Quality of prepackaged McIntosh apples in New York City retail stores

Historic, archived document

Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

—

‘i ae
is 6 oo hate > ’ =
ee eS a ee 104 a a eS aa iin =
a , a .
i
f ;
i = i
=? e = oes ¥ ” - « ,- —
y
.

- ‘
.
7 a J
- : 7
7 ‘
“ ‘ ar
' ’ ‘
‘ } - ;
.
: i
,
al
rs
. - : “
= ‘ - Z j
. zy t
A ' 4 = oe ons
> -
: . “ :
4
* - : HN
.
- - ~* ms
- ’
7 . iv
. i
+
= —ee
’
et 4
id ,
2
.
- bis
¥
A aa . g
’ : may)
i J '
* . 5
\ sf . a
- Q
a 5
©
nd Ln
' 5
- ci 7

J 280-37
Di 3atA hn

if AMS-461

QUALITY OF PREPACKAGED
McINTOSH APPLES

in New York City Retail Stores

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Agricultural Marketing Service
Market Quality Research Division

Growth Through Agricultural Progress

Washington, D. C. January 1962

QUALITY OF PREPACKAGED McINTOSH APPLES
in New York City Retail Stores

By-M. J. Ceponis,..J. ‘Kaufman, ands. M. Ringel
Horticultural Crops Branch, Market Cuality Research Division
Agricultural Marketing Service

SUMMARY

The quality of McIntosh apples in retail stores in New York City was seriously im-
paired by numerous punctures and unsightly bruises within | to 3 days after they had
been prepackaged in polyethylene bags in a packinghouse 60 miles away.

Seven lots of McIntosh apples were surveyed at progressive steps in their marketing
during 1959-60 and 1960-61. Punctures, caused mostly by stems, and large bruises
were the most damaging conditions found,

Skin breaks or punctures increased at each stage of marketing. Graded samples
picked up at the packing plant showed more punctures than samples of orchard-run fruit;
puncturing continued to increase during transport of fruit to stores and while it was on
display in the stores.

The pattern of bruising closely followed that of puncturing. Few of the displayed
apples inspected after 2 or 3 days in the retail stores were free of noticeable bruising.

A serious consequence of the puncturing and bruising of the fruit was the decay that
developed within 1 week after the apples had been prepackaged. About 25 percent of the
fruit sampled in retail stores became rotted within that time when held at 70°F.

Several ways to reduce the damage to apples are discussed in this report.

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The packaging of McIntosh apples in polyethylene bags for retail in the New York
City area has become widespread. Some growers and merchants, however, have ex-
pressed considerable concern over the inferior condition of the apples retailed in this
manner. Excessive bruising, cuts and punctures, overripeness, and decay were the
quality-affecting conditions they mentioned most frequently. To assist those segments of
the trade interested in marketing a better quality product, a survey on McIntosh apples
packaged in polyethylene bags was undertaken during the marketing seasons of 1959-60
and 1960-61. The principal objectives were to determine the exact nature and extent of
the loss in quality of the fruit and the causes contributing to this condition, and to con-
sider possible corrective measures.

METHODS OF STUDY

Seven lots of McIntosh apples were surveyed, three in 1959-60 and four more in
1960-61. Lots were sampled in December, January, and March of both seasons and in

wie Fe

November of 1960. The fruit of the March sampling had been stored in a controlled-
atmosphere storage. The apples originated from one Connecticut and six New York
orchards and were in commercial warehouses for 2 to 6 months before they were pack-
aged.

The fruit was packaged at a packinghouse about 60 miles north of New York City in
the apple-growing region of the Hudson Valley. Usually, the grading and packaging were
done the day the apples were received at the plant. Apples of U. S. No. 1 grade were
packaged in coded 3- or 4-pound polyethylene bags. The bags were packed upright into
cells formed by corrugated partitions, 8 (single tier) or 12 (double tier) to a master
container.

The packaged fruit was then trucked the same day to a warehouse in New York City,
and from there was distributed to local supermarkets by trucks, usually during the fol-
lowing early-morning hours. The size of a coded lot varied from 125 to 400 cartons and
ordinarily constituted a day's supply to a distributing warehouse serving 100 to 125 re-
tail chainstores.

Sampling. --Samples from each lot were obtained at the packinghouse and in the city
supermarkets and brought to the laboratory for inspection. At the packinghouse, a
sample of 3 to 5 field crates of orchard-run apples was collected, in addition to a 3- to
5-carton sample of packaged fruit. At the stores, a 2- to 4-carton sample was collected
at time of delivery, followed by daily purchases of coded bags until none remained on
display. In lot 7 an additional sample of three cartons was collected at a warehouse.

