Google
This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at |http: //books .google .com/I
/.
m
'*'•♦ t-
/ /
/
v^ v»
*', •-* .'
r
/ ^
mm^irnt
iftrflMi
i^m^admmmmm
^Mrt^aJtaM^k
>*0m^mim
PUNJAB WHEAT :
IS VARIETIES, DISTRIEVTtOif^ A^P BtT/SEA^DnZ
teing a C0II60U0& of Statistics and Comsp^dence printed 1^ tlie
orders of tlie Ptu^ab fioTjinuDfint)
1B84.
opiea
ftTftilable at the Office of the Oomttilwioaey of
Agrioulture,' Puz]ijab«
Price lie* 1*8*0«
LAHORBi PRINTED BY W. BALL,
SvccksaoK te nt Fuhjam Pftoitisa Cou»jMm
1884.
mm
?•. >^T>
t4 r ' .♦- c
i^.^
i^.
x-:<\
■ 4
.1
rs »."""-'arT.~
J I ^ ■-■ --^. '
*•!'
Ij;
•> r
A
. y '
i-*
'i^ii
■ ■«' »
>■*' j-f fc*».
?v^
-^'-^.
•!-■-« V|T^
PUNJAB WHEAT:
ITS VABIETIBS, DISTRIBUTION, AND BUSBANDBY.
(I«iDS a Colleotlon of Statistics and Comsjondence prints %f ttui
orders of tlie f unjal) QoTsromeil) ^
Copies available at the 0£Qce at tlie Oommlssloner of
Aeri^oulture, Punjab.
Price Re. 1-8-0, #'
LAHORE: PRINTED BY W. BALL,
SucCtSSOK TO THE PuNJAB PittNTIHG CoKPAHt.
1884.
63 j:) ij
TABLE OP CONTENTS.
Paga.
Sammary by the Commissioner of Agricnlttire^ addressed to Senior
Secretary to Financial Commissioner Punjab ^.. At com-
menco'
ment of
volume*
Letter with enclosures from Punjab Goyerdmedt directing the
enquiry now reported ... .•. ... ... 1
Circular letter issued thereon by Commissioner qf Agriculttlre to
Deputy Commissioners of districts ••a «•• ... 2
REPLIES.
Delhi
Gurgaoti
Karnal
Hissar
Hohtak
Birsa
Amballa
Ludhiana
Jallandhar
Hosbiarpur
Amriisar
Gurdaspur
Sialkot
Lahore
Gujranwala
Rawalpindi
Gnjrat
Mooltan
Jhan^
Mozuffargarh ...
Dera Ismail Khan
Dera Ghaei Khan
Bannu
Peshawar
Hazara
Kohat
• ««
*••
44*
4.«
• «•
• • •
• * *
• ••
«••
«••
• * .
« • •
• •*
• . .
• * *
• • •
• «•
*••
• «•
. • •
• «•
• «•
• «•
• ••
• ••
• «•
• ••
• t *
. * «
...
• • •
...
• . •
...
. • a
• 4.
. . •
• • a
* * .
• t .
4 « •
• * •
4 4*
• 44
• 4*
« ».
...
• 4«
• * •
...
• 44
a . •
• 4»
• t 4
• • .
. • •
• 44
• ••
• • •
. « •
. .4
44.
...
• * •
• ••
• 44
4«»
• ••
4 4*
444
• 4 •
. 4 *
444
a * •
at.
...
• 4 •
• • •
.4^
. * .
• • •
. • •
. * *
% ...
• ■ .
• 4*
<«•
. • ■
.44
• 4«
• 4.
• 4 .
44*
. 4 •
• • .
• •4
. • •
. 4 .
• ••
• • •
• ••
• • •
STATISTICS.
• • 4
• •4
• • .
• • *
4 * .
• ••
44»
. 4 •
...
4 4 a
. • .
• 4«
...
44 •
» • •
• • •
...
• ••
• ••
. a •
Descriptire List of varieties of wheat grown in each district.
Table No. i Samples classed as Ciab No. 1.
ii ditto Olab No. 2
iii ditto Glob No. 3.
iv ditto No. 3.
T ditto Soft Red.
vi ditto Hard Red.
vii — Samples for which there is no de-
mand, or not classed for other
reasons.
4
8
10
15
11»
21
23
26
30
37
38
40
42
47
49
50
53
55
58
69
61
62
63
64
65
66
Skeleton map of the Punjab.
No. 245.
Dated Lahore^ the 1th May 1884.
From
Lieut .-Colonel, E. G, WAGE,
Commissioner of Settlements & Agricuturb,
FUKJAB|
To
R. G. THOMSON, Esquire,
Senior Secretary to Financul Commissioner^
Punjab.
Bib,
I have the honor to express m j regret for the delaj whicb has ocQurred
. , « xu J 1 • ID replying to the letters of the Panjab Government
Apology for the delay in '^ '' ^ ^^
sabmittJDg tbc Wheat fie- noted in the margin,* on the subject of Wheat culti-
^^* vation in the Province.
Jane to Deeember was sprat ia making iaqniries*
•No. 106 dated 20thApl.»SS. .. ., ^ c t\ u tut u i • a j l
„ 110 ,, 26th r» ft ^^ ^^ ^^4 ^^ December Mr. Back assisted me to
", 266 " ^6th sTpt ',' obtain a proper classification of the samples in the
„ 352 „ sotb Octr. „ Calcutta market, and I had hoped to have submitted
pointed me and delayed the papers two months.
2. To proceed with the subject. Annexed is a volume of papers, pari
-, ... of which wiU, I trust, be of value to persons engaged
Papers which accompany ' ' r o o
the Report, with some ac- in tbc Wheat trade. The letters from District Cm*
cers, at pages 4 to 67, give local details of some
interest ; but the more valuable part of the volume are the tables which fpUow.
These tables are in two main divisions. First conges a descriptive list pf the
several kinds of wheat grown in each district ; and then follow tables in which
the same information is given separately for ei^ch class of wheat. A simple map
Rowing the position of each district is also added. That is to say, a district
officer or a merchant who wishes to know what wheats are produced in a given
district will find complete information for that district in the first list. On the
other hand, if a merchant wishes to know in what districts a particular class of
wheat is grown, he can find this by referring to the subsequent tables. The
tables are not so well arranged as they ought to have been ; but they have
been prepared under many hindrances and interruptions. And if I have sue-
( 2 )
ceeded in placing at the command of the trade and of Government officers
fairly accurate information of the area of each variety of wheat and of the
locality where it is prodaced^ I hope the defects of arrangement will be over-
looked,
3. I am sending copies of the report^ with gam-
si^ff o1 wheWnrto P^^« *<> *h« Chambers of Commerce at Knrrachee,
^rrachee, Bombay and Bombay and Calcutta ; and another set of samples is
open to inspection in my office.
Result of the trade classi-
fication.
4. The result of the trade classification
IS —
Table
No.
1
2
3
4
6
Tbade Name.
Clab No, 1
„ No. 2
„ No. 3
Nnmber 3
•*«
5 Soft Red
Hard Red
Not classed
Total
Acres of wheat gronn ^n—
I
Irrigated
land.
85,189
597,643
31,887
146,073
1,462,756
150,619
284,796
2,758,912
Land
flooded
by
rivers.
92,172
230,108
6,037
41,100
593,216
25,917
189,437
1,176,987
Land
entirely
depen-
dent on
rain.
61,260
114,739
30,678
55,770
2,334,997
9,087
570,504
3,177,085
Total.
Average price
per maund of
82 lbs. in
January,
1884.
238,571
942,490
67,602
242,943
4,390,968
185,623
1,044,737
7,112,984
Re. As.
2
14
2
11
2
9
2
9
2
4
2
«
2
2
The classification was made through the agency of Messrs. Reinhold
& Co., Calcutta^ and I have not corrected it in any respect. The sale valae
and general nature of demand is given for each variety in the last two columns
of each table.
5. In the following table I show the distribution of the several varietiea
Distribntion of the several in each district. (The entries are given in thousands
varieties in each district. ^r -q^ «« \
( 3 )
\
.1
DiSIBICT.
1
White Wheat*
1
Bed Wheats. 1
.
•
•
CO
-i
Not
Classed.
o
•
o
•
o
^^
•
^
SZ5
;zi
e»-»
Jj
«
Xi
^
^
CO
M ^
'H
M
C3
B
o
^
SS
Q
O
o
^
n
Delhi... ..
•••
75
• ••
•••
*••
64
• a •
• a.a
Gurgaon
...
••*
.. *
*••
■ ••
66
a*.
• .•
Karnal
••*
••.
37
•••
*••
47
11
• 90
Hissar
•••
.• .
• ••
.« .
*•■
45
• ••
aa .
Rohtak
.. •
2
• ••
...
• *•
21
• •*
81.
sirsa • . • * . •
•..
...
3
2
...
28
1
• ••
UmbalU
•••
52
2
•••
...
297
a**
• ••
Ladhi&na
••.
« *■
4
5
.*•
156
8
• aa
Jallondur
•••
■ ••
7
.••
*••
811
. *••
•••
Hoshi^rpur
•••
1
31
***
...
350
1
• •a
Kaogra ..•
•••
•••
51
...
77
1
1
51
Amritsar
.••
...
6
20
...
191
20
83
Gurdaspur
•••
...
52
• •>
.••
291
21
• •a
8ialkote
•••
..a
21
36
...
223
7
8
Lahore
•••
• ••
160
•••
76
158
•••
•••
Gujranwalla ...
•••
«. •
• •9
M.
•*•
176
50
24
Ferozepore
...
19
26
4
*••
800
8
49
Kawalpindi
•••
3
..•
« •
.••
407
a.a
aaa
Jhelam
••*
...
.*•
.«•
■ a.
...
*••
374
Gujpat
• a.
...
•••
•••
*■•
225
62
43
Shah par
...
• a.
1
•••
.••
68
.••
94
Maltan
• •* <
*«•
176
..«
• ••
8
.••
89
Jbang
«■.
.*•
4
.••
71
82
•*•
9
Montgomery ...
• ••
• ■•
99
•■•
.••
95
a. •
20
Muzaffargarh ...
• ••
2
63
...
...
79
• ••
50
Dera Ismail Kh4n
• « •
76
49
...
12
142
• •a
18
Dera Ghasi EbiUi
...
••.
140
...
• a.
• a.
.8 .
88
Bannu
...
.••
*•■
••*
• ••
278
.••
aaa
Peshawar
• • ■
3
1
.••
• ••
176
aaa
aaa
Hazara
• •.
4
7
*•.
*•.
81
• •m
66
Kohat
...
• ••
3
•••
8
86
• ■•
»»•
Total Psovincb
■ ••
287
948
67
243
4,387
185
1,042
<~, —
This table at first sight suggests the conclusion that the white wheats of
Delhi, Umballa, Ferozepore and Dera Ismail Khan are the best in the pro-
vince. Bat probably the samples were very unevenly chosen ; more care and
discrimination being exercised in some districts and less in others. There
was no security that the samples should be of fair average quality.
A similar remark applies to the last column of the table, viz.^ the wheats
not classed on the ground that there is no export demand or that they are
unknown to trade. The list includes some excellent varieties, as, for instance.
No. 52, 100, and 160. But there are not wanting indications of wheats
finding their way to this head owing to bad sampling. The worst instance of
this kind is the entry (No. 141) for the Jhelam district ; at which 374,123
( * )
ores are retarned as n^aally mixed with barley. This is the entire wheat
^''OP ^^ ^ JhelaiD district ; and from a personal
deSiJKiE.'?* knowledge of that district, I am able to say that no
dMonptive l«t. ^^^^^^ «^.^.^^ ^^ wheat and barley ocoars. The
agricnlture is the same as thitt of the adjacent district, Bawalpttidi} and the
red wheat of Jhelam is as good as that of Bawalpiixli (No. 138).
Some of the samples sent from the lower part of the Kangra district are
strikingly poor ; and this is the more noteitorthy as the wheat grown in the
adjacent district of Hoshiarpnr is very fine. I would draw attention to the
circumstance that, whereas the trade classification describes the quality of
the flour, the native names commonly refer to the outside appearance of the
grain. For instan,*, the hard red Wheat of Amritsar (No. 70), is locally
known as white wadanak.
6. I proceed to notice the suggestion for the improveraenf of the wheat
RaggestionB for improve- Cultivation of the province made in the correspon-
matkt of wheat caltivatioa dence under reply. The chief suggestions are a»
of the Punjab. follows, viz.^ that Government oflBcers should exert
their influence, —
(a) — to secure an increased production of the better varieties ;
(&)- to promote better methods of cultivation ;
(c) — to introduce better methods of harvesting and storing the grain ;
{d) —to discourage mixidg and adulteration of the stock sent io market ;
{e) — to promote the cleaning of it up-country before despatch to the coast*
7. Th^ euUivation of the better varieties of wheat. — ^The statements given
Onlf ation of better ^^ paras. 4 and 5 show that the chief varieties of the
varieties and promotion of Province are club or soft white and soft red. Of
better methods of cultiva- seven million acres total wheat cultivation, five
^^°* millions (allowing for errors of classification) are soft
red ; and most of the rest is white. I think the Government would be doing a
thing of very questionable expediency if it were to use its influence to alter this
general result. The white wheats are the delicate varieties, which need
careful tillage, liberal manuring and abundant moisture (whether supplied by
rain, river, flood or irrigation). The soft red wheats are the hardier varieties ;
and they are also the varieties which are most valued by the people for food.
The increased cultivation of the white varieties will depend a good deal on the
export demand ; given a steady demand, the cultivation of it will, no doubt,
increase ; and the increase will be Largely in proportion to increased facilities
of irrigation. But where the rainfall is scanty, as well as on that portion of
his holding which cannot be manured, the cultivator is quite rignt in hi#
preference for the hardier soft red.
The promotion of better methods of cultivation. — I include under this
division of the subject the selection of good seed. Manv are the accusations
launched against the cultivator on this head, and he is very generally
said to be careless on the subject Stated roundly in this war, I
believe such assertions to be untrue. We ride into a viUage which we have
never seen before, and proceed to interrogate agriciilturiflts who are strangen^
( 5 )
to U9 and who by lont experidnoe antecedent to onr rule have learnt the art
of giving polite and snitable answers to their rnlers ; and we get the answers
which a little refiection on our position as Revenue officers might show us
that we shoold be likely to get. The in((uirer will only get a very littla
further if he walks throuork the fields at sowing time and examines the seed
that is being sown ; but bow many of u» can say that we have madie^ a habit
of doing this? The truth seems to me to lie outside the opinione commonly
eitpressed. In most Indian districts there can be- found agriculture of ih6
best kind and of the worst ;. there are also great differences between th^
tteveral districts. There is no organised effort for the improvenent of estab^
fished varieties, and only a limited knowledge of the methods by which sucb
improvement can be secured. Bat^ so far as I know, there is no general or
acknowledged indifference to the selection of good seed. We have not many
opportunities of testing a matter of this kind; but I have freqnently made
inquiries on the point, and I have usually found the cultivator as- careful a»
Lb circumstances pet mitted.
The standard of merit in agriculture will always rise and fall with' the
general prosperity of the agricultural population. In so far as a considerable-
Bumber of the agriculturists fall behind the best standard of their districts^
it is bard to see now any official organization can mend this. Hereditary an<>
social inffuence» give way very dowly, and when they do give way the
change is due rather to the trrgency of personal wants- and to the near prospect
of personal profit than to the resuite of exhortation.
I do not think broadsheets and printed pamphTet^ can^ telt* the people
mucb that they do not already know^ and these pamphlets never get down to
the real cultivator, who is not a reading man. All that can be put into a
simple pamphlet is known and practised by the cultivator to the best of hia
ability* And the only way in which I lielieve Qovernment can; aet usefully
is by establishing an efficient agricultural institute^ whence the best varietiea
of wheat and other produce can be dissenHuated, and where the best agricuU
tural practice can be exemplified. We have failed in sucb attempts hitherto
because all our effiirts have been on too small a scale. But an efficient central
agricultural tDstitate, working firstly on its own land, and secondly by organise
ing agricultural fairs in different parts of the province, would become the centre
of much inquiry and eventually disseminate much valuable information. Tlie
people are not indolent, they are ready to attend to anything really practical ;
and there is abundant evidence of this afforded by the rescdts of our hoise a&d
cattle shows.
8. So far as my observations go, the cultivator rarely sows in* the same
Mixed yarieties of wheat ^^^^ mixed varieties of wheat. iSie general level of
are rarely sown by thecal- intelligence among the cultivators is such as to make
tivator in the same field. improbable any general resort to a practice of this
nature. The practice of sowing a mixed crop of barley and wheat does pre-
vail, but only to a limited extent, and for definite reasons^ as for instance
where the cultivator is not sure of h&i harvest. Mixed cirops of wheat and
gram are largely sown in the dry country south of Ladhiana, where the rain->
fall is scanty, and in the same crop lines of rape are sown. The practice is
suited to the requirements of the locality, and it would be mere ignorance to
oondemn it as bad husbandry. Hor is there any difficulty in separating a
-^ ( 6 )
mixed heap of wheat and gram. The rape is reaped separately before th«
other crops. In short the cultivator in the Panjab does not ordinarily mix
bis wheat crop ; and when he does mix it^ he has good reasons for doing so.
9. As regards the better harvesting of the grain, that is to say the intro-
Bemarks in regard to the duction of better methods of threshing and winnow-
better harvesting of the ing, nothing has yet been suggested which the culti-
8^*^°* vator can safely adopt. I do not think their rude
threshing-floors and the practice of treading out of the grain by ballocks
deserve all the condemnation that is cast at them. The threshing-floors are
usnally as hard as stone and very well kept, and where stone is available (as
in the Kangra and Simla hills) the threshing-floors are very neatly made of
stone, and have storage sheds attached. No doubt better arrangements can
be suggested, but the practical value of all such suggestions and the merit
of all practices existing or proposed depends on their suitability to the culti-
vator's circumstances. As soon as a threshing or winnowing machine is put
forward which is suitable to their circumstances it will be readily adopted.
I wish every success to the efforts made in this direction by machinists ; but
as yet the Punjab Oovernmeut has no agency at its command which caa
assist such efforts.
10. There remains the question of storage and marketing, covering the
entire transactions in the grain from the time it
and marketing.'*'* '^'*^^ '®»^®8 the field to the time it is shipped at an export
harbour. As regards the whole of the subject, I do
not think any success is to be expected from Government interference. When
a cultivator stores grain for his own use, it is usually stored carefully and
cleanly. His storage arrangements are on a humble scale : but they are
cleanly, and much skill is displayed in preventing injury to the grain. But
when the grain is sent to the market or sold to a retail dealer or middleman,
a totally different set of influences come into operation. The merchants who
have promoted the present enquiry do not need to be told what these are.
That the retail dealer*or middleman mixes different kinds of wheat ignorantly,
or out of indifference, I do not believe. It is quite contrary to my personal
observation of what usually takes place. These men are keen and needy to
the last degree, and they are beyond influence by exhortation. They will
only do what they think it pays them to do. And consequently the remedy-
ing of such malpractices as exist depends almost entirely on the action of the
export merchants. If a middleman ships on to the railway at Lahore 1,000
tons weight of bags of wheat, and finds that on arrival at Karrachee the
wheat is cleaned and examined, that he then gets payment for only 950 tons,
and that much of it is classed low for mixing, it is possible that he will take
the lesson to heart. In due time he may ; but no other argument will have
the smallest effect upon him.
11. As regards the suggestion that samples of wheats most in demand be
The suggeation to place placed in each tahsil, I would say in the first place
in each tahsil samples of that this is a matter on which the fullest information
the wheat most in demand, already reaches the agriculturists very rapidly ; in the
next place that it would bo a difficult matter to distribute a large number of
samples in a condition in which they would keep ; and thirdly, that even when
distributed the agriculturists wiU not go to our Tahsil offices to look at them.
( 7 )
Tboy can get maob more reliable information in their own villages atid
bazars. The Government has no agricultural department of a natnre suitable
to such duties ; it has a few hard- worked revenue officers^ of whom the most
useful is the Deputy Commissioner in each district. But very few of
them, indeed ahnost no Deputy Commissioner, can undertake to circulate
samples of the wheat which should be cultivated. The traders know, and
80 do the cultivators, and it is best that they should be dependent on their
own inquiries in this matter. If either the export merchants or the middle-
men were supiue the case would be different, but they are not; and informa-
tion spreads apace.
12. I sum up, in conclusion, the results of my inquiries and my
Sammary of resalto of recommendations. The accompanying papers place
Ck>loiiel Wace*8 inqairies at the command of land revenue officers and mer-
and recommendations. chants full details concerning the nature and
distribution of the present wheat crop.
Th€| present cultivation of the crop is of fair merit. Its improvement
dep<)uds mainly on the increase of canal irrigation. Suitable improvements in
harvesting, storing, and marketing have not yet been suggested ; and they
apparently depend mainly on the action of the merchants themselves. The
greatest recent agricultural improvement in northern India has been the
introduction of the Behcet cane mill. This was invented by gentlemen
interested in the cultivation of sugar, and it has been distributed by their
efforts. The improvement of the wheat crop depends in the same way much
rather on the action of the persons interested in its export than on anything
which revenue officials can do. Personally I foel great reluctance in advising
agriculturists on these matters. Even if I am sure that mv advice is right
and sound, it does not at all follow that the agriculturist will be wise to adopt
it. It is much safer to leave him to his own judgment ; he knows what will
sell in the market and what is best suited to his land and circumstances.
And we are very bad judges in these points. It is one thing to register results,
and in a general way land revenue officials can do this. But they cannot
safely undertake to advise agriculturists as to what they had best do ; nor
will the agriculturists listen to such advice.
13. Four hundred copies of the printed papers accompanying this report
Printed copies of enclo- ^^^ available. I solicit permission to distribute them in
tares available, and their the usual way, which will include copies to the princi-
distribntion. pj^j Chambers of Commerce and to gentlemen interested
in the trade. This letter and the orders passed on it might be added to the
collection before it is distributed.
I have, &c.,
E. G. WAGE, LlEUT.-COLONEL,
Commissioner of Settlements and Agriculture^
Punjabi
CULTIVATION OF AND TRADE IN
WHEAT IN THE PUNJAB.
No. 233, dated 13th August 1883.
From— B. G. Thomson, Esquire, Officiating Under-Secretary to Goyernment, Punjab^
Revenue Department.
To — ^The Junior Secretary to Financial Commissioner, Punjab.
In continuation of this office letter No. 1 10^ dated 26th April last, on
T^**^, A^^^A o^n. T«w ^he subject of the cultivation of, and. the trade in
jjetter dated 24tn July uj.*i.T-T> •lt j»ji.r j
1888, from the Secretary, ^heat in the runjab, I am desired to forward a copy
Bengkl Chamber of Com- of the papers noted in the margin, and, with special
meroe, Calcutta, and endo. reference to paragraph 4 of the letter from the Cal-
cutta Chamber of Commerce, to request that the
Financial Commissioner will be so good as to ask the Commissioner of Set-
tlements and Agriculture to pay speedy attention to the letter from this office
above quoted.
2. I am also to suggest the importance of urging upon wheat-groweiB
the advantage of growing wheat without admixtures of other grain*
Calcutta, 24th July 1883.
From-<-H. W. I. Wood, Esquire, Secretary Bengal Chamber of CommeroOi
To— The Secretary to Government, Punjab.
I AM directed by the Committee of the Chamber of Commerce to submit
for the consideration of His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor the enclosed
Resolution of the Government of Bombay on a representation by the Bombay
Chamber, relative to the expediency of steps being taken to urge upon growers
of wheat the jmportapce in their own interests of preventing admixtare with
the wheat of other grain or foreign substances and impurities which tends to
lower prices being obtained than might otherwise be secured.
In placing this matter before you the Committee direct me to express
their hope that similar orders may be issued to Commissioners or other autho-
rities of districts where wheat is cultivated for exportation.
It has also been suggested that the cultivation of wheat would be im-
proved and the mixture of inferior grains prevented, if Government were to
offer through local officers in the wheat-growing districts small prizes for
the best farmed fields in which no other grains were grown, and the Com-
mittee of the Chamber venture to recommend this suggestion to His Honor's
notice.
ImPROVKMKNT OP TKH QUALITY OF INDIAN WhBAT.
No. 4734.
Revenus Department :
Bombay Castle, 25rd June 1883.
Letter from the Secretary^ Chamber of Commerce^ dated 7th Jum 1883.
''In the memorandum regarding the cultivation of wheat, &c., in the
Bombay Presidency, including Sindh, forwarded to the Chamber with vour
letter Jfo. 7181, dated 14th October 1882, and in other papers issued by
( i )
GoTemm^hi xm tlie same flobjeet, reference is made to the welUknown fact
that the relatively low price of Indian wheat in the London market is not so
much dae to its quality, which is generally very good, bnt to its admixtnra
with dirt and other inferior grains, and that this admixtare of inferior grainf
with the wheat is dne to the fact that cultivators often grow other grains in
the same field as wheat, as a resource in the event of the failure of i£e wheat
crop.
'^ As the trade in Indian wheat is rising to great importance, and as it is
most desirable that this practice should be discontinued, and the position of
Indian wheat^improved in the markets of Europe, the Committee of the Cham-
ber of Commerce nlesire me to request that His Excellency the Governor in
Council mrv be pleased, in the interest of the country, to order the local
officers of Government in bU districts wiiere wheat is grown, to take what-
ever steps may be possible to prevent this admixture being resorted to.''
£#«a7ti<{on.«— Copies of the letter from the Chamber of Commerce should
be forwarded to the Commissioner in Sindh, and the Commissioners of Divi-
sions who should be requested to communicate the remarks of the Chamber
of Commerce to the Collectors of wheat-producing districts in their respective
Divisions, and desire the Collectors to urge on wheat-growers the importance
in their own interests of preventing admixture vrith the wheat of dirt, other
grain, or other foreign substance, wliich leads to their obtaining for the wheat
produced "by them a lower price than they might otherwise secure*
2. Copies should also be forwarded to the Survey and Settlement Com-
missioner, and the Political Officers in charge. Native States, where wheat is
grown. A copy should be ^ent to Mr. E. C. Ozanne on bis return to duty.
J. MONTEATH,
Acting Under-Secretary to G<^cemment.
Vo, 804, dated Lahore, 21st Jane 1S83.
Fron^najor B. G. Waob, Commiasioner of Settlements and Agticnltuei Panjab^
To— AU Depafy Commiaaioners, Panjab.
I am directed by Goyemraent and by the Financial Commissioner to
address you on the subject of paras. 21 and 22 of the Public Works Depart*
ment Resolution No. 6436, dated 28th November last, which you will find in
the Punjab Gazette of the 11th January 1683.
2. The Honorable the Lieutenant-Govemor wishes —
(i) that the chief firms of merchants exporting grain and the most intel-
ligent agriculturists should be consulted as to how cleaner, finer, and less
xoixed grain can be secured for the export trade ;
(ii) that samples of the difierent classes of wheat recognised by the
English trade should be made available for inspection in each Tahsil and at
eacn principal mart, and the Financial Commissioner further suggests that
such samples should be placed in every Patw&rkh&na ;
(iii) that a broadsheet urging the cultivation of better wheat, and its
better preparation and preservation for the market, be distributed to all
Zaild&rs and Patw&ris in the principal wheat-producing districts*
< a )
3w In or<kr to give effect to Government's wishes, I hare the honor ta
request thai yon will send me one ser samples of each of the kinds of wheat
coltivated in joor district^ with a statement in. the form annexed. The
samples should be put up in bags. The oI]9'6ct of collecting these samples is*
to ascertain the present distribution of the different kinds of wheat On
reoeipi of the samples, an attempt will be made to classify thenr according to
the nomenclature of the- EngKsh market ; and it will then be possible to-
distinguish by the names locally current the varieties preferred in the Euro-
pean market, and to pfaice samples of such in the principal marts. It is
Earticularly requested tnat the samples be good of their kind^ and there should
e sewn on to each sample-bag a tieket giving-«f-
Name of district;
No. of sample in list.
Locat name of the sample*
^ 4. In the next place, I request the favor of your consulting the chief
grain merchants and some intelhgent agriculturists on the subject referred to
in para. 2 (i) of this letter, and m paras 31 and 22 of the government's
Besolution. In preparing the broadsheet suggested by Government, it
would be desirable to propose such remedies as are capable of successful
adcmtion. For instance, the finer kinds of wheat can only be cultivated on
land advantaged by irrigation or by an abundant rain-fall. And' it should
be ascertained whether k is the culbvator that gamers the grain in a dirty
state, or whether the dirt is added when the grain- is sent to market ; and if
80, whether by the cultivator or the trader. Clearly, the remedies which it is
E roper to suggest depend primarily on the answer to these questions. If,
owever, inquiry shows that the cultivator is indifferent to the proper clean-
ing of the grain, it will still be for consideration whether in the existing
conditions of his husbandry, and of his relations with the grain-dealers, we
innst look for the required cleaning of the grain to him er to* the grainKlealer,
It is also worth inquiring whether in cases in which a cultivator does not
market his grain but stores it, he is alive to the necessity of storing it in clean
condition. There is no question as to- the interest of the exporter, nor as to
the interest of the large grain-dealer who sells to the exporter. They must
clean the grain ; if they do not, a great deal of avoidable loss is suffered by
them. But self-interest, trade, and profit are keen dividers of labour ; and
having regard to the circumstances of the cultivator and the facilities at his
command, is he so interested in making over hts grain to the grain merchant
in a clean state as to mids;e it worth his while to attend to the matter ?
5. In respect of the habit of sowing wheat mixed with other crops, yon
are requested to state generally to what extent this prevails, and the motive
fer which it is practised. Is it resorted to on good and safe lands, or is it
confined to the unirrigated lands and relied on as a protection against the
total failure of the produce, or for what reason ? In addition,, please report
especially whether it is common to sow mixed different varieties of wheat, or
whether the mixing of such varieties occurs in the grain stores^
6. I would also ask the favor of your reportnig irhether any, and if
so what) arrangements have recently been introduced by the grain-dealers
with the object of cleaning the grain before its despatch for export, and whether
( * )
Buy agejioleB for the despatch of grain in larce qnantiUes to export townB or
direct to Europe have reoeutlr beeo eBtablishea in the principal oiartx of yont
district From what I have heard independent!/, I belieye that a great deal
is being done in these directions in the larger marts of the province.
7. A brief account of the principal grain marts, of the transactioDS of
•aoh for the past three years, aad of the principal traders and agencies, will b«
Tery acceptable and add to the valne of your reply, aa also if yon will state
the varieties of nheat hitherto most preferred for export by the local traders.
8. In districts ander Settlement, a copy of this Circular is being sent to
the Settlement Officer also, in order that he may assist the Deputy Comtnia'-
eioner in fornishiog the information called for.
Det4riptive Li$l of SampUt ofw
eat arovm in tht
Dittriet.
6
6
7
8
8
10
t
■■ OF*REA AKMn-
ALLY BOWU BY
Loci """ ■'"'■'■
1
s
lis
nil
Hi
S.
i
8
Is.
1°
III
pi
DELHI DISTRICT.
Extract of a letter Ho. 1076, dated 20th Septembef 1S9».
From— Qboksb SliyTH, Esqnira, Depal? CommisBioDer of Delhi,
To— Ihe CommiMrioner of Settlements and Agricaltnre, Punjab.
• » * » « * ••
3. It may be said that the Delhi city is the only grain mart of tfaii
District. Some grain is certainly exported from the seveisl tahsils, but the
bulk of the produce pours into Delhi, where it is bought up for export. lo-
quii'ies have been made of the chief firms of merchants exporting grain, and
some of the more intelligent agricnlturists, as to how cleaner, finer, and less
mised grain can be secured for the export trade. The export of wheat to
Europe is quite a new phase in the Delhi trade, and the people generally are
in entire ignorance of the kind of wheat which would meet a ready and *
Erofltable sale in Europe. Of late years, however, twoor three Enropean firms
ave been established here, who deal almost wholly in produce, and some of
the Kative merchants are beginmng to see the oew opening for themselves.
( & )
4. Up to the present no attempt has been made to sow the finer kinds
of wheat with the sole object of exporting it to Earope^ for the reason, as
already assigned, that the people are generally not aware of the advantages
of sach exportation. When, however, they come to understand that it is
more profitable to sow finer grain and obtain for it a ready sale, both in this
country and in Europe, than to cultivate the coarser and inferior kinds, those
of the agriculturists who can afford to do so, may, no doubt, sow the kinds
which will find most favor in Europe ; and it is also probable that grain
merchants will themselves come forward with grants of money to encourage
agriculturists to cultivate those kinds on the understanding that they shall be
entitled to purchase the produce.
5. At the same time^ there is every reason to think that greater care
will be taken to keep the wheat as clean and as free from dirt or admixture
of any other inferior sort of grain, as possible. And if a broadsheet urging
the cultivation of better wheat and its better preparation for the market, be
distributed to all Zaildars and Patw&ris, and samples of the varieties of wheat
most preferred in the European market be kept at the Patw&rkhanas, it
may be useful in inducing the agriculturists to take to the cultivation of the
finer kinds of wheat.
6. Of course the finer kinds of wheat can only be cultivated on lands
advantaged by irrigation, and a large portion of the irrigated area of this
District is still available for this purpose. Wheat is generally sown on
barani lands together with barley, gram and pulse ; and at intervals of every
four or five feet in the fields ^^ arb ** or '^ sarson '^ or *^ taramira '' is sown. It is
explained that this practice is resorted to as a kind of a safeguard against
the total failure of the entire crop in the event of scanty rainfall. It is also
stated that this plan is followed to a certain extent on irrigated land as well,
the object apparently being to secure a double crop. I would remark, how-
ever, that when a mixed crop of the kind is cut, the grain is not at once
mixed. This is an after process, and is resorted to as much by the cultivator
as the grain dealer.
7. There is a kind of mixture sold in the Delhi market which goes by
the name of ^^ gojar. *' This is simply the red and white wheat, which is
sown in a mixed state and reaped and sold as '^ gojar. " There is no after
mixing. When wheat is mixed with barley, gram or pulse, it goes by Uie
name of ^' gojra^'; but in this case the mixing is all done after the several
crops have been reaped, and not before the sowing.
8. The cultivator does not mix dirt with his grain to augment the
quantity of his store, nor, for that matter, does the trader. The dirt that finds
its way into the grain is contributed largely by the cultivator in the first
instance during the threshing, garnering and winnowing processes. The
trader then adds his quota oy storing the grain in unswept and filthy
godovnis and exposing it for sale on the ground before his store-rooms, with-
out taking the precaution to spread a cloth of some sort on the ground to
receive the grain, or of sweeping the place with any degree of care.
9r To improve this state of affairs, the only remedv for us is to try and
instil into the cultivator and the trader the manifold aavantages that woul^
accrue to them by a little attention to the very simple duty of more cleanliness
in the matter of storing their grain and keeping it as free from dirt as possi-
ble while it is passing through the processes of threshing and winnowing.
( « )
And tb(9 broadsheet ^hich 70a propose to isane may be mort niefU in
achieving this object, but, as it is not noted in jonr ciroolar, I would saggesi
the desirability of having the broadsheet translated into the several langna^
spoken in the Province. Urda and Hindi copies would be required K»r uia
District.
10. So far as can be ascertained^ none of the I>9lhi wheat is exported
direct to Europe, tiiongfa almost the whole of the quantity sent to Bombay
eventually finds its way to the continent. As already stated, the Delhi city
is the principal grain mart of this District, and tlie duef exporting firms
are r—
1.— Mr. William Wilson,
2. — Messrs. Beinhold Brothers^
3. — Messrs. Ralli Brothers.
4. — Mohan Bam — Kanhai Bam,
5. — ^Bishan Dial — Hardiyal.
6. — Badri Das — Bhagwan Daa.
7. — ^Tara Chand — Gaushan Das*
8. — Dungar — Hardeo.
9. — Ghunni Lai — Kanhia Lai.
10.— Kalu Ram— Pirbbu D^aU
11. — XJdham Chand — Bam rariab.
12. — Mahtab Bae — Saudagar MaL
I append a statement showing the quantities of wheat exported by eack
of the above firms during the past three years, and note that the soft white
wheat, known as ^' datid khani/' i8 the kind most preferred for export, and
which is most in demand.
11. All these firms, and especially the European traders, dean the
wheat well before exporting it, tnough the cleaning is not conducted with
any particular method. The filth and spurious grains are carefully removed,
and if this reduce the weight of the original consignment by 5 maunds or
more in every 100 maunds, the exporter takes credit for the difference, but if
the difference does not c(Hne up to tltts^ he ia obliged to take the whole
consignment at the original yaloation.
( 7 )
I
CO
«0
oo I
s
SB
s
I
i
3
s
i £
8 «
:3 S
g
C>aO
I
(3
4 S S
S
3
u
I 1 1 1
•^ ■ff4 ••^ (V^
5 O Q Q
S3
0«4 4i
CO
CO
A
S 9
$ $ s
o« o >o to
M io IN e«
S5
S
oo
00
>o"
s s
s^ •: 5 t i 5 g"
• • •
• • •
» • •
j
S
CO
S
I
lO
■6*
»
s
CO
I
o
3
r
I
I
'd
I
a I
§
I
: 2
8
1
3 I
«8
I
i
8
o
m I
1
S
'M
S
I
:9 ^
6
P
M
_ I
Q 6
1 1
1
s
I
'3
I
I
I
^
v-l M
^ >o
O p4 C)
I
( 8 )
GURGAON DISTRICT.
No. 822, dated 8th September 1883.
From— T, Bobkbts, Bsqaire, Deputy Oommissioner, Ourgaon,
To—The Commissioner of Settlements teid ^jg^ricnltare Pan jab, Lahore.
The only kind of wheat grown in this district is the red^ hard-bearded^
locally called Iby the name of ^' Idl katitfa ffehtin,^^ of which a sample is sent*
2. The only town which carries on any considerable export of wheat is
Bewari, and only one merchant there has sent any consignments to Bombay,
none to Calcutta. Wheat is generally sown alone on superior soils, irrigated
by canal or wells, because there the grower feels sure of the crop succeed ingr^
on other lands it is usually mixed with barley or gram (1) because, if the
wheat fails, there is a chance of the other grain, wnich is more hardy, and
depends less on careful cultivation and climatic changes, producing something ;
(2) the admixture is supposed to increase the outturn of both grains ; (3) and
the demand for gram and wheat, and barley and wheat, is mucii greater than
for pure wheat.
3. Even in Bewari pure wheat is not to be got without some admixture
of gram and barley. This arises from carelessness in threshing and winnow-
ing, when all three are brought together on the same floor.
4. The produce of .Chahi and Nahri lands is comparatively dean, t.e., free
from earth and stones, but the wheat grown in the Dahr has always a
percentage of dirt in it. This is got from the floors, w^hich are not and
cannot be kept clean. The traders say these extraneous substances are never
purposely intermixed by them, or by the growers, and they never make any
attempt to clean the wheat, or to eliminate other grains. They have no
facilities for doing this, and it would not repay them for the trouble and
expense.
It pays them better to ^eU the grain as they get it, even though the
rate may be somewhat lower. Wheat is very seldom stored by the growers,
who are now too poor to keep stocks on hand, and whenever they keep it, do
80 without cleaning.
5. No agency for export to Europe has been formed in^the district.
The Bewari merchant above mentioned consigned to Bombay only, and
oould not say what was the ultimate destination of his consignment. He sent
it just as he received it, without any attempt at cleaning.
6. The dealers at present do not consider the foreign trade of suiBcient
importance to engage their attention.
A table is appended; shpwing the transactions of various towns during
the last 3 years.
( 9 ;
MABT8.
ParrakhiMgar.
Kambs ov Pbiitoipai^
OKAIH DBALBSfl.
Bewari
FalwftI
Firocpor
n*
•••
Hodat •••
Haaanpor ...
ISth ••• •••
BZTEHT OV DXALHSrOS IN llAVNDB.
uaa
1881.
Bought.
Jamna^ Hardeo, Gharaandi,
Harna, Lachman, Ohiranji,
Bhagwan Das, Chaja Bam,
BaldeOy Ram Richpal, Eewal
Bam, Ehnshwaqt Rai»
Eishosi U\, Bhawani Daa^
Nathe, Sarna, Jaskaraii, I
Ramgopal, Bamjiwan, Gar-
bakhsh, Net B&m, Ude
Bimi, Bhankar Das •••
Hardial, Chain 8akh, Mdl
Chand, Oboni L41, Boshaa
Lil, Baldeo, Jahangizi •••
Baldeo, Badhft Kishaa
Med Singh, Jodha, Medi %..
Deokinandan, Lachmi
Naraini bhamsandar, Bamii
Lil, Johari, Lakhi
A large namber of small
dealers
70,000
Sold.
10,650
ThandiB4m...
•»• •••
••• •••
Total
••t
10,660
6,700"
I
4,400
7,000
22,20a
60,000
I
8,000
198,600
Bought.
SoNt.
100,000
18,650
18,650
6,000
I
4,600
I
6,9iK)
15,800
60,500
I
9,000
240,100
1882.
Bought
Solfli
90,00a
14,800
14,S0O
6,800*
5,800
I
9,000-
18|400*
80,000
I
10,000
24i8,60O
( 10 )
KARNAL DISTRICT.
Memo, dated 12 th Jnly 1883, on the cnltiYation, preparation, and pretenration of wheat for
export to Earope, by Major A. 8. Bobbbtb, Deputy Oommlssioner, Eamal.
1. There is a fine * tract of 630 square miles on the west bank of the
Jumna which is advantaged by the springs from that river, and by irrigation
from^ wells, and from the Western Jamna Canal, and by a rain-fall which
averages about 25 inches. A quarter of its area is irrigated, and half is
cultivated, and there is plenty of room for and prospect of expansion. It
has a dense population, chiefly of the best cultivators, Jats, who are to a
considerable extent free of debt and prosperous. Its soil is a rich open loam,
the best adapted to the production of wheat, and it exports its surplus yield,
chiefly the superior variety soft white, about 60,000 maunds a year, to Delhi,
and this when the demand is a mild one for the consumption only of that city.
2. It is extremely accessible, being bi-sected by the grand-trunk
road, and is only from 40 to 80 miles from Delhi. It could he connected
with that large city, which is the centre of three railway systems, by a light
single line of rail at a small cost, and without the necessity of any engineer-
ing skill.
3. I will now give a few details explanatory of the above abstract.
The Secretary to Government Punjab, Department of Bevenue and
^ . . , . Agriculture, with his No. 27-364, dated 23rd March
tiol'^ 1882, to the Financial Commissioner, forwarded a
report on the Drainage of the Western Jamna Canal
eystem by the Executive Engineer Delhi Division (Irrigation), stating in para.
3 that ^' when the work is sufficiently advanced to render the services of
a Civil Officer necessary for taking up, and defining the drainage lines, an
application will be made to this department for his appointment. " I have no
doubt that ere long a good deal of land hitherto covered with swamp (^' dry ''
included) re/t, &c., wUl be reclaimed and brought under cultivation, and tnat
when the new alignment, and its distributaries are completed, irrigation will
be increased and improved. Only one-half of the entire area of Uie tract is
tmder cultivation now, and only |th of the whole is irrigated.
4. The completion of a Settlement is generally a great incentive to
increased cultivation, as the peasants look forward to a generation of fixed land
revenue irrrespective of increased cultivation. Since the completion of the
Settlement of this tract two years ago, an increase has taken place, and is
likely to continue, as there is plenty of culturable land to break up.
5. Eighty per cent of the soil of the tract is ^^ rausli, '' a rich
l^jl open loam, the best suited to wheat. For this reason
rice and sugarcane, which would grow better in
*'d&kar, ** or stiff clay caused by the action of water, would probably give
way in ^^ rausli '' soil, if a sufficiently strong demand came for wheat, and
cotton too, although it grows best in ^' rausli, would probably give way under
^BOUNDABIBS.— On the north bj the Amballa district ; on the tenth bv the Delhi and Rohtak
districtt ; on the east bj the rirer Jamna : on the weit by the Jhind territory and
Kordak tract of lahsU £amal«
( 11 )
snch circnmBtanoes. Inferior wheal;, and other inferior crops sncfa as jowir,
barley, gram, whether antamn or spring crops, &c. &c. would all make way
for whatever crop received an impetus from demand.
6. The density of population is great, about 450 souls to the square mile.
PoDnlation tenure is bhaiachara, and the cultivators are
peasant proprietors. So a demand would come well
home to them, and improvements in preparing and preserving grain would be
facilitated on the arrival of demand.
7. A large number, particularly the frugal and industrious J&ts who
predominate in the locality, are quite free from debt, and garner and market
their own grain, and indeed export it from the larger villages direct te Delhi,
and not via Panipat, and that too although the demand and prices in Delhi
have not been much higher than at home. These men would soon take to the
better cultivation, preparation, and preservation of wheat, were a sufficiently
strong demand accompanied by facilities of carriage, to come to their doors.
They are intelligent and hard-working, and their women and children work
in the field. A large number are only slightly in debt, and would soon
become like their more prosperous brethren, were outsiders to come with
advances of cash and grain,
8. The remainder, who are at present in the hands of the bannia, would
probably to a large extent soon shake him off, for the richness of the soil, and
the facilities to production tend to make him independent. As it is, tho
bannias have not a very strong hold here ; being very numerous, there is a
good deal of competition amongst them, 2 or 3 of them often having dealings
with the same cultivator. They also have an interest in the soil, in trade &c.
&e. The arrival of outsiders and the connection of the tract with Delhi by
rail, would soon take out of their hands what little monopoly they may now
have in the garnering and marketing of wheat.
9. P&nipat, which will probably become the chief mart of the tract, ia
Accessibility ^^ *^® grand-trunk road, and only 55 miles from
Delhi. This magnificent road has not a single large
bridge dnring this short distance, and a light rail might be laid along one
side of it, just as a similar line was laid to Bawalpindi. The culverts for local
drainage would probably not require alteration, and no permanent way would
be required ; all that would be necessary, besides the sleepers and rails, would
be a couple of small stations at Sunipat and Panipat, and a dozen small
choukis for gate-keepers at the various crossings. Very little engineering
skill, and a very small outlay, would be required. And in return what
advantages ? The whole of the rich tract of the Western Jamna Canal in the
Delhi, Rohtak, and this district opened up with its wheat, cotton, sugar, and
other products, and its teeming thousands civilized and improved. This
short distance spanned &c. we should be in communication with a large
city which is the centre of three railway systems. '^ Beneath the light is the
greatest darkness." This district, which has been the longest under British
rule in the Province, is one of the very few now left without either a railway
or a telegraph. And yet only a few lakhs of rupees are required to give it
life and wealth and civilization. I earnestly hope that the enlightened policy
set forth in the Besolution under consideration may be extended to this
locality.
< 12 )
10. Having; given a sketch of the tract where improyements in the cnlti-
Tation, preparation, and perservation of wheat for export to Europe are feasi-
ble^ I will now state the eviU which exist.
The only demand which has hithered existed, whether at home or at
Delhi, has been for cheap inferior, dirty, and mixed wheat for local consump-
tion, the consumer being ^sontent to dean it at time of use. The supply, and
4he processes through which it went, have of <K)urse been accoraingly poor.
11. Soft white -and hard white have been grown pretty promiscuously,
-- -^ ^ as the cultivators only know them as " pili t^r waW^
or bearded, and on irrigated land chiefly. They
have not been mixed with the red which is easily distinguishable, and is grown
on drv land, as it is far hardier. Owing to the precariousness of crop^ on such
land, barley and gram are often mixed purposely with the red as a protection
from failure of either, ^ind also for home consumption by the poor cultivators,
as the yield is greater than of a single orop. A «mall amount of barley is
accidentallv cultivated with all wheat of both varieties, as it gets mixed in the
garner ana market, and is not easily distinguished. The proportion of wheat
4Bown with other crops, to wheat sown alone is about one quarter.
12. The ^antiquated, wasteful, and risky practice of treading out the
Preparation. corn, and winnowing in the open, with its evils
of droppings and dirt, is xmiversal. It is then gar-
nered without any cleaning by the cultivator, when he is not in debt — which is
•often the -case, I am glad to say, in this favored tract, — and by him marketed.
Under these oircumstances, very little mixing takes place. The remainder is
garnered, and marketed by the oannias, who mix up ruthlessly the two white
varieties, and wheat and bai^ey^ This grain does get a little cleaning by
liGcident when it is weighed on the various occasions when it dianges hands.
These bannias too supply their clients with this mixed up wheat as seed grain.
Qrain dealers at the marts also doubtless do a little more mixing and even
fraudulent adulteration of bad quality, dirt, &o. with good.
Broadsheets should be addressed to grain-dealers, village bannias and
cultivators alike, and should be published at marts and village shops aa well
as at Zaildaris and Patw&rkhanas.
13. A^ to paras 6 and 7, no arrangements have as yet been made
here for cleaning grain, nor have any agencies arisen for the transport of
large quantities of grain to export towns or to Europe. The Delhi imoorters
(for local consumption only) have for many years taken the surplus wheat of
this district from its principal marts — Earnal and Paniput, — ^through " Artia"
(brokers), who have despatched according to the statistics in the accompanying
statement. Wheat has begun to go lately from a dozen large villages near
P&nipat
( 13 )
Whetti in maunii exparM to Delhi from the two principal marie in ihii iiiiri^
during the latt 3 yeart a» given by the Oommittee.
