
however, the spire is more produced and in other it is more depressed. The shell is
smooth except for fine growth lines and, on a few specimens, extremely faint spiral
lines. The aperture is long and wide, but variable. The outer lip is thin. The inner
part of the lower lip is thicker and, in some specimens, everted. The upper part of
the callus is usually wider than the lower part but varies in width and in the extent
to which it fills the umbilicus. This is open in all specimens but varies from large
and round to extremely narrow and small. There is a chitinous operculum.
The horny operculum and open umbilicus best distinguish the shell of this species
from that of Natica clausa, and the lack of channelled sutures differentiates it from
Amauropsis sp.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—near Port Burwell (1); Gulf (2), near Port Harrison (1), off
Ungava Bay—northeast (6), southwest Ottawa Islands (3); Evans Strait (3); Re-
(2); James Bay—Moosonee (1), East- pulse Bay (2).
main (4), off Cape Jones (1); Hudson
Bay east—Belcher Islands (4), Richmond
58
Gastropoda: Naticidae
LUNATIA PALLIDA
@ live
eS) empty shell
I literature record
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—Big Island (1), Cape Dor-
set (1); Frobisher Bay—near settlement
(1), Countess of Warwick Sound (1);
Foxe Basin—north (12); Fury and Hecla
Strait (2); Prince Regent Inlet—near
Creswell Bay (7); Eclipse Sound—near
Pond Inlet (2).
North region:
Crozier Channel—Mould Bay (1).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (1); Bathurst Inlet—mouth
(3); Dolphin and Union Strait (1); Prin-
ce of Wales Strait (1); Darnley Bay (4);
Amundsen Gu'f—off Cape Parry (4);
Franklin Bay (11); Liverpool Bay (10);
Mackenzie Bay—mouth (7), Herschel Is-
land (16).
Specimens were collected alive on clay,
mud, sand, and rock at depths between
2-10 and 90-130 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
“Upper Savage Island”, Hudson Strait” (Whiteaves 1885: 58DD, as Lunatia
groenlandica); southwest Hudson Bay (Pelletier et a/. 1968: 574); “west coast of
Davis Strait” [Cumberland Sound] (Hancock 1846: 332, as Natica groenlandica);
Exeter Sound, Baffin Island, and mouth of Lancaster Sound (Thorson 1951: 22);
Igloolik, Eclipse Sound™, and Arctic Bay (Ellis 1960: 40), probably west of Devon
Island (Reeve 1855: 393, as Natica groenlandica); Melville Island (Broderip and
Sowerby 1829: 372); Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 26, as Watica /unatia groenlandica);
Dolphin and Union Strait* (Dall 1919a: 13A).
Also recorded from Cape Hatteras, Cape Cod to West Greenland, East Greenland to
Britain, Belgium to Norway, Svalbard, Franz Joseph Islands, Murman Coast to
Novaya Zemlya, and Siberian Arctic Ocean (Thorson 1944); Point Barrow, Alaska,
Aleutians, Sea of Okhotsk, Puget Sound to deep water off California (MacGinitie
1959); North Canadian Basin, 800 mi. north of Bering Strait (Clarke 1963). Depths
from 0 (Norway) to 2430 m (Cape Hatteras) (Thorson 1944).
59
Gastropoda: Muricidae
Muricidae
BOREOTROPHON P. Fischer, 1884
Type species (by monotypy):
Murex clathratus Linnaeus
BOREOTROPHON CLATHRATUS Linnaeus
Plate III, fig. 15. Map 27.
Murex clathratus Linnaeus, 1767: 1223. | Fusus scalariformis Gould, 1840: 197.
Types locatty sinilslandiae Mari; Dautzenburg and Fischer (1912: 147)
Fusus lamellosus Gray, 1839: 118, pl. give a more complete synonymy of
20:43. older names.
Description of specimens
The moderately thick shell is up to 37 mm long. One specimen is light tan, and the
others are white. There are 5 to 6 more or less shouldered rather inflated whorls,
with deep sutures. Sharp, high, axial lamellae (13 to 17 on the body whorl) stand
up at the shoulders. There are indistinct and irregular spiral threads. The columella
is curved, and the callus is narrow. The aperture is 1/3 to 1/2 the height of the shell
and quite narrow. The canal is long and there is an oblong operculum.
The shell of this species is best distinguished from that of B. truncatus by its
relatively fewer and more shouldered whorls and from that of B. pacificus by the
fewer lamellae and more shouldered whorls.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Ungava Bay—Keglo Bay (1). Parry (1).
Northwest region:
Dolphin and Union Strait (2 may be of One specimen was collected alive at a
this species); Amundsen Gulf—off Cape depth of 4.5 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Cumberland Sound (Pfeffer 1886a: 43): Dolphin and Union Strait* (Dall 19194:
16A).
Also recorded from New England to Labrador, West Greenland, East Greenland,
Iceland, Faroe Islands, the Hebrides, England, Svalbard, Norway, and Soviet
Arctic to Bering Strait (Thorson 1944); Point Barrow, Alaska (MacGinitie 1959).
Depths from 4.5 m (Franklin Bay) (this study) to 1033 m (Hebrides) (Thorson
1944).
BOREOTROPHON FABRICI/ (Moller)
Plate III, fig. 16. Map 27.
Tritonium craticulatum Fabricius, Murex borealis Reeve, 1845, Murex, pl.
1780: 400;non Linnaeus, 1767 (Murex); 30: 145.
nomen oblitum.
Trophon fabricii Beck Moller, 1842: 14.
Type locality: probably Greenland.
60
Gastropoda: Muricidae
:
—
BOREOTROPHON CLATHRATUS
~~ @ live
@) empty shell
X literature record
BOREOTROPHON FABRICI/
BB live
(] empty shell
A literature record
Map 27
Description of specimens
The shell is very thick, up to 46 mm long, and pure white or dingy white. There are
7 to 8 gradually enlarging whorls with deep sutures and a pointed apex. Up to 13
high, very thin, axial lamellae on the body whorl stand up considerably at the
snoulder. In some specimens the lamellae are double. The strong spiral ribs are
widely spaced. The columella is curved, and the narrow callus is not in all cases well
attached to the shell. The moderately wide aperture is more than % the height of
the shell. The outer lip is everted in many specimens throughout most of its length
until it reaches the canal, which is long, recurved, and very narrow. The operculum
is large, ovate, and broadly pointed at its base.
The shell of this species is easily distinguished from other northern Boreotrophons,
mainly by its large size and distinct spiral ribs.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—off Port Burwell (4),
Diana Bay (4), off Digges Island (5);
Ungava Bay—northeast (10), Keglo Bay
(5), Payne Bay (8), Leaf Bay (1); Evans
Strait (2); Fisher Strait (3); Hudson Bay
west—off Churchill (1), Chesterfield In-
let (5); Roes Welcome Sound (2); Re-
pulse Bay (5); Frozen Strait (4).
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—Big Island (1); Frobisher
Bay—near Countess of Warwick Sound
(2); Foxe Basin—near Cape Wilson (1),
north (3); Fury and Hecla Strait (3).
Specimens were collected alive on mud
and rock at depths of from 10 to 128
m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
“Upper Savage Island,’’ Hudson Strait” (Whiteaves 1885: 59DD, as Trophon
craticulatus); southwest Hudson Bay (Pelletier et a/ 1968: 574, fig. 12: 5, as
61
Gastropoda: Muricidae
“Boreotrophon clathratus”’); “west coast of Davis Strait’’ [Cumberland Sound]
(Hancock 1846: 331).
Also recorded from Gulf of St. Lawrence, Labrador, West Greenland, East
Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, and Bering Sea from 6-8 (East Greenland) to 160
m (Iceland) (Thorson 1944).
BOREOTROPHON PACIFICUS (Dall)
Plate III, fig. 12. Map 28.
Trophon pacificus Dall, 1902: 544,
Type locality: not specified, but range
given as Sea Horse Islands, Arctic Ocean
to Sitka Harbour, Alaska.
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thick, up to 28 mm long, and ash colour or purplish. Six to
7 whorls enlarge rather rapidly from a pointed apex. The whorls are so rotund as to
appear slightly shouldered. The axial lamellae (17-24 on the body whorl) are
narrow but low. Some specimens bear faint spiral lines. The columella is curved,
and the callus is rather wide. The wide, oval aperture is almost */3 the height of the
shell. The canal is very long, narrow, and, in a few specimens, curved. The
operculum is ovate, slightly pointed, and incurved at the base.
The shell of this species is best distinguished from that of B. clathratus by its more
rotund but less shouldered whorls and more numerous lamellae, and from that of B.
truncatus by the rotund whorls and the longer canal.
Origin of specimens
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (5); Bathurst Inlet—Bay- Specimens were collected alive on sand
chimo Harbour (1); Prince of Wales and mud at depths of from 26 to 50 m.
Strait (3); Mackenzie Bay—Herschel Is-
land (1).
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from Point Barrow, Alaska to Mexico (MacGinitie 1959). Depths
from about 9 to 121 m (Dall 1902).
BOREOTROPHON TRUNCATUS (Strém)
Plate III, fig. 13. Map 28.
Buccinum truncatum Strém, 1767: 369, pl. 16: 26 (not seen).
Type locality: not specified.
Although this species is considered by relationship has not yet been
Tryon, Jeffreys, and others to be a_ established, so |! am treating them
variety of Boreotrophon clathratus, the — separately.
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thick, up to 27 mm long, and pale chestnut. There are 7 to
8 regularly enlarging whorls with deep sutures. The spire is very sharply pointed.
There are 12 to 23 axial lamellae on the body whorl. Spiral lines are fine and
irregularly spaced. The columella is very curved. The thick, narrow callus is either
white or faintly coloured. The oval aperture is about % the height of the shell. In
a few specimens the lip is thickened, and in 2 it is slightly everted as well. The canal
is narrow, quite long, and slightly recurved. There is a large oval operculum.
62
Gastropoda: Muricidae
BOREOTROPHON PACIFICUS BOREOTROPHON TRUNCATUS
—~__ @ live BB live
O empty shell (] empty shell
Z\ literature record
The shell of this species is best distinguished from that of B. clathratus by the
relatively greater number of whorls, the higher spire, the wider aperture, and the
shorter canal; and from B. pacificus by the taller, more straight-sided whorls and
the shorter canal.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—near Port Burwell (5), Hudson Strait—Resolution Island (2);
off Digges Island (1); Ungava Bay— Foxe Basin—southwest (1), north (4);
Keglo Bay (1); Hudson Bay east—Bel- Fury and Hecla Strait (1).
cher Islands (1), near Port Harrison (3);
Evans Strait (1); Roes Welcome Sound
—Cape Fullerton (4).
Specimens were collected alive on mud,
sand, and rock at depths of between 15
and 145-160 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Cape Fullerton, Hudson Bay” (Dall 1924a: 33A, as Boreotrophon clathratus);
Cumberland Sound (Dall 1879: 146).
Also recorded from New England to West Greenland, East Greenland, Iceland,
Faroe Islands, Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Svalbard, Murman Coast, Barents
Sea and Siberian Ice Sea (Thorson 1944); Arctic Ocean off Franz Joseph and New
Siberian Islands (Gorbunov 1946); Point Barrow, Alaska (MacGinitie 1959). Depths
from 2 to 950 m (Golikov 1964).
63
Gastropoda: Pyrenidae
Pyrenidae
ASTYRIS H. and A. Adams, 1853
Type species (by original designation):
Buccinum rosaceum Gould
ASTYRIS ROSACEA(Gould)
Plate II, fig. 15. Map 29.
Buccinum rosaceum Gould, 1840: 197.
Type locality: Cohasset, Massachusetts.
Fusus pellucidus Hancock, 1846: 330,
pl. 5: 3.
Mangelia holboelli Moller (1842: 12) is
probably a synonym.
Description of specimens
The shell is variable in thickness, small (largest specimen is 10 mm long), and pale
yellowish or dingy white. There are 6 to 7 whorls with moderately deep sutures and
a smooth, rather bulbous apex. The axial sculpture consists of straight, narrow,
unevenly spaced ribs varying a little in height. In 2 specimens there are axial ribs on
the 2nd and 3rd whorls. Three specimens have strong vertical ribs on the 2nd, 3rd,
and 4th whorls and indistinct ones on the 5th. Two specimens bear strong axial ribs
on the 2nd to 5th whorls, while the 6th whorl is irregularly and indistinctly ribbed.
Low, very regular spiral ribs vary in width from one specimen to the other. They are
barely visible in very thin-shelled specimens. The columella is curved in all but 1
specimen. The callus is narrow and barely discernible in some. The aperture is "/3
the height of the shell and variable in width. There is a short canal. The operculum
is thin and roughly shovel-shaped. There is a thin, flaky, straw-coloured
periostracum.
The large number of whorls best distinguish the shell of this species from Buccinum
shells of similar size, and the shape of the aperture and operculum distinguish it
from those of turrids.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—near Port Burwell (4);
Ungava Bay—Adlorilik (1); Fisher Strait
—Walrus Island (1).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay (1); Prince Regent Inlet
—Creswell Bay (1).
North region:
Jones Sound—off Coburg Island (1).
Specimens were collected alive on mud
and rock from hauls from depths of
15-40 and 85-90 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
“west coast of Davis Strait’’ [Cumberland Sound] (Hancock 1846: 330, as Fusus
pellucidus); off Ellesmere Island (Thorson 1951: 37).
Also recorded from Cape Cod to Labrador, West Greenland, East Greenland, Faroe
Islands, Svalbard, Finmark to Novaya Zemlya, and Bering Sea (Thorson 1944);
Arctic Ocean off New Siberian Islands (Gorbunov 1946). Depths from 1 (Svalbard)
to 178 m (Cape Cod) (Thorson 1944).
64
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
ASTYRIS ROSACEA BERINGIUS BERING/
PS 8@: live BB live
iS. empty shell
A literature record
BERINGIUS OSSIANI
Buccinidae
BERINGIUS Dall, 1886
Ruling (4), Opinion 469, of the |.C.Z.N. masculine) (type species, by monotypy:
reads as follows: ‘‘The undermentioned Chrysodomus crebricostatus Dall,
generic name is hereby placed on the 1877). Beringius (Dall 1879) and
Official List of Generic Names in Jumala (Friele 1882) are suppressed by
Zoology with the Name Number 1082: the above Opinion.
-Beringius Dall, 1886 (gender:
BERINGIUS BERINGI (Middendorff)
Plate IV, fig. 1. Map 29.
Tritonium (Fusus) behringii Middendorff, 1849: 147, pl. 3: 5,6.
Type locality: St. Paul Island, Bering Sea.
Volutopsius (beringii Middendorff var.? ) kobe/ti Dall, 1902: 528, pl. 35: 2.
| am following MacGinitie (1959: 117) in placing this species in the above genus.
Middendorff (1851: 224) emended the spelling of the species name.
Description of specimens
The shell is rather thick, large (up to 115 mm long), and a pale purplish tan. There
are 7 tumid whorls with deep sutures enlarging regularly from a cylindrical apex of
about 3 whorls. The body whorl is about % the height of the shell. Only a few of
the weak, curved axial folds extend to the base. Indistinct irregular spiral lines are
visible on the inflated part of the last whorls in one specimen; the other has faint
but more regular spiral ribs on the early whorls. The columella is nearly straight and
65
Plate IV
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
bears near its middle a wide blunt parietal ‘tooth’. The callus is narrow. The round
aperture is % the height of the shell, and the canal is very short and wide. There is a
large, dark operculum with a narrow base. A thin, light brown periostracum covers
only the later whorls.
The shell of this species is recognized by the short aperture, wide canal and axial
folds.
Origin of specimens
Northwest region:
Amundsen Gulf—off Cape Parry (2). Specimens were collected alive on mud
at depths of 40-50 m and 173.7 m.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from Point Barrow, Alaska, to Nunivak Island and Shumagins
(MacGinitie 1959). Depths from about 12 (MacGinitie 1959) to 173.7 m (Amund-
sen Gulf) (this study).
BERINGIUS OSSIANI (Friele)
Plate IV, figs. 2, 4. Map 29.
Neptunea ossiani Friele, 1879: 279 (not Type locality: Svalbard.
seen).
Description of specimens
The shell is thin and dingy white. The early 2% whorls form a cylindrical apex.
Friele (1882: 7) says that the adult has 7 to 7% whorls. The sutures are shallow. In
addition to growth lines there are distinct, rounded spiral ribs. The columella is
straight, and the callus is very narrow. The aperture is oval, and the canal is rather
short. The oval operculum is comparatively large. There is a thin, yellowish, flaky
periostracum.
The shell of this species is recognized by its sharp spiral ribs.
Plate IV (all X %4)
Figure
1 4 7
BERINGIUS BERING! BERINGIUS OSSIANI VOLUTOPSIUS NORVEGICUS
(Middendorff). NMC 36832, (Friele). juvenile. NMC 36152, (Gmelin). NMC 36580, Roes Welcome
Cape Parry, N.W.T., 65 Foxe Basin, N.W.T., 67 Sound, N.W.T., 69
2 5 8
BERINGIUS OSSIANI VOLUTOPSIUS NORVEGICUS VOLUTOPSIUS STEFANSSONI/
(Friele). NMC 35155, Scatari (Gmelin). juvenile. NMC 36155, Dall. NMC 35315, Argo Bay,
Bank, off N.S., 67 Foxe Basin, N.W.T., 69 N.W.T., 70
3 6
COLUS ISLANDICUS VOLUTOPSIUS DEFORMIS
(Gmelin). NMC 24014, Foxe Basin, (Reeve). NMC 38537, Darnley Bay,
N.W.T., 70 N.W.T., 68
67
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
Origin of specimen
Northeast region:
Foxe Basin—south of Tern Island (1 ju-
venile). The specimen was collected
alive on rock at a depth of 92 m.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, West Greenland, East
Greenland, southwest of Jan Mayen, east of Iceland, west of Norway, and north-
west of Svalbard (Thorson 1944); Arctic Ocean off Franz Joseph Islands (Gorbunov
1946). Depths between 23-28 (East Greenland) and 1447 m (north Greenland Sea)
(Golikov 1964).
VOLUTOPSIUS Morch, 1857
Type species (by original designation):
Strombus norvegicus Gmelin
VOLUTOPSIUS DEFORMIS (Reeve)
Plate IV, fig. 6. Map 30.
Fusus deformis Reeve, 1847: Fusus, pl. Type locality: Svalbard.
12: 45a, b.
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thick, large (up to 110 mm long), and purplish chestnut to
pale tan, the early whorls being, in some specimens, darker than the later ones.
There are 5 convex whorls, sinistrally coiled, enlarging rapidly from a blunt apex to
an inflated body whorl that is more than % the height of the shell. There are weak
axial folds (6 to 7 on the body whorl). Strong growth lines intersect numerous fine
spiral threads. The columella is barely curved, and the callus is wide at the top and
thickened in a few specimens. The wide aperture is 7/, the height of the shell. The
thick outer lip, slightly excurved at the top, curves smoothly to the short canal. The
small brown operculum is wide at the top. There is a thin, brown periostracum.
The sinistral coiling distinguishes the shell of this species from those of other
Volutopsius species.
Origin of specimens
Northwest region:
Dolphin and Union Strait (1); Darnley Specimens were collected alive on mud
Bay (3); Amundsen Gulf—near Cape and rock at depths of from 4.5 to 68 m.
Parry (6); Franklin Bay (1); Mackenzie
Bay—off Herschel Island (1).
Canadian Arctic literature records
Dolphin and Union Strait* (Dall 1919a: 14A).
Also recorded from Svalbard (Odhner 1915); White Sea, Kara Sea, and Bering Sea
(Krause 1885); Arctic Ocean, off New Siberian Islands (Gorbunov 1946); Point
Barrow, Alaska to Aleutians (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 4.5 m (Franklin Bay)
(this study) to 186 m (Dautzenburg and Fischer 1912).
Remarks
The brown alga Laminaria (identified by Dr. R. Lee) was found attached to the
operculum of a specimen collected alive in Darnley Bay, N.W.T.
68
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
VOLUTOPSIUS DEFORMIS VOLUTOPSIUS NORVEGICUS
@ live BB live
O empty shell Lat empty shell
VOLUTOPSIUS STEFANSSON/
A empty shell
VOLUTOPSIUS NORVEGICUS (Gmelin)
Plate IV, figs. 5, 7. Map 30.
Strombus norvegicus Gmelin, 1791: 3520. Fusus Jargillierti Petit de la Saussaye,
Type locality: Norway. 1851: 255,01, 7-6.