Inspections, --Representative portions of the packinghouse, warehouse, and retail
samples were examined soon after they were picked up. The remaining portions were
then held at 70°F and examined after various intervals during the next 6 days. The ex-
aminations of the packaged fruit were timed to compare the different samples at equal
intervals from the date of packaging. At each inspection one-quarter to one-half of the
bags in a sample were examined, and the amount of decay, punctures, bruises, and
other defects was recorded. An index rating of 0 (none) to4(severe) was used to evaluate
bruise and puncture damage. Firmness was measured with a Magness-Taylor pressure
tester. The orchard-run samples were similarly scored after grading out fruit that
failed to meet U. S. No. 1 standards.

RESULTS

The retail quality of McIntosh apples in every lot surveyed was seriously impaired
by the presence of two defects: Disfiguring punctures and unsightly bruises. These
mechanical injuries, furthermore, resulted in considerable decay within 1 week after the

fruit was packaged.

Punctures. --The incidence of skin breaks or punctures progressively increased in
all lots at each marketing stage (tables 1 and 2). Punctures indexed from 0.1 to 0.4 in
orchard-run samples. The higher incidence in the first year probably was related to the
harvesting of a comparatively softer apple and possibly to rougher handling. Despite
prior grading, most packaged samples picked up at the packing plant showed somewhat
more puncturing than the orchard-run samples from which these apples were packed.
There was a substantial increase in punctures, 40 to 100 percent, in the transport of
packaged samples to stores. While fruit was on store shelves, puncturing continued to
increase, averaging 0.9 in purchased retail samples. Furthermore, the punctures in
these samples generally were deeper and more ragged. Most of the punctures were
caused by stems. In lot 7, for instance, 96 percent of the apples visibly scarred by skin
breaks were punctured by stems.

Bruising. --Essentially, the bruising pattern closely followed that of the punctures
(tables 3 and 4). Apples indexed 0.5 to 1.3 before grading and from 1.0 to 1.5 after
packaging. The greater initial bruise damage the second year in the orchard-runsamples

wifi

was probably attributable to the effects of Hurricane Donna in 1960 and to the greater
distances the fruit of lots 4, 6, and 7 were trucked to the packinghouse. Even so, much
of this bruising was under 1/2 inch in diameter and was superficial and unobjectionable.
Bruising in the packinghouse samples was confined mostly to areas less than 3/4 inch
in diameter.

Fruit sampled on arrival at retail stores (R-O) showed at least a 50 percent in-
crease in the bruise index over that of the packinghouse samples (tables 3 and 4).
Bruises measuring more than 1 inch in diameter were more numerous, ranging from
7.6 to 29.2 percent. The good condition of the loads arriving at the distributing ware-
houses indicated that the 2-hour trip from the packinghouse caused little damage. This
observation was supported by the warehouse sampling of lot 7, in which there was prac-
tically no change in bruising, although punctures had increased (table 4). Therefore it
appeared that much of the additional damage sustained in R-O samples occurred after
the apples had been delivered to the distributing warehouses.

After the fruit arrived at the retail stores, the amount of bruising increased (tables 3
and 4). Bruising indexed from 2.1 to 3.0 in the first day purchases (R-1) and was above
2.6 in most of the second and third day purchases (R-2, R-3). Few apples were free of
noticeable bruising in these samples, and bruises measuring over | inch in diameter
were common, Severely bruised tissues frequently leaked from cuts and punctures.

Decay. --The decay found in orchard-run samples ranged from 0.7 to 5.0 percent
before grading and packaging. The greater amounts were found in lots sampled late in
the marketing seasons. Gray mold and Alternaria rot were the common kinds of decay
found in the orchard-run fruit.

Decay was no problem in bagged McIntosh apples until the fourth day after packaging.
At the initial examinations only 10 decayed apples were found in 287 bags containing
3,533 apples, and 6 of these were found in retail purchases made on the third day (tables
5 and 6).

During the holding period, decay was negligible in the packinghouse and R-O samples
for the first 3 days. Decay development heightened after 4 days and by the end of the
sixth day 11.1 percent of the fruit in the packinghouse samples and 18.1 percent of the
retail delivery samples were rotted. By comparison, 24.9 percent of the apples in the
retail store samples, R-1 to R-3, had developed decay by the end of the holding period
(tables 5 and 6),

Practically all the decay that developed during the holding period followed obvious
bruise or puncture damage (tables 5 and 6). Blue mold rot caused the decay in 92 percent
of the decayed fruit.