Tear.
Hart.
PiLI OB WHITB.
Lilor
fed.
Total ol
TtT wall
or Piflsia.
Mnndh-
]&or
Eathia.
Skindt.
I881*8S rr* tw% •••
Earnal ...
Panipal
ToUl ^.
Karnal
Panipat
Total ...
Karnal
Panipat
Total...
Karnal ..,
Panipat ...
Total ...
... •••
... •••
... •.•
.«• *•*
... ...
.«. *•■
•.. ••■
.». ..
••« .»•
.•• .••
12,000
8,000
8,000
4,000
•••
20,000
12,000
20,000
12,000
.••
82,000
1882*83 ••• ••• •*•
24,000
26,000
16,000
16,000
...
40,000
40,000
49,000
81,000
...
80,000
IwOw'OV tr* •*« »••
16,000
20,000
10,000
10,000
4,000
•••
29,000
80,000
86,000
20,000
4,000
69,000
Total
61.000
68.000
34,000
29,000
4,000
89,000
82,000
l,O4,0OO
68,000
4,000
1,71,000
14. As to the dry and extensive tract to the north and west, I would
merely point oat that the evils are intensified, wheat-growing forms but a
small portion of the cnltivation ; is of the poorer and hardier type (red) ; is
more mixed with barley and gram, as a protection against the failure of either
crop ; is garnered to a greater extent by bannias, and therefore more mixed
and dirty, and there is no mart save Karnal, which lies in the irrigated tract.
15. Of the wheat which reaches Karnal it is improbable that any is
exported. The demand which comes from Delhi will have to be satisfied in
the more favored land to the south before it can advance farther. The greater
part is under Settlement, and has no Zaild&rs or Pat wirkhanas, so I think broad-
sheets and samples will be superfluous here for the present.
16. Oopy of remarks by Mr. Douie, the Settlement Officer Karnal, on
the subject^ is herewith appended.
Copy of No. 231, dated 19th Jnly 1883.
From— J. M. Douib, Esq., Settlement Officer, Elamaly
To ^The Deputy Commisaioner, Karnal.
Tour No. 350, dated 16th July, enclosing your draft report on the cultiva-
tion and export of wheat, has reached me in camp, and I have not the letter of
the Commissioner of Settlements and Agriculture beside me to refer to.
( H )
8. In ibis district wheat is of course broadly divided into 4 kinds :^-
Hard red (Lai Edtbf).
Soft red (Lai Sfidhi or Fissia).
Hard white (PiliEdtbi).
Soft white (Pili S&dhi or Ffssia).
Few other distinctions are observed. The chief demand in Enrope is for soft
white wheat. The red wheat is most largely grown. It requires less water
to bring it to maturity than white wheat. The zamindars, where they eat
wheat, generally eat the red variety, white being reserved for marriages and
the entertainment of guests. The red wheat flour is said to be more strength-
ening, but the white is more pleasant to the sight and taste.
3. The hard white wheat grown, belongs, generally, I believe, to the
beardless {mundli) variety, which is more grown in the Khadir than in the
Bangar tract. Beardless white wheat succeeds particularly well, when irrigated
from a well which is somewhat brackish. It suffers less than other varieties
from the drying west winds, which so often prevail in March, and which
seriously diminish the outturn of wheat, gram and barley. But on the other
hand; its grain, when ripe, is apt to be shaken out of the ear if high winds occur.
4. There is a very fine variety of soft white irheat, known as '^ Eaghazi,"
which is largely grown in the Dodb between the Jumna and the Ganges. It is
cultivated to a small extent, I am told, in the Pipli Khddir, but I cannot say
whether it is grown at all in Earnal. Eaghazi wheat is large in the grain and
very white.
5. I am told that in the Do&b the zamindar is careful about the selection
of his seed, especially when he grows '^ Edghazi" wheat. He generally keeps
bis own seed grain, and takes some trouble to separate the large well-filled gram
for use as seed. Still a little barley may remain mixed with the wheat.
Accordingly,, when the wheat is nearly ripe, the zamindar goes over his field,
and plucks all the heads of barley. It is to this cleaning of the standing crop
we must look, I think, if anything is to be done to obtain clean seed. The
zamindar has not the appliances to clean his grain effectively after it is threshed.
In the Pipli Ehfidir the zaminddrs, I believe, take some trouble to sow clean
wheat. They keep their own seed if well off, and if badly o£^ they sometimes
borrow money and not grain from the baniya, and buy the seed they require
from other zamindars. The cleaning of the standing crop is practised to some
extent. It would be worth while to enquire whether any similar precautions are
taken in the Earn&l and Paniput Ehadirs. If there were a cheap and easy
means of transport, between Earnal and Delhi, the cultivators of tnis district
might find it worth their while to grow as fine wheat, and to be as careful in
the selection of seed, as their brethren across the river.
6. The trades of Earnal fell off when the S. P. & D. Railway was opened.
Formerly wheat came to Earnal from across the Jumna. At present a good
deal of wheat, sarson, mung, and til is brought to Earnal on carts and camels
from Patti&la, and exported to Delhi. I believe this trade is already beginning
to be affected by the opening of the Hansi-Hissar Railway.
( 15 )
HISSAR DISTRICT.
Bxlract of a letter Ho. 166, dated Camp Sirtai 4th Angnit 18^.
From— Lieat.-Colonel H. Obbt, o. b. i^ Gommr. and 8iiperintendent» Hiasar Division,
To— The Commisfiioner of Settlements and Ac^cnltnre, Punjab.
2. I believe that the cultivator carelessly framers his wheat dirtj, and
that dirt is also added by the trader, intentionaUyy when sending the grain to
market. For the elearinff of the grain to any purpose only the dealer can be
looked to, because the cultivator, whether marketing or storing his grain, has
not the sense or the energy to dean it. No doubt me Baipdri or mercantile
traveller makes difficulties about taking dirty grain from the cultivator, but
these are settled by a reduction in the price paid.
3. Mixing of seed is not resorted to in good safe land, but is confined to
Quirrigated land, as security against total faiJnre of produce. Mixed varieties
of wheat are not intentionally sown, but such mixture occurs in the grain
stores.
4. The above are my own opinions. Those elicited from representative
persons, from whom enquiries have been made^ vary greatly, as will be seen
from the annexed table.
( 16 )
6
o «
g
*J
M
•^ r-i
g^ <p q> »a q>
.fa p««^ -
a 5*7 ^
•^1 I s
■^p III
5*" io &5
I §11
►is
09
.«g«
o c ►»
•S5I
OB
nil y mill
o
o tS
s
d S bo
58;SSii
*3 J3 ^ o
a 8 ^o 8
'3
1
5
^
i1
I
•2 ► S ^
8
SI
1
eg
d
11
^jUil^j"^
1
O OBg
e9 q^
^1
>o SS
if ■'^ its 12 l^i-^f -
alls
•^1
§
'O S MS s
( 17 )
III
III
f
4
1
-ilililiilii
1
=
Hi
1^'
l|
fSS
1
Ib'soS
1
1 -si" I- SsS Sis -SiSS
i!{pyl|lfeii!piiii
Illlt
WllHl
Hnnu
Hi
IL-I
( 18 )
Bxtraet of a letter No. «il, dated 2tth Angml 1888.
from— G. H. Ooilvib, Bsqaire, Deputy O o mmini oner, Hiiear IHrti^
To— The CommiflBioner of Settlemente and Agriealtare, Ponjab^
4. The first qaofltion is how to develop the ottltivation of the finer 8orii«
The best kiDd, '^ Pamman/^ may be said to be caltiyated only as s fancy crop.
There is not sufficient local demand for a larger quantity, and it is not grown
for export. The common people of the district prefer for their own food
what we should call the inferior kinds, known as '' Pissia" and ^^ Elathya/*
^^ Pnmmnn*' wheat is said to require a great deal of care, and withont doubt
the land sown with it requires free and suiBcient irrigation. But if a demand
for this kind were to be created by the development of export trade, there
appears no reason why ^^ Pummun*' should not be grown on a considerable
part at least of those irrigated lands which are now sown with the second
iiuality of wheat called ^' Pissia." At present, however, no wheat is sent from
tiiis district for export to Europe ; and whatever export has hitherto existed
tias been chiefly to the neighbouring regions of Rajputana. Until therefore a
regular export trade be developed it is not likely that Pummun wheat will be
raised in itny considerable quantity. The second sort, called '* Pissia," seems
to be the most popular kind with local consumers. The third kind, known as
^' Kathya,^' is adapted to lands dependent on rainfall, or where the irrigation
is deficient and precarious ; and it would not be possible to substitute any
finer kind in place of '^ kathya" on these lands. It is even said that the
common people prefer katkya to pUsia, and this not on account of the price
which is about the same for both kinds, but because they oonaider it more
nutritious.
5. The second question is, how cleaner grain can be obtained for export.
The general result of the inauiries ihtit have been made on this noint is as
follows. The cultivator is inaifierent on the subject, but does not aesignedlj
mix dirt into his grain. He has not the means of cleaning it, but sells it to
the grain-dealer just as it comes off his threshing-floor. It is generally admit-
ted that it is the grain-dealer who is chiefly to blame for the dirty state of the
grain io the markets. He also appears to be indifferent on the subject ; but
to clean the grain is unquestionably an easier matter for him than for the
cultivator. To the latter in the present state of agricultural arrangements,
which are not likely to change, and especially taking into account the defi-
ciency of barns ana buildings for storage of grain, the operation of cleaning
is nearly impossible. It would not therefore be of any use to atten^)t to
impress the advantages of cleaning grain on the cultivators. It is to the
grain-dealers that we must look for improvement in this matter.
6* TSie next question is as to the mixture of wheat with ether grains*
I would observe that it does not follow that because another crop is sown
with wheat the grain is therefore mixed. Grain is • commonly sown with
wheat on tixe lands en which kathya (No. 3) wheat is sown. The object
of the cultivator is to secure the gram crop even if the wheat crop fails, as the
former requires less moistuVe than the latter. But the grains are not mixed
at harvest. The agriculturists do not willingly or knowingly mix different
kinds of wheat together, or mix barley with wheat When the zamindar
keeps his own seed, it is generally unmixed ; but the grain merchant often
gif OS him wheat of different kinds oixed togei^er^ or wheat inij^ with barley^
( 1» )
The grain tnercbanto oommonly mix together tbe two kinds of red wbeafr
known as pissia and Jcathyay storing what they obtain in the same place and
selling the mixed wheat both for food and seed. It is thought also that »
proportion of barley is sometimes fraudulently mixed with seed ^rain sold by
the dealers. The obvious remedy is that the agriculturist shoiud be eneour-^
aged as far as possible to keep his own seed%
7. Hie other ouestioDs contained in paras 6* and 7 of your tetter can be
brieflf answered, in this district the export trade is quite undeveloped. No
saoh agMdes as those mentioned have as yet been established. There has beea
aome expert trade towards Bikanir (where wheat is searce) : but none else^
'where. Between fifty and sixty thousand maunds are said to have been
annoally exported during the last 3 years. The kinds exported are Nos. 2
and 3, piitia and htUhya. The character of this market, as may be
imagined, is not such as would render necessary any special arrangements for
eleaning or separating the kinds of grain. The Tahsilaar of Bhiwaai however
xeports that in the current vear about 25 thousand maunds of No. 3, kathym
wneat^ have been exported by rail to Bombay^ and it is possible that tbi»
may be die commencement of a regular export trade tc^ that port. If so, it
may be expected that the improvements which are the subject of this letter,.
will acquire more importance in the estimation of grain-dealers in this dis*
triot than they have hitherto possessed.
ROHTAK DISTRICT.
Vxtrftct of a Utter No. 533, datod 9th NoYember 188r.
From* H. W. Stxxl^ Esqaire, Depaty Cbmmlodoner of Bohtak.
To— Th« Gommifsioxier of Settlemeatt and Jgricaltnie, Panjab, Lahore-
4. To insist upon the sowing of a particular kind of wheat on a laid down
principle, is a measure that requires very gradual introduction. It is true that
the advantages are greats but a sudden and direct interference on the part of
OovemmeDt would, at least till the benefits are made apparent to the cultivators^
be regarded with repugnance. In a measure like this the co-operatiens of the
Tahsild&rs and the influential leading men of villages should be made the first
«tep, and as the measure gains ground further advancement could be made»
Bat all this requires time, and if you concur with me in the views expressed 1
will take steps to put them on foot.
5. The adulteration of wheat is due to the iterance and carelessness of
&B cultivators themselves, and not to any malpractice on part of the purchasers,
IboQgh one TahsildAr urges that the cultivators are somewhat alive to the im*
portanoe of keeping wheat clean and die advantiige derived by doing so, but
4hat thev are too laz^ and rather prefer to suffer loss than undergo the toil of
jprsTenting adulteration.
( 20 )
6. No appliances are at present used to prerent the mixing of dirt,— a
diffioulty that cannot easily be surmounted under present circumstances, but if
the threshing-floors were made of lime at the expense of the village fund, the
evil complained of by our English traders could be remedied, if not entirely, to
a yery great extent ; but it will be necessary for the cultivators to out the wheat
with a sickle from the roots to avoid dirt, and not uproot the stalks as is some-
times done, though it is not a common practice.
7. The task of keeping wheat clean should be imposed on the cultivators,
as the precautions necessary at the time the wheat is cut and threshed are less
expensive and less troublesome, than if left to the traiers, for with them the
process would be a complicated one and would add to greater expense. This
U a matter, however, that would not, I think, reauire any very strenuous efforts,
and could, with a little advice from the Tahsildars through the medium of the
Zaild&rs, be brought to a successful end, in the course of a short time.
8. The cultivators as a rule are not alive to the advantage gained by
keeping grain clean when storing it in barns, nor do they show any interest in
making over grain in a clean state to dealers, but both of these points are
susceptible of remedy, as I have described in the preceding para.
9. The practice that obtains almost everywhere in this district of mixing
either gram or barley with wheat, is due to the belief that it acts as a guarantee
against total failure of the crop.
The proportions vary in each Tahsfl thus :— *
Sahpla,
Jow or gram i^th. Wheat ^th.
GOHANA.
Do. fth. Do. }th8.
BOHTAK.
Do. iih. Do. iths.
Jhajtjab.
Gram f the. Wheat }rd.
Jow } Do. i
Gram and wheat sown together is called gochniy and wheat and barley
gojra.
10. Amongst the many reasons urged for oultivating mixed orops tbt
chief are —
(a). — ^A mixed crop thrives better.
(6), — Requires less ploughing, for when wheat is sown alone there
must be 8 ploughings, whereas a mixed crop requires only five*
(tf). — The yield is larger.
(d). — Irrigation or rainfall is not so much needed, and it is for this
very reason that mixed crops are mostly sown in Barani lands*
(tf ).— A mixed crop acts as a guarantee against total failure of pro*
dnce.
11. Bed and white wheat are never sown together, but separately, and
care, as far as it is praoticablei is taken to prevent the two descriptions getting
Bused together,
( 21 )
12. The vihiie wheat is used chiefljr at marriage feastfl^ and the red ig
reserved for daily use.
13. Exportation of wheat is not yerj extensively carried on. but the little
that is exported is chiefly consigned to Beri, Delhi, and Bhiw&ni.
14. There are no grain-dealers in this district that carry on the business
on a large scale, and those that do show a little enterprise in this way seldom or
never make it a point to clean grain before it is exported.
SIRSA DISTRICT.
Extract of a letter No. 478, dated 20th Angnit 1883.
From— Major H. li. M. Wood, Deputy OommiBiiooer, Sirsa District.
To— The Oommissioner of Settlements and Agrionltore, Fanjab.
• •#•«•«•••#•
3. The cnltivator sends the grain to market uncleaned, bnt does not^
8o far as I can learn, add dirt to make weight. The nsnal allowance made
here for dirt is one seer per mannd (2^ per cent). The cnltivators do not
store grain on any large scale. Bat die *^ bunniahs *' no donbt hold large
stocks. No wheat is exported from Sirsa and Dabwali, and a comparatively
small quantity leaves the Fazilka Tahsili althongh Fazilka itself is the centre
of a large river-borne traffic.
4. As to the sowing of mixed grains, the following information is
submitted : wheat and grain in the proportion of 2 to 1 are sown together^ and
the mixture is called gochni.
Also barley and gram known as b^ar^ and wheat^ barley and gram
called gcjrin
This system of mixed sowing is very much resorted to in this District,
specially on indifferent soils. The advantage claimed for it is that there is
both a greater certainty of a crop and a very much greater outturUi some-
times double that of single sown wheat Thus —
1 biga sown with 12 seers of wheat gives 3 or 4 maunds.
ij 10 seers of gram ,, 5 or 6 y^
yy 11 seers of mixed seed y, 8 or 10 y,
I am assured that this is the case (the figures are for a good harvest), and I
have received the same reply from different sources.
5. The reason given for this is that the gram plants not only afford
a certain amount of shelter and support to the young wheat (their roots
strikinff deep, while the roots of the wheat are near the surface), but that the
latter benefits by an acid exudation from the gram, known as turahu
Moreover from the gram taking a better hold of the soil it is less liable to
suffer from vicissitudes of climate than the wheat, and in case of the latter
failing from scanty rain-fall will generally produce a crop with a very small
quantity of rain. Another reason given for the mixed sowings is that where
roti made of the mixed meal is used, vegetables are not required, or usedj
the mixed meal supplying the required yariety.
( 22 )
6. The only export of wheat U from Fazilka whioh is the eentre of
a large river-borne trade. Each trader sends to Karrachi and Sakkar on
his own acconnty there beinp^ no special agency for exportation. The white
wheat (Daudiy Ghnnni, and Fhnmman) are Siiefij exported^ while the red wheat
(Ratti) is sent to a limited extent.
7. No special arrangements have been introdoced for deaning the
grains before sending it for export
Memo, dated ISth November 1383^ bgr J* Wilson, Baqufre, fettleme&t Offiotr, S(r8a»
Wheat is the staple crop on the irrigated lands of the Ghaggar and
Batlej, and the average area sown has been estimated as 9^000 aeres on the
flooded lands of the Ghaggar and 9^600 on the Ghahi and flooded lands of the
Bntlej Hitar, bnt in a g<K>d year nearly 20,000 acres of wheat may be sown
on either river. In w Hiiax abont 3,500 aeres are sown on the lands
irrigated from wells, and 6^000 acres o& the flooded lands* The average ont-
tnm may be taken as 8 mannds per acre on the land irrigated from wells aad
6 mannas per acre on the flooded lands of both rivers. In favorable years
the hard clay of the Sotar where thoronghly moistened is sown with wheat,
and sometimes prodnces excellent crops, as in 1882 ; and on the Sntlej, when
* the floods fail, patches of low-lying land where the rain water has collected are
often sown witn wheat In both cases the average onttnm may be estimated
at 6 mannds per acre. The estimated average area nnder wheat in the dry
tracts is only 7,000 acres, bnt its onltivation seems to be spreading. It
requires more carefal cultivation than barley, and the seed is more expensive,
but the produce is much more valuable, though the average outturn is rather
less, being about 4 mannds per acre. Wheat is much preferred for food to
any other grain, except riee ; it is the ordinary food of the Musalmans of the
Suilej Hitar, but is a luxury to the inhabitants of the rest of the Distriot.
. The straw (turi) of wheat is used for fodder, but is not nearly so nutritions as
that of barley and commands a lower price. For wheat cultivation the
gronnd is prepared during the rains by ploughing and pulverising it twice or
wrice, and the seed is sown in October or Jf^ovcmber, about 20 sers to the acre
on rmirrigated land, 30 sers on flooded lauds, and 40 sers on land irrigated
from wells. On flooded and unirrigated lands the crop is left to itself and
not even weeded, but on wells, especially in dry seasons, it is irrigated as
often as the capacity of the well allows. Some of the wheat crops on wella
and even on flooded lands in the Hitar are excellent, almost as good as can
be seen anjrwhere in India ; but these are the exceptions, and often the straw
is stunted and the outturn poor. The grain produced in the Hititr is often
large and of excellent quah^, but that of the uplands is generally small, dry,
and shrunken. The crop is reaped in April and May, and threshed by meant
of bullocks treading it out on the bare ground. Considerable care is taken to
dean the wheat ana to keep the seed iree from other grain, especially from
barley. Sometimes wheat is sown mixed with barley and gram (gojd or
lerrd)j if mixed with barley alone it is called Jaw&li wheat, andif there is no
barley in the mixture it is called Najawi ; but the area sown with these mix-
tures is small (only 600 acres being so returned in 1881 and 1,700 acres in
1882), and wheat is ordinarily sown alone. In the Hitir three varieties of
wheat are grown : (1) the ordinary red wheat {ratti or Idl kanak\ also
called K&lcmng&ri, because the beard {ehingir) gets of a dark colonr when
( 23 )
riM. This h the wheat ordinarily grown in the nplands also. Its ears
{wUta) are about three inches long, and the grains mn in two lines, which
make the ear look two-sided ; the grain itself is short and thick ; (2) Pamman,
with a dark green beard and general dark colour in the sheafy has distinctly
two-sided and heavy ears from S^ to three inches long, and a long thick and
aoft grain ; (3) Daddi, which again is divided into three sub^varieties — (a) Goni
or beardless (literally *^ hornless") with short lighb-colonred ears from two to
three inches long, but sometimes (Ghanghundi) having as many as four lines
of flowers (Ohtindi) ; its grain (ddnd) is white, thick and soft, and makes
very white bread ; (b) Nfcri Dfidda or bearded (literally *^ homed"), having
whitish ears from 3 to 4 inches long, and a white beard ; its grain also is
white, thick, and soft ; (c) Pah&ran, so called because its seed ^Ahrbij) was
brought from the hills (pdhdr) some ten years ago by the Banyft who owns
part of Rini, with long pointed beardless ears from 4 to 5 inches long, and
a reddish appearance ; the grain is thin and reddish, and although the ear is
longer than that of Goni D6udi, it is thinner and has only three lines of flowers
(Trighund), and so produces loss than the indigenous gofd. Except the
pahdran variety, these are all said to be old wheats, well-known in this part of
the country ; and it says much for the care with which the seed is grown
that they should be so well distinguished. They seem to be sown without
distinction on all kinds of irrigated soils, but Pamroan and Batti-kanak are
said to require more moisture (taravoai) than gm wheat. Goni DivAi is
considered the best variety because of its whiteness ; and if ordinary red wheat
is selling at Bs. 2 per mannd, Pah&ran will fetch about Bs. 2*1, and Goni,
N&rf and Pamman about Rs. 2-4 per maund. Sometimes a grain or two of oats
finds its way into a wheatrfield, but the people do not know it as a separate
crop, and say that it is wheat which has deteriorated or become diseased.
AMBALLA DISTRICT.
Ifeoo. dated 14th Kofember 1SS8, bj A. KavsivaTOVy Xaqnire, SatUemeat OiBcer*
1. The total cultivated area of the Amballa District is 929,041 acres. The
Area under wheat colli- average area sown with wheat during the last 10 years
vatioxu is 315,000 acres. For the last 5 years the average is
850,000 acres, the years 1873-4 to 1876-7 having been conspicuously below die
average of the decade.
^ ^ . ^ S. Three qualities of wheat are generally recoir-
Claisea ol wheat. ^j^ ^^ ^^ ^^.^^ community .— * ^ *
(1) PiU or Sufaid ^yunlfPanjabi Daud Ktidni) a white soft wheat giving the
best yield of floar. Tnis is recognised both bj zamind&rs and mercnants
as the best quality of wheat, and is especially in demand for export trade,
but it requires high cultivation, and is only grown on irrigated or sailab
lands. The Amballa district is almost CDtirely bdr&ni, and this wheat is
thereforei comparatively speaking, not generally grown. The merchants
would be glad to get as much white wheat as tney could, but up to the
present the zamindars make no attempt to supply the demand. This
wheat always staods one or two seers higher in the market than other
qualities.
( 34 )
(2) IM kanak, a red soft wheat grown eqaally well on all lands. This is
essentially the wheat of the Ainballa district. It is a very hardy variety,
giving a good yield of floar, and is jAt present much the most popular
with the zamindars.
(3) Kathiya, Kathiy or Kkandku, hard white wheat giving a very fine white
flour, but yielding a small outturn. This wheat is only grown on high
class lands, and for special purposes, such as weddings, confectionery &c.|
for which a very white flour is required. In the Punjab this is known as
Mundli. The area under cultivation is quite insignificant, and there is no
general demand for it in the trade.
3. (a). The advantages of cleaned wheat are well known )>oth to zamin<-
GieAnin h t *^^^ *^® trade, but up to the present no steps
g w ea . 1^^^^ \iQQXi taken to ensure greater cleanliness. No
special attention is paid to the point. The zaminclars still send the wheat to
market with a mixture of not less than 2 to 3 %of mud, and this is only rongbly
.sifted out by the dealers with the hand, at least 1 per cent of dirt remaining
even in the wheat intended for export trade.
(Jk). Dirt is not intentionally added by either cultivators or dealers. It
is mixed with the wheat during the garnering, and no energetic steps are taken
to remove it at subsequent stages.
(c). On reaching the dealers wheat is stbred either in the mud bam
{hotha)y or in a hole in the ground {katha). The place of storage depends
on the state of the market. If the market is brisk it is stored in the bam, and
if dull it is buried. It keeps well in the barn for four months, but then gets eaten
by weevils {msri) ; when buried it will keep well for a year, but after that
acquires a strong musty flavour, which takes o£f much from its trading value.
4. Wheat intended for sale is always sown pure. Mixed crops with
Mixed CTtlns. barley and gram are popular when the crop is inteu-
* ded for home consumption. The reasons given are : —
(1) That in uniitigated lands there is a better chance of a good return from
a mixed crop. If one crop fails from the circumstances of the season, the
other may succeed. There is at any rate less risk of an absolute failure
of the crop.
(2) Barley and gram give a heavier outturn than wheat.
(3) Mixed grains are more satisfying as food than wheat alone. Wheat is
eaten pure by the trading and better classes, but agriculturists and
laborers of all classes prefer mixed grains.
In the Amballa district wheat is generally grown for the home consump-
tion of the district, and mixed crops are therefore common.
5. Different qualities of wheat are never sown together intentionally,
f ed "^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ °^^ carefully selected. Red and white
Se ec on o Be . wheats are kept carefully apart, but no special pains
are taken to eliminate foreign grains. Even at the best of times there is
always a mixture of 2 or 3 % of barley in the wheat brought to market, and
no steps are taken by the dealers to sift this out. The dealers always keep the
different qualities or wheat carefully apart in their own stores. Any mixing
takes place before the grain reaches them, and their own liability extends only
in so far as they do not hold out any special inducements to the cultivators to
( 25 )
be more careful in the selecfion of seed for sowing. Unless the foreign
groins are eliminated before sowing, very little can jbe done to improve the
grain brought to market. I have heard that in some cases zamindars cnt ont
le ears of barley in the fields as the crop stands ripe, bnt this is not common.
There is no donbt that mnch remains to be done in inducing the cultivators to
take greater pains over the selection of seed.
6» Amballa citj and Jagadhri are the chief markets for wheat in the
^^^ district^ and some export trade is carried on with
Meemt, Delhi^ Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi. Speak*
^g generally, the demand for home consumption, and for use in hill stations, is
so large that the export trade is at present insignificant. What wheat is
exported is perhaps grown in Pattiala rather than Amballa, but the total trade
transactions are not important, and so far the trade does not seem to be on the
increase. No special measures have been taken in late years either to improve
the quality of the wheat for exportation, or to facilitate export trade. Selling
agencies are established at Bombay, Calcutta and Karachi : 1 7^ being charged
at each of the two former, and 12 annas at the latter. White wheat is
much preferred by the exporters when it is to be had, but the supply is limited.
No special agency has been established anywhere in the district for the colleo>
tion of wheat supplies, and there is no co-operation among the difierent dealers.
The number of regular wheat merchants is small, and uae chief trading is in
gram and autumn crops, not wheat.
7. The total exported trade as stated by the dealers for the last four
Xxports. years is as follows : —
From Amballa. From Jagadhri.
Maunds. Mounds.
1880 80,000
1881 40,000 ... 10,000
1882 1,00,000 ... 17,500
1883 30,000 ... 10,000
In 1880 10,000 maunds were sent to Karachi, and again in 1882 there was
some trade with Karachi. Otherwise the exports go either to Calcutta or
Bombay. The Amballa district is not well situated with regard to any of the
great markets, and it seems doubtful if there is any opening for a largelv
extended trade. The exports may perhaps be understated, but not I think
largely so. There is no speculation, and probably the hill stations already carry
off nearly the whole surplus produce, ana for these local markets the wheat as
now grown is quite good enough. Taking the average cultivation for the last
five years only (350,000 aeres) and assuming an average outturn of 6 maunds
per acre, we get a total production of 2,100,000 maunds of wheat. I do not
think that 6 maunds is too low an all-round average yield for the land reported as
under crop, especially, when it is considered, that mnch of the land hitherto
reported as under wheat, is really under mixed crops. The home consumption
(Famine Commission report, Punjab, Vol. I, page 144) is estimated at
1,873,109 maunds. To this also the amount required for hill stations has to be
added, and it is quite clear that there can only be an inconsiderable balanoa
available for export to foreign countries.
( 26 )
LUbHIANA DISTRICT.
Bxtraot of a letttr So. I4eS, daM 4th tieptemlier 1988.
Worn— 0. E. Wakbfibld, BsqnSre, Deputy OoumiMiontr LadhUuWi
V<h— The CommiiBioner of Settlements and Agriooltare, Panfab.
Airangements for export 5. I proceed first to answer the qnestiqiui pat
ing dean grain. in para. 4, before notiog the result of the oonsultatibD.
(a) The finer kinds of wheat can be onltivated on the tmirrigated landhi
but the great objection to the caUivation of these kihds is that both in irrigated
«nd nnirrigatedj the prodaoe in grun is About 10 per cent less than the outturn
of the coarser red wneat,
ib) The eattivator never gamers in a dirtj state ; there is seldom mors
^ t f i, ^^^ i ^^^ ^^ ^® maand when it is garnered and the
^t onltiri^c?' ^ ^ ^^^^^ when it is stored. It is remarkably free from
dirt while with the caltiTator, and therefore no
measures are necessary in that direction.
The dirt is mixed with the grain in the first instance bj the <^rt-men
The canying traders ^^o bring it in, and who are also Naders. Abotft
fBart-men^ mix water and 90 per cent of these men do not bring thefr ctbn
dirt with the grain. ^jj. lliey buy it from the producers and Irinff
it to Ludhiana on speculation. These raon both water it and mix dirt with
w;ii-«^- 1- •v.tni. *!*• ^^ There are 10 or 11 villages in the Feroiepar
villages in wmch the j» . • i. • !_• i. it. i i ^ i_ nv '^
neniai castes sell earth district m which the lower classes, such as Ubamars,
assorted to snittiiediiSerent sweepers &c,y make ita trade to supply difierent colored
kinds of grain. ^^rths to suit the color and size of (he different
kinds of grain. The earth is worked into small grains to look like the f^^n,
and the traders say it is almost impossible to winnow out this description of
dirt. The cultivators never mix dirt with the grain when garnering. It is
cart^men or fii^st traders and carriers who do this, as above described. Water
„ . . . ^ . again is put in to increase weight. There if a pond
Wg«rlng grain to increase ^^ ^ ^jjj^g^ ^jj^ Pindori, 14 mfles out on the Feroxe-
pur road, about 2 miles from the Dakha encAmping
ground, where thousands of carts put up. I have often wondered why they
put up there in preference to the encamping ground. 1 supposed it was for
the convenience of the large pond and the water in it, and so it was, but not in
the sense that I supposed. I now learn that it is a great place for watering;
the grain in order to make it weigh heavier. I see it noted in a paper in Th§
AgncuUturUt for September 1883, page 332, that any ''dampness in grain causes
it to weigh lighter instead of heavier (a fact which will surprise the uninitiated) ;*'
But the traders here say that this occurs after a tiibe. The immediate effeot
of watering is to iner€(u§ weight. I intend to subject this to experiment and
think their theory is correct as also that in The AgricuUurUU
All these practices are resorted to by the conveying traders in 8el6-p
lection against the tricks of the brokers who rob them in various ways. Hie
Broker's tricks. common well-known and scarcely denied method
adopted by the brokers, who have a slang dialect of
their own, is what they call '^ killing flies.*' The weighing is done in batchea
of dhatU Qi 4 seers pakka or 10 seers ibocAa. In counting the dharii the Jak
( 27 )
_ oarelesfl tnd not checking the countin^^ ibey will repeat the same nam-*'
ber oyer again, and this one dhari is frandalently short-weighed and '' one
4t killed/' A sharp weifi^her will often secure 8 or 10 dhariadxxvins the day,
j^Ubffamaandof^aiD^and clearing 2 or 3 mp«es id short weight alon^!
The traders who bay the grain at Lndhiana and export it, also mix earth with
it imd so it often goes to Bombay and Karachi in such a state that it is rejected
ibere. This eyil is, however, meeting its own remedy, one trader spoke as
follows :—
** Wheat an<) Sarson are lying in Bombay and Karachi, because sale can-^
^ not be peoored. We haye suffered, and wUl in future send it dean. We
V bl^ye no a^ent9 in £ngland. We sell it through agents or brokers in Born-
^ jbigr' ind Earadii, who purchase it outright from us and export it*^
To remedy the eyil ,of adulteration as aboye described, the traders and
brokers here haye amongst themselyes, after some
mS^^^^^^ ^*7* disputes and discussions, framed the following
^^ rules: —
Ist That they will not purchase or export grain mixed with dirt, and in
order to ensure clean grain, winnowing machines have been made up
to a fSittern procured from Oalputta by Jassa Mai. *
Snd. The brokerage dues to be limited as follows: Be. I per oent on yalue
from sellerfi, and 7^ anas per qen^t on yalue from purcnasers and 4 anas
per cent for weighing from the purchaser, which makes lljf anas per
jD^t from .tlv9 puret^iser.
8rd. Short weighing or deceit in the matter of current rates k> be abas*
doned.
The aboye rates are for edible grains. The brokerage on other articles of
trade is double the above rates in the matter of brokerage only. The weighing
diarges are the sanie.
It ie clear from the above that exporters are becoming yery alive to the
necessity for sending clean grain, and have made extensive arrangements here
ior securing this object.
* [iV«to.— T hsTeintipected one large winoqwing macMne made op here bj Jassa Hal for
Bs. Wt according to a pattern he had seen at Karachi It is worked hy band. He thinks they
^nld be made np forBs. 100. It is made for Sarson, and will clean 70O pakka mannds of 8ar«
son In a day, worked b^ 12 men. That is, it is pat m, cleared, separated, and pert iota sacks.
It is a long cylinder worked by a handle, and the compartments are enreloped by ffne wire
in the first half, which tets all the dast through, and coarser wire in the second half, throngh
irhich ,the Sarson escapes. Grains of barler or wheat mn right throngh and fall oat at t&a
eotrai^ee to the cylinder, whicb is open at both ends. They hare also hand-sferes which are
saspen^ed by rings at the oorners and worked by foor men, two who shake the sieve by two
ring handles, and two to fill and remove the grain. One of these small sSatos wiU s^Murategnai
and barley fylt wh^t 600 pakka maands in the day.
Jana.lfal makes np and sells thefs «6TC8 and lets them out on hire. Hehassold about 20^
aad diarges 1 ana hiie for the day.]
1 28 )
6. In reply to para 5 in the matter of sowing wheat mixed with other
crops. In irrigmted landj — wheat is never sown
^^wing wheat with other mixed with any other grain. In unirtyated land,'-Ai
is often mixed with barley and gram, indeed scarcely
ever sown i\ithont mixing in nnirrigated lands, beoanse it is a very precarious
orop. By sowing barley and gram with it they consider that they are pretty
sure of securing one good crop. Barley and gram are generally sown alone,
and not mixed. In most of the jungle tract wheat is generally sown with
gram, more with gram than with barley. At harvest time they are put away
mixed, but when they bring it to market they separate the wheat from the
barley and gram. They commonly eat flour made from wheat and gram
mixed. They seldom mix the varieties of wheat but sow them separately. The
red wheat is what they mostly sow, because it gives the largest out-turn.
They do not care for the other sorts. The banias who store the grain buy
promiscuously and store it together, and so it often gets mixed. The white
specimens of wheat require more elaborate cultivation. The white wheat
grain is considered inferior in quality to the red wheat, — not so nourishing.
The question of arrangements for cleaning grain has been disposed of
in para 5 of this report. No new agencies have been esiablished here for the
export trade to Europe or to export towns other than the old existing agencies
described above.
But as above described, there is a very large export trade here, grain
being sent to Bombay and Karachi to agencies who sell it to exporting firms.
Dealers from other portions of the province and N. W. Provinces often come
here and purchase export grain.
7. Ludhiana itself is the principal nain mart of the district, as also of the
tract called the " Jungle," which may be best described
exSrt'mwket ""^ ^ circling 50 miles round Bhatinda. The greater
portion of the export grain of the Ferozepur district
and the jungle tract, is brought to Ludhiana to the railway. It has been roughly
estimated mat 45,00,000 or 45 lacs of rupees worth of grain has been exported
from here within the last 3 years. I remember that during the Madras
Famine in 1878-79, 30 lacs of maunds of grain were calculated to have been
exported from this.
The variety of wheat preferred by the traders for export is the red wheat,
No. 1 of the accompanying specimens. The reasons for this preference have
been stated in detail above. It is the sort mostly, almost totally, produced.
It is considered very good in the matter of outturn and nourishment, and
I remark quite holds its own in the London market. This red wheat gives
a very fairly white flour, and should not be confounded with the hard red
wheat produced in Ambala, Saharanpur &c. A very interesting paper on
Indian wheat, pages 331, 332, 333 of the Indian AffricuUurUt for September
1883, describes this wheat, I think, as the ^^ Indian superior soft red," and I
remark that at the close of the article the following sentence is in italics^-*
^' glancing at all the facts here elaboratedy it ie evident tJiat these wheats afford
a larger mBrgin of profits both to the miller and baker than any oiher!^
8. As regards the distribution of broadsheets, I venture to suggest
_.,_., that lithographed sheets might he printed in each
•hSiS^ ol broad, jigtrict and distributed to all villages, printed half
margin in Urdu and Qurmukhij or in lien of the latter
( 29 )
"wbatever dialect may be peculiar to each district, containio/; concisely wordecl
hints on agriooltare, on subjects which, after experiment and maturing, may be
considered as based on established facts ana safe as guides for improve-
ment. The sheets to contain very concise remarks confined to each subject,
and net more than one subject in each sheet. The Patwdris might be made
the medium of distributing and reading the sheets to Lambardars, and to
report on behalf of each village within a fixed time noted in the sheet, the
action that people may have been able to take in the subject-matter of each
sheet. The subjects mooted in the matter of wheat cultivation might be made
the subject-matter of a sheet of which a rough frame work is noted as fol-
lows. I venture to make the first clause a point whieh I have myself for
years tried to impress on cultivators, tnz. the importance and notorious (in
jEiurope) practicability of improving seed by selection.
Bongh draft of propoa- Rough draft of a broadsheet regarding the
ed broadsheet in the cultivation and preparation for advantageous export
matt«r of cnltWatlon and ^^ g^le of wheat :—
export of wheat.
1st. — ^Whatever seed you use, try and improve it each year in your own
land by selection. GK> round your fields and select the best grown plots
for seed for next year's sowing, and doing this each successive year, yon
will secure a fine stock of improved seed. If your own field has no good
produce, then go to neighbouring plots or villages or towns for really
good seed, fine well grown and developed grain. Never be careless in
selecting the best description of grain for seed.
2nd. — If you wish to raise good and profitable wheat for trade purposes,
never mix any other grain in sowing. On the contrary, see that no other
grain remains in the seed sown.
3rd. — The soft white wheat is the best and most profitable for export pur-
poses, and it will be to your advantage to increase the cultivation of that
as far as possible.
4th.— The next best grain is the soft red wheat so generally cultivated.
Pains should be taken to improve the seed of this sort by the process
described in para. 1, that is oy selection.
5th. — In harvesting be careful to winnow the grain clear of all dirt and
admixture of other sorts of grain, and store it in a perfectly clean state.
6th. — ^When taking it out or to market for sale, be careful not to let dirt
get into it or be added to it. Any present advantage gained will be in
the end a serious loss by depreciating the value of your own grain in the
great marts. The brokers are reducing their charges and binding them*
selves down to abstain from fraud in weighing &c., and there will there-
fore no longer be any necessity for your employing fraud in the matter
of watering, mixing earth Ac.
9. In conclusion, I beg to remark that when the Sirhind canal, which
Spreads like a net-work over the great grain-producing jungle tract, is in full
ow, the cultivation of white wheat will become more feasible, and if stimu-
lated, general. Although none of the agriculturists I have consulted exactly
aay this, I feel convinced that the ordinary Barani or unirrigated lands •£
trfict do not receive sufficient rain moisture to allow of the suecesaful
( 80 >
cmltivation of white wheat. Artificial irrigation is neoessary to inppleiiiett|
the rain-fall whiofa, I snppofle, does not average in this tract more than abont
18 inches dnring the year.
As regards the Lndhiana wheat trade, and the preqeni resort of the grain
traders of me jnngle tract to Lndhiana as a centre for export, the Ferozeppre
and Bewari railway road which will ran thrpngb the centre of the traot^ wiU
probably take away more than half the trade frpm Lndhiana*
JALANDHAR DISTRICT.
Bztiaet of « letter Vo. 179, dattd tS^i Jalj IS^S*
IVom-JUsatflzuaait B. 0. 8. Mapa^slait^, OflEkoUtUig CantoDiMnt lC»glslrate JalaiiaMin
ffi^ThB Pepatj QgnwntiirioDer, JaJandhar.
• • ♦ ♦ • • I find
(a). That the cnltivator ^mers the grain in a dirty state ; and, as far
•8 I can ascertain, the gmia ^s sent to market in the state in wUpfa it ia
garnered, and that dirt £0*9 as a general role, is hpt farther mixed wit)i \h»
grain by the caltirators prior to sale.
(i). The cnltiyators say they do not clean the grain they atiM^ ; nor. aa
above stated, do they clean it previons to sale ; bnt they are, no donbl^ aliT»
to the necessity of scoring grain in a clean condition, and to the fact that it ia
Eeaily to their interest to clean it before sala in the open market. They
TO no means' or appliances for the porpoae of cleaning their grain other
than the laborious process of pleaninj; it in the open air by means of sioTes ;
and they probably find it more paying in the end to store or sell their grain
as garnered, than to OJ^p^nd time and laboar over thoroughly cleaning it by
jttiis process.
(e). The traders of the Cantonment have no machinery qr appliancea
fiDr thoroT^ghly cleaning grain after pnrchase jind before despatch to a seaport
town for export ; and they inform me that previpns to despatch all they do
is to remove the grain, allowing barley Ac. &c. to remain.
(4). jLn agency for the purchase of wheat and despatch of the 8ai|ie to
Karachi has been lately established in the Cantonment by the firm of
Salamphomed Qomerdasa of Karachi, and the agency business is condnoted
by their Gomashta Jeea LalL
(«j. '^Bed wheat'' is, I may say, the only Tarietr of wheat despatched
/rem the Cantonment for export ; this is not owing, I believe, to a preference
JbHung shewn for this variety for exportation by the traders, but purely for tho
.reason that white and yellow wheat are not produced in sufficient quantitiea
in this district to make the purchase and despatch of these varieties remoner-
ative.
S. The principal traders of the Cantonment are :—
(a). Nonid Bam and Badhakishen,
(b). Phammun Lall and Milkee Bam,
\e). Dpwlat Bam and Said Mull,
and the only agency estabiidied is that of the firm of Salamohomei
Oomerdasa of Karachi*
< 31 )
8. ^Hie wbeat despatcliecl from the Cantonment to eeaport toTm tot
aatport for the last three years is as follows : —
Mounds,
In 1881 ... 71,78H
^ 1882 ... 146,672i
„ 1883 ... 171,388i
Memo. hjA.A^ SRiaOOlB, Eiq., Barrifter-at^Law, dated I3th Attgiut 18aa.
Jmlandhar Wheat
The first qnestion embraced in para, i, clause II, for consideration Is hoir
to get cleaner ^rain arailable for export. Bj olean^ 1 tidce to mean free from
dnst, chaffy and stalk.
Hie principal reai^bn why the Irheat of this district^ and, indeed, of Ae
iRrhole of the Panjab, is fonnd %iih an admixture of dast, is by reason of the
<node of threshing observed by the cnltirators. The natural floor is used,
hence by the constant treading of the bullocks a great deal of dnst gets mixed
triA the wheat, varying from abont a half to two per cent, according to cir-
dnmstanc68.
The second reason why dost is fonnd is that the grain is closed to (he air ;
bnt the amount of dust caused in this way must be Vety trifling and of no
consequence.
The third reason is that now and again a few unscrupulous fellows mix
dust with their wheat in order to defraud purchasers. This is done some*
times while storing away the grain, and oftener at the time of bringing it
to market, lliis practice can be easily checked by purchasers refusing to buy
auch grain. Indeed, persons who have brought dirty grain to market 'have
generally suffered by not finding a ready sale, or by obtaining low prioes.
The most effectual way for obtaining wheat free from dust is, by getting
the cultivators to observe a better mode of threshing their wheat. If a
masonry flour were used instead of the natural floor, or cheap hand-threshing
piachines, the dust new found would all but disappear. Tne cultivators of
this district, true, are very poor; but a few could easilv join together and
adopt an improved mode of threshing. To the use of machinery there is this
great objection, that artizans oould with difficulty be found for repairing it,
eepecially in towns and villages.
To remove the dirt and foreign grain admixture always found in the
Indian wheat, exporters in Bombay and Kurrachee always put the grain
through expensive cleaning machines. I should think at least five per cent.
18 lost to me Indian cultivator, in consequence of the inferior quality of hia
wheat Indian cultivators and traders could very easily adopt cheap hand-
cleaning machines with much advantage ; but until the export trade is more
thoroughly established and developed, I do not think &ny improvements will
be undertaken. Cleaning the grain after it has been threshea will not strike
at the very root of the difficulty, and will bring with it additional expense and
trouble ; while if the grain is threished and garnered in a clean way, much
Advantage and profit is to be gained.
There is a very Bmall amount of unhusked grain, chaff, and stalk to be
found in the Indian wheat, arising from the defective and imperfect mode
q£ threshiag obsened. To remedy this machinery must be used. But I
( 32 )
may add tbe amount of sucli matter no^r to be foand jn th^ wheat is of no
6ou8eqaence whatever, and if more care and troable were bestowed while
threshings these would all bat disappear.
The next point in para. 2, clause 11, for report is, how to obtain finer grain*
Bj the word fine I take to mean appreciated and prized in foreign markets.
The wheat of this district is very poor indeed, and has a low position
In foreign markets \ the grain is very small, and- the color always red (great
drawbacks) ; but a mere handful of white wheat is grown, which is so small
that it can be turned to no account It is very inferior to the wheat of
Muzaffernaggur, Meerut, Cawnpore, Jubbulpore, most parts of the North
West, the Central Provinces, and the Punjab. I do not know the reiuons
of this inferiority ; probably the soil has something to do with it*
The people of this district, neither the traders nor the cnltiyators, have the
faintest notion, up to date, of the particular qualities of wheat as appreciated
by European merchants. Indeed, they do not even know the difference
between the hard and the soft grain. They prefer the hardish (gritty) grain
to the soft ; while the reverse is the case with Buropean merchants, who
are willing to pay at least five per cent more for the soft kind than the hard.
I do not know why this difierence in price is caused. The soft red grain is
always whiter in color inside, is more easily grindable, and contains more
starch than the hard red ; white the harcl is more gritty, is of a light red
color inside, and contains more gluten and less starch than the white. Per*
haps for these properties the difference in price is caused ; but why these pro*
perties of die soft grain are appreciated by the European merchants, i am
nnable to state.
The grain of this district is chiefly hard and mixed, that is, hard and
soft ; and also a fair proportion of the soft kind is grown. The cultivators
care but very little which kind they sow ; whatever comes in their way is
sown, regardless of the fact whether the grain is hard, mixed, or soft. I
dare say in course of time, if there is any great demand for a particular
kind of wheat, the cultivator will be induced to produce it. If a wheat trade
with Europe were thoroughly established, then, no doubt, a change for the
better would soon take place ; but as the export trade is likely to be knocked on
the head, owing to the drought prevailing, it will tike considerable time for the
Punjab cultivator to effect any improvements in the quality of his wheat of his
own accord. Time is a great object in all reform, and unless some forced action is
taken by the Government in effecting agricultural reform, the Punjab peasant
will certainly take his time to change the existing order of things. Li what
way Government should interfere, is not for me to suggest.