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, up to about 80 mm long, and pale pinkish chestnut. Five whorls
with shallow sutures enlarge rapidly from a large swollen apex. The body whorl is
*/, the height of the shell. Except for lines of growth and indistinct folds at the
suture of 2 specimens, the shell is smooth. Irregular spiral lines are present in 1
specimen. The columella is slightly curved, and there is a very wide wash of callus.
The aperture is % the height of the shell. The outer lip is slightly everted at the
top and curves gradually to a very short, wide canal. The operculum is small and
ovate. There are fragments of brown periostracum clinging to a few specimens.
The shell of this species is recognized mainly by its few whorls, thinness,
smoothness, and large round apex.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Ungava Bay—Keglo Bay (1); Roes Wel- Specimens were collected alive on mud
come Sound (1). and clay at depths between 15-40 and
36-45 m.
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—Countess of Warwick
Sound (1); Foxe Basin—southwest (1),
north (7}; Prince Regent Inlet—near
Creswell Bay (2).
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
69
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
Also recorded from eastern Canada (Whiteaves 1901); West Greenland, East Green-
land, Iceland, Jan Mayen to Great Britain, Svalbard, Soviet Arctic to Bering Sea,
and Sea of Okhotsk from 15 (East Greenland) to 650 m (Iceland) (Thorson 1944).
VOLUTOPSIUS STEFANSSON/ Dall
Plate IV, fig. 8. Map 30.
Volutopsius stefanssoni Dall, 1919a: This ‘species’ might well be dextrally
22A, pl. 1. coiled V. deformis.
Type locality: Point Barrow, Alaska.
Description of specimens
The shell is thick, about 90 mm long, and pinkish brown. Six slightly shouldered
whorls enlarge rapidly from a blunt apex. There are 6 indistinct curved axial folds
on the body whorl and more on earlier whorls, all of which are crossed by irregular
raised spiral lines. The columella is slightly curved. The widely flared aperture is
2/3 the height of the shell. The canal is short and wide.
The shouldered whorls and axial folds best distinguish the shell of this species from
that of V. norvegicus, and the dextral coiling distinguishes it from that of V.
deformis.
Origin of specimen
Northwest region:
Amundsen Gulf—spit at Argo Bay (1).
The specimen was collected empty.
Recorded for the first time east of the type locality.
Also recorded from ‘‘Point Barrow, south to the 57th parallel” (MacGinitie 1959).
Depths from about 12 m (Point Barrow, Alaska) (MacGinitie 1959) to about 103 m
(Bering Sea) (Dall 1919a).
COLUS Bolten, 1798
Type species (by subsequent designation, Dall 1906):
Murex islandicus Gmelin
COLUS ISLANDICUS (Gmelin)
Plate IV, fig. 3. Map 31.
Fusus tslandicus Chemnitz, 1780: 159, Murex islandicus Gmelin, 1791: 3555.
pl. 141: 1312 (work not binomial). Type locality: Iceland.
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thick, large (up to 100 mm long), and all white or white
with tan markings. There are 6 whorls with deep sutures. The tip of the proto-
conch is turned down so that the apex appears pointed. The next 2 whorls are equal
in size. Strong, well-spaced spiral ribs vary in height and in distance apart. The
columella is slightly curved. The callus is narrow, varying in the width at the top.
The wide, oval aperture is about 2 the height of the shell. The canal is relatively
short and wide. The operculum is variable but elongate in most specimens. The
fibrous periostracum is yellowish or reddish brown.
70
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
COLUS ISLANDICUS COLUS LACHESI/S
@ live X literature record
Q empty shell
A literature record
COLUS PUBESCENS
HB live
(_] empty shell
The shell of this species is recognized by its large size, pointed apex, and inflated
body whorl. A thinner shell, more distant spiral ribs, and more greatly enlarged
body whorl differentiate the specimens here described from many specimens
examined from north Atlantic waters.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: North region:
Ungava Bay—Adlorilik (1); Repulse Bay Barrow Strait—Resolute Bay (1 may be
(5). of this species). Specimens were col-
lected alive on mud, sand, and rock at
Northeast region: depths of from 51 to 274-284 m.
Cumberland Sound—Clearwater Fiord
(1); Foxe Basin—north (16); Prince Re-
gent Inlet—Creswell Bay (1).
Canadian Arctic literature records
Off Lancaster Sound (Thorson 1951: 51).
Also recorded from Virginia to Massachusetts (Clarke 1954); Gulf of St. Lawrence
(Whiteaves 1901); Labrador, West Greenland, East Greenland to Norway, Svalbard,
Franz Joseph Islands, Britain, Gulf of Gascogne, and Morocco (Thorson 1944);
Soviet Arctic to Bering Sea from 7 m (Bering Sea) (Golikov 1964) to 3006 m (Clarke
1962).
COLUS LACHESIS (Morch)
Plate V, fig. 4. Map 31.
Fusus lachesis Morch, 1869: 274.
Type locality: Ikerasak, West Thorson (1951: 52) recorded this
Greenland. species from two Canadian localities:
71
Plate V
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
off Lancaster Sound and Jones Sound.
He also recorded it from. East
Greenland, between the Faroe Islands
and the Hebrides, southern Svalbard,
Franz Joseph Islands, and Norway to
the Barents Sea at depths of from 30
(East Greenland) to 900-1040 m (off
Iceland) (Thorson 1944). The shell is
recognized mainly by the large number
(about 10) of rather slowly enlarging
whorls and by its relatively small size
(41 mm, Morch 1869).
COLUS PUBESCENS (Verrill)
Plate V, fig. 1. Map 31.
Sipho pubescens Verrill, 1882: 501, pl.
Fusus hirsutus Jeffreys (1883: 396, pl.
44: 7,7a) is probably a synonym.
43:6; pl; 57225.
Type locality: not specified, but
certainly eastern Canada or New
England.
Plate V (all X%)
Figure
1 5
COLUS PUBESCENS ANOMALOSIPHO MARTENS!
(Verrill). NMC 36181,
Foxe Basin, N.W.T., 73
2
COLUS TOGATUS
(Morch). NMC 36837, Cape Parry,
N.W.T., 76
3
COLUS TORTUOSUS
(Reeve). NMC 24095, Foxe Basin,
N.W.T., 77
4
COLUS LACHESIS
Morch. Bergen Museum 20652
Voringen Stat, Norway, 71
(Krause). NMC 36537, Herschel
Island, Y.T., 78
6
ANOMALOSIPHO cf. VERKRUZENI
(Kobelt). NMC 36570, Mackenzie
Bay, N.W.T., 79
7
PLICIFUSUS KROEYERI
(Moller). NMC 36502, near Herschel
Island, N.W.T., 80
8
APORRHAIS OCCIDENTALIS
(Beck). NMC 1674, Hudson Strait,
N.W.T., 46
9
COLUS SPITZBERGENSIS
(Reeve). NMC 35481, Ungava Bay,
Que., 75
10
NEPTUNEA HEROS
(Gray). NMC 21564, Brock Lagoon,
N.W.T., 82
11
NEPTUNEA DESPECTA
(Linnaeus). NMC 12459, Foxe Basin,
N.W.T., 82
73
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thin, up to 81 mm long, and yellowish or rosy white. There
are 6 to 8 whorls with slightly grooved sutures. Growth lines in some specimens are
raised. Spiral ribs are of unequal distance apart, quite high, and very variable. In
some specimens, stronger ribs alternate with weaker ones. The columella is curved
and the callus is clearly defined and narrow. The oval aperture is 2 the height of the
shell. The canal is rather short and moderately narrow. There is a narrow and
pointed operculum. The light olive-brown periostracum is so covered with dense
short bristles that it feels fuzzy.
The shell of this species is best distinguished from that of C. togatus by the more
rapidly enlarging, less rotund whorls and narrow operculum, and from C. islandicus
by the smailer size, less inflated whorls, and hairy periostracum.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: Northwest region:
Hudson Bay east—Ottawa Islands (2), Dease Strait (4); Melville Sound (3);
off Belcher Islands (2); Hudson Bay Amundsen Gulf—off Cape Parry (3).
west—off Cape Henrietta Maria (1),
south of Chesterfield Inlet (1); Repulse Specimens were collected alive on mud,
Bay (3). sand, and rock at depths of from about
Northeast region: 95 to 213 m.
Foxe Basin—northwest (4).
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from South Carolina to Nova Scotia (Clarke 1954): Gulf of St.
Lawrence (Whiteaves 1901); [probably] Greenland Sea, Barents Sea, Kara Sea, and
Laptev Sea (Golikov 1964). Depths from 95 (Repulse Bay) (this study) to 1170 m
(off New England) (Verrill 1884).
COLUS ROSEUS (Dall)
Plate II, fig. 16. Map 32.
Chrysodomus roseus Dall, 1877: 7. Type locality: Arctic Ocean.
Description of specimens
The shell is quite thick, up to about 30 mm long, and yellowish white. Six
well-rounded whorls enlarge regularly from a smoothly pointed apex. Flat, rather
broad spiral ribs are separated by distinct grooves. The columella is curved, and the
callus is very narrow. The narrow oval aperture is about % the height of the shell.
The outer lip is crenulated. The canal is short and quite wide. The operculum is
wide at the top.
The small size and more rapidly enlarging whorls distinguish the shell of this species
from those of other species of Co/us in the region.
Origin of specimens
Northwest region:
Mackenzie Bay—near Herschel Island Specimens were collected alive on mud
(3). at depths of from 34 to 36 m.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
74
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
COLUS ROSEUS COLUS SPITZBERGENSIS
— @ live BB live
(] empty shell
A literature record
Also recorded from off New Siberian Islands (Ldyning 1932); Bering Sea (Krause
1885); off Cape Lisburne, Arctic Ocean (Oldroyd 1927). Depths from about 15 m
(St. Lorenzbai) (Krause 1885) to 36 m (near Herschel Island) (this study).
COLUS SPITZBERGENSIS (Reeve)
Plate V, fig. 9. Map 32.
Tritonium (Fusus) shantaricum Fusus spitzbergensis Reeve, 1855: 395,
Middendorff, 1849: 146; 1851: pl. 10: pl. 32: 6.
7,8; nomen oblitum.
Type locality: Svalbard.
Description of specimens
The shell is thick, up to about 50 mm long, and white with pinkish-brown areas.
Eight to 9 evenly rounded whorls with deep sutures enlarge gradually from a blunt
apex. On some specimens, the last whorl appears to have a slight shoulder. The
dense spiral ribs are strong, wide, low, and equidistant. The columella is curved, and
the callus is very narrow. The aperture is less than % the height of the shell. The
outer lip is flattened at the top and side, imparting an oblong appearance to that
part of the aperture. There is a short narrow canal, which is recurved at the base in
1 specimen. The inside of the outer lip is grooved to correspond with the external
spiral ribs. The oval operculum has a pointed base. A few flakes of thin, straw-
coloured periostracum adhere to the shell.
The shell of this species is recognized by its thickness, shape, strong spiral sculpture,
and relatively short canal.
75
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—near Port Burwell (4);
Ungava Bay—Keglo Bay (1), Leaf Bay
(1).
A specimen was collected alive on rock
at a depth of 128 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Fort Chimo, Ungava Bay (Dall 1887: 205); Hudson Strait (Allen 1965: 991).
Also recorded from Maine to Labrador, Point Barrow, Alaska to Juan de Fuca
Strait, Washington (MacGinitie 1959); and Bering Sea (Middendorff 1849). Depths
from 2 to 548 m (LaRocque 1953).
COLUS TOGATUS (Morch)
Plate V, fig. 2. Map 33.
Fusus (Siphonorbis) togatus Morch,
18696: 398.
Fusus ebur var. togata Morch, 1869:
275.
Type locality: Greenland.
This species is called by many authors (e.g. Friele 1882) Sipho curtus Jeffreys.
Jeffreys’ (1867: 336) description is inadequate and the name should not be used.
Description of specimens
The shell is very thin, up to 60 mm long, and white. Five to 6 rounded whorls with
shallow sutures enlarge gradually from a rather pointed apex. The spiral ribs are
usually low, rounded, more or less evenly spaced, and with a few exceptions, close
together. In some specimens, stronger ribs alternate with weaker ones. The colum-
ella is curved in most specimens but varies; the callus is thin and narrow. The oval
aperture is a little more than % the height of the shell. The canal varies greatly in
length and width, and is either nearly straight or somewhat recurved. The opercu-
lum is wider at the top, but its narrower base is blunt. Its colour varies from yellow
to dark brown. The periostracum is very thin, adheres well, and is either pale yellow
or pale olive brown. In a few specimens, it bears short, well spaced bristles.
The thinner shell, the more rotund whorls, the wider canal, and the wider, blunter,
operculum best distinguish the shell of this species from that of C. tortuosus and
the thin periostracum, the more rotund whorls and the wider operculum from that
of C. pubescens.
Origin of specimens
North region:
Viscount Melville Sound—near Winter Baychimo Harbour (ca. 50); Melville
Harbour (ca. 25); Prince Gustav Adolph Sound (ca. 32); Darnley Bay (12);
Sea—Isachsen (23); Nansen Sound (1);
Eureka Sound—Slidre Fiord (4); Arctic
Ocean—Disraeli Bay (4).
Northwest region:
James Ross Strait—Spence Bay (ca. 20);
Dease Strait (ca. 20); Bathurst Inlet—
76
Amundsen Gulf—near Cape Parry (ca.
25); Franklin Bay (ca. 40); Mackenzie
Bay—off Herschel Island (3).
Specimens were collected alive on mud,
gravel, and rock at depths of from 4.5
to 230 m.
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
COLUS TOGATUS COLUS TORTUOSUS
@ live BB live
© empty shell (-) empty shell
A literature record X literature record
Map 33
Canadian Arctic literature records
Off Lancaster Sound and Jones Sound (Thorson 1951: 49); Winter Harbour,
Melville Island* (Dall 1924: 31A, as Colus (Aulacofusus) sabinii) may be of this
species.
Also recorded from North Atlantic, West Greenland, East Greenland, Iceland,
Svalbard to Finmark, and Murman Coast to Novaya Zemlya (Thorson 1944); Arctic
Ocean, off Franz Joseph Islands and New Siberian Islands (Gorbunov 1946);
Siberian Ice Sea (Ldyning 1932). Depths from 4.5 m (Franklin Bay) (this study) to
1230 m (between Bear Island and Finmark) (Thorson 1944).
COLUS TORTUOSUS (Reeve)
Plate V, fig. 3. Map 33.
Fusus tortuosus Reeve, 1855: 394, pl. This may be Buccinum sabinii Gray,
32: 5a, b. which appears to be a nomen dubium.
Type locality: not specified.
Description of specimens
The shell varies in thickness but is never extremely thin. It is up to 58 mm long and
white. There are 6 to 7 whorls with rather shallow sutures and a blunt apex. Many
specimens have the characteristic sloping shoulder below the suture, especially on
the last whorl. Fine growth lines cross strong, rounded, irregularly spaced spiral ribs
that vary in height and distance apart from one specimen to another. In a few
specimens, they are close, broad and low, but in most, they are quite widely spaced.
Between the ribs are numerous spiral lines. The columella is quite curved, and the
callus is narrow. The small oval aperture is % the height of the shell. The canal is
77
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
long and narrow, becoming wider at the excurved base. The operculum is dark,
narrow, and pointed. There is a pale olive, reddish brown, or olive brown periostra-
cum.
The sloping shoulder of the body whorl and the narrow operculum best distinguish
the shell of this species from that of C. togatus.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Ungava Bay—Keglo Bay (1); Evans Foxe Basin—north (3); Prince Regent
Strait (2). Inlet—Creswell Bay (3).
Northeast region: Specimens were collected alive on clay,
Frobisher Bay—near settlement (3), mud, and rock at depths of between
near Countess of Warwick Sound (4); 15-27 and 144-198 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
“west coast of Davis Strait’’ [Cumberland Sound] (Hancock 1846: 330, as Fusus
sabini); Exeter Sound, Baffin Island (Thorson 1951: 53, as Sipho turritus) probably
this species; Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 29, as Neptunea siphonorbis turrita) may be
this species; Hayes Sound and Dobbin Bay [Kane Basin] (Smith 1877: 132 and
1878: 224 records doubt). Reeve’s type specimen might have come from
Wellington Channel.
Also recorded from West Greenland (Walker 1862); East Greenland, Jan Mayen,
Svalbard, Murman Coast, Barents Sea, Siberian Ice Sea, and [? ] Alaska from 5%-11
(East Greenland) to 1187 m (west of Finmark) (Thorson 1944).
ANOMALOSI/PHO Dautzenburg and Fischer
Type species (by original designation):
SIPHO VERKRUZENI Kobelt
ANOMALOSIPHO MARTENS! (Krause)
Plate V, fig. 5. Map 34.
Sipho martensi Krause, 1885: 287, pl. Fusus (Euthria) conulus Aurivillius
TG: 10: (1887: 377, pl. 13: 6) -—may’ be a
Type locality: ‘’Metschigmenbai,” synonym.
Bering Sea.
Description of specimens
The shell is quite thick, up to about 40 mm long, and white. There are 6 nearly
straight-sided whorls with shallow sutures. The apices of all specimens are eroded.
The low, narrow, spiral ribs are separated by spaces of varying widths. A few
irregular, curved axial lines are prominent on the body whorl. The columella is
barely curved, and the callus is moderately narrow. The oval aperture is slightly less
than % the height of the shell. The canal is short, but variable in length and quite
wide. The operculum is ovate, narrow at the top, and barely pointed at the base.
There is a thin, yellowish-brown periostracum.
The shell of this species is recognized by its straight-sided whorls and short canal.
Its relatively small size best distinguishes it from that of A. verkruzeni.
Origin of specimens
Northwest region:
Franklin Bay (1); Mackenzie Bay—near Specimens were collected alive on mud
Herschel Island (3). at a depth of 36 m.
78
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
ANOMALOSIPHO MARTENSI| ANOMALOSIPHO cf. VERKRUZEN/
—~___ HE live @ live
() empty shell
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from Point Barrow, Alaska and Plover Bay (MacGinitie 1959).
Depths from about 15 m (Metschigmenbai) (Krause 1885) to 55 m (Bering Strait)
(Dall 1885).
ANOMALOS/PHO cf. VERKRUZENI (Kobelt)
Plate V, fig. 6. Map 34.
Sipho verkruzeni Kobelt, 1876: 70, pl.
act, tb:
Type _ locality: Porsangerfjord,
[ Norway ].
Description of specimens
The shell is thick, up to about 50 mm long, and light greyish brown. There are 7
slowly enlarging, rather straight-sided whorls with shallow sutures. In all specimens,
the apex is worn away. On a few shells there are irregular, low axial folds,
resembling eroded breaks, mended while the animal was still alive. The spiral ribs
are low, nearly regular, and the same width as the interspaces. The straight
columella is thickened at the base. The callus is narrow. The narrow oval aperture is
less than % the height of the shell. The outer lip is everted and flared. The canal is
short, deep, and wide. The oval operculum has a rounded top and a narrower base.
There is a smooth, brownish-yellow periostracum.
The greater size, wider aperture, and slightly more convex whorls distinguish the
shell of this species from that of A. martensi.
79
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
Origin of specimens
Northwest region:
Mackenzie Bay—off Warren Point (2),
near Herschel Island (3).
Specimens were collected alive on mud
in hauls from depths of 12-37 and 21-44
m.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from Newfoundland (Dautzenburg and Fischer 1912); Arctic Ocean
to Bering Strait (Oldroyd 1927). Depths from 12-37 m (Mackenzie Bay) (this
study) to 1267 m (Newfoundland Banks) (Dautzenburg and Fischer 1912).
PLICIFUSUS
Type species (by original designation):
Fusus kroeyeri Moller
PLICIFUSUS KROEYERI (Moller)
Plate V, fig. 7. Map 35.
Fusus kroyeri Moller, 1842: 15.
Type locality: Greenland.
Buccinum cretaceum Reeve, 1846: Buc-
cinum, pl. 14: 112.
Plicifusus johanseni Dall, 1919a:
21A, pl. 3.
Description of specimens
The shell is variable in thickness, up to 63 mm long, and white or pale chestnut.
Seven to 8 whorls with distinct sutures enlarge slowly from a pointed apex (in 1
specimen, it is blunt). Irregularly oriented, rounded axial ribs are present on each
whorl down to the penultimate (on which there are about 16). In about % of the
lots, the shells have high longitudinal plicae, even on the body whorl. In about %
the lots, they have less prominent plicae that are indistinct on the body whorl. The
remaining shells have ribs that are only barely visible, even on the early whorls. Fine
and deeply incised spiral lines form flat threads that are broader and stronger near
the base of the body whorl. The columella is curved, but is variable. The aperture is
less than ’% the height of the shell. It is quite narrow, and ovate in most cases, but
appears rather squarish when the outer lip is flared at the top in a few large adults.