Firmness, --The initial firmness in the 1959-60 samples was low and variable; it
averaged 9.8 pounds. Firmness decreased moderately during holding (table 1). Firmness
in the 1960-61 samples was higher than in the 1959-60 samples, averaging 11.5 pounds
initially and 10.2-10.4 pounds after holding. Lot 4 had the firmest apples and this fruit
had the least amount of bruising and puncture damage during the sampling period. How-
ever, this relationship did not hold for fruit of lot 5, in which considerable bruise and
puncture damage occurred despite the comparatively firm fruit in this lot (tables 2 and 4).

DISCUSSION

Bruises and punctures in McIntosh apples can be reduced by using reasonable care
in the handling of the fruit from the orchard to the retail store and by protecting the fruit
against mechanical injury.

The movement of apples from the tree to the store offers ample opportunities for
mechanical injury. Schomer* has reported on methods to minimize bruising in the or-
chard and in the warehouse. While mechanized packaging will cause some damage to the
fruit, proper management and supervision can easily contain the injury within tolerable
limits, as Evans and Marsh” found in some Appalachian apple packinghouses. In the
present study, considerable additional damage was done in trucking the fruit to retail
stores. The loading of apples with sundry other food items in delivery trucks could have
been a factor. Standing the bags upright in master containers could be another; Perkins?
reported a reduction of bruise damage in an apple shipping test with bags lying on their
sides. Brunk and Dominick* found bruising, for the most part, to be negligible in
McIntosh apples that growers delivered, in bulk, directly to retail stores.

In the retail stores, the mechanical damage already present in apples was aggra-
vated by handling of the fruit by shoppers in self-service departments. A display of ob-
viously good quality fruit should be a logical way of obviating unnecessary handling. Un-
fortunately, no amount of restraint on the part of the shopper can negate the damage that
is already present in the fruit when it arrives at the store. Bruises and punctures were
found to be the principal defects of McIntosh apples in a recent survey of retail stores in
Massachusetts.” In the study on which this report is based, the mechanical injury
present in the apples at the retail level was damaging enough to discourage sales and
subsequently to result in an undetermined amount of waste.

While the polyethylene bag is an inexpensive and convenient container, it provides
apples little protection against bruising. The restriction of movement of apples against
each other in packages, including packages for consumers, would result in fewer stem
punctures. The protection of apples against mechanical injury through the use of molded
pulpboard trays or cell inserts in consumer packages has been demonstrated.® Further-
more, such protective measures should reduce the decay that can be expected to follow
if apples purchased by customers are not utilized promptly. However, the practicability
of any protective measure depends largely upon economic considerations that lie outside
the scope of this report.

1 Schomer, H. A. Bruising of Apples; Where Does It Occur and How Can It Be Minimized? Proc. Wash, State Hort.
Assoc. 53: 129-131. 1957.

2 Evans, H, C., and Marsh, R. S. Costs and Mechanical Injury in Handling and Packing Apples. W. Va. Agr. Expt. Sta.
Bul. 416, 26 pp. 1958.

3 Perkins, F, A. Discovers Improved Method of Shipping Polypacked Apples. N. J. Agr. 42 (6): 3-5. 1960.

4 Brunk, M. E., and Dominick, B. A., Jr. Experiments Show What Makes Your Apples Sell. Proc. 96th Ann. Mtg. N, Y.
State Hort. Soc, 1951.

5 Roberts, O. C., Causes and Effects of Mechanical Injuries to McIntosh Apples, Mass. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 520. 39 pp.
(undated, )

6 Perkins, F. A., and Underwood, J. W. Improved Consumer Packages for Maine McIntosh Apples. Maine Agr. Expt.
Sta. Bul. 591, 21 pp. 1960.

*papntoxe oem sotdde perzieos-joesuT pue -pleTjy *pestniq ATedtoaes ‘pemzojep ‘users ‘peteatayus ‘paz—tsaepun ‘pafeoaqg 9
*4INIJ TenptAtpuy aed sarnzyound jo zequmu oS3ereae uo paeseg ¢
*serojs ut Ae LS SNUTU QOL 7e Shep
9 IOJ pTey siem SPOT AeuyO Jo setdues fsaro1s TTejoer ut Ae YS sTUTW *g O04 78 Shep € OJ LIOVeIOGeT UT PTey vem soTdues T OT y
*otdde aed sjsoy 2 pues Seq yore wory satdde ¢ uo 2904S04 oxnsserd [Teofueyoow Be Aq pornsevoell sem YINIF Jo ssoumIty €
*€ JOT UF Sdeq *qT-¢€ fz pue T SJOT UT sBeq *qI-y 2
*skep +z IOJ o38101S pToOo UT pue syyUoU ¢ IOjJ osBIOYS sIoYydsowje peT[oO14{Uoo. UT Useq peu € YOT fATeATLOedsSeI syyUOM + pus