I certainly think a finer class of wheat, both in color and size, could be
produced in this district. I have seen specimens of white and yellow wheat
grown here which would fetch a very much higher price than the ordinary
red sort, now so universally grown, in European markets. It will be very
difficult, indeed, to get the cultivator here to change his seed, even were he
in a position to do so ; he will certainly sow that which has always been
prized by his own people as a rule, unless he ^ets thoroughly convinced a
change will bring about increased profits. A foreign demand for the Punjab
wheat cannot be depended upon, owing to the uncertainties of the climate
of the province, so the cultivator will naturally produce that which ia
consumed by his own people. The wheat trade of this district is already at aa
( 8« >
end, owing to the drought now prevailing ; and should beneficial rains not
come within the next few days, it may not revive for two years at least.
The last point embraced in para 2, clause II, is how to get less-mixed
grain for export. By the word less-mixed, I take to mean free from foreign
grain admixture.
The wheat of the whole of the Punjab is seldom, if ever, found pure,
the impurity varying very much in different localities, and in this district this
foreign gram admixture, which is chiefly of barley, gram and mussar (pulse),
varies from, usually, two to fifteen percent, a large amount to be sure. To get
rid of this foreign element, exporters in Bombay and Karachi use expensivo
cleaning machines, which are usually worked by machinery at great expense.
Land, hbour, and buildings are very costly in these cities, compared to what
they are up here. It is needless to observe that the Punjab wheat, in con-
eequence or this impurity, is very much handicapped in the trade ; and the loss
occasioned thereby must in export times fall on the agricultural class. The
Punjab cultivator, like all other people, would understand his own interests
if he found that mixed wheat could not be sold with as much profit as pure.
I think many have come to know this lately who have sold their wheat to
export dealers* Up to date there has been no great inducement for the culti-
vator to produce pure wheat, as he has found the people of his own district
consume mat whion is now produced by him; on the other hand, he has found
the mixed grain pay better by giving a larger yield, sufBdont to compensate
him in the slightly reduced prices such wheat obtains compared to the puro
sort. If a steady foreign demand existed for pure wheat only, I think in a.
few years the country would be able to produce pure wheat to a very great
extent. The Punjab cultivator could very easily sow pure wheat ; lie could
dean the gndn before sowing it ; and if he did not do so, it would not bo
from want of time.
But, as observed before, the Punjab peasant, if left alone, will take
time to effect any reform, owing to the peculiar circumstances of his case.
If speedy reform is required, compulsory measures on the part of Government
are neeaed. In the East Indies, compulsory measures for agricultural reform
were adopted towards the cultivators, by thelDutch government of the country,
and were found to dp much good, by enriching both the farmers and tne
Government. In what way Government should step in and induce the cultiva-
tors to sow pure wheat is net for me to suggest. If grain cleaning machines
were placed in portions of every district, and the free use of Siese were
allowed to the zamindars, much good might be done. But the undertaking
would prove costly.
Now I come to para 4. The first point for consideration is, whether
finer wheat can be grown in irrigated or unirrigated land ? I am certainly
of opinion that on the irrigated land of this district generally, a finer grain,
by which is meant a bolder grain, could be produced, than on unirrigated
land. But in certain portions of the district where there is good moisture, there
will be, as a rule, no perceptible difference between the wheat produced on the
two kinds of land.
The chief reason why irrigated land can produce finer wheat as a rule
than unirrigated land is, that the rain-fall is always either scanty, uncertain,
or unevenly distributed; in ater is a great fertilizer, and if applied at the proper
time to any crops must increase both the yield and siae of the grain. The
( 84 )
Mcond reason is, that the land attached to wells is nsnally more fertile (than
nnirrigated land), heuoe will produce, as a rale, a bolder grain.
I may add that there is no perceptible difference, as a role, in the red
wheat prodnced in this district on irrigated and nnirrigated land. I ha?«
before observed that a finer grain, both in color and size, oonld with
advantage be introdaoed. The climate and soil are both adapted for the
jfrowth of a finer wheat, as I have seen specimens of wheat grown in this
district, much soperior to the ordinary red sort now all bat nnivewdly
prodnced.
The second point in para 4 is, whether the grain is garnered and sent to
market dirty by the cultivator or by the trader. I have observed on this above,
and will only add that both commit the fraud, but usually the trader, as
he is generally a thoroughly unscrupulous fellow, with but little notions of
honest dealing, and well versed in committing frauds. In this district both
the trader and the cultivator bring their wheat for sale to market.
The next point in para 4 is, whether the cultivator stores away his grain
in a clean condition, and considers this to his advantage. I think he stores
arway his grain usually in the precise condition he finds it after it has been
threshed ; and he finds doing this to his advantage. The cultivator is generally
a simple honest fellow, and unaccustomed to cheating ; and the grain he
retains is usually kept in reserve for feeding himself and his family, so, for
these reasons, he usually garners his grain in a clean condition. But a few
unscrupulous fellows mix inferior grain with good at the time of storing
away. If a cultivator or trader has two or three different kinds of grain, he
will put the good on the top and the bad in the middle and end ; he will also,
occasionally, throw in some dust in the middle of the barn. I do not think
much fraud is practised in this way, certainly not enough to cause any appre-
ciable injury to trade.
Now as to para 6. I have no hesitation in saying that up to date no
machinery has been used in cleaning the wheat that has been exported from
Ae markets of this district. But when the wheat has been found to contain a
large admixture of dust and gram, it has generally been cleaned by band
labour. Barley and other kinds of grain, usually found in wheat, cannot he
removed by hand labour. When the export trade is more developed, cleaning
machines will probably he introduced. Unless some European makes a
beginning these machines may never be introduced by the native traders of the
district ; and, if introduced, certainly not till the lapse of a few years.
I do not think any large export business in wheat has been done by any
one in this place. The reason for this is, the trade is in its infancy, having
only arisen the other day. A great many firms have consigned wheat to
Karachi ; and whose names even I am not acquainted with. Since the
middle of last month the export of wheat has practically ceased to exist. I am
afraid the trade may not revive for at least two years should beneficial
rains not fall during this and next month.
Now on to para 7, as to the varieties of wheat preferred for export.
There is really but one variety of wheat available for export in this district,
that is the red sort. The classifying of wheat has been never observed or
known by either the cultivator or the trader into hard and soft ; so the red
wheat usually found here has been exported indiscriminately. In fact, tradera
have no choioe iu the matter Ia the present state of the trade s m ^J
( 85 )
only export that which is available in large quantities. In the Bombaj
market wheat (both white and red) is alwaya classified into hard and soft,
as the trade of that city has been thoroughly established many years ago*
In fact) the difference between the hard and the soft grain is very well known
by the country dealers who export wheat to Bombay city. In buying wheat
for export, traders of this place have always endeavoured to buy the grain
as free from dirt and foreign grain admixture as possible. When such
matter has been found to be excessive in any lot, traders have declined to buy
such lot. Those who have purchased wheat having an excessive amount
of foreign matter, have usually suffered losses in Karachi. I observed,
after the recent harvest^ select lots of wheat were usually brought into market,
and only such lots were purchased by export merchants, thus showing that
both the cultivator and trader came to know the kind required for foreign
markets. The local traders of late have invariably refused to buy wheat
having an excessive admixture of foreign matter, though such lots were
oflfored at verv low prices. It is, therefore, much to be regretted that the
wheat trade of this district has came to such a sudden and untimely end.
G«p7 of letter No. 291, dated 29th September ISSS.
From— W. B. Pdbsbb, Esq., Settlement OfBoer, JalaadhWr
To — The Depaiy Commiaaioner ol Jalandhar.
I have the honor to reply to your No. 847, dated 11th Jul^ last.
2. From enquiries made it appears that the dirt found m wheat is not
usually intentionally mixed with the grain, but is due to faulty garnering.
The only remedy suggested is making generally known the advantages of a
cleaner husbandry, xhe cultivators pay more attention to the clean state
of the grain they keep for their own use than of that they sell. Different
varieties of wheat are not sold together. The trader, who has little storage
room as a rule, and gets grain from various persons, mixes the varieties.
And as white wheat is dearer than red, the latter is sometimes mixed with the
former with dishonest intent. So, too, are other grains, as barley and gram,
and even dirt is sometimes mixed with the wheat to increase the weight by
traders and cultivators, who bring their grain to large markets.
3. Wheat is rarely grown with barley, and then by poor persons who
have to take mixed seed from the S&hdkar and have not time to separate the
trains, or who live from hand to mouth, and use the barley parched or made
into cakes, while the wheat is ripening, as barley matures before wheat. Gram
and wheat are commonly grown toji:ether, but only on unirrigated soils, and
those generally not first class. The object is to provide against a total
failure of the crop. If there is much ram, the wheat yields well; if tittle,
the gram gives some return ; if the rain is fair, both crops are good. I send
a statement showing the areas under—
Wheat,
Wheat and gram mixed.
Wheat and barley mixed,
as recorded at settlement measurements. The area under the first crop
is probably exaggerated at the expense of the second, as it is the regular
custom to record the latter as wheat alone, or to divide the area among
wheat and gram.
4. Weevil is generally attributed to the grain getting over-heated when
in store through want of ventilationi especially if the wheat has been damp
whoa stored.
( 86 )
to
CO
00
to
00
CO
CO
CO
09
00
to
$
to
to
o
00
CO
£<^
CO
to
00
o»
o
CO
00
CO
o
C9
^
CO
00
00
CO
Mi
CO
to
00
3
00
CO
CO
to
00
lO
00
00*
00
00
o
00
o»
n
M
01
CO
s
^rd a
IN.
00
3
^
09
tS
00
09
CO
00
o
00
CO
00
lO
G9
>^
>^
CO
S
«k
M
*o
09
*£?
O
o>
eo
00
o
c{^
hT
GQ
C9
09
00
CO
CO
09
CO
CO
oo''
00
00
00
1-4
09
00
09
00
09
09-'
8
o
3
o
( 8' )
HOSHIARPUR DISTRICT.
^'• ' '■ ■■'■
Gopy of NoU by Captain SIontqombkt, Settlement Officer, Hoshidrpur.
1. The accompanying statement shows that six kinds of wheat are grown
in the Hoshi&rpnr district^ by far the commonest kind being the red wheat
called '^ Kathi. Apparently this kind is the hardiest and best adapted for the
soils of the district, and the people say its ont-tnrn per acre is also generally
more than that of other kinds. It is frequently sown mixed with other crops,
more especially gram, and the area shown in the statement as under diis kind
of wheat indades all mixtures, which probably amount to half the total area
l^ven. One reason why mixtures are so common is the popular belief that the
total out-turn is thus generally more, and that a year that is favorable to wheat
may not be favorable to gram and vice versa, so that one crop is pretty sure of
coming to maturity. Another reason is ibat wheat and gram mixed is the
common food of the cultivator, who with his hard work in the fields requires
strong food, and is able not only to digest the mixture, but is sated with a
smaller quantity of it than of wheat alone. The other red wheat is ^* Dhamuri,''
which is coming into fashion for sowing in *^ chhal," that is, land which has
received a fertile sandy deposit. The high winds which often blow in March
are apt to lay most wheats in such soil, but the ^' Dhamuri " having a firmer root
and stalk is not so easily stirred.
2. The white wheats are the « Daud-khani," « Badanak," and '« Kanktl "
or '^ Mundri.*' The first is the best and always fetches a good price, but little
is cultivated in this district, a few villages only at the foot of the 8iwalik range
in the Dasuya tahsil being celebrated for it. It is said that Mahftrdji Banj(t
Singh used to get his wheat from here. The Badanak has a very long beard,
and is generally sown only in irrigated soils. It has a coarse stalk, and its
bhusd is not good. The original Kanku is a beardless white wheat, and it
appears to grow best in the Kandi villages along the Siw&liks. When found
farther from the hills it is of a reddish colour, and it has thus been classed
separately. It is not usually cultivated in the river-side villages, where wild
pigs abound, as they are supposed to be particidarly fond of this wheat which
has no beard to stick in their throats.
3. This cannot be called a wheat-exporting district, as nearly the whole
out-turn is required for home consumption. The ordinary cultivator does not
take much trouble about choosing his seed ; it is not unusual to find 2 or 8
kinds of wheat in one field ; and these mixtures of different species are per-
petuated bv the plan of threshing all the wheat of a holding at the same
threshing-floor. There mav be a very few careful farmers who are particular
to pick oat good ears of wheat of one kind and thresh them separately, but
they are qmte the exception ; and when a cultivator has to get nis seed from
bis money-lender, it is generally very mixed and poor in quality. Again, when
it is considered that the threshing is done in the open field on a piece of ground
merely swept dean, it is no wonder that a good deal of dirt gets mixed with
tiie grain by the time it is carried to the granary. No special cleaning is done
by the farmer, and whatever cleaning is necessary before exportation must be
done by the trader. In the best lands wheat alone is cultivated, and some-
times only one kind of wheat is found in such lands ; the mixtures of wheat
with other crops are generally found in other than the very best lands, but not
invariably, and mixtores of different kinds of wheat are common in all soils.
( 88 )
4. I have already stated tbat very little wheat is exported from i^
district, and I am therefore unable to give the information reqaired abont the
principal grain-dealers and their past transactions. I believe that the
S[anka, both white and reddish- white, is the kind most generally songht after by
traders for export| and it appears that the cultivation of this kind of wheat has
increased of late.
AMRITSAR DISTRICT.
Copy of HemoTMiidiun by B. Kioholl, Esq^ Secretary Manicipal Cosunitteei Amiitaar,
• ••••#
8. It is obviously difficult to ascertain with certainty who is responsible
for the dirty state of the grain. If the cultivator takes the precaution to plaster
the surface of threshing-floor, or to water and level the surface, the admixture
of dirt is insignificant ; where, however, this precaution is not taken, tiliere will
be a large proportion of dirt. The real remedy for removing the dirt is by
more careful winnowing by means of the ehaj ; this is no doubt neglected on
the score of expense. I think, however, the trader is as much to blame for the
presence of dirt as the cultivator, both have an interest in disposing of as much
as they can without the danger of injuring their custom. From the compari-
tive simplicity of the agriculturist, however, he is heavily handicapped when
dealing with a sharp city trader. It is therefore reasonable to infer that the
cultivator does not add dirt to the grain with the object of perpetrating a
fraud ; whatever dirt is in his grain has got there from his own want of care
in garnering it. The publication of the broadsheet suggested by Grovernment
was much approved of by the meeting. The deposit of samples at TahsiU
would, it was thought, be a useful guide to the cultivators.
4. The matter is one that will in a short time right itself. Traders «t
Karachi have to pay large sums for cleaning grain and for the freight of the
dirt in it ; the remedy is in their own hands, and they will before long adopt
it generally, that is, to clean the grain in the market where it is purchased.
Already the firm of Balli Brothers has started a purchasing agency here, and
they have set up machinery for cleaning the grain. The agent is careful to
purchase the cleanest grain in the market, and it is to the interest of the
trader and cultivator to produce the grain in as clean a state as they can. The
quantity of dust and dirt is sometimes as much as 25 to 30%. In Bombay the
allowance for mixture is 6% and in Europe 2%.
5. It is not possible to state to what extent cultivators store grain. It
was mentioned by some people present at the meeting, that the village Bhah ia
payment of his debts insists upon receiving good and clean grain, but when
seed time comes round he imposes on the cultivator mixed grain with a very
large proportion of dirt.
6. The habit of sowing wheat mixed with other crops, particularly gram,
prevails to a large extent on lands which are dependent on rain-fall, and the
motive for it is ^^ protection against the total failure of the produce."
It is a common practice to sow mixed varieties of wheat, and for the
reason that pure white wheat is not favored by the people as an article of diet,
and it has the reputation of deteriorating from the attacks Qf weevils.
( 89 )
The mixinff of the varieties occars both in the field and in the grain stores.
!E]ie difficulty of separating one from the other is so great, that no attempt to do
this on a large scale has ^en made. The pure white wheat that is grown is
intended for foreign markets.
7. As stated above, the firm of Balli Brothers of Galcnttai Bombay, and
Karachi have established an agency here under European supervision
within the last few months, for the purchase, cleaning and despatch of grain to
Europe via Karachi. The opening of a branch by another European firm
is, I believe, contemplated.
8. The following figures represent the quantity of grain imported by
the city of Amritsar during each of the past 3 years : —
Maunds.
1880-81 1,622,202
1881-82 993,144
1882-83 1,945,168
In this year the wheat imports alone exceeded 10 lacs of maunds, and
exports 5 lacs.
The kinds of wheat most preferred for export are those mentioned in para
21 of Punjab Qovernment Notification No. 10, dated 6th January 1883. The
demand is sometimes for one kind and sometimes for another : in this respect
tiie foreign markets are very fickle. On Monday morning orders are received
to buy soft white, and on Tuesday soft red, and so on,
9. The question of establishing a central grain market at Amritsar has
been under consideration for some time. In 1881 the matter was discussed by
tile Municipal Committee, but the estimate was not sanctioned. In February
of the current year the matter was taken up by the Hindu Subha, an influential
local society. The Subha agreed to build tne market provided the Qovernment
granted the land free of cost, and allowed the Subha to appropriate all income.
Half the amount required was in a short time raised by subscriptions. The
free grant of the land was not supported by the local authorities, and so the
matter has again hung fire. The opportunity of so many grain dealers and
others interested in the matter being assembled was taken to obtain their
Tiews on the subject. The unanimous opinion was that both in the interests
of the agriculturist and the city dealers, a central market was a greai neces-
sity. All the grain being collected in one place, a healthy competition would
be created. Ignorant cultivators bringing their grain to market would no
longer be the prey of petty daUU or brokers, and dharwdis, weighmen.
10. To show the importance of having a central grain market, I will
quote the opinion of Mr. Hawkins (Deputy Commissioner), extracted from
para 4 of a letter No. 102, dated 12th March 1883, addressed to the Commis-
sioner : —
'^ The advantages to tbe eity of the provision of such a market would no
" doubt be great. * • • I am myself very Ktrongly in favor of the project as
*^ the most probable means of securing commercial prosperity to Amritsar
u • 9 m I should look for future prosperity to Amritsar in the large export
'' of grain rather than to its manufactures. For this purpose I beueve it to
'^ be of the highest importance to provide all possible conveniences to suit an
^ emporium of grain.
( 40 >
'^ The export trade is already large : it will probably be ihcreaBed when
** the new Pathankote railway is open ; and the example of Cawnpore and the
'^ BQooess which has attended the establishment of a grain market there, are
*' sufficient to show how much can be done by arranging for the conTenienco
f ^ of an export trade»
GURDASPUR DISTRICT.
Extract of a letter Ko. 021, dated 7th Angast 188S,
From — ^Lieat.-Colonel Alfbbd Habooubt, Depaty Commifisioner,
To^The Commiflsioner of Settlemeiita and ▲gricaltnre, Punjab. ^
2. I called a meeting of the chief grain-merchants of the District^ and
laid before them translation of yonr Cironlar and of the Panjab Ghovemment
Notification No. 10 of 6th January 1883, and first enquired how in their
opinion cleaner, finer, and less mixed grain could ba secured for the export
trade. To this question I failed to receive any satisfactory reply, and it was
plainly evident that those concerned in the export trade had never hitherto
much troubled themselves about this matter. They learnt with some sur-
prise how the grain trade had increased in value and importance, but they
nardly seemed to see the necessity for their taking action wiUi regaid
to securing cleaner and less mixed grain.
3. And here the circumstances of the District have to be borne in
mind. The people, that is the agriculturists, are heavily involved. From
enquiries I made when reporting on sugarcane cultivation, it seems that
f of the zamindars are deep in the Banniah's books, and from what has been
ascertained during the investigation into the license-tax objections, it is clear to
me from the vast number of bonds theobjoetors produced, that the agricultural
classes are in very embarrassed circumstances. The result is, the majority of
them live from hand to mouth, and as long as they can tide over the evils of
the present they think little of the future. This being so, they are careless in
their field operations, and knowing the Bunniah will take their grain as they
choose to give it him, that is, as he has always received it, with a certain pro-
portion of dirt and inferior grain mixed with the good grain, he cares little
for all these schemes for improving the trade. Unquestionably, in this district
at any rate, it is the agriculturist who gamers the grain in a dirty state, but
doubtless in some instances the adulteration takes place after the grain has
reached the exporter's (I mean the district exporter's) hands.
4. In my opinion it is useless to hope that the agriculturist will be
more careful. When he has gathered his grain, he leaves it in the open, for such
a custom as the placing it under a covered shed is unknown, and lying exposed,
as it does, it is defiled by the droppings of birds and by the storms of dust
that blow over the plains in the hot season. What the agriculturist keeps, and
what the Bunniah keeps when he has received his dues, is, if not sent ofif at once,
which is seldom the case, put into khataa in the earth on a sort of ensilage
system. At first the grain is good enough, but, either from the imperfectioa
of the soil or from damp getting in a certain part of the store, becomes affected.
( 41 )
lis, hpweyer, is 8d far iismedied that the bad grain is mixed with the aooii
andy at any rate for a timei thia adulteration escapen detection, Sach adnltera-
iions do not, I think, take place with the grain intended for immediate export.
Sach as the grain is thep, it is sent away, but what remains, if snbseqnently
required for export and tiiis has become damaged, is mixed up with the good
grain and so disposed of.
6. In ihis district there are no large grain markets into which oereab
ure daily imported, and fron^ which they are daily exported* The Sahnkara
take delivery of what is due to them from the agriculturist, and as I said
before, what they can't export at once, they bury in the earth. Our chief
markets are at JBat&la, Dinanagger, Pathankot, and Srigobindpur.
6. As to the habit of sowing wheat mixed with other crops, I gather
^at this is never the custom in canal-watered lands. In Barani lands this
practice is very generally adopted, in the hope that if the wheat crop fail the
other crop may succeed. In so far as I can learn after a good deal of
enquiry, 1 find mixed varieties of wheat are never sown, so that if this mixing
occurs, it must take place subsequently, either by the cultivator or the grain
merchant.
7 . No arrangements of any sort or kind have been introduced in tho
district by the grain dealers with the object of cleaning the grain before its
4espatch for export. Kor have any agencies for the despatch of grain ia
large quantities been established in this district I particularly urged on the
meeting the advisability of these agencies being established, and those pre*
sent appeared to understand how advisable it would be to arrange for such.
8. I append heirewith fL brief account of the principal grain marts of
the district, with iheir tranactions for the past 3 years, but me informatioa
Ihave obtained is not absolutely reliable, and probably the amounts given are
much understated. They are so for the reason that if it were known that
particular persons acknowledged to large exports, these persons would feac
their license-tax assessments would be .increased,. aud the oread of this keepa
back much information.
9. Batala is the largest and most important town in the district* Its
wheat exports within the last 8 years are said to be as beloTf :— »
To Karachi 37,000 maunds,
To Amritsar 10,000 maunds,
To Shahpur district 5,000 maunds.
The exporters to Karachi were Sundi Eoda, Duni Chund, Bala, Gurditfa
i^nd Moula ; to Amritsar were Kishen, Lallu Mall, HiraNand, Pheru Mai, and
Eundan ; and Uiose to Shahpur district were two men of the name of KsiU
Bam.
10. In Dinanaggar there are no actual grain dealers, but the people
from the hills come down and invest in the grain brought in from without*
Pardewe Singh, agent to Thakur Singh and Kashmira Singh at Sahowal,
is said to have exported 12,000 maunds within the last 3 years, and it is fur-
ther reported that one Sunt Bam sent 2,000 maunds of wheat within the
same period to Shahpur district.
11. The Sahuk&rs of Pathankot do not send out their wheat, but I am
informed that Pardewe Singh took wa^jSfiQO naudds of wheat to Amritsar
( 42 )
8 years a^. The wheat coming into this town Is of excellent qnalitjr^ and t
fancy it is almost entirely consumed in iiie iMme market.
12. The Srigobindpar SahnUrs keep very large stores of wheat by
them and have {he reputation of refasing to sell till prices rise. Bhag HaU
and Ma£hra Dass are repoited toliave sent wlieat by river to Karachi, Bat
I learn the traders here entertain a prejadice against sending their wheat to
England. Witbin the last 3 years it is stated 100,009 mannds of wheat
have been despatched from Srigobindpnr and its neighbnring viilages to
Amritsar and KarachL
13. I see littie prospect of the wlieat trade progressing satisfactorily
under the present sjutom. The zamindar who cnltivates is not sufficiently
intorested in the matter to do what is necessary towards keeping his stock
olean and free from inferior grains, and the Sahukar, satisfied with the large
profits he 88 it is realizeS| and wedded besides to an old and vicious groove,
will take no trouble to secure the detfpatoh of sweet pure grain to the port of
export. We can, I am sure, expect nothing from the cultivator, wlio will
always go on very much as he does now. The only remedy is for large and
wealthy firms to take up the export trade and have meir agencies at the gi^eat
wheat-growing centres where sheds conld be erected, and appliances for dean-
ing the grain could be at hand. Then much might be effecfted. 'There is
room for a handsome profit even after such expenditure bas been incurred,
in order to secure the elimination of all dirt and inferior grains from the
collected supplies. And I think that if it were possible to secure the interest of
large and respectable firms in the export trade of the wheat-growing districts,
the humbler merchants and traders would in time understand that tliey must
be driven completely out of the market^ did they not more carefdrly coasider
the requirements 4s>f the District.
SIALKOT DISTRICT.
Heme, dated 9ik AtigaSt 1888, by Major J. B. Hutchinsos; B.S.C., OSg. Dy. Oommioftoaer.
2. The finer sorts of wheat are cultivated in good land irrigated from
Does the oaltirator welb. About 4 copious waterings, besides the usual
garner the graki in a dirtj amount of rain, are considered sufficient for the pro-
*ate? ductlon of a good cTo]>.
Afber the crop is cut, it is tied up into sheaves and left on the ground
antil the threshing floor is ready. In some cases tbe threshing-floor is pre-
?ared on hard uncultivated land carefully cleared of all loose mud, dirt, &c.
'he grain threshed on such ground contains but little grit or dust. As a
general rule, however, a portion of the field, from which the crop has just been
taken, is levelled, cleaned,and made up into a threshing floor. The grain threshed
in such places is necessarily dirty, containing small pebbles, grit, bits of mud,
ftnd dust, which get mixed up by the treading of the cattte and men employed
in threshing the corn on the loose and friable soil of which the threshing-floor
is made up ; much of the dust is got rid of in separatiDg the (bhtlsa) ohaff
hom the grain, but the pebbles ftc« remain.
C 43 )
Besides thid^ the seed of wild grasses and weeds, whicli are spontaneonsTy
prodaoed in the wheat field, are often found mixed up with wheat. The wild
^l^rains are looally known as "Bhiigit/* "PiAzi," '^jCannii^"and "Harwiri.'*
The raiti vator picks out these wild plants, bnt does not weed them out altogether ^
many of them come to maturity, are onV ftod- threshed out with the wheat. To
this extent, therefore, the wheat is garnered in a dirty statie by the producer.
3. Dirt is not mixed by the cultivator before it goes into the mavket..
Does the xmltivator mix I^ ^^ ^^^ dirty only to the extent noted above. No
dirt with tho gram taken particular trouble is taken by the cuflavator to deaa
to the market t jje grain after threshing.
4. It i» pretty generally known that grain is dirtied after it passes into
la ih imki af liuT Kv hauds of the Sahukir or grafn dealer,, who storea-
the deiOer f" «Irtied by j| j^^ Haeha houses,, where more mudy dust, and other-
foreign matter get mixed up with the grain. Somer
grain dealers, it is asserted, actually adulterate wheat by adding mud, grit &o.
to increase the weight. It is also well known that the Sahukdr, or village
banker, generally takes possession of the grain as soon as it is threshed. Tho
cultivator seldom markets his own gram, or can afford to clean it und stoire it..
5. The Sahukar takes no particular care to store the different kinds oF
wheat separately, or in a clean state. AIL the graia.
ingmaini' °*""^®'®'"*^'' which he becomes possessed of bvpuvchase,. or in-
payment of his debts, from the cultivator, generally
in small quantities, is thrown indiscriminately into his store-room. Sometimes-
from want of space, or other reasons, he does net even hesitate to mix wheat
and barley. From the time he storeaup the gsain till he semovesit for sale^
he never attempts to air it, or clean it.
6. Export tradera do not pure&ase from tho
Bxport dealers. producer^ bat from^ the Sahukar or other dealers in
grain, who keep grain stores^
7. The remedies against the admixture ef wheat with other grainar
Bemediesinthe hanit ol and dirt rest, in the first instance, with the cultivator^
eoltiTatorf. and are as follows : —
1. The seed should be carefully picked and cleaned for sowing;
2.. All wild grains,, grasses &c., should be carefully picked and weeded^
out of the field.
3; The threshing-floor ^ould be made on properly consolidated, hard^
elean giound, and never on loose or ploughed land.
4. After the chaff ia blown out, all pebbles> mud Ac, should bo carefully
picked out.
5. The cultivator should be advised to clean the grain with the greatest
care, and the benefit he would therebv derive should Be crearly pointed out
to him. This might be easily done wita the help of Zaildars and Lambar-
dars. At present the cultivator is somewhat indifferent, he does not consider
it worth his while to bestow more than the ordinary amount of labor, or te
take any special means to clean hia grain, seeing that the Siihuk&r who
buys his grains (for he is seldom able to- market his produce himself) ia
Mt paitiodar e& thia pointi and doea not remoMrate him for any extra labor
( *4 )
or expense he may incur in cleaning the grain. When (he grain is iihieshed out,
a nnifonn rate is fixed, and, cleaned or nnoleaned, the crop is pnrohased up '
at one fixed rate. The Sahuk&r collects clean aild durty gram all in the same
atore.
HemedUs wMoh the 8. The remedies which the gndn dealer should
fiahakir slidald take adopt are ^-»
1. Greater care in storing grain in a clean stato.
S. To store the different kinds of wheat separately and not to alio W
wheat to be mixed with other grains, such as gram or barley,
8. The wheat .store should be thoroughly aired, the grain cleaned once
or twice a year, — ^at least once, after the rains, to prevent damage from mildew,
weevils &o. ; the house should be carefully cleaned out before the grain is
replaced in it The oftener the grain store is aired, the better.
9. The practice of sowing mixed grain is generally resorted to in
_ ^. . , . . inferior and unirrigated land, to guard against total
gr^? "^"^ imi^r^ ^^^ ^ secure a better yield, especiall:y' after
the sowing season for wheat has passea. It is esti-
mated that about -^th of the wheat produced is from mixed grain. Two or
three kinds of grain are mixed with wheat. When two or three kinds of
wheat are mixed and sown, the produce is known as ^' Gidar.'' The produce
of wheat and barley mixed is termed ^^ Goji" ; of wheat, gram and barleyi
*' Berera." These mixed grains are sold cheap, but they are chiefly cultivated for
home consumption. In good safe land mixed grains are not sown except in
rare instances, when it is too late to sow wheat by itself. It is not a oommon
practice for the cultivator to mix grain of different sorts for sowing. It hap-
pens when a cultivator has no seed of his own and is obliged to resort to the
grain dealer, that he gets niixed grains from the store and sows it in that state.
10. No special arrangements have yet been made by grain dealers in
KothiDg has been done ^^ District in view to cleaning the grain for export.
hf the gnaia-dealere to Grain for export is, however, cleaned to a certain
deaa grain for export. extenl^ by the removal of insects &c. before exporta-
tion. It is, I think, hopeless to expect much improvement in the cleaning of
the wheat exported untu the emortors themselves have learnt, by expeiiencet
ihe advantages of exporting only such Wheat as has been thoroughlv cleaned
and sorted. This they win soon do. They will then look to the dealers to
supply clean wheat, wno in their turn will look to the cultivator. Ultimatelj
ihe work will fall on th$ cultivator, who will find out that dealers will not
Surchase any but the cleanest grwi. Advice can and will be given by die
iltricft ^fficifkls during Hx^ix cold weather tours to all Zaildars and Lambar-
dars, but such advice will never be listened to until the exporters move in the
matter.
11. An agency for the export of wheat to Sakkar and Kairachi h^
irewaffenoietforexDori recently been established at Pasrtir by one Ditta
^ ^ Shah, a Bbabra. Tlxe transactions of this agency
are not as yet very extensive.
13. Xbe principal mart for wheat in ihe District is the town of Sialkol^
Oraiii marts. where it is known as the " Kanak-mandL" Moeit
of the wheat produced ia &e Pistrict i» collected
( 45 )
here for ^ii posal. Hbere are smaller marts, of which a list is given in the
• KUU SobhaSiogh, TmuT. Zfarwl, DMka, W*d. ^^Jg^^^* jf^^^ between three
alia, Jamki. MitranwaU, Kandan Sean, Gttartal, and fonr thousand maunds of
Gojra, Samriai, Bhopalwala, BegowAia^ Sahowaia, wheat change hands annnallr.
Sindhawalla, MnndekBi L^deh, Bambawala, Hand-
raawalla, Dhamoke.
13. The demand for export to Enrobe seems to be for the varieties of
^ . , . , ^, wheat known as " Dtear Waddnak " «nd the •* Nikki
exjort to'suroi 1*1/' «nd ^ » ▼««7 8°^ «tent for "Ediij Waddnak."
14. Large qoantities of wheat are exported from the District to Go jran-
BzporU to other plaoM. ^^f Lahore, Rawalpindi and Jammn. Probably
^ much of the grain sent to Gujranwala and Lahore
nltimateljr finds its way to the export towns for shipment to Europe.
15. It is difficult to form an estimate of the wheat transactions of the
,^ ^ , ^ . past years, and traders are very backward to supply
paTy^""^^^ information on this point. ^ ^
Ual of grain deidtn. Distric*' is ttt^hSd ^^^ ^^^^^ "^^
( 46 )
of gravifdeaim^B m (he JBialtct didrid.
Ko.
1
sr
8
4
<
»
10
11
12
IS
14
16
Id
IT
la
19
so
21
ss
S8
84
26
26
27
28
29
80
81
82
83
84
86
86
37
88
89
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
60
61
62
63
64
66
66
67
68
69
60
61
63
63
64
66
Town or Tillage.
Nam of Dealen.
No.
•••
•••
•••
•••
•••
•••
•••
•••
Sialkot
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Rftohftmb
Ditto
Bagraj
Penohak
Ditto
Ditto
Mirsa •»•
Ditto
Ditto
Partabwall
Laddar
Bhekekay
Ohannti M6m ...
Chak Gilla ...
Targah ••.
Ditto
KotU Amir All...
Aoraa .»•
Ditto ...
Raipnr •••
Bagwal
Ditto
Ditto
Ooadimr ••.
Ohitti SbeikliaB,
Kallah
Kabpar
I Nnsiral •••
' Ditto
Ahdah •••
KotDaaka
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
DaakaEhaa
Ditto
WudaUa
Ditto
Jaunkej
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Hitranwali ...
Ditto
Ditto ••.
Eandanaean ...
Ditto
•••
••*
•••
• a.
•••
•••
•••
• ••
•••
•••
•••
•••
• ••
• ••
• •*
•••
66 Ghurthul
Qopal Skiglw
Kurm Dad,
»herAlli«
Oobind.
NathaaodMotniddi.
B[irpaRaiiL
Ram Naraiiu
Qhnaita.
Deva Bingk*
Jewaa Lai.
Moti and Hen^
BaggaShah.
8hama»
Qanda.
Nekkah.
Luchmaa Shalw
Onrditta Bhah.
Jowalalu
Wadawa
Malah.
Garmak Singh.
Sham. Bioglw
Bun Singh*
Mooialk
Saiditta.
Peraaddaoft Daa»
Nehal Siogh.
Ganda Singh.
Jowahir Sin|^
HwaShalu
Batah.
Nafaal Bineb,
Bnrah Shi3i»
Deviditta .
Ifotiiam.
Nathn Shah^
Gangaram.
Sakram Shahb
Ghnkkn Shah,
Ami Chnn^
Thakor.
Gangn Shah*
AmraShah.
MadhoShah.
Hakim Shah.
Sndda Shah.
Tarah Shah.
OhambahShah.
Basar Singh.
Myah Shah.
Borah Shah.
JoydyaL
Honah Shah*
Ohnnd.
Bnlda Shah.
Jomynt Roy.
MahashaShah.
Dalo Sbah.
Ganda Shah.
Nanak Chnnd.
Lnkha Shah.
Attar Ohand.
Bur Singh.
Atma Singh.
Jewnn Shah.
Thaknr Shah.
67
68
69
70
71
72
78
74
76
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
Town or Tillage.
k
Name of DeaTen;
84
86
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
10»1
102
103
104
106
106
107
108
106
110
111
112
113
114
116
116
VI 17
118
119
Ifi
122
123
124
126
126
127
128
129
•••
•••
•••
•«•
•«•
...
•••
Ghnrthol
Ditto
Gojray ...
Samrial
Ditto
Ditto
Bhupalwala
Ditto
Bagowala
Ditto
Shahowala
Ditto
Mandakay
Ditto
Loday .••
Bombawala
Ditto
Ifandrawala
Ditto
Larki ...
Ditto
Dhamokay
MandoalMi ...
jKotli Nawab
] SadallaKhan,
Senewala
Sarankay
Ditto
Faamr ...
Jadhala
Kajibbarsng
Obnr Manda
Seranwali
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Sattra ...
Ditto
Noaar ...
Obeawali
I Feroska
Jndhealla
Maaahpar
Ohar monda
Bankhatra
Ditto
Ditto
Bal
Ditto
Mollowala
Mebal Jand
Bbartal
Sankbattra ...
Jandiala Kolaa,
Ditto
Ditto
Barayntho
Malakpar
Meani ...
Narowal
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Juatiir ••«
•••
•••
••.
••a
•*•
• ••
.»•
• a.
.«•
• •.
.«.
.••
••r
Melaramv
Xotiram.
Sander Daa..
Ralda Shah.
If onah Sbah^
Jamyat RaL
Gopal Shah.
Zntear.
Hakom Singtt^
Narain Das.
Shnnknr Daa.
SbamahBhah*.
Jewan.
MyaDaa.
r Kaim Chnnd..
Malah Shah.
Deyiditta.
DitBhah.
Gangaram.
Hakim Shah*.
Heerab.
Jowahir Bhah*.
DnteSbabi
i DoTidyaL.
Jhondab.
Karm Ghnnd|.
Dittal^iah.
Malah 8bah»
Lndba Sbatu
Lnkha Sbahte
Oola Singhw
KalttSbi£.
GaneA Daa.
Bhola Singh»
Bsbnr Daa.
Neballa Shah.
Monah Sbah.
Gbaaita.
Baiaakha Singlk
KanahShah.
Neballa Shah..
MeahShah.
OoplNath.
Ananta Bhah*
€k>kaL
Wadawa Sbah».
Santa Sbah.
Jhnnda Singh*
Gopi Shah.
Bhabo Shah.
Tarah Sbalk
Mnatak andNehalla^
Wadawa.
Lehna and Ghanesba.
IDeviditta and Jowali^
Shah,
hanab MolL
Bagab Sbah.
OaTaaksafar.
Bnayat AIL
GalamSadik.
Marad Ali.
miUBbah.
( 47 )
LAHORE DISTRICT.
Bxtrnct of » letter No. 2205, dated 22nd August 1888.
From — W. O. Clabk, BBqnire, Deputy CommiMioner, Lahore.
To^The Commiaeioner of Settlements and Agriculture, Punjab.
The grain nierohanis I have oonsalted have told me that three kinds of
i?heat are exported from thia district, and known in the English market aa—
1. White, soft ... ■« Ghoni Daudkhani.
2. Red, soft ... = Lai.
3. Bed and white, hard = Badanak.
The white soft is the most valuable.
2. In reference to para. 4, 1 am assured that no dirt is added inteDtionaI|jr
by either cultivator or trader. The harvesting floor is of mud, and as the
grain is trodden out by cattle, dirt naturally gets into the grain. Winnowing
is done with the common chhaj^ and this is not good for getting rid of dirt,
which is heavy, and is dependent upon the strength of the wind. Barley can-
not be separated from wheat by any process. I think we may look to the
large dealers for cleaning their grain. The firm of Dina Nath-Sheo Pershad
in Lahore have some six winnowing machines, some procured from England
at a cost of £50 (in England), and some from Rarrachi (made there) at a cost
of Bs. 130 delivered in Lahore. Sheo Pershad says that the £50 machine
will, if worked continuously, clean 1,500 maunds in 24 hours, employing 12
men to work it, and that the refuse varies from 2 to 3 per cent. I think it is
hopeless to expect the cultivators to clean their grain sufficiently for export,
and that this division of the work falls properly to the trader.
3. In reference to para. 5, the habit of sowing wheat mixed with other
grains prevails only to a small extent. It is common on poor unirrigated land,
the object bein^, if rain fails for wheat, to have a chance of getting the other
•crop. Not mucn care is taken in the prevention of mixing of different varieties
'Of wheat ; it is done by the traders. It will be discussed in another paragraph.
4. In reference to paras. 6 and 7, the large grain dealers are procuring
winnowing machines from England and Karrachi. The largest grain dealers in
Lahore, Mandu Mall-Nehal Chand, and Dina Nath-Sheo Pershad, have agents
,in England, and despatch grain according to telegraphic orders from England.
One Sarkat Ram is said to do a large business in Lahore : he gets advances
from Karrachi to carry on the business. Agents from Shikarpur and Scind
generally go about the district and into the villages and make purchases. Tw9
agencies have been established in Kasur.
5. On a consideration of the whole question, the chief flaw in the graij]^
business seems to me to rest with the small grain dealers, in the fact that they
very generally mix up all the grain they get from their difiereut cultivator^
and then strike one rate for all the grain, paying the same rate to all the culti-*
vators irrespective of the quality, kind, or cleanliness of the wheat, ^ho fp^*-
lowing itf reported to be the common practice : The dealers collect all their
grain in one common granary up to a certain date (the 2()th '^ Jeth/' known
as " Nimaui Ikudashi"), and then they fix a general rate. When cultivators get
( 48 )
the same rate irrest>ective of qnalitj, kind atid dirt, they cannot be expected to
take trouble in regard te (hese matters. It is easy to point out a flaw, but to devise
a snccessful remedy is difficult. rhstrucUonB pointing out the advantages (1)
of keeping the diirerent varieties of wheat separate ; (2) of paying each culti-
vator according to the nature of his ivheat ; (3) the importance of using clean
unmixed seed (the grain-deiEiler gives generally back the same mixed whea^
for seed) might be of use. Probably ttiore could be done by attention to the
8eed1;han in any other Way.
6. I asked Mr. Pavy, who is engaged in the grain trade at LahorOi to
give nie the benefit of hils experi^c^, and he has kindly given men short
memo, in answer to the circular, which I a)>piend in^iriginaL He says mixing
the kinds of wheat is done to secure- a better general rate. If a trader gets a
bigger gross price by mixing the good and bad things than by selling them
separately, nothing will prevent him from doing so. This question will pro-
bably settle itself by the laws of political economy. It is a question of the prices
of tne different kinds of wheat, and these will vary amongst themselves
according to the demand for each kind.
Copy of a letter, dated 23rd Jaly 1883.
From— M. E. Payt, Rsqaire,
To — The Depaty Comini»6ioner> Lahore.
"With reference to yours of 19th inst. I give 3'ou below what little informa*
tion I can. The practice of mixing is carried on to a great extent both by
*^ banias" and cultivators. For example, in a district like Changa Manga, where
nearly all the wheat grown is soft white, if a cultivator happens to have, say,
200 maunds of soft red wheat, he agrees with another cultivator, who has 200O
' maunds of soft white wheat, to mix the two, so as to get a better price for his small
quantity, and " banias" having a stock of good wheat in hand, for which there
is a great demand, buy infetior quality to mix and so increase the quantityi
and get a good average price for it.
The mode of threshing is also very detrimental to com, as the grain gete
trodden into the ground, and bi-uised by the feet of the bullocks^ and when
swept up there is, of course, a large mixture of earth.
In districts where there is sufficient irrigation, either from canals, or a
•good well, and where the soil is also favourable, rapeseed and com are invari-
ably cultivated together, ad the rapeseed ripens first and is cut before the whcMit
is fully grown.
The present system of cleaning is either by hand, or a winnowing
machine.
I have endeavoured to answer the questions put in the enclosed Circular
as far as possible. K fear, however, you will find some difficulty in obtaining
much information from European or even native exporters with regard to the
best markets and the best mode of preparing for export, as it would hardly
be to their interests to let it be known where and how they obtain and cleaa
tbeir cOnsigiimeutS; as, of course, there is a good deal of competition*
( « )
GUJRANWALA DISTRICT;
Extract of a letter Ko. 324, dated 24th Jaly 1888.
From— B. W. Tkaffobd, Eiqoire, Deputy OonimiBBioner of Onjr^w&Ifli
To— The Commiaaioner and Superintendent, Lahore Division.
• •••••
8. Agrictilhirists should be indnoed to sow cleaner^ finer, and nnmuced
grain seeds, the threshing-floor should be carefolly
Xeply to para 2, question L prepared, and wheat of each kind should be separately
threshed, cleaned, and stocked. After this the firms
of merchants storing wheat should be induced to store wheat of each kind in
separate granaries ; the grain should be aired and cleaned after the rains in the
month of September always.
3. The suggestions that samples of the different classes of wheat reoog-
_ , ^ » ^ nized bjr the English trade should be made availabTa
llS^m.'^^ '"* "^ for inspeotion in each tahsil and at each principal
mart, and the distribution of a broadsheet to all
samindars urging the cultivation of better wheat and its better preparation
and preservation for the market, are good, and likely to improve the cultivation
of wneat*
• •••••
5. With reference to para 4, 1 beg to report that the finer kinds of wheai
ean only be cultivated on land irrigate by wells. It has been ascertained
that the cultivators garner their grain in a dirfy state, but they do not add
dirt when the grain is sent to market.
The remedies suggested in para 2, if carried out, primarily will improve
the wheat garnered for export. At present both the cultivators ana the
traders are indifferent to the proper cleaning of the grain. In this district
no cultivator is reported to store nis grain. Cultivators as a rule make over
their produce to the shopkeepers.
6. In regard to para 6, it has been ascertained that barley or gram are
Snerally sown mixed with wheat, but not to any great extent in this district,
ixed wheat with other crops are sown for the consumption of poor peopl^
and for payment of wages in kind to servants, as also for home consumption.
It is generally resorted to on Barani land or inferior surplus irrigated land,
or sown as a second crop. It is not common to sow mixed ctifferent varieties of
wheat in this district, but shopkeepers sometimes sell mixed wheat from their
grain-stores for sowing purposes.
7. Qrain dealers have not up to the present time introduced any arrange-
ments with the object of cleaning grain before its despatch for export.
Grain-merchants clean their own wheat at Gujranwala bv machinery
before despatch to Karachi. No agencies have been established in this dis«
trict for export of wheat direct to Europe.
8. No correct account of the wheat transactions for the past three years
is known beyond this, that wheat was formerly exported principally towards
Peshawar for Cabul, but this year about eleven lacs of rupees worth of wheat
is said to have been exported to Karachi.
The wheat exported were of the varieties known as Wadanak ahlt
or Lal^ shown as Nos. 1 and 2 in the descriptive list for this district.
( »o 3
RAWALPINDI DISTRICT.
Hemo on ike condition and qnalitj of wheat available for «zport in tbe BawalpiacU Dbtxiet^
byt-X. B. Stbsdmak, Esq., Settlement Oi&cer Rawalpindi.
1. Ther« are m thia district very few grain merchants who do export
Xxport nwrchanta. business on a Urge scale. The wheat prodaoed ia
&is district is mostly consumed in the district, a
targe quantity being re(}uired to supply Uie Rawalpindi cantonment and city
and the Murree hill station. In fact it is probable that in most years wheat
has to be impertei.
8. To seoure a supply of wheat in dean condition suitable for export to
Europe, the following measures might be adopted. Priaes should be given
by the District Committee to large landowners for cleaning Aeir grain, and
the Tahsildars and members of the Committee should urge the zemindars of
ihe district to keep their grain as clean and unmixed as possible and to
explain the advantages of such treatment. Priaes might be given at the time
4)f the horse-fair, for the best samples of wheat, care hding twen to ascertaia
tinat they fairly represent the grain held by the exhibitor.
3. Both zemindars and grain-dealers mix dirt with their grain, and the
addition is made to increase the weight and bulk, and
with tiie^^Sn.^ *ber©bv to seoure a higher price. At present zemin-
dars do not understand that to keep their grain clean
cian be of any advantage to them. If thev could be made to understand this,
and if as a matter of fact clean samples obtained higher prices, they would m
time, it is believed, take care to keep their grain as clean as possible* At
present the only grain about which any trouble is taken, is that used for seed.
Grain-dealers in this district take little or no.notice of the grain being
dean or not. Probab^ all grain that comes to otarket contains much tho
same amount of dirt, as it is all threshed and winnowed on a uniform plan*
If, therefore, only a few zemindars deaned their grain they would not get a
higher price for i^ for it would not be worth a grain-dealer^s while to buy
small quantities of clean grain and pay a higher price, the balk of the grain
purchased by him being dirty.