The canal, never very long, is variable. The operculum is distinctly pointed. The
thin, yellowish periostracum is worn off most shells.
The shell of this species is recognized by the number and appearance of the axial
ribs on the penultimate whorl. In addition, the longer canal distinguishes it from
the shell of young Aporrhais occidentalis labradorensis.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Ungava Bay—south (2); Hudson Bay
east—Belcher Islands (1), near Port Har-
rison (1); Evans Strait (1); Hudson Bay
west—near Chesterfield Inlet (2).
Northwest region:
Dolphin and Union Strait (1); Darnley
Bay (1); Amundsen Gulf—off Cape Par-
ry (2}; Franklin Bay (1); Liverpool Bay
(5); Mackenzie Bay—Herschel Island (9).
Specimens were collected alive on mud
and rock at depths of between 5-10 and
144-198 m.
80
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
;
.] 100 200 300
————
PLICIFUSUS KROEYERI NEPTUNEA BERINGIANA
live @ literature record
() empty shell
A literature record
Canadian Arctic literature records
Northeast, northwest, and southwest Hudson Bay (Pelletier et a/. 1968: 575);
Southampton Island (Brooks 1935: 2); Dolphin and Union Strait* (Dall 19192:
14A).
Also recorded from Newfoundland to Labrador, West Greenland, East Greenland,
Svalbard, Murman Coast, Kolquew, Siberian Ice Sea, and Bering Sea (Thorson
1944); north Laptev Sea (Gorbunov 1946); Japan Sea, British Columbia, and Point
Barrow, Alaska (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from O (Svalbard) (Thorson 1944) to
144-198 m (Evans Strait) (this study).
NEPTUNEA (Bolten) Réding, 1798
Type species (by subsequent designation,
Cossmann, 1901): Murex antiqua Linnaeus
NEPTUNEA BERINGIANA (Middendorff)
Map 35.
Tritonium (Fusus) antiquum var. berin- | Type locality: Kamtchatka. See Golikov
giana Middendorff, 1848: 243 (not (1963: 166) for synonyms and (1963:
seen). pl. 25 and 26) for figures of this species.
Golikov (1963: 168) records this species from the Arctic Ocean off the Sverdrup
Islands and north of Victoria Island. He also interprets Dall’s (1919a) records of
“Chrysodomus solutus”’ from Dolphin and Union Strait as being of this species. The
specimens referred to by Dall are, however, of Veptunea heros.
N. beringiana is recognized mainly by the heavy shell and very rapidly enlarging
whorls with sloping shoulders. It is also recorded from Siberian Ice Sea, Bering Sea,
Sea of Okhotsk, and Alaska to Aleutians from 1 to 100 m (Golikov 1963).
81
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
NEPTUNEA DESPECTA (Linnaeus)
Plate V, fig. 11. Map 36.
Murex despectus Linnaeus, 1758: 754.
Type locality: ““O. Septentrionali”’.
collected alive are that form figured by
Dautzenburg and Fischer (1912: pl. 2;
, 8, 9) as Neptunea despecta tornata var.
The specimens cited below which were aan calirata Brduaer,
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, up to 95 mm long, and pinkish-tan or horn colour. There are 8
convex whorls with deep sutures enlarging very regularly from a rounded apex.
Growth lines are distinct and slightly raised in many specimens. There are narrow,
irregularly spaced, reddish, spiral ribs, stronger on the early whorls and varying in
prominence (about 8 are prominent on the body whorl). The columella is curved,
and the callus is narrow. The operculum is large, brown, and ovate with a blunt
base. The aperture is less than % the height of the shell, a broad oval with a flared
and reflexed outer lip. The canal is narrow, curved inward, and slightly wider at the
base.
The shell of this species is recognized by the thin shell, smooth rounded whorls,
fine ribs, and narrow canal.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Ungava Bay—south (1); James Bay—
Charlton Island (1); Evans Strait—near
Cape Pembroke (3); Roes Welcome
Sound (1).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (4).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—Countess of Warwick
Sound (1); Foxe Basin—northwest (11),
north (5); Fury and Hecla Strait (1);
Prince Regent Inlet—near Creswell Bay
Specimens were collected alive on clay,
mud, and rock at depths of from 30 to
110 m.
(1).
Canadian Arctic literature records
Charlton Island, James Bay” (Richards 1936: 540); northwest Hudson Bay
(Pelletier et a/. 1968: 574).
Also recorded from Cape Cod to Labrador, West Greenland, East Greenland,
Svalbard, south to Portugal and east through Soviet Arctic to Bering Strait, and
Japan (Thorson 1951). Depths from 10 (Denmark) to 1203 m (between Svalbard
and Bear Island) (Thorson 1944).
NEPTUNEA HEROS (Gray)
Plate V, fig. 10. Map 36.
Fusus fornicatus Reeve, 1848: Fusus, Chrysodomus heros Gray, 1850: 15, pl.
pl. 16: 63; non Fabricius, 1780 (see 7.
below). Type locality: between the mouth of
the Mackenzie River and Cape Parry
Tritonium (Fusus) antiquum Midden- [N.W.T.]
dorff, 1849: pl. 5: non Linnaeus, 1758
(see below).
82
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
NEPTUNEA DESPECTA NEPTUNEA HEROS
@ live HH live
O empty shell (] empty shell
A literature record
Tritonium fornicatum Fabricius and ant/quus_ Linnaeus and Tritonium
Fusus fornicatus Reeve are bothnow in antiquum Middendorff.
the genus Weptunea, as are Murex
Description of specimens
The shell is very thick, large (up to 115 mm long), and pale pinkish brown. Seven to
8 strongly shouldered whorls enlarge regularly from a pointed apex. Distinct lines
of growth are slightly raised in a few specimens. Curved axial folds (about 9 on the
body whorl) are weakest on early whorls and usually show as nodules where they
meet a strong spiral rib at the edge of the shoulder. This spiral carina is strongest
on the early whorls. The body whorl is about 7/3 the height of the shell. The colu-
mella varies from straight to moderately curved, and the callus is narrow. The wide
aperture is usually oval, but seems almost round in large specimens with a flared
outer lip and inflated body whorl. The canal is short, wide, and straight. The dark
operculum almost fills the aperture. There is a thin brown periostracum.
The shell of this species is recognized by its thickness and rather straight-sided,
tabulate and ridged whorls.
At many of the same localities there are a few specimens that differ from those
described above. The shells are thinner and smaller (up to 70 mm) with the same
number of whorls. The whorls are more rotund, and their shoulders more sloping.
Low but strong spiral ribs are present on the body whorls, which are only % the
height of the shells. The columellas are more curved, and the canals are narrower.
They resemble specimens figured in Golikov (1963: pl. 27 and 28), called by him
Neptunea communis Middendorff, and recorded from Mackenzie Bay. There are,
however, a number of specimens that are referable on the basis of shell characters
to both groups contrasted above and that are found at some of the same localities. |
am therefore recording them all under one name.
83
Plate VI
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
Origin of specimens
Northwest region:
Dolphin and Union Strait (11); Amund-
sen Gulf—off Cape Parry (1); Franklin
Bay (1); Liverpool Bay (20); Mackenzie
Bay (1), near Herschel Island (13).
Specimens were collected alive on mud
from depths of 4 to 34 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Dolphin and Union Strait* (Dall 1919a: 14A, 17A as “Chrysodomus solutus” and
“Ansistrolepis magnus’); Mackenzie Bay (Golikov 1963: 164, as Neptunea satura).
Also recorded from Svalbard, Soviet Arctic and east to the Alaskan Arctic, Bering
Sea and south to Japan (Golikov 1963). Depths from 4 m (Mackenzie Bay) (this
study) to 195 m (Barents Sea) (Golikov 1964).
BUCCINUM Linnaeus
Type species (by subsequent designation,
Montfort, 1810): Buccinum undatum Linnaeus
BUCCINUM ANGULOSUM Gray
Plate VI, fig. 1. Map 37.
Buccinum angulosum Gray, 1839: 127,
pl. 36: 6.
Plate VI (all X %4)
Figure
1
BUCCINUM ANGULOSUM
Gray. NMC 36779, Prince of Wales
Strait, N.W.T., 85
2
BUCCINUM GLACIALE
Linnaeus. NMC 24007, Foxe Basin,
N.W.T., 93
3
BUCCINUM POLARE
Gray. NMC 38545, Darnley Bay,
N.W.T., 100
4
BUCCINUM CILIATUM
(Fabricius). NMC 24031, Ungava
Bay, Que., 88
5
BUCCINUM MOERCHI
Friele. USNM 219308, Cumberland
Sound, N.W.T., 98
6
BUCCINUM MALTZANI
Pfeffer. NMC 4288, Bernard Harbour,
N.W.T., 96
7
BUCCINUM BELCHERI
Reeve. NMC 35906, Ellef Ringnes
Island, N.W.T., 87
8
BUCCINUM TENUE
Gray. NMC 35327, Hudson Bay,
N.W.T., 102
i]
BUCCINUM CYANEUM
Bruguiére. ANSP 305755, Craig
Harbour, N.W.T., 89
10
BUCCINUM SERICATUM
Hancock. NMC 36741, Resolute Bay,
N.W.T., 101
11
BUCCINUM MICROPOMA
Thorson, NMC 36729, Resolute Bay,
N.W.T., 97
Type locality: Icy Cape [Alaska].
12
BUCCINUM TOTTENI
Stimpson. NMC 36378, Foxe Basin,
N.W.T., 104
13
BUCCINUM UNDATUM
Linnaeus. NMC 36145, Hudson Bay,
N.W.T., 105
14
BUCCINUM FINMARKIANUM
Verkruzen. USNM 219383, Porsanger
Fiord, Norway, 91
15
BUCCINUM HYDROPHANUM
Hancock. NMC 36652, Creswell Bay,
N.W.T., 95
85
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
BUCCINUM BELCHERI
BH live
(] empty shell
A literature record
a BUCCINUM ANGULOSUM
—_ @ live
@ empty shell
Description of specimens
The shell varies in thickness and size (largest specimen is 63 mm long) and is dingy
white or purplish pink. There are 6 to 7 whorls with strongly sloping sides, shallow
sutures, and a small apex. About 8 oblique axial folds increase in height from the
suture to the widest part of the whorl. At this level there is a spiral ridge on most
specimens. The spiral ribs are fine and close and, in a few specimens, are grouped
into spiral bands. In some specimens, 1 or more (up to 7) spiral ribs are distinctly
stronger than the rest. In a few cases, the folds are so reduced as to be barely
visible, and in some, the spiral ridge is missing, while some bear only a mid-whorl
carina. There are a few specimens whose whorls do not have the characteristic
shape. The columella is slightly curved, and the callus is narrow. The aperture is 2
the height of the shell. The outer lip is slightly everted and flares at the level of the
ridge and near the base. The canal is short and wide. The nucleus of the oblong
operculum is just outside of centre. There is a pale yellowish, rather thick
periostracum, densely covered in short fine bristles.
The hairy periostracum and fine spiral sculpture best distinguish the shell of this
species from that of B. glaciale; the angular shape, the position of the most
prominent spiral rib low on the whorl, and the fewer, more curved axial ribs
differentiate it from that of B. po/are; and its larger size and less rapidly enlarging,
less inflated whorls separate it from that of B. maltzani.
Origin of specimens
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (2); Dolphin and Union
Strait (8); Bathurst Inlet—Baychimo
Harbour (3); Darnley Bay (1); Amund-
Liverpool Bay (2); Mackenzie Bay—
Herschel Island (10).
sen Gulf—off Cape Parry (9); Franklin
Bay (3); Prince of Wales Strait (1);
86
Specimens were collected alive on mud
and rock from depths of 4.5 to 68 m.
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
Canadian Arctic literature records
Dolphin and Union Strait* (Dall 1919a: 14A, 16A).
Also recorded from Svalbard, Murman Coast, Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Siberian Ice
Sea, Bering Strait, and Sea of Okhotsk (Odhner 1915); Point Barrow to Kotzebue
Sound, Alaska, and Aleutians (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 4.5 m (Franklin
Bay) (this study) to 160-162 m (Barents Sea) (Odhner 1915).
BUCCINUM BELCHERI Reeve
Plate VI, fig. 7. Map 37.
Buccinum belcheri Reeve, 1855: 394, Type locality: Port Refuge [Wellington
pl. 32: 7a, \b, Channel].
Description of specimens
The shell is very thin, up to 35 mm long, and pale tan. Six to 7 rounded whorls
enlarge slowly from a lopsided apex (the first 2 whorls are rather inflated and not
quite central). Raised growth lines cross low rounded spiral ribs, which are quite
regular and very close. The columella is straight, with one plait faintly visible, and
the callus is wide and very thin. The oval aperture is % the height of the shell. The
nucleus of the small operculum is either central or just below and outside of centre.
There is a very thin, pale brown periostracum.
The shell of this species is recognized mainly by its close, low, rounded spiral ribs,
and lack of axial folds.
Origin of specimens
North region:
Barrow Strait—Resolute Bay (1); Penny
Strait (1); Arctic Ocean—off Cape Isach-
sen (3).
Specimens were collected alive on sand
Northwest region: and rock at depths of between 5 and
Dease Strait—Cambridge Bay (1). 10-30 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Cumberland Sound (Dall 1879: 145); Eclipse Sound, Baffin Island (Ellis 1960:
40); Winter Harbour, Melville Island (Dall 1924: 31A); off Ellesmere Island (Thor-
son 1951: 41); Dobbin Bay* [Kane Basin] (Smith 1877: 133; 1878: 224).
Also recorded from Labrador and West Greenland (Thorson 1951). Records from
East Greenland may be of some other species (Thorson 1951: 41) and also that
from Finmark (Smith 1877). Depths from 5 m (Penny Strait) (this study) to 85 m
(West Greenland) (Thorson 1951).
87
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
BUCCINUM CILIATUM
@ live
O empty shell
A literature record
BUCCINUM CILIATUM (Fabricius)
Plate VI, fig. 4. Map 38.
Tritonium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780: For possible synonyms see Dautzenburg
401. and Fischer (1912: 116, 117).
Type locality: probably Greenland.
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thick, small (up to 27 mm long), and yellowish brown or
tan. Six and a half whorls enlarge very regularly from a small, rounded apex. The
second whorl has fine, distinct spiral ribs. On the remaining whorls about 15 heavy
and prominent axial ribs curve somewhat obliquely, extending only part way down
the body whorl. In many specimens these are greatly reduced. Over these wind
rounded spiral ribs, which are bisected by a line. Between these ribs are narrower
ones. Growth lines are distinct and raised in some specimens. The narrow oval
aperture is more than % the height of the shell. In one specimen, the outer lip is
thickened. Low on the straight columella, a twist is visible as a distinct ‘tooth’. The
callus is narrow. The canal is narrow and relatively long. The nucleus of the small
oval operculum is to the outside of centre. There is a thin, yellowish periostracum
with bristles along the most prominent growth lines.
The shell of this species is recognized by its small size, small aperture, and toothed
columella; it is best distinguished from that of B. moerchi by the axial folds, and
from that of B. undatum by its smaller size and bristled periostracum.
88
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—near Port Burwell (1),
near Digges Island (2); Ungava Bay—
south (1); James Bay (2); Hudson Bay
east—Belcher Islands (3), off Sleeper Is-
North region:
Penny Strait (1 may be of this species).
Northwest region:
Dolphin and Union Strait (3).
lands (2); Hudson Bay west—Cape Ful-
lerton (2).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—Kneeland Bay (1); Foxe
Basin—north (4); Fury and Hecla Strait
(1).
Specimens were collected alive on rock
at depths of between 12 and 50-53 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Cape Fullerton and Southampton Island (Dall 1924a: 33A); Cumberland Sound
(Dall 1879: 145, as var. molleri); Eclipse Sound, Baffin Island (Ellis 1960: 40),
Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 33, as var. /aevior); Port Kennedy [Gulf of Boothia]
(Walker 1862: 70), Dolphin and Union Strait* (Dall 1919a: 14A); mouth of
Mackenzie River (Stimpson 1865: 374); north of Mackenzie River mouth
(MacGinitie 1959: 113). Hancock’s (1846: 328) record of Buccinum cyaneum
Chemnitz from Cumberland Sound may really be of this species.
Also recorded from Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, Labrador, West
Greenland, southeast Greenland, Jan Mayen, Svalbard, Murman Coast to Bering
Strait, Bering Sea, and Alaska (Thorson 1944). Depths from 3-27 m (Novaya
Zemlya) (Thorson 1944) and 13 m (Hudson Bay) (this study) to 245 m (southeast
Greenland) (Thorson 1944).
BUCCINUM CYANEUM Bruguiére
Plate VI, fig. 9. Map 39.
Buccinum novum_ groenlandicum
Chemnitz, 1788: 182, pl. 152: 1448
(work not binomial).
Buccinum cyaneum Bruguiére, 1792:
266.
Type locality: Greenland coasts.
Buccinum tenebrosum Hancock, 1846:
=a A Sa ae
89
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
Description of specimens
The shell is rather thin, up to 58 mm long, and yellowish, reddish, or purplish
brown. Some are quite dark, and a few have a pattern of white or reddish brown.
Five to 7 whorls with shallow sutures enlarge regularly from a tiny pointed apex.
Faint, oblique, axial folds are visible on the early whorls near the suture in some
specimens. On the early whorls are low spiral ribs, usually bisected by a line. On
later whorls there are progressively more widely separated spiral ridges. Between
these, faint spiral grooves interrupted by growth lines are visible in some specimens.
The aperture is % the height of the shell. The columella has one twist visible, and
the callus is wide, shiny, and often chestnut coloured. The outer lip usually has a
shallow sinus at the top, and in a few specimens it curves down before joining the
rather deep canal. The large operculum is straight on the inside, rounded on the
outside, pointed at top and bottom, and has its nucleus near the outside edge.
There is a thin, pale yellow periostracum with short widely spaced bristles.
The shell of this species is distinguished from 8. hydrophanum by the shorter,
rounder whorls, the irregular spiral sculpture, and the position of the nucleus on
the outside of the oval operculum. The spiral ridges and the acentric nucleus of the
operculum best distinguish the shell from that of 8B. moerchi; the pointed oper-
culum and the less hirsute periostracum, from that of B. sericatum; and the lower
spire and the pointed operculum with a more eccentric nucleus from that of B.
finmarkianum.
—_——__—_
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: North region:
Ungava Bay—east (6), Payne Bay (1); Penny Strait (2).
Hudson Strait—Nottingham Island (1);
James Bay—South Twin Island (7), Salt
Bay (2); Hudson Bay west—Cape Fuller-
ton (1).
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—Resolution Island (3), Specimens were collected alive on mud
Lake Harbour (1), Big Island (1), Cape and rock at depths of from less than 1
Dorset (2); Frobisher Bay (3); Kneeland to 40m.
Bay (4); Sylvia Grinnell River (1); Ogac
Lake (1); Cumberland Sound—Pangnir-
tung (1); Davis Strait—Padloping Island
(2); Foxe Basin—north (2); Eclipse
Sound (1).
Canadian Arctic literature records
Labrador’s Reef, Ungava Bay (Dall 1887: 206); ‘‘Upper Savage Island,’’ Hudson
Strait” (Whiteaves 1885: 59D, as Buccinum groenlandicum Chem.); northeast
Hudson Bay (Pelletier et a/. 1968: 575); Repulse Bay and Ignertog, Melville
90
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
BUCCINUM CYANEUM
_ @ live
O empty shell
literature record
Peninsula and Pond Inlet, Baffin Island (Laurson 1946: 53-55, as Buccinum
groenlandicum Chem.); ‘‘west coast of Davis Strait’’ [Cumberland Sound] (Hancock
1846: 327, as Buccinum tenebrosum); Cumberland Sound (Dall 1879: 146, as
Buccinum groenlandicum Chem. and Buccinum tenebrosum Hanc.); Cumberland
Sound (Pfeffer 1886a: 25, 26, as Buccinum grénlandicum Chem.); [? | Dolphin and
Union Strait (Dall 1919a: 14A, 15A, 16A).
It is not known to which species the following records refer: Southampton Island,
Hudson Bay (Dall 1924a: 34A, as Buccinum cyaneum Hancock); and Port Kennedy
[Gulf of Boothia] (Walker 1862: 70, as Buccinum cyaneum Chem.).