¢€ JOJ e3e101s pToo ut useq pey zg pue T sioT ’

OFT 4°99 e°ct
6° cL? L°9
as €°0S am
OL T*69 4°T?e
OFL G°C? OFLE
= T° LE -—
L° Ese¥ eL
Og O°ce ae
-- OES -=—
G* O°vE ESE
(ae 6°? L°
-= LeeE —
Ve L* 82 O
ex0) G°E? €°0

jUoeoled jUoored

aIOu IO +

“ST
°9

G°T
S°O

yus0redg

sornyound |sernzound

sarnyound| a2ny.ound
€ a, i

seinjound uTyYs YLT 4PNIJ Jo eBejusored| spunod) sseumity

Le 7e
YEG

c°s
Te

yua01eg

8°6 8°6
VW €°6-G°6 + 4° 6"6°0L
c°8 7°3

ae)

°
vay
cod

Rn in

WO OV OV

wo Or

won
qq

o°ez == =
9°6T -- ==

jUs0rIEg

$d OL 28/1 00L 32
SsuTpTOYy | SuTptoy
arojeg

09-6S6T ‘sedoys TTeyer ATO YOR

66
O8T
6ST

SLT
Ler
Ove

T09
OT”
997

GT9
C7
L419

LES
LGE

peuturexe

sotdde

, (eanssead JO ON

8
ve
OT

vAL
OT
OT

2pouTuexe
sotdde
jo s3eg

qnoT TOSeUUOD WOIJ of9Mm Z VOT Jo soetdde ‘yok MON Wor o19M € pue T SOT Jo setddy +

shoterenei 9, ¢) eh eheiexenreiers essere: *helCs OT

.

tee eee eeees qo
sete ee essere Tr qoq

- é -
(€-a*e-u) sfkep pe PUB ye

wesc eee eeeeee qoq

sete eeeeeeees qoq

tee ee eee eeeeT 107
>(T-a) 4ep 4ST

:SeIo01s [Te lel Worj paseuornd

eee e eee eee e eee ee ee dog

1 ON

Ota ereusisisiic ecehere cary eUOT
re ee ah ee OL) 1 {OT

* (0-4)
TTe oI 1e TeATIze uO

settee eee eeee ao
eee e eee eee ees aot

tee t ee eee eeeeeT qo
sasnoysuTyoed

orerereeeoee ee oe € LOT
e@oevoeveeeee ee eee A, VOT
9: UNI-preyory

1OT pue otdures

MON UT AeTdsTp azeyje pue szojoq pus yueTd Sutyoerd ut sutsseq r3a4je pue sxzojoq sotdues otdde yso UUIOW UT puNojJ sean ound--"T FIAVL

‘pepntoxe orem setdde perreos-yoesuy pue -prety ‘pesyniq ATareaes ‘pemzojep ‘userid ‘peTeatazys ‘peztszepun ‘pafeoeg 9
“7TINIJ TENPTATpuy zed soanzound jo zraqumu ssersae uo poeseg ¢
snuyu *d 00 ye SAepP 9 ZOJ pTey oom soTdures [Ty »

*som071S UT JO esnoyerem ut feys

‘otdde red sqso. zg pue seq yore worjy sotdde ¢ uo 1904904 oxnssord TeoTueyoom ve fq padnsvoll sem 4PNIJ pedeyoed Jo ssouMIty

*a3er07.s poo puwe esezojs stoydsowye peTTorjUoo uy syyuoMm 9 pTey Useq pey Z, LOT

useq pey 9 pue *¢ ‘% syoT *KOTTeA UOSpNy oy}. WOIZ atom ¢ JOT Jo SeTdde fyYIOX MON UlS,SeMm WoT sr9M