4. In this District it may be said that wheat is never sown mixed with
,^^ , , other crops. Taramira is grown on the boundaries.
witK*he? cio^'^ »°d banks of fields of wheat, but is always harvested
separately. A little sarshaf is also sown at times
with wheat, but this is always pulled up green, before the wheat is ripe and
used as fodder. Here and there on lapara lands mixed wheat and barley are
sown, but the area is utterly insignificant. It is not usual to sow a second
crop with wheat ^' as a protection against total failure of produce, '' and in the
hope that if the season is unfavorable for the one it may suit the other crop.
As far as possible difierent varieties of wheat are not sown together in
this district. ^' Ratti ^' is the wheat generally sown, and it is not mixed with
other kinds. White and red wheat are never mixed.
5. No. arrangements have been made in this district for cleaning and
winnowing grain before its despatch for export, nor
IKaarrangementflforclean* have any agencies been established for purchase of
Ing grain in thia Witrici» wheat for export. What grain was exported was
and no export agonciei. ^j^^g^ purchased by brokers from Amritsar and
Lahore.
( 51 )
6. There are na ffreat maris in tbe (fistrici^ and I am informed tbafr
TnA f DiBtrio* before this year wheat was never exported to Europe..
A very large quantity of oil seeds^ ooth Sarsfaaf and
Taramira, were bott^rht vpaad exported diHrkig May — Septraober^ but eompara--
tively little wheat.
Vo. U82r diOed 16(b Deoamhot I98a.
From— B. B. STXSBMAir,. Esquiref Settlement Officer BMmlpiiidL
To — The Depttl^ CTommiBsioner, Bawalpindi,
In continuation^ ef my No. 1142 of 3rd November, I have the honor Up
forward a statement showing quantity of grain and seeds exported from thi»
district by the Punjab Northern State Railway during the 5 months ending
September last It will be seen that the estimated export entered in para $
of my memo is not v^ry accurate, and I should be obligeelby your forwarding
thia statement oa t» the CcHzmussiooer of (Settlements aod Agrleultiire^Flmjfib :s
( 52 )
OO
«s
«8
I
i
a
s
M
It
_^ CO
SI
8
fa ^
to
5
sl
s
1^
It
^ C 5 "
Ok M e
I b.: S. & S_
(= s •*
JS S «'
'' 8 Jg S •<■
I S §
3 «
S S 3 S S S S : S;
M to CP »^ 00 04 •
2.
|8 £:3 :SSSS
2 ^* •• t^- cC fcJ S* S 2
;3
I
: : S S : 5§^ •* S :
• • • ef M kJ^ •
04 00 ^
li
12 CO to o» o«
S 3 S S 9
S
•^ 04 ^ 0«
CO
§
H
3 &: S
S ^ eS lo .
r^i? €4 ^ ^ OJ* 04
^0000*Htpo4^cDeo
'2£««40»0*-«^SS
afe«C4<o^ioe3SS
S ef of eT <o Ff
.sS >d <-•
'S Ok b*
§ & 3 9 S
S- '^ 1 1 «i
^^ CO ^« fl>
o»
1 ^
I
_^ CO fH CO
i-« t^ CO ««
CO -
s
04
9 8
S ^ *^. *
■4 ^ t»
1
s
t
*j»
I
«
t
1
I. . I
-I I
•3 A n
HI v^ mm im
1 I 1 -^
S iS 4 S
Pi
i
t
&
t a
I &. R : § §
•O
&
!
I
o»
to
CO
2^
3
o»
9
5"
S
S5
00
■o
( 53 )
GUJRAT DISTRICT.
Bxtnet of a letter No. 1069, dated 26th October 1888.
JTrom— G. L. Smith, Bsqaiie, OOg, Depaty CommiMioner, Onjrat,
To— The Commissioner of SetUementa and Agrioaltare Punjab.
As regards para 4, enqairj lias led me to the oonolosion thai Utile more
in the matter of cleaning the wheat can be expected from the zemindars than
is now done. This mast be done by the large merchants. No one intention-
ally mingles dirt with the wheaiy but that a good deal shoold remain mixed
with it is inevitable from the imperfect means for cleaning at the disposal of
the zamindars. The custom now is to pick out ilie hardest spot thej can
find conveniently near the field (generally a portion of the high road which
is beaten hard by traffic), and having swept it and made it perfectly clear of
all dirt but a little dost, they have the grain trodden oat by bnllockS; but
snch a process must necessarily work up a little of the earth floor into
dost ; and a lot more must also be borne in by the wind. Some few leep
with earth the threshing-floor, but it is doubtful whether this is any improve-
ment on the more simple prooesS| in fact it is probably only resorted to when
a fine piece of grouna cannot he found. A sound and fine grass plot would
be the best of ail, but such are only available in damp places, such as the side
of chhambs, and therefore they can never be generally resorted to. The ordi-
nary process only cleans the grain so far as to leave about 2 per cent of dirt
in it. To eliminate this would require so much trouble and almost skill, that
it seems as if it must be left to tne merchants who can afford winnowing
machines to do it. There does not seem any objection to this, as if it must be
done by some one, it is best it should be done by the cheapest method, which
no doubt is that of the machine. For their own consumption the zemindars
give the wheat one more cleaning after it has left the threshing-floor, but
this being done in small quantities and by the women of the family, can receive
detailed attention which it is hopeless to look for in more extended operations.
As regards para 5, 1 find that it is a very common custom here to sow
wheat mixed with other crops. The object is partly to obviate a total failure
of the produce, but principally, I am told, to keep it from the clutches
of the Danja creditor, and so to retain it for the private consumption
of the coltivaior and his family. The banya can make nothing or the
mixture, and therefore takes out his debt in the purer wheat, but from the
nature of things only a small amount of land is thus cultivated with mixed
crops by each mdividual, and from the manner in which it is retained it does
not affect the market or the question at issue. But as regards minng the
difiarent sorts of wheat, this is very usual also : the cause of such a practice is
partly (as in the case above) to obviate a total failure (for some kinds of
wheat require more rain than others), and partly because no pains are ever
taken to keep the sorts separate ; they are mixed at all stages from the seed
upwards. This has resulted from Uiere being hitherto no attention directed
to the subject, nor any particular object in keeping them separate : in other
words no demand for the pure article ; but now that this demand has arisen^
Md ia ft most miaked maaQer. doubtleBS attentioa will bo direoted to ^
( 54 >
matter with benefioiij^ reBidts,^ wd a]mi47 I hvn that there is a markeJ
demand arising for pore seed« Wheo onoe tiie himyaa begin to ask for m
Eare product and to pay at higher rates, for soil^ no doubt it wiU not be long;
efore a supply will amve to meet it The asemindars are quite soffioientl/
alive to their interests for this.
As regards para 6, the onjj special arrangements that hare been made in
this district for cleaning grain^ is that a machine has been set up Cor this pur-
pose at the railway-station^ But with the exception of this dealer^ the rest
send their grain to KaracUy to be. there cleaned by a machine* They are
alive to the loss they thereby incuTi and wiU probably take steps to mak»
machine^ more general.
The cUef local traders and their transaotiona^ are noted below :-—
1» Doulatshah Puri of Qi\)rat»
2. B%jkour of Pharowal.
8. LiichiQaQda^ of Saroki
i^ Ei^pya Shah of Diogah.
6. JawaUadi^ ojf Kadirabad*
These traders keep very large stores of grain, and f6r the most part se8
to the tra4ers of Lahore, Jhelam, &.c.; to some extent they trade directly with
Karachi. One trader has bought wheat of the purer sort for export ta Europe^
to die value it is believed of about Bs. 45,000, smce March of the current year^
and Mr. Pavy, wheat merchant of Lahore, has transactions here.
The following traders have lately sent, tuf wheat of the fineit sort to.
Ejtfachi| for export to JSoropei vur >-^.
Asanand of Karachi •«• 15,000
Ghetan of Shikarpur .,. ••• 10,000
Buiar, through Kirparam of Lahore. •• 10,000
Tahir Mahomed of Karachi 15,000
In oondusioB, I woiddaddthat in any oassu but especially when it ooma*^
to. such large transactions sa these, the trade, wnich demands every fostering
cpure that can be given it, should on no account be saddled with the heavy tax
of octroi, which is sure to be levied on it at trade-centres almost invariably
(jtdunicipal, cprporatiop). The system of drawbacks and. refunds seems to take
i^'o hold on the country, an4 the result of this, is that much of the wheat trade
i^ thus.heavily weighted, with aa obnoxious burden. In Qnjrat some attempt
ia n^ade to obviate thiat eyil. by merchants who have started godowns at the
railway statioii where they receive their consignments and avoid the city aad
iifi taxeS| but I fear, it 19 but a small percentage that Qxm escapes, the tax*
( 65 )
MOOLTAN DISTRICT.
Copy of « feport, dAted 8rd Angvst 1883.
Wrom^tjj, Kabx Chakd^ Extra AisiflUuit OommiMioiMr, Hooltan.
S. I have consulted the chief grain merchants and some intelh'gent
agricnltnrists of this district on ihe wheat caltivation. Thej are nnanimonslj of
opinion that the finer kinds of wheat in this district can only be calti?ated
on lands advantaged by rain-fall, and not by irrigation as in other districts^
because the hctrani lands here consist of tnore clay than the canal lands^f llie
cnltivators as a general mle do not intentionally add dirt to the grain, bnl it
sometiiiies becomes dirty in their fields owing to some unavoidable caiises,
inch as the blowing oi adverse winds and softness of the threshing-floor.
IThey do not try to get the grain cleaned, because the produce when roady is
to be divided amongst several persons such as kamins, tenants and proprie-
tors, and the surplus share of each of them is generallr to be delivered to the
money-lending class in payment of debts. The grain aealers are therefore the
proper persons to be made responsible for the required cleaning. They do
occasionally add dirt with a view of increasing the quantity of grain in ttieir
possession.
In this district, people do not store grain through the fear of weevils.
3. The habit of sowing wheat mixed with other crops does not prevail so
mach in this district, as in the Jullunder, Amritsar and Lahore Divisions.
The only crop which rt sometimes mixed here with wheat is barley ; and this
is done only to a small extent, ue. about 3 to 4 seers of barley are mixed in
one maond of wheat of seed. Some people cultivate these mixed crops for
the sake of obtaining more yield, while others do this for want of seed of
pnre wheat. The yield of wheat mixed with barley is 25 per cent more than
that of pure wheat, but the former is sold 8 anas a maund cheaper than the
ktter. Such mixed crops are confined to lands on the banks or the rivers
which are more suited to the barley crops than to the pure wheat crops.
It is not common to sow mixed different varieties of wheat, but the grtain
dealers generally taix some wheat of inferior kind with the superior one for
the sake of profit.
4. The grain dealers have made no arrangements here for cleaning the
grain. They export it to Karraehi or Bombay, where it is cleaned before it is
despatched to Europe.
5. There are no grain marts in this district, except Multan itself. !tlie
annexed statement wifl show the names of the firms of the principal grain
dealers in Mnltan, together with the quantity of wheat exported by them
dnring ihe last three years from Multan and elsewhere. The aafed and the
mtraih Eanak (white and red wheat) are the only varieties hitherto most
preferred for export by the local traders.
t I have enquired what is meant by this remark. The Deputy Commissioner explains
that the wheat crops on the " raira** (dry nplands, onW occasionally irrigated) are madi
ftiir iSkKU those of re8:alarlf irrigated Gaoal landSk On this every one is agreed.
js. a WAcm
( 86 )
Siatemeni of the quantUff of wheat exported
£
a
NameB of merchants.
1
3
Gk>kal Dass— Jet Rap,
Khan Ghand— Asa*
naud ••• •••
Fatteh ChaDd-<Wali
Bam .vt •••
DiUnkh^ Bai and
Hemraj ••• ••■
Quahutt ■zpobtsd vbok Mooltan to Earaohi.
1881.
6
7
8
10
11
Mds. 8. Ch.
•••
187 80
}
•••
•••
Sairai Ram— Tan-
■okhAai ••
•••
Qanesh Daas,—
Jowahir Mall
DUsakh Bai— OoMnd
Bam ••• ...
Choith Bam— Dasn
liaU ••• •••
Mahesh Dasa— Oobind
Bam ^»
Baggn Mall— Kawand
jBLali «•• •••
Toda Bam, agent of
H6t Chand— Fattah
Ghand
•••
Total
!
•••
1883.
•».
f ...
I 16,100
•M
1
•••
16,387 80
Md8.ii. Oh.
•••
7,060
8,700
8,985 20
••*
•••
18,800
••r
88,817
...
68,483 20
1883.
Mds. a Gh.
1,847 10
900 10
1,600
•••
860
•••
10,400
•••
8,968
21,172 10
Total,
Mds. 8. Ch.
1,947 10
8,117 20
7,800
••t
8,985 20
860 e
•••
iOflOO
«•«
88,217
5,966
106,842 10
( 5r Y
from MooUan and oOar diitrieti to KuraeK.
QUANTITV SZFDBTBB FBOM OTBK& DIflTBIOTB TO EURACHI.
If ame of the
district
•••-
••«
•••
•••
CUepalpera
fUusafEenuigftr
''Jalandhar
Bepalpore-
Ghaoga Manga ...
Onjranwala*
Find DadanKhan
Find Gajar Khan
Jhelmn
1881..
•••
•••
•••
•••
••••
•••
18«ft
1
MdB. &• Ch.
••«
•••
l^M'
275
04 20
3,600
1888.
Mdl. aCh.
•••
•••
•ft
••»'
•••
•••
•»• •»•
Kuaffiffnaggar ...
Chnnian ..- •••
SiUiaimnpore
•••
Pakpattan
Bepalpore:..
•••
fOujraawala
Pakpattan
Ghnnian- •••
•••
•••
•••
I
••••
•••
•••
•••
•••
6,96Z 10*
2,254
lZ»69ft
696- a
1,206
7i402
888 10
8;i2Z:20
12,815
6,826
l|69l a
685
••«
•••
•••
••*
•••
•••
Minchinaba^
LOnjianvala
•••
•••
•••
•••
•••
•••
•••
•••
5,08624
•••
266
692 80'
•••
• M
•••
• ••
• •«
767 20
1,260
684 7 8
268 20 a
89,916< 4: 86,003 37 8
TbtaL
lids. S. Ch'.
•••
QBAHD TOTAU'
•••
1(860
276
7,926 20 0-
4,888 10
8,127 20
12,815
6,826 e^
1,591
686
6,867.10
2,264
17,609
696
1,206
•■•
6/)8d24 0.
265-
692 80
767 20
1,260
634* 7 8
268 20^
•••
1
•••
78,0(» 1 8
Mds. 8. Ctu.
1,947 10
8-,117 20
7,800 (h
1,626 04
69,865 0'
860 0^
6s086 24
40,000 0*
8,867 37 8*
38,217 0-
6,965 i>
181,851 11 a^
(.5^ )
JHANG DISTRICT.
Bxtract of a letter No. 698, dated 14th November 18$8.
From— Major B. BabthoIiOM sw, Depaty Gpmmiaaioner of Jhangi
To— The Ck>mmis8ioaer of SjotUemente andAgricaltazei. Panjahi
»'* • « • # • *
1. Zamindars, whether pgor or rich, with the exception of a few visrjr
earefal caltivators, are not carefol to get! good seed corn. Wheat-seed of
difl^erent kind's and barley-seed arei got from the bahiahs mixed'; wheat" and
barley come np together, and are not. separated in the threshing-floor.
2. Barley is of larger bnlk than wheat ; and selling, by measure, not
weight, the zamiudar finds his profit in keeping the barle|7^ mixed with the ,
wfaeAt.
3. The more careless zamindars are not careful to tread out tha com
twice. They are satisfied with separating the bhoosa, and do not. tread the
corn again to get rici of the bits of husk. The portions of ear and husk also
help to fill up the topa (measure), and d(r increase the bulk of grain.
4. Some zamindars are not careful .to re^iovjd thQ. dung falling from
the bullocks, but allow it to mix with the grain.
5. Another reason for leaving the grain dirty is this. Only one price is .
fixed for wheat at harvest time. ^Hiere iA no such thing as various prices for
difierent qualities —
let quality.
2nd ditto.
3rd ditto.
, . • -
For this reason the dirtier the wheat is, the more, the zamindar gets for it
6. Dirt from the threshing-floors also gets mixed with the grain to some
extent.
Zjimindars with large stores of wheat and all baniahs, who buy large
stores, mix a proportion of fine dust, or bhusa^ or black haUar (saltpetre)^ the
last especially where procurable, to keep the grain from rotting.
«.^. Black kallar exists in great quantities near Shah Jiwana, and,
camel loads are brought to Jhang every year for this purpose. Muhammad ,
Fanah, who is considered the best agriculturist in the district, says that he
ndver puts anything with his wheat to keep it. He is careful in cleaning
and drying it, and always stocks it in the early morning after' it has been cooled
by the night air. In case he wants to keep the wheat for a second year, he
empties it from the old stock, and builds a new one for it.
In reference to para 5, I have already stated that barley and wheat are
often sown together. Other crops are not mixed with wheat in this district.
On the Ravi I am told that mustard, gramj barley and wheat are often sowa
together.
With reference to para 6, the grain dealers, and some of the zamindars of
this district export grain to Multan and Sukkar, and grain dealers from these
places and from Eamalia and Defa Ghazi Khan come and buy grain here for
export, but all the grain is exported, in its dirty state. The seller says— ^' here
it is^ take it or leave it."
( 59 )
The zamindars sow ovQTy kimd of wheat in every kind of foil. Thej
make no distinction. Thej have the following names for different kinds of
soils.
• »
. For.Hiihar or Sailab lands the names are bhari or heavy , and rora or
light soil. The bhari has 3 feet or more of silt over the sand, the rcra lesa
than 3 feet.
For Utar or nplands, the names are rarra and pabru
Jlarra is hard allnvial soil, all clay, no sand ; pabri is clay and sand mixed.
Than soil is called retli and pabru Retli is sand alone ahove with pabri
nUdemeath ; pabri is sand and clay mixed on ihe surface as well as below. \
The Settlement officials.have. divided Hithar soils into dar ratti, red alln-
vial soil ; dar fttfaidj grev alltivial soil ; ghas^arj allnvial soil mixed with sand ;
and rappdrj wnich is the same as rara. Then comes the vusti, or land half
Hiihar and half Utar.
The soils are divided into pabrij halrachi and rora.
Kalrachi means soil mixed with katlar. Utar lands are divided int9
pabri and rakkarj which is the same as rarra. Columns 6 anid 7 have no
meaning for this dislricf .
All kinds qi .wheat are, as I have said before^ sown on all kinds of land^
aild the more care is spent on cultivation the better the crop is.
Irrigation is necessary for all but the best sailab lands.
The deeper, the well is, the more often has the land to be irrigated. The
highest Utar lands ; require 12 waterings to bring the crop to ripeness, whiler
8ome of the Hithar lands require not more than two waterings.
1%e native nabe for weevil is ghun.
There is no doubt thai mixing dust, bhusa and black kallar is resorted to
to preserve the grain from weevils and mildew.
MUZAFFARGARH DISTRICT.
Extract of a letter No. »96, dated 26th October 1883.
From— C. B. OLAnsTOirXi . Bsq., Depntjr Commissioner, Masaffargarh^
To— The Commissioner and Saperintendenti Moltan DiTision.
• • * * It is my impression that honia of the wheat grown in this
diistrict is pure. It all appears to me to be mixed with other kinds: red with
white ; bearded with bearaless probably, and all with barley, except Painaa
and Dudhi. These samples ^re much purer, but then these wheats are a
speciality. They are not common food crops.
Paman is a long hard white ^ain, easily distinguishable! It is used
for parching; Dudhi is a short, pump, white grain used for maccaroni^
confectionery, and the like. Paman requires more careful irrigation and
treatment generally than other kinds, and Dudhi likes good lanaa nda fair
amount of water: The crop is as the statement shows insignificant in extent.
i 60 )
Dall^lan is rx(A a oommon crop ; it is onljr planted in some l^tlS/acm
oT^land. It is used for maccaroni, though inferior in flus to Dudhi, and also
for confectionery. It is also made into l)read. It is whiter than Baji[gi or
white wheat, and though it is difficult to distinguish it at close quarters, it is
easy to distinguish Trom Baggi by 'putting a handful oi eadi tm a table and
stepping back 3 or 4 paces.
As for hardiness, the palm must be given to Ratti or red wheat and the
bearded kinds. They ure largely grown t>n sllavial iands as the statement
shows, and thrive there without irrigatioa. Bi^;gi grows best on good landy
such as mUk and ghoiy but if good land is not obtainable it is grown on
inferior. It prefers a Cedr amouilt of well irrigation, but Is to a considerable
extent grown on the b^.
It is TioF quite ao liardy ta Batti "or red wheat
Baggi, or white wlieat, and Ratti, or red wheat, are all used for ordinaiy
food, but the former is used for confectionery, and I do not understand that
red wheat is.
The wheat chiefly expoiied is Baggi, or white wlieat s 1t>nt it is not oleaa
nor is It pure.
First — as to cleanliness. The wheat is trodden out T>y oxen and becomes
foul from dung and urine. The cultivators then, after winnowing it, let it lie
on the ground until Ihey liave sown ihelr Eharif. Squirzeb and birds 'befoul
it, and the dust raised by wind falls into it too.
It thus arrives at the com merchants in a dirty state. TThe remedy for
tliis is introduction of paoka ithresbing^fioors, covered tmrns, use of flails and
winnowers. This can be done, but it wOl take time and tact. About purity^
the great draw-back is the indebtedness of the people. They haTO to take
any grain their Sahukar gives them. This is never pure. Pare wheat hardly
exists. Even large growers and exporters like Eaura Khan Jatoi of Jatoi
have no -pure seed, xhe remedy is to take specimen zamindars like Eaura
Ehan, and obtain for them pure seed, and let them see that such pure wheat
fetches better prices in Sukkar. I do not say that in Sukkar they will get
better prices, but I think they will. The exporters say that they would wish
also for greater ease and facilities in obtaining accommodation it the stations
on the Indus Valley Railway and at Sakkar for wheat storage. They can
get wheat storage at Sakkar, but not easily. They would, they say, use tbo
rail, if this could be manaj[ed. Furti^^ the purity of the grain is destroyed
by the corn mercliants. These men collect wheat from hundreds of fannen
and throw it all into one paUa. They throw all the blame on the cultivator.
The com merchants and viBage Sahnk&r are more to blame than the cultivator.
This could l>e got over in time with tact. If pure wheat is to be bought and
eys better than impure to export, the com merchants will keep it separate.
te cultivators are to a great extent helpless. They must take impure grain
from their creditor the Sahnk&r. If pure grain was to be had, they could not
get it. They must give their custom to tiie 8ahuk4r. We hav« two classes
to turn to ^ zamindars who export themselves and are out of debt (a small class),
and the grain-lenders wlio also export. We could get a supply of pure
wheat and supply some of these classes, and show them that keeping this for
seed and keeping it pure and then securing its produce and exporting that
pure, thev will profit. This accomplished, they will insure pure wheat being
sown ana exported pure and separate ; gibers will in time copy tbenu
s;
( «i )
"Wbeat is botvb mixed with pulse and other erops to be fed green to the
l^fife. Dhe motive is avarioe, and it is sometimes done on all lands.
Onr grain-dealers have no means t>f cleaning grain, and no intention
<of starting anj. They are apathetic. They will of course beoome energetio
when they see the profit of it« We have ao agencies in the district. The
principal marts are Ehairpur, Sitpur, All pur, Jatoi, Shah Sultan, Ehan-
arh, MuasafFargarh for Sakkar direct $ Rangpur for Multan $ Kot Adu,
^aira Din Panah, Jhatta, Gurmani and Sheikh Umar for Dera Ghazi
Khan, MuzaSkrgarh and Multan, not for Sakkar I think. Our principal
traders are bhowdhri Lekhu Ram, cbowdhri Parmanand, chowdhri Jawinda
Bam, chowdhri Gbnda Bam of Muzafiargarh, Gonda Bam Bhagat of Alipur,
Pokar Aliis Peroshai and Di&la of Ebairpur, Kaura Khan, of Jatoi, Ahmed
AH Khoja of Jatoi, Pokar Kalra and Udho Das of Sitpur, Jhangi Gulaht
"Of Sheikh Umar, Mian Mahbub Khan of Jhatta Gurmani, Motan Ghokra
and Eania Makhija of Bangpur. There are some grain merchants doing a
oonsiderable trade in wheat in the small village of Harpallo, — Mewa Mal|
Gnrdutta, Mangu Mai Batra and Isar Das Yirmani.
Baggi is chiefly exported, but other kinds are largely exported, including
a good deal of red wheat from Alipur tahsil. To sum up, the necessary
tfiings are —
(1) To provide wheat storage on reasonable terms, and which ehaU be
MvailabU unthout difficulty ^ at Siuskar and at the stations along the Indus
Yalley railway which runs parallel with Muzaffiu*garh.
(2) To obtain pure wheat and make it over as seed-wheat to large
samindars and grain-ienders^ who are also exporters — District Conmiittee to
^atch this.
(3) To impress •on the grain merchants the nsoessity of not mixing the
^rain of different kinds received from difierent farmers, all in one big paUa^
4uid convincing them that it will be to their profit to buy and export pure
^rain.
•(4) To encourage a few grain lenders to keep pure seed.
(5) To gradually introduce a clean method of threshing, winnowing, and
storing wheat among the cultivators.
ITo. 1 must be done b^ Government, — ^we can do nothing. No. 2 and 4
can be done by the District Committee. No. 3 and 5 can oe done by the
Z>epnty Commissioner and District Committeci in time, with tact.
DERA ISMAIL KHAN DISTRICT.
Extract of a letter No. 1132, dated 19th NoYember 1883.
From — 6. S. Thoebubn, Esqaire, Deputy Ck>mini88ioDer Dera Ismail £han,
To— The Commissioner of Settlements and Agricaltnre, Punjab.
#«♦«♦«*♦♦♦♦*
2. Of the samples described in the statement, the yellow kind and those
known by the names of red Kundi and Damani are preferred by the people
of the district
( ^2 y
8. The wheat grown f n the Kachi tracts of tahsits Dera Bhakkar an(^
Leiah, is libt properly cleaned bj the cultivators, as they remove it to places
albove inandation level as soon as Cat. In oiner parte of the district the
wheat is fairly well cleaned from all dirt, and commands a higher price, partly'
88 being cleaner and partly as being of better quality. Grain dealers in this
district take no trouble to clean wheat. They are not in the habit of mixing
it with other grain^ but export it as purchased from the agriculturistii.
4. tVbeat is not cultivated with other crops. The poorer cultivators are
obliged to take advances from banniahs of seed grain, and those banniahs
Q^ten mix barley with the wheat, with a sho'rt-^sighted view to extra profits.
5. No arrangements have been yet made by ;grain dealers for cleaning
the grain before despatch. There are no agencies in the district for the par-
chase of grain for export to Europe, but com merchants and brokers come alL
the way n*om Sakkar, whenever the trade in wheat is brisk, and bay up the
local supplies and send them down the river by boats.
6. There is an open grain market or fnandi in the city, to which large
quantities of grain are Drought from adjacent villages, and more ei^)ecially
froo) Marwatin the Bannu district, and bought up by the people. Tho tradle-
in wheat has been slack during the past three years, but in the presentvear it
has become a little brisk owiug to demand at S<Jckar for export to Europe.
The descriptions generally exported are known as haggi^ yellow and red.
DERA GHAZI KtlAN DISTRICT.
fEztraoA of a letter No. 169^, dated dth December 1888.
From— F. W. B. FarvB^ Bsqalve, Deputy OommiMioner, Ddra Ohad Khatt,
!ro— >The Gommmissioner of Settlemeots and Agriculture, iPnnJab.
2. I have consulted the chief grain merchants and some intelligent
agriculturists as to how cleaner, finer, and less mixed grain can be secured
for the export trade, and I find that it is the cultivator who garners the grain
in a dirty state. He selects the cleanest and firmest patch of ground on his
own lands as a threshing-floor ; where the threshing-floor consists of good
hard cUy the wheat is comparatively clean ; where, however^ the soil is iii an j
way sandy, a certain Amount of sand must necessarily get mixed up with the-
wheat, and the greater part of the wheat exported is grown in this district on
alluvial lands where the soil is sandy.
8. The exporters here are agents oF iperchanls at Sakkltr,.Eara<3hi, and
Eotri. * They buy up the wheat as offered for sale, fixing a lower fate for
wheat not clean. Tney cannot go to the expense and trouble of cleaning
the wheat, nor can the merchants at Sakkar, Karachi and Eotri, who dispose of
their consignments to large firms at Karachi and Bombay, where it is believed
the wheat goes through a sifting process preparatory to being shipped to
Europe.
4. If samples of the different classes of wheat recognised by the English
trade, were made available for inspection in each Tahsil and in every Patwdr-
kh&na, everv endeavour would be made to impress upon zaroindars ihe necos^'
sity for cultivating such kinds ; moreover, any instructions for the cultivation
C 63, y^
of better ii^eat andjts preparation and. preseryatipn -for: the market^ if submitr..
fed/wodld be caretally distribated^ and pains taken.that the people understand,
these instrnotions.
5.' In, this district the habit of soT^ing wheat with other crops does not
exist. Wheat and barley, mixed is. sow;n, out this is due to the. use. of ba<l.
seed. The descriptions termed gqji SLudjotoali show the kinds referred to.
6. The principal grain mart in this district is the city of Dera Ghizi
Kh&n ; Sangarh, Jampdr, Rajanpiir, Roihan, and Mithankot are also grain
marts on a s^laller.8cal99 from whence wneatis. exporiedtoSakkar and other
places* The average annual exports from the different marts are as follows i--—
Dcra Ghazi Khdn , 80,000
Sangarh ^ 1Q,000
Jimpiir 10,000
Bojhdn 15,000
Mithankot 15^000
' Accurate informatioQ as. to exports canno); b^ given^ a^ only trade ^iiL
the Biloch hiUs and Sewpstan is registered. The average, however, above
given may be considered fairly approximate, as the information has been
obtained from traders themselves.
^
BANNU DISTRICT.
Extract of a letter No. 898, dated 10th September 1888.
Fiom— If .L. Daumb, Bsqnire, Depaty Oommusioner of Bannd,
To— Tbe Oommi88ioner of Settlemeats and Agricnltaie, Panjab.
• •-•* * * * « * * •«
S. I have collected all the information at present available on the subject,
bnt tiiere are no large firms in this district engaged in the grain trade»
(although considerable quantities of wheat are exported from Isakhel and E&Ii-
bagh down the Indus), and there is a difficulty in finding persons qualified to
give the information required. As to the qualities of the wheat, however, it is
quite clear that the remark in para 4 of your letter that 'Hhe finer kinds ox
vrheai can only be , cultivated on landa advantaged by irrigation or by an
abundant rainfall," does not apply in this district. On the contrary^ the finest
qnalitiee are grown in the sandy plain of Marwat, and depend entirely on the
scanty rainfall and hill torrents. After this ^' Shiga'' wheat comes that grown
in the Waziri Thai (H&tikhel and J&nikbel), the Isakhel Thai, the Marwat
Vakka or skirt of the hills, and the Wahiwali, Uthradwali and Thalwali of
IkGanwili, which are all bar&ni.with or without the occasional assistance of bill
torrents. On the other hand, the {Poorest wheat produced is the Banndchi,
grown on the irrigated lands of the Eurram, and the quality of the sail&ba
wheat grown in the Eitcha of Isakhel and Mian w&li is not much better. Other
eaoses besides irrigation no doubt come into play. For instance, the Marwat
*■ Shiga' wheat is sdternated with gram, and. only ^rown on the same hind every
( 64 )
Bfloond ye»r, whQe in ttie nTigated lands of Bannd and Nfe crop (rflsr crop »
taken off the same land, and m Bannd the wheat is achuffr sow» with, soisrp^
cane and clover. ' "»>»i*»oug»^
«P *i, '• ^^ *j*fu '''?? °'°A offbeat a good deal seems to depend on the nature
of the «ronnd of the threshmg-ftoors, U whether firm clay or otherwise. I do
not believe that the zammdars wUl be induced to take mnch more tronble in
cleanmg ttian they do at present, bat this will have to be done by the irrain-
dealers. At the same time many specimens seem to be dean and free from dirt.
««.. -i P®"* *^' " ^ observed above, no krge grain-dealen in the district,'
nor are there grain markets m any town of the district to serve as centres o^
trade. Their establishment in the riverain towns of Isakhel and KauChJii
probably m Lakfa also, would no doubt be a great advantage to theSraS t^wK
5. The wheat preferred for export is the Marwat SbiciL but I believe that
wheat grown m the Sial tracts (as in the Isakhel Thai) is often miSd^thS
ttie quahtv not being very inferior. The Bannil wh4ts are never^rted
The saihJba wheats of the Indus Kacha, though inferSr'n qSitv^'Si:
exported owng to their cheapness and preximSy to the r^JeJ: S Sdato^
0«™h1 on with Sakkar, and is rded enti{«ly by ie prices Sg t£».
PESHAWAR DISTRICT.
Ixtract of s letter No. SlIT, dated 86th Konmber 1888.
From-H. a BiOKirr, Esquire, Dopnty Oommtoaioner of Pediawar
To-The OommiMfamer of Settlementa and Igrioutturc ftmiah. '
* * #
s^r "^ tt»"k. "port w. .oau .■rbo"^:i,''^tt°''iri?
8e The cleaDliness or otherwise of the immered mpum o. p— .- xi.
cultivator U concern^, depends chiefly on the coSStf^e gVi^ait" U^
mff,TfK''?''''**'u-^l *.'."«* *'"''°°* of dirt must noiissarily^ mSS
up with the gram, which it is not worth the cultivator's xehi^tJr^fT ^
afterwards. He does what he considers h.?S to SLn Ae ^^'/r^T Im^
fells very short of the English farmer's standS of oSSiSor^o LH^rS
IS generally made to clean the irraiD after its i«m«»ftl ZT *k •*»«>«?*
is lold to the local trader as Ks in t£ ^?bin SL.^ g«nary and ib
neither the time, northe inclination to wrnnot Kre ScS^abll ''*^*'u^
oirefully made inside their houses with waS Iter^ofen ^& La?'"l *"? "*
grain. ITie Tahsildar of Mardan reports that the cnlh'vid»ra. ;» i.;-1lt m
• rule, prefer to store their grain wmewhat mixTiuh d!.^ « .^"'I'l.'"
^.sert, secures it from the attg^ks of insectst » c^«J^^ S,^.'?f- SZ
wtth a amootb ooatiiig o( " Upai." ^^ "•*" *"*" ""* ground, mUiA are COTen«
( 65 >
No donbi a considerable qnantity of dirt is added in ihe passage of iibe grain
urongh the hands of the local traders to the central mart, and even there it is^
^ot stored with any care. No dirt is probably added to the graia by the
zamindar volontarily, tnongh this cannot be asserted so confidently of the local
tradidrs. In conclusion, the grain is no doubt garnered in a more or less dirty
state by the cultivator, and more dirt is involuntarily added durinff its passage
to ihe central mart, and its storage there through the hands of the Idcid traders,
who besides sometimes deliberately mix dirt with the grain to increase their.
profits.
4. The cleaning of the grain, if done at all to any great extent, must be
carried out by the trader. The cidtivator, in this district at leastj, would never
tiiink it worth his while to market or store his grain in a cleaner condition
than he dbes at present. His time is so taken up with more important (at
least according to his ideas) agricultural work, that he has not any spare time
to devote to tms. To the trader then we must look for the proper cleaning of
tiie grain.
5. The habit of sowing wheat mixed with other crops is not practised in
this district, nor are different varieties of wheat sown together. The mixing, ^
if any, is done by the local trader, the zemindars keeping their storqs of tne
different varieties of wheat separate.
6. With reference te paras 6 and 7 of your letter under reply, no infor-
mation can be given, the wheat export trade of this district being aU but m^. "
HAZARA DISTRICT.
Extract of a letter No. 2133, dated 28th Kovember 1883.
yrom-oMajor T. 0. Plow^kn, o. i. S., Deputy Commissioner of HazarSf
To— The.Commissioixer of Settlements and Agriculture, Punjab.
2. As regards paras 4 and 6 and 2, (i) viz. as to how cleaner, finer,^
and less mixed grain can be secured for the export trade, I submit the follow-
ing particulars ascertained from agriculturists and small grain dealers, there
teing no large grain merchants m the district. The grain is not to any
extent marketed, but stored by the cultivators, and that in a somewhat dirty
state owing to the want of cleanliness of the threshing-floors. This fact
accounts for the dirt and grit found intermingled, but to no great extent, with
the wheat. Wheat is sold in very small, indeed almost insignificant, quan-
tities, for export ; and dirt is mixed to a trifling extent by the small grain
dealers, to whom therefore we must look for the required cleaning of th6
grain. The cultivator is not sufficiently interested, owing to the small trade
in grain, in making it over in a clean state to the grain dealer ; nor is he
interested in cleaning that garnered, as the presence of grit and dirt does
not materially affect uie grain stored for his own consumption. Wheat is not
exported in any great quantities from this district. The principal harvest is
tho Kharif, in which, according to the Hazara Settlement Report (page 88),
208,788 acres are shown as having been sown during the period of settlement
operations, viz. 1868—1874: as against 172,390 acres in the Babi harvest.
Again, of the Eharif harvest maize oecupies 121,051 acres or 30*5 p. c. of
I
C 66 )
(be whole area cnitivated, whilst wheat is sown in lOlySlO acres or 23*3 p. e^
of whole area, and rooghly in the proportion of *75 to maize. This latter graia
is exported in large quantities ; but wheat is sown almost entirely for noma
consumption. Therefore no arrangements have recently been inbroduoed by
the small grain dealers for cleaning ^in before export| and no large export
agencies exist It will be observed from the statement attached that wneat
cultivation has almost doubled itself vn the past 5 years ; but nevertheless
no export trade has sprung up.
3. A^ regards para 5, m* the mixing of wheat with other crops, the
only crops with which it is so piixed are mustard or turnips, and that on very
inferior lands, ^s in the whole di0trict only ^'a few acres" (according to
Hazara Settlement Beport, page 93) i^ spwn with turnips and less even wiUi
mustard (which is apparently included in the same page under the head *' Mis*
cellaneopsi 812 acres"), it is clear th^t this mixing is resorted to to a very
insignificant extent, witn the object of providing vegetables and oil from land
not su$cientty good to be devoted iq wheat alone^ Differept varieties of
wheat are npt sown together ; and such mixing of varieties as may occor
occurs in the graip-stores.
4. Regarding para 7, as before shown, there ave no large wheat marta.
np large traders or agepcieS| and the red variety, sample No. 3 of the Manaehm
tahsU (vide descriptive list enclosed) is that most preferred for e](port«t
KOHAT DISTRICT.
Extraet of a Isttei No. 1401—8224, dated 28th November 1688.
From-rB* BtG. TucKKB, Eaq. Depatj Gommisaioner, Eohat distiioti
To— The Oommiisloxiar of Settlemente and Agricaltaxe, Panjabi
mmmmmmmmmmmm
8. Qenerally speaking^ the Eohat district does not prodnce wheat to
any large extent. During years of gopd and timely raiUi however, that
portion of the district called the Chauntrit valley in the Ebattak (Ten) tahsU,
yields an abundant wheat crop.
Np accurate estimate of the yield of this tract has ever been prepared, The
area under wheat cuUivatioii fo^ the whole Teri tahsil in a good year miffbt
be put down at '56,000 acres, producing 280,000 maundy ofwheat. Punns
Buch years there is a large amopnt of export to Karachi by river, and to t|i#
Peshawar district by lancL
The other tracts of the district are selfrsupporting, but have no surplus fos
export trade to speak of. Of late years, owing to deficient rain, the cultivation
and prodnctiop o{ wheat in the Channtra valley and in other parts of tho
district, have been a good deal below the averagOi and the district wfia
therefore unable to spare any surplus for export.
The produce of wheat in Rabi 1888 was estimated at 233,439 maunds,
and the area under wheat for the last Rabi (1883) in the whole district waa
put at 60,683 acres. In a good year it can safely be put at 97,500 ac|:^»
This area has been entered ip the statement accompanying this reportt
( 67 )
3. The only Bpecimdn of wheat from this district wliich was found dirty
was the Miranzai Mandz Sarkai, vide entry 96 in the supplemental report
on the Indian wheat by Mr. M. C. Coorkei 1881. It is beardless wheat, and
is sown in Bar and Jabbi villages. The oUier samples sent from this district
wore either clean or fair as below;—*
No. in supple*
mental Report. Locality. Name* Condition.
95 ... Baizai Batti Surkhai ... Fair.
97 ... Teri Ehattak ... Sdr Ghanam ... Do.
98 ... Hangu ... Spin do. ... Clean.
99 ... Kohat... ... Kulangi... ... Do.
4. The cultivator does not add dirt when sending wheat to the market
lor sale, nor does he add it w hen storing it in his granary.
In places where the ground is not fast and hard, it breaks under the
hoofs of the cattle when treading out the corn, and in this way dirtis mixed
with the com. The cultivator, howaver, does not care to clean it at the time
of garnering.
The grain is, however, cleaned when it is taken to the water-mills for
grinding purposes.
5. With reference to para 5 of your letter, wheat is not sown mixed
with other crops in this district.
6. With regard to para 6, no arrangements have been introduced for
the proper cleaning of wheat by the grain^ealers in this district, as there is
no eiEport trade to any large extent.
7. With reference to para 7, there are no principal grain-dealers in
this district. Kohat city is tne only place to which wheat is imported from
ihe Ghauiitra valley and other parts of the district, as well as from the Bannu
district for retail sale.
It is sometimes ei^ported to Peshawar when the market there is favorable*
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF SAMPLES OF WHEAT GROWN
IN THE DISTRICTS OF THE PUNJAB
IN THE YEAR 1883.
( ii )
DESCBIFTIYE LIST OF SAMPLES OF WHEAT GBOWN IN THE
I
(r
8
2
•
•g
I
I
Q
H
hi
»
o
Rough Bbtimatb of abba
annually sown with
bach kind.
Local name or
names of the
Sample.
White (Dand
Khani)
•8
63,073
Bed(SarUi} ...
' Total
Gnrgaon— Bed
Bewari Do. ...
Palwal Do. ...
41,840
1M,918
6,095
6,459
10,979
A
2,033
6,476
8,609
10,475
Mi?
O O
1
3 a>
10,000
16,331
25^31
694
819
i
o
76,106
63,647
1,88,768
16,670
526
3,069
7,678
Ear, bearded
or
beardleas.
Whether nsaally mix
ed with other crops,
and if so, with what
crops.
BeardleBS...
Bearded ...
Bearded
Do,
14,867
6
Not mixed •••
Is usnally mixed with
barley and gram
cropa
Alone, and also mix-
ed with barley and
gram.
Alone...
•««
Do.
Alone, and also mixed
with barley and
granu
rasTEIOTS OP THE PONJAB IN THE TEAE 1883.
7 8
19 j U
L Bbokbbi'
DeKription
ofwifon
■•ET.
±9j, ^
Whether
3S8fi
1
which hki-
hardy, or
ir?
illy sown,
ind for which
cai^ul cult
h
it U mwt
TatioD and
m
loited.
irrigation.
■2a
li
Banali and
Beqnirei
17 Mrs per
Is preferred
Much ...
2.U
No. 1
D>ku;moet
carelnl cnlti-
rapee.
(or daily
largely.
dnb.
wited for
TatlDQ and
food, and
diebUer.
rrigation,
bttt thriTBB
with less care
an Dakat
than oQ
Bansli.
Dsed large-
ly at feasts
lootionery,
Ditto ...
DoM not
21 Ditto ...
Is nsed chief-
la exported
Little ...
2-6
Bold
require ai
ly for daily
to a small
■oft
mnoh care
food, but in
exMnt, the
red.
M the white
also used
bnlk of
wheat, and
at feasts
ths pro-
thriTBB better
and in con.
duce being
on , Dakar
fectiouery.
than on
locally.
Band! mil.
N»hiral1y
Beqniring
IB Ber« per
U«ed for
Exported to
ttoodod
carefnl
nipee.
daily food
a^aUes-
cl«y Boil,
caltJTation
as wellai
teat.
Md light
and irriga-
at feasts
tion.
and in con-
gitedfroni
fectionery.
wells.
Light loUE
Not hardy,
21 do.
Do,
Half of the
irrinted
requiring
p r d Dce
tromwelU
carefnl
cnltivation
gation.
uported.
ATerage
B&S^
Sett.
aood loam
Ditto
Varying
Do.
Exported to
irrig.t.
from 20 to
a small
ed from
SSsersper
extent.
Weill and
br the
rfier and
rnpee.
eanil.
=^
( iv )
MSORIPTIVE LIST Or SAMPLES OP WHEAT OEOWB IN TBI
■•.■' 1
8
4
c
G
1
1
1
RoDGH BUTiMATl: OP AREA
AlWBALLY eOWH WITH
BACH KIND.
Bh. be>rde<l
nbeudUgs.
Whether nsnslly mb-
ed Witt other crepi,
and if BO, with Bill
crops.
\
Local nnme or
lUMneBOt tba
i
ii
1
1
1
Nab red ...
!,611
7,»08
10^30
Bemrded ...
Alone on Ifmd Irrigi'
te<l f roDi wells, mil-
ed with gram and
barler on Sooded
Imd.'
i
i
riioipur Do. ...
ToUI
809
10,166
6«10
17,-7<
Do. ...
Ditto
16,964
30,06S
10^94
66,410
1
i
POt Tfir Will ...
18,669
]3,13«
4,161
36,ie(
Beaided ...
Not mixed with otha
crops.
B
PQlHdDdU ...
6*10| 3,880
1,6T
11^32
Beitidleu...
Ditto
( V )
SISntKTTS OF IBE KJItlAB tS TEE TEAB 188S.— (ObnUtmo);.
;
CALOVrrA BaoKSBB'
Dewription
ot aofl on
Whether
Rkpobt.
m
Wbether
prererred for
Exported or
1
i
irtich nnikl-
hardy are re
Prewnt price
daily food or
not,ttiidwbe
pi
» s
1
)t Mwa and
Tor which it
(I8S3), Hr«
for DM ot
thertoa
-E>2
lal cnliiTa-
perBupee.
FfBati andlQ
argeoramal:
S!°
l.|
u moet
tloD Mid
cotifectioo-
extent.
^S =
■nited.
irr^aaon.
ei7.
:si
iii^i
III
l|
SKtaraU;
Hot h&rdy,
SO to SS sera
Died for
Not export-
flooded
pernipee.
daily food
ed. "^
BDd good
carefal cnl-
as wetl aa
tivation and
at feaata
lo>m iiri.
and In con.
8»tod by
feclionery.
thl CU>1.
N»tar«11y
Ditto
T»rying
That pro-
Frodoce of
flooded
clay Boil,
and good
from 21 to
28 sere per
duced on
land itri.
Dataratly
lloode'd
Arerage
Bs.24
svn
red.
rupee.
gatedfrom
land ex-
loun irtl.
welta is
ported to
gated trooi
nsed at
r atnalt
wella or
feaata,and
Vr the
that pro.
CM»1.
duced on
naturally
flooded
land for
daily food.
RwbU ...
Cannot aland
19MeiB ...
Chiefly pre-
104,000 mds
ATCrago
2-11
Good
dr^rnem, n-
UrriA ba
exported dor
cUb
mairlagei
iig ibe lait 8
Hft3.
and iriiia-
and for
years.
tioQ.
ir.i°'-
Ditto ...
The abore re-
toarke ap-
ply with
loree.
19 do. ...
Chiefly OKd
in daily
food, (light-
ly need foi
63/»0 ditto
Little ...
M
Hard
red.
8 weet-
meatB and
1b mani-
Bge«.
( vi )
DESOEIPTIVH LIST OF SAMPLES OF WHEAT GBOWN IH THE
i
1
S
Looal name of
nanes of tbe
1
h
«
if
^
Ear, bearded
Whether nsaaXlj nix-
ed with other crops
and If so, with
what crops.
Ul
23,699
n,m
6,238
47,898
Bearded ...
Uiied about )rd with
gram and barky.
i
Kighd (Dftid
Khftni or POl
Gehtu.)
1,000
200
IfiW
Ditto ...
Not mixed with otbei
crops.
Total ...
tMB8
81,182
iz.aGS
96,99*
Paraman (Hard
wbita).
EO
...
...
50
Boarded ...
Notmliod
I
HBata(Soft red)
27.862
...
27,962
Ditto ...
Ditto
10
Katliya (Hari
redj.
Total ...
6,329
12,011
17,8M
Ditto ...
with gram.
28,002
6^29
12,011
4S,S4!
11
1
s
Laiaehnn(Bed
irheat,EoftJ...
4,326
...
4,326
Bearded ...
Mixed with jaw
(barley)
12
Ditto (Hard)...
M31
4,431
Ditto ...
Ditto.
( vii >
BISTEIOOB OP THE ItJKJAB. IN THE YEAE I883.-(Co«K»««rj;.
BMiBIi .»
U fairly
hardy and
does DOt re-
care and ir-
rigation.
21|lwra ...
Bntircly
■B^ for
daOyfood,
not for
marriagea
and Bweet-
meats.
1,000 manndf
exported
danng the
last 3 yean
ATeri^
2-4
Soft
ted.