Also recorded from Nova Scotia, Labrador, West Greenland, southeast Greenland,
Iceland, Finmark, Svalbard, Soviet Arctic to Bering Strait, Aleutians, and British
Columbia. This species does not, however, occur in Pacific waters. Depths from 0
(Pangnirtung Fiord) (this study) also (Norway) (Thorson 1944) to 392 m (Barents
Sea) (Thorson 1944).
BUCCINUM FINMARKIANUM Verkriizen
Plate VI, fig. 14. Map 41.
Buccinum finmarkianum Nerkriizen, Buccinum tanquary/ Baker (1919: 511,
1675: 237, ol. 8: 1-5. pl. 26: 1,2) is probably a synonym. Tri-
Type locality: Porsanger Fiord [Nor- tonium perdix Morch (1877: 438) may
way |. also be a synonym. B. finmarkianum is
Buccinum sarsii Pfeffer, 1886a: 40, Fig. considered by some authors to be a va-
3a, b. riety of B. cyaneum.
91
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
BUCCINUM GLACIALE
@ live
© empty shell
WB literature record
Description of specimens
The shell is up to about 80 mm long and pale chestnut with reddish brown and
white markings. There are 7 to 8 rounded whorls with deep sutures, enlarging
regularly from a small smooth apex. Raised growth lines cross narrow, close, low,
spiral ribs of varying widths and there are low, distinct, axial folds at the sutures of
some specimens. There are also spiral ridges (up to about 18 on the body whorl),
which are not always parallel to one another. The columella is nearly straight, and
the callus is narrow. The aperture, less than % the height of the shell, widens
toward the base before curving in to the canal. The nucleus of the large oval
operculum is outside and below the centre. There is a thin, pale brown
periostracum, which is smooth on some specimens and bears very short, close, fine
bristles on others.
The close, distinct, spiral ribs and the more circular operculum with a more nearly
central nucleus best distinguish the shell of this species from that of B. cyaneum;
coarser, less regular spiral ribs, higher spire, narrower columellar callus, and acentric
nucleus of the operculum, from that of B. hydrophanum; and \arger oval operculum
with a more nearly central nucleus, and higher spire, from that of B. sericatum.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—off Sugluk (1). land Sound—Pangnirtung (1); Foxe Ba-
sin—north (1).
Northeast region: _ Specimens were collected alive on mud
Hudson Strait—Cape Dorset (1); Frobi- and sand at a depth of 40 m.
sher Bay—near settlement (9); Cumber-
32
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
BUCCINUM MOERCHI BUCCINUM FINMARKIANUM
@ live BB live
© empty shell (J literature record
A literature record
Canadian Arctic literature records
Kingnait Fiord, Cumberland Sound (Pfeffer 1886a: 40, as Buccinum sarsii).
Also recorded from Cape Cod to Newfoundland, Gulf of St. Lawrence, West
Greenland, East Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Norway, and Svalbard (Thorson
1944); Murman Coast and Barents Sea (Filatova and Zatsepin 1948). Depths from
5.8 m (East Greenland) to 245 m (southeast Greenland) (Thorson 1944).
BUCCINUM GLACIALE Linnaeus
Plate VI, fig. 2. Map 40.
Buccinum glaciale Linnaeus, 1761: 523. Buccinum ekblawi Baker, 1919: 512,
Type locality: Northern Seas. pi. 20; 7c.
Buccinum carinatum Phipps, 1774: 197, | Buccinum donovani and Buccinum han-
pl..13: 2. cocki are probably subspecies of B. g/a-
Buccinum donovani Gray, 1839: 138. ciale. Two-thirds of the specimens consi-
Buccinum groenlandicum Hancock, dered were referable to B. g. hancocki.
1846: 329, pl. 5: 8, 9.
Tritonium hancocki Morch, 1857: 84.
Description of specimens
The shells of the above ‘’forms” differ mainly in the shape of the whorls, in the
number of carinae on each whorl, and in the strength of the axial folds. B. g/aciale
s.s. has the most conical shape with rather straight-sided, but sloping whorls, and a
ridge marking the broadest part of the whorl near its base. These grade into B. g.
donovani with its inflated whorls and stronger axial folds. B. g. hancocki has a
thinner shell, more shouldered whorls, and lower axial folds.
93
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
The shells examined have in common the following characteristics. They are up to
66 mm long, and pinkish tan. There are 7 to 8 rather slowly enlarging whorls. The
nucleus is small, its tip being depressed. Oblique axial folds (12-14 on the body
whorl), are more distinct on the early whorls and extend only part way down the
body whorl. Spiral bands, variable in height, composed of numerous fine sharp
lines, are also most distinct on the early whorls, and in some specimens are barely
visible on later whorls. There are between 2 and 8 spiral carinae on each whorl,
forming knobs on some specimens where they meet the axial folds. The columella is
straight with one twist visible. The callus is narrow. The rather narrow oblong
aperture is less than % the height of the shell. The outer lip is somewhat thick and
usually everted at the top. The canal is long for a Buccinum. The rather large
operculum is nearly round and has a nearly central nucleus. There is a very thin,
smooth, brown periostracum.
The smooth periostracum, the spiral bands and, in many cases, the shape best
distinguish the shell of this species from that of B. angu/osum; and the oblique
axial folds differentiate it from B. po/are.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—off Port Burwell (3), off (1), north (8); Fury and Hecla Strait
Hopes Advance Bay (1), Nottingham Is- (1); Admiralty Inlet—Arctic Bay (2);
land (1), off Digges Islands (3); Ungava Barrow Strait—Garnier Bay (3).
Bay—east (2), south (1), west (3); Hud-
son Bay east—off Mansel Island (1);
Evans Strait (2); Hudson Bay west— North region:
between Churchill and Eskimo Point Barrow Strait—Resolute Bay (7); Penny
(1), Chesterfield Inlet (5); Repulse Bay Strait (2); Viscount Melville Sound—
(1). Winter Harbour (1); Jones Sound—Craig
Harbour (12); Eureka Sound-—Slidre
Northeast region: Fiord (9).
Hudson Strait—Big Island (1), Cape Dor-
set (1); Foxe Channel—southeast (1);
Frobisher Bay (1), Countess of Warwick Specimens were collected alive on mud,
Sound (4), Kneeland Bay (3), Jackman — sand, gravel, and rock at depths of from
Sound (1); Foxe Basin—off Cape Wilson 5 to 119 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records,
Cumberland Sound (Dall 1879: 145); Cumberland Sound (Pfeffer 1886a: 30, as
Buccinum hancocki); ‘‘west coast of Davis Strait’’ [Cumberland Sound] (Hancock
1846: 329, as Buccinum groenlandicum); Exeter Sound, Baffin Island (Thorson
1951: 38, as Buccinum hancocki); Port Kennedy [Gulf of Boothia] (Walker 1862:
70, as Buccinum greenlandicum Hancock); Assistance Bay [Barrow Strait]
(Sutherland 1852: cci); [probably west of Devon Island] (Reeve 1855: 394, also as
Buccinum donovani); Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 31, as Buccinum hancocki, a
variety of Buccinum groenlandicum); mouth of Mackenzie River (Gray 1850: 14).
Halkett’s (1898: 80) record from Hudson Strait, as “Buccinum plectrum” may be
of this species.
Also recorded from Gulf of St. Lawrence, West Greenland, southeast Greenland,
Jan Mayen, Svalbard, Soviet Arctic to Bering Sea, and Japan, at depths of from 0
(West Greenland, Svalbard) to 318 m (Murman Coast) (Thorson 1944).
94
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
BUCCINUM HYDROPHANUM Hancock
Plate VI, fig. 15. Map 42.
Buccinum hydrophanum Hancock, 1846: 325, pl. ca
Type locality: ‘west coast of Davis Strait’ (66° 30’N, 68°W).
Description of specimens
The shell is very thin, up to about 70 mm long, and pale purplish brown, pale tan,
or light chestnut. Seven to 8 whorls with shallow sutures enlarge gradually froma
small apex, which in some specimens has a depressed tip. Narrow, even, and close
spiral ribs are higher and more regular on early whorls, becoming barely discernible
on the last whorl. On later whorls, a few spiral ribs stand out more strongly than
the rest. Growth lines are also very faint. The aperture is % the height of the shell.
The columella shows one twist and has a very thin, very wide callus, often of a
bright colour. The outer lip is thin, smooth, and in very large specimens has a
shallow sinus near the top. The nucleus of the small, round operculum is in the
centre. There is a very thin, smooth, pale yellow periostracum.
The shell of this species is recognized mainly by its lack of axial sculpture, rather
rapidly descending whorls, and round operculum with a central nucleus. The much
finer sculpture, the less rapidly enlarging whorls, and the apex with its shorter
whorls best distinguish it from that of B. moerchi; the shallower sutures, the larger
and higher body whorl, and the round operculum differentiate it from that of B.
finmarkianum.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Bay east—off Long Island (5),
Richmond Gulf (2); Evans Strait (1);
Repulse Bay (5); Frozen Strait (1).
North region:
Barrow Strait—Resolute Bay (ca. 55);
Viscount Melville Sound—Winter Har-
bour (22); Crozier Channel—near Mould
Bay (ca. 85); Penny Strait (2); Jones
Sound—Craig Harbour (9); Prince Gus-
tav Adolf Sea—near Isachsen (19); Arc-
tic Ocean—off Cape Isachsen (1); Eure-
ka Sound—Slidre Fiord (48): Nansen
Sound (12).
Canadian Arctic literature records
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—Kneeland Bay (4), Vic-
toria Bay (1); Foxe Basin—north (64);
Fury and Hecla Strait (1); Prince Regent
Inlet—Creswell Bay (ca. 90).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (20); Bathurst Inlet—near
Baychimo Harbour (3); Coronation Gulf
(3); Darnley Bay (1); Amundsen Gulf—
near Cape Parry (3).
Specimens were collected alive on clay,
mud, sand, gravel, and rock from 5 to
230 m.
Cape Fullerton, Hudson Bay, Port Burwell, Hudson Strait, and off Ellef Ringnes
Island* (Dall 1924, 1924a: 31A, 33A, 35A); northeast Hudson Bay (Pelletier et a/.
1968: 575); Aivilik, Repulse Bay, Duke of York Bay, Southampton Island, and
Roes Welcome Sound (Laurson 1946: 55, 56); Cumberland Sound (Pfeffer 1886a:
32); Exeter Sound, Baffin Island, off Lancaster Sound, and Jones Sound (Thorson
1951: 44); Port Kennedy [Gulf of Boothia] (Walker 1852: 70); probably west of
Devon Island (Reeve 1885: 394); Jones Sound (Grieg 1909: 32); Franklin Pierce
Bay and Dobbin Bay [Kane Basin] (Smith 1876: 133; and 1877: 224).
Also recorded from Newfoundland to West Greenland, East Greenland, Iceland,
between Faroe Islands and the Hebrides, Svalbard, Franz Joseph Islands, and
Murman Coast to Siberian Ice Sea, at depths of from 3 (Franz Joseph Islands) to
1187 m (Norway) (Thorson 1944),
95
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
\ 80 ° 100 200 300
\ | p , a BUCCINUM HYDROPHANUM
\ ——_ @ live
© empty shell
WB literature record
BUCCINUM cf. MALTZANI Pfeffer
Plate VI, fig. 6. Map 43.
Buccinum maltzani Pfeffer, 1886: 7, fig. | This species has been figured by Krause
8: 9a, b. (1892: pl. 15) as Buccinum ventricosum
Type locality: Kara Sea. Kiener, and by Knipovitsch (1901: pl. 8)
as Buccinum ovum Middendorff.
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thin, up to about 30 mm long, and pinkish white. There are
6 rapidly enlarging, rather inflated whorls. Some of the distinct growth lines are
raised. Parallel to these are faint folds at the sutures. There are narrow, sharp,
slightly waved spiral ribs, close, but varying in strength and distance apart. One plait
is visible on the straight columella. There is a very thin wash of callus. The aperture
is a little more than % the height of the shell. The outer lip either is smoothly
curved or has a shallow sinus at the top and curves down before joining at the wide
canal. The nucleus of the small oval operculum is in an indented region near the
centre. There is a flaky, olive brown periostracum.
The more distinct, sharp ribs, the lack of a hairy periostracum or any hint of
angulation, and the smaller relative size best distinguish the shell of this species
from that of B. angulosum; the sharper sculpture, the smoother periostracum, and
the operculum with a more central nucleus distinguish it from B. cyaneum and B.
sericatum; and the sharp wavy sculpture, thicker shell, rapidly enlarging whorls, and
wider canal differentiate it from B. moerchi.
96
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
pe
BUCCINUM MALTZANI BUCCINUM MICROPOMA
@ live BB live
O empty shell A literature record
Origin of specimens
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (4); Dolphin and Union Specimens were collected alive on mud
Strait (14); Liverpool Bay (6). and sand in a haul from depths of 2-18
m.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from East Greenland, Svalbard, Murman Sea, Siberian Ice Sea, and
Bering Sea (Odhner 1915). Depths from 2-18 m (Liverpool Bay) (this study) to
107 m (Murman Sea) (Odhner 1915).
BUCCINUM MICROPOMA Thorson
Plate VI, fig. 11. Map 43.
Buccinum micropoma “Ad. Jensen’, Thorson, 1944: 100, Fig. 11.
Type locality: ‘“Rosenvinges Bugt, Scoresbysund’’, East Greenland.
Description of specimens
The shell is very thin, up to 23 mm long, and white. There are 6 rotund whorls with
deep sutures and a small apex with a depressed tip. Growth lines are distinct, and
the spiral ribs are low, rounded, well spaced and even. In a few specimens, stronger
spiral ribs alternate with weaker ones. The columella is slightly curved and bluish.
There is a mere wash of callus. The aperture is /% the height of the shell and narrow
at its base. Some specimens have a very dark foot. The operculum is very small and
its nucleus is located on the outside of centre. There is a pale yellow periostracum
with well-spaced bristles marking the sculpture of the shell.
97
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
The shell of this species is best recognized by its small size, lack of axial sculpture,
and tiny operculum. The less rapidly enlarging whorls, the heavier shell and
sculpture, and the operculum with its nucleus above the base distinguish the shell
from that of B. nivale; and the straighter-sided whorls, less hirsute periostracum,
and smaller operculum distinguish it from that of B. sericatum.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: Northwest region:
Frozen Strait (1). Prince of Wales Strait (1).
Specimens were collected alive on mud,
sand, and rock at depths of between
10-30 m and 38-42 m.
North region:
Barrow Strait—Resolute Bay (2).
Canadian Arctic literature records
Off Ellesmere Island (Thorson 1944: 102; 1951: 41).
Also recorded from northeast of Newfoundland (National Museum of Canada
collection); west of Svalbard from 3-4 m (East Greenland) (Thorson 1944) to 320 m
(off Newfoundland) (National Museum of Canada collection).
BUCCINUM MOERCHI Friele
Plate VI, fig. 5. Map 41.
Buccinum morchi Friele, 1877: 4, fig. This species is possibly that which is
7a. . i figured by Middendorff (1849; pl. 6:
Type locality: 62 44’N, 1 48’W (off 1-3) as Tritonium (Buccinum) ovum.
Norway).
Buccinum frielei Pfeffer, 1886: 5.
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, small (up to 34 mm long), and white or purplish. There are 6 to 7
whorls with deep sutures, especially on the early whorls. The first 2 or 3 whorls
have a produced appearance in some specimens. Incised spiral lines divide the
surface into low ribs with only a little variation in their width. The columella is
white, and one twist may show as a small ‘tooth’. In many specimens the wide
callus is bluish or purplish. The aperture is more than % the height of the shell. The
nucleus of the large round operculum is in the centre. There is a pale yellow
periostracum with bristles arranged in lines.
The shell of this species is recognized by its relatively small size, elongate apex,
banded surface, and round operculum with a central nucleus. The spiral bands and
the lack of axial sculpture best distinguish the shell of this species from that of B.
ciliatum; the smaller size, broader ribs, and slowly descending whorls differentiate it
from that of B. hydrophanum; the large round operculum, the coarse sculpture, the
aperture’s narrowness at the base, and the lack of axial sculpture distinguish it from
that of B. ma/tzani; and the large, round operculum, and lower sculpture separate it
from those of B. nivale and B. micropoma.
98
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—off Cape Hopes Advance
(1), south end of Nottingham Island (1);
Evans Strait (3); Repulse Bay (1).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—Ogac Lake (1), Knee-
land Bay (1); Cumberland Sound (2);
Foxe Basin—north (1); Prince Regent
Inlet—Creswell Bay (1); Baffin Bay—off
North region:
Barrow Strait—Resolute Bay (4); Jones
Sound—off Coburg Island (1).
Northwest region:
Dolphin and Union Strait (1); Amund-
sen Gulf—near Cape Parry (3).
Specimens were collected alive on sand
and rock at depths of from 6 to 27 m.
Cape Christian (1).
Canadian Arctic literature records
Cumberland Sound* (Dall 1879: 145, as Buccinum humphreysianum).
Also recorded from Newfoundland (National Museum of Canada collection); Kara
Sea (Pfeffer 1884); perhaps Soviet Arctic to Bering Sea (Middendorff 1849). Depths
from 6 m (Resolute Bay) (this study) to 753 m (Norway) (Friele 1877).
BUCCINUM NIVALE Friele
Map 44.
Buccinum nivale Friele, 1882: 32, pl. 3: Type locality: 68°21’N, 10°40’E [off
24, 25. Norway ].
Description of specimens
The shell is extremely thin, up to 24 mm long, and white. Five and a half inflated
whorls with distinct sutures enlarge quite rapidly from a small blunt apex. There are
very fine raised spiral lines. The columella is straight and thick, with one visible
twist, and the callus is very wide. The aperture is 7/, the height of the shell. The
tiny ovate operculum has its nucleus at the base. There is a moderately thick,
adherent, yellowish-brown periostracum bearing bristles along lines of growth and
spiral ribs.
This species is recognized by its small size, very thin shell, rapidly enlarging whorls,
thick, bristled periostracum, and tiny operculum with its nucleus at the base.
Origin of specimens:
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—Countess of Warwick
Sound (2); Foxe Basin—centre (1).
Southeast region:
Frozen Strait (1).
North region:
Jones Sound—Coburg Island (1). Specimens were collected alive on mud,
sand, and gravel from depths of 38-42
to 104-137 m.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from East Greenland (Thorson 1944); Greenland Sea, Svalbard,
Barents Sea, and Kara Sea (Golikov 1964). Depths from 38-42 m (Frozen Strait)
(this study) to 860 m (west of Lofoten) (Thorson 1944).
99
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
BUCCINUM POLARE
BB live
(_] empty shell
A literature record
BUCCINUM NIVALE
~ @ live
BUCCINUM PLECTRUM Stimpson
Map 45.
Buccinum plectrum Stimpson, 1865: 374.
Type locality: Arctic Ocean, north of
Bering Strait.
Plate 5: 5, It is also recorded from Point
Barrow, Alaska to Puget Sound from
This species was recorded by Dall
(1919a: 14A) from Bernard Harbour,
Dolphin and Union Strait, N.W.T. The
shell is recognized by its numerous,
sigmoid, axial folds, its spiral bands
composed of spiral threads, and its lack
of carinae. Oldroyd (1927) figures it in
depths of about 12 to 160 m (Mac-
Ginitie 1959). Stimpson (1865) records
this species possibly as a fossil from
Eastern Canada but it does not now live
there.
BUCCINUM POLARE Gray
Plate VI, fig. 3. Map 44.
Buccinum polare Gray, 1839: 128.
Type locality: Icy Cape [Alaska].
Description of specimens
Buccinum§ terranovae ‘‘Beck”’
1869a: 14.
Morch,
The shell is variable in thickness, up to 67 mm long, and dingy white or purplish
pink. There are 7 whorls and a small round apex. In most specimens the whorls are
inflated, vertically compressed, and rather shouldered. There are, however, speci-
mens with more straight-sided whorls and no shoulders. Numerous, narrow axial
folds, parallel to the distinct growth lines, are strongest at the sutures and extend
100
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
down the whorls to differing degrees. There are very fine, nearly equidistant spiral
ribs. There are also more prominent ribs (4-13 on the body whorl), which differ in
height and distance apart, but the highest one is at the edge of the shoulder. The
aperture is about % the height of the shell. The columella is nearly straight, with a
twist visible in a few specimens. The callus is thin and very narrow. In large speci-
mens, the outer lip has a sinus and is everted at the top. The large oval operculum
has a central nucleus. There is a thin, yellowish-brown periostracum with short
bristles.