€
“syyuUN “dT-¢ 2

fATeaTpooedser syyuou + pue ‘¢ *Z asdeIOJS PpTOO UT pTey

ZL pue “9 *% syoT Jo setddy |

9° O0°Orv Cony: €°¢e O°sS Guid RAS 6°6 O2T OT SAS NOSE ees eORENe ROLE SO: ene ienenerese..ey/y LOT
9° 8°6E wre bre 0°8 0*cz LOL ed 33 g weet eee ence eee eeeng Got
eT 9°69 06 6'2T CET 2*O¢ +OT at 96 OT stent e eee e eee eeee eee aot
>(€-H) fep pe
Gis 2°9€ Gre. Cai: o°s G°v? Z°OL Z20L €9T GL aie sere) epenexeyeveretes evoke) sieversnenel®)) VOT
Oc E EES soe c°9 6-GE in Ge €°OL LOL Ect cL SERS RIGIS SASHES Seer en nek Seley sie LOT
c* Pate ce o°T B°e 6*6T +*OT T'2T 98T’ oT tence eee cree eee e ene VOT
(2-H) Sep pz
Gs 4° SE TEE 9°¢ B8°9 6°L2 6°6 O°OT O6T oT a a Ae tee an PP A hel ETA lyf OT
6° 8°84 Bre 29 €°OT C*22 9°OT 6°O 0g g seen e cece eee eee eree AOT
(ae 4°T? 6° Gi Sota CLT LS OF Gar GId oT SSSA he teliene hones ere neh eieiohesmlexohened7, {OT
>(T-u) £ep 4ST
$Se104s TTB Le Wory paseyorng
Ge EGS jie Tor ey CGT 6°6 2°OU Hid 2 osreb esx sie,0,suscexonerejeheLeisisiezel cher): qOT
c: ez 0 O'T Paya O°ST C°OT 6°OT G6E 9o¢ ween te eee e eee eeeeeeng VOT
Lt 6 °C ore Ze T'6 9°92 S*OT O°TT 29% Bb ween eee ee eee eee eee eee 2OT
ze HLT 0 ze 3°T 4°CT 2°OT C*2T 229 gy Feet e cece ete cere eee GOT
* (0-8
aIO1VS [eye 7B aes ug
¢: loz 0 L* g'e 9°02 6°6 2*OT gtr 9¢ beeen eee eee eee eee eeeeeey aot
:asnoyarey,
(As Peay ra (6) Auli Ga OSL 6°6 9°OT 9047 9¢ bebo til dead Marae Lat / OT
ze 2° ST 0 O'T Ore 2 eT COT +LT gz6 By ween eee eee eee e eee eeeg aot
be 9°0¢ 2°90 Ut Gt gtr S*OT 9°TT 19% 84 ween e eee eee eee eee eee QoT
ate ElThE O (Aud iy pea °6 GOL 6*2T 829 Br Ca ia ae a i A A OC One nd OKIE LOT
: asnNoysUFAoed
t: 29 0 €'0 0 6° ae 9°OT Eze we, sheen eee eee eee eeeeeey aT
T: 2°), 0 0 6° 6°9 ae C'TT 6c ae seen e ee eee ener ee eeeeng GOT
ze C*OT 0 0 orz Cty os = Che _ ween eee e renee rere ener QO
T*0 8°8 0 0 6'T 6°9 Se ae ceh - ween eee eee eee eee en aot
9 /UNI-preyorg
queored yUeoteg jueoleg JWdoreg JUsoreg
$4 90448 |A OL 32
SUTPTOY | suTpToy A ftie 7 pouyure
aioje -xo
Batis ee sotdde sotdde 7°ON }OT pus otTdmes
¢(eInssead JO “ON | go sSeg

soinjyound UTHS ULTM Y~NIZJ Jo esequeored| spunod) sseumizy

T9-O96T ‘Sez0 1s TTeyeI AYFO Ha

Ok MON

uy Aetdstp zoayje pue siojoq pue yuetd Sufyoed ut sutsseq 10438 pue or0joq soTdues otdde yso,uToW UT punojJ sammyound--°2 FTIGVI

*pepntoxs otom seTdde porieos-yoesuy pue -pTeTjy ‘users ‘peTeatays ‘peztsaepun ‘poewzojep *‘pakeoap €pammyoung ¢
*ayedoisse UT SestTniq Jo estnaq e fq
PeuTUIEJSp SBA 4TNIF sUO UT BuTsTnaq Jo 4yueqyxe oy ‘aTqey ayy UT pezTaIoZa,e0 se BuTstnaq Jo yuayxe 94. 04 KTaaTssorZ0ad
puodseii00 4-[ pue SUTSTndq OU SeyeoTPUT CQ ereyM ‘y4-C ST oSuey ‘oTdwes © UT YINIJ TTe IOJ pasesoae suTSTnaiq UO peseg »
*suTSTNiq Ioj
pezoos you orem setTdde permyound pefeoap ‘¢ pus ¢ sjOT ut {BuTSstTnaq IOJ pesoos you ozem sotdde paeamyound ‘tT 4OT UT
“T 9Tqe} UT ¢ ayOUJOOF 9ag ,
*T 8TqB4 UT T eq4ouyOoy 9ag ,