Good Ranali
[light loftin.)
Beqaites
careful cnl-
weediDg,'&
mnch &ri-
gaUoD.
20 do, ...
For feasts
and for
confectio-
nery.
Too little
grown for
export.
Average
2-11
Clab
Ho. 2:
The bMt hard
BoU cue-
fally irri-
gated.
MwetulcnlU-
Tfttion.
16 sera ...
A.t feasts and
tfonery.
Not expor-
ted. '^
Hach ...
2-6
Hard
red.
Eard soU ot
good quali-
ty and
inigated.
Ditto,
17 sera ...
Daily food ft
also con-
fectionery.
& small qnan
Mncli ...
2-4
Soft
red.
Hard Mil
g«d q«a.
Hardy ...
17 sera ...
Daaylood
Ditto.
Much ...
M
Soft
red.
SaoBUchahi
Beqnirea
careful cul.
ti»ation &
irrigatiou.
20«ra ...
Preferred
for daUy
nse.
Exported
bnt to a
small ex-
tent.
ATerago.
2-4
Soft
red.
ysotijoT
Hardy, le.
31 Do ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Average.
2-6
Bold
( flu )
DSSCSIFTITE UST OF aAMPLE3 OV WHEAT SBOWK IH THB
1
t
5
6
LocKlnameor
munes of th«
tiMiiple.
IH BBTIllATS OP ABU
ANMCALLI SOWIf WITH
SACH KIHD.
Bw.beudod
bsMdless.
Wbether mnanr raiz-
ed with other eropa,
aad if BO, with what
*
}
11
if
,
"iT
Lai QeboD— <fied
whektSoH}.
...
...
us
113
BekTded ...
HUed with bule;
udgnBt.
14
Ditto Do ...
io.no
-
I,™
11,72!
Ditto ...
Not mixed with other
U
■
Ditto Do ...
2.870
am
8,276
ii>,8«e
Ditto „.
mind with gram.
16
1
I»tto Do ...
10,19f
..
10.33C
a>,528
Ditto ...
Mixed with baric?.
17
Skfald a«hiiii-
(Wtiite wheat
»«>
2fisa
...
...
2,223
Ditto ...
ITot mixed wlUtothei
gniaM.
18
Ditto Do ..
u
...
...
€1
Ditto ...
AUxed with bailef.
19
Ditto Hud
IS
...
...
IB
Boardleas...
KotmtxedwiUi other
gruus.
Totrt ...
SMM
200
2M71
H2«7
"so
iscra
HMTded ...
Barley wid gram ...
31
i
MS
23
MM
( ix )
DISTBICT3 OF THE FUKJAS IS THE TEAE l&83.-~(Contintted).
»
10
n
12 18 1 U
CALOnTTA Bbokebs'
Whether pre
ferred for
Exported oi
Rkpoht.
1
gP
3
PreBcct price
aaily food, or
n^ and
Us
(1663) sers
for uae at
whether to a
:f-
perrapee.
feasU and in
confection-
ery.
large or small
IN
^
is
H»«^, ro.
SSwn ...
Preferred roT
Hoteiportec
Little ...
2-2
Koex<
qairas
dail; nte.
port
little or no
de-
itrigatioD.
mand
Beqnire.
191 Do. ...
Do. ...
Ditto ...
Avoiage.
2-1
Soft
.c«ratnl
»d
cnltlvation
Ic Irrig*.
Ditto ...
211 Do. ...
Do. ...
Ditto ...
Littlo ...
2-2
No
•X"
maud.
Ditto ...
23 Do....
Do. ...
Ditto ...
LitUe ...
8-2
mand.
Ditto ...
20 Do. ...
FeMtt and
Ditto ...
Mooh ...
e-u
OInb
No. 1.
Ditto ...
201 Do....
Do. ...
Ditto ...
Maob ...
x-u
Clnb
No.l.
Ditto ...
18 Do. ...
Do. ...
Exported
to a amall
extent.
Ayerago.
2-8
Hard
led.
Wtiut hiai]
20 Mrs ...
Qenerall;
aaed at teaate
and in con-
feclioneiy
-) llimited
quantity ii
exported
from thia
Mncli ...
2-1
8ott
red.
bytbepoo.
district a>
piB In the
irill be
dirtriot.
aeon from
Tlie Bame...
21 sen ...
Ditto
para 6 of Ditto ... 2^.8 1 Do.
this office 1
Wheat K-
SIMM ...
Ditto ...
letter No.
Ditto ... 1
2.2 1
Ordi.
< ^ )
MSOBiraVE LIST OP SAMPLES OP WHEAT GROWN IS THI
1
3
s
».
Em, beuded
8
1
Local QMoe or
MmcB of tbo
Mmple.
FoooH EariHAT
ABBA ANMUALLT
Whether nmally
mired with other
crop8,aTiJif BO, with
whatcropa.
i'
1
1
i
---i
I'i
at
j
Qaudi (wheat)
806
fllO
400
Beuded -.
Bulef and gnca .„
St
Ohntuii „ ...
2,153
MO
600
Bwidlew...
titto
St
i
K«lti „ ...
SGO
2,103
3,896
BeftTded ...
Ditto
se
Plioni«> ™
ToUl ,..
9O0
1^6
276
13^2
12,690
Ditto ...
ff ithont any mlxtue
87
DdddEhaol ...
2,86!
7,1S8
42,2GC
Sm beuded
Thia li genwatlj'
sown alone, and
occadoDall; mixed
with gram and
se
1
^
Ditto Hnodk
879
17S
1,1»S
Beardleu...
QenerallyBown alont
3»
Ul QlbAa ...
29,146
16,244
i.n4u
t,M,7M
Ear beuded
It ii gown alow on
irrigated and mIU
ihi land, and on
birini land it u
sown mixed with
buley and gtam.
Total ,„
82.086
23,800
t,9i,m
•■"'1
( xi >
DiaTKICTS OF THE FDITJAB IN THE TEAE lS8S.—iContinwdf.
7
8
9
10
11
13 1 IS j U.
OALCunA BBOKue'
of Boil OQ
irhich asnal-
Bkpobt,
i
Wbetlier
hardy or
PMMnt price
(1888)
8*era per
Bupee,
Whether pre-
ferred tor
Exported or
uot, and whe-
i
1
reqniring
dHily food, ot
ther to a
tor which
it ia moBt
caretul culti-
VBtioQ and
for aae at
teutsandiii
Idrge or
nsaU extent
luh
111
III
h
(uited.
inigMion.
ooufeatjou-
ery.
11
Sm, ChifcBI
Wlieat re-
21 ten ...
Modi "...
2-8
Club.
utdBarani.
hoD knd irri-
ngedatfeaste
and in confec-
tion ei7 by the
j
, A limited
quantity ii
( from thii
[district ai
F will be
Ho.S.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
people U the
diBlrict.
Ditto
Ditto „.
2-11
No. 2;
DUt» ...
ITheftt,baid;
26 sera ...
DItta ...
this offica
letter No
Ditto ...
2-2
Ordl.
red.
478, dated
ChthitRei
The same...
24Bers ...
Geaerally
usedatfeaBtB
and in con-
fectionery.
20th Aug
1683.
Average
2-C
Hard,
rad.
Uost tutted
Reqair"M
SO seeia ...
Preterrsd for
Not eigorted
Aven^...
2-l«
aub-"
No.1.
(ot rsuBli,
careful cnl-
daily food,
niai, ftbi,
tiTation li
and also
and rsneli
irrigation,
used at
nisi barft-
fc plough.
teaatB and
Di
ing ot not
leuthaue
or Ttimee.
in contoc-
tiouery.
Afl aboTB ...
Do.
Do. ...
Daed at
feasts and
In confec-
tionery;
Do,
Do. ...
Ml
Clab
MoBt suited
IleqnlreB
21 wen ...
For daily
The pro-
■^nce of
Do. ...
2-G
Soft
Ee4.
['hewh
( »a )
SUSCBIHU'ra LIST. 01' SAUPLSS Of WHEAT OBOWN IN WS
( 3dii )
]NSTSIOT& OF THS PUNJAB IN TH& TEA& 1888.— <<7«a«HMe{)*
7
8
9
10
11 r 12
13
14
Caloutta BBOKUa'
Deflcription
fiBPOBT.
■d
of soil on
Whether
Whether pre-
Exported or
el
6
whiclk usn-
hardy or
Present price
ferred for
not, aad
1 •
1
ally sown,
requiring
(1883) sers
daily food or
whether to a
<n ^ /^
'T5
and lor which
careful culti-
per rupee.
for use at
large or small
Character of
whether —
1. Much.
2. Averag
3. Little.
figs.
mf
it is most
salted.
vation and
irrigation.
m m
feasts and in
confectionery
extent.
•A 'ci.
a **
On any des-
Bequires
18 to 19
Both for
40 per cent,
of the
Average
2-4
Soft
cription,
more caireful
seers.
food & con-
led.
chahi sail-
cultivation
fectionery.
grain is ex-
abia most
than other
ported to
•
»
raited — soft
crops, and
other dis-
red chiefly
in seasons
tricts.
grown in
of drought
the ••jun-
more irri-
gle" tract.
gation is
needed.
Ditto
Ditto ...
17 to 18
Mostly used
Locally
Ditto ...
2-6
Hard
hardish yery
seen.
in confec-
consumed.
red^
scarce.
tionery.
nnpopalar
1
w
for bread,
a
good for
BUJi.
1
l^itto
Ditto ..
17 to 18
Ditto •••
Ditto ^.
Ditto ...
2-10
Club
Soft Tery
seers.
No. 3.
scarce, much
cultivated
•
in 8aha.
ranpar,
Lahore,
Amritsar,
with canal
water, for
export to
England.
Soft, Ist
Ditto ...
17 to 18
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
2*11
Club
quality,
seers.
110.2.
said to be
much
sought af-
ter in the
English
•
market,
.
very little
grown,
would
grow if
sown either
on irriga-
ted or un-
irrlgated.
DESCRlPnVE LIST OP SAMPLES OP WHEAT GROWN IN THB
BoDOH mtmtirm or axb
ABHDiXLY BOWM WITH
KAOH KIHD.
HundilorBhoa, 2,20e
B&duiKk ... l,95fi
D&fid Zhiai ...
loUl ...
U
2S,06G 99,970
2,231 Beaidleu...
th wbit
with Dthw crtps.
9e,99S mixed vitb
barle; tud gnu.
X =tv )
SISTBtClS OF TBI] FUKJAB IN THE TEAB 188S.-((7oiilhiiaii).
DeKription
Whethet
BThether pre-
which ma.
bardr or
Pre«ent price
(erred for
•Ilj sown,
ind for which
careful cniti
(1883) Kra
per rupee,
a«ily food, or
for Q.e at
it ii moit
feaats nnd in
•uittd.
[K>nfectIoaei7
Soira on
Bair ...
SSiseen...
Preferred
eTerrkin*
for dAily
DflaDd;tb«
food, nied
irrigmted
»t fauts
UDd bdDg
and to con-
mora niit-
■bl*.
fectionery.
ChahiUnds.
Being* not
341 men...
Preferred
hudj TO-
foraae at
gnlr^cin.-
Ail cnltiTft-
feasta and
tn eoofec-
■Won Md
tioneiy, ft
itrigkUoD.
not pre-
ferred for
didJyfood.
ntio „
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ktto ...
Ditto ~.
Ditto ...
wtietbi
large or Bmall
■.h
Bsported to
tent.
Ditto. Thii
•amblea
middling
Bn^jliah
yields a
white milky
b probably
aometimea
thooeh the
lahBildara
Ib grown ta
email quan-
ttty only.
( »rf )
DESOEWTIVE LIST OF SAMPIES &.
WHEAT OBOyiS IN HIS
I
2
8
1
!
Loctil nme o
Bkinca of the
S6
»
10
41
Lai KiDtk or
KatU.
Dhunnri or
Bhnodan.
E»nkn ChiU or
Huodri or
EMkn SorUi or
Mandrl or
FrequenUy mixed
with gram, barley.
■anaf and raaiw,
ecpeciftUj the fink
Often iown tnlzed
with barl^ and
Oenerkllf Kim
alone, bnt eome*
tine* mixed with
aenarellj mwd
alono, but lome-
times nixed wiUi
grftm,
( xvii >
DISTRICTS OF THE FUNJAB IN THE TflAE TSSd.— (Continual,
all* Mwo,
od (or which
soil bat
pedall; Id
bat >1m
Kna geO'
ctabal[land
which hM
loamy de-
pinit), is
hsTC firm
not easily
dftmaged
by high
light toil.
Uiaallycnl-
KTftted la
nuumred
land.
Prefent jiric
<1S33) eers
per rupee.
UB1M%eBl.
tlTited 1b
nunarod
iMd.
quire very
carefiUcnl'
livatiociBnil
ferved for
daily food a
feuU and i:
coofectionery
Require
father more
careful cdU
tiTatioa
thanEitthi
and waota
rain or Irri-
g»tion>
Ditto
hether to
IftTge or ■mall
DMd
daily tood,
and TeiT
the ordin-
aiy cnlti-
Ditto, but
n-;tiowell
tbouehtof
aa Sathi:
t4i
I'--"-
III
Hot need tor
ordinary
food bat at
featte and
in confec-
tionery,
I.Uwd tor Ditto
1|
1.1
( xviii )
DESCHIPTIVE LIST OF SAMPLES OP WHEAT GEOWN IN THE
1
2
s
4
e
6
KOOGH MnXATB OF ABU
5
LmhI name or
uuneB ol tbe
BampJe.
KACU
KIND.
B«r,beMded
beudleM.
Wbether noiallr
mixed with other
crop«, and U k, with
whatcK^
j
1
~ ISO
1
i
43
^
Chiti K«n»k or
Daoct Khani.
1,101
1,221
Beaided ...
General/ town
aloDe, bnt come-
times mised with
barley.
1
H
43
Bftaaaak
982
200
m
Has Tery
longbeaid
Generally Bowa
Totrt
n,112
38,728
S3t,E>e3
sstsai
Tahml Dhbba.
•48
Manaawin ...
4,000
...
4,000
13,706
6,000
17,106
Ditto ...
No ; BometineBitU
mixed with mutf
and mustard.
Ditto
•^
1
i
Kttri, Mandihnr
orDodftEhuJ
400
400
Dttto ...
Ditto
•47
Badinak
60
BO
IOC
Dttto ...
No ... .- ...
ftS
DtiaaMri
1,000
6O0
1,600
Ditto -
As Ho. I ... ...
1*8
t»
BWM
BetuorUa]okl«
2,800
™
1.200
1,000
8,600 Of both kicdB
l,Ooq Ditto ...
Ktzed with Barler,
Wbeat 4 Barle; f ,
Uiied with OnuB
Total ...
8,B60 ...
«
t TabiO Deba ii KWB te lookl gouanpUoa.
( xix )
ilSTMOTS OF THE PTOJAB IN THE TEAE 1883.-(Co«K»««l).
7
Calcutta Bbokebb'
Bewription
of soil on
Wbch DBU-
ally Boa-n,
ind tor which
it isroost
Baited.
Whetber
haMj or
reqoiring
carefnl calti-
nation and
imgatiOQ.
Prmient price
(1883) sers
per rnpee.
Wlietbor pre-
terrert for
daily fooil. or
for nge at
teaBt.H and in
Kiported or
not, itnd
ffliether to a
laree or smal
extent.
Hbpobt.
1 .
'is
1
h
is
Grows bett
Fsirljhanly
28
Etpedally
7ery little ia
&Tenge
2-11
Clnb
ID M«ira
and «-
HBcd in
ciiUifated
Ho. I
■DdUobi.
qainm a
moderate
amount or
rain. Not
niDch mifti
in iiriea-
tertUnd.
confec-
tionery and
at feBatH.
Its Ere at
qnality is
Its extreme
and it ab-
ghi in
than other
kinds.
What is
not booBht
np for the
town of
district Ifl
exported.
[Jsnolljcnl-
Require* a
80
Used for
Not ordi-
LitUe ...
2.6
Hatd
tiTBted
Kood deal
dait^food.
narily ex-
red.
onlj in irri-
of irriga-
ported.
gated
tion, orter-
luda
wisehardy.
Umal ...
tkudsoft.
ST sen ...
Preferred lor
Kot exported
AYerage,
2-11
Club
Ko,3.
mtto ...
Ditto
Ditto ...
Ditto
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
2.9
Ho. 8.
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto ...
Ditto
Ditto ...
Little ...
2-6
Un-
known
in
trade.
Ditto
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto
Not export-
ed a very
little quan-
tityiasown.
Not exported
Ditto ...
2-1
Do.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
28 sers ...
Ditto
Ditto ...
2-S
Do.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
10 sers ...
Ditto ...
Ditto _.
Ditto ...
1-12
Rejeo
tiou.
BIcTAted and
Hardy and
30 sers ...
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto ...
M*
Do.
Buuii Boil.
unlcrigaled.
( « )
DESCKIFTITE LIST Of SAMPLES OF WHEAT OBOWN IN TBI
B
6
1
1
1
3
Local name dt
uuies ol th»
mnplo.
BonoH BsnaATB of akra
AKNUATAT SOWN tTITH
Ear, bearded
bcardlBM.
Whether nniBllj mlr
ed with other crops,
and W m>, with wbt
cropgi
1
1
,
"'1
n
II
^
Tahbh. Hum-
Bl
KvaiA or Uaitdt'
han,
BBdiDakoiChak
bmxA.
S31
110
...
18,000
1B,000
18,231
15,11C
Bar, beard
l«H.
DiUo ..
As No. 1 Tab. Dehn
As No. 4 Ditto ...
TotU ...
TuBiL NnsrvK
841
38,000
33,341
CB
Uudihiia ...
1^66
B8B
1,«I0
8^
Ditto ...
As No. 1 Ditto ...
«
Oidw
2,160
eno
3,200
im
Su bearded
Uised with Barter-
S5
1
DbaiDoii
6,ft76
1:426
9,5IS
nfiis
Ditto ...
No
M
1
E«iU ... „.
2,310
too
2,700
6,410
EarbeardleM
»«■!
3
ToUl ...
12^
8,110
leTiB
S1,72S
67
Taboil Euioba
Bangfad
0,844
10^
19,SB4
Ear bearded.
Aa No. ITidu Debit
u
Uuidrib£ii ...
0,4*0
...
8,400
13,840
Bar beardless
Ditt» -
w
EMtkli
8,730
...
6^20
14,8M
Ditto ...
Ditto .-
«0
Bemr
SS6
1,200
I,B26
Bothkioda,
Mixed with aram »
Barley.
Tout ...
Tahbil Palaji.
PDK.
i3,S*0
--
2B,6G0
49,400
61
Cbtkhkniii ...
11,909
8,046
14,9Bi
Batbeuded
No ... :.■: .-
62
HandiibBB ...
Total ...
6,2M
18,104
...
4,400
7,44b
10,686
1
Eatbeaidleaa
No
( »■ )
BISTIIOTS OP THE PDNJAB IN THE TEAS 1888.— (0««Kii««J).
T^
ofioi?^
VfaMther
Whether pre-
Biported or
B«Pom.
1 Hi
1
whtehm-
li»pdy or
Prwent price
ferred tor
not. uid
uSm
•IIt mwd,
iJ^i cofu-
(1883) «era
dBii? food or
whether to •
imI for which
pet rupee.
for DM ftt
large or im all
¥
Itiimert
Tmtion >nd
feuti and in
nited.
irr^ation.
ItiiS
111
lltKld2l>d
HMdj ...
»wm ...
PfofetTeQ lo
Hot exported
Arerage,
2-11
Olnb
mtKdL
IHtta ...
Ditto ...
33 HTi ...
■llpnrpOEei
DkUyfo^
Ditto ...
Little „
3-1
No. 3.
Un>
mown
in
trade.
BintiiNaift.
26 ten ...
Preferred lor
Ditto ...
ATetage,
2-11
dab
b. .nd
lirigaUoD.
allpnrpo«s.
Ho. 2,
irrigaMd.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
26 Mrs ...
Di^rfood,
DUto ...
LitUe ...
t.ll
Dn-
knoira
in
trade.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto „.
Ditto ..
Uttle ...
M
Do.
Ditto ...
Ditto
2&aeTa ...
Is used Kt
fmstEand
CODfeotiOD-
eiy.
Ditto ...
Ayerage,
S.9
No. S.
Irrigate &
■^3..
21 MTt ...
D^rfood.
HotexpoTte<
LitUe ...
t-2
No. 8.
BmnitoiL
Ditto ...
Ditto ...'
23Mra ...
Alipnrpoeea
Ditto ...
Average.
S-ll
No. 8
clnb.
No. 8,
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
33 sen ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto...
2.9
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
»Mrt ...
Daily food.
Ditto ...
LitUe ...
1-13
"&
brigated...
Hudr ...
H sen ...
AUpnrpow
Ditto ...
ATeiage.
2.9
Ho. 8,
Ditto „.
DUto ...
2t ■« ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto...
2-11
CTob
C Xxa y
BB90EIPTIVB LIST OP SA1IPI.II3 OF WHEAT 6E0WH lit TBB
i
i
t
.5
Local name or
DameB ot the
Bample.
,
i
1
Ear, bearded
beaidlem.
wbetber Oiuailj mii-
ed witb other croiM,
and ilw, with irbtl
OropH.
TiHfllL KDI.D.
•a
Chnrri
SO
...
Ear bearded
Ifi
6*
Lai OebAn ...
27S
...
4 Ditto ...
N.
66
•
1
aahri
ToUl ...
...
3 iarbeardlGM
"6
N<
SSG
(
O
Tahsil PilaOH
66
EnDdii
...
...
I Earbeafdsd
N<
67
Gdiiin
...
1 Ditto ...
N<
68
Chniri .. ;..
S6
...
Earbeudlen
He
69
PkDdohl
99
Sc
Total
194
4
Qrand Total ...
63.214
3,110
1,14,»0
i,»o.si.
70
8.
WbeatSotaidVii-
dSDOk.
£0,060
...
...
2O,06(
Bearded ...
Ui
71
H.
i
Do. Latl Ta
dunak.
...
...
...
Ditto ...
73
8.
Do. Snfaid
Eaok.
6,066
1,015
6^071
Ditto ...
7a
s.
Ditto
...
Ditto ...
MoiK.— 6., soft ; H., hard ; U. S , hafd foft.
X xxiii )
DISTBICTS OF THE PUNJAB IN THE TSAB IQSS.—CContinuei),
Description
of soil on
wbioh asu-
all J sown,
and for which
it is most i
Boited.
Usoal aoil.
Ditto
Ditto
2nd cla« ...
Ditto. •••
Ditto ...
DiHo 1..
8
Whether
hardy or
requiring
careinl culti-
▼ation iind
irrigation.
Bad and re-
quiring irri<
gation.
Ditto ...
Ditto
9
Present price
(1883) sera
pec rupee.
26 sera
28 66X8
32ser8
10
Whether pre
ferred for
daily food, or
for nse at
feasts aud in
oonfectionery
11
Exported or
not, aAd
whether to a
lu'georstnal]
extent
>.ti
Strong soil,
Ditto ...
Any ordinary
Boil
b
illy or hard
BOU.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto :..
Ditto -••.
Ear^; re-
quirea irriga-
tion.
Ditto ...
Ditto
28 sers ...
2S
24 sen ...
24 flere ...
22|8er6 .,
22} sers •••
21} sers •••
All purposes,
Ditto
Ditto
Daily food,
Ditto ...
All purposes,
Ditto ...
Ditto ... 21 sers ...
Fesuls and
confectionery
For Suji ...
For Atta
and confec-
tionery.
Daily food
and confec
tionery.
tfot exp<vted
Ditto ...
Ditto
Not exported
Ditto •-
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
12
13
14
Calcutta Bbokbbs*
Report*
t3
a
d
a
0)
m^ ^ ^
S S =3
ra * <»
S
r^ 00 **
BBrrs
« eS P
> »-^ c
CD .*»
Little ...
Average,
Little ...
Very litUe
exported :
used in
making suji.
Very little
exported.
Large quan
titles export
ed.
Kow in de
mand in
Europe.
Little
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Little
.«.
Ditto ...
Ayerage,
Ditto ...
8
1-15
2-9
M2
M4
1*14
145
2*11
2-6
2-6
2-11
2-11
I
Hard
red.
Ko. 3,
No
trade
de-
mand*
Ditto.
Ditto.
Hard
red.
Ordi^
nary
soft
red.
Hard
red.
Hard
red.
Caub
No. 2.
Club
No. 2.
< xxiv )
DESCBIPTITE LIST OF SAllPLES OF WHEAT GROWN IN THB
Local nam
nunet ot the
EkT, bearded
beatdlwi.
Whether nnallj mix
ed with other on^
and U K>, frith irbal
crop*.
. 12,000
) 26,666
UfiM
6,000 ft
10,226 4:
Ditto
Ditto
Do. LiafcBnak|9T,87a|(H
20,000 1
Ditto
Ditto ...
' ^OO.fiN 9:
Ditto .» B
Ditto ,., B
, Notnixodviaiuv
( «v )
DI8TBICTS 01 TBI! PUIUAB IN THE TEAS 1883.— <C«liiuiad}.
otMiron
wUcb am.
»11; MWD.
Mid (or which
jt ts moit
■aited.
aoft K>il ...
A117 soil—
Whetber
hard;, or
reqoiring
careful calti
yatioa and
inigatioQ.
Fnsent price
(1883) Bcri
perwpw.
Whether pre-
ferred for
daily food, o
for tue at
reaats and in
Doofectionery
Exported or
not, and
whether to a
large or smal
extent.
Im-i
11
lis
J
II
Hardj! re-
qnhw Irri-
gation.
HardrbMMii
28 KM ...
Ui sen ...
Daily food
fectioaeiy.
Now in de-
mand in
Ed rope.
ItanalpiodiJi
Little ...
Average,
2.8
Cloh
No,JI.
Soft
red.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
26 sen ...
Daily food
lor all.
Ditto to
Bnrope.
Ditto...
2.3
Soft
red.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
371 Mra ...
Poor people.
Mot export'
litUa ...
1.14
No
Ditto „.
Ditto ...
%*i sera ...
Used by all
(or food.
Largely ex-
ported to
Europe.
Average,
2.1
Boft
red.
Ditt* ...
Ditto ...
92 MTB ...
Zamindan
and poor Dse
it largely.
Not export.
ei.
Little ...
1-13
Sr
an buani
Iind.
Not hardy ;
tc requires
irrigatioQ
or rain
water.
26 sera ...
For both...
Exported to
to a small
extent,
Average,
2-11
Good
club
So. a.
On M kiadt
ollutd.
Not harfy !
requires
irrigation.
26teTB ...
Ditto ...
Not expor-
^ted.
Ditto ...
2.11
Ditto
Hehngon
NBt hardy ;
requires
irrigation
to a KBiall
extent
80 sera ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
2.11
Ditto
Bohi naliri
ftnd gon
Not bardy ;
reqoires
iirigaUon.
2t sen ...
Ditto ...
Exported to
» small
eiUnt to
Junmn &.
Amritsar.
Ditto ...
a-u
Clnb
No. I.
t xxvi )
DESCEIPTIVE MST OF SAMPLES OP WHEAT GEOWN IN THE
DBinea of the
Ditto ... E
Ditto ... B
Ditto ... F
EmuSl Lai Q
Ditto ... B
Ditto ... S
Ditto ... I
Kwaek SabidO
Ditto ... B
Ditto ... S
Ditto ,„ p
.. I el,18lj 56,081
2,800
1,380
78,0gB
E3,04S
26,766
-Eu , bearded
beudlesB.
WhettBt nenaliy mii-
ed with other crom,
ftQd if -BO, nith yrhii
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto
Ditto
DHto
Dttto ,
Ditto...
Sva.—Q., TahaU aunUepm ; b., BtMi, ; 6., Slulu^wb ; P., PnUwakot
( xxvii y
IHSTEICTg OF TEE PUNJAB IN THE TEAR 18BS.-(OonUHU*ay.
Chahi ud
Not hardj ;
2iBera ...
Forteaataft
Exported to
Uttle ...
2-2
Un.
luhii.
requires
confoctlon
[Dom
careful cnl
ary.
in
ti ration, &
tnd«.
aadirriga-
Hon.
Ditto ...
Ditto- ...
as „ ...
Ditto ...
Do. Amrit.
ritiar aod
Lahon.
Ditto ..
9-6
Hard
red.
Bohl and
mebra ...
Ditto ...
80 ,r M.
Ditto ...
Not MBOC-
Ditto ...
S-5
Do.
Cbahi ...
Ditto ...
2* n —
Ditto ...
Eiporl«d«a
DalboaiiB.
Ditto ...
a-i
Do.
Oora Robl,
Hardy r re-
as ,r ...
Par daily
Do. to Am.
ATerage.
S-fl
Botk
tadaatui.
qniresrain
artificial
food.
ritsar and
Jommn.
ttO.
OD&nK!D<Is
Ditto ...
28 „
Ditto ...
IMtto ...
a-6
Do.
otlaod.
Hbhra aod
Ditto ...
BE „ ...
Ditto ...
Do. Janunn
Ditto ...
M
Do.
rohl
Vttud ...
Ktto ...
ST „ ...
Ditto ...
Eipottedto
a BmaU
exteot,
Ditto ...
3-9
NoiS
dab.
OoraehaU
Mot bardy ;
21 « ...
F«r botk ...
Exported to
Oitto^ ...
M
Soft
KodDaliri.
reqairea
aliglit
wsiering.
Jammn.
m.
■e,--
Ditto ...
2W „ ...
Ditto „.
Do. to a
UDlUl «x
t«nt to
Lahore ft
Amrittar.
DUto ...
3-11
Club
No.1.
Bohi and
mtto ...
30 „ ...
Ditto ...
Do. to
Ditto ...
8-11
Do.
metm.
Jamma.
Smoi aod
Ditto ...
26
Ditto ...
Do. to Dal-
Ditto ...
241
Do,
chahi.
honsie.
( xxviil )
DBSCItXFTITE LIST OF SAMPLES OF WHSAI" OBOWN IN THfi
DmwTCadmak, S8,E02 6,466 1,8B6 4:
It is MmetJniM mwh
mixed with a bid>11
proportion of bu-le;
(Jm) about 2 per
cent.
It is nniftllr B
witbbwle;. When
the buler U in lugs
tbe seeds of nikki
ftnd WBduiak whekt
■re mixed and torn
the prodocfl is tam-
ed h " gadar,"
( «i* )
jusimcm OS the pbiiub in ise teas isss,— ((;i>i>itini«9'.
___J
OiJ^DTTA Bboi
.na-
DMcripUon
Whether pre.
^^^^^
P0«.
• srd
of K.U on
Wbether
ferredfot
^V^^^P
1
ll
which nsQil-
h«dy Of re-
Proflent piicti
daily food, o.
ly wwQ, ftod
for wUich it
qniring care-
fa Icaltivs.
C1883) sem
perrcpce.
for ase at
teaats and in
UlQOIt
lion and
confection-
BDltod.
inigatloD.
ery.
£^B"
Irrigated
Least hardy
ZS HTt
ItUnsnsllr
It ia export
LUtle -.
2-6
Hard
land of the
of all
ed towards
red.
dewription
wheat; re-
into "Dui-
SnkknF to
loc*Ily oi-
qaireioare-
fBlcnltiva-
da" fionr,
a Bmall
led Dowbl,
which is
extent; aiM
which U
tioD and
ohiafly
used low
In aiaall
ninftll;
contUnal
of cUj wd
.aw«llu
ery, and
This dea-
nod JD th«
plonty of
" Buji" for
crlptioDut
piopoition
mannrB,
bread and
wheat is
of 2 : 1, Md
pa«try.
produced
mftira,
largely in
which IB
only two
■omewbat
o( the
bigher
tabiUs of
Und >Dd
tbi* dia.
bualvger
trict, eic.
portion of
Sialkol ft
Md.
Daska.
IHUo ...
Mora hardy
2T-Mn
Preferrad
ft exported
ATwage.
2-11
Clnb
than the
for daily
toagraatei
SO. a.
abore.
use, and u
also Qsed
for conlec-
tionery.
kiaidto
be more
glntinoni
than the
above.
extenttUn
Enn j wada-
nak.
"Dosfthl-ft
Hardy; ro-
2t •)
IB generally
Exported
Ditto
2-1
Boft
" M«ir»"
qniring
Qwd tor
largely to-
red.
nniirigA-
little care
daily food;
wardi the
ted. Id
In cnltixa.
•eaport
the higher
iMtdatt iB
tion; can
more gin-
towns and
■taod
ten than
Jamnn
KFwa mixed
drought
any other
territory.
wilh barley
better, and
wheat, and
■nd giro ft
reqniriea
is preferred
goodjield-
little or no
mannriog
and water,
ing.
lor hADd
cakes.
( XXX )
DSSCBTFTIYE LIST OF SAMPLES OF WHEAT GROWN IK THE
lames of thi
uunide,
Is
ad witb other en
km! if BO, with w
HotbeHded VninixMl
9,<89| Bosrdw
Ul (< HUDpleB) 1
< =tx»i )
SI3IBI<!TS Of IBS FUnjlB m THE TEAS 1SB8.— (OmiuHKi);;
Ol Kil OB
VXetlwi
preferred foi
dally food, o
Exported OT
9
5IES
1
■rUoh nnittl-
bwdr, or »-
Preseiit price
not, and whe-
fiJ.
a^S
iTiown-Mid
lorwhiohit
qDiring ewe-
fnl coltiTft-
(lM3),«r.
tor BM at
ther to a
ill
■a
per rnpee.
teaite and in
targB or am all
u
b molt
tion and
extent.
i; « s "^
•aa^
RBltad,
lirigatloa.
ory.
m
iTi
^1
In
DomU uid
mtHf ...
30 ten ...
UMdincon
Produced in
ATerage
3-11
aob"
inmiB.Iiit-
(eotionery
■mallqDan
No. X
SaMUad.
Iher small
bat bea»y
To'^ndiah
inahape.
tity, Jnanffi
dent tor
export.
Cbiii »nd
HwdjilMt
18Mtl ...
DMdatfeatta
='»"•
Eaaat
M
Node.
maihni, or
reqoirwcare
and for con
UtUe.
maud
well or
fol cnlUra.
iecUonetr.
in
«u»l irri-
tioa and irai^
tnuto.
g»t«dl«Dd
eation. rtuB
wheat caanol
LaboM
2-10
Clnb
be nUed In
UtUe.
No. 3.
any «DaD>
Utua OQ Ba-
Sharak-
2-10
Clnb
ranlorunini
por UtUo.
No. 3.
rated land.
Xha greaod
require! to be
pluDgbed 7
timet beton
Um wed iB
powD, and ii
watsred 7
Uinei before
the wheat ia
Alldeaoip-
Hardy ire-
30 Ben ...
Used for
ftcpottedptnl
Shank.
M
Soft
tiOD*.
quireicaielal
camvatioD ;
on irrigated
daily food.
In small
qnantiliea.
par
arerage.
red.
lands better
2-4
Eoft
reiQlle are
•Terage,
red.
gronnd re-
Kamr
M
Soft
quire* a
little.
ted.
and, where
Uhnoian
3-3
Soft
rrigaUoQ ii
LtUe.
red.
poedble. E
wateriDga be-
fore the plant
becomes
LatiiKd. 1
.
( xxxii )
DESCBIPTIVE LtST OP SAMPLES OP WHEAT GEOWK IN THE
Booea I
WITH UOH KUTD.
LotaX Dftme or
^-1
tha name
Wb«tber nnially mix-
ed with olher cropa,
tind if so, wiih
wbftt CKipa,
( xxxiii )
DISTRICTS OP THE PUNJAB IN 1?HE YEAE 1883.
Deflcription
of soil on
which nsa-
ally sown,
and for which
it la mo«t
ioited.
8
Whether
hardy, or
requiring
carefal culti-
vation and
irrigation.
9
Chahi and
nahri land.
Sandy soil
Chiefly irri
gated land.
Not very
hardy, but
easy of culti-
vation. Sown
generally
near river
banks. Kot
grown in
quantities as
the grain is
soon attacked
by weevils.
Not very
hardy ; easy
of cultivation.
Ripens the
soonest. The
grain of this
description
of wheat is
also liable to
the attacks
of weevils.
The Deputy
Commr. be-
lieves this is
not a peculiar
kindof wheat,
but refers to
mixed wheat.
The Tahsil-
dar of Lahore
gave it as a
distinct varie
ty, but the
merchant
consulted by
Dy. Commr.
did not know
of it.
Present price
(1883) sers
per rupee.
19 sers
18 sere
20 sers
10
Whether pre-
ferred for
daily food or
for use at
feasts and in
confectionery
Used for
feasts and
other speci-
al purposes ;
a large pro-
portion of
what is
grown is
exported.
11
Exported or
not, and
whether to 2^
large or small
extent.
Exported...
Used for
daily food ;
also for
feasts and
other special
purposes.
12
13
14
Calcutta Bbokkba'
Hepobt.
h3
SS
i •
»- ft ^ « ■?*
flS ^ ■ * *
;>
Chnnian
little.
Lahore
average.
Easur
little.
A good quan-
tity is ex
ported.
liE
Used for
daily food ;
also for con-
fectionery.
Exported, but
not in such
quantities
as descrip
tion No.
110.
Cbunian
little.
Lahore
little.
Easur
average.
Sharakpur
average.
Little •••
2-7
2-11
2-9
No. 3.
Club
No. 2.
No. 8.
2-10
2-10
2-11
2-11
2-8
Club
No. 2.
eiub
No. 2.
Club
No. 2.
Club
No. 2,
No. 3«
s
DESOEIPTITE LIST OF SAMPLES OF WHEAT GHOWN IS THE
1
9
s
i
s
e
1
S
Local nfttnB or
DKcaei of tbfl
tMpplB.
KOUOH UTIU1.TB OP ABBA
ADNDALl,! SOWN WItU
Ear, beaidea
beftrdles9.
Whetljer omallj mii.
ed with other crops,
and it io, with what
crops.
*i
1
^.
11»
49,68G
Eu, betud^
317
j
NikMorXRlHo.!
63,288
1,200
400
S4,8S8
Ear, beuded
...
JJS
i
Ditto No. II
6,*00
1,B00
9.900
Ditto ...
119
Bom
97,184
2,EO0
1,100
IM,08
Ditto ...
„.
120
Qoji
1^96
1,300
000
6,0»,B
Bar, beuded
Is ■nallr mixed
with either gcwn or
l*rler.
131
Total ...
lE^OOO
ar,Ki
4,000
18,100
TsM
^.OOO
MB.BBa
Ditto ...
b Qsnally mixed
with barley.
( »!" )
CISTBICTS OF THE PDBJAB IN TEE YEAS 1S83.— (Coniiniuj):
-.rfiir-^"
Whether
Wlietber pre-
BipoTted or
1
5ifi
1
which ma-
l»rdy.or
Preient price
ferred for
not, and
1
fW
bUt sown,
udior which
reoDlriDg
carefol colli
(lB83)«er8
daily food, or
whether to s
S £
pM rupee.
for use St
large or small
^4iU
111
h
it i» moat
TStion and
feaats-and in
eitent,
suited.
irrigation.
coofectionery
III
Uinrily
ReqQirea
ZG Mia ...
Used by the
I. „p.rM
ATCiage
3-6
Ear
■own on S
careful cdI-
wealthy for
from tahaili
red.
kiDdsofsoil,
tiration and
daily faod,
Ooiranwala
and Waziri.
1 Dos*hl
itrigatioQ
and far nse
Cbibi,
except on
at feasts and
b4dtoa
I Bobi C\Jh\,
Sailaba.land.
in coafec-
small exten!
ulheie
tionery bj
both we
Che poorer
Karachi and
mited far It.
classes.
other places
but is im-
ported in the
tahsil, where
tbe reqttire-
toents far
exceed the
prodnce.
1, Dosihi
EequiMB
26) sen ...
Dittff ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
M
Sort
. Chihi.
careful oul-
red.
J,Met» Cbibi
tiTAtlon anal
irrigation
eicept on
Sulaha land.
l.Uent ...
The soil i»
32 sen
Ditto ...
Hot txportei
Ditto ...
3-1
Do,
l,Bobt ...
.rsKo.
(IB sown
only in
to any place.
Is consumed
irrigftted
■fterwardB.
HafiHiUd
Uhsil).
in the Halixa.
bid tahsil.
1, Doeahi
As Ho8, 116
28 Hrg ...
Ditto- ...
As Koe. 116
Ditto ...
2-4
Do.
Chihi.
Md 117.
ODd 117.
a,Uc»cbshi
1, Bohi ...
Naitber
R^aera .„
Is used by
As Ho. lis
Little ...
2-2
Dn-
2,Do»hi...
bardynorre-
qnireacaretu
onltivation,
bntis
Irrigated.
poor classes
of people for
daily food.
known
trade.
I,Dol»hi...
Ditto
i6 sera ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Do. ...
2-2
Do,
3, Ueift ...
( zxxvi )
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OP SAMPLES OP WHEAT GROWN IN THE
CO
t
o
•s
Id
5
.a
8
LociA name or
names of tbe
■ample.
ROUQH ESTIMATB OF
AREA ANNUALLY SOWN
WITH BACH KIND.
122
123
124
125
126
128
129
O
M
O
TAB6IL FbBOZB
POBB.
*'Chitti awal,"
soft whit^
8,126
Cbitti doim,
hard white.
«' Lai awaV* soft
red.
*' Lai doim,"
hard red«
TAHMIi Ziba.
" Balvin Lai,"
mixed red.
o
1
3,957
« LM fiaram,*'
aoft red.
" Lai <k)im,-
hard red.
TAHfIL HCOA.
" Lai awal/' red,
Ist qaalit/.
9,625
2,758
18,421
•••
72,617
••k
•••
2,567
2,862
8,186
ill
Td d
o
Is
• ••
o
7,082
Ear, bearded
or
beardleps.
Bearded ...
11,132
13,703
•••
1,920
21,492
14,144
12,192
27,112
80,751
77,187
11,182
9,701
21,210
68,752
96,021
21,210
6
Whether nraally
mixed with other
oropa, an 1 if so, with
what crops.
Unmixed
••• •••
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto
...
Beard^ ...
Dittd ...
Ditto ...
128,868
67,672
Ditto
Ditto
•*. ••*
••• ...
Often mixed with
gram.
Mixtd red and white.
Slightly mixed with
gram.
Ditto
4*«
Bea»d«d .
•>
Mixed>wit]i a ttoall
qaanttty U barlegr.
J— JLgL
**1»«»*<*«^WW
( UXTU )
DISTBIOTS OF THE FTTNJAB IN THE YSAB 1888.— (CM<{«t<a).
^Bm
Deflcription
of soil on
which nsaal-
ly sown, and
for which
it is most
salted.
8
Whether
hardy, or
reqniring
careful cuUi<
yation and
irrigation.
Soft well
land called
" gnsra.**
Present price
(1883)
sers per
rupee.
10
11
Whether pre
ferred for
(laily food, or
for nse at
feasts and in
oonfection-
eiy.
Needs care
in cnltiva-
tion, and
wants aiti
flcial irri-
gation be-
sides rain.
Early in July
22| BeM.
Exported or
noT, and who*
ther to a
large or
small extent
ro
a
Ditto
Hard, weH
land.
Ditto ...
S«rar, or
hard well
land.
Ditto ...
Btfrani soft
rain Umd.
Ditto
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
23 Do. ...
26 Do» ...
26
Ditto
30 sersClocal)
•'Barani,"or
soft rain
land.
Ditto ...
Hardy ; and
needs rain-
water only.
Hardy ; and
isfnatured
with rain-
watet only.
•ssrtsrasseasss
90 wrs (do.)
30 BSts (do.)
Used fo?
daily food
by weal-
thier peo-
ple, and for
leasts and
confection.
ery com-
monly.
Ditto. ...
Daily food
DUto ...
Calcutta Bbokbb&*
Bbpobt.
Si
hi A
^^ a
I •
to . ^
o
Exported in
large qnan
tity fn$
Karachi.
Ditto
Exportod in
small qnan
tity.
Mil
22 8611 •••
Feasts and
confection
ery & dally
food by the
well-to-do.
Daily food
Ditto
For daily
food.
xasE
^
Exported vii
Ferozepore
and Lad
h i anat
• > •
Much ...
Do.
Do.
Do.
00
•^ 3
Do
i» •••
Ditto
Ditto
• a.
DOr «..
Do.
Exported «i4
jjudhiana.
LiUle
.»•
2-U
I
i
Club
No. 1.
2-13
2-4
2-4
2-10
2-3
2-3
Do«
SofI
red.
Do»
Clnh
No. 2»
8of^
red.
Bo.
2-2
Otdi*
nary
red,
( xxrriK )
DE30BIPTITE LIST OP SAUFL13 OF jrEBlT aBOWIT XS TES
-a
1
3
Local Dune or
name* of tho
Nunide.
^
i'
P
1
Ear, bearded
beardlen.
Whether nsnallr mix-
ed with other crota,
mi H 10, with what
cropa.
130
"Lai dolm/'red.
Slid qaahty.
TABBK. Mhkt-
UB.
i,ao6
11,117
43,033
110,005
Bearded ...
Mixed with a naaU
qnantity of bMley
anagram.
ISl
"Ui awaVrod
lit qaaUtf.
...
ti«,7M
B6,r»(
Ditto ..,
Unmixed
13S
I
Qhool mixed, Sof
qnaUty.
Wll
1,11!
Boardlea...
Mixed with little
bMlej.
las
h
Sofaid awal,»)ft
white.
H,1M
...
i*,a63
Beuded ...
Mixed with TecrUttli
barley.
lit
PammaD, large
gruD. mixed
redwtate.
!,1II
...
■■■
8,316
Ditt» ...
Mixed with barloj...
13B
OutI, mixed reif
i,m
...
.-..
*,80C
Ditto ...
Mixed with gram and
136
Gbabbw, l&rge
1«0
...
...
86,470
Ditto ...
KixQd with httin-
Total ...
IMtW
Km
MO.WX
*)I,«B
U7
^»
<Batu<xUbl...
1,142
187
58,637
69,8M
Bar, bearded
Ho
( xxxlx )
DISTETCra OF 'SEE PUNJAB IN THE TBAE lSSZ.~(Conlia»ed).
Description
□I Mil on
which DN.
allj sown,
uid (or which
U is most
Baited.
Whether
culiul caltf-
vation and
irrigatwB.
Proseot price
(1888) sers
ptempee.
Whether pre-
forrtd for
[iailj food, or
(or nse at
reaats «nd in
Brportedor
not, and
whether to (
large or soaal
exUnt,
CiLCDTTA BboM11»'
Hbpobt.
1
111
1
k
'I
s
"Bara&V'or
■oft fkin
Und.
Hwdyiand
is tDfttnred
wrth raiD.
W»tM<in]y
36 sen ...
'IW^''
BxportedW<i
Ladbiana.
Little ...
2-2
Bo ex-
r
maud.
DiA* ...
Ditt* ...
is Do. ...
Ditto .
aborted trffl
£adhian«
k Feroce-
pore.
Much ...
3-4
floft
red.
Hud wfll
lud.
WMits water
l^arCiflcial
Local 38 sen
Ditt|> ...
Ditto ...
Average
3.6
Noer.
tnand.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
38 Do. ...
Ditto, Mi
tot confec-
tloaw7.
Ditto ...
Much ...
2.10
CInb
No. 3.
Ditto ...
DItta ...
38 Do. ...
Di^7food
511
Avetage
3^
Hard
red.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
80 Do. ...
Ditto ...
Dltio ...
Uueh ...
3.7
Club
Mo. 8.
Ditto ,..
Ditto ...
30 D». ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
LitUe ...
3-3
No ex.
maad.
Sown 00 loW'
IiTigation_
Hsen ...
Oommontr
Mot exported
Areiife
3.4
Soft
( xl )
BSSOBIPTIVE LIST OF SAMPLES OF WHEAT OBOWN IN TfiB
]
"•y^
1
2
•
o
1
&
^
o
1
1
1
.9
)«
•111
-i
1
ob
s
138
1
8
139
140
•8
I
P
M
P4
141
142
145
H
Local name or
names of the
iple.
B«itti
••• ••!
Uodi, Eoni, Chitti
Oagar ...
Total
Lai (red)
Sofaid Bagar
(white).
LalDagar(red)
BOUeB HBTIMATS OF AREA
ANNUALLY SOWN WITH
BACH KIND.
8)
6«G0S
17
25
7,787
17,079
Total
•••
76
lOS
17,269
I
I
2,794
2,931
29,228
•••
11
'O g
888,809
8,152
153
400,231
827,816
29,228
245
822
Bar, bearded
or
beardleas.
6
Whether nsaallj mix<
cd with other cropft,
and if so, with wnat
crops.
S
8*7,796
8,169
178
Bar, bearded
Bar, beard-
less.
Bar, bearded
410,949
874,i» Beasded ...
820
427
828,888
874,870
Beardless
bearded.
No
••• ••* .••
No
••• •••
No ...
•••
UsaalW mixed with
oarley.
WlthoRit mixture.
Ditto
•.•
( xli )
DISTEICTS OP THE PUNJAB IN THE TEAE 1883.— (ConHnttaii).