The position of the strongest carina high on the body whorl and the straight axial
folds best distinguish the shell of this species from that of B. angulosum; the fine
spiral sculpture, more convex whorls, and straight axial folds differentiate it from
that of B. glaciale; and the narrower, more regular spiral ribs, higher spiral carinae,
and shallower, narrower, axial folds distinguish it from that of B. totteni.
Origin of specimens
North region: Prince of Wales Strait (7); Darnley Bay
McLure Strait—Cape Russell, Melville Is- (14); Amundsen Gulf—near Cape Parry
land (1). (12); Franklin Bay (11); Mackenzie Bay
Northwest region: —Herschel Island (4).
Dease Strait (3); Dolphin and Union Specimens were collected alive on mud,
Strait (15); Bathurst Inlet—near Baychi- sand, gravel, and rock at depths of
mo Harbour (23); Coronation Gulf (1); from 2 to 100 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Burwell, Hudson Strait (Dall 1924: 35A); Dolphin and Union Strait (Mac-
Ginitie 1959: 108); Dolphin and Union Strait* (Dall 1919a: 14A, 16A).
Also recorded from West Greenland, East Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, Novaya
Zemlya, Siberian Ice Sea, and Bering Sea (Thorson 1944); Arctic Ocean, Point
Barrow, off New Siberian Islands (Gorbunov 1946); Alaska south to Aleutians,
Eastern Siberia, and Kamtchatka (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 2 m (Prince of
Wales Strait) (this study) to about 400-600 m (East Greenland) (Thorson 1944).
BUCCINUM SERICATUM Hancock
Plate VI, fig. 10. Map 45.
Buccinum sericatum Hancock, 1846: This species is considered by many au-
g20) pur'd: ~G. i i thors to be a variety of Buccinum cya-
Type locality: 66 30’N, 68 W [Cum- neum. As the two forms seem to be
berland Sound]. sympatric, and are distinguishable, they
are treated separately.
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thin, up to 45 mm long, and rosy or yellowish brown, or
white. There are 6 rather inflated whorls with shallow sutures. Distinct growth lines
cross low, slightly wavy, spiral ribs that are close but vary in distance apart and in
height from one specimen to another. The columella is short and smooth, and the
callus is very thin and moderately wide. The aperture is % the height of the shell.
The outer lip curves out and down below the base before joining the wide shallow
canal. The operculum is short and broad and in many specimens. bulges on its outer
side where the nucleus is situated. The periostracum is light brown and densely
covered with very fine, short bristles.
101
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
: BUCCINUM PLECTRUM BUCCINUM SERICATUM
~—~_ [JJ literature record @ live
© empty shell
A literature record
The more hirsute periostracum and the irregular, broader operculum distinguish
the shell of this species from that of B. cyaneum, and the shorter spire and excentric
operculum, from B. finmarkianum.
Origin of specimens :
North region:
Northeast region: Barrow Strait—Resolute Bay (6); Jones
Frobisher | Bay—Kneeland Bay (1), Sound—Craig Harbour (5).
Countess of Warwick Sound (3), settle- Specimens were collected alive at depths
ment (1). of from 6 to 10-30 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Exeter Sound, Baffin Island, and off Ellesmere Island (Thorson 1951: 40); Jones
Sound (Grieg 1909: 31, as var. sericatum of B. gronlandicum); Dobbin Bay [Kane
Basin] (Smith 1877: 134, and 1878: 225).
Also recorded from West Greenland, Svalbard, Finmark, Barents Sea, Kara Sea
(Thorson 1951); Arctic Ocean, off New Siberian Islands (Gorbunov 1946). Depths
from 6 m (Barrow Strait) (this study) to 59 m (off New Siberian Islands) (Gorbunov
1946).
BUCCINUM TENUE Gray
Plate VI, fig. 8. Map 46.
Buccinum tenue Gray, 1839: 128, pl. Buccinum scalariforme ‘‘Beck"’ Moller,
36: 19. 1842: 4.1.
Type locality: Ice Cape [Alaska].
102
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
BUCCINUM TENUE
@ live
@ empty shell
A literature record
Map 46
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thick, up to 62 mm long, and a dull pinkish, yellowish,
purplish, or greyish brown. There are 7 to 9 convex whorls with deep sutures and a
small, blunt apex. Numerous narrow and curved axial ribs vary greatly in height,
width, and distance apart, and are reduced to fine raised lines in a few specimens.
Some originate at the sutures, and extend varying distances down the whorl; others
Originate part way down and extend part or all the way to the base. The spiral
sculpture consists of close, incised lines that cut into the longitudinal ribs. The
small aperture is less than % the height of the shell. Two twists are usually visible
on the straight columella. The callus has a thick, narrow, white inner part and a
thinner, wider, darker layer outside it. At the base of the columella there is usually
a prominent bump on the body whorl. The canal is short and narrow. The ovate
operculum has a straight inner and a convex outer margin and has its nucleus near
the outer edge. There is a thin brown periostracum on a few specimens.
The shell of this species is recognized by its numerous and intercalated axial ribs
and close, deep, spiral lines.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—near Port Burwell (14),
King George Sound (1); Ungava Bay—
northeast (28), west (2); James Bay—
Strait (1); Hudson Bay west—off Ches-
terfield Inlet (2); Repulse Bay (1).
east coast (4), Twin Islands (2), near
mouth (6); Hudson Bay east—near Long
Island (2), between Great Whale and
Richmond Gulf (1), Belcher Islands (4),
off Nastapoka River (3), Hopewell
Sound (28), near Ottawa Islands (3), off
Cape Smith (1); Evans Strait (7); Fisher
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—Big Island (1); Frobisher
Bay—Countess of Warwick Sound (1);
Cumberland Sound—Ptarmigan Fiord
(1); Foxe Basin—north (32); Baffin Bay
—Clyde (4); Eclipse Sound—Pond Inlet
a:
103
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (5); Bathurst Inlet—near
settlement (1), near Baychimo Harbour
(ca. 120); Coronation Gulf—Couper Is-
Cape Parry (9); Franklin Bay (10);
Beaufort Sea—off Warren Point (3);
Mackenzie Bay—off Herschel Island (4).
Specimens were collected alive on mud
lands (1); Dolphin and Union Strait (4); and rock at depths of from 4.5 to 100
Darnley Bay (4); Amundsen Gulf—near mm.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Burwell and ‘Upper Savage Island,”” Hudson Strait™ (Whiteaves 1885: 59DD,
60DD); Port Burwell, Hudson Strait” and perhaps Southampton Island (Dall
1924a: 34A, 35A); Hudson Strait (Halkett 1898: 80); northeast, southeast, and
southwest Hudson Bay (Pelletier et a/. 1968: 574); Repulse Bay, Roes Welcome
Sound (Laurson 1946: 55, 56); off Ellesmere Island (Thorson 1951: 45); Bernard
Harbour, N.W.T. (MacGinitie 1959: 107). Reeve (1855: 394) gives no locality for
his record of Buccinum scalariforme, but it might have been collected from west of
Devon Island.
Also recorded from Gulf of Maine (LaRocque 1953); Newfoundland, Labrador,
West Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, Finmark, Franz Joseph Islands, Barents Sea,
Kara Sea, Siberian Ice Sea, and Bering Sea (Thorson 1941); Point Barrow, Alaska to
Aleutians and Puget Sound (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 4 m (Novaya Zemlya)
(Thorson 1941) to 540 m (Davis Strait) (Thorson 1951).
BUCCINUM TOTTENTI Stimpson
Plate VI, fig. 12. Map 47.
1865:
Buccinum _ tottenii
385.
Stimpson, Type locality: Newfoundland Banks.
Description of specimens
The shell is up to 60 mm long, and yellowish brown. Some specimens are rather
reddish. There are 6 to 8 tumid whorls with deep sutures and a small blunt apex.
Straight axial folds (17-21 on the body whorl) are parallel to raised growth lines.
They are less distinct on the body whorl and extend only a little past the shoulder.
The numerous crowded spiral ribs of different widths are incised by deep spiral
lines. In most specimens, from 1 to 12 spiral ribs are more prominent than others.
The columella is strong with one twist visible, and the callus is narrow. The aperture
is more than % the height of the shell. The nucleus of the oval or oblong operculum
is in the centre. There is a light yellowish brown periostracum with numerous short
sturdy bristles.
The shell of this species is recognized mainly by the straight axial folds, uneven,
crowded, spiral ribs, and operculum with a central nucleus. The wider, longer, axial
folds, more rounded, heavier spiral ribs, and unshouldered whorls distinguish it
from that of B. polare.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—Port Burwell (1); Ungava
Bay—Adlorilik (1), south of Leaf Bay
(1); James Bay—south Twin Island (1);
Hudson Bay east—off Long Island (1),
Belcher Islands (1), near Port Harrison
(7).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—Countess of Warwick
Sound (1 may be of this species); Foxe
Basin—north (7).
104
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
BUCCINUM TOTTENI BUCCINUM UNDATUM
i live @ live
(] empty shell © empty shell
Z\ literature record
BUCCINUM UNDULATUM
A literature record
Specimens were collected alive on mud,
sand, and rock at depths between 9 and
80-100 m.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from Svalbard and north of Iceland (Thorson 1941); Labrador
(Allen 1965); Franz Joseph Islands, Novaya Zemlya, and Bering Sea (Odhner
1915). Depths from about 9 m (Hopewell Sound) (this study) to 548 m (off
Labrador) (Allen 1965).
BUCCINUM UNDATUM Linnaeus
Plate VI, fig. 13. Map 47.
Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758:
740.
Type locality: ‘“O. Europaeo”’.
Dautzenburg and Fischer (1912: 104)
list some of the many possible syn-
onyms of this name.
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thick, up to about 66 mm long, and white or rosy brown.
There are 6 to 7 gradually enlarging whorls with deep sutures. The first half whorl is
flat, and the next is smooth, inflated, and in some specimens appears lopsided.
Oblique axial folds are more prominent on the early whorls. In some specimens
these are quite distinct and in others, barely visible, even at the sutures. Thick,
rounded spiral ribs alternate with one or more narrow ones. Toward the base of the
body whorl the spiral ribs become more or less equal in size and in distance apart.
The columella is strong and has a narrow callus. The aperture is % the height of
105
Gastropoda: Buccinidae
the shell. The operculum is large; its oval shape is flattened on the inside, and its
nucleus is between the centre and the outside edge. The periostracum is thin,
smooth, and yellowish brown.
By the greater relative size, more oblique axial folds, and smooth periostracum one
may best distinguish the shell of this species from that of B. ciliatum; by the axial
folds and sharper spiral ribs of alternating sizes, from that of B. be/lcheri; by the
larger apex and strong spiral sculpture, from that of B. cyaneum; by the curved
axial folds and acentric nucleus of the operculum, from that of B. totten/; and by
the coarser spiral sculpture and fewer whorls, from that of B. undu/latum.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—Button Islands (2); Un-
gava Bay—east coast (3), off Leaf Bay
(4).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—Kneeland Bay (8); Foxe
North region:
Jones Sound—Craig Harbour (1 may be
of this species).
Specimens were collected alive on mud
and rock at depths of between 15-27.
and 95 m.
Basin—north (7); Fury and Hecla Strait
(1).
Canadian Arctic literature records
Northeast Hudson Bay (Pelletier et a/. 1968: 574); Southampton Island, Hudson
Bay (Dall 1924a: 34A).
Also recorded from New Jersey to Labrador (Whiteaves 1901); West Greenland, Jan
Mayen, Iceland, Faroe Islands, British Isles, Bay of Biscay, Svalbard, Norway, White
Sea, Barents Sea, and possibly Siberian Ice Sea and Sea of Okhotsk (Thorson 1941);
Point Barrow, Alaska (MacGinitie 1959). This species does not occur in the Pacific
or off Alaska. Depths from 5 (Faroes) to 642 m (Norway) (Thorson 1941).
BUCCINUM UNDULATUM Moller
Map 47.
Buccinum undulatum Moller, 1842: 11.
Type locality: Greenland. See Posselt
and Jensen (1898: pl. 1: 7) for figure.
Hancock (1846: 327) records this species from the ‘‘west coast of Davis Strait’’
[Cumberland Sound]. The type specimen has been examined, and its shell differs
from that of B. undatum from North America and Europe mainly in its many
whorls (9-10), higher spire, and much finer spiral ribs. The shell of this species can
be distinguished from that of some large B. finmarkianum by the stronger oblique
axial folds and coarser spiral ribs. The species is also recorded from the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, off Newfoundland (National Museum of Canada collection); Labrador
(Verkruzen 1881); West Greenland (Posselt and Jensen 1898); Jan Mayen (Thorson
1944); off Norway (Friele 1882); and Kara Sea (Leche 1878). Depths from 6 m
(West Greenland) (Grieg 1909) to 228 m (off Newfoundland) (National Museum of
Canada collection).
106
Gastropoda: Volutidae
Volutidae
VOLUTOMITRA H. & A. Adams, 1853
Type species (by monotypy):
Mitra groenlandica Moller
VOLUTOMITRA GROENLANDICA (Moller)
Map 48.
Mitra groenlandica Beck Moller, 1842:
15.
Type locality: Greenland.
This species was recorded by Reeve (1885: 395). His specimen perhaps came from
west of Devon Island. The shell is recognized by its white colour and corneous
periostracum (Tryon 1882). It is figured by Sars (1878: pl. 23: 12). Thorson
(1944) records it from Cape Cod to West Greenland, East Greenland, Iceland, Faroe
Islands, and Norway from 40 (West Greenland) to 549 m (Norway).
Cancellariidae
ADMETE Moller, 1842
Type species (by monotypy):
Admete crispa Moller [=Cancellaria couthouyi Jay]
ADMETE COUTHOUY!I (Jay)
Plate III, fig. 14. Map 48.
Not T7ritonium viridulum Fabricius Admete borealis A. Adams, 1855: 122.
(1780: 402) (Turridae)
Admete viridula var. laevior Leche,
Murex costellifera Sowerby, 1818: 225, 1898: 48.
pl. 199: 3 (not seen) nomen oblitum.
Cancellaria buccinoides Couthouy, This species is the “Admete viridula
1838: 105, pl. 3: 3; non Sowerby, (Fabricius)’’ of many authors. Dall
1832. (1887: 298), however, having examined
the type of Fabricius’ species, states
Cancellaria couthouyi Jay, 1839: 77. that it was “‘a Bela, like B. exarata and
Type locality: Massachusetts Bay. not an Admete at all.”
Description of specimens
The shell is variable in thickness, up to 23 mm long, and dingy white. There are 5 to
7 whorls with distinct sutures and an acute apex. In about 7/3 of the specimens
(especially those from Ungava Bay and Hudson Bay), distinct, rather oblique axial
folds are present, at least on the earlier whorls. These folds are very variable and
may be numerous or few, distant or close, narrow or wide, low or high; however,
they always disappear shortly after rounding the shoulder of the body whorl. There
are distinct rounded spiral ribs, variable in strength and number. There may be
nodes on the ribs where they are intersected by the longitudinal sculpture. The
columella is slightly curved; in some specimens 2 or 3 twists are visible, whereas in
others it appears smooth. The callus is large, smoothly rounded, and in many
107
Gastropoda: Cancellariidae
~~ ___ [Hf literature record
ADMETE COUTHOUYI
@ live
© empty shell
A literature record
VOLUTOMITRA GROENLANDICA
specimens is invaded by the outer layer of the shell and the ribs. The aperture is
about % the height of the shell. The outer lip is crenulated in a few specimens and
curves evenly to a barely perceptible canal. There is no operculum. In most
specimens, the periostracum is chestnut coloured and adherent, but there are some
in which it is flaky and yellow.
The short, narrow canal and straight oblique ribs, parallel to the lines of growth,
best distinguish the shell of this species from that of small Buccinum undatum.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—Port Burwell (2); Ungava
Bay east (6); James Bay—off Eastmain
River (1), north of Twin Islands (4), off
Cape Jones (1); Hudson Bay east—
Belcher Islands (2), Richmond Gulf (3),
off Nastapoka River mouth (1), bet-
ween Nastapoka River and Port Har-
rison (4), near Port Harrison (17); Hud-
son Bay west—off Cape Henrietta Maria
(1); Roes Welcome Sound (1); Frozen
Strait (2); Repulse Bay (1).
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—Big Island (2); Foxe Ba-
sin—north (14); Prince Regent Inlet—
Creswell Bay (13).
North region:
Jones Sound—Coburg Island (1).
Northwest region:
Dolphin and Union Strait (1); Darnley
Bay (1); Mackenzie Bay (3).
Specimens were collected alive on mud,
sand, and rock at depths of from 10 to
130 m.
108
Gastropoda: Turridae
Canadian Arctic literature records
South side of Hudson Strait (Dall 1924a: 34A); ‘‘Upper Savage Island,’’ Hudson
Strait (Whiteaves 1855: 59DD, as Admete viridula); southwest Hudson Bay
(Pelletier et a/. 1968: 574, fig. 12: 4, as Buccinum ciliatum; and 575, as Admete
laevior); ‘‘west coast of Davis Strait’’ [Cumberland Sound] (Hancock 1846: 330, as
Cancellaria coste/lifera); west coast of Foxe Basin (Laurson 1946: 54, as Admete
viridula); Exeter Sound, Baffin Island (Thorson 1951: 58, as Admete viridula).
Also recorded from New England to West Greenland, the Hebrides to Svalbard,
Norway, and Soviet Arctic to Bering Sea (Thorson 1944); Point Barrow, Alaska to
California and Japan (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 3 (Novaya Zemlya) to 1010
m (English Channel) (Thorson 1944).
Turridae
THESBIA Jeffreys, 1867
Type species (by monotypy):
Tritonium ? nanum Lovén
THESBIA NANA (Lovén)
Plate VII, fig. 1. Map 49.
Tritonium ? nanum Lovén, 1846: 12. Type locality: Finmark.
Description of specimen
The shell is thin, about 12 mm long, and white. Six to 7 whorls enlarge gradually
from a pointed apex. Growth lines cross low, close spiral ribs. The columella is
slightly curved, and the callus is wider at the base. The aperture is a little more than
1/3 the height of the shell. There is a very shallow anal notch and a wide canal. The
operculum is thin, wide at the top, and pointed at the base.
The shell of this species is best distinguished from other arctic turrids by the lack of
axial sculpture and higher spire.
Origin of specimen
Southeast region:
Hudson Bay—Richmond Gulf (1).
The specimen was collected alive on
mud at a depth of between 95 and 130
m.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from Shetland Islands, Orkney Islands, and Iceland from 75 (Norway)
to 188 m (Norway) (Thorson 1941).
109
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£
=
a
Gastropoda: Turridae
OENOPOTA Morch, 1852
Type species (by subsequent designation, Dall, 1919):
Fusus_ pleurotomarius Couthouy [=Buccinum pyramidale
Strém]
Species in this group have been various- using the name Oenopota, and Grant
ly referred to the genera Defrancia, and Gale (1931) in assigning the fol-
Pleurotoma, Bela, and Lora by many _ lowing species to a single genus.
authors. | follow Powell (1942: 18) in
OENOPOTA ARCTICA (A. Adams)
Plate VII, figs. 2a, b. Map 49.
Bela arctica A. Adams, 1855: 121. This is the “Bela viridula Fabricius” of
Type locality: ‘Arctic Seas.” many authors and the “Bela viridula
(Moller)’’ of Sars (1878, pl. 16: 7, 8).
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thick, up to about 10 mm long, and white. There are 6
rapidly enlarging whorls. The early whorls (except for the first) have a rather
elongated appearance in many specimens. Numerous thin axial ribs appear straight
below the slight spiral ridge below the shoulder. They are crossed by wide and high
spiral ribs alternating with lower, narrower ones. There are a few specimens (see PI.