crc 0°O0T ee T92 L*L1 gre os 9 vette eee ree eee eee cece sees 107
VA 0°26 9°vE 6°S2 9°T2 6°6 COL vT eae a ene EG Siete e cia ene Sesame yet {OT
2 T'9g 9°92 rez 2°02 C*OT 6L, Ot rete e eee tence eeeeeeeeeeeer aoT
*(€-u *%-u) skep pe pue fe
ore 1°66 Cte 4°92 yOT 9°9 OFT oT teen e eee ences esse eee ser aor
92 6°E8 6°Ee L*9t 8° 8T C°2T IT OT teen e eee eeneeeeeeees esses 107
rz 409 0°6y 2°) 6°IT C°L, TST 9 sete eee cee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeer 207
>(T-u) ABP IST
:Sedojs [Teyel WorlsJ peseyoung
Lt 9°19 OZ, 9°OT G92 6°92 0s¢ gy bette eee eee eee e eee e eee sees ee 20g
a €°8 O°ez gt42 Ter 9°21 zac aE settee eee e eee eeeeee eee eeeeey 10g
[2 O'S ee 2° 6T 9°9T C°2T PIE oc ween eee cence eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeT dog
(0-H) eZ04s [Teyer ye TeATIze uC
lt 9°99 6° no 6° wee eLc gh ween cence ee eeeeee eee eeseereer aoq
O'T 9°2¢ 6°2 O°eT 6°CT 8°02 60% ZC we tence eee eee cence ee eee een ees 107
TT 9°9¢ ae 6°L, C*6T g°4e CTY Ov wee e eee eee eee ee eeeeeseeeeeeT 167
sasnoysuTyoeg
Le c*9C ¢ c°9 2° LT C°2T “EE oe been eee cence ence eee eee eee eee aoq
S*0 oT? 9"T HC Erg Lc aLz Se been teen eee eee e ence eens sees OT
¢ *UNI-preyorg
qus01eg qus01eg qusoleg quso0lag qusolIeg

uv/E
snes. toepul)

¢PeuTuexs | , peuTwexa
sotdde soetdde
JO °ON jo sseg

,X@Pput
esTnig

ON JOT pue oTdures

estniq Jo ezts fq ‘pestniq satdde jo asequeoreg

09-6S6T ‘Setojys [Teer AYTO FLOR MeN ut LeTdstp
Ja4yje pue etojeq pue yueTd suyyoed ut Sutsseq s04je pue ozojoq setdues otdde ysoqyuyToW ut punoj SuTStnig--°¢ TIGVL

‘popntoxs atom sotdde poeraivos-joosuyt pue -pTeTj ‘ueerds ‘peTeatays ‘peztsazepun ‘pemzojap ‘pefeoaq ry

‘oyedoidde UT gos—MIq Jo esfniq e fq poupMte,

-op SBM YINIJ oUO UT BUTS FNIq Jo jUa4xXe oY], *eTqQB} 9Y} UT pezfsose,eo se suysTnIq Jo 4ua4xe ayy 04 ATeATSSeudord puods
-a1I00 -T pue BUTSTNIq OU SoYeOTPUT Q sToyM ‘y 01 QO ST osueYyY coTdmes eB UT 4IMIJ TIe Joy posezeae sutstTnzq uo poseg €
*% eTqQe} UT Z syOULOOS Vag ,
°c 8TG84 UF T 98}OuUzPOOS 99G +

gre 8°66 L6E 292 0°02 6°2T OzT OL sete cece ee eeeeeeeceeeeereeey Aor
9° 0°OOT THe 492 C61 2° 8T 98 9 ste e ees ee cen eeeseeeeeseereg AOT
Te 0°66 6°04 6°T2 6°12 cg 96 OT Deter eet een aera teen qoq_
:£ep PE
yh 6°96 G°4? 6" te ZOE c°0¢ €9T Gir Sree eiemerecsbenene tener ed ese {ene seie sre eee G) LOT
Te 0°O0T O° O°cT 8° OT 2 yT a PT see cesneee one ecesceseeeseree 2OT
22 0°C6 461 6°T2 TOE 0°22 ORT oT Peete eee e net eset eens ney got
:(@-a) Aep pz
Lae 1°76 B°9E ELE? Oke 8°ST O6T oT Sosa ene eee oe op meade et he eneneney/ eae) Ory
ye 0°66 92 Lez CLT C*)2 0g 9 este tes ceseesceseneseceence aor
2 €*06 6°oT TéT 9°92 Cee CTz OT sete ence cence eee eeeeeeeeeee AOT
:(T-¥) Sep 4ST
:Se104S [fe ,eLl wors paseyoing
+2 C16 9°62 0°22 oz y2Z LLZ 2 wet e eee cence eee e eee eeeeeeeeey AOT
61 y HG 6°3 2°81 6°Ee wee C6E OC settee esc eeeeoneeereeesenseng aOT
GAS 6°S6 C16? 6°TZ nv). L072 cov By aah Di Nl dee ee ddr uk ee Cet Ce LOT
LT 499 0°6 + TT C92 C*6E 229 Qh west eet eenceeeeeeee eee ewes soy. AOR
(O-Y) e104S TTeyel Je TeATIIe uO
CT o'2g Ls ToT 9°92 ece 8T+ O¢ asec ee eeteeeterecconcvesreesey AgT
: aSNoysLeEh\
CL o'ze 9 g°eT 6°92 Z°9¢ 90% 9¢ meee eens ens eeeceneeseeeeseeeey OT
(Ava ki Ge, Leal Dake) O° rd L°3v 82S By RINGER GNA) G CURRIER B80. POS RO eB OO Chen ere ren shee {OT
eT 9°8, mae TL, ye O'ey 19% os sete sees eeeeescesseseeereeeese aot
Ut O°SL 6'T L's 202 2° Ly 929 gy wb tenses ceceeee reer secrete eed AOT
: osnoysUuTyoeg
OT OL 2°T cy 9°6T Z°Cy ze Ba o8d4e ses ad eieeeeeeeseeece sence) or
ET CO), O'T 9°6 9°92 c*eC 6z% a Ging nua. Sinise ssbionre He ete Steele UAT
O'T [99 ze #9 O°ET 6°25 che 35: on seteetseseetceeeseecsoesiooee AGT
RTE ES tZ O° E%G CGT 9° Lv cev ai Key S):8):6)4): 81-9 Jer eheieveneieveherdAe:teiereierexevexrsrer ey LOT