7
8
9
10
11
12 13
14
Calcutta Bbokebb*
Description
of soil on
Whether
hardy, or
Whether pre
ferred for
•
Exported or
Bbport.
1
gP
'1
which nsa-
Present price
daiiy food, or not, and
ally sown,
requiring
1 car^l cul-
tivation and
irrigation.
(1883) sers
for use at
whether to al§ ^
•ndforwhicl
it is most
suited.
Sown on
per rupee.
feasts and in
confection-
cry.
i large or small
extent
Character of (
whether —
1. Much.
2. Averagi
3. Little.
2 § ® '2
Hardy .v.
26 sera ...
Used for
As a rule it
Average ...
2-4
Soft
eTeiy kind
daily food.
is not ex-
red«
of soil ex-
feasts and
ported.
1
cept rakar
in confec-
This year
maira; soils
tionery.
(1883), about
where
60,000 mds.
there is
were ex-
little or no
ported*
sand are
most suited
Sown on the
Irrigation
Ditto ...
Used for
ITot exported
Much ...
2-14
Cinh
hest soils,
required.
daily food
A
No. 1,
neshebi
and ill eon-
cbahi and
fectionery.
saiiab,
which suit
at least.
Sown on irri-
Ditto ...
26 sera ...
Mostly used
Ditto ...
Average
2-6
Hard
gated and
in confec-
rQd4
his lands.
tionery.
It is best
suited for
well land.
all
i are
ind
eat
tof
Hardy ...
32 aera ...
Daily use
306.640
Little ...
2-2
Un-
maunds have
known
been export-
ed to Kara-
in
trade.
chi during
the current
laba and irrigated
riptions and Xipa
soils preferential
1 coxnxnonlj know]
is " and are nsed
all descriptic
Ditto
28 „ ... i
U feasts itnd
year.
Ditto ...
2-8
Do«
in confec-
tionery.
Ditto ...
28 ff ...
Ditto ...
f§ •••
Average
2-9
(Tlub
Ko.8«
IJISa
' '
< adu )
DESdaFttTE LIST OP SAMPLES OF WHEA.f GROWN HSf THE
.-> *«<bi
I
I
I,
to
I
.a
144
146
i4e
147
148
149
160
161
16^
Pi
s
m0m
Local Danre or
names of the
ttUDple.
Bough AsriMATlfi of absa
ANNUAtLT SOWN WITH
BAOH KIND,
Dagar white ...
to
43,610
unkkired
Bena •••
Jawagal
Goji •••
Ghoni ...
62,160
•■•
o
1^
700
i
O
2
o s
3*0 I.
1,400
3
46,710
16,010
16,230
167,886
2,206
40
Total
Dagar (in tahsil
Shahpar).
Dagar Gabri (in
tahsil Shahpor).
Batti (in tahsil
Shahpnr).
•••
•••
86,600
6,417
98,016^1,960
600
1,000
28,291
•••
200,153
19,200
285,08C
16,220
86,600
7,628
40
Ear, bearded
or
beardless.
6
Whether ttsnally
mixed with other
crops, and if so, with
what crops.
Bearded ...
880,t2S
500
Ditto ...
Ditto ,„
Difcto ...
Ditto ...
Beardlen...
Hot mixed with other
cr«p8. Is a fine
grain.
Ditto
•••
1,000
4,682 47,078
Bearded ...
Ditto
Ditto
t*«
Is a componnd of
dagar and nikkt
A mixture 8 parts of
wheat and 1 part
of barley.
A mixture of wheat
and barley in equal
parts.
Not mixed, kept pnio
Sown unmixed
DittQ
Ditto
I*.
•••
( xlm )
BISTBIOTS OP THE PUNJAB IN THE TEAE I88S.-(fl»nK««>J7.
7
8
13 1 » 1 1*
OitLaDm BBOKKBa*
Description
of Boilon
whiefi nra.
«lly soim,
«nd for which
it inmost
mited.
Whether
hardy, or
requiring
csrehl call
fniafctioii
Rgpobt.
Lf!
1
If
19
Common I7
ra not hard;
Xwiige"
2-6
Hard
raquires
nd.
BOwIag.
Boila, and
particnUrly
on rohi and
uiUU
lands.
CD baranl
Ditto ..
Ditto ...
%4
Bot«
ni.
•oil.
Hanly, bu
Ditt* ...
2-8
Hard
OD sailaba
reqairea ni
rod.
landa.
On bwanl
Ditto ..
LitUe ...
t.2
Hoezf-
lMld&
Buind.
Ditto ...
Ditto .,
Ditto ...
1-2
Do.
OnirriMted
iMlds.
iBtiothardj
require*
moUtnre.
Arer^^e
M,
Clnb.
Ho. a.
KadhiMd
Tteqniraa
ATew««
2-S
Hard
ctuhi.
careful oulti
TKtion and
rjrt..
imgation.
but not pre*
daily food.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
26 „ ...
Oenentlly
need for
daily food.
Ditto ...
Ditto ..
8-18
Moan,
tain
Club.
Krfhi, ctahi,
Hardy, bnt
S6 „ ...
DUt» ...
Exported to
Sukkar and
Ditto^ ...
2-<
S<Jt
uilabi and
requires or-
red.
barani.
""v-Si'"-
Xultan to a
Tcry small
( »liv )
DESOBIPTITE LIST OP SAMPLES OF WHEAT GBOWH IN THl
B
6
, btwided
Mdlesa.
Whether amallr nU
od with other crop*,
and U BO, with whil
3
Soal (in teiail
KiMhab).
839
21,000
21,33y
Bearded ...
Mixed with Urle:r ■•
1
B«tt[ ill tabBil
Ehualiab.
11,090
10,576
6,373
28,039
Ditto ...
Ditto
1
9
Rattlfin taluil
17,882
-
9,600
49,716
Ditto ...
Mixed otth bailej,
linseed, maawi and
aut»L
s
Ditto
6,288
10,622
16,8011
Ditto ...
Ditto
Totftl ...
68^6
62,009
82^077
WMTl
Rodi
1V7B6
"2^6
10
17,710
Beardlew...
ChltO
60,246
21,6)7
...
71,783
Ditto -.
Ditto
<
Makki
10.63t
13,U0
B3,7*e
Ditto ...
Ditto
Phamui
3,860
1,800
6,660
Ditto
i
2,667
Ditto ...
Qown with peu tod
turnip*.
26,721
Beardlen...
SowniritlitnrniFi...
19,881
Ditto ...
Sown Kpantel7 ■■
CISISICTS 0¥ THE PUNJAB IN THE TEIB 1883.-(Oimh'ii«aJ).
7
8
9
10
11
12 1 13 1 14
Calcctta BBOKESa'
DMcription
of soil DO
Wbether
Whether pra-
Bbpokt.
i
Ill
1
which nm-
hardy. 01
Present price
(erred for
not, and
c'"g
•llj «,wn,
rtquinnfj
(1883) sere
daily food or
whether to a
1-^
andforwliich
i^arefQl onlti-
pet rupee.
for QM at
large or am h11
ii
it is most
vation and
feaat* and in
extent.
ls =
sotted.
irrigatioQ.
confectionery
In
~1
is
H
HjrB,chBhi,
Requires
22|sars ...
Generally
Kiportid to
Bukknr and
ATorage
2-1
Boft
wilabi and
cBiehU CQl-
uied for
red.
bu»iii.
tivatlon and
itrigaUon.
daJyfood.
Uultan to a
very small
quantity.
Ditto
EMlhi,chahi
22* » -
Ditto ...
Little ...
3-9
No
Milabt bdA
much
•r'
buftui.
uwd.
Hyra, chahi
Reqniras
2* » ...
Ditto ...
Not «porte<i
Ditto ...
2-3
Do.
and Milabi.
nncb irriga-
tion.
Kadhi, cbalii
Requires
2t „ ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
2-«
Do,
Mitabi and
caTelat cal-
bwaiii.
tiTation in
baianitracti.
Bhamia
Looee land
19 sera ...
Preferred
Bxportad in
Little ...
i-s"
Dn-
Gbasra
requires
foroae in
iargeqnan.
knowa
malik dir-
earefnl
confec-
titles.
ma.
cnltivaUon
and irriga-
tioner;.
trade.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
19 „ ...
Preferred
for daU;
food.
Ditto ...
Mnah ...
2-11
Good
clnb
No. 2.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
10 sen and
lOcbataks.
Do, for con-
fectioneiy.
Ditto ...
Ditto
2-10
Club-
No. 2.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
IT sets and
IZcbotaks.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
LitUe ...
B^
No ex-
r
maod
Qon* ...
Ditto ...
23 seis ...
Far daily
food. '
Do.losKalJ
qnantities.
Ditto ...
2-4
Do.
PhammaD...
Hard^Do.
20 „ ...
Ditto ...
Ditt« ...
Mnoh ...
2-10
Clnb
No. 2.
Uedi-
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
21 „ ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Areiage...
a-10
Clob
No. 3.
DESCRIFTITB LIST OF SAilPLSS OF WHEAT OBOWN IK THB
1
2
" 1
»
6
i
1
s
IctODOB MnTH
1 ASNUALLT
1
ATI OF ABKA
Ear, betided
or
WbeUief ttsnally mix-
ed with other ciom
■ttd il ao, with whit
1
1
ll
^
161
...
6,81a
Little bear-
d«d.
165
1
1
4,741
BeatdloM
Ditto
16«
s
f
9,80fl
Bunted ...
Ditto .. ~.
167
^
,
8,197
Ditto ...
Sowttwtthhailej ..
s
ToW ...
lU;tM
6»,878
1,890
IIS,™
168
Uaklni (• mall
«hit« nmiid
BMdn).
3,100
...
...
9,100
BeaidleM...
Ko
169
longer wbit* (alt
boaidleH grftia).
18400
14,000
IE
88,41)1
Ditto -
Ditto
170
<j
fUt»Todi(the
Bune but slightly
red,hmrf,beM(l«
FunbiD (» flae
long white soft
gtaLi) twuded.
I6,B1S
36,270
802
8Z,S»
Bearded ...
Ditto
171
140
16
1S6
Ditto ...
Ditto
173
178
BattI KOJi (red-
liebwbMt mixed
with Uriey.)
10,000
1,000
B,00O
66
SO
18,090
4,066
Dili* ...
Ditto ...
Uked with batley...
Xo
( xlvii )
nsTBiOTS or the pciijab in tee teas lees.—xomUmti).
( llviu )
DESOEIPnVE LIST OF SAMPLES OF WHEAT OBMJWN IH THB
170
Dandi
19^63
1,983
...
2i,e«
Beai
177
Khnnl ^ ...
66,678
8,616
1,762
76,876
Bew
178
1
BatU
61,601
33,181
700
96,43B
Be»
179
*
Pwnnaa
2,»6
...
2,906
Dii
180
Uikaln
161
...
161
DH
h other]
( »iii )
DISTBIOTS OF THB PUNJAB IN USE TfiAB 18S3.—(Oont{nuti).
8owD on
liar* (loamy
•oil) lor
wbleh itia
Not hard; ; I i
Kqarlea
caiefQl cul-
tivation aodj
inigktion.
daitj food
and for use
fectionei;.
Pattananc
Di pal par
tatuili.
Qaira and
Eoraohabi,
bat mors
nitad to
lands, bat
nited beat
gasra,
gora chaU
Skand (cl^
•oil^ for
Oorft ch&hi
(or which
UiiBDited,
feaati and
in eoDfeC'
tionuy.
Preferred for
daily food,
and for nse
qaautiiy
iu«duced
in district.
( 1 )
DESCEIFTtTB U8T OP SAMPLES OF WHEAT QBOWH IH THli
IBl
RoSi and in
MimsDi.
iifia
11,398
Hfi2
BeudleBS
1 It is not timallT
tniied w[tb other
crope, but it is some-
tlmee witb Sanoa
md OsAa.
tss
S
Mahlo— inown
latunL
e,ioo
1,670
...
7,770
Ditto ...
Asia No. ISl ...
181
D»ldan
MIE
ifiii
Ditto
Ditto
1
H
1SS
Eftltl, Lftlo, '
18,610
30,824
...
78,488
Soioe beard-
beudless
Ditto
186
Kiogbari.EMid.
IMl.
2S^13
22,973
...
4fl,28(
Bearded ..
Ditto
PISTRIO^ OF TEE PITKJAB IN THE YEAR ISSS.—ietniiiiHtd},
the aoil
milk "gas."
Bat it is
it good soil
is not to be
every Itiud
of toil.
Whether
reqairing
BreFnl culti-
vation and
itrigfttion.
requires
careful cal
ti vat ion «ni
irrigation.
irrigation,
bat does
(airly well
with little
caio.
Hard; : mach
landi.
Whether pre-
forred (or
daily food, or
largeoraiBBll
Sot eiportetl
tbe small
quantity
produced
ie district.
Used for
food and
confec-
tionery. Is
better far
than Baggi,
being more
sticky, but
inferior to
SudL
I CALCtriTA. BaoEaas'
Hi
Hi
1
11
n
8-3
Vo
DUUld.
AverH*
""a^
Glut
No. ft
Ditto ...
S-IO
©*
Ditto ...
a-is
Olnb
N0.I,
UbcIi ...
2.5
HoW
soft
red.
LitUe -
2-i
Hoe3C<
port
de-
mand.
( m )
DESCmmVE LIST OF SAMPLES OF WHEAT QEOWN IN THE
1
2
S
<
6
6
.S
Loc&l Qftme or
aimea of the
■amplo.
BouoH BsriHATB or
ABSA AHKHALLT BOWK
WlTfl KAOH KIND.
Bar,beMded
beudleuk
Whether lunkllr mix-
ed with other croni,
and if K>, with
what cropi.
1
1
J!
i!
,^
J8T
J
Ddddl, OAddl,
IMadi.
717
20
...
787
BeardleH...
Ai in So. 183 ...
ISB
I
P«nM
2G4
100
■"
884
Buidad ...
It il not mixed witb
other crept.
Total ...
ltT,OU
87,080
-
1M.W
Tabdl Dbu.
189
i
Duuu) 6b em
Illjiqa EmU ...
Tahkl Bhakab
71B
28,*80
44,091
44,091
29,19E
1 Bewded
No ... ».
IK
I
EllM rodi kftchA
audth^.
8,980
67G
9,866
Beardleu...
Ditto
ISl
Bitli khalia
kachaand th»l.
9,166
13,185
...
16,370
Bearded ...
Ditto
192
"
jBwali baggt
kacba and UuU.
*,262
28,603
-
82,866
Ditto ...
T«i;n«aaUrbariey
198
BftHl javraU Do.
ii,7te
6,4W
18,186
Ditto ...
Ditto
( im )
DISTBIPIS OF TEE PUNJAB IN THE TEAS 1883.-(Ciii>h'i>iMj).
UKiiorwDica
»«Uon ind
iiTigatlon.
par rupee.
it U mo8t
Nited.
Fail land
Beqnirea tux
irrigation;
UtolB „
OoodKdl
BeqalfM
carefal cnl-
tivation and
inigatwn.
16 to 18 „
Mmt, U.,
allnTJal
BeqniTes
CMelul irri-
22) MH ...
iDdOB Bilt
gation and
wid clayey.
much labor
io coDBtrno-
ling of bands,
Jto. ; hardy.
Site
Bequirea
carrfnl
28 MM ...
Exported
largely to
Bnkkur.
Bold
Soft
B»d.
( H» )
SESCRnTTTE LIST OF SAMPLES OF WEEAT aBOWn IN TEE
i
a
1
3
DMieaof 1
TAhsil Lni
IM
white
tl5
1
NuhibBae
1
1
Do. EOklC
m
BedCSatU)
a
197
1
Yellow (Pili
IBS
i
Eiudi (red)
199
QnmU ...
300
BhittADiii a
Jal&tai (villi
198 sample.
TotAl
•—
201
I
PwiWia
S02
1
Qoli ...
■si
II
'^Beardkas,
HMO BBMded ...
S,BU IHtto _
10,791 Ditto .„
rellow Do.
Ditto ...
71,461
8,006
s.„,
Bwded ...
19,553
PwtWIj
ed with othcrcraH I '
ind if M. with nhitl
( Iv )
DISTRICTS OP THE PUNJAB IN THE YEAB 188S.— (Contfnii«cr;.
6
9
Description '
of soil on
which nBnal'
Ij sown and
for which it
is most
suited.
Sandy clayey
and allaylHl
land.
Wh«thei*
hardy, or re-
qnirihg care
ful cnltira-
tion and
iirigatioa.
Ditto
•••
Stiff clayey,
and in places!
silted with
deposits from
hill flooding.
Ditto
Hardy. Thai
lands require
a greater
amount of
labour.
Ditto ...
Hardy j re-
qnires much
labour in
ploughing
and making
embank-
ments.
Hardy Do.
Present- jil^ce
(1^83), sers
per ruQee.
10
11
Whether
preferred for
Exported or
daily food, orlnot, and whe-
for use at f ther to a
20
•••
SO
»*
feasts and in
confection-
ery.
m n
Ditto ... Ditt« ...
Ditto
Ditto
Good soil ...
Inferior soil
Ditto
Ditto-
m H
25
9»
Used as
daily food
by the poor*
er classes.
Ditto ...
Used as daily
food by the
people.
large or smaU
extent.
i
-9
This is
preferred by
the well-to-
do as daily
food.
Ditto ...
26 „
Careful cul-
tivation
and irriga-
tjlon.
Hardy; gene-
rally sown
on moist
alluvial
lands.
16 sers
20sor8
Ditto
Ditto
It,
A superior
quality
ubed at
feasts and in
tonfection-
ery, &c*
Used for
daily food.
Exported
largely to
Mnltan,
Ditto
None export
ed for the
past five
yVATS.
Ditto ...
12
13
14
Calodtta Bboxibiui'
Rkfoet.
h
•4 CO
q) c8 O
^*^ p
gSJ
Exported in
small quan-
tities.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Not exported
exported in
small qnan<
titles.
Ayerage
2-18
Ayerage
Ayerage
Ayerage
Ayerage
Average
Average
Little ...
2-11
24
s
I
to
aub
No.l«
Club
Mo. 2.
Soft
Bed.
2-9
2-6
2-10
2-6
Little ...
2-2
2-0
No.8«
Bold
Soft
Red.
No. 2
Club.
Bold
soft
red.
port
de-
mand.
Do.
( M )
BESCEIPn™ LIST OF SAMPLES OF WHEAT OEOWN IH THS
1
9
8
4
6
t
1
Locftliumeot
Danes of the
ElOCQH BmitATB or AMA
beac^eM.
Wbether amallr tnil-
ed vith other cropa,
and U ao, with That
crops.
i
I
II
1
.^
-
90S
20fl
1.
1
HakU
outu „. „.
fcwali
Daleloa ...
Total ...
as,22«
«.008
£00
10,350
9^12
68,680
SCO
IM,0«
2.730
7,«3«
1^
B6,20(
60,918
78,Uf
700
MT.!»
BeardlcH...
Ditto -.
Beaided ...
Ditto ...
Hlied frith barter..
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
1IW.M8
U,86«
SOT
308
^
Wwlri HathJlhel
7*B
1S,252
13^
9,31(
Beard
Ditt
( Wi )
braiiaols or the itjujab in the teae lasa.-cffonKninJj.
/ "
»_
Calodtta BaOKEBs'
D««rip«oii
otnUoD
Whether
Whether pre-
ferred for
EEPOgT.
1 IsP
1
nbich anal
hard?, or re-
Prwent price
daily food, or
Dot, and
1
|K
for which it
qoiring care-
(1683) Mra
lor o«e at
whether to
plli
ful CaltlTB-
perrapee.
(euitB add In
a large or
1 s °
h
i« molt
tioD And
eoafection.
small
iti
nitod.
Inlgalion.
eiy.
extent.
si
Inferior wU
Carefal cnl-
tivation &
irrigation.
l«wra ...
Oiniilar to
PaoiMn
(Sample).
N
r
00.
In
tnOa.
IHtto ...
Ditto ...
161 aen -
The deaerip.
tion pHn-
cipally need
lor daily
food.
I
1
Good
elDb
Kfcj;
Ditto ...
Hardr; re-
qniiieaini-
gatioD.
lei uM ...
TJ»ed for
daily food.
1
Obod
Glob
HO.S.
OoodSoa...
Cvehil cnl.
tiratitni &
IS sen ...
Ditto ...
N
Good
olob
irrigaUon.
Na.S.
P*klia nun-
Beqnires coH'
831
Preferred for
Not export-
Ayerage
«^
Soft
mri (light
slant tain
daily food
ed,'
red.
lou>7 toil)
andiniga-
kod feaatB.
nited.
tiOD.
Surawuboi
Requiring
86i
Prtf erred for
tHtto ...
Do. ...
Bo.
Do.
( irrigated
onnBtant
OMily f*od
nanared
iTTigaUoQ.
bnly.
land near
tho Yil-
l«g«),dagar
(clajej
Und). Pal-
lonTrOtha,
Lalm*
piJIoii (ir-
rigated nn.
mauDKd
land not
ritnated
near the
Tillage and
aHeetedby
"Beh.-,
.
..
=30
( Im )
DESCfilFTTTE LIST OF SAMPLES OF "WHEAT OBOWN IK TEE
BODOB BBTIlf ATB OF ASB
AHHUALLt MWS WITH
XACB XtMD.
Local DUM or
tutmea ot the
Mmple.
Whether nniBllT nix-
ed with other crop*,
and U M, with what
WaddJanikhal,
( nx y
DISTBICTS OF THE PUNJAB IN THE TEAB 188?.— (CoirftitiMQ.
Wlietlier
reqainEg
Darefnt culti-
vation and
irrigation.
Kt«aent pric
tlB«3) sera
per rupee.
Wbetlierpr«-| BxporUd or
) ferred for | not, end'
daifj food, whether to ■
for n«e at llku^ortmall
hasts and tii| extent.
13 [ 1
lili
111 i
PkUj- hardy,
p«tly
reqafring
irrigation.
Ptefeited for
daily food
siUrfbaatB,
Requiring
conatant
Irrigation
Preferred fo?
daily food
only.
{ u )
SESCBIPTITi: I4BT OF SAUFUES OF TTP^T aBO^m IS TEE
■a
Local nuns or
Dsmu □! the
wnple.
1
B
n
^
Em, bearded
or
beardleo.
Whether TwullTuii.
ed with otber ctou,
and it la, vitb «i>t
su
""*
...
...
77^1
TT^wi
Bearded ...
Not mixed ...
S19
rM>*
2M79
2(yt7S
IKtto ...
Dittfl
iu
TaudoteHaM
t9,tlO
loo
...
IS,510
Ditto ...
■fixed with barl^
SIS
Thai iBkUel lit
Sot%.
...
...
6^
6,23!
Ditto ...
Not mixed ... ~
216
po. 2Dd Bort ...
...
...
...
...
...
317
1
8^Ub lit &rt
M.192
...
li.l9S
Dltta ...
Ditto
SIS
1
Do. Sod Sort ...
...
...
...
...
...
S19
i
Nahii lit 8wt
».S«
...
...
»,MC
Ditto ...
Ditto
S20
^»o.2adSOTl...
...
...
...
...
...
921
VahlnU ...
...
...
SMO
S,8M
Ditto ...
Ditto
S22
^tbridwai ...
86S
...
17.851
17,703
Ditto ...
Ditto ... -
S23
flulwaU
-
...
1,«S4
4,68<
Ditto ...
Ditto
S24
EMhawali ...
Total
...
31 ^TB
M,B7(
Bearded ...
Ditto ... -
,__
71,i*(
46,868
IM,TS.
«>,iai
( W )
msT^cra os tbs funiab m the teas ia83^<!g><mi«g.
T
8
CALODTtA BSOEUia'
■»r
Wbettrn
Exportrioi
BaroBT.
1 .
m
&
which MB-
Udbvwhicti
itianott
hwdyp
PreaoDt price
(188S} lera
Dot, and
rhether to ■
If-
pi
J
repee.
argeoramall
ext«*t.
uii
h
Mited.
S 4 8
^.
Har^ ; ».
1 'Jeito
|s^
?1
BhlKftBa^u
Sit
Preferred for
Exported
Averaf^
M
Soft'
«UKl7MlI
qniwflrttJe
a»Urtooa,k
i^ij.
red.
dependent
ndn"
forfeasteft
on nJn)
forcoofeo.
Wb»t ftnd
tioaev.
gramiown
p£kh> (atiir
ctoyey).
Kihri Uailab
Harfy Bo.
8U
Ditto ...
»>t extort
DUto ...
IMtto~.
2A
D*
BeqnirMcoi).
S4I
Prefen«dfor
Ditto ...
2.4
Do.
mited lor
slant int-
daily food
wheat.
only.
Buwimited
Hardyj re-
sq
Do. and for
fxport^to
Ditto ..
3.S
OrdI<
lotwbeat.
feasta&in
agoo4ex.
^
Mief vl ml-
twit
tlTatfcn.
e^.
red.
««
Ditto...
2-4
Soft
BtOabDo,
Noth^rdTi
R«
riefenod tor
dally food.
»rportodto
a good ax.
Ditto-.
t-i
rod.
Do,
«ndl<»leaat«
tent.
tt irr^ated
and In con-
byfl<»Hi.
m
...
Little „.
M
Ho
H«hriD<..
Beqnlrea
s^
Pwfnndlor
Exported to
Ditto...
S.S
mand.
Soft
carafijlcol-
*^'«xl.»n<
a good ex-
red.
Uvftlon &
tn^fU-
tent.
farigatioii.
HoB^T.
...
■■•
s^
...
Ditto...
S.2
Ho
arfj ...
H
fttportod...
BHto...
3-8
Ordi-
foe wheat.
daily food
nair
toft
audfearta.
DitU ..
Ditto ...
U
mtto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
3-4
red.
Soft
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Si
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto...
8.8
Sanaba
Haidv ; In!-
84
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto,...
M
^
-iS'" SS? ''
red.
( bdi )
DESCRIPTITE IIST OF SAMPLES OF WHEAT GROWN" IN THE
1
3
3
4
6
A
S
Local nune M
lutmei ol the
umplo.
BODOH BOTIIUTB OP ABBA
ABHCALLT eOWH WITH
KACH KIND.
Bar, bearded
fflwthet amall; mli.
ed iritl) other crops,
Mid if (0, with what
j
}
r
«
S2fi
ilfiHJ
i,m2
S»
I
Hoii
2fiVi
S27
s
Honat, Bodi.
801
r-
112
"«B
sao
S81
a
Qoii
Rati
las
217
...
»3
(Mm
120
...
jr. B. Begardiag ocoaaloiua nixtnra vide para. 8 of forwardiag letter.
NOTB,— TuieUH beuiog the uune lunu la diSerent IiiUli m m% oeoemrilj' tt
( Ixiii )
SISTBICTS OF THE FOKJAB IH TEE TEAS IGSS.
"UstU" or
H«dy ...
221 Sera per
Moitlj for
ATeiaga
3-4
Son
"Bheg^"
mpee {am-
Otiljlood.
•g«J.
"HktU"...
LeM hkrd;
20 Ban pel
Mortly for
confoction.
Veryli»U<
e«port
Ditto ...
M4
Clnti
than Sirki ;
rupee (aTor-
tamdeto
Ho-l,
reqalTM
■ge).
ery, &c
other
generftllr
distrieta,
airelalcnl-
ihongh
tivnion ft
(ome
irrigfttion.
from
mofusil
Ditto ...
DdiMt«;ra.
ie| Sen pet
Chiefly tor
to
Hach ...
3-11
Olab
qnirei gene-
mpee (ftver-
Peibaww
Ho. X
mllj canfQl
•«5).
iryfwatB,ftO.
MltiTntlon ft
irrigation,
thongh par.
wptlewthu)
Sown In
31
34 ten ...
Daily food.
UtUe ...
1-14
IToez'
Ealrimnd
port
Kbuhki
^o-
Und.
if
if
maad.
BoWDla
muraond
34 „ ...
Ditto ...
Aren^
3-3
Ordi-
Btfi >[id nn-
Ditto ...
»
24 „ „.
Ditto ...
9
S
Ditto ...
3-S
red.
Do.
mtto ...
24 „ ...
Ditto ...
S
1
Ditto ...
3-8
Boft
red.
Ditto ...
i;i
34 . ...
Ditto ...
Mnoli ...
2.11
Good
Otnb
So 3.
( Iiiv )
DESCBIPTIVE ttST OF SAMPLES 07 WHEAT SBOWiT IN TBI
lK>«d name or
nkinea of lh«
S
1
^i
^
Tahsil HaKi-
FUB.
BitUr
8,788
-
CklUI ... .i.
l/»0
..
yonl
NX)
D« ... -.
EOO
Tabsil UU.
Wnded „.
...
Sou ufed ...
...
...
SorUi
S21
...
HakUnt (mizri)
1^
...
»W
.„
„.
Tout
I3,*B7
...
Whetker imikllf nii.
ed with otbo' CDHM,
Mid if M), with WAiil
SS,378{ UM^TKJ
Ditt* ...
Ditt* „.
DitW ... _.
Ditto „, ...
IHtbl .,. ...
Ditto ... »
iMtto .„ -.
( Ixv )
DISTRICTS OP THE PUNJAB IN THE YEAE 1883.— (Ccm«nii«<l).
Deacriptlon
of soil on
which nsaal-
\j BOWD, and
for which
it is most
snitecL
Sown in any
toU.
Ditto ...
Sown in
chari and
bagh land.
Sown in any
•oil
8
Whether
hardy, or
reqairiog
carefnl calti
ration and
irrigation.
Sown in
maira and
kalsi land.
Ditto ...
Sown in any
BOU.
Ditto ...
Sown in Dab
Kand Bela
Rakkar
Kbasbki
land.
V S ^
-8
•.* H a) £^
ti'6 fi S
c « VM a
li-sl
til 5
J?
I
|i
h
t to
8
00
I
9
Present price
(1883)
sersper
rupee.
38 sers
27| „
27i „
26* „
82
32
32
32
n
t*
ft
10
Whether pre
ferred for
daily food, or
for use at
feasts and in
confectioneiy
Exported or
not, and whe-
ther to a
large or
small extent.
Daily food.
Ooofectionety
Daily food
and confec-
tionery.
Daily food.
32 „ «•.
Ditto ...
Ditto
Daily food
and confec-
tionery.
Ditto ...
Daily food.
U
12
18
U
Calcutta Bbokbbb*
BiPOBT.
a
"Si -IcS
i^ f^ w q)
«i ^ ^ s> *^
? 5 £ > -"^
Ol
Not exported
to any extent.
Ditto ..
Ditto ..(
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Exported in
small quan-
tities.
Not exported
to any extent
Ditto
Little ...
Ditto M
Average
Little ...
Much ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Little ...
Si
5fe
gg.
Ditto ...
2-0
2-0
20
6
I
to.:
2-2
2-14
2-11
2-4
2-10
Un-
known
in
trades
Do.
Ordi<
nary
soft
red.
Un-
known
in
trade.
Olub
No. 1.
Good
Club
No. 2.
Soft
red.
Un-
known
in
trade.
.2-4
Do.;
( Irvi )
If£SOBIPl*tVE Tiffit Of SAMFLBS ^F WBTEAT OBOWIT IN TEI
1
1
Local DBn« or
Dunea of tbe
1
1
11
■3
Ear.bwrdod
beai^lBu.
Wletlier tmallf
■nixed with other
cropr, and it h>, with
wkat CTopi.
**'*^
SukfatdButi...
6,900
.
S0,S00
Beaided ...
No
M3
24
00
Mt
Snrglianam ...
...
S6,000
S<,000
Ditto ...
...
Mi
1
Hand? Sarkhal
128
...
75
303
Beardlwa...
No
9tt
'
(.1. u*a^i f
3,000
...
3,O0t
Bearded ...
No
»S
EdUngi
Total
8,000
17,028
8,00(1
97,603
Ditto ...
No ... „. ..
80.475
1
Orana Total lor
tbe Province.
i,nt.n»
l.iW«t|WTl.«.
t,lU,Ml
liOTB,— Tarieiies bearing tbe tame oane in diffuot
( Ixvii )
DISTBIOTS OP THE PUNJAB nt THE TEAE 16SS.-(CnilHiii).
7
8
9
10
11
13 I 13 { I«
QeMription
of K,a Of
which am.
»lly lown,
tnd for which
it is most
•nited.
Whether
hardy, or
requiring
careful cal-
tiv&tion and
irrigation.
Prearr.t prioa
(1383) aere
per rupee.
Whether pre-
ferred for
daily food. OT
for Dse at
feutfl and in
ery.
Eiported or
whether lo a
argeonmall
eit«n(.
Calcdtta Beokbbb*
hEPOBT.
i
III
III
1
1
BftnoilMid
Hardy, vid
reqaires leM
I2«en. ...
For dftlly
food.
So.
Uoch ...
2-^
Bold
■oft
led.
Ditto ...
Ullto ...
33 „ ...
Ditto ...
Dnring yeftit
o( titan-
daot crop
ItieUrgely
exported to
EarMhi Jc
Puhawar.
Uncb ...
24
Soft
i«d.
AU k. BuftDi
Hud; 1 bat
wat«i.
3S „ ...
Ditto ...
No ; only
grows in B4
and JabM
valley.
Arersga
3-S
Baft
AM
..^?'"!..
21 » ...
Eor f euti
BzpoTtsdto
Uooh ...
2.10
OInb
E. a. WACE, Li-CoL.,
CommtHtonar of SeUUmenla and AgrieuUure,
XahiOa m not necenvSy the wms Tuiety.
I
TABLE No. I.
( ii )
TABLB
LIST OF SAMPLES OF PUNJAB WHEAT
4>
o
o
i
Delhi ...
17
18
27
fiohtftk...
3
BOUOH BSTIMATB OP ABBl
▲NNUALLT 80WM WITH
BAOH KIKD.
Local name or
names of the
sample*
DitidKhini ...
Snfaid Gehnn
(white wheat soft)
Ditto... I Ditto
•••
Amballa
DaddEhini ...
^ 1
•8
1
«
t
%i
M
* ^
1
1*
88,073
2,038
2,32s
...
8.2
'O o
10,000
M
2,362
Hoflhiar-
pur.
as
Qnrdaspor
122
FeroEpar
Ohitti Kanak or
Dadd Kh&oi
120
Mndri or Phatra
(from Pathan«
kote Tahsil).
Chittl awal (soft
white) from
Tahail Ferospnr.
205
7»188
42,260
75,106
2,228
64
61,796
1,101
8,125
8,957
•••
ft*.
1,221
F«ar, bearded
or
beardlesa.
Whether nsntlly
mixed with other
crops, and if so,
with what crops.
Beardlefls.M
Bearded ...
Ditto ...
Bar bearded
6
Not mixed
Bearded ...
206
7,082
Without
beard.
Bearded ...
Not mixed with
other grains.
Mixed with
barley.
This is gesertlly
town alone, snd
occasionauj * |
mixed with griun
andbarl^.
Generallj sown
alone, bnt some-
times mixed
with barlej.
Not miied with
an J crop.
Unmixed
•••
( iii )
KO. I.
CLASSED AS CLI7B Na I.
7
8
9
10
. n
12
13
Calcutta Rbo<.
Description
KKB8' RbPOiBT.
^
of soil on
vVhether hardy,
Whether pre-
Exported or
3
ifhich usual
or requiring
Present price
ferred for daily
not, and
Character of dem
whether—
1. Much.
2. Average,
8. LitUe.
ly sown, an<
;areful cultiva-
(1883) sers
food, or for use
whether to a
/^floOV
lor which it
tion and
per rupee.
at feasts and in
large or small
OSS
is most
suited.
irrigation.
confectionery.
^xUnt.
Value in
(January
Rausli and
Requires care-
17 sera ...
Is preferred
for daily food,
Exported
Much •«.
2-14
Dhakar, most
ful cultivation
largely.
suited for the
and irrigation,
and used
latter.
but thrives
with less care
on Dhakar
largely at
feasts and in
confectionery.
'than on Bausli.
1
Ransli
Requires care-
20 „ ...
Feasts and
Not exported
Do. •«.
2-14
canal.
ful cultivation
and irrigation.
confectioaery.
Ditto ...
Ditto
20* „ ...
Ditto ...
Ditto
Do. ...
2-14
4
Most suited
Requires care-
20 „ ...
Preferred for
Ditto
Average
2-14
for Ransli,
ful cultivation
daily food,
SMihi and
and irrigation.
and also used
Kausli Niiit
and ploughing
at feats and
Barani.
of not less than
6 or 7 times.
in confec-
tionery.
Grows best
Fairly hardy;
«0 If •••
Especially
Very little is
Do. ...
2-14
in Mairi, and
requires a mo-
used in con- cultivated. |
fiohi.
derate amount
of rain ; not
much sown in
ii-rigated land
fectionery and
at feasts. Its
great quality
is its extreme
whiteness, and
it absorbes less
ghi in cooking
than other
kinds.
What is not
bought up foi
the towns of
district is ex
ported.
Rohi Nahri
Not hardy ; re-
4« tr •••
For both ...
Exported to a
Do. ...
M4
and Oora
quires irriga-
small extent
Chahi.
tion.
•
to Jammd
and Amritsar.
Roft well
Needs care in
224 n ...
Uned for daily
Exported in
Much ...
2-14
land, called
cultivation, and
food by weal-
large quan-
" Gaara."
wants artificial
irrigation be-
sides raia.
thier people,
aod for feasts
and coufec-
tionerj com-
tity V i A
Karachi.
1
monly.
•
( iv )
TABLE
LIST OF SAMPLES OF PUNJAB WHEAT
9
O
O
a
4,
128
I
Fcrospur
1S9
Rawal-
pindi.
184
Muzaffar-
garh.
194
D. I. Khan
226
Peshawar
Local name or
names of the
sample.
Chitti doim
(hard white).
Rodi, Koni|
Chitti.
Dalelan
Baggi (white) of
Leia Tahsil.
Mori ...
237
Hasara...
Sif Safed
Rough BsriicATB of
ARKA. ANNUALLY BOWK
WIVH BACH KIND.
■id
tc
9,625
17
1,615
2,810
2,567
o »
-3
o
3,152
12,192
76,482
185
3,169
1,516
76,432
Rar, bearded
or
beardless.
Bearded ...
Kar beardless
Beardless...
Ditto
2,995 Bearded ...
4,672 4,572
Total ... 185,139 92,172 61,260
238.671
6
Whether usnally
mixed with other
crops, and if bo,
with what crops.
Unmixed
No
It is not nsnally
mixed with
other crops, bat
it is sometimes
with Sarson
and Ustkn.
No
... «..
Ditto ...
Not mixed
Unmixed
^^a^^m^t
No. L^iConduded).
( ▼ )
CLASSED AS CLUB No. L
7
8
9
10
11 12
13
Calcutta Bro-
Description
KBBs' Report.
^4
of soil on
Whether hardy,
Whether pre-
Exported or
s
which ura-
or requiring
Present price
ferred for daily not, and
a
l^fi
ally sown,
careful cultiva-
(1883) sers
food, or for use whether to a
oS8§s
and for which
tion and
per rupee.
at feasts and in' large or small
"3 1 « S?«
1-.^
.^•**
it is most
irrigation.
confectionery.
extent.
»- !^ S «>1^
suited.
5 S.2 >•-
sS3
« s
Ss-S - • •
2.^ 1
s
>
Soft well
Needs care in
23 sers •••
Used for daily
Exported in
Much •••
2-13
land called
cultivation, and
food by weal-
large quan-
•« aasra. "
wants artificial
irrigation be-
sides raiu.
thier people,
and for feasts
and confec-
tionery com-
monly.
tity Vid
Karachi,
•
Sown on the
Irrigation re-
26 )« .••
Used for daily
Not exported.
Ditto ...
2-U
best soils,
quired.
food and in
nasheb
confection-
ch&hi and
ery.
tSail&b,
which salt
it best.
It is usually,
Fairly hardy ;
16 to 20 ,,
Used for food
Exported to a
Average
2-12
where pos-
prefers good
and confec-
small extent.
sible, sown
soil and irri-
tionery. Is
in the soil
gation, but
better for
known as
does fairly
' maccaroni
milk "gas."
well with
than baggi,
Bat it is
little care.
being more
sown in
sticky, but
any sort of
inferior to
soil it good
Diiddi (or
soil is not
VitLdi).
to be had.
Sandy,
Hardy ; thai
20 „ ...
Used as daily
Exported large-
Ditto ...
2-ia
clayey, and
lands require
food by poorer
ly to Sukkur
alluTial land.
a greater
amount of
labour.
classes.
and Multan.
HatU ...
Less hardy than
20 sera aver-
Mostly for con-
Very little
Ditto „.
2-14
sirki; requires
age.
fectionery,&c.
export trade to
otner districts,
genei-ally
careful culti-
though some ' |
vation and
from mofussil
irrigation.
to Peshawar.
Sown in
Hardy; sown on
v£ ff •••
Daily food «..
Not exported
Much ..
2.U
Haira and
uuirrigated
to any extent.
Kalsi land.
soil. Land
requires 3 or 4
ploughings be-
fore sowing.
B==BS3B==i
ssssaassai
TABLE N«. IL
( ii )
TABLE
LIST OP SAMPLES OP PXJNJAB WHEAT
o
49
Q
Karnal...
80
^l
82
168
185
190
*906
S08
M2
Qoidaspdr,
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Maltaa,
Ditto ...
Dera
Ismail
Khan.
Dera
Ghazl
Kh&Q.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Haciri ...
Rough Bsnif iiTB of area
ANNUALLY BOWK WITH
EACH KIND.
Local name or
names of the
sample.
Good club No. 2.
PiliTurwali ...
Mudrl or pbatra
(Gordaspar
Tahsil).
Mndri or pbatra
(Batala Tahsil)
Mudri or phatra
(Shakargarh
Tahsil).
Chitti
Dodi
Baggi kbalis alias
Rodi, of kacha
and thai, tahsil
Bhakkar.
OS
bo
18,669
460
6,600
9^88
Ditto...
Chitti ...
Jawali ...
Dalelon
Chitti ...
...
60,246
3,246
8,980
'^
i c
o
is o
•s
s.
o
£ ►»
«
'^ ©
»« £
(- o
o S>
O CD
>
^••c
9 P S
9
CO
0Q
13,136
4,461
680
980
70C
1,200
o
H
36,166 Bearded ...
44,006
18,068
600
120
Seti snfaid ...
Total
*.•
140,«M
216
21,617
1,600
676
9,812
68,660
200
87
...
7,630
1,600
2,110
7,400
802
71,763
4,746
9,666
8,362
106,886
l|»122
28,832
60,948
78,118
700
3,472
Bar, bearded
or
beardless.
Whether nsoallj
mixed with other
crops, and if 80,
with what crops.
Without
beard.
Ditto ...
Ditto
Beardless...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
6
8,12!
Ditto ...
Bearded ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto
fr8.40i
Kot mixed with
other crops.
Idized with gram
and barley.
Not mixed with
an J orop.
Iffixed with bar'
ley.
Sown separately
Ditto
•.*
No
... ..*
Mixed with bsr*
ley.
Ditto
Ditto
Unmixed ••.
Ditto
2Xo, JI.—{Coneluded).
CLASSED AS GLUB No. IL
( iii )
OeBcnption
of soil on
which usu-
bUy sown,
apd for which
it is most
Boited.
Bausli
Principfilly
on Btfini
land.
On all kinds
of land.
Mehra gora
Bhamin
ghasra oialik
dirma.
Ghasra and
Pbaman.
Sandy clayey
ii alluTial
land.
Inferior 0oil
Ditto ...
QoQd0oil...
Sown 10
inaira and
Barl and
nnirrigated
land.
Sown in
mairi iind
kalsi land.
8
Whether
hardy, or
requiring
careful cmti-
Tat ion and
irrigation.
Cannot stand
dryness ; re-
quires care
and irriga-
tion.
Not hardy, and
requires irri-
gation or
rain water.
Not hardy ; re-
qaires irri-
gation.
Not' hardy ; re-
qaires irri-
f^ation to a
small extent
Loose land ; re-
qaires care-
ful cultiva-
tionandirii-
gation.
Loose land ...
Requires care-
fal ploughing
St, irrigation ;
haordy.
Careful cnl-
tiration and
irrigation.
Harfly; requires
irrigation.
Careful cnl-
ti ration and
irrigation.
Har<i^; sown
in nnirrigated
soil ; land re-
qmres 3 or 4
ploaghings
previous to
sowing.
Ditto
9
Present price
(1888) sers
per rupee.
19 0ers
26 „
^ .,
80 „
19 «
21
28
n
m
99
24 u
32 „
10
Whether pre-
ferred for
daily food, or
for use at
feasts and in
confectionery.
11
12
18
Exported or
not, and
whether to a
large or small
extent.
Chiefly pre-
ferred for
marriages k
for sweet-
meats.
For both
Ditto
Ditto
Preferred for
4aily food.
For daily food
Preferred as
daily food ;
also used in
confectionery
and by people
well-to-do.
The description
principally
used for daily
food
Uised for daily
food.
Ditto
•••
a
08
a
o I ja
t- ►• «
« 2 ^
Daily food ...
Export of 3
years, 104,00C
maunds.
Exported to
Dalhousie to
a small ex-
tent.
Not exported
Ditto
Exported in
large quan-
tities.
Not exported
Exported lar-
gely to Suk-
khur and
Multan*
Exported in
large quan-
tities.
Ditto
Not exported
Not exported
to any ex-
tent.
Ditto
••*
Ditto
••*
Calcutta Bao-
KBBs' Repobt.
9
eicd
Average
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Much ••.
«e8
O
a
0)
P-4 OO
2-11
2-11
2-11
2-11
2*11
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
2-10
2.11
2.11
2-11
2-11
2^11
( iv )
TABLS
LIST OF SAMPLES OF PUNJAB WHEAT
I
I
S4
28
83
2
Kamal...
•••
Amballft
Ludhiana
86
tahuidhar
8
Local name or
names of the
sample.
Club No. 2.
Eaghri, Dand
Khani, or Pill
Gehun.
Ghnnni
•••
Dand khani,
Muadli*
Dand Ehani
(white).
ROUQH BBTIMATB OF
ABBA ANNUALLY BOWN
WITH BAOH KIND.
t
1,000
2,162
I
Is
QQ
679
1,437
liandri or Bhodi
200
600
173
242
2,206^ 80
■So
il
ttt
800
1,199
o
Ear, bearded
or
beardless.
Whether ntoallj
mixed with other
crops, and if so,
with what cropa
1,200 Bearded ...
8,462
1,961
Beardless
Ditto
2,621
4,800 Ditto
2,286
Ditto
•••
Kot mixed with
other crops.
Barley andgnuB
Oenerally sown
alone.
Sown anmixed
Not mixad with
other crops.
CUSSED AS CLUB No. II.
( V )
DMoription
which nm-
«lly sown,
wd lor which
it a moat
nited.
Whetbei
hard;, or
careful cii1li>
vatloD and
Present price
(1883) eers
permpee.
Whether pre-
ferred for
deily food, or
for nse at
teaet« and in
eonfectioneij
Bxportador
not, and
whether to a
Urge or small
ezteat.
1
IbS.
OoodiMBti
[light lo«n>.
BeqniMM care-
ful cnlliTa-
titm, weeding,
and mnoL
irrigation.
20 eers
Forfeaalaand
tionerj.
Too Ultle
grown for
export.
ATcrtge
t-it
Bm cbahi
udBwaoL
Wheat requir-
ing carefnl
caltivatioQ
and irriga-
tiou,
31 „
Oenerallj nsed
atfoasteand
in confectio-
nery by the
E5ct"»
A limited
qnantity ia
exported from
thediitdct
Uoch ...
3.11
Uortinlted
for ransli
nisi abi,
•nd rBQBli
ttnaliniai
Unmi.
Beqalrei care-
ft.1 CQltiva-
tioD and irri-
gation, and
plonRhing of
not lew than
B or 7 time*
30 „
Used at feaita
and in con-
Kotwported
Arerage
3.11
Soft (1st qua.
lit;) ; said
tobemnoh
•oaght
«It«r in
tbeRitglid)
Teiy little
grown j
WOOldgTOW
Eeqnireamore
c&refnl cal-
tiTatiou than
other cropa,
and in lea-
lona at
dronghtinore
irrigation li
17tol8 „
Hortl; need
neij.
Locattf eon-
■nmed.
Ditto...
Ml
either ^
irrigated
oruDirri-
gMedlaDd
Ohahi lands.
Bains not bar*
sn ,.
Preferred for
atfeaite
1 in con>
ionery, k
daUj
d.
Hot exported
Ditto...
Mi
( vi )
TABLE
LIST OP SAMPLES OP PUNJAB WHEAT
1
2
3
4
6
6
KOUOH ESTIMATE OF ABBA
ANNUALLY SOWN WITH
BACH KIND.
i
.s
i
Local nam0 or
names of the
sample.
i
bfl
•E
1,965
-8
1
•2-^
aa
• a.
Barani, or depen-
dent solelj on rain.
•
3
Ear, bearded
or
beardless.
Whether asQ&lly
mised with othei
crops, and il so,
with what crops.