VII, fig. 2b) from the most northerly stations, with thinner shells, more inflated
whorls, and much finer sculpture; the straight axial ribs are so low as to be barely
visible, especially on the body whorl. These shells resemble the variety ‘inflata’ of
Plate VII (all X 3)
Figure
1 5 10
THESBIA NANA OENOPOTA cf. CINEREA OENOPOTA DECLIVIS
(Lovén). NMC 35493, Richmond (Moller). NMC 36020, Mould Bay, (Lovén). NMC 36014, Hudson Bay,
Gulf, Que., 109 N.W.T., 114 N.W.T., 115
2a 6 11
OENOPOTA ARCTICA OENOPOTA BICARINATA OENOPOTA TURRICULA '
(A. Adams). NMC 36450, Foxe Basin, (Couthouy). NMC 35866, Cape (Montagu). NMC 36402, Foxe Basin,
N.W.T., 111 Pembroke, Hudson Bay, 113 N.W.T., 123
2b Fi 12
OENOPOTA ARCTICA OENOPOTA ELEGANS OENOPOTA PYRAMIDALIS
(A. Adams). NMC 36064, near Pond (Moller). NMC 24040, Ungava Bay, (Strdém). NMC 36577, Roes Welcome
Inlet, N.W.T., 111 Que., 117 Sound, N.W.T., 121
3 8 13
OENOPOTA OBLIQUA OENOPOTA INCISULA OENOPOTA RETICULATA
(G.O. Sars). NMC 36686, Creswell (Verrill). NMC 38379, Port Harrison, (Brown). NMC 35704, Mould Bay,
Bay, N.W.T., 119 Que., 118 N.W.T., 121
4 9 14
TARANIS AMOENA OENOPOTA DECUSSATA OENOPOTA NOVAJASEMLIENSIS
(G.O. Sars). NMC 36698, Creswell (Couthouy). NMC 38416, Nastapoka (Leche). NMC 4466, Mould Bay,
Bay, N.W.T., 124 River mouth, Que., 115 N.W.T., 119
ha
Gastropoda: Turridae
d 0 100 200 300
\ OM fe oo THESBIA NANA OENOPOTA ARCTICA
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SS
ee
Ye ‘ yee x f ¢ Sy
Nes 8 of. Wee awe
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Map 49
“Bela decussata’’ of Posselt and Jensen (1898: 154, pl. 1: 4). The columella is
curved, and the callus is quite wide. The aperture is 2 the height of the shell. A
crenulated outer lip is slightly recurved at the base where there is a short canal. The
operculum is very small and narrow. The light chestnut-coloured periostracum
adheres here and there on the shell.
The shell of this species is recognized by the produced apex, the decussated
appearance of the sculpture, and the colour of the periostracum.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: Northeast region:
Hudson Bay east—off Port Harrison (1). Frobisher Bay—near settlement (1);
Foxe Basin—north (14); Prince Regent
Northwest region: Inlet—near Creswell Bay (2); Admiralty
Franklin Bay (2 worn shells may be of —Inlet—Arctic Bay (1); Eclipse Sound (4).
this species). Specimens were collected alive on clay,
mud, sand, and rock at depths of
between 3 and 15-40 m.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from Newfoundland (? ) Norway and Alaska (Grant and Gale 1931);
West Greenland (Posselt and Jensen 1898); between Norway and Svalbard (Friele
1886). Depths from 3 (Foxe Basin) to 15-40 m (Prince Regent Inlet) (this study).
112
Gastropoda: Turridae
OENOPOTA BICARINATA (Couthouy)
Plate VII, fig. 6. Map 50.
Pleurotoma_ violacea Mighels and
Adams, 1842: 51, pl. 4: 21.
Pleurotoma bicarinata Couthouy, 1838:
104, ‘pl. 1: 11:
Type locality: Massachusetts Bay.
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, up to 15 mm long, and light brown or purplish. There are 6 to 7
smoothly rounded, regularly enlarging whorls. The axial sculpture is confined to
growth lines except for fine riblets on the early whorls of a few young specimens.
Spiral ribs are low but rounded, and alternately wide and narrow in most cases.
Two or more of these ribs are most prominent and form ‘carinae’, at least on the
early whorls. In some specimens these ‘carinae’ are worn or not developed. The
columella is slightly curved, and its callus is wide and shiny. The aperture is barely
less than % the height of the shell. The outer lip is slightly flared with a clear anal
notch. The canal is short. The operculum has a pointed and recurved base. A few
specimens bear traces of a yellow periostracum.
The shell of this species is best recognized by the regular taper, the wide columellar
callus, and the close, rounded spiral ribs.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—Port Burwell (2), Diana
Bay (3); Hudson Bay east—off Port Har-
rison (5), off Cape Smith (5); Evans
Strait (7); Roes Welcome Sound (2).
Northeast region:
Hudson Strait—Lake Harbour (1); Fro-
bisher Bay (2); Davis Strait—between
Frobisher Bay and Cumberland Sound
(4); Cumberland Sound (6); Foxe Basin
—north (18); Prince Regent Inlet—
Creswell Bay (6); Admiralty Iniet—
Arctic Bay (1), Moffet Inlet (1); Eclipse
North region:
Barrow Strait (1); Penny Strait (2); Cro-
zier Channel (1 may be of this species);
Eureka Sound—Slidre Fiord (2).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (1); Dolphin and Union
Strait (3); Amundsen Gulf—near Cape
Parry (1); Prince of Wales Strait (1).
Specimens were collected alive on clay,
mud, sand, gravel, and rock from the
intertidal zone to a depth of 70 m.
Sound (7).
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Burwell, Hudson Strait* (Whiteaves 1885: 6ODD); Arctic Bay” and Eclipse
Sound’, Baffin Island (Ellis 1960: 40, as Bela violacea); ‘‘Discovery Bay, 81°41'N.
lat.’’ [Discovery Harbour] (Smith 1877: 132 and 1878: 224, as Pleurotoma (Bela)
violacea); Bernard Harbour, Dolphin and Union Strait™ (Dall 1919a: 15A, as Lora
beck).
Also recorded from New England to Labrador (Whiteaves 1901); West Greenland,
North Atlantic to Svalbard, Soviet Arctic, Bering Strait, and British Columbia
(Thorson 1944). Depths from O (Frobisher Bay) (this study) to 1447 m (north
Greenland Sea) (Golikov 1964).
113
Gastropoda: Turridae
0 100 200 300 |
OENOPOTA BICARINATA OENOPOTA cf. CINEREA
_ @ live BB live
© empty shell (_] empty shell
A literature record X literature record
OENOPOTA cf. CINEREA (Moller)
Plate VII, fig. 5. Map 50.
Defrancia cinerea Moller, 1842: 13. Type locality: Greenland.
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thin, up to about 12 mm long, and greyish white. There are
about 7 slightly shouldered whorls. Irregular, narrow, straight axial folds are more
distinct on the early whorls and barely visible on the body whorl of some
specimens. There are very narrow, widely separated spiral ribs. The columella is
nearly straight, and the callus is moderately wide. The narrow aperture is less than
Y2 the height of the shell. The canal is short and rather wide. The ovate operculum is
narrow. There is a light yellowish brown periostracum.
The shell of this species is recognized by its shouldered body whorls, fine sculpture,
and high spire. Its whorls are rounded and its shoulders more sloping than those of
O. novajasemliensis and O. turricula.
Origin of specimens
North region:
Eureka Sound—Slidre Fiord (10); Nan-
sen Sound (1); Crozier Channel—Mould
Bay (2).
Northwest region:
Coronation Gulf—mouth of Coppermine Specimens were collected alive on mud
River (8); Liverpool Bay (ca. 50); Mac- at depths of from 4.5 to 52 m.
kenzie Bay—near Herschel Island (1).
114
Gastropoda: Turridae
Canadian Arctic literature records
Off Lancaster Sound (Thorson 1951: 60).
Also recorded from West Greenland, Iceland, between Faroe Islands and Scotland,
Finmark, and Svalbard (Thorson 1951); off Norway (Friele 1886). Depths from 4.5
m (Mould Bay) (this study) to 761 m (Svalbard) (Thorson 1941).
OENOPOTA DECLIVIS (Lovén)
Plate VII, fig. 10. Map 51.
Tritonium declive Lovén, 1846: 13.
Type locality: Finmark.
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, up to 15 mm long, and white. Six to 7 rounded whorls enlarge
slowly from a produced apex. Axial ribs (up to 24 on the body whorl) are high,
sharp, only slightly curved, and extend in most cases to the base of the body whorl.
They are crossed by well spaced and very sharply defined revolving ribs, so that the
edges of the longitudinal ridges have a serrated appearance. Some of the spirals are
stronger than others and, in a few specimens, appear as carinae on the early whorls.
The columella is barely curved, and the callus is rather narrow. The aperture is less
than % the height of the shell. The outer lip has a crenulated edge. The canal is
short but wide. The operculum is ovate. In the sutures are traces of the yellowish
periostracum.
The shell of this species is recognized by its high, sharp sculpture, tumid whorls,
and round shoulders.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: ee Hees : isi, Os |
Hudson Bay east—off Belcher Islands. "Pe. 4 c.1 4 oe devathe ct fun 18 22
(1), Port Harrison (2). aaa sand at depths of from 18 to
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay (2); Foxe Basin—north
(1); Fury and Hecla Strait (1); Prince
Regent Inlet—Creswell Bay (1).
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from West Greenland and Finmark (Thorson 1944). Depths from 18
(Hudson Bay) (this study) to 107 m (West Greenland).
OENOPOTA DECUSSATA (Couthouy)
Plate VII, fig. 9. Map 51.
Pleurotoma decussata Couthouy, 1838: Friele (1886) and Thorson (1951)
183, pl. 4: 8 (figure is very poor). synonomize Bela conoidea G.O. Sars
Type locality: Massachusetts Bay. with this species.
Bela tenuicostata M. Sars, 1868: 259.
15
Gastropoda: Turridae
0 100 200 300
\ ate OENOPOTA DECLIVIS OENOPOTA DECUSSATA
~—~___ TH live @ live
\ fa] empty shell A literature record
OENOPOTA ELEGANS
O empty shell
Description of specimens
The shell is very thin, up to 8 mm long, and white. Five to 6 smoothly rounded
whorls enlarge regularly from a rounded apex. Low, sigmoid ribs fade out just
below the shoulder and are crossed by fine, sharp, nearly equidistant spiral ribs. The
columella is straight, and the callus is fairly wide (mainly at the base). The aperture
is % the height of the shell. The outer lip is crenulated, and the anal sinus is round
and moderately deep. The canal is short. The operculum is ovate. A light
olive-coloured periostracum clings at the sutures.
The shell of this species is recognized by its small size, its thinness, and the
appearance of the sculpture.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Bay--near mouth of Nastapoka Specimens were collected alive on mud
River (1). at depths of between 19-40 and 34-53
m.
Northeast region:
Foxe Basin—north (1); Prince Regent
Inlet—Creswell Bay (1).
Canadian Arctic literature records
“west coast of Davis Strait’’ [Cumberland Sound] (Hancock 1846: 331); Arctic
Bay, Baffin Island (Ellis 1960: 40).
Also recorded from New England to Labrador, West Greenland, East Greenland,
North Atlantic to Svalbard, and Barents Sea to Bering Sea (Thorson 1944); Point
Barrow, Alaska (MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 3 (Novaya Zemlya) to 2582 m
(North Atlantic) (Thorson 1944).
116
Gastropoda: Turridae
OENOPOTA ELEGANS (Moller)
Plate VII, fig. 7. Map 51.
Defrancia elegans Moller, 1842: 13. Not Pleurotoma cancellata Mighels and
Type locality: Greenland. Adams, 1842 (preoccupied).
“Bela _ cancellata (Mighels)’’ Verrill,
Tee2: pl. 43: 10, 11.
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, up to 18 mm long, and white. Six to 8 sharp-shouldered whorls
form an acute spire. Axial ribs (up to 20 on the body whorl) are high, quite thick,
well spaced, and strongly oblique with a shallow, angular sinus at the shoulder.
There are low and narrow spiral ribs. One specimen is also carinate at the shoulder.
The columella is slightly curved, and the callus is narrow at the top. The narrow
aperture is barely less than % the height of the shell. The outer lip is smooth with a
shallow anal notch. The canal is broad in the adult. The operculum is oval.
The shell of this species is recognized by its shouldered whorls and the angled
appearance of its axial ribs.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: Northwest region: ,
Hudson Strait—Port Burwell (1); Ungava Mackenzie Bay—Herschel !sland (1).
Bay—near Payne Bay and Leaf Bay (3).
The specimens were all collected empty,
but appear fresh.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from New England (Mighels and Adams 1842); West Greenland and
Iceland (Posselt and Jensen 1898); North Greenland Sea, Arctic Basin, Norway,
Barents Sea to Bering Sea (Golikov 1964); Bering Sea to Point Barrow, Alaska
(MacGinitie 1959). Depths from 45 to 1203 m (Golikov 1964).
OENOPOTA HARPULARIA (Couthouy)
Map 52.
Fusus harpularius Couthouy, 1831:
106, pl. 1: 10.
Type locality: Massachusetts Bay.
This species is figured in Verrill 1882:
pl, 437 14.
An empty and worn shell collected at Diana Bay, Hudson Strait, may be of this
species. Another shell in poor condition from Pond Inlet, Eclipse Sound, Baffin
Island, referred to by Ellis (1960: 40) as Bela exarata, may also be of this species.
The shell is recognized by its strong but rounded shoulders, heavy axial sculpture,
and brownish colour. Grieg (1909: 26) said he had a worn and empty shell of this
species from Jones Sound. It is also recorded from Long Island Sound to Nova
Scotia (Verrill 1882); West Greenland (Posselt and Jensen 1898); Norway, and
Soviet Arctic to Bering Sea from 38 (Norway) to 693 m (North America) (Golikov
1964).
117
Gastropoda: Turridae
OENOPOTA HARPULARIA OENOPOTA INCISULA
© empty shell HB live
X literature record [_] empty shell
A literature record
OENOPOTA NOVAJASEMLIENSIS
OENOPOTA INCISULA (Verrill)
Plate VII, fig. 8. Map 52.
Bela incisula Verrill, 1882: 461, pl. 43: Type locality: Labrador.
lz:
Description of specimens
The shell is thick, up to 10.5 mm long, yellowish white, and very shiny when fresh.
It has a blunt appearance with 5 to 6 shouldered whorls. The axial ribs (about 20
on the body whorl), which are smooth, oblique, but not curved, are quite high in
some specimens. They start at the subsutural band of each whorl and fade out
toward the base of the body whorl. On some specimens the axial ribs fade out even
on the early whorls, and the body whorl of one specimen lacks axial ribs entirely.
Some specimens have nodes at the shoulder and strongly curved growth lines.
Sharply incised revolving grooves make broad flat spiral bands. The columella is
curved and the callus is moderately wide. The aperture is about % the height of the
shell. The outer lip flares out in an angle at the shoulder and is then incurved. The
anal notch is shallow, and there is a relatively wide and short canal. The operculum
is oval. A pale greenish periostracum adheres mainly at the sutures.
The shell of this species is recognized by its thick longitudinal ribs and the flat
spiral bands.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: Northwest region:
Hudson Bay east—Belcher Islands (4), Dease Strait—Starvation Cove (2); Bath-
off Nastapoka River (1), Port Harrison urst Inlet—mouth (1).
(5).
118
Gastropoda: Turridae
Northeast region: Specimens were collected alive on clay,
Foxe Basin—north (5); Prince Regent mud, sand, and rock at depths of from
Inlet—Creswell Bay (3). 6-7 to 140 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Burwell, Hudson Strait (Whiteaves 1885: 60DD).
Also recorded from Martha’s Vineyard to Newfoundland (Verrill 1882); West
Greenland (Posselt and Jensen 1898); Bering Strait (Krause 1885). Depths from 6-7
m (Belcher Islands) (this study) to 914 m (off Martha’s Vineyard) (Verrill 1882).
OENOPOTA NOVAJASEMLIENSIS (Leche)
Plate VII, fig. 14. Map 52.
Pleurotoma novaja-semliensis Leche, Type locality: Novaya Zemlya.
1670: 53, pl. 1: 15.
Description of specimens
The shell is thin and up to 11 mm long. The 6 whorls enlarge slowly from a
mammilate apex and have such strong shoulders that the surface from shoulder to
suture appears to be horizontal. Numerous growth lines cross fine, well defined
spiral ribs (strongest on the body whorl), giving a reticulated appearance to the
surface of the shell. The columella is barely curved and appears thickened near the
base. The callus is very narrow. The wide aperture is % the height of the shell. The
outer lip is flared at the shoulder and strongly recurved at the base, where the canal
is short and moderately wide. The comparatively large operculum is wide
throughout its length and has a curved base. A pale olive periostracum covers these
specimens entirely.
The shell of this species is recognized by the tabulate whorls, the adherent
periostracum, and the shape of the operculum. It is best distinguished from that of
O. reticulata by the small ratio of body height to height of spire.
Origin of specimens
North region:
Crozier Channel—near Mould Bay (17); Specimens were collected alive on mud
Eureka Sound—Slidre Fiord (5). at depths of from about 6 to about 60
m.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from east Laptev Sea (Aurivillius 1887); Siberian Arctic Ocean
(Ldyning 1932); Arctic Ocean north of Bering Strait (Oldroyd 1927). Depths from
about 6 m (Mould Bay) (this study) to about 164 m (Kara Sea) (Leche 1878).
OENOPOTA OBLIQUA (G.O. Sars)
Plate VII, fig. 3. Map 53.
Bela obliqua G.O. Sars, 1878: 226, pl.
6: 6.
Type locality: ““Finmarksreise ved Ham-
merfaest.’’
119
Gastropoda: Turridae
se * OENOPOTA OBLIQUA OENOPOTA PYRAMIDALIS
yp ~_ @ live i live
(] empty shell
A literature record
TARANIS AMOENA
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, up to 9 mm long, and white. Six slightly shouldered whorls enlarge
slowly from a rounded apex. The protoconch is variable — the second whorl is in
some cases no larger than the first. The axial ribs (up to about 20 on the body
whorl) are sharp and oblique, changing direction sharply at the shoulder, and the
interspaces are three times the width of the rib. The spiral ribs are narrow and close.
The columella is nearly straight, and the callus is narrow. The narrow aperture is
less than % the height of the shell. The outer lip is flared at the shoulder and has a
deep round anal notch. The canal is short and wide. The operculum is oval. There is
a yellowish periostracum.
The deep anal notch best distinguishes the shell of this species from that of O.
elegans, and the angle of the ribs differentiates it from that of O. turricula.
Origin of specimens
Northeast region:
Prince Regent Inlet—Creswell Bay (9). Specimens were collected alive on mud
at depths of between 15-40 and 38-52
North region:
Crozier Channel—near Mould Bay (3).
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from West Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Murman Coast, and Svalbard
(Odhner 1915). Depths from 15-40 m (Creswell Bay) (this study) to 395-406 m
(Odhner 1915).
120
Gastropoda: Turridae
OENOPOTA PYRAMIDALIS (Strém)
Plate VII, fig. 12. Map 53.
Buccinum pyramidale Strédm, 1788: Fusus pleurotomarius Couthouy, 1838:
297, pl. 1: 22 (not seen). 107, pl. 1: 9.
Type locality: not specified. Defrancia vahlii ‘‘Beck” Moller, 1842:
13.
Description of specimens
The shell is moderately thick, up to 20 mm long, and pale chestnut. There are 7 to
8 rather slowly enlarging whorls. The thick and rounded axial ribs (about 17 on the
body whorl) are sigmoid in shape and separated by spaces of about the same width.
The ribs either extend to the base of the shell or fade out near the middle of the
body whorl. Rounded spiral ribs are most evident on the early whorls. The
columella is slightly curved, and the callus is moderately wide. The wide aperture,
less than % the height of the shell, has a smoothly curved outer lip, and the canal is
narrow. The operculum is ovate, and there is a yellowish periostracum.
The shell of this species is recognized by the sigmoid ribs, the rosy tan colour, and
the even curve of the outer lip.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: Northwest region:
Ungava Bay—Keglo Bay (2); Hudson Prince of Wales Strait (1).
Bay east—Richmond Gulf (1); Roes Wel-
come Sound (1).
Northeast region: Specimens were collected alive on mud,
Foxe Basin—north (4); Eclipse Sound sand, and rock at depths of from 3 to
(ty. 13-30 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Burwell, Hudson Strait (Whiteaves 1885: 60DD, as Bela pleurotomaria).
Also recorded from Martha’s Vineyard to Labrador (Verrill 1882); Gulf of St.
Lawrence and Bay of Fundy, West Greenland, North Atlantic to Svalbard, Soviet
Arctic to Bering Strait (Thorson 1944); Point Barrow, Alaska to Friday Harbour,
Washington (MacGinitie 1959); north Canadian Basin, 800 miles north of Bering
Strait (Clarke 1963). Depths from O (Svalbard) (Thorson 1944) to 2010 m (Clarke
1963).
OENOPOTA RETICULATA (Brown)
Plate VII, fig. 13. Map 54.
Pleorotoma reticulata Brown, 1827: pl. Pleurotoma trevellianum Turton, 1834:
48: 29, 30 (not seen). 351.
Type locality: Greenock [Scotland]. Bela metschigamensis Krause, 1885:
(see Brown 1844). 2/6, Dl. 16: 2.