!UNI-pleyorQ

qusoleg quso1eg q{us01eg q,Uus01ed quso1eg

poutuexe |,peuTurexe
sotdde sotdde

JO *ON jo sSeq _{ON FOT pue oTdures

estniq jo ozyts fq ‘pestnaq setdde jo eseqyueored

T9-096T ‘Setoys TTeyet AYTD WLOX mon ut AeTdsTp
zo,je pue ezojeq pue qyueTd Sutyoed ut sutsseq 104Je pue szojeq sotdues otdde ysoyupo ut punog suTSTNIg--°+ TIGVL

KOs

*sezojs ut Aeys snutm ‘7 (OL 3e skep TINJ 9 PTey orem seTdues reyjO TTY ‘sezoys UT ABq{s snuTM *y oO ¥8 Skep TINS € OFZ ATOZVLOQeT EY} UT PTey o1eMm saTdues T yo] 7

¥°OT 70 oT Sw 6€S‘T el TO T'O> fe) L:0> €09‘T LIT sibishsteterevexeseiviersie sieessies Bq;
Aa by 0 o°2 2°6€ TS od 0) ) 0 0 8Y 4 trrseree(e-y) saseyound Aep pz
S*0S (e) €°OT Z°0v 48 4 ) 0) fe) ) 88 4 ‘reese (T-Y) saseyound Aep 4ST
G*82 fe) Ge 0°92 ooz oT 0 0) ) (0) €02 91 “***(Q-Y) Tease o204s Te LOY
0°02 axe) GT O°8T soz oT ) (e) 0) 0 702 oT sisisieie ei sisieisieine<isheie ENOUSUAER OL
t€ 401
€°€€ 0 wh 6°S2 Lz cA 0) 0 0 0) 42 zZ seiko creisie (E34) seueunng Aep pe
0°02 (0) Le 6°9T 69 if 0 (e) 0) 0) 69 ia tereeees(e-y) saseyound Aep pz
Ate At 0's ose 09 S ) 0 0 0 L9 S ***(T-Y) saseyound ep 4ST
o°Ee? ST 0 G*Iz O€T OT 4°0 4°0 0 0 EST AR (O-Y) TeAfasze arozs TpeyOy
9°6 0 fe) 9°6 Get OT 0 0) ) 0 2ST et trteeseeeeees sagnoysuTHoed
:% 4OT
(SOE (e) ) E°T LL S Cut (e) 0) Cait 8 G ste+*(2-y) saseyound Asp pz
G°2 0 (0) Gt 6TT 8 0 ) 0) 0) EL 8 ****(T-Y¥) seseyound kep 4sT
Ct 9°0 ) 9°0 9ST OT 0 0 0) fe) 9ST OT “t'*(Q-H) TeAyaace ef0ys TTe OY
0 0 0) (e) Lzz St 0 0 0 0 Gee ST isis feieke:shasoioieieseleseleris SSNOU SU ET OBd)
ae i ee eee ede eae een ee eee, ?T 401
quso1ed qusored qusored quseoreg qus0teg queorag qusored qusorag
soestTniq sainzound soestniq sornyzound
ce BuTMOTTod | Buzottog | PeuTuexe aie: TON40 | sutmottog | BuzmoTTog | PewFuExe eupuexe
sordde peu ruexe sotdde Pea ray atdues pue oT
T setdde jo s3eq : setdde jo sdeq
suTPTOY qayje Jo ‘ON Ssuttdues jo owt, 12 gO *ON