86
JaUmdhar
Badanak
...
1,955
Bearded ...
Not mixed with
other crops.
87
Ditto ...
Daad Ebani ...
1
1
3,000
...
...
3,000
Ditto ...
Ditto
40
Hoshiarpur
Kanku Chita or
mundri or
mandehan.
866
•.•
13,426
•
14,282
Beardless...
Generally sown
alone, but some-
times mixed
with gram.
41
Ditto ...
Kanku Sarkh or
mundri or
mandehan.
650
...
16,633
17,083
Ditto ...
Ditto
44
Eangra...
•
MaDdehun(Tabsil
Dehra).
1,000
...
4,000
6,000
lar bearded
No ; sometimes it
ip mixed with
masar Aod
mustard.
63
Ditto...
Ditto ...
Kanku or mandi-
hnn (Tahsil
Hamirpur).
Mandehun (Tahsil
Nurpur).
231
1,666
...
685
18,000
1,200
18,231
3,300
Ear beardlesa
Ditto ...
Ditto
Ditto
68
Ditto ...
Mandrihun (Tah-
sil Kangra).
6,440
•••
8,400
13,840
Ditto ...
Ditto .-
Ko. 11.'— (Ooniinued).
( vii )
CLASSED AS CLUB No. U.
Detcription
of soil on
which usu-
ally town,
and for which
it it meet
•oited.
8
Whether
hardy, or
reqairing;
careful cult!-
▼ation and
irrigation.
10
11
12
18
CiLCUTTA BBQi
KBB8* BBPOBT.
OhahilandB
Present price
(1888) sera
per rupee.
Being not
hardy, requires
careful cultira
tion and irriga
tion«
24i
•••
Ditto •..
Usually cul-
tivated in
manured
land.
Ditto ...
Ufoil
•••
Ist and Snd
sort soiL
I Baraoiy sal-
lihi, irri-
gated*
Irrigated k
Barinisoil.
Ditto
Requires rather
more careful
cultivation
thaoEftthiCNo
38, soft red), ft
wants average
rain or irriga-
tion.
Ditto ...
24i n
28 M
Both hardy and
BOft^
Hardy
Requiring ini«
gation.
Ditto
28
I*
27
28
n
n •••
25
28
i>
II
whether to a
daily food, or
for use at
feasts and in
confectionery.
Pef erred for use
at feasts and
in confec
tionery, and
not preferred
for dai!y food
large or small
extent.
Ditto
Not used for
ordinary food,
but at feasts
and in confec-
tionery.
Used for daily
food as well
as at feasts
and in con-
fectionery.
Preferred for
all purposes.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
All purposes
Not exported.
This class
resembles
middling En
glish wheat,
yields a white
milky grain,
k, is probably
sometimes
exported, tho'
the Tahsildars
say not. Is
grown in
small quan-
tity only.
Not exported
Nearly all that
is grown is
exported.
Ayengo
Ditto
Not exported
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
2-11
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto...
2-11
2-11
2-11
2-11
2-11
2-11
8-11
( viii )
TABLE
LIST OP SAMPLES OF PUNJAB WHEAT
1
o
«2
yj
I
Kaagra...
Amritsar
78
^8
Ditto ...
Garda6pmr
94
90
97
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Sialkot...
99
SiiOkot
Local name or
ciamea of tho
saaiplo.
KOUOH B8TIMATB OP AREA
AHflUALLT BOWN WLTH
SACU KIHD
Maudrihan(Tah<
bU Palampor).
Safaid Sank ...
DxtU
Eank Safaid
(Batala Tahflil;.
EaTik Safaid
(Shakar^^arh Tab-
Bil).
Eank Safaid
(Pathankot Tah«
8il,
Dasar Vadanak
S
m
to
s
6,286
^,056
«••
«,600
523
270
38,609
Bhaila or ghoni,
or daud khaui.
1,000
O o
>
1^
•»•
1,018
TOO
887
980
6.468
a S
o
.J- s
4,400
.••
•••
1,200
212
1,030
4,888
1,800
Kar, b«ardedl^
or
beardlese.
S
10,688
6,071
•••
7,400
Ear Beardless
Bearded ...
Ditto ...
Ditto
1,121
2,280
49,822
2,600
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Not bearded
Whether asoaUy
ixed with Other
crops, and if so,
witk what ciofw.
No
••• •••
Usually aloae...
Ditto
Not mixed with
any other orop.
Ditto
Slightly mixed
with gram and
barley.
It is sometimes
sown mixed with
a small proportion
of barley (Jan)
about 2 percent
Unmized
•*•
( ix )
No. IL— (ConKntt«<0-
CLASSED AS CLUB Ko. n.
Description
of soil on
which usu-
ally sown,
mnd for which
it is most
Buitod.
8
Izrig^ated'...
Any ordi-
rmrjtoik.
Hilly or
hard soil.
Sailibii and
bardoL
Bobi and
Barani and
chahi.
Inlgattd Und
•f wadaNiip-
tlon locally «all
•d donhi, which
li TuuftUf com
poted of clay
sod nad la tn»
proportion of
t: I, and mail*
vhlch la loma-
what higher
land and has a
larffer portion
of sand.
Dosahi and
Maira irri<
sated land
Whether
hardy, op
requiring
carefal culti-
▼ation and
irrigation.
9
10
ffaidy
Hardy; requires
irrigation.
Ditto
Not hardy ; re-
quires slight
watering.
Ditto
Ditto
t«t
More hardy
than k6nj wa
danakchudred
No. 96.)
Hardy
•••
Present price
ri88d) sers
per i-upee.
24 sera
m I.
21
2ft
30^
29
27
20
It
t9-
>f
9t
ft
• ••
Whether pre-
ferred fbr
daily food, or
for use at
feasta and in
confectionery.
11
GAhcxmA' Bbo«
KEB8* RkPORT.
BJl ported or
not, and
whether to a
large or small
extent.
I*
181
All purposes...
For atta and
confectionery.
Daily food and
oonfeetionery
For both
ll
Ditto
Ditto.
Preferred for
daily use, and
is also used
for confec-
tionery. Is
■aid to be
more glutin-
ous than
" kunj
wadanak.**
ITsed in confec-
tionery and
pastry. It is
rather a small
but hardy
wheat, roun-
dish in shape.
n
c5
00
00
e«
Not exported
Large qaantt
tieaexported.
Now in de-
mand in
Europe.
Exported to a
small extent
to Lahore
and Amrit-
sar.
Exported to i
small extent
to Jammd.
Exported to a
small extent
to Dalhousie.
Is exported to
a greater
extent than
kunj wada-
nak.
Arerage...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto...
Ditto..,
Produced' in
small quantity
insufficient for
export;
ifn^o...
ill'
S-ll!
2-11
2.11
2.11
2-11
2-11
241*
aai)
( X )
TABLE
I.I8T OF SAMPLES OF PUNJAB ^HEAI
3
1
101
ftnd
102
I
Lahore ...
lOS
110
to
118
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
3
Local nama or
namat.
Rough bstimatb or akba
AHMUALLT 80WH WITH
BACH KIND.
Badanak (La-)
here Tahtil). '
Badanak (Sba-(
rakparXahBll).}
Qhoni (Lahore
Tahsil sample).
Dand khani (4
BampleB, 1 from
each TahsU).
'6
9.639
I
8
eS ►
ii8;n9
o'55
150
21,470
o
9,689
Bar, bearded
or
beardleiB.
Beards
9.419
Beardless, as
the 'name
ghoni im-
plies.
6
Whether nsnally
mixed with other
crops, and if so,
with whatcropa
Grown alone ...
Ditto
149,008 Beaxded
Ditto
.••
No. IL'—iConiinued).
( xi )
CLASSED AS CLUB No. II.
•»— E!
DMcription
of soil on
which usual-
ly town, and
for which it
is most
soitecU
8
Whether
hardy, or re*
quiring caro<
fal cnltira-
tion and
izrigation.
Chahi and
maira,orwell
k canal irri-
gated land.
Chahi and
nahriland.
Saadj eoil
Hardy; bnt re
quires careful
cultiyation and
irrigation. This
wheat cannot
be raised in any
quantity on
barani or nn-
irrigated land.
The ground re-
quires to be
ploughed 7
times before the
seed is sown and
is watered 7
times before the
wheat is ma<
tured.
Not rery
hardy, but easy
of cultiTation;
sown generally
near rirer banks;
not grown in
quantities as
the grain is 803n
attacked by
weevils.
Not Tery hardy;
easy of cnlti
ration; ripens
the soonest.
The grain of
this descrip-
of wheat is
alfo liable to
the attacks of
weeTila
9
Present price
(1883) sers
per rupee.
18
19
18
•I
10
Whether pre-
ferred for
daily food, or
for use at
feasts and in
confection-
ery.
Used at feasts
and for con-
fectionery.
11
Exported or
not, and
whether to
a large or
small
extent.
Used for feasts
and other
special pur
poses. A large
proportion of
what is grown
is exported.
Used for daily
food; also for
feasts and
other special
purposes.
Slightly ex'
ported.
12
I
18
Calcutta Bbo-
KBBa' Bbport.
9
I
M o K S _^
o
Both ) 6
sam- I S
pies. ) a
Exported ...
A good quantity
is exported.
ATerage
d QO
2.10
2-11
Chu- 1
nian
and
U.
hore
sam-
ples. J
>
2-10
Kasurl
and
Sha-
rak*
pur
pies.
2-11
( xii )
TABU
LIST OP SAMPLES OP PCKJAB WHllT
FeroHpore
"...
1
m
BaMn lil. m'X^
W (tabaU
Zir.).
11,18!
n,i8!
Burded .„
Ufnd nd ud
wbit«.
1S3
DItIo ...
fUbeil MoktMT).
j*,m
...
....
t«,6G3
Ditto ...
■lied with Teij
little tarler.
119
Oolimt ...
QhODi
to
...
...
a
Bflvdlen...
Kotni«d,kept
pate.
1S9
Unltan...
Ihkki
«,686
13,110
...
ES,74G
Ditto ...
Sown wputtelr
1G2
Ditto...
B4hak
te,2ao
8,23»
],!6S
S5,7M
Ditto ...
Sown wiUi tn-
nlp..
ITS
Jb«f ...
DUdi (eof t
white).
4,000
GE
...
4,066
Bearded ...
No
I7<
UoDtgo-
DMIJ.
Dlfidl - ...
19,86S
1,»8
-
SI ,811
Dltts ...
Not nixed with
other dope.
m
Ditto ...
KhiDf
66,678
8,W6
I.TES
T(,8Ti
Beardlew...
Ditto
iss
UtIMffu.
HiminL
«,5B9
11,899
...
u,m
IHtto ...
ItliBotanell;
mbiedwiUi othn
c^pe, bvtHb
■AMU* Alia.
188
Ktto...
UkUa (known
odI]' Id BiniD-
w>n tahdl).
6,100
1,670
7,770
Ditto ...
Dltlo ... -
CLASSED AS CLUB No. IL
( atiii )
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Oalootta Bbo*
Deaeription
of Boil on
•
KBK3* BBPORT.
'9
^ ftd
Whether
Whether pre-
Exported or
c
H^
which Qsa-
hardy, or
Present price
ferred for
not, and
'O ^
5S3
ally sown,
reqairiog
(1883) sers
daily food, or
whether to a
KDd for which
careful cnlti*
per rupee.
for use at
large or small
^AiU
it iB mo8t
▼ation and
• ■
feasts and in
extent.
« 2 «
raited.
irrigation.
confectionery.
si . . .
SS!
Kiirar, or
Needs care in
30 sen ...
Feasts and con-
Exported vid
Much ...
2-10
hard well
cnltivation and
fectionery Ac
Ferosepore audi
land.
wants artificial
irrigation be-
sides rain.
daily food by
the well-to-
do.
Ludhiana.
Hard weU
Wants water
2o ff •••
For daily food
Ditto
Much ...
2-10
land.
by artificial
means.
and for con-
fectionery.
On irrigated
Is not hardy ;
w n •••
Is used largely
No ... ...
Arerage
2-11
landa*
requires mois-
ture.
for daily food
and in con-
fectionery-
Bbamin
Loose Und re-
lOi n ...
Preferred for
Exported in
Much ...
2.10
ghasra maiik
quires careful
• WW
confection-
large quan-
dirma.
cultiTation &
irrigation.
ery.
tities.
Hardy ditto.
20 n ...
For daily food
Exported in
Ditto ...
2-10
small quan-
Uties.
Ditto ...
Requires less
attention than
makaini and
chitti rodi (Noa
168 and 169).
26 ft •••
Preferred for
daily food
only.
Not exported
Ditto ...
2-11
Sown on g^as-
Not hardy ; re-
23 ,. ...
Preferred for
Exported to a
Ditto ...
2-U
ra (loamy
quires care-
daily food A
Uurge extent
■oil), for
ful culti?a-
for use at
from the
which it is
tion and irri-
feasts and in
Pakpattanft
raited.
gation.
confection-
ery.
Di pal par
tahsils.
Gaara and
Ditto ...
33 u •••
Ditto
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
2-11
gora chahi,
bat more
suited to the
-
latter.
It is nraallj
Fairly hardy ;
prefers good
18 to 20 „
Fsed for food
Exported to a
Average
2-10
where possi-
and confec-
Itfge extent.
ble ■own in
soil and irri-
tionery and
the soil
gation, but
macaroni.
known as
does fairly
well with
The macaroni
milk "gas."
from this
But it is sown
little care.
wheat is in-
in any sort
ferior.
of soil if
good soil is
not to be
had.
Ditto ... Ditto ... 1
J 9 II ...
Ditto
Exported ... Ditto ... |
2-10
( xiv )
TABLl
LIST OF SAMPLES OF PUNJAB WHEAT
I
192
106
199
327
s
.9
Q
D. L Khan
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
8
Local name or
names of the
sample.
Peshawar
Joirali bagtn of
kacha and thai
(BhakkarUbsU).
Nashib baggi
(LeU tah6il^
Gnmal (Kalachi
tahsil).
Rough bbtimatb or absa
AKHOALLT BOWN WITH
BAOH KIXD.
t
eS
I
4,262
-8
s
o
►
OQ
28,603
o
o ^**
C3
Mondi, rodii
manji, dag-
ganam.
6,401
804
346
163
161
Kohat ..
Mnltan...
i
82,86S
•••
Spni ghanam,
tirabi, didd
khani.
Total
liBDUIM Olub
No. 2.
Satra
••• ...
Bhahpur
Total of all sorts
of Club No. 2.
ICouNTAiN Club
DAgar, gabri in
ta&iU Shihpi&r.
S»000
488,518
18,441
500,648
830
6,401
1,134
Ear, bearded
or
beardless.
6
Whether nsnallj
mixed with other
crops, and if so,
with what crops
Bearded ...
Beardless...
Yellow
bearded ; red
beardless.
Beardless...
Yes ; nsnallj
barlej.
No ..
No
••• •*•
Not mixed
•*• •••
117,408
6,816
180.106
1,000
92,282
126
114,780
3,000
648,908
19,881
041,480
1,000
Bearded •••
Beardless...
No
•• •••
Sown separately
Bearded •••
Bown nnmixsd
Ko. ll.'-iConduded).
( XT )
CLASSED AS CLXTB No. II., Ac.
Description
of Boil on
which asaal-
\j BOWD, and
for which it
IB most
loited.
8
Sandj,
clayey and
allnYial land.
Ditto
Whether hardy,
or requiring
careful cultiya-
tion and
irrigation.
Stiff clayey
and in places
Bilted with
deposits
from hill
flooding.
"Matta"
..«
▲hi
Phamman...
Kadhi and
chahL
Chahi requires
much labour
in ploughing
ana irriga*
tion. Hardy.
Hardy, thai
lands require
a greater
amount of
labour.
Hardy; requires
much labour
in ploughing
and ' making
embankments.
Delicate ; re-
quires gene-
rally careful
cultivation 8c
irrigation,
though per-
haps less
than "mori"
(No. I club,
No. 226).
llequires care-
ful cultiration
and irrigation
and manure.
Hardy
Requires care-
ful cultiva-
tion and irri-
tion.
Present price
(1883) sers
per rupee.
25 sers
20
19
25 „
194 ftTerage
21 sers
•••
21 sers
25
If
•..
10
Whether pre-
ferred for daily
food, or for use
at feasts and in
confectionery.
11
12
13
Exported or
not, and
whether to a
large or small
extent.
Used as daily
food by poorer
classes.
Ditto
a
a
O
This is pre-
ferred by the
well-to-do as
daily food.
Chiefly for
confectionery,
feasts, ftc.
Exported large-
ly to Sukkur
and Mnltan.
Ditto
For feasts and
confectionery
For daily food
Exported in
small quan-
tities.
Tery little ex-
port trade to
other districts,
though some
from Mofussil
to Peshawar.
Calcutta. Bb«-
KKBfl' Report.
(4
^ i-< M CO
Little ...
Exported to a
small extent.
Generally used
for daily food.
Exported in
small quan-
tities.
Not exported
■S a>
o
O
00
00
0«
el
2-11
Average
Ditto ...
Much «••
2-11
2-10
2-11
Ditto ...
▲yerage 2-10
2-10
Ditto
2-13
TAMiE: No. HI^
Baar
( ii )
TABLB
LIST OF SAMPLES OF PUNJAB WHEAT
7i
s
il
ti
I
.a
82
74
91
185
LndhUuU
▲mritiar
Qardaspar
Feroiepore
3
Local name or
names of the
eample.
Club No. 3.
Diikli
" Udndi'*
148 Jlielom...
Safaid gadnr
kmnk.
Kanak lAl
(Pathankot
tahsU;.
Qarri, mixed red
l£L dag4r (red)
KOUOH B8TIMATB OV ABBA
ANNUALLY BOWN WITH
BACH KIND.
&
605 980
• 1,700
20,015
6,262
4,800
105
a*
■g
o
u
pQ 5
eS >
o
•a o
600
400 1,886 BeanM ...
8^200
•••
8,607
26»756
•••
822
6,100
20,016
86,626
6
Bar, bearded
or
beardleM.
Beardlett...
Whether UBaally
mixed with other
crope, and if lo,
with what
cropi.
BarlfT^aadgram
Sowniuu&ixid
Bearded t*.
Bearded ...
4,800 Ditto
427
••«
Black bear-
ded.
Total
81,887
6,037
80,678
67,6021
Usoally alone,
sometimes with
gram.
Mixed with
barley aad
gram.
Mixed with gram
a&d barley.
Without mis*
tore.
Na m.
CLASSED AS CLUB Ho. m.
{ iii )
DeiCTiptioa
or toil on
which nja-
and for which
■oited.
"
Wtaetbn
hMdy, or
Preient price
(1883)
■e™ per
TBtionuid
rupee.
Whe»treqnlr.
21 NT* ...
iDg CBr«fa1
Beqnlreiinora
17 to la „
cuefnl cnl-
tlT&tloa thftn
other crop.
Md in
HUODI ol
dronght
mora Irrin-
ttoD iB DWdad.
imgatloii.
a » ...
HMdy;r..
2T „ ...
qnir«i tftin-
water or
artificial
frrigation.
Wftnta water
» » ...
byartifldia
ueaai.
Hard, ...
38 „ ...
Wliether pre-
ferred for
daily food, c
BxportEd or
not, and
whether to a
large or small
extent.
Alimlt«ct
quantity la
eriptian ;
cbahi «ai.
in the dl»
trict
If oatlj CMd
For^ly
food.
At fewti and
Exported to
Uuoli ...
ATsngs
TABLE No. IV.
SS«l»-SS±SSattaBBBBBBttBr^=SJS3BQBri=aEB^Ba*BHB^rtiax
( ii >
TABLE
LIST OF SAMPLES OP PUNJAB WHIlil
6
6
K
.s
■I
Loo«I name or
Dunei of tbe
1
If
11
Is
Jl
,
Eu,bwded
bcai^'lMS.
Wbether nfnillj
mixed with other
crops, and if M,
with what Mopt.
HO. S.
46
K«njnL..
Lai k&Dftk 01
(t^ Delmi)
4,000
13,705
17,70*
Ear, bMTded
No; tometiiBMi.
mixed with
muar and
muBtard.
fiS
Ditto ...
SuikA rtaluU
Mnrpw).
2,810
BOO
2,700
6,410
Em, board.
lets.
Ko ... ..
67
Ditto ...
Sanghdl (t&hBil
Ettngn).
8,3M
10,340
19,634
No;Minetimeit
le mixed with
maaar and
»
Ditto ...
Eankd (tklidl
8.7SO
...
6,820
ii.m
Ear, beard.
Ditto
61
Ditto ...
Chakharnn
(tahBll FilApi.
pur).
n,«»
...
>,04e
14,964
No
64
Ditto ...
(t«h^ Knln).
27G
4,360
4,621
Ditto ...
Ho
07
ft
109
Lihore...
Ohoni a07 from
CbtiDian. lOS
from Kami).
1,060
800
4,360
tbe Dams
gbont im.
pliM.
Qrown alone —
Ko. TV-^(Coniinuii)l
I a )
CLASSED AS No. &
Defleriptlon
of sou on
which ainal-
1 J sown, and
for which
itU moit
soitocL
8
Ufoal
•••
Banmi ni-
laba and
irrigated.
Irrigated
and baran£
aoiL
Ditto ...
Whether
hardj, or
reqairing
carefal colti*
▼ation and
irrigation.
Both hardj
andioft.
Beqniring irrl
gation.
Ditto
•0
Irrigated... Hard/
Ditto
Umal loil...
Ghahi and
zuUiriland,
m»
Bad and rt-
qniring irri*
gation.
Not Tery
hardj, bat
etiSf of cnlti-
yation; sown
generallj
near river
banks. Not
grown in
quantities at
the grain is
soon attacked
bj weevils.
9
10
11
12
IS
Present price
(1883)
sersper
mpee.
27
25
»»
24
2Sf>
24
»f
28 „
19
i>
Whether pre-
ferred for
dailj foody or
for nse at
feasts and in
confeotioneiy.
Oaloutta Bbo«
KEBB* BBPOBT.
Exported or
not, and whe-
ther to a
large or
small extent.
4-§l4
Ml
a
II
Preferred for
all purposes.
Is used at
feasts and in
confec-
tionery.
Daily food ...
Not exported
Ditto
•••
AllpnrpoieB
Ditto
Ditto
ATezBge
2-9
Ditto
•••
Ditto
Used for feasts
and other
special pur-
poses. A
large pro-
portion of
what is
grown is ex-
ported.
Ditto
Ditto
.••
LitUe
2-9
...
Arerage 2-9
2-9
Ditto
Ditto
Exported ...
J
2-9
Ditto
No. 107
LitUe.
No. 109
Little.
2-9
2-7
2-9
< Hi )
TABU
LIST OF SAMPLES OF PUtTJAB WHEAT
s
8
60t7«(B BSTIMATV OF ARBA
ANKUALLY SoWn WITH
EACH KIND.
\
Xiocal nftme or
o
114
115
I
Lahore ..
OtiftbVar
68,860
5-
I
OQ
is
o
1-8
'&r, bearded
or
beftrdless.
«
7,600 10,000
I
70,960 Bearded ...
169
Jttang ...
172
174
197
246
Jhang ...
Ditto ...
D. I.KK»n
K6h4t ...
Cbitti rodi
(a longer white
floft ^ardless
grtUn).
fUtti gbji
(reddish wheat
mixed with
barley).
Gtiebri (mixed
grain).
rii£ (yellow) ...
i9,400
Wbctbw nraally
mixed with otba
cropft, tLdd if 80|
with what
crops.
Ctnywn alone ...
14,000 15 33,416
Ktilang{
Total
•M
10,006
8,b00
8,302
6,603
8,00(
148,07;
11,000
Beardless...
20
•.I
1
41,100
150
5,625
18,020
I
BeArded ...
No
••• ...
19,452
12,028
Bearded and
beardless.
Bearded ...
Mixed with bar-
1^.
No ••• ...
Tes ; TtsuaUr^*
leiy.
66,770
8,000
24^048
Ditto
No
( iT )
Na TV.—iConthided).
CLASSED AS No. 3.
I
8
9
10
11
13 1 13.
Calcutta Baa-
DMCtiptiM
Wkcthet
Whether pre.
ferred for
KBBS' Kb POST.
1
11^
wbicb UB*.
Preicr.l price
d.ily food, or
not, and
g
Illy Mwu,
fttidrorwhiob
caretal cnl-
(1883) ten
per rapee.
fot use at
teMta and in
nbetber In a
large or atnall
SSs
itUnoal
inigBtioQ.
coafeotion-
eiy.
extent.
III
Chiefly itri-
g&tedUud
The DepatT
20 Bert -.
Uwd fordaily
Riported, but
LiUU ...
2»
food ; alao
not In such
lor eonfeo-
dand khani
belleTM tbi*
tiouety.
ii not a
(Olnb Mo. 2)
pecQiiar kiod
of wbaat, but
refer* to
nixed wbcat
The Tkbiil-
du of Lahore
g»a it » >
diitiDct Ts-
riety, but
themercbutt
coniulled by
Deputy Com-
DiMioDei did
not know of it.
Bequiret len
m
Prafemd for
Haf thIsyeM
Hnek ...
s.»
dAiljfoodaa
beeu eipOT-
than makini
well M for
ted to >
IN». 188).
nw nt fMitB
and in eon-
fectiooery.
mall extent.
Eaqnfrei lee«
as „ ...
Proferrod for
Kot exported
ATwaga
a*
ftttantiontban
daily food
maklDl Md
only.
EbtttirodKNoB.
lesandies).
•"
Ditto
m » "•
Ditto
Thii year ex-
ported to a
■aaU «zt«Dt
Ditto ...
3-9
8UB el.7«7
H«rfy ; le-
sit - -
Thii ia pre-
Hon* exportet
Ditto ...
»
andinmutr
qoirea nnch
ferred bj the
tor the paet
placM lil-
labonr in
well-to-do M
Oyean.
ted with
plooghlng
daily food.
deponbi
•Dd making
from hrn
eubuk.
Ooodlng.
menta.
AU ^...
Id ddtlTa.
ai „ ...
ForfMstsana
Ho ; aied in
UUlt ...
''M
tioDUidltri-
gation Mid
BUiBre,
SnJBa
TABLE No. V.
mi
( ii )
TABLE
LIST OF SJUIFLES OF FITIITAB VEEAT
fi
<
,b«wdMl
mUeai.
WbetbernnillT
mixed witholhei
oropi, Kid if fo,
wlUi wJutorofi.
Bold Sort Bid
9
Delhi ...
Bod(«arkli) ...
«,8«
«,«■
10,881
)8,M7
B«uded ...
Ii hiqkIt miied
with bulej ud
13
BoliUk.,.
Ulgehnnhud
1,111
...
...
i.m
Ditto ...
Uized with bir.
ley.
W
t»r.
l8,sie
80^
"'
n,m
beudleu.
K Unot uoillj
mixed with
other cropt
bat it U lomft.
timet with
Mnon ud
Oafin.
m
DeM It-
DuoKa Sherd
Ulftk* k«bi
(tftlull Den).
71B
M.180
Ufitn
78,288
Bewded ...
No ™ -
i»
DlUo...
Kondifred) ...
STO
10,788
n^aes
Ditto ...
Tei: nnullr
b«le,.
fOO
Ditto...
Kobat ...
Bhittanttf ud
SdrUuinttl ...
16,973
»,«00
...
...
16,97!
80,8«
Tallow be-
Bided, red
Beuded ...
Ditto ...
Hff .„ ...
9i3
M,1(K)
1
Total „,
1U,MI
78,080 82,(17
m.*4c
So. V.
' CLASSED AS SOIT BUD.
'< Hi )
DcKTlptlon
□( toil oo
which Din-
•llj SOWD,
Hid for which
it ia most
niitAd.
Iftothw
rsq airing
emreful caltl-
Pfrtient iirlee
(1SB3} KIT
WhetfatT pre-
femd for
(lulj food, or
fnr DM >t
feaiti aad in
oenfeotioner;.
whether to a
l«rgeoT'EinalI
IS-
.13
Rauslfand |
dahar ; mos
■uiied foi
Uie latt«T.
Mre M the
wblte wheat,
and thriTeB
better nn ila
kar than oi
ranali toiL
■* Hardy; reqnireB
everjUadol
St „
19 to 21
ed chieflj
for daily food.
bat fi all
Died at feaats
la exported to ',
BRTnallextent,
th: bnlk of
the pTodnce
being COD-
inmed local-
r Gt ported leu
than baggi
wheat (No.
1S3).
ATwkge
Unch ...
■ Reqnirea >
~ fal irrigtttloii
and much
tabnarinct
almrtinir of
Hardy.
Billed
depoEita from
bill floodiDg.
in ploughing
and makiiTg
Bmbaokmecta.
. Thia it prefer,
red 1^ th(
well-to-do Bi
daily fo»d.
Baraoi laod Hardy, and n
I qairea lei
irrigatioD.
f iv )
TABLI
LIST OF SAMPLES OF PT7NJAB WHEAT
i
o
2
8
Local name or
nameB of tbo
•ample.
22
25
69
129
178
216
221
228
229
280
286
Sina
Ditto ...
Kangra
Ferocepore
Montgo-
mety.
Banna ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Hasara...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Obsivabt Soft
Bbd,
Jangal
ROUOH BSnMATB OF
ABBA ANNUA LLT SOWN
WITH BACH KINB.
to
BAttt
... ...
Pandohi (tahsil
PUoh).
Lai awal (tahsil
M3ga).
Batti
••• •••
Thai Iiakhel, lit
sort.
Wahiwali
Thai wall
Dig (tohfiil
AbbottabMl}.
Gori (Uhsil
Abbottabad).
Moni (tahsil
Haripnr).
Total
260
99
1
JO S>
OB ►
3''
•••
61,604
112
122
600
62,687
2,102
1,920
83,131
II
'9 d
o
^^
•4*
s
2,966
•••
...
...
87,163
8,396
900
66,762
700
o
H
2,966
6,283
6,690
4,684
4,107
4,886
4,800
6,747
999
67,672
96,436
Bar, bearded
or
beardleie.
Bearded ...
6
Whether niotlly
mixed with other
orops, and if so,
witAWhatcropi.
Barley and gram
Ditto .
Bar, bearded
Bearded ...
Ditto
•••
Mixed with a
small quantity of
barlej.
Not mixed with
other crops.
6,283
6,690
4,684
4,219
4,607
6,300
108.51S 208,862
Ditto
Ditto ...
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
No
•••
Not mixed
Ditto
Ditto
Unmixed
..•
Ditto
Beardless... Ditto
( V )
No. Y.^CimKnmed^
CLASSED AS SOFT BED.
of Boil on
irhich OSS*
ally sown,
and for which
tt is most
mitod«
8
Barani
Whether
hardy, or
reouiring
careral ciilti*
TAtion and
irrigaticui.
chahi
and barani.
Soddaas
lott.
Barani or soft
ndnland.
Sown on all
lands, bnt
suited best
to gasra,
gora chahi
and sikand.
Barani suited
for wheat.
Ditto
IHtto ..
Sown in
mairaand
bari and nn-
irrigated
Uuid.
Wheat require
ing carefol cnl<
tiTation and
irrigation.
Wheat hardy
Bad and reqoir*
ing irrigation.
Hardj, and ia
matared with
rain-water only.
Not hardy ; re-
qoires careful
coLltiTation and
irrigation.
Hardy; reqnires
carefol cnltiTa*
tion*
Haidy
••.
.•«
Ditto ...
Sown in
chari and
baghland.
Ditto
Hardy; sown in
anirrigatedsoil;
land reqoriea
3 or 4 ploagh*
ings preyions
to sowing.
Ditto
.*•
Hardy; sown in
both irrigated
and nnlrrigated
land ; sou re-
qnires to be
plonghed
oftener
when the crop
is to be sown on
nnlrrigated
land.
10
Whether pre-
pnoei fened for
(1883) sera daUy food, or
Der znoee. for nse at
feasts and in
oonfecUoneiy.
27
U
M
l>
H
24
30
84
84
24
»
II
II
II
24
II
S7i..
•••
•••
•••
11
Bzported or
not, and
whether to a
large or small
extent.
12
18
Calcutta Bao«
KKBS* Rbpobt.
GFenerally nsed
at feasts and in
confectionery
by the people
in the district.
Ditto
All purposes.
For daily food
Preferred for
daily food.
Preferred for
daily food and
for feasts k in
confectionery.
Preferred for
daily food and
feasts.
Ditto
Daily food
...
Ditto
Dailv food and
comectionery.
A limited qnan
tity exported
from the dis-
trict
A limited quan-
tity is exported.
Not exported.
Bxported via
Lndhiana.
Bxported to a
small extent
from the Dipal-
pnr and Pak-
pattan tahslls.
Exported to a
good extent.
Much
...
Ditto ...
LitUe ...
Ditto ...
Ayerage
2-8
Exported .4.
Ditto
Not exported
to any extent.
Ditto
Ditto
...
...
Ditto ..
2-2
2-11
2-2
2-2
2*8
LitUe ... (i M
/
Ditto ...
Average
Ditto...
Ditto ...
2-8
2-2
2-2
2-0
( vi )
TABLE
LIST OP SAMPLES OP PUNJAB WHEAT
1 ,
2
8
«0
o
o
o
»
3
Gargaon
Local name or
names of the
sample.
Soft Rbd.
Bed— 'Gnrgaon
Tahsil.
Bough BsriMATis of
AREA ANNUALLY SOWN
WITH EACH KIND.
be
,f Bcwari Taliflil
„ Palwal do.
6,096
o
10,476
(-1
c
a>
2 **
«s a
6,469 694
„ Nnh do.
10,979
2,612
819
7,908
91
Ferozepoie do.
9
10
11
Kamal...
HiBflar »..
Do.
Ul
0**
809
626
o
16,670
Kar, bearded
or
beardless.
Wbetber usually
mixed with other
crops, and if so,
with what crops.
Bearded ...
7,678
3,069
14,867
10,166
23,699
P]fi8i& (soft red)
Euthyd
27,962
Dittp
Ditto
10,620 Ditto
6,800 17,776
17,466
6,329
Bohtak ... Lil gehun (soft
I
Ditto
6,233 47,398
12,011
27,952
Ditto
Ditto
4,326 ...
17,340 Ditto
4,326
Ditto
•■•
Alone, and also
mixed with bar-
lej and gram.
Alone
Alone, and also
mixed with bar-
' ley and gram.
•••
Alone on land
irrigated from
wells; mixed with
gram and barley
on flooded land.
Ditto
»»•
Mixed about \
with gram and
barley.
Not mixed
Commonly
mixed with
gram.
Mixed with
jan (barley).
I
( vli )
No. v.— (Coniinwi.)
CLASSED A3 SOFT EED.
7
8
9
10
11
12 1 13
CALcmrA Bbo-
n! Boil on
Ksss- Keport.
Whether
Whether pre-
Exported or
1
i^.
whifh am-
barriy. or
Prsjient prioe
ferred for
m
ally BO-n.
req airing
(1883) sere
daily food, or
whether to a
Btidforwbich
oarefnl CnUi-
per ra pee.
for nse Ht
large or Bmall
■S l.n-SCi
-'SS
it is iDoit
vaiioti and
reaeta and in
eiteoL
!felE2
a^"^
aaited.
Donfectiosery.
s|^55
h
N«t(ir»lly
Renniring
carefnl cnltivn-
le MR ...
Uaod for dally
Exported to a
flooded clay
food, BB well
Bmall ex teat-
soil, and
tion and irri-
OB at feasts
light lo»m
gation.
md in contec-
liTigsted
tiooery.
from itellH.
Light loam
Not bardy.
21
DUto
Half of the
iirigated
»™"as.
prodBce ex-
from »tsll8.
ported.
tion and irri-
Good loam
l^ation.
Ditto
20to23eerB
Ditto
Exported to a
Irrigated
fimatl extent.
from welli
•nd by tbe
riTcr and
canal.
Average
2-a
Hatnrslly
Ditto
20to2a „
Ditto
Not exported
flooded clay
■oil, and
Boodloam
irrigated by
tbe canal,.
Natnmlly
Ditto
21 to 23 „
Prodoce of
flooded clny
on land irri-
■nil and
gated from
flooded land
good lonm
welleisittiedBt
(rrigaWd
feMta, and that
small extent.
from welU
produced on
or by tbo
natorally
canal.
Hooded land for
daily food.
Bftodl ...
IsMrlvhaidy,
and doM not
reqnire mach
care and irri-
gation.
Bequirea care-
21|sen ...
Entirely nBed
for daily food,
not for mar-
riage* and
Export of 3
yeaiB, *,0«)
mannd*.
)itto ..
2-«
Hard Mil of
17 „ ...
Daily food, and
A Bmall qnan-
Hocli .-
2-4
good qaality,
•Dd tirigs-
ted
Hard Mil of
fnl calUvation.
alBDConfeo
lionery.
"•IS"
Hardy
17 ., ".
Daily food ...
Ditto .„
Ditto ...
2-%
Bood qnality.
Raneli
ReqniTCS care-
20
Prefetwdfor
Exported, but
Avenge
2-i
( viii )
TABLE
LIST OP SAMPLES OP PUNJAB WHEAT
3
^UGH BRnU ATE OF ABBA
AHNUALLT SOWN WITH
BACH KIND.
I
I
o
u
20
Local namci or
names of tlio
Bample.
i
Bohtak...
21 Ditto ..
29 Amballa
L&l gehnn eoft
Bes
«*t
1
■^1
• _a
10,170
68
80
84
Lndbiana
Jallandhar
8otar ...
h&X gehiki
Sarakh kori ...
29,145
9
•o d
o
g g
1,552
9,235
48,235
Eatbi
•••1
88
Hoshii^-
por.
LAI kanak or
katht
I76,70S
9,066
8,804
16,244
•••
1
11,722
9,809
5,029
f5l,848
Ear, bearded
or
beardlesa.
6
Whether nsaall j
mixed with other
cropa, and if so,
with what
cropa*
Bearded ... I Not mixed with
other grains.
Ditto
•.•
5,029 Ditto
•••
Ear, bearded
Barl^ and
gram.
Ditto
•*•
14,780
24.902
128
98,266
18,161
It is sown alone
on irrigated and
sail&biland, and
on bArini land
it is sewn mixed
with barlej and
gram.
IM^SSl
S14,866
86,809 96,998
I
25,926
287,748
8IS»478
Bearded
1
Ditto
•••
Ditto
••*
In chahi and
sailabi lands
unmixed. In
some barani
lands mixed with
barley and gnun.
d,14,855not
mixed with
other crops ;
95,998 mixed
with barl^ and
gram.
Frequently
mixed with gram,
barley, sarsi^ and
masar, espe6iaUy
theflrst.
( « )
No. v.— (Co«li»««l).
CUSSED AS SOFT BED.
of soil on
Wbetlier
Whether pre-
Exported or
1
^i.
which uin.
hardy, or
tened for
not, and
ill
•lly K)wn,
kodtoTwblefa
cafemi cum-
(1883) sera
pormpee.
daily food, or
for nw at
whether to a
large or small
It is mart
Tatjonand
feast* and in
exUnt
.11
raited.
Irrigation.
tl'-S
i-„-.i
151
BHriicuiia
Beqnires care-
fal cnltlration
and irrigation.
191 ran ...
Prefarrcdfor
duly nw.
-"'•-"
Arerage
34
Beiand
Wheat hardy.
a> „ ...
Oenerallr
A limited
Hoch ...
M
chiM.
nwd at feasto
and in confec-
tionery I>y the
quantity ex-
ported.
Sotv ...
Ditto
21 „ ...
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto ...
8-3
HiMt Bnit«d
21
For daily food
The produce
ATerage
3-B
(or r.n«U,
of the district
b«rfni. ftnd
and irrigation
ia nerer ex-
ebshi and
of8o?T
ported. The
dlkar.
wheat Import-
time&
ed from the
■ontbem part*
of LudhUna
and reroaeport
districts is ex-
ported.
40 per cent, of
OnuiT
Heqnirw more
18 to 19 sen
Both for food
Ditto ...
M
carefal calti-
and confec-
the grain is
chBhi, uila-
vation than
tionery.
exported to
bamort
other crops, and
other diatzicta.
raited. Boft
red ehieflr
mwa in the
drongbt more
Irrigation Is
jnngal tract.
needed.
Bownon
Hardy ...
261 „ ...
PrefOrredfor
Exported to a
Ditto ...
3-4
e-ferykind
daily food ;n«d
large extent,
at land ; the
at feasts and
irrigated
inconfeo
Uod being
ttonery.
' able.
Sown in all
Hardy, and
30 „ ...
D»ed for dally
Not exported
Ditto ...
2.1
dnds of Kil.
doe* not re.
food, and yerj
to any great
bnt eipecial-
careful cnUI-
eaten hj the
extent.
lyinMirri.
nted taairi
Sandy Iomh)
Tfttlon or
ordinary cnl.
Inigatloo,
tiTatot mixed
TABLE
LIST OP SAMPLES OF PDKJAB WHEAT
^
LoQkl name or
nftmM ot the
Mmple.
KODOn WTIMATB OF ABBA
Ear, bewdAd
beardl«M.
Wbether snail j
miied with "Iher
crai>«, and it m,
nith what
cnp«.
i
1
1
■'S
k
12,«00
II
!l
11
14,166
,
89
HoahU^
Dbundd oi
400
27il6ii
Beaided ...
Often lown mil
ed with hwley
nod gram.
76
AmritBU
LU bulk (banl)
..
DiUo ...
Alone
7a
Ditto ...
Ul towUf (wit)
ia,ooo
iT,ooe
6,000
34,006
Ditto ...
WithbarItT ...
78
Ditto ...
Ul luuiBk (Kft)
BT^TS
B*,4M
BfiOO
1ET.!!8
Ditto ...
Alone
88
anidaspiir
Era^Ut ...
11,706
21,49B
44,896
T8,09(
Ditto ...
Uti«d with bar-
lej and gram.
8»
Ditto „
Kunftk Ul
(B»t»l» TiUiBil).
16,500
2,600
60,487
88,48T
Ditto ...
Ditto
9a
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
(Ghakargwh).
EtuBk sot&id ...
1,233
8BB
21,188
221
63,W2
76,763
1,II(
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto
Not mixed Willi
any other arop.
»8
Bigots
Nikkf edrkbor
I«.t80
3B,2IE
IMJU
MCMi
INtt* ...
It ii nsnall; nil'
( 3Li )
Ko. Y.— {Continued).
CLASSED AS SOFF BED.
7
8
9
10
11
12 1 18
Calcutta Bbo-
Description
of soil on
KBBs' Bepobt.
73
iS 5?
Whether hardy,
Whether pre-
Exported or
o
which nsn-
or requiring
Present price
ferred for daily
not, and
o
ally sown,
careful cultiva-
(1883) sers
food, or for use
whether to a
-^ 6
5Ss
and for which
tion and
per rupee.
at feasts and in
large or amall
•rf 1 jSP«
it is moBt
suited.
irrigation.
m •
coofectionexy.
extent
icter {
ether-
Mud
Aven
Littli
•41
•
ll^'ww
S *o tf
>
As above,
Hardy, & does
SO sers ...
Used for daily
Not exported
Average
2-4
but sown
not require
food, and very
to any great
generally in
very careful
cominonlv
eaten by the
extent
chhal (lands
cultivation or
which have
irrigation.
ordinary cul-
received a
tivator mixed
loamy depo-
•
with gram as
sit) ; is said
grown, but not
to have firm
so well thought
roots and
of as kathi
not easily
(No. 38).
damaged by
high winds
in light soil.
Any soil,
Hardy barani.
341 „ ...
Largely used
Largely ex-
Average
2.3
bir^nL
^ »■■
by Casfameris.
ported to
Rawalpindi
and Karachi.
**
Ditto ...
Ditto
2o ff •••
Daily food for
all.
Largely ex-
ported to
Europe.
Ditto ...
2-3
Ditto ...
Ditto ••.
24* ,1 •••
Used by all
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
2-4
1
• •'
for food.
Gora rohi
Hardy ; re-
1S8 jt ...
For daily food.
Exported to
Ditto ...
2-6
and nahri.
quires rain-
water or
Amritsar and
JamtL
artificial
irrigation-
On all kinds
Ditto
Ditto
Exported to
Ditto ...
2-6
of land.
Amritsar and
Lahore.
Uahra and
Ditto
3^ ), ...
Ditto
Exported to
Jamd.
Ditto ...
2-6
rohi.
Gora chahi
Not hardy ;
24 ff •«•
For both.
Ditto
Ditto ••.
2-5
and nahri
requires slight
watering.
Dos&hi and
Hardy; requir-
«o II •••
Is generally
Exported
Ditto ..
2-4
maird un-
ing little care
used for daily
largely towards
irrigated.
in cultivation,
food. Contains
the seaport
In the
can staiid
more gluten
towns and
higher lands
drought better,
than any other
Jamd territory.
it is sown
and requires
wheat, and is
mixed with
little or no
preferred for
barley, and
manuring and
hand-cakes.
gives a good
watering.
yield.
( xil )
TABLE
LIST OF SAKFLES OF PUNJAB WHEAT
Ul(l ■amplM>l<«>^> »,763|u;)17
B««aad ... Qrown alone .
VO. v.— (Conlinufd).
( xiii )
CLASSED AS SOFT BED.
Description
of Boil on
which uen-
allj Bown,
and for which
It is mofit
0ait«d.
8
All deaerip-
tiona.
1. Doflihf
chAfai.
2. MMra
chlihi.
I Maira.
IIBohi.
Whether
liardytor
reqairing
carefal culti-
vation and
irrigation.
Hardy ; re-
qaires carefal
cnltiTation ; on
iirigated lands
better reBults
are obtained.
Tlje ground
requires 6
plot^hing8,and
where irriga-
tion is possible
5 waterings,
before the
plAnt becOihes
niiatnred.
9
Re^nires.care*
ful cultivation
and irrigation
except on
8&ilaba land.
The soil is
ploughed only
and not irri-
gated after-
wards.
Present price
(1888) sers
per rapee.
20
10
Whether pre-
ferred for
daily food, or
for ase at
feasts and in
confectionery.
II
Used for daily
food.
26i „
32
H
••.
Used by the
wealthy for
daily food,
and for use at
feasts and in
confectionery
by the poorer
dafwes.
Ditto
Exported or
nott and
whether to a
large or small
extent.
12
18
Calcutta Bro*
KXBS* Bbpobt.
fizported, but
in small quan-
UUes.
pur Mid
Lahore
Kflisdr]
and / .
nian f^
sam- 1 "^
pies, J
Is exported
from Tahsils
Gujranwala
and Wazirabad
to a small ex>
tent towarda
Karachi and
other places,
but is imported
in the Hafisa-
bad Tahsil,
where the re-
quirements
far exceed the
prodnce.
Is sown only
in Hafisabad
Tahsil; not ex-
ported to any
place, but con-
sumed.
2-2
Average
Ditto ...
2-i
2-4
( xii )
TASLB
LIST OF SAMPLES OF PUNJAB WHEiT
KODOB KTIHATB OV ABU
A-m UAI.lt SOWN WITH
■AOH KIITD
is
Em, bMMed „
beu^ew.
No. Y.^Coniinu4d).
( xiii )
CLASSED AS SOFT BED.
Deflcription
of soil on
which UBU-
ftllT sown,
and for which
It is lAost
salted*
8
▲11 descrip-
tions.
1. DoUhf
chichi.
2. Maim
IMaira.
UBohi.
Whether
hardy, or
requiring
careful cnlti-
▼ation and
irrigation.
9
Present price
(1888) sers
perrapee.
10
Whether pre-
ferred for
daily food, or
for nse at
feasts and in
confectionery.
HArdy ; re-
quires careful
culttvatinn ; on
Irrigjated lands
hotter results
are obtained.
Tlile ground
requires 8
plou|ghings,and
where irriga-
tion is possible
6 waterings,
before the
pliint becdnfies
matnred.
Re^nires care-
ful cultivation
and irrigation
except on
s&ilaba land.
20
26i „
The soil is
ploughed only
and not irri-
gated after-
wards.
32
H
Used for daOy
food.
Used by the
wealthy for
daily food,
and for use at
feasts and in
confectionery
by the poorer
classes.
Ditto
.••
II
Exported or
not, and
whether to a
large or small
extent.
12
18
Calcutta Bbo-
KKBS* Bbpobt.
1
I
ua ^
fizported, but
in small quan-
UUes.
I
■ • •
s
-a
o
fhank-
pur and
Lahore
Is exported
from Tahsils
Gujfranwala
and Wasirabad
to a small ex-
tent towards
Karachi and
other places,
but is imported
in the Hafiza-
bad Tahsil,
where the re-
quirements
far exceed the
produce.
Is sown only
in Hafisabad
Tahsil; not ex-
ported to any
place, but con-
sumed.
idML
Easdr]
and / -:
nian f ^
sain- I "
pies. J
sss
2-4
2-2
Average
Ditto ...
2-i
2-4
TABU
LIST OF SAMPLES OF PUKJAB WHEAT
. Dltta ... Uldoim
(Tahsil Faro«-
17 r«n»epoTel Ltfnaram
I (labulZin}.