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, small (up to 9 mm long) and dingy white. There are 5 to 6 rapidly
enlarging whorls that are flat above an indistinct subsutural carina. Straight, sharp
121
Gastropoda: Turridae
t] 100 200 300
———S
OENOPOTA RETICULATA OENOPOTA TURRICULA
@ live HB live
O empty shell (_] empty shell
X literature record A literature record
Map 54
longitudinal ridges are distinct on the early whorls but, in most specimens, do not
extend below the carina on the body whorl. The spiral ribs are thin and only
slightly rounded but are numerous and distinct, so that the shell has a reticulated
appearance as these ribs cross the many close growth lines. The columella is barely
curved, the callus moderately wide. The aperture is nearly 7/3 the height of the
shell. The outer lip is a little flared below the shoulder and the short canal is
recurved at the base. The operculum is narrow. There is a thin yellowish
periostracum.
Sharp ribs, shouldered whorls, longer canal, and thinner, less shiny shell, best
distinguish the shell of this species from that of O. incisula.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region: Northwest region:
Hudson Bay east—near Richmond Gulf _Dease Strait (1).
(4); Belcher Islands (1).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—near settlement (1 may
be of this species); Prince Regent Inlet
—Creswell Bay (5).
North region:
Crozier Channel—near Mould Bay (1); Specimens were collected alive on clay
Prince Gustav Adolf Sea—off Isachsen and mud at depths between 11-27 and
(1). 38-48 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Port Kennedy [Gulf of Boothia] (Walker 1862: 71, as Mangelia trevelliana); near
Isachsen, Ellef Ringnes Island* (Dall 1924: 31A, as Lora scalaroides).
122
Gastropoda: Turridae
Also recorded from New England to West Greenland, north Atlantic to Svalbard,
Murman Coast, Barents Sea, and British Columbia (Thorson 1944); Bering Sea
(Krause 1885); Arctic Ocean and North Greenland Sea (Golikov 1964). Depths
from 9 (Svalbard) to 1447 m (North Greenland Sea) (Golikov 1964).
OENOPOTA TURRICULA (Montagu)
Plate VII, fig. 11. Map 54.
Murex turricula Montagu, 1803: pl. 9: Some of the specimens examined
im compare well with the following rep-
Type locality: Sandwich, Kent [Eng- resentations of species that may be
land]. synonyms of O. turricula: Bela nobilis
Moller (Sars 1878: pl. 16: 19, 20), Bela
rugulata Moller (Sars 1878: pl. 23: 6),
Bela rugulata Troschel (Friele 1886: pl.
7: 1), and Bela scalaris Moller (Sars
1878: pl. 23:5).
Bela americana Packard, 1867: 285, pl.
Pott;
Bela gouldii Verrill, 1882: 465, pl. 7: 6.
Description of specimens
Members of this species vary considerably in the thickness and size of the shell (up
to 18 mm long) and in the extent of coarseness of the sculpture. They have in
common a white shell of 6 to 7 tabulate whorls with well impressed sutures and a
pointed spire. The axial ribs, which are sharp, high, and straight, continue in most
cases to the base of the body whorl. The shoulder may be nodulated at the site of a
strong spiral cord. Revolving ribs are clearly marked and in many cases are
alternately strong and weak. The columella is slightly curved, and its callus is
narrow. The aperture is less than % the height of the shell. The outer lip,
considerably flared at the shoulder, has a very shallow anal notch. The canal is short
and narrow, and the operculum small and ovate. There is a light chestnut
periostracum.
The shell of this species is recognized by its strong and sharp sculpture and sharply
angled outer lip.
Origin of specimens
Southeast region:
Hudson Strait—Port Burwell (2), Diana
Bay (1); Ungava Bay—near Adlorilik (1);
Hudson Bay east—off Cape Jones (2),
Hopewell Sound (8); Hudson Bay west
—Chesterfield Inlet (2).
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay (2); Foxe Basin—north
(15); Prince Regent Inlet—Creswell Bay
(3); Admiralty Inlet—near Arctic Bay
(1).
Northwest region:
Dease Strait (1); Dolphin and Union
Strait (1); Mackenzie Bay—off Herschel
Island (1).
Specimens were collected alive on clay,
mud, sand, and rock at depths of from
6-7 to 91 m.
Canadian Arctic literature records
Moosonee, James Bay (Richards 1936: 540, as Bela americana); ‘‘west coast of
Davis Strait’’ [Cumberland Sound] (Hancock 1846: 331); Arctic Bay* and Eclipse
Sound, Baffin Island (Ellis 1960: 40, as Bela nobilis); Bernard Harbour, (Dall
1919a: 15A, as Lora exarata).
123
Gastropoda: Turridae
Also recorded from Nova Scotia, Labrador, West Greenland, East Greenland, Faroe
Islands, Svalbard, Norway, and Soviet Arctic to Bering Sea (Thorson 1951). Depths
from 5 (Svalbard) to 995 m (Siberian Ice Sea) (Thorson 1944).
TARANIS Jeffreys, 1870
Type species (by monotypy):
Trophon moerchi Malm
TARANIS AMOENA (G.O. Sars)
Plate VII, fig. 4. Map 53.
Raphitoma amoena G.O. Sars, 1878: Type locality: ‘‘ved Hasvig i Vestfin-
220, plo 172 10a, b. marken.”’
Description of specimens
The shell is thin, very small (up to 7 mm long), and white. There are 6 slowly
enlarging whorls and a pointed apex. There are up to 4 spiral carinae on the body
whorl, which bears weaker spiral ribs as well. The callus of the almost straight
columella is narrow, especially at the top. The rather wide aperture is a little more
than 1/, the height of the shell. The crenulated outer lip, which has a deep anal
notch, is expanded throughout most of its length. The canal is short and wide.
The shell of this species is recognized mainly by its small size and distinctive
sculpture.
Origin of specimens
Northeast region:
Frobisher Bay—near settlement (1);
Prince Regent Inlet—Creswell Bay (2).
Specimens were collected alive on mud
and clay at depths of 15-40 m.
Recorded for the first time from arctic Canada.
Also recorded from West Greenland, East Greenland, Jan Mayen, Svalbard, northern
Norway (Thorson 1944); doubtfully Point Barrow, Alaska (MacGinitie 1959).
Depths from 15-40 m (Creswell Bay) (this study) to 1187 m (north of Lofoten)
(Thorson 1944).
124
Some Tentative Identifications and Doubtful Records
SKENEA PLANORBIS (Fabricius)
This species is tentatively recorded by
Wagner (1964: 11) from northwest of
Ellef Ringnes Island. It is known from
New Jersey to Greenland (Bousfield
ANACHIS HALIOET/ Jeffreys
This species is tentatively recorded by Scotia and Lofoten
Dall (1924: 34A) from Port Burwell,
Hudson Strait. It is known up to Nova
1960) and from Norway to _ the
Mediterranean (Thorson 1941).
Islands, Norway
(Verrill 1886).
CAPULUS UNGARICUS (Linnaeus)
This species is recorded from Hudson
Bay by Pelletier et a/. (1968: 575). Dr.
F. Wagner said in a letter (1968) to Dr.
A.H. Clarke that the record is based on
a single empty shell collected between
Coats and Somerset Islands. The species
is known alive from Norway to the
Aegean Sea (Thorson 1941) and New
Jersey to Florida (Dall 1889).
BUCCINUM HUMPHREYSIANUM Bennett
Stimpson (1865: 387) listed this species
from the mouth of the Mackenzie River
and Verrill (1882: 498) referred to the
record as Buccinum gouldii. \ have
examined one of Stimpson’s specimens
and some. probable paratypes of
Bennett’s species and am of the opinion
that the species does not inhabit North
American waters but is found from the
Mediterranean to the North Atlantic,
off Norway.
BUCCINUM PHYSETMATUM Dall
This species is recorded in Dall’s list
(1921: 100) from Bernard Harbour,
Arctic coast, west to Point Barrow and
south to Bristol Bay, Alaska. The
Canadian record is probably an error
and MacGinitie does not record the
species from Point Barrow.
CHR YSODOMUS SATURUS (Martyn)
Oldroyd (1927: 232) has erroneously
given the type locality of this species as
“King George Sound, Hudson Strait”.
Martyn actually described it from
“K. Georges Sound’, which has been
shown by Hedley to be Nootka Sound,
Vancouver Island.
MANGELIA RUFA (Montagu)
Walker (1862: 71) records this species
from Port Kennedy (72°0O1'N,
94°14'W). Its occurrence is unlikely as
this is quite out of the known range of
the species (see Jeffreys 1867: 394).
125
Ecology
The characteristics of Canadian arctic water masses have been described by Dunbar
(1951), Bailey (1957), Grainger (1959), Collin (1962), and Pelletier et a/. (1968).
Much of the region is ice-covered for about seven months and the water
temperatures are for the most part negative. In summer the temperature of the top
hundred metres is between 0° and 3°C, reaching more than 9°C towards James Bay.
Below this layer of water, the temperature in August varies from about =| te
The salinity of the upper 100 meters, in August, is about 32°/00 going down to less
than 23°/o0 in James Bay. Below this layer of water the salinity varies from
32.5°/o0 to about 33.68/00, Variations in temperature and salinity of the upper
layer of water are caused by melting and refreezing, wind-chill, run-off from the
land, and ice movement. The extreme seasonal oscillation in light is an additional
factor in this changing environment.
Animals living in the shallower waters of the region must be adaptable to changing
temperatures and salinities and be able to take advantage of solar energy for
growth and reproduction while it is briefly available. Many species of gastropods
also store energy in the form of large yolky eggs or have ‘nurse’ eggs. The extensive
ranges of about 80 per cent of arctic gastropods, chitons, and scaphopods (Mac-
pherson 1968) is evidence of their high tolerance of environmental variation. For
example, the presence of Margarites costalis, Margarites olivaceus, Littorina saxa-
tilis, Lunatia pallida, Buccinum tenue, and Admete couthouyi, alive even in James
Bay, suggests that adaptability to low salinities contributes to their wide distribu-
tion.
Gastropods form a very small proportion of the biomass of the arctic fauna.
Thorson (1933: 49) shows that they represent less than 1 per cent by weight in the
benthos in any of his epifaunal communities in Franz Joseph Fiord, East
Greenland. In the Kara Sea, the gastropods form up to about 7 per cent by weight
of the communities distinguished by Zenkevitch (1963: fig. 108). A higher
proportion of the epifauna of marine algae, however, is composed of gastropods
(Thorson 1933).
Most arctic gastropods bear thin, pale shells with low relief. Many have bristled
periostraca, and most have a thin corneous operculum. The maximum sizes are
plotted in figure 1. The maximum length of half the species is less than 25 mm;
only in three species have shells of 100 mm or more been measured.
The maximum sizes of most species of marine gastropods in arctic Canada are
similar to their maximum sizes in lower latitudes. In a few species of the family
Buccinidae, however, the maximum size of specimens examined is smaller: for
example, the shell of Co/us islandicus from Foxe Basin measures about 100 mm and
from off Newfoundland 120 mm; and that of Buccinum totteni from Hudson Bay
measures 60 mm and from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, more than 80 mm.
An adaptation of some gastropods to northern waters is an acceleration of the larval
growth rate. Dehnel (1955) found that the non-pelagic larvae of populations of
some species of gastropods originating in high latitudes of the west coast of
America grew two to ten times faster, when exposed experimentally to the same
temperatures, than larvae of other populations of the same species from lower
latitudes. Ecological adaptations of growth and metabolism in polar waters, with
possible application to gastropods, chitons, and scaphopods, in animals of other
phyla, are not treated here but are discussed by Thorson (1950), Zenkevitch
(1963), and Dunbar (1968).
126
Ecology
Number of species
V
100
90 | th Eas we: e °
80 r ‘mama a |
70 of ines 2? | i!
60 rine
50
40
‘ “a Pt oie
20 ull Pes |
&
10 Zs
@
le Pel Py 24
0 10 30: - 30 40 50 60-~ FO 80 60. “io Tio ~ 720
Maximum length (MM)
Fig. 1.
In East Greenland gastropods reproduce with perhaps a very brief pelagic stage
(none were found) or hatch directly into the crawling stage (Thorson 1944). | did
not search plankton samples from arctic Canada for gastropod larvae, but none
were recorded by Grainger (1959) in plankton from Igloolik, Foxe Basin. It is
expected, therefore, that most of the species in the region studied resemble those of
East Greenland in this characteristic. Thorson (1950: 22-24) describes this
adaptation and shows (Figure 5) that the proportion of species with non-pelagic
development in the invertebrate fauna increases with latitude from the Canary
Islands to East Greenland.
About 60 per cent of the chitons, scaphopods, and gastropods living in arctic
Canada are known to be carnivorous. A similar proportion of carnivores is found
when all but the species occurring north of Barrow Strait are eliminated from
consideration. Thorson (1944) stated that 75 per cent of the gastropod species in
East Greenland are carnivorous and demonstrated (1941: 132) that their
proportion in the fauna increases from the Boreal to the Arctic.
The paucity of intertidal animals in arctic regions is said by many authors to be due
to ice and its mechanical action on the shore. Ellis and Wilce (1961) discuss the
effect of ice on littoral populations at various arctic stations. They found that ice
can influence not only the numbers of littoral animals but the position of the zone
in which they can live. They found the “Littorina’’ belt to be lower at Frobisher
127
Ecology
Bay (Baffin Island) than in temperate regions. There are only thirteen species of
gastropods and chitons recorded alive from west Hudson Bay, south of Chesterfield
Inlet, whereas there are 32 species recorded on the corresponding parts of the east
coast. This is perhaps partly due to the grounding and piling up of ice on the very
shallow west coast.
Specimens of one third of the species of gastropods, chitons, and scaphopods were
taken alive in 5 m of water or less. About a third of the species were found only in
water less than 40 m deep in the region as defined. Another third were obtained
alive only down to 100 m, and examples of the rest of the species came from below
that level. No Canadian arctic collections available to me were from deeper than
270 m. A third of the species for which data were available were collected only ori
mud, sand, or clay. The rest were taken from both soft and rock bottoms.
Canadian arctic gastropods have been found in the digestive tracts of the following
animals:
Myxocephalus quadricornis, east Hudson Bay (Acmaea testudinalis and Margarites
helicinus).
Myxocephalus scopius, Dolphin and Union Strait (Margarites helicinus).
Gadus ogac, Hudson Bay (Littorina saxatilis).
Fish, Coronation Gulf and Frobisher Bay (Margarites umbilicalis and Natica clausa).
Erignathus barbatus, Dolphin and Union Strait (Vargarites costalis and Buccinum
sp.)
Somateria molissima, Dolphin and Union Strait and Coronation Gulf (Buccinum sp.
and Oenopota sp.)
Other enemies of gastropods in arctic and temperate regions are fishes (e.g.
Greenland shark, haddock, wolfish, eels, flounders, etc.), starfish, birds, walrus, and
other molluscs (e.g. naticids).
128
Zoogeography
40 50 60 70 80
Cape Cod to Nfld.
Fig. 2.
Number of species in common with arctic Canada shown
as percentage of total number of species in arctic Canada.
40 50 60 70
Arctic U:S:S:R.
Fig. 3:
Number of species in common with arctic Canada shown
as percentage of number of species in region considered.
The above figures compare the Canadian arctic gastropod, scaphopod, and chiton
fauna with that of some other regions. Arctic Canada has about the same
number of species in common with the four adjacent regions. Figure 2 shows that
in regions with a large number of ‘non-arctic’ species the number of species held
in common with arctic Canada forms a small proportion of the total.
Of the 108 species of chitons, scaphopods, and gastropods here recorded from
Canadian arctic waters, 6 are known only as empty shells and 2 only from their
type localities. More than one third (36) of the species recorded alive belong to the
family Buccinidae. Another third comprise the families Turridae (14), Trochidae
(9), and Lamellariidae (7).
Thirty-eight of the species recorded alive from arctic Canada, and whose ranges are
known, have a circumpolar distribution. Ten have a discontinuous distribution, for
example: absent from West Greenland (7Tonice/lla marmorea), or not recorded on
the Alaska side of Bering Strait (Margarites helicinus). Thus about half of the
gastropods, scaphopods, and chitons are circumpolar in distribution or nearly so.
129
Zoogeography
Many species have an ‘Arctic-Atlantic’ pattern of distribution: they are found in
the north and east in arctic Canada and more or less continuously eastward to West
Greenland (34 species), Norway (33 species), Svalbard (26 species), Barents Sea (21
species), Kara Sea (14 species), Laptev Sea (12 species), and Siberian Ice Sea (8
species). Most of the rest have an ‘Arctic-Pacific’ distribution and are found only in
the west of arctic Canada, barely penetrating the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
Some range as far west as East Greenland (1 species) and Svalbard (4 species) and
down to the Bering Sea (10 species). Grainger (1966) found similar patterns of
distribution in echinoderms.
An examination of the distribution of some of the Canadian Arctic species will
suggest where they came from and in a few cases may aid in determining the history
of the region since glaciation. Species such as Neptunea heros probably penetrated
the Canadian Arctic from the Pacific region, Oenopota novajasemliensis may be
from the Arctic Ocean, and such species as Boreotrophon fabricii are evidently
from the North Atlantic. According to Nesis (1962) some ‘‘amphiboreal”’ species of
the northwest and Atlantic and north Pacific Oceans owe their present distribution
to migration across the Arctic from west to east during the Pliocene. Known from
the state of Washington to Point Barrow, Alaska, from Maine to Ungava Bay, and
elsewhere only from Svalbard, Co/us spitzbergensis may be one of these ‘Pliocene
relicts’, which then more recently reinvaded the Low Arctic.
Buccinum glaciale donovani and the ‘variety’ tornata of Neptunea despecta were
found only as empty shells. These large, rather thick-shelled and strongly sculptured
forms are now found alive in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the shells are distin-
guishable from those of the forms presently living in arctic Canada. A former,
warmer period is suggested by these shells—especially by those of the latter, if the
different forms of Neptunea despecta are in fact indicators of temperature regimes,
as suggested by Golikov (1960). Thesbia nana, living in Hudson Bay, may be a relict
of such a warmer period. Elsewhere it is known only as far north as Iceland.
130
Distributions in Arctic Canada
““Arctic-Pacific’’ species
Boreotrophon pacificus
Buccinum angulosum
Buccinum maltzani —east to Dease Strait (approx. 106° W.)
Buccinum polare
Amauropsis purpurea —east to Bathurst Inlet (approx. 107°W.)
Volutopsius deformis —east to Dolphin and Union Strait (approx. 115° W.)
Neptunea heros
Beringius beringi —east to Cape Parry (approx. 125° W.)
Anomalosipho martensi
Colus roseus —east to Herschel Island (approx. 139°W.)
Neptunea beringiana —to north coast of Victoria Island (approx. 112°W.)
Cosmopolitan in arctic Canada
Tonicella marmorea™* Colus pubescens*
Lophyrochiton albus* Plicifusus kroeyeri*
Siphonodentalium lobatum Neptunea despecta
Acmaea testudinalis* Buccinum belcheri *
Lepeta caeca* Buccinum ciliatum*
Margarites helicinus* Buccinum moerchi
Margarites olivaceus* Buccinum hydrophanum*
Margarites costalis* Buccinum tenue* —Panarctic
Margarites umbilicalis* Admete couthouyi*
Lacuna glacialis Oenopota arctica™*
Aquilonaria turneri Oenopota bicarinata*
Alvania cruenta™* Oenopota cinerea
Trichotropis borealis * Oenopota incisula*
Velutina undata Oenopota pyramidalis
Velutina velutina* Oenopota reticulata ™*
Capulacmaea radiata Oenopota turricula*
Natica clausa
Lunatia pallida™*
Solariella obscura
Tachyrhynchus erosus —low arctic
Boreotrophon clathratus
“Arctic-Atlantic” distribution in Canada but also recorded from Alaska
or Bering Sea so may prove to be cosmopolitan.
Puncturella noachina Boreotrophon truncatus *
Margarites vahli* Astyris rosacea
Moelleria costulata* Buccinum glaciale * —to Foxe Basin or north
Tachyrhynchus reticulatus
Cingula castanea™* Oenopota decussata
Trichotropis bicarinata Oenopota harpularia
Velutina plicatilis
Solariella varicosa | —north to Hudson Strait
Colus spitzbergensis
*coliected alive in basin of Hudson Bay.