poakeoap yTNIJ jo aseyueorag pokeoap 4IM1y jo sse,ue0Ieg

09-6S66T ‘Sestniq pue saanzyound 04 dfysuotyeTed sift pue ‘*¥y 904 38 SUTPTOY Jeyge pue suTTdues Jo owyy ye sotdde ysojulow UF punoy Awoaq--*¢ TIGVL

=e

*gor04g ZO asnoysrem ut fBYs sNUTU “A oOL 3 SABP TIN 9 JOF ALOZBIOGRT 94} UT PTE stem saTdues TTV

(SoxvAs 7°0 OFT 6°eT les? SéL 7°0 EcOt ie) 720) 0€6‘T OLT Ne tae EN EI Ber Meth
TALE 0 0 Like 19 S S°8 0 (6) S°8 6S G seeeeee(e-y) saseyound fep pe
9°6€ Cine, ESE. Eve T6 8 (0) (e) ) O 66 8 seeees(T-Yy) saseyound ABp 4ST
G°9% 8°0 S°Y (AMA ZeL eT (0) 0 fe) fe) 1, 9 “**(Q-Y) TeATaze az0js TTey3Yy
9°6T O'T 6°T L°9T 602 ST (0) oO ie) fe) GOT 6 . se eeeerereseres sognoualB
6°6T (0) O57 6°ST Toe 8T (e) 0 0 0 66 6 sreeeeeeeceeeess cagnoysu poe
tL 4OT
ee cie 0 (6) ECE Gv % €*? (e) 0) (ura 7 Wd seeee(e-y) saspyound Aep pe
G°eT 0 (6) G*el 88 8 O (6) 0 0 GL L eigieieiniorecetsieferel (C= i= ut)
soaseyound Aep pz F 4ST
0°6 L°0 0 €°3 €€T (alk 8°O 8°0 (0) (@) TEL 2T ***(Q-Y) TeATaze er0zs Tee
9°S (e) fe) 9°sS BLT 9T (0) 0 ) fe) 6LT 9T teseeeeeeeeeeees sasnoysuTyoed
79 JOT
v°GE (Gry 0 (Ames 87 S 0 (6) 0 0 87 S *rees(e-y) seseyound Aep pe
TS: 0 0 The 6S 9 0 (e) 0 fe) 4G 9 **(Z-y) seseyound Aep pz
6°82 0 0 6°82 BE % 0 (0) 0 0 ev 4 sreeee(T-y) saseyornd Asp 4ST
L‘T2 9°0 9°0 S°02 9ST oT (6) (¢) (e) (6) OST oT ***(QO-Y) TBAtdie efojs TTe}eYH
0°6 fe) ie) 0°6 SST oT 4°0 (6) fe) 4°0 €ST OT see eeeeeeeeecees sagnoyusupyoed
*G JFOT
OL (0) ie) ON, c6 L 0 (e) 0 ie) %6 ih seeeeee(z-y) saseyound ep pz
6° 0 0 6° 60T 8 (e) (@) (e) (e) 90T 8 seeeee(T-y) seseyound Aep 4ST
a air 0 0 UP EG: 402 oT fe) (0) 0 fe) 802 oT ***(QO-Y) TeATaze at0ys TTeyoY
6°0 0 ie) 6°0 Tle oT (e) 0 (e) fe) Tt¢ oT treeeeeeeceecess ggnoysupTyoed
—————— a a “3% JOT
queoteg JusoIEd queoreg q{ueored qUueodeg Jusolag qyuaored qusoted
sosFniq sos fniq soany.ound
Cpe ZuzMoTTod | Suzmottog | pouyumxe| — pouyuexe ee 79430 | sutmottog | SuzmoTtod | pouyuxe| — pauyurexe
sotdde sotdde sotdde sotdde etdires pus JOT
{SUPPTOY ta4 ge Jo ‘oN jo saeg Suytdures Jo owt, 72 Jo *ON jo sSeg
pakeoep yyNIJ Jo asvyuaoseg pofkeoap 4 INIy Jo ose yus0IEg

T9-096T ‘sesTniq pue seanqound 0% drysuotyeter syq pue ‘+ oO, 4e BUTpToy zeyse pue Buptdues Jo omy, ye sotdde ysoquroN ut pumoy Avoaq--"9 TTAVL

Ss

is 3
PL pen a