18,121 :
T2^U 1
6 It,ll*
9,701
80,7G1
06,021
Ditto ...
Beaided ...
Vo, v.— (Continues).
CLASSED A3 SOFT BED.
( XV )
7
ft
9
10
11
la 1 IS
Calcdtm. Bm-
which QiD-
■IIj Mwn,
ud for which
itia>iort
Whether
hardy ,_ or
cwelol culti-
T»tioB and
irrigatioQ.
PreMut price
(1883) seri
perrup«e>
Whether pre-
daily food, or
for Bse at
feaits and In
Exported or
not, and
whether to »
large or BBHdl
extent.
KSBB' BepOBT.
Jil
ill
IDomU zewra ...
Used by the
Is exported
ATuaga...
2.1
Chiii.
wealthy lor
daily food,
from tahaili
UMaii*
Qajranwala
dwU.
tessU and in
by the poorer
and Wadrabad
to a amall ez-
Earachi and
other pUoee,
but ie imported
in the Hlafiu-
bad tahail.
Where the ro-
qiriremente
tar eioeed the
prodnce.
Eiportod in
■nult QuanU-
H«airoU 15 „ ...
lud.
Daily food ...
Muoh ...
2.4.
uSi
Irrigation
betidetrMD.
DWo ...
Ditto
S8 „ ...
Ditto .-
No
Ditto ».
2.i
Kuar.or
Keedg care in
SO „ ...
Di^y food ..
Exported fta
Ditto ...
2.C
hard well
eallivatlon ft
wants arUftciat
Irrigation be-
tides rain.
BKiirf, or
HardT, and
30 « ...
Ditto
DiUo ...
Ditto ...
2.3.
loIttaialMid.
need* rain-
water only.
HardjandU
Mtto ...
2B „ ...
Ditto
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
M
matnred with
rain, water
only.
Irrigation re-
Sown on low.
38 „ ...
Commonly
Anrage
^i
Ijiog and
qaired hort
Dsed for dtatj
mbutkedor
Ckietol onlti-
food and
■aiUbUod*
Tatton.
feMU,&c
80WDOD
Hardr
M
Used for daily As a rale It is
Ditto ...
9-*
•»erj kind
[>I (oil except
takkM*^
B»Jt>.Soit>
where there
U UtUe or
no nnd ere
■ran ealted.
( »»> )
TABU
UST OF SAMPUa OF PUNJAB WSEAT
B
e
Bu.beuded
Whether DBiUj
mixed irith othn
crops, and It u,
wltb what
No. Y. ^(Continued).
i xvu )
CLASSED AS SOFT RED.
Description
of soil on
wbicli nsaal-
ly sown, and
lor which it
is moft
suited.
8
Commonly
sown on
BarinfsoU.
Kadhi, chahi,
sailibi and
barint
Kaira, chahi,
sailabi, and
fiarint
Gasra and
Pbaman.
Whether hardy,
or requiring
careful cultiva-
tion and
legation.
9
...
Sandy
clayey iTDd
alluyial
lao<t
Stiff clayey
and in places
silted with
deposits
from hill
flooding.
Pakha
(light loamy
soU) suited.
Is not hardy ;
reqi|iires water
after sowing.
Hardy, but re-
quires ordinary
cultivation.
Requires care*
ful culti ration
and Irrigation.
Loose land ...
Present price
(1883) sera
per rupee.
30
^ H
••
Requires less
attention than
makini and
chitU rodi.
Requires care<
ful ploughing
and irrigation ;
hardy
Hardy ; re-
qui^res much
labour in
ploughing and
making em-
baifikments.
Requires con-
stant rain and
irrigation.
28) M
29
n
•••
27
n
•.•
23
t»
••*
sai »
•..
^H fi ••<
10
TfThether pre-
ferred for daily
food, or for use
at' feasts and in
confectioneiy.
11
12
IS
Larsrely nsed
b^ die pjBople
for daily food.
Qenerally used
for daily food.
Ditto
For daily food
Preferred for
daily food.
Preferred as
daily food ;
also used in
confectionery,
and by people
Well-to-do.
Used as daily
f pod by the
people.
Pref ened for
daily food and
feasts.
Exported or
not, and
whether to a
large or small
extent.
Calcutta Bbo-
ICXB8* Rspokr.
IS
I
u
eioa
St
1
Tes; to a large
extent.
Exported to
Sukkur and
Multan to a
▼ery small
quantity.
Ditto
Not exported
Average
Ditto ...
Ditto
Much ...
Has this year
(1888) been
exported to a
small extent.
Exported
largely to
Sukkur and
Multan.
None exported
for the past
five years.
Ditto
...
Not exported
ill
8-4
^^
a-4
8-4
8-4
DUto
Average
Ditto
••.
8.4
8*4
8-4
( xviii )
TABLB
LIST OF SAMPI£S OF PUNJAB WHEAT
4>
o
208
I
Bannn
8
Local name or
names of the
eample.
NinraU
209
Ditto
.••
Wasiri Jani
KheL
210
Ditto
•••
Bannnchi
•••
Rough bstim atb of
abba annually sown
with each kind.
OS
tp
£
9,816
•8
8
it
GO
« 5
•o o
o »
.-s
S
n
S
•••
2,428
32,087
Ear, bearded
or
beardlesf.
&
9,316
6,988
8,406
Bearded
Whether ninally
mixed with other
crops, and if so,
with what cropa.
Unmixed
Ditto
•••
•••
82,087
Not mixed
Ditto
Mixed with
sagarcane and
clover.
( xix )
CLASSED AS SOFT BED.
Description
of Boii on
which nsn-
allj sown,
and for which
it is most
■nited.
Sarra warboi
(irrigated
manured
land near the
village 8ite)>
Dagar
(clayey
land), Pallon,
Q[^rikha,Lalma
Pallon (ir-
rigated un-
mannred
land, not
dlnated near!
the village
and affect
by " reh ").
Pakha (light
loamy soil),
Baghzai
(anirrigated
pebbly stony
soil), Lisri
(poor land,
occasionally
irrigated,
containing
kankar
gravel),
SamKhMS
fsrhoiCbMiluid,
tirigitedand
nuiniired, altua-
ted n«ar the vil
lage alto and
ailtedbjhUl
atreams): larra
varboi(ixrigatod
imaniiTed land,
aiUutednoar
the village);
Huta lalma Pal
Ion (mannred
land, not altoa-
ted near the vil-
lage site): Pal>
lonlahnavartxfl
(nnmanored
land, sitoated
near the village)
moat raited.
8
Whether
hardy, or
requiring
careful cuiti*
vation and
irrigation.
9
Plresent price
(1883)
sera per
rupee.
10
Whether pre-
ferred for
daily food, or
for use at
feasts and in
confectionery.
11
Exported or
not, and
whether to a
large or small
extent
12
13
Galoutta Bbo*
KBBS* RBPOKT.
<^
Requiring
constant ini-
fation.
86i
Partly hardy,
partly requir-
ing irrigation.
Requiring
constant
iirigation.
«7*
3C» H
Preferred for
daily food
only.
Do. and
feasts.
Preferred for
daily food
only.
Not exported
Ditto
...
Not exported
S'S • • •
Bt
AverBge
«s bt
g
S.
3
2^8
2-4
Ditto
Ditto .*•
3-4
2-4
->m
( »x )
TAKJS
LIST OF SAHPI^S OF PUNJAB WHEAT
i
6
8
43
211 Bftxma...
212
218
214
216
Local name or
names of the
eample.
ftOUGH KSnif ATB OF ABBA
ANlilUALLT BOWN WITH
BACH XIMD.
6
MirlinwliU
4^7
DiUib ...
Ditto ...
Ditto •••
Ditto M.
Shigft
•••
PaUul
Tondoba Nahri
Thallsakhel,
2nd sort.
1
CO
II
I
«••
18,410
•••
t*«
a
iCar, beaded
or
bettdleaa.
Whether usually
iniz^ with other
cro(Ni, and if eo,
with what crops.
4^67
77,2n
•••
100
•••
•••
26,879
•••
77,261
26,879
12,61i
Bearded
Ditto
•••
•••
bitto ...
bitto ...
•••
Miz!ed with sn-
g^ane and
closer.
Not mixed
Ditto
•M
Mbtedwitli
barley.
•••
No. V.^iConiinued).
( ^ }
CLASSED AS SOFT BED.
Deflcription
of soil on
which nsn-
allj sown,
and for which
it is most
suited.
Sarra Khara
Varboi (best
land irrigat-
ed and
mannrsd,
Bitaated near
I the Tillage
site and
sUted by hUl
streams) ;
sarra Tarboi
(irrigated
manared
land, situated
near the
village) ;
sarra Lalma
Pallon (ma-
nured, land
not situated
near the
Tillage site) ;
Pallon Lai-
ro& Varboi
(unmannred
land, situat-
ed near the
village) most
suited,
Shiga Barani
(sandy soil
dependent on
rain); wheat
and gram
sown alter-
nately.
Pakba (sU£E
clayey).
Kahri sailab
suited for
wheat.
8
Whether
hardy, or
requiring
careful cul-
tivation and
irrigation.
Requiring con-
stant irrigation.
9
Present price
(1883) sers
per rupee.
SSfseer
•t«
10
Whether pre*
ferred for
daily food, or
for use at
feasts and in
confection-
ery.
Preferred for
daily food
only.
Hardy ; re-
quires little
rain.
11
Exported or
not, and
whether to a
large or small
extent.
12
18
Calcutta Bbo-
KBBS' Bbpobt,
3
I
Sua
Not exported
31i n
•••
Do. and for
feast, sand for
confectionery.
3
9
s
S3
5.a
Average..
Exported
largely*
2-4
Ditto
Hardy Do.
Bequires
constaut
irrigation.
«••
81* „
• t.
Ditto
«.•
Preferred for
daily food
only.
.••
Not exported
8-4
Ditto
••.
•••
Ditto ...
Ditto •••
Ditto ••.
8-4
2-4
2-4
i^ XXii )
TABLE
UST OF 8AMPLSS OF PUNJAB WHEAT
JJ
■a
.9
o
317
.9
319
:222
^24
Bannn •••
Ditto
Biito ...
8
Xocal nune or
names of the
eample.
SaUiba let aort
•teriMMi^a»>
■Mfe^b^hrttaMMMft
Rough estimate of abba
aknuallt mwn with
baoh bind.
I
•E
i
* Nahri l8t Bort 9,840
Cthradwili ...
Ditto ... t'Kachaw«H
I
326 Feshawar
281
Qazara
352
Sirki Saragonan
289
248
Ditto ...
Kohat ...
Ratti CTahsil
Abbotabad).
244
Ditto ...
Surkh (TahflU
Mansohsa).
Sorghanam ...
•g
o
08 >•
14,192
': •••
S],57«
47,827 4,532
o
s ^
47,351
5
o
14,192 Bearded ...
217
821
...
ICandj Sorkhai I 128
...
...
...
Total
Total of all des-
criptions of soft
red wheat.
Ik2814«i
(,462,766
128,784
^,552
10,661
66,000
76
m;m
698»216
2,140,068,
— -
2;884,907
9,846
17,708
31,676
176|li8
6,769
11,472
66,000
Ear,l)ettrded
or
beardless.
Ditto
Ditto ^.
Ditto *..
Ditto ...
6
Whether tisirrily
mixed with othet
crops, and if so^
with whst
erope*
K6tmi
'ditto w*.
Ditto ...
Dttto ...
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
I.*
»••
UoBHxed ^
Ditto
No.
...
tt*
203
8,fi06,l76
4.880,068
BeardleBS
No.
^ ContAuu admuLtore ol barley i t Poor quality.
No. Y'-iOoncludid).
CLA8SEP AS SOFT BED.
( xxiii )
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Calcutta Bbo-
Description
of soil on
KBBS* Bbport.
-o \
<8 £f
Whether
DliA«A
..X _^s^^
Whether pre-
Exported or S
^^^
which nsnal-
hardy, or
irreseub price
(1883)
sers per
ferred for
not, and whe- §
ly sown, and
for which
requiring
careful culti-
daily food, or
for use at
ther to a
large or
it is most
vation and
rupee*
feasts and in
small extent.
fl^^
suited.
irrigation.
confectioneiy.
d k. • • .
5 FrtWOO
^ a
S 5
08 ^
>
SaiUbd land
Not hardy ; re-
quires irriga-
tion, and
irrigated by
flood.
33}
f> •••
Preferred for
daily food, and
for feasts and
in confec-
tionery.
Exported to a
good extent.
Average
2-4
Nahri land
Requires care-
ful cultivation
and irrigation.
32}
If •••
Ditto
Ditto
Little ...
2.3
Barani
Hardy
84
II •■*
Preferred for
Exported ...
Ditto ...
8-4
suited for
daily food and
wheat.
feasts.
8ai1iib&
Hardy ; irrigat-
34
9f •••
Ditto
Ditto ^
Ditto ...
2-4
snited for
ed by flood.
wheat.
Mattel or
Hardy
22} average
Mostly for
Very little ex-
Ditto ...
2-4
ShegiiU,
%
daily food.
port trade to
other districts,
though some
from mofassil to*
Peshawar.
flown in
Hardy ; sown
24 sen ...
Daily food ...
Not exported
Average
2-8
maira and
in unirrigated
to any extent
bari and
soil ; land re-
anirrigated
quires 3 or 4
land.
plougings pre-
vious to
sowing.
Ditto
•
Sown in any
32
11 ••«
Do. and
Expoted in
Mach ...
2-4
toil.
confectionery.
small quanti-
ties.
Barani land
Hardy, and
requires less
irrigation.
22
w •••
For daily food
During years
of abundant
crop it is
largely export-
ed to Karachi
and Peshawar.
2-4
Abiand
Hardy, but
23
» •••
Ditto
No; only
Average
28
barani,
requires more
water.
grows in Bir
and Jabbi
1
valley.
a I I " ■ q
TABLE No. VI.
( H )
TABLE
■
LIST OF SAMPLES OF PUNJAB WHEAT
I
8
19
81
43
68
68
70
8
Local name or
names of the
lample.
KanuU..«
HiBS^r ...
JSohtak...
Lndhilina
Hothiirpw
Bkiingni .r.
Ditto ...
Amritaar
PilimdndU ...
Pamman
•••
Safaid gehnn
hard.
Phnman
Bit and pamman
(light red large]
Badinak
••.
Chnrrl (Tahsil
K61A}.
Cbnrrf (Tahfiil
Pildcb).
Snf aid yadinak
Rough bstiiiatb of abba
asmdallt sown with
bach kibd.
i
to
6,880
60
15
900
1
8;iso
•••
•••
275
2»200
882
20
96
20,060
800
800
•••
•«•
11
o
S ^
1,672
a*.
s
11,232
6(
16
•••
4,642
•••
SO
600
•••
1,176
7,642
Ear, bearded
or
beardlete.
Beardlenk..
Bearded •••
Beardless...
Bearded ...
6
Whether nsnallj
mixed with other
crops, and if iO|
with what crops
Not mixed with
other crops;
Not mixed
..•
Dftt^
682
Has rerj
long beard,
Not mixed with
other grainsi
Withont snj
mixture.
Always sown nn<
mixed.
Generally sown
alone.
60| Bar, bearded No
..« •••
Ear, beard-
less.
694
20,06o| Bearded ...
...
Ko
Usually alone
|M
• ( iii )
Na VI.
CLASSED AS HABD BED.
Deicription
of soil on
wliich Qta-
ally town,
md for which
it is meat .
gaited.
8
BauflU Ml
The best hard
8oU care-
fRlly ixriga-
t«d.
Baa8li,«ofr-
jar, canal.
Ghihi&rec
Whether
hardy, or
reqaiiing
careful cnlti-
vation and
irrigation.
Cannot stand
dryness; re-
qnirescare^
irrigation.
Requires care-
tni coltiya-
tioiu
Beqniresoare-
fnl cultiva-
tion and irri-
gation.
Wheat hardy
On any des-
cription ;
chihiysailaba
most suited.
Usually cul
tlvated only
in irrigated
land.
Usual soil
2nd class ...
titroDg soil
9
Present pi4c('
(1883) vers i
per rupee.
19
• mm
10
Whether pre*
f erred for
daily food, or
for use at
feasts and in
confectioneiy.
1« >,
18 „
Zi
f>
Bequires more
careful culti-
vation than
other crops,
and in sea-
sons of drought
more irriga-
tion is need-
ed.
Bequires a
good deal of
irrigation,
otherwise
hardy.
Bad, and re-
quiring irri-
gation.
Ditto ...
Hardy; requires
irrigation.
17 to 18 sers
SOsers
W »»
2* M
m»
Chiefly used in
daily food;
slightly used
for sweet-
meats and in
marriages.
At feasts and
in confec-
tionery.
Feasts k con-
fectionery.
Qenerally used
at feasts and
in confec-
tionery.
Mostly used in
confectioneiy.
Used for daily
food.
11
Exported or
not, and
whether to a
large or small
extent.
12
13
Calcutta Bbo-
KBBS' Bepobt.
^ 9
S ® p S; •**
2;h
63,000 manndfl Little
exported dur-
ing the last 3
years.
Not exported
Bxported to
a small extent
A limited quan
tity exported.
Locally con<
sumed.
Much „.
Ayerage
Ditto ...
Ditto „.
•••
All purposes
Ditto
Feasts and con-
fectionery.
Not ordinarily Little ,..
exported.
Not exported
Ditto ...
Very little ex-
ported; used
m making
suji.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
00
QOM
2-6
M
3-e
^5
2^
2-6
1.15
1*15
2-6
( iv )
TABU
LIST OF SAMPLES OP PUHJAB WHEAT
Lil rtdintk ...
2lfiK Beuded ..
Bcuded.
Ditto .
Ditto
Ditto
90. Vt-^iOontinued).
CLASSED AS HARD BED.
( V )
7
8
9
10
11
" / »
Oalootta Bbo«
Description
Whether pre-
KKBS* BSPOBT.
,-
lii
of soil on
Whether
ferred for
Exported or
s
which nsttal^
hardy, or re*
Present price
daily food, or
not, and
{
ly sown, and
qniring care-
(1888) sers
for use at
whether to
*! ^
^ 00 zS
for which it
ful cultiva-
per rupee.
feasts and in
a large or
u ^ ^ «s
=rl
is most
tion and
confection-
small
salted.
irrigation.
ery.
extent.
Strong soil...
Hardy; requires
irrigation.
22| sers ...
For suji
Very little ex-
portrd.
Little ...
2-6
Cbihl and
Not hardy; re-
26 i> ...
For feasts and
Exported to a
Ditto ...
2.6
nahri.
quires care-
ful cultiva-
tion and
manuring 1:
irrigation.
confectionery.
small extent
to Amritsar
and Lahore.
Bohi and
Ditto ...
80 „
Ditto ...
Not exported
Ditto ...
2-6
mairA.
Chahi
Ditto ...
24 II ...
Ditto ...
Exported to
Dalhousie.
Ditto ...
2-6
Irrigated
Least hardy of
26 If ...
It is usually
It IS exported
Ditto ...
2-6
land of the all wheat. Re*|
converted in-
towards Sukkur
description
quires careful
to *^maida"
to a small ex-
locally called
cultivation and
(flour) which h
tent ; also in
Dosahi,
continual
chiefly used
small quantities
which is
Irrigation as
for confectio-
to Jammu.
nsnally com-
well as plenty
nery, and
This descrip.
posed of clay
of mannre.
" Snji'» for
tion of wheat
and sand in
bread and
is produced
the proper*
pastry.
largely in only
tion of 2;]
two of the
and maira
Tahsils of this
which is
•
District, vit. :
somewhat
Sialkote and
higher land
Daska.
and has a
larger por-
tion of sand.
Usually sown
Requires care-
26 II
Used by the
Is exported
Average
2-6
on 2 kinds of
ful cultivation
wealthy for
from Tahsils
soil--
and irrigation
daily food, and
Gujran walla
and Watirabad
1. dosahl
except on
for use at
chahi
sailaba land.
feasts and in
to a small ex*
2. robi
confectionery
tent towards
chahi^
by the poorer
classes.
Karachi and
as these both
other placeSf
are suited for
but is impor-
it. 1
ted into the
1
Hnflsabad
Tahsili where
the require-
ments far ex-
ceed the pro-
1 1
duce.
1
< --l )
TABLX
LIST OP SAMPLES OF PUMJAB WHEAT
■ ■■•
Pammui Ofgo
grain mixed led
White.)
S^IB
8*11
D*8ar ... -
SB
US
in
Eubeuded
Diguwbita ...
13.610
7O0
1,400
«6,710
Berra ...
...
16^20
16,22(
Ditto ...
Vtgti fin T»h«i
BOO
60C
Ditto ...
Not mixed wilii
otber crop*. It
a fine grajn.
la ■ eampoQ'iil v'
Dag ar aiid Nikki
(Koe.l4tfclU}
( vu )
Ho. Yl.—iConduded).
CLASSED AS HABD BED.
Deteription
of soil on
which usa-
ally Bown,
and for which
it is most
suited.
Hard well
land.
Bown on
irrigated and
ias lands. It
is best suited
for well land.
8
Whether
hardy, or
requiring
careful cuUi-
TAtion and
irrigation.
Wants water
by artificial
means.
Irrigation is
required.
9
Ck>mmon1y
sown on
manured and
irrigatexi
soils, and
particularly
oil rohi and
sailaba lands
Is not hardy ;
requires water
after sewing.
Commonly
on sailaba
lands.
Kadhi and
chahi.
Hardy, but re<
quires rain.
Requires care
ful cultivation
and irrigation.
Present price
(1883) sera
per rupee.
28 sen .».
25
Sf
29
ft
81
tr
24
H
10
Whether pre-
ferred for
daily food, or
for use at
feasts and in
confeotionery.
Daily food
Mostly uped in
confectionery.
11
Exported or
not, and
whether to a
large or small
extent.
Not exported
12
18
CiLCOTTA BBO-
KBB8* BBPOBT.
s
§
tS
o J 4 ?^
^g
si*
e^co
ti a
s.
a
9
>
c
Average
Ditto
•••
At feasts and in
confectionery.
Largely used by
the people for
daily food. |
Tes ; to a large
extent.
Ditto ...
2-i
2'^
Ditto
•••
2.e
Ditto
Used at feasts
and in con-
fectionery, but
not preferred
for daily food.
Not exported
Ditto... 2.e
Ditto ...
2-^
TABLE No. VII.
( ii )
TABLE
LIST OP SAMPLES OP PUNJAB WHEAT POR WHICH THERE IS
OR HAVE NOT
1-3
-a
&
c
s
18
IS
16
46
47
48
62
64
65
65
66
67
77
84
2
3
Robtak...
Ditto ...
Ditto •••
Kftngrft.««
Ditto ...
Ditto —
Ditto •«.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ••.
Ditto ...
Amritaar
Qoxdaspor
Local name or
names of the
Bample.
hSX gehun (soft)
Do.
Do.
KAkri, mandi-
h4n or dodi
kb^ni, (tahsil
Dehra).
Badinak (Ubdl
Debra).
Dbamori (tabail
Debra).
Bad&nak or eba<
kbamd (tobnl
Hamirpor).
GMar (tahtil
N^rpdr).
DbamoriC Do. )
Gahri (tabail
KdlA).
Enndrf (tahdl
Palacb).
Geban (tahsil
Palacb).
Lil gojee
•••
VadAnak knn]
(Gnrdaspiir tab<
Bil).
Bough ssriMATB or
ARBA ANNUALLY SOWN
WITH BACH KIND.
^ 1
1
1
Kailab, or flooded
rivers.
•••
•••
2,870
200
10,198
•••
«••
•••
50
•••
1,000
• «1L
110
• ••
2,150
650
6,075
1,425
•••
•••
•••
•••
•••
•••
25,556
7,075
3,115
•••
&°
s.
-a
o a
cS C
113
s
lis
Rar, bearded
or
beardless.
Bearded ...
8,27610,846 Ditto
10,830
400
60
500
15,000
8,200
9,515
2,819
1,000
1,616
10,225
20,628
400
100
1,500
•••
Ditto
6
Wbetber nsnalty
mixed witb otber
crops, and if bo,
with irbat crops.
Mixed with bar-
ley aod gram.
Mixed
gram.
with
Mixed with bar-
ley.
Bar, bearded.No; aomettmes it
is mixed with
masarft mus-
tard.
No
Ditto
Ditto
••• ••.
15,110 Bar, bcard-
I less.
6,OOo{Bsi'> bearded
17,015 Ditto
2,3191 Ear, beard-
less.
1,000
1,616
42,856
8,115
Ear, bearded
•••
Ditto
Bearded ...
Ditto
•••
Ko; sometimes it
is mixed with
masarft mus-
tard.
No
•••
Mixed with bar-
ley.
No
No
••• •••
••• ••
••• •••
•■• •••
No
No
With barley ...
Not mixed witb
any other
crop.
Vo. vn.
( iH )
KO EXPORT DEMAND, OB WHICH ABE UNKNOWN IN TBADE
BEEN CLASSED, &o.
7
8
9
10
11
12
1 '»
14
Calcutta Bbokebb*
Deflcription
Bkpobt.
"S
V4 —£
.
of soil on
Whether
Whether pre- Exported or
1
which usu-
hardy, or
Present price
ferred for not, and
1
Ijl
ally sown,
requiring
oareful culti-
(1883) sers
daily food, or whether to a
5
^ <* e^
£\
Bnd for which
per rupee.
for use at large or small
•s 1 ^
f6
it is most
suited.
▼fttion and
feasts and in
exUsnt.
55
jsi^
irrigation.
confectionery
>
Kansli, mot-
Hardy ; re-
23Ben ~
Preferred for
Not exported
Little
.•*
2-2
No ex-
yiff barani.
quires little
or no irri-
gation.
Requires
daily use.
ported
de-
mand
BaasH canal
21* » •"
Do. •*.
Do.
Ditto
••.
2-2
Do.
careful culti-
vation and
irrigation.
Do.
Do.
22 n ••.
Do. •••
Do.
Ditto
.••
2*2
Do.
Usual
Both hardy
and soft.
27 ff ••.
Preferred for
all purposes.
Do.
Ditto
...
2^
Un-
xnowa
in
ttade*
Ditto ...
Ditto
27 ,,
Do. •••
Do. a very
little quan-
tity is sown.
Ditto
...
2-4
Do.
Ditto
Ditto
88 „ -.
Do.
Not export-
ed, is sown
for local
consump-
tion.
Ditto
2-8
Do*
First and
Hardy ...
92 ,y .a.
Daily food
Not exported
Ditto
...
2-4
Do,
second sort
soil.
Barani, sai-
Requiring
irrigation.
26 ff ••.
Do.
Do.
Ditto
••.
1-14
Do,
laba and
irrigated.
Do.
Ditto
26 ,1 ...
Do.
Do.
Ditto
...
2-8
Do.
Usual soil... 1 Bad, and re-
32 ,1 .«•
All purposes
Do. •••
Ditto
*••
1-12
No
quires irriga-
trade
tion.
.
de-
mand.
2nd class
Ditto
*o ,1 ••>
DaUy food
Do.
Ditto
••.
M4
Do.
soil.
Do.
Ditto
28 1, ...
Do.
Do. ^.
Ditto
«••
1-14
Do.
Any soil
Hardy bara-
27J „ ...
Do. for poor
Do. ...
Ditto
...
M4
Noex«
barani.
ni.
people.
port
de-
mand.
Chahl and
Not hardy ; 24 „
For feasts
Exported to
Ditto
••.
2-2
Un-
oahrL
requires
and con-
a small ex-
•
known
m
carefnl cul-
tivation and
manuring
fectionery.
tent to
Jammu it
Amritsar.
in
trade.
1 Ac irrigation.
1 1
■
SC^I^
( iv )
TABIJB
LIST OF SAMPLES OF PUNJAB WHEAT FOR WHICH THERE IS
OB HAYE NOT
LXi ■■
lao
121
182
186
Gajrftti-
waU.
Do.
]
2
^*
Ji
1-3
1
c
«i
O
^
a
f
6
5
^
p
100
Lahore ...
8
Local name or
names of the
Lple.
Badanak (Kasnr
Tahsil sample)
Rough kstimatb of area
ANNUALLY SOWN WITH
BACH KIND
t
•c
•8
I
O
1^
• _5
«s a
•a*
6
K«. beaded ~^^«-«T
or
beardless.
••«
Feroapar
Goji
••. ...
2,896
£
«.«
Bearded
crops, and if so,
wita what crops.
Grown alone ...
1,800
Do.
Do.
..•
Jawali ...
liil doim— red
2nd quality (tah-
sil Moga).
Oboni mixed 2Dd
quality (Mnkt
sar tah^j.
Gbabbar, large
en:«in 2Dd qua-
Uty»
15.000
...
2,112
900
4,000
1,206
...
41,817
...
4,800
6,095
Ear bearded
19,000 Do.
43,023
2,112
...
Bearded ...
Beardless...
4,3001
Bearded
I
Is nsnally mixed
with cither
gram or barley.
Is usually mixed
with barley.
Mixed with bsr-
ley and gram.
Mixed with UtUe
barley.
Mixed with bar-
ley
TUn. VU.— (ConKnorf.)
HO EXPORT DEMAND, OR WHICH AEE UNKNOWN IN lEADE
BEEN CLASSED, &c.
De*!ript!on
of soft on
n
Whether
Wbotber pre
BzpoTfedor
1
1
which BBU-
hBrdy, or
Pre Bent price
ferred for
not, and
II
allj Bown,
requiring
(1888) »er8
cifiily food, or
whether to a
a ^
5 1 J,"?*
Eind tor which
careful ciiUi-
per mpee.
for a«e at
large or imall
■^23
h
it ia most
TBlion and
feasts and in
extent.
fessl^
a t*S
railed.
irrigatioD.
wnfectionery
-■S-:««
ill
I
Chtthi and
Hardj ; bnt
ISser* ...
Used at
Slightly SI-
Little ...
2^
No de-
iDura, or
fesste and
poitAd.
mand
treU nnd
ful cultiTa-
tinn and irri-
t^e.
E&tedl&Dd.
gation. TbiB
wheat can-
not be railed
inan; qnaa-
tlt7 on ba-
rain Dm n irri-
gated laud
The gronnd
reqoirea to
7 times be-
fore the seed
il BoWn and
Is watered 7
time* before
the wheat ia
I. Rohi
Neithar
3a „ ...
la used by
Not export-
Ditto ...
8-2
On-
2. Doskbi
hard; nor
ful caltiva-
tion, but il
irrigated.
poor claisei
for daily
food.
ed.
known
trade.
I. Domhl
Do.
36 „ ...
Ditto ...
Do.
Ditto ...
2.2
Do.
2. Maira
Barani or
Hardy, and
34 » ...
For daily
Exported Tii
Ditto ...
2-3
Wo ex-
•oft rain
is matured
food.
port
land.
wilh rain-
water onl;.
'de-
mand.
Bard wall
Wants water
^8 „ ...
Do.
EiporlM TiS
Lidlilana
Average
2-8
Do.
land.
bj artiBeial
and FeroB-
pur.
Do.
Do.
30 „ ...
Do.
No
Llttlo ...
2.2
P<r,
( Vl )
TABL8
LIST OF SAMPLES OP PUNJAB WHEAT FOB WHICH THERE IS
OK HAVE NOT
2
' MB
'<3 I
Jhelam
L^l (red)
>li2
147
lEtoUGH EATIHATB OP ABBA
ANNUALLY BOWN WITH
KACH KIND.
Local name or
names of the
sample*
Do.
C^njrat ...
US
154
155
156
Ditto ...
Shahpar
Sofaiddagu ...
Jawi^al
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Go)£
RatU-in Tabgil
Khnshab.
1
I
Of
1
OS i>
^ 'Via
S
17.079
75
••»
2,206
29,228
...
«••
*••
•c g
as a
d27»816
245
35,500
&
874.128
S20
35,600
Batti, in TalisU
Bhera.
Ditto
•«.
11,090
I7i^2
5,288
10,576
22,233
5,417
6,378
Ear, bearded
or
beardless.
6
Bearded ...
Beardless...
Bearded ...
Whether nsnally
mixed with other
crops, and if soy
with what
crops*
Usually mixed
with barlej.
7,623 Ditto
28,039
9,600
10,522
49,716
15,806
•••
Ditto
Withoat mixture
A mixtare 3 parts
of wheat and 1
part of barley.
A mixture of
wheat and barley
in equal shares.
Mixed with
barl^t
Ditto
•••
Ditto ...
Mixed with bar«
ley, linseed,
masar and sarsaL
Ditto
( vii )
Ko. VlI.--{OonHnued).
NO EXPORT DEMAND, OR WHICH ARE UNKNOWN IN TRADB
BEEN CLASSED, &c.^
Deflcription
of soil wol
which uBtt-
allj sown,
and for which
it is most
suited.
Sailabaand
irrigated
lands of
all descrip-
tions and
Lipara ba-
rani are
the soils
preferenti-
ally used,
and are
commonly
known as
** wheat
lands/* and
ore used
for wheat
of all des-
criptions.
Do.
On Birtoi
lands.
Ditto
Kadhi, chahi
sailabi and
bar^i.
Myri chahi,
and SaiUbi.
Kadhi, chahi,
sailabi and
borani.
8
9
Whether
hardy, or
requiring
careful culti-
vation and
irrigation.
Hardy
•••
10
Present price
(1883) sers
per rupee.
32 sen
Do.
Hardy, but
requires rain.
Ditto
Requires
much
ploughing.
Requires
much
irrigation.
Requires
careful cul<
tivation in
bar&ni tracts.
28
88
42
24
24
t»
>r
m »
>»
I*
Whether pre-
ferred for
daily food, or
for use at
feasts and in
confection-
cry.
11
Daily use. »•
Exported of
not, and
whether to
large or small
extent.
12
18
14.
Calcutta BaoKBBS^
Rbpobt.
a
.1
308,540 mds.
TBmrre been
exported
to Kurra-
cfai during
the current
3«ar.
Sm''
la
<1hJ
e^eo
5
«»5 g.
00
a
Little
»» ♦..
At feasts
and in con-
fectionery.
Largely used
by the
•••
• a.
people for
aaily food.
Ditto ...
Generally
used for
daily food.
Ditto -.
Ditto
Nil-
Yes ; to 1^
small extent
for foreign
trade.
Ditto ...
Exported to
Snikur and
Multan to a
very small
qpantity.
Hot exported
Ditto «..
Ditto
Ditto
d.
s
s
2.2
2-8
2-2
Ditto
Ditto
2.8
2-2
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
.
28
2-2
a '
I
•3
Un*
known
in
trade.-
Do.
No
port
de-
mand.
Db«.
Do.
V<K
Doi
( viii )
tabu:
LIST OP SAMPLES OP PUNJAB WHEAT FOE WHICH THERE IS
OE HAVE NOT
tROUGH V8TIMATB OF ABBA
AKNUALLT BOWN WITH
BAOH KIKD.
M
r-S
4
t-
a
. «)
O
^
a
.8
—^
^
o
00
Sz;
p
J57
MttlUn...
Local name or
nainefl of the
sample.
160
161
164
Ditto ...
Rodi
to
1
14 796
Phaman
Ditto ...
Ditto ^.
Knngari
i
2,925
ft-
10
Ear, bearded
or
beardless.
3
o
17,730
3360. 1,800
yakki Sdrkb ...
167
Ditto ...
Jawili
2,667
3,115
168
171
Jbang
Makini (a small
wbite roand
grain).
6,897
2,200
1,800
2,100
Ditto ...
Pamban (a fine
long white soft
grain).
140
15
6
Whether nroally
mixed with other
crops, and if so.
with what
crops.
Beacdlesa
6,660
2,667
5,316
8own separatelj
Bearded ...
Ditto
Ditto ... Sown with peai
and turnips.
Little
bearded.
8,197 Bearded ...
Sown separatelj
2,100 Beardless
155
8owa with
barlej.
No Mt
Bearded ...
No
NO EXPORT DEUAND, OB WHICH ARE UHKNOTTN IN TEADB
hEES CLASSED, fto.
7
Calcutta bbokbu'
BiPOBT.
Duerii>ttoD
which QBQ-
»llj K>wn,
udforirbicb
it ii most
MiWd.
Whether
Ltrdj.
or reqnuinz
jirefol cult!-
Tstion sDd
irrigation.
'reaent price
(1883).e™
per rupee.
Whether
prel erred tor
iailj food, or
lor nse at
feast! and in
Exported oi
not, and
wbatber to n
large oinall
ezteat
1«:
I
\
1
|l
RhunlD
Ohun
UklikdinDA.
Loom Und ;
csrelal cul-
Hratlon and
irngklion.
19 „ ...
Preferred (or
Dae in cod.
lectioneij.
BiportediD
Little ,.
a-8
known
in
trade.
Ditto -
Ditto ...
17* ,. ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ».
2-a
Ho ex.
mand.
ObMM ...
Ditto ...
23 „ ...
For dafly
food.
Szported in
imall quan-
titiei.
Ditto :..
3-4
Do.
Phunnuu)
Loom land
33 „ ...
Ditto ...
Sot exported
Ditto ...
M
Dn-
trade.
Eallu ...
Ditto ...
2t „ ...
Ditto ...
Bitto ...
Ditto ...
2.2
Ho ex-
laand.
BooDirM
cwefnl inil-
HratioD and
inigatioQ.
a „ ...
Preferred for
use at feaats.
Ditto ...
Arenge
3-8
No
fixed
no ex-
mand.
Baqnlre* leu
attention
than No. IM
"makini "
and 169
cbitUrodi
s< „ ...
Hot prefer,
red^thia
dlWtict.
Ntto ...
Little ...
33
Ho
fixed
deno.
■aioa.
•r*
ttkod.
( X )
LIST OF SAMFLES OF PUNJAB WHEAT FOB WHICH THESE IS
OB HATE NOT
e
EtDCQH BBflMATB or ABU
AMNDALLT 80WM WITH
,
Lookl name or
DMIHSofthe
KAOH KIND.
Eu-.bMrdod
WhetBer nwataj
mixed' with othn
cropi, ud if to^
«rithirlwtOKip«.
i
s
}
1^
S
1
\lh
Jbuig ...
ChltU Ooji
(nbila whe»t
railed wUb
bMlej).
2,000
4,»0
...
6,WC
Hixe4 with
b«ler.
1?»
MOBtp,.
ParamM
2,906
2,90e
Ditto ...
Hot inixed witli
mery.
OthMMOI*
180
Dilto ...
lUkaiD
161
161
Ditto ...
Ditto
181
Ditto ...
JawaU
3,2U
13,M8
886
17 ,17J
Ditto .„
Ditto
186
KingUrf-Kand.
lAri.
36,313
22,978
...
19,286
Ditto ...
It U not iKuiUr
Mixed with other
orope, butitU
■ometimei with
MWBon tod didn-
187
Ditto ...
Diddi-Giddi
meodUnwilL
iwkiwili, DkndL
717
20
787
Beudlew
Ditto
ISS
Ditto ...
PUQU
261
too
...
861
BMided ...
It li not nixed
with other crop*
{
Id
)
NO EXPORT DEMAND, OE WHICH AKB UNKNOWN IN TRADB
BEEN CLASSED, <bc.
Defcription
of soil OD
whioh asB-
allj BOWDy
and for which
it is most
lolted.
Sikand
(cUy soil),
for which U
it suited.
Qor^ chahi,
for which it
is suited.
Oasar chahi,
Sflcand (clay
soil), for
which it is
suited.
It is usually
sewn in bet
It-n ^ Si
nUr land ...
8
9
Whether
hardjr, or
reqniring
careful culti-
Tation and
irrigation.
Requires less
attention
than makini
and chitti
rodi (Kos.
168 and 169>
Not hardy ;
requires
careful cul-
tivation and
irrigation.
Ditto
Present price
(1888)
sers per
rupee.
27 sen
22
10
Whether pre-
ferred for
daily food, or
for use at
feasts and in
confectioneiy
11
Exported or
not, and
whether to a
large or small^
extent.
12
18
14
Calodtta Bbokbiis*
Report.
Preferred for
daily food
only.
Ditto
m >i
2i
tf
Preferred for
use at feasts
and in con-
fectionery.
Preferred for
daily food,
and for use
at feasts and
in conf ec«
tioneiy.
Preferred for
daily food.
Ooodsoll
Hardy; much
sown in bet
lands.
Requires fair
irrigation ;
not quite so
hardy as
baggi (No.
Reouires
careful cal-
tiration and
irrigation.
20 to 22 sers
16 to 19
a
This year
exported to
small extent.
Used for
food.
16 to 18
>r
..- u^.
Used for
food and
confec-
tionery. Is
better for
maocaroni
than baggL
Isu9ed
chiefly for
parching.
Kot exported
owing to
the small
quantity
produced in
distiict.
Ditto ...
u. bi o 8?
8 ^ ■ ■ •
^1 00
■ar,
>
Little ...
Ditto ...
Average
Ditto
...
Exported ...
Not exported
2.2
6
s
II
a "
2-4
2-7
Koex*
port
de-
man^
Do»
DOb
LitUe ...
Ditto ...
Ditto
••t
2-3
2-4
2-9
Do.
Do,
Ditto
Ditto ...
Un-
known
in
trade.
2-2
Noes*
port
de-
mand.
C ia )
TABLI
LRT OP SAMPLES OP PUNMB WHEAT POR WHIOB TttEBE IS
OB SAVE NOT
3
a
o
.s
193
201
202
203
218
220
228
s
■S
Dera
Ifimail
Khau.
DeraOhazi
Khan.
Ditto ...
233
Ditto ...
Bannd ...
Ditto ...
Hazara ...
Ditto ...
3
Local name or
names of the
sa&ipie.
Batti JiwdM
kacba and thai
(Uhsil Bhakkar).
Pambdn
•••
Gojt
Makki
r*.
SaUib& Snd sort
Nahrf, 2nd Bort
Easer (tahsil .
Abbottabad).
Battar (tahsil
Hariptir.
BOUOH RStlllATB OV
ABBA ANNUALLY BOtTN
WITH EACH ttlKD.
5
11,716
21,154
23,220
•••
8,783
1
OS ►
QQ
6,449
8,200
19,552
10^260
.••
«
g a
s o
3,008
2,730
911
••I
32,000
ttair, b^ttded
or
beardlvM.
o
H
18,186
32,862
19,552
Bearded
6
Whether usnally
mixed with other
crops, and if 00,
with what cropt»
Yc8 { asaally
barlej.
Ditto ... I Unmized
Partialhr
beardeo.
36,200 Beardless
I •.
911
40,783
•••
Beardless
Bearded ...
Mixed with
barley.
Ditto
Unmixed
Ditto
...
■* ■ . ■ m
ssk
r
KO. Vlt.-r(.Conlinai£).
NO EXPORT DEMAND, OR WHICH ARE UNKNOWN IN TRADE
B&EN CLASSED, £c.
7
8
9
10
11
13 1 IS 1 14
Calcutta Bbokkss'
■WTiftlier
Ukpoht.
Ill
of «Otl OQ
hardy, or
Whether pre-
Exported ot
S
1
-hich nsaal.
reqiiirirn
Present price
ferred for
Dot, and
§
ly sown, and
tarefiil rultl-
<18e3) sera
daily food, or
whether to a
liih
«»M
for wlilch it
»ation and
per rupee.
for use at
arge or small
■2.^
is most
lrri|;ation.
feitsts and in
cxWnt.
sg
nit«a.
confecliooery
||
t»-
H
S«iiay,
Hardy ; re-
23«rs ~.
D«edai
Hiporled
LitUe ...
2-8
Ko'n-
cUyey, »Qd
qaircB much
daily food
largely to
port
Bllo'ial
labour in
by poorer
Sukknr and
•l«-
laod.
pKmgbhig
Hid imsa-
tion.
classes.
Uutt«i.
mani
GoodMU
Cartful cnl-
UvatioD Knd
irrigation.
15 „ ...
A superior
quality used
at fraisls, in
coQfec-
tionerj, Ac.
Ditto ...
2-2
Do.
Infwior soil
Hardy ;
20
Used tor
Exported In
Ditto ...
S
No ex-
^w™oS
daily foud.
™Uiier"'
r
moist
niaiKl.
allavial
laodB.
•
Ditto ...
Careful cu|.
16 „ ...
Similar to
Ditto ...
2.7
Un-
tiTftUon and
(fio^o").
M a rule.
inigatioD.
In
trulc
36i „ ...
...
.,
Ditto ...
2-2
Noex>
r'
mand.
■■•
...
3B „ "...
.«
Ditto ...
2.2
Uo.*
Sown in
Hardr : iown
34 „ ..
Dailffood
Kot exported
Ditto ...
M4
Do.
khilshki
to any ex-
ed Boili laod
previous to
■owing.
uk
SowdId
Hardy ; lown
28
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ..
2.0
Do-,
M>7Mil.
in both irri-
gated and
uninigated
lands 1 soil
requires to
be ploughed
often er
when the
crop is to be
irrigated
t land.
* CoaUuu BQ admixtim ot teil^t
( xiv )
. TABL8
LIST OF SAMPLES OP PUNJAB WHEAT POE WHICH THERE 18
OB HAVE NOT
'a
g
a
m
O
•8
-♦*
CO
Q
231 Hasara...
236
240
241
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto •••
49
50
60
79
Eangra...
8
Local name or
names of the
sample.
Chitti (tahsU
HariptLr).
Dag (tahsil
Haripiir).
Makhmt
(Mansehra
tahsil).
Dag (Mansehra
tahsil).
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Amritiar
Berar (tahsil
Dehia).
Berar or Majokla
Berar (tahsil
Kangra).
Bairira
Total
UOUGH ESTIMATE OP ABBA
ANNUALLY SOWN WITH
BACH KIND.
6
I
1,000
600
1^82
2,300
826
20,000
284.796
I
r
.••
•••
•••
o
3
s **
PQ
15,015
189i487
318
200
16,842
3
o
H
1,318
Bar, bearded
or
beardless.
6
I
Whether usDftllj
mixed with other
crops, and if eo,
with what crops.
Bearded ...
700
17,624
4,966
1,200
1,000
1,200
6,000
07Oi6M
8,500
Beardless
Bsarded ..
Unmixed
!••
4,966 Ditto ...
Of both
kinds.
1,000
1,526
40^015
L044.7S7
Ditto
••.
Ditto
Ditto
t««
«•■
Ditto
t.i
Both kinds
Bearded •*.
Mixed wifli
barley— wheat |
barley f ,
Mixed with
gram— wheat i
and gram f
Mixed with
gram andbarloj.
With gram
...
( 3tV )
Ko. YIL— {Concluded).
NO EXPORT DEMAND, OB WHICH ARE UNKNOWN IN TRADE
BEEN CLASSED, Ac.
7
8
9
10 1 11
12
13 14
Calcutta BBOKsiia'
Description
Bepobt.
-d
eS »4 I ±
of soil on
Whether
Whether pre-
Exported or
i
Is..
s
which usu-
hardy, or
Present
price
ferred for
not, and
B
QOON
fH 00
^
ally sown,
reqninng
(1883)
sers
daily food, or
whether to a
ts 6
o
and for which
careful culti-
per rupee.
for use at
large or small
o 1^- 8P«
•s .
it is most
vation and
feasts and in
extent.
&;»I»S
a 1^*8
Ss
suited.
irrigation.
confectionery
alue i
^anuai
inaund
^
>^^
n
Sown in any
Hardy ; sown
m
serfl
1 ...
Confec-
Not exported
Little ...
2
Un-
soil.
in both irri-
gated and
unirrigated
land ; soil re-
quires to be
ploughed of-
toner when
the crop is to
be sown on
unirrigated
land.
tionery.
to any ex-
tent.
known
in
trade.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
26i
>t
...
Daily food
Ditto ..
Ditto ...
2-2
Do,
Ditto ...
Hardy ; sown
on unirrigat-
ed soil. Land
requires 3 or
4 ploughings
before sow-
iug.
82
n
•••
Daily food
and confec-
tionery.
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
2-10
Do.
Sown in
Ditto ...
32
it
...
Daily food
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
2-4
Do.
Dab kund
Bela Uakkar
khushi land.
Usnal
Both hardy
and soft.
40
ft
...
Preferred for
all purposes.
Not exported.
Is sown for
local con-
Ditto ...
1-12
Bejec-
tion.
sumption.
Bleyatedand Hardy and
30
yi
•••
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
1-14
Do.
baranisoil.
unirrigated.
Irrigated and
Bequires
80
ft
.*•
Daily food
Not exported
Ditto ...
1-12
Do,
barani soil.
frrigation.
Any soil.
Hardy
32
if
•••.
Zamind^s
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
1-12
Do,
Barani.
Barani.
and poor use
it largely.
'
#
' ■ 1
1
/^,
/
1^
N
SKELETON MAP
OF THB
P A N 1 A B«
A «
K
\
/
J
limmlj
\ Deri
I
\
I
I
I
*' i •
K
•••••••••••
0$
SI
\ X
•«7
«
^
•I
■ft
a
TfMarofPMr
OAetxiS:)
5
Tif0ri
Ui
.$
References :
British territory . . . PinL
^ Native States . . . Yellow.
\^ District Boundaries Dotted line.
X
%^ m
\
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11