131
Distributions in Arctic Canada
“Arctic-Atlantic’’ species
Acmaea rubella
Trichotropis conica
Marsenina glabra
Boreotrophon fabricii*
Volutopsius norvegicus
Colus islandicus
Colus tortuosus
Buccinum cyaneum
Littorina saxatilis*
Margarites groenlandicus*
Littorina obtusata
Buccinum finmarkianum
Buccinum micropoma
Buccinum nivale
Buccinum sericatum
Buccinum undatum
Buccinum totteni*
Oenopota declivis
Taranis amoena
“high-arctic’’ species
Colus togatus
Cingula moerchi
Oenopota novajasemliensis
Oenopota obliqua
Poorly known
Scissurella crispata
Alvania janmayeni
Onchidiopsis glacialis
Amauropsis islandicus
Beringius ossiani
Anomalosipho verkruzeni
Thesbia nana*
Acry bia glacialis
Onchidiopsis kingmaruensis
Tonicella rubra
Margarites pribiloffensis
Lacuna vincta
Velutina lanigera
Colus lachesis
Buccinum plectrum
Buccinum undulatum
Volutomitra groenlandica
—to Foxe Basin or north
—north to Cumberland
Sound
—north to Hudson Strait
—also in southwest
—not south of Prince Regent
Inlet
—collected in only one
locality
—recorded from type
locality only
—literature record, only
one locality
Empty shells
Cingula arenaria
Volutopsius stefanssoni
Oenopota elegans
Hydrobia minuta
Acirsa costulata
Aporrhais occidentalis
*Collected alive in basin of Hudson Bay.
132
—may be found alive
—north of present range
—probably post-Pleistocene
fossils
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List of Plates
Plate |, 4
Tonicella marmorea, Tonicella rubra, Lophyrochiton albus, Puncturella
noachina, Acmaea testudinalis, Lepeta caeca, Siphonodentalium loba-
tum, Margarites costalis, Margarites groenlandicus, Margarites helicinus,
Margarites olivaceus, Margarites umbilicalis, Solariella obscura, Lacuna
glacialis, Littorina saxatilis, Tachyrhynchus erosus, Tachyrhynchus reti-
culatus.
Plate Il, 26
Acmaea rubella, Scissurella crispata, Margarites vahli, Solariella varicosa,
Moelleria costulata, Hydrobia minuta, Cingula arenaria, Cingula cas-
tanea, Cingula moerchi, Alvania cruenta, Alvania janmayeni, Marsenina
glabra, Velutina plicatilis, Onchidiopsis glacialis, Astyris rosacea, Colus
roseus.
Plate Ill, 42
Trichotropis Conica, Trichotropis borealis, Trichotropis bicarinata, Ca-
pulacmaea radiata, Velutina undata, Velutina velutina, Lunatia pallida,
Natica clausa, Amauropsis purpurea, Amauropsis islandica, Boreotro-
phon pacificus, Boreotrophon truncatus, Admete couthouyi, Boreotro-
phon clathratus, Boreotrophon fabricil.
Plate IV, 66
Beringius beringi, Beringius ossiani, Colus islandicus, Volutopsius defor-
mis, Volutopsius norvegicus, Volutopsius stefanssoni.
Plate V, 72
Colus pubescens, Colus togatus, Colus tortuosus, Colus lachesis, Ano-
malosipho martensi, Anomalosipho verkruzeni, Plicifusus kroeyeri,
Aporrhais occidentalis, Colus spitzbergensis, Neptunea heros, Neptunea
despecta.
Plate VI, 84
Buccinum angulosum, Buccinum glaciale, Buccinum polare, Buccinum
ciliatum, Buccinum moerchi, Buccinum maltzani, Buccinum belcheri,
Buccinum tenue, Buccinum cyaneum, Buccinum sericatum, Buccinum
micropoma, Buccinum totteni, Buccinum undatum, Buccinum finmar-
kianum, Buccinum hydrophanum.
Plate VII, 110
Thesbia nana, Oenopota arctica, Oenopota obliqua, Taranis amoena,
Oenopota cinerea, Oenopota bicarinata, Oenopota elegans, Oenopota
incisula, Oenopota decussata, Oenopota declivis, Oenopota turricula,
Oenopota pyramidalis, Oenopota reticulata, Oenopota novajasemliensis.
140
List of Maps
Map 1
Geographical Distribution of Recorded Specimens, end leaves
Map 2
Tonicella marmorea, Tonicella rubra, 6
Map 3
Lophyrochiton albus, Siphonodentalium lobatum, 7
Map 4
Scissurella crispata, Puncturella noachina, 11
Map 5
Acmaea rubella, 13
Map 6
Acmaea testudinalis, 14
Map 7
Lepeta caeca, 16
Map 8
Margarites costalis, 17
Map 9
Margarites groenlandicus, Margarites umbilicalis, 19
Map 10
Margarites helicinus, 21
Map 11
Margarites olivaceus, Margarites pribiloffensis, 22
Map 12
Margarites vahli, Solariella obscura, Solariella varicosa, Moelleria costulata, 28
Map 13
Lacuna cf. glacialis, Lacuna vincta, Aquilonaria turneri, 31
Map 14
Littorina saxatilis, 33
Map 15
Hydrobia minuta, Cingula arenaria, Cingula castanea, Cingula moerchi, 35
Map 16
Alvania cruenta, Alvania janmayeni, 37
Map 17
Tachyrhynchus erosus, Tachyrhynchus reticulatus, Acirsa costulata, 39
Map 18
Trichotropis bicarinata, Trichotropis conica, 44
Map 19
Trichotropis borealis, 45
Map 20
Marsenina glabra, Velutina lanigera, Velutina plicatilis, 48
Map 21
Velutina undata, 50
141
List of Maps
Map 22
Velutina velutina, 52
Map 23 |
Onchidiopsis glacialis, Onchidiopsis kingmaruensis, Capulacmaea radiata, 53
Map 24
Aporrhais occidentalis, Acrybia glacialis, Amauropsis islandicus, Amauropsis pur-
purea, 55
Map 25
Natica clausa, 57
Map 26
Lunatia pallida, 59
Map 27
Boreotrophon clathratus, Boreotrophon fabricii, 61
Map 28
Boreotrophon pacificus, Boreotrophon truncatus, 63
Map 29
Astyris rosacea, Beringius beringi, Beringius ossiani, 65
Map 30
Volutopsius deformis, Volutopsius norvegicus, Volutopsius stefanssoni, 69
Map 31
Colus islandicus, Colus lachesis, Colus pubescens, 71
Map 32
Colus roseus, Colus spitzbergensis, 75
Map 33
Colus togatus, Colus tortuosus, 77
Map 34
Anomalosipho martensi, Anomalosipho cf. verkruzeni, 79
Map 35
Plicifusus kroeyeri, Neptunea beringiana, 81
Map 36
Neptunea despecta, Neptunea heros, 83
Map 37
Buccinum angulosum, Buccinum belcheri, 86
Map 38
Buccinum ciliatum, 88
Map 39
Buccinum cyaneum, 91
Map 40
Buccinum glaciale, 92
Map 41
Buccinum moerchi, Buccinum finmarkianum, 93
Map 42
Buccinum hydrophanum, 96
142
List of Maps
Map 43
Buccinum maltzani, Buccinum micropoma, 97
Map 44
Buccinum nivale, Buccinum polare, 100
Map 45
Buccinum plectrum, Buccinum sericatum, 102
Map 46
Buccinum tenue, 103
Map 47
Buccinum totteni, Buccinum undatum, Buccinum undulatum, 105
Map 48
Volutomitra groenlandica, Admete couthouyi, 108
Map 49
Thesbia nana, Oenopota arctica, 112
Map 50
Oenopota bicarinata, Oenopota cf. cinerea, 114
Map 51
Oenopota declivis, Oenopota decussata, Oenopota elegans, 116
Map 52
Oenopota harpularia, Oenopota incisula, Oenopota novajasemliensis, 118
Map 53
Oenopota obliqua, Oenopota pyramidalis, Taranis amoena, 120
Map 54
Oenopota reticulata, Oenopota turricula, 122
143
Index
Acirsa, 40
Acmaea, 12
Acrybia, 54
acuminatus, Margarites, 25
Admete, 107
affinis, Euspira (‘‘Nerita’’), 56, 58
albulus, Margarites, 21
albus, Lophyrochiton (‘’Chiton”), 7, 131
Alvania, 37
Amauropsis, 54
americana, Bela, 123
amoéna, Taranis (‘“Raphitoma’’), 124, 132
angulosum, Buccinum, 85, 94, 96, 101, 131
Anomalosipho, 78
antiquum, Tritonium, 81, 82, 83
Aporrhais, 46
Aquilonaria, 30
arctica, Margarita, 20, 21
arctica, Oenopota (‘Bela’), 111, 131
arenaria, Cingula, 34, 132
argentata, Margarita, 21, 23
Astyris, 64
becki, Lora, 113
belcheri, Buccinum, 87, 106, 131
beringi, Beringius (‘‘Tritonium’’), 65, 131
beringiana, Neptunea (‘“Tritonium”’), 81, 131
Beringius, 65
bicarinata, Oenopota (‘‘Pleurotoma’’), 113, 131
bicarinata, Trichotropis (‘““Turbo’’), 41, 131
borealis, Admete, 107
borealis, Murex, 60
borealis, Natica, 58
borealis, Scalaria, 40
borealis, Trichotropis, 43, 46, 131
Boreotrophon, 60
buccinoides, Cancellaria, 107
Buccinum, 85
caeca, Lepeta (‘Patella’), 15, 131
campanulata, Margarita, 20
cancellata, Bela (‘‘Pleurotoma’’), 117
candida, Patella, 15
Capulacmaea, 53
carinatum, Buccinum, 93
castanea, Cingula (‘’Rissoa’’), 35, 131
cerea, Patella, 15
ciliatum, Buccinum (“‘Tritonium’”’), 88, 98, 106, 109, 131
cinerea, Oenopota (‘‘Defrancia’’), 114, 131
cinereus, Margarites (‘““Turbo’’), 16, 18
144
Index
Cingula, 34
clathratus, Boreotrophon (‘’Murex’’), 60, 62, 63, 131
clausa, Natica, 56, 58, 128, 131
cognata, Cemoria, 11, 12
Colus, 72
commodum, Pilidium, 53
conica, Trichotropis, 46, 132
conoidea, Bela, 115
consolidata, Natica, 56
conulus, Fusus, 78
corneus, Trochus (“’Turbo’’), 16, 18
costalis, Margarites (‘““Trochus’’), 16, 19, 27, 126, 128, 131
costellatus, Trichotropis, 43, 45
costellifera, Murex, 107
costulata, Acirsa (‘Turritella’’), 39, 40, 132
costulata, Moelleria (‘“Margarites’’), 29, 131
couthouyi, Admete (‘’Cancellaria’’), 107, 126, 131
craticulatum (‘’“Trophon,” “’Tritonium’’), 60, 61
cretaceum, Buccinum, 80
crispata, Scissurella, 10, 132
cruenta, Alvania, 37, 131
curtus, Sipho, 76
cyaneum, Buccinum, 89, 91, 92, 96, 101, 102, 106, 132
declivis, Oenopota (‘’Tritonium’’), 115, 132
decussata, Oenopota (‘‘Pleurotoma’’), 111, 115, 131
deformis, Volutopsius (‘“Fusus’’), 68, 70, 131
despecta, Neptunea (‘‘Murex’’), 82, 130, 131
divaricatus, Trochus, 30
donovani, Buccinum, 93, 94, 130
ebur, Fusus, 76
ekblawi, Buccinum, 93
elegans, Oenopota (‘‘Defrancia’’), 117, 120, 132
emydia, Acmaea, 15
erosus, Tachyrhynchus (“Turritella”’), 38, 41, 131
exarata, Bela (‘Lora’), 117, 123
fabricii, Boreotrophon (‘“Trophon”’), 60, 130, 132
finmarkianum, Buccinum, 89, 91, 95, 102, 106, 132
fornicatus, Fusus, 82, 83
frielei, Buccinum, 98
glabra, Marsenina (“Oxinoe’’), 47, 132
glaciale, Buccinum, 86, 93, 101, 131
glacialis, Acrybia, 54, 132
glacialis, Lacuna, 29, 131
glacialis, Onchidiopsis (‘’Lamellaria’’), 51, 132
glauca, Margarita, 21, 23
gouldii, Bela, 123
groenlandica, Littorina, 32, 33
groenlandica, Natica (‘“Lunatia’’), 58, 59
groenlandica, Onchidiopsis, 51
145
Index
groenlandica, Volutomitra (‘‘Mitra’’), 107, 132
groenlandicum, Buccinum, 90, 91, 93, 94, 102
groenlandicus, Margarites (““Trochus”’), 18, 23, 24, 132
groenlandicus, Sigaretus (‘“Lamellaria’’), 47, 48
grosvenori, Margarites (‘‘Margaritopsis’’), 21
halioeti, Anachis, 125
hancocki, Buccinum (“‘Tritonium”’), 93, 94
harpularia, Oenopota (‘‘Fusus’’), 117, 131
harrisoni, Margarita, 21
helicinus, Margarites (‘’Turbo,” ‘““Trochus’’), 20, 23, 128, 129, 131
heros, Neptunea (‘‘Chrysodomus”’), 81, 82, 130, 131
hirsutus, Fusus, 73
holbolli, Mangelia, 64
humphreysianum, Buccinum, 99, 125
Hydrobia, 34
hydrophanum, Buccinum, 90, 92, 95, 98, 131
incisula, Oenopota (‘’Bela’’), 118, 122, 131
islandica, Amauropsis (‘’Nerita’’), 54, 56, 132
islandicus, Colus (‘““Murex’’), 70, 74, 126, 132
janmayeni, Alvania (‘‘Rissoa’’), 38, 132
johanseni, Plicifusus, 80
johnsoni, Margarites, 25
kingmaruensis, Onchidiopsis, 53, 132
kobelti, Volutopsius, 65
kroeyeri, Plicifusus (‘“Fusus’’), 47, 80, 131
lachesis, Colus (‘’Fusus’’), 71, 132
Lacuna, 29
laevigata, Tonicella (‘““Chiton’’), 5, 6
laevigata, Velutina, 51
laevior, Admete, 109
lamellosus, Fusus, 60
lanigera, Velutina, 48, 132
largillierti, Fusus, 69
Lepeta, 15
Littorina, 31
lobatum, Siphonodentalium (‘‘Dentalium’’), 9, 131
Lophyrochiton, 7
lunares, Cochlea, 32
Lunatia, 58
magnus, Ansistrolepis, 85
maltzani, Buccinum, 86, 96, 98, 131
Margarites, 16
marmorea, Tonicella (‘‘Chiton’’), 5, 129, 131
Marsenina, 47
martensi, Anomalosipho (‘‘Sipho”’), 78, 79, 131
metschigamensis, Bela, 125
micromphala, Marsenina, 47
146
Index
micropoma, Buccinum, 97, 132
mighelsi, Margarites, 25
minuta, Hydrobia (‘“Turbo,”’ ‘’Paludestrina’’), 34, 132
minutissima, Margarita, 29
Moelleria, 29
moerchi, Buccinum, 88, 90, 95, 98, 131
moerchi, Cingula, 36, 132
nana, Thesbia (‘’Tritonium’”’),109, 130, 132
Natica, 56
Neptunea, 81
nivale, Buccinum, 98, 99, 132
noachina, Puncturella (‘‘Patella’’), 10, 131
nobilis, Bela, 123
norvegicus, Volutopsius (‘’Strombus’’), 69, 132
novajasemliensis, Oenopota (‘’Pleurotoma’’), 114, 119, 130, 132
obliqua, Oenopota (‘Bela’), 119, 132
obscura, Solariella (‘“Turbo’’), 25, 131
obtusata, Littorina (““Turbo’’), 31, 132
occidentalis, Aporrhais (‘Rostellaria’’), 46, 80, 132
Oenopota, 111
olivaceus, Margarites (‘“Turbo’’), 21, 23, 126, 131
Onchidiopsis, 51
ossiani, Beringius (‘“Neptunea’’), 67, 132
ovum, Buccinum (‘’Tritonium’’), 96, 98
pacificus, Boreotrophon (‘‘Trophon’’), 60, 62, 63, 131
palliata, Littorina, 32
pallida, Lunatia (‘‘Natica’’), 55, 56, 57, 58, 126, 131
pellucidus, Fusus, 64
perdix, Tritonium, 91
physetmatum, Buccinum, 125
planorbis, Skenea, 125
plectrum, Buccinum, 94, 100, 132
pleurotomaria, Bela (‘’Fusus’’), 121
plicatilis, Velutina (‘‘Bulla’’), 49, 131
Plicifusus, 80
polare, Buccinum, 86, 94, 100, 131
polaris, Margarita (‘“Trochus’’), 16
pribiloffensis, Margarites, 23, 132
princeps, Puncturella (‘’Cemoria’’), 10, 12
prodita, Lamellaria, 47
pubescens, Colus (‘’Sipho’’), 73, 76, 131
Puncturella, 10
purpurea, Amauropsis, 55, 131
pusilla, Natica, 58
pyramidalis, Oenopota (‘‘Buccinum”’), 121, 131
radiata, Capulacmaea (‘‘Capulus’’), 53, 131
reticulata, Oenopota (‘‘Pleurotoma’’), 119, 121, 131
reticulatus, Tachyrhynchus (‘‘Turritella’’), 39, 40, 41, 131
rosacea, Astyris (‘‘Buccinum”’), 64, 131
147
Index
roseus, Colus (“‘Chrysodomus”’), 74, 131
rubella, Acmaea (‘‘Patella’’), 12, 132
rubra, Tonicella (‘“Chiton’’), 7, 132
rudis, Littorina (‘‘Turbo”’), 32, 33
rufa, Mangelia, 125
rugulata, Bela, 123
sabinii, Colus (‘‘Buccinum,” Fusus’’) 77, 78
sarsi, Buccinum, 91, 93
satura, Neptunea (‘‘Chrysodomus”’), 85, 125
faxatilis, Kittorina.(’“Turbo’’), 32; 126, 126, 132
scalariforme, Buccinum, 102, 104
scalariformis, Fusus, 60
scalaris, Bela, 123
scalaroides, Lora, 122
Scissurella, 10
septentrionalis, Natica, 56, 58
sericatum, Buccinum, 90, 92, 96, 98, 101, 132
shantaricum, Tritonium, 75
sibirica, Rissoa, 38
Siphonodentalium, 9
Solariella, 25
solutus, Chrysodomus, 81, 85
sordida, Margarita, 16, 18
sowerbiensis, Trichotropis, 41, 43
spitzbergensis, Colus (‘‘Fusus’’), 75, 130, 131
stefanssoni, Volutopsius, 70, 132
striata, Margarita, 16, 18
Tachyrhynchus, 38
tanquaryi, Buccinum, 91
Taranis, 124
tenebrosum, Buccinum, 89, 91
tenebrosus, Littorina (‘“Turbo’’), 32, 33
tenue, Buccinum, 102, 126, 131
tenuicostata, Bela, 115
tenuis, Trichotropis, 41, 43
terranovae, Buccinum, 100
testudinalis, Acmaea (‘Patella’), 13, 128, 131
testudinaria, Patella, 13
Thesbia, 109
togatus, Colus (““Sipho/’ ‘’Fusus’’), 74, 76, 78, 132
Tonicella, 5
tortuosus, Colus (‘’Fusus’’), 76, 77, 132
totteni, Buccinum, 101, 104, 106, 126, 132
trevellianum, Pleurotoma (‘’Mangelia’’), 121, 122
Trichotropis, 41
truncatus, Boreotrophon (‘’Buccinum’’), 60, 62, 131
turneri, Aquilonaria, 29, 30, 131
turricula, Oenopota (‘“Murex’’), 114, 120, 123, 131
turritum, Tritonium (‘“Neptunea,” “’Sipho’’), 78
148
Index
umbilicalis, Margarites, 19, 20, 23, 128, 131
undata, Velutina, 49, 131
undatum, Buccinum, 88, 105, 106, 108, 132
undulata, Margarita, 18
undulatum, Buccinum, 106, 132
ungaricus, Capulus, 125
vahli, Defrancia, 121
vahli, Margarites, 25, 131
varicosa, Solariella (‘“Margarita’’), 28, 131
Velutina, 48
velutina, Velutina (‘Bulla’), 48, 51, 131
ventricosum, Buccinum, 96
ventrosa, Hydrobia, 34
verkruzeni, Anomalosipho (‘‘Sipho’’), 79, 132
vincta, Lacuna (‘’Turbo’’), 30, 132
violacea, Pleurotoma (‘‘Bela’’), 113
viridula, Admete, 107, 109
viridula, Bela, 111
vitreum, Siphonodentalium (‘’‘Dentalium’’), 9
Volutomitra, 107
Volutopsius, 68
zonata, Velutina, 49, 50
149
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